Volume 5

Number 3 1999

AUSTROAAIUVA

A Journal of Plant Systematics

Queensland Herbarium

QUEENSLAND GOVERNMENT

'l Environmental

/Protection

Agency

Editorial Committee

L.W. Jessup (editor)

R.J.F. Henderson (technical advisor)

B.K. Simon (technical advisor)

Desktop Publishing

TriciaA. Kerr

Austrobaileya

Vol. 1, No. 1 was published on 1 December 1977

Vol. 5, No. 2 was published on 25 January 1999

Austrobaileya is published once per year.

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addressed to The Editor, Austrobaileya, Queensland Herbarium, Environmental Protection Agency

(EPA), Brisbane Botanic Gardens Mt. Coot-tha, Mt. Coot-tha Road,Toowong Qld 4066, Australia.

ISSN0155-4131

© Queensland Herbarium 1999

Austrobaileya is the journal of the Queensland Herbarium and is devoted to publication of

results of sound research and of informed discussion on plant systematics, with special emphasis

on Queensland plants.

Opinions expressed by authors are their own and do not necessarily represent the policies or

views of the Queensland Herbarium, or the Environmental Protection Agency.

Austrobaileya 5(3): 405-586 (1999)

Contents

A taxonomic revision of Bridelia Willd. (Euphorbiaceae) in Australia

Paul I. Forster.405

Rhodamnia angustifolia (Myrtaceae), a new and endangered species from south-eastern

Queensland

Neil Snow and Gordon P. Guymer.421

A revision of Stylidium sect. Debilia Mildbr., S. sect. Floodia Mildbr. and S. sect .Lanata A.R.Bean

(Stylidiaceae)

A.R. Bean.427

A taxonomic revision of Mallotus Lour. (Euphorbiaceae) in Australia

Paul I. Forster.457

Ochrosperma obovatum (Myrtaceae), a new species from south-eastern Queensland

A.R. Bean.499

A revision of ChrysopogonTrin. including Vetiveria Bory (Poaceae) in Thailand and Malesia with

notes on some other species from Africa and Australia

J.F. Veldkamp.503

The Hygrocybeae (Fungi, Basidiomycota,Agaricales, Hygrophoraceae) of the Lane Cove Bushland

Park, New South Wales

A. M. Young.535

A new species and a new combination in Rutidosis (Gnaphalieae: Angianthinae: Asteraceae)

A.E. Holland.565

Peperomia hunteriana (Piperaceae), a new species from the ‘Wet Tropics’ of north-eastern

Queensland

Paul I. Forster.573

Notes

Typification and application of the name Macrozamia macleayi Miq. (Zamiaceae)

Paul I. Forster.577

In defence of Chrysopogonfallax S.T.Blake (Poaceae)

Rod Henderson.579

Steinchisma hians (Elliott) Nash, the correct name for Fasciculochloa sparshottiorum B.K.Simon

& C.M.Weiller

Bryan Simon.583

Review

Bill McDonald

585

A taxonomic revision ofBridelia Willd. (Euphorbiaceae) in Australia

Paul I. Forster

Summary

Forster, P.I. (1999). A taxonomic revision of Bridelia Willd. (Euphorbiaceae) in Australia.

Austrobaileya 5(3): 405-419. The genus Bridelia Willd. is revised for Australia and contains five

species, B. exaltata F.Muell., B. finalis P.I.Forst. sp.nov., B. leichhardtii Baill. ex Muell.Arg., B.

insulana Hance and B. tomentosa Blume. All species are described and a key to distinguish them is

provided. Distribution, habitat, typification, phenology and conservation status are outlined for each

taxon.

Key words: Bridelia exaltata, Bridelia finalis, Bridelia insulana, Bridelia leichhardtii, Bridelia

tomentosa, Australia, Euphorbiaceae

P.I.Forster, Queensland Herbarium, EPA, Brisbane Botanic Gardens, Mt Coot-tha, Mt Coot-tha

Road, Toowong, Qld 4066, Australia

Introduction

The genus Bridelia was named by Willdenow

in 1806 with three species included in it at that

time. The name commemorates S.E.Bridel (“in

honorem Clariss S.E. Briedel nominavi”

(Willdenow 1806:979)). As outlined by Dressier

(1996a), the name has been commonly spelt as

'Bridelia’ in many accounts ever since Sprengel

(1818) 'corrected’ the spelling. The original

spelling 'Briedelia’ was recently re-adopted in

important reference works such as Chapman

(1991), Greuter et al. (1993) and Webster (1994)

and in a number of regional flora accounts and

checklists (e.g. Dunlop et al. 1995; Forster &

Henderson 1997). The spelling Bridelia has

now been conserved (Brummitt 1998) and is

used hereafter in the current paper.

An excellent overview of the genus

Bridelia in Malesia and Indochina has recently

been published by Dressier (1996c) who

provided an extensive review of its taxonomic

history and morphological variation. It is

unnecessary to repeat here much of the

information summarised in that paper, hence

this introduction is brief.

Bridelia is included in the Euphorbiaceae

subfamily Phyllanthoideae tribe Bridelieae,

together with Cleistanthus Hook.f. ex Planch.

(Webster 1994) from which it may be

Accepted for publication 26 March 1999

distinguished mainly by the drupaceous fruit

and features of leaf venation (Dressier 1996c).

Apart from the recent regional work of Dressier

(1996b,c), major works on the genus as a whole

have been published by Mueller (1866) and

Jablonszky (1915).

In the present paper, a revision of the

genus in Australia is presented as a precursor

to the necessarily concise treatment to be

eventually published in Volume 23 of the ‘Flora

of Australia’. This revision is necessary for

several reasons -

(1) the account of Airy Shaw (1980b) is

outdated and his key to taxa will not necessarily

work with all Australian material,

(2) there are some slight changes needed to

circumscription of taxa, especially in the B.

tomentosa complex, and

(3) one new species requires description.

The first record of Bridelia from

Australia was that of Baillon (1858) who

published the nomen nudum B. leichhardtii.

This name was subsequently validated by J.

Mueller (1866) based on a type from Moreton

Bay in Queensland. Meanwhile, F. Mueller

(1862) had published B. exaltata F.Muell. for a

different species in this genus based on a type

from the Clarence River in New South Wales. J.

Mueller (1866) in his monograph of the world’s

406

Euphorbiaceae, indicated B. exaltata and B.

tomentosa Blume as occurring in Australia.

Accounts of B. exaltata, B. tomentosa (with

some collections also under the misapplied

name B. ovata ) and B. leichhardtii (under the

synonymous nam eB.faginea (Baill.) F.Muell.

ex Benth.) were included in Bridelia by

Bentham (1873) who was more or less followed

by Bailey (1902) and Jablonsky (1915). Apart

from the descriptions of B. tomentosa var.

glabrata Domin (now included in B. tomentosa

var. tomentosa ) (Domin 1927), and B.

phyllanthoides W.V.Fitz. (now considered

conspecific with B. insulana ) (Fitzgerald 1918),

little work was undertaken on the Australian

representatives until Airy Shaw published his

accounts in the 1970’s and early 1980’s.

In the most recent overall treatment of

Australian Bridelia, Airy Shaw (1980b)

included B. exaltata, B. leichhardtii, B.

penangiana Hook.f. (now treated as

conspecific with/?, insulana) and B. tomentosa,

this latter species including the varieties B.

tomentosa var. tomentosa, B. tomentosa var.

glabrifolia (Merr.) Airy Shaw, B. tomentosa var.

trichadenia Muell.Arg. and B. tomentosa var.

eriantha Airy Shaw. The recent accounts of

Malesian species of Bridelia by Dressier

(1996b,c) followed a paper by Fi (1988) that

established usage of the name B. insulana

Hance for the taxon widely known in Australia

as B. penangiana. Dressier (1996c) also

provided detailed descriptions of both B.

insulana and B. tomentosa based on

extra-Australian collections.

Materials and Methods

This revision is based on herbarium collections

at BRI, CANB, DNA, MEF, NSW, PERTH and

QRS, as well as type material from other

non-Australian herbaria. Types have been seen

unless indicated as n.v. All species have been

examined in habitat during the period 1979 to

1999. For species that are not endemic in

Australia, only synonymy relevant to Australia

is given and further synonyms may be located

in Dressier (1996c). The spelling Bridelia is

used throughout in the bibliographic sections,

although in some cases it would have been

spelt as Briedelia.

Austrobaileya 5(3): 405-419 (1999)

All descriptions are based on Australian

collections. Floral descriptions were prepared

from material preserved in spirit (FAA or 70%

alcohol and 5% glycerol) or reconstituted by

boiling in water and detergent. Fruit

descriptions were prepared from material

preserved in spirit or dried. Foliage and

inflorescence descriptions were prepared from

dried material. Indumentum cover is described

using the terminology of Hewson (1988), except

that ‘scattered’ is used instead of ‘isolated’.

The indumentum in Australian Bridelia species

comprises uniseriate, multicellular hairs.

The ‘Wet Tropics’ is defined as that area

of north-eastern Queensland that encompasses

the ‘hot, humid, vine forests’ from near

Cooktown in the north to Paluma in the south

(Webb & Tracey 1981; Barlow & Hyland 1988).

Rainforest typology follows Webb (1978).

Taxonomy

Bridelia Willd., Sp. PI. 4(2): 978 (1806). Type: B.

scandens (Roxb.) Willd. (lecto: fide

Webster (1994: 39)). Briedelia Spreng.,

Anleit. Kenntn. Gew. ed. 2,2: 887 (1818),

orth. var. Type: not designated.

Shrubs or trees, rarely lianes, evergreen or

rarely deciduous, perennial, dioecious or rarely

monoecious; stems and foliage without

obvious latex. Indumentum of multicellular

uniseriate trichomes; stinging hairs absent;

glandular hairs absent. Stipules entire or rarely

divided, inconspicuous, caducous. Feaves

alternate, petiolate, elobate, penninerved, entire

or weakly sinuate or dentate, not glandular.

Inflorescences axillary, glomerulate, bracteate.

Male flowers sessile or shortly pedicellate; calyx

lobes 5, valvate, partially connate at base; petals

5, alternate with sepals; disc present between

the reproductive parts and the perianth,

pulvinate and fleshy; stamens 5, with filaments

united into a short column with upper parts

free; anthers basifixed or dorsifixed, bilobate,

with thecae oblong to ellipsoid, longitudinally

dehiscent; pistillode topping the staminal

column. Female flowers sessile to shortly

pedicellate; perianth and disc as in male flowers

but with an additional inner, membranous disc

that surrounds the ovary; ovary 2- or 3-locular;

locules biovulate; styles 2, free or united at

Forster, Bridelia in Australia

407

base, bifid. Fruits drupaceous, ellipsoid to

globose, with surface smooth, indehiscent.

Seeds 1 or 2 per fruit, ovoid to hemispherical,

ecarunculate; testa smooth; albumen fleshy or

membranous; cotyledons broad, flat.

A paleotropical genus of 50-60 species; five

species in Australia.

Key to Bridelia species in Australia

1. Mature foliage with velutinous indumentum on lower surface. 2. B. finalis

Mature foliage without velutinous indumentum on lower surface.2

2. Leaf petiole black and tessellated; fruit 1-locular. 3. B. insulana

Leaf petiole green or brownish, smooth; fruit 2-locular.3

3. Leaf petiole rounded adaxially; sepals <1.8 mm long. 5. B. tomentosa

Leaf petiole grooved adaxially; sepals 1.8-2 mm long.4

4. Leaf lamina with 13-18 lateral veins each side of midrib;

fruit 8-13 mm diameter. 1. B. exaltata

Leaf lamina with 10-12 lateral veins each side of midrib;

fruit 3-7 mm diameter. 4. B. leichhardtii

1. Bridelia exaltata F.Muell., Fragm. 3:32 (1862);

B. ovata var. exaltata (F.Muell.)

Muell.Aig. in DC., Prodr. 15(2): 495 (1866).

Type: New South Wales. Clarence River,

Beckler (holo: G-DC n.v. [fiche atBRI]).

[Amanoa ovata auct. non (Decne.) Baill.;

Baillon,Adansonia6: 336 (1866)].

Illustrations : Francis (1981: 224,225); Stanley

(1983:425, fig. 66A); Floyd (1989:139); James

& Harden (1990: 393); Hauser (1992: 128);

Nicholson & Nicholson (1994: 17).

Shrub or small tree to 35 m high. Stems without

prop roots, not buttressed. Bark ridged and

fissured with corky plates although initially flat

and nondescript, dark brown. Indumentum

ferruginous to straw-coloured, generally

deciduous. Young stems with sparse

indumentum, soon glabrescent and lenticellate.

Stipules linear, 3-4.5 mm long, 0.5-1 mm wide,

usually deeply bifid, with sparse to dense

indumentum. Leaves petiolate; petioles 5-10

mm long, 1.3-1.6 mm wide, grooved adaxially,

same colour as lamina, with scattered

indumentum; lamina elliptic, oblanceolate or

obovate, up to 170 mm long and 60 mm wide

with margins sinuate to weakly dentate and with

distinct marginal vein; venation comprising 13-

18 lateral veins per side of midrib and reticulate

interlaterals; tip acute to shortly acuminate;

base cuneate to rounded; upper surface glossy

green, glabrescent, with lateral veins distinct

and interlateral veins indistinct; lower surface

glaucous green, with scattered indumentum

mainly on veins or glabrescent and with lateral

veins and midrib prominent and raised and

interlateral veins prominent. Inflorescence with

1-5 flowers in clusters; bracts lanceolate to

triangular, 0.8-1.5 mm long, 0.5-lmm wide, with

scattered indumentum. Male flowers

pedicellate; pedicels 1.2-1.5 mm long, glabrous;

sepals lanceolate-ovate, 1.8-2 mm long, 0.8-1

mm wide, glabrous; disc circular with a slightly

undulating margin, 1.5-1.8 mm diameter; petals

spathulate, c. 0.8 mm long and 0.7 mm wide;

staminal column c. 0.5 mm long, with filaments

1.4-1.5 mm long, anthers ± ellipsoid, 0.6-0.7

mm long, c. 0.5 mm wide; pistillode 1-1.2 mm

long, shortly bilobed. Female flowers not seen.

Fruits 2-5 per cluster; 2-seeded, ellipsoid, 8-

13 mm long, 8-13 mm wide, slightly pedicellate,

white or yellow when immature, black or brown

when fully ripe. Brush Ironbark, Scrub

Ironbark, Grey Birch, Brown Birch. Fig. IB.

Selected additional specimens : Queensland. Wide

Bay District: Bidwill, between Teddington &

Maryborough, 25°36’S, 152 0 41’E, May 1994, Smyrell

[AQ627901] (BRI); Pie Creek, Gympie district, Nov

1912, Swain 232 (BRI); Imbil, Jan 1918, Weatherhead

396 (BRI). Moreton District: Brisbane River, Dec

1908, Bailey [AQ201664] (BRI); Hyne Estate road,

SE of Kandanga, 26°24’S, 152°42’E, Apr 1995, Bean

408

8526 (BRI, MEL, NSW); 4.5 km WSW of Mt Alford,

28° 05’S, 152°33’E, Apr 1986, Bird [AQ399846] (BRI,

CANB); Toowong - Indooroopilly, Brisbane, Mar

1932, Blake & Everist [AQ201669] (BRI); Beenleigh,

s.dat., Michael 1822 (BRI); Indooroopilly, Jun 1889,

Simmonds [AQ201665] (BRI); Flinders Peak, May

1961, Smith [AQ201670] (BRI); Myer’s Ferry,

Southport, Mar 1932, White [AQ201666] (BRI); Mt

Alford, Apr 1949, White 13004 (BRI); Pine Mt, 12

km N of Ipswich, 27°32’S, 152°45’E, Jun 1978,

Williams 78079 & Bird (BRI). New South Wales.

Tumbulgum, Apr 1898, Baker (NSW); Ballina, Dec

1892, Bauerlen 943 (NSW); Rivertree area, c. 38

miles [63.3 km] E of Liston, 25 miles [41.7 km] NW

of Tabulam, Jul 1969, Clark 1788 et al. (BRI, NSW);

Mallangamee, Richmond River, Apr 1936, de

Beuzeville (NSW); Casino, Mar 1917, Irby (NSW).

Distribution and habitat : B. exaltata is

endemic to Australia and occurs in

south-eastern Queensland and north-eastern

New SouthWales (Map l).The most northerly

recorded locality for the species is at

Teddington Weir and the most southerly

locality at the Manning River (Floyd 1989). The

species is to be found in notophyll vineforests

(often with Araucaria cunninghamii ) on a

variety of soil types of volcanic or alluvial

origins. Francis (1981), Floyd (1989), Hauser

(1992) and Nicholson & Nicholson (1994) state

that the fruit are eaten by birds.

Phenology: Flowers have been recorded in

May, November and December, and fruits from

January to June.

Notes: The type collection of B. exaltata was

made by H. Beckler on the Clarence River in

north-eastern New South Wales and was

probably collected only a few years before

Mueller described the species (F. Mueller 1862).

The precise locality of the type collection

cannot be determined, but there are modern

collections from within this general area.

This species is poorly collected and I

have not seen female flowers. It is often

confused by collectors with large oblanceolate-

leaved forms of B. leichhardtii. The two

species may easily be distinguished by the

number of lateral veins in the leaf lamina and

the fruit size (see key to species). B. exaltata

also grows in wetter vineforests than those

where B. leichhardtii is found. Some localities

given in Forster et al. (1991) for#, exaltata are

referable to B. leichhardtii because they are

Austrobaileya 5(3): 405-419 (1999)

based on misidentification of juvenile plants

of the latter species.

Uses: The wood of B. exaltata is suitable for

building and turnery (Bailey 1888,1902; Swain

1928; Francis 1981; Floyd 1989). Foliage of

regrowth stems contains a prussic-acid

yielding glycoside (“glucoside”) that is

poisonous to cattle (Francis 1981).

Conservation status: The majority of

collections of this species are more than 20

years old and it is rarely encountered in the

remnants of vineforest that still exist in its

known range. Despite this, it should not be

regarded as a threatened species at this stage.

It is present in at least seven conservation

reserves in Queensland (Forster et al. 1991) and

eight conservation reserves in New South

Wales (Floyd 1989).

2. Bridelia finalis RI.Forst. sp. nov. affinis B.

erapensi S.Dressier sed foliis ellipticis,

oblanceolatis vel obovatis (adversum

folia ovata), folii lamina subtus

brunneo-viridi, indumento velutino,

sparso vel denso, stramineo vel

ferrugineo (adversum folii laminam subtus

griseo-viridem vel glaucam, indumentum

puberulum sparsum brunneum) et bracteis

inflorescentiae longioribus (2-3 mm

adversum c. 1.3 mm longum) ab ea

differens. Typus: Queensland. Cook

District: c. 7 km S of Stone Crossing &

18 km E of Myerfield, 12°27’S, 142°09’E,

23 April 1991, J.R. Clarkson 9032 & V.J.

Neldner (holo: BRI; iso: QRS).

Bridelia sp. (Stone Crossing J.R.Clarkson+

9032), Forster & Henderson (1994:109);

Forster & Henderson (1997: 71)]

Small tree to 10 m high. Stems not buttressed

and lacking prop roots at base. Bark

nondescript, becoming tessellated, cream.

Indumentum ferruginous to straw-coloured,

generally deciduous. Young stems with dense

indumentum, soon glabrescent and lenticellate.

Stipules lanceolate, 2-4 mm long, 1-1.2 mm

wide, entire, with dense indumentum. Leaves

petiolate; petioles 3-6 mm long, 1.5-2 mm wide,

rounded adaxially, same colour as lamina, with

dense indumentum; lamina elliptic, oblanceolate

Forster, Bridelia in Australia

409

or obovate, up to 170 mm long and 95 mm wide

with margins entire and slightly sinuate and

with distinct marginal vein; venation comprising

9-15 lateral veins per side of midrib and

reticulate interlaterals; tip shortly acute to

rounded; base rounded or weakly cordate;

upper surface glossy green, with scattered

indumentum on veins or glabrescent, with

lateral veins distinct and interlateral veins

indistinct; lower surface brown-green, with

velutinous, sparse to dense indumentum all

over, with lateral veins and midrib prominent

and raised and interlateral veins prominent.

Inflorescence with numerous flowers in

clusters; bracts lanceolate-ovate to triangular,

2-3 mm long, 1-2 mm wide, with dense

indumentum. Male flowers subsessile to 0.5 mm

long, the pedicels with dense indumentum;

sepals lanceolate, 2-2.8 mm long, 0.8-1 mm

wide, glabrous; disc circular with a slightly

undulating margin, 2-2.2 mm diameter; petals

spathulate, c. 0.8 mm long and 0.6 mm wide;

stamens and pistillode not seen. Female flowers

pedicellate to 0.5 mm; sepals and petals same

as for male flowers; inner disc deeply lobed

with irregular erose tips, 1-1.5 mm long; ovary

not seen; styles 2, c. 1 mm long, bifid once.

Fruits 2 or 3 per cluster, 2-seeded, ± globose,

5-6 mm long, 4-6 mm wide, pedicellate to 2 mm,

pink-red when immature, red when fully ripe.

Fig. IE.

Additional specimens: Queensland. Cook district:

Airstrip Scrub, 1.2 km SE of Kalpowar Homestead,

Kalpowar Pastoral Holding, 14°53’S, 144°10’E, Nov

1992, Fell DGF2717 & Stanton (BRI); Browns Peak,

75 km ENE of Lakefield Homstead, Starcke Pastoral

Holding, 14°37’S, 144°49’E, May 1993, Fell DGF3240

et al. (BRI, CANB); Upper Howick River, 49 km

ENE of Lakefield Homestead, Kalpowar Pastoral

Holding, 14°42’S, 144°35’E, May 1993, Fell DGF3252

(BRI, MEL); Schram Scrub, 16 km NW of Moreton

Telegraph Station, Bertiehaugh Holding, 12°20’S,

142°32’E, Apr 1994, Fell DGF4251 & Pritchard (BRI,

CANB, DNA, QRS); ‘Equina Scrub’, 42 km W of

Coen, Holroyd Pastoral Holding, 13°59’S, 142°48’E,

Jun 1994, Fell DGF4402 & Buck (BRI, QRS); Bathurst

Range, 19 km SSE of Bathurst Head, 14°25’S,

144°15’E, Jul 1994, Fell DGF4486 et al. (BRI, DNA,

QRS); Possum Scrub, Weipa to Stones Crossing road,

12°27’S, 142°09’E, Jul 1993, Forster PIF13518A et

al. (BRI, QRS); ditto, Jun 1994, Forster PIF15269 &

Tucker (BRI, QRS); Mary Valley Scrub, 15°02’S,

143°45’E, Jul 1993, Forster PIF13441 et al. (BRI,

QRS); Mt White, Coen, Jun 1996, Forster PIF19447

(BRI, QRS).

Distribution and habitat: B. finalis is endemic

to Cape York Peninsula, Queensland (Map 3).

The species grows in deciduous vinethicket

on rocky slopes derived from quartzitic granites

or on hard, red lateritic ridges.

Phenology: Flowers at anthesis have not been

seen and they are probably present from

December to February. Plants at Possum Scrub

were examined in late November after extensive

storm rain but still had only buds present. Ripe

(or nearly so) fruit have been collected in April.

Notes: This new species was first collected in

1991 by J.R. Clarkson andVJ. Neldner and there

have been few subsequent collections made.

B. finalis is superficially similar to the

recently described B. erapensis S.Dressier from

Morobe Province in Papua New Guinea and

will key to that species in Dressier’s key

(Dressier 1996b). Both taxa are poorly known

with complete morphological data for the

flowers of both species lacking. Based on the

available material, B. finalis differs from B.

erapensis in its leaves being elliptic,

oblanceolate or obovate (rather than ovate),

the undersurface of its leaf lamina being

brown-green, with velutinous, sparse to dense,

straw to ferruginous coloured indumentum

(rather than the undersurface of the leaf lamina

being grey-green to glaucous, with

puberulous, sparse, brown coloured

indumentum), and longer inflorescence bracts

(2-3 mm rather than c. 1.3 mm). B. finalis also

has coriaceous leaves (pers. obs. of live plants)

whereas B. erapensis is described by Dressier

has having chartaceous to subcoriaceous

leaves. It is difficult to determine from the two

herbarium collections of B. erapensis available

to me (duplicates at BRI of Hartley 12224 and

Henty NGF10692) whether this is a genuine

additional distinction, but the New Guinean

species does seem to be a less robust plant in

terms of its foliage. The two species are

undoubtedly closely allied and further

collections may well reveal that they are

conspecific.

The localities recorded for B. erapensis,

although encompassing “lowland monsoon or

rain forests” (cf. Dressier 1996c) (notophyll

vineforests), are not subjected to the extremes

410

of dry-season water deficiency found where B.

finalis grows on Cape York Peninsula. The

vineforests where B. erapensis occurs have a

well-developed ground and epiphyte flora

(pers. obs. 1992). By contrast, habitats for B.

finalis have little in the way of a ground flora

and epiphytes are few.

Uses: No uses have been recorded for this

species. It grows large enough in some

situations to produce millable timber and could

be useful for turnery.

Conservation status : B. finalis is widespread

on Cape York Peninsula but infrequently

collected. It is superficially similar to

Cleistanthuspeninsularis Airy Shaw and some

taxa of Annonaceae and is likely to be

overlooked by the majority of collectors. No

conservation coding is considered necessary

at this stage.

Etymology: The specific epithet is formed from

the Latin finalis (of the end) and reflects the

author’s concept of species delimitation in the

Australian taxa of Bridelia.

3. Bridelia insulana Hance, J. Bot. 15: 337

(1877). Type: Cochinchina, in ins. Phukok,

Feb 1874, Pierre 19762 (holo: BM n.v.

(fide Dressier (1996c: 315); iso: Kn.v. (fide

Dressier (l.c.), Pn.v. [photo at BRI]).

Bridelia penangiana Hook.f., FI. Brit. India

5: 272 (1887). Type: Malaysia. Penang,

Government Hill, 1885, C. Curtis 527

(holo: K n.v. [photo at BRI]).

Bridelia minutiflora Hook.f., FI. Brit. India

5: 273 (1887).Type: Burma.Tenasserim,

Mergui, Griffith 867 (holo: K n.v. [photo

at BRI]).

Illustrations: Christophel & Hyland (1993: 98,

plate 36h); Cooper & Cooper (1994:59).

Shrub or small tree to 10 m high. Stems

buttressed with prop roots at base, often with

‘spines’ (immature prop roots) on lower trunk.

Bark nondescript, becoming tessellated and

flaky, cream. Indumentum ferruginous to

straw-coloured, generally deciduous. Young

stems with sparse to dense indumentum, soon

Austrobaileya 5(3): 405-419 (1999)

glabrescent and lenticellate. Stipules

linear-oblong to lanceolate, 2.5-5.5 mm long,

1-1.2 mm wide, entire, with dense indumentum.

Leaves petiolate; petioles 6-9 mm long, 1-1.8

mm wide, rounded adaxially, black &

tessellated, with scattered indumentum; lamina

elliptic to obovate, up to 230 mm long and 90

mm wide with margins entire and slightly

sinuate and with distinct marginal vein;

venation comprising 10-13 lateral veins per

side of midrib and reticulate interlaterals; tip

shortly acuminate to obtuse; base cuneate to

rounded; upper surface glossy green,

glabrescent, with lateral veins distinct,

interlateral veins indistinct; lower surface pale

brownish-green and with scattered

indumentum mainly on veins, lateral veins and

midrib prominent and raised and interlateral

veins prominent. Inflorescence with numerous

flowers in clusters; bracts lanceolate-ovate, c.

1.5 mm long and 1 mm wide, with sparse

indumentum. Male flowers pedicellate, to 0.5

mm long, with sparse to dense indumentum;

sepals lanceolate-ovate to triangular, 1-1.5 mm

long, 0.7-1 mm wide, glabrous; disc circular

with a slightly undulating margin, 1-1.6 mm

diameter; petals spathulate to suborbicular

with the tip crenate, 0.4-0.5 mm long, 0.3-0.5

mm wide; staminal column 0.6-0.7 mm long with

filaments 0.7-0.9 mm long, anthers iellipsoid,

0.4-0.5 mm long, 0.4-0.5 mm wide; pistillode

0.3-0.4 mm long, shortly bilobed. Female

flowers ±sessile, sepals and petals same as for

male flowers; inner disc of irregular lobing c.

0.5 mm long; ovary ellipsoid, c. 0.5 mm long,

0.3-0.5 mm wide, glabrous; styles 2,1.2-1.5 mm

long, bifid. Fruits 5-12 per glomerule, 1-seeded,

ellipsoid, 5-10 mm long, 3-6 mm wide,

subsessile, pink-green when immature, red to

purple-black when fully ripe. Fig. 1C.

Selected additional specimens: Queensland. Cook

District: Rocky River Scrub, Silver Plains, 13°48’S,

143°28’E, Jul 1993, Forster PIF13644 et al. (BRI,

MEL, QRS); S.F.R. 310, Parish of Gadgarra,

Goldsborough L.A., 17°13’S, 145°46’E, Jan 1985, Gray

3853 (QRS); Eubenangee Swamp, near Babinda,

17°20’S, 145°55’E, Oct 1969, Hyland [AQ201719]

(BRI); Claudie River, between the camp & the airport,

12°50’S, 143°20’E, Oct 1972, Hyland KFK21U (BRI,

NSW, QRS); Claudie River, 12°45’S, 143°15’E, Oct

1973, Hyland 7003 (BRI, QRS); ditto, Oct 1974,

Hyland 7801 (BRI, QRS); Cairns Botanic Gardens,

Red Arrow Walk, 16°54’S, 145°45’E, Jun 1976,

Forster, Bridelia in Australia

411

Hyland RFK3437 (BRI, QRS); Porn. 195 Parish of

Clerk, Nov 1983, Hyland 12908 (QRS); NE side of

Lamond Hill, Iron Range, 12°43’S, 143°18’E, Nov

1986, Jessup 783 (BRI); Cairns, Currunda Creek,

16°56’S, 145°41’E, Jan 1992, Lyons 107 (BRI); South

Mossman River, 16°29’E, 145°23’E, Sep 1987,

Sankowsky 645 (BRI); Mossman River, 1886, Sayer

[AQ201717] (BRI); Oliver Creek, Cape Tribulation

area, 16°06’S, 145°27’E, May 1972, Webb & Tracey

11583 (BRI); Between Stony Point & Mosquito Point,

12°25’S, 143°16’E, Dec 1977, Webb & Tracey 13848

(BRI); Little Mulgrave, 17°08’S, 145°42’E, Jan 1954,

White [AQ201722] (BRI). North Kennedy District:

Mission Beach, 17°52’S, 146°07’E, Oct 1967, Hyland

1182 (BRI).

Distribution and habitat: B. insulana occurs

in north-eastern Queensland in a number of

disjunct localities in the Wet Tropics and on

Cape York Peninsula (Map 2). It is also

widespread in Malesia and the Indian

subcontinent (Dressier 1996c). Plants grow in

notophyll or mesophyll vineforest on alluvium

or volcanic soils.

Phenology: Flowers have been recorded

mainly from October to December, but there

are occasional records from other months.

Fruits have been recorded mainly from

December to April, but there are occasional

records from other months.

Notes: This species was first recorded for

Australia as B. minutiflora Hook.f. by White

(1936) based on collections by Sayer from the

Mossman River area and Ladbrooke from the

Johnstone River area. Airy Shaw (1976,1980a,b)

included the species under B. penangiana

Hook.f. Dressier (1996b,c), following a paper

by Li (1988), included both#, minutiflora and

B. penangiana in synonymy with B. insulana

Hance.

Dressier (1996b), in his key to New

Guinean Bridelia species, stated that B.

insulana lacks a distinct marginal vein in its

leaves. All of the Australian and

extra-Australian material I have seen of this

taxon definitely has a marginal vein in the

leaves, hence this character should be deleted

from Dressier’s key.

Uses : The species rarely grows large enough

to produce millable timber. There are no uses

recorded for it.

Conservation status: Common and widespread.

4. Bridelia leichhardtii Baill. ex Muell.Arg. in

DC., Prodr. 15(2): 499 (August 1866) [as

‘Bridelialeichhardi’]. Type: Queensland.

Moreton District: nr Camerons brush,

Moreton Bay, 1844, Leichhardt { holo: P

n.v. [photo at BRI]).

Amanoa faginea Baill., Adansonia 6: 336

(Sept 1866); Bridelia faginea (Baill.)

Benth., FI. Austral. 6: 120 (1873). Type:

Queensland. Port Curtis District:

Rockhampton, 1863, Dallachy 17 (syn:

MEL); Frenchmen Creek, 1863, Dallachy

259 (syn: MEL); Rockhampton, Thozetl6

& 172 (syn: MEL).

Bridelia melanthesoides var. australiensis

Gehrm., Bot. Jahrb. 91, Beibl. 95:35 (1908).

Type: not designated.

Bridelia leichhardtii var. glabrata Domin,

Biblioth. Bot. 89: 325 (1927) [as ‘Bridelia

leichardti’]. Type: Queensland. Port

Curtis District: “Emu Park bei

Rockhampton”, Mar 1910, Domin (holo:

?PRn.v.).

Illustrations: Williams (1987:47); Hauser (1992:

129).

Shrub or small tree to 6 m high. Stems without

prop roots, not buttressed. Bark ridged and

fissured, with corky plates, blackish.

Indumentum ferruginous to straw-coloured,

generally deciduous. Young stems with sparse

to dense indumentum, soon glabrescent and

lenticellate. Stipules linear, 1-1.5 mm long, 0.2-

0.3 mm wide, entire, with sparse to dense

indumentum. Leaves petiolate; petioles 2-5 mm

long, 0.3-0.5 mm wide, grooved adaxially, same

colour as lamina, with scattered to sparse

indumentum; lamina elliptic, oblanceolate,

obovate or rarely suborbicular, up to 100 mm

long and 45 mm wide with margins entire to

weakly dentate and without distinct marginal

vein; venation comprising 10-11 lateral veins

per side of midrib and reticulate interlaterals;

tip acute to rounded; base cuneate to rounded;

upper surface glossy green, glabrescent, with

lateral veins distinct and interlateral veins

indistinct; lower surface pale brownish-green,

412

with scattered indumentum mainly on veins,

lateral veins and midrib prominent and raised

and interlateral veins prominent. Inflorescence

with 1 or 2 flowers in clusters; bracts lanceolate

to triangular, 0.5-0.7 mm long, 0.5-0.7 mm wide,

with sparse indumentum. Male flowers

subsessile or pedicellate; pedicels to 1 mm long,

glabrous; sepals lanceolate, 1.5-2 mm long,

0.8-1 mm wide, glabrous; disc circular with a

slightly undulating margin, c. 1.5 mm diameter;

petals spathulate with the tip crenate, 0.5-0.8

mm long, 0.5-0.8 mm wide; staminal column 1-

1.2 mm long with filaments 0.5-0.8 mm long,

anthers roughly ellipsoid, 0.4-0.6 mm long, 0.3-

0.5 mm wide, pistillode 0.5-0.8 mm long, shortly

bilobed. Female flowers isessile, sepals and

petals same as for male flowers; inner disc of 4

or 5 lobes 0.8-1 mm long that almost totally

enclosing the ovary with margins irregularly

erose; ovary ellipsoid, 1.8-2 mm long, 1.5-2

mm wide, glabrous; styles 2,0.4-0.5 mm long,

bifid. Fruits 1 or 2 per cluster; 2-seeded,

globose, 3-7 mm long, 3-7 mm wide, slightly

pedicellate, red when immature, black or

purple-black when fully ripe. Scrub Ironbark,

Small-leaved Brush Ironbark. Fig. 1 A, F-J.

Selected additional specimens: Queensland. North

Kennedy District: NW of Pentland near “Lowholm”,

Jul 1954, Blake 19372 (BRI); Forty Mile Scrub, S of

Mt Garnet, 18°07’S, 144°49’E, Jan 1992, Forster

PIF9642 (A, B, BRI, DNA, K, L, MEL, QRS); Barrabas

Scrub, 20°05’S, 146°55’E, May 1972, Stocker 863

(BRI, QRS). Leichhardt District: Melaleuca Creek

Scrub, “Rookwood”, 23°12’S, 149°46’E, Apr 1991,

Forster PIF7927 & McDonald (BRI, MEL, QRS); 3

km S of Cracow Station Homestead, 25°24’S,

150°18’E, Jul 1990, Forster PIF7063 (BRI, MEL,

QRS); Mt Zamia E.P., Springsure, 23°33’S, 148°05’E,

Mar 1990, Melzer 6 (BRI). Burnett District: Along

Barambah Creek, Mar 1952, Blake 18821 (BRI);

Coalstoun Lakes N.P., 25°35’S, 151°54’E, Mar 1991,

Forster PIF7827 (BRI, MEL, QRS). Wide Bay

District: 10 km NNE of Booyal, Cordalba S.F. 832,

Jan 1988, Forster PIF3340 et al. (BRI); Utopia, 14

km SSE of Biggenden, 25°38’S, 152°06’E, Dec 1991,

Forster PIF9217 (BRI, K, L, MEL, QRS); Dundowran,

Jul 1928, Tyron [AQ201707] (BRI); Mary Creek, c.

20 km S of Glastonbury, 26°22’S, 152°22’E, Apr 1978,

Sharpe 2337 (BRI). Darling Downs District:

“Browns Scrub”, Meringandan, 27°26’S, 151°55’E,

May 1985, McKenzie [AQ398285] (BRI). Moreton

District: NW slopes of Mt French, 28°00’S, 152°37’E,

Jul 1983, Bird & Williams [AQ399327] (BRI); Mt

Russel, 16 miles [26.7 km] SW of Oakey, Apr 1963,

Blockings 3 (BRI); Kalbar, Jan 1936, Smith

[AQ201690] (BRI); Pine Mt, 12 km N of Ipswich,

Austrobaileya 5(3): 405-419 (1999)

27°32’S, 152°45’E, Jun 1978, Williams 78101 (BRI);

Splityard Creek dam, 27°21’S, 152°40’E, Dec 1983,

Williams 83084 (BRI, NSW).

Distribution and habitat : B. leichhardtii is

endemic to Australia and occurs in central and

southern Queensland in coastal and subcoastal

areas (Map 2). Plants grow in vineforests and

vinethickets on a variety of soil types usually

of volcanic or alluvial origins. The statement

by Stanley (1983) that the species grows in open

woodland is incorrect.

Phenology : Flowering has been recorded

between October to February. Fruiting has been

recorded between January and August.

Typification: The type collection (perhaps the

first herbarium collection) of B. leichhardtii was

collected by Ludwig Leichhardt in his traverse

of the Moreton Bay area in 1844. Annotations

on the sheet state that the specimen was

collected at “Camerons Scrub” which is

thought to be near Fassifern in the Lockyer

Valley west of Brisbane (R.J.F. Henderson, pers.

comm. 1998). The name B. leichhardtii (as V B.

leichardi’) was first proposed by Baillon (1858)

but as a nomen nudum, and was subsequently

validated by J. Mueller (1866). Publication of J.

Mueller’s account predates that of Baillon

(1866) where the nam eAmanoafaginea Baill.

is validly published (Henderson 1992).

Gehrmann (1908) described B.

melanthesoides var. australiensis Gehrm. but

did not explicitly mention a type. The name was

reduced without comment to the synonymy of

B. leichhardtii by Jablonsky (1915), although

he did cite a representative specimen at B under

the account of B. leichhardtii (cited as ‘J.M.

Bailey’ from ‘Brisbane’). It is possible that this

is the specimen upon which Gerhmann based

his name, but without location and examination

of the actual sheet (now probably destroyed)

resolution of the precise status of the name is

not possible. At BRI there is a ‘F.M. Bailey’

specimen from ‘Main Range’ [AQ201715] and

this may be a duplicate of the collection once

at B. The Bailey specimen is B. leichhardtii.

Notes: There is considerable phenotypic

variation in leaf size and shape in different

populations of B. leichhardtii. Juvenile or

Forster, Bridelia in Australia

413

shaded foliage is often oblanceolate in shape

and approaches both the leaf size and shape

commonly encountered in B. exaltata. Exposed

foliage, particularly that from subcoastal

vinethicket populations, is extremely microphyll

in size and may be almost orbicular in shape.

Uses : The species rarely grows large enough

to produce millable timber but its wood may

have potential for cabinet making and turnery

as it is reputed to be easily worked (Bailey 1888,

1902). The foliage contains a prussic acid

yielding glycoside (“glucoside”) that is

poisonous to cattle (Francis 1981).

Conservation status: Widespread and not rare

or threatened. Present in at least 15

conservation reserves in Queensland (Forster

etal. 1991).

4. Bridelia tomentosa Blume, Bidjr. 597 (1826);

Amanoa tomentosa (Blume) Baill.,

Adansonia 6: 336 (1866). Type: Java,

Blume s.n. (lecto: F n.v. [photo at BRI];

iso: BM, BR, NY (all n.v.), fide Dressier

1996c: 298).

Bridelia tomentosa var. glabrescens Benth.,

Hook. J. Bot. 6:8 (1854). Type: Hongkong,

East Point, Hedges, Champion s.n. (holo:

n.v.).

Bridelia glabrifolia Merr., Enum. Philipp.

Flow. PI. 2: 422 (1923); B. tomentosa var.

glabrifolia (Merr.) Airy Shaw, nom. illeg.,

Kew Bull. 31: 383 (1976); B. tomentosa

var. lancifolia Muell.Arg. in DC., Prodr.

15(2): 502 (1866) as “lanceaefolia”, non

B. lancifolia Roxb. Type: Philippines.

Manila, Gaudichaud (holo: G n.v. [photo

at BRI]).

Bridelia tomentosa var. trichadenia

Muell.Aig. in DC., Prodr. 15(2): 501 (1866).

synon. nov. Type: Northern Territory.

Amhemsland, F. Mueller s.n. (holo: G-DC

n.v. [ficheatBRI].

Bridelia tomentosa var. ovoidea Benth., FI.

Austral. 6:120 (1873). Type: Northern

Territory. Wood Island, Gulliver s.n.

(holo: K n.v. [photo at BRI]; iso: MEF

[515966,515967]).

Bridelia phyllanthoides W.Fitz., J. Proc.

Roy. Soc. W. Aust. 3: 163 (1918). Type:

Western Australia, base of Mt Broome,

1905, W.V. Fitzgerald 823 (holo: NSW).

Bridelia tomentosa var. eriantha Airy

Shaw, Kew Bull. 31:384 (1976). synon. nov.

Type: Northern Territory, c. 6 mil es [10 km]

N of Pine Creek township, 6 March 1965,

M. Lazarides 145 &L.G Adams (holo: K

n.v.; iso: BRI, CANB, DNA, NSW).

[Bridelia ovata auct. non Decne.; Bentham

(1873:120)].

Illustrations : Fevitt (1981: Plate 18); Brock

(1988:102); Dunlop etal. (1995:211).

Shrub to 4 m high. Stems without prop roots,

not buttressed. Bark lightly fissured, cream.

Indumentum ferruginous to straw-coloured,

generally deciduous. Young stems with dense

indumentum, soon glabrescent and lenticellate.

Stipules linear to linear-lanceolate, 2-3.5 mm

long, 0.3-1 mm wide, entire, with scattered to

dense indumentum. Feaves petiolate; petioles

2.5-4 mm long, 0.5-1 mm wide, rounded

adaxially, brownish, with sparse to dense

indumentum; lamina elliptic, oblong,

oblanceolate, obovate or orbicular, up to 90 mm

long and 55 mm wide, with margins entire and

sinuate, and with distinct marginal vein;

venation comprising 9-11 lateral veins per side

of midrib and reticulate interlaterals; tip acute,

obtuse or rounded; base cuneate to rounded;

upper surface matt green, with scattered

indumentum or glabrescent, with lateral veins

distinct and interlateral veins indistinct; lower

surface glaucous pale blue-green, with

scattered to dense indumentum mainly on

veins or glabresent, lateral veins and midrib

prominent and raised, and interlateral veins

prominent. Inflorescence with numerous

flowers in clusters; bracts lanceolate to

triangular, 0.5-0.7 mm long, 0.4-0.5 mm wide,

with scattered indumentum. Male flowers

pedicellate; pedicels to 1.5 mm long, glabrous;

sepals lanceolate-ovate, 0.8-1.6 mm long, 0.7-

0.8 mm wide, glabrous; disc circular with a

slightly undulating margin, 1-1.2 mm diameter;

petals spathulate to obovate with the tip

crenate, 0.5- 0.8 mm long, 0.4-0.5 mm wide;

414

Austrobaileya 5(3): 405-419 (1999)

Fig. 1 . Bridelia. A,F-J. B. leichhardtii, B. B. exaltata , C. B. insulana, D,K. B. tomentosa, E. B. finalis. A-E.

undersurface of mature leaf showing lateral and interlateral venation, x 0.5. F. flowering twig. x. 1.5. G.

fruiting twig. x. 1.5. H. male flower with stamens inflexed around pistillode. x 12. I. male flower with

st a mens reflexed and pistillode obvious, x 12. J. female flower, x 12. K. fruiting twig, x 1.5. A from Forster

14863 (BRI); B from Bean 8526 (BRI); C from Hyland 7801 (BRI); D from Forster 13555 (BRI); E from

Fell DGF4251 (BRI); F & J from Forster 9642 (BRI); G from Forster 13297 (BRI); H & I from Forster 3304

(BRI); K from Clarkson 9643 (BRI). Del. W. Smith.

Forster, Bridelia in Australia

415

staminal column 0.4-0.5 mm long with filaments

0.2-0.5 mm long, anthers roughly ellipsoid, 0.3-

0.5 mm long, 0.2-0.3 mm wide, pistillode 0.4-

0.5 mm long, shortly bilobed. Female flowers

pedicellate to 1.5 mm, sepals and petals same

as for male flowers; inner disc irregularly lobed,

lobes to 0.5 mm long; ovary ellipsoid, c. 0.8 mm

long, 0.5-0.6 mm wide, glabrous; styles 2,0.4-

0.6 mm long, bifid. Fruits 1-10 cluster; 2-seeded,

globose to ellipsoid, 3.5-5 mm long, 2-6 mm

wide, slightly pedicellate, red-brown when

immature, black when fully ripe. Fig. 1D,K.

Selected additional specimens: Western Australia.

Bougainville Peninsula, 2 km SW of August Pool,

Vansittart Bay, 14°05’S, 126°H’E, May 1984, Forbes

2200 (CANB, MEL, PERTH); Lone Dingo between

Mitchell Plateau Mining Camp & Port Warrender,

14°35’S, 125°43’E, May 1981, Tracey 15024 (BRI);

Walsh Point-Port Warrender, 14°34’S, 125°45’E,

May 1981, Tracey 15185 (BRI). Northern Territory.

Douglas Hot Springs, 13°45’S, 131°27’E, Feb 1989,

Clark 1705 (BRI, DNA); Nhulunbuy, Gove Peninsula,

12°10’S, 136°52 , E, Apr 1982, Hinz 155 (BRI, DNA);

Wunya Beach, Aurari Bay, Arnhem Land, 11°43’S,

133°13’E, Jun 1988, Munir 6160 (AD, BRI); Little

Lagoon, Groote Eylandt, May 1948, Specht 400 (BRI,

PERTH); Bauhinia Downs Station, Alligator Stockyard

waterholes, 16°04’S, 135°23’E, May 1985, Wightman

1843 & Leach (BRI, CANB, DNA). Queensland.

