Editorial Committee

P.I.Forster (editor)

G.P.Guymer (technical advisor)

D.A.Halford (technical advisor)

Graphic Design

Will Smith

Orthography Advice

B.Lepschi

A. Monro

Desktop Publishing

Aniceta Cardoza

Austrobaileya

Vol. 1, No. 1 was published on 1 December 1977

Vol. 10, No. 1 was published on 18 December 2017 and is available online at

https: //www. qld. gov. au/Austrobailey a

Back issues 1(1)- 8(4) are available on the JSTOR website

http://plants.jstor.org/

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addressed to: The Editor, Austrobaileya, Queensland Herbarium, Department of Environment

and Science (DES), Brisbane Botanic Gardens, Mt Coot-tha Road, Toowong, Queensland 4066,

Australia. Email: Paul.Forster@des.qld.gov.au

ISSN 0155-4131

Web site: https://www.qld.gov.au/Austrobaileya

Austrobaileya is the journal of the Queensland Herbarium and publishes peer-reviewed research

on plants, algae, fungi and lichens (systematics, morphology, geography, anatomy, karyology,

conservation biology and botanical history), with special emphasis on taxa from Queensland.

Opinions expressed by authors are their own and do not necessarily represent the policies or

view of the Queensland Herbarium, Department of Environment and Science.

Austrobaileya 10(2): 207-289 (2018)

Contents

A taxonomic revision of Argophyllum J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. (Argophyllaceae)

in Australia

A.R.Bean & P.I.Forster . 207-235

Drummondita borealis Duretto (Rutaceae), a new species from the Northern

Territory, and a revised description for D. calida (F.Muell.) Paul G.Wilson

from Queensland

M.F.Duretto . 236-241

Stemodia anisata A.R.Bean (Plantaginaceae), a new species from Queensland

and the Northern Territory

A. R.Bean . 242-246

Elaeocarpus carbinensis J.N.Gagul & Crayn (Elaeocarpaceae), a new species

endemic to the Mt Carbine Tableland of northeast Queensland, Australia

J.N.Gagul, L.Simpson & D.M.Crayn . 247-259

Taeniophyllum baumei B.Gray (Orchidaceae), a new species from Cape York

Peninsula, Queensland

B. Gray . 260-265

Lomandra ramosissima Jian Wang ter (Laxmanniaceae), a new species from

southern central Queensland, Australia

J.Wang . 266-272

Vrydagzynea albostriata Schltr. (Orchidaceae) - new to the flora of Australia,

with notes on the identity of V. grayi D.L. Jones & M.A.Clem.

B.Gray & P.Ormerod . 273-281

Hibbertia fexox B.R.Jackes (Dilleniaceae) a new species from the White

Mountains area of north Queensland

B.R.Jackes . 282-285

Psychotria hebecarpa Merr. & L.M.Perry (Rubiaceae), a new record for

Queensland and Australia

P.I.Forster . 286-289

A taxonomic revision of Argophyllum J.R.Forst.

& G.Forst. (Argophyllaceae) in Australia

A.R. Bean & Paul I. Forster

Summary

Bean, A.R. & Forster, P.I. (2018). A taxonomic revision of Argophyllum J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.

(Argophyllaceae) in Australia. Austrobaileya 10(2): 207-235. The genus Argophyllum is

taxonomically revised for Australia with eleven species recognised from Queensland and northeast

New South Wales. All Australian species are endemic and seven new species are described: A.

curtum A.R.Bean & P.I.Forst., A. ferrugineum A.R.Bean & P.I.Forst., A. heterodontum A.R.Bean

& P.I.Forst., A. iridescens A.R.Bean & P.I.Forst., A. jagonis A.R.Bean & P.I.Forst., A. loxotrichum

A.R.Bean & P.I.Forst. and A. palumense A.R.Bean & P.I.Forst. Lectotypes are chosen for A.

cryptophlebum Zemann and A. lejourdanii F.Muell. All species are fully described and illustrated.

Notes are provided on their distribution (including maps), habitat and proposed conservation status.

Key Words: Argophyllaceae, Argophyllum cryptophlebum, Argophyllum curtum, Argophyllum

ferrugineum, Argophyllum heterodontum, Argophyllum iridescens, Argophyllum jagonis,

Argophyllum loxotrichum, Argophyllum nullumense, Argophyllum palumense, Argophyllum verae,

Australia flora. New South Wales flora, Queensland flora, new species, identification key, distribution

maps, conservation status

A.R. Bean & P.I. Forster, Queensland Herbarium, Department of Environment & Science, Brisbane

Botanic Gardens, Mt Coot-tha Road, Toowong, Queensland 4066, Australia. Email: tony.bean@des.

qld. gov. au; paul. forster@des. qld. gov. au

Introduction

The genus Argophyllum was established by

Forster and Forster (1776) in their publication

Characteres Generum Plantarum with the

single species A. nitidum J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.,

based on material they collected from New

Caledonia. Eleven species are currently

accepted for New Caledonia (Guillaumin &

Virot 1953; Plant List 2018).

In Australia, the first record of an

Argophyllum was provided by Mueller

(1863) with the description of A. lejourdanii

F.Muell. from north Queensland. Subsequent

descriptions of new species and varieties

from Australia have been by Mueller (1892),

Baker (1899), Bailey (1900), Zemann (1907),

Ewart et al. (1909) and Forster (1990). Prior

to this account, four published species were

recognised for Australia, but collections made

over the last 25 years in north Queensland

have indicated that further undescribed

species are present (Forster 2007, 2010, 2017).

Accepted for publication 10 August 2018

This revision names these new species, and

clarifies the typification of some published

names. An updated key for identification ( cf.

Forster 1990) is also provided.

Argophyllum has been variously placed

in the family Grossulariaceae (e.g. Cronquist

1981; Mabberley 1997), Saxifragaceae (e.g.

Endlicher 1839; Engler 1890,1928; Schlechter

1906) or Escalloniaceae (e.g. Willis 1966;

Takhtajan 1983; Thorne 2000) along with

(to differing degrees) other indigenous

non-endemic Australian genera such as

Polyosma Blume and Quintinia A.DC., and

the endemic Abrophyllum Benth., Anopterus

Labill., Cuttsia F.Muell. and Tetracarpaea

Hook. {cf. Morley 1981a). Ongoing molecular

and morphological studies by a number

of authors have strongly inferred that this

disposition of genera is artificial and that

Argophyllum is most closely allied to Corokia

A.Cunn. (included in Cornaceae by Morley

(1981b)). These two genera now comprise

the Argophyllaceae (Engl.) Taktj. and are

unique in the shared characters of T-hairs

and corolline ligules (Karehed et al. 1999;

Karehed 2007). The genera Abrophyllum

208

and Cuttsia , together with the New Guinean

Carpodetus J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. are best

placed in the family Rousseaceae (Stevens

2001 onwards) and Anopterus, Polyosma and

Quintinia in Escalloniaceae (Gustafsson &

Bremer 1997; Karehed et al. 1999; Karehed

2007; Stevens 2001 onwards). Tetracarpaea

has been recently placed in its own family

Tetracarpaeaceae (Stevens 2001 onwards).

Ecology

All species of Argophyllum are small to

medium sized shrubs with soft foliage and

little secondary wood development in the

stems. Many species of Argophyllum occupy

ecotonal areas on the edge of rainforest where

light levels are relatively high, although

montane species such as A. cryptophlebum

often grow in areas of low light adjacent to

Austrobaileya 10(2): 207-235 (2018)

streams. Some species are also abundant

on rocky pavements and outcrops (e.g. A.

heterodontum and A. iridescens) where there

is little woody competition due to skeletal

substrates. Plants of all species usually occur

in quite dense colonies often with individuals

of similar size indicating recruitment or

regrowth after irregular fire events.

Argophyllum species are mainly

associated with soils derived from specific

volcanic substrates (Table 1) although the

most widespread species A. nullumense is

more catholic in this respect and A. verae is

notable for also occurring on sandstone. The

wide substrate occupation by A. nullumense

is also reflected in the species having the

greatest longitudinal distribution of the

Australian species.

Table 1. Australian Argophyllum species - geological preference and general habitat type

Species

Geological substrate

General habitat type

A. cryptophlebum

granite

ecotone between rainforest and sclerophyll

open forest; rainforest stream edges

A. curtum

basalt

sclerophyll open forest; rainforest stream edges

A. ferrugineum

rhyolite

ecotone between rainforest and sclerophyll

open forest; rainforest or gallery forest stream

edges

A. heterodontum

granite

rainforest or gallery forest stream edges; rock

pavement and outcrops

A. iridescens

granite

rock pavement and outcrops on ecotonal edge

of rainforest

A.jagonis

granite

rainforest stream edges

A. lejourdanii

granite

rock pavement and outcrops

A. loxotrichum

granite, ignimbrite,

metamorphics, rhyolite

rainforest or gallery forest stream edges

A. nullumense

andesite, basalt, basalt

intermixed with trachyte,

granite, granodiorite,

rhyolite, metamorphics/

metasediments

ecotone between rainforest and sclerophyll

open forest; rainforest stream edges

A. palumense

granite

sclerophyll open forest

A. verae

granite, sandstone

clifflines above rainforest; ecotone between

rainforest and sclerophyll open forest

Bean & Forster, Argophyllum in Australia

Speciation Hypothesis

The Australian species of Argophyllum

comprise a geographic replacement series in

eastern Australia from north-eastern New

South Wales to the Glennie Tableland on

northern Cape York Peninsula in Queensland.

This distribution is discontinuous both at the

continental scale and at the local population

scale with the individual populations

occupying specific habitats that are disjunct

and sometimes ephemeral (e.g. fire prone

ecotones, rock outcrops and pavements).

These habitats approximate those where

many species of Plectranthus L’Her. and

Zieria R.Br. also occur, both those genera

exhibiting somewhat similar patterns of

speciation and distribution to Argophyllum.

This habitat occupancy pattern has been

previously equated (Duretto & Forster 2007;

Forster 2011) to the ‘islands on islands’ effect

of Porembski et al. (2000) that is hypothesised

to drive genetic diversity and subsequent

speciation (Carlquist 1974; Grant 1981; Seine

et al. 2000; Kruckeberg 2002).

The species of Argophyllum recognised

as a result of this revision differ in characters

of the foliage (lamina teeth, venation,

indumentum type and cover), inflorescence,

flowers and seed; however, they all adhere

to the basic pattern of being straggly shrubs

with soft, discolorous foliage and small cream

to yellow flowers. The subtle differences in

morphology with occupation of a relatively

narrow range of recurring habitat niches

(Table 1) in an allopatric disjunct pattern is

considered a ‘non-adaptive radiation’ with a

‘high lineage diversification rate’ (Savolainen

& Forest 2005). This pattern of speciation is

widespread both in Australia and elsewhere

(Linder 2003) particularly for plants that do

not appear to be particularly well adapted

to long range dispersal. Webb et al. (1986)

mentioned that the seeds of Argophyllum

are wind dispersed; however, there remains

no published information to support this

observation and casual observations of all the

species in the wild does not corroborate this

proposal. Speciation is likely to have occurred

by the long term process of population

fragmentation as a result of recurrent and

209

continuous climatic sifting through millennia

with local adaptation following genetic drift

resulting in the morphological differences

outlined here.

Biogeography

Argophyllum is extant, albeit with no shared

species, only in eastern Australia and New

Caledonia. Molecular sequencing of the

species from both centres remains to be

researched hence no analysis of the overall

relationships within the genus can be

attempted at this time. Miocene fossil leaf

cuticles attributed to Argophyllum have been

described from deposits in New Zealand (Pole

2008) and if these are correctly identified, it

would indicate an historical distribution in

Australia and components of Zealandia other

than New Caledonia.

The distribution of the genus in eastern

Australia wholly in rainforest or vegetation

communities adjacent to rainforest enables

some observations to be made in relation

to species disposition in relation to putative

biogeographic barriers (Bryant & Krosch

2016). Perhaps the most significant of these

observations pertain to the widespread

Argophyllum nullumense as the species occurs

on either side of two major biogeographic

barriers, viz. Brisbane Valley Barrier and St

Lawrence Gap, but not north of the Burdekin

Gap. The most biogeographically significant

population centre for A. nullumense remains

the single population at Finch Hatton Gorge in

the Eungella Range at c. 490 km disjunct from

the Mt Castle Tower populations. Surprisingly

A. nullumense has not been found at the

upland ‘sky island’ refuge at Kroombit Tops

(< cf. Forster 2011) or in the Bulburin uplands in

the Bobby Range, although it is present at the

nearby Many Peaks Range.

Argophyllum verae is restricted to north

of the Laura Basin in two greatly disjunct

population centres (c. 270 km apart) on

radically different geologies yet has not been

found in upland areas of the Mcllwraith

Range inbetween. Argophyllum iridescens

is known only from north of the Black

Mountain Corridor (BMC) in the greater

Daintree lowlands. Whilst A. curtum , A.

210

heterodontum and A. jagonis are Wet Tropics

bioregion endemics restricted to south of the

BMC, A. cryptophlebum and A. loxotrichum

are especially notable for being north and

south of the putative corridor, albeit always

at higher altitudes. The northern and southern

population centres for A. cryptophlebum are

disjunct by c. 105 km and for A. loxotrichum

by c. 225 km respectively. Argophyllum

ferrugineum and A. lejourdanii are both

restricted to north of the Burdekin Gap, but do

not extend north throughout the Wet Tropics

bioregion beyond the Tully Falls/Koolmoon

Creek area and near Cardwell respectively.

Argophyllum palumense is restricted to high

altitudes northwest of Townsville in the

Paluma - Mt Spec area.

The overall conclusion from these

observations is that populations of the species

recognised in this revision occur repeatedly

in minor centres of endemism and refugia in

areas of higher moisture levels than the norm

or with reduced competition from other woody

vegetation (rocky pavements and outcrops).

Some species (e.g. A. cryptophlebum , A.

jagonis and A. loxotrichum ) are restricted

to refugia of very high rainfall populated

by scores of other similarly distributed

vascular plants. Whilst some species are

geographically restricted in their overall

distribution (e.g. A. curtum, A. ferrugineum ,

A. heterodontum , A. jagonis , A. palumense ),

others are widespread and characterised by

large disjunctions between population centres

(e.g. A. loxotrichum , A. nullumense , A. verae).

These latter species are putatively examples of

surviving, ancient population fragmentations

rather than recent examples of long range

dispersal.

Materials and methods

This revision is based on traditional methods

utilising data derived from plant morphology.

Species are defined on the principal of

morphological discontinuity in character

states, with a minimum of two such states

for taxon distinction. They are arranged

alphabetically in the taxonomic account

with notes provided about putative affinities

between them. Taxa are in all cases allopatric

in this particular group. All species have been

Austrobaileya 10(2): 207-235 (2018)

examined in the field by one or both authors.

A number of taxa have been examined from

plants cultivated at Tolga by Garry Sankowsky

and at Cooroy by Maurie Tucker.

Herbarium holdings at BRI, CANB,

CNS, MEL, NSW and W have been utilised

as the primary source of data. Common

abbreviations in the specimen citations are

LA (Logging Area), Mt (Mountain), NP/NPR

(National Park/National Park Reserve), SF/

SFR (State Forest/State Forest Reserve) and

TR (Timber Reserve). Collections originally

deposited in the C.S.I.R.O. herbarium at

Atherton (QRS) are now housed in the

Australian Tropical Herbarium (CNS) at

Cairns.

Taxonomy

Argophyllum J.R.Forst. & G.Forst., Char.

Gen. PI. ed. 2: 29 (1776). Type: A. nitidum

J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.

Perennial shrubs or small trees. Stipules

absent. Branchlets terete. Leaves alternate,

discolorous, petiolate; margins crenate,

dentate or entire. Indumentum (in Australia)

very dense on branchlets and leaf undersides.

All hairs biramous, with a very short ‘stalk’,

and two elongated unequal arms, usually

parallel to the lamina surface (hence T-shaped),

but sometimes spreading at about 40-60°

from the lamina surface (hence Y-shaped).

Flowers bisexual, actinomorphic. Calyx

gamosepalous, the lobes 5, debate; petals

5, debate, not fused; corolla appendages 5,

attached near the base of each petal on adaxial

surface, proximal half fused, distally divided

into 15—25 filamentous segments. Stamens 5,

antesepalous; anthers versatile. Style simple,

stigma swollen, entire, globose. Ovules 50-

60 per loculus. Capsules cupular, 2-3-locular;

fruiting valves splitting longitudinally from

the apex, so that the number of fruiting teeth

is always twice the number of locules. Seeds

brown, ellipsoidal, surface with a coarse

reticulate pattern.

22 species, 11 in Australia (Queensland and

New South Wales), and 11 in New Caledonia.

Etymology: From the Greek argos meaning

white, and phyllon meaning a leaf.

Bean & Forster, Argophyllum in Australia 211

Key to Argophyllum species in Australia

1 Inflorescences borne strictly in leaf axils. 2

1. Inflorescence wholly or predominantly terminal (basal branch of

inflorescence may be in uppermost 1 or 2 leaf axils).9

2 New vegetative growth creamy-white.3

2 . New vegetative growth brown or rusty-coloured.6

3 Biramous hairs on upper leaf surface with arms obliquely ascending

(Y-shaped); branchlets and lower leaf surface with spreading

hairs.8. A. loxotrichum

3. Biramous hairs on upper leaf surface with arms ± parallel to surface

(T-shaped); branchlets and lower leaf surface with ± appressed hairs .4

4 Lamina marginal teeth 17-3.2 mm long.10. A. palumense

4. Lamina marginal teeth absent or up to 0.7 mm long.5

5 Leaves 2.8-4.5 times longer than wide; marginal teeth 30-45 on each

side.5. A. iridescens

5. Leaves 1.8-2.4 times longer than wide; marginal teeth 19-25 on each side

or teeth absent.11. A. verae

6 Upper surface of fully expanded leaves glabrous, although hairs are

present on young leaves.7

6. Upper surface of fully expanded leaves with persistent hairs.8

7 Leaf teeth prominent, unequal, longer ones 1-4.5 mm long; ovary 2 or

3-locular.4. A. heterodontum

7. Leaf teeth small, inconspicuous, ± equal, 0.3-1 mm long; ovary 2-locular . . 2 . A. curtum

8 Tertiary veins on lower leaf surface brown; longest hairs on upper leaf

surface 0.5-0.7 mm long; seeds 0.5-0.6 mm long.3. A. ferrugineum

8. Tertiary veins creamy white on fully expanded leaves; longest hairs on

upper leaf surface 0.8-1 mm long; seeds 0.4-0.5 mm long.7. A. lejourdanii

9 Leaves (2.6-) 3-4.6 times longer than wide; petioles 7-14 mm long; petals

and corolla appendages yellow; hairs on upper leaf surface 0.2-0.3 mm

long.9. A. nullu mense

9. Leaves 1.3-2.9 times longer than wide; petioles 13-38 mm long; petals

and corolla appendages white; hairs on upper leaf surface 0.3-07 mm

long. 10

10 Branching of inflorescence mostly dichotomous, branches spreading

at 60-90° from adjacent branch; petioles and young branchlets with

creamy or white indumentum; hairs on upper leaf surface 0.5-07 mm

long; leaf teeth (sometimes reduced to marginal glands) 11-29 pairs .... 6. A. jagonis

10. Branching of inflorescence mostly monochasial, branches spreading

at 30-60° from adjacent branch; petioles and young branchlets

with usually brown or rusty-coloured indumentum; hairs on

upper leaf surface 0.3-0.5 mm long; leaf teeth (sometimes

reduced to marginal glands) 7-14 pairs.1. A. cryptophlebum

212

1. Argophyllum cryptophlebum Zemann,

Ann. Naturh. Hofm. Wien 22: 283 (1907).

Type citation: “Sayer: Mt. Bellenden Ker,

1887 (Granite). - S. Johnson: Mt. Bartle-

Frere 1891 (Granite)” Type: Queensland.

Cook District: Mt Bellenden Ker, in 1887,

W.A. Sayer 84 (lecto [here designated]: MEL

2288067; isolecto: MEL 2288065, MEL

2288066, W 10220).

Argophyllum nitidum var. fulvum F.M.Bailey

(as ‘fulva’), Queensl. FI. 2: 533 (1900). Types:

Queensland. Cook District: Mount Bellenden

Ker, in 1887, W.A. Sayer 84 (syn: MEL

2288067, MEL 2288066, MEL 2288065); Mt

Bartle Frere, s.dat ., S. Johnson s.n. (syn: BRI

[AQ200705], MEL 2288064).

Argophyllum cryptophlebium B. Hyland,

orth. var .; B.Hyland et al. in W.E.Cooper &

W.T.Cooper, Appendix I: Provisional Species

List, Fruits of the Rainforest 305 (1994).

Shrub 2-7 m high, often with decumbent

stems. Hairs on new growth brown or rusty;

hairs more than 10 cm from growing point

brown or rusty. Petiole 13-38 mm long; fully

expanded lamina broadly-elliptic, ovate, or

broadly ovate, 41-131 mm long, 21-61 mm

wide, 1.5-2.9 times longer than wide; 5-7

secondary veins on either side of midrib.

Lamina apex usually acute, sometimes shortly

acuminate; base cuneate, not oblique. Lamina

margins denticulate, with teeth all about the

same size, 7-14 on each side of the lamina, the

teeth 0.3-0.8 mm long; margins sometimes

entire, with teeth reduced to small glands.

Upper surface of fully expanded lamina

green, glabrous or sometimes with persisting

T-shaped hairs 0.3-0.5 mm long. Lower

surface of lamina white or rusty-brown, hairs

appressed; secondary veins rusty, slightly

raised; tertiary veins rusty or white, ± flush

with indumentum. Inflorescences terminal,

paniculate cymose, 56-122 mm long, densely

tomentose, primary axis 12-105 mm long,

secondary branches 8-34 mm long; branching

of inflorescence mostly monochasial,

branches spreading at 30-60° from adjacent

branch; bracts narrowly-deltate, 1.5—4 mm

long. Pedicels 1-2 mm long; flowering

hypanthium cupular, 2.5-3.3 mm diameter.

Calyx lobes 0.9-1.5 mm long; petals 1.9-2.5

Austrobaileya 10(2): 207-235 (2018)

mm long, white, corolla appendages white,

0.6-1.3 mm long. Staminal filaments 0.8-1.1

mm long; anthers 0.35-0.6 mm long. Style

0.9-1.2 mm long; ovary 2-locular. Capsules

with cupular hypanthium, 3-3.6 mm long,

3.3-4 mm diameter, teeth 4, exserted. Seeds

0.55-0.65 mm long. Fig. 1A-C.

Additional specimens examined : Queensland. Cook

District: Daintree NP, Mt Sorrow track, 4 km W of Cape

Tribulation, Dec 1997, Forster PIF21989 et al. (BRI, K,

L, MEL, NSW); Mt Sorrow, W of Cape Tribulation,

Dec 1997, Jago 4585 & Forster (BRI); Mt Alexander

[Thornton Peak], Daintree River, Dec 1929, Kajewski

1489 (BRI); Thornton Peak, Sep 1984, Irvine 2237

(CNS); Mt Pieter Botte, Mar 1992, Russell 19 (BRI); Mt

Hemmant, Jul 1973, Webb & Tracey 11753 (BRI); North

Bell Peak, summit area, Malbon Thompson Range, Nov

1995, Forster PIF18042 et al. (BRI, K, L, MEL, NSW);

Bell Peak North, Nov 1995, Jago 3645 & Forster (BRI);

Summit of Bellenden Ker, Aug 1989, Bostock 990 &

Guymer (BRI); ibid, Jun 1985, Buchanan 7101 (CANB,

CNS); Mt Bellenden Ker, Aug 1913, Cambage 3827

(NSW); Wooroonooran NP, headwaters East Mulgrave

River, Nov 2000, Forster PIF26417 et al. (BRI, MEL,

NSW); Wooroonooran NP near Tower 5 Bellenden Ker

cablecar, 5 km W of Bellenden Ker township, Nov 2000,

Forster PIF26420 et al. (A, BISH, BRI, K, L, MEL,

NSW); Wooroonooran NP, East Mulgrave River, Nov

2000, Forster PIF26439 et al. (BRI, MEL); Summit of

Mt Bellenden Ker, Aug 1971, Hyland 5319 (BRI, CNS);

NE peak of Mt Bartle Frere, Oct 1992, Jago 1067 (BRI);

East Mulgrave River, Nov 1995, Jago 3697 et al. (AD,

BRI, CANB, DNA, MEL); ibid, Nov 1995, Jago 3713 et

al. (BRI); Mt Bellenden Ker, Dec 1892, Podenzana s.n.

(CANB 7707927 [exBM]); NPR904, Wooroonooran, SE

of Bellenden Ker Centre Peak, Dec 1996, Small 7 (BRI,

CNS); Bellenden Ker, summit, Jun 1949, Smith 4201

(BRI); Mt Bellenden Ker, summit of the Centre Peak,

Jun 1969, Smith 14673a (BRI, CANB, MEL, NSW);

Bellenden Ker, Jan 1923, White s.n. (BRI [AQ200706],

NSW 190874).

Distribution and habitat : Argophyllum

cryptophlebum is endemic to the Wet Tropics

bioregion of northeast Queensland, occurring

in the Cape Tribulation area, the Bellenden

Ker - Bartle Frere massif, and on Bell Peak

(Map 1). It is confined to areas where annual

rainfall exceeds 3000 mm, and at altitudes

above 600 metres. Plants occur on the edges of

rainforest (microphyll moss/fern vinethicket),

within rainforest, or along watercourses,

always on granite substrates.

Phenology : Flowers are recorded from July to

December; fruits from March to December.

Bean & Forster, Argophyllum in Australia

213

Fig. 1A-C .Argophyllum cryptophlebum. A. flowering branchlet *0.8. B. lamina margin x2. C. hair from upper leaf

surface x60; D-F. A. curtum. D. flowering branchlet x0.6. E. lamina margin x2. F. hair from upper leaf surface x60.

