Editorial Committee

P.I.Forster (editor)

P.D.Bostock (technical advisor)

G.P.Guymer (technical advisor)

Graphic Design

Will Smith

Desktop Publishing

Yvonne Smith

Austrobaileya

Vol. 1, No. 1 was published on 1 December 1977

Vol. 7, No. 2 was published on 4 December 2006

Vol. 7, No. 3 was published on 30 November 2007

Austrobaileya is published once per year.

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ISSN 0155-4131

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Austrobaileya is the journal of the Queensland Herbarium and publishes peer-reviewed research

on plants, algae, fungi and lichens (systematics, morphology, geography, anatomy, karyology,

conservation biology and botanical history), with special emphasis on taxa from Queensland.

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Austrobaileya 7(3): 387-576 (2007)

Contents

A taxonomic revision of Ricinocarpos Desf. (Euphorbiaceae: Ricinocarpeae,

Ricinocarpinae)

D.A.Halford & R.J.F.Henderson . 387-449

A taxonomic revision of Claoxylon A. Juss. (Euphorbiaceae) in Australia

P.I. Forster . 451-472

A taxonomic revision of the genus Zieria Sm. (Rutaceae) in Queensland

M.F.Duretto & P.I.Forster . 473-544

A taxonomic revision of Callitriche L. (Callitrichaceae) in Australia

A. R. Be an . 545-554

F.M.Bailey’s ascent of Mt Bellenden-Ker in 1889, and notes on the publication

priority of new vascular plant species from the Expedition

J.L.Dowe & A.D.Broughton . 555-566

Trioncinia patens A.E.Holland & D.W.Butler (Asteraceae), a new species

from Queensland

A.E.Holland & D.W.Butler . 567-571

The distribution, habitat and conservation status of Suregada glomerulata

(Blume) Baill. (Euphorbiaceae) from north-eastern Cape York Peninsula,

Queensland

D.G.Fell . 573-575

A taxonomic revision of Ricinocarpos Desf.

(Euphorbiaceae: Ricinocarpeae , Ricinocarpinae)

David A. Halford and Rodney J.F. Henderson

Summary

Halford, DA. & Henderson, R.J.F. (2007). A taxonomic revision of Ricinocarpos Desf.

(Euphorbiaceae: Ricinocarpeae, Ricinocarpinae ). Austrobaileya 7(3): 387-449. The genus

Ricinocarpos Desf. is endemic to Australia. Twenty-eight species are recognised as belonging to

it, and a key is provided for their identification. The following species are described here as new:

R. brevis R.J.F.Hend. & Mollemans, R. caniana Halford & R.J.F.Hend., R. crispatus Halford

& R.J.F.Hend., R. graniticus Halford & R.J.F.Hend., R. linearifolius Halford & R J.F.Hend., R.

megalocarpus Halford & R.J.F.Hend., R. oliganthus Halford & R.J.F.Hend., R. pilifer Halford

& R.J.F.Hend., R. ruminatus Halford & R.J.F.Hend., R. trachyphyllus Halford & R.J.F.Hend., R.

trichophyllns Halford & R.J.F.Hend. and R. verrucosus Halford & R.J.F.Hend. The new species

are illustrated and distinguished from similar species while all taxa are described and mapped, and

notes on their habitat, distribution and phenology are given. Lectotypes are chosen for R. ledifolius

F.Muell., R. marginatus Benth., R. muricatus Mull.Arg., R. pinifolius Desf., R. rosmarinifolius

Benth., R. stylosus Diels and R. velutinus F.Muell. Ricinocarpos glaucus var. jasminoides Baill. is

neotypified. All known synonyms are listed here including phrase names that were used to identify

taxa prior to their formal naming in this publication.

Key Words: Euphorbiaceae, Ricinocarpos, Ricinocarpos brevis, Ricinocarpos caniana, Ricinocarpos

crispatus, Ricinocarpos graniticus, Ricinocarpos linearifolius, Ricinocarpos megalocarpus,

Ricinocarpos oliganthus, Ricinocarpos pilifer, Ricinocarpos ruminatus, Ricinocarpos trachyphyllus,

Ricinocarpos trichophyllus, Ricinocarpos verrucosus, Australia, Australian flora, taxonomy,

nomenclature, identification keys

D A.Halford & R.J.F.Henderson, cl- Queensland Herbarium, Environmental Protection Agency,

Brisbane Botanic Gardens, Mt Coot-tha Road, Toowong, Queensland 4066, Australia

Introduction

Ricinocarpos Desf. is endemic to Australia

with twenty-eight species recognised in

the present revision. All species are woody,

perennial shrubs or rarely small trees and

the majority (twenty-six species) grow in

shrubland, heathland or dry sclerophyll open

forest or woodland communities, generally

in sandy soils. One species (R. speciosus

Mull.Arg.) occurs in wet sclerophyll

forest communities, while another species

(R. ledifolius F.Muell.) grows in vine thicket

or vine forest communities.

The genus was established by Desfontaines

in 1817 to include a single species, R. pinifolius ,

based on material collected by botanists in

1802 at Port Jackson, New South Wales,

during the visit of the Baudin Expedition

(Desfontaines 1817). Desfontaines coined

Accepted for publication 1 June 2007

the name for his new genus from the generic

name Ricinus L. (from Latin " ricinus 1 , a tick,

in reference to the appearance of the seeds of

that genus) and Greek ‘ karpos\ fruit, because

of the resemblance of its fruits to those in the

genus Ricinus.

At the time, Desfontaines considered

Ricinocarpos alliedto JatrophaL. but differing

from that genus by having a 5-petalled corolla,

a staminal column bearing anthers from the

base to the apex, echinate fruit and a different

overall habit. Since the 1860s, Ricinocarpos

has been consistently linked to Beyeria Miq.

within the Euphorbiaceae (Muller 1865, 1866;

Baillon 1874; Bentham 1880; Griming 1913).

In the most recent taxonomic placement,

Webster (1994) included Ricinocarpos in

Euphorbiaceae subfamily Crotonoideae

Pax, tribe Ricinocarpeae Mull.Arg., subtribe

RicinocarpinaeWobstQr,togQthQrwithBeyeria

and Alphandia Baill. Molecular studies of

388

the uniovulate Euphorbiaceae (Wurdack

et al. 2005) strongly supported the close

relationship of Ricinocarpos and Beyeria as

well as with another endemic Australian genus

Bertya Planch. Halford and Henderson (2005)

established the genus Shonia R.J.F.Hend. &

Halford to accommodate Beyeria tristigma

and its allies which are closely related to

Ricinocarpos. Ricinocarpos is distinguished

from Beyeria , Shonia and Bertya by the

following combination of features: flowers in

umbelliform clusters or racemes or solitary,

petals mostly present in both male and female

flowers, disc present in both male and female

flowers, styles 3-limbed with limbs spreading

to divergent and 3-5-lobed. For a key to the

Australian genera of the tribe Ricinocarpeae

refer to Halford and Henderson (2005).

Ricinocarpos is widespread in Australia

and is present in all states except South

Australia (Map 1). It is notably absent from

most of the arid zone, with the majority of

Austrobaileya 7(3): 387-449 (2007)

species occurring in two disjunct regions.

The greatest species concentration is in south¬

western Australia where fourteen species

occur. The second area of concentration is

in eastern Australia where ten species are

recorded. Three species occur in north¬

western Australia and one species (R. gloria-

medii ) is from central Australia. All species

are endemic in the particular region in which

they occur.

Ricinocarpos pinifolius is the most

wide-ranging species in the genus. It is

recorded in 47 1° grid squares across an

area from the central coast of Queensland

southwards to southern Tasmania. By

contrast, ten species (R. brevis , R. caniana ,

R. gloria-medii, R. marginatns , R. oliganthus,

R. pilifer, R. rosmariniifolius, R. ruminatus,

R. trichophorus and R. tuberculatus ) have

very restricted distributions each occurring

in only one or two 1° grid squares throughout

Australia (Table 1).

Map 1 . Distribution of Ricinocarpos in Australia indicating the number of species in eachl 0 grid

square.

Halford & Henderson, A taxonomic revision of Ricinocarpos

389

Species

No. of 1°

grid squares

region

R. pinifolius

R. ledifolius

R. linearifolius

R. muricatus

R. velutinus

R. bowmanii

R. undulatus

R. trachyphyllus

R. speciosus

R. glaucus

R. trichophyllus

R. megalocarpus

R. crispatus

R. cyanescens

R. stylosus

R. verrucosus

R. graniticus

R. psilocladus

R. gloria-medii

R. caniana

R. ruminatus

R. rosmarinifolius

R. trichophorus

R. brevis

R. marginatus

R. oliganthus

R. pilifer

R. tuberculatus

Table 1. Frequency of Ricinocarpos species in Australia,

based on the number of 1° grid squares in which they are

found.

abbreviations: E = eastern Australia;

SW = south-western Australia;

NW = north-western Australia;

C = central Australia.

Classification within Ricinocarpos

J. Muller (1865, 1866) divided Ricinocarpos

into three sections, namely R. sect

Anomodiscus, R. sect. Euricinocarpus (nom.

inval. = R. sect. Ricinocarpos) and R. sect.

Apetalidion. These sections were based on

the presence or absence of petals and disc

attachment in flowers. Ricinocarpos sect.

Anomodiscus contained a single species

R. major Miill.Arg., R. sect. Euricinocarpus

( = R. sect. Ricinocarpos) contained eight

species, while R. sect. Apetalidion contained

a single species, R. muricatus Miill.Arg.

The eight species in R. sect. Ricinocarpos

were arranged into two informal groups

based on flower arrangement. Group one had

flowers more or less solitary or in cymose

inflorescences (R. speciosus Miill.Arg.,

R. pinifolius Desf., R. cyanescens Miill.Arg.,

R. glaucus Endl., R. tuberculatus Miill.Arg.,

R. bowmanii F.Muell. and R. ledifolius). Group

two had flowers in racemose inflorescences

(R. trichophorus Miill.Arg.).

In his account of Ricinocarpos in Flora

Australiensis , Bentham (1873) recognised

thirteen species, the ten species dealt with

by J. Mtifler in de Candolle’s Prodromus

(1866), two new species (R. rosmarinifolius

Benth. and R. marginatus Benth.) and Bertya

gummifera var. psiloclada Miill.Arg which he

transferred to Ricinocarpos as R. psiloclada

(Miill.Arg) Benth. Bentham did not recognise

any subdivisions within the genus and made

no comment regarding Miiller’s sections.

The species R. rosmarinifolius Benth.,

R. marginatus Benth. and/?, psiloclada (Mull.

Arg) Benth. would have been referable to

R. sect. RicinocarposhsLdBenthsLm recognised

the sectional divisions established by Miiller.

In the most recent and comprehensive

treatment of Ricinocarpos , Griining (1913)

recognised fifteen species. They included the

thirteen species dealt with by Bentham (1873)

plus R. velutinus F.Muell. and R. stylosus

Diels. Griining grouped them into four

sections, namely the three sections erected

by J. Miiller (1865), R. sect. Euricinocarpos

Miill.Arg. (= R. sect. Ricinocarpos), R.

sect. Anomodiscus Miill.Arg., R. sect.

Polystaphylos Griining (nom. illeg. = R. sect.

Apetalidion Miill.Arg.) and a fourth R. sect.

Sissostylus Griining erected to accommodate

R. stylosus. Ricinocarpos velutinus F.Muell.

was placed in R. sect. Ricinocarpos.

390

Although the great majority (twenty five)

of the species we accept occur in a single

section (R. sect. Ricinocarpos), we believe

that continued recognition of these sections

is useful in understanding the genus. In the

present account, we have maintained the

sectional classification presented by Griming

(1913) except for R. sect. Anomodiscus which

contains R. major. Bentham (1873) and

Griming (1913) both independently question

the placement of R. major Miill.Arg. within

Ricinocarpos. From our examination of

the specimen on which this name is based

(microfiche and a fragment in MEL), we

believe that the taxon that it represents

does not belong in Ricinocarpos and most

probably does not belong in Euphorbiaceae.

We have seen no other specimens that match

this material during our studies. We have,

therefore, excluded R. major and R. sect.

Anomodiscus from the current revision.

For the distinguishing characters

of the sections of Ricinocarpos refer to

the ‘taxonomy’ section below. As stated

previously, Ricinocarpos sect. Ricinocarpos

contains the majority of species. In the

following taxonomic treatment the species

within R. sect. Ricinocarpos are listed

alphabetically. However, although not

formalised here, there are clear mophological

groupings of species within this section that

we suggest may reflect shared ancestry. The

characters are summaried in Table 2. These

groups are:

The R. pinifolius group. Young branchlets

glabrous. Young shoots and buds non resinous.

Adaxial surface of leaves glabrous, non

resinous. Flowers solitary or in ± umbelliform

inflorescences. Calyx deciduous in fruit. Petals

at least twice as long as calyx. Style ± obsolete,

many times shorter than stigmatic limbs. Fruit

glabrous, spiculate, tuberculate, verrucose or

smooth. Five species included from south¬

western Australia and eastern Australia:

R. cyanescens,R. megalocarpus,R. pinifolius ,

R. ruminatus and R. tuberculatus.

The/?, glaucus group. Young branchlets hairy

with simple hairs in longitudinal bands. Young

shoots and buds non resinous. Adaxial surface

of leaves glabrous, non resinous. Flowers

Austrobaileya 7(3): 387-449 (2007)

solitary or in ± umbelliform inflorescences.

Calyx persistent in fruit. Petals at least twice

as long as calyx. Style ± obsolete, many times

shorter than stigmatic limbs. Fruit glabrous or

hairy, smooth. Three species included from

south-western Australia: R. glaucus , R. pilifer

and R. undulatus.

The R. psilocladus group. Young branchlets

glabrous. Young shoots and buds resinous.

Adaxial surface of leaves glabrous, usually

resinous. Flowers solitary or in ± umbelliform

inflorescences. Calyx persistent in fruit. Petals

slightly longer to twice as long as calyx. Style

± obsolete, many times shorter than stigmatic

limbs. Fruit glabrous, ± smooth, resinous.

Three species included from south-western

Australia: R. graniticus, R. oliganthus and

R. psilocladus.

The R. bowmanii group. Young branchlets

stellate hairy. Young shoots and buds non

resinous. Adaxial surface of leaves stellate

hairy at least when young, non resinous.

Flowers solitary or in ± umbelliform

inflorescences. Calyx persistent in fruit.

Petals slightly shorter to twice as long as

calyx. Style ± obsolete, many times shorter

than stigmatic limbs. Fruit densely stellate

hairy. Nine species included from eastern

Australia, central Australia and south¬

western Australia: R. bowmanii , R. brevis ,

R. caniana , R. crispatus, R. gloria-medii ,

R. ledifolius , R. linear ifolius, R. speciosus and

R. trachyphyllus.

The R. marginatus group. Young branchlets

stellate hairy. Young shoots and buds non

resinous. Adaxial surface of leaves stellate

hairy at least along the margins and midline,

non resinous. Flowers in ± umbelliform

inflorescences. Calyx persistent in fruit.

Petals ± equalling or shorter than calyx. Style

conspicuous, ± equalling in length stigmatic

limbs. Fruit stellate hairy. Three species

included from north-western Australia:

R. marginatus , R. rosmarinifolius and

R. trichophyllus.

The/?, trichophorus group. Young branchlets

stellate hairy. Young shoots and buds non

resinous. Adaxial surface of leaves stellate

hairy, non resinous. Flowers in racemose

inflorescences. Calyx persistent in fruit. Petals

391

Halford & Henderson, A taxonomic revision of Ricinocarpos

slightly longer or up to twice as long as calyx. Two species included from south-western

Style obscure, many times shorter in length Australia: R. trichophorus and R. velutinus.

than stigmatic limbs. Fruit stellate hairy.

Characters

Young branchlets

indumentum

absent

simple hairs

stellate hairs

Young shoots and buds

resinous

non resinous

Adaxial surface of leaves

indumentum

absent

stellate hairs

resinous

non resinous

Arrangement of flowers

solitary

± umbelliform inflorescence

racemose inflorescence

Calyx

persistent in fruit

deciduous in fruit

Petals

longer than calyx

equal calyx

shorter than calyx

Style

± obsolete or obscure

conspicuous

Fruit

indumentum

absent

stellate hairs

surface texture

smooth

variously textured

resinous

non resinous

Table 2. Summary of morphological characters of informal groups of Ricinocarpos sect. Ricinocarpos.

1 = R. pinifolius group , 2 = R. glaucus group, 3 = R. psilocladus group, 4 — R. bowmanii group,

5 =R. marginatus group, 6 — R. trichophorus group

Materials and methods

This revision is based on an assessment of

morphological characters of about 1050 dried

herbarium collections, and collections and

field studies undertaken by the second author

from 1988 to 1992. Herbarium collections

from herbaria AD, BRI, CANB, HO, MEL,

NE, NSW and PERTH were studied and

annotated, and selected material from B, G

and K was also seen. Acronyms used here

and elsewhere to indicate herbaria holding

particular specimens are those listed by

392

Holmgren et al. (1990). All specimens cited

have been examined by one or both of the

authors, unless indicated otherwise by ‘ n.v\

Descriptions of colour for vegetative and

floral parts are either from the information on

herbarium labels or from photographs taken

by the second author during field studies.

Measurements listed are based upon the

total variation observed in the herbarium

specimens examined. Information on plant

size, flowering and fruiting times, and habitat

of occurrence was obtained from herbarium

labels. All measurements were made either

on fresh material, dried material, material

preserved in 70% ethanol or dried material

reconstituted by placing in boiling water for

a few minutes. The distribution maps were

produced with Maplnfo Version 3 and are

based on herbarium specimen locality data.

Taxonomy

Ricinocarpos Desf., Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat.

3: 459, t. 22 (1817). Type: Ricinocarpos

pinifolius Desf.

[Roeperia auct. non Adr.Juss.: C.P.J.Sprengal,

Syst. Veg. 16 th edn, 3: 147 (1826)]

Monoecious or apparently sometimes

dioecious shrubs, rarely small trees;

branches glabrous or with an indumentum of

stellate or rarely simple hairs. Leaves spirally

alternate or rarely subopposite, exstipulate,

petiolate or rarely sessile, simple, entire,

margins flat, recurved or revolute, marginal

glands absent or present on blade proximally.

Inflorescences of a single male or female

flower, or ± umbelliform with either all male

flowers or one or two central female flowers

surrounded by several male flowers, or

Austrobaileya 7(3): 387-449 (2007)

racemose with all female or all male flowers

or one or two female flowers basal on the

axis with numerous male flowers distal to

them, terminal on branchlets or sometimes

appearing axillary due to reduction of lateral

branchlet, bracteose or frondobracteose.

Flowers mostly conspicuous, pedicellate,

mostly bracteolate, gamosepalous; calyx

deeply 5(rarely 4 or 6)-lobed, lobes subequal,

imbricate (quincuncial); petals mostly 5(rarely

4,6,7 or absent), imbricate (convolute or rarely

quincuncial), mostly equalling or longer than

calyx; disc present, of discrete alternipetalous

glands or forming a continuous glandular ring.

Male flowers: stamens numerous (> 15), erect

to spreading from central column formed by

fusion of bases of filaments; anthers dorsifixed,

extrorse, of two separate obloid, parallel but

contiguous locules each lateral on slightly

swollen connective at the apex of filament,

dehiscing by longitudinal slits; pistillode

absent. Female flowers: calyx lobes persistent

or caducous; petals often marcescent; ovary

3-locular with one pendant ovule in each

locule; style short or ± obsolete; stigma with

3 horizontally spreading and divergent limbs;

limbs deeply 2(rarely 3 to 5)-lobed, red,

persistent. Fruits capsular, ellipsoid, ovoid

or subglobose, mostly trilobate, glabrous or

densely hairy, smooth, tuberculate, rugose,

verrucose or spiculate, mostly 3-seeded,

separating septicidally into three 2-valved

cocci leaving a persistent columella. Seeds

ovoid to ellipsoid and usually dorsi-ventrally

compressed, carunculate; testa smooth, shiny,

often blotched; caruncle waxy-fleshy creamy-

white to yellowish-white; endosperm copious;

embryo linear, in the middle of the endosperm,

cotyledons longer than the radicle.