Cook District: South Island, near Lizard Island,

14°42’S, 145°28’E, Jul 1990, Batianoff 12196 &

Hegerl (BRI); Lockerbie, 10 miles WSW of Somerset,

Apr 1948, Brass 18485 (BRI); 5 km WSW of

Bertiehaugh Homestead, 12°12’S, 142°28’E, Jul 1988,

Dalliston CC181 (BRI); c. 3.5 km WSW of Lamond

Hill, middle of Claudie River, 12°43’S, 143°46’E, Apr

1990, Fell 2054 (BRI, QRS); Peach Creek, 19 km

along road to Leo Creek mine, Mcllwraith Range,

13°42’S, 143°13’E, Jun 1992, Forster PIF10066 et

al. (BRI, QRS); Garraway Creek Crossing, Iron Range

road, 12°43’S, 143°09’E, Jul 1993, Forster PIF13555

& Tucker (BRI, K, MEL, QRS); Robber Tree Scrub,

Iron Range area, 12°44’S, 143°15’E, Jun 1994, Forster

PIF15398 (BRI, QRS); Foot of Byerstown Range,

16°00’S, 144°50’E, Mar 1975, Hyland 8137 (BRI,

QRS); between Weipa turnoff on Telegraph Line &

York Downs, Apr 1980, Morton 726 (BRI). North

Kennedy District: Elliot Toe, Bowling Green Bay

N.P., 9 km NNE of Woodstock, 19°31’S, 146°52’E,

May 1991, Forster PIF8353 & Bean (BRI, K, MEL,

QRS); Bennett Road, Strathdickie, Feb 1988, Perry

[AQ437033] (BRI).

Distribution and habitat : B. tomentosa is

widespread in northern Australia in Western

Australia, the Northern Territory and

Queensland (Map 1). The species is also

widespread in Asia, Malesia and Indochina

(Dressier 1996c). In Australia, B. tomentosa

grows in open woodland and in, or along the

margins of, deciduous vinethickets, on a variety

of substrates.

Phenology: Flowers have been recorded from

February to May and fruits from May to

August.

Typification: B. tomentosa (as B. tomentosa

var. trichadenia Muell.Arg.) was first recorded

for Australia by J. Mueller (1866) based on

material collected by F. Mueller in the Northern

Territory. Bentham (1873) referred to material

of this species as both B. tomentosa and B.

ovata, this latter name being a misapplication

to the Australian material.

Dressier (1996c) stated that Airy Shaw

lectotypified the name B. tomentosa with a

Blume collection at BO and that other

specimens of apparently the same collection at

BM, BR, L and NY are isolectotypes. Airy Shaw

(1980) stated “Type: Java, 'in montanis Bantam

et Buitenzorg’,i?/wme (BO)”. This is probably

wishful thinking on Airy Shaw’s part as,

according to A. Kostermans (pers. comm. 1992)

he never visited that institution nor obtained

material on loan from it. Despite this, he often

indicated specimens as being present at BO

without definite evidence (cf. Forster 1997).

There are many collections of Blume’s at BO

with the majority not in type folders and often

difficult to locate (Forster 1994; Forster & Liddle

1994). I could not locate the Blume collection

of B. tomentosa at BO in 1992; however, this

should not be construed as definite evidence

that it does not exist. Regardless of its existence

or otherwise, I believe that Airy Shaw did not

lectotypify the name in 1980, rather he was

indicating where he thought the collection

might be. If this is the case then the three sheets

of this collection at L (L903155-234, L903155-231

and L903155-238) should be regarded as

lectotype of the name, and the remaining sheets

at other herbaria as isolectotypes.

A similar situation is associated with

typification of B. glabrifolia Merr. which is a

renaming of B. tomentosa var. lancifolia

Muell.Arg. (non#, lancifolia Roxb.). Dressier

(1996c) once again copied Airy Shaw (1980b)

416

and stated that the type, Gaudichaud s.n., is

in G-DC and that lectotypification was

undertaken by Airy Shaw. This specimen is not

in G-DC but was located by L.W. Jessup in the

undetermined Euphorbiaceae holdings in G in

1994.

Notes: B. tomentosa is a variable species in

Australia, mainly with regard to leaf shape and

indumentum density. Airy Shaw (1980b)

recognised four varieties for the Australian

material of this species, although he did not

provide a key to distinguish them. Dressier

(1996c) recognised two varieties of this species,

based on leaf indumentum density.

What may seem to be distinct variants to

the herbarium-based worker are often

demonstrated to be merely extremes or examples

of phenotypic expression. Examination of many

populations of B. tomentosa revealed that

indumentum density (and also leaf shape) is

quite variable depending on leaf age, shading

and substrate. Plants from localities that have

high insolation and severe seasonal water

deficit stress tend to have small leaves with

denser indumentum. Good examples of this may

be seen in the populations of B. tomentosa from

the limestone karsts near Chillagoe in

Queensland. All of these plants have quite a

dense indumentum. As with other taxa at

Chillagoe, this indumentum is often lost or is

not as dense when the plant is grown elsewhere

(cf. Forster 1995). Hence, leaf indumentum

density in B. tomentosa appears to vary

continuously and is therefore, no basis

whereupon varieties can be formally

recognised.

Uses: The fruit of B. tomentosa are eaten by

aboriginal people in the Northern Territory and

known by various local names (Brock 1988;

Levitt 1981; Russell-Smith 1985).

Conservation status : Common and widespread.

Acknowledgements

W. Smith (BRI) provided the illustrations. Field

collections were facilitated or made with the

assistance on different occassions of A.R.

Bean, L.H. Bird, D. Fell, G. Kenning, D. & I.

Liddle, C. Lyons, R. Jensen, G & N. Sankowsky,

Austrobaileya 5(3): 405-419 (1999)

G. Smyrell and M.C. Tucker. Translation of the

diagnosis into Latin was undertaken by P.D.

Bostock who also commented on the

manuscript. Various specimens in European

herbaria were located and photographed by

L.W. Jessup and D.B. Forman during their

respective tenures as Australian Botanical

Liaison Officer at Kew, U.K. This work was part

of a preferred objective project funded by the

Australian Biological Resources Study during

1992-1995.

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Rhodamnia angustifolia (Myrtaceae), a new and endangered species from

south-eastern Queensland

Neil Snow and Gordon P. Guymer

Summary

Snow, Neil & Guymer, Gordon P. (1999). Austrobaileya 5(3): 421-426. The new species Rhodamnia

angustifolia N. Snow & Guymer (Myrtaceae) is described from the Cedar Creek area of the Wietalaba

State Forest (583) south of Gladstone and Calliope in south-eastern Queensland. It is easily distinguished

from other species of Rhodamnia by its narrowly elliptic leaves. The species is known from only

nineteen individuals on a single ridgetop and subtending slopes in SF 583. Its recommended

conservation status is Endangered under both the Queensland Nature Conservation Act 1992 and the

IUCN Species Survival Commission. The essential oils previously found in the species are discussed

briefly.

Keywords: Rhodamnia angustifolia , Myrtaceae, Queensland, Australia, conservation, systematics,

essential oils.

Gordon P. Guymer, Queensland Herbarium, EPA, Brisbane Botanic Gardens Mt. Coot-tha, Mt. Coot-

tha Road, Toowong QLD 4066, Australia, e-mail: Gordon.Guymer@env.qld.gov.au

Neil Snow, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO 80639,

U.S.A. e-mail: nsnow@bentley.unco.edu

Introduction

The genus Rhodamnia Jack comprises some

thirty arborescent species and ranges from

southern China and the Malay peninsula to

New Caledonia, and in Australia from eastern

Queensland to northern New South Wales

(Scott 1979; Guymer & Jessup 1986; Guymer

1988). Rhodamnia is represented in Australia

by eleven described species and apparently

three undescribed species from Cape York

Peninsula, Queensland (Guymer in Henderson

1997). In this paper we describe the new

species Rhodamnia angustifolia N.Snow &

Guymer, which is known only from a single

ridgetop and subtending slopes in the

Wietalaba State Forest (SF 583), about 45 km S

of Gladstone in the Port Curtis pastoral district

of Queensland (Halford 1998; cited as

Rhodamnia sp. (Calliope N. Gibson 1335) by

Guymer in Henderson 1997:135).

Materials and Methods

Descriptions are based on herbarium material

and from pickled material collected in the field.

The list of characters studied follows closely

that of Snow & Guymer (1999). Floral

measurements are based on material from the

individual tree from which the type specimen

was collected, currently the only known

flowering specimen. Measurements of the fruit

are mostly from the specimen of/. Brushe 1186

& L. Brushe, also collected from the tree from

which the type was collected. In November of

1997, D. Halford and the first author spent four

days at Wietalaba State Forest surveying the

only known population of R. angustifolia.

Because of the rarity of the species, all known

specimens, including sterile material are cited

here (see Snow & Keating 1999).

Rhodamnia angustifolia N.Snow & Guymer, sp.

nov. speciebus aliis generis foliis angustis

(3-15 mm latis) differt. Typus: Australia.

Queensland. Port Curtis District:

Wietalaba State Forest, c. 31 km S of

Calliope, 24°17’09”S, 151°12’53”E,

Australian metric grid reference: 9149

Calliope 188129,20 Nov 1997, D. Halford

& N. 5nowQ3450 (holo: BRI [1 sheet and

spirit]; iso: AD, B, BRI, CANB, DNA,

GREE, HO,JEPS, K, L, MEL, MEXU, MO,

NSW, NE, NY, SING, TEX, UPS, US). (All

type duplicates from a single genotype.)

Accepted for publication 6 January 1999

422

Austrobaileya 5(3): 421^26 (1999)

Single- or multi-stemmed erect trees, 4-10 m

tall. Bark of main trunk smooth but furrowed

and somewhat flaking in small angular patches,

greyish. Branches of current year’s growth

rounded, brownish, smooth, sparsely short

sericeous but becoming glabrous; oil glands

absent. Stipules of two to several very short

(and obscure) ferrugineous setose hairs.

Leaves opposite, decussate, discolourous,

coriaceous, trinerved, mostly narrowly elliptic

but occasionally narrowly obovate or falcate,

20-70(-85) mm long, (3—)5—12(—15) mm wide,

cuneate at base, obtuse to acute at apex,

margins flat; adaxial surface sparsely sericeous

becoming glabrous, oil glands scattered to

dense but usually invisible to naked eye,

midvein impressed; abaxial surface very shortly

and densely tomentose, lateral, tertiary and

intramarginal veins usually prominent. Petioles

2.5-4.0 mm long, channelled, eglandular.

Inflorescence a cluster of 2-7 flowers on short

shoots less than 1 mm long in axils of leaves or

leaf scars; peduncles rigid, up to 1.5 mm long,

shortly sericeous. Bracteoles two, narrowly

ovate, not foliaceous, c. 0.5 mm long by 0.3 mm

wide, rigid, not exceeding base of sepal lobes,

sericeous, caducous in fruit. Hypanthium

obconic to urceloate, the tube not extending

beyond ovary apex, oil glands sparse to

common and visible with magnification,

sparsely short sericeous. Sepals 4, distinct in

bud, lobes free, 0.3-0.5 mm long, broadly ovate,

apex rounded to obtuse, sparsely short

sericeous above and below, persistent in fruit,

mostly ascending above body of fruit. Petals

four, alternate with sepals, yellowish-white, c.

2.5 mm long by 3.0 mm wide, broadly ovate to

oblate, apex rounded, glabrous above but

margins somewhat ciliate, glabrous below, oil

glands sparse but visible with magnification.

Stamens 65-75, multiseriate, excluded, folded

centrewards in bud; filaments 2-4 mm long,

staminal disk glabrous; anthers globose,

dorsifixed near base, versatile, 0.5-0.8 mm long,

dehiscing via longitudinal slits, with a single

apical gland. Ovary 1-locular 1 with 2 parietal

placentas; ovules 18-21 and attached

irregularly. Style 1, 4.5-5.0 mm long, mostly

straight, glabrous, narrowly if at all capitate.

Fruit a berry, subglobose to globose, rounded

at base, 3-5 mm long by 4-6 mm wide, glabrous

or glabrescent, yellowish orange with some red

when fresh but increasingly red upon drying.

Seeds 1 or 2(-4), globose to suborbicular to

somewhat reniform, smooth, light brown; testa

hard and somewhat bony; adjacent seeds not

fused. Embryo slightly curved to C-shaped,

lacking oil glands; hypocotyl longer than

cotyledons, about same diameter as

cotyledonary pair, barely swollen near radicle,

the tip at same horizontal (= transverse) plane

as cotyledons; cotyledons relatively thin (see

Landrum and Stevenson 1986), not folded back

towards hypocotyl.

Additional specimens examined : Queensland. Port

Curtis District: Wietalaba State Forest, adjacent to

the road on ridgetop, Jan 1998 [fruit], J. Brushe 1186

& L. Brushe (BRI, MEL);Wietalaba SF, c. 31 km S of

Calliope, 24°17’05”S, 151°12’49”E, Nov 1997 [bud],

D. Halford & N. Snow Q3456 (BRI); State Forest

583, Wietalaba, 32 km S of Calliope, 24°17’S,

151°12’E, Nov 1993 [sterile], N. Gibson 1334 (BRI)

and 1335 (BRI); State Forest 583, Wietalaba, 32 km

S of Calliope, 24°17’S, 151°12’E, Apr 1994 [sterile],

N. Gibson 1336 (BRI); State Forest 583, Wietalaba,

24°18’S, 151°16’E, May 1993 [sterile], Gibson s.n.

(BRI AQ 568108); State Forest 583 Wietalaba,

24°17’02”S, 151°12’53”E, Dec 1995 [sterile], P.I.

Forster PIF18272 et al. (BRI, NSW, MEF, QRS); Near

headwaters of Cedar Ck, State Forest 583,

24°17’15”S, 151°13’13”E, Jul 1995 [sterile], E.J.

Thompson CAF355 & G.P. Turpin (BRI); Wietalaba

SF, c. 31 km S of Calliope, 24°17’12”S, 15F12’51”E,

Nov 1997 [sterile], D. Halford et al. Q3449 (BRI);

Wietalaba SF, c. 31 km S of Calliope, 24°17’18”S,

151°12’44”E, Nov 1997 [sterile], D. Halford et al.

Q3446 (BRI); Wietalaba SF, c. 31 km S of Calliope,

24°17’36”S, 151°13’05”E, Nov 1997 [sterile], D.

Halford & N. Snow Q3452 (BRI).

Distribution: Rhodamnia angustifolia occurs

at the head of Cedar Creek along a single

ridgetop and subtending slopes in the

Wietalaba State Forest (SF 583), c. 45 km south

of Gladstone and c. 30 km S of Calliope.

Habitat : The species grows in full sun or in a

closed canopy of microphyll vineforest with

Choricarpa subargentea (C.T.White)

L.A.S.Johnson, Barklya syringifolia F.Muell.,

Archidendropsis thozetiana (F.Muell.)

I.C.Nielsen, Backhousia kingii Guymer,

Sterculia quadrifida R.Br., and Araucaria

cunninghamii Aiton ex D. Don as the dominant

tree species. The substrate is reddish or brown

loam from mudstones of Muncon volcanics.

The elevation range is approximately 200 to 600

metres.

Snow and Guymer, Rhodamnia angustifolia

Flowering period : Flowering material is

known only from the type specimen, collected

in November, but given the apparently good

condition of abundant young bud material on

Halford & Snow Q3456, flowering almost

certainly extends into December.

Fruiting period : Confirmed only for January

by a single specimen, Brushe 1186 & Brushe,

but likely to begin as early as late November or

early December.

Essential oils: Brophy et al. (1997) have

studied profiles of essential oils in Rhodamnia.

These authors (op. cit.) report that within the

genus, at nearly 1% of total mass, R.

angustifolia has one of the highest oil yields.

Both mono- and sesquiterpenes are produced,

and oils showing significant levels include the

monoterpenes a-pinene, a-thujene, myrcene,

limonene, f3-phellandrene, p-cymene, and

termpinen-4-ol. The principal sesquiterpenes

include (3-caryophyllene, humulene,

caryophyllene oxide, globulol, and spathulenol.

Five unnamed oxygenated sesquiterpenes with

the general formula C 15 H 24 0 were present in

amounts ranging from 0.2-16%. Sesquiterpenes

of this general formula are also found in

Rhodamnia maideniana C.T.White, which

occurs from the Moreton District in

Queensland southward to New South Wales

(Henderson 1997).

Notes: With its shortly and densely tomentose

(“hoary”) lower leaf surfaces and sparse to

dense oil glands in the leaves, Rhodamnia

angustifolia shows affinities with/?, dumicola

Guymer & Jessup, R. whiteana Guymer &

Jessup, and R. costata A.J. Scott (as amended

by Guymer & Jessup 1986), and it will key with

these species in Guymer and Jessup (1986).

However, its narrowly elliptic leaves

immediately distinguish it from these species.

Its closest relative may be R. dumicola, given

similar features of the leaves and bark, the

fascicled flowers occurring on very short

shoots, and the relatively high number of

ovules. Its leaf glands, however, generally can

be seen only in bright transmitted light.

The tree from which the holotype

specimen of Rhodamnia angustifolia was

collected was growing on an open, disturbed

423

ridgetop, but most individuals were found on

adjacent lower midslopes with a southwest or

easterly aspect (Halford 1998). We found

individuals occurring singly or in groups of

three to six plants.

Several plants had suckers at or near the

base, and regrowth was occurring from the base

of one small, apparently dead tree trunk

(.Halford et al. Q3446). One specimen ( D.

Halford & N. Snow Q3456) growing near the

edge of the forest at the ridgetop had a very

dense crown, but the foliage on other

specimens was more open. The juvenile foliage

{Halford & Snow Q3446) has somewhat longer

leaves.

Embryos were absent in most of the ten

mature fruits examined. The larvae of an

undetermined insect (c. 2 mm long) was seen

enveloped completely within an undamaged

and apparently mature seed, suggesting the

insect was present before the outer testal layer

of the seed solidified during ontogeny. An

obvious question that could be examined in

conservation studies is whether insect

predation on the fruit, seed, or embryo is

preventing successful sexual reproduction of

Rhodamnia angustifolia.

The abundant flowers on the “type” tree

at the time of collection in November had a

faint but sweet fragrance. Bees, presumably the

Italian honeybee Apis mellifera, were observed

pollinating flowers at that time.

Etymology: The specific epithet angustifolia,

Latin for narrow and leaf, refers to the narrow

leaves, which are the narrowest of all Australian

species of Rhodamnia.

Conservation status: The extensive fieldwork

of D. Halford, N. Snow, P. Forster, and W.

McDonald has revealed Rhodamnia

angustifolia growing in only one general area

of approximately 60 hectares (Halford 1998). A

total of 19 plants are known in the wild.

Seedling recruitment was not observed by

Halford and Snow, although three saplings of

approximately two metres height were noted

by McDonald (pers. comm.). Portions of the

area recently have been burned and are heavily

infested with Lantana camara L., one of the

424

Austrobaileya 5(3): 421-426 (1999)

most invasive and potentially threatening

weeds of native vegetation in Queensland

(Fensham et al. 1994). The recommended

conservation status for Rhodamnia

angustifolia is Endangered, as defined by both

the Queensland Nature Conservation Act 1992

and the IUCN Species Survival Commission

(1994). Other areas worthy of detailed searches

for this species are the vineforest communities

in the Kalpower area and the western slopes of

KroombitTops (Halford, 1998).

Preserved material for genetic studies.

Adequate leaf material of R. angustifolia is

available from all known collections for the

purposes of DNA extraction. Each collection

number of Halford & Snow or Halford et al.

cited herein represents a separate genotype

(Snow 1997, Appendix A). A molecular survey

of Rhodamnia angustifolia , such as that

undertaken for some species of Austromyrtus

(e.g., Shapcott and Playford 1996), would help

to assess genetic diversity of this endangered

species.

Acknowledgments

We thank D. Halford for considerable

assistance in the field and reviewing the

manuscript, J. Brushe for assistance in the field

and making a separate trip to collect mature

fruit, W. Smith for the illustrations, B. Simon

for the Latin diagnosis, and A. Lyne for his

review of the manuscript. This work was

supported by grants from the Australian

Biological Resources Study during 1997-1999.

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425

Fig. 1 . Details from holotype of Rhodamnia angustifolia A. Portion of flowering branch x 2. B. Abaxial

view of leaf x 2. C. Adaxial view of leaf x 2. D. Detail of abaxial leaf surface showing dense covering of

short, white, tomentose hairs x 50. E. Flower x 6. F. Fruit x 6. All drawn from Halford & Snow Q3450.

426

Austrobaileya 5(3): 421^26 (1999)

Fig. 2. Main trunk of Rhodamnia angustifolia at breast height ( Halford & Snow Q3456) showing smooth,

slightly fisssured, grey bark (Photo N. Snow).

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Bean, A.R. (1999). A revision of Stylidium sect. Debilia Mildbr., S. sect. Floodia Mildbr. and S. sect.

Lanata A.R.Bean (Stylidiaceae). Austrobaileya 5(3): 427-455. Three taxono mi c sections of Stylidium

are enumerated (S. sect. Debilia, S. sect. Floodia and S. sect. Lanatae sect, nov.) comprising 25

species (including S. austrocapense, S. delicatum, S. foveolatum, S. velleioides spp. nov. and S.

paniculatum comb, nov.) indigenous to northern and eastern Australia (Kimberley region of Western

Australia, Northern Territory, Queensland and northern New South Wales). The new species are

illustrated, while for all species, distribution maps and notes on habitat, conservation status and

taxonomic affinities are provided.

Keywords: Stylidium, Stylidium sect. Floodia, Stylidium sect. Debilia, Stylidium sect. Lanata,

taxonomy, keys, Australian flora, Stylidiaceae.

A.R. Bean, Cl- Queensland Herbarium, EPA, Brisbane Botanic Gardens Mt Coot-tha, Mt Coot-tha

Road, Toowong, Queensland 4066, Australia.

Introduction

The genus Stylidium Willd. is largely restricted

to Australia, and reaches its greatest species

diversity in south-western Western Australia.

Comprehensive accounts of the genus have

been provided by Brown (1810), de Candolle

(1839), Bentham (1868), Mildbraed (1908) and

Erickson (1958).

Three related sections are treated in this

paper: S. sect. Floodia was established by

Mildbraed (1908) with the single species, S.

floodii F.Muell. In recent years, several species

related to S. floodii have been described,

notably by Lowrie and Kenneally (1997). Most

of the constituent species are confined to

tropical Australia, with S. desertorum Carlquist

occuring in semi-arid areas.

S. sect. Debilia is typified by S. debile

F.Muell., and it comprises several species

indigenous to northern, central and eastern

Australia, as far south as Sydney.

S. eriorhizum R.Br. was included in S.

sect. Debilia by Mildbraed (loc. cit.). It and

two other species described by Bean (1999)

are here placed into a new section ( S . sect.

Lanata ) on the basis of the thickened woolly

Accepted for publication 30 March 1999

plant bases, perennial habit, indeterminate

central rachis and large spherical seeds with a

small nipple.

All of the species presented here belong

in S. subg. Tolypangium (Endl.) Mildbr. Three

members of this subgenus occurring in northern

Australia do not belong to any of the sections

treated here. S. graminifolium Sw. belongs in

S. sect. Stylidium, while S. eglandulosum F.

Muell. and S. laricifolium A. Rich, belong in S.

sect. Sparsifolia Benth. No species belonging

to S. section Tolypangium occur in northern

and eastern Australia.

Terminology

The flowers of all Stylidium species are

gamopetalous, as they possess a corolla tube,

albeit usually rather short and inconspicuous.

However, the corolla lobes (called petals in this

paper) are here treated as being “free” if they

are not united beyond the top (or “throat”) of

the corolla tube. This interpretation is in line

with Erickson (1958) and avoids confusion

when referring to the apical ornamentation of

the corolla parts, which would otherwise be

known as lobes of the corolla lobes.

Because the pattern of petal fusion is

very valuable in diagnosing Stylidium species,

428

Austrobaileya 5(3): 427-455 (1999)

a special terminology is used here. A1 and A2

refer to the anterior petals (on either side of the

labellum); PI and P2 refer to the posterior petals,

withAl being adjacent to PI. The *+’ operator

indicates that the petals indicated are free

(sensu Erickson), while a 7’ operator indicates

that the petals indicated are fused e.g. A1 + A2

+ (P1/P2) means that the anterior petals are free

from the posterior petals and from each other,

but that the posterior petals are fused to each

other.

The term paracorolla, used here, was

introduced by Slooten (1954), and refers to

small lobes or flanges of tissue attached to the

corolla at the throat. This term is roughly

equivalent to the commonly used term “throat

appendages”, but is more comprehensive, as it

covers situations where there is a continuous

raised ring of tissue.

Materials and methods

This revision was based on the examination of

herbarium specimens, spirit material and

reconstituted floral material fromAD, BM, BRI,

K, DNA, MBA, QRS, NSW and MEL, and was

supplemented by field work by the author

throughout Queensland. Floral measurements

were based on material preserved in spirit,

where it was available, or on herbarium material

reconstituted by boiling in water. Details of the

collections used for these measurements are

given in each species treatment. Leaves, stems,

scapes, capsules and seeds were measured

from dried material.

Morphological data for all taxa have been

recorded as a DELTA data set (Dallwitz et al.

1993), and species descriptions have been

generated by DELTA from these data.

Dimensions of various plant parts are

given as circa only when there was difficulty

in providing accurate measurements e.g. petiole

length for some species, or when less than 4

measurements were possible for the character,

because of lack of available material.

Distribution maps are provided for all

species. A symbol indicates a herbarium record

for the taxon within that 1° x 1° square. Solid

(or filled) symbols indicate that there is at least

one recent collection (1960-present). Outline

(or unfilled) symbols indicate that the most

recent collection for that 1° x 1° square was

before 1960. Latitude and longitude data from

Lowrie and Kenneally (1997) have been added

to the maps for S. leptorrhizum (syn. S.

barrettorum) and S. adenophorum, and from

Kenneally and Lowrie (1994) forS. costulatum.

Taxonomy

Key to the Sty lidium subgenera occurring in northern and eastern Australia

1. Hypanthia and capsules linear, 8-20 times longer than wide.2

Hypanthia and capsules globose to ellipsoidal, 1-4 times longer than wide.3

2. Petals laterally fused (Al/Pl) + (A2/P2).S. subg. Alsinoides

Petals all free or posterior petals fused. S. subg. Andersonia

3. Hypanthia and capsules globose, 1-1.3 times longer than wide.S. subg. Centridium

Hypanthia and capsules ellipsoidal to obconical, 1.4-4 times longer

than wide.S. subg. Tolypangium

Stylidiumsubg. Tolypangium (Endl.) Mildbr., Pflanzenr. 35: 31 (1908); S. sect. TolypangiumEndl.,

Gen. PI. 520 (1838). Type: not designated.

Key to the species of Sty lidium sect. Floodia , S. sect. Debilia and S. sect. Lanata

1. Leaves linear, less than 1 mm wide (sect. Floodia ) .2

Leaves oblanceolate or spathulate, 2.4-10.7 mm wide.14

Bean, Stylidium 429

2. Inflorescences 1-flowered.3. S. rubriscapum

Inflorescences many-flowered, cymose.3

3. Capsule conspicuously 5-angled.4

Capsule smooth or ribbed, but not 5-angled.5

4. Leaf apex acute; 2 sepals fused except at apex; capsule c. 4.5 mm long

. 10. S. costulatum

Leaves bluntly mucronate; sepals all free; capsule 2.5-3 mm long. 9. S. turbinatum

5. Leaves with glandular hairs, leaf apex obtuse. 12. S. adenophorum

Leaves glabrous, leaf apex acute to mucronate.6

6. Hypanthium and sepals glabrous.1. S. foveolatum

Hypanthium and sepals glandular-hairy.7

7. Flowers with 3 free sepals and 2 fused sepals.8

Flowers with sepals all free.10

8. Leaves mostly in terminal rosette.9

Leaves scattered along stems.2. S. clarksonii

9. Bracts glandular-hairy; anterior petals entire. 8. S. delicatum

Bracts glabrous; anterior petals bilobed.7. S. symonii

10. Scapes thick (1.0-2.3 mm in diameter); leaves (11—)16—75 mm long;

labellum with basal appendages. 11. S. desertorum

Scapes thin (0.3-1.0 mm in diameter); leaves 10-35 mm long; labellum

without basal appendages.11

11. Leaves with needle-like mucro.5. S. mucronatum

Leaves acute to acuminate.12

12. Sepals ovate; anterior petals c. 3.5 mm long, bilobed. 4. S. rivulosum

Sepals deltate to lanceolate; anterior petals 0.9-2.6 mm long, entire.13

13. Leaves 10-25 mm long, glandular hairs 0.3-0.5 mm long; sepal apex

acute to acuminate. 8. S. delicatum

Leaves 22-35 mm long, glandular hairs 0.15-0.2 mm long; sepal apex

obtuse. 6. S. floodii

14. Plants with conspicuous woolly rootstock; inflorescence with

indeterminate central rachis; seeds spherical, 0.4-0.8 mm across,

with a small nipple (sect. Lanata ).15

Plants with unthickened rootstock; inflorescence cymose without central

rachis, or racemose; seeds globose to ellipsoidal, 0.2-0.4(-0.5) mm

long, without nipple (sect. Debilia ).17

15. Inflorescence branches and bracts glabrous; leaves (including

petioles) 9-14 mm long. 24. S. ramosissimum

Inflorescence branches and bracts glandular-hairy; leaves

(including petioles) 20-60(-100) mm long.16

430 Austrobaileya 5(3): 427-455 (1999)

16. Leaf margins hairy; bracts 1.5-2.5 mm long; sepals 1.0-1.7 mm long.23. S. eriorhizum

Leaf margins glabrous; bracts 3.5-6.5 mm long; sepals 2.4—2.8 mm

long.25. S. leiophyllum

17. Leaves glandular-hairy. 13. S. semipartitum

Leaves glabrous.18

18. Scapes with long simple hairs.19

Scapes glabrous or with glandular hairs.20

19. Leaves acuminate to mucronate; scapes 0.3-0.5 mm diameter;

corolla tube glandular-hairy. 17. S. floribundum

Leaves obtuse; scapes 0.6-4.5 mm diameter; corolla tube glabrous .. 18. S. inaequipetalum

20. Inflorescence indeterminate, racemose; bracteoles present. 20. S. debile

Inflorescence determinate, cymose; bracteoles absent.21

21. Scapes glandular-hairy.22

Scapes glabrous.24

22. Column with glandular and eglandular hairs; corolla tube

3-3.5 mm long. 14. S. leptorrhizum

Column glabrous; corolla tube 1.4-2.5 mm long.23

23. Labellum attached at base of anterior sinus; paracorolla present.16. S. multiscapum

Labellum attached to outside of corolla tube; paracorolla absent .... 15. S. austrocapense

24. Sepals glabrous; inflorescence branches glandular-hairy; glands

capitate; anterior petals 4.1-4.5 mm long; labellum glabrous. 22. S. ornatum

Sepals glandular-hairy; inflorescence branches glabrous;

glands ellipsoidal; anterior petals 2.5-3 mm long; labellum

glandular-hairy .25

25. Petals glandular-hairy; column 5.5-6.5 mm long; tropical

Queensland.21. S. velleioides

Petals glabrous; column 4.5-5.5 mm long; Darling Downs

&N.S.W.. 19. S. paniculatum

Stylidium sect. Floodia Mildbr., Pflanzenr. 35:

41 (1908). Type: S.floodii F.Muell.

Rootstock cylindrical. Leaves linear, sessile,

borne on terminal rosette and/or cauline.

Glandular hairs present, glands ellipsoidal.

Inflorescence determinate; flowers pedicellate;

corolla tube with sinus on anterior side only;

petals usually entire and obtuse, all free;

labellum attached at base of anterior sinus, basal

appendages absent (except S. desertorum).

Paracorolla present or absent. Column lateral

lobes absent; spur absent. Anther cells 4.

Stigma sessile. Capsule obovoid to obconical;

seeds globose to ellipsoidal, brown to black.

14 species, all indigenous to tropical Australia.

1. Stylidium foveolatum A.R.Bean sp. nov. S.

clarksonii affinis sed scapis hypanthiis

lobisque calycis glabris, petalis

angustioribus, capsulis costatis et

sepalis omnibus liberis differens. Typus:

Queensland. Cook District: NE ofVrilya

Point, Cape York, 11°11’S 142°09’E, 26

August 1981, A. Morton AM 1446 & M.

Godwin (holo: BRI; iso: MEL)

Bean, Stylidium

Herbaceous annual, 16-25 cm high. Glandular

hairs 0.1-0.2 mm long; glands ellipsoidal.

Stems present, glabrous. Leaves 20-200 per

plant, scattered along stems, linear, 6.5-14 mm

long, 0.3-0.5 mm wide, glabrous, apex obtuse,

base truncate, margins entire. Petioles absent.

Scapes 2-5 per plant, 0.4-0.7 mm in diameter,

glabrous. Sterile bracts absent. Inflorescences

10 cm long including scape, determinate,

monochasially cymose or determinate,

dichasially cymose; branches glabrous. Bracts

linear, 2.5-6 mm long, glabrous, obtuse.

Bracteoles absent. Pedicels 1-4 mm long,

glabrous. Hypanthium obovoid to ellipsoidal,

glabrous. Sepals lanceolate, all free, 2-2.7 mm

long, 0.3-0.5 mm wide, glabrous, obtuse.

Corolla pink, glabrous or glandular-hairy on

tube only; tube 1-1.5 mm long, with sinus on

anterior side only. Paracorolla absent or

continuous, lobed, thin, glabrous, c. 0.3 mm

high. Paracorolla lobes or appendages single

or absent. Paracorolla glands absent. Labellum

attached at base of anterior sinus of corolla

tube, ovate, 0.4-0.5 mm long, thick, glandular-

hairy, obtuse. Labellum basal appendages

absent. Petals all free, A1+A2+P1+P2. Anterior

petals 2.3-3.6 mm long, 0.8-1 mm wide, entire,

obtuse. Posterior petals 2.8-3.8 mm long, 0.9-1

mm wide, entire, obtuse. Column 5-6 mm long,

of uniform width throughout, glandular-hairy;

lateral lobes absent; spur absent. Stigma

sessile. Corona absent. Capsule obconical or

ellipsoidal, with 5 raised ribs, 4.2-5 mm long

excluding sepals, 1.8-2 mm wide; halves

detaching distally, not recurved. Seeds

ellipsoidal, 0.4 mm long, brown or black, deeply

pitted. Fig 1 F-I.

Additional specimen examined : Queensland. Cook

District: Skardon River, Cape York, on Venture

Mining Barge Landing, Apr 1994, Gunness AG2303

(BRI).

Reconstituted or spirit material examined : Gunness

AG2303 (2 fls), Morton AM 1446 & Godwin (2 fls).

Distribution and habitat : S. foveolatum is

confined to north-western Cape York Peninsula,

north of Weipa (Map 1). It occurs on the

ecotone between mangroves and Melaleuca

viridiflora woodland, on damp sand.

Phenology : Flowers and capsules recorded

for April and August.

431

Affinities : S. foveolatum is closest to S.

clarksonii, with which it shares the very

distinctive black, deeply pitted seeds. It differs

from S. clarksonii by the glabrous scapes,

hypanthia and sepals, the narrower petals, the

ribbed capsules, and the sepals all free from

each other.

Conservation status : Data Deficient (DD)

category according to the International Union

for Conservation of Nature and Natural

Resources (Anon. 1994).

Etymology : The specific epithet is from the

Latinfoveolatus, meaning minutely pitted. This

is in reference to the seeds.

2. Stylidium clarksonii Lowrie & Kenneally,

Nuytsia 11:204 (1997). Type: Queensland.

Cook District: 4.7 km south of the

Chester River crossing on the road east

of the Mcllwraith Range towards Nesbit

River, 13°41’S 143°28’E,21 June 1993, J.R.

Clarkson 10108 & V.J. Neldner (holo:

PERTH; iso: BRI, DNA).

Herbaceous annual, 20-35 cm high. Glandular

hairs 0.15-0.25 mm long; glands ellipsoidal.

Stems present, glabrous. Leaves 20-200 per

plant, mostly in terminal rosette, with some

scattered below or scattered along stems, linear,

9.5- 24 mm long, 0.3-0.6 mm wide, glabrous,

apex obtuse or acute, base truncate, margins

entire. Petioles absent. Scapes 1-5 per plant,

0.6-0.7 mm in diameter, glabrous. Sterile bracts

absent. Inflorescences 5-13 cm long including

scape, determinate, monochasially cymose or

determinate, dichasially cymose; branches

glabrous. Bracts linear, 1.5-7.5 mm long,

glabrous, acute. Bracteoles absent. Pedicels 2-

4 mm long, glandular-hairy. Hypanthium

obovoid to ellipsoidal, glandular-hairy

throughout. Sepals lanceolate, with 3 free and

2 mostly fused, 1.5-2.6 mm long, 0.4-0.6 mm

wide, glandular-hairy, obtuse. Corolla pink or

mauve, glandular-hairy on tube and petals; tube

1.5- 2.2 mm long, with sinus on anterior side

only. Paracorolla continuous, lobed, thick,

minutely papillose, c. 0.2 mm high. Paracorolla

lobes or appendages 2, all similar, obtuse, none

opposite the anterior petals, 2 opposite the

posterior petals. Paracorolla glands absent.

Labellum attached at base of anterior sinus of

432

Austrobaileya 5(3): 427-455 (1999)

corolla tube, ovate, 0.5-0.7 mm long, thick,

glandular-hairy, obtuse or acute. Labellum

basal appendages absent. Petals all free,

A1+A2+P1+P2. Anterior petals 2.7-4.2 mm

long, 1.5-2.7 mm wide, entire, obtuse. Posterior

petals 2.8—4.7 mm long, 1.3-2.5 mm wide, entire,

obtuse. Column 4.5-5.5 mm long, of uniform

width throughout, glandular-hairy; lateral lobes

absent; spur absent. Stigma sessile. Corona

absent or not extending beyond anthers.

Capsule obconical or ellipsoidal, without raised

ribs, 3.7-6 mm long excluding sepals, 1.5-2 mm

wide; halves detaching distally, not recurved.

Seeds ellipsoidal, 0.4-0.5 mm long, black,

deeply pitted.

Specimens examined : Queensland. Cook District:

c. 8.5 km NW of Kennedy River bridge, between Laura

and Coen, Jul 1998, Bean 13494 (BRI, MEL); 5.3 km

SE of Hann River, on Laura-Coen road, Jul 1998,

Bean 13530 (BRI, NSW); 28 km S of Coen, on road

to Laura, Jul 1998, Bean 13569 (BRI); c. 15 km

upstream from the upper crossing at Massy Creek on

Silver Plains station, Sep 1979, Clarkson 2643B (BRI,

PERTH, QRS); Lakefield N.P, 5 km SE of Morehead

River, May 1987, Clarkson 7033 & Simon (BRI, L,

MBA, NSW, PERTH); 5.2 km S of the Hann River on

the Laura to Musgrave road, May 1989, Clarkson

8006 & Neldner (BRI, DNA, K, L, MBA, PERTH);

0.9 km E of the Peninsula Development road, on an

IWS track 0.5 km N of Laura River crossing, Apr

1983, Clarkson 4734 (BRI); Bamboo Range, N of

Musgrave on Peninsula Development road, Jul 1993,

Forster PIF13451 (BRI, MEL); 1 km N of last Scrubby

Creek crossing, Silver Plains station, Jul 1993, Forster

PIF 13635 & Sankowsky (BRI, MEL); base of Round

Mtn, Embley Range, Silver Plains station, Jul 1997,

Forster 21394 (BRI, DNA, QRS); northern side of

Nesbit River, Silver Plains, Jun 1998, Forster

PIF23002 et al. (BRI, DNA, MEL, NSW, QRS);

Isabella Falls, Aug 1976, Scarth-Johnson 302A (BRI);

25 km S of Musgrave, Peninsula Development road,

Aug 1985, Williams 85130 (BRI).

Reconstituted or spirit material examined : Clarkson

7033 & Simon (2 fls); Clarkson 8006 & Neldner (2

fls); Clarkson 10108 & Neldner (2 fls); Forster

PIF 13451 (2 fls).

Distribution and habitat: S. clarksonii is

endemic to south-eastern Cape York Peninsula,

between latitudes 13°30’S and 15°30’S (Map

1). It inhabits woodland dominated by

Eucalyptus or Melaleuca , sometimes near

small creeks or in seepage areas. Soils are

invariably sandy.

Phenology: Flowers have been recorded from

April to September. Capsules have been

recorded from May to August.

Affinities: S. clarksonii is most closely related

to S. foveolatum. Both species have very

distinctive black, deeply pitted seeds.

Conservation status: A widespread species

which is not considered to be at risk.

3. Stylidium rubriscapum W.Fitzg., Jour. &

Proc. Roy. Soc. WesternAustralia 3: 218

(1918). Type: WesternAustralia. Calder

River; Messmate Creek in the Packhorse

Range; undated, W.V. Fitzgerald (syn:

7PERTH n.v.).

Herbaceous annual, 10-20 cm high. Glandular

hairs 0.15-0.25 mm long; glands ellipsoidal.

Stems present, glabrous. Leaves 20-200 per

plant, mostly in terminal rosette, with some

scattered below or scattered along stems, linear,

5-12 mm long, 0.5-1 mm wide, glabrous, apex

acute or acuminate, base truncate, margins

entire. Petioles absent. Scapes c. 7 per plant,

0.3-0.6 mm in diameter, glabrous. Sterile bracts

absent. Inflorescences 5-15 cm long including

scape, 1-flowered. Bracteoles present, c. 1.2 mm

long. Pedicels 50-150 mm long, glabrous.

Hypanthium obovoid to ellipsoidal, glabrous.

Sepals lanceolate or ovate or elliptical, all free,

1.5-2.5 mm long, 0.7-1 mm wide, glandular-

hairy, acute. Corolla pink or red, glandular-hairy

on tube and petals; tube c. 1.8 mm long, with

sinus on anterior side only. Paracorolla

continuous, lobed, thin, minutely papillose, c.

0.5 mm high. Paracorolla lobes or appendages

3, all similar, acute, 2 opposite the anterior petals,

1 opposite the posterior petals. Paracorolla

glands absent. Labellum attached at base of

anterior sinus of corolla tube, ovate, c. 0.5 mm

long, thick or thin, glabrous; obtuse. Labellum

basal appendages absent. Petals with posterior

ones fused, A1+A2+(P1/P2). Anterior petals

3.3-3.5 mm long, 1.6-1.9 mm wide, entire, acute.

Posterior petals 3.3-3.5 mm long, 1.5-1.7 mm

wide, entire, obtuse. Column c. 7 mm long, of

uniform width throughout, glandular-hairy;

lateral lobes absent; spur absent. Stigma

sessile. Corona absent. Capsule ellipsoidal,

without raised ribs, c. 4 mm long excluding

Bean, Stylidium

sepals, c. 2 mm wide; halves detaching distally,

not recurved. Seeds not seen.

Specimens examined : Western Australia. Galvins

Gorge, c. 200 km E of Derby, Jul 1974, Carr 4175 &

Beauglehole 47953 (DNA).

Reconstituted or spirit material examined : Carr 4175

& Beauglehole 47953 (2 fls).

Distribution and habitat: S. rubriscapum is

endemic to the northern Kimberley ofWestern

Australia (Map 7). It inhabits moist areas in

grassy woodland.

Phenology : Flowers and capsules have been

recorded from July to September.

Affinities: The linear leaves and floral features

of S. rubriscapum place it clearly in S. sect.

Floodia, but it differs from all other members

of the group by its solitary inflorescences.

4. Stylidium rivulosum Lowrie & Kenneally,

Nuytsia 11: 213 (1997). Type: Western

Australia. On the road to Pago Mission

(abandoned) from Honeymoon Beach on

the margins of Unamon Creek, 14°06’S

126°43’E, 26 June 1994, A. Lowrie 1022

(holo: PERTH; iso: DNA, MEL).

Notes: No material of this species was available

for examination. See Lowrie & Kenneally (1997)

for a description and illustration.

Distribution and habitat : S. rivulosum is

endemic to the northern Kimberley ofWestern

Australia (Map 2). It grows near creeks on

skeletal sandstone or in shallow sandy soils.

5. Stylidium mucronatum Lowrie & Kenneally,

Nuytsia 11: 206 (1997). Type: Western

Australia. Grevillea Creek, c. 35 km NW

of Beverley Springs Station, 16°33’S

125°10’E, 7 June 1995, A. Lowrie 1188

(holo: PERTH; iso: DNA, MEL).

Notes: No material of this species was available

for examination. See Lowrie & Kenneally (1997)

for a description and illustration.

Distribution and habitat : S. mucronatum is

endemic to the Kimberley region of Western

Australia (Map 6). It grows on creekbanks in

sandy soil.

433

6. Stylidium floodii F.Muell., Fragm. 1: 149

(1859); Candollea floodii (F.Muell.)

F.Muell., Syst. Census Austral. PL 86

(1883). Type: Northern Territory. Roper

River, Gulf of Carpentaria, [14° —’S 134°

—’L], July 1856, F. Mueller (lecto: MEL,

fide Kenneally & Lowrie, 1994).

Herbaceous annual, 8-20 cm high. Glandular

hairs 0.15-0.2 mm long; glands ellipsoidal.

Stems present or absent (with leaves in basal

rosette), glabrous. Leaves 20-200 per plant,

mostly in terminal rosette, with some scattered

below, linear, 22-35 mm long including petiole

(if any), 0.3-0.7 mm wide, glabrous, apex obtuse

or acute or acuminate, base truncate, margins

entire. Petioles absent. Scapes 1-12 per plant,

0.3-1 mm in diameter, glandular-hairy. Sterile

bracts absent. Inflorescences 5-17 cm long

including scape, determinate, monochasially

cymose or determinate, dichasially cymose;

branches glandular-hairy. Bracts linear or

deltate or ovate, 1.5-4 mm long, glabrous or

glandular-hairy, obtuse or acute or mucronate.

Bracteoles absent. Pedicels 2-9 mm long,

glandular-hairy. Hypanthium obovoid to

ellipsoidal, glandular-hairy throughout. Sepals

deltate or lanceolate, all free, 0.9-1.7 mm long,

0.3-0.6 mm wide, glandular-hairy, obtuse.

Corolla pink, glandular-hairy on tube and

petals; tube 1.3-2.7 mm long, with sinus on

anterior side only. Paracorolla continuous,

lobed, thin, glabrous, 0.2-0.5 mm high.

Paracorolla lobes or appendages 4 or 5, all

similar, obtuse, 2 opposite the anterior petals, 2

or 3 opposite the posterior petals. Paracorolla

glands absent. Labellum attached at base of

anterior sinus of corolla tube, ovate, 0.3-0.7

mm long, thick, glabrous or glandular-hairy,

obtuse or acute. Labellum basal appendages

absent. Petals all free, A1+A2+P1+P2. Anterior

petals 0.9-2.2 mm long, 0.5-1.2 mm wide, entire,

obtuse. Posterior petals 1.5-3.3 mm long, 0.9-

1.9 mm wide, entire, obtuse. Column 5-8 mm

long, of uniform width throughout, with

eglandular hairs; lateral lobes absent; spur

absent. Stigma sessile. Corona absent or not

extending beyond anthers. Capsule ellipsoidal,

without raised ribs, 2-2.9 mm long excluding

sepals, 1.1-1.8 mm wide; halves detaching

distally, not recurved. Seeds globose, 0.2-0.25

mm long, brown, smooth or colliculate.