A-C from Forster PIF26439 et al. (BRI); D-F from Forster PIF30959 & Jensen (BRI, holotype). Del. W. Smith.

214

Typification: Bailey (1900) treated this

species as a variety (fulvum) of the New

Caledonian Argophyllum nitidum and cited

the same specimens used by Zemann in the

protologue for A. cryptophlebum.

The Sayer 84 collection is fertile and of

good quality; the sheet selected as lectotype

for the name Argophyllum cryptophlebum

includes a field label with the number ‘84’

written on it.

Affinities: Argophyllum cryptophlebum is

putatively closely related to the two Australian

species with terminal inflorescences: A.

jagonis and A. nullumense (see Affinities

under those species). It is also apparently

similar to A. nitidum from New Caledonia.

Notes : Populations of Argophyllum

cryptophlebum from the Cape Tribulation

area have somewhat longer petioles than

plants further south, and populations from

Bell Peak often have smaller laminae than

found elsewhere. These differences are not

consistent and hence not considered to be

taxonomically significant.

Conservation status : Argophyllum

cryptophlebum is currently classified as

Vulnerable under the Queensland NCA

(1992). The species occurs in six population

centres; some of these (e.g. Bellenden Ker/

East Mulgrave River) comprise a number

of poorly defined subpopulations insomuch

as the area remains poorly explored. There

are no immediate threats to these six

populations; however, they are in many

instances greatly disjunct indicating little

recent genetic connectivity. All of these

high altitude populations are under threat

from environmental changes associated

with climate change. The classification of

Vulnerable based on the criterion D2 remains

relevant for this species.

Etymology : The epithet is from the Greek

crypto- meaning hidden, and phlebos , a vein.

This probably alludes to the obscure tertiary

venation of the leaves in this species.

2. Argophyllum curtum A.R.Bean

& P.I.Forst. sp. nov. with affinity to A.

lejourdanii, but differing by the small and

Austrobaileya 10(2): 207-235 (2018)

inconspicuous teeth on the leaf margin, and the

glabrous upper surface of the fully expanded

leaves. Typus: Queensland. Cook District:

Freshwater Forest Reserve, Fake Morris

road, 12 May 2005, P.I. Forster PIF30959 &

R. Jensen (holo: BRI [2 sheets + spirit]; iso:

CNS, F, MEF, NSW, distribuendi ).

Shrub 2-5 m high. Hairs on new growth

rusty or brown; hairs more than 10 cm from

growing point white or creamy. Petiole 13-28

mm long; fully expanded lamina elliptic to

broadly-elliptic, 109-170 mm long, 42-70

mm wide, 2.3-3.3 times longer than wide;

6-9 secondary veins on either side of midrib.

Famina apex shortly acuminate or acute; base

cuneate, not oblique or occasionally oblique

by up to 4 mm. Famina margins denticulate,

with teeth all about the same size, 23-38 on

each side of the lamina, the longer teeth 0.3-1

mm long. Upper surface of fully expanded

lamina green, glabrous. Hairs on upper

surface of developing leaves appressed, 0.3-

0.6 mm long. Fower surface of lamina white or

creamy-coloured, hairs appressed; secondary

veins brown to creamy, raised; tertiary

veins creamy, ± flush with indumentum.

Inflorescences axillary, paniculate, 35-93

mm long, densely tomentose, primary axis

30-82 mm long, secondary branches 9-32

mm long, bracts narrowly-deltate, 1.8-5 mm

long. Pedicels 0.5-3 mm long; flowering

hypanthium cupular, 2.6-3.5 mm diameter.

Calyx lobes 0.9-1.4 mm long; petals 2.3-3.2

mm long, white, corolla appendages white,

c. 1.3 mm long. Stamina! filaments 1-1.2

mm long; anthers 0.7-0.8 mm long. Style c.

1.2 mm long; ovary 2-locular. Capsules with

hemispherical hypanthium, 2.8-3.5 mm long,

4.3-5.5 mm diameter, teeth 4, exserted. Seeds

0.45-0.55 mm long. Fig. 1D-F.

Additional specimens examined'. Queensland. Cook

District: McKinnon Creek, SW of Edmonton, Jun

1996, Forster PIF19260 et al. (A, BRI, MEL, NSW);

Lake Morris road, Aug 1995, Jago 3547 (BRI); Crystal

Cascades, Jul 2000, Cooper 1365 & Cooper (BRI);

Saddle Mountain, near Kuranda, Aug 1967, Brass 33632

(BRI); ibid , Jul 1968, Brass 33879 (CNS); Barron River

gorge, on side of road to Hydro-electric station, Dec

2009, Dowe s.n. (CNS 134163.1); Gadgarra, Atherton,

Jun 1929, Kajewski 1090 (BRI); Track SW of Wright’s

Lookout to Surprise Creek, 5 km S of Kuranda, Jul 1994,

Jobson 3096 & Wiecek (BRI, CANB, NSW).

Bean & Forster, Argophyllum in Australia

Distribution and habitat : Argophyllum

curtum is endemic to the Wet Tropics

bioregion of northeast Queensland where

it is found in a relatively small area from

Kuranda to Edmonton, near Cairns (Map

2). This species grows in open forest with

(for example) Eucalyptus pellita F.Muell.

and Syncarpia glomulifera (Sm.) Nied., or on

the edges of streams in rainforest (complex

notophyll vineforest), on sandy loam derived

from granite alluvium. Altitude ranges from

120-630 metres.

Phenology: Flowers are recorded for May to

August; fruits from June to August.

Affinities: Argophyllum curtum is similar to

A. lejourdanii , but differing by the shorter

marginal teeth on the leaves, up to 1 mm

long (up to 2.2 mm long for A. lejourdanii ),

the upper surface of fully expanded leaves

glabrous (hairs persistent for A. lejourdanii ),

the leaf hairs 0.3-0.6 mm long (0.8-1 mm

long for A. lejourdanii ), and the capsules 4.3-

5.5 mm diameter (3.8-4.3 mm diameter for A.

lejourdanii ).

Conservation status: Argophyllum curtum

is known from five or six extant populations

with the population recorded as ‘Gadgarra,

Atherton’ by Frank Kajewski having not been

relocated to date. There are no immediate

threatening processes evident for the species;

however, the available habitat for potential

occurrence within the area of occupancy is

relatively small and subject to weed invasion

and environmental changes from stochastic

events. A suitable conservation status is

Vulnerable based on the criterion D2 (IUCN

2012 ).

Etymology: From the Fatin curtus, meaning

cut short, or short. This is given in reference

to the short marginal teeth on the leaves.

3. Argophyllum ferrugineum A.R.Bean

& P.I.Forst. sp. nov. Distinguished by the

axillary inflorescences, persistent hairs on the

upper leaf surface, and rusty or brown hairs

on the veins of fully expanded leaves. Typus:

Queensland. North Kennedy District: Tully

Falls weir, 23 November 1995, P.I. Forster

P1F18195 & T. Spokes (holo: BRI [2 sheets +

spirit]; iso: CNS, K, MEF, NSW).

215

Argophyllum sp. (Koolmoon Creek B.Gray

1040); Forster (2007, 2010, 2017).

Shrub 1-4 m high. Hairs on new growth

rusty or brown; hairs on branchlets more than

10 cm from growing point rusty or brown.

Petiole 18-30 mm long; fully expanded

lamina elliptic to obovate or broadly-elliptic,

117-182 mm long, 38-76 mm wide, 1.9-2.7

times longer than wide; 8-10 secondary

veins on either side of midrib. Famina apex

shortly acuminate, or occasionally acute; base

cuneate, not oblique or occasionally oblique

by up to 3 mm. Famina margins dentate, with

teeth all about the same size, or varying in

length (alternating long and short), 17-49 on

each side of the lamina, the longer teeth 0.7-2

mm long. Upper surface of fully expanded

lamina green, with persistent hairs, sparse

to moderately dense, appressed, 0.5-0.7

mm long. Fower surface of lamina white or

sometimes rusty-coloured, hairs appressed;

secondary veins brown, raised; tertiary

veins brown, ± flush with indumentum.

Inflorescences axillary, paniculate, 33-75

mm long, densely tomentose, primary axis

25-63 mm long, secondary branches 9-30

mm long, bracts narrowly-deltate, 2-6.3

mm long. Pedicels 1.3-2 mm long; flowering

hypanthium cupular, 3.1-3.9 mm diameter.

Calyx lobes 1.5-1.9 mm long; petals 4-4.2

mm long, white, corolla appendages white,

1-1.4 mm long. Staminal filaments 1-1.6

mm long; anthers 0.8-0.9 mm long. Style

1.1-1.6 mm long; ovary 2-locular. Capsules

with cupular to hemispherical hypanthium,

2.8-3.3 mm long, 3.8-5 mm diameter, teeth

4, slightly exserted. Seeds 0.5-0.6 mm long.

Figs. 2A-C, 3

Additional specimens examined : Queensland. North

Kennedy District: SF 251, Cannanbullen Falls, Nov

1996, Gray 6921 (BRI, CNS); South Coochimberrum

LA, 1.5 km SE of Mt Koolmoon, May 2001, FordAF2836

(BRI, CNS); Rhyolite pinnacle c. 1.75 km ESE of Mt

Koolmoon, Jan 2010, Jago RLJ7357 (BRI); Koolmoon

Creek crossing of old forestry road, Nov 1996, Jago

4149 (BRI); SFR 251, Tableland LA, Oct 1978, Gray

1040 (BRI); Koolmoon Creek, Sep 1950, Smith 4727

(BRI); ibid , Oct 1995, Gray 6354 (BRI, CNS); SFR 251,

Tableland LA, Koolmoon Creek, Dec 1995, Gray 6473

(BRI, CNS); Tully Falls, Jan 1948, Fielding NQNC11948

(CNS); ibid, Oct 1995, Ford 1631 (BRI, CNS); Tully

Falls weir, Jun 1995, Forster PIF16753 (AD, BRI, CNS,

K, MEL, NSW); ibid , May 2003, Forster PIF29391 &

216

Austrobaileya 10(2): 207-235 (2018)

Fig. 2A-C. Argophyllum ferrugineum. A. flowering branchlet x0.5. B. lamina margin x2. C. hair from upper leaf

surface *40; D-F.A heterodontum. D. flowering branchlet x0.5. E. lamina margin x2. F. hair from upper leaf surface

x60. A-C from Forster PIF18195 & Spokes (BRI holotype); D-F from Elick 153 (BRI). Del. W. Smith.

Bean & Forster, Argophyllum in Australia

217

Fig. 3. Argophyllum ferrugineum. Leaf venation *0.7. From Forster PIF18195 & Spokes (BRI, holotype). Del. W.

Smith.

Jensen (A, BRI, L, MEL, NSW); Kareeya Power Station

weir, c. 500 m upstream from Tully Falls, s.dat., Haigs.n.

(BRI [AQ582641]); SFR 756, Park LA, Tully Weir Road,

Aug 1998, Ford 2092 (BRI, CNS); Mt Collins, Kirrama

area, Nov 1995, Irvine 2370 (CNS); Conn Creek, SE of

Kirrama, Nov 1995, Bradfords.n. (CNS [QRS 108605]).

Distribution and habitat : Argophyllum

ferrugineum is endemic to the Wet Tropics

bioregion of northeast Queensland where it is

mainly confined to a small area southeast and

south-south-east of Ravenshoe, in the Tully

Falls and Koolmoon Creek areas, with an

outlier west of Cardwell near Kirrama (Map

3). It grows in rocky rhyolite areas with shallow

soil usually along stream edges, either in open

forest with Banksia aquilonia (A.S.George)

A.S.George, Callitris macleayana (F.Muell.)

F.Muell., Lophostemon confertus (R.Br.)

Peter GWilson & J.T.Waterh., Melaleuca

recurva (R.D. Spencer & Lumley) Craven,

or on the margins of depauperate rainforest

(simple notophyll vineforest). Altitude ranges

from 600-1080 metres.

Phenology : Flowers are recorded from

August to January; fruits from October to

June.

Affinities : Argophyllum ferrugineum is

putatively close to A. lejourdanii , but differs

by the shorter hairs (0.5-0.7 mm long) of

the upper leaf surface, the persistently rusty

branchlets, the brown or rusty hairs on

the tertiary veins of the lower leaf surface

persisting on fully expanded leaves, the

longer calyx lobes, and the larger seeds.

Conservation status : Argophyllum

ferrugineum is known from four or perhaps

five poorly defined populations within a

relatively small area of occurrence from

near Mt Koolmoon to near Kirrama west of

Cardwell. There are no obvious immediate

threatening process for this species; however,

the habitat is subject to weed invasion and

environmental changes from stochastic

events. The extent to which A. ferrugineum

occurs away from the mainly roadside

collection sites needs to be determined in this

area. A suitable conservation status for this

species is Vulnerable based on the criterion

D2.

Etymology : The specific epithet is formed

from the Latin ferrugineus meaning rusty,

given in reference to the colour of veins on

the lower leaf surface in this species.

4. Argophyllum heterodontum A.R.Bean

& P.I.Forst. sp. nov. with affinity to A.

lejourdanii , but differing by the glabrous

upper surface of fully expanded leaves, the

shorter leaf hairs, the marginal leaf teeth

of variable length and the longer pedicels.

Typus: Queensland. Cook District: Walsh’s

Pyramid, 2 km SE of Gordonvale, 27 May

2003, P.I. Forster PIF29378 & R. Jensen

(holo: BRI [1 sheet]; iso: MEL, NSW).

Argophyllum lejourdanii var. cryptophlebum

F.M.Bailey (as ‘cryptophleba’), Queensland FI.

2: 533 (1900); A. nitidum var. cryptophlebum

(F.M.Bailey) Ewart, Jean White & B.Rees

218

(as ‘cryptophleba’), Proc. Roy. Soc. Vic.

22: 10 (1909). Type: Queensland. Cook

District: Mulgrave River, Bellenden Ker

Expedition, in 1889, F.M. Bailey s.n. (holo:

BRI [AQ200726]).

Shrub or small tree 2-6 m high. Hairs on

new growth rusty or brown; hairs more than

10 cm from growing point creamy-white.

Petiole 17-35 mm long; fully expanded

lamina elliptical, broadly-elliptical or ovate,

92-143 mm long, 33-55 mm wide, 2.5-3.3

times longer than wide; 6-10 secondary

veins on either side of midrib. Lamina apex

acuminate; base cuneate, not oblique or

occasionally oblique by up to 2 mm. Lamina

margins dentate, with teeth usually varying in

length (alternating long and short), 24-61 on

each side of the lamina, the longer teeth 1-4.5

mm long. Upper surface of fully expanded

lamina green, glabrous; sparse hairs present

on young expanding lamina, appressed,

0.5-0.7 mm long. Lower surface of lamina

white, hairs appressed; secondary veins

brown or white, raised; tertiary veins white,

± flush with indumentum. Inflorescences

axillary, paniculate, 35-90 mm long, densely

tomentose, primary axis 20-73 mm long,

secondary branches 7-14 mm long, bracts

narrowly-deltate, 1.5-8.5 mm long. Pedicels

1.4-2.5 mm long; flowering hypanthium

cupular, 2.8-4 mm diameter. Calyx lobes

1.2-1.5 mm long; petals 2.6-3.6 mm long,

white, corolla appendages white, 1.4-1.5

mm long. Staminal filaments 1.3-1.6 mm

long; anthers 0.8-0.9 mm long. Style 1.4-1.5

mm long; ovary 2-3-locular. Capsules with

cupular hypanthium, 3-4 mm long, 3.5-4.8

mm diameter, teeth 4 or 6. Seeds 0.45-0.55

mm long. Figs. 2D-F, 8F.

Additional selected specimens examined : Queensland.

Cook District: Walsh’s Pyramid, Mulgrave River, s.dat.,

s.coll. (BRI [AQ200708], MEL, NSW); S of Gordonvale,

Sep 1935, Blake 9751 (BRI); Base of Walsh’s Pyramid,

near Gordonvale, May 1962, Blake 21773 (BRI); Walsh’s

Pyramid, N slopes, Nov 1954, Blake 19769 (BRI);

Middle slopes of Walsh’s Pyramid, Jul 1993, Forster

PIF13765 (BRI, CNS); Walsh’s Pyramid, Aug 1938,

Flecker NQNC5060 (BRI); ibid , Aug 1959, Thorne etal.

23184 (BRI); ibid , Sep 1972, Webb & Tracey 13783 (BRI,

CNS); ibid , Jul 1980, Irvine 2032 (BRI); Massey Creek

Falls, Bellenden Ker NP, Feb 1996, Jago 3791 & Jensen

(BRI); Along track to Clamshell Falls, Oct 1996, Elick

153 (BRI, CNS); Behana Creek, 2.6 km S from locked

Austrobaileya 10(2): 207-235 (2018)

gate at water treatment plant on Behana Gorge road, S of

Gordonvale, Jul 2005, Halford Q8485 & Jensen (BRI);

upstream of Butcher Creek Falls, Jun 1995, Hunter

JH4166 (BRI).

Distribution and habitat : Argophyllum

heterodontum is endemic to the Wet Tropics

bioregion of northeast Queensland where it is

known from a small area south of Gordonvale

mainly centred around Walsh’s Pyramid,

together with a disjunct population near

Butchers Creek Falls (Map 2). It occurs in

skeletal soil on pavements and rock outcrops

(granite at Walsh’s Pyramid and Behana

Creek; basalt/metamorphics at Butcher Creek

Falls) in open situations with woodland

dominated by Myrtaceae (Eucalyptus

granitica L.A.S.Johnson & K.D.Hill,

E. reducta L.A.S. Johnson & K.D.Hill,

Lophostemon confertus) or with little other

woody vegetation.

Phenology : Flowers are recorded from May

to November; fruits are recorded from May

to November.

Typification: Mueller wrote the name A.

nitidum var. cryptophlebum on the herbarium

label of MEL 2288065, an isolectotype of A.

cryptophlebum Zemann. Then Bailey (1900)

caused confusion by describing^, lejourdanii

var. cryptophlebum , attributing the varietal

epithet to “F. v. M. in herb.”. However, Bailey

used a specimen of his own as the type and

not the specimen in MEL annotated by

Mueller. Bailey’s taxon is not related to A.

cryptophlebum, but clearly has affinities to A.

lejourdanii.

Ewart et al. (1909) obviously went back to

the source of the name (MEL 2288065) and

presumed that this was the specimen to which

Bailey was referring. On that basis, Ewart et

al. (1909) stated that the var. cryptophlebum

should be placed under A. nitidum rather than

A. lejourdanii.

Bailey’s var. cryptophlebum should be

attributed to him alone, rather than “F.Muell.

ex F.M.Bailey” because Mueller applied the

name to a different taxon from Bailey.

Affinities: Argophyllum heterodontum is

similar to A. lejourdanii , but differs by the

longer and markedly unequal marginal teeth

Bean & Forster, Argophyllum in Australia

on the leaves, up to 4.5 mm long (up to 2.2

mm long for A. lejourdanii ), the upper

surface of fully expanded leaves glabrous

(hairs persistent for A. lejourdanii ), the leaf

hairs 0.5-0.7 mm long (0.8-1.0 mm long for

A. lejourdanii ), the pedicels 1.4-2.5 mm long

(1-1.5 mm for A. lejourdanii ), and the ovaries

sometimes 3-locular (consistently 2-locular

for A. lejourdanii ).

Conservation status : Argophyllum

heterodontum is known from three

populations, all occurring in National Park

(Gadgarra, Wooroonooran), although the most

northerly stands of the species at the base of

Walsh’s Pyramid are on Freehold title along

the walking track up the mountain before it

enters the National Park. The Argophyllum

co-occurs with another localised endemic

Plectranthus gratus S.T.Blake (listed as

Vulnerable), although that species is known

from at least five populations (Forster 1996),

with two lacking A. heterodontum. There

exists similar habitat to the southwest of

Walsh’s Pyramid that should be explored for

other subpopulations of both species.

A suitable conservation status for

Argophyllum heterodontum is Vulnerable

(criterion D2 from IUCN 2012). There are no

pressing threatening processes for the species;

however, the populations and subpopulations

are likely to be impacted by too frequent

burning of the habitat and by weed invasion

(e.g. introduced pasture/weed grasses such as

Sporobolus species) or by stochastic events.

Etymology : From the Greek heteros

(different), and odontos (tooth). This refers to

the acute teeth on the leaf margins that vary

greatly in size.

5. Argophyllum iridescens A.R.Bean

& P.I.Forst. sp. nov. with affinity to A.

lejourdanii , but differing by the small and

inconspicuous teeth on the leaf margin, the

creamy-white new growth, and the larger

seeds. Typus: Queensland. Cook District:

Mt Hedley, 3 km ENE of Rossville, Timber

Reserve 165, 15 April 1999, P.I. Forster

PIF24277 & R. Booth (holo: BRI [2 sheets +

spirit]; iso: AD, CNS, K, L, MEL, NSW, US

distribuendi).

219

Shrub c. 2 m high. Hairs on new growth

white or creamy; hairs more than 10 cm from

growing point creamy-white. Petiole 10-15

mm long; fully expanded lamina elliptical,

89-174 mm long, 30-53 mm wide, 2.8-4.5

times longer than wide; 8-11 secondary

veins on either side of midrib. Lamina apex

acuminate; base cuneate, not oblique or

occasionally oblique by up to 5 mm. Lamina

margins denticulate, with teeth all about the

same length, 30-49 on each side of the lamina,

the teeth 0.3-0.7 mm long. Upper surface of

fully expanded lamina green, glabrous or

sparsely hairy; hairs appressed, 0.8-1.2 mm

long. Lower surface of lamina white, hairs

appressed; secondary veins white, raised;

tertiary veins white, ± flush with indumentum.

Inflorescences axillary, paniculate, 33-77

mm long, densely tomentose, primary axis

28-63 mm long, secondary branches 5-15

mm long, bracts narrowly-deltate, 1.3-2.9

mm long. Pedicels 1.5-3 mm long; flowering

hypanthium cupular, 3.4-3.6 mm diameter.

Calyx lobes 1.3-1.5 mm long; petals 3.2-3.5

mm long, white, corolla appendages white, c.

1.2 mm long. Staminal filaments 1.3-1.5 mm

long; anthers c. 0.7 mm long. Style 1.3-1.5

mm long; ovary 2-locular. Capsules with

cupular hypanthium, 3-3.3 mm long, 3.6-4.1

mm diameter, teeth 4. Seeds 0.45-0.6 mm

long. Fig. 4A-C.

Additional specimen examined : Queensland. Cook

District: V.C.L. Noah, Jun 1975, Hyland8289 (BRI).

Distribution and habitat: Argophyllum

iridescens is endemics to the Wet Tropics

bioregion of northeast Queensland and

known from two locations; Mt Hedley, south

of Cooktown, and near Noah Creek, between

Daintree and Cape Tribulation (Map 2). It

grows on large granite outcrops, at the ecotone

between sparsely vegetated pavements and

notophyll rainforest. Altitudes are between

400 and 500 metres.

Phenology: Flowers and fruits are recorded

from April and June.

Affinities: Argophyllum iridescens is similar

to A. lejourdanii , but differs by the small and

inconspicuous marginal teeth on the leaves,

up to 0.7 mm long (up to 2.2 mm long for A.

lejourdanii ), the long acuminate leaf apex

220

Austrobaileya 10(2): 207-235 (2018)

Fig. 4. A-C. Argophyllum iridescens. A. flowering branchlet x0.6. B. hair from upper leaf surface x40. C. lamina

margin x2; D-F. A. jagonis. D. flowering branchlet x0.6. E. lamina margin x2. F. hair from upper leaf surface x60.

A-C from Forster PIF24277 & Booth (BRI, holotype); D-F from Jago 3553 (BRI, holotype). Del. W. Smith.

Bean & Forster, Argophyllum in Australia

(shortly acuminate for A. lejourdanii), the

creamy-white new growth (rusty new growth

for A lejourdanii ), and the seeds 0.5-0.65 mm

long (0.4-0.5 mm long for A. lejourdanii ). A.

iridescens differs from A. palumense by the

petioles 10-15 mm long (21-29 mm long for

A. palumense ), and the marginal teeth on the

leaves 0.3-0.7 mm long (1.7-3.2 mm long A.

palumense).

Conservation status : One population of

Argophyllum iridescens occurs in Daintree

NP and the second at Mt Hedley is closely

adjacent ( c. 100 m distant) to Ngalba Bulal

NP in unreserved land and probably will be

eventually found in the National Park with

further exploration as similar habitat occurs

there. There are no obvious threatening

processes; however, the species can be

categorised as Vulnerable based on the

criterion D2 (IUCN 2012).

Etymology : From the Latin iridescens ,

meaning iridescent, displaying different

colours when viewed from different angles.

The lower leaf surface shows alternating

bands of brilliant white and steely-grey which

change position depending on the direction of

the light source.

6. Argophyllum jagonis A.R.Bean &

PI.Forst. sp. nov. with affinity to A.

cryptophlebum, but differing by the white

branchlets and leaf veins, the greater number

of leaf marginal teeth, and the dichotomously

branched inflorescences. Typus: Queensland.

Cook District: The Boulders, Babinda Creek,

19 August 1995, R.L. Jago 3553 (holo: BRI [2

sheets]; iso: AD, CNS, K, L, MEL, NSW, US,

distribuendi).

Argophyllum sp. (Babinda L.S. Smith 10213);

Forster (2007, 2010, 2017).

Shrub 1-3 m high. Hairs on new growth

white or creamy; hairs more than 10 cm from

growing point white or creamy. Petiole 14-24

mm long; fully expanded lamina broadly-

elliptic to broadly-ovate, 79-145 mm long,

40-85 mm wide, 1.3-2.5 times longer than

wide; 6-9 secondary veins on either side of

midrib. Lamina apex usually acuminate,

sometimes acute; base cuneate, not oblique.