Key to sections of Ricinocarpos

1. Flowers with petals and sepals.R. sect. Ricinocarpos (25 species)

Flowers without petals (sepals only present).2

2. Flowers solitary or in umbelliform inflorescences.R. sect. Scissostylus (1 species)

Flowers in racemose inflorescences.R. sect. Apetalidion (2 species)

Halford & Henderson, A taxonomic revision of Ricinocarpos 393

Key to species of Ricinocarpos

1. Young branchlets glabrous or with minute simple hairs.2

Young branchlets with stellate hairs.15

2. Flowers lacking petals (sepals only present).3

Flowers with petals and sepals.5

3. Leaf blades < 15 mm long (W.A.).26. R. stylosus

Leaf blades >15 mm long.4

4. Adaxial surface of calyx lobes glabrous (W.A.).27. R. muricatus

Adaxial surface of calyx lobes pubescent (Qld).28. R. verrucosus

5. Young branchlets minutely hairy in two longitudinal bands.6

Young branchlets glabrous.8

6. Ovaries and fruits hairy (W.A.).14. R. pilifer

Ovaries and fruits glabrous.7

7. Abaxial surface of leaf blades with a sericeous indumentum; hairs ±

straight (W.A.).24. R. undulatus

Abaxial surface of leaf blades with a woolly indumentum;

hairs crispate (W.A.).6. R. glaucus

8. Young shoots and flower buds resinous; adaxial surface of calyx lobes

glabrous.9

Young shoots and flower buds not resinous; adaxial surface of calyx lobes

hairy.11

9. Leaf blades <15 mm long (W.A.).13. R. oliganthus

Leaf blades > 15 mm long.10

10. Leaf blades linear to narrow-oblong or very narrow-obovate, (1.5-) 2.5-6

mm wide, with adaxial surface tuberculate and margins recurved but

with most of the abaxial surface of the leaf blade visible (W.A.) . . . . 16. R. psilocladus

Leaf blades linear, <1.5 mm wide, with adaxial surface smooth and

margins recurved to revolute so that only midrib of abaxial surface of the

leaf blade is visible (W.A.).8. R. graniticus

11. Fruits spiculate, densely covered with subulate processes.12

Fruits smooth or tuberculate.13

12. Fruits 14-16 mm long, 14-16 mm across; seeds ellipsoid, 9.5-10 mm

long, 6-6.5 mm across; caruncles ruminate (Qld).18. R. ruminatus

Fruits 8-12 mm long, 10-14 mm across; seeds ovoid, 5.5-9 mm long,

3.2-4.2 mm across; caruncles ± smooth (N.S.W., Qld, Tas., Vic.).... 15. R. pinifolius

13. Fruits tuberculate, 14-16 mm long, 10-13 mm across (W.A.).12. R. megalocarpus

Fruits smooth to tuberculate, 10-12 mm long, 5-8 mm across.14

14. Leaf blades 7-12 mm long, 1-1.7 mm wide, with a length/width ratio <

12:1 (W.A.).5. R. cyanescens

Leaf blades 10-25 mm long, 0.8-1.3 mm wide, with a length/width ratio

> 12:1 (W.A.).23. R. tuberculatus

394

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20 .

21 .

22 .

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

Austrobaileya 7(3): 387-449 (2007)

Inflorescences terminal, racemose.16

Inflorescences terminal or axillary, of a single flower or umbelliform.17

Young shoots and inflorescence with a ferruginous indumentum; adaxial

surface of leaf blades stellate-pubescent when young soon becoming

glabrous; petals white (W.A.) .21. R. trichophorus

Young shoots and inflorescence with a greyish-white indumentum;

adaxial surface of leaf blades with moderately dense indumentum of

persistent stellate hairs; petals yellow (W.A.).25. R. velutinus

Petals <3.5 mm long.18

Petals >3.5 mm long.21

Leaf blades > 8 mm wide, margins ± flat (W.A.).11. R. marginatus

Leaf blades < 8 mm wide, margins recurved.19

Leaf blades < 20 mm long (W.A.).2. R. brevis

Leaf blades > 20 mm long.20

Adaxial surface of leaf blades moderately to densely stellate-pubescent;

hairs with a short stout stipe (N.T., W.A.).22. R. trichophyllus

Adaxial surface of leaf blades ± glabrous except for scattered sessile

stellate hairs especially along the midline (W.A.).17. R. rosmarinifolius

Petals < 6 mm long.22

Petals > 6 mm long.25

Margins of leaf blades recurved with most of the abaxial surface of the

leaf blade visible (Qld).9. R. ledifolius

Margins of leaf blades recurved to revolute so that only the midrib of the

abaxial surface of the leaf blade is visible.23

Fruits < 7 mm long (Qld).4. R. crispatus

Fruits > 7 mm long.24

Abaxial surface of leaf blades with a pubescent indumentum (W.A.).2. R. brevis

Abaxial surface of leaf blades with a sericeous indumentum (N.S.W.,

Qld).10. R. linearifolius

Adaxial surface of leaf blades hairy becoming glabrous and scabrid by

the persistent tuberculate bases of deciduous hairs.

Adaxial surface of leaf blades stellate-pubescent when young becoming

glabrous and smooth.

Abaxial surface of leaf blades pubescent with stellate hairs up to 0.4 mm

across (N.S.W.).1. R. bowmanii

Abaxial surface of leaf blades sericeous with stellate hairs up to 2 mm

across (N.S.W., Qld).20. R. trachyphyllus

Leaf blades > 7 mm wide (N.S.W., Qld).19. R. speciosus

Leaf blades < 7 mm wide.28

Margins of leaf blades recurved with most of the abaxial surface of the

leaf blade visible (Qld).3. R. eaniana

Margins of leaf blades recurved to revolute so that only the midrib on the

abaxial surface of the leaf blade is visible

395

Halford & Henderson, A taxonomic revision of Ricinocarpos

29. Abaxial surface of leaf blades with a sericeous indumentum; petioles < 2

mm long (N.S.W., Qld).10. R. linearifolius

Abaxial surface of leaf blades with a tomentose indumentum; petioles

2-3 mm long (N.T.).7. R. gloria-medii

Regional keys

The following regional keys are given as supplementary to the general key because the

identification of a specimen belonging to Ricinocarpos is much simplified if the geographical

source is known.

Key to species of Ricinocarpos in south-western Australia

1. Young branchlets with stellate hairs.2

Young branchlets glabrous or with minute simple hairs.4

2. Inflorescences terminal or axillary, of a single flower or umbelliform.2. R. brevis

Inflorescences terminal, racemose.3

3. Young shoots and inflorescence with a ferruginous indumentum; adaxial

surface of leaf blades stellate-pubescent when young soon becoming

glabrous; petals white.21. R. trichophorus

Young shoots and inflorescence with a greyish-white indumentum;

adaxial surface of leaf blades with moderately dense indumentum of

persistent stellate hairs; petals yellow.25. R. velutinus

4. Flowers lacking petals (sepals only present).5

Flowers with petals and sepals.6

5. Leaf blades < 15 mm long, inflorescences of a single flower or

umbelliform.26. R. stylosus

Leaf blades >15 mm long; inflorescences racemose.25. R. muricatus

6. Young branchlets minutely hairy in two longitudinal bands.6

Young branchlets glabrous.8

6. Ovaries and fruits hairy.14. R. pilifer

Ovaries and fruits glabrous.7

7. Abaxial surface of leaf blades with sericeous indumentum; hairs ±

straight.24. R. undulatus

Abaxial surface of leaf blades with woolly indumentum; hairs crispate

.6. R. glaucus

8. Young shoots and flower buds resinous; adaxial surface of calyx lobes glabrous.9

Young shoots and flower buds not resinous; adaxial surface of calyx lobes hairy.11

9. Leaf blades < 15 mm long.13. R. oliganthus

Leaf blades >15 mm long.10

10. Leaf blades linear to narrow-oblong or very narrow-obovate, (1.5—) 2.5-6

mm wide, with adaxial surface tuberculate and margins recurved but

with most of the abaxial surface of the leaf blade visible.16. R. psilocladus

Leaf blades linear < 1.5 mm wide, with adaxial surface smooth and

margins recurved to revolute so that only midrib of abaxial surface of

the leaf blade is visible.8. R. graniticus

396

Austrobaileya 7(3): 387-449 (2007)

11. Fruits tuberculate, 14-16 mm long, 10-13 mm across.12. R. megalocarpus

Fruits smooth to tuberculate, 10-12 mm long, 5-8 mm across.12

12. Leaf blades 7-12 mm long, 1-1.7 mm wide, with a length/width ratio <

12:1.5. R. cyanescens

Leaf blades 10-25 mm long, 0.8-1.3 mm wide, with a length/width ratio

>12:1.23. R. tuberculatus

Key to species of Ricinocarpos in eastern Australia

1. Young branchlets glabrous or with minute simple hairs.2

Young branchlets with stellate hairs.4

2. Flowers lacking petals (sepals only present); fruits tuberculate (Qld) . . .26. R. verrucosus

Flowers with petals and sepals; fruits spiculate, densely covered with

subulate processes.3

3. Fruits 8-12 mm long, 10-14 mm across; seeds ovoid, 5.5-9 mm long, 3.2-

4.2 mm across; caruncles ± smooth (N.S.W., Qld, Tas., Vic.).15. R. pinifolius

Fruits 14-16 mm long, 14-16 mm across; seeds ellipsoid, 9.5-10 mm

long, 6-6.5 mm across; caruncles ruminate (Qld).18. R. ruminatus

4. Petals < 6 mm long.5

Petals > 6 mm long.7

5. Margins of leaf blades recurved with most of the abaxial surface of the

leaf blade visible (Qld).9. R. ledifolius

Margins of leaf blades recurved to revolute so that only the midrib of the

abaxial surface of the leaf blade is visible.6

6. Fruits < 7 mm long (Qld).4. R. crispatus

Fruits > 7 mm long(N.S.W., Qld).10. R. linearifolius

7. Adaxial surface of leaf blades hairy becoming glabrous and scabrid by

the persistent tuberculate bases of deciduous hairs.

Adaxial surface of leaf blades stellate-pubescent when young becoming

glabrous and smooth.

8. Abaxial surface of leaf blades pubescent with stellate hairs up to 0.4 mm

across (N S W.).1. R. bowmanii

Abaxial surface of leaf blades sericeous with stellate hairs up to 2 mm

across (N.S.W., Qld).20. R. trachyphyllus

9. Leaf blades > 7 mm wide (N.S.W., Qld).19. R. speciosus

Leaf blades < 7 mm wide.10

10. Margins of leaf blades recurved with most of the abaxial surface of the

leaf blade visible (Qld).3. R. caniana

Margins of leaf blades recurved to revolute so that only the midrib of the

abaxial surface of the leaf blade is visible (N.S.W., Qld).10. R. linearifolius

397

Halford & Henderson, A taxonomic revision of Ricinocarpos

Key to species of Ricinocarpos in north-western and central Australia

1. Petals > 5 mm long (N.T.).7. R. gloria-medii

Petals < 5 mm long.2

2. Leaf blades > 8 mm wide, margins ± flat (W.A.).11. R. marginatus

Leaf blades < 8 mm wide, margins recurved.3

3. Adaxial surface of leaf blades moderately to densely stellate-pubescent;

hairs with short stout stipes (N.T., W.A.).22. R. trichophyllus

Adaxial surface of leaf blades ± glabrous except for scattered sessile

stellate hairs especially along the midline (W.A.).17. R. rosmarinifolius

Ricinocarpos Desf. sect. Ricinocarpos,

Mtill.Arg., Linnaea 34: 59 (1865). Type:

R. pinifolius Desf.

Ricinocarpos sect. Bertya F.Muell., Fragm.

1: 76 (1859). Type: Ricinocarpos ledifolius

F.Muell.

Ricinocarpos sect. Euricinocarpus Mull. Arg.,

Linnaea 34: 59 (1865), nom. inval.

Leaves with petiole spreading from branchlet.

Inflorescences of a single male or female

flower, or ± umbelliform with either all male

flowers or one or two central female flowers

surrounded by several male flowers. Flowers

petaliferous. Stigmatic limbs deeply 2-lobed.

1. Ricinocarpos bowmanii F.Muell., Fragm.

1: 181/182 (1859) ("Ricinocarpus Bowmani’)',

Roeperia bowmanii (F.Muell.) Kuntze,

Revis. Gen. PI. 2: 618 (1891); Ricinocarpos

bowmanii F.Muell. var. bowmanii , Maiden &

Betche, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales 23:

776 (1899). Type: [New South Wales.] lower

Macquarie River, s.d., E.M.Bowman s.n.

(holo: MEL 2062913; iso: K [element on the

right side of the sheet; element on the left side

of sheet is not part of the type collection]).

Ricinocarpos puberulus Baill., Adansonia

6: 295 (1866). Type: [New South Wales.]

Port Jackson, s.d., C.Gaudichaud s.n. (holo:

P 152761).

Ricinocarpos bowmanii var. alb us Maiden

& Betche, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales

23: 776 (1899) (‘ Ricinocarpus Bowmani var.

albus’). Type: [New South Wales.] Bomera,

Oct 1898, W.MacDonald s.n. (holo: NSW

[2 sheets 464878, 438911]; iso: BRI [AQ

205160]).

Ricinocarpos bowmanii var. planus Griming

in A. Engler, Pflanzenr. H.58: 43 (1913)

(‘Ricinocarpus Bowmanii var. plana’). Type:

[New South Wales.] “Neusiidwales: The Rock

bei Wagga Wagga, (. Phillips)” (holo: ?; iso: K,

NSW 464908).

Ricinocarpos bowmanii var. genuinus

Griming in A. Engler, Pflanzenr. H.58:

43 (1913) (‘ Ricinocarpus Bowmanii var.

genuina’), nom. inval.

Illustrations : James & Harden (1990: pi. 23);

Elliot & Jones (2002: 235).

Monoecious or apparently dioecious,

spreading shrubs to 1 m high, shoot

apices and flower buds with ferruginous

indumentum. Young branchlets ± terete, with

a dense grey-white indumentum, glabrescent

though remaining tuberculate by persistent

hair bases; hairs stellate, sessile or shortly

stipitate, multiangulate, < 0.4 mm across, with

stipes < 0.1 mm long. Older branchlets with

surface becoming shallowly longitudinally

reticulately fissured, ± grey. Leaves petiolate,

spirally alternate or occasionally subopposite;

petioles 1-2 mm long, densely hairy with

hairs as for branchlets; blades narrow-oblong

to oblong, narrow-obovate, narrow-ovate or

rarely linear, (7-) 10-22 (-35) mm long, (1-)

1.5-5 mm wide, with a length/width ratio of

3-15:1; adaxial surface stellate-pubescent but

becoming scabrid by the persistent tuberculate

bases of deciduous hairs; abaxial surface

pubescent with soft white stellate hairs up to

0.4 mm across; base cuneate; margins recurved

usually to midrib; apex obtuse; midvein

obscure or slightly impressed adaxially,

abaxially raised and stellate-pubescent;

398

secondary venation obscure on both surfaces;

marginal glands absent or present on blade,

up to 1 mm from base, 1 each side of midrib,

stipitate, smooth, c. 0.1 mm across; stipes up

to 0.4 mm long. Inflorescences of a single

male or female flower or ± umbelliform with

either 2-6 male flowers or one central female

flower surrounded by up to 4 male flowers,

terminal on branchlets; bracts narrow-ovate,

4-8 mm long, glabrous adaxially, stellate-

pubescent abaxially; bracteoles narrow-ovate

or narrow-oblong, 2-4.5 mm long, glabrous

adaxially, stellate-pubescent abaxially.

Flowers conspicuous; pedicel densely hairy

with ferruginous stellate hairs; calyx 5-

lobed; petals 5-7, c. twice as long as calyx;

disc of 5 discrete glands. Male flowers:

pedicel slender, 2.5-11 (-23) mm long; calyx

densely tomentose with ferruginous and

greyish-white stellate hairs abaxially, white

stellate-tomentose adaxially, lobes ovate to

elliptic, 3-6 mm long, 3-4 mm wide, acute

to rounded at the apex; petals broad-ovate

or broad-elliptic, 10-13 mm long, 6-10 mm

wide, white or pale pink, glabrous, with

margins entire, rounded or obtuse at the apex;

disc-glands 0.6-0.7 mm long, dorsi-ventrally

compressed, glabrous, rounded to truncate

at the apex; central column 3-5 mm long,

tomentose; stamens 35-60; free portion of

filaments 1.3-2.3 mm long, erect to spreading

at anthesis, glabrous; anthers c. 0.9 mm long.

Female flowers: pedicel usually stout, 5-9

mm long; calyx persistent, indumentum as

for calyx of male flowers, lobes narrow-

ovate, 5-6 mm long, 2.5-3 mm wide, acute

to obtuse at the apex; petals narrow-obovate

to obovate or semi-elliptic, 8.5-12 mm long,

3.5-6 mm wide, white or pale pink, glabrous,

with margins entire, rounded at the apex,

marcescent; disc-glands as for male flowers;

ovary ellipsoid, 2.5-3 mm long, densely

stellate-villose with reddish-brown hairs;

style c. 0.5 mm long, glabrous; stigmatic

limbs 3.5-4.5 mm long, glabrous; lobes

spreading to ± downwardly curving, ± dorsi-

ventrally compressed but grooved abaxially,

verrucose adaxially, smooth abaxially. Fruits

ellipsoidal, trilobate, 9-11 mm long, 8-11

mm across, stellate-villose, usually 3-seeded;

calyx a quarter to half the length of mature

fruit. Seeds ovoid or ellipsoid, dorsi-ventrally

Austrobaileya 7(3): 387-449 (2007)

compressed, 6.5-7.5 mm long (including

caruncle), 3.5-4 mm wide, 3.2-3.4 mm deep;

testa dark brown; caruncle ± hemispherical,

1-2 mm long, 1.5-2.3 mm wide, ± smooth,

yellowish-white.

Additional selected specimens (from 71 examined ):

New South Wales. Adelong Falls, 1.8 km NNW of

Adelong on Tumblong road, Oct 1980, Coveny 10770

& Hind (MEL, NSW); Pilliga S.F., 0.4 km W along

Burma road from Newell Highway, Aug 1987, Coveny

12737 et al. (MEL, PERTH); Pilliga S.F., 0.4 km W

along Burma road from Newell Highway, Aug 1987,

Coveny 12742 et al. (BRI, MEL, PERTH); 98.5 km SW

of Narrabri, Oct 1969, Coveny 2336 (NSW); Pilliga

Nature Reserve, No. 1 Break road, 78 km from Narrabri

on Newell Highway, Nov 1993, Forster P1F14197 &

Machin (BRI, NSW); c. 36 km NNE of Coonabarabran

on Newell Highway to Narrabri, Sep 1989, Henderson

& Turpin H3241 (BRI, NSW); on Newell Highway,

c. 13 km N of Narrabri, near Telecom C-N12 post, Oct

1990, Henderson & Turpin H3482 (BRI); Goonoo State

Forest, 11 km S of Mendooran, Sep 1989, Jobson 857

& Lum (MEL); Bohena Creek, 14 miles [c. 22 km] S of

Narrabri; E Pilliga S.F., Nov 1954, Johnson & Constable

s.n. (NSW 30368); 31.3 km N of Oxley Highway

intersection on Newell Highway towards Narrabri, Oct

1993, Johnstone 420b & Burrell (NSW); 16 km NE of

Tumut, Brungle Gap, Honeysuckle Range, Jul 1993,

Makinson 1276 & Butler (CANB, NSW); 22 km NE of

Tumut on the Tumut-Wee Jasper road, Aug 1982, Norris

809 (MEL, NSW); 10 miles [c. 16 km] from Mendooran

towards Gilgandra, Oct 1967, Shoobridge s.n. (CANB

[CBG023519]); Lightning Ridge, Coolac, Sep 1989,

Specht 7 (BRI, NSW); 4 km E of Koorowatha, Sep 1980,

Streimann 8100 (CANB); 61 km from Coonabarabran on

Narrabri road [Newell Highway], Dec 1973, Streimann

HS657 (CANB); Kangaroo Mt, near Coolac, Aug 1966,

Whaite & Whaite 3095 (NSW); Pilliga Scrub, Burma

road, c. 0.5 km from Newell Highway, Aug 1987, Wiecek

176 et al. (NSW).