434

Specimens examined : Northern Territory. 21 km

N of Limmen Bight River, Sep 1986, Clark 687 (BRI,

DNA); Arnhem Land, Koolatong River crossing,

Numbulwar Rd, Oct 1987, Clark 1622 (DNA);

Amungee Mungee waterhole, May 1991, Cowie 1819

& Wilson (DNA); Koolatong River, near road crossing,

Oct 1996, Cowie 7360 (DNA); Ngukurr, 20 km NE

crossing of Turkey Lagoon Creek, Aug 1987, Russell-

Smith 3082 & Lucas (BRI, DNA); 3 km S of Bing

Bong homestead, May 1984, Thomson 517 (DNA);

Lake Eames area, 1 km east, Vanderlin Island, Jul

1988, Thomson 2499 (DNA). Queensland. Burke

District: Richmond-Croydon road, 76.8 km S of

“Esmeralda”, Jul 1998, Bean 13443 (BRI); Richmond-

Croydon road, 47.9 km N of “Esmeralda”, Jul 1998,

Bean 13470 (BRI, DNA); Croydon, Aug 1936, Blake

12472 (BRI); Adel’s Grove, via Camooweal, Jun 1950,

De Lestang 475 (BRI); 89 km W of Croydon, on road

to Normanton, Jun 1991, Halford Q492 (BRI); Gulf

Highway, 108 km SE of Normanton, Jul 1974,

Ollerenshaw 1482 et al. (BRI, CANB); 23 km NW of

“Old Corinda” station, along the Doomadgee-

Woologorang road, May 1974, Pullen 9119 (BRI,

CANB). Cook District: One Hundred Mile swamp, near

Undara resort, E of Mt Surprise, Jul 1998, Bean 13760

& Fox (BRI); 37 km SSW of “Lyndhurst” HS and 1

km E of highway, Aug 1976, Lazarides 8171 (BRI,

CANB); 16 km W of Georgetown, May 1976, Scarth-

Johnson 152A (BRI). North Kennedy District: c. 4

miles [6 km] E of Wairuna and c. 0.5 miles [0.8 km]

south scarp facing Burdekin, Aug 1967, Morain 185

(BRI).

Reconstituted or spirit material examined: Bean

13443 (2 fls); Halford Q492 (3 fls); Morain 185 (3

fls); Pullen 9119 (3 fls).

Distribution and habitat : S. floodii occurs in

the area surrounding the Gulf of Carpentaria,

including north-eastern Northern Territory, and

north Queensland as far east as ‘Wairuna’,

west of Cardwell (Map 1). It grows in damp

sandy soil, in woodland dominated by

Melaleuca viridiflora or Eucalyptus spp., or

along creekbanks.

Phenology : Flowers and capsules have been

recorded from May to October.

Conservation status: A widespread species

which is not considered to be at risk.

7. Stylidium symonii Carlquist, Aliso 9: 439

(1979). Type: Northern Territory. At old

B.H.P. flying field, Arnhem Land, 12°54’S

135°28’E, 17 June 1972, D.E. Symon 7731

(holo: DNA).

Notes: No material of this species was available

Austrobaileya 5(3): 427-455 (1999)

for examination. See Carlquist (1979) for a

description.

Distribution and habitat : S. symonii is known

only from the type locality in north-eastern

Arnhem Land (Map 2). Habitat is unknown.

8. Stylidium delicatum A.R.Bean sp. nov. S.

floodii affinis, a quo foliis brevioribus,

columna glabra vel pilis glandulosis

longioribus et sepalis apice acuto ad

mucronato differt. Typus: Queensland.

Cook District: 2.8 km along new

Pennefather River road, N of Weipa,

12°20’S 141°53’E, 11 July 1998, AR. Bean

13579 (holo: BRI (1 sheet + spirit); iso:

DNA, MEL, NSW).

Stylidium sp. (Sanamere Lagoon J.R.

Clarkson 6175) in Henderson (1997).

Herbaceous annual, 10-20 cm high. Glandular

hairs 0.3-0.5 mm long; glands ellipsoidal.

Stems present, glabrous. Leaves 20-200 per

plant, mostly in terminal rosette, with some

scattered below, linear, 10-25 mm long, 0.3-0.7

mm wide, glabrous, apex acuminate, base

truncate, margins entire. Petioles absent.

Scapes 1-6 per plant, 0.3-0.5 mm in diameter,

glandular-hairy. Sterile bracts absent or present.

Inflorescences 3.5-13 cm long including scape,

determinate, monochasially or dichasially

cymose; branches glandular-hairy. Bracts

deltate or lanceolate, 1-4 mm long, glandular-

hairy, mucronate. Bracteoles absent. Pedicels

3-7 mm long, glandular-hairy. Hypanthium

obovoid to ellipsoidal, glandular-hairy

throughout. Sepals deltate or lanceolate or

elliptical, all free or with 3 free and 2 mostly

fused, 1.3-2 mm long, 0.3-0.6 mm wide,

glandular-hairy, acute. Corolla pink, glandular-

hairy on tube and petals; tube 2.4-3 mm long,

with sinus on anterior side only. Paracorolla

continuous, lobed, thin, glabrous, 0.3-0.8 mm

high. Paracorolla lobes or appendages 3-5, all

similar, acute or obtuse, 0-2 opposite the

anterior petals, 2 or 3 opposite the posterior

petals. Paracorolla glands absent. Labellum

attached at base of anterior sinus of corolla

tube, ovate, 0.5-0.7 mm long, thick, glabrous

or glandular-hairy, obtuse or acute. Labellum

basal appendages absent. Petals all free,

Bean, Stylidium

A1+A2+P1+P2. Anterior petals 1.3-2.6 mm

long, 0.9-1.5 mm wide, entire, obtuse. Posterior

petals 2-4 mm long, (1.2-) 1.8-2.7 mm wide,

entire, obtuse. Column 5-7 mm long, of uniform

width throughout, glabrous or glandular-hairy;

lateral lobes absent; spur absent. Stigma

sessile. Corona absent. Capsule obconical or

ellipsoidal, without raised ribs, 2.5-3 mm long

excluding sepals, 1.2-1.7 mm wide; halves

detaching distally, not recurved. Seeds

ellipsoidal, 0.2-0.25 mm long, brown, smooth

and lacunose. Fig. 1A-D.

Specimens examined : Queensland. Cook District:

Vyce’s Crossing c. 13 km due north of Weipa, Jul

1998, Bean 13574 (AD, BRI, DNA, MET., NSW, QRS);

Brown’s Creek, Pascoe River, Jul 1948, Brass 19548

(A, BRI); c. 26 km SSW of Aurukun and 3 km W of

Archer River, Oct 1982, Clarkson 4548; Cowal Creek

crossing on the Bamaga to Mutee Head road, Sep

1985, Clarkson 6208 (BRI, QRS); Sanamere Lagoon,

c. 3 km N of the Jardine River crossing on road to

Bamaga, Aug 1985, Clarkson 6175 (BRI); 3.6 km S

of old road crossing of Jardine River, Jul 1992,

Clarkson 9698 & Neldner (BRI, DNA, MBA); Site

13, Pennefather River, Jul 1988, Dalliston CC276

(BRI); Sandy Creek, 69 km from Weipa on road to

Stones Crossing, Jul 1993, Forster PIF13502 &

Sankowsky (BRI); east arm of Namaleta Creek,

upstream of Venture Mine lease, Oct 1994, Gunness

AG2404 (BRI); along Kennedy road, c. 18 km N of

Moreton Telegraph Station, Aug 1978, Kanis 2042

(BRI, CANB, L); Lake Boronto, 25 km NE of Bamaga,

Aug 1978, Paijmans 3042 (BRI, CANB); Pascoe

River, Sep 1990, Sankowsky 1154 & Sankowsky

(BRI); Bamaga and tip of Cape York, Sep 1980, Scarth-

Johnson 1043A (BRI, DNA); 13.5 km ENE of Weipa

Mission, Jul 1974, Specht W433 & Salt (BRI);

Schramm Creek, branch of Batavia River, undated,

Whitehouse s.n. (BRI).

Reconstituted or spirit material examined : Bean

13574 (2 fls); Bean 13579 (2 fls); Clarkson 4548 (2

fls); Clarkson 4896 (2 fls); Clarkson 6175 (1 fl);

Clarkson 6208 (2 fls); Clarkson 9698 & Neldner (2

fls); Forster 13502 & Sankowsky (2 fls).

Distribution and habitat : S. delicatum is

endemic to northern Cape York Peninsula, north

from about Aurukun (Map 5). It is recorded

from swamp margins, Melaleuca woodland or

open heathland, usually on sandy soil, but also

recorded from clay-loam.

Phenology : Flowers and capsules have been

recorded from July to October.

Affinities : S. delicatum is closely related to S.

floodii, but differs by its leaves 10-25 mm long

435

(22-35 mm for S. floodii); glandular hairs 0.3-

0.5 mm long (0.15-0.2 mm forS. floodii) ; acute

to acuminate sepals (obtuse for S. floodii); and

the glabrous or glandular-hairy column (column

with eglandular hairs only for S. floodii).

S. delicatum differs from S. rivulosum by

its longer, acute sepals; 3-5 lobed paracorolla

(2-lobed for S. rivulosum); the free posterior

petals and the shorter column of uniform width

throughout and lacking eglandular hairs.

Conservation status : A widespread species

which is not considered to be at risk.

Etymology : The specific epithet is from the

Latin delicatus, meaning delicate or dainty, in

reference to the overall appearance of the plant.

9. Stylidium turbinatum Lowrie & Kenneally,

Nuytsia 11: 215 (1997). Type: Western

Australia. 1.5 km ESE of the Elephant Rock

end of the Sleeping Buddha hill formation

south of Kununurra, 15°50’S 128°46’E, 25

April 1995, A. Lowrie 1095 (holo: PERTH

n.v.; iso: DNA, MEL).

Herbaceous annual, 6-16 cm high. Glandular

hairs 0.15-0.25 mm long; glands ellipsoidal.

Stems present, glabrous. Leaves 20-200 per

plant, mostly in terminal rosette, with some

scattered below, linear, 10-23 mm long, 0.3-0.7

mm wide, glabrous, apex acute or mucronate,

base truncate, margins entire. Petioles absent.

Scapes 1-10 per plant, 0.3-0.5 mm in diameter,

glandular-hairy. Sterile bracts absent.

Inflorescences 6-10 cm long including scape,

determinate, monochasially cymose; branches

glandular-hairy. Bracts linear or deltate, 1-2.5

mm long, glandular-hairy, acute or mucronate.

Bracteoles absent. Pedicels 3-8 mm long,

glandular-hairy. Hypanthium obovoid to

ellipsoidal, glandular-hairy throughout. Sepals

deltate or lanceolate, all free, 1.2-1.9 mm long,

0.5-0.8 mm wide, glandular-hairy, obtuse or

acute. Corolla pink, glandular-hairy on tube and

petals; tube 1.6-2 mm long, with sinus on

anterior side only. Paracorolla continuous,

lobed, thin, minutely papillose, 0.3-0.4 mm high.

Paracorolla lobes or appendages 3-6, all similar,

acute or obtuse, 0-2 opposite the anterior

petals, 2-4 opposite the posterior petals.

Paracorolla glands absent. Labellum attached

> X

436

Austrobaileya 5(3): 427-455 (1999)

Fig 1 . Stylidium delicatum A. whole plant x 1. B. lateral view of flower x 5. C. dehiscing capsule x 5. D. seed

50. Stylidium foveolatum. F. whole plant x 0.5. G. lateral view of flower x 5. H. capsule x 5. I. seed x 25.

,C,D from Gunness AG2404; B from Clarkson 9698; E from Forster 22591 & Booth', F-I from Gunness

AG2303.

Bean, Stylidium

at base of anterior sinus of corolla tube, ovate,

0.5-0.6 mm long, thick, glabrous or glandular-

hairy, obtuse. Labellum basal appendages

absent. Petals all free, A1+A2+P1+P2 or

posterior ones fused, A1+A2+(P1/P2). Anterior

petals 2-3 mm long, 1.3-2 mm wide, entire, acute

or obtuse. Posterior petals 2.8-4 mm long, 1.9-

3 mm wide, bilobed or entire, obtuse. Column

5-7.5 mm long, slightly dilated near distal end,

with glandular and eglandular hairs; lateral

lobes absent; spur absent. Stigma sessile.

Corona absent. Capsule obconical, with 5 raised

ribs, 2.2-3.3 mm long excluding sepals, 1.7-2

mm wide; halves detaching distally, not

recurved. Seeds ellipsoidal, 0.2-0.25 mm long,

yellow or brown, smooth.

Selected specimens: Western Australia, c. 32 km

WSW of Kununurra, Jul 1976, Beauglehole 54296

(DNA); S side of Cockburn Range, c. 6.5 km W of

King R„ Jul 1974, Carr 3405 & Beauglehole 47183

(DNA). Northern Territory. Survey Creek, Daly

River road, May 1968, Byrnes NB661 (DNA); Stuart

Highway, 40 km S of Darwin, Jun 1977, Carlquist

15178 (DNA); Site 55, Mary River, May 1989, Clark

1751 (DNA); tributary of Allia Ck, May 1994, Cowie

4886 & Albrecht (DNA); 9.5 km S of Twin Fall, May

1980, Craven 5858 (CANB, DNA); 65 km NE of

Pine Creek, May 1977, Dunlop 4560 (DNA, NSW);

Mt Gilruth area, Jun 1978, Dunlop 4911 (DNA);

Koolpinyah station, May 1996, Egan 5331 (DNA);

Magela Creek at Mudginberry, May 1973, Hartley

13874 (DNA); c. 8 miles [13 km] SSW of Oenpelli-

Pine Creek intersection, Jul 1973, Henry 890 (DNA);

Radon Gorge area, c. 12 km S of Jabiru, Jun 1978,

Latz 7693 (BRI, CANB, DNA); Tortilla Flats, Apr

1974, Parker 410 (DNA); Flying Fox Creek, Arnhem

Hwy, Jun 1977, Parker 899 (CANB, DNA); 4 km W

of Nabarlek airstrip, Oenpelli road, Apr 1979, Rankin

2141 (DNA, PERTH); Howard River area, Aug 1979,

Rankin 2230 (DNA); Munmarlary turnoff, Arnhem

Highway, Jun 1983, Rankin 2726 (DNA); Koongarra,

Jun 1978, Rice 2686 (DNA); Kakadu N.P., upper

Koolpin Creek, Jun 1988, Russell-Smith 5530 & Lucas

(BRI, DNA).

Reconstituted or spirit material examined: Dunlop

4560 (1 fl); Parker 899 (1 fl); Rankin 2141 ( 2fls).

Distribution and habitat: S. turbinatum is

distributed from the Kununurra area of Western

Australia to the Arnhem Land plateau in

Northern Territory (Map 2). It grows on

sandstone plateaux, on moist flats or near

creeks. Soils are sandy and associated species

may include Eucalyptusptychocarpa F.Muell.,

E. polycarpa F.Muell., Melaleuca spp. and

Pandanus spiralis R.Br.

437

Phenology: Flowers and capsules have been

recorded from April to August.

Affinities: S. turbinatum differs from S. flood'd

by the minutely papillose paracorolla (glabrous

for S.floodii ), the anterior petals 1.3-2 mm wide

(0.5-1.2 for S. floodii ), the column slightly

dilated near distal end and with glandular and

eglandular hairs (uniform width throughout and

with eglandular hairs for S. floodii ) and the

capsule obconical and conspicuously angled

(ellipsoidal and not angled for S.floodii ).

10. Stylidium costulatum Kenneally & Lowrie,

Nuytsia9: 343-345 (1994). Type: Western

Australia. Wonganut Spring, 19 km ESE

of Coulomb Point, Dampier Peninsula,

17°25’S 122°19’E, 18 June 1984, K.F.

Kenneally 9054/A (holo: PERTH n.v.; iso:

MEL).

Herbaceous annual, 5-15 cm high. Glandular

hairs 0.2-0.3 mm long; glands ellipsoidal.

Stems present, glabrous. Leaves 20-200 per

plant, mostly in terminal rosette, with some

scattered below, linear, 7-26 mm long, 0.5-0.8

mm wide, glabrous, apex acute or acuminate,

base truncate, margins entire. Petioles absent.

Scapes 1-8 per plant, 0.4-0.7 mm in diameter,

glandular-hairy. Sterile bracts absent.

Inflorescences 2-10 cm long including scape,

determinate, monochasially cymose; branches

glandular-hairy. Bracts linear or lanceolate, 1-

4 mm long, glandular-hairy, acute. Bracteoles

absent. Pedicels 3-9 mm long, glandular-hairy.

Hypanthium obovoid to ellipsoidal, glandular-

hairy throughout. Sepals lanceolate or elliptical,

with 3 free and 2 mostly fused, 1.5-2 mm long,

0.6-0.7 mm wide, glandular-hairy, acute. Corolla

yellow, glandular-hairy on tube and petals;

tube 1.7-2.2 mm long, with sinus on anterior

side only. Paracorolla discontinuous, lobed,

thick, glabrous, 0.2-0.3 mm high. Paracorolla

lobes or appendages 2, all similar, obtuse, 2

opposite the anterior petals, none opposite the

posterior petals. Paracorolla glands absent.

Labellum attached at base of anterior sinus of

corolla tube, ovate, 0.4-0.6 mm long, thick or

thin, glabrous or glandular-hairy, obtuse.

Labellum basal appendages absent. Petals with

posterior ones fused, A1+A2+(P1/P2). Anterior

petals 1.8-2.5 mm long, 1.2-1.5 mm wide, entire,

obtuse. Posterior petals 2.8-3 mm long, 1.4-1.7

438

Austrobaileya 5(3): 427-455 (1999)

mm wide, entire, obtuse. Column 5-6.5 mm long,

slightly dilated near distal end, glandular-hairy;

lateral lobes absent; spur absent. Stigma

sessile. Corona absent. Capsule obconical or

ellipsoidal, with 5 raised ribs, 3-4.5 mm long

excluding sepals, 1.5-2 mm wide; halves

detaching distally, not recurved. Seeds globose

or ellipsoidal, c. 0.2 mm long, brown, smooth or

colliculate.

Specimens examined : Western Australia. 59 km

by road N of Gibb River road, Meda-Oobagooma road,

c. 60 km NE of Derby, Jun 1976, Beauglehole 52685

(DNA); Wonganut Spring, 19 km ESE of Coulomb

Point, Dampier Peninsula, Jun 1984, Forbes 2372

(MEL).

Reconstituted or spirit material examined :

Beauglehole 52685 (1 fl); Forbes 2372 (3 fls).

Distribution and habitat : S. costulatum is

endemic to the western parts of the Kimberley

in Western Australia (Map 1). It grows adjacent

to creeks in seasonally wet areas.

Phenology : April to August, according to

Kenneally & Lowrie (1994).

Affinities: S. costulatum is closely related to

S. turbinatum, but differs by having 2 sepals

mostly fused (ah sepals free for 5. turbinatum ),

corolla yellow (pink for S. turbinatum ),

paracorolla discontinuous, glabrous, 2-lobed

(continuous, papillose, 3-6 lobed for S.

turbinatum), posterior petals 1.4-1.7 mm wide

(1.9-3 mm forS. turbinatum) and column with

glandular hairs only (glandular and eglandular

for S', turbinatum).

11. Stylidium desertorum Carlquist, Aliso 9:

317 (1978). Type: Northern Territory. Salt

Beef Lake,Tanami, 20°53’S 130°25’E, 22

July 1973, P.K. Latz 4085 (holo: AD; iso:

BRI).

Herbaceous perennial, 15-26 cm high. Glandular

hairs 0.3-0.7 mm long; glands ellipsoidal.

Stems present, glabrous. Leaves 20-200 per

plant, mostly in terminal rosette, with some

scattered below, linear, (11-) 16-75 mm long,

0.3-0.8 mm wide, glabrous, apex mucronate,

base truncate, margins entire. Petioles absent.

Scapes 1-6 per plant, 1-2.3 mm in diameter,

glandular-hairy. Sterile bracts absent or present.

Inflorescences 13-20 cm long including scape,

determinate, monochasially cymose or

determinate, dichasially cymose; branches

glandular-hairy. Bracts linear or deltate or ovate,

1-5 mm long, glandular-hairy, acute or

mucronate. Bracteoles absent. Pedicels 2-9 mm

long, glandular-hairy. Hypanthium obovoid to

ellipsoidal, glandular-hairy throughout. Sepals

deltate or lanceolate or elliptical, ah free, 2.2-

2.7 mm long, 0.7-0.8 mm wide, glandular-hairy,

obtuse or acute. Corolla pink, glandular-hairy

on tube and petals; tube 4.2-5.5 mm long, with

sinus on anterior side only. Paracorolla absent.

Labellum attached at base of anterior sinus of

corolla tube, ovate or orbicular, 0.4-1 mm long,

thick, glandular-hairy, obtuse or acuminate.

Labellum basal appendages less than half

length of labellum or more than half length of

labellum, glabrous or minutely papillose. Petals

all free, A1+A2+P1+P2. Anterior petals 2.2-4

mm long, 0.8-1.8 mm wide, entire, obtuse.

Posterior petals 3-5 mm long, 1-2.2 mm wide,

entire, obtuse. Column 11-15 mm long, of

uniform width throughout, glabrous; lateral

lobes absent; spur absent. Stigma sessile.

Corona absent or extending beyond anthers.

Capsule obconical or ellipsoidal, without raised

ribs, 3.5-4.7 mm long excluding sepals, 1.7-2.5

mm wide; halves detaching distally, not

recurved. Seeds globose or ellipsoidal, 0.2-0.25

mm long, brown, smooth or colliculate.

Selected specimens : Western Australia. Kimberley

Division, 19°52’S 125°15’E, May 1984, Fatchen 960

(AD); Red Dune site, near Edgar Range, SE of Broome,

Aug 1976, Kenneally 5572 (MEL, PERTH); N of

Balgo Mission, Jul 1973, Latz 4042 (DNA). Northern

Territory, c. 84 km WNW of Green Swamp well,

Tanami Desert, Aug 1995, Albrecht 6973 (DNA, NT);

9.6 miles [15.4 km] N of Georgina Downs HS, Oct

1957, Chippendale 3813 (AD, BRI, DNA, MEL);

Ooratippra Stn, Sandover Hwy, Arganara Creek, Aug

1979, Henshall 2718 (DNA, MEL); 12 [miles?] SE

Rabbit Flat, Jul 1973, Latz 3946 (BRI, CANB, DNA,

PERTH); north-west Simpson Desert, Nov 1973, Latz

4422 (AD, CANB, DNA, NSW); Elliott, May 1975,

Latz 5971 (AD, DNA, NT); Phillips Creek station

(Old Mission), Jun 1975, Latz 6045 (AD, DNA); 2

km N of Wauchope roadhouse, Stuart Highway, Jun

1978, Latz 7831 (DNA); Kurluparranka Soak, Lander

River floodout, Aug 1991, Latz 12142 (MEL, NT);

Thring swamp, Singleton station, Jun 1975, Ulyatt

28 (DNA, PERTH); 16 km W of McLaren Creek

station, Nov 1984, Waugh s.n. (DNA); on Barkly

Hwy 70 km NW of Barrys Caves near Radio repeater

8406, Sep 1981, Whaite 3934 (DNA, NSW); 50 km S

of Kalkarindji, Aug 1993, Wightman 6187 (DNA).

Bean, Stylidium

Queensland. Burke District: Selwyn Ranges, grid

ref. 7054-607993, Jul 1991, Conroy 89 & Taylor

(BRI); 10 km S of Mt Isa, Feb 1985, Harris 40 (BRI).

Mitchell District: Haughton Vale, Jundah, Sep 1997,

Groves AZI 1530 (BRI). Gregory North District: 6

km NNW of “Badalia”, Sep 1977, Purdie 1105 (BRI).

Gregory South District: 60 km E of Nappamerrie,

Aug 1995, Guy s.n. (AD).

Reconstituted or spirit material examined : Conroy

89 & Taylor (2 fls); Latz 3946 (1 fl); Wightman 6187

(2 fls).

Distribution and habitat : S. desertorum has a

scattered distribution in the semi-arid areas of

Queensland, Northern Territory and Western

Australia (Map 3). It grows adjacent to

seasonal swamps or in areas which receive

water runoff, or on sandplains in association

with Triodia spp. Soils are usually sandy, but

clays and clay-loams will also support the

species.

Phenology : Flowers and capsules have been

recorded from May to December.

Affinities : S. desertorum is closely related to

S. floodii , but differs by the glandular hairs

0.3-0.7 mm long (0.15-0.2 mm for S. floodii),

the sepals 22-2.1 x 0.7-0.8 mm (0.9-1.7 x 0.3-

0.6 mm for S. floodii), corolla tube 4.2-5.5 mm

long (1.3-2.7 mm for S. floodii ) and basal

appendages present on labellum (absent for S.

floodii ).

Conservation status: A widespread species

which is not considered to be at risk.

12. Stylidium adenophorum Lowrie &

Kenneally, Nuytsia 11:199 (1997). Type:

Western Australia. Mount Barnett

Roadhouse picnic grounds, Kimberley,

16°45’S 125°56’E, 11 June 1995, A. Lowrie

1227 (holo: PERTH n.v.; iso: DNA, MEL).

Herbaceous annual, 10-20 cm high. Glandular

hairs 0.2-0.4 mm long; glands ellipsoidal.

Stems present, glabrous. Leaves 20-200 per

plant, mostly in terminal rosette, with some

scattered below or scattered along stems, linear,

13-25 mm long, 0.3-0.6 mm wide, glandular-

hairy, apex obtuse, base truncate, margins

entire. Petioles absent. Scapes 1-20 per plant,

0.5-0.8 mm in diameter, glandular-hairy. Sterile

bracts absent. Inflorescences 10-18 cm long

439

including scape, determinate, monochasially

cymose or determinate, dichasially cymose;

branches glandular-hairy. Bracts lanceolate or

ovate, 1-3 mm long, glandular-hairy, obtuse or

acute. Bracteoles absent. Pedicels 4.5-16 mm

long, glandular-hairy. Hypanthium obovoid to

ellipsoidal, glandular-hairy throughout. Sepals

lanceolate or ovate, all free, 0.9-1.6 mm long,

0.5-0.7 mm wide, glandular-hairy, obtuse or

acute. Corolla pink, glandular-hairy on tube and

petals; tube 2.2-4 mm long, with sinus on

anterior side only. Paracorolla discontinuous,

lobed, thin, glabrous, 0.2-0.8 mm high.

Paracorolla lobes or appendages 4-7,

dimorphic, acute or obtuse, 2 opposite the

anterior petals, 2-5 opposite the posterior

petals. Paracorolla glands absent. Labellum

attached at base of anterior sinus of corolla

tube, ovate, 0.5-0.7 mm long, thick, glabrous

or glandular-hairy, obtuse or acute. Labellum

basal appendages absent. Petals with posterior

ones fused, A1+A2+(P1/P2). Anterior petals 2-

3.5 mm long, 0.8-1.9 mm wide, entire, obtuse.

Posterior petals 2.5-4.5 mm long, (1.2—)1.9—3

mm wide, bilobed or entire, obtuse. Column 7-

8 mm long, slightly dilated near distal end, with

glandular and eglandular hairs; lateral lobes

absent; spur absent. Stigma sessile. Corona

absent. Capsule ellipsoidal, without raised ribs,

2.4-4.5 mm long excluding sepals, 1.7-2.1 mm

wide; halves detaching distally, not recurved.

Seeds globose, 0.2-0.25 mm long, brown,

smooth.

Selected specimens : Western Australia. Wolf Creek

Meteorite Crater, c. 85 km S of Halls Creek, Jul 1974,

Carr 3592 & Beauglehole 47370 (DNA); Mount

Brophy Springs, Gardner Range, 190 km SE of Halls

Creek, Jul 1995, Coate 374 (BRI, DNA); Mt Parker

Plateau, Jul 1991, Cowie 1990 (DNA); Camp Creek,

Mitchell Plateau, 1 km N of Amax camp, May 1993,

Cowie 4329 & Brubaker (CANB, DNA, PERTH);

Claypan 5 km E of McHughs Bore, on track to Logues

Springs, Aug 1976, Kenneally 5777 (BRI, PERTH);

King Leopold Ranges, 8.5 miles [13.6 km] SE of

Bedford Downs station, Jul 1959, Lazarides 6388

(BRI, CANB); 39 miles [62 km] SW of Gibb River

station, May 1967, Maconochie 205 (DNA).

Northern Territory. 36 km W of Cape Crawford,

Carpentaria Hwy, May 1991, Cowie 1736 & Wilson

(DNA); Barkly Tableland, upper Nicholson River area,

Jun 1974, Kanis 1720 (CANB, DNA); Wessel Islands,

Oct 1972, Latz 3520 (DNA); c. 27 km SW of “Calvert

Hills” on the road to “Creswell Downs”, May 1974,

Pullen 9252 (CANB, DNA); Kilgour Gorge,

440

Austrobaileya 5(3): 427-455 (1999)

Mallapunyah station. May 1984, Thomson 583 (DNA).

Queensland. Burke District: Richmond-Croydon

road, 34.6 km S of “Esmeralda”, Jul 1998, Bean 13455

(BRI, NSW); Westmoreland, Little Amphitheatre,

May 1997, Forster PIF21144 & Booth (BRI, DNA).

Cook District: 13.7 km N of Wakooka, north of

Cooktown, Jul 1998, Bean 13658 (BRI, DNA, MEL,

NSW); 36.3 km from Dixie station on the track to

Killarney, Jun 1989, Clarkson 8153 & Neldner (BRI);

0.9 km W of Marmoss Creek, 25.1 km E of Kerr

Point, Weipa, Apr 1991, Clarkson 9022 & Neldner

(BRI, K, MBA, PERTH); 6 km N of Lily vale on the

track to Running Ck, Jun 1993, Clarkson 10096 &

Neldner (BRI, MBA, PERTH); Bulleringa N.P., 80

km NW of Mt Surprise, Apr 1998, Forster 22560 &

Booth (BRI); 24 km S of Wakooka Outstation, May

1993, Neldner 4050 (BRI, DNA, K, MBA, MEL,

NSW, PERTH). North Kennedy District: 22.5 km

SW of Pentland, Aug 1997, Bean 12275 (BRI, MEL);

near Reeve’s Lake, c. 25 km W of junction of Lolworth

Creek and Burdekin River, NW of Charters Towers,

Jul 1981, Henderson H2657 (BRI, CANB, K, MO).

South Kennedy District: southern end of Lake

Buchanan, Oct 1974, Althofer 660 (BRI); 0.6 km S of

Oxenhope Outstation, May 1991, Neldner 3172 &

Thompson (BRI). Mitchell District: “Rangeside”, 10-

18 km E of Torrens Creek, Apr 1981, Rebgetz 748

(BRI).

Reconstituted or spirit material examined : Bean

12275 (2 fls); Bean 13658 (1 fl); Clarkson 8153 &

Neldner (2 fls); Clarkson 9022 & Neldner (2 fls);

Clarkson 10096 & Neldner (2 fls); Forster 22560 &

Booth (1 fl); Neldner 4050 (1 fl).

Distribution and habitat : S. adenophorum is

distributed across northern Australia, from the

western Kimberley to Cape York Peninsula, and

in Queensland, south as far as Lake Buchanan

(Map 4). It grows in sandy soil in seasonally

wet Melaleuca or Eucalyptus woodland, but

where the surface soil is often quite dry when

the species reaches maturity.

Phenology: Flowers and capsules have been

recorded fromApril to October.

Affinities: S. adenophorum is related to S.

floodii, but differs by the glandular-hairy

leaves (glabrous for S. floodii ), discontinuous

paracorolla with dimorphic lobes (continuous

and lobes all similar for S. floodii ), posterior

petals partly fused (all petals free for S. floodii)

and column with glandular and eglandular hairs

(eglandular only for S. floodii).

Conservation status: A widespread species

which is not considered to be at risk.

Stylidium sect. Debilia Mildbr., Pflanzenr. 35:

41 (1908) as “Debiles”. Type: S. debile

F.Muell.

Rootstock cylindrical. Leaves oblanceolate,

elliptical or obovate, borne on terminal rosette

and/or cauline. Glandular hairs present, glands

ellipsoidal or capitate. Inflorescence

determinate; flowers pedicellate; corolla tube

with sinus on anterior side only or on both

sides; petals entire and obtuse, all free;

labellum usually attached at base of anterior

sinus, basal appendages present or absent.

Paracorolla present or absent. Column lateral

lobes absent; spur absent. Anther cells 4.

Stigma sessile. Capsule obovoid to obconical;

seeds globose to ellipsoidal, brown.

10 species endemic to northern and eastern

Australia

13. Stylidium semipartitum F.Muell., Fragm.

1:147 (1859). Type: [NorthernTerritory].

Inpascuis aridis ad flumenVictoriae, [15°

— : S 129°—’E], in 1855 ,F. Mueller, n.v.

S. leptorrhizum var. pilosum Benth., Fl.

Austral. 4:16 (1868). Type: Van Diemen’s

Gulf, NW Coast, A. Cunningham , n.v.

[S. leptorrhizum auct. non F.Muell.]

Herbaceous annual or perennial, 9-40 cm high.

Glandular hairs 0.2-0.5 mm long; glands

ellipsoidal. Stems present, glandular-hairy.

Leaves 10-30 per plant, mostly in terminal

rosette, with some scattered below or scattered

along stems, oblanceolate or elliptical or

obovate, 11-50(-68) mm long including petiole,

3-21 mm wide, glandular-hairy, apex obtuse or

acute, base obtuse or cuneate, margins entire.

Petioles 5-20(-28) mm long. Scapes 1-18 per

plant, 0.3-1 mm in diameter, glandular-hairy.

Sterile bracts absent. Inflorescences 8-30 cm

long including scape, determinate,

monochasially cymose; branches glandular-

hairy. Bracts deltate or lanceolate, 1-4 mm long,

glandular-hairy, acute. Bracteoles absent.

Pedicels 4-19 mm long, glandular-hairy.

Hypanthium obovoid to ellipsoidal, glandular-

hairy throughout. Sepals deltate or lanceolate

or ovate, all free, 0.9-1.7 mm long, 0.4-0.6 mm

wide, glandular-hairy, acute. Corolla pink or

Bean, Stylidium

mauve or red, glandular-hairy on tube and

petals; tube 2.2-2.7 mm long, with sinus on

anterior side only. Paracorolla discontinuous,

lobed, thin, glabrous, 0.2-1.1 mm high.

Paracorolla lobes or appendages 2 or 4,

dimorphic, acute or obtuse, (0—)2 opposite the

anterior petals, 2 opposite the posterior petals.

Paracorolla glands absent. Labellum attached

at base of anterior sinus of corolla tube, ovate

or lanceolate, 0.4-0.7 mm long, thick or thin,

glabrous or glandular-hairy, obtuse or acute.

Labellum basal appendages absent. Petals with

posterior ones fused, A1+A2+(P1/P2). Anterior

petals 1.5-3.5 mm long, 0.6-1.9 mm wide, entire,

acute or obtuse. Posterior petals 2.5-4.2 mm

long, 1.5-2.8 mm wide, entire, obtuse. Column

5.5-7 mm long, of uniform width throughout,

with eglandular hairs; lateral lobes absent; spur

absent. Stigma sessile. Corona absent. Capsule

ellipsoidal, without raised ribs, 2.5-6.2 mm long

excluding sepals, 1.5-2.5 mm wide; halves

detaching distally, not recurved. Seeds globose

or ellipsoidal, 0.25-0.3 mm long, brown,

colliculate.

Selected specimens : Western Australia. 59 km by

road N of Gibb River road, Molta-Oobagooma road,

c. 60 km NE of Derby, Jun 1976, Beauglehole 52680

(DNA); Curlew Bay, 7 km NW of One Arm Point,

Dampier Peninsula, May 1991, Carter 459 (DNA,

PERTH); St Patrick Is., St George Basin, May 1995,

Coate 249A (DNA, PERTH); claypan 5 km E of

McHughs Bore, on track to Logues Springs, Aug 1976,

Kenneally 5777 (DNA, PERTH); Bunda Bunda Mill,

33 km NE of Coulomb Point, Dampier Peninsula, Jun

1984, Kenneally 9060 (DNA, PERTH); Matchbox

Creek, on road to Ord Dam 19.9 km SW of Victoria

Hwy, Jun 1993, Lowrie 779 (BRI). Northern

Territory. Along road from Darwin Water Supply

dam, 7 km from junction with Stuart Hwy, Jun 1978,

Carlquist 15198 (BRI, DNA); 61.8 miles [99.5 km]

SW of Katherine, May 1960, Chippendale 6798

(BRI); near Plot 27, Mount Douglas, Mount Bundy

station, May 1989, Clark 1723 (BRI, DNA); Site 53,

Mary River, May 1989, Clark 1761 (BRI, DNA);

Nabarlek, Apr 1989, Hinze 510 (BRI, DNA); Melville

Island, near mouth of Maclear River, Apr 1986,

Johnson 4200 (BRI); Munmalary station, Apr 1973,

Latz 3893 (BRI); 66 km N of Timber Creek, May

1994, Latz 13929 & Dunlop (CANB, DNA); near

Koongarra Saddle, 1.5 km N of Koongarra, May 1980,

Lazarides 8898 (BRI, CANB); Gunn Point, Apr 1973,

McKean 1048 (BRI, CANB, DNA); Bridge Creek,

Stuart Highway, May 1977, Parker 842 (BRI, CANB,

DNA); South Alligator Mine area, 7 km SE of UDP

Falls, Jun 1977, Parker 881 (BRI, CANB, DNA); Jim

Jim Falls, Kakadu, Oct 1984, Wightman 1719 &

441

Dunlop (BRI, CANB, DNA); Arnhem Land, 3 km SE

of Ramingining, Jun 1987, Wightman 3874 & Smith

(DNA).

Reconstituted or spirit material examined: Clark 1761

(2 fls); Craven 6503 (1 fl); Dunlop 3396 (2 fls);

Wightman 1719 & Dunlop (3 fls); Lazarides 8898 (1 fl).

Distribution and habitat : S. semipartitum is

widespead in the northern parts of Northern

Territory and the Kimberley region ofWestern

Australia (Map 5). It grows on damp sand in

eucalypt woodland, on sandstone plateaux with

Triodia spp. or near creeks with Melaleuca spp.

Phenology : Flowers and capsules have been

recorded from March to August, with one

record in October.

Notes: The type of S. semipartitum could not

be located at MEL, nor at K or BM. Despite

this, the application of the name is clear due to

the detailed description provided by Mueller.

In particular, he stated that semipartitum has

“leaf margins glandular-ciliate” and “leaves

crowded at the apex of a short to very short

stem”. These character-states clearly

distinguish it from S. leptorrhizum.

S. semipartitum was reduced to synonymy

under S. leptorrhizum by Bentham (1868).

Subsequently the name S. leptorrhizum was

widely misapplied to the taxon with leaves on a

stem, distinct petioles and glandular-hairy

leaves, i.e. S. semipartitum.

Affinities : S. semipartitumis distinctive within

S. sect. Debilia because of its glandular-hairy

leaves.

14. Stylidium leptorrhizum F.Muell., Fragm. 1:

148 (1859); Candollea leptorrhiza

(F.Muell.) F.Muell., Syst. CensusAustral.

PI. 86 (1883). Type: [NorthernTerritory],

near Macadams Range, [14°—’S 129° —

’E], October 1855, F. Mueller (holo: MEF

[MEF1061659]).

Stylidium barrettorum Lowrie & Kenneally,

Nuytsia 11: 202 (1997), syn. nov. Type:

Western Australia. Grevillea Creek,

Beverley Springs Station, 31 May 1992,

M.D. Barrett A (holo: PERTH; iso: DNA,

MEL).

442

Austrobaileya 5(3): 427-455 (1999)

Herbaceous annual, 8-25 cm high. Glandular

hairs 0.15-0.3 mm long; glands ellipsoidal.

Stems absent (with leaves in basal rosette).

Leaves 10-20 per plant, oblanceolate or

elliptical, 14-39(-60) mm long including petiole,

3- 9.5 mm wide, glabrous, apex acute or

mucronate, base cuneate, margins entire.

Petioles 3-13 mm long. Scapes 1-3 per plant,

0.4-0.8 mm in diameter, glandular-hairy. Sterile

bracts absent. Inflorescences 8-25 cm long

including scape, determinate, monochasially

cymose; branches glandular-hairy. Bracts

lanceolate, 1.5-4 mm long, glandular-hairy,

acute or mucronate. Bracteoles absent. Pedicels

4- 16 mm long, glandular-hairy. Hypanthium

obovoid to ellipsoidal, glandular-hairy

throughout. Sepals deltate or ovate or elliptical,

all free, 1-1.5 mm long, 0.5-0.8 mm wide,

glandular-hairy, acute. Corolla pink or mauve,

glandular-hairy on tube and petals; tube 3-3.5

mm long, with sinus on anterior side only.

Paracorolla discontinuous, lobed, thin,

glabrous, 0.8-1.5 mm high. Paracorolla lobes

or appendages 2, both similar, acute or obtuse,

opposite the anterior petals only. Paracorolla

glands absent. Labellum attached at base of

anterior sinus of corolla tube, ovate, 0.5-0.8

mm long, thick, glabrous; obtuse or acute.

Labellum basal appendages absent. Petals with

posterior ones fused, A1+A2+(P1/P2). Anterior

petals 2.8-4 mm long, 1.8-2.5 mm wide, entire,

obtuse. Posterior petals 3.2-5 mm long, 1.2-3

mm wide, entire, obtuse. Column 7-9.5 mm long,

slightly dilated near distal end, with glandular

and eglandular hairs; lateral lobes absent; spur

absent. Stigma sessile. Corona absent. Capsule

ellipsoidal, without raised ribs, 3.2-5 mm long

excluding sepals, 2-2.2 mm wide; halves

detaching distally, not recurved. Seeds

ellipsoidal, c. 0.2 mm long, yellow or brown,

smooth or colliculate.

Specimens examined : Western Australia. King

Edward River, c. 50 km NE of Mitchell River HS, Aug

1978, Beauglehole 29109 & Errey 2809 (DNA); 11

km E of junction of Gibb River-Drysdale-El Questro

road, c. 195 km SW of Wyndham, May 1976,

Beauglehole 51639 (DNA). Northern Territory.

Spirit Hills Conservation area, near Victoria River,

Aug 1996, Boehme 9 (DNA); Alligator Springs, Jul

1995, Booth 1078 (DNA).

Reconstituted or spirit material examined :

Beauglehole 29109 & Errey 2809 (2 fls); Boehme 9

(2 fls).

Distribution and habitat: S. leptorrhizum

grows in the Kimberley region of Western

Australia and in the Victoria River district of

Northern Territory (Map 3). It grows in sandy

soil beside creeks or billabongs.

Phenology: Flowers have been recorded from

May to August; capsules from July to August.

Typification: The type specimen of S.

leptorrhizum has glabrous leaves, columns

with glandular hairs, capsules 3-4 mm long,

and broad acute sepals. Examination of the

type of S. barrettorum reveals it is clearly

conspecific with S. leptorrhizum.

Affinities: S. leptorrhizum is closely related to

S. multiscapum, but differs by the acute sepals

(obtuse for S. multiscapum ), corolla tube 3-3.5

mm long (1.4-2.5 mm for S. multiscapum ),

paracorolla lobes 2 (6-8 for S. multiscapum ),

labellum ovate and glabrous (orbicular and

glandular-hairy for S. multiscapum ), column

with glandular and eglandular hairs (glabrous

for 5. multiscapum ) and capsule 2-2.2 mm wide

(1.4-1.7 mmforS'. multiscapum ).

15. Stylidium austrocapense A.R.Beansp. nov.

S. multiscapae affinis, sed foliis

brevioribus angustioribusque,

paracorolla deficienti, labello parti

exterioro corollae afixo, appendicibus

basalibus labelli plerumque praesentibus

et seminibus majoribus, differens. Typus:

Queensland. Cook District: c. 17 km ESE

of Wolverton, c. 1.5 km S of Pratt Tin

Mine, 13°24’S 143°02’E, 21 April 1993,7./?.

Clarkson 9960 & V.J. Neldner (holo: BRI;

iso: DNA, K n.v., MBA, PERTH n.v.).

Herbaceous annual, 9-18 cm high. Glandular

hairs 0.2-0.4 mm long; glands ellipsoidal.

Stems absent (with leaves in basal rosette).

Leaves 4^10 per plant, oblanceolate or elliptical,

7.5-31 mm long including petiole, 2-10 mm

wide, glabrous, apex acuminate or mucronate,

base cuneate, margins entire. Petioles 1.5-7 mm

long. Scapes 1-10 per plant, 0.3-0.7 mm in

diameter, glandular-hairy. Sterile bracts absent.

Inflorescences 9-18 cm long including scape,

Bean, Stylidium

determinate, monochasially cymose; branches

glandular-hairy. Bracts ovate or deltate, 1-2 mm

long, glandular-hairy, obtuse or acute or

mucronate. Bracteoles absent. Pedicels 2-13

mm long, glandular-hairy. Hypanthium obovoid

to ellipsoidal, glandular-hairy throughout.

Sepals lanceolate or elliptical, all free, 0.9-1.6

mm long, 0.4-0.7 mm wide, glandular-hairy,

obtuse or acute. Corolla pink or red, glandular-

hairy on tube and petals; tube 1.5-2.1 mm long,

with sinus on anterior side only. Paracorolla

absent. Labellum attached to outside of corolla

tube, orbicular, 0.3-0.7 mm long, thick, glabrous

or glandular-hairy, obtuse. Labellum basal

appendages absent or present, less than half

length of labellum, glabrous. Petals all free,

A1+A2+P1+P2. Anterior petals 2.4-3.5 mm

long, 1.5-2.9 mm wide, entire, obtuse. Posterior

petals 3-4.1 mm long, 1.9-3.5 mm wide, entire,

obtuse. Column 5-7.5 mm long, of uniform

width throughout, glabrous; lateral lobes

absent; spur absent. Stigma sessile. Corona

absent or extending beyond anthers. Capsule

ellipsoidal, without raised ribs, 2.2-3.7 mm long

excluding sepals, 1.3-2 mm wide; halves

detaching distally, not recurved. Seeds globose

or ellipsoidal, 0.25-0.3 mm long, yellow or

brown, colliculate. Fig. 2 F-G

Specimens examined : Queensland. Cook District:

Emu Creek, 10.2 km from Peninsula Development

road, towards ‘Dixie’, Jul 1998, Bean 13554 (BRI);

7.9 km S of Musgrave, on road to Laura, Jul 1998,

Bean 13557 (BRI, DNA, MEL, NSW); 11.5 km west

of the Laura to Musgrave road on the track to Dixie,

Jun 1989, Clarkson 8119 & Neldner (BRI, MBA);

24.7 km N of the Morehead River on the Peninsula

Development road, Apr 1991, Clarkson 8927 &

Neldner (BRI, MBA); Bulleringa NP, 80 km NW of

Mt Surprise, track to Red River past Donkey Spring,

Apr 1998, Forster PIL22591 & Booth (BRI); 8 miles

[13 km] E of Musgrave Telegraph Office, Jun 1968,

Pedley 2659 (BRI).