Lamina margins denticulate, with teeth all

221

about the same size, or alternating smaller

and longer teeth, 11-29 on each side of the

lamina, the longer teeth 0.2-1 mm long;

margins rarely entire, with teeth reduced to

small glands. Upper surface of fully expanded

lamina green, glabrous; hairs on developing

leaves appressed, 0.5-0.7 mm long. Lower

surface of lamina white, hairs appressed;

secondary veins white, slightly raised; tertiary

veins white, ± flush with indumentum.

Inflorescences terminal, dichasially cymose,

98-205 mm long, densely tomentose, primary

axis 78-185 mm long, secondary branches

15-25 mm long; branching of inflorescence

mostly dichotomous, branches spreading at

60-90° from adjacent branch; bracts narrowly-

deltate, 1.5-4 mm long. Pedicels 1.3-2.5 mm

long; flowering hypanthium cupular, 2.5-3.2

mm diameter. Calyx lobes 1-1.1 mm long;

petals 2.1-2.2 mm long, white to pale yellow,

corolla appendages white, 1-1.3 mm long.

Staminal filaments 0.8-1.1 mm long; anthers

0.5-0.6 mm long. Style 1-1.1 mm long; ovary

2-locular. Capsules with cupular hypanthium,

3.4-4 mm long, 3.3-4 mm diameter, teeth 4,

exserted. Seeds 0.4-0.5 mm long. Fig. 4D-F.

Additional specimens examined: Queensland. Cook

District: R758, Fisher’s Creek, South Johnstone River,

Jul 1982, Dansie AFOS187 (CNS); Russell River, Bartle

Frere, Nov 1936, Flecker NQNC2614 (CNS); Babinda

Creek, Happy Valley, Jul 1943, Flecker NQNC8229 (BRI,

CNS); The Boulders, near Babinda, Aug 1959, Thorne

23070 & Tracey (BRI); ibid , Feb 1996, Forster PIF18564

et al. (BRI, K, L, MEL, NSW); NPR 904 Wooroonooran,

c. 0.9 km up Babinda Creek from The Boulders, Jun

1997, Ford 1937 (BRI, CNS); The Boulders, Babinda,

Aug 1968, Briggs 2049a (NSW); ibid , Oct 1995, Gray

6326 (BRI, CNS); ibid, Oct 1995, Gray 6328 (CNS);

ibid , Nov 1995, Gray 6422 (BRI, CNS); ibid , Jan 1996,

Gray 6520 (CNS); ibid , Jan 1996, Gray 6522 (CNS); The

Boulders, Babinda Creek, Aug 1963, Hyland AF02828

(BRI); The Boulders, Babinda Creek, c. 6 km W of

Babinda, Aug 1954, Smith 5333 (BRI); The Boulders,

Babinda Creek, 6.5 km W of Babinda, Sep 1957, Smith

10213 (BRI); East Mulgrave River, Dec 1994, Hunter

JH1705 (BRI); ibid , Nov 1995 ,Jago etal. 3712 (BRI); Mt

Isley W of Edmonton, Dec 1996, Jago 4218 (BRI); SFR

310, Mulgrave River, Jun 1965, Dansie AF03288 (CNS);

Russell River, above Jiyer Cave, Oct 2001, Jago 6047

(BRI); Johnstone River, in 1882, Berthoud s.n. (MEL

2234434); ibid , Sep 1917, Ladbrook 93 (BRI); ibid , Oct

1917, Michael s.n. (BRI [AQ200723]); Inmsfail, in 1918,

Michael 263 (NSW); 4.2 km along Woopen Creek Road,

NW of Innisfail, Jul 2007, Bean 26766 (BRI); Fleming

Road, South Johnstone, 9 km SW of Innisfail, Jul 2007,

Bean 26633 (BRI, DNA, MEL, NSW).

222

Distribution and habitat : Argophyllum

jagonis is endemic to the Wet Tropics bioregion

of northeast Queensland from the Babinda -

Innisfail area, the Mulgrave River and at Mt

Isley, west of Edmonton (Map 3). It grows

in rainforest (complex mesophyll vineforest)

on infertile soils, derived from granite or

metamorphics, and often near watercourses.

The localities near Babinda are amongst some

of the wettest places in the Australian tropics

with a mean average rainfall of 3500 mm.

Altitudes mostly range from 20-120 metres,

but as high as 950 metres at Mt Isley.

Phenology : Flowers are recorded from June to

November; fruits between July and February.

Affinities : Argophyllum jagonis is closely

related to A. cryptophlebum , but differs by the

white new growth, branchlets, and abaxial leaf

veins (all rusty-brown for A. cryptophlebum );

the branching of the inflorescence mostly

dichotomous, branches spreading at 60-90°

from adjacent branch (mostly monochasial,

branches spreading at 30-60° for A.

cryptophlebum ); the 11-29 pairs of leaf teeth

(7-14 for A. cryptophlebum)', and the seeds

0.4-0.5 mm long (0.55-0.65 mm long for A.

cryptophlebum).

Conservation status : Argophyllum jagonis is

known from seven or eight extant populations,

four occur in Wooroonooran NP, one in Little

Mulgrave NP and two in road reserves. Early

collections from ‘Innisfail’ and ‘Johnstone

River’ may refer to a generalised area that

is equivalent to an extant population, extinct

populations or the place of specimen dispatch.

Much of the lowland vegetation outside

of National Parks and State Forests in the

Babinda - Innisfail area has now been cleared

for agriculture and small remnants on road

reserves and private land remain under threat

from ‘tidy up’ clearing or weed invasion. The

extant populations are disjunct and occur in

relatively small patches of suitable habitat that

are also subject to weed invasion; however,

there are no obvious threats and the overall

area of occurrence has been poorly explored.

An appropriate conservation status is Least

Concern (Queensland NCA 1992).

Austrobaileya 10(2): 207-235 (2018)

Etymology : This species is named for

Robert L. Jago of Stratford, Cairns and is

in recognition of his knowledge of the Wet

Tropics flora supported by his many excellent

collections of herbarium material donated to

the Queensland Herbarium.

7. Argophyllum lejourdanii F.Muell. (as

‘Lejourdani’), Fragm. 4(25): 33 (1863); A.

lejourdanii F.Muell. var. lejourdanii, Queensl.

FI. 2: 533 (1900). Type citation: “In silvis

montis Elliot Australiae orientalis tropicae.

Fitzalan et Dallachy”. Type: Queensland.

North Kennedy District: Mt Elliott, 4 August

1863, J. Dallachy s.n. (lecto: MEL 568352

[here designated]; isolecto: K 000739401).

Shrub or small tree 2-3 m high. Hairs on new

growth rusty or brown; hairs more than 10 cm

from growing point creamy-white. Petiole 20-

32 mm long; fully expanded lamina elliptical,

broadly-elliptical or ovate, 122-173 mm long,

44-79 mm wide, 1.9-2.8 times longer than

wide; 7-10 secondary veins on either side of

midrib. Lamina apex acuminate or acute; base

cuneate, not oblique or occasionally oblique

by up to 5 mm. Lamina margins dentate to

denticulate, with teeth about the same length,

15-49 on each side of the lamina, the teeth

0.5-2.2 mm long. Upper surface of fully

expanded lamina green, sparsely hairy; hairs

appressed, 0.8-1 mm long. Lower surface

of lamina white, hairs appressed; secondary

veins brown or white, raised; tertiary

veins white, ± flush with indumentum.

Inflorescences axillary, paniculate, 39-101

mm long, densely tomentose, primary axis

23-90 mm long, secondary branches 8-24

mm long, bracts narrowly-deltate, 1.4-12

mm long. Pedicels 1-1.5 mm long; flowering

hypanthium cupular, 2.8-3.1 mm diameter.

Calyx lobes 1.1-1.3 mm long; petals 2.6-3.5

mm long, white, corolla appendages white,

1.3-1.5 mm long. Staminal filaments 1.3-1.8

mm long; anthers c. 0.7 mm long. Style 1.3-

1.7 mm long; ovary 2-locular, rarely 3-locular.

Capsules with hemispheric hypanthium, 2.4-

3 mm long, 3.8-4.3 mm diameter, teeth 4 or

rarely 6. Seeds 0.4-0.5 mm long. Fig. 5D-F.

Additional selected specimens examined : Queensland.

North Kennedy District: 43 km NW of Ingham, Gowrie

LA, Aug 1990, HalfordQ307 (BISH, BRI); Murray Falls,

c. 12 miles [19 km] S of Tully, Dec 1966, Everist 7967

Bean & Forster, Argophyllum in Australia

223

Fig. 5. A-C. Argophyllum loxotrichum. A. flowering branchlet *0.5. B. lamina margin x2. C. hairs from upper leaf

surface *60; D-F. A. lejourdanii. D. flowering branchlet x0.6. E. lamina margin x2. F. hair from upper leaf surface

x40. A-C from Ford 4691 (BRI); D-F from Forster PIF8348 & Bean (BRI). Del. W. Smith.

224

(BRI); 37 km along Kirrama Road, towards Kirrama

Station, Feb 1996, Forster PIF18367 & Ryan (BRI, CNS,

MEL); Kirrama Range, 11.5 km from Kennedy, Jun

1994, Forster PIF15257 (BRI); SF 461, Compartment

7, Nov 1976, Thorsborne & Thorsborne 324 (BRI);

Five Mile Creek near Cardwell, Aug 1979, Byrnes 3924

(BRI); Near South Pinnacle, 25 km SW of Townsville,

Sep 1992, Bean 5065 (BISH, BRI); Elliot Toe, Bowling

Green Bay NP, 9 km NNE of Woodstock, May 1991,

Forster PIF8348 & Bean (BRI, CANB, CNS, K); Mt

Elliot, Jun 1985, Camming s.n. (BRI [AQ398182]); NPR

253 (Mt Elliot), Dec 1977, Hyland 9586 (CNS).

Distribution and habitat : Argophyllum

lejourdanii is endemic to the Brigalow Belt

and Wet Tropics bioregions of northeast

Queensland and occurs from Murray

Falls near Cardwell to Mt Elliot, south of

Townsville (Map 1). It inhabits granite rock

outcrops and pavements on slopes or the

edges of watercourses. Altitude is typically

less than 100 metres around Cardwell, but up

to 600 metres near Townsville.

Phenology : Flowers are recorded from May

to December; fruits in February, August,

November and December.

Affinities'. Argophyllum lejourdanii is

distinguished by its axillary inflorescences,

the persistent hairs (longest ones 0.8-1 mm

long) of the upper leaf surface, the brown or

rusty new growth, and the white hairs on the

lower leaf surface of fully expanded leaves. It

is morphologically similar to A. ferrugineum

(see notes there) and the two species can

be regarded as an example of an allopatric

speciation event.

Notes : Populations from the Cardwell area

tend to have longer leaf-teeth than those

further south. In some specimens from the

Townsville area, the teeth are almost lacking.

Prior to this revision, the name

Argophyllum lejourdanii has been applied

to a number of collections that are now

variously assigned to A. ferrugineum , A.

heterodontum , A. iridescens, A. loxotrichum

and A. palumense.

Conservation status : Argophyllum

lejourdanii occurs in a number of National

Parks (Bowling Green Bay, Girramay,

Girringun) and whilst there are no obvious

threats, the rock pavement/outcrop habitat

Austrobaileya 10(2): 207-235 (2018)

is subject to weed invasion, particularly

by introduced pasture/weed grasses such

as Sporobolus species. There are at least

eight populations based on geographical

discontinuity and more are likely given the

largely unexplored nature of much of the

species range of occurrence. At this stage

a conservation status of Least Concern

(Queensland NCA 1992 ) is recommended.

Etymology : Named for Alfred Lejourdan,

Tngenieur agricole, Directeur du Jardin des

Plantes’ an agricultural engineer and Director

at the Jardin botanique E.M. Heckel (Jardin

botanique de Marseille). Lejourdan was one of

Mueller’s correspondents and supplied seeds

to the Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbourne. He

was best known for his 1864 treatise De La

Maladie Noire Des Plantes.

8. Argophyllum loxotrichum A.R.Bean

& PI.Forst. sp. nov. with affinity to A.

lejourdanii , but differing by the leaf hairs

with obliquely ascending arms, the shorter

overall hair length, and the creamy-white new

growth. Typus: Queensland. North Kennedy

District: Stony Creek, near Wallaman Falls,

west of Ingham, 12 August 1951, S.T. Blake

18791A (holo: BRI; iso: CANB, K, MO).

Shrub or small tree 2-3.5 m high. Hairs on

new growth white or creamy; hairs more than

10 cm from growing point creamy-white.

Petiole 16-24 mm long; fully expanded

lamina elliptical, broadly-elliptical or ovate,

108-178 mm long, 43-73 mm wide, 1.7-2.8

times longer than wide; 7-9 secondary

veins on either side of midrib. Lamina apex

acuminate; base cuneate, not oblique or

occasionally oblique by up to 12 mm. Lamina

margins dentate, with teeth all about equal

in length or sometimes varying in length

(alternating long and short), 12-87 on each

side of the lamina, the longer teeth 0.8-3.5

mm long. Upper surface of fully expanded

lamina pale green, with a moderately dense

indumentum of biramous hairs, the arms

obliquely ascending, the longer arm 0.4-

0.6 mm long, the shorter arm 0.1-0.3 mm

long. Lower surface of lamina white, hairs

ascending (not appressed); secondary veins

white or creamy, raised; tertiary veins white,

± flush with indumentum. Inflorescences

Bean & Forster, Argophyllum in Australia

axillary, paniculate, 48-146 mm long, densely

tomentose, primary axis 40-131 mm long,

secondary branches 6-29 mm long, bracts

narrowly-deltate, 2.2-75 mm long. Pedicels

0.5-1.2 mm long; flowering hypanthium

cupular, 3.1-3.8 mm diameter. Calyx lobes

0.7-1.8 mm long; petals 2.1-3.2 mm long,

white, corolla appendages white, 1-1.5 mm

long. Staminal filaments 1.1-1.3 mm long;

anthers 0.5-0.9 mm long. Style 0.9-1.1 mm

long; ovary 2-locular. Capsules with cupular

hypanthium, 2.6-3 mm long, 3.8-4.5 mm

diameter, teeth 4. Seeds 0.5-0.6 mm long.

Fig. 5A-C, 8E.

Additional specimens examined : Queensland. Cook

District: Mt Somerset, N of Mossman, Aug 2003, Jago

6513 (BRI); Black Mountain, Jul 1999, Jago 5309 et al

(BRI); Road from Mossman to Mt Molloy, Mowbray

Forest, Nov 2000, Gottsberger 21-261100 (CNS); Rex

Range, Feb 1995, Gray 5958 (CNS); ibid , Oct 1995,

Gray 6333 (CNS); Rex Range, lower slopes, Sep 1993,

Sankowsky 1421 (CNS); Spring Creek Falls, Mar 1996,

Jago 3891 (BRI); c. 1.5 km W of Captain Cook Highway,

N of Cairns; junction of Viever and Hartley Creeks, Jul

2005, Halford Q8521 & Jensen (BRI). North Kennedy

District: Lannercost Range, c. 30 km W of Ingham,

Jun 1982, Telford 8772 (BRI, CANB, NSW); walking

track, Wallaman Falls NP, c. 50 km W of Ingham, Jan

1997, Bean 11587 (BRI); Girringun NP, c. 1 km from

Stony Creek bridge along road to Garrawalt Creek, W

of Ingham, Sep 2005, Ford 4691 (BRI); 400 metres E

of Stony Creek on the Seaview Range, Dec 1995, Irvine

2373 (CNS); Mt Fox, Jan 1949, Clemens s.n. (BRI

[AQ417080]); Princess Hills section of Lumholtz NP,

314 km by road NNW of Charters Towers, Sep 2002,

Thomas 2411 (BRI).

Distribution and habitat : Argophyllum

loxotrichum is endemic to the Wet Tropics

bioregion of northeast Queensland and

occurs in two distinct and greatly disjunct

population centres that are c. 225 km apart.

The southern populations are west of Ingham

and the northern populations between

Cairns and Mossman (Map 1). The southern

populations occur in grassy woodland

with Corymbia intermedia (R.T. Baker)

K.D.Hill & L.A.S.Johnson, Lophostemon

suaveolens (Sol. ex Gaertn.) Peter G.Wilson

& J.T.Waterh. and Allocasuarina torulosa

(Aiton) L.A.S.Johnson, or on the ecotone

between this forest and rainforest (simple

notophyll vineforest), or in “light” rainforest.

The northern populations inhabit stunted

225

complex notophyll vineforest. The geological

substrate may be granite, metamorphics or

rhyolite. Altitudes range from 100-1060

metres, but mostly around 500 metres.

Phenology : Flowers are recorded for January

and February, and from May to November;

fruits are recorded from January, July,

September and October.

Affinities : Argophyllum loxotrichum is similar

to A. lejourdanii , but differs by the hairs on the

upper leaf surface having obliquely ascending

arms (arms parallel to the leaf surface for A.

lejourdanii ), the overall hair length (sum of

the length of the two arms) 0.6-0.8 mm long

(0.8-1 mm long for A. lejourdanii ), and the

creamy-white new growth (rusty new growth

for A. lejourdanii ).

Notes : Collections of this species prior to

this revision have been usually identified as

Argophyllum lejourdanii.

Specimens from the Cairns - Mossman

area populations tend to have fewer teeth

on the leaf margins, and the teeth are often

shorter than those from the Ingham area.

Conservation status : Argophyllum

loxotrichum is known from at least

ten populations based on geographical

discontinuity. At least six of these occur

in National Parks (Girrungun, Kuranda,

Macalister Range, Mowbray). There are no

known threats, although the rocky habitats are

subject to invasion from introduced pasture/

weed grasses such as Sporobolus species.

The area of occupancy is small within the

overall area of occurrence due to the limited

occurrence of the habitat patches. At this

stage a conservation status of Least Concern

(Queensland NCA 1992) is recommended.

Etymology: From the Greek loxos (slanting or

oblique) and trichos (hair). This refers to the

slanting arms possessed by the biramous hairs

in this species, resulting in Y-shaped hairs.

9. Argophyllum nullumense R.T.Baker, Proc.

Linn. Soc. N.S. W. 24:439 (1899); A. nitidum var.

nullumense (R.T.Baker) Ewart, Jean White &

B.Rees, Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria , ser. 2, 22: 10

(1909). Type citation: “a plant from Nullum

Mt., Murwillumbah (W.B.)” Type: New South

226

Wales. Nullum Mt, Murwillumbah, December

1896, W. Baeuerlen 1873 (lecto: NSW 371693

[here designated]; isolecto: BRI [AQ342381],

CANB 00552737, MEL 2234901, NSW

505695, NSW 372756).

[Argophyllum nitidum auct. non J.R.Forst.

& G.Forst.; F.Muell., Viet. Nat. 9: 5 (1892);

R.T.Baker, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 22: 232

(1897); F.M.Bailey, Queensl. FI. 2: 533

(1900)].

Shrub 1.5-4 m high. Hairs on new growth

white or creamy; hairs more than 10 cm from

growing point white or creamy. Petiole 9-14

mm long; fully expanded lamina elliptic to

narrowly-elliptic, 81—186 mm long, 23-56

mm wide, 2.6-4.6 times longer than wide;

7-11 secondary veins on either side of

midrib. Lamina apex shortly acuminate,

or occasionally acute; base cuneate, not

oblique. Lamina margins serrate, with teeth

all about the same size, or varying in length

(alternating long and short), 2-9(-12) on each

side of the lamina, the longer teeth 0.3-2 mm

long. Upper surface of fully expanded lamina

green, glabrous; hairs on developing leaves

appressed, 0.2-0.3 mm long. Lower surface

of lamina white or creamy, hairs appressed;

secondary veins white, raised; tertiary

veins white, ± flush with indumentum.

Inflorescences terminal, paniculate cymose,

53-130 mm long, densely tomentose, primary

axis 32-108 mm long, secondary branches

17-58 mm long, bracts narrowly-deltate, 2-8

mm long. Pedicels 1.3-2 mm long; flowering

hypanthium cupular, 2.9-3.5 mm diameter.

Calyx lobes 0.8-1.5 mm long; petals 2.4-2.9

mm long, white, corolla appendages white,

1.8-2 mm long. Staminal filaments 1.2-1.3

mm long; anthers 0.6-0.7 mm long. Style

1.7-2 mm long; ovary 2-locular. Capsules

with cupular hypanthium, 3.4-4.3 mm long,

3.4-4.2 mm diameter, teeth 4, exserted. Seeds

0.55-0.7 mm long. Figs. 6, 8A-D.

Additional selected specimens examined : Queensland.

South Kennedy District: R 573 Eungella, Finch Hatton

Gorge, May 1975, Hyland 8243 (CNS); Finch Hatton

Gorge, Eungella NP, Jan 1991, Pearson 431 (BRI).

Port Curtis District: Portion 36, Castletower, 17 km

SE of Calliope, Oct 1988, Gibson TOI333 (BRI, MO,

NSW); Mt Castletower NP, W slopes, Feb 1995, Forster

PIF16196 (BRI, MEL); TR 99, Many Peaks Range, 12

Austrobaileya 10(2): 207-235 (2018)

km SSW of Bororen, Jan 1992, Gibson TOI1143 (BRI);

Colosseum Creek, SF 645, Oct 1993, Thomas et al.

RFR193 (BRI, NSW). Wide Bay District: Marsupial

LA, SF 391, ENE of Kalpowar, Sep 1995, Bean 8926 &

Robins (BRI, MEL); TR 375, Palm Valley, Coast Range,

Dec 1989, Forster P1F6159 (BRI, CANB, CNS, K,

NSW); c. 15 km SSE of Biggenden, in the Coast Range

at ‘Utopia’, Oct 1986, Russell-Smith 1847 & Lucas

(BRI). Moreton District: 4.3 km past bridge over Little

Nerang Creek, Mudgeeraba to Springbrook Road, Feb

1991, Forster PIF7799 & Leiper (BRI, CNS); Egg Rock,

Numinbah Valley, Jan 1991, Bean 2855 (BRI); Warrie

Circuit track, Springbrook NP, Jan 1993, Thomas &

Barry s.n. (BRI [AQ363323]); Springbrook NP, Twin

Falls Circuit track, Aug 2006, Forster PIF31816 (BRI);

Waterfall Creek, Numinbah Valley, Gold Coast City

Council Conservation Area, Oct 2013, Forster PIF40574

& Leiper (BRI); Camp Eden, Currumbin Valley, Dec

1997, Forster P1F22031 & Leiper (BRI, CNS, MEL);

Lamington NP, Echo Point Bithongabel, May 1948,

Smith 3630 & Webb (BRI); Lamington NP, track above

Picnic Rock, West Canungra Creek, May 2012, Forster

PIF38711 et al. (BRI, US). New South Wales. Mt

Warning, Sep 1972, Rodd 2240 (BRI, NSW); Head of

Goolmangar Creek, Feb 1980, Floyd 1456 (BRI); beside

road following Bilambil Creek to Bilambil, 9.2 km W

of Stotts Island, Feb 1990, Davies 1559 & Richardson

(AD, BRI, CANB, MEL, NSW); Tumbulgum, Feb 1897,

Baeuerlen s.n. (BRI [AQ342385); Mt Neville track, Mt

Nardi, NE of Nimbin, Feb 2000, Bean 16015 (BRI, MEL,

NSW).

Distribution and habitat : Argophyllum

nullumense has the largest distribution range

and greatest number of populations of the

Australian species in the genus. The species

is endemic to eastern Australia with three

population centres (from Terania Creek,

northeast NSW, to Lower Beechmont in the

South East Queensland bioregion; Mt Walsh

NP north to Castle Tower NP in the South East

Queensland bioregion; Finch Hatton Gorge in

Eungella NP in the Central Queensland Coast

bioregion) (Map 4). The single population at

Finch Hatton Gorge in the Eungella Range

is c. 490 km disjunct from the Castle Tower

populations.

This species is also the most catholic in

its habitat preferences, occurring variously

on the edges of rainforest streams and the

ecotonal margins of rainforest (complex

notophyll vineforest) and wetter sclerophyll

open forest, on diverse substrates (andesite,

basalt, basalt intermixed with trachyte,

granite, granodiorite, rhyolite, metamorphics/

metasediments). Altitudes range between c.

100 and 1050 m.

Bean & Forster, Argophyllum in Australia

227

Fig. 6. Argophyllum nullumense. A. flowering branchlet x0.6. B. lamina margin *2. C. hair from upper leaf surface

x60. A-C from Forster PIF6159 (BRI). Del. M. Saul & W. Smith.

Phenology : Flowers are recorded from

September to February; fruits are recorded

for every month of the year.

Typification : The name Argophyllum nitidum ,

based on a collection from New Caledonia,

was first misapplied to this species by Mueller

(1892).

The fertile and dated William Baeuerlen

gathering from Mt Nullum is the only possible

candidate for the type of A. nullumense and

the best sheet at NSW is here selected as

lectotype for the name.

Affinities : Argophyllum nullumense appears

to be allied to A. cryptophlebum, but differs

by the creamy-white new growth (brown or

rusty for A. cryptophlebum ); the leaves (2.6-)

3-4.6 times longer than broad (1.5-2.9 times

for A. cryptophlebum ); the petioles 7-14 mm

long (13—38 mm long for A. cryptophlebum ),

and the hairs on the leaves 0.2-0.3 mm long

(0.3-0.5 mm long for A. cryptophlebum).

Conservation status : This species is

widespread with many populations. It occurs

in a number of National Parks in New South

Wales and Queensland (Bulburin, Castle

Tower, Eungella, Lamington, Mt Walsh, Mt

Warning, Nightcap, Springbrook, Warro).

The appropriate conservation status for the

species is Least Concern.

Etymology : The epithet refers to the type

locality, Mt Nullum, in north-eastern New

South Wales.