Distribution and habitat : Ricinocarpos

bowmanii occurs on the western slopes and

western plains of New South Wales, from

Pilliga and Narrabri south to Wagga Wagga

and near Tumut (Map 2). It is recorded as

growing on sandy soils in open eucalypt

forest or woodland communities, or on rocky

sites on open forested hillsides.

Phenology : Flowers have been collected in

January, April and from July to November,

fruits from September to December.

Affinities : Ricinocarpos bowmanii is similar

to R. caniana Halford & R.J.F.Hend., R. gloria-

medii J.H.Willis, R. linearifolius Halford &

R.J.F.Hend. and R. trachyphyllus Halford

& R.J.F.Hend. For features distinguishing

399

Halford & Henderson, A taxonomic revision of Ricinocarpos

R. bowmanii from R. caniana, R. linearifolius

and R. trachyphyllus , refer to the ‘Affinities’

section under the species concerned.

Ricinocarpos bowmanii can be distinguished

from R. gloria-medii by its generally shorter

leaves that are narrow-oblong to oblong,

narrow-obovate, narrow-ovate or rarely linear

in outline and the scabrid adaxial surface of

the leaf blade.

2. Ricinocarpos brevis R.J.F.Hend. &

Mollemans, species nova R. crispato Halford

& R.J.F.Hend. in Terra Reginae austro-

occidentali crescentem maxime affinis sed

habitu general iter plus intricate ramoso et

fructibus majoribus (8-9 mm longis x 6-7

mm latis non 4-5 mm longis x 5-6 mm latis)

differt. R. gloria-medii J.H.Willis ab Australia

centrali nee non affinis sed foliorum lamina

breviore (usque ad 30 mm longa non 25-60

mm longa), floribus petalis brevioribus (2.3-

5.8 mm longis non 6-11 mm longis), floribus

masculis androecii columna breviore (usque ad

3 mm longa non 6-7 mm longa) et staminibus

paucioribus (20-30 non 70-80), floribus

femineis stigmatum lobis valde brevioribus

(0.7-1.5 mm longis non 3-4 mm longis), et

fructu minore, 8-9 mm longo et 6-7 mm lato

non 10-11 mm longo et 10-11 mm lato differt.

Frutex usque ad 1.8 m altus; foliorum lamina

angusto-oblonga marginibus plerumque

costae revolutis, supra sparsim stellata-pilosa,

infra dense stellata-pilosa; flores solitarii vel

in fasciculis umbellae formibus florum 2 vel 3

in ramulis terminantibus; ovarium stellatum-

pilosum. Typus: Western Australia. 7 km N

of Windarling Peak, 112 km N of Southern

Cross, 23 June 1990, F.H & M.P.Mollemans

2961 (holo: PERTH; iso: BRI [2 sheets]).

Monoecious or apparently dioecious densely

and intricately twiggy shrubs 1-1.8 m

high. Young branchlets terete, with a dense

greyish-white indumentum; hairs stellate,

± sessile or shortly stipitate, multiangulate,

< 0.2 mm long, with stipes < 0.1 mm long.

Older branchlets with surface becoming

shallowly longitudinally reticulately fissured,

+ greyish in colour. Leaves petiolate, spirally

alternate or occasionally subopposite; petioles

0.9-2 mm long, densely hairy with hairs as

for branchlets; blades narrow-oblong, (4-)

7-30 mm long, 1.4-2 (-4) mm across, with

a length/width ratio of 4-12:1; adaxial

surface stellate-pubescent but becoming

scabrid by the persistent tuberculate bases of

deciduous hairs; abaxial surface floccosely

hairy below with soft white stellate hairs up

to 0.5 mm across; base obtuse to cuneate;

margins usually recurved to midrib; apex

obtuse; midvein slightly impressed adaxially,

abaxially raised and stellate-pubescent;

secondary venation obscure on both surfaces;

marginal glands absent or occasionally

present on blade, up to 3 mm from blade base,

1 per side of midrib, sessile, smooth, c. 0.1

mm across. Inflorescences of a single male or

female flower, or umbelliform with either two

female flowers or one female and one or two

male flowers, terminal on branchlets; bracts

and bracteoles narrow-ovate, 1.5-2 mm

long, glabrous adaxially, stellate-pubescent

abaxially, caducous. Flowers conspicuous;

pedicel densely hairy with mostly white stellate

hairs; calyx 5-lobed; petals 5, slightly shorter

to a little longer than calyx; disc of 5 discrete

glands. Male flowers: pedicel slender, 4-8

mm long; calyx white-woolly stellate hairy

abaxially and adaxially, sometimes flecked

with red abaxially, lobes ovate to semi-elliptic,

3.8-47 mm long, 2-3 mm wide, acute, obtuse

or rounded at the apex; petals ovate, 4.3-5.8

mm long, 2.5-3.2 mm wide, white with veins

outlined with red colouration, glabrous,

with margins few-notched, acute to obtuse

at the apex; disc-glands 0.4-0.5 mm long,

compressed and truncate-lacerate distally,

hairy both adaxially and abaxially with

dense, dendritic hairs; central column 2.5-3

mm long, tomentose; stamens 25-45; free

portion of filaments 0.8-1.5 mm long, erect

to spreading at anthesis, glabrous; anthers c.

0.5 mm long. Female flowers: pedicel usually

stout, 2-5 (-7) mm long; calyx persistent,

whitish-grey stellate-pubescent abaxially and

adaxially, lobes ovate to semi-elliptic, 3-3.1

mm long, 1.8-2.6 mm wide, acute at the apex;

petals elliptic to rhomboidal, 2.3-4.1 mm

long, 1.5-1.8 mm wide, white but turning

brown, glabrous, with margins entire, acute

or obtuse at the apex, marcescent; disc-glands

0.3-0.4 mm long, compressed and ± entire but

fimbriate distally, hairy adaxially with dense,

dendritic hairs, glabrous abaxially; ovary

ovoid but 3-sulcate, 3.5-4.2 mm long, densely

400

loosely stellate-pubescent; style ± obsolete;

stigmatic limbs 07-1.5 mm long, glabrous

adaxially, stellate-pubescent proximally

abaxially; lobes spreading to ± upwardly

curving, ± dorsi-ventrally compressed but

grooved abaxially, verrucose adaxially,

smooth abaxially. Fruits ellipsoidal to ovoid,

8-9 mm long, 6-7 mm across, stellate-

Austrobaileya 7(3): 387-449 (2007)

pubescent, usually 3-seeded; calyx a quarter

to half the length of mature fruit. Seeds

ovoid, dorsi-ventrally compressed, c. 5.5 mm

long (including caruncle), 4 mm wide, and 2.7

mm deep; testa pale brown and blotched with

dark brown; caruncle ± reniform, c. 1.5 mm

long and 2.2 mm wide, ± smooth, yellowish-

white. Fig. 1.

Fig. 1. Ricinocarpos brevis. A. branchlet with male flower x 3. B. adaxial leaf surface showing indumentum x 36.

C. branchlet showing stellate indumentum x 6. D. branchlet with fruit x 3. E. leaf apex x 12. F. transverse section of

leaf x 12. G. side view of male flower x 6. H. side view of female flower x 6.1. side view of fruit x 4. J. face view of

fruit x 4. A, B, E-H from Mollemans 2961 & Mollemans (BRI); C, D from Mollemans 3087 & Mollemans (BRI); I, J

from Mollemans 3773 & Mollemans (BRI). Del. W.Smith.

Halford & Henderson, A taxonomic revision of Ricinocarpos

Additional specimens examined : Western Australia.

Windarling Range, c. 120 km N of Bullfinch, Nov 2001,

Bull s.n. (PERTH 06334393); 7 km N of Windarling

Peak, 112 km N of Southern Cross, Jun 1990, Mollemans

& Mollemans 2977 (BRI); lac. cit, 11 July 1990,

Mollemans & Mollemans 3087, 3090, 3091 (BRI); loc.

cit ., 12 July 1990, Mollemans & Mollemans 3094, 3095,

3099 (BRI); loc. cit., Oct 1990, Mollemans & Mollemans

3771, 3772, 3773, 3774 (BRI); Windarling Range, Jun

2003, Vincent 1.1 (PERTH).

Distribution and habitat : Ricinocarpos

brevis is known only from the Windarling

Range, north of Southern Cross in Western

Australia (Map 3). It appears to be confined

to a specific habitat, namely shallow sandy

soils on rocky banded ironstone outcrops at

about 500 to 550 m altitude. At these places,

the species occurs in mixed shrublands with

Acacia , Grevillea and/or Eremophila species.

Phenology: Flowers have been collected in

June, July and November, fruits in October

and November.

Affinities: Ricinocarpos brevis is similar

to R. crispatus Halford & R.J.F.Hend. from

south-western Queensland but differs from

that in its generally more intricately branched

habit and its larger fruits (8-9 mm long x 6-7

mm across compared with 4-5 mm long x 5-6

mm across). It is also allied to R. gloria-medii

J.H.Willis from central Australia but differs

from that in its generally shorter leaves (up

to 30 mm long compared with 25-60 mm

long), its smaller flowers, its shorter petals

in both male and female flowers (up to 5 mm

long compared with 7-11 mm long), its male

flowers with a shorter androecium column (up

to 3 mm long compared with 6-7 mm long)

and fewer stamens (20-30 compared with

70-80), its female flowers with much shorter

stigmatic limbs (up to 1.5 mm long compared

with 3-4 mm long), and its smaller fruit (8-9

mm long x 6-7 mm across compared with

10-11 mm long x 10-11 mm across).

Etymology: The specific epithet, from Latin

brevis (short) refers to the comparatively short

blade and petiole of the leaves and the pedicel

of the flowers in this species.

3. Ricinocarpos caniana Halford &

R.J.F.Hend. speciesnovaR. bowmanii¥Mx\Q\\.

et R. linearifolio Halford & R.J.F.Hend.

maxime affinis. Ab illo foliis linearibus,

401

45-100 mm longis non oblongis, angusto-

oblongis, angusto-obovatis, angusto-ovatis

vel raro linearibus et (7-) 10-22 (-35) mm

longis, petiolo longiore (2.5-4 mm longo non

1- 2 mm longo), pagina adaxiali plus minusve

laevi non scabrida et pagina abaxiali sericea

non pubescenti clare differt. Ab hoc foliorum

lamina longiore et latiore (45-100 mm longa x

2- 4 mm lata non (8-) 15-45 (-50) mm longa

x 1-1.3 mm lata) et petiolo longiore (2.5-4

mm longo non 0.8-1.5 mm longo) differt.

Typus: Queensland. Burnett District: near

Dripping Rock, Cania Gorge National Park,

25 October 1999, D.A.Halford Q3841 (holo:

BRI; iso: BRI, MEL, NSW, distribuendi).

Ricinocarpos sp. (Cania Gorge K.A.Williams

80221), Forster & Halford (2002:73; 2007:

72).

Illustration: Williams (1987: 340) as

R. ledifolius.

Monoecious or dioecious, erect shrubs to

2 m high, shoot apices and flower buds with

ferruginous indumentum. Young branchlets

± terete, with a dense greyish-white

indumentum; hairs stellate, sessile or shortly

stipitate, multiangulate, <0.5 mm across, with

stipes <0.1 mm long. Older branchlets with

surface becoming shallowly longitudinally

fissured, pale reddish-brown. Leaves petiolate,

spirally alternate or occasionally subopposite;

petioles 2.5-4 mm long, densely hairy with

hairs as for branchlets; blades linear, 45-100

mm long, 2-4 mm wide, with a length/width

ratio of 15-45:1; adaxial surface stellate-

pubescent when young but soon becoming

glabrous and ± smooth; abaxial surface

sericeous with loosely appressed soft stellate

hairs up to 1.5 mm across; base cuneate

or truncate; margins slightly recurved in

fresh state, recurved to revolute when dried;

apex acute and ultimately mucronate with

extension from midrib; midvein obscure or

slightly impressed adaxially, abaxially raised

and stellate-pubescent; secondary venation

obscure on both surfaces; marginal glands

present on blade, up to 1 mm from base,

1 each side of midrib, ± sessile or shortly

stipitate, smooth, c. 0.1 mm across; stipes < 0.1

mm long. Inflorescences of a single male or

female flower, or umbelliform with either 2-5

male flowers or one(rarely 2) female flowers

surrounded by up to 4 male flowers, terminal

402

on branchlets; bracts linear to lanceolate,

10-11 mm long, ± glabrous adaxially, densely

stellate-pubescent abaxially, readily caducous;

bracteoles lanceolate, 5-7 mm long, glabrous

abaxially, sparsely stellate-pubescent

adaxially, caducous. Flowers conspicuous;

pedicel tomentose with ferruginous and

greyish-white stellate hairs; calyx 5-lobed;

petals 5, slightly longer than calyx; disc of 5

discrete glands. Male flowers: pedicel slender,

9- 17 mm long; calyx densely tomentose with

ferruginous and greyish-white stellate hairs

abaxially, white stellate-tomentose adaxially,

lobes ovate to elliptic, 4.3-5.8 mm long, 2.2-3

mm wide, acute at the apex; petals ovate, c. 9

mm long and 4.7 mm wide, white, glabrous,

with margins entire, rounded or obtuse at the

apex; disc-glands 0.5-0.6 mm long, dorsi-

ventrally compressed, glabrous, rounded

to truncate at the apex; central column c. 4

mm long, tomentose; stamens c. 50; free

portion of filaments 2-2.5 mm long, erect to

spreading or decurving at anthesis, glabrous;

anthers 0.4-0.6 mm long. Female flowers:

pedicel stout, 7-14 mm long; calyx persistent,

indumentum as for calyx of male flowers,

lobes ovate, 4.5-5 mm long, 2.2-3 mm wide,

acute at the apex; petals obovate, 7-7.5 mm

long, 3-3.5 mm wide, white, glabrous, with

margins entire, obtuse to rounded at the apex,

marcescent; disc-glands as for male flowers;

ovary subglobose, 3-sulcate, c. 3.8 mm long,

densely stellate-villose; style c. 0.3 mm long,

stellate-pubescent; stigmatic limbs c. 2 mm

long, glabrous adaxially, scattered stellate

hairs proximally abaxially; lobes ± spreading,

± dorsi-ventrally compressed but shallowly

grooved abaxially, smooth on both surfaces.

Fruits subglobose, trilobate, 10-11 mm long,

10- 11 mm across, stellate-villose, usually 3-

seeded; calyx ± half the length of mature fruit.

Seeds ovoid, dorsi-ventrally compressed,

c. 6.3 mm long (including caruncle), 3 mm

wide and 2.6 mm deep; testa dark red-brown;

caruncle ± hemispherical, c. 1 mm long and

1.3 mm wide, ± smooth, white. Fig. 2.

Additional specimens examined : Queensland.

Burnett District: c. 19 km NW of Monto at Cania

Gorge, Aug 1982, Anderson 3170 (BRI); Cania Gorge

N.P., Oct 1983, Henderson H2943 et al. (BRI); Dripping

Rock, Cania Gorge N.P., c. 24 km NW of Monto, Oct

1987, Henderson H3105 (BRI); Cania Gorge, Aug 1996,

Telford 12319, 12320 (BRI); Cania Gorge, near Dripping

Rock, Aug 1980, Williams 80221 (BRI).

Austrobaileya 7(3): 387-449 (2007)

Distribution and habitat : Ricinocarpos

caniana is known only from Cania Gorge

near Monto in south-eastern Queensland

(Map 4). It is recorded as growing in open

Eucalyptus, Lophostemon forest with a dense

shrubby understorey on shallow sandy soils

between sandstone rocks on steep talus slope

in a narrow gorge.

Phenology : Flowers have been collected in

August, fruits in October.

Affinities: Ricinocarpos caniana is similar

to R. bowmanii and R. linearifolius. It is

easily distinguished from R. bowmanii by its

linear leaf blades which are 45-100 mm long

as compared with oblong to narrow-oblong,

narrow-obovate, narrow-ovate or rarely

linear leaf blades which are (7-) 10-22 (-35)

mm long in that species, its longer petioles

which are 2.5-4 mm long compared with

1-2 mm long in that species, its ± smooth

rather than scabrid adaxial surface of the leaf

blades and its sericeous rather than pubescent

indumentum on the abaxial surface of the leaf

blades. It differs from R. linearifolius by its

generally longer and broader leaf blades (45-

100 mm long x 2-4 mm wide compared with

(8-) 15-45 (-50) mm long x 1-1.3 mm wide

in that species), and its longer petioles which

are 2.5-4 mm long compared with 0.8-1.5

mm long in the latter species.

Etymology : The specific epithet caniana

is derived from Cania Gorge, the area in

south-eastern Queensland where this species

occurs.

4. Ricinocarpos crispatus Halford &

R. J.F.Hend. species nova R. brevi R. J.F.Hend.

& Mollemans a Australia Occidentali

australi maxime affinis etiam R. gloria-

medii J.H.Willis ab Australia centrali affinis.

Ab illo habitu minore intricate ramoso et

fructibus minoribus (4-5 mm longis x 5-6

mm latis non 8-9 mm longis x 6-7 mm latis)

differt. Ab hoc foliis plerumque brevioribus

(15-25 (-35) mm longis non 25-60 mm

longis), floribus minoribus sepalis et petalis

brevioribus in floribus masculinis et femineis

(sepala 3-4 mm longa non 4.5-8 mm longa

et petala 3.8-5 mm longa non 7-11 mm

longa), floribus masculinis androecii columna

breviore (2.5-3 mm longa non 6-7 mm

Halford & Henderson, A taxonomic revision of Ricinocarpos

403

Fig. 2. Ricinocarpos caniana. A. flowering branchlet * 0.8. B. adaxial leaf surface showing indumentum x 2. C.

transverse section of leaf x 16. D. stellate hair, from abaxial leaf surface x 32. E. side view of male flower x 3. F. side

view of female flower x 3. G. side view of fruit x 2. H. face view of fruit x 2.1. ventral view of seed x 6. J. side view

of seed x 6. A, E from Telford 12320 (BRI); B-D, G, H from Henderson H3105 (BRI); F from Telford 12319 (BRI); I,

J from Halford' Q3841 (BRI). Del. W.Smith.

404

longa) et staminibus paucioribus (20-30 non

70-80), floribus femineis stigmatis limbis

multo brevioribus (1-1.5 mm longis non 3-4

mm longis) et fructibus minoribus (4-5 mm

longis x 5-6 mm latis non 10-11 mm longis x

10-11 mm latis) differt. Typus: Queensland.

Warrego District: Mariala National Park,

c. 130 km NW of Charleville, 31 July 1991,

R.J.F.Henderson & G.Turpin H3538 (holo:

BRI; iso: CANB, DNA, MEL, NSW, PERTH,

distribuendi).

Ricinocarpos sp. (Mt Calder Station

M.E.Ballingall MEB1588), Forster & Halford

(2002: 73; 2007: 72).

Monoecious or dioecious shrubs to 2 (-3.5)

m high. Young branchlets terete, with a dense

greyish-white indumentum; hairs stellate,

sessile or shortly stipitate, multiangulate, <0.2

mm across, with stipes <0.1 mm long. Older

branchlets with surface becoming shallowly

fissured, ± dark grey. Leaves petiolate, spirally

alternate or occasionally subopposite; petioles

1.2-3 mm long, densely hairy with hairs as

for branchlets; blades linear, 15-25 (-35)

mm long, 1-2 mm wide, with a length/width

ratio of 9-16 (-20): 1; adaxial surface stellate-

pubescent but becoming glabrous and smooth

or scabrid by the persistent tuberculate bases

of deciduous hairs; abaxial surface floccosely

hairy with soft white stellate hairs up to 0.2

mm across; base cuneate; margins recurved

to revolute to midrib; apex obtuse to rounded,

gland-tipped; midvein slightly impressed

adaxially, abaxially raised and stellate-

pubescent; secondary venation obscure on

both surfaces; marginal glands absent or

occasionally present on blade, up to 1 mm from

base, 1 per side of midrib, sessile, smooth, c.