Reconstituted or spirit material examined : Bean

13554 (2 fls); Bean 13557 (2 fls); Clarkson 8119 &

Neldner (3 fls); Clarkson 9960 & Neldner (3 fls);

Forster 22591 & Booth (2 fls).

Distribution and habitat : S. austrocapense is

confined to Cape York Peninsula between 13°S

and 17°30’S latitude (Map 3). It inhabits low

hills or intermittant watercourses with coarse

white sandy soil. The dominant species include

Eucalyptus tetrodonta, E. clarksoniana,

443

Melaleuca viridiflora, M. nervosa and

Xanthorrhoea johnsonii.

Phenology : Flowers and capsules have been

recorded fromApril to July

Affinities: S. austrocapense is closely related

to S. multiscapum but differs by the leaves 7.5-

31 mm long (22-52 mm for S. multiscapum ),

paracorolla absent (present for S.

multiscapum ), labellum attached to outside of

corolla tube (attached at base of anterior sinus

for S. multiscapum) and labellum basal

appendages usually present (rarely present for

S. multiscapum ).

S. austrocapense differs from S. leptorrhizum

by the petals all free (posterior ones fused in S.

leptorrhizum ); paracorolla absent (present,

discontinuous in S. leptorrhizum ); labellum

attached to outside of corolla tube (base of

anterior sinus in S. leptorrhizum ); labellum

basal appendages present (absent in S.

leptorrhizum)", column 5-6 mm long and

glabrous (7-9.5 mm long with glandular and

eglandular hairs in S. leptorrhizum).

Conservation status: A widespread species

which is not considered to be at risk.

Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the

occurrence of the species on the southern part

of Cape York Peninsula.

16. Stylidium multiscapum O.Schwarz, Repert.

Spec. Nov. RegniVeg. 24:105 (1927). Type:

Port Darwin, 6 mil es [10 km] east, [12°2-’S

130°5-’E], undated, F.A.K. Bleeser 360

(holo: B, destroyed; iso: NSW).

Herbaceous annual, 10-20 cm high. Glandular

hairs 0.2-0.5 mm long; glands ellipsoidal.

Stems absent (with leaves in basal rosette).

Leaves 8-100 per plant, oblanceolate, 22-52

mm long including petiole, 6.5-8 mm wide,

glabrous, apex acute or mucronate, base

cuneate, margins entire. Petioles 5-10 mm long.

Scapes 1-8 per plant, 0.5-0.8 mm in diameter,

glandular-hairy. Sterile bracts absent.

Inflorescences 10-20 cm long including scape,

determinate, monochasially cymose; branches

glandular-hairy. Bracts ovate, 1-2 mm long,

glandular-hairy, obtuse or acute. Bracteoles

444

absent. Pedicels 1.5-6 mm long, glandular-

hairy. Hypanthium obovoid to ellipsoidal,

glandular-hairy throughout. Sepals lanceolate

or elliptical, all free, 1.2-1.6 mm long, 0.5-0.6

mm wide, glandular-hairy, obtuse. Corolla pink,

glandular-hairy on tube and petals; tube 1.4-

2.5 mm long, with sinus on anterior side only.

Paracorolla discontinuous, lobed, thin,

glabrous, 0.5-1.1 mm high. Paracorolla lobes

or appendages 6-8, all similar, acute, 2-4

opposite the anterior petals, 4 opposite the

posterior petals. Paracorolla glands absent.

Labellum attached at base of anterior sinus of

corolla tube, orbicular, 0.5-0.7 mm long, thick,

glandular-hairy, obtuse. Labellum basal

appendages absent. Petals all free,

A1+A2+P1+P2. Anterior petals 2.4-3.3 mm

long, 1.8-2.1 mm wide, entire, obtuse. Posterior

petals 2.7^4.1 mm long, 1.8-2.4 mm wide, entire,

obtuse. Column 4-7.5 mm long, of uniform

width throughout, glabrous; lateral lobes

absent; spur absent. Stigma sessile. Corona

absent or extending beyond anthers. Capsule

ellipsoidal, without raised ribs, 1.8-2.8 mm long

excluding sepals, 1.4-1.7 mm wide; halves

detaching distally, not recurved. Seeds

ellipsoidal, c. 0.2 mm long, brown, lacunose.

Selected specimens : Western Australia. Kununurra-

Timber Creek road, 1.5 km W of Lake Argyle turnoff,

Jul 1974, Carr 3078 & Beauglehole 46837 (DNA);

72 miles [115 km] NNW of Gibb River station, Sep

1954, Speck 4952 (DNA). Northern Territory. Shoal

Bay, Sep 1980, Andrew 202 (CANB, DNA); 9 miles

[14 km] N of Mudginberry HS, Jul 1972, Byrnes 2742

(DNA); 4 km W of Blythe River crossing, Jul 1987,

Clark 1270 & Wilson (DNA); Kapalga, May 1977,

Collins BC446 (DNA); Jim Jim Creek, Mar 1982,

Dunlop 6206 & Taylor (DNA); Keep River N.R,

Jarrnarm area, Jun 1995, Egan 5034 (DNA); Keep

River N.R, Flying Fox Creek, Jun 1995, Egan 5073

(DNA); c. 250 m S of homestead, Swim Creek station,

Jun 1991, Jobson 1362 (MEL); Wessel Islands, Oct

1972, Latz 3371 (BRI, DNA, MEL); Umbakumba,

Groote Eylandt, Aug 1973, Levitt 344 (DNA);

Conservation Commission carpark, Palmerston, May

1989, Madrill 2 (DNA); Thoraks Reserve, 12 miles

[19 km] E of Darwin, Jun 1964, Nelson 1095 (DNA);

8 miles [13 km] N of Cooper Ck, Oct 1962, Paine

s.n. (DNA); McMillans Road area, Darwin, Sep 1977,

Parker 1092 (CANB, DNA, NSW, PERTH); 1.6 km

E of Oenpelli Mission, Jun 1972, Symon 7970 (DNA);

Cadell River crossing on Maningrida road, Oct 1981,

Thomson 146 (DNA); Spirit Hills Station, Aug 1987,

Wilson 736 (DNA). Queensland. Nicholson River

area, Jun 1974, Henshall 251 (DNA).

Austrobaileya 5(3): 427-455 (1999)

Reconstituted or spirit material examined: Dunlop

6206 & Taylor (2 fls); Egan 5034 (1 fl); Egan 5073

(2 fls).

Distribution and habitat : S. multiscapum is

distributed from the eastern Kimberley, through

the northern parts of Northern Territory, to

extreme north-western Queensland (Map 6). It

grows in damp sand in Eucalyptus dominated

woodlands, often near creeks or adjacent to

swamps.

Phenology: Flowers and capsules have been

recorded from May to October, and there is

one record from March.

Affinities'. S. multiscapum is closely related to

S. leptorrhizum. See notes under that species.

17. Stylidium floribundum R.Br., Prodr. 569

(1810); Candollea floribunda (R.Br.)

F.Muell., Syst. Census Austral. PL 86

(1883). Type: [NorthernTerritory]. North

Island, Sir Edward Pellew Group, [15°3-’S

136°5-’E], 20 December 1802, R. Brown

(holo: BM (2 sheets); iso: MEL

[MEL1061579]).

Herbaceous annual, 7-18 cm high. Glandular

hairs 0.2-0.3 mm long; glands ellipsoidal.

Stems absent (with leaves in basal rosette).

Leaves 6-30 per plant, oblanceolate or obovate,

8-35(-48) mm long including petiole, 4-11 mm

wide, glabrous, apex acute or acuminate or

mucronate, base cuneate, margins entire.

Petioles 2-22 mm long. Scapes 1-20 per plant,

0.3-0.5 mm in diameter, with simple hairs. Sterile

bracts absent or present. Inflorescences 7-18

cm long including scape, determinate,

monochasially cymose; branches glandular-

hairy or with glandular and simple hairs. Bracts

deltate or lanceolate or ovate, 1-4 mm long,

glandular-hairy or with simple hairs, acute.

Bracteoles absent. Pedicels 1.5-5.5 mm long,

glandular-hairy. Hypanthium obovoid to

ellipsoidal, glandular-hairy throughout. Sepals

deltate or lanceolate, all free, 1.2-1.6 mm long,

0.4-0.5 mm wide, glandular-hairy, obtuse or

acute. Corolla pink or yellow, glandular-hairy

on tube and petals; tube 1-1.4 mm long, with

sinus on anterior side only. Paracorolla absent.

Labellum attached at base of anterior sinus of

corolla tube, lanceolate and with slender tail,

Bean, Stylidium

0.4-0.6 mm long, thick, glabrous or glandular-

hairy; terminal appendage present, 0.3-0.5 mm

long, acute or acuminate. Labellum basal

appendages less or more than half length of

labellum, glabrous. Petals all free,

A1+A2+P1+P2. Anterior petals 2.1-2.9 mm

long, 0.9-1.5 mm wide, entire, acute or obtuse.

Posterior petals 3-3.7 mm long, 1.3-1.8 mm

wide, entire, acute or obtuse. Column 4.5-5.5

mm long, of uniform width throughout,

glabrous; lateral lobes absent; spur absent.

Stigma sessile. Corona absent or extending

beyond anthers. Capsule obconical or

ellipsoidal, without raised ribs, 3.5-5.5 mm long

excluding sepals, 1.1-1.7 mm wide; halves

detaching distally, not recurved. Seeds

ellipsoidal, c. 0.25 mm long, brown, smooth or

colliculate.

Specimens examined : Western Australia. Mount

Brophy Springs, Gardner Range, 190 km SE of Halls

Creek, Jul 1995, Coate 367 (BRI, DNA, PERTH); 48

miles [77 km] N of Turkey Creek Police Station, Jul

1949, Perry 2516 (BRI, DNA). Northern Territory,

near Hayes Creek, Jul 1946, Blake 16408 (BRI); 32

miles [51 km] SW of Hookers Creek, Jul 1956,

Chippendale 2238 (BRI, DNA); McArthur River area,

Jun 1976, Craven 4023 (BRI, CANB, DNA);

Nicholson River area, Jun 1974, Henshall 367 (DNA);

Newcastle Waters Station, May 1975, Henshall 998

(DNA); Powell Creek, Central Australia, 1894, Holtze

(MEL); 47 km S of Elliot, Stuart Highway, Jun 1974,

Latz 5498 (DNA); MacAdam Range, 1855, Mueller

(MEL); sources of the Wentworth River, Gulf of

Carpentaria, undated, Mueller (MEL); South Bay,

Bickerton Island, Gulf of Carpentaria, Jun 1948,

Specht 485 (AD, BRI, MEL); Lake Eames area, 2 km

NE of lake, Vanderlin Island, Jul 1988, Thomson 2515,

2524 (DNA, NT). Queensland. Burke District: Mica

Creek, 10 km S of Mt Isa, Sep 1983, Schmid 739

(BRI).

Reconstituted or spirit material examined: Craven

4023 (2 fls); Schmid 739 (2 fls); Thomson 2515 (2

fls).

Distribution and habitat: S. floribundum is

distributed across northern Australia from the

Kimberley to north-western Queensland (Map

8). It inhabits swampy flats or creek-beds,

dominated by Melaleuca spp. or less

commonly, Eucalyptus spp., always in sandy

soils.

Phenology: Flowers and capsules have been

recorded from May to September.

445

Affinities: S. floribundum is closely related to

S. inaequipetalum but differs by the scapes

0.3-0.5 mm diameter (0.6-4.5 mm for S.

inaequipetalum ), corolla glandular-hairy on

tube and petals (glandular-hairy on petals only

for S. inaequipetalum ), labellum lanceolate,

acute (ovate, obtuse for S. inaequipetalum)

and the mostly yellow flowers (pink for S.

inaequipetalum).

Conservation status: There are few collections

in Australian Herbaria of this species and it is

probably uncommon. However, its distribution

is wide, so it is not thought to be of

conservation concern at present.

18. Stylidium inaequipetalum J.M.Black,

Trans. & Proc. Roy. Soc. SouthAustralia

62: 106 (1938). Type: Northern Territory,

near Ayers Rock, 25°2F S 131°02' E, 13

June 1937,7.5. Cleland( holo:AD).

Herbaceous perennial, 7-40 cm high. Glandular

hairs 0.2-0.4 mm long; glands ellipsoidal.

Stems absent (with leaves in basal rosette).

Leaves 20-100 per plant, oblanceolate, 15-81

mm long including petiole, 2-8 mm wide,

glabrous, apex obtuse or acute, base cuneate,

margins entire. Petioles 12—45 mm long. Scapes

1-11 per plant, 0.6-4.5 mm in diameter, with

simple hairs. Sterile bracts absent or present.

Inflorescences 7-40 cm long including scape,

indeterminate, branches monochasially

cymose; branches glandular-hairy. Bracts

lanceolate or ovate, 1.5-9.5 mm long, glandular-

hairy, acute. Bracteoles absent. Pedicels 1.5-7

mm long, glandular-hairy. Hypanthium obovoid

to ellipsoidal, glandular-hairy throughout.

Sepals deltate or ovate, all free, 1.2-1.4 mm long,

0.5-0.7 mm wide, glandular-hairy, obtuse.

Corolla pink, glandular-hairy on petals only;

tube 1.1-1.5 mm long, with sinus on anterior

side only. Paracorolla absent. Labellum attached

at base of anterior sinus of corolla tube, ovate,

0.5-0.7 mm long, thick, glabrous; obtuse.

Labellum basal appendages less or more than

half length of labellum, glabrous. Petals all free,

A1+A2+P1+P2. Anterior petals 1-2.4 mm long,

0.5-0.9 mm wide, entire, obtuse. Posterior petals

2.9-5.9 mm long, 1.7-3 mm wide, entire, obtuse.

Column 4-7.5 mm long, of uniform width

446

Austrobaileya 5(3): 427-455 (1999)

throughout, glabrous; lateral lobes absent;

spur absent. Stigma sessile. Corona absent.

Capsule ellipsoidal, without raised ribs, 3.5-

5.3 mm long excluding sepals, 1.3-1.8 mm wide;

halves detaching distally, not recurved. Seeds

globose or ellipsoidal, 0.25-0.3 mm long, brown,

smooth.

Selected specimens: Northern Territory. Valley of

the Winds, Mt Olga, May 1985, Bates 5615 (AD);

Kathleen Springs area, George Gill Range, Jul 1968,

Beauglehole 26910 (DNA); Mt Connor, c. 220 km

SW of Alice Springs, Jun 1974, Carr 1849 &

Beauglehole 45628 (DNA); Ayers Rock, Jun 1935,

Cleland s.n. (AD); MacDonnells Range [near Haast

Bluff], 1872, Giles (MEL); Mt Currie, Sep 1974,

Henshall 765 (DNA); Napperby Station, May 1975,

Henshall 1020 (AD, DNA); Hull River, Aug 1973,

Latz 4171 (AD, BRI, DNA, NSW, MEL); Alice Springs

golfcourse, Jun 1974, Latz 5129 (DNA, NSW); Curtain

Springs station, Sep 1974, Latz 5689 (AD, DNA);

Stokes Creek, George Gill Ranges, Aug 1981, Latz

8756 (DNA); Maggi Springs, Ayers Rock, Jan 1969,

Maconochie 649 (AD, BRI, DNA); c. 14 miles [22

km] W of Lasseters Cave, Petermann Ranges, Jan

1969, Maconochie 686 (DNA, K); Hull River, c. 12

km west of Docker River, Aug 1973, Munir 5181

(AD, DNA); Hull River near Lasserters Cave, Sep

1997, Murfet 2784 (AD, DNA); summit of Ayers

Rock, c. 350 km SW of Alice Springs, Aug 1957,

Schodde 397 (AD, K); Macdonnell Ranges, Jul 1894,

Tate (AD, DNA); Kings Canyon, George Gill Range,

Jul 1966, Willis (AD, MEL, NSW).

Reconstituted or spirit material examined :

Beauglehole 26910 (2 fls); Murfet 2784 (3 fls).

Distribution and habitat : S. inaequipetalum

is confined to the south-western parts of

Northern Territory (Map 4). It grows on

sheltered creekbanks in sand or amongst rocks,

in or near the various ranges and mountains of

the area.

Phenology : Flowers and capsules have been

recorded from almost every month of the year.

Affinities: S. inaequipetalum is closest to S.

floribundum (see notes under that species). It

is also allied to the S. debile group. It differs

fromS. paniculatum by the scapes with simple

hairs (glabrous for5. paniculatum ), glandular-

hairy inflorescence branches and bracts

(glabrous for S. paniculatum ), corolla glandular

hairy on petals only (on tube only for S.

paniculatum ) and the glabrous labellum

(glandular-hairy for S. paniculatum).

19. Stylidium paniculatum (Maiden & Betche)

A.R.Bean comb, et stat. nov.

S. debile var. paniculatum Maiden &

Betche, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales

30: 367 (1905). Type: New South Wales.

Boonoo Boonoo nearTenterfield, [28° 4-

’S 152° O-’E], February 1905, J.L. Boorman

(holo: NSW; iso: BRI, MEL).

Herbaceous annual, 10-35 cm high. Glandular

hairs 0.1-0.2 mm long; glands ellipsoidal.

Stems present or absent (with leaves in basal

rosette), glabrous. Leaves 6-30 per plant,

scattered along stems, oblanceolate or

obovate, 10-31 mm long including petiole, 3-9

mm wide, glabrous, apex obtuse or acute, base

cuneate, margins entire. Petioles 3-10 mm long.

Scapes 1 per plant, 0.4-0.9 mm in diameter,

glabrous. Sterile bracts absent. Inflorescences

10-25 cm long including scape, indeterminate,

branches monochasially cymose; branches

glabrous. Bracts deltate or lanceolate or ovate,

1-3.5 mm long, glabrous, obtuse or acute.

Bracteoles absent. Pedicels 2-3 mm long,

glandular-hairy. Hypanthium obovoid to

ellipsoidal, glandular-hairy throughout. Sepals

lanceolate or elliptical, all free, 1—1.5 mm long,

0.4-0.6 mm wide, glandular-hairy, obtuse or

acute. Corolla pink, glandular-hairy on tube

only; tube 1.1-1.5 mm long, with sinus on

anterior side only. Paracorolla absent. Labellum

attached at base of anterior sinus of corolla

tube, ovate or orbicular, 0.5-0.7 mm long, thick,

glandular-hairy, obtuse. Labellum basal

appendages less or more than half length of

labellum, glabrous. Petals all free,

A1 + A2+P1+P2. Anterior petals 2-3.1 mm long,

1.2-2.4 mm wide, entire, obtuse. Posterior petals

2.9^1 mm long, 1.5-2.8 mm wide, entire, obtuse.

Column 4.5-5.5 mm long, of uniform width

throughout, glabrous or glandular-hairy; lateral

lobes absent; spur absent. Stigma sessile.

Corona absent. Capsule ellipsoidal, without

raised ribs, 3.6-5.8 mm long excluding sepals,

1.1-1.7 mm wide; halves detaching distally, not

recurved. Seeds ellipsoidal, c. 0.4 mm long,

brown or black, colliculate. Pig. 2A-B.

Specimens examined : Queensland. Darling Downs

District: Stanthorpe, Feb 1891, Bailey s.n. (BRI);

Watson’s Swamp, 6 km N of Amiens, Mar 1993, Bean

5852 & Forster (BRI, MEL); Sorrento Lane, west of

Bean, Stylidium

Dalveen, Apr 1998, Bean 13200 (BRI); Dunn’s road,

W of The Summit, Apr 1998, Bean 13206 (BRI);

Wallangarra, Jan 1906, Boorman (NSW);

Applethorpe, Swimming Hole, Nov 1946, Everist &

Webb 1302 (BRI); Mt Norman firebreak track,

Girraween N.R, Apr 1993, Forster PIF13275 (BRI);

Sorrento Lane, along rabbit fence W of Dalveen, Feb

1994, Grimshaw PG470 (BRI); 9 km NW of

Ballandean, Murphys Creek, Dec 1994, Halford

Q2364 (BRI); Stanthorpe, Mar 1963, Jones s.n. (BRI);

Fletcher, Jan 1977, McDonald 1759 (BRI). New

South Wales. Northern Tablelands: Severn S.F.,

Severn River Falls, Nov 1996, Forster PIF20115

(BRI, NSW); turnoff Brushabbers Road, Tenterfield

to Jennings, Mar 1956, Gray 3726 (NSW); Maryland,

undated, Hickey 2021 (BRI); Tompkins Gully,

Maryland road, Jan 1992, Wilson 1303 & Rowe (NSW).

North Coast: Tooloom Falls, 5 miles [8 km] S of

Urbenville, Dec 1965, Constable 6628 (NSW).

Reconstituted or spirit material examined : Bean

13200 (2 fls); Forster 13275 (2 fls); Grimshaw PG470

(3 fls); McDonald 1759 (2 fls).

Distribution and habitat: S. paniculatum

apparently has a very restricted distribution,

mainly between Dalveen (Queensland) and

Tenterfield (New South Wales) on granite

substrate at altitudes of between 800-1000

metres. In addition, collections from Severn

River (further west) and from Tooloom Falls

(further east) have been made (Map 7). It grows

along creeks, drains or low-lying flats where

the soil is sandy and moist for much of the

year.

Phenology : Flowers and capsules have been

recorded from November to April.

Affinities : S. paniculatum differs from S.

debile by the paniculate inflorescence and the

absence of bracteoles.

Conservation status : Data Deficient (DD)

category according to the International Union

for Conservation of Nature and Natural

Resources (Anon. 1994).

20. Stylidium debile F.Muell., Fragm. 1: 149

(1859); Candollea debilis (F.Muell.)

F.Muell., Syst. Census Austral. PL 86

(1883). Type: Queensland. Moreton

District: Brisbane River, [27°—’S 152°

—’E], in 1856, F. Mueller (holo: MEL).

Herbaceous annual, 15-30 cm high. Glandular

hairs 0.1-0.15 mm long; glands ellipsoidal.

447

Stems present or absent (with leaves in basal

rosette), glabrous. Leaves 20-200 per plant,

scattered along stems, oblanceolate or

obovate, 8-30 mm long including petiole, 3-7

mm wide, glabrous, apex obtuse or acute or

mucronate, base cuneate, margins entire.

Petioles 1.5-9 mm long. Scapes 1-2 per plant,

0.4-0.8 mm in diameter, glabrous. Sterile bracts

absent. Inflorescences 10-25 cm long including

scape, indeterminate, racemose. Bracts linear

or lanceolate, 1.5-4.5 mm long, glabrous, obtuse

or acute. Bracteoles present, 1.5 mm long.

Pedicels 2.5-4 mm long, glandular-hairy.

Hypanthium obovoid to ellipsoidal, glandular-

hairy throughout. Sepals debate or lanceolate,

all free, 1-1.3 mm long, 0.5-0.7 mm wide,

glandular-hairy, obtuse or acute. Corolla pink,

glandular-hairy on tube and petals; tube 1.1-

1.4 mm long, with sinus on anterior side only.

Paracorolla absent. Labellum attached at base

of anterior sinus of corolla tube, ovate or

orbicular, 0.7-0.8 mm long, thick, glandular-

hairy, obtuse. Labellum basal appendages less

or more than half length of labellum, glabrous.

Petals all free, A1+A2+P1+P2. Anterior petals

1.9-2.8 mm long, 1.2-2 mm wide, entire, obtuse.

Posterior petals 2.7-3.3 mm long, 2-2.2 mm

wide, entire, obtuse. Column 4.5-5.5 mm long,

of uniform width throughout, glabrous or

glandular-hairy; lateral lobes absent; spur

absent. Stigma sessile. Corona absent. Capsule

ellipsoidal, without raised ribs, 3.5-5 mm long

excluding sepals, 1.2-1.8 mm wide; halves

detaching distally, not recurved. Seeds

ellipsoidal, 0.4-0.5 mm long, brown, colliculate.

Selected specimens : Queensland. Cook District:

Yungaburra, Sep 1934, Coleman s.n. (QRS); Bellenden-

Ker Range, 1860-96, Karsten (MEL). Leichhardt

District: Mt Playfair, Nogoa River, 1890, Biddulph

(MEL); Two Mile Creek, Blackdown Tableland, 12

miles [19 km] SSE of Bluff, Sep 1959, Johnson 983

(BRI); Blackdown Tableland, Mimosa Creek at road

crossing, Jan 1983, Telford 9158 & Butler (CANB,

MEL). Port Curtis District: Rosedale, Sep 1930,

Dovey X14 (BRI); Deepwater Creek N.P., c. 4 km N

of campsite, Sep 1992, Sharpe 5334 (BRI, MEL).

Burnett District: Eidsvold, undated, Bancroft (BRI);

El 16 Narayen, Nov 1973, Tothill N1308 (BRI). Wide

Bay District: Prices Pool, 4 km S of Toolara Forest

Station, near Gympie, Sep 1993, Bean 6471 (BRI,

CANB); Yalanga station, Bates road, NE of Kin Kin,

Dec 1994, Bean 8150 & Grimshaw (BRI); Epsilon

L.A., S.F. 840, south-west of Bundaberg, Oct 1996,

Bean 10999 (BRI, MEL); head of Stony Creek, 11

448

Austrobaileya 5(3): 427-455 (1999)

km N of Coalstoun Lakes, Apr 1983, Forster PIF1564

(BRI); S.F. 1294, Harwood Creek, c. 29.5 km SE of

Childers, Feb 1996, Sparshott KMS741 & Price (BRI).

Maranoa District: Clayhole Creek, 20 miles [32

km] S of Yuleba, Nov 1958, Johnson 673 (BRI).

Darling Downs District: North Dulacca, Oct 1963,

Hockings s.n. (BRI). Moreton District: White Rock,

3 km S of Redbank Plains, Ipswich, Jun 1990, Bird

s.n. (BRI); near Sandgate, Brisbane, Nov 1960, Blake

21427 (BRI); 3 miles [5 km] NW of Greenbank, Mar

1960, Pedley 562 (BRI); Castle Hill range, c. 6 km W

of Coolum Beach, Nov 1982, Sharpe 3269 & Windolf

(BRI, NSW). New South Wales. North Coast:

Woodbum, Dec 1894, Baeuerlen (NSW); Evans Head,

Nov 1972, Coveny 4660 (BRI, NSW); Wells Crossing,

1.6 km N of Halfway Creek, 29 km SSE of Grafton,

Dec 1971, Thurtell & Coveny 3839 (BRI, NSW);

Clarence River, undated, Wilcox (MEL). Central

Coast: Alexandria Swamps, March 1888, Fletcher

(NSW); Gosford State Nursery, Mar 1917, Hamilton

(NSW); Botany Bay, undated, Leichhardt (MEL).

Reconstituted or spirit material examined : Bean

10999 (2 fls); Bird s.n. (2 fls); Sharpe 3269 & Windolf

(2 fls).

Distribution and habitat: Recent herbarium

collections (post-1960) indicate a distribution

for S. debile from Blackdown Tableland and

Deepwater National Park in Queensland to the

Coffs Harbour region in New South Wales.

Historical collections indicate additional

occurrences on the Atherton Tableland and at

Mt Playfair near Tambo, and as far south as

Alexandria Swamps (33° 54’S) in Sydney (Map

8). It grows on creekbanks or in swampy areas

often dominated by Lophostemon suaveolens

or Melaleuca quinquenervia. Soils vary from

sand to pale silty clay.

Phenology : Flowers and capsules have been

recorded from every month of the year

Notes: Erickson (1958) and Stanberg (1992)

described the seeds of S. debile as ‘hairy’.

However this is clearly not the case, and the

seeds of S. debile are glabrous, as in all other

Stylidium species.

S. debile is probably extinct on the

Atherton Tableland, an area which has been

extensively modified. It is probably also extinct

in the greater Sydney area as there have been

no herbarium records from this century, and it

was not recorded by Benson and Howell (1994).

Conservation status: A widespread species

which is not considered to be at risk.

21. Stylidium velleioides A.R.Beansp. nov. S.

debili affinis, sed differens inflorescentiis

paniculatis, bracteolis deficientibus,

columna longiore et petalis posterioribus

longioribus. Typus: Queensland. North

Kennedy District: White Dam, “Princess

Hills”, west of Ingham, 18°19’S 145°22’E,

1 August 1998 ,A.R.Bean 13764 &/. Fox

(holo: BRI; iso: DNA, K, MEL, NSW, QRS,

distribuendi).

Herbaceous annual, 15-30 cm high. Glandular

hairs 0.1-0.2 mm long; glands ellipsoidal.

Stems present or absent (with leaves in basal

rosette), glabrous. Leaves 6-30 per plant,

scattered along stems, obovate, 8-33 mm long

including petiole, 3.5-9 mm wide, glabrous,

apex obtuse or acute, base cuneate, margins

entire. Petioles 2-8 mm long. Scapes 1-3 per

plant, 0.4-0.7 mm in diameter, glabrous. Sterile

bracts absent. Inflorescences 15-25 cm long

including scape, indeterminate, branches

monochasially cymose; branches glabrous.

Bracts lanceolate, 1-2.5 mm long, glabrous,

obtuse. Bracteoles absent. Pedicels 2-6.5 mm

long, glandular-hairy. Hypanthium obovoid to

ellipsoidal, glandular-hairy throughout. Sepals

deltate or lanceolate, all free, 1-1.3 mm long,

0.4-0.6 mm wide, glandular-hairy, acute. Corolla

pink, glandular-hairy on tube and petals or

glandular-hairy on petals only; tube 1.3-1.5 mm

long, with sinus on anterior side only.

Paracorolla absent. Labellum attached at base

of anterior sinus of corolla tube, ovate or

orbicular, 0.5-0.7 mm long, thick, glandular-

hairy, obtuse. Labellum basal appendages more

than half length of labellum, glabrous. Petals

all free, A1+A2+P1+P2. Anterior petals 2.5-3

mm long, 1.4-2.2 mm wide, entire, obtuse.

Posterior petals 3.3-4.4 mm long, 1.8-3 mm

wide, entire, obtuse. Column 5.5-6.5 mm long,

of uniform width throughout, glabrous or

glandular-hairy; lateral lobes absent; spur

absent. Stigma sessile. Corona absent. Capsule

ellipsoidal, without raised ribs, 3.6-6.8 mm long

excluding sepals, 1.2-1.5 mm wide; halves

detaching distally, not recurved. Seeds globose

or ellipsoidal, 0.4-0.5 mm long, brown,

colliculate. Fig. 2 C-E.

Specimens examined : Queensland. Burke District:

headwaters of Flinders River, 8.5 km E of “Reedy

Springs” sign, Aug 1997, Bean 12267 (BRI). Cook

Bean, Stylidium

449

Fig. 2. Stylidium paniculatum A. whole plant x 0.5. B. lateral view of flower x 5. Stylidium velleioides C.

whole plant x 0.5. D. lateral view of flower, and emerging buds x 5. E. bud and immature capsule x 5.

Stylidium austrocapense F. whole plant x 1. G. lateral view of flower x 5. A from Forster 20115; B from

Bean 13206; C-E from Bean 12267; F from Clarkson 9960 & Neldner; G from Clarkson 8119 & Neldner.

450

Austrobaileya 5(3): 427-455 (1999)

District: Mt Surprise, undated, Armit 848 (MEL);

Red Camp Swamp, Yaramulla station, Jul 1981,

Williams 81122 (BRI). North Kennedy District: 31.6

km from Hann Highway, towards “Clarke Hills”, Aug

1997, Bean 12264 (BRI); Mt Fox, Sep 1949, Clemens

s.n. (BRI); Port Denison, 1874, Fitzalan (MEL);

Cleveland Bay, 1876, Johnson (MEL); Kelsey Creek,

Proserpine district, undated, Michael 1488 (BRI); c.

45 miles [72 km] SE of Mt Garnet, Nov 1967, Morain

234 (BRI); Flinders Highway 43 km SW of Charters

Towers, Jul 1974, Ollerenshaw 1093 & Kratzing (BRI,

CANB); Charters Towers, Aug 1891, Plant s.n. (BRI).

South Kennedy District: Clarke Range W of Cathu,

Apr 1978, Byrnes 3814 & Clarkson (BRI); Slade

Point dunal system, E of Finch Street, Mar 1993,

Champion 806 (BRI); Dalrymple Heights, Jul-Nov

1947, Clemens s.n. (BRI); Laglan, c. 80 miles [129 km]

W of Clermont, Oct 1960, Everist s.n. (BRI). Port Curtis

District: 16.6 km by road W of ‘Waverley’ towards

‘Croydon’ off the St Lawrence-Marlborough road, Sep

1975, Coveny 6917 & Hind (NSW); Broadsound, St

Lawrence, Oct 1873, Gulliver (MEL).

Reconstituted or spirit material examined : Bean

12264 (2 fls); Bean 12267 (2 fls); Bean 13764 &

Fox (2 fls); Morain 234 (2 fls).

Distribution and habitat : S. velleioides is

confined to tropical Queensland, from Mt

Surprise to St Lawrence (southernmost record

22° 21’S) (Map 6). It grows along creekbanks

and seepage areas, mostly in eucalypt

woodland but with one collection from a

Melaleuca leucadendra forest.

Phenology : Flowers and capsules have been

recorded from March to November

Affinities : S. velleioides differs from S. debile

by the paniculate inflorescences, the absence

of bracteoles, the longer column and the longer

posterior petals. S. velleioides differs from S.

paniculatum by the longer column and the

mostly longer capsules. S', velleioides has been

confused with S. semipartitum in the past, but

differs from that by its glabrous leaves and

scapes.

Conservation status : A widespread species

which is not considered to be at risk.

Etymology : The specific epithet refers to the

strong resemblence of sterile material to that of

Velleia spathulata.

22. Stylidium ornatum S.T.Blake, Proc. Roy.

Soc. Queensland 73: 76 (1963). Type:

Queensland. Moreton District: Beerwah,

26°5-’S 152°5-’E, 18 November 1959, ST.

Blake 21160 (holo: BRI).

Herbaceous annual or perennial, 10-30 cm high.

Glandular hairs 0.1-0.15 mm long; glands

capitate. Stems present or absent (with leaves

in basal rosette), glabrous. Leaves 5-25 per

plant, mostly in terminal rosette, with some

scattered below, oblanceolate, 13-37 mm long

including petiole, 3-10 mm wide, glabrous, apex

obtuse or acute, base cuneate, margins entire.

Petioles 3-8 mm long. Scapes 1—2(^4) per plant,

0.7-2 mm in diameter, glabrous. Sterile bracts

present. Inflorescences 12-30 cm long

including scape, indeterminate, branches

monochasially cymose; branches glandular-

hairy. Bracts lanceolate or ovate, 1.5-4.5 mm

long, glabrous, obtuse or acute. Bracteoles

absent. Pedicels 3-6 mm long, glandular-hairy.

Hypanthium obovoid to ellipsoidal, glandular-

hairy throughout. Sepals lanceolate, all free,

1.1- 1.7 mm long, 0.4-0.7 mm wide, glabrous,

obtuse or acute. Corolla pink, glabrous; tube

1.1- 1.4 mm long, with sinus on anterior and

posterior sides. Paracorolla discontinuous,

lobed, thin, glabrous, 0.5-0.7 mm high.

Paracorolla lobes or appendages 4, all similar,

acute, 2 opposite the anterior petals, 2 opposite

the posterior petals. Paracorolla glands absent.

Labellum attached at base of anterior sinus of

corolla tube, lanceolate, 0.8-1.5 mm long, thick

or thin, glabrous; terminal appendage present,

0.8-1.5 mm long, acute. Labellum basal

appendages absent. Petals all free,

A1+A2+P1+P2. Anterior petals 4.1-4.5 mm

long, 2.3-2.6 mm wide, entire, acute or obtuse.

Posterior petals 3.7-4.2 mm long, 1.5-2.1 mm

wide, entire, acute or obtuse. Column 5-6 mm

long, of uniform width throughout, glabrous;

lateral lobes absent; spur absent. Stigma

sessile. Corona absent. Capsule obconical,

without raised ribs, 3.3-4 mm long excluding

sepals, 1.8-2.4 mm wide; halves detaching

distally, not recurved. Seeds ellipsoidal, 0.4-

0.5 mm long, brown, lacunose.

Specimens examined : Queensland. Wide Bay

District: Tin Can Bay, Sep 1946, Clemens s.n. (BRI);

Fraser Island, Dec 1919, Epps 2 (BRI); Cooloola,

near Teewah Creek, Sep 1974, Harrold C404 (BRI);

Fraser Island, Jan 1894, Lovell s.n.(BRI); western shore

of Lake Boemingen, Fraser Island, Aug 1984, Walsh

1401 (BRI, MEL); between Howard and Traverston,

Oct 1929, White 6375 (BRI). Moreton District: Pine

Bean, Stylidium

Ridge Reserve c. 4 miles [6 km] N of Southport, Jan

1968, Baxter 1155 (BRI); western edge of Mooloolah

River N.R, S of Buderim, May 1997, Bean 12015

(BRI); Beerwah, Nov 1960, Blake 21434 (BRI, MO,

NSW); between Myora and Point Lookout, North

Stradbroke Island, Aug 1969, Coveny 2029 (BRI,

NSW); Moreton Island, 1.4 km ENE of Bulwer, Mar

1973, Durrington 330 (BRI); Russell Island, Moreton

Bay, undated, Hauser s.n. (BRI); 100 metres W of

Cinnamon Ave, Coolum Beach, Feb 1982, Sharpe

3158 (BRI); 3 km S of Buderim, Apr 1986, Sharpe

4327 & Bean (BRI); Stradbroke Island, Sep 1915,

White s.n. (BRI); Maroochydore, Apr 1916, White s.n.

(BRI). New South Wales. North Coast: Wardell,

Nov 1893, Baeuerlen 1087 (NSW); N of Lake

Arragan, Angourie, Feb 1969, Blaxell 122 (NSW); c.

1.5 miles [2.4 km] from the coast, just N of Crowdy

Head, near Harrington, Jun 1966, Boyd & McGillivray

1796 (NSW); Bonny Hills, 16 miles [26 km] S of

Port Macquarie, Mar 1970, Clark s.n. (NSW); Bombah

Pt„ Lake Myall, Jan 1952, Constable 19058 (NSW);

Evans Head, Nov 1972, Coveny 4659 (BRI, NSW);

South West rocks near oil storage tanks, Apr 1986,

Coveny 12217 & Bishop (BRI, MEL, NSW); Byron

Bay, Aug 1915, Rupp s.n. (MEL); Smith’s Lake,

Bungwahl, Mar 1924, Rupp s.n. (MEL).

Reconstituted or spirit material examined : Bean

12015 (3 fls); Sharpe 3158 (1 fl); Walsh 1401 (2 fls).

Distribution and habitat: S. ornatum extends

from Fraser Island in Queensland to the Myall

Lakes area in New South Wales (Map 7). It is

confined to “wallum” or heathland communities

on infertile coastal sands which are

waterlogged for much of the year.

Phenology: Flowers and capsules have been

recorded from every month of the year

Affinities: S. ornatum differs from 5. debile by

the capitate glands (ellipsoidal for S. debile),

cymose inflorescence (racemose for 5. debile ),

the absence of bracteoles (bracteoles present

for S. debile ), the glabrous sepals and corolla

(glandular-hairy for S. debile ), paracorolla

present (absent for S. debile) and the obconical

capsule (ellipsoidal for S. debile).

Conservation status: A widespread species

which is not considered to be at risk.

Notes: S. ornatum was not recognised to occur

in New South Wales by Stanberg (1992), but it

was by Beadle (1984).

Stylidium sect. Lanata A.R.Bean sect. nov.

Herbae perennes; caulorhiza globosa,

lanata; pili glandulosi praesentes; folia

451

rosulata, obovata usque spathulata,

mucrone longo piliformi; sepala omnia

libera, glandulari-hirsuta; labellum

glabrum, ovatum, basi sinus anterioris

affixum, appendices praesentes;

paracorolla absens; columna glabra;

semina sphaerica, colliculata, mamilla

parva. Typus: S. eriorhizum R.Br.

Rootstock globose, woolly. Leaves obovate

to spathulate with long hair-like mucro, in basal

rosette. Glandular hairs present, glands

ellipsoidal. Inflorescence indeterminate;

flowers pedicellate; corolla tube with sinus on

anterior side only; petals entire and obtuse,

laterally fused; labellum attached at base on

anterior sinus, basal appendages present.

Paracorolla absent. Column lateral lobes

absent; spur absent. Anther cells 4. Stigma

sessile. Capsule obovoid; seeds globose with

small nipple, brown to black.

23. Stylidium eriorhizum R.Br., Prodr. 569

(1810); Candollea eriorhiza (R.Br.)

F.Muell., Syst. Census Austral. PL 86

(1883). Type: [Queensland]. Thirsty

Sound, ShoalwaterBay, [22°2-’S 150°1-’E],

3 September 1802 ,R.Brown (holo: BM).

See Bean (1999) for description and distribution

map.

24. Stylidium ramosissimum A.R.Bean,

Austrobaileya 5(2): 323-30 (1999). Type:

Queensland. Cook District: Turtle Rock

area, Laura sandstone escarpment,

15°39’S 144°30’E, 22 January 1993, P.I.

Forster PIF12850 &A.R. Bean (holo: BRI;

iso: DNA, MEL).

See Bean (1999) for description, illustration and

distribution map.

25. Stylidium leiophyllum A.R.Bean,

Austrobaileya 5(2): 323-30 (1999). Type:

Queensland. Cook District: 0.9 km north

of the Big Coleman River on the Peninsula

Development road, 14°34’S 143°25’E,21

December 1988, J.R. Clarkson 7722 & V.J.

Neldner (holo: BRI; iso: DNA, K, MBA,

PERTH, QRS).

See Bean (1999) for description, illustration and

distribution map.

452

Acknowledgements

I am grateful to the Directors of AD, BM, DNA,

K, MBA, MEL, QRS and NSW for the loan of

specimens or access to their Herbaria; to Alex

Chapman (Australian Botanical Liaison Officer

1998-99) for his unsuccessful efforts to locate

a type for S. semipartitum\ to Paul Lorster for

seeking and collecting Stylidia in various parts

of Queensland; to Will Smith (BRI) for the

illustrations; and to Peter Bostock for the Latin

diagnoses.

References

Anon. (1994). IUCN Red List Categories.

International Union for Conservation of

Nature and Natural Resources: Switzerland.

Beadle, N.C.W. (1984). Student’s Flora of North¬

eastern New South Wales, Part 5. University of

New England Printery: Armidale.

Bean, A.R. (1999). Two new species of Stylidium

Willd. (Stylidiaceae) from north Queensland.

Austrobaileya 5(2): 323-30.

Benson, D & Howell, J. (1994). The Natural Vegetation

of the Sydney 1:100 000 map sheet.

Cunninghamia 3(4): 677-787.

Bentham, G. (1868). Stylidiaceae. In Flora

Australiensis 4: 1-37. L. Reeve & Co.: London.

Brown, R. (1810). Prodromus Florae Novae

Hollandiae.

Candolle, A.P. de (1839). Prodromus Systematis

Naturalis regni vegetabilis 7(2). Treuttel &

Wurtz: Paris

Austrobaileya 5(3): 427-455 (1999)

Carlquist, S. (1979). Stylidium in Arnhem Land: New

Species, modes of speciation on the sandstone

plateau, and comments on floral mimicry. Aliso

9(3): 411-61.

Dallwitz, M.J., Paine, T.A., Zurcher, E.J. (1993).

DELTA User’s Guide, A General System for

Processing Taxonomic Descriptions, 4th ed.

CSIRO: East Melbourne.

Erickson, R. (1958). Triggerplants. Paterson

Brokensha Pty Ltd: Perth.

Henderson, R.J.F. (1997). (ed.) Queensland Plants -

Names and Distribution. Department of

Environment: Brisbane.

Kenneally, K.F. & Lowrie, A. (1994). Stylidium

costulatum (Stylidiaceae), a new tropical species

of triggerplant from the Kimberley, Western

Australia and the lectotypification of S. floodii.

Nuytsia 9(3): 343-349.

Lowrie, A. & Kenneally, K.F. (1997). Eight new species

of triggerplant ( Stylidium: Stylidiaceae) from

northern Australia. Nuytsia 11(2): 199-217.

McKee, H.S. (1963). The Bleeser Botanical Collection

from Northern Australia. Contributions from

the New South Wales National Herbarium 3(4):

233-4.

Mildbraed, G.W.J. (1908). Stylidium in H.G.A. Engler

(ed.), Das Pflanzenreich, Regni vegetabilis

conspectus. Heft 35. Englemann: Berlin.

Slooten, D.F. van (1954). Stylidiaceae. In FI.

Malesiana Ser. 1, 4: 529-32. Noordhoff-Kolff

N.V.: Djakarta.

Stanberg, L. (1992). Stylidiaceae. pp. 442-5 in G.

Harden (ed.), Flora of New South Wales Vol. 3.

New South Wales University Press: Sydney.

Bean, Stylidium

453

Map 1. Distribution of • Stylidium foveolatum, A S.clarksonii , ★£. costulatum and S. floodii (☆pre-

1960).

Map 2. Distribution of ★ Stylidium turbinatum, • S.rivulosum and A S. symonii.

115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155

Map 3. Distribution of • Stylidium desertorum, A S.austrocapense and ★S. leptorrhizum

(0">rpre-1960).

454

Austrobaileya 5(3): 427-455 (1999)

115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155

Map 4. Distribution of • Stylidium adenophorum, 'kS.inaequipetalum ( OApre-1960).

Map 5. Distribution of • Stylidium semipartitum, 'kS.delicatum.

115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155

Map 6. Distribution of # Stylidium multiscapum, 'kS.mucronatum , and ▲ S.velleioides

(OApre-1960).

Bean, Stylidium

455

115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155

Map 7. Distribution of 'kStylidium rubriscapum, A.S.paniculatum and • S.ornatum (Opre-1960).

Map 8. Distribution of # Stylidium debile , and 'kS.floribundum (O^pre-1960).

A taxonomic revision of Mallotus Lour. (Euphorbiaceae) in Australia

Paul I. Forster

Summary

Forster, Paul I. A taxonomic revision of Mallotus Lour. (Euphorbiaceae) in Australia. Austrobaileya

5(3): 457-497 (1999). The genus Mallotus is revised for Australia. Thirteen species are recognised;

M. claoxyloides (F.Muell.) Muell.Arg., M. discolor F.Muell. ex Benth., M. dispersus P.I.Forst. sp.

nov., M. ficifolius (Baill.) Pax & K.Hoffm., M. megadontus P.I.Forst. stat. et nom. nov. (based on

M. claoxyloides var. angustifolia F.M.Bailey), M.mollissimus (Geisel.) Airy Shaw, M. nesophilus

Muell.Arg., M. paniculatus (Lam.) Muell.Arg., M. philippensis (Lam.) Muell.Arg., M. polyadenos

F.Muell., M. repandus (Willd.) Muell.Arg., M. resinosus (Blanco) Merr. and M. surculosus P.I.Forst.

sp. nov. All taxa are described and the majority illustrated, with notes on distribution, habitat,

typification, conservation status and phenology. Lectotypes are selected for Croton ricinoides

Pers., Echinus claoxyloides var. cordata Baill., E. claoxyloides var. ficifolia Baill., Mallotus nesophilus

and M. polyadenos. An identification key to the species is provided.