228

10. Argophyllum palumense A.R.Bean &

P.I.Forst. sp. nov. with affinity to A. lejourdanii,

but differing by the white or creamy new

vegetative growth, the mostly narrower leaves,

the shorter hairs of the upper leaf surface, and

the larger seeds. Typus: Queensland. North

Kennedy District: 1.5 km east of Mt Zero, Mt

Zero - Taravale sanctuary, NW of Townsville,

17 May 2009, A.R. Bean 28892 & R. Jensen

(holo: BRI).

Shrub or small tree 1-6 m high. Hairs on

new growth white or creamy; hairs more

than 10 cm from growing point creamy-

white. Petiole 21-29 mm long; fully expanded

lamina elliptical, 116-178 mm long, 36-60

mm wide, 2.4-3.8 times longer than wide;

6-8 secondary veins on either side of midrib.

Lamina apex acuminate; base cuneate, not

oblique. Lamina margins dentate, with teeth

of varying length (alternating long and short),

26-61 on each side of the lamina, the longer

teeth 1.7-3.2 mm long. Upper surface of fully

expanded lamina green, sparsely hairy; hairs

appressed, 0.6-0.8 mm long. Lower surface

of lamina white, hairs appressed; secondary

veins white, raised; tertiary veins white,

± flush with indumentum. Inflorescences

axillary, paniculate, 35-113 mm long, densely

tomentose, primary axis 25-92 mm long,

secondary branches 9-27 mm long, bracts

narrowly-deltate, 2-12 mm long. Pedicels

1.2-1.5 mm long; flowering hypanthium

cupular, 3-3.5 mm diameter. Calyx lobes 1.1-

1.4 mm long; petals 3.3-3.5 mm long, white,

corolla appendages white, 1.2-1.3 mm long.

Staminal filaments 1.3-1.6 mm long; anthers

0.9-1 mm long. Style 1-1.8 mm long; ovary

2-locular. Capsules with cupular hypanthium,

2.6-3.2 mm long, 3.4-4 mm diameter, teeth 4.

Seeds 0.5-0.6 mm long. Fig. 7A-C.

Additional specimens examined : Queensland. North

Kennedy District: Mt Spec, Mar 1933, White 8972

(BRI); 6 km from Hidden Valley towards Paluma, May

1991, Bean 3060 (BRI); Ewan Road, Mt Spec area, c.

17.6 km from Paluma, Sep 1974, Williams 51 (BRI);

Hidden Valley road, west of Paluma township, Dec

2001, Franks AJF0112004 (BRI); 17 km past Paluma

on road to Hidden Valley, Jan 1992, Forster PIF9478

(BRI, DNA, K, MEL); 8.5 km from Paluma along road

to Hidden Valley, Aug 1996, Telford 12143 (BRI, CANB,

NE); Crystal Creek on lower slopes of Mt Spec, Feb 1980,

Stanley 8032A (BRI); Near Palm Tree Creek, Thornton

Austrobaileya 10(2): 207-235 (2018)

Gap Road, Mar 2001, FordAF2754 (BRI, CNS); Paluma

Range, Bluewater area, Nov 1990, Jaches 9056 (BRI).

Distribution and habitat : Argophyllum

palumense is endemic to the Wet Tropics

bioregion of northeast Queensland from

a restricted area of mountainous terrain

northwest of Townsville, including the Paluma

- Hidden Valley area, Bluewater State Forest,

and Thornton Gap (Map 1). It inhabits creek

banks or hillsides on sandy soils derived from

granite, in wet sclerophyll forest dominated

by (for example) Corymbia intermedia and

Eucalyptus portuensis K.D.Hill, and often

with a rainforest under storey. Altitude ranges

from 500 to 900 metres.

Phenology : Flowers are recorded from May

to December; fruits from November to March.

Affinities: Argophyllum palumense is

morphologically similar to A. lejourdanii , but

differs by the white or creamy new vegetative

growth (rusty or brown for A. lejourdanii ), the

leaves 2.4-3.8 times longer than broad (1.9-2.8

times for A. lejourdanii), the hairs of the upper

leaf surface 0.6-0.8 mm long (0.8-1 mm long

for A. lejourdanii), and the seeds 0.5-0.6 mm

long (0.4-0.5 mm long for A. lejourdanii).

Conservation status : Argophyllum

palumense has a narrow range of occurrence

with probably three known populations. One

of these occurs in Paluma Range NP (Crystal

Creek) and another in the Mt Zero - Taravale

Nature Refuge. Most collections have been

made from adjacent to the Ewan - Paluma

road between Paluma and Hidden Valley;

however, this population (with a number of

subpopulations) is not conserved. There are

no obvious threatening processes; however,

the species has a relatively small overall

area of occupancy within the known area of

occurrence and is subject to stochastic events.

A suitable conservation status is Vulnerable

based on the criterion D2 (IUCN 2012).

Etymology : The epithet refers to the small

township of Paluma, near where most

collections have been made.

11. Argophyllum verae P.I.Forst.,

Austrobaileya3: 173 (1990). Type: Queensland.

Cook District: 1 km N of Maloney’s Springs,

19 June 1989, P.I. Forster PIF5285 & M.C.

Bean & Forster, Argophyllum in Australia

229

Fig. 7. A-C. Argophyllum palumense. A. flowering branchlet x0.6. B. lamina margin x2. C. hair from upper leaf

surface x60; D-F. A. verae. D. flowering branchlet x0.5. E. lamina margin x2. F. hair from upper leaf surface x60. A-C

from Bean 28892 & Jensen (BRI); D-F from Gray 6810 (BRI). Del. W. Smith.

230

Tucker (holo: BRI [3 sheets + spirit material];

iso: CANB, CNS, K, MEL, MO, P).

Shrub 1.5-2 m high. Hairs on new growth

white or creamy; hairs more than 10 cm

from growing point creamy-white. Petiole

12-30 mm long; fully expanded lamina

broadly elliptical, 89-174 mm long, 30-95

mm wide, 1.8-2.4 times longer than wide; 8

or 9 secondary veins on either side of midrib.

Lamina apex acute; base cuneate, not oblique

or oblique at base by up to 9 mm. Lamina

margins entire or denticulate, with teeth all

about the same length, 19-25 on each side

of the lamina, the teeth 0.3-0.7 mm long.

Upper surface of fully expanded lamina grey-

green, with sparse to moderately dense hairs;

hairs appressed or sometimes ascending,

0.7-1 mm long. Lower surface of lamina

white, hairs obliquely ascending; secondary

veins white, raised; tertiary veins white,

± flush with indumentum. Inflorescences

axillary, paniculate, 23-68 mm long, densely

tomentose, primary axis 10-47 mm long,

secondary branches 5-20 mm long, bracts

deflate, 1.5-7.5 mm long. Pedicels 0.6-2

mm long; flowering hypanthium cupular,

3-3.4 mm diameter. Calyx lobes 1.5-2.3 mm

long; petals 27-3.3 mm long, white, corolla

appendages white, 1.1-1.5 mm long. Staminal

filaments 1-1.6 mm long; anthers 0.5-0.8 mm

long. Style 0.8-1.4 mm long; ovary 2-locular.

Capsules with cupular hypanthium, 2.6-3

mm long, 2.6-4 mm diameter, teeth 4. Seeds

0.4-0.5 mm long. Fig. 7D-F.

Additional specimens examined : Queensland. Cook

District: Maloneys Springs, Bromley, Jun 1996, Forster

PIF19320 (BRI, MEL); Mahoneys [sic] Springs, head

of Hann River, Jun 1996, Gray 6810 (BRI, CNS); ibid ,

Jun 1996, Gray 6813 (BRI, CNS); Glennie Tableland,

Aug 2008, Wannan 5357 et al. (BRI); NW slopes of

Melville Range, Cape Melville, Oct 1992, Neldner 4160

& Clarkson (BRI); Cape Melville NP, 11 km SW of Cape

Melville, Oct 1992, Fell DGF2692 & Stanton (BRI);

Cape Melville NP, Melville Range, May 2014, Forster

PIF41463 (BRI). Cultivated. Kholo, ex NW slopes of

Melville Range, Cape Melville, Jan 2004, Tucker s.n.

(BRI [AQ743188]).

Distribution and habitat : Argophyllum

verae is endemic to the Cape York Peninsula

bioregion of far north Queensland where it

is known from two population centres (Map

2) that are greatly disjunct by c. 270 km. On

Austrobaileya 10(2): 207-235 (2018)

the Glennie Tableland it inhabits clifflines

bordering microphyll vinethicket or notophyll

vineforest on shallow soils over sandstone at a

distance of c. 20 km from the coast. At Cape

Melville it occurs in wind-sheared (due to

the constant high velocity wind) microphyll/

notophyll vineforest on granite boulder slopes

in immediate vicinity or within 3 km to the

sea. These two habitats are markedly different

both in substrate, marine influence and the

vegetation mix that is present.

Phenology : Flowers are recorded in June;

fruits in June, August and October.

Affinities : Argophyllum verae is perhaps

closest to A. loxotrichum , but differs from that

species by the less consistently Y-shaped hairs

on the leaves, the overall hair length (sum of

the length of the two arms) 0.6-0.8 mm long

(07-1.0 mm long for A. loxotrichum ); the

marginal leaf teeth absent or 0.3-07 mm long

(0.8-3.5 mm long for A. loxotrichum ); the

marginal leaf teeth (when present) in 19-25

pairs (12-87 pairs for A. loxotrichum)., and the

primary axis of the inflorescence 10-47 mm

long (40-131 mm long for A. loxotrichum).

Notes : Given the considerable disjunction

between the two population centres for this

species, it is remarkable that plants from either

centre are still quite similar in overall features.

The main difference between the two is that

those from the Glennie Tableland always have

thicker leaf laminae in comparison to those

from Cape Melville. It is not known if this

variation is due to anatomical differences;

however, it is maintained when the plants are

grown in a common garden situation.

Conservation status : Argophyllum verae

is currently listed as Vulnerable under

the Queensland NCA (1992). The two

subpopulations at the Glennie Tableland are

separated by c. 5 km and are wholly within the

Olive River Environmental Reserve. However,

the rugged sandstone escarpment and gorges

of the Glennie Tableland remain poorly

explored away from the few access points, so

it is feasible that further subpopulations exist.

At Cape Melville, all three subpopulations are

within Cape Melville NP and similarly the

area remains poorly explored. Whilst there are

Bean & Forster, Argophyllum in Australia

231

Fig. 8. Argophyllum flowers and fruits. A. flower from above x9. B. side view of flower including calyx and pedicel

xl2. C. half flower x 15. D. transverse section of ovary xl8. E. side view of fruit xl2. F. fruit from above xl2. A-D,

A. nullumense (Forster PIF22031 & helper, BRI); E, A. loxotrichum (Bean 11587, BRI); F, A. heterodontum (Blake

19769, BRI).

232

Austrobaileya 10(2): 207-235 (2018)

no immediate threats to this species, the area

of available habitat for potential occupancy

within the overall area of occurrence is

relatively small and the species is subject to

stochastic events. The category of Vulnerable

based on the criterion D2 remains suitable for

this species.

Etymology : The species was named for Vera

Scarth-Johnson (b. 1912, d. 1999), a botanical

collector and noted botanical artist (Forster

1990).

Acknowledgements

We thank Will Smith (BRI) for producing

the excellent illustrations, and for editing the

distribution maps; Ron Booth, Glenn Leiper,

Rigel Jensen, Garry Sankowsky and Maurie

Tucker for assistance with field collections

and photographs. The Directors of CANB,

CNS, MEL, NSW and W kindly allowed

access to their collections of Argophyllum on

loan or on visits to their institutions.

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Austrobaileya 10(2): 207-235 (2018)

Map 2. Distribution of Argophyllum species.

curtum , • A. heterodontum , ■ A. iridescens,

verae.

Map 1. Distribution of Argophyllum species. • A.

cryptophlebum, ▲ A. lejourdanii, □ A. loxotrichum,

• A. palumense.

□ >

Bean & Forster, Argophyllum in Australia

235

Map 4. Distribution of Argophyllum nullumense.

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Drummondita borealis Duretto (Rutaceae), a new species

from the Northern Territory, and a revised description for

D. calida (F.Muell.) Paul G.Wilson from Queensland

Marco F. Duretto

Summary

Duretto, M. (2018). Drummondita borealis Duretto (Rutaceae), a new species from the Northern

Territory, and a revised description for D. calida (F.Muell.) Paul G.Wilson from Queensland.

Austrobaileya 10(2): 236-241. Drummondita calida is revised and two species are recognised.

Drummondita calida is endemic to north Queensland and plants from the Northern Territory

previously assigned to the species are here described as D. borealis Duretto. Descriptions, ecological

notes and illustrations are provided for both species and amendments to the key to the genus are

provided.

Key Words: Myrtaceae, Drummondita , Drummondita borealis , Drummondita calida , Northern

Territory Flora, Queensland flora, new species, taxonomy, identification key

M.F. Duretto, National Herbarium of New South Wales, Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust,

Mrs Macquaries Road, Sydney, New South Wales 2000, Australia. Email: marco.duretto@rbgsyd.

nsw.gov.au

Introduction

Drummondita Harv. (Rutaceae) is a genus of

nine species, eight of which are confined to

south-west Western Australia, and the ninth,

D. calida (F.Muell.) Paul G.Wilson, to the

Northern Territory and north Queensland

(Wilson 2013). Drummondita has received

little attention since it was described by

Harvey (1855). It was placed in synonymy

under Philotheca Rudge by Mueller (1869) and

later reinstated by Wilson (1971). Five of the

nine species were recognised and described

relatively recently (Mollemans 1993; Wilson

1998; Meissner & Markey 2007).

Drummondita calida is found disjunctly

in the north-eastern Northern Territory and in

north Queensland, areas separated by c. 1000

km. Like the genus, the species has received

little attention and only Wilson (2013), in

the Flora of Australia , provides an account

covering its full geographic range. The

description in Wilson (2013) appears to be

based largely on material from the Northern

Territory though the type of the species is from

the Gregory River area, Queensland. There

Accepted for publication 16 July 2018

are significantly more herbarium specimens

collected from the Northern Territory than

Queensland.

During phylogenetic studies of the

Philotheca / Phebalium Vent, group of

genera it became apparent that D. calida

contained two distinct forms. The material

from the Northern Territory differs from the

Queensland material in having pedicellate

flowers (versus sessile), branches being

minutely puberulous (versus glabrous or

nearly so), narrower leaves that are glabrous

(versus glabrous to ciliate) and stamens

that barely exceed the corolla tube (versus

clearly exserted) (Figs. 1 & 2). Drummondita

borealis Duretto is newly described for the

populations found in the Northern Territory.

A description for D. calida sensu stricto is

provided.

Material and methods

Species descriptions are based on examination

of herbarium collections held at the Australian

Tropical Herbarium (CNS), the National

Herbarium of New South Wales (NSW), the

Northern Territory Herbarium (DNA) and

the Queensland Herbarium (BRI), as well

as images of herbarium collections available

at JSTOR Global Plants (https://plants.jstor.

Duretto, Drummondita borealis

org/).

Taxonomy

1. Drummondita calida (F.Muell.) Paul

G.Wilson, Nuytsia 1: 206 (1971); Philotheca

calida F.Muell, Fragm. 7: 21 (1869). Type:

Queensland. Cook District: Gilbert River,

s.dat ., Daintree s.n. (holo: MEL232711; iso:

BRI [AQ0151566], K 717312).

Dense shrub to 4 m high. Branchlets smooth,

glabrous apart from the presence of 2 to

several minute and usually dark hairs (similar

to stipular excrescences seen in Philotheca) at

the base of the adaxial surface of the leaves,

cream-coloured, leaf scars dark and often

giving the branchlets a distinctive geometric

pattern, becoming corky and fissured with

age. Leaves alternate, often crowded at

ends of branches, though sometimes evenly

spread, simple, glabrous or ciliate (glabrous

only at Bulleringa Range); hairs simple,

0.2-0.7 mm long, sometimes deciduous;

sessile or with petiole to 0.5 mm long; lamina

slender, trigonous or semi-terete, 8-20 mm

long, 0.75-1.2 mm wide, acuminate, glossy,

sulcate adaxially. Flowers solitary, 5-merous,

sessile, bracteoles absent. Sepals free, ±

subequal, orbicular, 6-8 mm long, 4-6 mm

wide, leathery, sparsely ciliate to ciliate but

otherwise glabrous (colour not recorded).

Petals free, erect and forming a tube, narrowly

orbicular, 12-17 mm long, sparsely ciliate

or ciliate but otherwise glabrous (colour

not recorded). Stamens 5, antipetalous,

exceeding petals, alternating with 5 slightly

longer, antisepalous staminodes; filaments

united into a cylinder for c. % length, white-

sericeous abaxially; anthers 2.5-3 mm long,

lacking appendages and obvious glands. Style

slender; stigma exserted. Fruit and seed not

observed. Fig. 1.

Additional specimens examined : Queensland. Cook

District: Bulleringa NP, 80 km NW of Mt Surprise,

Red River area, Apr 1998, Forster PIF22556 & Booth

(BRI, CNS, DNA); Bulleringa NP, Sep 2008, McDonald

KRM7945 & Smith (BRI); Bulleringa NP, May 2000,

O'Keefe s.n. (BRI [AQ731864]); Wall Creek, W of

Gilbert River near ‘North Head’ Nov 1985, Jackes s.n.

(BRI [AQ431603]); Gilbert River, plateau between

Dingo Creek and Fish Hole Creek, Apr 2010, Ford 5742

et al. (BRI, CNS); Gilbert River, upper reaches of Dead

Horse Creek, Apr 2010, Ford 5704 et al. (BRI, CNS);

Gregory Range Station, 120 kmNE of Richmond, 27 km

237

ENE of Middle Park Station Airstrip, Apr 2004, Kahler

TH7907 & Appelman (BRI); Rungulla - Fog Creek

boundary, Gregory Range, upper reaches of Clara River,

Apr 2010, Ford 5726 et al. (BRI, CNS).

Distribution and habitat : Drummondita

calida is endemic to Queensland and is found

on the Gregory Range, at the headwaters of

the Gilbert River, and c. 150 km to the north

in the Bulleringa Range. The species has

been found on the tops and bases of sandstone

plateaux and ridgelines in heath, shrubland,

Eucalyptus whitei Maiden & Blakely,

Corymbia species woodland, and Acacia

shirleyi Maiden thicket, often with Triodia. It

can dominate the shrub layer.

Phenology : Flowers have been recorded in

April, September and November.

Notes : The leaves of the plants from the

Bulleringa Range are glabrous and smaller

(Fig. 1A, C) than those from the Gregory

Range which may be glabrous or ciliate (Fig.

IE, G). Further collections and research are

needed to determine if this variation warrants

taxonomic recognition.

Conservation status : The Bulleringa

Range populations are all found within the

Bulleringa National Park. The Gregory

Range populations are found in Rungalla

National Park and North Head Nature Refuge.

The species is known from few collections

and population data is lacking with most

herbarium collections. It is currently listed

as Vulnerable under the Queensland Nature

Conservation Act 1992.

2. Drummondita borealis Duretto sp. nov.

with affinity to D. calida but differing in having

pedicellate flowers (versus sessile), smaller

petals (8-11 mm long versus 12-17 mm long),

branches being minutely puberulous (versus

with few hairs near base of leaves or nearly

glabrous), usually narrower leaves that are

glabrous (versus glabrous to ciliate). Typus:

Northern Territory. Darwin and Gulf: Near

Dinner Creek, Kakadu Stage 3, 21 April

1995, G. Leach 4571 & L. Greschke (holo:

DNA 12551; iso: BRI [AQ531897], CANB

[n.v.], PERTH [n.v.]).

Dense shrub to 1.5 m high. Branchlets smooth,

sparsely and minutely puberulous, often with

Fig. 1. Drummondita calida (Bulleringa Range). A. branchlet with flowers. B. stem detail. C. leaf, adaxial surface. D.

flower. D. calida (Gilbert River). E. branchlet with flower. F. stem detail. G. leaf, adaxial surface. A-D from McDonald

7945 (BRI); E-G from Ford 5704 (BRI). Scale Bar = 24 mm for A & E, 3.3 mm for B & F, 10 mm for C, D & G. Del.

L. Elkan.

Duretto, Drummondita borealis

239

small dark hairs (stipular excrescences) at

base of adaxial surface of leaves, becoming

glabrous with age, cream-coloured, with very

little or no cork development. Leaves alternate,

usually spread along branches though

sometimes crowded at ends, simple, glabrous,

sessile or with petiole to 0.5 mm long; lamina

slender, trigonous or semi-terete, 12-30 mm

long, 0.5-0.75 mm wide, acuminate, glossy,

sulcate adaxially. Flowers solitary, 5-merous;

pedicel 1.5-2 mm long, fleshy, bracteoles

absent. Sepals free, ± subequal, orbicular,

4-6 mm long, 3.5-4 mm wide (enlarging with

fruit), leathery, ciliate but otherwise glabrous,

green and pink. Petals free, erect and forming

a tube, narrowly orbicular, 8-11 mm long,

ciliate but otherwise glabrous, white to pink

with orange tips. Stamens 5, antipetalous,

exceeding petals, alternating with 5 slightly

longer, antisepalous staminodes; filaments

united into a cylinder for c. % length, white-

sericeous abaxially; anthers c. 2 mm long,

lacking appendages and obvious glands.

Style slender; stigma exserted. Fruit 5-5.5

mm long, 4 mm wide, glabrous. Seed oblong,

minutely patterned, 3.5-4 mm long, black,

shiny, c. 2 mm wide. Fig. 2.

Additional specimens examined : Northern Territory

Darwin and Gulf: Kakadu NP, 4 km SW of Bloomfield

Springs, Jan 1995, Russell-Smith 9115 (DNA); Kakadu

NP, source of south Alligator River, Apr 1995, Russell-

Smith 10442 (DNA); Kakadu NP, Bloomfield Springs,

Jan 1992, Russell-Smith 8552 (BRI, DNA); Turnoff

Creek - Upper South Alligator catchment, Apr 2001,

Brock 241 (DNA); Kakadu NP, 18.5 km S of Gimbat

homestead (below E edge of Marawal Plateau), Apr

1990, Slee & Craven 2691 (BRI, CANB [n.v], DNA);

Kakadu NP, Apr 1990, Dunlop 8537 & Munns (BRI,

DNA, MEL [n.v.], NSW, PERTH [n.v.]); Kakadu NP, 4

km SW of Bloomfield Springs, Apr 1989, Menkhorst

364 (DNA, PERTH n.v); Gimbat Station, source of

South Alligator River, July 1983, Russell-Smith 763

(CANB [n.v.], DNA); Edge of Marrawal Plateau, W of

Bloomfield Springs, Mar 2008, Brennan 7494 (DNA);

Marrawal Plateau, Apr 1990, Brennan Bre39 & Orr

(DNA); Marrawal Plateau, near Bloomfield Springs,

Apr 1990, Brennan Brel7 (DNA); Marrawal Plateau, S

of Bloomfield Springs, Feb 1996, Brennan 3198 (DNA);

Nitmiluk NP, Douglas Springs area, edge of Murrawal

Plateau, May 2001, Mitchell 2882 (BRI [n.v.], DNA);

Nitmiluk NP, May 2001, Mitchell 2785 (DNA); ibid, Apr

2002, Leach & Pritchard 4695 (DNA); ibid , NW corner

of Murrawal Plateau, May 2002, Mitchell 3596 (DNA);

ibid. May 2001, Risler 1539 & Diechmann (DNA).

Distribution and habitat : Drummondita

borealis is endemic to the Northern Territory

where it is found from southern Kakadu NP

to Nitmiluk NP, mainly in the catchment

areas of the South Alligator and Katherine

Rivers. The species is found mainly in heath

and shrubland, but also in Melaleuca nervosa

(Lindl.) Cheel or eucalypt woodland, on

sandstone, mudstone and ironstone.

Phenology : Flowering material has been

collected from January to May, and fruiting

material from March to May.

Conservation status : All known populations

of Drummondita borealis are in Kakadu and

Nitmiluk National Parks, and this and the

rugged terrain the species is found in, offers

excellent protection. Population data are

usually lacking with herbarium specimens

though the collectors sometimes note that the

species was common where found.

Etymology: The specific epithet is derived

from the Latin, borealis (north or northern),

and refers to this species being the most

northerly species in Drummondita.

Amended key to the species of Drummondita

Adapted from Wilson (2013, Flora of Australia, p. 427); to replace couplets 1 and 2

1 Leaves mostly >14 mm long, acuminate or apex rounded with a short mucro

2a. Flowers shortly pedicellate; petals 8-11 mm long; sepals 4-6 mm

long (NT).D. borealis

2a. Flowers sessile; petals 12-17 mm long; sepals 6-8 mm long (Qld, SW WA)

2b Petals and sepals ciliate (Qld).D. calida

2b. Petals and sepals glabrous (SW WA).D. longifolia

1. Leaves <12 mm long or if longer then with a rounded apex

240

Austrobaileya 10(2): 236-241 (2018)

Fig. 2. Drummondita borealis. A. branchlet with flowers. B. stem detail. C. leaf, adaxial surface. D. flower. E. fruit. F.

seed, lateral view. G. seed, ventral view. A-D from Leach 4571 & Greschke (DNA, holotype); E-G from Russell-Smith

10442 (DNA). Scale Bar = 24 mm for A, 3.3 mm for B, 10 mm for C, D & E, 6 mm for F & G. Del. L. Elkan.

VC-

Duretto, Drummondita borealis

Acknowledgements

I would like to thank the Directors of BRI,

CNS and DNA for the loan of material; and

Lesley Elkan (NSW) for her excellent line

drawings in Figures 1 and 2.

References

Harvey, W.H. (1855). Characters of some new genera

of plants recently discovered by Mr. James

Drummond in Western Australia. Hooker’s

Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany

7: 51-58.

Meissner, R.A. & Markey, A.S. (2007). Two new

Western Australian species of Drummondita

(Rutaceae: Boronieae) from banded ironstone

ranges of the Yilgarn Craton. Nuytsia 17: 273-

280.