0.1 mm across. Inflorescences of a single

male or female flower, or umbelliform with

either 2-4 male flowers or one female flower

surrounded by up to 2 male flowers, terminal

on branchlets; bracts and bracteoles linear, 2-

2.5 (-4) mm long, glabrous adaxially, densely

stellate-pubescent abaxially, readily caducous.

Flowers ± inconspicuous; pedicel densely

hairy with mostly greyish-white stellate hairs;

calyx 5-lobed; petals 5, slightly longer than

calyx; disc of 5 discrete glands. Male flowers:

pedicel slender, 3-14 mm long; calyx densely

pubescent with greyish-white stellate hairs

Austrobaileya 7(3): 387-449 (2007)

abaxially; white stellate-pubescent adaxially,

lobes ovate, 3-4 mm long, 1.8-2.3 mm wide,

acute or obtuse at the apex; petals obovate, 4-

5 mm long, 2.3-2.6 mm wide, white, glabrous,

with margins crispate, rounded at the apex;

disc-glands 0.4-0.5 mm long, dorsi-ventrally

compressed, stellate-pubescent distally

adaxially, ± glabrous abaxially, rounded at

the apex; central column 2.5-3 mm long,

tomentose; stamens 20-30; free portion of

filaments 0.5-0.8 mm long, erect to spreading

at anthesis, glabrous; anthers c. 0.4 mm long.

Female flowers: pedicel stout, 3-12 (-16) mm

long; calyx persistent, indumentum as for

calyx of male flowers, lobes 3.4-4 mm long,

1.8-2.1 mm wide, acute to obtuse at the apex;

petals obovate, 3.8-4.1 mm long, 1.8-2.2 mm

wide, white, glabrous, with margins crispate,

obtuse to rounded at the apex, marcescent;

disc-glands as for male flowers; ovary ovoid

but 3-sulcate, c. 2.3 mm long, densely loosely

stellate-pubescent; style ± obsolete; stigmatic

limbs 1-1.5 mm long, glabrous adaxially,

stellate-pubescent proximally abaxially;

lobes spreading to ± upwardly curving,

keeled and verrucose adaxially, flat and

smooth abaxially. Fruits depressed globose,

trilobate, 4.5-5 mm long, 5-6 mm across,

stellate-pubescent, usually 3-seeded; calyx c.

half the length of mature fruit. Seeds ovoid,

dorsi-ventrally compressed, c. 4.2 mm long

(including caruncle), 2.7 mm wide and 2.2

mm deep; testa dark red-brown; caruncle ±

reniform, c. 0.4 mm long and 1.8 mm wide, ±

smooth, yellowish-white. Fig. 3.

Additional specimens examined : Queensland.

Mitchell District: Idalia N.P., Dec 1993, Addicott 3

(BRI); Mt Calder Station, Blackall-Adavale road, Sep

1984, BallingaU 1588 (BRI); c. 4 km W of Tomahawk

Hut, Mt Calder Station, Aug 1991, Henderson & Turpin

H3540 (BRI). Warrego District: W of ‘One Stone Hill’

on Lisburne Station between Blackall and Adavale, Grey

Range, Jul 1989 , Allen 72 (BRI); Mariala N.P. on Adavale

road, 7.1 km W of earth Tank, Apr 1995, BallingaU

2738 (BRI); c. 12 km directly SW of Mt Calder Station

homestead, Aug 1991, Henderson & Turpin H3542

(BRI); ‘Lisburne’, 108 km NE of Adavale, Dec 1984,

McRae 3 (BRI); 1 km E of Idalia N.P. headquaters, 113

km SW of Blackall, May 2000, Nicholls SN181 (BRI);

Ambathala Range area, 50 km E of Adavale, May 1979,

Sandercoe 191 (BRI).

Distribution and habitat: Ricinocarpos

crispatus is confined to south-western

Queensland where it occurs in scattered

Halford & Henderson, A taxonomic revision of Ricinocarpos

405

Fig. 3. Ricinocarpos crispatus. A. flowering branchlet * 2. B. adaxial leaf surface * 4. C. transverse section of leaf

x 18. D. side view of male flower x 6. E. side view of female flower x 6. F. face view of female flower x 8. G. adaxial

view of petal x 12. H. side view of fruit x 4.1. face view of fruit x 4. J. ventral view of seed x 8. K. side view of seed

x 8. A-C from Henderson & Turpin H3538 (BRI); D from Henderson & Turpin H3540 (BRI); E-K from Ballingall

1588 (BRI). Del. W.Smith.

406

populations in an area more or less bounded

by Blackall, Quilpie and Charleville (Map

5). It is recorded growing as a component of

shrubland communities commonly dominated

by Acacia catenulata on red clay soils, with

outcropping rocks on slopes and crests of low

isolated dissected tablelands.

Phenology : Flowers have been collected in

August and December, fruits in May and

September.

Affinities : Ricinocarpos crispatus is similar

to R. brevis R.J.F.Hend. & Mollemans from

southern Western Australia but is also allied

to R. gloria-medii J.H.Willis from central

Australia. It differs from the former by its

less intricately branched habit and its smaller

fruits which are 4-5 mm long x 5-6 mm

across compared with 8-9 mm long x 6-7 mm

across in R. brevis. From the latter, it differs in

its generally shorter leaves which are 15-25 (—

35) mm long compared with 25-60 mm long,

its smaller male and female flowers which

both have shorter sepals and petals (sepals

which are 3-4 mm long compared with 4.5-

8 mm long and petals which are 3.8-5 mm

long compared with 7-11 mm long), its male

flowers with a shorter androecium column

and fewer stamens (the androecium column is

2.5-3 mm long compared with 6-7 mm long,

and the stamens number 20-30 compared

with 70-80), its female flowers with much

shorter stigmatic limbs which are 1-1.5 mm

long compared with 3-4 mm long , and its

smaller fruit which are 4-5 mm long x 5-6

mm across compared with 10-11 mm long x

10-11 mm across in R. gloria-medii.

Etymology : The specific epithet is from Latin

crispatus (irregularly waved and twisted), in

reference to the wavy margins of petals in

both male and female flowers of this species.

5. Ricinocarpos cyanescens Mull.Arg.,

Linnaea 34: 60 (1865) (‘ Ricinocarpus ’);

Ricinocarpos glaucus var. cyanescens (Mull.

Arg.) Baill .,Adansonia 6:296 (1866); Roeperia

cyanescens (Mull.Arg.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen.

PI. 2: 618 (1891). Type: [Western Australia.]

in Nova Hollandia austro-occidentali ad Swan

River, s.d., J.Drummond ser. 3 no. 15 (syn: ?,

h.v.; isosyn: K, MEL 2062915, P 199397); loc.

cit., ser. 3 no. 86 p.p. (syn: ?, n.v).

Austrobaileya 7 ( 3 ): 387-449 ( 2007 )

Monoecious, compact shrubs to 2 m high.

Young branchlets subterete, glabrous, ±

glaucous. Older branchlets with surface

becoming tessellated and flaky, pale brown

or greyish in colour. Leaves petiolate,

spirally alternate; petioles 1-2 mm long,

glabrous; blades narrow-oblong, 7-12 mm

long, 1-1.7 mm wide, with a length/width

ratio of 5-8:1; adaxial surface glabrous, ±

smooth; abaxial surface puberulous with soft

white crispate hairs up to 0.2 mm long; base

cuneate; margins recurved to midrib so that

only midrib of abaxial surface of leaf blade

is visible; apex obtuse to rounded, ultimately

mucronate with extension from midrib;

mucro slightly downwardly curved, up to

0.3 mm long; midvein obscure adaxially,

abaxially raised and glabrous on abaxial face;

secondary venation obscure on both surfaces;

marginal glands absent. Inflorescences of a

single male or female flower, or ± umbelliform

with either 2-4 male flowers or one female

flower surrounded by up to 2 male flowers,

terminal on branchlets; bracts narrow-ovate,

4-8 mm long, glabrous adaxially, stellate-

pubescent abaxially, caducous; bracteoles

absent. Flowers conspicuous; pedicel

glabrous; calyx 5-lobed; petals 5, c. twice as

long as calyx; disc of 5 discrete glands. Male

flowers: pedicel slender, 5-16 mm long; calyx

glabrous abaxially, densely hairy with white

crispate hairs adaxially, lobes triangular,

1.5- 2 mm long, 1-1.5 mm wide, acute at the

apex; petals narrow-obovate, 6-11 mm long,

2- 3 mm wide, white, glabrous except for tuft

of white simple hairs proximally on adaxial

surface, with margins entire, obtuse to

rounded at the apex; disc-glands 0.2-0.3 mm

long, dorsi-ventrally compressed, glabrous,

rounded-sinuate at apex; central column

2.5- 3 mm long, glabrous; stamens 20-30;

free portion of filaments 0.3-0.6 mm long, ±

erect at anthesis, glabrous; anthers c. 0.5 mm

long. Female flowers: pedicel usually stout,

3- 10 long; calyx caducous, indumentum as

for calyx of male flowers, lobes ± triangular,

2-2.5 mm long, 1.4-1.8 mm wide, acute at

the apex; petals narrow-obovate, 6-7 mm

long, 2-2.5 mm wide, white, glabrous except

for tuft of white simple hairs proximally on

adaxial surface, with margins entire, obtuse

or rounded at the apex, caducous; disc-glands

Halford & Henderson, A taxonomic revision of Ricinocarpos

as for male flowers; ovary ovoid, c. 3 mm

long, glabrous, verrucose; style ± obsolete;

stigmatic limbs of unknown colour when

fresh, 1.5-17 mm long, glabrous; lobes

spreading to ± downwardly curving, ± dorsi-

ventrally compressed but grooved abaxially,

verrucose adaxially, smooth abaxially. Fruits

ellipsoidal, 10-11 mm long, 5-6 mm across,

glabrous, verrucose, usually 1-seeded. Seeds

ovoid, dorsi-ventrally compressed, c. 7.3 mm

long (including caruncle), 4 mm wide and 3.5

mm deep; testa pale brown and blotched with

dark brown; caruncle ± concial, c. 1.7 mm

long and 2 mm wide, ± smooth, yellowish-

white.

Additional specimens examined : Western Australia.

Mt Hamilla, Stirling Range, Oct 1968, Canning WA/68

6154 (CANB, MEL); 35 km S of Arthur River, Oct

1983, Cranfield 4679 (CANB); 4.5 km NE of Metricup,

May 1996, Davis 630 (CANB); Donnelly Peak, Stirling

Range, Nov 1934, Gardner s.n. (PERTH); nearBoscabel

turnoff, on Albany Highway, Dec 1966, Lullfitz 5835

(PERTH); Toolbrunup, Stirling Range, Nov 1935,

Steedman s.n. (PERTH); 10 km W of Kojonup, Nov

1978, Wittwer W2238 (PERTH).

Distribution and habitat: Ricinocarpos

cyanescens is confined to south-western

Western Australia where it occurs from near

Metricup, Arthur River, Boscabel, Kojinup,

Cranbrook and the Stirling Ranges (Map 6).

This poorly collected species is recorded as

growing on mostly sandy soils in open forest

or woodland.

Phenology: Flowers have been collected from

October to December, fruits in October.

Affinities: Ricinocarpos cyanescens is similar

to R. tuberculatus Miill.Arg. but differs from

that in having generally shorter leaves, 1-

seeded fruits and a verrucose fruit surface.

6. Ricinocarpos glaucus Endl. in S.F.L.

Endlicher et al ., Enum. PI. 18/19 (1837)

(‘ Ricinocarpus ’); Ricinocarpos glaucus Endl.

var. glaucus , Baill., Adansonia 6: 296 (1866);

Roeperia glauca (Endl.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen.

PI. 2: 618 (1891). Type: [Western Australia.]

King Georges Sound, s.d ., [K.A.A.] Hiigel s.n.

(holo: W, n.v. [photo BRI]).

Ricinocarpos glaucus var. jasminoides Baill.,

Adansonia 6: 296 (1866). Type: [Western

Australia.] Plantagenet and Stirling Range,

s.d., [without collector] (neo [here chosen]:

MEL 2062912).

407

Ricinocarpos glaucus var. genuinus Mull.

Arg. in A. DC., Prodr. 15(2): 205 (1866), nom.

inval.

Illustration: Elliot & Jones (2002: 235).

Monoecious or dioecious, erect open

shrubs to 2 m high. Young branchlets

subterete, moderately to densely hairy in two

longitudinal bands; hairs simple, erect, up to

0.2 mm long. Older branchlets with surface

becoming shallowly longitudinally fissured,

greyish-white. Leaves petiolate, spirally

alternate or occasionally subopposite; petioles

1-2 mm long, densely hairy adaxially with ±

appressed simple hairs up to 0.4 mm long,

glabrous abaxially; blades linear to narrow-

oblong, (7-) 10-40 mm long, 0.8-2 mm wide,

with a length/width ratio of 8-33:1; adaxial

surface glabrous, smooth; abaxial surface

woolly with soft white crispate hairs up to

1.2 mm long; base cuneate; margins recurved

usually to midrib; apex acute and ultimately

mucronate with extension from midrib;

mucro straight or slightly upwardly curved,

up to 0.4 mm long; midvein slightly impressed

adaxially, abaxially raised and glabrous on

abaxial face; secondary venation obscure

on both surfaces; marginal glands absent.

Inflorescences of a single male or female

flower, or ± umbelliform with either 2-4 male

flowers or one female flower surrounded by

up to 3 male flowers, terminal on branchlets

or sometimes appearing axillary due to

reduction of lateral branchlet; bracts narrow-

ovate, 2-3 mm long, stellate-pubescent

on adaxial surface and margins, glabrous

abaxially; bracteoles sometimes absent, when

present narrow-ovate, 1.5-2 mm long, stellate-

pubescent adaxially, glabrous abaxially.

Flowers conspicuous; pedicel ± glabrous;

calyx 5-lobed; petals 5, up to three times as

long as calyx; disc of 5 discrete glands. Male

flowers: pedicel slender, 7-25 mm long; calyx

glabrous abaxially, densely hairy with white

crispate hairs adaxially, lobes triangular or

rarely ovate, 1.5-3 mm long, (0.7-) 1-2 (-3)

mm wide, acute at the apex; petals narrow-

oblong or narrow-obovate, (4-) 5-12 mm

long, 1.5-2.7 mm wide, white, glabrous except

for tuft of white simple hairs proximally on

adaxial surface, with margins entire, rounded

or obtuse at the apex; disc-glands 0.5-0.7

408

mm long, dorsi-ventrally compressed, hairy

adaxially with ± erect simple hairs, ± glabrous

abaxially, rounded or truncate-sinuate at apex;

central column 2.5-3 mm long, glabrous;

stamens 20-35; free portion of filaments 0.5-

1.3 mm long, erect to spreading at anthesis,

glabrous; anthers 0.4-0.7 mm long. Female

flowers: pedicel stout, 7-20 (-40) mm long;

calyx persistent, indumentum as for calyx

of male flowers, lobes triangular, 1.5-2 mm

long, 0.7-1 mm wide, acute at the apex; petals

narrow-oblong or narrow-obovate, 7—10 mm

long, 1.6-2 mm wide, white, glabrous except

for scattered simple hairs proximally on

adaxial surface, with margins entire, obtuse

at the apex, caducous; disc-glands as for male

flowers; ovary ovoid but 3-sulcate, 1.6-2.3

mm long, glabrous, smooth; style c. 0.3 mm

long, glabrous; stigmatic limbs 0.3-1.3 mm

long, glabrous; lobes spreading to ascending,

± terete, ± smooth. Fruits oblong in outline,

strongly trilobate, 6.5-8 mm long, 4.5-6.5

mm across, glabrous, ± smooth, usually 3-

seeded; calyx c. a fifth the length of mature

fruit. Seeds obloid, c. 6.5 mm long (including

caruncle), 2.7 mm wide and 2.2 mm deep; testa

pale brown and blotched with dark brown;

caruncle ± hemispherical, c. 1 mm long and

1.8 mm wide, ± smooth, yellowish-white.

Additional selected specimens (from 39 examined ):

Western Australia. Porongorup Range, Oct 1962, Aplin

2162 (PERTH); Shannon Mill, Nornalup-Manjinup, Oct

1967, Ashby 2371 (PERTH); Castle Rock in Nornalup

N.P, near Walpole, Oct 1967, Belcher & Belcher 346

(MEL, PERTH); Mt Frankland, W of Albany, Sep

1966, Bennett 1167 (PERTH); 4 miles [6.6 km] W

of Denmark, Manjimup road, Oct 1962, Fairall 618

(PERTH); Davidson road, Barlee Brook crossing, 35

km WNW [of] Manjimup PO (Post Office), Oct 1982,

Forbes 1160 (MEL, PERTH); Mt Frankland road, c. 22

km N of Walpole, 5 km E of Thompsons road, Dec 1985,

Foreman 1496 (MEL, PERTH); 5 km ENE of junction of

Broke Inlet road and Chesapeake road, NW of Walpole,

Oct 1988, Fox 88/309 (CANB, MEL); Margaret River,

Oct 1940, Gardner 5598 (PERTH); Cape Riche, Oct

1928, Gardner 2155 (PERTH); N of Walpole, Oct 1955,

Gauba WA1089 (CANB); Woodlands road, Porongurup

Range, 35 km NNE [of] Albany, Oct 1986, Keighery

8468 (PERTH); Boulder Hill, Betty’s Beach, 32 km E of

Albany, Jul 1986, Keighery 8266 (PERTH); Albany, King

George Sound, s.d, Lea s.n. (PERTH); c. 9 km direct

NNW of Albany at Willyung Hill, Nov 1992, Lyne 968 et

al. (BRI, MEL); Mt Clare, Walpole, Nov 1969, Mann &

George 91 (PERTH); Devils Slide, Porongorup Range,

Oct 1963, Rogerson 38 (PERTH); South Porongurup

Range, 1.5 km SW of Nancy Peak, Nov 1989, Spencer

Austrobaileya 7 ( 3 ): 387-449 ( 2007 )

297 & Walsh (MEL); 7 km W of Walpole, Oct 1967,

Wilson 6319 (CANB, PERTH); 7 km W of Walpole, Oct

1967, Wilson 6320 (CANB, MEL, PERTH).

Distribution and habitat : Ricinocarpos

glaucus is confined to south-western Western

Australia where it occurs from near Margaret

River eastwards to Cape Riche east of Albany

(Map 7). It is recorded as growing in a variety

of habitats: gently undulating terrain on

orange sandy clay in tall forest with karri and

red tingle; sandstone hills; on top of a rocky

granite rise in low mallee heath community;

loam over granite in jarrah woodland; loamy

lateritic soil in grassy heathland; on hilltop on

coarse sandy loam over clay in jarrah mallee.

Phenology : Flowers have been collected from

June to December, fruits from September to

December.

Affinities: Ricinocarpos glaucus is

similar to R. pilifer Halford & R.J.F.Hend

and R. undulatus Lehm. For features

distinguishing R. glaucus from R. pilifer refer

to the Affinities’ section under that species. It

differs from R. undulatus in having a woolly

indumentum with crispate hairs on the abaxial

surface of leaf blades and white petals.

Typification : Inthe protologue of Ricinocarpos

glaucus var. jasminoides, Baillon (1866)

cited “F. Mueller, Plantagenet et Stirling

Range (herb.)”. A request for material from

P and MEL revealed a single specimen at

MEL [2062912] with a blue label that has in

a single hand “Ricinocarpos glaucus Endl.

Plantagenet & Stirling Range”. This label

has been annotated in another unknown hand

with “(jasminoides)”. We have been unable

to confirm whether this is at least part of

the material sent to Baillon or even whether

it is part of the original material. We have

therefore nominated it as the neotype. The

specimen agrees with the brief description in

Baillon’s protologue of Ricinocarpos glaucus

var. jasminoides.

7. Ricinocarpos gloria-medii J.H.Willis,

Muelleria 3: 95, t.5,6 (1975). Type: [Northern

Territory] Simpsons Gap, Macdonnell Ranges,

19 June 1972, H.A.Morrison s.n. (holo: MEL

501448; iso: AD, DNA).