Key words: Mallotus, Mallotus dispersus, Mallotus megadontus, Mallotus surculosus.

Paul I. Forster, Queensland Herbarium, EPA, Brisbane Botanic Gardens Mt Coot-tha, Mt Coot-tha

Road, Toowong, Qld 4066, Australia

Introduction

Mallotus Lour, has c. 140 species in Malesia,

eastern Asia, tropical Africa, Madagascar,

Melanesia and Australia (Mabberley 1989).

Species are predominantly perennial shrubs or

small trees and more rarely woody lianes. Many

taxa occur in rainforest, woodland and open

forest communities.

The genus was included in the subtribe

Rottlerinae Meisn. of the tribe Acalypheae

Dumort. in the subfamily Acalyphoideae

Ascherson (Webster 1994). Other genera

included in this subtribe by Webster are

Coccoceras Miq., Cordemoya Baill.,

Deuteromallotus Pax & K.Hoffm., Neotrewia

Pax & K.Hoffm., Octospermum Airy Shaw,

Trewia L. and Rockinghamia Airy Shaw. None

of these other genera except Rockinghamia

occur in Australia and are not considered

further in this account as there is yet to be a

satisfactory phylogeny proposed for the

group.

The first published Australian record of

a plant now referrable to the genus Mallotus

s.l. was by F. Mueller (1858) who described

Echinocroton claoxyloides F.Muell. He later

Accepted for publication 18 March 1999

(F. Mueller 1864) recorded Mallotus for

Australia with comments on M. zippelii

(Hassk.) F.Muell. (a misapplication) and the

description of M. pycnostachys F.Muell. (a

synonym of M. mollissimus (Geisel.) Airy

Shaw)). J. Mueller (1866) enumerated three

species, including the new species M.

nesophilus Muell.Arg. Bentham (1873)

enumerated nine, of which one (M.

angustifolius Benth.) has since been

transferred to Rockinghamia Airy Shaw (Airy

Shaw 1966).

The most recent account of the genus

for Australia is the conspectus and precursor

papers of Airy Shaw (1980a, 1980b, 1981)

wherein thirteen species were recognised.

Despite these recent accounts, a revision of

Mallotus in Australia is justified for the

following reasons. Three of the ‘species’

detailed by Airy Shaw do not occur in Australia,

namely M. didymochryseus Airy Shaw, M.

tiliifolius (Blume) Muell.Arg. and M.

oblongifolius (Miq.) Muell.Arg. and are based

on misidentifications or changes in taxon

circumscription. Mallotus claoxyloides

(F.Muell.) Muell.Arg. as circumscribed by Airy

Shaw, is complex and comprises three species,

including one which is new. There are an

additional two new species from northern

458

Austrobaileya 5(3): 457-497 (1999)

Australia. Lastly there is a considerable

increase in available distributional data over

the last 20 years. Hence the present account

also covers thirteen species, but with

significant differences to those recognised by

Airy Shaw (1981).

The genus Mallotus may well be

polyphyletic, as there is considerable variation

in the taxa referred to it, particularly in leaf

arrangement, male floral morphology, fruit

ornamentation and some anatomical characters

(e.g. Hussin et al. 1996). A sectional

classification exists to take this variation into

account (e.g. J. Mueller 1866; cf. Airy Shaw

1971,1981), but it requires revision as does the

genus as a whole. Both of these are beyond

the scope of this work but given the numerical

size of Mallotus s.l. would constitute a

worthwhile project for a monograph.

Some species of Australian Mallotus are

widespread (e.g. M. nesophilus and M.

philippensis ), whereas others are quite

restricted (e.g. M. megadontus). Greatest

diversity of the genus can be found in the Iron

Range area of Cape York Peninsula followed

by parts of the Wet Tropics and south-east

Queensland (Map. 1). These concentrations of

species are correlated with wetter rainforest

occurring in proximity to other community

types thereby creating a mosaic of communities.

Little has been recorded about the species

of Mallotus and how they interact with

associated fauna. Floyd (1989) states that the

seeds of M. discolor have increased

germination if gathered from bird droppings. It

can be perhaps assumed that all of the various

species are dispersed by birds as the fruits are

often brightly coloured and with relatively large

seeds. The broad distribution of M. nesophilus

and M. philippensis is a reflection of this

vagility in the group. With the possible

exceptions ofM. dispersus, M. megadontus and

M. resinosus, the Australian species could be

broadly described as pioneers in the serai

stages of rainforest succession.

Materials and Methods

This revision is based on herbarium collections

in AD, BRI, CANB, CBQ DNA, MEL, NSW,

PERTH, PR and QRS, photographs or

microfiche of selected collections at BM, C, G,

K and P and my own observations and field

collections of all taxa. All types have been seen

unless indicated as n.v.

Foliage measurements and descriptions

have been made from dried material. Flower and

fruit descriptions have been made from spirit,

reconstituted and dried material. Feaf sizes refer

to those measured on fertile stems. Some

leaves on juvenile plants may exceed the given

measurements. Indumentum cover is as defined

by Hewson (1988), except that ‘scattered’ is

used instead of ‘isolated’. If a hair or gland

type is not mentioned when describing a

particular organ, it may be assumed to be absent.

The ‘Wet Tropics’ is defined as that area

of north-eastern Queensland that encompasses

the ‘hot, humid vine forests’ from near

Cooktown in the north to Paluma in the south

(Webb & Tracey 1981, Barlow & Hyland 1988).

Rainforest terminology follows Webb (1978).

Conservation coding terminology follows

those used in Queensland Government, Nature

Conservation Act legislation (1992,1994).

The account of species is arranged

alphabetically and does not reflect phylogeny.

Taxonomy

Mallotus Four., FI. Cochinch. 601,635 (1790).

Type: Mallotus cochinchinensis Four.

Echinus Four., FI. Cochinch. 601,633 (1790).

Type: Echinus trisulcus Four.

Rottlera Roxb., PI. Coromandel 2 (1802).

Type: Rottlera tinctoria Roxb.

Echinocroton F.Muell., Fragm. 1: 31 (1858).

Type: Echinocroton claoxyloides

F.Muell.

Small trees, shrubs or lianes, evergreen or

deciduous, monoecious or dioecious, perennial.

Indumentum of simple, biseriate or stellate hairs

and sessile coloured glands. Feaves opposite

or alternate, petiolate, stipulate; lamina lobate

or elobate, palminerved or penninerved;

margins entire, sinuate or dentate; foliar glands

Forster, Mallotus in Australia

459

Map 1. Distribution of Mallotus in Australia indicating the number of taxa in each 1° grid square.

on upper surface;granular inclusions

somet im es present. Inflorescence generally

unisexual, spicate, racemose or paniculate,

terminal or axillary; male flowers in 1-many

flowered bracteate fascicles; female flowers in

1 (rarely 2) flowered bracteate fascicles. Male

flowers: calyx globose in bud, valvate, 2-

4-lobed; petals absent; disk glands absent or

present; stamens numerous, filaments free or

fused, anthers subdorsifixed, longitudinally

dehiscent. Female flowers: calyx ovoid-globose

in bud, imbricate to valvate, 2-4-lobed; petals

absent; disk glands absent; ovary 2-4-locular,

with 1 ovule per locule; styles ±free or connate

for varing lengths, simple, generally recurved,

papillose or plumose, often with indumentum

on backs. Fruit globose to depressed globose,

generally strongly angled, smooth or echinate,

dehiscing septicidally into bivalved cocci

leaving a persisent columella; endocarp

crustaceous. Seeds globose to ovoid,

ecarunculate; cotyledons broad, flat.

A genus of c. 140 species, widespread in the

Old World tropics and subtropics. Thirteen

species in Australia.

2

1. Leaves alternate

Leaves opposite

2. Leaves peltate.3

Leaves not peltate.4

3. Plants evergreen; leaves white-silver below, 4-veined from base. 6. M. mollissimus

Plants deciduous; leaves green below, 6-8-veined from base. 13. M. surculosus

4. Scandent woody lianes. 11. M. repandus

Shrubs or trees.5

460 Austrobaileya 5(3): 457-497 (1999)

5. Coloured sessile glands not visible or absent from lower leaf

surface, indumentum obscuring lower leaf surface. 8. M. paniculatus

Coloured sessile glands on lower leaf surface, indumentum

not obscuring lower leaf surface.6

6. Red sessile glands on lower leaf surface. 9. M. philippensis

Yellow sessile glands on lower leaf surface.7

7. Interlateral veins poorly developed below; stamens 24-38

per flower; fruit with yellow to yellow-orange sessile glands. 2. M. discolor

Interlateral veins strongly developed below; stamens 50-60

per flower; fruit with orange sessile glands. 7. M. nesophilus

8. Leaf lamina with granular inclusions above. 10. M. polyadenos

Leaf lamina without granular inclusions above. 9

9. Leaf lamina palminerved. 3. M. dispersus

Leaf lamina penninerved.10

10. Leaf lamina without coloured sessile glands below. 5. M. megadontus

Leaf lamina with coloured sessile glands below.11

11. Stems rounded near apices. 12. M. resinosus

Stems flattened near apices .12

12. Stems, leaves and inflorescences with clear stellate hairs

when young; leaf lamina margins sinuate, rarely weakly dentate;

male flower pedicels thick (0.8-1 mm diameter); male

calyx lobes lanceolate to lanceolate-ovate; stamens 46-48 . 1. M. claoxyloides

Stems, leaves and inflorescences with yellow stellate hairs

when young; leaf lamina margins strongly dentate with teeth

2-7 mm long; male flower pedicels filiform (0.2-0.3 mm diameter);

male calyx lobes obovate; stamens 28-42 . 4. M. ficifolius

1. Mallotus claoxyloides (F.Muell.) Muell.Arg.,

Linnaea 34: 192 (1865); Echinocroton

claoxyloidesV. Muell., Fragm. 1:32 (1858);

Echinus claoxyloides (F.Muell.) Baill.,

Adansonia 6: 315 (1866). Type:

Queensland. Moreton District: Brisbane

River, [Hill & Mueller ] [MEL708383]

(holo: MEL).

Echinus claoxyloides var. cordata Baill.,

Adansonia 6: 315 (1866); Mallotus

claoxyloides var. cordatus (Baill.) Airy

Shaw, Muelleria4:232 (1980). Type: New

South Wales. Richmond River [ Beckler ]

[MEL515956] (lecto [here designated]:

MEL).

Mallotus claoxyloides var. glabratus

Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 28:888 [334] (1928).

Type: Queensland. South Kennedy

District: Port Mackay, 1863-1865, A.

Dietrich 524 (holo: PR; iso: CANB, MEL).

Illustrations: Williams (1984:189,1987:197);

Floyd (1989:151); Hauser (1992:264).

Shrub or small tree to 5 m high; evergreen,

perennial, dioecious. Stems ± flattened towards

apices, with dense, clear stellate hairs when

young, glabrescent and lenticellate with age.

Stipules linear-lanceolate, 1.7-7 mm long, 0.3-

1 mm wide, with sparse, clear stellate hairs.

Leaves opposite, not peltate, petiolate,

discolorous; petioles 4-23 mm long, 0.6-0.7 mm

Forster, Mallotus in Australia

461

Fig. 1. Mallotus claoxyloides. A. flowering twig, x 0.5. B. undersurface of leaf, x 0.5. C. twig with several

inflorescences of male flowers, x 2. D. male flower, x 5. E. female flower, x 5. F & G. fruit, x 2. H. seed, x 4.

I. internode with stipules emphasized, x 2. A-D from Forster 2744 (BRI); E from Forster 12437 (BRI); F

& G from Forster 520 (BRI); H & I from White 8697 (BRI). Del. W.Smith.

462

Austrobaileya 5(3): 457-497 (1999)

diameter, with scattered to sparse, clear stellate

hairs; basilaminar glands 1 per side of midrib

towards lamina base, ellipsoid, 0.5-1 mm long,

0.4-0.6 mm wide; lamina elliptic, oblong or

obovate, 35-170 mm long, 20-80 mm wide;

penninerved, comprising 6-9 lateral veins per

side of midrib and reticulate interlateral veins;

upper surface iglossy mid-green, lateral veins

visible, interlateral veins not visible, without

granular inclusions, with scattered to sparse,

clear stellate hairs, glabrescent; lower surface

pale green, lateral and interlateral venation well

developed, with dense, clear stellate hairs and

scattered, yellow sessile glands, becoming

glabrescent with age; tip acute, acuminate or

rounded; base cordate or rounded; margins

sinuate or weakly dentate with 8-15 teeth up

to 4 mm long, strongly toothed on juvenile

foliage. Inflorescences racemose, up to 25 mm

long, with sparse, clear stellate hairs; bracts

lanceolate, 1-2 mm long, 0.5-1 mm wide, with

scattered to sparse, clear stellate hairs. Male

flowers 2-5 per bract; pedicels 1-4 mm long,

0.2-0.3 mm diameter, glabrous or with scattered

to sparse, clear stellate hairs; calyx 3-lobed,

lobes lanceolate to lanceolate-ovate, 3-5 mm

long, 1.5-3 mm long, with sparse, clear stellate

hairs; disk glands absent; stamens 46-48, free;

filaments filiform, 1.5-4 mm long, 0.1-0.2 mm

diameter, glabrous; anthers oblong, 0.4-0.5 mm

long, 0.4-0.5 mm wide, glandular cap absent.

Female flowers 1 or 2 per bract; pedicels 6-25

mm long, 0.5-1 mm diameter, with sparse, clear

stellate hairs; calyx 3-lobed, lobes lanceolate,

2.5—4 mm long, 1-2 mm wide, with sparse, clear

stellate hairs and scattered yellow sessile

glands; ovary 3-locular, subglobose, 2-2.5 mm

long, 2.5-4 mm diameter, with scattered, clear

stellate hairs and simple echinate processes to

1 mm long that have a few clear stellate hairs;

styles 3, 3-7 mm long, connate at base for c. 1

mm, plumose with sparse, clear stellate hairs

on backs. Fruits subglobose, 6-8 mm long, 11-

13 mm diameter, with scattered, clear stellate

hairs and simple, echinate processes to 1 mm

long with scattered, clear stellate hairs. Seeds

ovoid, 5-5.5 mm long, 4.5-5 mm wide, 4-4.5

mm thick, smooth, brown. Odour bush, Green

kamala, Smell of the bush. Fig. 1.

Selected additional specimens: Queensland. Cook

District: Muddy Bay, Cape York, 10°43’S, 142°33’E,

Jun 1994, Forster PIF15327 & Tucker (BRI, QRS);

Hill 334, Pascoe River, 12°52’S, 143°01’E, Jun 1994,

Forster PIF15386 & Tucker (BRI, MEL, QRS);

Kalpowar Holding, 17°25’S, 144°20’E, Sep 1970,

Hyland 4795 (BRI, QRS). South Kennedy District:

St Bees Island, Turtle Bay, 36 km NE of Mackay,

20°55’S, 149°27’E, Mar 1989, Batianoff 11019 (AD,

BRI). Leichhardt District: Boomer Range, 23°13’S,

149°46’E, Feb 1993, Fensham 699 (BRI). Port Curtis

District: 2.5 km SW of Raglan, R146, Horrigan Creek,

23°43’S, 150°48’E, Mar 1989, Gibson TOI486 (BRI).

Burnett District: Mt Blandy, 25°24’S, 151°45’E, Dec

1980, Forster PIF520 (BRI); Kalliwa Creek, S.F. 169

St Agnes, 25°19’S, 151°51’E, Dec 1990, Forster

PIF7718 (BRI, K, L, MEL, MO, NSW, QRS);

Cannindah, c. 20 km NE of Monto, May 1975,

Romano [AQ203712] (BRI). Wide Bay District: Mt

Woowonga, S.F. 287, 25°26’S, 152°06’E, Oct 1990,

Forster PIF7538 (BRI, K, L, MEL, QRS); S.F. 82

Brooyar, Dry L.A., 26°11’S, 152°28’E, Dec 1991,

Forster PIF9262 & Tucker (BRI, K, L, MEL, QRS);

NW slopes of Mt Glastonbury, 26°14’S, 152°27’E,

Dec 1991, Forster PIF9309 & Sharpe (BRI, K, L,

MEL, QRS); road from Wallaville to Mingo Crossing,

c. 4 miles [6.7 km] SW of Wallaville, 25°06’S,

151°48’E, Jan 1970, Lebler 11 & Durrington (BRI,

CANB); Tinana Creek, 7 km ENE of Tiaro, 25°42’S,

152°39’E, Jan 1992, Smyrell [AQ541631] (BRI).

Moreton District: Two Tree Hill, 3 km SW of

Marburg, 27°35’S, 152°33’E, Jan 1993, Bird

[AQ563800] (BRI, L, MEL, QRS); 6 km W of

Woombye, 26°38’S, 152°53’E, Dec 1992, Forster

PIF12436 & Sharpe (BRI, MEL, QRS); Upper

Brookfield, Brisbane, Feb 1978, Jessup 45 (BRI); Mt

Eerwah, 4 km W of Eumundi, 26°29’S, 152°55’E,

Jan 1985, Sharpe 3681 (BRI). New South Wales.

Wilson Park, Lismore, 28°49’S, 153°16’E, Jul 1981,

Harden 81269 & Williams (BRI); Toonumbar, near

Kyogle, Mar 1944, White 12570 (BRI).

Distribution and habitat : Mallotus

claoxyloides is widespread in subcoastal areas

with a more or less continuous distribution from

north-east New South Wales to the South

Kennedy district of Queensland and with a

couple of disjunct occurrences in Cook district

(Map 3). This species is also reported for

southern New Guinea (Airy Shaw 1980c).

Mallotus claoxyloides is a common plant

on the edges of semi-evergreen vinethicket,

araucarian microphyll and notophyll

vineforests on a variety of substrates and is

common along creeks. The foliage may emit a

distinctive ‘scrub’ scent that is noticeable to

some people in proximity to the plants.

Phenology: Flowers from October to April;

fruits from November to May.

Forster, Mallotus in Australia

463

Notes: Airy Shaw (1981) included Mallotus

claoxyloides var. macrophylla in the

synonymy of Mallotus claoxyloides var.

cordatus. In the present account Mallotus

claoxyloides var. macrophylla is included in

the synonymy of M. ficifolius and M.

claoxyloides var. cordatus is included in the

synonymy of M. claoxyloides. I believe it

unlikely that Airy Shaw saw many of the

syntypes of Echinus claoxyloides var.

cordatus, otherwise he would not have

considered it and M. claoxyloides var.

macrophylla as the same. All of the syntypes

that I have seen of M. claoxyloides var.

cordatus are conspecific with the type of the

name Echinocroton claoxyloides and a

lectotype is designated here from the Richmond

River specimen.

Conservation status: Mallotus claoxyloides is

a common plant and is well conserved,

occurring in at least 23 conservation reserves

in south-east Queensland alone (Forster et al.

1991).

Etymology: The specific epithet alludes to the

superficial similiarity of this plant to species of

the Euphorbiaceous genus Claoxylon.

Uses: Suitable for wood turning and inlay work

(Floyd 1989).

2. Mallotus discolor F.Muell. ex Benth., FI.

Austral. 6: 173 (1873). Type: New South

Wales. Clarence River, London

Exhibition 82 (holo: K n.v. [photo at BRI]).

Illustrations : Williams (1979:185,1987:199);

Floyd (1989:151); Hauser (1992:101).

Shrub or small tree to 15 m high; evergreen,

perennial, dioecious. Stems ± rounded, with

dense silky, clear, simple or biseriate hairs and

scattered yellow sessile glands when young,

glabrescent. Stipules apparently absent.

Feaves alternate, not peltate, petiolate,

discolorous; petioles 3—40 mm long, 0.4-0.7 mm

diameter, with dense, clear simple, biseriate or

stellate (or combination thereof) hairs;

basilaminar glands 1 per side of midrib towards

lamina base, ellipsoid, 0.3-0.4 mm long, 0.2-0.3

mm wide; lamina lanceolate-ovate, obovate or

ovate, 10-110 mm long, 5-70 mm wide;

palminerved, comprising 2 veins from the

lamina base, 5-8 lateral veins per side of midrib

and reticulate interlateral veins; upper surface

glossy dark-green, lateral and interlateral veins

barely visible, without granular inclusions, with

dense clear, simple, biseriate and/or stellate

hairs when young, soon becoming scattered

with age; lower surface pale green to

silver-green, lateral venation well developed,

interlateral veins just visible, with dense, clear,

simple, biseriate and/or stellate hairs and sparse

yellow sessile glands, indumentum persistent;

tip acute, short acuminate; base cuneate,

rounded or truncate; margins entire or weakly

sinuate. Inflorescences racemose, up to 70 mm

long, with dense, clear stellate hairs; bracts

lanceolate-triangular, 0.3-0.7 mm long, 0.3-0.4

mm wide, with dense clear stellate hairs. Male

flowers 1-5 per bract; pedicels 0.6-2 mm long,

0.5-0.6 mm diameter, with dense clear, stellate

hairs; calyx 2 or 3-lobed, lobes lanceolate-ovate,

often unequal, 1.6-2.2mmlong, 1.4—1.6 mm long,

with dense, clear stellate hairs and occasional

yellow sessile glands; disk glands absent;

stamens 24-38; filaments fused at base for up

to 0.2 mm, 0.4-0.5 mm long, c. 0.1 mm diameter,

glabrous; anthers oblong, 0.4-0.5 mm long, 0.4-

0.5 mm wide, glabrous, with a yellow glandular

cap. Female flowers 1 per bract; pedicels 0.7-1

mm long, 0.5-0.7 mm diameter, with dense, clear

stellate hairs; calyx 3 or 4-lobed, lobes

lanceolate-ovate, 1.6-2 mm long, 0.6-1.2 mm

wide, with dense, clear stellate hairs; ovary 3-

4 locular, subglobose, 1.8-2 mm long, 1.1-2.5

mm diameter, with dense yellow sessile glands,

echinate processes absent. Styles 3(4), 1.2-2.3

mm long, connate at base for 0.3-0.4 mm,

plumose, glabrous on backs. Fruits subglobose,

5-8 mm long, 7-10 mm diameter, with dense,

yellow to yellow-orange sessile glands,

echinate processes absent. Seeds ovoid, 3.5-4

mm long, 3.5-4 mm wide, 3.4-3.6 mm thick,

tan-brown. Yellow kamala. Fig. 2.

Selected additional specimens : Queensland. Port

Curtis District: Farnborough Beach, 4 km N of

Yeppoon, 23°06’S, 150°45’E, Sep 1977, Batianoff

532 & McDonald (BRI); Keppel Sands, 23°20’S,

150°48’E, Batianoff 9304 & Dillewaard (BRI);

Tannum Sands, 23°57’S, 151°22’E, Nov 1987,

Batianoff 9317 & Dillewaard (BRI); Long Beach,

Great Keppel Island, 23°11’S, 150°56’E, Nov 1987,

Batianoff 91 Al & Dillewaard (BRI); Colosseum Creek,

2 km along forestry road off Blackmans Gap road,

464

Austrobaileya 5(3): 457-497 (1999)

Fig. 2. Mallotus discolor. A. twig, x 0.6. B. male flower, x 12. C. inflorescence, x 3. D. female flower, x 12.

E & F. fruit, x 4. G. seed, x 6. A from Forster 2744 (BRI); B & C from Forster 14276 (BRI); D from Smyrell

AQ541630 (BRI); E-G from Forster 9165 (BRI). Del. W. Smith.

Forster, Mallotus in Australia

465

24°24’S, 151°28’E, Dec 1993, Forster PIF14276 (A,

BRI, L, MEL, QRS); Portion 6V, Castletower, 24°09’S,

151°16’E, Dec 1987, Gibson 1032 (BRI); Deepwater

N.P., 40 km E of Miriam Yale, 24°19’E, 151°58’E,

Oct 1989, Gibson TOI873 (BRI). Wide Bay District:

Sugarbag Creek, 8 km SSW of Pialba, 25°24’S,

152°32’E, Jan 1987, Forster PIF2826 (BRI, MEL);

Ocean Park Estate, Dundowran, Nov 1991, Forster

PIF9165 & Smyrell (A, AD, BRI, CANB, CBG, K, L,

MEL, MO, NSW, NY, PERTH, QRS); Fairlies Knob

area, 25°29’S, 152°17’E, Dec 1992, Forster PIF12572

& Smyrell (BRI); The Hummock near Bundaberg, Dec

1938, Goy 627 & Smith (BRI); Tinana Creek, 7 km

ENE of Tiaro, 25°42’S, 152°39’E, Jan 1992, Smyrell

[AQ541630] (BRI). Moreton District: Goat Island,

c. 1 km W of Dunwich on Stradbroke Island, 27°31’S,

153°24’E, Nov 1973, Sharpe 867 & Durrington

(BRI); Coolum Beach, Dec 1978, Sharpe 2472 (BRI);

Mt Eerwah, 4 km W of Eumundi, 26°29’S, 152°55’E,

Jan 1985, Sharpe 3676 (BRI, MEL); Mt Glorious,

May 1920, White [AQ203755] (BRI); World’s End

Pocket, Pine Mt, c. 11 km N of Ipswich, 27°36’S,

152°45’E, Dec 1983, Williams 83075 (BRI). New

South Wales. Bexhill, Jan 1895, Baker

[MEL708513] (MEL).

Distribution and habitat : Mallotus discolor

occurs in the Port Curtis, Wide Bay and

Moreton districts in Queensland and the

extreme north-east of New South Wales (Map

2). Plants grow in araucarian microphyll

vineforest and littoral vineforest on a variety

of substrates, but generally on sandy or alluvial

soils.

Phenology : Flowers October to January; fruits

November to April.

Notes: Airy Shaw considered that Mallotus

discolor had a northern limit in the North

Kennedy district; however, these records

pertain to M. nesophilus. Mallotus discolor

and M. nesophilus are superficially similar

plants but may be easily distinguished by a

number of vegetative and floral characters. The

former has indistinct interlateral veins in the

lower leaf lamina surface, male flowers with

lanceolate-ovate sepals and 24-38 stamens,

and the fruit with yellow to yellow-orange

sessile glands, whereas the latter has well

developed interlateral veins in the lower leaf

surface, male flowers with obovate sepals and

50-60 stamens and the fruit with orange sessile

glands.

Conservation status: Mallotus discolor is a

common plant and is well conserved occurring

in at least 7 conservation reserves in south-east

Queensland (Forster et al. 1991).

Etymology: The specific name is from Latin

and alludes to the discolorous nature of the

leaf lamina in this species.

Uses: None recorded.

3. Mallotus dispersus PI.Forst.,sp. nov. affinis

M. didymochryseo Airy Shaw a qua in

habitu frutice deciduo usque 2-5 m alto;

lamina foliorum plerumque glandibus

abaxialibus flavis sessilibus;

inflorescentia masculina 50-100 mm longa

pedunculo 0.5-1.2 mm diametro;

pedicellis florum masculinorum 1.5-3.5 mm

longis, et femineorum 3-5 mm longis et

0.8-1 mm diametro; et stylis 3.5-5 mm

longis differt. Typus: Queensland. Cook

District: Muddy Bay, Cape York, 10°43’S,

142°33’E, 25 Jun 1994, P.I. Forster

PIF15304 & M.C. Tucker (holo: BRI [2

sheets + spirit]; iso: A, BISH, CANB,

DNA, K, L, MEL, NSW, QRS).

[Mallotus didymochryseus auct., non Airy

Shaw; Airy Shaw (1981); Hyland &

Whiffin (1993)]

Illustration: Christophel & Hyland (1993:108,

t. 46 A).

Shrub 2-5 m high; seasonally deciduous,

perennial, dioecious. Stems + rounded towards

apices, with dense, yellow stellate hairs when

young, glabrescent and lenticellate with age.

Stipules acuminate-lanceolate, 0.8-1 mm long,

0.7-0.8 mm wide, with sparse, silver to yellow

stellate hairs. Leaves opposite, not peltate,

petiolate, discolorous; petioles 16-90 mm long,

1-2 mm diameter, with dense, silver to yellow

stellate hairs; basilaminar glands 1-6 per side

of midrib near lamina base, ellipsoid, 0.4-0.8

mm long, 0.3-0.5 mm wide; lamina broad-ovate,

elliptic-ovate, 25-150 mm long, 20-140 mm

wide; palminerved, comprising 5-7 veins from

lamina base, 4-5 lateral veins per side of midrib

and reticulate interlateral veins; upper surface

glossy dark-green, lateral veins visible, without

granular inclusions, with dense, silver to yellow

stellate hairs when young becoming scattered

or sparse with age; lower surface pale green,

466

Austrobaileya 5(3): 457-497 (1999)

Fig. 3. Mallotus dispersus. A. fruiting twig, x 0.5. B. undersurface of leaf, x 1. C. male flower and sepals, x

5. D. female flower, x 5. E. fruit from side, x 2. F. cross-section of fruit, x 2. G. seed, x 4. H. node with

stipule highlighted, x 2. A, B, E-G from Forster 15304 (BRI); C & H from Russell-Smith 4675 (BRI); D

from Hyland 13808 (QRS). Del. W. Smith.

Forster, Mallotus in Australia

467

lateral and interlateral venation well developed,

velutinous with dense, silver to pale brown

stellate hairs and sparse, pale-yellow sessile

glands; tip acute, short acuminate; base cordate

or rounded; margins sinuate or weakly dentate

with 12-18 teeth up to 1 mm long. Inflorescences

racemose, up to 100 mm long, with dense,

ginger stellate hairs; bracts lanceolate to

triangular, 1-1.5 mm long, 0.3-1.5 mm wide, with

dense, silver to yellow stellate hairs. Male

flowers 1-3 per bract; pedicels 1.5-3.5 mm long,

0.8-1 mm diameter, with dense yellow or silver

stellate hairs; calyx 4-lobed, lobes narrow

obovate, 3-3.5 mm long, 1.8-3 mm long, with

dense ginger or yellow stellate hairs; disk

glands absent; stamens 62-78, free; filaments

filiform, 0.6-2.5 mm long, c. 0.1 mm diameter,

glabrous; anthers oblong, 0.5-0.7 mm long, 0.5-

0.7 mm wide, with an occasional stellate hair,

glandular cap absent. Female flowers 1 per

bract; pedicels 3-5 mm long, 0.8-lmm diameter,

with dense, ginger and/or yellow stellate hairs;

calyx 4-lobed, lobes lanceolate, 3-5 mm long,

c. 1 mm wide, with dense ginger and/or yellow

stellate hairs; ovary 2-locular, + ovoid, 3.5-7

mm long, 4-6 mm diameter, with dense yellow

stellate hairs and dense yellow sessile glands,

without echinate processes; styles 2, 3.5-5 mm

long, connate at base for 0.5-1 mm, plumose

with dense, silver to yellow stellate hairs on

backs. Fruits flattened subglobose, 8-12 mm

long, 13-18 mm diameter, with dense,

orange-yellow simple-stellate hairs and dense,

glandular-based stellate hairs, echinate

processes absent. Seeds ovoid, 5-7 mm long,

5-6 mm wide, 4.5-5 mm thick, tan-brown.

Fig. 3.

Selected additional specimens : Western Australia.

Mitchell Plateau, 14°52’S, 125°50’E, Apr 1988,

Dunlop 7873 (DNA, MEL, PERTH); Bougainville

Peninsula, 2 km SW of August Point, Vansittart Bay,

14°05’S, 126°11’E, May 1984, Forbes 2191 (BRI,

CANB, DNA, MEL, PERTH); Prince Frederick

Harbour, 15°00’S, 125°21’E, Jan 1989, Hyland 13808

(QRS), 13809 (QRS); 4.6 km NNE Savage Hill, Bigge

Island,14°35’S, 125°11’E, Jun 1987, Kenneally 10165

& Hyland (DNA, PERTH); 10 km NW of September

Point, near Cape Bougainville, 14°04’S, 126°08’E,

Jun 1987, Kenneally 10219 & Hyland (PERTH); 3.4

km SW of Manning Peak, Prince Frederick Harbour,

Jun 1987, Kenneally 10275 & Hyland (PERTH, QRS);

South West Osborne Island, North Kimberley coast,

14°22’S, 125°57’E, Jun 1988, Kenneally 10744 &

Hyland (BRI, CANB, DNA, PERTH); 3.4 km SW of

Manning Peak by Prince Frederick Harbour, 15°00’S,

125°21’E, Jan 1989, Kenneally 10841 & Hyland

(BRI, DNA, PERTH); Osborne Island, SW island,

Bonaparte Archipelago, 14°26’S, 125°56’E, Jun 1973,

Wilson 11045 (PERTH). Northern Territory. Groote

Eylandt, Umbakumba, 4 Mile Jungle, 13°52’S,

136°47’E, Jul 1987, Russell-Smith 2743 & Lucas

(BRI, CANB, DNA); ditto, Russell-Smith 2971 &

Lucas (BRI, DNA); Gove Peninsula, 2 km NE of Port

Bradshaw, 12°27’S, 136°49’E, Sep 1987, Russell-Smith

3389 & Lucas (BRI, DNA); 0.5 km W of Little Bondi,

Gove Peninsula, 12°18’S, 136°56’E, Feb 1988, Russell-

Smith 4715 & Lucas (BRI, CANB, DNA); Dalywoi

Bay, Gove, 12°23’S, 136°53’E, Feb 1988, Russell-Smith

4935 & Lucas (BRI, DNA); Holly Inlet, Port Bradshaw,

NE Arnhem Land, 12°36’E, 136°42’E, Feb 1988,

Russell-Smith 4941 & Lucas (BRI, DNA); Bagbiringula

Point, NE Arnhem Land,13°09’S, 136°31’E, Feb 1988,

Russell-Smith 4977 & Lucas (BRI, DNA); NE Arnhem

Land, Guyuwiri Point, 13 o 01’S, 136°35’E, Feb 1988,

Russell-Smith 4999 & Lucas (BRI, DNA); Yirrikala,

E Arnhem Land, 12°13’S, 136°54’E, Jan 1974,

Scarlett 300 (DNA); Little Lagoon, Groote Eylandt,

May 1948, Specht 437 (AD, BRI, MEL).

Queensland. Big Creek, Prince of Wales Island,

Torres Strait, 10°45’S, 142°15’E, Feb 1975, Cameron

20315 (QRS).

Distribution and habitat: Mallotus dispersus

is restricted to northern Australia and is

disjunct in its distribution with populations at

the Gove Peninsula and Groote Eylandt in the

Northern Territory, the Kimberley of Western

Australian and Torres Strait and the northern

extremity of Cape York Peninsula in Queensland

(Map 6). Plants grow in semi-deciduous

notophyll vineforest and vinethickets on

sand-dunes behind the foreshore.

Phenology : Flowers January to February;

fruits January to September.

Notes: The only Australian collection ( Specht

437) of this species seen by Airy Shaw was

identified as Mallotus didymochryseus Airy

Shaw (1981). He commented that “The leaves

of this specimen are less than 10 cm in

diameter”, undoubtedly in comparison to the

considerably larger leaves of collections of

authentic M. didymochryseus from Papua New

Guinea. M. didymochryseus is based on a

collection from Central Province in southern

Papua New Guinea and occurs in evergreen

rainforests on deep soils as an evergreen, small

tree 10-20 m high. By comparison the

superficially similar Australian plant occurs in

semi-decidous notophyll vineforest and

468

Austrobaileya 5(3): 457-497 (1999)

vinethickets on sand-dunes behind the

foreshore and is a seasonally deciduous shrub,

2-5 m high.M didymochryseus has leaf laminas

without yellow sessile glands below; male

inflorescences 120-210 mm long on peduncles

1.8-2 mm diameter; male flower pedicels 3.5-4

mm long; female flower pedicels 5-8 mm long,

1.4-1.5 mm diameter; styles 2.5-3.2 mm long,

whereasM dispersus has leaf laminas generally

with yellow sessile glands below; male

inflorescences 50-100 mm long on peduncles

0.5-1.2 mm diameter; male flower pedicels 1.5-

3.5 mm long; female pedicels 3-5 mm long, 0.8-

1 mm diameter and styles 3.5-5 mm long.

Etymology: The specific name is derived from

the Latin dispersus and refers to the dispersed

nature of the known populations of this plant.

Uses: None recorded.

Conservation status: Uncommon, but not

considered rare or threatened at this stage.

4. Mallotus ficifolius (Baill.) Pax & K.Hoffm. in

Engl. & Prantl., Natur. Pflanzenf. 7: 151

(1914 ); Echinus claoxyloides war.ficifolia

Baill., Adansonia 6: 315 (1866); M.

claoxyloides var.ficifolius (Baill.) Benth.,

FI. Austral. 6: 141 (1873). Type:

Queensland. Port Curtis District:

Rockhampton, 24 Dec 1862, Dallachy 47

(lecto [here designated]: MEL [MEL515951]).

Mallotus claoxyloides f. grossedentata

Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89:888 (1928). Type:

Queensland. South Kennedy District:

“Prope Brisbane River” [probably

actually Port Mackay], 1863-1865, A.

Dietrich 1834 (holo: PR; iso: MEL).

Mallotus claoxyloides var. macrophylla

Benth., FI. Austral. 6: 141 (1873). Type:

Queensland. Cook District: Rockingham

Bay, Dallachy (holo: K n.v. [photo at BRI];

iso: MEL [MEL708581,708574, 232382]).

Shrub or small tree to 6 m high; evergreen,

perennial, usually dioecious but occasionally

monoecious. Stems flattened towards apices,

with dense, velutinous, yellow, stellate hairs

when young, becoming sparse with age.

Stipules linear-lanceolate, 4-10 mm long, 0.5-1

mm wide, with dense, yellow stellate hairs.

Leaves opposite, not peltate, petiolate,

discolorous; petioles 7-80 mm long, 1-2 mm

diameter, with dense, yellow stellate hairs;

basilaminar glands 2 or 4 per side of midrib

towards lamina base, ellipsoid to oblong, 1.2-

1.6 mm long, 0.6-0.8 mm wide; lamina elliptic,

lanceolate-ovate, obovate or + orbicular, 50-

250 mm long, 22-250 mm wide; penninerved,

comprising 6-8 lateral veins per side of midrib

and reticulate interlateral veins; upper surface

dull green, lateral veins barely visible, without

granular inclusions, with sparse velutinous,

yellow stellate hairs becoming scattered with

age; lower surface pale green, lateral and

interlateral venation well developed, with dense

velutinous, yellow, stellate hairs and scattered,

yellow sessile glands, becoming sparse with

age; tip acute or acuminate; base cordate,

rounded or truncate; margins strongly dentate

with 12-15 teeth, each 2-7 mm long, strongly

toothed on juvenile foliage. Inflorescences

racemose, up to 90 mm long, with dense, yellow

stellate hairs; bracts lanceolate, 2.6-4 mm long,

0.8-1 mm wide, with sparse, yellow stellate

hairs. Male flowers 1-7 per bract; pedicels 2-

5 mm long, 0.8-1 mm diameter, with dense,

yellow stellate hairs; calyx 3-lobed, lobes

obovate, 3-4 mm long, 1.5-2 mm long, with

sparse to dense, yellow stellate hairs; disk

glands absent; stamens 28-42, free; filaments

flattened-filiform, 1.5-4 mm long, c. 0.1 mm

diameter, glabrous or with a few scattered,

yellow stellate hairs; anthers oblong, 0.2-0.3

mm long, 0.2-0.3 mm wide, glabrous, glandular

cap absent. Female flowers 1-5 per bract;

pedicels 2.6-25 mm long, 2-2.5 mm diameter,

with dense velutinous, yellow stellate hairs;

calyx 3-lobed, lobes lanceolate, 3-5 mm long,

1.2-2 mm wide, with sparse to dense, yellow

stellate hairs; ovary 3(4)-locular, subglobose,

2-3 mm long, 3-5.5 mm diameter, with dense,

yellow stellate hairs and simple echinate

processes to 1 mm long that have dense, yellow

simple or biseriate hairs; styles 3, 3-4 mm long,

connate at base for c. 1 mm, plumose and with

sparse, yellow stellate hairs on backs. Fruits

subglobose, 8-10 mm long, 13-15 mm diameter,

with simple echinate processes to 3 mm long

that have sparse to dense, yellow simple or

biseriate hairs and scattered, yellow sessile

glands. Seeds ovoid, 3.8-5.5 mm long, 3.5-4.5

Forster, Mallotus in Australia

469

Fig. 4. Mallotus ficifolius. A. flowering twig, x 0.4. B. undersurface of leaves, x 0.4. C. fruiting

inflorescence, x 1. D. male flower, x 5. E. female flower, x 5. F & G. fruit, x 2. H. seed, x 4. I. leaf node

showing stipules, x 2. A, C, F, G, I from Forster 13591 (BRI); Bl, D, E from Forster 13571 (BRI); B2 & H

from Forster 8893 (BRI). Del. W. Smith.

470

Austrobaileya 5(3): 457-497 (1999)

mm wide, 3^4.5 mm thick, tan-brown. Fig. 4.

Selected additional specimens : Queensland. Cook

District: Cooktown Botanic Gardens, 15°28’S,

145°15’E, Nov 1988, Burkitt 37 (BRI); T.R. 106,

Poverty L.A., 16°00’S, 145°15’E, Jul 1973, Dockrill

680 (BRI, QRS); Freshwater Creek, Jungara, Dec

1936, Flecker N.Q.N.C.2672 (BRI); 2 km SE of

Kennedy Hill, 12°28’S, 143°15’E, Jul 1991, Forster

PIF8893 (BRI); Rocky River Scrub, Silver Plains

Station, eastern fall of Mcllwraith Range, 13°49’S,

143°27’E, Jun 1992, Forster PIF10624 et al. (BRI,

QRS); Chili Creek Crossing, road to Portland Roads,

12°38’S, 143°22’E, Jul 1993, Forster PIF13571 et al.

(BRI, MEL, QRS); S.F.R. 756, East McNamee,

17°40’S, 145°50’E, Nov 1971, Hyland 5630 (BRI,

QRS); Claudie River, 12°45’S, 143°15’E, Oct 1974,

Hyland 7802 (BRI, CANB, QRS); Endeavour River

North Arm crossing with Mclvor River - Cooktown

road, 15°25’S, 145°05’E, Nov 1981, Irvine 2177

(QRS); Gap Creek, Bloomfield, May 1978,

S earth-Johns on 762A (BRI); Cedar Bay, 15°49’S,

145°20’E, Jan-Mar 1973, Tracey 14668 (BRI); Grassy

Hill, Cooktown, 15°28’S, 145°15’E, Jul 1991,

Waterhouse 1870 (BRI, DNA, MBA). South Kennedy

District: Port Mackay, [undated] Dietrich 2479 (AD).

Port Curtis Curtis: “Netherleigh”, c. 26 km SE of

Calliope, 24°14’S, 151°20’E, Aug 1984, Anderson

3789 (BRI); Boynedale, near Gladstone, Nov 1980,

Cowie 52 (BRI); Moores Creek, Berserker Range,

23°19’S, 150°33’E, Nov 1992, Forster PIF12257 &

Machin (BRI, K, L, MEL, QRS); Pine Creek off lower

reaches of Granite Creek, S.F. 391 Bulburin, 24°37’S,

151°33’E, Dec 1993, Forster PIF14583 et al. (BRI);

Iveragh Creek, Castletower, Portion 9, 22 km SE of

Calliope, 24°07’S, 151°21’E, Oct 1988, Gibson

TOI297 (BRI, NSW); Moores Creek, 23°20’S,

150°35’E, Oct 1976, Hyland 9086 (BRI, QRS); North

Rockhampton, Jul 1935, White 12143 (BRI).

Distribution and habitat : Mallotus ficifolius

is endemic to Queensland but is disjunct in its

occurrence with populations on Cape York

Peninsula, the ‘Wet Tropics’, Mackay

(historical only and perhaps the locality is

suspect) and from Rockhampton south to

Granite Creek (Map 4). Plants grow on the

margins of notophyll vineforest, along

seasonal watercourses or on woodland on

grassy hillsides.

Phenology : Flowers and fruits throughout the

year.

Notes: Mallotus ficifolius is a variable species

in leaf size with some very small forms and some

large ones. Airy-Shaw considered Mallotus

ficifolius as a variety of M. claoxyloides and

also chose to recognise the variety cordatus

as distinct, although he did mention that the

two were doubtfully distinct. Some plants,

particularly those near Rockhampton are very

small (< 1.5 m high) in stature and in foliage

size. All of the plants in the north of the state

are much larger in stature and foliage, as are

those from near Gladstone in more mesic

conditions than the Rockhampton ones. It is

usually possible to find some small leaves on

predominantly large-leaved plants, hence it is

concluded that leaf size is dependent on

seasonal moisture availability.

This species is predominantly dioecious,

although there is at least one known example

(Waterhouse 1870) where plants are definitely

monoecious.

There are two sheets [MEL515958 &

515951] at MEL collected by Dallachy at

Rockhampton that qualify as syntypes of

Mallotus claoxyloides var. ficifolius.

MEL515951 is the better sheet with both male

and female twigs, as well as a date, and is

selected here as lectotype of the name.

Conservation status: Not at risk at this stage.

Present in Iron Range N.P. and Mt Archer C.P.

at Rockhampton.

Etymology: The specific epithet is derived from

Latin and alludes to the resemblance of the

foliage to that of some species of Ficus

(Moraceae).

Uses: None recorded.

5. Mallotus megadontus P.I.Forst., stat. et nom.

nov. Mallotus claoxyloides var.

angustifolia F.M.Bailey, Bot. Bull. 2: 18

(1891). [non Mallotus angustifolius

Benth.] Type: Queensland. Moreton

District: Maroochy (Yandina), 1 Mar

1891, F.M. Bailey (holo: BRI; iso: MEL

[MEL708570]).

Mallotus sp. (Cooroy P.R.Sharpe+ 4913)

(Forster & Henderson 1997: 74).

Small shrub 0.5-2 m high; evergreen, perennial,

monoecious, often functionally dioecious.

Stems flattened towards apices, with sparse,

clear to ginger simple and stellate hairs when

young, glabrescent and lenticellate with age.

Forster, Mallotus in Australia

471

Fig. 5. Mallotus megadontus. A. flowering twig, x 0.5. B. undersurface of leaf, x 1. C. male flower, x 8. D.

female flower, x 8. E & F. fruit, x 4. G seed, x 4. H. internode with stipule emphasized, x 4. A-C from

Smith 5149 (BRI); D from Bean 970 (BRI); E & F from Simmonds AQ203722 (BRI); G & H from Sharpe

4782 (BRI). Del. W. Smith.