Mollemans, F.H. (1993). Drummondita wilsonii ,

Philotheca langei and P. basistyla (Rutaceae),

new species from south-west Western Australia.

Nuytsia 9: 95-109.

Mueller, F.J.H. (1869). Fragmenta Phytographiae

Australiae 7(51): 21. Government Printer:

Melbourne.

Wilson, P.G. (1971). Taxonomic notes on the family

Rutaceae, principally from Western Australia.

Nuytsia 1: 197-207.

-(1998). Nomenclatural notes and new taxa in

the genera Asterolasia , Drummondita and

Microcybe (Rutaceae: Boronieae). Nuytsia 12:

83-88.

-(2013). Drummondita (Rutaceae). Flora of

Australia 26: 427-431. CSIRO Publishing:

Melbourne.

Stemodia anisata A.R.Bean (Plantaginaceae), a new

species from Queensland and the Northern Territory

A.R. Bean

Summary

Bean, A.R. (2018). Stemodia anisata A.R.Bean (Plantaginaceae), a new species from Queensland

and the Northern Territory. Austrobaileya 10(2): 242-246. Stemodia anisata A.R.Bean is described,

illustrated and compared to related taxa. A key to the Stemodia species occurring in Queensland is

provided.

Key Words: Plantaginaceae, Stemodia , Stemodia anisata , Australia flora. Northern Territory flora,

Queensland flora, taxonomy, new species, identification key

A.R. Bean, Queensland Herbarium, Department of Environment & Science, Brisbane Botanic

Gardens, Mt Coot-tha Road, Toowong, Queensland 4066, Australia. Email: tony.bean@des.qld.gov.au

Introduction

The genus Stemodia L. is distributed in both

the New and Old world, with an estimated

total number of 49 species (Turner & Cowan

1993). Some Australian members of the

genus were formerly included in the genus

Morgania R.Br. (Bentham 1869). Barker

(1981) foreshadowed the formal transfer of

Morgania , and later made the necessary

combinations in Stemodia (Barker 1990),

stating that both groups of species have the

same fruit dehiscence, and that the Australian

species show no correlated differences from

their congeners in the Americas.

The taxonomy of the Australian Stemodia

species is difficult, as many of the species

are morphologically similar, and variation

within them means that consistent differences

are sometimes hard to find. A thorough

examination of all available Queensland

Stemodia specimens has revealed the presence

of a new and distinctive species recently

collected from the far western part of the state

that also extends into the adjacent Northern

Territory. It is described here. A key to the

identification of all Queensland Stemodia

species is also included.

Accepted for publication 16 July 2018

Materials and methods

This study is based on a morphological

examination of specimens held at BRI, and

photographic images of specimens held at

DNA. The measurements for corolla, stamens

and style are based on material reconstituted

with hot water; other plant parts were measured

from dried material. The distribution map

was compiled using DIVA-GIS Version 7.5.0

(http://www.diva-gis.org), from localities or

geocodes given on the labels of specimens at

BRI and DNA.

Taxonomy

Stemodia anisata A.R.Bean sp. nov. with

affinity to S. glabella W.R.Barker, but

differing by the prostrate habit, the densely

hairy obovate leaves, the relatively long hairs

on the pedicels and sepals, and the black non-

papillose seeds. Typus: Queensland. Burke

District: Ardmore Station, S of Mount Isa, 25

July 2004, R. Booth 3572 & D. Kelman (holo:

BRI [1 sheet]; iso: CANB, DNA, NSW, NY,

distribuendi).

Prostrate shrub to 10 cm high and 80 cm

diameter with woody stems, branches

not rooting at the nodes. Indumentum on

branchlets of spreading, eglandular hairs,

0.2-0.5 mm long. Leaves opposite, ± sessile,

obovate, chartaceous, 8-25 mm long, 2.4-6.2

mm wide, 2.4-4 times longer than broad;

midvein readily seen, but no other veins

Bean, Stemodia anisata

243

visible, both surfaces densely hairy with

white eglandular spreading hairs, and with

numerous sessile yellow glands; margins

entire or with a few obscure teeth; apex obtuse.

Flowers solitary in leaf axils; pedicel 10-24

mm long at anthesis, shorter before anthesis,

longer at fruiting stage, with a mixture of

glandular and eglandular hairs. Bracteoles 2,

opposite to sub-opposite, positioned at distal

end of pedicel, linear to narrowly debate,

1.1- 1.9 mm long, 0.3-0.6 times as long as

sepals. Sepals 5, equal, narrowly-deltate,

3.1- 4.1 mm long, with many glandular

hairs and some eglandular hairs throughout.

Corolla 11-14 mm long, fused for most of its

length, 2-lipped, the lower lip with 3 obtuse

lobes 3-4.5 mm long, purple or mauve; the

upper lip with 2 mostly fused lobes, 2-3.5

mm long, purple; corolla tube 6.5-9 mm long,

inner surface pale yellow, with very sparse

hispid eglandular hairs; outer surface pale

yellow to brown, with very sparse glandular

and eglandular hairs. Stamens 4, all fertile,

epipetalous, didynamous; anthers 2-celled,

0.9-1.1 mm long, white; outer filaments

2.5-3 mm long, inner filaments 4-4.5 mm

long. Ovary 2-locular, stigma a broad flap,

glabrous. Capsule included in the persistent

calyx, narrowly-ovoid, 37-4.5 mm long,

splitting loculicidally; seeds ellipsoidal, 0.2-

0.3 mm long, black; surface lacunose, without

papillae. Figs. 1 & 2.

Additional specimens examined : Northern Territory.

Georgina Downs Station, 5 km NNW of no. 8 bore,

Aug 2001, Risler & Duguid 986 (DNA); 7 km WSW of

no. 3 bore. Manners Creek Station, Mar 1995, Albrecht

6319 & Latz (DNA). Queensland. Gregory North

District: 2 km NNW of Cravens Peak homestead, on

road to Sand Hill bore, Apr 2007, Thomas 3421 & Turpin

(BRI); Ethabuka, Simpson Desert interdune swale near

Field River, Aug 2011, Nicholson cjnEthabukal2 (BRI);

Ethabuka Station, 7.8 km N of homestead, Jun 2011,

Gillen JSG7b (AD, BRI); Ethabuka Station, c. 375 km

SSW of Mt Isa, near border with Northern Territory,

Aug 2010, Kemp JEK11756 & Radford (BRI); Ethabuka

campground, c. 3 km S of homestead, 112 km NW of

Bedourie, Jun 2010, Halford QM64 & Forster (BRI,

DNA, MEL); 25 km W of Ethabuka homestead, 10 km

S of Field River Road, Aug 2011, Silcock JLS961 (BRI).

Distribution and habitat : Stemodia anisata

occurs in far western Queensland, from

Mount Isa to Ethabuka Nature Refuge, and the

immediately adjacent parts of the Northern

Territory (Map 1). It inhabits seasonally

inundated low-lying areas, either treeless or

with scattered Eucalyptus coolabah Blakely &

Jacobs, gidgee {Acacia georginae F.M.Bailey

or A. cambagei R.T.Baker), or A. chisholmii

F.M.Bailey. The soils are sandy, at least near

the surface.

Phenology : Flowers have been recorded from

April to August; fruits from June to August.

Affinities : Stemodia anisata resembles S.

glabella in its corolla size, short bracteoles

and long pedicels; however, the former differs

by the prostrate habit, hairy branchlets,

obovate leaves (versus linear for S. glabella ),

the relatively long hairs on the pedicel and

calyx, and black, non-papillose seeds (versus

yellow to brown, papillose for S. glabella). It

differs from S. tephropelina W.R.Barker by

the prostrate habit (erect for S. tephropelina ),

the lack of glandular hairs on the branchlets

(glandular hairs moderately dense for S.

tephropelina ), the entire leaf margins (serrate

for S. tephropelina ), the pedicels 10-24 mm

long (1-10 mm long for S. tephropelina) and

the lacunose seeds without papillae (minutely

papillose for S. tephropelina).

Notes : The two specimens cited from the

Northern Territory (above) have the name

Stemodia sp. Manners Creek. The voucher

specimen for the phrase name ‘ Stemodia

sp. Manners Creek (T.S.Henshall 1779) NT

Herbarium’, is present at AD and NT. Bill

Barker has identified the AD duplicate as

Elacholoma prostrata (Benth.) W.R.Barker

& Beardsley, syn. Mimulus prostratus Benth.

(AVH 2018). The NT specimen is also thought

to be Elacholoma (P. Jobson pers. comm., Jun

2017).

An image of Stemodia sp. Tanami (RK.

Latz 8218) on the Flora NT website (Northern

Territory Herbarium 2015) shows an upright

plant with small lanceolate leaves, very short

pedicels, and strongly two-lipped flowers

with a narrow throat. All of these features are

quite unlike S. anisata.

244

Austrobaileya 10(2): 242-246 (2018)

Fig. 1. Stemodia anisata. A. flowering branchlet *1. B. a pair of leaves *6. C. corolla and stamens *4. D. old flower (the

corolla shed) showing pedicel, calyx, ovary and style x6. E. seed x50. All from Booth 3572 & Kelman (BRI, holotype).

Del. W. Smith.

Conservation status : Least Concern. The

geographical north-south range of the species

is around 400 kilometres, and as the area is

poorly known botanically, it is likely that

many more populations exist. No substantial

threats to the species are known.

Etymology : The Latin epithet anisata refers

to the aniseed aroma of the crushed leaves,

mentioned independently by two collectors.

Bean, Stemodia anisata

245

Fig. 2. Young plant of Stemodia anisata (Booth 3572 & Kelman). Photo: D. Kelman.

Key to the Queensland species of Stemodia

1 Inflorescence/infructescence spicate with more than 10 sessile flowers/

fruits.S. lythrifolia

1. Inflorescence/infructescence with 1-3-pedicellate flowers/fruits in leaf

axil.2

2 Some leaf axils with 2 or 3 flowers/fruits, some leaf axils with a single

flower.S. florulenta

2. Flowers always solitary.3

3 Bracteoles 07-1.4 times as long as sepals, and about as wide as sepals.4

3. Bracteoles 0.3-0.6 times as long as sepals, and considerably narrower

than sepals.5

4 Pedicels 7-29 mm long at anthesis; leaves in whorls of three; corolla 11-

16 mm long; bracteoles 0.9-1.4 times as long as sepals.S. viscosa

4. Pedicels 0.5-3 mm long at anthesis; leaves opposite; corolla 9-11 mm

long; bracteoles 0.7-0.9 times as long as sepals.S. pubescens

5 Prostrate forb; leaves obovate, 2.4-4 times longer than wide.S. anisata

5. Erect forbs; leaves linear, 8-27 times longer than wide.6

6 Corolla 6-9 mm long; sepals with long glandular hairs.S. lathraia

6. Corolla 11-16 mm long; sepals with short glandular hairs or glabrous.S. glabella

246

Austrobaileya 10(2): 242-246 (2018)

Acknowledgements

I am grateful to Will Smith for the illustrations,

to Dan Kelman for the use of his photograph

of the species, and to Ian Cowie for providing

images of specimens held at DNA.

References

Avh (2018). The Australasian Virtual Herbarium.

Council of Heads of Australasian Herbaria.

https://avh.chah.org.au, accessed 28 February

2018.

Barker, W.R. (1981). Scrophulariaceae. In J. Jessop

(ed.). Flora of Central Australia , pp. 326-334.

Reed: Sydney.

- (1990). New taxa, names and combinations in

Lindernia , Peplidium , Stemodia and Striga

(Scrophulariaceae), mainly of the Kimberley

region. Western Australia. Journal of the

Adelaide Botanic Gardens 13: 79-93.

Bentham, G. (1869). Scrophulariaceae. In Flora

Australiensis 4: 470-523. L. Reeve & Co.:

London.

Northern Territory Herbarium (2015). FloraNT

Northern Territory Flora Online. Department

of Land Resource Management, https://eflora.

nt.gov.au, accessed27 February 2018.

Turner, B.L. & Cowan, C.C. (1993). Taxonomic

overview of Stemodia (Scrophulariaceae) for

South America. Phytologia 74: 281-324..

Map 1. Distribution of Stemodia anisata

Elaeocarpus carbinensis J.N.Gagul & Crayn

(Elaeocarpaceae), a new species endemic to the Mt

Carbine Tableland of northeast Queensland, Australia

J.N. Gagul 12 4 , L. Simpson 12 3 & D.M. Crayn 13

Summary

Gagul, J.N., Simpson, L. & Crayn, D.M. (2018). Elaeocarpus carbinensis J.N.Gagul & Crayn

(Elaeocarpaceae), a new species endemic to the Mt Carbine Tableland of northeast Queensland,

Australia. Austrobaileya 10(2): 247-259. Elaeocarpus carbinensis from montane areas of the

Wet Tropics bioregion of northeast Queensland, Australia is described and compared with similar

species. Notes on habitat, distribution, and relationships, and a key to allied large-fruited species

is provided. The conservation outlook for the species was determined with environmental niche

modelling analyses using a range of carbon dioxide emission scenarios. The results indicate that by

the year 2080, suitable climate for the species will have disappeared from its current range. Thus, an

IUCN Red List category of Vulnerable under criterion ‘restricted distribution, and plausibility and

immediacy of threat’ is recommended.

Key Words: Elaeocarpaceae, Elaeocarpus , Elaeocarpus carbinensis , Australia flora, Queensland

flora. Wet Tropics bioregion, taxonomy, new species, environmental niche modelling, identification

key

'Australian Tropical Herbarium, James Cook University, Cairns Campus, McGregor Road, Smithfield,

Queensland 4878, Australia; 2 College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Australia;

3 Centre for Tropical Environmental Sustainability Science, James Cook University, Australia;

4 Biological Sciences, University of Papua New Guinea, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea. Email:

janet.gagul@my.jcu.edu.au; lalita.simpson@my.jcu.edu.au; darren.crayn@jcu.edu.au

Introduction

Elaeocarpus L., the largest genus in

Elaeocarpaceae, comprises more than 350

species with a mainly Indo-Pacific distribution

(Coode 2004; Phoon 2015). New Guinea ( c. 97

spp.) and Borneo ( c. 70 spp.) have the highest

species diversity (Coode 2004). Australia

contains 34 taxa (30 endemic), the majority

of which occur along the east coast with a

few extending to the Northern Territory and

one species ( E. costatus M.Taylor) on Lord

Howe Island (Baba & Crayn 2012). The genus

is particularly diverse in the Wet Tropics

bioregion of northeast Queensland where 23

species are found, 16 of which are endemic to

the bioregion.

The Wet Tropics (Fig. 1) is a small

bioregion of c. 20,000 ha (less than 0.3% of

Australia’s landmass) and includes extensive

tropical mountain top habitat (c. 1000 ha,

Accepted for publication 10 August 2018

c. 5% of the bioregion, is above 1000 m

elevation; Costion et al. 2015). This habitat is

considered highly vulnerable to the effects of

climate change (Murphy et al. 2012) because

the warming signal in the tropics is amplified

with elevation (Beniston et al. 1997) and the

critical moisture provided by cloud cover

is expected to decrease significantly with

an upward shift in the elevation of cloud

formation (Foster 2001; Still et al. 1999).

Impacts of climate change including range

shifts and species extinctions have already

been observed on tropical mountain tops

(Pounds et al. 1999, 2006). A recent study

predicted similar impacts on the Wet Tropics

bioregion - distribution modelling of endemic

montane tree species under future climate

scenarios predicted 86% of species included

in the study would have no suitable climate

in the bioregion by 2080 (Costion et al. 2015).

Among the taxa modelled in that study was a

putative new species of Elaeocarpus (E. sp.

Mt Misery (L.J.Webb+ 10905) (Guymer 1997,

2017).

248

Fig. 1. Upland regions are shown for a) the northern Wet

Tropics and b) the southern Wet Tropics, and the location

of the Wet Tropics in Australia is shown in c).

Material of Elaeocarpus sp. Mt Misery

(L.J.Webb+ 10905) was first collected by B.

Hyland on 17 May 1973 from State Forest

Reserve 143, North Mary Logging Area. The

species is similar to E. stellaris L.S.Sm. but

Austrobaileya 10(2): 247-259 (2018)

differs mainly in the mesocarp (equivalent

to the fruit ‘stone’ and that is formed from

the lignified inner mesocarp: Dettman &

Clifford 2000) being smaller, with less

pronounced flanges and less deeply grooved

inter-flange valleys, and punctate abaxial leaf

surfaces. This species is herein described

as E. carbinensis J.N.Gagul & Crayn,

and modelling of its environmental niche

undertaken to inform a conservation status

recommendation.

Materials and methods

Specimen preparation and examination

Observations were made using the naked

eye and light microscopy on dried and spirit

preserved (FAA or Bang mix) material held

at CNS and BRI, and on living material in

the field. Dried material was rehydrated by

boiling with water and a small amount of

detergent. Measurements were made with

a ruler or microscope eyepiece graticule.

Information on plant growth habit and size,

colour of fresh floral parts and fruit, habitat

and locality were taken from the collector’s

notes recorded on the herbarium label and

from field observations by the authors.

Specimens originally deposited in the

C.S.I.R.O. QRS herbarium at Atherton are

now incorporated in CNS at the Australian

Tropical Herbarium in Cairns.

Species distribution modelling

Environmental niche modelling (ENM) was

utilised to predict the potential distribution

of E. carbinensis under contemporary and

future climates. Species distribution models

were produced in MaxEnt v. 3.3.3 (Phillips et

al. 2006).

The distribution models used in the

previous ENM study (Costion et al. 2015)

omitted several point records of this species.

To ensure the species’ full distribution was

represented in the present analysis, Australia’s

Virtual Herbarium (AVH 2016) was queried

for all known synonyms, returning 13 unique

locational records. All specimens used in

the modelling analysis have been seen and

verified by the authors and are cited below*.

249

Gagul et a/., Elaeocarpus carbinensis

Climate layers were sourced from the

Australian Wet Tropics Decadal Climate

Change Predictions dataset sourced from

the James Cook University Tropical Data

Hub (VanDerWal 2011), and consisted of

bioclimatic variables mapped at -250 m

resolution across the Wet Tropics bioregion.

These layers had previously been created

using the “climates” package in R

(VanDerWal et al. 2011) using baseline

climate surfaces from ANUCLIM 6.1

software with a climate baseline of 1975-2005

(Hutchinson et al. 2000). Four uncorrelated

bioclimatic variables were used, previously

selected from 19 bioclimatic variables using

a jackknife test for importance (Costion et al.

2015): Temperature Seasonality, Maximum

Temperature of Warmest Month, Mean

Temperature of Wettest Quarter and Annual

Precipitation. Suitable climate is defined as an

area or areas providing a climate niche that

the species currently occupies. This was used

as a surrogate for habitat suitability following

VanDerWal et al. (2009) and is referred to

throughout the text as suitable habitat.

Habitat suitability was modelled with 10

replicates using the cross-validation option

with linear, quadratic, product and hinge

features enabled. To model habitat suitability

under future climates, models were run for

the years 2040, 2060 and 2080 under the

intermediate (Alb), extreme (A2) and best

case (Bl) emission scenarios of Nakicenovic

etal. (2000).

Abbreviations

LA (Logging Area), NP (National Park), SF/

SFR (State Forest/State Forest Reserve)

Taxonomy

Elaeocarpus carbinensis J.N.Gagul & Crayn

sp. nov. Similar to E. stellaris L.S.Sm. but

differs in having smaller fruits (50-55 x 35-50

mm versus 43-65 x 50-60 mm) with thinner

mesocarp flanges (3-5 mm versus 5-10 mm)

that are more closely spaced (15-20 mm

versus 20-25 mm), less deeply grooved inter¬

flange valleys, punctate abaxial leaf surfaces,

longer petals (35-40 mm versus 20-25 mm)

and filaments (10-15 mm versus 6-8 mm),

and petals hairy outside only (both sides in E.

stellaris ). Typus: Queensland. Cook District.

SFR 143, Kanawarra, Carbine LA, 25 January

1995, B. Gray 5938 * (holo: CNS [2 sheets];

iso: B, BO, BRI, CANB, E, K, L, MEL, MO,

NY, NSW, SING distribuendi).

Elaeocarpus sp. (=RFK/2907); Hyland (1982:

139).

Elaeocarpus sp. Mt Lewis (B.P.Hyland

RFK2907); Thomas & McDonald (1987: 24).

Elaeocarpus sp. Mt Misery (L.J.Webb+

10905); Guymer (1997: 67; 2017).

Elaeocarpus sp. (Mt Spurgeon BH 2907RFK);

Hyland etal. (1999: 63).

Elaeocarpus sp. (Mt Spurgeon); Cooper &

Cooper (2004: 162).

Elaeocarpus sp. ‘Mount Spurgeon’; Crayn &

Kupsch (2006).

Elaeocarpus sp. Mt Spurgeon (B.Hyland

2907RFK); Hyland et al. (2010).

Trees to 30 m tall, buttressed, outer bark

blaze yellow, white, cream or brown, speckled

markedly with longitudinal stripes; stipules ±

triangular, c. 2 mm long, caducous; branchlets

covered in short, white, appressed hairs <0.5

mm long. Leaves simple, alternate, crowded

toward the branchlet tips; petiole (15-)20-

45(-58) mm long, ± glabrous, usually with

pulvinus at both ends, more pronounced at

distal end; lamina obovate, oblanceolate or

elliptic, 45-180 mm long, 19-80 mm wide,

abaxial surface punctate, densely covered

with small dark dots (? glands) visible

(barely) to the naked eye, base cuneate, apex

obtuse or slightly retuse; domatia present

in secondary vein axils, 2-8(-10) per leaf,

foveolate, glabrous; margins entire or crenate;

venation reticulate, ± flush with adaxial leaf

surface when fresh (slightly raised in dried

material), prominent abaxially, ± glabrous.

Inflorescences 2-5-flowered, usually arising

behind leaves, occasionally axillary, racemose

but appearing ± umbellate; peduncle 12-

15 mm long, pubescent, hairs <0.5 mm,

appressed. Flowers white or cream; pedicels

10-18 mm long, pubescent, hairs 0.5-1 mm,

spreading; calyx cream or greenish cream

250

to brown, lobes narrowly triangular, 24-26

mm long, 5-6 mm wide at base, apex acute,

densely pubescent to velvety outside, hairs

0.5-1 mm long, spreading to erect, golden-

brown when dried, sericeous inside, hairs 2-3

mm long, appressed; petals 5, free, 35-40 mm

long, c. 10 mm wide, apex 2-3 lobed, lobes c.

5 mm long, rounded to acuminate or acute,

with dense hairs on the outside, glabrous or

with very few scattered hairs on the inside,

indumentum extending across middle half,

and along 3/4 of the length of the petal, hairs

appressed, 2-3 mm long, margins entire,

glabrous; ovary hairy, globular, 5-locular,

c. 10 ovules per locule, sericeous, hairs c.

2 mm long, erect to appressed; style 18-22

mm long, tapering to ovary, sericeous over

the lower 2/3, hairs similar to ovary, stigma

not expanded; stamens numerous ( c . 55),

filaments very slender, 10-15 mm long,

sericeous, anthers tubular, c. 8 mm long, with

very short ascending hairs, longer (to c. 1 mm)

along midline on back, awned, posterior tooth

longer ( c . 1.5 mm), backward-tilted. Fruits

drupaceous, broadly ovoid to ellipsoid, 50-

55 mm long, 35-50 mm wide, dark blue, or

slatey to brownish grey, glabrous, shrinking

and cracking irregularly upon drying; pedicel

15-25 mm long; outer mesocarp 17-2.2 mm

Austrobaileya 10(2): 247-259 (2018)

thick, detaching cleanly from inner mesocarp

(stone). Mesocarps ovoid-ellipsoid, 30-45

mm long, 32-40 mm wide, robust, woody;

sutures 5, forming grooves on prominent

longitudinal ridges (flanges), grooves

becoming shallower basally; flanges 3-4 mm

high, 3-5 mm thick (mesocarp appearing

5-angled in transverse section, wall c. 11

mm thick), base attenuate, apex rounded to

slightly pointed; surface punctate. Seeds 1-3

per fruit, ellipsoid, 18-20 mm long, 8-10 mm

wide; embryo straight, endosperm entire.

Figs. 2 & 3A.

Additional specimens examined : Queensland. Cook

District: TR 140 Cow LA, Jan 1975, Hyland 7971 *

(BRI); Along the main path, c. 400 m from Mr Cooper’s

Camp, Mt Spurgeon NP, May 2010, Baba 426 et al*

(BRI, CNS); Mt Misery E of Mt Spurgeon 15.4 km NNE

of Mt Carbine, Nov 1988, Jessup GJM919* (BRI); Mt

Spurgeon, Jun 1990, Gray 5196* (CNS), 5197 (BRI,

CNS); TR 143, Zarda LA, near Zarda clearing, Sep 1973,

Hyland 2907RFK* (CNS), 2908RFK (BRI, CANB,

CNS); Mt Misery, Mt Carbine Tableland, Nov 1972,

Webb 10905* (BRI); SFR 143, Kanawarra, Carbine LA,

Nov 1994, Gray 5825 (CNS); ibid , Mar 1991, Gray 5294

(BRI, CNS); ibid, Jul 1990, Hyland 25789RFK* (CNS);

ibid, Nov 1990, Hyland 14087* (BRI, CNS); SFR 143,

North Mary LA, May 1973, Hyland 6731* (BRI); 32.5

km along Mt Lewis Road from Mossman - Mt Molloy

Road, Dec 1989, Jessup GJD3364* (BRI); Daintree NP,

NW of Black Mountain, May 1998, Forster PIF22897

et al. (BRI); Cultivated Tolga, ex-Mt Lewis area beyond

hut. May 2005, Ford 4312 & Sankowsky (CNS).