Halford & Henderson, A taxonomic revision of Ricinocarpos

Illustration : Willis (1975: pi. 5 and pi. 6 pro

parte).

Monoecious or dioecious, spreading, twiggy

shrubs to 2 m high, shoot apices and flower

buds with ferruginous indumentum. Young

branchlets terete, with a dense grey-white

indumentum; hairs stellate, sessile or shortly

stipitate, multiangulate, <0.3 mm across, with

stipes <0.1 mm long. Older branchlets with

surface becoming shallowly, longitudinally,

reticulately fissured, ± grey. Leaves petiolate,

spirally alternate or occasionally subopposite;

petioles 2-3 mm long, densely hairy with

hairs as for branchlets; blades linear or very

narrow-obovate, 25-60 mm long, 1.3-3.5 mm

wide; with a length/width ratio of 20-40:1;

adaxial surface stellate-pubescent, somewhat

glabrescent, smooth; abaxial surface

tomentose with soft white stellate hairs up

to 0.8 mm across; base cuneate; margins

recurved often to midrib; apex obtuse; midvein

slightly impressed adaxially, abaxially raised

and stellate-pubescent; secondary venation

obscure on both surfaces; marginal glands

absent or present on blade, up to 30 mm from

base, 1 each side of midrib, sessile, smooth,

c. 0.2 mm across. Inflorescences of a single

male or female flower, or ± umbelliform

with either 2-4 male flowers or one central

female flower surrounded by up to 4 male

flowers, terminal on branchlets; bracts and

bracteoles linear-oblong, 1-6 mm long,

stellate-pubescent adaxially and abaxially.

Flowers conspicuous; pedicel densely hairy

with greyish-white and ferruginous stellate

hairs; calyx 5-lobed; petals 5, equalling or

slightly longer than calyx; disc a glandular

ring. Male flowers: pedicel slender, 7-17 mm

long; calyx densely tomentose with greyish-

white and ferruginous stellate hairs abaxially

and adaxially, lobes ovate, 4.5-7 mm long,

3-4 mm wide, acute to obtuse at the apex;

petals obovate, 7-11 mm long, 3-5 mm wide,

white or cream, glabrous, with margins few-

notched and undulate, obtuse to rounded at

the apex; disc c. 0.3 mm long, dorsi-ventrally

compressed, densely stellate-pubescent

adaxially, ± glabrous abaxially, truncate-

sinuate distally; central column 6-7 mm long,

sparsely stellate-pubescent; stamens 70-80;

free portion of filaments 1.5-2 mm long,

409

erect at anthesis, glabrous; anthers c. 0.8 mm

long. Female flowers: pedicel stout, 10-15

mm long; calyx persistent, indumentum

as for calyx of male flowers, lobes ovate,

6.5-8 mm long, 3-4 mm wide, acute at the

apex; petals obovate, 6-8 mm long, 3-4

mm wide, white or cream, glabrous, with

margins entire, obtuse to rounded at the apex,

marcescent; disc as for male flowers; ovary

subglobose, c. 3 mm long, densely loosely

stellate-pubescent; style ± obsolete; stigmatic

limbs 3-5 mm long, glabrous adaxially,

stellate-pubescent proximally abaxially; lobes

spreading to ± upwardly curving, ± dorsi-

ventrally compressed but grooved abaxially,

verrucose adaxially, smooth abaxially. Fruits

subglobose, 10-11 mm long, 10-11 mm

across, stellate-pubescent, usually 3-seeded;

calyx ± equal to the length of mature fruit.

Seeds ovoid, dorsi-ventrally compressed, c.

6.5 mm long (including caruncle), 4 mm wide

and 3 mm deep; testa pale brown; caruncle

± hemispherical, c. 1 mm long and 1.3 mm

wide, ± wrinkled, yellowish-white.

Selected specimens (from 9 examined ): Northern

Territory. Simpsons Gap N.P, Jun 1974, Henshall 462

(BRI, MEL, NSW, PERTH); Simpsons Gap N.P, Jun

1974, Henshall 461 (BRI. MEL, NSW, PERTH); 4 km W

of Trephina Gorge, Jul 1983, Latz 9588 (NSW); N’Dhala

Gorge, Oct 1986, Leach 938 (BRI); N’Dhala Gorge

Scenic Reserve, Aug 1987, Meredith et al. ANBG1858

(CANB); Simpsons Gap, Macdonnell Ranges, Jun 1972,

Morrison s.n. (BRI [AQ198263], PERTH); Simpsons

Gap, Macdonnell Ranges, Jun 1974, Willis et al. s.n.

(BRI [AQ198264], PERTH).

Distribution and habitat : Ricinocarpos

gloria-medii is confined to the Macdonnell

Ranges, Northern Territory, where it is

known from Trephrina Gorge, Simpsons Gap

and N’Dhala Gorge (Map 8). It is recorded

as growing in sheltered areas such as dry

watercourses and at cliff bases on steep slopes

of quartzite and sandstone hills.

Phenology : Flowers have been collected in

June and July, fruits in October.

Affinities : Ricinocarpos gloria-medii

is similar to R. bowmanii , R. brevis and

R. crispatus. For features distinguishing

R. gloria-medii from R. brevis and

R. crispatus , refer to the ‘Affinities’ section

under the species concerned. Ricinocarpos

gloria-medii can be distinguished from

410

R. bowmanii by its generally longer leaves

that are linear or very narrow-obovate in

outline and the smooth adaxial surface of the

leaf blades.

8. Ricinocarpos graniticus Halford &

R. J.F.Hend. species nova R. psiloclado (Miill.

Arg.)Benth., similiter ab Australia Occidentali

australi-occidentali, maxime affinis sed

foliorum lamina angustiore (1.2-1.5 mm lata

non (1.5-) 2.5-7 mm lata) pagina adaxiali

laevi non tuberculata et marginibus recurvatis

vel revolutis ad costam paginam abaxialem

occultantibus praeter costam non tantum plus

minusve recurvatis differt. Typus: Western

Australia. Herne Hill, Darling Range, 27

September 2004, P.I.Forster PIF30387 (holo:

PERTH; iso: BRI, MEL, NSW).

Monoecious shrubs up to 2 m high, resinous

on shoots and inflorescences. Young

branchlets ± angular, longitudinally striate in

dried state, glabrous. Older branchlets with

surface becoming tessellated, ± grey. Leaves

mostly crowded towards the ends of short

lateral branchlets, petiolate, spirally alternate;

petioles 1-2 mm long, glabrous; blades

linear, 15-40 mm long, 1.2-1.5 mm wide,

with a length/width ratio of 10-17:1; adaxial

surface glabrous and smooth; abaxial surface

tomentose with shortly stipitate white stellate

hairs up to 0.7 mm across; base cuneate;

margins recurved to revolute to midrib so that

only midrib of abaxial surface of leaf blade

is visible; apex obtuse to rounded, ultimately

gland-tipped with short mucro from midrib;

midvein impressed adaxially, abaxially raised,

glabrous on abaxial face; secondary venation

obscure on both surfaces; marginal glands

absent or present on blade, up to 1 mm from

base, 1 each side of midrib, sessile, smooth,

c. 0.1 mm across. Inflorescences of a single

male or female flower, or ± umbelliform with

one female flower surrounded by up to 2 male

flowers, terminal on branchlets or sometimes

appearing axillary due to reduction of lateral

branchlet; bracts and bracteoles oblong,

1-2 mm long, glabrous, resinous, caducous.

Flowers conspicuous; pedicel glabrous;

calyx 5-lobed; petals 5, c. twice as long

as calyx. Male flowers: pedicel slender,

6-9 mm long; calyx glabrous abaxially and

adaxially, sometimes with scattered minute

Austrobaileya 7 ( 3 ): 387-449 ( 2007 )

stellate hairs on margins, resinous abaxially,

lobes ovate, 4-4.2 mm long, 2.5-2.6 mm

wide, obtuse to rounded at the apex; petals

lanceolate or oblong, 6-8 mm long, 1.5-2.4

mm wide, creamy-white, glabrous, with

margins entire, rounded to obtuse at the

apex; disc a glandular ring, dorsi-ventrally

compressed, c. 0.3 mm long, glabrous,

sinuate, irregularly lobed distally; central

column c. 3 mm long, glabrous; stamens c.

35; free portion of filaments 1-1.5 mm long,

± erect at anthesis, glabrous; anthers c. 0.5

mm long. Female flowers not seen; pedicel

stout, 5-10 mm long in fruit. Fruits ellipsoid,

trilobate, c. 7 mm long and 6.5 mm across,

glabrous, ± smooth, 3-seeded; calyx half to

two thirds the length of mature fruit. Seeds

ellipsoid, dorsi-ventrally compressed, c. 4.5

mm long (including caruncle), 3 mm wide

and 2.5 mm deep; testa pale brown; caruncle

± hemispherical, c. 0.8 mm long and 1.5 mm

wide, ± smooth, greyish-white. Fig. 4.

Additional specimens examined : Western Australia.

Gorge, Helena Valley, Aug 1987, Cole s.n. (PERTH);

Pages Way, Gosnells, Sep 1978, Cranfield 509 (CANB,

MEL, PERTH); between Bottle Rock and Dragon Rock,

Jun 1970, George 9893 (BRI, PERTH); Dragon Rocks

Nature Reserve on track c. 2 km NW of junction of

Dragon Rocks road and Newdegate road North, Aug

1986, Hopper 5269 (BRI); William St, Herne Hill, Jun

1986, Patrick 254 (PERTH); Padbury ave, Herne Hill,

Jun 1985, Patrick 165 (PERTH); c. 300 m E of Range

road, adjacent to E end of William Street, Herne Hill,

Nov 1989, Patrick s.n. (BRI); Helena Valley, Jun 1978,

Seabrook 559 (PERTH).

Distribution and habitat : Ricinocarpos

graniticus is confined to south-western

Western Australia where it is restricted to a

small area of the Darling Range east of Perth

with a disjunct population at Dragon Rock

Nature Reserve north of Newdegate (Map 9).

It is recorded as growing on granite outcrops,

in low scrub with Corymbia calophylla and

Eucalyptus wandoo in a gully at the base of

granite sheet and on a small granite exposure

fringed by Thryptomene australis , Hakea

petiolaris and Acacia lasiocalyx.

Phenology : Flowers have been collected

in June, August and September, fruits from

August to November.

Affinities: Ricinocarpos graniticus is similar

to R. psilocladus (Miill.Arg.) Benth., also

Halford & Henderson, A taxonomic revision of Ricinocarpos

411

Fig. 4. Ricinocarpos graniticus. A. flowering and fruiting branchlet x 2. B. adaxial leaf surface x 4. c. transverse

section of leaf x 16. D. side view of male flower x 4. E. side view of female flower x 4. F. face view of female flower

x 4. G. side view of fruit x 4. H. face view of fruit x 4.1. ventral view of seed x 8. J. side view of seed x 8. A-J from

Forster PIF30387 (BRI). Del. W.Smith.

412

from the south-west of Western Australia,

but can be distinguished from that species

by its narrower leaf blades (1.2-1.5 mm wide

compared with (1.5-) 2.5-7 mm wide in

the latter species) with the adaxial surface

smooth rather than tuberculate and with the

margins recurved to revolute to the midrib to

hide the abaxial surface except for the midrib,

not merely somewhat recurved.

Etymology : The specific epithet refers to

granite rock outcrops upon or near where this

species is found.

9. Ricinocarpos ledifolius F.Muell., Fragm.

1: 76 (1859) (‘ Ricinocarpus’X Roeperia

ledifolia (F.Muell.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. PI.

2: 618 (1891). Type: [Queensland.] Burdekin,

s.d ., F.Mueller s.n. (lecto [here chosen]: MEL

26456; isolecto: K [ex herb. Hook.]).

Illustration : Stanley & Ross (1983: 425, fig.

66c).

Monoecious or dioecious, spreading, open

shrubs or small trees to 5 m high, shoot

apices and flower buds with ferruginous

indumentum. Young branchlets terete,

with a dense greyish-white indumenutm;

hairs stellate, sessile or shortly stipitate,

multiangulate, < 0.4 mm across, with stipes

< 0.1 mm long. Older branchlets with

surface becoming shallowly, longitudinally,

reticulately fissured, greyish in colour.

Leaves petiolate, spirally alternate; petioles

2- 5 mm long, densely hairy with hairs as for

branchlets; blades linear to narrow-oblong,

very narrow-ovate or very narrow-elliptic to

narrow-elliptic, (25-) 30-75 (-90) mm long,

3- 12 (-15) mm wide, with a length/width ratio

of 3-17:1; adaxial surface stellate-pubescent

when young but becoming glabrous except for

scattered persistent hairs along the midline,

smooth; abaxial surface pubescent with soft

white stellate hairs up to 0.2 mm across; base

cuneate to obtuse; margins recurved; apex

acute, obtuse or rounded; midvein impressed

adaxially, abaxially raised and stellate-

pubescent; secondary venation obscure on

both surfaces; marginal glands absent or

occasionally present on blade, up to 3 mm from

base, 1 each side of midrib, sessile, smooth,

c. 0.3 mm across. Inflorescences of a single

male or female flower, or ± umbelliform with

Austrobaileya 7(3): 387-449 (2007)

2 or 3 female flowers, 2-6 male flowers or 2-6

triads with each triad consisting of a central

female flower and 2 subtending male flowers,

terminal on branchlets; bracts and bracteoles

narrow-ovate, 2-8 mm long, ± glabrous

adaxially, stellate-pubescent abaxially,

caducous. Flowers conspicuous; pedicel

densely hairy with a mixture of ferruginous

and greyish-white stellate hairs; calyx 5-

lobed; petals 5 (rarely 6), slightly shorter to

slightly longer than calyx; disc a glandular

ring. Male flowers: pedicel slender, 8-20 mm

long; calyx densely pubescent with a mixture

of ferruginous and greyish-white stellate

hairs abaxially, white stellate-pubescent

adaxially, lobes ovate to semi-elliptic, 3-5

mm long, 2.2-4.3 mm wide, acute, obtuse

or rounded at the apex; petals ovate or semi-

elliptic, 3.5-6 mm long, 2-4 mm wide, white,

glabrous, with margins few-notched, obtuse

to rounded at the apex; disc 0.2-0.8 mm long,

dorsi-ventrally compressed, stellate-hairy

adaxially, ± glabrous abaxially, irregularly

toothed distally; central column 1.5-2 mm

long, tomentose; stamens 40-50; free portion

of filaments c. 2 mm long, erect to spreading

at anthesis, glabrous; anthers c. 0.8 mm long.

Female flowers: pedicel stout, 7-12 mm long;

calyx persistent, indumentum as for calyx of

male flowers, lobes ovate to semi-elliptic, 3-4

mm long, 2-3 mm wide, acute to obtuse at the

apex; petals ± elliptic, 37-4.5 mm long, 1.6-

3.7 mm wide, white, glabrous, with margins

entire, rounded at the apex, marcescent;

disc as for male flowers; ovary subglobose,

3-sulcate, 1.5-1.7 mm long, densely stellate-

pubescent; style ± obsolete; stigmatic limbs

1.8-3 mm long, glabrous; lobes spreading

to ± upwardly curving, ± dorsi-ventrally

compressed but grooved abaxially, verrucose

adaxially, smooth abaxially. Fruits depressed

ellipsoidal, trilobate, 5-6 mm long, 7-7.5 mm

across, stellate-tomentose, usually 3-seeded;

calyx c. a quarter the length of mature fruit.

Seeds ellipsoid, dorsi-ventrally compressed,

4.5-5 mm long (including caruncle), 3-3.2

mm wide, 27-2.8 mm deep; testa pale brown;

caruncle ± hemispherical, c. 0.4 mm long and

1 mm wide, ± smooth, yellowish-white.

Additional selected specimens (from 59 examined ):

Queensland. North Kennedy District: Rishton Scrub,

30 km SE of Charters Towers, Sep 1991, Thompson

Halford & Henderson, A taxonomic revision of Ricinocarpos

253 & Dillewaard (BRI); Rochford Scrub, 25 km W of

Ravenswood, Sep 1991, Thompson 222 & Dillewaard

(BRI). South Kennedy District: 6 miles [c. 10 km] W

of ‘Dabin’ Station, Jul 1964, Adams 1089A (AD, BRI,

PERTH); ‘Blenheim’, Apr 1993, Fensham 817 (BRI);

‘Eaglefield’, Oct 1993, Fensham 1202 (BRI); Lizzie

Creek road, off Eungella to Collinsville road, Apr 2000,

Forster P1F25533 & Booth (BRI). Leichhardt District:

W slopes of Gogango Range, c. 20 km ESE of Duaringa,

Jun 1983, Anderson 3432 (BRI); c. 17 km ESE of

Duaringa, Sep 1988, Anderson 4516 (BRI); 9.9 km W of

junction of old inland Highway (Marlborough - Sarina)

on Oxford Downs-Sarina road, S of Pine Mt, Aug 1996,

Champion 1382 & Canning (BRI); Palmgrove N.P, NW

of Taroom, Nov 1998, Forster PIF23810 & Booth (BRI);

Rockhampton-Duaringa road, c. 16 km from Duaringa,

Aug 1973, Moriarty 1357 (CANB). Port Curtis District:

Wedge Island, Keppel Bay, Nov 1987, Batianoff9822 &

Dillewaard (BRI); Peak Island, Keppel Bay, Nov 1987,

Batianoff 9860 & Dillewaard (BRI); Spring Creek,

5 km NNE of ‘Craiglands’ Homestead, Sep 1989,

Forster PIF5709 & Bean (BRI). Burnett District: Old

Cannindah, 11 km SE of Monto, Nov 1995, Bean 9204

6 Turpin (BRI). Wide Bay District: Stony Creek, 4 km

E of Didcot, Sep 1988, Forster P1F4711 (BRI, MEL).

Darling Downs District: Freestone area, 5.5 km SW of

Gladfield, Nov 1977, McDonald 2007 (BRI). Moreton

District: Burtons Gully, 10 km WSW of Mt Whitestone,

Oct 1985, Forster PIF2252 & Bird (BRI).

Distribution and habitat : Ricinocarpos

ledifolius is confined to Queensland from

Townsville southward to near Warwick (Map

10 ). It is most commonly recorded as growing

on rocky sites in semi-evergreen vine thicket

and vine forest communities.

Phenology : Flowers have been collected

throughout the year particularly from July to

November, fruits in January, April, June and

November.

Affinities: Ricinocarpos ledifolius is similar

to R. speciosus Mull.Arg. but differs from that

species in having smaller petals and fruits,

shorter petioles and generally smaller leaves.

Typification: Mueller (1859) did not cite any

particular specimens in his protologue of

Ricinocarpos ledifolius but made a comment

on the distribution and habitat of the species,

viz. “In virgultis sic dictis Brigalow Scrub

Australiae orientalis calidioris” [in scrubs

so called brigalow scrub of warm eastern

Australia], We have located four sheets (two at

MEL [26456, 26450] and two at K) collected

by Mueller from central Queensland when

he accompanied A.C.Gregory on the North

Australian Exploring Expedition (1855—

413

1857). There appears to be two collections,

one labelled “Ricinocarpos (Bertya)

ledifolius, Burdekin” and the other labelled

“Ricinocarpos (Bertya) ledifolius var.

volubilis, Burdekin”. These collections are

considered to be at least part of the material

used by Mueller in describing R. ledifolius, as

their collection predates Mueller’s publication

of the name R. ledifolius , are labelled in

Mueller’s hand with the name Ricinocarpos

ledifolius and agree with the description in the

protologue. The sheet MEL26456 is selected

here as lectotype and the K sheet labelled

“Ricinocarpos (Bertya) ledifolius, Burdekin”

is considered to be an isolectotype.