472

Austrobaileya 5(3): 457-497 (1999)

Stipules linear-lanceolate, 2.5-4 mm long, 0.6-

1.1 mm wide, with sparse, clear to yellow stellate

hairs. Leaves opposite, not peltate, petiolate,

discolorous; petioles 2-9 mm long, 1-1.5 mm

diameter, with sparse, ginger to yellow stellate

hairs; basilaminar glands 2-5 per side of midrib

towards lamina base, ellipsoid, 0.4-1 mm long,

0.3-0.5 mm wide; lamina oblanceolate or

obovate, rarely rhombic-ovate, 17-160 mm long,

5-70 mm wide; penninerved, comprising 11-17

lateral veins per side of midrib and reticulate

interlateral veins; upper surface glossy

dark-green, lateral and interlateral veins well

developed, without granular inclusions, with

scattered to sparse, yellow stellate hairs when

young, glabrescent; lower surface pale green,

lateral and interlateral venation well developed,

with sparse, clear to ginger stellate hairs when

young, glabrescent; tip acute, short acuminate

or rarely obtuse; base cuneate to weakly

attenuate; margins strongly dentate with 4-7

teeth, each 2-9 mm long. Inflorescences

racemose, up to 60 mm long, with sparse, clear

to ginger stellate hairs; bracts linear-lanceolate,

1-2.5 mm long, 0.2-0.3 mm wide, with sparse,

clear to ginger stellate hairs. Male flowers 1-5

per bract; pedicels 3-5 mm long, 0.5-0.9 mm

diameter, with sparse, clear to ginger stellate

hairs; calyx 3-lobed, lobes obovate, 3- 4.2 mm

long, 1.5-2.5 mm long, with sparse, clear to

ginger stellate hairs; disk glands absent;

stamens 40-60, free; filaments filif orm, 1.5-3.5

mm long, 0.2-0.3 mm diameter, glabrous;

anthers oblong, 0.4-0.5 mm long, 0.6-0.7 mm

wide, glabrous, glandular cap absent. Female

flowers 1 per bract; pedicels 1-16 mm long, 0.7-

1 mm diameter, with sparse, clear to ginger

stellate hairs; calyx 3 or 4-lobed, lobes

lanceolate, 3-3.9 mm long, 1-1.4 mm wide, with

sparse, yellow stellate hairs and scattered

yellow sessile glands; ovary 3-locular,

subglobose, c. 2 mm long and 2.5 mm diameter,

with dense yellow stellate hairs, scattered

yellow sessile glands and simple echinate

processes 0.1-0.4 mm long; styles 3,2.5-4 mm

long, connate at base 0.5-0.7 mm, plumose with

scattered simple hairs on backs. Fruits

subglobose, 5-7 mm long, 8-10 mm diameter,

with sparse to dense, yellow stellate hairs,

scattered yellow sessile glands and simple,

echinate processes 0.5-2 mm long. Seeds ovoid,

4.8-6 mm long, 4.2-4.5 mm wide, 3.8-4.5 mm

thick, tan-brown. Fig. 5.

Specimens examined: Queensland. Moreton

District: Bank of Petrie Creek, W of Woombye,

26°40’S, 152°55’E, Nov 1988, Bean 970, 971 (BRI);

6 km W of Woombye, 26°39’S, 152°55’E, Feb 1990,

Bean 1347 (BRI); Platypus Creek, Dulong, west of

Nambour, 26°38’S, 152°54’E, Dec 1993, Bean 7199

& 7200 (BRI); Council Beauty Spot, 1 km E of Mt

Cooroy, 26°26’S, 152°58’E, Nov 1990, Forster

PIF7593 & Sharpe (BRI); Kureelpa Falls, 26°35’S,

152°53’E, Dec 1992, Forster PIF12440 & Sharpe

(BRI); Buderim Mt, Jan 1919, Gwyther [AQ203725]

(BRI); Eerwah Creek, base of Mt Eerwah, c. 5 km W

of Eumundi - Kenilworth road, 26°28’S, 152°54’E,

Jan 1988, Sharpe 4782 (BRI, NSW); Mt Cooroy, c. 4

km E of Cooroy, 26°26’S, 152°57’E, Nov 1988,

Sharpe 4837 et al. (BRI); ditto, Nov 1989, Sharpe

4913 & Thomas (BRI); ditto, Oct 1989, Sharpe 4901

& Bean (BRI); ditto, Nov 1989, Sharpe 4913 &

Thomas (BRI); Yandina, Mar 1891, Simmonds

[AQ203722] (BRI); Eumundi, Oct 1918, Simmonds

[AQ203724] (BRI); Yatala, 27°44’S, 153°13’E, Dec

1953, Smith 5149 (BRI).

Distribution and habitat: Restricted to the

Moreton district of south-east Queensland

(Map 6). Plants grow on the margins or in

notophyll vineforest often near watercourses.

Phenology: Flowers October to March, fruits

December to April.

Notes: Mallotus megadontus has been known

as the variety angustifolius of M. claoxyloides

since its description by Bailey (1891). Mallotus

megadontus differs from M. claoxyloides most

noticeably in the strongly dentate leaf laminae;

the leaves with 11-17 lateral veins and lacking

sessile yellow glands below; male flowers with

thicker staminal filaments (0.2-0.3 mm

diameter); and smaller fruit (8-10 mm diameter).

Conservation status: Mallotus megadontus is

infrequent in south-east Queensland and much

suitable habitat throughout its range has been

cleared or will be in the near future. The species

was not found to occur in any conservation

reserves by Forster et al. (1991) in their survey

of 232 remnant patches of vineforest in

south-east Queensland. An appropriate

conservation coding is Rare.

Etymology: The new name is derived from the

Greekmega (big) anddontus (tooth) and alludes

to the prominent teeth on the leaf lamina of this

species.

Forster, Mallotus in Australia

Uses: None recorded.

6. Mallotus mollissimus (Geisel.) Airy Shaw,

Kew Bull. 26: 297 (1971); Croton

mollissimus Geisel., Croton Monogr. 73

(Mar 1807 Echinus mollissimus (Geisel.)

Baill.,Adansonia6:316 (1866). Type: Chine

[China], Staunton (iso: G-DC (single leaf)

n.v. [ficheatBRI]).

Croton ricinoides Pers., Syn. 2: 586 (Sep

1807); Mallotus ricinoides (Pers.)

Muell.Arg.,Linnaea34:187 (1865).Type:

Inde [India], 1800, Lahaye (leeto [here

designated]: P-JU 16578 n.v. [fiche at

BRI]).

Mallotus pycnostachys F.Muell., Fragm. 4:

138 (1864). Type: Queensland. North

Kennedy District: Mt Elliott, 5 Aug 1863,

[MEL232434, 232433,232430,232432]

(holo: MEL).

Illustration : Christophel & Hyland (1993:108,

t.46 B).

Shrub or small tree to 10 m high; evergreen,

perennial, monoecious. Stems + rounded, with

dense, clear to ginger stellate hairs,

indumentum persistent. Stipules acuminate-

linear, 1.2-1.5 mm long, 0.5-0.8 mm wide, with

dense, clear to ginger stellate hairs. Leaves

alternate, + peltate, petiolate, discolorous;

petioles 13-230 mm long, 2-3 mm diameter, with

dense velutinous, clear to ginger stellate hairs;

basilaminar glands usually absent or 1 per side

of midrib towards lamina base, ellipsoid, 1.3-

1.7 mm long, 0.8-1 mm wide; lamina

broadly-ovate, orbicular-ovate or ovate, 45-30

mm long, 22-240 mm wide; venation

palminerved, comprising 4 veins from the

lamina base, 5-8 lateral veins per side of mi drib

and reticulate interlateral veins; upper surface

matt dark-green, lateral veins barely visible,

interlateral veins not visible, without granular

inclusions, with dense ginger stellate hairs

when young; lower surface silver-white, lateral

venation and interlateral venation well

developed, with dense velutinous, clear to

ginger stellate hairs and dense yellow sessile

glands, indumentum persistent; tip short to

long acuminate; base cordate, rounded or

473

truncate; margins weakly sinuate or weakly

dentate with 10-12 small teeth to 1 mm long.

Inflorescences paniculate, up to 170 mm long,

with dense velutinous, clear to ginger stellate

hairs; bracts linear-lanceolate, 2-5 mm long,

0.4-0.5 mm wide, with dense clear to ginger

stellate hairs. Male flowers 1-3 per bract;

pedicels 2-2.2 mm long, 0.5-0.6 mm diameter,

with dense clear to ginger stellate hairs; calyx 3

or 4-lobed, lobes obovate, 3-4 mm long, 2-2.5

mm long, with dense, clear stellate hairs; disk

glands consisting of small irregular lobes;

stamens 66-78, free; filaments filiform, 2-5 mm

long, c. 0.1 mm diameter, glabrous or with

occasional stellate hairs; anthers oblong, 0.3-

0.4 mm long, 0.3-0.4 mm wide, glabrous,

glandular cap absent. Female flowers 1 per

bract; pedicels 1-2 mm long, c. 1 mm diameter,

with dense, clear to ginger stellate hairs; calyx

4-lobed, lobes lanceolate-ovate, 2.5-3.5 mm

long, 1.5-2 mm wide, with dense, clear to ginger

stellate hairs; ovary 3-locular, subglobose, 2-

2.5 mm long, 2-3 mm diameter, with dense clear

stellate hairs, without echinate processes.

Styles 3(4), 2-3 mm long, connate at base for c.

0.5 mm, plumose with dense clear stellate hairs

on backs. Fruits subglobose to globose, 5-8

mm long, 7-8 mm diameter, with dense, clear

stellate hairs and long echinate processes to 4

mm long that coalesce between adjacent fruit

creating a woolly mass. Seeds globose-ovoid,

3.5-4.5 mm long, 3^4 mm wide, 2.8-3 mm thick,

tan-black. Fig. 6.

Selected additional specimens : Queensland. Cook

District: 2.5 km S of the Lions Den Hotel, Helenvale,

15°43’S, 145°13’E, Jan 1992, Forster PIF9526 (BRI,

K, L, MEL, QRS); Middle Claudie River Scrub, 12°44’S,

143°14’E, Jun 1994, Forster PIF15401 & Tucker

(BRI, QRS); Home Rule, 15°45’S, 145°17’E, Jul 1994,

Forster PIF15563 et al. (BRI, MEL, QRS); Cape

Kimberley road, 3 km E of Cape Tribulation road,

16°16’S, 145°27’E, Jul 1993, Forster PIF13676 et al.

(A, BRI, K, L, MEL, QRS); S.F. 191 Wongabel,

17°19’S, 145°30’E, Dec 1993, Forster PIF14442

(BRI, MEL,QRS); Mclvor River, 15°10’S, 145°05’E,

Jul 1972, Hyland 6267 (BRI, QRS); Johnstone River,

Aug 1916, Michael [AQ204000] (BRI); Innisfail,

Michael 401 (BRI); Tolga, Dec 1961, Wyatt 9 (BRI).

North Kennedy District: Between Mt Fox, Nov 1949,

Clemens [AQ198257] (BRI); Near Manifold, 22°40’S,

150°45’E, Oct 1976, Hyland 9061 (BRI, QRS);

Murray River & Lagoon Creek, c. 5 km NE of Bilyana,

Jun 1978, Thorsborne & Travers (BRI). South

Kennedy District: Eungella Range, Jul-Nov 1947,

474

Austrobaileya 5(3): 457-497 (1999)

Fig. 6. Mallotus mollissimus. A. flowering twig, x 0.5. B. undersurface of leaf, x 0.5. C. inflorescence, x 1.

D. male flower, x 8. E. female flower, x 8. F. fruiting inflorescence, x 0.5. G & H. fruit, x 2. I. seed, x 4. J.

node with stipule, x 2. A, C, D, E & J from Forster 12442 (BRI); B, F, G, H & I from Forster 16122 (BRI).

Del. W. Smith.

Forster, Mallotus in Australia

475

Clemens [AQ198256] (BRI); Upper East Funnel

creek, Sarina Range, Nov 1986, Ritchie 36 (BRI).

Port Curtis District: S.F. 391 Bulburin, Camp Creek

Crossing, 24°36’S, 151°33’E, Dec 1993, Forster

PIF14578 et al. (BRI, MEF, QRS); Byfield near

Keppel Bay, Sep 1931, White 8199 (BRI). Wide Bay

District: Kin Kin, Mar 1916, Francis & White

[AQ204007] (BRI); Mt Wolvi, 26°11’S, 152°52’E,

Dec 1992, Forster PIF12442 & Sharpe (BRI, DNA,

K, L, MEL, QRS); Gympie, Oct 1928, Simmonds

[AQ204009] (BRI); Kin Kin, c. 3 km NE of township

on Wolvi road, 26°16’S, 152°52’E, Jan 1993, Sharpe

5392 (AD, BRI, MEL, NSW).

Distribution and habitat: Mallotus

mollissimus is widespread in north Queensland

and with several disjunct populations in central

and southern Queensland. It occurs in Cook,

North Kennedy, South Kennedy, Port Curtis

and Wide Bay districts (Map 5). The species is

also widespread in Malesia and Melanesia.

Plants grow as pioneers along creek banks in

open forest or the margins of notophyll and

mesophyll vineforests on volcanic soils.

Phenology: Flowers and fruits throughout the

year.

Notes: Geiseler (1807) based his taxa on material

in the Vahl herbarium. He did not specifically

designate a collector for the type collection of

Croton mollissimus ; however, J. Mueller (1866)

stated that the Staunton collection from China

was the type. I could not locate any specimens

for a type on the microfiche of the Vahl

herbarium at C; however, on the fiche of the De

Candolle herbarium at G, amongst the

collections labelled asM. ricinoides, there is a

single leaf collected by Staunton. This

botanical scrap is considered an isotype. A

search at C and other herbaria is required to

determine if a better duplicate exists of the

Staunton collection.

No collector was designated for the type

collection of Croton ricinoides. On the fiche

at P-JU, there is a single collection from India

s.l. [as Inde] collected by Lahaye in 1800. As

there appears to be no other specimen suitable

for this type, I have designated it the lectotype

of the name.

F. Mueller (1864) described Mallotus

pycnostachya without referring to material from

outside Australia, and his name was soon

synonymised both by J. Mueller (1865) and

Baillon (1866). There are four sheets at MEL in

red type folders that are thought to represent

type material of Mueller’s Mallotus

pycnostachya. Two sheets have large single

leaves, whereas the others have fruiting twigs.

While the label data is incomplete and varies

slightly between the four, it is probable that

they are all part of the same collection that has

been mounted on separate sheets.

Conservation status: Mallotus mollissimus is

a common plant in the northern part of its

Australian range; however, it is very infrequent

and probably endangered in south-east

Queensland (Forster et al. 1991). The

populations at Kin Kin and Mt Wolvi are in

grossly disturbed habitats and susceptible to

destruction from agricultural clearing or road

maintenance.

Etymology: The specific epithet is derived from

Latin and alludes to the ‘soft, pliant’ nature of

the foliage.

Uses: None recorded. Probably useful as a

pioneer species in rainforest rehabilitation

projects.

7. Mallotus nesophilus Muell.Arg., Linnaea 34:

196 (1865); Echinus nesophilus

(Muell.Arg.) Baill., Adansonia 6: 314

(1866). Type: Queensland. Cook District:

Sweers Island, Henne (lecto [here

designated]: MEL [MEL708600]; isolecto:

G-DC n.v. [fiche at BRI]); lectopara: Cape

Flinders, 1819, A. Cunningham 295 (G-DC

n.v. [fiche at BRI]); Quail Island, 1855,

Flood (G-DC n.v. [fiche at BRI], MEL

[MEL708678]).

Illustrations: Brock (1988:248); Christophel &

Hyland (1993:109, t.47B);Kenneahyetal. (1996:

105).

Shrub or small tree to 8 m high; evergreen,

perennial, dioecious. Stems + rounded towards

apices, with sparse to dense, clear, simple and

stellate hairs when young, glabrescent and

lenticellate with age. Stipules apparently absent.

Leaves alternate or rarely subopposite, not

peltate, petiolate, discolorous; petioles 3-120 mm

long, 0.5-1.5 mm diameter, with sparse, clear,

simple, biseriate or stellate hairs; basilaminar

476

Austrobaileya 5(3): 457-497 (1999)

glands 1 or 2 per side of midrib towards lamina

base, circular to ellipsoid, 0.5-1 mm long, 0.4-

0.5 mm wide; lamina obovate, orbicular, ovate,

rhombic-ovate, 10-170 mm long, 5-80 mm wide;

venation + palminerved, comprising 1 or 2

lateral veins from the lamina base, an additional

5-7 lateral veins further up the midrib and with

reticulate interlateral veins; upper surface

glossy dark-green, lateral veins visible,

interlateral veins not visible, with scattered to

dense, clear, simple, biseriate or stellate hairs,

glabrescent, without granular inclusions; lower

surface silver-green, lateral and interlateral

venation well developed, velutinous with

dense, clear + peltate scales, simple, biseriate

or stellate hairs (or a combination thereof) and

dense yellow sessile glands, indumentum

persistent; tip acute, short acuminate or

rounded; base cordate, cuneate or rounded;

margins generally entire, but sometime weakly

dentate with 6-10 teeth up to 2 mm long.

Inflorescences racemose, up to 70 mm long,

with dense, clear, simple, biseriate or stellate

hairs; bracts lanceolate-ovate, 0.4-1 mm long,

0.4-0.8 mm wide, with dense, clear stellate hairs.

Male flowers 1-5 per bract; pedicels 1.2-3 mm

long, 0.4-0.8 mm diameter, with dense, clear

stellate hairs; calyx 3 or 4-lobed, lobes obovate,

1.5- 3 mm long, 1.4-2.6 mm long, with dense,

clear stellate hairs and scattered yellow, sessile

glands; disk glands absent; stamens 50-60;

filaments fused at base for varying degrees,

flattened, 0.5-1.2 mm long, c. 0.1 mm diameter,

glabrous; anthers oblong, 0.5-0.6 mm long, 0.2-

0.4 mm wide, with a well-developed orange

glandular cap. Female flowers 1 per bract;

pedicels 0.5-1 mm long, 0.5-0.8 mm diameter,

with dense, clear stellate hairs and scattered

orange, sessile glands; calyx 3 or 4-lobed,

lobes lanceolate, 1-2 mm long, 0.5-1 mm wide,

with dense, clear stellate hairs and scattered

yellow, sessile glands; ovary 3-locular,

subglobose, 1-2 mm long, 1.3-2.2 mm diameter,

with dense, orange sessile glands, without

echinate processes; styles 2 or 3, 1.2-2 mm

long, connate at base for c. 0.4 mm, plumose,

glabrous on backs. Fruits subglobose, possibly

indehiscent, 4-8 mm long, 5.5-6 mm diameter,

with dense, orange sessile glands. Seeds

globose-ovoid, 3-4 mm long, 3-3.5 mm wide,

2.5- 3 mm thick, tan-black. Yellow ball flower

(Kenneally et al. 1996). Fig. 7.

Selected additional specimens : Western Australia.

Walcott Inlet, 16°27’S, 124°50’E, Jan 1989, Hyland

13829 (QRS); Gallery Hill area, Abydos/Woodstock

Reserve, North Pilbara region, 21°48’S, 119°10’E,

Mar 1988, Tinley 3239 (PERTH); Broome, Jetty

Wharf road, Kimberley Region, 17°58’S, 122°13’E,

May 1981, Tracey 15168 (BRI, QRS). Northern

Territory. Nitmiluk, above visitor centre, Dec 1990,

Evans 3493 (BRI, CANB, DNA); Wessel Islands,

lPTl’S, 136°44’E, Sep 1972, Latz 3263 (BRI, DNA);

Rangani Creek, Melville Island, 11°18’S, 130°31’E,

Jun 1988, Russell-Smith 5755 & Lucas (BRI, DNA);

Bathurst Island, Murrow Point, 11°23’S, 130°14’E,

Jun 1988, Russell-Smith 5770 & Lucas (BRI, DNA);

10 km NW of mouth of Rosie Creek, 15°22’S,

136°06’E, Jan 1989, Russell-Smith 6764 & Lucas

(BRI, DNA); Port Bradshaw, 12°27’S, 136°42’E, Jul

1948, Specht 736A (AD, BRI, CANB). Queensland.

Cook District: S of Aurukun, 13°28’S, 141°37’E, Jul

1988, Dalliston CC415 (BRI); Newcastle Bay,

headland between Narau & Nanthau beaches, 10°47’S,

142°35’E, Jan 1990, Forster PIF6384 (BRI, QRS);

Lake Patricia, Weipa, 12°38’S, 141°49’E, Dec 1993,

Forster PIF14406 (BRI); Southern end of Esplanade,

Yorkeys Knob, Cairns, 16°49’S, 145°44’E, Jan 1987,

Lyons 17 (BRI); Archer River, 13°26’S, 142°56’E,

Jun 1989, Sankowsky 1002 et al. (BRI); Stanley Island,

14°09’S, 144°14’E, Aug 1979, Smyth [AQ412668]

(BRI). Burke District: Woodu, between Nyuldorg &

Thabugan Point, northern most coast of Mornington

Island, Sep 1981, Fosberg 620087 (BRI); Between

Tully & Massacre Inlets, Gulf of Carpentaria, 16°12’S,

138°10’E, Aug 1988, Hyland 13572 (QRS); Lawn

Hill N.P., 18°42’S, 138°29’E, Jan 1989, O’Keefe

[AQ454825] (BRI). North Kennedy District:

Horseshoe Bay, Magnetic Island, 19°07’S, 146°52’E,

Feb 1992, Bean 3932 (BRI); Emmett Creek, Bowling

Green Bay N.P, 19°27’S, 147°03’E, Jan 1993, Forster

PIF12741 & Bean (BRI, QRS).

Distribution and habitat : M. nesophilus is

widespread in tropical parts of Western

Australia, the Northern Territory and

Queensland (Map 7). Plants grow in

vinethickets and vineforests often near the

sea or sometimes inland for considerable

distances in refugia in gorges and gullies.

Phenology : Flowers and fruits throughout the

year.

Notes: A specimen of Mallotus nesophilus was

incorrectly identified as M. tiliifolius by Airy

Shaw (1981) resulting in the erroneous

recording of that species for Australia.

The name Echinus nesophilus requires

lectotypification as there are many original

syntypes. The best of these syntypes is the

one collected by Henne and this is selected as

Forster, Mallotus in Australia

477

Fig. 7. Mallotus nesophilus A. fruiting twig, x 1. B. inflorescence, x 2. C. male flower, x 12. D. female

flower, x 12. E & F. fruit, x 3. G. seed, x 6. A from Cowie 3139 (BRI); B from Forster 20899 (BRI); C

from O’Reilly 411 (BRI); D from Russell-Smith 5770 (BRI); E-G from Lyons 517 (BRI). Del. W. Smith.

478

Austrobaileya 5(3): 457-497 (1999)

lectotype of the name.

Mallotus nesophilus is quite variable in

terms of its leaf morphology and indumentum

density. Plants from windswept coastal

locations tend to have smaller leaves with

shorter and denser coverage of trichomes,

whereas plants from some inland localities may

have relatively few trichomes on the lower leaf

surface.

Conservation status : Widespread. Not

endangered or rare.

Etymology: The specific epithet is derived from

the Greek neso (island) and philus (loving) and

refers to many of the syntypes having been

collected from islands.

Uses: The fruit are edible (Kenneally et al. 1996).

8. Mallotus paniculatus (Lam.) Muell.Arg.,

Linnaea 34: 189 (1865); Croton

paniculatus Lam., Encycl. Meth., Bot. 2:

207 (1786). Type: Java, Commerson (holo:

P-JU 16579 n.v. [fiche at BRI]).

Mallotus cochinchinensis Lour., FI.

Cochinch. 635 (1790). T>pe: ‘Habitat

sepes, et hortos minus cultos

Cochinchinae, & Chinae’, Loureiro (holo:

BM n.v. [photo at BRI]).

Illustration: Christophel & Hyland (1993:109,

t. 47C).

Shrub or small tree to 6 m high; evergreen,

perennial, monoecious or often functionally

dioecious. Stems + rounded towards apices,

with dense, clear to ginger to silver stellate hairs

when young often appearing almost peltate,

becoming sparse with age. Stipules

acute-lanceolate, 0.5-1 mlong, 0.4-0.5 mm wide,

with dense ginger to silver ipeltate hairs.

Leaves alternate, not peltate, petiolate,

discolorous; petioles 30-180 mm long, 1.5-2

mm diameter, with dense, ginger to silver, stellate

hairs; basilaminar glands one per side of midrib

at lamina base, ellipsoid, 1-2.8 mm long, 0.6-

1.8 mm wide; lamina broadly ovate,

rhombic-ovate, 40-190 mm long, 22-120 mm

wide; venation palminerved, 3-5 lateral veins

from the lamina base, an additional 6-8 lateral

veins further up the midrib and with reticulate

interlateral veins; upper surface matt

dark-green, lateral veins just visible, interlateral

veins not visible, without granular inclusions,

with dense, ginger to silver stellate hairs,

glabrescent; lower surface silver-white, lateral

and interlateral venation well developed, with

dense, ginger to silver stellate hairs, yellow

sessile glands generally absent, indumentum

persistent; tip short or long acuminate; base

cuneate to truncate; margins generally entire,

weakly sinuate, or very weakly dentate with

poorly defined teeth. Inflorescences

paniculate, up to 300 mm long, with dense,

ginger to silver, stellate hairs; bracts lanceolate

to lanceolate-ovate, 1-3 mm long, 0.4-0.8 mm

wide, with dense, ginger to silver stellate hairs.

Male flowers 1-5 per bract; pedicels 3-5 mm

long, 0.5-0.6 mm diameter, with dense, ginger

to silver stellate hairs; calyx 3- or 4-lobed, lobes

lanceolate-ovate or obovate, 2.2-3 mm long,

1.5- 2.3 mm long, with dense, silver stellate hairs;

disk glands absent; stamens 44-56; filaments

free, filiform, 2.5-3.2 mm long, c. 0.1 mm

diameter, glabrous; anthers oblong, c. 0.3 mm

long and 0.4 mm wide, glandular cap absent.

Female flowers 1 per bract; pedicels 0.7-1.9 mm

long, 0.5-1 mm diameter, with dense, silver,

stellate hairs; calyx 4-lobed, lobes

lanceolate-ovate, 1.5-2.7 mm long, 1-1.7 mm

wide, with dense, silver, stellate hairs; ovary

3-locular, subglobose, 1.2-1.5 mm long, 1.8-2

mm diameter, with dense, stellate hairs, echinate

processes simple and up to 0.6 mm long; styles

3, 1.5-2 mm long, barely connate at base,

plumose, with dense peltate hairs on backs.

Fruits subglobose, 4-5 mm long, 5-6 mm

diameter, with sparse ginger to silver, stellate

hairs and echinate processes 3-4 mm long.

Seeds iglobose, 3-3.5 mm long, 3-3.2 mm wide,

2.5- 2.8 mm thick, tan. Fig. 8.

Selected additional specimens: Queensland. Cook

District: Mowbray River, Jan 1932, Brass 1961

(BRI); West Claudie River, Iron Range N.R, 12°44’S,

143°14’E, May 1992, Fell DGF2609 & Butcher (BRI,

DNA, QRS); Stoney Creek, Mission Beach - Tully

road, 17°55’S, 146°05’E, Jul 1989, Forster PIF5617

(BRI, DNA, MEL); Turpentine road, Little Cooper

Creek, Daintree Freehold Rainforest, 16°10’S,

145°24’E, Feb 1994, Forster PIF14724 (A, BRI,

MEL, QRS); Mew River, 1 km SW of Muddy Bay,

Cape York, 10°44’S, 142°32’E, Jun 1994, Forster

PIF15302 & Tucker (BRI); Copper Lode Falls Dam

site, on Freshwater Creek, c. 6 miles [10 km] S of

Cairns, 16°56’S, 145°46’E, Aug 1970, Gittins 2137

Forster, Mallotus in Australia

479

Fig. 8. Mallotus paniculatus . A. flowering twig, x 0.4. B. undersurface of leaf, x 0.4. C. base of undersurface

of leaf showing glands, x 0.8. D. inflorescence, x 1.5. E. female flower, x 12. F. male flower, x 6. G. fruit, x

3. H. part of dehisced fruit, x 6. I. seed, x 6. A from Jago 3744 (BRI); B-E from Forster 14323 (BRI); F-G

from Forster 14724 (BRI), H-I from Forster 5617 (BRI). Del. W. Smith.

480

Austrobaileya 5(3): 457-497 (1999)

(BRI); S.F.R. 310 Parish of Gadgarra, 17°30’S,

145°41’E, Nov 1984, Gray 3672 (QRS); T.R. 55

Whyanbeel, 16°20’S, 145°20’E, Hyland 7746 (BRI,

QRS); Between Lockerbie & Somerset, May 1981,

Hyland 11062 (QRS); R1073, Rooty L.A., 16°40’S,

145°30’E, Mar 1976, Hyland RFK3394 (BRI, CANB,

QRS); Wrights Creek, between Lakes Barrine &

Eacham, Apr 1953, Melville 3699 et al. (BRI); Etty

Bay, Dec 1941, White 11744 (BRI). North Kennedy

District: Dunk Island, Dec 1907, Banfield

[AQ203792] (BRI); Little Crystal Creek, E of Paluma,

Feb 1992, Bean 3923 (BRI); Wongaling Beach road,

Mission Beach, 17°53’S, 146°05’E, May 1989,

Bogenhuber 59 (BRI); “The Gorge Range”, Sword

Creek falls, 18 km WNW of Abergowrie, 18°27’S,

145°42’E, Mar 1988, Fell DGF734 (BRI); Kirrama

Range, 18.5 km from Kennedy, 18°12’S, 145°50’E,

Dec 1993, Forster PIF14316 (BRI, QRS); Tully River

valley, Cardstone road, 17°51’S, 145°43’E, Dec 1993,

Forster PIF14323 (A, BRI, MEL, QRS). South

Kennedy District: Dalrymple Heights & vicinity,

Jul-Sep 1947, Clemens [AQ330649] (BRI); Mt

Blackwood, Mar 1987, Thompson 68 (BRI).

Distribution and habitat : Mallotus

paniculatus is commonly found in Queensland

in the Cook (southern parts), North and South

Kennedy districts, with several disjunct

populations on Cape York Peninsula and

adjacent Torres Strait (Map 8). The species is

widespread in Asia and Malesia. Plants grow

on notophyll and mesophyll vineforest margins

on a variety of soils of volcanic origin.

Phenology : Flowers November to July; fruits

througout the year.

Notes: A specimen of this species from Prince

of Wales Island was incorrectly identified as

Mallotus tiliifolius by Airy Shaw (1981).

Conservation status: Common in the area of

occurrence. Not threatened.

Etymology: The specific epithet is derived from

Latin and probably pertains to the paniculate

inflorescence of this species.

Uses: None recorded. Probably useful as a

pioneer species in rainforest rehabilitation

projects.

9. Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Muell.Arg.,

Linnaea 34: 196 (1865); Croton

philippense Lam., Encycl. Meth., Bot. 2:

206 (17 86)', Echinus philippensis (Lam.)

Baill., Adansonia 6: 314 (1866). Type:

Philippines, Sonnerat (holo: P-JU 16581

n.v. [fiche at BRI]).

Illustrations: Williams (1979:185,1987:199);

Brock (1988: 248); Floyd (1989:152); Hauser

(1992:102); Christophel& Hyland (1993:109, t.

47D).

Shrub or small tree to 10 m high; evergreen or

fleetingly deciduous, perennial, dioecious.

Stems + rounded towards apices, with dense,

ginger stellate hairs and red sessile glands,

glabrescent and lenticellate with age. Stipules

acuminate-lanceolate, 0.6-1 mm long, 0.3-0.8

mm wide, with dense, ginger stellate hairs.

Leaves alternate, not peltate, petiolate,

discolorous; petioles 15-80 mm long, 0.8-1 mm

diameter, with dense, clear to ginger stellate to

+peltate hairs and scattered red sessile glands;

basilaminar glands 1 per side of midrib towards

lamina base, spherical, 0.3-0.5 mm wide; lamina

elliptic, lanceolate-ovate or obovate, 15-200

mm long, 8-100 mm wide; palminerved,

comprising 2 prominent lateral veins from the

lamina base, 5-7 lateral veins further along the

midrib and reticulate interlateral veins; upper

surface glossy dark-green, lateral and

interlateral veins just visible, without granular

inclusions, with sparse clear stellate hairs when

young, glabrescent; lower surface grey-silver

to reddish-silver, lateral and interlateral

venation well developed, with dense clear

simple hairs overtopping dense clear peltate

scales and dense red sessile glands,

indumentum persistent; tip acute, short

acuminate or obtuse; base cuneate, rounded

or truncate; margins generally entire or weakly

sinuate; Inflorescences racemose or with 1 or 2

side branches, but not paniculate, up to 110

mm long, with dense, clear to ginger stellate

hairs and scattered red sessile glands; bracts

lanceolate-triangular, 0.5-1.2 mm long, 0.6-1 mm

wide, with dense, ginger stellate hairs and

scattered red sessile glands. Male flowers 1-3

per bract; pedicels 2-3.5 mm long, 0.3- 0.4 mm

diameter, with dense, clear stellate hairs and

scattered red sessile glands; calyx 3- or 4-lobed,

lobes lanceolate-ovate to obovate, 2.5-2.8 mm

long, 0.7-2.5 mm long, with dense, clear stellate

hairs and scattered, red sessile glands; disk

glands absent; stamens 20-28, free; filaments

filiform, 0.5-1.5 mm long, c. 0.1 mm diameter,

Forster, Mallotus in Australia

481

glabrous; anthers oblong, 0.5-0.8 mm long, 0.5-

0.7 mm wide, with a few orange-red sessile

terminal glands. Female flowers 1 per bract;

pedicels 0.4-2 mm long, 0.4-0.6 mm diameter,

with dense, ginger stellate hairs; calyx 4-lobed,

lobes lanceolate, 1.2-1.8 mm long, 0.5-0.6 mm

wide, with dense, ginger stellate hairs and

scattered red sessile glands; ovary 3-locular,

subglobose, 1-1.5 mm long, 1.2-1.8 mm

diameter, with dense, ginger stellate hairs and

scattered, red sessile glands, lacking echinate

processes; styles 3,1.8-3 mm long, connate at

base for 0.3-0.5 mm, plumose, with sparse

ginger stellate hairs and dense red sessile

glands on backs. Fruits depressed-globose, 4-

7.5 mm long, 7-12 mm diameter, always with

dense red sessile glands and occasionally with

yellow stellate hairs. Seeds globose-ovoid, 3-

5 mm long, 3-5 mm wide, 2.8-4.5 mm thick, black.

Red kamala, Orange kamala.

Selected additional specimens: Northern Territory.

Wagait Reserve, 13°12’S, 130°40’E, Jan 1973,

Dunlop 3106 (BRI, DNA); Source of Glasswater Creek,

Litchfield, 13°20’S, 130°33’E, Oct 1988, Russell-Smith

5990 & Lucas (BRI, DNA). Queensland. Cook

District: Mt Scatterbrain, Butchers Hill Station near

Lakeland Downs, 15°52’S, 144°53’E, Jan 1992, Forster

PIF9520 (BRI, DNA, K, L, MEL, QRS); Boat ramp

area, Rocky Point, Weipa, 12°37’S, 141°53’E, Nov

1989, O’Reilly 456 (BRI, QRS). North Kennedy

District: S.F. 387, 2 km SSW of dam wall on

Proserpine River, 20°23’S, 148°22’E, May 1991,

Forster PIF8316 & McDonald (BRI); Creek between

Frederick Peak & South Pinnacle, 19°23’S, 146°38’E,

Jan 1992, Forster PIF9467 & Bean (BRI, K, L, MEL,

QRS). South Kennedy District: Lindeman Island,

Coconut Bay, Nov 1985, Batianoff 3294 & Dalliston

(BRI); Dalrymple Heights & vicinity, Jul-Nov 1947,

Clemens [AQ198249] (BRI). Leichhardt District:

Carnarvon Gorge, Jan 1989, Morley 16 (BRI); Isla

Gorge, c. 28 km SW of Theodore, Aug 1973, Sharpe

623 & Blockings (BRI). Port Curtis District: Lower

reaches of Koolkoorum Creek, S.F. 121, 24°26’S,

151°13’E, Oct 1989, Forster PIF5868 et al. (BRI,

MEL, NSW); 25 km SW of Raglan, R146, Horrigan

Creek, 23°43’S, 150°48’E, Mar 1989, Gibson TOI490

(BRI); Mt Larcom Range, 6 km NW of Yarwun,

23°48’S, 151°06’E, Aug 1989, Gibson TOI805 (BRI).

Burnett District: Cania Gorge N.P., 24°42’S, 150°58’E,

Oct 1983, Henderson 2982 et al. (BRI). Wide Bay

District: Stony Creek, 4 km E of Didcot, 25°29’S,

151°54’E, Oct 1990, Forster PIF7529 (BRI, K, L,

QRS); Mt Glastonbury, S.F. 242 Glastonbury, 26°14’S,

152°27’E, Dec 1991, Forster PIF9297 & Tucker (A,

BRI, K, L, MEL, QRS). Moreton District: Currumbin

Creek, Jan 1970, Dunlop 1607 (BRI, CBG); Upper

Brookfield, Brisbane, Feb 1978, Jessup 54 (BRI). New

South Wales. Whian Whian road, 1.3 km from

junction of road to Whian Whian S.F., 28°39’S,

153°20’E, Dec 1986, Murray 78 et al. (BRI, NSW).

Distribution and habitat : Mallotus

philippensis has a wide distribution in Australia

occurring in the northern part of the Northern

Territory and in Cook, North Kennedy, South

Kennedy, Port Curtis, Leichhardt, Burnett, Wide

Bay and Moreton botanical districts in

Queensland and in north-east New South Wales

(Map 9). The species is also widespread in

Malesia and parts of Asia. Plants grow mainly

in microphyll to notophyll vineforests and

vinethickets, but are frequently found in gullies

or on ridges in open forest especially at rocky

sites with some fire protection.

Phenology : Flowers and fruits throughout the

year.

Notes: Mallotus philippensis is unique

amongst the Australian species of Mallotus in

having red sessile glands and the lower leaf

lamina with persistent, + stellate scales.

Conservation status: Mallotus philippensis is

a very common plant and is present in at least

28 conservation reserves in south-east

Queensland alone (Forster et al. 1991).

Etymology: The specific epithet refers to this

plant having been described from a collection

obtained in The Philippines.

Uses: The red covering on the fruits is used to

dye silk in India. The wood is suitable for tool

handles and building (Floyd 1989).

10. Mallotus polyadenos F.Muell., Fragm., 6:184

(1868). Type: Queensland. Cook District:

Sea View Range, 11 November 1864

[Dallachy s.n.] (lecto [here designated]:

MEL [MEL708712]).

Illustration: Christophel & Hyland (1993:109,

t. 47E).

Shrub or small tree to 10 m high; evergreen,

perennial, monoecious, but often functionally

dioecious. Stems ± flattened towards apices,

with sparse yellow to red sessile glands.

Stipules acute-lanceolate, 0.8-1 mm long, 0.5-

0.6 mm wide, with sparse yellow sessile glands.

Leaves opposite, not peltate, petiolate,

482

Austrobaileya 5(3): 457-497 (1999)

discolorous; petioles 3-47 mm long, 0.5-1 mm

diameter, with sparse to dense, yellow sessile

glands; basilaminar glands 1 per side of midrib

near lamina base, ellipsoid, 0.7-1 mm long, 0.5-

0.7 mm wide; lamina elliptic, oblanceolate or

obovate, 36-200 mm long, 15-90 mm wide;

penninerved, comprising 8-12 lateral veins per

side of midrib and reticulate interlateral veins;

upper surface glossy dark-green, lateral and

interlateral veins not visible, with sparse

included granular inclusions, glabrous; lower

surface pale green, lateral and interlateral

venation well developed, glabrous and with

dense, yellow sessile glands, occasionally also

with small clumps of simple hairs forming

domatia in vein angles; tip acute, short

acuminate or obtuse; base cordate to cuneate;

margins generally entire, but sometime weakly

sinuate. Inflorescences racemose, up to 150 mm

long, with scattered yellow to ginger stellate

hairs and sparse yellow sessile glands; bracts

triangular, c. 1 mm long, 0.6-0.8 mm wide, with

an occasional simple hair and sparse yellow

sessile glands. Male flowers 1—10 per bract;

pedicels 2-4.5 mm long, 0.5-0.7 mm diameter,

with dense, yellow stellate hairs; calyx 3 or

4-lobed, lobes oblanceolate to obovate, 3-3.5

mm long, 1.4-2.8 mm long, with scattered to

sparse, yellow sessile glands; disk glands

absent; stamens 38-70, free; filaments filiform,

1.5- 2.7 mm long, c. 0.1 mm diameter, glabrous;

anthers oblong, 0.6-0.8 mm long, 0.8-1 mm

wide, glandular cap absent. Female flowers 1

per bract; pedicels 1.8-12 mm long, 0.4-0.8 mm

diameter, with scattered, ginger stellate hairs

and sparse yellow sessile glands; calyx 4-lobed,

lobes lanceolate, 1.5-2.6 mm long, 0.6-1.2 mm

wide, with sparse yellow to red sessile glands;

ovary 3-locular, depressed-globose, 1-2.6 mm

long, 1.5-4 mm diameter, with dense, yellow

sessile glands, without echinate processes;

styles 3,1.8-3 mm long, barely connate at base

for 0.2-0.3 mm, plumose, with sparse yellow

sessile glands on backs. Fruits

depressed-globose, 5-6 mm long, 8-10 mm

diameter, with sparse, yellow sessile glands,

without echinate processes. Seeds

globose-ovoid, 3.3—4.5 mm long, 3-3.5 mm wide,

3.5- 4 mm thick, tan-brown. Fig. 9.

Selected additional specimens : Queensland. Cook

District: Lower reaches of Isabella Creek, NW of

Cooktown, 15°22’S, 145°00’E, Jul 1990, Bean 1999

(BRI); Maloney’s Springs, left branch, 12°27’S,

142°53’E, Jun 1989, Forster PIF5272 (BRI); Nesbit

River, 13°32’S, 143°32’E, Jun 1992, Forster

PIF10528 et al. (BRI, QRS); 13.5 km along

Goldsborough road, 17°14’S, 145°46’E, Jan 1993,

Forster PIF13090 & Bean (BRI, MEL, QRS); Wyvuri

Holding, 17°20’S, 145°58’E, Oct 1978, Gray 1046

(BRI, MEL, QRS); S.F.R. 1073, Buchan L.A., 16°46’S,

145°37’E, Jan 1979, Gray 1254 (BRI, MEL, QRS);

Normanby River, N of Kalpowar, 14°40’S, 144°10’E,

Oct 1970, Hyland 4860 (BRI, QRS); Claudie River,

12°45’S, 143°15’E, Oct 1972, Hyland 6458 (BRI,

QRS); Between Lockerbie & Somerset, 10°47’S,

142°30’E, Dec 1980, Hyland 10955 (QRS); Eliott

Falls, Jardine River, 11°09’S, 141°30’E, Oct 1989,

O’Reilly 542 (BRI); Wenlock River, southern bank at

Moreton Telegraph Station, 12°27’S, 142°38’E, Oct

1989, Neldner 2807 & Clarkson (BRI, MBA, QRS); 4

km S of the track to Mission River along the boundary

fence between Batavia Downs & Mission River,

12°35’S, 142°32’E, Nov 1989, Neldner 2856 &

Clarkson (BRI, DNA, MBA, QRS); 25 km ENE of

Weipa Mission, 12°41’S, 142°07’E, Dec 1974, Specht

W219 & Salt (BRI); Headwaters of Lankelly Creek

on western fall of Mcllwraith Range, 13°52’S,

143°20’E, Oct 1969, Webb & Tracey 9620A (BRI).

North Kennedy District: 18 km WSW of Abergowrie,

Sword Creek Falls N.P., Gorge Range, 18°27’S,

145°42’E, Mar 1988, Fell DGF739 (BRI); Emmett

Creek, Bowling Green Bay N.P., 19°27’S, 147°03’E,

Dec 1993, Forster PIF14306 (BRI, QRS); Tully Falls,

17°46’S, 145°33’E, Dec 1993, Forster PIF14334

(BRI, QRS); Impulse Creek, Conway Forest, 20°30’S,

148°50’E, Nov 1986, Perry [AQ431860] (BRI); c.

13 km WNW of Cardwell, 18°14’S, 145°54’E, Oct

1976, Thorsborne 295 & Thorsborne (BRI); Brandy

Creek road, c. 3.6 km E of Shute Harbour Road & 13

km NE of Proserpine, 20°21’S, 148°40’E, Nov 1985,

Sharpe 4052 & Perry (BRI).

Distribution and habitat : In Australia

Mallotus polyadenos is found in the Cook and

North Kennedy botanical districts (Map 2). The

species is also found in New Guinea. Plants

grow in semi-evergreen to evergreen notophyll

vineforests near permanent or seasonal

watercourses.

Phenology: Flowers and fruits throughout the

year.

Notes: There are numerous specimens at MEL

collected by Dallachy that may be syntypes of

this name. I have chosen a specimen

(MEL708712) that was collected prior to the

publication of the name and is copiously

annotated by Mueller.

Conservation status : Widespread and

Forster, Mallotus in Australia

483

|#U

Fig. 9. Mallotus polyadenos. A. fruiting twig, x 0.5. B. inflorescence, x 2. C. male flower, x 8. D. young

female flower, x 8. E. older female flower, x 8. F. & G fruit, x 3. H. seed, x 6. A, F-H from Forster 13090

(BRI); B-D. from Neldner 2856 (BRI); E from Halford Q735 (BRI). Del. W. Smith.

484

Austrobaileya 5(3): 457-497 (1999)

common. Not endangered or rare.

Etymology: The specific epithet is derived from

the Greek poly (many) and odenos (glands).

Uses: None recorded.

11. Mallotus repandus (Willd.) Muell.Arg.,

Linnaea 34: 197 (1865); Croton repandus

Willd., Neue Schrift. Naturf. Freunde

Berlin 4: 206 (1803). type: S India, Klein

(holo: B n.v. [destroyed]).

Scrambling woody liane up to 20 m long;

evergreen, perennial, monoecious. Stems ±

rounded towards apices, with dense, clear

stellate hairs and scattered yellow sessile

glands when young, glabrescent. Stipules

acute-lanceolate, 0.3-0.5 mm long, 0.2-0.3 mm

wide, with dense yellow stellate hairs. Leaves

alternate, not peltate, petiolate, discolorous;

petioles 10-82 mm long, 0.6-1 mm diameter, with

dense, yellow simple, biseriate and/or stellate

hairs; basilaminar glands 1 or 2 per side of midrib

near lamina base, ellipsoid, 0.3-0.4 mm long,

0.2-0.3 mm wide; lamina elliptic, broadly-ovate,

ovate, 22-120 mm long, 15-90 mm wide;

palminerved, comprising 2-4 lateral veins from

base, 3-5 lateral veins further up midrib and

reticulate interlateral veins; upper surface matt

dark-green, lateral and interlateral veins just

visible, without granular inclusions, glabrous,

with dense, clear stellate hairs when young,

becoming scattered with age; lower surface

pale green to green-yellow, lateral and

interlateral venation well developed, with

dense, clear stellate hairs and scattered to

sparse yellow sessile glands when young,

becoming scattered with age; tip acute, short

to long acuminate; base attenuate, weakly

cordate, cuneate, rounded, truncate; margins

sinuate to weakly dentate with up to 8 poorly

developed teeth to 2 mm long. Inflorescences

racemose or with 1 or 2 side branches, not

paniculate, up to 180 mm long, with dense, clear

stellate hairs; bracts lanceolate, c. 1 mm long

and 0.3 mm wide, with dense, clear stellate hairs.