Key to large-fruited Elaeocarpus species allied to E. carbinensis

1 Leaf domatia present; mesocarps with flanges. 2

1. Leaf domatia absent; mesocarps without flanges. 3

2 Mesocarp 30-45 mm long, 32-40 mm wide; flanges 3-5 mm thick,

distance between flanges 15-20 mm, valley between flanges shallow,

weakly grooved; abaxial leaf surface with small dark dots; elevational

range 940-1260 m, NE QLD.E. carbinensis

2. Mesocarp 41-50 mm long, 35-42 mm wide; flanges 5-10 mm thick,

distance between flanges 20-25 mm, valley between flanges deeply

grooved; abaxial leaf surface without dots; elevational range 50-500 m,

NE QLD.E. stellaris

3 Fruits blackish, dark blue or dark green, 40-75 mm long, 30-50 mm

wide; fibres permanently attached to mesocarp surface; anther awns

present; elevational range 25-2500 m, New Guinea, Papuan Islands and

the Moluccas.E. womersleyi

3. Fruits dull greenish-blue to khaki, 40-55 mm long, 33-40 mm wide;

fibres detaching cleanly from mesocarp surface, ornamentation

punctate and pitted with irregularly scattered pits; anther awns absent;

elevational range near sea level-1200 m, NE QLD.E. bancroftii

Gagul et ah, Elaeocarpus carbinensis

251

Fig. 2. Elaeocarpus carbinensis. A. leafy twig with flowers x0.5. B. mature flower with two petals and sepals removed

xl.5. C. petal showing adaxial surface x2. D. sepal showing abaxial surface x2. E. pistil (ovary and pedicel partly

sectioned longitudinally) *3. F. lateral view of fruit x0.8. G. lateral section of fruit xl. H. transverse section of fruit

showing 5-angled mesocarp xl. I. lateral view of whole mesocarp with flesh removed xl. A-E from Gray 5938 (BRI,

isotype); F from Hyland 14087 (BRI); G-I from Gray 5294 (CNS). Del. W. Smith.

252

Austrobaileya 10(2): 247-259 (2018)

Fig. 3. Mesocarps of Elaeocarpus carbinensis and similar species. A. E. carbinensis {Gray 5197, CNS). B. E. stellaris

{Stocker 1774, CNS). C. E. bancroftii {Gray 2328, CNS). D. E. womersleyi {Gagul 039, CNS). Photos: Nick Rockett.

Affinities: On the basis of similarities

in mesocarp morphology (Gagul et al.

unpublished; Rozefelds & Christophel

2002) and its close molecular phylogenetic

relationship with Elaeocarpus bancroftii

F.Muell. & F.M.Bailey and E. stellaris (Baba

2014; Phoon 2015), E. carbinensis seems

best placed in Group VI, Subgroup B (Coode

1978, 1984) which comprises E. bancroftii , E.

stellaris and E. womersleyi Wiebel (Table 1).

The three Australian species E. bancroftii , E.

carbinensis and E. stellaris are distinguished

from the New Guinea species E. womersleyi

by outer mesocarp fibres, which detach

cleanly from the mesocarps (persistent and

permanently attached in E. womersleyi ,

Coode 1984, Fig. 3). E. womersleyi has not

been included in any molecular phylogenetic

study to date so its evolutionary relationships

remain unclear.

253

Gagul el alElaeocarpus carbinensis

A fossil mesocarp {Elaeocarpus

peteri Rozefelds & Christophel) from late

Oligocene-early Miocene (Rozefelds 1990)

deposits at Glencoe in central Queensland

resembles E. carbinensis and E. stellaris

in having pronounced ridges and punctate

ornamentation (Rozefelds & Christophel

1996), but its precise relationships to extant

lineages is unknown.

Distribution and habitat: Elaeocarpus

carbinensis is restricted to the Carbine

Tableland west of Mossman and has been

recorded on Mt Spurgeon, Mt Lewis and Mt

Misery at elevations ranging from 940-1260

m. It occurs in notophyll vine forest and

mixed mesophyll vine forest on soils derived

from granite or a mixture of granite and basic

volcanic rocks. Across the recorded localities

mean annual temperature ranges between

19-20 °C, mean minimum and maximum

temperatures of the coldest and warmest

months range between 11-12 °C and 27-28

°C respectively, mean annual rainfall ranges

between 1942-2319 mm and the mean rainfall

of the driest month ranges between 123-161

mm.

Predicted future distribution

Environmental Niche Modelling (ENM)

under contemporary climatic conditions

predicts that suitable climate for E. carbinensis

exists across several upland regions in the

northern Wet Tropics including the Windsor

and Carbine Tablelands, Thornton Peak and

Mt Finnigan (Fig. 4). Herbarium records,

however, indicate the realised distribution

of the species includes only the Carbine

Tableland. Explanations for the apparent

failure of the species to fully occupy its

predicted climate niche were not investigated

in this study but may include a range of

biotic and abiotic factors such as competitive

exclusion, predation, disease, unsuitable

geology/soil, or failure to recolonise after past

extinction.

ENM models under future climates

predict a complete loss of highly and

moderately suitable habitat by 2040 and of

all suitable habitat by 2080 across the Wet

Tropics bioregion (Figs. 4 & 5). Although

this study did not examine whether suitable

habitat is predicted in other bioregions, the

closest area of substantial upland rainforest

outside the Wet Tropics is the Eungella region

of central Queensland, located c. 250 km to

the south east. Lowland tropical savanna and

cleared land separates the Wet Tropics and

Eungella therefore dispersal of the large fruits

of this species, which is probably achieved

only by rodents (which predate the seeds)

and cassowaries, to suitable habitat elsewhere

(should it exist) is highly unlikely.

Phenology: Data from herbarium specimens

indicate that flowering occurs in January and

fruiting in March.

Conservation status: All known wild plants

of Elaeocarpus carbinensis are restricted

to 940-1620 m altitude, and occur within

protected areas (Daintree NP, Mt Lewis NP

and Mt Spurgeon NP), but complete loss of

suitable habitat by 2080 is predicted by the

environmental niche modelling analysis.

Assessment against the IUCN red list

guidelines suggests this species should be

recognised as Vulnerable under criterion D2

(restricted distribution, and plausibility and

immediacy of threat) due to climate change

(IUCN 2012).

If the model predictions are realised then

the survival of the species in situ will depend

on rapid evolutionary change and/or inherent

physiological plasticity to tolerate novel

climates and the novel ecological communities

that differential extinction and migration will

bring about. The population demographics of

the species have not been studied in detail but

field observations indicate all known plants

are large, old trees; to date no seedlings or

juveniles have been located. This suggests

that generation length is likely measured

254

Austrobaileya 10(2): 247-259 (2018)

Current 2040 2060 2080

Fig. 4. Potential distribution of Elaeocarpus carbinensis for contemporary and future climates under an intermediate

emission scenario: a) MAXENT species distribution models of Elaeocarpus carbinensis mapping habitat suitability

in the Wet Tropics under current conditions and years 2040, 2060 and 2080 under an intermediate emission scenario.

Highly suitable habitat is mapped in black, moderately suitable habitat in dark grey, lowly suitable habitat in light grey

and unsuitable habitat in the lightest grey.

in decades and that the potential for rapid

evolutionary change is limited. Published

studies on the physiology of the species are

lacking therefore its capacity to tolerate novel

climates is unknown.

Currently, the species is known from only

13 unique locational records on the Mt Carbine

Tableland. Further studies are urgently

required to increase knowledge of its realised

distribution, population demographics,

physiology and ecology to enable a revised

assessment of conservation status. In the

meantime application of the precautionary

principle justifies the establishment of an ex

situ conservation program including both

germplasm banking and cultivation of living

plants.

Etymology : The specific epithet carbinensis

refers to the Carbine Tableland in northeast

Queensland, the area to which the species is

restricted.

Gagul et ah, Elaeocarpus carbinensis

255

a ) Current 2040 2060 2080

b) 2040

2060

2080

Fig. 5. Potential distribution of Elaeocarpus carbinensis for contemporary and future climates under extreme and

best-case emission scenarios: a) MAXENT species distribution models of Elaeocarpus carbinensis mapping habitat

suitability in the Wet Tropics under current conditions and years 2040, 2060 and 2080 under an extreme emission

scenario, b) Habitat suitability modelled for the years 2040,2060 and 2080 under a best-case emission scenario. Highly

suitable habitat is mapped in black, moderately suitable habitat in dark grey, lowly suitable habitat in light grey and

unsuitable habitat in the lightest grey.

256

Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank Will Smith (BRI)

for the botanical illustrations, Peter Bannink

for GIS support, Wendy Cooper for general

comments, Nick Rockett for assistance with

digital image formatting, the Directors of BRI

and CANB for loans of specimens, and Frank

Zich (CNS) for administration of loaned

specimens at CNS.

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Austrobaileya 10(2): 247-259 (2018)

Table 1. Comparison of features of Elaeocarpus carbinensis and similar species

E. carbinensis

E. stellaris

E. bancroftii

E. womersleyi

Distribution

940-1260 m, Mt.

Spurgeon - Mt. Lewis

- Mt. Misery area on

Carbine Tableland.

50-500 m, Alexandra

Creek - McDowall

Range to Innisfail.

0-1200 m, Cooktown to

Innisfail.

25-2500 m.

New Guinea,

Papuan Islands,

Moluccas.

Habit

tree to 30 m,

buttressed

tree to 25 m, may be

buttressed

tree to over 30 m,

buttressed, flanged or

fluted

tree to 45 m, may

be buttressed

Leaf margin

entire or crenate

entire or sinuate

entire to slightly

dentate, or sinuate

Leaf surfaces

glabrous or sparsely

hairy (hairs visible

with a lens), densely

covered with small,

barely visible, dark

dots (? glands) below

glabrous above,

sparsely hairy below

glabrous above, sparsely

hairy below (hairs

visible with a lens)

glabrous on both

sides

Leaf

dimensions

45-180 x 19-80 mm

80-180 x 40-90 mm

50-180 x 25-50 mm

100-150 x 40-80

Petiole

(15-) 20-45 (-58)

mm long; pulvinus

at both ends, more

pronounced at distal

end

20-55 mm long;

pronounced pulvinus

at both ends

10-45 mm long;

pulvinus at base, apex,

or both

10-30 mm

long; pulvinus

generally absent,

sometimes weakly

present at base,

apex or both

Stipules

c. 2 mm long,

caducous

c. 2 mm long,

caducous

1-2 mm long, deciduous

1-2 mm long,

deciduous,

sometimes

caducous

Leaf domatia

present as foveoles in

secondary vein axils,

glabrous, 2-8(-10)

per leaf

present as foveoles in

secondary vein axils,

glabrous, (-5)10-17

per leaf

absent

Petals

5, white or cream,

obovate, 35-40 mm

long and 10 mm wide,

with dense hairs on

the outside, glabrous

or with very few

scattered hairs on the

inside, divided at apex

into 2-3 lobes, lobes c.

5 mm long

5, white or cream,

obovate, 20-25 mm

long and 10 mm wide,

with dense hairs on

both sides, divided at

the apex into 3 lobes,

lobes c. 3 mm long

4, white, obovate, 20-24

mm long and 10-18 mm

wide, with sparse hairs

on the outside, glabrous

or with very few

scattered hairs on keel

on the inside, divided at

apex into c. 3(-5) lobes,

lobes c. 3 mm long

4, white or cream,

obovate, 30-40

mm long and

15-20 mm wide,

with hairs on the

inside of basal

half, divided at

apex into 3-5

lobes, lobe length

unknown

Anther awns

1-1.5 mm long

present, c. 1 mm long

absent

present, c. 2 mm

long

Stamens

c. 55

50-60

30-50

c. 40

Filaments

10-15 mm long, with

long appressed or

slightly ascending

hairs

6-8 mm long, with

long ascending or

appressed hairs

5-9 mm long, with long

scattered ascending hairs

6-13 mm long,

hairs unknown

Fruit colour

dark blue, or slatey to

brownish grey

blue, shiny

dull greenish-blue to

khaki

blackish, dark

blue or dark green

Gagul et ah, Elaeocarpus carbinensis

259

E. carbinensis

E. stellaris

E. bancroftii

E. womersleyi

Fruit shape &

dimensions

broad ovoid to

ellipsoid, 50-55 *

35-50 mm

globose to ellipsoid,

43-65 x 50-60 mm

globose to ellipsoid,

40-55 x 33-40 mm

globose or

obovoid, 40-75 x

30-50 mm

Pedicel

15-25 mm long

23-25 mm long

10-35 mm long

9-26 mm long

Mesocarp

dimensions

30-45 x 32-40 mm

41-50 x 35-42 mm

30-80 x 20-70 mm

40-55 x 30-50

Mesocarp

fibres

detach cleanly from

mesocarp

detach cleanly from

mesocarp

detach cleanly from

mesocarp

persistent and

permanently

attached to

mesocarp

Mesocarp

flanges

5, 3-5 mm thick,

distance between

flanges 15-20 mm,

valley between flanges

shallow

5, 5-10 mm thick,

distance between

flanges 20-25 mm,

valley between

flanges deeply

grooved

absent

Mesocarp

ornamentation

punctate

punctate and pitted with

irregularly scattered pits

fibres

permanently

attached

Sutures

5, prominent on

flanges, becoming less

grooved distally

5, prominent on

flanges grooved

4 (-5), grooved,

sometimes on weak

ridges distally

difficult to see due

to persistent fibres

permanently

attached to

surface, but

mesocarp 4-

partite in TS

Locules

(2-) 4 (-5)

4 (-5)

Ovules

c. 10 per locule

4-8 per locule

9-10 per locule

6 per locule

Seeds

1-3 per fruit

1-2 per fruit

Where necessary, information was also taken from other sources (Coode 1978, 1984; Dettman & Clifford 2000;

Rozefelds & Christophel 2002; Cooper & Cooper 2004; Phoon 2015). Mesocarp characters for each species are

illustrated in Fig. 3.

Taeniophyllum baumei B.Gray (Orchidaceae), a new

species from Cape York Peninsula, Queensland

B. Gray

Summary

Gray, B. (2018). Taeniophyllum baumei B.Gray (Orchidaceae), a new species from Cape York

Peninsula, Queensland. Austrobaileya 10(2): 260-265. Taeniophyllum baumei B.Gray, a new species

closely related to T. muelleri Lindl. ex Benth. but differing on floral characteristics, is described and

illustrated. The new species is restricted to northern Cape York and the Mcllwraith Range on Cape

York Peninsula in Queensland, where it is relatively common in various forest types.

Key Words: Orchidaceae, Taeniophyllum , Taeniophyllum baumei , Australia flora, Queensland flora.

Cape York, Mcllwraith Range, new species, taxonomy, identification key

B. Gray, Australian Tropical Herbarium, James Cook University, Cairns Campus, McGregor Road,

Smithfield, Queensland 4878, Australia.

Introduction

A survey of mainland Australian

Taeniophyllum was conducted recently

and a total of nine species were recorded,

including four new species (Gray 2015,

2017). However, another recent collection

made by David Baume in 2015 from northern

Cape York has shown yet another distinct

species exists. Although closely resembling

T. muelleri Lindl. ex Benth., a widespread

species of the east coast of Queensland and

New South Wales (Jones et al. 2018), certain

floral characteristics of Baume’s specimen

differ significantly to those of T. muelleri.

The taxonomy of T. muelleri was revisited

and it was discovered that all northern Cape

York Peninsula Taeniophyllum collections

previously identified as T. muelleri were in

fact the same as David Baume’s specimen.

This new Cape York Peninsula Taeniophyllum

is here described as T. baumei (Fig. 1). A

revised key to the mainland Australian

Taeniophyllum is provided.

Materials and methods

This study is based on living plants observed

in the field, as well as herbarium specimens

including spirit collections deposited in

BRI, CANB and CNS (herbaria acronyms

follow Thiers (continuously updated)). All

measurements of floral parts were made from

spirit material. An illustration depicting the

inflorescences of Taeniophyllum baumei

and T. muelleri is provided for comparison

purposes, (Fig. 2), as well as photographs of

the two species observed in the field (Figs. 3

& 4).

Taxonomy

Key to mainland Australian Taeniophyllum species (revised from Gray 2015)

1 Sepals and petals fused near the base forming a tube; flowers <3 mm

diameter.2

1. Sepals and petals free to the base not forming a tube; flowers >3 mm

diameter .6

2 Roots triangular or flattened in cross section.3

2. Roots terete in cross section.9

Accepted for publication 19 July 2018

Gray, Taeniophyllum baumei 261

3 Roots triangular in cross section (having a raised longitudinal ridge). . . T. triquetroradix

3. Roots flattened in cross section .4

4 Peduncle not filiform, roots 2-3 mm broad; floral bracts overlapping,

hiding the rachis; flowers 4-5 mm long.T. confertum

4. Peduncle filiform, roots 1-1.5 mm broad; floral bracts not overlapping;

flowers 2-2.5 mm long.5

5 Roots 1—1.5 mm broad; peduncle 12-15 mm long; rachis filiform; floral

bracts small, alternating 0.5 mm apart, all in one plane; flowers c. 2.5

mm long.T. explanation

5. Roots up to 1 mm broad; peduncle 2-5 mm long; rachis not filiform, fleshy,

parallel sided, twice as wide as peduncle; floral bracts alternating less

than 0.5 mm apart; flowers <2 mm long.T. clementsii

6 Peduncle, rachis and ovary sparsely covered with erect short-bristly

hairs; flowers green, turning yellow with age.T. lobatum

6. Peduncle, rachis and ovary glabrous.7

7 Peduncle filiform, 20-50(60) mm long; floral bracts overlapping; flower

7-11 mm wide; roots 1.5-2.5 mm broad, mostly hanging free from host,

some appressed.T. malianum

7. Peduncle not filiform.8

8 Roots greyish green, flat in cross section, 2-3.5(-4) mm broad; peduncle

and rachis reddish, zig-zag from the base, 8-10 mm long; floral bracts

alternating 2-3 mm apart; flower 4.5-5mm wide.T. epacridicola

8. Roots green, ± terete in cross section, 1.5-2.1 mm diameter; peduncle up

to 1 mm long, floral bracts overlapping hiding the rachis; flower c. 4.5

mm wide.T. walkeri

9 Inflorescence with 4-8(-9) flowers, self-pollinating; somewhat sparsely

arranged flowers, 1.7-3 mm apart.T. muelleri

9. Inflorescence with 6-20(-more) flowers, not self-pollinating; somewhat

tightly arranged flowers, 0.8-1.5 mm apart.T. baumei

Taeniophyllum baumei B.Gray sp. nov.

Similar to T. muelleri Lindl. ex Benth. but

differs in having inflorescences with 6-20(-

more) flowers (versus 4-8(-9) flowers in T.

muelleri ), flowers tightly arranged (0.8-1.5

mm apart) (versus flowers sparsely arranged

(1.7-3 mm apart) in T. muelleri ), and non-self-

pollinating flowers (versus self-pollinating

flowers in T. muelleri). Typus: Queensland.

Cook District: Wasp Creek north of Bamaga,

1 July 2015, D.F. Baume DFB55 (holo: BRI [1

sheet + spirit]; iso: CNS).

Plants epiphytic, single or in colonies. Roots

several, 15-60 mm long, round in cross section

0.8-1 mm diameter, green. Inflorescences

filiform, peduncle 4-8 x 0.3-0.4 mm with

1-3 bracts. Rachis increasing in length as

flowering progresses, producing 9-20 or

more flowers one at a time over several weeks;

buds, flowers and capsules can be present at

the same time. Floral bracts acute, alternate,

0.7-0.9 mm long, 0.8-1.5 mm apart and all in

one plane. Flowers opening singly, c. 3 mm

long including the spur and c. 2.2 mm across

when open, pale green. Sepals and petals

connate at the base into a short tube 0.5-

0.8 mm long then spreading. Dorsal sepal

narrowly lanceolate, c. 1.5 x 0.5 mm. Lateral

sepals linear to slightly falcate, c. 1.5 x 0.6

mm. Petals lanceolate, c. 1.5 x 0.7 mm, apex

acuminate. Labellum cymbiform, narrowly

triangular, 1.8-1.9 x c. 0.5 mm, channel

deepest at the base, apex acute with an erect

spur c. 0.5 mm long. Spur subglobose, flatfish

262

Austrobaileya 10(2): 260-265 (2018)

Fig. 1. Taeniophyllum baumei. A. habit of mature flowering plant. B.face view of flower. C. lateral view of flower. D.

pollinium. E. face view of anther. F. lateral view of anther. G. face view of column. H. lateral view of column. I. lateral

view of labellum and column. J. longitudinal section through flower. All from Baume DFB55 (CNS, isotype). Scale as

indicated. Del. B. Gray.

Gray, Taeniophyllum baumei

263

Fig. 2. Lateral view of inflorescences of A. Taeniophyllum baumei and B. T. muelleri. A from Gray BG9795 (CNS);

B from Gray BG9661 (CNS). Scale as indicated. Del. B. Gray.

on the underside, 0.9-1 mm. Column domed,

c. 0.6 x 0.5 mm. Anther cap 0.3.5-4 x c. 0.3

mm. Pollinia 4 in two pairs, yellow. Capsule

linear 6-7 x 2-2.5 mm. Figs. 1, 2A, 3.

Additional specimens examined: Australia.

Queensland. Cook District: Punsand Bay, Cape York,

Sep 1989, Gray 5116 (CNS); Adjacent to Laradenia Creek

north of Bamaga, Sep 2017, Gray 9794 & Nowochatko

(CNS); Mt Tozer, Jul 1986, Collins 20151 (CNS); Foot of

Garraway Range, Sep 2017, Gray 9796 & Nowochatko

(CNS); Mcllwraith Range, Leo Creek Mine Road, Nov

1985, Gray 4243 (CNS); Mcllwraith Range, Leo Creek

Mine Road, Sep 2017, Gray 9802 etal. (CNS); Pandanus

Creek, Mcllwraith Range E of Coen, Jul 1978, Clarkson

2453 (BRI); Klondike Mine Road, S end of Mcllwraith

Range, Dec 2001, Gray 7921 (CNS).

Distribution and habitat : Taeniophyllum

baumei is presently known to occur from

the tip of Cape York, to as far south as the

Mcllwraith Range (Map 1). Specimens have

been collected in Ericaceae dominated scrubs

and both outside and inside rainforest margins

at elevations from sea level to over 400 m.

Phenology : Flowering and fruiting has been

recorded between April and December.

Notes : Taeniophyllum baumei was previously

confused with T. muelleri , a widespread

species occurring from the Wet Tropics in

northern Queensland to northern New South

Wales.

264

Austrobaileya 10(2): 260-265 (2018)

Fig. 3. Flowering and fruiting plant of Taeniophyllum baumei ( Gray BG9795 , CNS).

Etymology : The species is named after David

Baume, collector of the type material who

brought my attention to this remarkable plant.

Acknowledgements

Special thanks to David Baume who brought

Taeniophyllum baumei to my attention. I

am indebted to Prof. Dr Darren Crayn and

Frank Zich for their assistance with loans

from (BRI) and (CANB), and permission to

access herbarium collections at the Australian

Tropical Herbarium (CNS); Yee Wen Low,

Herbarium, Singapore Botanic Gardens

for assistance with the manuscript; Kieran

Aland, James Walker and Mark Nowochatko

for assistance with field work and Will Smith

(BRI) for the distribution map.

Fig. 4. Flowering and fruiting plant of Taeniophyllum

muelleri (Gray BG966I, CNS).

Gray, Taeniophyllum baumei

References

Gray, B. (2015). Three new species of Taeniophyllum

Blume (Orchidaceae) from northern

Queensland. Austrobaileya 9: 382-392.

-(2017). Taeniophyllum walkeri B.Gray

(Orchidaceae), a new species from north

Queensland. Austrobaileya 10: 65-69.

Jones, D.L., Hopley, T. & Duffy, S.M. (2018).

Australian Tropical Rainforest Orchids,

ver. 1.1. CSIRO. https://keys.trin.org.au/

key-server/data/08090a09-0d0e-410b-860c-

020705070e0e/media/Html/index.htm,

accessed on 8 June 2018.

Thiers, B. (continuously updated). Index Herbariorum:

A global directory of public herbaria and

associated staff. New York Botanical Garden’s

Virtual Herbarium, https://sweetgum.nybg.org/

ih/, accessed on 11 June 2018.

265

Map 1. Distribution of Taeniophyllum baumei.

Lomandra ramosissima Jian Wang ter (Laxmanniaceae),

a new species from southern central Queensland

Jian Wang

Summary

Wang, J. (2018). Lomandra ramosissima Jian Wang ter (Laxmanniaceae), a new species from

southern central Queensland. Austrobaileya 10(2): 266-272. Lomandra ramosissima Jian Wang

ter is described and illustrated. Notes on its distribution including maps, habitat, phenology and

affinities are provided. A conservation status of Least Concern is proposed.

Key Words: Laxmanniaceae, Lomandra, Lomandra multiflora, Lomandra multiflora subsp.

multiflora, Lomandra patens, Lomandra ramosissima, Australia flora, Queensland flora, taxonomy,

new species, conservation status.

J. Wang, Queensland Herbarium, Department of Environment & Science, Brisbane Botanic Gardens,

Mt Coot-tha Road, Toowong, Queensland 4066, Australia. E-mail: jian.wang@des.qld.gov.au

Introduction

Lomandra Labill. is a genus of four sections

with 55 species, all occurring in Australia,

with two species extending to New Guinea

and one species in New Caledonia (Lee &

Macfarlane 1986; Macfarlane & Conran 2014;

Wang & Bean 2017). The genus was revised

by Lee who recognised 10 species and four

subspecies from Queensland (Lee 1966).

Currently, there are 19 recognised species in

Queensland, as well as three non-autonymic

subspecies (Wang 2017; Wang & Bean 2017).

Examination of herbarium material has

revealed the existence of a distinctive species

that was in the past misidentified as either

Lomandra patens A.Lee or L. multiflora

(R.Br.) Britten subsp. multiflora. Therefore,

a new species L. ramosissima (Figs. 1 & 2),

restricted to southern-central Queensland, is

described in this paper.