10. Ricinocarpos linearifolius Halford &

R. J.F.Hend. species nova R. bowmanii¥.MuQ\\.

et R. trachyphyllo Halford & R.J.F.Hend.

maxime affinis. A R. bowmanii foliorum

lamina pagina adaxiali levi non scabra et

pagina abaxiali sericea non pubescenti et foliis

proportione longioribus (folii lamina ratione

longitudinis ad latitudinem 20-32:1 non

3-15:1) differt. A R. trachyphyllo foliorum

lamina pagina adaxiali levi non scabra et

indumento implexo tomentoso non villoso

in pedicellis et calycum pagina adaxiali

differt. Etiam R. linearifolius ad R. gloria-

medii J.H.Willis simulat foliis linearibus

et floribus amplitudinis similaris sed foliis

petiolo breviore floribus maribus staminibus

paucioribus foliorum lamina pagina abaxiali

indumento sericeo non tomentoso et

plerumque angustiore et pagina adaxiali mox

glabra et plus minusve nitida non plerumque

sparsim pubescenti stellata et impolita differt.

Typus: Queensland. Leichhardt District:

Blackdown Tableland, near lookout and picnic

area beside road at northern end, 16 October

1987, R.J.F.Henderson H3104 (holo: BRI; iso:

CANB, MEL, NSW, K, distribuendi).

Ricinocarpos sp. (Blackdown Tableland

R.J.Henderson H610), Forster & Halford

(2002: 73; 2007: 72).

Illustrations: Williams (1979: 254) as

R. bowmanii ; Williams (1999: 340) as R. aff.

R. bowmanii.

Monoecious or dioecious shrubs to 1 (-2)

m high, shoot apices and flower buds with

ferruginous indumentum. Young branchlets

414

terete, with a dense grey-white indumentum;

hairs stellate, sessile or shortly stipitate,

multiangulate, < 0.3 mm across, with stipes

< 0.1 mm long. Older branchlets shallowly

longitudinally fissured, ± dark grey. Leaves

petiolate, spirally alternate or occasionally

subopposite; petioles 0.8-1.5 mm long,

densely hairy with hairs as for branchlets;

blades linear, (8-) 15-45 (-50) mm long,

1- 1.3 mm wide, with a length/width ratio of

20-32:1; adaxial surface stellate-pubescent

when young but soon becoming glabrous

and smooth; abaxial surface sericeous with

loosely appressed soft stellate hairs, up to 2

mm across; base cuneate or truncate; margins

revolute to midrib so that only midrib of abaxial

surface of leaf blade is visible; apex obtuse to

rounded or acute and usually mucronate with

extension from midrib; midvein obscure or

slightly impressed adaxially, abaxially raised

and stellate-pubescent; secondary venation

obscure on both surfaces; marginal glands

present at base blade, 1 per side of midrib, ±

sessile or stipitate, smooth, c. 0.1 mm across;

stipes up to 0.3 mm long. Inflorescences

of a single male or female flower, or

umbelliform with either 2-4 male flowers or

one central female flower surrounded by up

to 3 male flowers, terminal on branchlets;

bracts linear to lanceolate, 3-4 mm long, ±

glabrous adaxially, densely stellate-pubescent

abaxially, caducous; bracteoles lanceolate,

2- 3 mm long, glabrous abaxially, sparsely

stellate-pubescent adaxially, readily caducous.

Flowers conspicuous; pedicel densely hairy

with ferruginous stellate hairs; calyx 5-lobed;

petals 5, slightly longer than calyx; disc of 5

discrete glands. Male flowers: pedicel slender,

4-15 (-25) mm long; calyx densely tomentose

with ferruginous stellate hairs abaxially, white

stellate-tomentose adaxially, lobes ovate, 3-

4.5 mm long, 1.8-27 mm wide, acute at the

apex; petals broad-obovate or suborbicular,

(5-) 6.2-10 mm long, (3.4-) 4.2-5.5 mm wide,

white, glabrous, with margins entire, rounded

or acute at the apex; disc-glands 0.5-0.8 mm

long, dorsi-ventrally compressed, glabrous

except for scattered stellate hairs distally,

rounded to truncate at apex; central column

(17—) 3.5-57 mm long, tomentose; stamens

40-50; free portion of filaments 1-1.7 mm

long, erect to spreading or decurving at

Austrobaileya 7(3): 387-449 (2007)

anthesis, glabrous; anthers 0.5-0.8 mm long.

Female flowers: pedicel stout, 5-20 mm

long; calyx persistent, indumentum as for

calyx of male flowers, lobes ovate, 4-5 mm

long, 2.2-3 mm wide, acute at the apex; petals

broad-obovate to obovate, (6.5-) 75-9.3 mm

long, 3.5-6.2 mm wide, white, glabrous, with

margins entire, obtuse to rounded at the apex,

marcescent; disc-glands as for male flowers;

ovary subglobose, 3-sulcate, 2.2-3.4 mm

long, densely stellate-villose; style ± obsolete;

stigmatic limbs 17-3.5 mm long, glabrous

adaxially, scattered stellate hairs proximally

abaxially; lobes ± spreading, ± dorsi-ventrally

compressed but shallowly grooved abaxially,

verrucose adaxially, smooth abaxially. Fruits

subglobose or rarely ovoid, trilobate, 75-9.5

(-12) mm long, 8-9.5 mm across, stellate-

villose, usually 3-seeded; calyx < half the

length of mature fruit. Seeds ovoid, dorsi-

ventrally compressed, 5.6-6.4 mm long

(including caruncle), 3.3-3.8 mm wide, 2.6-3

mm deep; testa dark red-brown; caruncle ±

hemispherical, 07-0.9 mm long, 1.8-2.1 mm

wide, ± smooth, white. Fig. 5.

Additional selected specimens (from 72 examined ):

Queensland. Leichhardt District: Salvator Rosa N.P.,

Sentinel Mountain, Sep 1990, Ballingall 2651 (BRI); N of

Mt Mooloolong, Ka Ka Mundi N.R, via Springsure, May

1999, Bean 14838 (BRI); 11 km past Glenhaughton on

Mapala road, Apr 1992, Forster PIF9759 & Machin (BRI,

K, MEL); Blackdown Tableland, Sep 1973, Hanger 128

(BRI); Blackdown Tableland, 32 km SE of Blackwater,

Apr 1971, Henderson H610 et al. (BRI, MEL, NSW);

Blackdown Tableland, 12 miles [c. 19 km] SSE of Bluff,

Sep 1959, Johnson 955 (BRI); Blackdown Tableland, Aug

1990, Jones 6335 & Jones (CANB); Stony Creek track,

Blackdown Tableland, Sep 1974, Williams 74029 (BRI).

Port Curtis District: Kroombit Tops, S.F. 316, Mar

1995, Thompson BIL171 et al. (BRI). Burnett District:

Eidsvold to Cracow road, 1 km N of Little Morrow Creek

crossing, Jan 1992, Forster P1F9364 (BRI, K, MEL); 9.1

km S of Rawbelle road along powerline access road, Sep

1997, Thomas & Holland s.n. (BRI [AQ657979]). Wide

Bay District: Mt Walsh summit, Mt Walsh N.P, Aug

1996, Forster PIF19538 et al. (BRI). Warrego District:

Tickering Creek, Mt Tabor Station, Sep 1991, Thomas

s.n. etal. (BRI [AQ543527]). Maranoa District: 8 kmN

of ‘Yoothappinna’, Sep 1974, Gittins 2753 (BRI, NSW);

The Chimneys, 140 km NW of Injune in Carnarvon

N.P, Sep 1997, Jobson 4949 (BRI); Mt Moffatt N.P, The

Tombs area, Sep 1993, Purdie 4283 (BRI); Carnarvon

N.P, Mt Moffatt Section, Sep 1986, Thomas 76 (BRI).

Darling Downs District: 14.1 km ESE of Inglewood,

Coolmunda Environmental Park, Oct 1993, Halford

Q1972 (BRI). New South Wales. Warialda S.F. 417

north, Nov 1996, Forster PIF20093 (BRI); Warialda S.F.

417, Dec 1995, Forster PIF18236 (BRI).

Fig. 5. Ricinocarpos linearifolius. A. branchlet with female flower x 1.5. B. branchlet with male flower x 1.5. C.

adaxial leaf surface x 4. D. transverse section of leaf x 18. E. stellate hair, from abaxial leaf surface x 18. F. side view

of male flower x 3. G. side view of female flower x 3. H. side view of fruit x 3.1. face view of fruit x 3. J. ventral view of

seed x 6. K. side view of seed x 6. A from Halford Q8194A & Edginton (BRI); B-F from Halford Q8194B & Edginton

(BRI); G from Henderson H3123 (BRI); H-K from Henderson H3104 (BRI). Del. W.Smith.

416

Distribution and habitat: Ricinocarpos

linearifolius has a disjunct distribution and

occurs from near Jericho south-eastwards to

Biggenden and near Inglewood in southern

Queensland as well as in the Warialda district

in northern New South Wales (Map 11). It is

recorded as growing in heathland, woodland

and open forest communities on sandy soils

usually associated with sandstone outcrops.

It is also recorded as growing on granite and

rhyolite substrates.

Phenology : Flowers have been collected

throughout the year, but particularly from

August to October, fruits in March and from

September to December.

Affinities: Ricinocarpos linearifolius is

most closely allied to R. bowmanii and

R. trachyphyllus. It differs from R. bowmanii

in its leaf blades with a smooth rather than

scabrous adaxial surface and an abaxial

surface with a sericeous rather than pubescent

indumentum, and in its proportionally longer

leaves which have a blade length/width

ratio of 20-32:1 compared with 3-15:1 as in

R. bowmanii. It differs from R. trachyphyllus

in the smooth rather than scabrous adaxial

surface of leaf blades and a matted tomentose

rather than shaggy villous indumentum

on pedicels and the adaxial surface of the

calyces. Ricinocarpos linearifolius resembles

R. gloria-medii in having linear leaves and

similar sized flowers, but differs from that

in having shorter petioles, fewer stamens in

each male flower, a sericeous indumentum on

the abaxial surface of the generally narrower

leaf blades the adaxial surface of which soon

becomes glabrous with a more or less shiny

appearance, whereas those of R. gloria-medii

usually retain a covering of some hairs.

Etymology: The specific epithet is from

Latin linearis (linear), and -folius (leaved), in

reference to the shape of leaf blades in this

species.

11. Ricinocarpos marginatus Benth., FI.

Austral. 6:73 (1873 )(‘Ricinocarpus’),Roeperia

marginata (Benth.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. PI. 2:

619 (1891). Type: [Western Australia] York

Sound, September 1820, A.Cimningham 283

(lecto [here chosen]: K; isolecto: BRI, K [ex

herb. Benth.], PERTH).

Austrobaileya 7(3): 387-449 (2007)

Illustration: Wheeler (1992: 627, fig. 192b).

Monoecious, erect shrubs to 3 m high. Young

branchlets angular, with a moderately dense

white indumentum; hairs stellate, sessile,

multiangulate, < 0.8 mm across. Older

branchlets terete, with surface becoming

striate, pale brown. Leaves petiolate, spirally

alternate; petioles 1-6 mm long, densely

hairy with hairs as for branchlets; blades

very narrow-elliptic, 45-90 mm long, 8-

20 mm wide, with a length/width ratio of

3-8:1; adaxial surface stellate-puberulous

or glabrous except for stellate hairs along

the margins and midline; abaxial surface

tomentose or pubescent with soft white

stellate hairs up to 0.4 mm across; base

cuneate; margins ± flat; apex acute; midvein

slightly impressed adaxially, abaxially raised

and stellate-pubescent; secondary venation

obscure or slightly impressed adaxially, raised

abaxially; marginal glands usually present at

base of blade, 1 each side of midrib, sessile,

smooth, 0.2-0.6 mm across. Inflorescences

umbelliform with either all male flowers

or 1-3 female flowers surrounded by many

male flowers, terminal on branchlets but soon

appears lateral as it is overtopped by growth

of axillary buds; bracts and bracteoles oblong,

< 2 mm long, densely stellate-pubescent,

caducous. Flowers ± inconspicuous; pedicel

white stellate-pubescent; calyx 5-lobed; petals

5, slightly shorter than calyx; disc a glandular

ring. Male flowers: pedicel slender, 3-8 mm

long; calyx white stellate-pubescent abaxially

and adaxially, lobes ovate to semi-elliptic,

c. 2.5 mm long, and 2 mm wide, obtuse to

rounded at the apex; petals obovate, c. 2 mm

long, and 2 mm wide, white, glabrous, with

margins erose, rounded at the apex; disc 0.4-

0.5 mm long, dorsi-ventrally compressed,

glabrous, sinuate distally; central column 2.5-

3 mm long, tomentose proximally; stamens

c. 25; free portion of filaments 0.8-1 mm

long, erect to spreading at anthesis, glabrous;

anthers c. 0.5 mm long. Female flowers:

pedicel stout, trigonous, 6-15 mm long; calyx

persistent, indumentum as for calyx of male

flowers, lobes narrow-ovate, 3-4 mm long,

1.2-2 mm wide, acute to obtuse at the apex;

petals narrow-oblong, c. 3 mm long and 1

mm wide, white, stellate-pubescent abaxially

Halford & Henderson, A taxonomic revision of Ricinocarpos

and adaxially, with margins entire, rounded at

the apex, caducous; disc as for male flowers;

ovary ovoid, trilobate, c. 3 mm long, densely

stellate-pubescent; style c. 1.5 mm long,

stellate-pubescent; stigmatic limbs c. 1.2 mm

long, glabrous adaxially, stellate-pubescent

proximally abaxially; lobes spreading to ±

upwardly curving, ± laterally compressed,

verrucose adaxially, smooth abaxially. Fruits

ellipsoidal, trilobate, 7-8 mm long, 5-6 mm

across, stellate-pubescent, usually 3-seeded;

calyx c. a quarter the length of mature fruit.

Seeds ovoid, dorsi-ventrally compressed, c. 6

mm long (including caruncle), 3.2 mm wide

and 2.8 mm deep; testa pale brown; caruncle

± hemispherical, c. 1 mm long and 1.7 mm

wide, ± smooth, yellowish-white.

Additional specimens examined : Western Australia.

c. 10 km S of Swift Bay, off Montague Sound, Jun 1985,

Fryxell 4665 et al. (CANB, DNA, K, MEL, PERTH);

unnamed tributary of the Mitchell River, Dec 1982,

Kenneally 8679 (BRI, PERTH); Amax Survey Pool,

Mitchell Plateau, Jun 1971, Maconochie 1277 (DNA,

PERTH); Bigge Island, Jun 2003, Coate 682 (PERTH).

Distribution and habitat : Ricinocarpos

marginatus is confined to the Kimberley

region of Western Australia where it has

been recorded from York Sound, Montague

Sound and the Mitchell Plateau (Map 12). It is

recorded as growing amongst sandstone rocks

and in eucalypt woodland on sandstone.

Phenology: Flowers have been collected in

June and December, fruits in June.

Affinities: Ricinocarpos marginatus

is similar to R. rosmarinifolius Benth.

and R. trichophyllus. It differs from

R. rosmarinifolius in having narrow-

elliptic leaves. For features distinguishing

R. marginatus from R. trichophyllus , refer to

the ‘Affinities’ section under that species.

Typification: I n the protolog ue of Ricinocarpos

marginatus , Bentham (1873) cited a single

collection from York Sound, Western

Australia, collected by A. Cunningham.

Three sheets (one each at BRI, K and PERTH)

matching the locality and collector’s name

have been located. The sheet at K has two

specimens on it, one stamped as coming from

Herb. Benthamianum and the other from

Allan Cunningham’s Australian Herbarium.

All of this material agrees with the description

417

in the protologue of R. marginatus. The latter

specimen is selected here as lectotype of the

name because it is the more ample of the two

collections held at K.

12. Ricinocarpos megalocarpus Halford &

R.J.F.Hend. species nova R. tuberculatoMuM.

Arg. maxime affinis sed fructibus majoribus

(14-16 mm longis et 10-13 mm latis non 10-

12 mm longis et 7-8 mm latis) pagina valde

tuberculata non laevi ad leniter tuberculatam

et foliorum lamina latiore (1.6-1.8 mm

lata non 0.8-1.3 mm lata) et proportione

breviore (ratione longitudinis ad latitudinem

6-12:1 non 15-20:1) differt. Typus: Western

Australia. Duke of Orleans Bay, c. 64 km E

ofEsperance, 30 September 1968, P.G.Wilson

8093 (holo: PERTH; iso: MEL).

Monoecious or apparently sometimes

dioecious, compact, rounded shrubs up to

2.5 (-4) m high. Young branchlets ± terete,

glabrous. Older branchlets with surface

becoming shallowly longitudinally fissured,

grey. Leaves petiolate, spirally alternate;

petioles 1.5-2 mm long, glabrous; blades

linear, 9-20 mm long, 1.6-1.8 mm wide,

with a length/width ratio of 6-12:1; adaxial

surface glabrous and smooth; abaxial surface

pubescent with white sessile stellate hairs

< 0.1 mm across; base cuneate; margins

recurved to midrib; apex obtuse to acute,

ultimately mucronate with extension from

midrib; mucro up to 0.4 mm long, downwardly

curved; midvein obscure or slightly impressed

adaxially, abaxially raised and glabrous on

abaxial face; secondary venation obscure

on both surfaces; marginal glands absent.

Inflorescences of a single male or female

flower, or ± umbelliform with either all male

flowers or one female flower surrounded by

up to 6 male flowers, terminal on branchlets;

bracts and bracteoles, triangular or lanceolate,

3-7 mm long, glabrous, readily caducous.

Flowers conspicuous; pedicel glabrous; calyx

5-lobed; petals 5 (rarely 6), at least twice as

long as calyx; disc of 5 discrete glands. Male

flowers: pedicel slender, 8-22 mm long; calyx

glabrous adaxially, densely hairy with white

crispate hairs adaxially, lobes broad-ovate,

1.3-1.7 mm long, 1.7-1.9 mm wide, obtuse

at the apex; petals narrow-obovate, 9.5-11

mm long, 3.5-4.5 mm wide, white, glabrous

418

except for tuft of hairs proximally on adaxial

surface, with margins entire, rounded at the

apex; disc-glands 0.3-0.5 mm long, dorsi-

ventrally compressed, glabrous, truncate to

obtuse at apex; central column 3-3.5 mm

long, tomentose; stamens c. 55; free portion of

filaments 0.3-0.5 mm long, erect at anthesis,

glabrous; anthers 0.6-0.8 mm long. Female

flowers: pedicel stout, 4-15 mm long; calyx

caducous, indumentum as for calyx of male

flowers, lobes broad-ovate to triangular, 1.5-

2.1 mm long, 1.5-1.7 mm wide, obtuse or acute

at the apex; petals narrow-obovate, 11-12 mm

long, 3.5-4 mm wide, white, glabrous except

for tuft of hairs proximally on adaxial surface,

with margins entire, rounded at the apex,

caducous; disc-glands as for male flowers;

ovary ovoid, 2.3-2.5 mm long, glabrous,

tuberculate; style ± obsolete; stigmatic limbs

of unknown colour when fresh, 1.5-1.8 mm

long, glabrous; lobes spreading, ± dorsi-

ventrally compressed but shallowly grooved

abaxially, verrucose adaxially, ± smooth

abaxially. Fruits ovoid, trilobate, 14-16 mm

long, 10-13 mm across, glabrous, strongly

tuberculate, with short acuminate beak,

usually 3-seeded. Seeds ellipsoid to ovoid,

slightly dorsi-ventrally compressed, 8.5-9.5

mm long (including caruncle), 4.1-4.2 mm

wide, 3.5-3.8 mm deep; testa pale to light

brown with blotches of dark brown; caruncle

± conical, 1.5-2 mm long, 1.2-1.8 mm wide,

± smooth, creamy white. Fig. 6.