Male flowers 1-10 per bract; pedicels 4-8 mm

long, 0.5-0.8 mm diameter, with dense, yellow

stellate hairs; calyx 3 or 4-lobed, lobes

lanceolate-ovate to obovate, 2.5-4 mm long,

1.3-3.8 mm long, with dense, yellow stellate

hairs and scattered yellow sessile glands; disk

glands absent; stamens 74-88, free; filaments

filiform, 2-2.5 mm long, c. 0.1 mm diameter,

glabrous; anthers oblong, 0.5-0.6 mm long, 0.5-

0.6 mm wide, glabrous, glandular cap absent.

Female flowers 1 per bract; pedicels 1-8 mm

long, 0.8-1 mm diameter, with dense, yellow

stellate hairs; calyx 4-lobed, lobes lanceolate,

1.2-2.2 mm long, 0.6-0.9 mm wide, with dense,

yellow stellate hairs; ovary 2-locular,

subglobose, 1-3.8 mm long, 1.8-4 mm diameter,

with dense, yellow stellate hairs, without

echinate processes; styles 2, 1.8-4 mm long,

connate at base for 0.5-0.8 mm, plumose, with

dense yellow stellate hairs and scattered yellow

sessile glands on backs. Fruits subglobose, 8-

9 mm long, 11-15 mm diameter, with dense,

yellow stellate hairs; without echinate

processes. Seeds ovoid, 5-5.5 mm long, 4.5-5

mm wide, 4.5-5 mm thick, brown. Fig. 10.

Selected additional specimens: Queensland.

Coconut Bay, Lizard Island, 14°40’S, 145°28’E, Jul

1990, Batianoff 12223 (BRI); Kamerunga, Cairns,

Cowley [AQ203989] (BRI); Claudie River, 12°45’S,

143°15’E, Oct 1972, Dockrill 547 (BRI, QRS); Lake

Euramo, Oct 1976, Dockrill 1302 (BRI, CANB, QRS);

15 km along Ellison Beach, Oct 1937, Flecker

N.Q.N.C. 3942 (QRS); Goldsborough road, 17°14’S,

145°46’E, Jan 1993, Forster PIF13091 & Bean (BRI,

MEL, QRS); Isabella Falls area, McKinnon Creek, 4

km W of Edmonton, 17°02’S, 145°43’E, Jan 1993,

Forster PIF13095 & Bean (BRI, MEL, QRS); Lamond

Hill, Iron Range, 12°43’S, 143°17’E, Jul 1993, Forster

PIF13581 et al. (BRI); Little Mulgrave River, 1 km

below Gillies Highway Crossing, 17°08’S, 145°44’E,

Sep 1989, Gray 5098 (QRS); Danbulla, c. 19 miles

[31.7 km] SW of Cairns, 17°09’S, 145°43’E, Jul 1966,

Hyland [AQ203990] (BRI); Scenic Reserve 440, Lake

Euramo, 17°10’S, 145°40’E, Dec 1971, Hyland 5735

(BRI, QRS); S.F.R. 310, Goldsborough L.A., 17°15’S,

145°45’E, Jan 1978, Hyland 9632 (QRS); Cairns, Oct

1896, Nugent 20 (BRI); Long Scrub, Bamaga, 1962,

Webb & Tracey 6936 (BRI); Galloways Creek, Bamaga,

1962, Webb & Tracey 7161 (BRI); Bloomfield River,

Webb & Tracey 7733 (BRI); Shipton’s Flat between

Rossville & Mt Finnegan, 15°47’S, 145°14’E, May

1969, Webb & Tracey 9042 (BRI). Port Curtis

District: S.F. 86, Eurimbula, 24°10’S, 151°50’E, Dec

1970, Webb & Tracey 10405 (BRI). Moreton District:

Mt Eerwah, c. 4 km W of Eumundi, 26°29’S,

152°55’E, Dec 1987, Sharpe 4632 (BRI); cult.

Coolum Beach (ex Mt Eerwah), Nov 1988, Sharpe

4750 (BRI).

Distribution and habitat: In Australia

Mallotus repandus occurs in the Cook, Port

Curtis and Moreton districts of Queensland

(Map 11). The southern populations are highly

Forster, Mallotus in Australia

485

Fig. 10. Mallotus repandus. A. twig, x 0.6. B. undersurface of leaf, x 0.6. D. female flower, x 4. E. male

flower, x 6. F. fruit, x 3. G. section of dehisced fruit, x 3. H. seed, x 3. A, F, G, H from Hyland 9632

(QRS); B & C from Forster 18211 (BRI); E from Gray 5098 (QRS). Del. W. Smith.

486

Austrobaileya 5(3): 457-497 (1999)

disjunct. The species is also widespread in

Malesia and Asia (Airy Shaw 1971, 1980c).

Plants grow in notophyll vineforest on volcanic

substrates.

Phenology: Fertile collections are rare;

however, flowering and fruiting probably

occurs throughout the year.

Notes: I have not been able to locate type

material of this species; however, there seems

little doubt as to the application of the name. A

neotype from Indian material should be selected

by a worker familiar with the genus in that area.

Airy Shaw (1981) noted that this species

had been found near Bowen and Proserpine,

but I have seen no specimens to confirm this.

Etymology: The specific epithet is derived from

Latin and refers to the sinuate leaf lamina

margins.

Uses: None recorded.

12. Mallotus resinosus (Blanco) Merr., Sp.

Blanco. 222 (1918); Adelia resinosa

Blanco, FI. Filip, ed. 2:562 (1845).Type:

Philippines. Luzon: Batangas Province,

Aug 1914, Merrill Species Blancoanae

485 (neo: US n.v.,jide Merrill (1918:222)).

Mallotus walkerae Hook.f., FI. Brit. India

5:437 (1887);M muricatus var. walkerae

(Hook.f) Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Natur.

Pflanzenfam. 7:190 (1914). Type:Ceylon

[Sri Lanka], Walker (holo: K n.v. [photo

atBRI]).

Shrub or small tree to 5 m high; evergreen,

perennial, dioecious. Stems + rounded towards

apices, with sparse, clear simple hairs and

sparse yellow sessile glands when young,

glabrescent with age. Stipules lanceolate, 2.2-

4 mm long, 1.2-2 mm wide, with scattered, clear

simple hairs. Leaves opposite, not peltate,

petiolate, discolorous; petioles 1-15 mm long,

1.5-1.7 mm diameter, with sparse, clear simple

hairs and sparse, yellow sessile glands;

basilaminar glands 1 or 2 per side of midrib

towards lamina base, ellipsoid, 0.5-1.2 mm long,

0.5-0.6 mm wide; lamina elliptic to obovate, 30-

210 mm long, 15-110 mm wide; penninerved,

comprising 11-12 lateral veins per side of midrib

and reticulate interlateral veins; upper surface

glossy dark-green, lateral and interlateral veins

not visible, without granular inclusions,

glabrous, with scattered, yellow sessile glands;

lower surface pale green, lateral and interlateral

venation well developed, glabrous, with sparse

to dense yellow sessile glands; tip acute to

short acuminate; base attenuate to cuneate;

margins dentate with 8-14 teeth up to 3 mm

long. Inflorescences racemose, up to 50 mm

long, with sparse to dense, ginger simple,

biseriate or rarely stellate hairs and dense

yellow sessile glands; bracts triangular, 1.5-

2.2 mm long, 1-1.2 mm wide, with sparse, clear

simple hairs. Male flowers 1-3 per bract;

pedicels 3—4.5 mm long, c. 0.4 mm diameter, with

scattered to sparse, simple and/or biseriate hairs

and scattered yellow sessile glands; calyx 2, 3

or 4-lobed, lobes obovate, 2.5-3 mm long, 1.2-

2.4 mm long, with scattered, simple hairs and

scattered yellow sessile glands; disk glands

absent; stamens 26-48, free; filaments filif orm,

2-3 mm long, c. 0.2 mm diameter, glabrous;

anthers oblong, 0.5-0.6 mm long, 0.6-0.7 mm

wide, glabrous, glandular cap absent. Female

flowers 1 per bract; pedicels 1.5-5 mm long,

0.8-1 mm diameter, with sparse to dense, clear,

simple and/or biseriate hairs and dense yellow

sessile glands; calyx 4-lobed, lobes lanceolate,

2.8-3 mm long, 0.7-0.8 mm wide, with sparse

simple hairs; ovary 3-locular,

depressed-globose, c. 1.3 mm long, 1.8-2 mm

diameter, with scattered, yellow stellate hairs,

with dense, yellow sessile glands, with sparse

echinate processes 0.5-1 mm long; styles 3,

2.6-3 mm long, connate at base for 0.7-1 mm,

plumose, with scattered, yellow stellate hairs

and scattered to sparse, yellow sessile glands

on backs. Fruits depressed-globose, 5-7 mm

long, 10-12 mm diameter, with scattered, yellow

stellate hairs, with dense, yellow sessile glands

and dense echinate processes 1.5-2 mm long.

Seeds ovoid, c. 5 mm long, 4.5 mm wide, 4 mm

thick, tan-brown. Fig. 11.

Selected additional specimens: Queensland. Cook

District: Park Ranger Station, Claudie River, 12°36’S,

143°17’E, Fell DGF2089 (BRI); SE edge of Mt Cook,

N.P. 142, on Quarantine Bay side, 15°29’S, 145°16’E,

Feb 1992, Fell DGF2423 & Jensen (BRI); Mt Webb

N.P., 15°04’S, 145°07’E, Dec 1992, Fell DGF2792 &

Stanton (BRI, MEL, QRS), ditto, DGF2802 (BRI,

MBA, QRS); Near Ginger Mick’s Mine, 2 km S of

Fig. 11. Mallotus resinosus. A. fruiting twig, x 0.5. B. inflorescence with male flowers, x 1. C. male flower, x

8. D. female flower, x 6. E & F. fruit, x 2. A, E & F from Forster 9527 (BRI); B & C. from Forster 14426

(BRI); D from Hyland 12443 (BRI). Del. W. Smith.

Punsand Bay, 10°44’S, 142°28’E, Feb 1990, Forster

PIF6401 (BRI, DNA, QRS); Shiptons Flat, 10.5 km S

of the Fions Den Hotel, Helenvale, 15°47’S,

145°14’E, Jan 1992, Forster PIF9527 (A, BRI, DNA,

K, F, MEF, QRS); Round Mt, Embley Range, 13°33’S,

143°30’E, Jun 1992, Forster PIF10476 & Tucker

(BRI, QRS); 1 km SE of the Twin Forks, headwaters

of the Annan River, 15°49’S, 145°14’E, Jun 1992,

Forster PIF10740 et al. (BRI, F, MEF, QRS);

Shiptons Flat, 11.5 km from Fions Den Hotel, 15°47’S,

145°14’E, Dec 1993, Forster PIF14426 (A, BRI,

MEF, QRS); Mt Augustus, Moa Island, 10°10’S,

142°18’E, Feb 1989, Gray 5003 (QRS); Altanmoui,

14°35’S, 144°35’E, Jul 1972, Hyland 6348 (BRI,

QRS); Shiptons Flat on Tin Mine road, 15°45’S,

145°10’E, May 1969, Smith 14366 (BRI); Upper

Cameron Creek, NW of Cooktown, 15°22’S,

145°07’E, Jul 1976, Tracey 14168 (BRI); Mt Webb,

Starke Station, 15°03’S, 145°05’E, Sep 1974, Tracey

14407 (BRI); Mclvor River Xing, Cooktown - Starke

road, 15°07’S, 145°08’E, Jul 1976, Tracey 14428

(BRI); Dowlings Hill on Mt Amos road, S of Cooktown,

15°38’S, 145°18’E, Jun 1973, Webb & Tracey 11885

(BRI); Mt Stuckey area, inland from Starke Station,

488

Austrobaileya 5(3): 457-497 (1999)

14°56’S, 145°03’E, Sep 1974, Webb & Tracey 13807

(BRI); Lockerbie Scrub, 10°45’S, 142°30’E, Webb &

Tracey 13808 (BRI); Between Starke & Hopevale,

15°12’S, 145°08’E, Sep 1974, Webb & Tracey 13809

(BRI).

Distribution and habitat : Mallotus resinosus

occurs in the Cook district of Queensland from

Cape York south to the Annan River (Map 10)

and is also widespread in Malesia (Airy Shaw

1971,1976,1981). Plants grow in notophyll or

mesophyll semideciduous vineforest on

substrates derived from granite or basalt.

Phenology: Fertile collections are rare; plants

flower from December to February and fruit

several months later.

Notes: There is no extant type material for this

taxon and the representative specimen cited

by Merrill (1918) may be considered a

neotypification of the name (Balakrishnan &

Chakrabarty 1991). Several other names were

included in the synonymy of Mallotus

resinosus by Balakrishnan & Chakrabarty

(1991); however, I have not seen type material

for these so bibliographic data is not included

here. These authors considered that Mallotus

resinosus is a polymorphic species with three

varieties, with only the variety resinosus

occurring inAustralia.

In Australia Mallotus resinosus is

superficially similar both to Wetria

australiensis P.I.Forst. and Alchornea rugosa

(Lour.) Muell.Arg.; however the two taxa may

be easily distinguished by the alternate leaves,

bifid styles and smooth fruit of the former

(Forster 1994) and the foliage lacking sessile

yellow glands of the latter.

Conservation status: Widespread, not

endangered or rare.

Etymology: The specific name is derived from

Latin and refers to resin. The application of

this name remains obscure.

Uses: None recorded.

13. Mallotus surculosus P.I.Forst., sp. nov.

affinisM. floribundo (Blume) Muell.Arg.

a qua in habitu frutice deciduo surculoso

usque 3-5 mm alto, venis 8 vel 9 e basi

radiantibus, stylis breviter connatis (0.5-

1 mm) et partibus discretis brevioribus

(2.5-3 mm), staminis paucioribus (18-20),

et in fructu processis echinatis

brevioribus (1-2.2 mm) differt. Typus:

Queensland. Cook District: Shiptons

Flat, 9 km from Lions Den Hotel, 15°46’ S,

145°13’E, 10 Dec 1993, P.I. Forster

PIF14420 (holo: BRI; iso: A, MEL, QRS).

Mallotus sp. aff. mollissimus #693 RFK;

Hyland &Whiffin (1993).

Mallotus sp. (Claudie River P.I.Forster

PIF135580; Forster & Henderson (1997).

Illustration: Christophel & Hyland (1993:109,

t.47A)

Shrub to 5 m high, suckering profusely;

seasonally deciduous, perennial, dioecious.

Stems + rounded towards apices, with sparse

clear, simple or stellate hairs, glabrescent.

Stipules lanceolate, 2.2-5 mm long, 0.8-1.3 mm

wide, with sparse, clear stellate hairs. Feaves

alternate, peltate, petiolate, discolorous;

petioles 8-80 mm long, 1-1.3 mm diameter, with

dense clear, simple, biseriate and/or stellate hairs

and scattered yellow sessile glands;

basilaminar glands 2 or 3 per side of midrib

towards lamina base, ellipsoid to spherical, 0.7-

0.8 mm long, 0.5-0.8 mm wide; lamina

broadly-ovate to ovate, 20-130 mm long, 18-

120 mm wide; palminerved, comprising 8-9

veins from the lamina base, 8-9 lateral veins

per side of midrib and reticulate interlateral

veins; upper surface matt grey-green, lateral

veins barely visible, interlateral veins not

visible, without granular inclusions, with sparse

to dense, clear to ginger stellate hairs and

scattered yellow sessile glands when young,

becoming ± glabrescent with age; lower surface

silver-green, lateral venation and interlateral

venation well developed, with sparse to dense,

clear to ginger simple, biseriate and/or stellate

hairs and scattered to dense yellow sessile

glands, indumentum persistent; tip short to

long-acuminate; base rounded or truncate;

margins weakly dentate with 16-20 small teeth

to 1 mm long. Inflorescences racemose, up to

130 mm long, with sparse, clear simple, biseriate

and/or stellate hairs and scattered yellow

sessile glands; bracts triangular, 0.8-1.5 mm

long, 0.7-1.2 mm wide, with dense, clear stellate

Forster, Mallotus in Australia

489

hairs. Male flowers 1-5 per bract; pedicels 1-

2.5 mm long, c. 0.2 mm diameter, with dense

clear stellate hairs; calyx 3- or 4-lobed, lobes

lanceolate-ovate to obovate, 2-2.5 mm long,

1.3-1.6 mm long, with sparse to dense, clear

stellate hairs; disk glands absent; stamens 18-

20, free; filaments filiform, 1.3-1.8 mm long, c.

0.1 mm diameter, glabrous; anthers oblong, 0.7-

0.8 mm long, 0.7-0.8 mm wide, glabrous or with

an occasional simple hair, glandular cap absent.

Female flowers 1 per bract; pedicels 1.2-5.5 mm

long, 0.8-1 mm diameter, with dense, clear

stellate hairs; calyx 4-lobed, lobes lanceolate,

3.5^1 mm long, 1-1.5 mm wide, with dense, clear

stellate hairs; ovary 3-locular, subglobose, 1.8-

2 mm long, 2.2-3 mm diameter, with scattered

simple, biseriate and/or stellate hairs, scattered

yellow sessile glands and dense echinate

processes 1-1.2 mm long; styles 3(4), 2.5-3 mm

long, connate at base for 0.5-1 mm, plumose

with scattered simple hairs and scattered yellow

sessile glands on backs. Fruits subglobose,

4.5-6 mm long, 7-9 mm diameter, with scattered

simple, biseriate and/or stellate hairs, scattered

yellow sessile glands and echinate processes

1-2.2 mm long. Seeds globose-ovoid, 3.8-4 mm

long, 3-3.5 mm wide, 3.3-3.5 mm thick,

tan-brown. Fig. 12.

Specimens examined : Queensland. Cook District:

West Claudie River Scrub, 12°44’S, 143°14’E, Jul 1993,

Forster PIF13558 et al. (BRI); Massy Creek Crossing,

Silver Plains, 13°55’S, 143°30’E, Jul 1993, Forster

PIF13603 et al. (BRI, QRS); 3 km SSW of Rocky

River Crossing, Silver Plains, 13°50’S, 143°27’E, Jul

1993, Forster PIF13646 et al. (BRI, QRS); West

Claudie River, 12°45’S, 143°15’E, Jun 1972, Hyland

6188 (QRS); T.R. 14 Massy, 13°52’S, 143°25’E, Nov

1980, Hyland 10861 (QRS); Claudie River, 12°44’S,

143°14’E, Oct 1981, Hyland 11224 (QRS); Claudie

River, 12°43’S, 143°16’E, Jan 1982, Hyland 11505

(QRS); T.R. 176 Monkhouse, Annan River, 15°45’S,

145°13’E, Sep 1982, Hyland 11997 (QRS); ditto, Oct

1982, Hyland 12163 (QRS); T.R. 176, Shipton L.A.,

15°48’S, 145°14’E, Sep 1982, Hyland 12061 (QRS);

S.F.R. 176, Parish of Monkhouse, 15°47’S, 145°16’E,

Dec 1988, Hyland 13775 (BRI, QRS); Near Porn.

37V Parish of Monkhouse, 15°48’S, 145°14’E, Dec

1988, Hyland 13776 (QRS).

Distribution and habitat: Mallotus surculosus

is restricted to north-east Queensland from the

Claudie River in the north to Shipton’s Flat

south of Cooktown (Map 6). Plants grow on

alluvium or stony hillsides, always on the

margins of notophyll or mesophyll vineforest.

Plants sucker profusely and form dense

monospecific thickets.

Notes: Mallotus surculosus was first collected

by Hyland in 1972; however, fertile material was

not obtained until the late 1980’s. The species

is not mentioned by Airy Shaw (1981).

Although labelled as “sp. aff. mollissimus” by

Hyland & Whiffin (1993), Mallotus surculosus

appears to be most closely related to M.

floribundus (Blume) Muell.Arg. from New

Guinea. Mallotus surculosus differs from M.

floribundus in being a seasonally deciduous,

suckering shrub, 3-5 m high; having 8 or 9

veins radiating from the leaf lamina base; the

styles shortly connate (0.5-1 mm long) and the

free parts shorter (2.5-3 mm long); fewer

stamens (18-20); and shorter echinate

processes on the fruit (1-2.2 mm long). M.

floribundus is an evergreen, non-suckering

tree, 7-13 m high, usually growing on the edge

of freshwater swamps or streams and has 4-6

veins radiating from the leaf lamina base; the

styles long-connate (1.5-3 mm) with the free

parts longer (5-9 mm); more stamens (36-56);

and longer echinate processes on the fruit (3-

4 mm long).

Phenology: Flowers December to January;

fruits January to March. Plants flower when +

leafless. The fruit are shed before the foliage is

fully expanded.

Conservation status: Uncommon throughout

its known range. Present in Iron Range National

Park and Daintree National Park. Not considered

rare or threatened.

Etymology: The specific epithet is derived from

the Latin surculosus (suckering) and alludes

to the dense suckering habit of this species.

Uses: None recorded.

Excluded names and species

1. Mallotus tiliifolius (Blume) Muell.Arg.,

Linnaea 34: 190 (1865 fRottlera tiliifolia

Blume, Bidjr. 607 (1825). Type: Java, [ad

littora insularum Nusae Kambangae et

Javae], Blume s.n. (holo: BO).

Notes: Airy Shaw (1981) applied this name to

collections from Prince of Wales Island and

Trinity Beach near Cairns. The former is a

490

Austrobaileya 5(3): 457-497 (1999)

Fig. 12. Mallotus surculosus. A. undersurface of mature leaf, x 0.5. B & C. flowering twigs with immature

foliage, x 1.5. D. male flower, x 8. E. female flower, x 8. F. third of dehisced fruit showing stalked hairs, x

4. G. seed, x 8. H. internode showing stipule, x 2. A,B,D,E,H from Forster 14420 (BRI); C from Forster

16990 (BRI); F,G from Hyland 11505 (BRI). Del. W.Smith.

Forster, Mallotus in Australia

491

specimen of Mallotus paniculatus and the

latter is a specimen of M. nesophilus. Mallotus

tiliifolius does not occur in Australia.

I located a single sheet at BO that is

probably the type of R. tiliifolia. This sheet

bears a printed label that says “Java” and bears

the name “Mallotus tiliifolius Muell.Arg.” in

Blume’s handwriting. The specimen and label

have been remounted, so there is no

accompanying BO sheet number.

2. Mallotus derbyensis W.Fitzg., J. Roy. Soc.

W.Aust.3:165(1918).

Notes: This name was referred to the synonymy

of Grewia brevifloraBenth. (Tiliaceae) by Airy

Shaw (1981) and this remains unchanged (D.

Halford, pers. comm. 1993).

3. Mallotus oblongifolius (Miq.) Muell.Arg.,

Linnaea 34: 187 (1865); Rottlera

oblongifolia Miq., FI. Ind. Bat. 1(2: 396

(1859).

Notes: Airy Shaw (1976,1981) based his record

of this species for Australia on a sterile

specimen collected by Berthoud at the

Johnstone River. This specimen (MEL69850)

is Macaranga inamoena F.Muell.

Acknowledgements

W. Smith (BRI) provided the excellent figures.

Field collections were made over what now

seems a long time, with the assistance on

occasion of A.R. Bean, L.H. Bird, G. Kenning,

D. & I. Liddle, D. Orford, G. & N. Sankowsky,

RR. Sharpe, G. Smyrell and M.C. Tucker.

Translation of the diagnoses into Latin was

undertaken by L.A. Craven (CANB).

Resolution of typification for the name M.

polyadenos was made with the assistance of

J.H.Ross (MEL). Access to State Forests and

Timber Reserves in Queensland were facilitated

by permits issued by the Queensland Forest

Service. Photographs of type specimens at BM

and K were arranged by P.S. Short (MEL) while

Australian Botanical Liaison Officer at Kew

(U.K.). Assistance with the visit to BO was ably

provided by D.J. Liddle in February 1992. This

work was a preferred objective of the Australian

Biological Resources Study which funded the

project during 1992-1994.

References

Airy Shaw, H.K. (1966). Notes on Malaysian and other

Asiatic Euphorbiaceae. Kew Bulletin 20: 25-49.

Airy Shaw, H.K. (1971). The Euphorbiaceae of Siam.

Kew Bulletin 26: 191-363.

Airy Shaw, H.K. (1976). New or noteworthy Australian

Euphorbiaceae. Kew Bulletin 31: 341-398.

Airy Shaw, H.K. (1980a). New or noteworthy

Australian Euphorbiaceae - II. Muelleria 4:

207-241.

Airy Shaw, H.K. (1980b). An alphabetical check-list

of native Australian Euphorbiaceae (excluding

Phyllanthus, Euphorbia , and the Stenolobeae).

Muelleria 4: 243-245.

Airy Shaw, H.K. (1980c). The Euphorbiaceae of New

Guinea. Kew Bulletin Additional Series VIII.

London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office.

Airy Shaw, H.K. (1981). A partial synopsis of the

Euphorbiaceae - Platylobeae of Australia

(excluding Phyllanthus, Euphorbia and

Calycopeplus ). Kew Bulletin 35: 577-700.

Bailey, F.M. (1891). Botany: Contributions to

Queensland flora. Botany Bulletin 2: 18.

Brisbane: Government Printer.

Baillon, H.E. (1866). Species Euphorbiacearum

Euphorbiacees Australiennes. Adansonia 6:

282-345.

Balakrishnan, N.P. & Chakrabarty, T. (1991).

Mallotus resinosus (Blanco) Merr.

(Euphorbiaceae) and its allies. Rheedea 1:

36-39.

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the flora of Australia’s wet tropics. Proceedings

of the Ecological Society of Australia. 15: 1-17.

Bentham, G. (1873). Euphorbiaceae. In Flora

Australiensis 6: 41-153. London: L. Reeve &

Co.

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Brock.

Christophel, D.C. & Hyland, B.P.M. (1993). Leaf Atlas

of Australian Tropical Rain Forest Trees.

Melbourne: CSIRO Publications.

Floyd, A.G. (1989). Rainforest Trees of Mainland

South-eastern Australia. Melbourne/Sydney:

Inkata Press.

Forster, P.I. (1994). Wetria australiensis sp. nov.

(Euphorbiaceae), a new generic record for

Australia. Austrobaileya 4: 139-143.

492

Austrobaileya 5(3): 457-497 (1999)

Forster, P.I. & Henderson, R.J.F. (1997).

Euphorbiaceae. In R.J.F. Henderson (ed.),

Queensland Plants: Names and Distribution ,

pp. 69-76. Brisbane: Department of

Environment.

Forster, P.I., Bostock, P.D., Bird, L.H. & Bean, A.R.

(1991). Vineforest Plant Atlas for South-east

Queensland. Brisbane: Queensland Herbarium.

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of Terminology. Australian Flora & Fauna

Series No. 9. Canberra: Australian Government

Publishing Service.

Hussin, K.H., Wahab, B.A. & Teh, C.P. (1996).

Comparative leaf anatomical studies of some

Mallotus Lour. (Euphorbiaceae) species.

Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 122:

137-153.

Hyland, B.P.M. & Whiffin T. (1993). Australian

Tropical Rain Forest Trees: An Interactive

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Publications.

Kenneally, K.F., Edinger, D.C. & Willing, T. (1996).

Broome and Beyond. Plants and People of the

Dampier Peninsula, Kimberley, Western

Australia. Como: Dept, of Conservation &

Land Management.

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Cambridge University Press.

Merrill, E.D. (1918). Species Blancoanae. Manila:

Bureau of Printing.

Mueller, F. (1858). Euphorbiaceae. Fragmenta

Phytographie Australiae 1: 31-33. Melbourne:

Government Printer.

Mueller, F. (1864). Euphorbiaceae. Fragmenta

Phytographie Australiae 4: 138-144.

Melbourne: Government Printer.

Mueller, J. (1865). Euphorbiaceae. Vorlaufige

Mittheilungen aus dem fur De Candolle’s

Prodromus bestimmten Manuscript ber diese

familie. Linnaea 34: 1-224.

Mueller, J. (1866). Euphorbiaceae. In A.L.L.P. de

Candolle (ed.), Prodromus Systematis Naturalis

Regni Vegetabilis 15(2): 189-1260. Paris:

Masson.

Webb, L.J. (1978). A general classification of Australian

rainforests. Australian Plants 9: 349-363.

Webb, L.J. & Tracey, J.G. (1981). Australian

rainforests: pattern and change. In A. Keast

(ed), Ecological Biogeography of Australia.

pp. 605-694. The Hague: W. Junk.

Webster, G.L. (1994). Synopsis of the genera and

suprageneric taxa of Euphorbiaceae. Annals of

the Missouri Botanical Garden 81: 33-144.

Williams, K.A.W. (1979). Native Plants of

Queensland. Vol. 1. Ipswich: K.A.W. Williams.

Williams, K.A.W. (1984). Native Plants of

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Forster, Mallotus in Australia

493

Map 2. Distribution of ★ Mallotus discolor , ▲ Mallotus polyadenos.

115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155

Map 3. Distribution of ▲ Mallotus claoxyloides.

494

Austrobaileya 5(3): 457-497 (1999)

Map 4. Distribution of ▲ Mallotus ficifolius.

Map 5. Distribution of ▲ Mallotus mollissimus.

Forster, Mallotus in Australia

495

115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155

115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155

Map 6. Distribution of ▲ Mallotus dispersus, ★ Mallotus surculosus, # Mallotus megadontus.

Map 7. Distribution of ★ Mallotus nesophilus.

496

Austrobaileya 5(3): 457-497 (1999)

Map 8. Distribution of ★ Mallotus paniculatus.

Map 9. Distribution of ★ Mallotus philippensis.

Forster, Mallotus in Australia

497

Map 10. Distribution of ★ Mallotus resinosus.

Map 11. Distribution of ★ Mallotus repandus.

Ochrosperma obovatum (Myrtaceae), a new species from south-eastern

Queensland

A.R. Bean

Summary

Bean, A.R. (1999). Ochrosperma obovatum (Myrtaceae), a new species from south-eastern Queensland.

Austrobaileya 5(3): 499-501. A new species of Ochrosperma is described and illustrated, with notes

on habitat and conservation status. A revised key to the species of Ochrosperma is provided.

Keywords: Ochrosperma, Baeckea, Myrtaceae, taxonomy, key, Australian flora

A.R. Bean, C/- Queensland Herbarium, EPA, Brisbane Botanic Gardens Mt Coot-tha, Mt Coot-tha

Road, Toowong, Queensland 4066, Australia

Introduction

The genus Ochrosperma was established by

Trudgen (1987). Some of its species were

previously included under Baeckea L. It is

characterised by a 3-locular ovary with 2

collateral ovules per loculus, reniform arillate

seeds and few antesepalous stamens (generally

5, but sometimes up to 8).

Continuing botanical exploration in south¬

eastern Queensland has revealed a new species

of Ochrosperma , bringing the total number of

species to six. Ochrosperma has an unusual

phytogeography. O. lineare and O. citriodorum

occur in coastal heathland of southern

Queensland and northern New South Wales.

O. sulcatum occurs on a sandstone cliff-face

in the Northern Territory (Bean 1997). O.

adpressum and O. oligomerum grow in heath

or heathy woodland communities, the former

in central Queensland and the latter in central

New South Wales (Bean 1995). The new

species also grows in heathland in inland parts

of south-east Queensland. It forms a

geographical link between the coastal species

and the more inland O. adpressum.

Taxonomy

Ochrosperma obovatum A.R.Bean sp. nov.

affinis O. lineari autem foliis obovatis

usque oblanceolatis, 1-1.8 mm latis

Accepted for publication 29 March 1999

(linearibus, 0.5-1 mm latis in O. lineari ),

floribus 3.5-4.5 mm diam. (2.5-3.5 mm

diam.in O. lineari ), inflorescentibus 1-3-

floris (1- vel 2-floris in O. lineari ) differt.

Typus: Queensland. Burnett District:

State Forest 132, c. 6 km ESE of Brovinia,

south of Mundubbera, 9 November 1997,

A.R. Bean 12564 (holo: BRI (1 sheet +

spirit); iso: CANB, MEL, NSW, PERTH).

Shrub 50-80 cm tall. Bark grey, scaly, persistent.

Branchlets grey, terete, eglandular or sparsely

glandular. Leaves overlapping, decussate;

laminae obovate to oblanceolate, straight,

plano-convex, 2.7-4.5 x 1.0-1.8 mm, margins

entire, apex obtuse; oil glands small, rather

obscure; petioles 0.4-0.7 mm long.

Inflorescences axillary, 1-3-flowered;

peduncles extremely short; pedicels 0.6-1.2 mm

long; bracteoles 2, persistent to anthesis,

broadly ovate, 0.7-0.8 x 0.3-0.6 mm, obtuse or

acute, cymbiform. Hypanthium broadly

campanulate, 1.5-1.8 mm long, 2.8-3.0 mm wide,

surface smooth or muriculate, without ribs.

Sepals lunate to semi-orbicular, translucent,

0.3-0.7 x 1.0-1.2 mm, with thickened midrib,

margins entire or denticulate, oil glands present.

Corolla white, 3.5^1.5 mm across; petals broadly

obovate to orbicular, 0.9-1.3 x 1.2-1.8 mm,

margins entire or minutely fimbriate, oil glands

present. Stamens 5 (-6), antesepalous;

filaments slightly flattened, 0.6-0.8 mm long;

anthers versatile, dorsifixed, c. 0.4 mm long,

dehiscing by longitudinal slits; connective

500

Austrobaileya 5(3): 499-501 (1999)

gland dark brown to black, globular, in diameter

about one-third the length of the anthers. Style

terete, very short at anthesis, but reaching c.

0.8 mm long after anthesis; stigma capitate.

Ovary 3-locular, ovules 2 per loculus, collateral.

Fruit broadly campanulate, 1.4-1.8 x 3.0-3.4 mm,

valves somewhat woody, conspicuous, not

spreading widely on dehiscence. Seeds turgid,

reniform, papillose, c. 1.5 mm long, pale yellow

in colour, with a small white aril overlying the

hilum. Fig. 1.

Additional specimens examined : Queensland.

Burnett District: S.F. 132, c. 6 km ESE of Brovinia,

Jun 1997, Bean 12044 (BRI, MEL, NSW). Leichhardt

District: just east of Planet Creek, “Planet Downs”,

E of Rolleston, Oct 1998, Bean 14219 (BRI).

Distribution and habitat : O. obovatum is

known from two populations about 250 km

apart. At the type locality, it occurs over an

area of about 5 hectares, in a treeless heathland

which has formed on a relictual Tertiary surface,

heavily lateritised. The most common

associated species are Acacia julifera Benth.

subsp. julifera, Triodia scariosa N.T.Burb.,

Babingtonia densifolia (Sm.) F.Muell.,

Hibbertia exutiacies N.A.Wakef. and

Melaleuca thymifolia Sm. The surface soil is

sandy. Nearby trees include Eucalyptus

tenuipes (Maiden & Blakely) Blakely &

C.T.White and E. watsoniana F.Muell. subsp.

watsoniana. At Planet Downs, it occurs in

heathland on sandstone pavement with

Leptospermum sericatum Lindl. and Dodonaea

spp. Altitude range is 320-360 metres.

Phenology: Poorly known; it probably flowers

in response to rainfall.

Affinities: Ochrosperma obovatum differs from

O. lineare by the obovate leaves 1-1.8 mm wide

(linear, 0.5-1 mm wide in O. lineare ), flowers

3.5-4.5 mm in diameter (2.5-3.5 mm diameter

for O. lineare ) and inflorescence often 3-

flowered (1- or 2- flowered in O. lineare )

O. obovatum differs from O. citriodorum

by the seeds c. 1.5 mm long (0.9-1.1 mm long

forO. citriodorum ), non-lemon scented leaves

(lemon scented for O. citriodorum ), and the 1-

3-flowered inflorescences (1- flowered for O.

citriodorum ).

Conservation status: The recommended status

is Vulnerable, using the IUCN Red List

Categories (criterion D). There are two known

populations. The type population comprises

250-500 plants. Part of the population lies within

State Forest 132, while part lies on adjacent

freehold or leasehold land. The only recent

disturbance has been fence and track

construction along the boundary of the State

Forest. The second population comprises

about 100 plants.

Etymology: The species epithet refers to the

obovate leaf shape possessed by the species.

This is in contrast to other Ochrosperma

species occurring in Queensland.

Key to the species of Ochrosperma

1. Leaves obovate or elliptical, 2-3 times longer than wide.2

Leaves linear to narrowly lanceolate, 5-12 times longer than wide.4

2. Leaves elliptical, 1.6-2.2 mm wide; petals 1.8-2.2 mm long. O. oligomerum

Leaves obovate, 0.8-1.8 mm wide; petals 0.8-1.3 mm long.3

3. Leaves lemon-scented; seeds 0.9-1.1 mm long. O. citriodorum

Leaves not lemon-scented; seeds c. 1.5 mm long. O.obovatum

4. Stamens 6-8 per flower; fruits 3.3-4.0 mm wide; leaves markedly 4-ranked. .. O. adpressum

Stamens 5 per flower; fruits 1.5-2.7 mm wide; leaves not markedly 4-ranked.4

5. Calyx lobes acuminate, rigid, 1.0-1.3 mm long. O. sulcatum

Calyx lobes obtuse, soft, 0.3-0.5 mm long. O. lineare

501

Bean, Ochrosperma obovatum

Bean, A.R. (1997). A new species of Thryptomene

Endl. and a new species of Ochrosperma

Trudgen (Myrtaceae) from the Northern

Territory, Australia. Austrobaileya 4(4): 647-

51 .

Trudgen, M.E. (1987). Ochrosperma, a new genus of

Myrtaceae (Leptospermeae, Baeckeinae) from

New South Wales and Queensland. Nuytsia 6:

9-17.

Fig 1. Ochrosperma obovatum. A. branchlet with

inflorescence x 5. B. flower x 10. C. leaf x 10. D.

fruit x 10. E. seed x 20, showing aril and minutely

tuberculate surface. A-B, Bean 12564; C-E, Bean

12044.

Acknowledgements

I am grateful for the support of Martin Ambrose

and Trevor Ritchie (Queensland Department

of Natural Resources). Will Smith (BRI)

provided the illustrations, and Les Pedley the

Latin diagnosis.

References

Bean, A.R. (1995). A new species and new combination

in Ochrosperma Trudgen (Myrtaceae).

Austrobaileya 4(3): 387-90.

A revision of Chrysopogon Trin. including Vetiveria Bory (Poaceae) in

Thailand and Malesia with notes on some other species from Africa and

Australia

J.F.Veldkamp

Summary

Veldkamp, J.F. (1999). A revision of Chrysopogon Trin. including Vetiveria Bory (Gramineae) in

Thailand and Malesia with notes on some other species from Africa and Australia. Austrobaileya

5(3): 503-533. Vetiveria Bory (Gramineae) is reduced to Chrysopogon Trin. resulting in 5 new

combinations and the validation of 1 in Capillipedium. In Thailand there are 11 species (1 new) of

Chrysopogon and in Malesia 13 species (3 new).

Keywords: Taxonomy, Poaceae, Chrysopogon, Vetiveria

J.F. Veldkamp Rijksherbarium/Hortus Botanicus, POB 9514, NL-2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands;

email: veldkamp@nhn.leidenuniv.nl

Introduction

Traditionally, Chrysopogon Tri n. and Vetiveria

Bory have been regarded as distinct entities,

either as subgroups of Andropogon L., or as

related, but distinct genera. Yet, one finds

occasional remarks about the presence of

intermediary species. That Roberty (1960)

merged the two into Chrysopogonhas not been

followed or remarked upon by subsequent

authors, probably because of the general

aversion to his methodology and resulting

system. The close relationship between the two

genera was already observed by Hackel (1889:

542), who said that the two were hardly distinct,

as they are united by intermediary species, and

suggested that Chrysopogon might be derived

from Vetiveria (l.c., t. 2).

Keng (1939: 314) noted that ‘There is

such a close affinity between Rhaphis Lour,

(for Chrysopogon ) and AnatherumBeauv. (for

Vetiveria ) that the intermediate forms,

Anatherum fulvibarbe (Trin.) Keng and

Rhaphis elongatus (R. Br.) Chase var. filipes

(Benth.) Keng might be referred to either

genus’. He defined Chrysopogon arbitrarily as

having 1- or 2-jointed racemes and an acute to

pungent callus, but remarked again that ‘there

are all stages of reduction from multi-joined

Accepted for publication 1 April 1999

racemes and of elongation of the obtuse callus

in... ( Vetiveria )... to the 1-jointed racemes of 3

spikelets (‘triad’) and to a pungent callus as in

most species of ... ( Chrysopogon )’. Blake

(1944: 21) stated ‘There is nothing in the

structure of the spikelets to separate the

genera, but the facies of the two is rather

different’, and so kept them apart. What these

different facies are, is not explained.

Clayton & Renvoize (1986: 342) wrote:

‘Chrysopogon intergrades with Vetiveria via

C. sylvaticus, and the separation of these

genera is somewhat arbitrary, particularly in

Australia. It is marginally justified by the

convenience of treating the compact cluster of

species with triads as a single entity’ .And also,

‘Vetiveria ... pauciflora, with only 2 or 3

spikelet pairs per raceme, links ( Vetiveria ) to

Chrysopogon .’

Among the Australian (and some

Malesian) species included in Vetiveria by

Blake (1944; followed by Simon 1993) there are

some with well-developed inflorescences that

have both the single triad of spikelets (‘typical’

for Chrysopogon ) and the inflorescence

branch with several joints (‘typical’ for

Vetiveria ):

V. elongata (R. Br.) C.E. Hubb. has (l-)3-

6 pairs, V. filipes (Benth.) C.E. Hubb. (incl. V.

504

Austrobaileya 5(3): 503-533 (1999)

intermedia S.T. Blake) (1—)3—7, and V.

pauciflora S.T. Blake (1 or) 2 or 3.

On the other hand Blake accepted in

Chrysopogon C.fallax S.T. Blake as ‘1-jointed

or very rarely ... 2-jointed’, C. latifolius S.T.

Blake as ‘1-jointed or rarely 2-jointed’, and C.

sylvaticus C.E. Hubb. with ‘(well-developed)

racemes usually 2-, but frequently 1- or 3-

jointed’, exhibiting the same states as found in

his Vetiveria species.

A study of additional species fromAsia

and Africa showed a similar variability of the

number of joints. Other differentiating

characters sometimes mentioned are that

Vetiveria would have a glabrous callus [it is

usually at least setulose, even in V. zizanioides

(L.) Nash], and an enclosed to shortly exserted,

straight awn with a glabrous column. These

characters, as distinguishing attributes, break

down, too:

Chrysopogon argutus (Steud.) Trin. ex

Jackson, from Mauritius and Rodriguez, has

1-6 spikelet groups per branch, a pungent,

hairy callus, and a long-exserted more or less

straight awn with a puberulous column.

Chrysopogon celebicus Veldk., from

Celebes, has 4-7 spikelet groups, a rounded to

oblique, but obtuse callus with long hairs, a

well-developed straight to geniculate awn with

a puberulous column.

Chrysopogon elongatus (R. Br.) Benth.,

from Australia, has (1—)3—6 spikelet groups, an

oblique, pungent, hairy callus, and an enclosed

to exserted, straight awn with a glabrous

column.

Chrysopogon filipes (Benth.) Reeder

fromAustralia and New Guinea has 1-7 spikelet

groups, an oblique, pungent, hairy callus, and

an exserted, straight awn with a puberulous

column.

Chrysopogon fulvibarbis (Trin.) Veldk.

from W. Africa has up to 6 spikelet groups, an

oblique, pungent, hairy callus, and an exserted,

geniculate awn with a puberulous column.

Chrysopogon gryllus subsp.

echinulatus (Nees) Cope (1980) has 2 or 3, and

occasionally even 5 spikelet groups, while

subsp. gryllus has triads only. Cope (1982)

remarked that there is a gradual transition

between the two along the Himalayan belt with

an intermediary population in the Nilgiris in S.

India. Accepting the distinction between the

genera outlined above, the two subspecies

would have to be divided over both genera! It

may be noted that Roberty (1960) has this as a

variety of C. zizanioides ; as usual his taxonomy

is most remarkable. Both forms have an oblique,

pungent, hairy callus and an exserted,

geniculate awn with a puberulous column.

Chrysopogon intercedens Veldk. from

New Guinea has 2 or 3 spikelet groups, an

oblique, pungent, hairy callus, and an exserted,

straight awn with a puberulous column.

Chrysopogon lawsonii (Hook, f.) Veldk.

from India and Thailand has 2-8 spikelet

groups, an oblique, but rather obtuse distinctly

hairy callus, and an exserted, geniculate awn

with a puberulous column.

Chrysopogon micrantherus Veldk., from

New Guinea, has 1-3 spikelet groups, an

oblique, pungent, hairy callus, and an exserted,

geniculate awn with a puberulous column.

Chrysopogon nemoralis (Balansa)

Holttum, a very rare species with a disjunct

distribution in the Malay Peninsula, Vietnam,

and the Philippines, has 1-3 spikelet groups

per branch, an oblique, pungent, hairy callus,

and an exserted, straight awn with a

puberulous column.

Chrysopogon nodulibarbis (Steud.)

Henr. from S. India and Sri Lanka has up to 3

spikelet groups, an oblique, pungent, hairy

callus, and an exserted, geniculate awn with a

puberulous column. Bor (1960) used C.

zeylanicus (Steud.)Thw. for this, but the choice

between the equally old epithets had already

been made by Hackel (1889: 554).

Chrysopogon oliganthus Veldk. based

on V. pauciflora S.T. Blake fromAustralia has

1-3 spikelet groups per branch, an oblique,

pungent, hairy callus, and an exserted, straight

awn with a puberulous column.

Chrysopogon rigidus (B.K. Simon)

Veldk. from Australia has 3-5 spikelet groups

Veldkamp, Chrysopogon and Vetiveria

505

per branch, an oblique, pungent, hairy callus,

and an exserted, straight awn with a

puberulous column.

Chrysopogon setifolius Stapf from

Australia has 1-3 spikelet groups per branch,

an oblique, obtuse, hairy callus, and no awns.

Chrysopogon sylvaticus C.E. Hubb.

from Australia has 1-4 spikelet groups per

branch, an oblique, pungent, hairy callus, and

an exserted, geniculate awn with a puberulous

column.

So, there is a gradual transition from

Vetiveria to Chrysopogon, and it is not

possible to maintain Vetiveria for even its type

species, V. zizanioides, and its two very close

relatives, V. festucoides (Presl) Ohwi and V.

nigritana (Benth.) Stapf.

Celarier (1959) considered V. zizanioides

‘as the most primitive and possibly the

ancestral form’ of Chrysopogon because of the

transverse articulation of the several-noded

partial inflorescences with well-developed

pedicelled spikelets, and a short and obtuse,

glabrous to setulose callus. If correct, Vetiveria

would be the sister group of Chrysopogon, and

I tried to find a suitable outgroup for the two

using Watson & Dallwitz’s (1996) ‘Grass genera

of the world’ for DELTA with a modified version

of the identification program Intkey (vs. 3.18)

(see Dallwitz 1980; Dallwitz et al. 1993; Watson

et al. 1986). Sorghum Pers. appeared to be the

most similar (but not necessarily most closely

related!) taxon. This agrees with Clayton &

Renvoize’s (1986) suggestion that Sorghum and

especially Sorghum subgen. Parasorghum

(Snowden) Garber would be the closest

relative. However, the species of the latter have

hairy culm nodes which have, so far, not been

seen by me in any species of Chrysopogon or

Vetiveria. Ho (1993) depicted hairy nodes for a

species from Vietnam he called C. lawsonii, but

which otherwise seems very similar to C.

festucoides (Presl) Veldk.