The three species Lomandra multiflora,

L. patens and L. ramosissima share similar

characteristics of being robust plants forming

tussocks from condensed ascending rhizomes,

having leaf apices broadly rounded to obtuse

without teeth and whorled branching male

flower clusters. However, L. ramosissima can

be easily distinguished from L. patens by the

reddish to dark brown leaf sheaths (white,

grey or brown in L. patens ), the strongly

verrucous rachis and scapes (smooth in L.

patens), the smaller male flowers, the much

shorter filaments (filaments are 0.8-1 mm

long for L. patens ), the much smaller and

poorly formed pistillode, and the shorter

fruiting styles (fruiting styles 1.8-2.5 mm

long for L. patens). L. ramosissima differs

from L. multiflora subsp. multiflora by the

more robust spreading habit, the much shorter

pedicellate male flowers (pedicels 3-8 mm

long in L. multiflora subsp. multiflora) and the

much branched female inflorescences.

Materials and methods

This study is based on morphological

examination of Lomandra material at BRI;

especially specimens identified as Lomandra

patens and L. multiflora subsp. multiflora,

as well as specimens received on loan from

DNA, MEL, NSW and NT. All measurements

are based on dried material, except the

dimensions of flowers which are based on

material reconstituted with hot water.

Abbreviations in the specimen citations

include NP (National Park) and SF (State

Forest).

Accepted for publication 16 July 2018

267

Wang, Lomandra ramosissima

Taxonomy

Lomandra ramosissima Jian Wang ter sp.

nov.; resembling L. patens but differing in

the reddish to dark brown leaf sheaths (leaf

sheaths are white, grey or brown in L. patens ),

the strongly verrucous rachis and scapes (the

surfaces of rachis and scapes are smooth

in L. patens ), the smaller male flowers, the

filaments connate to the inner tepals for

almost all their length, the poorly formed

pistillode, the much shorter fruiting styles

and smaller sized fruits. Typus: Australia.

Queensland. Leichhardt District: Precipice

National Park, Precipice Creek Catchment, 25

September 1996, P.I. Forster PIF19692 (holo:

BRI [1 sheet]).

Robust plants forming tussocks from

condensed ascending rhizomes. Each tussock

comprising usually 1 to 6 tufts. Each tuft

up to 2 cm in diameter with leaves arranged

irregularly at first becoming distichous with

age. Leaves tough and upright. Leaf sheath

margins at first membranous or cartilaginous,

fraying into strips or fibres up to 15 cm long,

reddish to dark brown. Leaf blades flat or

slightly convex on the abaxial side, 40-80

cm long, 2.5-5 mm wide, usually glaucous,

scabrid, with up to 45 parallel veins on both

sides; leaf apex broadly rounded to obtuse

without teeth; the margins smooth to minutely

denticulate. Male and female inflorescences

similar in appearance, 1-3 per tuft, usually

longer than the longest leaf. Male inflorescence

paniculate; the peduncle flattened,

verruculose, reddish to dark brown near the

base, light brown elsewhere, (20-)30-60 cm

long, usually 0.3-0.4 cm wide; the primary

rachis 4-angled or channelled, verrucate,

(10-)25-45(-60) cm long, bearing numerous

branches and flower clusters; branches and

flower clusters appearing whorled or opposite

at nodes; inflorescence branches 4-angled,

verruculose, usually 5-25 cm long; flower

clusters with branches 1.5-10 cm apart on the

primary rachis, 1-7 cm apart on the secondary

rachis (first branch), 0.5-2.5 cm apart on the

tertiary rachis (second branch); inflorescences

occasionally developing a quaternary rachis

(third branch) up to 1 cm apart. Cluster

bracts usually 3-6, long- to short-deltoid,

up to 1.2 cm long, 0.1-0.3 cm wide at the

widest point, with 1-6 veins, often longest

at the basal node of primary rachis, shorter

upwards along primary rachis as well as on

secondary and tertiary rachis. Male flowers in

groups of 6-14; bracteoles 3, cucullate, c. 1.1

mm long and 0.7-1 mm wide, membranous,

completely encircling each flower. Male

flowers becoming pedicellate, the pedicels

when mature l-1.5(-2) mm long, 0.3-0.4 mm

wide, terete, pale yellow to brown, usually

various ages within each cluster (Fig. IF &

G); buds ellipsoid, pale yellow with purple

tinge, at anthesis becoming campanulate;

perianth segments 6 with distinct outer and

inner whorls; outer tepals (sepals) 3, broadly

elliptical, thin, free except at the very base,

uniform in size and texture, 2.3-2.6 mm long,

1.3-1.5 mm wide, pale yellow with purple

tinges; inner tepals (petals) 3, elliptical,

free except on the basal 1/4—1/3 proportion,

uniform in size and texture, 2.5-2.9 mm

long, 0.9-1.1 mm wide, mostly creamy yellow

except for brighter yellow in the middle of

outer surface. Stamens 6, 3 adnate basally to

the inner tepals, 3 alternating with them and

adnate basally to antetepals; the filament not

obvious c. 0.3 mm long and 0.2 mm diameter;

anthers all similar, versatile, 0.5-0.6 mm

long and 0.4-0.5 mm wide, creamy yellow to

bright yellow; anthers of inner tepals slightly

distal than the antetepalous anthers (Fig.

1H) Pistillode poorly formed, 0.3-0.4 mm

long, 0.2-0.3 mm diameter, hyaline or pale

yellow. Female inflorescences paniculate; the

peduncle flattened, verruculose, pale green

to pale purple, 15-60 cm long, 0.25-0.35

cm broad; the primary rachis 4- or irregular

angled or channelled, verruculose, (10-)20-

35 cm long, bearing numerous branches and

flower clusters; branches and flower clusters

appearing whorled or opposite at nodes;

inflorescence branches 4- or irregular angled

or sometimes rounded, verruculose, usually

5-15 cm long; flower clusters with branches

1.5-9 cm apart on the primary rachis, 1-6 cm

apart on the secondary rachis (first branch),

0.5-2 cm apart on the tertiary rachis (second

branch); rarely developing a quaternary

rachis (third branch) as male inflorescences.

Cluster bracts usually 5-7, with 1-7 veins,

268

Austrobaileya 10(2): 266-272 (2018)

Fig. 1. Lomandra ramosissima (male). A. habit of tuft with young inflorescence x0.2. B. distal part of leaf x3. C.

transverse section of leaf xl6. D. young inflorescence (basal part of rachis removed) x0.3. E. section of rachis showing

the verrucous surface xl6. F. cluster of flowers with various ages x8. G. unopened flower with bracteoles xl6. H. flower

spread open xl6. A, D & E from Olsen 3573 & Byrnes (BRI); B, C, F-H from Forster PIF19692 (BRI, holotype). Del.

W. Smith.

269

Wang, Lomandra ramosissima

long- to short-deltoid, up to 3 cm long, c. 0.3

cm wide at the base, often largest at the basal

node of primary rachis, shorter and narrower

distally. Female flowers usually in group of

2-9(-12), each subtended by up to 6 cucullate

bracteoles, 0.8-1.3 mm long, 0.7-1.5 mm

wide, membranous, pale yellow with purple

tinges, completely encircling the flower base;

sessile or shortly pedicellate, the pedicels

usually 0.3-0.5 (-1.5) mm long, 0.4-0.5

mm wide, different ages within each cluster;

outer 3 tepals (sepals) broadly ovate, 3-3.3

mm long, 2-2.5 wide, creamy to pale yellow

with purple tinges in the middle, adnate at

the base; inner 3 tepals (petals) ovate, c. 3.2

mm long and 1.5 mm wide, adnate near base.

Staminodes 6, whitish-transparent, filaments

absent, anthers vestigial, 3 inserted on lower

middle part of inner tepals, 3 alternating with

them on the margin of lower side of each inner

tepals (Fig. 2D-F). Pistil conspicuous, styles

very short and fused with 3 stigmatic lobes

(Fig. 2C); ovary sessile obovoid, 1.5-1.6 mm

long, 1.1-1.3 mm diameter, with 3 locules;

ovules 1 per loculus. Fruits sessile, usually in

groups of 1-4 of similar ages. Fruiting styles

0.2-0.5 mm long. Capsules usually 4-5 mm

long, 4-5 mm diameter with 3 transverse

wrinkled carpels at maturity; carpels dark

grey outside, orange-yellow inside; the carpel

margins slightly ridged; the 6 hardened

perianth segments persistent, 2.8-3.8 mm

long, 2.1-2.4 mm wide; the hardened bracts

occasionally persistent, c. 1 mm long, up to 1

mm wide (Fig. 2J). Seeds 1 per locule, ovoid,

c. 4 mm long and 2.5 mm wide, 2-angled on

inner face, rounded on outer face, rough or

slightly wrinkled, translucent, light orange to

brown (Fig. 2K & L).

Additional specimens examined: Queensland.

Leichhardt District: Grasstree Mt, NE tip of SF 6, c.

30 km along Alpha Road and 4 km on track S of Alpha

Road, Feb 1999, Johnson DCJ31 & Turpin (BRI);

Blackdown Tableland, 12 miles [20 km] SSE of Bluff,

Sep 1959, Johnson 1066 (BRI); Blackdown Tableland c.

32 km SE of Blackwater, campsite on Mimosa Creek,

Apr 1971, Henderson 757 et al. (BRI); Crest of mountain

6.75 km NE of Rutland Station, Jul 1999, Ryan 1613

(BRI); Spring Hill, Expedition Range, Nov 2003, Forster

PIF29627 (BRI, MEL); 24.4 km SSW of Emu Plains

Homestead, May 1999, Stephens Q94503 & Dowling

(BRI); SF 46, about 2.5 km directly W of the Dawson

Highway, Jun 1999, Schmeider MSI22 & Appelman

(BRI); 2 miles [3.3 km] S of Ghinghinda, Oct 1963,

Speck 1875 (BRI, MEL); Glenhaughton - Mapala Road,

May 1977, Olsen 3573 & Byrnes (BRI); 4 km along road

to Robinson Gorge, off Glenhaugton to Mapala road, Sep

1992, Forster PIF11242 & Sharpe (BRI, MEL); Beilba

Section, Expedition NP, Baffle Creek lookout. May

2001, Semple 306 (BRI, NE, SYD). Burnett District:

Nour Nour NP, Hungry Hills, off Possum Creek Pinches

Road, Apr 2015, Forster PIF42500 & Thomas (BRI);

Pile Gully, SF 220, Oct 1996, Grimshaw PG2580 & Ryan

(BRI, MEL); South of Well Station Creek, c. 50 km SW

of Mundubbera, Nov 2008, Bean 28201 & Grimshaw

(BRI). Warrego District: Brigalow Dam exclosure

Winneba Section of Chesterton Range NP, Sep 1995,

Grimshaw PG2183 & Bean (BRI); W of Angellala

Creek, 7 km WNW of ‘Rocky’, Jul 1977, Purdie 674E

(BRI). Maranoa District: 3.5 km E along Redford -

Forestvale road from junction Redford - Hoganthulla

road, Jul 2007, Halford 09352 & Booth (BRI); Mount

Mobil NP, Jul 1992, McRae 14 (AD, BRI); Barabanbel

SF 3, c. 16 km NNW of Mitchell, Oct 2014, Mathieson

MTM1892 & Ferguson (BRI). Darling Downs District:

Yuleba SF, c. 47 km W of Condamine toward Surat,

Oct 1983, Canning 5941 (BRI); Glenmorgan, Oct 1969,

Smith s.n. (BRI [AQ410731], MO, NSW).

Distribution and habitat : Lomandra

ramosissima is endemic to southern central

Queensland where it is distributed as far

north as Clermont, and south to Glenmorgan,

and from Charleville in the west to

Gayndah in the east (Map 1). This species

mainly grows in eucalypt open forests or

woodlands on sandstone ridges with sandy

soils. The dominant tree species include:

Angophora leiocarpa (L.A.S.Johnson ex

G.J.Leach) K.R.Thiele & Ladiges, Corymbia

citriodora subsp. variegata (F.Muell.)

A.R.Bean & M.W.McDonald, C. leichhardtii

(F.M.Bailey) K.D.Hill & L.A.S.Johnson, C.

scabrida (Brooker & A.R.Bean) K.D.Hill

& L.A.S.Johnson, C. watsoniana (F.Muell.)

K. D.Hill & L.A.S.Johnson, Eucalyptus

apothalassica L.A.S.Johnson & K.D.Hill,

E. bailey ana F.Muell., E. beaniana

L. A.S.Johnson & K.D.Hill, E. chloroclada

(Blakely) L.A.S.Johnson & K.D.Hill, E.

cloeziana F.Muell., E. crebra F.Muell., E.

decorticans (F.M.Bailey) Maiden, E. exserta

F. Muell., E. mediocris L.A.S.Johnson &

K. D.Hill, E. melanophloia F.Muell., E. panda

S.T.Blake, E. populnea F.Muell., E. suffulgens

L. A.S.Johnson & K.D.Hill and E. tenuipes

(Maiden & Blakely) Blakely & C.T.White. It

270

Austrobaileya 10(2): 266-272 (2018)

Fig. 2. Lomandra ramosissima (female). A. habit of plant with fruiting inflorescences x0.25. B. flower with bracteoles

removed xl2. C. pistil xl6. D-F. petals of the flower with staminodes xi2. G-I. sepals of the flower xl2. J. fruit

with hardened persistent perianth x6. K. ventral face of seed x8. L. dorsal face of seed x8. A, J from Bean 28201 &

Grimshaw (BRI); B-I from Forster PIF42500 & Thomas (BRI); K & L from Purdie 674E (BRI). Del. W. Smith.

271

Wang, Lomandra ramosissima

also grows in Acacia sparsiflora Maiden tall

shrubland and cypress pine forests of Callitris

glaucophylla Joy Thomps. & L.A.S.Johnson

on grey or brown sandy loams. Other non-

eucalypt tree species such as Allocasuarina

littoralis (Salisb.) L.A.S. Johnson, A.

luehmannii (R.T.Baker) L.A.S. Johnson,

A. torulosa (Aiton) L.A.S.Johnson and

Lysicarpus angustifolius (Hook.) Druce were

also recorded where L. ramosissima occurs.

Phenology : Male flowering was recorded in

September and October. However, male plants

with flowering buds were recorded as early as

May. Female flowering was recorded in April,

October and November, and female plants

with buds were found in February, April

through July. Mature fruits were collected

from July and November.

Affinities: Lomandra ramosissima is closely

related to L. patens , L. multiflora subsp.

multiflora, L. multiflora subsp. dura and L.

decomposita. All of these species are robust

plants (L. midtiflora subsp. multiflora and L.

decomposita can be slender occasionally) with

tussocks from condensed ascending rhizomes,

have leaf apices broadly rounded to obtuse

without teeth, paniculate male inflorescences

and whorled branches ( L. midtiflora subsp.

multiflora and L. decomposita rarely

branched), and whorled flower clusters.

Lomandra ramosissima differs from

L. patens by the reddish to dark brown leaf

sheath, the strongly verrucous rachis and

scapes (smooth in L. patens ), the smaller male

flowers, the much shorter filament (filament

is 0.8-1 mm long for L. patens ), the much

smaller and poorly formed pistillode, and the

shorter fruiting styles (fruiting styles 1.8-2.5

mm long for L. patens).

Lomandra ramosissima differs from

L. multiflora subsp. multiflora by the more

robust spreading habit, the much shorter

pedicellate male flowers (pedicels 3-8 mm

long in L. multiflora subsp. midtiflora) and the

much branched female inflorescences.

Lomandra ramosissima differs from

L. multiflora subsp. dura by the much

larger and much branched male and female

inflorescences.

Lomandra ramosissima differs from L.

decomposita by the larger and ellipsoid male

flower bud, the shorter pedicel male flower

and a much branched female inflorescences.

Conservation status: Lomandra ramosissima

can be a common species where it occurs. It

is recorded from several National Parks and is

not known to be at risk. It is Least Concern

using the IUCN (2012) criteria.

Etymology: From the Latin ramosissima

meaning ‘very much branched’. This

refers to the much branched male and

female inflorescences, especially for male

inflorescence that often develops quaternary

rachis (third branch).

Acknowledgements

I am grateful to the following staff at the

Queensland Herbarium who helped me in

the preparation of this manuscript: Will

Smith for producing the illustrations and

distribution map; Tony Bean for reading a

draft and making constructive suggestions;

Gordon Guymer and Paul Forster for useful

comments. I also wish to thank the Directors

of DNA, MEL, NSW and NT for providing

loan specimens. The anonymous reviewers

are acknowledged for useful remarks.

References

Iucn (2012). IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria:

Version 3.1. 2 nd edition. Gland, Switzerland and

Cambridge, UK: IUCN. iv + 32pp.

Lee, A.T. (1966). Xanthorrhoeaceae. Contributions from

the New South Wales National Herbarium,

Flora Series 34: 16-42.

Lee, A.T. & Macfarlane, T.D. (1986). Lomandra.

In A.S. George (ed.). Flora of Australia 46:

100-141. Australian Government Publishing

Service: Canberra.

Macfarlane, T.D. & Conran, J.G. (2014). Lomandra

marginata (Asparagaceae), a shy-flowering

new species from south-western Australia.

Australian Systematic Botany 27: 421-426.

272

Wang, J. (2017). Laxmanniaceae. In P.D. Bostock &

A.E. Holland (eds.). Census of the Queensland

Flora 2017. Queensland Department of

Science, Information Technology and

Innovation: Brisbane, https://data.qld.gov.au/

dataset/census-of-the-queensland-flora-2017,

accessed 1 December 2017.

Austrobaileya 10(2): 266-272 (2018)

Wang, J. & Bean, A.R. (2017). Lomandra decomposita

(R.Br.) Jian Wang ter & A.R.Bean

(Laxmanniaceae), a new species for

Queensland. Austrobaileya 10: 59-63.

Map 1. Distribution of Lomandra ramosissima.

Vrydagzynea albostriata Schltr. (Orchidaceae) -

new to the flora of Australia, with notes on the

identity of V. grayi D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem.

B. Gray & P. Ormerod

Summary

Gray, B. & Ormerod, P. (2018). Vrydagzynea albostriata Schltr. (Orchidaceae) - new to the flora of

Australia, with notes on the identity of V. grayi D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. Austrobaileya 10(2): 273-

281. Vrydagzynea albostriata Schltr. (Orchidaceae) is newly recorded for the flora of Australia from

northern Queensland and a lectotype selected for the name. V. grayi Jones & M. A. Clem, is found to

be a synonym of V. elongata Blume. A key to the genus Vrydagzynea in Australia is provided, along

with a description and illustration based on the recently discovered material of V albostriata.

Key Words: Orchidaceae, Vrydagzynea , Vrydagzynea albostriata , Vrydagzynea elongata ,

Vrydagzynea grayi , Australia flora, Queensland flora, new record, taxonomy, identification key

B. Gray, Australian Tropical Herbarium, James Cook University, Cairns Campus, McGregor Road,

Smithfield, Queensland 4878, Australia; P. Ormerod, PO. Box 8210, Cairns, Queensland 4870,

Australia. Email: wsandavel@bigpond.com

Introduction

Vrydagzynea Blume is a genus of small,

tender, shade-loving, terrestrial orchids with

about 40 species distributed from northeast

India to Samoa. It has two centres of diversity,

one in Borneo where 16 species are recorded

(Wood & Cribb 1994; Wood et al. 2011), and

another in New Guinea from where about

10 taxa are recorded (Ormerod 2017). In

Australia, a single species of Vrydagzynea

has been reported, firstly as V paludosa

J.J.Sm. (Jones 1988), then reidentified as

V. elongata Blume (Ormerod 1994), before

finally being described as an endemic taxon,

V grayi D.L. Jones & M.A. Clem. (Jones

& Clements 2004). We find that V grayi is

Taxonomy

conspecific with V elongata, and here reduce

it to synonymy. At the same time we add V

albostriata Schltr. to the flora of Australia,

based on recent collections from tropical

northern Queensland. Thus two species are

to be found in Australia, both shared with the

island of New Guinea.

Materials and methods

This study is based on the examination of

living specimens, dried materials, and spirit

collections held at A, AMES, BM, BRI, C,

CNS, K, LAE, and NSW. Measurements were

taken from dried specimens, flowers of which

were rehydrated, and from material in spirit.

Key to Australian Vrydagzynea species

1 Leaves dark green above with a central white stripe; flowers with

a pubescent ovary and base of sepals; dorsal sepal 4-5 mm

long.V. albostriata

1. Leaves pale to dark green above, unicoloured; flowers with a

glabrous ovary and sepals; dorsal sepal c. 3 mm long.V. elongata

Accepted for publication 19 July 2018

274

Vrydagzynea albostriata Schltr., in Schum.

& Laut., Nachtr. FI. Deutsch. Schutzgeb.

Siidsee, 2: 83 (1905). Type citation: “Papua

New Guinea - Schumann River, 200 m,

January 1902, R. Schlechter 13835 ; New

Ireland, near Punam, 600 m, July 1902, R.

Schlechter 14694”. Type: Papua New Guinea.

Schumann River, 200 m, January 1902, R.

Schlechter 13835 (lecto [here designated]: K;

isolecto: BM, P image!).

Plants terrestrial. Rhizome terete, creeping,

rooting at nodes. Roots terete, pubescent.

Stem erect, laxly 3-9-leaved, up to 70 mm

tall. Leaves obliquely oblong-lanceolate,

acute, shortly petiolate, 15-60 x 5-19 mm,

dark green above with a central white

stripe; petiole and sheath up to 20 mm long.

Inflorescence terminal, racemose, pubescent,

30-32 mm long; peduncle 18-19 mm long;

rachis densely flowered, 12-13 mm long;

floral bracts lanceolate, acute, pubescent, up to

6 mm long, green. Flowers with green sepals,

white petals and labellum, and a greenish

spur. Pedicel with ovary narrowly fusiform,

pubescent, c. 4 mm long. Dorsal sepal

oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, thickened apically,

externally pubescent in lower half, forming

with the petals a galea 5-5.5 x c. 2.5 mm.

Lateral sepals obliquely oblong-lanceolate,

obtuse, externally pubescent in lower half,

4.5-5 x 1.8-2 mm. Petals obliquely oblong-

lanceolate, shortly clawed basally, obtuse,

c. 3 x 0.8-1 mm. Labellum oblong, obtuse,

calceolate, medially with a low bicarinate

ridge, c. 3 x 1.2 mm; spur obliquely fusiform,

obtuse, inside with two stalked glands, c. 1.3

mm long. Column short, c. 1.2 mm long.

Figs. 1 & 2.

Additional specimens examined : Papua New Guinea.

West Sepik Province: Torricelli Mountains, near

Miwaute Village, Aug 1961, Darbyshire 178 (LAE);

Lumi District, East Au Census Division, Torricelli

Mountains, Mt Sulen, near Sikel, Jul 1981, Reeve 3828

(K, NSW); Torricelli Mountains, Lipan Pass, Aug 1981,

Reeve 4066 (K); Carpentaria Exploration Base Camp,

from K1 to K8 helipad, Jan 1978, Hoover 824 (A). New

Ireland Province: near Punam, Jul 1902, Schlechter

14694 (AMES, BRI, K). Oro Province: Kokoda, May

1936, Carr 17173 (BM). Milne Bay Province: Raba Raba

Subdistrict, junction of Ugat and Mayu Rivers, near

Mayu 1, Jul 1972, Streimann & Katik NGF34035 (K).

Australia. Queensland. Cook District: Whyanbeel

Austrobaileya 10(2): 273-281 (2018)

Creek N of Mossman, Gray BG9970, Hawkes & de

Groot (CNS).

Distribution and habitat : Vrydagzynea

albostriata has been recorded in Indonesia

(Papua Province), Papua New Guinea and

Australia (northeast Queensland). In New

Guinea this species is found growing amongst

leaf litter in shady lowland and lower montane

rainforest, occasionally near stream margins,

from 30-945 m. In Queensland, this species

has been found growing in wet lowland

rainforest near creeks (Map 1).

Phenology : Flowering and fruiting has been

observed in January, May, July, and August

in New Guinean material of Vrydagzynea

albostriata. It is likely however that these

reproductive events are year-round in the

less seasonal rainforests of New Guinea. In

Queensland, V. albostriata is currently known

to flower December to March.

Typification : The protologue for Vrydagzynea

albostriata lists two Schlechter collections,

both of which are extant. The Kew specimen

of Schlechter 13835 is chosen as lectotype

because it is the best of the available syntypes

and is a fertile (flowering) specimen.

Notes: Vrydagzynea albostriata is distinctive

among taxa found in New Guinea and

Australia in having pubescent ovaries and

flowers, whereas the nine other known species

have glabrous (or rarely papillate) ovaries and

flowers.

Vernacular name : Wubungu (Wapi

Language, Miwaute, West Sepik Province,

Papua New Guinea).

Vrydagzynea elongata Blume, FI. Javae Ins.

Adj. n.s. 1: 61 (1858); Coll. Orch. Arch. Ind.

74 (1858). Type: Indonesia. Papua Province:

Triton Bay, s.dat ., E.J.F. Le Guillou s.n. (holo:

L, image!).

Vrydagzynea grayi D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem.,

Orchadian 14, 8 (Scientific Suppl.): xii (2004),

syn. nov. Type: Australia. Queensland. Cook

District: Stewart Creek, Portion 24, Parish of

Whyanbeel, 16 July 1983, B. Gray 3162 (holo:

CNS).

Gray & Ormerod, Vrydagzynea albostriata

275

Fig. 1. Vrydagzynea albostriata. A. habit of mature flowering plant. B. lateral view of flower. C. face view of flower.

D. longitudinal section through flower. E. face view of column. F. lateral view of column. G. face view of anther. H.

pollinia. I. floral bract. J. dorsal sepal. K. petal. L. lateral sepal. M. face view of labellum. Scale as indicated. All from

Gray BG9970, de Groot & Hawkes (CNS). Del. B. Gray.