Additional selected specimens (from 26 examined ):

Western Australia. Duke of Orleans Bay, Oct 1970,

Aplin 4248 (PERTH); Esperance, Oct 1965, Burns 2

(PERTH); Cape Le Grand N.P, between Rossiter Bay

car park and the Bird Sanctuary, Sep 1985, Carter 152

(CANB); Cape Le Grand N.P, Hellfire Bay, Sep 1985,

Corrick 9519 (MEL); Hellfire Bay, Cape Le Grand N.P,

Nov 1976, Demarz D6286 (PERTH); Duke of Orleans

Bay, c. 63 km E of Esperance, Sep 1968, Donner 2739

(CANB, PERTH); SE corner of Lucky Bay, Oct 1966,

Filson 9257 (MEL); Cape Le Grand N.P. - Rossiter Bay,

Oct 1982, Forbes 1065 (MEL); Rossiter Bay, Cape Le

Grand N.P, Nov 1985, Foreman 1270 (MEL); Cape Arid,

Oct 1960, Gardner 12951 (PERTH); Whistling Rock in

Thistle Cove, Cape Le Grand N.P, Oct 1973, Garraty

353 (PERTH); Rossiter Bay, Cape Le Grand N.P, Sep

1988, Henderson H3182 (BRI); Duke of Orleans Bay,

opposite Hig Island, Oct 1968, Orchard 1308 (PERTH);

Cape Arid N.P, E of Esperance, Nov 1971, Royce 9818

(PERTH); Duke of Orleans Bay, Sep 1990, Short 3895

(MEL); Taylor Boat Harbour, 90 km E of Esperance,

Sep 1976, Story 8273 (CANB, PERTH); Thistle Cove,

Austrobaileya 7(3): 387-449 (2007)

Cape Le Grand N.P, Nov 1982, Strid 21223 (PERTH);

Mississippi Hill, Cape Le Grand N.P, Aug 1971, Weston

6781 (PERTH); Lucky Bay, c. 35 km ESE of Esperance,

Oct 1966, Wilson 5594 (PERTH).

Distribution and habitat : Ricinocarpos

megalocarpus is confined to the south coast

of Western Australia where it occurs east of

Esperance, from Cape Le Grand to Cape Arid

(Map 13). It is recorded as growing in heath

communities on sandy soils on coastal dunes

though it has been recorded once on granite

(Demarz D6282 (PERTH)).

Phenology : Flowers have been collected in

January, February, June and from August

to December, fruits in February and from

August to December.

Affinities: Ricinocarpos megalocarpus

is similar to R. tuberculatus but can be

distinguished from that species by its larger

fruit (14-16 mm long x 10-13 mm across

compared with 10-12 mm long x 7-8 mm

across), its sculpturing on the fruit surface

(strongly tuberculate compared with smooth

to weakly tuberculate), and its wider (1.6-1.8

mm wide compared with 0.8-1.3 mm wide)

and proportionally shorter leaf blades (with a

length/width ratio of 6-12:1 compared with

15-20:1).

Etymology : The specific epithet is derived from

Greek megalo- (large), and -carpus (fruit), and

refers to the fruit being larger than those of

R. tuberculatus , to which it is most similar.

13. Ricinocarpos oliganthus Halford &

R.J.F.Hend. species nova ad R. psilocladum

(Miill.Arg.) Benth. maxime affinis sed foliis

lamina minore (6-10 mm longa et 0.8-1.3

mm lata non 20-50 mm longa et (1.5-) 2.5-4

mm lata), florum pedicello breviore (3-5 mm

longo non 5-16 mm longo) et foliorum lamina

pagina adaxiali laevi non tuberculata facile

distincta. Typus: Western Australia. 1.8 km

NE of Canna Siding on Canna North East

road, c. 38 km NNW of Morawa, 29 June

1996, B.J.Lepschi BJL2656 & T.R.Lally (holo:

BRI; iso: CANB [and according to a label on

the holotype, other isotypes are at AD and

PERTH]).

Halford & Henderson, A taxonomic revision of Ricinocarpos

419

Fig. 6. Ricinocarpos megalocarpus. A. flowering branchlet x 2. B. adaxial leaf surface x 4. C. transverse section of

leaf x 18. D. face view of male flower x 3. E. side view of fruit x 2.5. F. face view of fruit x 2.5. G. ventral view of seed

x 4. H. side view of seed x 4. A-H from Henderson H3182 (BRI). Del. W. Smith.

Monoecious, shrubs c. 1.8 m high, thinly

resinous on most parts. Young branchlets ±

angular, glabrous. Older branchlets ± terete,

with surface becoming tessellated, ± grey.

Leaves mostly crowded towards the ends

of branchlets, petiolate, spirally alternate;

petioles c. 1 mm long, glabrous; blades linear

to narrow-oblong, 6-10 mm long, 0.8-1.3

mm wide, with a length/width ratio of 7-12:1;

adaxial surface glabrous and smooth; abaxial

surface puberulous with white stellate hairs

< 0.05 mm across; base cuneate; margins

revolute to midrib; apex rounded; midvein

impressed adaxially, abaxially raised,

glabrous on abaxial face; secondary venation

obscure on both surfaces; marginal glands

absent. Inflorescences of a single flower,

terminal on branchlets; bracts and bracteoles

420

± oblong, 1-2 mm long, glabrous, resinous,

caducous. Flowers conspicuous; pedicel

glabrous; calyx 5-lobed; petals 5, slightly

longer than calyx; disc a glandular ring. Male

flowers: pedicel slender, 3-5 mm long; calyx

glabrous abaxially and adaxially, resinous

abaxially, margins minutely fimbriate, lobes

ovate, 3-3.5 mm long, 1.5-2 mm wide, obtuse

to acute at the apex; petals narrow-obovate,

7-7.5 mm long, c. 2.8 mm wide, white to

creamy-white, glabrous, with margins entire,

rounded to obtuse at the apex; disc c. 0.3 mm

long, dorsi-ventrally compressed, glabrous,

sinuate; central column c. 3 mm long, glabrous;

stamens c. 45; free portion of filaments c. 1

mm long, ± erect at anthesis, glabrous; anthers

c. 0.6 mm long. Female flowers: pedicel stout,

3-4 mm long; calyx persistent, glabrous

abaxially and adaxially, resinous abaxially,

margins minutely fimbriate, lobes ovate,

3-3.5 mm long, 2-2.4 mm wide, acute at the

apex; petals narrow-elliptic, 4-4.2 mm long,

1.5-2.2 mm wide, white to creamy-white,

glabrous, with margins entire, rounded at the

apex, marcescent; disc as for male flowers;

ovary subglobose, 1.3-1.7 mm long, glabrous,

± smooth; style ± obsolete; stigmatic limbs of

unknown colour when fresh, c. 1.3 mm long,

glabrous; lobes spreading, ± dorsi-ventrally

compressed but shallowly grooved abaxially,

± smooth on both surfaces. Fruits ellipsoid,

trilobate, 7.5-8 mm long, c. 6 mm across,

glabrous, ± smooth, usually 3-seeded; calyx

a half or two-thirds the length of mature fruit.

Seeds not seen.

Additional specimen examined : Western Australia.

G.Kowald property, Canna, Aug 2001, Docherty 107

(PERTH).

Distribution and habitat: Ricinocarpos

oliganthus is known only from near Morawa,

south-western Western Australia (Map 14). It

is recorded as growing on gravelly, red-brown

clay-loam in scrub with mallee eucalypts.

Phenology: Flowers and immature fruits have

been collected in June.

Affinities: Ricinocarpos oliganthus is similar

to R. psilocladus but is easily distinguished

from that species by its smaller leaf blades

(6-10 mm long x 0.8-1.3 mm wide compared

with 20-50 mm long x (1.5-) 2.5-4 mm

Austrobaileya 7(3): 387-449 (2007)

wide), its flowers with a shorter pedicel (3-

5 mm long compared with 5-16 mm long)

and its leaf blades with a smooth rather than

tuberculate adaxial surface.

Etymology: The specific epithet is from

Greek, olig- (few), and -anthus (flowered), and

refers to the inflorescences in this species.

14. Ricinocarpos pilifer Halford &

R.J.F.Hend. species nova R. glauco Endl.

et R. undulato Lehm. maxime affinis sed

ab eis speciebus ovario et fructu modice

pubescenti non glabro differt. Ab R. glauco

foliorum lamina pagina abaxiali indumento

sericeo non lanato et ab R. undulato florum

petalis brevioribus (6-8 mm longis non 7-15

mm longis) etiam differt. Typus: Western

Australia. Mt Le Grand, c. 25 km SE of

Esperance, 7 October 1966, P.G. Wilson 5575

(holo: PERTH).

Monoecious, compact shrubs up to 0.6 m

high. Young branchlets subterete, moderately

to densely hairy in two longitudinal bands;

hairs simple, erect, up to 0.1 mm long. Older

branchlets with surface becoming shallowly,

longitudinally fissured and somewhat spongy,

greyish-white. Leaves petiolate, spirally

alternate; petioles 0.5-1.5 mm long, minutely

hairy adaxially with appressed to spreading

simple hairs, glabrous abaxially; blades

narrow-oblong, 10-15 (-20) mm long, 1-1.7

(-2.5) mm wide, with a length/width ratio of

6-9:1; adaxial surface glabrous and smooth;

abaxial surface sericeous with loosely

appressed ± straight simple hairs, 1.5-2.3

mm long; base cuneate; margins recurved

to midrib; apex obtuse to acute, ultimately

mucronate with extension from midrib up

to 0.3 mm long; midvein obscure adaxially,

abaxially raised, glabrous on abaxial face;

secondary venation obscure on both surfaces;

marginal glands absent. Inflorescences

of a single male or female flower, or ±

umbelliform with either 2-4 male flowers or

one female flower surrounded by up to 2 male

flowers, terminal on branchlets or sometimes

appearing axillary due to reduction of lateral

branchlet; bracts and bracteoles lanceolate or

narrow-ovate, 1.3-3 mm long, sparsely hairy

adaxial surface and on margins, glabrous

abaxially, caducous. Flowers conspicuous;

421

Halford & Henderson, A taxonomic revision of Ricinocarpos

pedicel glabrous; calyx 5-lobed; petals 5, at

least twice as long as calyx in male flowers;

disc of 5 discrete glands. Male flowers with

pedicel slender, 5-13 mm long; calyx glabrous

abaxially, sparsely villose with white crispate

hairs adaxially, lobes narrow-ovate, 1.8-2.3

mm long, 0.8-1 mm wide, acute at the apex;

petals narrow-obovate, 6.2-8 mm long

mm long, 1.7-2.1 mm wide, creamy-white,

glabrous except for tuft of hairs proximally

on adaxial surface, with margins entire,

rounded at the apex; disc-glands 0.3-0.5 mm

long, dorsi-ventrally compressed, glabrous,

truncate to rounded distally; central column

2-2.7 mm long, glabrous; stamens 20-30;

free portion of filaments 1-1.3 mm long, ±

erect at anthesis, glabrous; anthers 0.4-0.5

mm long. Female flowers with pedicel stout,

2-6 mm long; calyx persistent, indumentum

as for calyx of male flowers, lobes triangular,

2.5-27 mm long, 0.9-1.2 mm wide, acute at

the apex; petals not known, readily caducous;

disc-glands as for male flowers; ovary ovoid,

c. 2 mm long, moderately dense to densely

hairy with ascending simple hairs c. 0.5

mm long; style ± obsolete; stigmatic limbs

of unknown colour when fresh, c. 1.2 mm

long, glabrous; lobes spreading and recurved

distally, ± dorsi-ventrally compressed but

shallowly grooved abaxially, smooth on both

surfaces. Fruits ellipsoid, strongly trilobate,

c. 7 mm long and 4.7 mm across, with a

moderately dense indumentum of spreading

to ascending simple hairs 0.3-0.5 mm long,

usually 3-seeded; calyx c. one quarter the

length of mature fruit. Seeds obloid, c. 5.5

mm long (including caruncle), 2.5 mm wide

and 2 mm deep; testa pale brown; caruncle

± hemispherical, c. 1.5 mm long and 2.5 mm

wide, ± smooth, yellowish-white. Fig. 7.

Fig. 7. Ricinocarpospilifer. A. flowering and fruiting branchlet x 3. B. adaxial leaf surface x 6. C. transverse section

of leaf x 16. D. simple hair, from abaxial leaf surface x 32. E. side view of male flower *6. F. side view of fruit x4. G.

face view of fruit x 4. H. ventral view of seed x 8.1. side view of seed x 8. A-D, F, G from Malone 4 (PERTH); E from

Weston 6737 (PERTH); H, I from Solomon 236 (BRI). Del. W.Smith.

422

Additional specimens examined : Western Australia.

Cape Le Grand, Esperance, Aug 1960, Malone 4

(PERTH); Cape Le Grand, Oct 1966, Muir 4274 (MEL);

about 400 m W of visitors book, on Thistle Cove-Hellfire

Bay trail, Aug 1989, Solomon 236 (BRI, PERTH); Mt

Le Grand, Cape Le Grand N.P., Aug 1971, Weston 6739

(PERTH); loc. cit ., Weston 6737 (PERTH); loc. cit.,

Weston 6738 (PERTH).

Distribution andhabitat: Ricinocarpospilifer

is confined to southern Western Australia

where it is restricted to Mt Le Grand, east

of Esperance (Map 15). It is recorded as

growing in scrub on skeletal soil on granite,

on a rocky outcrop near the ocean and on a

mountain summit.

Phenology : Flowers have been collected in

August and October, fruits in October.

Affinities : Ricinocarpos pilifer is similar to

R. glaucus and R. undulatus Lehm. but differs

from both of these species by its moderately

dense hairy rather than glabrous ovary and

fruit. It also differs from R. glaucus by its

sericeous rather than woolly indumentum

on the abaxial surface of the leaf blades and

from R. undulatus in its flowers with shorter

petals (6-8 mm long compared with 7-15 mm

long).

Etymology : The specific epithet pilifer , Latin

for ‘bearing hairs’, refers to the indumentum¬

bearing ovary and fruit of this species.

15. Ricinocarpos pinifolius Desf., Mem. Mus.

Hist. Nat. 3: 459-461, t. 22 (1817); Roeperia

pinifolia (Desf.) Spreng., Syst. Veg. 16 th edn,

3: 147 (1826). Type: [New South Wales.] Port

Jackson, s.d., [A. Baudin expedition ] (lecto

[here chosen]: P 152766).

Ricinocarpos megalanthus Gand., Bull. Soc.

Bot. France 66: 287 (1919) (‘ Ricinocarpus

Type: New South Wales, ad Port Jackson,

[Sep 1898], Maiden s.n. (holo: LY n.v., iso:

?NSW n.v., fide McGillivray (1973: 353)).

Ricinocarposproximus Gand., Bull. Soc. Bot.

France 66: 287 (1919) (' Ricinocarpus’). Type:

Victoria. [November 1898,] Walter s.n. [ex

herb. Walter] (holo: LY n.v., iso: ?NSW n.v.,

fide McGillivray (1973: 353)).

Ricinocarpos sidifolius F.Muell. ex Baill.,

Etude Euphorb. 344 (1858), (‘ R. sidaefolius ’),

nom. inval.

Austrobaileya 7(3): 387-449 (2007)

Illustrations : Hutchinson (1969: 750, fig.

9); Williams (1979: 254); Costermans (1986:

213); Jeanes (1999: 67, fig. lOd); Jones & Jones

(1999: 218); Corrick & Fiihrer (2000: 82).

Monoecious or dioecious, open, erect shrubs

to 3 m high. Young branchlets ± angular,

glabrous. Older branchlets terete, with surface

becoming shallowly, longitudinally fissured, ±

dark grey. Leaves petiolate, spirally alternate;

petioles 2-3 mm long, glabrous; blades linear,

10-45 mm long, 0.8-1.6 mm wide, with a

length/width ratio of 14-40:1; adaxial surface

glabrous, ± smooth; abaxial surfacepuberulous

with soft white stellate hairs up to 0.1 mm

across; base cuneate; margins recurved to

midrib so that only midrib of abaxial surface

of leaf blade is visible; apex acute, ultimately

mucronate with extension from midrib;

mucro straight, up to 0.6 mm long; midvein

slightly impressed adaxially, abaxially raised

and glabrous on abaxial face; secondary

venation obscure on both surfaces; marginal

glands absent. Inflorescences of a single

male or female flower, or ± umbelliform with

either 2-6 male flowers or one female flower

surrounded by up to 5 male flowers, terminal

on branchlets; bracts lanceolate, 3-7 mm

long, glabrous, caducous; bracteoles absent.

Flowers conspicuous; pedicel glabrous; calyx

5-lobed; petals 5 (rarely 6 or 7), up to five

times as long as calyx; disc of 5 (rarely 6

or 7) discrete glands. Male flowers: pedicel

slender, 12-25 mm long; calyx glabrous

abaxially, moderately hairy with white

crispate hairs adaxially, lobes ± triangular,

1.2-3.7 mm long, 1-2.3 mm wide, acute at the

apex; petals narrow-obovate, 7-13 mm long,

2-5 mm wide, white, glabrous except for tuft

of simple white hairs proximally on adaxial

surface, with margins entire, rounded at the

apex; disc-glands 0.3-0.5 mm long, dorsi-

ventrally compressed, glabrous, truncate-

sinuate distally; central column 4-6 mm long,

glabrous; stamens 25-40; free portion of

filaments 0.3-0.6 mm long, spreading to erect

at anthesis, glabrous; anthers c. 0.5 mm long.

Female flowers: pedicel stout, 3-10 mm long;

calyx caducous, indumentum as for calyx of

male flowers, lobes triangular, 1.3-2.3 mm

long, 1-1.5 mm wide, acute at the apex; petals

narrow-obovate, 6-14 mm long, 2.5-5 mm

Halford & Henderson, A taxonomic revision of Ricinocarpos

wide, white, glabrous except for tube of simple

white hairs on adaxial surface, with margins

entire, rounded at the apex, caducous; disc-

glands as for male flowers; ovary ± globose but

somewhat trilobate, 2-3.2 mm long, glabrous,

± verrucose; style c. 0.3 mm long, glabrous;

stigmatic limbs 2.3-3.2 mm long, glabrous;

lobes spreading to ± upwardly curving,

± terete but grooved abaxially, verrucose

adaxially, smooth abaxially. Fruits globose

to depressed globose, trilobate, 8-12 mm

long, 10-14 mm across, glabrous, spiculate

with subulate processes up to 3 mm long,

usually 3-seeded. Seeds ovoid, dorsi-ventrally

compressed, 5.7-9 mm long (including

caruncle), 3.2-4.2 mm wide, 2.9-3.8 mm

deep; testa pale reddish-brown and blotched

with dark brown; caruncle ± hemispherical,

1-1.5 mm long, 2-2.5 mm wide, ± smooth,

yellowish-white.

Additional selected specimens (from 311 examined ):

Queensland. Port Curtis District: 2 km W of Rules

Beach, near Baffle Creek, NE of Bundaberg, Oct 1996,

Bean 1090 (BRI); Shoalwater Bay, Freshwater sector,

Jun 1999, Brushe JB1955 (BRI). Wide Bay District:

Burrum Coast N.P., Woodgate section, Oct 1996, Forster

PIF19903 & Leiper (BRI, MEL); 5 km SW of Tinnanbar,

Sep 1987, Halford 1136 (BRI). Moreton District:

Tugun, Sep 1930, Hubbard 3941 (BRI). New South

Wales. La Perouse, Oct 1975, Coveny 7253 (NSW); c.

13 km WNW of Yalwal on road to Nowra, Oct 1990,

Henderson & Turpin H3427 (BRI); Green Cape, Oct

\96\, Phillipss.n. (CANB [CBG001617]); Saltwater, near

Wallabi Point, Dec 1987, Dunn 144 & McMahon (MEL,

NSW). Australian Capital Territory. Jervis Bay road,

near Caves Beach turnoff, Sep 1983, Howe 55 (BRI).

Victoria. Allen Head, Genoa River, Bottom Lake, Oct

1991, Albrecht 4833 (BRI, MEL); c. 4 km SE of Dutson

Downs, Oct 1986, Corrick 9987 & Conn (CANB, MEL);

4 miles [ c . 6 km] direct line E of Frankston, Sep 1967,

Cullimore 81 (MEL); Holey Plains State Park, Nov

1991, Fletcher 6 (MEL); Croajingalong N.P, c. 4 km

direct NW of Mallacoota, near junction of Mallacoota

and Korbethong roads, Sep 1994, Tyne 1479 (CANB).

Tasmania. 2.5 km N of Coles Bay on Swansea road, Feb

1983, Forbes 1388 (CANB, HO, MEL); Waterhouse road,

Oct 1981, Morris 8172 (HO, MEL); Bridport, Oct 1981,

Morris 8186 (HO, MEL); Reeves Creek - Picnic Corner,

Sep 1983, Moscal 2683 (HO, MEL); Bay of Fires, Sep

1983, Moscal 2802 (HO, MEL).