Recently, a RAPDs study was made by

Adams et al. (1998) of the relationships primarily

between the cultivated races of V. zizanioides

with some species of Chrysopogon, Sorghum,

and Vetiveria added for comparison. The

results support the idea of a single genus, as at

least C.fulvus (Spreng.) Chiov. and C. gryllus

(L.) Trin. appear to be less similar to each other

than to the Vetiveria zizanioides cluster, while

V. elongata (R. Br.) C.E. Hubb. and V. filipes

(Benth.) C.E. Hubb. are very close to that

cluster.

Vetiveria zizanioides is of some

importance as a source of aromatic oils (‘vetiver

oil’ and ‘oil of vetiver roots’), and has lately

been widely proposed as a very promising soil-

binder (Nat. Res. Council 1993), so this name

doubtlessly will continue to be widely used

with the usual complaints about taxonomists

always changing names. Unfortunately, science

means progress, and progress means changes,

and no list of ‘Names in Current Use’, as

proposed by some, will or should stop that.

Pulle (1952) remarked that ‘nomenclatural

stability will only be reached when scientific

taxonomy has been murdered and buried’.

Proposing conservation of Vetiveria

over Chrysopogon seems doomed to fail, as a

far greater number of new combinations would

then be required, and the latter is already

conserved over three others.

Chrysopogon sometimes is divided into

informal groups based on the relative length of

the pedicel (distinctly less than half as long as

the sessile spikelet vs. more than half as long)

and whether it is setose or glabrous. The relative

length is in most cases a useful character, but

there are exceptions, as in C. oliganthus and

C. rigidus, where the length of the pedicel

ranges from very short to distinctly more than

half the length of the sessile spikelet in the

same inflorescence.

Chrysopogon borneensis Henr. and C.

tenuiculmis Henr. are very similar, differing for

instance by the presence of hairs on the pedicel,

but placement of them in different groups

would seem strange in view of their overall

similarity and provenance! In some cases, it

appears as if the anthers of the sessile spikelets

are staminodial, for instance in C. aciculatus

(Retz.) Trin. (sometimes) and inC. intercedens.

Two anthers in the sessile spikelet have been

seen in some florets of C. subtilis (Steud.) Miq.

and C. tadulingamii Sreekumar.

506

Taxonomy

ChrysopogonTrin., Fund.Agrost. (1820) 187,

nom. cons.; Phoenix Haller, Hist. Stirp.

Helv. 2 (1768) 202, nom. superfl., non L.

(1753); Pollinia Spreng., PL Min. Cogn.

Pug. 2 (1815) 10, nom. rej y Andropogon

subgen. Chrysopogon (Trin.) Hack.,

Mon.Androp. (1889) 547; Chalcoelytrum

Lunell, Am. Midi. Nat. 4 (1915) 212, nom.

superfl. Type: C. gryllus (L.)Trin. [Lecto,

fide Pfeiffer, Nomencl. Bot. 1 (1873) 745;

ICBN (1994) 185].

Rhaphis Lour., FI. Cochinch. (1790) 538,552,

nom. rej.; Chrysopogon sect. Rhaphis

(Lour.) Roberty, Boissiera 9 (1960) 282,

289. Type: R. trivialis Lour., nom. superfl.

[= Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz.) Trin.]

Centrophorum Trin., Fund.Agrost. (1820)

106, t. 5, nom. rej.Type: C. chinense Trin.

[= Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz.) Trin.]

Vetiveria Bory in Lemaire, Bull. Sc. Soc.

Philom. (1822) 43; Andropogon L. sect.

Vetiveria (Bory) Thouars ex Benth., J.

Linn. Soc. 19 (1881) 72; Andropogon L.

subgen. Vetiveria (Bory) Benth. ex Hack.,

Mon.Androp. (1889) 542; Chrysopogon

sect. Vetiveria (Bory) Roberty, Bull. Inst.

Frang. Afr. Noire 22 (January 1960) 106,

nom. inval.; Boissiera 9 (July 1960) 291.

Type: V. odoratissima Bory, nom. illeg. [=

Austrobaileya 5(3): 503-533 (1999)

Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty].

Perennials, rarely annuals. Leaves mostly basal,

conduplicate to flat. Ligule a ciliolate rim.

Panicles terminal, espatheate, branches usually

simple, solitary to whorled; racemes 1-14-

jointed, fragile, joints and pedicels slender.

Spikelets paired, one sessile, one pedicelled,

heteromorphous. Sessile spikelets 2-flowered,

the lower floret epaleate, sterile, the upper

bisexual; lanceolate in outline, laterally

compressed. Callus usually pungent, oblique,

sometimes rounded, blunt, usually distinctly

bearded. Lower glume chartaceous to

coriaceous, dorsally convex, 5-7-nerved; upper

glume boatshaped, keeled, 3-5-nerved, apex

usually long-mucronate. Apex of upper lemma

rounded to bifid, usually awned, awn

(sub)apical, terminal or from a small sinus.

Lodicules glabrous. Stamens 3, rarely 2.

Pedicels free of the rhachis. Pedicelled spikelets

dorso-ventrally compressed, from reduced to

a single glume to 2-flowered, and sterile or male.

x = (5?) 10.

Distribution : c. 45 species in the Old World

tropics, with 1 in Cuba and Florida; 11 in

Thailand, 13 in Malesia of which 1 or 2 are

introduced.

The SE N American species suggests that the

genus may already have been in existence in

the early Tertiary as part of a boreotropical flora

[seeTiffney 1985].

Key to species of Chrysopogon in Thailand

1. Sessile spikelets callus rounded, obtuse to oblique, pungent,

usually less than 2.5 mm (sometimes longer in C.filipes, C. orientalis.

but then not acicular).2

Sessile spikelets callus more or less acicular, 3.6-6.4 mm long. -

Callus setose. Column glabrous. Pedicelled spikelets lower glume

glabrous. Common weed of lawns . 1 . C. aciculatus

2. Sessile spikelets callus rounded, laterally subglabrous to ciliate

at base, especially near the base of the pedicel. Awn enclosed to

exserted, straight, 0-5.25 mm long. Pedicelled spikelets lower

glume aculeate, especially on the nerves. - Racemes 6-14-jointed.

Column glabrous. Pedicel scaberulous.3

Sessile spikelets callus oblique, obtuse to pungent, callus setose.

Veldkamp, Chrysopogon and Vetiveria 507

Awn long-exserted, usually geniculate, 13-60 mm long. Pedicelled

spikelets lower glume glabrous to setulose. - Racemes 1-8-jointed.

Sessile spikelets upper glume apex mucronate, mucro 0.75-17 mm long.4

3. Sessile spikelets upper glume apex mucronate, mucro 0.2-1.5 mm

long. Second lemma awned, awn exserted, 2.5-5.25 mm long. -

Roots without oil. Wild species. 4. C. festucoides

Sessile spikelets upper glume apex muticous. Second lemma

muticous or briefly awned, awn usually enclosed, 0-1.95(-4.5)

mm long. - Roots with oil. Cultivated species . 16. C. zizanioides

4. Sessile spikelets callus hairs white. Pedicel glabrous, smooth

to apically setose. - Ligule 0.15-0.2 mm long. Leaf blades above

glabrous or with a few bristles, margins and midrib underneath

pectinately setulose. Panicle 9-30 by 1-3.5 cm, pale yellow to

purplish. Raceme peduncles 0.6-5 cm long. Pedicel more than

half as long as the sessile spikelet. Sessile spikelets

lower glume apex muticous to bidentate or mucronate.5

Sessile spikelets callus hairs golden. Pedicel setose on the edges. -

Awn geniculate with contorted column.6

5. Panicle lowermost longest branch 5-8 cm long. Sessile spikelets

lower glume glabrous or distally pilulose. Awn geniculate with

contorted column and straight arista. Pedicelled spikelets with

1 male floret. 8. C. lawsonii

Panicle lowermost longest branch 2-3.5 cm long. Sessile

spikelets lower glume aculeate, especially on the nerves, and

setulose. Awn straight. Pedicelled spikelets with 1 sterile floret

or reduced to 2 glumes. 10. C. nemoralis

6. Pedicel less than half as long as the sessile spikelet. Sessile spikelets

lower glume apex acute or bi-dentate. - Panicle 3-15 cm long.7

Pedicel slightly less to more than half as long as the sessile spikelet.

Sessile spikelets lower glume apex obtuse. - Panicle purplish, 7.5-20 cm

long. Upper glume of sessile spikelet without a dorsal tuft of hairs.

. 11. C. orientalis

7. Panicle purplish. Upper glume of sessile spikelet without a dorsal tuft

of hairs.9

Panicle pale yellow. Upper glume of sessile spikelet with a dorsal tuft

of hairs. - Ligule 0.2-0.5 mm long. Leaf blades above glabrous to

puberulous, margin at base pectinate. Panicle 1.5-3 cm wide, lowermost

longest branch 3-7 cm long. Raceme peduncles 2-6 cm long. Pedicel

hairs 3-4.9 mm long. 6. C. fulvus

8. Ligule 0.6-1.1 mm long. Leaf blades above puberulous, margin at base

pectinate. Panicle 4-6 cm wide, lowermost longest branch 6-9 cm

long. Raceme peduncles 5-8 cm long. Pedicel hairs 3.9-6 mm long

. 12. C. perlaxus

Ligule 0.2-0.4 mm long. Leaf blades above glabrous, margin

at base not pectinate. Panicle 1-2 cm wide, lowermost longest

branch 1-5 cm long. Raceme peduncles 1-3 cm long. Pedicel

hairs 1.2-2.1 mm long.

13. C. serrulatus

508

Austrobaileya 5(3): 503-533 (1999)

Key to Species of Chrysopogon in Malesia

1. Sessile spikelets callus rounded, or oblique and obtuse to pungent.2

Sessile spikelets callus more or less acicular. - Culms 0.15-0.5 m

tall. Panicle 4-10 by 1-3 cm, purplish. Sessile spikelets callus

setose. Pedicel glabrous, smooth to scaberulous. Common weed of

lawns.1. C. aciculatus

2. Sessile spikelets callus rounded or oblique, obtuse. - Perennials.

Panicle longest branch 3-12 cm long. Pedicel glabrous.3

Sessile spikelets callus oblique, pungent. - Sessile spikelets callus setose.5

3. Culms 1.5-2.5 m tall. Panicle 15-33 by 2.5-6 cm, purplish.

Sessile spikelets callus laterally ciliate at base, especially

near the base of the scaberulous pedicel.4

Culms 0.6-1 m tall. Panicle 7-12 by 0.6-2 cm, pale yellow.

Sessile spikelets callus setose. Pedicel glabrous, smooth. 3. C. celebicus

4. Sessile spikelets upper glume apex mucronate, mucro 0.2-1.5 mm

long. Second lemma awned, awn exserted, 2.5-5.25 mm long.

- Roots without oil. Wild species.4. C. festucoides

Sessile spikelets upper glume apex muticous. Second lemma

muticous or briefly awned, awn usually enclosed, 0-1.95(-4.5) mm

long. - Roots with oil. Cultivated species. 16. C. zizanioides

5. Pedicel at least apically setose. - Perennials. Panicle 3-15 cm long,

lowermost longest branch 1-6 cm long. Malay Peninsula, Sumatra,

Borneo, Philippines.6

Pedicel glabrous, smooth, or scaberulous. - Unknown from Sumatra, Borneo.9

6. Panicle lowermost branches whorled. Awn geniculate with contorted

column and straight arista. Sessile spikelets anthers 2-4.3 mm long.

Pedicel setose on the edges. - Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo.7

Panicle lowermost branches solitary to paired. Awn straight. Anthers

1.4-1.7 mm long. Pedicel at most apically setose. - Panicle with many

spikelets, purplish. Malay Peninsula, Philippines (Panay). 13. C. nemoralis

7. Panicle with many spikelets, purplish. Sessile spikelets anthers

2.25-3.75 mm long. - Malay Peninsula, Sumatra.8

Panicle with few spikelets, pale yellow. Sessile spikelets anthers

2-2.2 mm long. - Sessile spikelets lower glume setulose, apex acute.

Borneo. 2. C. borneensis

8. Pedicel slightly less to more than half as long as the sessile spikelet. Awn

30-57.5 mm long, column hairs 0.2-0.9 mm long. - Callus 1-3.5 mm long,

hairs 1.7-2.85 mm long. Upper glume mucro 8-17 mm long . 11. C. orientalis

Pedicel much less than half as long as the sessile spikelet. Awn 18-30 mm

long, column hairs 0.1-0.15 mm long. - Callus 0.9-1.5 mm long, hairs

1.6-1.9 mm long. Upper glume mucro 6-10 mm long. 13. C. serrulatus

9. Perennials. Panicle lowermost longest branch 1.4-13.5 cm long.10

Annuals. Panicle lowermost longest branch 0.7-1 cm long. -

Culms 0.1-0.4 m tall. Panicle 1-4 cm long, with few spikelets.

Veldkamp, Chrysopogon and Vetiveria

509

Sessile spikelets 4.5-6 mm long (incl. callus), callus hairs golden,

lower glume apex obtuse. Sessile spikelets anthers 0.85-1.2(-l.65)

mm long. E. Java, Madura, Sumba, Luzon. 14. C. subtilis

10. Panicle 9-30 cm long, with many spikelets. Sessile spikelets

lower glume apex acute or bi-dentate, not mucronate. - Malay

Peninsula or New Guinea.11

Panicle 3-8 cm long, with few spikelets. Sessile spikelets

lower glume apex obtuse, or mucronate, or bi-dentate and mucronate. -

Sessile spikelets anthers 1.5-2.25 mm long. Lesser Sunda Isl

. 15. C. tenuiculmis

11. Panicle lowermost branches whorled, lowermost longest branch

4.8-13.5 cm long.-New Guinea.12

Panicle lowermost branches paired or solitary, lowermost

longest branch 2-3.5 cm long. - Culms 0.4-0.9 m tall. Sessile

spikelets 5.6-8.25 mm long (incl. callus), callus hairs golden.

Sessile spikelets anthers 1.4-1.7 mm long. Malay Peninsula,

Philippines (Panay). 10. C. nemoralis

12. Culms 1.6-2 m tall. Sessile spikelets 5.3-7.1 mm long (incl. callus),

callus hairs white. Sessile spikelets anthers 0.6-1.5 mm long.13

Culms 0.7-1.5 m tall. Sessile spikelets 8-10.6 mm long

(incl. callus), callus hairs golden. Sessile spikelets anthers

2.25-3.9 mm long. - Panicle lowermost longest branch 6-13.5 cm

long. Raceme peduncles 1.3-8 cm long, scaberulous. Awn straight,

10-35 mm long. Pedicel 3.75-8 mm long. 5. C. filipes

13. Panicle lowermost longest branch 7c. 4.8 cm long. Raceme

peduncles c. 3 cm long, smooth. Sessile spikelets 6.6-7.1

mm long (incl. callus), callus hairs 1.2-1.6 mm long.

Awn straight, 15-16 mm long. Sessile spikelets anthers

1.3-1.5 mm long. Pedicel 4.1^1.5 mm long. 7. C. intercedens

Panicle lowermost longest branch 6.5-7.5 cm long.

Raceme peduncles 4-4.5 cm long, scaberulous. Sessile

spikelets 5.3-6.3 mm long (incl. callus), callus hairs

1.8-3.6 mm long. Awn geniculate with contorted column

and straight arista, 5.2-14 mm long. Sessile spikelets anthers

0.6-1 mm long. Pedicel 2.25-3.4 mm long.9. C. micrantherus

1. Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz.) Trin., Lund.

Agrost. (1820) 188;

Andropogon aciculatus Retz., Obs. 5 (1789)

22 ( ‘aciculatum ’); Rhaphis trivialis Lour.,

LI. Cochinch. (1790) 553, nom. superfl.;

Andropogon acicularis Willd., Sp. PI. ed.

4, 4 (1806) 906, orth. var. = Andropogon

aciculatus Willd.; Rhaphis acicularis

(Retz.) Desv., Opusc. (1831) 69, orth. var.

= Rhaphis aciculatus (Retz.) Desv.;

Chrysopogon trivialis Walker-Arnott &

Nees, Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. 19, Suppl. 1

(1841) 39, (1843) 171 (by inference,

reference to basionym not given, no

description), nom. superfl.; Chrysopogon

acicularis Duthie, Grass. N.W. Ind. (1883)

22, orth. var. = Chrysopogon aciculatus

(Retz.) Trin Rhaphis aciculatus (Retz.)

Honda, Bot. Mag. Tokyo 40 (1926) 103;

Rhaphis zizanioides var. aciculata (Retz.)

Roberty, Petite LI. Ouest-Afr. (1954) 403,

nom. inval. Lectotype: Koenig in Hb. Retz.

(holo: LD, K neg. 7082, photo in BRI; here

proposed).

510

Austrobaileya 5(3): 503-533 (1999)

[Kudirra-pullu Rheede, Hort. Malab. 12

(1693) 79 (‘97’), t. 43].

[Gramen aciculatum Rumph, Hb. Amb G.

(1750) 13, t.5, f,l]

Andropogon subulatus Presl, Rel. Haenk.

1 (1830) 341; Chrysopogon subulatus

(Presl) Trin. ex Steud., Nomencl. ed. 2,1

(1840) 93, 360. Type: Haenke s.n. (holo:

PR).

[Rhaphis javanica Nees in Hook., J. Bot.

Kew. 2 (1850) 99, nomen for Cuming 555

from the Philippines; the specimen in TCD

is labeled ‘ Chrysopogon javanicum’ by

Nees himself.]; Andropogon javanicus

Steud., Syn. 1 (1854) 396 (‘Java’).

Lectotype: Junghuhn s.n. (holo: P; iso:

L?; here proposed).

Chrysopogon aciculatus var. longifolius

Buse, PL Jungh. 3 (1854) 361. Type:

Junghuhn s.n. (holo: L no. 908.86-159).

Perennials. Culms 0.15-0.5 m tall. Ligule 0.1-

0.3 mm long. Leaf blades flat to conduplicate,

1.5-6(-23) cm by 3-7 mm, adaxially glabrous,

with margins spiny. Panicle 4-10 by 1-3 cm in

outline, with many branches and spikelets,

purplish; lowermost branches whorled (or

sometimes with one or a few separate branches

below the lowermost whorl), with longest

branch simple, 1.5-2.7 cm long. Raceme

peduncles 1.3-2 cm long, smooth, with a

terminal triad, and rarely with up to 4 spikelet

groups per branch (fide Roberty, 1954, 1960,

see note). Sessile spikelets 7.5-9 mm long (incl.

callus), callus more or less acicular, 3.6-6.4 mm

long, setose, with hairs 0.45-1.1 mm long,

golden. Lower glume smooth, setulose, with

apex acute to bi-dentate. Upper glume with

midrib distally setulose, without a dorsal fringe

of hairs, with apex mucronate, mucro (0.5-)l-

1.9 mm long. Second lemma awned, the awn

exserted, straight, 5.25-8 mm long, with column

glabrous. Anthers 3, (0.5-)0.8-1.25 mm long.

Pedicel 2.25-3.75 mm long, more than half as

long as the sessile spikelet, glabrous, smooth

to scaberulous upwards. Pedicelled spikelets

with 1 male floret rarely reduced to only 2

glumes, 4.9-7.1 mm long. Lower glume smooth,

setulose, muticous to mucronate, with mucro

0-1.05 mm long. Upper glume muticous, rarely

mucronate, with mucro 0-1.1 mm long. Anthers

1.5-2.7 mm long. 2n = 20.

Distribution, habitat and ecology : Tropical

Asia, Polynesia, throughout Malesia (but not

yet seen from Bali or Brunei), introduced

elsewhere. Said to be introduced in Malesia as

well, at least in the Philippines [Merrill, Sp.

Blanc. (1918) 62] but already known to

Rumphius from Ambon (end 17th century). Dry,

sunny localities, open grasslands, lawns,

beaches, along roads, in teak forest, etc.; at 0

to 1250(-2000) m altitude; resistant to trampling

and fire; vegetation-forming.

Uses: ‘Lawns, ground cover in erosion control,

may become a noxious weed because the

diaspores adhere to clothing and fur and may

penetrate the skin in man and cattle causing

itches and sores. Eaten by horses and cattle

when not in fruit but of low nutritional value.

Vernacular name: Love grass (E.) (because

the diaspores adhere to passing objects).

Notes: In former times this species was

regarded as belonging to a distinct genus

(.Rhaphis ) because of its very long callus, that

is obliquely attached to the top of the peduncle

of the raceme. Usually this species has only a

single terminal triad of spikelets on each panicle

branch but Roberty (1954: 403; 1960: 290)

reported the presence of up to 4 diads beneath

it. I have seen a few such specimens in Johor,

Kuala Lumpur, and Selangor, with a diad

underneath the triad of the lowermost branch

(for instance Veldkamp 8757, L). The anthers

of the sessile spikelet are distinctly smaller than

those of the pedicelled ones and occasionally

appear to be staminodial, rendering the floret

functionally female. The leaves of this species

are usually rather short, those of the culms

being reduced to small leaf blades. On young

shoots long leaves may occur which led to the

name C. aciculatus var. longifolius Buse for

such plants.

2. Chrysopogon borneensisHenr., Blumea 4

(1941) 534. Type: Endert521\ (holo: L;

iso: BO).

Perennials. Culms 0.25-0.5 m tall. Ligule c. 0.3 mm

Veldkamp, Chrysopogon and Vetiveria

511

long. Leaf blades conduplicate, 4-10 cm by 1.2-

3.5 mm, adaxially glabrous, with margins pilose

at base. Panicle 3-4 by c. 1.5 cm in outline, with

few branches and spikelets, pale yellow;

lowermost branches whorled, with longest

branch simple, c. 3 cm long. Raceme peduncles

c. 2.5 cm long, smooth and puberulous at base,

with a terminal triad. Sessile spikelets 6.35-6.5

mm long (incl. callus), callus oblique, pungent,

0.9-1.35 mm long, setose, with hairs 1.2-1.3 mm

long, golden. Lower glume smooth, setulose,

with apex acute. Upper glume with midrib

distally setulose, without a dorsal fringe of

hairs, with apex mucronate, with mucro 1-4.5

mm long. Second lemma awned, the awn

exserted, geniculate with contorted column and

straight arista, 11-20 mm long, with column

puberulous, with hairs c.c 0.1 mm long. Anthers

3, 2-2.2 mm long. Pedicel 2.25-3.5 mm long,

slightly less to more than half as long as the

sessile spikelet, setose on the edges, with hairs

1.8-1.9 mm long. Pedicelled spikelets with 1 male

floret, 4.65-5.25 mm long. Lower glume smooth,

setulose, mucronate, with mucro 0.4-3 mm long.

Upper glume muticous to mucronate, with

mucro 0-0.4 mm long. Anthers 1.8-2 mm long.

Distribution and habitat: E Borneo (Kutai).

Limestone rock in low, open forest; at 100 to

200 m altitude.

Notes: Chrysopogon borneensis is very similar

to C. tenuiculmis, differing from that, as far as

can be told from the only specimen seen, by

the following characters:

-. Lowermost longest branch of the panicle c. 3

cm long. Raceme peduncles c. 2.5 cm long.

Sessile spikelets with callus hairs 1.2-1.3 mm

long. Pedicelled spikelets with anthers 1.8-2

mm long. Pedicel setose on the edges.

. Chrysopogon borneensis

-. Lowermost longest branch of the panicle 1.4-

2.5 cm long. Raceme peduncles 0.8-1.5 cm long.

Sessile spikelets with callus hairs 1.9-2.55 mm

long. Pedicelled spikelets with anthers 2.1-2.8

mm long. Pedicel glabrous, smooth.

. Chrysopogon tenuiculmis

3. Chrysopogon celebicus Veldk., sp. nov.. A

Chrysopogon is speciebus asiaticis in

culmis 0.6-1 m altis, paniculis 7-12 cm

longis 0.6-2 cm latis pallide flavidis,

spiculae sessilis callo rotundato ad

oblique obtuso 0.6-0.75 mm longo pilis

albis, glumae superioris mucrone 0.45-

1.85 mm longo, lemmatis secundi arista

3.75-9 mm longa, spiculis pedicellatis

1.95-4.5 mm longis differt. Typus: Meijer

9189 (holo: L; iso: A, BO, KY, MO, US).

Perennials. Culms 0.6-1 m tall. Ligule 0.15-0.5

mm long. Leaf blades conduplicate, 16.5-85 cm

by 4-12 mm, adaxially glabrous to sparsely

pilose. Panicle axillary and terminal, 7-12 by

0.6-2 cm in outline, with many branches and

spikelets, pale yellow; lowermost branches

solitary to whorled, with longest branch simple

to branched at base, branch 3-5.7 cm long.

Raceme peduncles 1.5-2 cm long, scaberulous,

with 4-7 spikelet groups per branch, joints 2.7-

7.5 mm long, glabrous to distally setulose.

Sessile spikelets 4-4.85 mm long (incl. callus),

callus rounded to oblique, obtuse, 0.6-0.75 mm

long, setose, with hairs 1.5-3.5 mm long, white.

Lower glume spinulose, distally pilulose to

setulose, with apex acute to minutely bi-

dentate, with mucro 0-0.15 mm long. Upper

glume with midrib distally setulose, without a

dorsal fringe of hairs, with apex mucronate, with

mucro 0.45-1.85 mm long. Second lemma awned,

the awn exserted, straight to geniculate with

contorted column and straight arista, 3.75-9

mm long, with column glabrous to puberulous,

with hairs 0-0.05 mm long. Anthers 3, 1.35-

2.15 mm long. Pedicel 2.4-4.1 mm long, more

than half as long as the sessile spikelet,

glabrous, smooth. Pedicelled spikelets with 1

male floret or reduced to only 2 glumes, 1.95-

4.5 mm long. Lower glume smooth, distally

setulose, muticous. Upper glume muticous.

Anthers 3.15-3.75 mm long.

Distribution , habitat and ecology : Celebes

(Palu and G. Tambusisi). Grassy hills on sandy

soil, along stream, locally in groups; at 0 to 300

m altitude.

Notes: By the 4-7 spikelet groups and the

rounded to slightly oblique callus of the sessile

spikelet it is most similar to the species formerly

included in Vetiveria s.s., but it has the long

callus hairs, long, geniculate awn, and

puberulous column of a Chrysopogon s.s.

species.lt is similar to C. lawsonii and C.

512

Austrobaileya 5(3): 503-533 (1999)

nemoralis, but differs as follows:

Sessile spikelets upper glume mucro 0.45-

1.85 mm long. Sessile spikelets second lemma

awn 3.75-9 mm long. Pedicelled spikelets 1.95-

4.5 mm long. Chrysopogon celebicus

-. Sessile spikelets upper glume mucro 3.75-

12.7 mm long. Sessile spikelets second lemma

awn 18-29 mm long. Pedicelled spikelets 6-7.8

mm long. Chrysopogon lawsonii

-. Spikelet groups 4-7 per branch. Sessile

spikelets 4-4.85 mm long (incl. callus), callus

rounded to oblique, obtuse, 0.6-0.75 mm long.

Awn 3.75-9 mm long ....Chrysopogon celebicus

-. Spikelet groups 1-3 per branch. Sessile

spikelets 5.6-8.25 mm long (incl. callus), callus

oblique, pungent, 1.2-1.7 mm long. Awn 13-22

mm long. Chrysopogon nemoralis

4. Chrysopogon festucoides (Presl) Veldk.,

comb, nov.; Andropogon festucoides

Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1 (1830) 340; Vetiveria

festucoides (Presl) Ohwi, Bull. Tokyo Sc.

Mus. 18 (1947) 4. Type: Haenke s.n. (holo:

PR; iso: W no. 257377, neg. 1220; s.n.,

neg. 1221).

Andropogon anias Llanos, Fragm. PI. Filip.

(1851) 29. Type: not extant. Neotype:

Merrill Sp. Blanc. (J.K. Santos ) 389 (holo:

US; iso: A, BM, BO, K, L, MO, NSW, NY,

P, here designated), probably the same

as BS 22238 (J.K. Santos ) (K, L) which

was collected on the same date in the

same place and so seems a double-

numbered gathering.

Andropogon muricatus var. aristatus Buse

in De Vriese, PI. Ind. Bat. Or. (1856) 104.

Type: Kleinhoff s.n. in Hb. Reinwardt

(holo: L no. 903.342-379).

[Andropogon squarrosus auct. non L.f.]

[Andropogon squarrosus var. nigritanus

auct. non Hack.]

[Andropogon zizanioides auct. non Urban.]

[Chrysopogon zizanioides var. nigritanus

auct. non Roberty.]

Vetiveria lawsonii auct. non Blatter &

McCann (See note).]

[Vetiveria nigritana auct. non Stapf.]

Perennials. Culms 1.5-2.5 m tall. Ligule 0.45-

1.3 mm long. Leaf blades conduplicate, 17-74

cm by 4-13 mm, adaxially glabrous to pilose in

the lower part. Panicle 15-27 by 3.5-6 cm in

outline, with many branches and spikelets,

purplish; lowermost branches whorled, with

longest branch simple, 6-9.5 cm long. Raceme

peduncles 0.6-3.5 cm long, scaberulous, with

8-13 spikelet groups per branch, joints 4.1-9.2

mm long, glabrous to setulose. Sessile spikelets

4.1-5.4 mm long (incl. callus), callus rounded,

0.75-1.1 mm long, laterally ciliate at base,

especially near the base of the pedicel, with

hairs 0.4-1.5 mm long, white to golden. Lower

glume spinulose, aculeate, especially on the

nerves and setulose, with apex acute. Upper

glume aculeate, especially on the midrib and

midrib distally setulose, without a dorsal fringe

of hairs, with apex mucronate, with mucro 0.2-

1.5 mm long. Second lemma awned, the awn

exserted, straight, 2.5-5.25 mm long, with

column glabrous. Anthers 3,1.5-2.1 mm long.

Pedicel 2.25-3.15 mm long, more than half as

long as the sessile spikelet, scaberulous.

Pedicelled spikelets with 1 male or sterile floret,

3.75-5.25 mm long. Lower glume scaberulous,

aculeate, especially on the nerves, muticous.

Upper glume muticous. Anthers 1.5-2.2 mm

long.

Distribution and habitat: India (Assam),

Upper Burma (Myitkyina), Thailand (Central:

Ang Thong; Bangkok; Chaimat, Manorom), S.

Laos, Vietnam (Dae Lac, ? Dongthap, see note),

Malesia [Sumatra, E. Coast, Tomah Rajah, Java

(Jakarta; Kangean Isl.); Philippines (Luzon:

Pampanga, NuevaEcija Provinces)]. Level land,

rice fields on humid to swampy soil,

Miscanthus grassland, locally dominant; at 0

to 500 m altitude.

Uses: None recorded; the roots are odourless

[Merrill, Sp. Blanc. (1918) 61-62; Enum. Philip.

FI. PL 1 (1923) 44]. Very unpalatable to stock

(Hacker 1559).

Notes: Chrysopogon festucoides is

morphologically very close to C. zizanioides.

Veldkamp, Chrysopogon and Vetiveria

513

differing mainly from it by the mucronate upper

glume of the sessile spikelet and the exserted

awn. The collection from Upper Assam by

Jenkins in Hb. Hooker (K) belongs to this

species. Belcher 855 (A, US) is the only record

for Upper Burma. Four collections of this

species from Central Thailand have been seen

in K: Kerr 7852, Bangkok, 19669, Chaimat,

Manorom, and Sorensen et al. 2105,71 km N of

Bangkok. From this region, there is also Put

2593, Ang Thong, which has the long anthers

of C. nigritana, but which, because of the

provenance, is included here. At least part of

A. Camus’ V. zizanioides var. genuina from S.

Laos (Thorel s.n., Lu Khou; P) also belongs

here.

It might be that the plant from Vietnam

(Dongthap) depicted by Ho [Cayco Vietnam 3/

2 (1993) 879 as V lawsonii (Hook, f.) Blatter &

McCann] belongs here. I have seen a collection

from Dae Lac Prov. (M’Drak, Hacker 1559, L;

BRI, n.v.), it has glabrous nodes.

Chrysopogon nigritanus is very similar

and has been confused with it. The two differ

mainly in:

-. Sessile spikelets anthers 1.5-2.1 mm long, of

the pedicelled spikelets 1.5-2.1 mm long. SE

Asia. Chrysopogonfestucoides

-. Sessile spikelets anthers 2.5-2.85 mm long,

of the pedicelled spikelets 2.5-3 mm long.

Africa. Chrysopogon nigritanus

5. Chrysopogon filipes (Benth.) Reeder, J. Am.

Arb. 29 (1948) 360; Chrysopogon

elongatus var. filipes Benth., FI. Austr. 7

(1878) 539; Andropogon elongatus var.

filipes Hack., Mon. Androp. (1889) 565;

Vetiveria filipes C.E. Hubb., Kew

Bull.(1934) 444; Rhaphis elongatus var.

filipes Keng, Sinensia 10 (1939) 314, nom.

inval. Lectotype: Mitchell s.n. (holo: K,

holo, photo in BRI; iso: MEL; here

proposed).

Chrysopogon filipes var. arundinaceus

Reeder, J. Arn. Arb. 29 (1948) 360;

Vetiveria filipes var. arundinacea Jansen,

ActaBot. Neerl. 2 (1953) 386. Type: Brass

8460 (holo: A; iso: BRI, L, US).

Perennials. Culms 0.7-1.5 m tall. Ligule 0.2-0.75

mm long. Leaf blades conduplicate, 20-67 cm

by 3-8 mm, adaxially glabrous to pilose in the

lower part. Panicle 15-30 by 3-6 cm in outline,

with many branches and spikelets, purplish;

lowermost branches whorled, with longest

branch simple, 6-13.5 cm long. Raceme

peduncles 1.3-8 cm long, scaberulous, with (1-

)3-7 spikelet groups per branch, joints 5—16(—

20) mm long. Sessile spikelets 8-10.6 mm long

(incl. callus), callus oblique, pungent, 2-4 mm

long, setose, with hairs 0.75-2.25 mm long,

golden. Lower glume spinulose, aculeate,

especially on the nerves and setulose, with apex

bi-dentate, with mucro 0-0.7 mm long. Upper

glume aculeate, especially on the midrib and

midrib distally setulose, without a dorsal fringe

of hairs, with apex mucronate, with mucro 1.5-

6 mm long. Second lemma awned, the awn

exserted, straight, 10-35 mm long, with column

puberulous, with hairs 0.1-0.15 mm long.

Anthers 3, (1.9-)2.25-3.9 mm long. Pedicel 3.75-

8 mm long, more than half as long as the sessile

spikelet, glabrous, smooth to scaberulous.

Pedicelled spikelets with 1 male floret or reduced

to only 1 glume, 1.1-8.6 mm long. Lower glume

smooth, setulose, muticous. Upper glume

muticous. Anthers (1.9-)2.25-3.9 mm long.

Distribution, habitat and ecology : Australia

(N. Territory to N.S. Wales), Malesia (Papua

New Guinea: Western Province). Savannah

(Eucalypt) forest on alluvial flat of creek, wet

gully in savanna grassland, locally common;

at 0 to 30 m altitude.

Vernacular name : Australian vetiver (E.).

Uses: Readily eaten by stock.

Notes: Reeder (and Jansen) distinguished a var.

arundinacea. Now that more material is

available, this falls within the range of variability

of the Australian forms and hence is not worth

recognizing formally.

Most similar to C. filipes are C. oliganthus and

C. sylvaticus, also from Australia, which may

be distinguished as follows:

-. Raceme peduncles scaberulous. Sessile

spikelets 8-10.6 mm long (incl. callus), lower

glume aculeate, especially on the nerves and

514

Austrobaileya 5(3): 503-533 (1999)

setulose, upper glume mucro 1.5-6 mm long,

anthers 2.25-3.9 mm long. Chrysopogonfilipes

-. Raceme peduncles smooth. Sessile spikelets

4.5-7.65 mm long (incl. callus), lower glume

glabrous to distally pilulose, upper glume

mucro 0-0.4 mm long, anthers 1.05-1.2 mm long.

. Chrysopogon oliganthus

-. Sessile spikelets 8-10.6 mm long (incl. callus),

lower glume aculeate, especially on the nerves

and setulose, the awn straight. Pedicelled

spikelets lower glume smooth.

. Chrysopogonfilipes

-. Sessile spikelets 6-7.5 mm long (incl. callus),

lower glume glabrous to distally pilulose, the

awn geniculate with contorted column and

straight arista. Pedicelled spikelets lower glume

scaberulous. Chrysopogon sylvaticus

For the differences with C. micrantherus, see

there.

6. Chiysopogon fulvus (Spreng.) Chiov., FI.

Somala 1 (1929) 327; Pollinia fulva

Spreng., PL Min. Cog. Pug. 2 (1815) 10,

comb, incorr.; Andropogon sprengelii

Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1 (1829) 166, non A.

fulvus Spreng. (1815). Type: ‘Bengal’(Hb.

Trinius 337.01, LE, left satchel, iso, IDC

microfiche BT-16/1).

Chrysopogon montanus Trin. in Spreng.,

Neue Entd. 2 (1821) 93; Andropogon

monticola Schult. & Schult.f., Mant. 3

(1827) 665, non A. montanum Roxb.

(1820); Chrysopogon monticola (Schult.

& Schult.f.) Haines, Ind. For. 40 (1914)

495, nom. superfl.; Andropogon

monticola var. genuinus Hack., Mon.

Androp. (1889) 558, nom. inval.;

Chrysopogon fulvus subvar. montanus

(Trin.) Roberty, Boissiera 9 (1960) 283,

287, nom. inval. Type: Koenig s.n. ex Hb.

Banks in Hb. Jacquin (holo: W; iso: BM;

Hb. Trinius 337.01, upper right satchel

and left hand drawing, LE, iso, IDC

microfiche BT-16/1).

Perennials. Culms 0.2-1.2 m tall. Ligule 0.2-0.5

mm long. Leaf blades flat, 15-30 cm by 2-3(-9)

mm, adaxially glabrous to puberulous, with the

margin pectinate in the lower part. Panicle 4-

11 (-15) by 1.5-3 cm in outline, with many

branches and spikelets, pale yellow; lowermost

branches whorled, with longest branch simple,

3-7 cm long. Raceme peduncles 2-6 cm long,

puberulous, with a terminal triad, rarely with 2

spikelet groups per branch, joints 1-2 mm long,

setose. Sessile spikelets 3.5-6.5(-8) mm long

(incl. callus), callus oblique, pungent, 0.75-1.5

mm long, setose, with hairs 1.5-1.9 mm long,

golden. Lower glume smooth, distally pilulose,

with apex acute. Upper glume with midrib

distally setulose, with a dorsal fringe of hairs,

with apex mucronate, with mucro 6-20 mm long.

Second lemma awned, the awn exserted,

geniculate with contorted column and straight

arista, 12^-0 mm long, with column puberulous,

with hairs 0.2-0.4 mm long. Anthers 3, 2-4.5

mm long. Pedicel 1-2.5 mm long, much less than

half as long as the sessile spikelet, setose on

the edges, with hairs 3-4.9 mm long. Pedicelled

spikelets with 1 male floret, 2.5-8 mm long.

Lower glume smooth, puberulous, muticous to

mucronate, with mucro 0-7 mm long. Upper

glume muticous. Anthers 3.15-4.5 mm long. 2n

= 20,80.

Distribution, habitat and ecology : Sri Lanka,

S India to NW (Tak) and SW Thailand

(Kanchanaburi). Roadsides, grasslands, open

dry deciduous forest, locally vegetation¬

forming; at 0 to 300 m altitude.

Uses: Fodder and hay, used in soil erosion

control.

Notes: I do not think that Chrysopogon

montanus is homotypic with Pollinia fulva even

though material of both is present on the same

sheet in the Trinius herbarium. In the original

publication no reference was made to P. fulva,

and the specimen was said to be in Jacquin’s

herbarium, not Sprengel’s. I think the specimens

came together after 1821 when Trinius realized

they were conspecific: in Acta Acad. Imp. Sc.

Petersb. VI, 2 (1832) 318 (top!) P. fulva is cited

as a synonym of C. montanus. It should of

course have been the other way around.

C. fulvus is most similar to C. orientalis

and C. serrulatus. It can be distinguished from

C. orientalis as follows:

Veldkamp, Chrysopogon and Vetiveria

515

Panicle pale yellow. Sessile spikelets upper

glume with a dorsal tuft of hairs. Pedicel much

less than half as long as the sessile spikelet.

. Chrysopogonfulvus

-. Panicle purplish. Sessile spikelets upper glume

without a dorsal tuft of hairs. Pedicel slightly

less to more than half as long as the sessile

spikelet. Chrysopogon orientalis

It can be distinguished from C. serrulatus as

follows:

-. Panicle pale yellow. Sessile spikelets upper

glume with a dorsal tuft of hairs, column hairs

0.2-0.4 mm long. Pedicel hairs 3-4.9 mm long.

. Chrysopogon fulvus

-. Panicle purplish. Sessile spikelets upper glume

without a dorsal tuft of hairs, column hairs 0.1-

0.15 mm long. Pedicel hairs 1.2-2.1 mm long.

. Chrysopogon serrulatus

7. Chrysopogon intercedens Veldk., sp. nov. A

Chrysopogonis speciebus asiaticis

paniculae ramulis infimis verticillatis, ramo

longissimo c. 4.8 cm longo, racemi

pedunculo c. 3 cm longo laevi, spiculis

sessilibus 6.6-7.1 mm longis (callus incl.),

calli pilis albis, gluma inferiore aculeata

ad setulosa, arista 15-16 mm longa,

columna puberula pilis c. 0.2 mm longis,

spiculis pedicellatis 5.4-6.4 mm longis

differt. Chrysopogone oligantho

proximus, qui in calli pilis aureis, spiculae

sessilis glumae superioris mucrone fere

absenti (0-0.4 mm longo) antheribus

brevioribus (1.05-1.2 mm longis) differt.

Typus: NGF 49350 ( Henty & Foreman)

(holo: L; iso: LAE, n.v.).

Perennials. Culms c. 1.8 m tall. Ligule c. 0.4 mm

long. Leaf blades conduplicate, 60 cm or more

by 5-6 mm, adaxially glabrous to pilose. Panicle

c. 19 by 2 cm in outline, with many branches

and spikelets, purplish; lowermost branches

whorled, with longest branch simple, c. 4.8 cm

long. Raceme peduncles c. 3 cm long, smooth,

with 2 or 3 spikelet groups per branch, joints

5.6-12 mm long, setulose. Sessile spikelets 6.6-

7.1 mm long (incl. callus), callus oblique,

pungent, 1.5-1.7 mm long, setose, with hairs

1.2-1.6 mm long, white. Lower glume spinulose,

aculeate, especially on the nerves and setulose,

with apex acute to minutely bidentate. Upper

glume with midrib distally setulose, without a

dorsal fringe of hairs, with apex mucronate, with

mucro 1.6-3 mm long. Second lemma awned,

the awn exserted, straight, 15-16 mm long, with

column puberulous, with hairs c. 0.2 mm long.

Anthers 3,1.3-1.5 mm long (immature?). Pedicel

4.1-4.5 mm long, more than half as long as the

sessile spikelet, glabrous, smooth to slightly

scaberulous. Pedicelled spikelets with 1 male

to sterile floret, 5.4-6.4 mm long. Lower glume

smooth, setulose, muticous. Upper glume

muticous. Anthers c. 2.85 mm long.

Distribution and habitat : Papua New Guinea

(Western Province). Savanna woodland; at c.

15 m altitude.

Notes: This species seems morphologically

intermediate between C. oliganthus and C.

filipes. It appears to be sympatric with the latter

and might be a hybrid, were it not that the first

is not yet known from New Guinea. This might

explain the possibly staminodial nature of the

anthers of the sessile spikelet, which coupled

to a reduced fertility of the sessile spikelets,

where anthers appear to be absent in some of

these, would make fertilization difficult.

Chrysopogon intercedens is most similar to C.

oliganthus, but can be distinguished as

follows:

-. Sessile spikelets callus hairs white, upper

glume mucro 1.6-3 mm long, anthers 1.3-1.5

mm long. Chrysopogon intercedens

-. Sessile spikelets callus hairs yellow, upper

glume mucro 0-0.4 mm long, anthers 1.05-1.2

mm long. Chrysopogon oliganthus

8. Chrysopogon lawsonii (Hook.f.) Veldk., comb,

nov.; [ Chrysopogon lawsonii (Hook.f.)

Roberty, Boissiera 9 (1960) 290 (cited as

‘nomen superfluum’, hence invalid).]

Andropogon Hook.f., FI. Br. Ind.

7 (1896) 187 (‘lawsoni’). Vetiveria

lawsonii (Hook.f.) Blatter & McCann, J.

Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. 32 (1928) 409. Type:

Lawson 28 (holo: K).

Perennials. Culms 0.45-1.7 m tall. Ligule 0.15-

0.3 mm long. Leaf blades flat to conduplicate,

516

Austrobaileya 5(3): 503-533 (1999)

5-23 (—45) cm by 3-5 mm, adaxially glabrous, or

with a few bristles, abaxially with midrib and

margins pectinately setulose. Panicle 10-30 by

1- 3 cm in outline, with many branches and

spikelets, pale yellow to pale reddish; lowermost

branches whorled to solitary, with longest

branch simple to branched, 5-8 cm long.

Raceme peduncles 1.5-5 cm long, smooth to

slightly scaberulous, with 2-8 spikelet groups

per branch, joints 1.75-7.5 mm long, glabrous.

Sessile spikelets 4-6.2 mm long (incl. callus),

callus oblique, obtuse, (0.5-) 1.05-1.5 mm long,

setose, with hairs 0.8-1.5 mm long, white. Lower

glume spinulose, glabrous and distally

pilulose, with apex acute to minutely bi-dentate.

Upper glume with midrib distally setulose,

without a dorsal fringe of hairs, with apex

mucronate, with mucro 3.75-12.7 mm long.

Second lemma awned, the awn exserted,

geniculate with contorted column and straight

arista, (14-)18-29 mm long, with column

puberulous, with hairs 0.1 mm long. Anthers 3,

2- 3.25 mm long. Pedicel (3-)3.7-4.1 mm long,

more than half as long as the sessile spikelet,

glabrous, smooth. Pedicelled spikelets with 1

male floret, 6-7.8 mm long. Lower glume smooth,

setulose, usually mucronate sometimes

muticous, with mucro (0-)2-6 mm long. Upper

glume muticous to mucronate, mucro 0-1.5 mm

long. Anthers 2-3.7 mm long. 2n = 20 (36?).

Distribution, habitat and ecology: S India (S

Maharashtra, S Karnataka, NW Andhra

Pradesh, Tamil Nadu: Nilgiris), Thailand (N:

Chiangmai, Doi Inthanon). Note the disjunction.

Moist soil, banks of waterways, sandy

localities, locally abundant; at 550 to 1200 m

altitude.

Uses: Cattle are said to eat the leaves, but

avoiding the flowering culms.

Notes: This species is morphologically

intermediate between Chrysopogon and

Vetiveria in that its sessile spikelet has the

oblique hairy callus and puberulous columns

as in the former, and the racemes with 2-8

groups of spikelets as in the latter. The single

Thai collection seen by me (Phengklai &

Smitinand 6085, K) is indistinguishable from