276

Austrobaileya 10(2): 273-281 (2018)

Fig. 2. Vrydagzynea albostriata. Whole plant with flowering inflorescence ( Gray BG9970, de Groot & Hawkes, CNS)

Vrydagzynea sp., D.L.Jones, Nat. Orch.

Austral. 351 (1988).

Vrydagzynea paludosa auct. non J.J. Sm.:

D.L.Jones, Nat. Orch. Austral. 637 (1988);

M.A. Clem., Austral. Orch. Res. 1: 147

(1989); Dockr., Austral. Indig. Orch. ed. 2, 1:

42 (1992); Lavarack & B.Gray, Austral. Trop.

Orch. 22 (1992).

For further synonymy see Ormerod (2017).

Figs. 3-5.

Additional specimens examined : Indonesia. Maluku

Province: Aru Islands, Pulau Kobroor, upstream from

Kampong Jierlai, Apr 1993, Nooteboom 5720 (A, C).

Papua Province: Arfak Range, ridge behind Roon

Village, Jan 1914, Gibbs 6240 (K). Papua New Guinea.

West Sepik Province: near Sumo Village, on Rahinbrum

River, Jul 1961, Darby shire & Hoogland 8075 (LAE);

Leitre Village, Mar 1964, Sayers NGF18089 (LAE).

East Sepik Province: Victoria Bay, Jul 1840, Barclay

3567 (BM). Madang Province: Kaulo Base, Jan 1908,

Schlechter 17188 (NSW); Bismarck Range, Jan 1902,

Schlechter 14039 (BM, K, NSW); on the way from

the Ramu River to the coast. Mar 1902, Schlechter

s.n. (AMES); Erimahafen, Dec 1901, Schlechter s.n.

(AMES); Josephstaal FMA area, near Guam River,

Aug 1999, Takeuchi et al. 13886 (A). Morobe Province:

Markham River, 1890, Weinland 203 (BRI, NSW);

Markham River mouth, Aug 1964, van Royen NGF20073

(A, BRI, LAE); ibid , Oct 1974, Ctunie LAE63004 (A,

BRI, K, LAE); 12 km NW of Lae, Markham Swamp,

Aug 1982, Streimann 8512 (LAE); Huon Gulf, Cape

Arkona, Aug 1890, Lauterbach 644 (BRI). East New

Gray & Ormerod, Vrydagzynea albostriata

277

Fig. 3. Vrydagzynea elongata. A. habit of mature flowering plant. B. face view of flower. C. lateral view of flower. D.

longitudinal section through flower. E. floral bract. F. face view of labellum. G. face view of anther. H. face view of

column. I. lateral view of column. J. petal. K. lateral sepal. L. dorsal sepal. Scale as indicated. All from Gray BG9691,

de Groot & Hawkes (CNS). Del. B. Gray.

278

Austrobaileya 10(2): 273-281 (2018)

Fig. 4. Vrydagzynea elongata. Whole plant with flowering inflorescence (Gray BG9691, de Groot & Hawkes, CNS).

Gray & Ormerod, Vrydagzynea albostriata

219

Fig. 5. Vrydagzynea elongata. Inflorescence with flowers and buds (Gray BG9691, de Groot & Hawkes, CNS).

280

Britain Province: Hoskins Subdistrict, Nuau Logging

Area, Feb 1971, Lelean & Stevens LAE51274 (BRI, K,

LAE); Sabuite Creek, SW of Rikau Village, Apr 1959,

White NGF10499 (BRI); Kapiura River, c. 1 km from

confluence with Aum River, May 1979, Sohmer et at.

LAE75288 (BRI, K, LAE). Oro Province: Isuarava,

Feb 1936, Carr 10562 (BM, K). Milne Bay Province:

Sudest (=Tagula) Island, Apr 1898, Micholitz s.n. (K).

Australia. Queensland. Cook District: Daintree area,

upper Stewart Creek, Aug 1986, Gray BG4327 (CNS);

ibid , May 2017, Gray BG9782 (CNS); Whyanbeel, N of

Mossman, Sep 2015, GrayBG9691 (CNS).

Distribution and habitat : Vrydagzynea

elongata has been found in Indonesia

(Maluku and Papua Provinces), Papua New

Guinea and Australia (northeast Queensland).

In New Guinea this species is found in lower

montane forest and lowland forest, including

forest in swamps near the mouths of rivers,

from 0-1220 m. In Queensland it is found in

wet lowland rainforest near streams in the

Mossman to Daintree area (Map 1). A sterile

collection from Moa Island, Torres Strait

(Jones 3615 , BRI) is a good match for this

species on foliage characters and indicates

that it may have a wider distribution in

Australia.

Phenology : Flowering and fruiting has

been observed in January, February, March,

April, July, August, October, and December

in New Guinean specimens of V elongata.

This indicates that reproductive events are

year-round for the New Guinean plants. In

Australia V. elongata has been found to flower

in May, July, August and September, which

corresponds to late autumn through to late

winter in northern Queensland.

Notes: Vrydagzynea elongata may be

distinguished from its congeners in New

Guinea and Australia by its small flowers

(dorsal sepal 3 mm long versus 5 mm long),

and labellum lamina that forms a right angle

(versus obtuse to 180°) with the spur. V brassii

Ormerod is the only other New Guinean

species with a 3 mm long dorsal sepal, but it

differs in having two divergent, pubescent,

laminate ridges (versus two low, close,

broadly rounded ridges) on the labellum, and

the labellum lamina is at an obtuse angle to

the spur.

Austrobaileya 10(2): 273-281 (2018)

In describing Vrydagzynea grayi, Jones

& Clements (2004) noted that it did not

match any species described from New

Guinea. Their comments are partly correct

because the descriptions of V. elongata and

its synonyms are somewhat general, and the

only published floral analysis by Schlechter

(1923-1928; 1982, of the synonym V

pachyceras Schltr.) is not wholly correct in

its depiction of the labellum. This analysis

shows the labellum to have involute margins

but we find it to be calceolate with two flaps

covering a cavity (see Fig. 3). Nevertheless,

the confusion surrounding V elongata was

clarified by Smith (1929), who identified the

critical characters of the species, and added V

pachyceras and his own V rectangulata J.J.

Sm. to the synonymy.

We have studied material of V elongata

from throughout its range, and have no doubt

that V grayi is a synonym of this widespread

taxon. The species exhibits some variability,

especially in leaf number (3-11 per stem),

leaf shape (obliquely ovate to almost

symmetrically lanceolate), flower number

(few to many), and shape of the spur in lateral

view (oblong-elliptic to fusiform).

Vernacular names : Lai tutur (Aru Islands,

Maluku Province, Indonesia); Tume

(Pogatumo Language, Sumo Village, West

Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea).

Acknowledgements

We wish to thank herbaria and library staff at

A, AMES, BRI, C, CNS, K, LAE and NSW

for their help and hospitality during our visits,

W. Smith (BRI) for the distribution map and

T. Hawkes and T. de Groot who first located

Vrydagzynea albostriata in Australia and for

assistance with field work.

References

Jones, D.L. (1988). Native Orchids of Australia. Reed

Books, Australia.

Jones, D.L. & Clements, M.A. (2004). Miscellaneous

new species, new genera, reinstated genera and

new combinations in Australian Orchidaceae.

Orchadian 14, 8 (Scientific Supplement: i-xvi).

281

Gray & Ormerod, Vrydagzynea albostriata

Ormerod, P. (1994). Some comments regarding the

identity of the Australian Vrydagzynea species.

Orchadian 11: 218-219.

-(2017). Checklist of Papuasian Orchids. Nature &

Travel Books: Australia.

Schlechter, R. (1923-1928). Figuren-Atlas zu den

Orchidaceen von Deutsch-Neu-Guinea.

Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni

Vegetabilis. Centralblatt fiir Sammlung und

Veroffentlichnng von Einzeldiagnosen neuer

Pflanzen. Beihefte 21: Taf. I-CCCLXXII.

- (1982). The Orchidaceae of German New

Guinea. English translation. D.F. Blaxell (ed.).

Australian Orchid Foundation: Melbourne.

Smith, J.J. (1929). Orchidaceae (pp.). Nova Guinea 14:

357-516, plates 41-87.

Wood, J.J. & Cribb, P.J. (1994). A checklist of the Orchids

of Borneo. Royal Botanic Gardens: Kew.

Wood, J.J., Beaman, T.E., Lamb, A., Chan, C.L. &

Beaman, J.H. (2011). The Orchids of Mount

Kinabalu. Natural History Publications: Kota

Kinabalu.

Map 1. Distribution of Vrydagzynea albostriata ★ and

V. elongata O in Queensland, Australia.

Hibbertia ferox Jackes (Dilleniaceae), a new species from

the White Mountains area of north Queensland

Betsy R. Jackes

Summary

Jackes, B.R. (2018). Hibbertia ferox Jackes (Dilleniaceae), a new species from the White Mountains

area of north Queensland. Austrobaileya 10(2): 282-285. Hibbertia ferox Jackes is described as new.

This species with ericoid, needle-like leaves is morphologically similar to H. acicularis (Labill.)

F.Muell., and H. exutiacies N.A.Wakef. from south-eastern Australia. H. ferox is endemic to the

White Mountains and Lake Buchanan area of north Queensland. It forms a low shrub usually growing

on sandstone or lateritic derived soils and is unusual in exhibiting diallagy in the foliage.

Key Words: Dilleniaceae, Hibbertia , Hibbertia ferox , Australia flora, Queensland flora, taxonomy,

new species, diallagy

B.R. Jackes, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland

4811. Email: betsy.jackes@jcu.edu.au

Introduction

The genus Hibbertia Andrews was

traditionally divided into sections based on

the arrangement of the androecium; however,

Horn (2009) divided the species into two

subgenera based on a molecular phylogenetic

analysis. All the species with needle-like,

ericoid leaves are in Hibbertia subgenus

Hemistemma (Thouars) Horn. These taxa also

have revolute leaf margins which hide the

undersurface of the leaf except for the midrib.

A distinctive and undescribed species

of Hibbertia belonging to this subgenus has

been known from the White Mountains area

of central Queensland since its apparent,

first collection in 1992 by Tony Bean. Whilst

an overall revision of the genus is ongoing

by Hellmut Toelken, the species under

consideration requires a name and this is

undertaken here with his approval.

Materials and methods

All vegetative measurements were made

on dried material and compared with fresh

material, except for the flowers where

measurements were based on fresh material.

All material was obtained from the Burra

Accepted for publication 29 August 2018

Range section of the White Mountains

National Park under a permit held by the

author.

Abbreviations used in the specimen

citation includes NP (National Park).

Taxonomy

Hibbertia ferox Jackes sp. nov. Distinguished

from H. acicularis (Labill.) F.Muell. by the

sessile flowers and 9 stamens, rarely 10, as

compared with the flowers on peduncles and

stamens 6-8. It may be distinguished from

H. exutiacies N.A.Wakef., by stamens 4-6

and the terminal awn on the leaf deciduous

rather than persistent. Typus: Queensland.

Mitchell District: Poison Valley Road,

White Mountains National Park, 12 April

2000, K.R. McDonald KRM425 (holo: BRI [1

sheet]).

Shrub 0.3-07 m high, much branched from

near the base up to 1 m wide, resprouting

from rootstock after fire; branches not ridged;

young shoots pubescent, soon becoming

glabrous, hairs simple and erect. Leaves

crowded on short shoots, ericoid, alternate,

almost sessile, breaking off when dry leaving

a protuberance; axillary hair tufts vary in

length from c. 0.1 mm long near the edge of the

protuberance, increasing up to 0.5 mm long in

the centre before decreasing again; petiole c.

0.5 mm long, 0.2-0.3 mm wide, hairs simple,

Jackes, Hibbertia ferox

semi-adpressed; lamina 5-11 mm long, c.

1.5 mm wide, margins revolute so that only

the midrib of the abaxial surface is visible;

apex narrowing into a pungent reddish point,

persistent awn c. 0.5 mm long; adaxially

with simple tubercle-based hairs, papillae

are present on the margins interlocking with

papillae on the side of the midrib; abaxial

midrib bears scattered tubercle-based hairs.

Flowers terminal, sessile, subtended by 4

or 5 broadly lanceolate, brown, scarious

bracts, 2-2.5 mm long and 1.8-2 mm wide,

papillate on the margins. Sepals unequal,

broadly lanceolate, 3 outer sepals c. 8 mm

long, 2 inner sepals to 10 mm long, apiculate,

inside glabrous, midrib prominent forming a

ridge along the back, hairs chiefly on midrib

and margins, scattered to 0.5 mm long.

Petals obovate, deeply emarginate, 10-15

mm long, 7.5-10 mm wide, yellow. Stamens

9, or rarely 10, erect, on one side of carpels,

yellow; filaments 2-2.5 mm long, free to base;

anthers to 2 mm long, dehiscing by introrse,

longitudinal slits; staminodes absent. Carpels

2, free, obovoid, glabrous; styles c. 3 mm

long, attached to outer apex of each carpel,

then curving outwards and upwards to the

side of the anthers. Fruit not seen. Figs. 1-3.

Additional specimens examined : Queensland.

Mitchell District: Old Poison Valley road. White

Mountains NP, Apr 1992, Bean 4302 (BRI); 5 km NW

of Burra, Apr 1993, Thompson HUG341 et al. (BRI);

4.8 km N of Burra Microwave Tower, Aug 1997, Bean

12278 (BRI); 8 km from Townsville - Mt Isa Highway

on Poison Valley Road, White Mountains NP, Sep 2012,

Townsends.n. (CNS, JCT). South Kennedy District: 24

km SE of Torrens Creek, Oct 1997, Thompson HUG502

& Baumgartner (BRI); c. 31 km E of Lake Buchanan,

Jun 1998, Thompson BUC2022 & Turpin (BRI).

Distribution and habitat : Hibbertia ferox

is endemic to north Queensland where it

is common in the Burra Range area of the

White Mountains NP, with a further southern

disjunction to an area east of Lake Buchanan

(21°34’S, 146° 12’E)wherethe same geological

formation occurs. Within the Burra Range

area it appears to be widespread, growing on

sandy soils derived from sandstone or laterite,

often in association with species of Acacia ,

Grevillea sessilis C.T.White and Calytrix

microcoma Craven.

283

Affinities : Morphologically Hibbertia ferox

appears to be closely related to H acicularis

and H. exutiacies. Hibbertia acicularis has

been recorded from all eastern states and is

particularly common in New South Wales,

Victoria and Tasmania, although there are

populations in coastal and subcoastal areas

of eastern Queensland with a much higher

rainfall than the White Mountains. Hibbertia

acicularis differs in the flowers with 6-8

stamens being borne on peduncles in the leaf

axils rather than with 9 (-10) stamens and

terminal and sessile as in H ferox.

Hibbertia exutiacies is commonly found

in Victoria and South Australia with isolated

records elsewhere, although it is probable

that its apparent occurrence in southern

Queensland may apply to other species. It

differs from H ferox by the smaller flowers,

3.5-8.5 mm long versus 10-15 mm long,

and only 4-6 stamens. Also in this species

the apical awn on the leaf is reported to be

deciduous unlike the persistent apical awn in

H. ferox.

Notes : Hibbertia ferox exhibits diallagy,

a term used by George (2002) to describe

a reversible physiology strategy in plants.

Under normal environmental conditions the

plants are green and the lower leaves spread

at an angle of about 75° degrees to the stem;

however, under dry conditions the colour

changes to yellowish-brown to brown and the

angle is reduced to under 25° degrees (Figs. 4

& 5). Colour returns to green when adequate

moisture becomes available. It has been

noticed that the leaves closest to the roots are

the last to change colour and the first to regain

colour.

Phenology : Flowering chiefly occurs in late

August and September, but flowering material

has been collected in other months, fruiting

material has not been observed.

Etymology: The epithet is from the Latin fero

(fierce) referring to the pungent awn on the

apex of the lamina. Dry leaves readily detach

and then reattach to fingers and clothes.

l i w

284

Austrobaileya 10(2): 282-285 (2018)

QUEENSLAND HERBARIUM (BRI)

Brisbane Australia

QUEENSLAND HERBARIUM (BRI)

Flora of Queensland

Hibbertia exutiacies N.A.Wakef.

66786

Mitchell

Coll. K.R. McDonald

KRM425

12 APR 2000

20d41m 38s 145d 9m 32s [AGD66] Depth r

(55,308242,7710633) (7956-082106) Alt. r

Poison Valley Road, White Mountains National Park.

Shrubland dominated by Acacia with Eucalyptus emergents; red soil.

Shrub approximately 0.75m, yellow flowered

MAY 2000

76 Dilleniaceae

* May be cited as computerised collection Number

(Archival Paper)

AQ 667861

Fig. 1. Holotype of Hibbertia ferox (McDonald KRM425, BRI).

Jackes, Hibbertia ferox

285

Fig. 2. Hibbertia ferox. Flower (Townsend s.n., JCT).

Photo: J.W. Elliott.

Fig. 4. Hibbertia ferox. Portion of plant showing

diallagy developing. Poison Valley Road, Burra Range

(no voucher). Photo: K. Townsend.

Acknowledgements

Many thanks to the Townsville Branch of

Native Plants Queensland who made a number

of collections, as well as contributing to

knowledge of the distribution of this endemic

species. Thank you to Hellmut Toelken who

suggested the epithet, and to Kevin Thiele for

guidance and constructive comments.

Fig. 5. Hibbertia ferox. Plant showing diallagy with

Calytrix microcoma in background. Poison Valley Road,

Burra Range (no voucher). Photo: K. Townsend.

References

George, A.S. (2002). The south-western Australian flora

in autumn: 2001 Presidential Address. Journal

of the Royal Society of Western Australia 85:

1-15.

Horn, J.W. (2009). Phylogenetics of Dilleniaceae using

sequence data from four plastid loci (rbcL, infA,

rps4, rplll6 Intron). International Journal of

Plant Science 170: 794-813.

286

Austrobaileya 10(2): 286-289 (2018)

SHORT COMMUNICATION

Psychotria hebecarpa Merr. & L.M.Perry (Rubiaceae),

a new record for Queensland and Australia

Paul I. Forster

Queensland Herbarium, Department of Environment & Science, Brisbane Botanic Gardens, Mt

Coot-tha Road, Toowong, Queensland 4066, Australia. Email: paul.forster@des.qld.gov.au

The genus Psychotria L. is predominantly

pantropical with estimates of species diversity

around 2000 (Sohmer 1998; Davis etal. 2001;

Sohmer & Davis 2007). In Australia where

it extends to the subtropics, the genus is in

need of revision with the last overall account

being Bailey (1900) who enumerated eight

species, one of which is now classified in

Amaracarpus Blume (Forster 2010). More

recent listings of taxa enumerate 16 species,

with the majority of these endemic to

Queensland (Forster & Halford 2007, 2010,

2017). The non-climbing species in adjacent

New Guinea and the Bismarck Archipelago

were revised by Sohmer (1988) with a handful

of more recent additions (Takeuchi 2001,

2009, 2013); however, there is little overlap

with the Australian taxa.

In this short communication, the presence

in Queensland and Australia of Psychotria

hebecarpa Merr. & L.M.Perry is documented

and a phrase name applied at the Queensland

Herbarium and in census accounts (Forster

& Halford 2007, 2010, 2017) placed into

synonymy. Collection of this species from

Australia was first made by the entomologist

and natural history collector Eduard F. Darnel

(Daemel) (c. 1821-1900) prior to 1868 and

probably in 1867 (ANBG 2018; Beiler &

Petit 2012; JSTOR 2018), with an intervening

period of 120 years before further collections

were made.

Taxonomy

Psychotria hebecarpa Merr. & L.M.Perry,

J. Arnold Arbor. 27: 212-213 (1946). Type:

Papua New Guinea. Central Province: Aisa

River, 13 May 1926, L.J. Brass 1419 (holo: A

n.v .; iso: BRI).

Psychotria sp. Pajinka, syn. nov.; Cooper &

Cooper (2004: 450).

Psychotria sp. (Pajinka W.Cooper+

WWC1435), syn. nov.; Forster & Halford

(2007, 2010, 2017).

Illustration : Sohmer (1988: 121, holotype).

Shrub or subshrub with erect to prostrate

stems up to 1.5 m tall; foliage densely

ferruginous-tan pubescent throughout.

Stipules valvate, ovate, 11-18 mm long,

deeply bilobed with the lobes aristate and 5-7

mm long. Leaves petiolate; petiole 8-40 mm

long, c. 2 mm diameter, deeply channelled

adaxially; laminae weakly coriaceous to

somewhat chartaceous, lanceolate-oblong,

115-200 x 48-80 mm; secondary lateral

veins 10-19 per side of primary vein, heavily

pubescent below; apex acute, base obtuse to

round. Inflorescence shortly pedunculate to

37 mm long, with 3 or 5 flower clusters, each

subtended by foliose linear-lanceolate bracts

up to 20 x 5 mm. Flowers sessile, subtended

by linear bracts 10-15 mm long, 1-3 mm

wide; calyx tube short and < 1.5 mm long,

lobes lanceolate-subulate, 7-15 mm long,

1.8-2 mm wide, apices sharply acute; corolla

tube c. 4.5 mm long. Fruit fleshy, c. 12 mm

long and 10 mm wide, white. Pyrenes 4-4.5

mm long, c. 2 mm wide, strongly ridged;

endosperm not ruminate. Fig. 1.

Accepted for publication 6 August 2018

Forster, Psychotria hebecarpa

287

QUEENSLAND HERBARIUM (BRI)

Flora of Queensland

Psychotria

BRI-AQ0499786

QUEENSLAND HERBARIUM (BRI)

Brisbane Australia

499786

Accepted Name

Herb. BRI

Fig. 1. Psychotria hebecarpa (Cooper WWC1435 & Jensen , BRI).

288

Additional specimens examined : Papua New Guinea.

Western Province: Wuroi, Oriomo River, Jan 1934,

Brass 5720 (BRI); c. 2 miles [c. 3.3 km] SE of Morehead

Patrol Post, Aug 1967, Pullen 7192 (BRI). Australia.

Queensland. Cook District: Cape York, s.dat.,

Daemel s.n. (BM [purchased 1868], MEL 1583718);

Near Bamaga, New Mapoon, Sep 1987, Gitay s.n. (BRI

[AQ437548]); Pajinka Water intake. Cape York, s.dat..

Cooper WWC1435 & Jensen (BRI, DNA).

Distribution and habitat : Psychotria

hebecarpa is known from Papua New Guinea

(Central and Western provinces) and the tip of

Cape York, Queensland in Australia where it

is restricted to the Lockerbie Scrub. It occurs

in lowland rainforest, with the Australian

population in semi-deciduous complex

notophyll vineforest on volcanic substrate.

Notes : This is a highly distinctive species

in the Australian context due to the heavily

pubescent foliage, the very large and

characteristic bilobed stipules and the large

bracts on the inflorescence. Sohmer (1988:

122) was of the opinion that the pubescence

was an adaptation to drier habitats (no doubt

from the perspective of other taxa in New

Guinea); however, other Australian species

from seasonal communities are not noticeably

pubescent (e.g. some of the varieties of P.

daphnoides A.Cunn.).

Conservation status : In Australia and

Queensland, Psychotria hebecarpa is known

from a single population (with probably a

number of subpopulations) in the greater

Lockerbie Scrub at the tip of Cape York.

There are at least six recorded populations in

Papua New Guinea (Sohmer 1988); although

it is not possible to ascertain if these are

extant, nor what their extent of occupancy or

population numbers might be. Once again,

this species in its Australian occurrence is a

good example of a peripheral population at

the outer edge of the distribution envelope

(Forster 2016) with the majority of the

populations elsewhere. It is not common and

widespread in the Lockerbie Scrub indicating

that only certain environmental conditions

are suitable for its persistence. Peripheral

populations are important in terms of enabling

species to expand their range or to respond

Austrobaileya 10(2): 286-289 (2018)

to environmental conditions that select for

evolutionary diversification through disjunct

speciation {cf. Levin 2000).

It is not known if any of the populations

in Papua New Guinea are conserved. The

population at Cape York is not in a formal

conservation reserve; however, the Lockerbie

Scrub is effectively managed for conservation

by the locally based The Apudthama Lands

Trust rangers.

Within the Australian jurisdiction,

an appropriate conservation status for

Psychotria hebecarpa is Vulnerable based

on the criterion D2 (IUCN 2012).

Acknowledgements

The curators of BM and MEL for loans of

Psychotria material to Sally Reynolds who

made an initial examination of Australian

material from this genus. Will Smith (BRI)

for the photographic image.

References

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Contents

A taxonomic revision of Argophyllum J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. (Argophyllaceae)

in Australia

A.R.Bean & P.I.Forster . 207-235

Drummondita borealis Duretto (Rutaceae), a new species from the Northern

Territory, and a revised description for D. calida (F.Muell.) Paul G.Wilson

from Queensland

M.F. Duretto . 236-241

Stemodia anisata A.R.Bean (Plantaginaceae), a new species from Queensland

and the Northern Territory

A. R.Bean . 242-246

Elaeocarpus carbinensis J.N.Gagul & Crayn (Elaeocarpaceae), a new species

endemic to the Mt Carbine Tableland of northeast Queensland, Australia

J.N.Gagul, L.Simpson & D.M.Crayn . 247-259

Taeniophyllum baumei B.Gray (Orchidaceae), a new species from Cape York

Peninsula, Queensland

B. Gray . 260-265

Lomandra ramosissima Jian Wang ter (Laxmanniaceae), a new species from

southern central Queensland, Australia

J.Wang . 266-272

Vrydagzynea albostriata Schltr. (Orchidaceae) - new to the flora of Australia,

with notes on the identity of V. grayi D.L. Jones & M.A.Clem.

B.Gray & P.Ormerod . 273-281

Hibbertia fexox B.R.Jackes (Dilleniaceae) a new species from the White

Mountains area of north Queensland

B.R.Jackes . 282-285

Psychotria hebecarpa Merr. & L.M.Perry (Rubiaceae), a new record for

Queensland and Australia

P.I.Forster . 286-289