Distribution and habitat: Ricinocarpos

pinifolius is widespread in coastal and near¬

coastal areas of eastern Australia from

Whitsunday Island, Queensland, to the Otway

region, Victoria, and in Tasmania from near

Bridport and along the east coast to Coles

423

Bay with one record from Bruny Island (Map

16). It is recorded as growing on sandy soils

mostly in heath, shrubland, woodland or open

forest communities.

Phenology : Flowers have been collected

throughout the year particularly from July

to November, fruits throughout the year

particularly from October to January.

Affinities: Ricinocarpos pinifolius is similar

to R. megalocarpus , R. ruminatus Halford

& R.J.F.Hend. and R. tuberculatus. It differs

from R. megalocarpus and R. tuberculatus by

its spiculate fruits. Ricinocarpos pinifolius

also differs from R. megalocarpus in having

proportionally narrower leaf blades. For

features distinguishing R. pinifolius from

R. ruminatus , refer to the ‘Affinities’ section

under that species.

Typification: Desfontaines (1817), in his

protologue of R. pinifolius , cited material

collected from Port Jackson during the

Baudin expedition (“Cet arbrisseau croit

spontanement au Port Jackson, d’ou les

botanistes de l’expedition du capitaine Baudin

en ont rapportes des rameaux conserves dans

les herbiers du jardin du Roi”). Four sheets

of apparently original material have been

located amongst material on loan to BRI

from P [152763, 152764, 152765, 152766], All

of this material agrees with the description

in the protologue of R. pinifolius. The sheet

numbered 152766 at P is here selected as the

lectotype of R. pinifolius.

Notes: In regards to the type material of the

name Ricinocarpos megalanthus , McGillivray

(1973: 353) stated that “the original collection

from which this material was taken is probably

NSW90446, Nepean River, Forsyth 9.1898.”.

Chapman (1991: 2522) listed the NSW

specimen NSW119054 as probable isotype of

R. megalanthus but this is clearly an error here

for he again cited this specimen as a possible

isotype of R. proximus under that name, which

accords more with McGillivray’s comments

on it.

McGillivray (1973: 353) indicated that the

holotype of the name Ricinocarpos proximus

is the specimen to the right on the LY sheet, the

other not belonging to the type collection. He

424

also stated that NSW119054 is “a good match

for the type” but failed to give details relative

to it. It thus may or may not be an isotype of

R. proximus.

16. Ricinocarpos psilocladus (Mull.

Arg.) Benth., FI. Austral. 6: 71 (1873)

(‘ Ricinocarpus’X Bertya gummifera var.

psiloclada Miill.Arg., Flora 47: 471 (1864);

Roeperia psilodada (Miill.Arg.) Kuntze,

Revis. Gen. PI. 2: 619 (1891). Type: [Western

Australia.] Swan River, s.d., [J.] Drummond

n. 153 (holo: K [ex herb. Hook.]).

Bertya psilodada (Miill.Arg.) Baill.,

Adansonia 6: 299 (1866), nom. inval.

Monoecious or dioecious, erect, open shrubs

to 1.8 m high, resinous on young branchlets,

inflorescences and leaves. Young branchlets

subterete, sparsely tuberculate, reddish in

colour, glabrous. Older branchlets with

surface becoming tessellated, ± grey. Leaves

petiolate, spirally alternate; petioles 1.5-3 mm

long, glabrous; blades linear to narrow-oblong

or very narrow-obovate, 20-40 mm long,

(1.5-) 2.5-7 mm wide, with a length/width

ratio of 5-12 (-18): 1; adaxial surface glabrous,

tuberculate; abaxial surface tomentose with

soft white stellate hairs up to 0.4 mm across;

base cuneate; margins recurved; apex obtuse

to rounded; midvein impressed adaxially,

abaxially raised and glabrous on abaxial face;

secondary venation obscure on both surfaces;

marginal glands absent. Inflorescences

of a single male or female flower, or ±

umbelliform with either 2-5 male flowers or

one female flower surrounded by up to 3 male

flowers, terminal on branchlets or sometimes

appearing axillary due to reduction of lateral

branchlet; bracts and bracteoles narrow-ovate,

1-2 mm long, glabrous, resinous, caducous.

Flowers conspicuous; pedicel glabrous,

resinous; calyx 5-lobed; petals 5, c. twice as

long as calyx. Male flowers: pedicel slender,

5- 16 mm long; calyx glabrous abaxially and

adaxially, resinous abaxially, lobes ovate or

oblong-ovate, 3-4 mm long, 2-2.5 mm wide,

obtuse or rounded at the apex; petals obovate,

6- 9 mm long, 3.5-4 mm wide, white, glabrous,

with margins entire, obtuse to rounded at the

apex; disc of 5 discrete glands; glands 0.3-

0.4 mm long, dorsi-ventrally compressed,

Austrobaileya 7(3): 387-449 (2007)

glabrous, truncate-sinuate distally; central

column 2-3 mm long, glabrous; stamens

40-50; free portion of filaments 1-1.6 mm

long, erect at anthesis, glabrous; anthers c.

0.5 mm long. Female flowers: pedicel stout,

6-15 mm long; calyx persistent, enlarging

in fruit, glabrous abaxially and adaxially,

resinous abaxially, lobes ovate, 3.4-4 mm

long in flower (7-9 mm long in fruit), 1.8-2.1

mm wide in flower (5-6.5 mm wide in fruit),

acute to obtuse at the apex; petals elliptic or

obovate, 7-8.5 mm long, 2.5-4.5 mm wide,

white, glabrous, with margins entire, rounded

at the apex, marcescent; disc a glandular ring,

0.5-0.6 mm long, dorsi-ventrally compressed,

glabrous, truncate distally; ovary ovoid but 3-

sulcate, c. 1.5 mm long, glabrous, ± smooth;

style ± obsolete; stigmatic limbs 1.5-2 mm

long, glabrous; lobes spreading to ± upwardly

curving, ± terete but grooved abaxially, smooth

of both surfaces. Fruits ellipsoidal, 5-7 mm

long, 6-7 mm across, glabrous, ± smooth,

usually 3-seeded; calyx slightly longer than

the length of mature fruit. Seeds ellipsoid,

dorsi-ventrally compressed, 4.7-5 mm long

(including caruncle), 3.2-3.4 mm wide, 2.7-3

mm deep; testa brown t dark brown; caruncle

± reniform, c. 0.7 mm long, and 1.7 mm wide,

± smooth, creamy white.

Additional selected specimens (from 28 examined ):

Western Australia. Waggrakine cutting, Jul 1965,

Ashby 1494 (PERTH); Moresby Range, Howatharra,

Jun 1966, Burns 4 (PERTH); Burma road, 23 km N of

Irwin River crossing, Jul 1986, Corrick 9807 (MEL);

16 km S of Northampton, Aug 1985, Demarc 10675

(PERTH); 32 km N of Geraldton on North West Coastal

Highway, Aug 1983, Dixon s.n. (PERTH); Geraldton

District, Northampton road, Jul 1964, Galbraith WA116

(MEL); Mt Peron, Aug 1949, Gardner 9407 (PERTH);

21 miles [c. 34 km] N of Geraldton, Sep 1966, George

7943 (PERTH); c. 20 km S of Northampton, on road to

Geraldton, Sep 1988, Henderson H3149 (BRI); 37 km

N of Geraldton, Aug 1976, Hnatiuk 760374 (PERTH);

Gardner Range, Coomallo District, Jul 1980, Lievense

s.n. (PERTH); c. 15.4 km S of Northampton along North

West Coastal Highway, Aug 1983, Lynch 30 (PERTH);

Howatharra Hill Reserve, Moresby Range, Jun 1974,

McFarland & McFarland 1036 (PERTH); Moresby Flat

Top[ped] Range, 10 miles [c. 16 km] S of Northampton,

Jul 1953, Melville 4162 & Calaby (CANB, K, PERTH);

20 miles [c. 32 km] N of Geraldton, Aug 1965, Newbey

2187 (PERTH); 10 miles [c. 16 km] S of Northampton,

Sep 1966, Smith 66/401 (CANB, MEL, PERTH); Nanson

to Howatharra road, 17 miles [ c. 27 km] N of Geraldton,

Jul 1995, Smith 1760 (MEL).

425

Halford & Henderson, A taxonomic revision of Ricinocarpos

Distribution and habitat : Ricinocarpos

psilocladus is confined to south-western

Western Australia in the Geraldton to

Northampton area, with one collection of it

from Mt Peron near Jurien (Map 17). It is

recorded as growing mostly on rocky slopes

on sandy to loam or gravelly soils in heath or

shrubland communities.

Phenology : Flowers have been collected

from May to September, fruits in August and

September.

Affinities : Ricinocarpos psilocladus is similar

to R. graniticus Halford & R.J.F.Hend. and

R. oliganthus Halford & R.J.F.Hend. For

features distinguishing R. psilocladus from

these species, refer to the ‘Affinities’ section

under the species concerned.

17. Ricinocarpos rosmarinifolius Benth.,

FI. Austral. 6: 72/73 (1873); Roeperia

rosmarinifolia (Benth.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen.

PI. 2: 619 (1891). Type: [Western Australia.]

Montague Sound, September 1820,

A.Cunningham 284 (lecto, [here chosen]: K;

isolecto: BRI, CANB, K [ex herb. Hook.],

MEL 2065959, PERTH).

Illustration : Wheeler (1992: 627, fig. 192c).

Monoecious, erect, slender, open

shrubs to 2 m high. Young branchlets

angular, with a moderately dense white

indumentum, glabrescent; hairs stellate,

sessile, multiangulate, <1 mm across. Older

branchlets terete, with surface becoming

striate, pale red-brown. Leaves petiolate,

spirally alternate; petioles 1-3 mm long,

densely hairy with hairs as for branchlets;

blades linear or rarely very narrow-ovate,

30-80 (-110) mm long, 1.3-2 (-8) mm wide,

with a length/width ratio of 26-40:1; adaxial

surface glabrous except for scattered sessile

stellate hairs especially along the midline,

smooth; abaxial surface pubescent with soft

white stellate hairs up to 0.3 mm across; base

cuneate; margins recurved; apex acute or

obtuse, occasionally ultimately mucronate

with extension from midrib up to 0.1 mm

long; midvein impressed adaxially, abaxially

raised and stellate-pubescent; secondary

venation obscure on both surfaces; marginal

glands present on blade, up to 2 mm from

base, 1 each side of midrib, sessile, smooth,

c. 0.1 mm across. Inflorescences of a single

male or female flower, or ± umbelliform with

either 2-4 male flowers or one female flower

surrounded by up to 4 male flowers, terminal

on branchlets but soon appears lateral as it is

overtopped by growth of axillary buds; bracts

and bracteoles linear, up to 4 mm long, densely

stellate-pubescent adaxially and abaxially,

caducous. Flowers ± inconspicuous; pedicel

white stellate-pubescent; calyx 5-lobed;

petals 5, slightly shorter than calyx; disc a

glandular ring. Male flowers: pedicel slender,

c. 1 mm long; calyx white stellate-pubescent

abaxially and adaxially, lobes ovate to broad-

ovate, 1.5-2 mm long, 1.1-1.5 mm wide,

rounded at the apex; petals broad-obovate,

1.5-2 mm long, 1-1.5 mm wide, of unknown

colour when fresh, glabrous, with margins

undulate, rounded at the apex; disc c. 0.4 mm

long, dorsi-ventrally compressed, glabrous,

irregularly lobed distally; central column

2-3 mm long, tomentose proximally; stamens

c. 20; free portion of filaments 0.4-0.5 mm

long, spreading at anthesis, glabrous; anthers

c. 0.5 mm long. Female flowers: pedicel

stout, 1.5-4 (-8) mm long; calyx persistent,

indumentum as for calyx of male flowers,

lobes oblong or triangular, 2-3 mm long,

0.8-1.3 mm wide, rounded at the apex; petals

narrow-obovate or narrow-oblong, 1-1.5 mm

long, 0.3-0.4 mm wide, of unknown colour

when fresh, glabrous, with margins entire or

few-notched, obtuse at the apex, caducous;

disc as for male flowers; ovary ovoid, c. 1.5

mm long, densely stellate-pubescent; style

0.4-1 mm long, stellate-pubescent; stigmatic

limbs 0.7-0.9 mm long, glabrous adaxially,

stellate-pubescent proximally abaxially;

lobes spreading to ± downwardly curving,

± terete, smooth on both surfaces. Fruits

ellipsoidal, trilobate, 7.5-9 mm long, 5.5-6.8

mm across, sparsely stellate-pubescent with

hairs up 0.3 mm across, usually 3-seeded;

calyx ± a quarter the length of mature fruit.

Seeds ellipsoidal, dorsi-ventrally compressed,

5.7-67 mm long (including caruncle), 2.9-3.8

mm wide, 2.4-2.8 mm deep; testa pale to dark

brown; caruncle ± hemispherical, c. 1 mm

long, 1.7-2.3 mm wide, ± smooth, yellowish-

white.

426

Additional specimens examined: Western Australia.

Mitchell River, Feb 1980, Dunlop 5236 (CANB, DNA,

PERTH); peninsula NE of Frederick harbor at mouth of

Hunter River, Jun 1985, Fryxell 4883 etal. (CANB); near

Gariyeli Creek, Prince Regent River Reserve, Aug 1974,

George 12589 (CANB, PERTH); 1 km E of Mitchell

Falls, May 1992, Halford 01428 (BRI, PERTH); 4.2 km

SW of Anderdon, Jun 1987, Kenneally 10406 & Hyland

(CANB, PERTH); Mitchell Falls, Mitchell Plateau, Jun

1976, Kenneally 5007 (PERTH); c.lkmE of Mitchell

Falls, Mar 1994, Mitchell 3372 (BRI, PERTH).

Distribution and habitat : Ricinocarpos

rosmarinifolius is confined to the Kimberley

region of Western Australia where it occurs

from the Mitchell Plateau to the Prince Regent

River area (Map 18). It is recorded as growing

on sandy soil amongst sandstone boulders

with Triodia sp. in open woodland.

Phenology: Flowers have been collected in

February, May, June and August, fruits in

March, May and June.

Affinities : Ricinocarpos rosmarinifolius is

similar to R. marginatus and R. trichophyllus.

It differs from R. marginatus in having

linear or very narrow-ovate leaves. For

features distinguishing R. rosmarinifolius

from R. trichophyllus , refer to the Affinities’

section under the latter species.

Typification: Bentham (1873) cited

two collections in the protologue of

R. rosmarinifolius , namely “Montague and

York Sounds, N.W. coast, A. Cunningham”.

We have been unable to locate the collection

from York Sound, but have located six sheets

(two at K and one each at BRI, CANB, MEL

and PERTH) of the Cunningham material from

Montague Sound. All this material is believed

to have been at Bentham’s disposal when

he described R. rosmarinifolius. The Kew

sheet labelled “Monotague Sound, 284/1820

Sept, N.W. Australia, A. Cunningham” is

here selected as lectotype of Bentham’s name

as it is of ample proportions and agrees with

his protologue.

18. Ricinocarpos ruminatus Halford &

R.J.F.Hend. species nova ad R. pinifolium

Desf. maxime affinis sed fructibus majoribus

(14-16 mm longis x 14-16 mm latis non 8-12

mm longis x 10-14 mm latis) et seminibus

majoribus (9.5-10 mm longis x 6-6.5 mm

latis non 5.7-9 mm longis x 3.2-4.2 mm

Austrobaileya 7(3): 387-449 (2007)

latis) ellipsoidalibus non ovoideis caruncula

ruminata non plus minusve laevi facile

distincta. Typus: Queensland. Leichhardt

District: Planet Downs, E of Rolleston, 16

October 1998, A.R.Bean 14223 (holo: BRI).

Ricinocarpos sp. (Planet Downs A.R.Bean

14223), Forster & Halford (2002: 73; 2007:

72).

Monoecious, erect shrubs up to 2 m high.

Young branchlets ± terete, glabrous. Older

branchlets terete, with surface becoming

longitudinally fissured, ± dark grey. Leaves

petiolate, spirally alternate; petioles 1.5-2

mm long, glabrous; blades linear, 20-35 mm

long, 0.7-1.3 mm wide, with a length/width

ratio of 20-40:1; adaxial surface glabrous

and smooth; abaxial surface puberulous with

white stellate hairs up to 0.2 mm across; base

cuneate; margins revolute to midrib; apex

acute, ultimately mucronulate with excurrent

midrib; mucro recurved; midvein obscure or

slightly impressed adaxially, abaxially raised,

glabrous on abaxial face; secondary venation

obscure on both surfaces; marginal glands

absent. Inflorescences ± umbelliform with

either 2-5 male flowers or one central female

flower surrounded by up to 4 male flowers,

terminal on branchlets; bracts caducous, not

seen. Flowers conspicuous, pedicel glabrous;

calyx 5(rarely 4)-lobed; petals 5(rarely 4), at

least twice as long as calyx. Male flowers

with pedicel slender, 12-40 mm long; calyx

glabrous abaxially, moderately hairy with

white crispate hairs adaxially, lobes ovate to

broad-ovate, 1.3-1.8 mm long, 1.7-2 mm wide,

obtuse at the apex; petals narrow-obovate, 10-

13 mm long, 3-3.7 mm wide, white, glabrous

except for tuft of hairs proximally on adaxial

surface, margins entire, with apex rounded;

disc of 5 discrete glands; glands c. 0.3 mm

long, dorsi-ventrally compressed, glabrous,

truncate to obtuse distally; central column

c. 5 mm long, glabrous; stamens 20-30; free

portion of filaments 0.8-2 mm long, ± erect

at anthesis; anthers 0.6-0.8 mm long. Female

flowers not seen; pedicel 10-15 mm long in

fruit. Fruits subglobose, trilobate, 14-16 mm

long, 14-16 mm across, glabrous, ± spiculate

with subulate processes 2-4 mm long, very

shortly beaked, usually 3-seeded. Seeds

427

Halford & Henderson, A taxonomic revision of Ricinocarpos

ellipsoid, slightly compressed dorsally, 9.5- caruncle somewhat obliquely conical, c. 1.5

10 mm long (including caruncle), 6-6.5 mm mm long and 4 mm wide, ruminate, ± white,

wide, 5.8-6 mm deep, carunculate; testa pale Fig. 8.

to light brown with blotches of red-brown;

Fig. 8. Ricinocarpos ruminatus. A. fruiting branchlet x 1. B. side view of fruit x 2. C. face view of fruit x 2. D. ventral

view of seed x 4. E. side view of seed x 4. F. face view of caruncle x 6. A-F from Bean 14223 (BRI). Del. W. Smith.

Additional specimens examined : Queensland.

Leichhardt District: Planet Downs, Expedition Range

E of Planet Creek, Oct 1999, Halford 03837 (BRI);

Planet Downs, Nov 1984, Kerswell 2 (BRI); Expedition

Range, Planet Downs lease, c. 800m from Planet Creek,

Aug 1999, Schmeider MS153 & Appelman (BRI); mid

way up Planet Creek, ‘Planet Downs’, Sep 1981, Walsh

s.n. (BRI [AQ349537]).

Distribution and habitat : Ricinocarpos

ruminatus is confined to central Queensland

where it is known only from the Expedition

Range, approximately 45 km east of Rolleston

(Map 19). It is recorded as growing in open

forest on sandy flats and in heathland on

skeletal soil on rocky sandstone pavements

and on hill tops.

Phenology : Flowers have been collected in

August and December, fruits in May and

September.

Affinities : Ricinocarpos ruminatus is similar

to R. pinifolius but is easily distinguished

from that species by its larger fruits (14-16

mm long x 14-16 mm across compared with

8-12 mm long x 10-14 mm across) with larger

seeds (9.5-10 mm long x 6-6.5 mm across

compared with 5.7-9 mm long x 3.2-4.2 mm

across) that are ellipsoidal rather than ovoid

and which have a ruminate rather than more

or less smooth caruncle.

428

Etymology : The specific epithet is from Latin

ruminatus (penetrated by irregular channels

giving an eroded appearance), in reference

to the texture of the caruncle on seeds of this

species.

19. Ricinocarpos speciosus Mull.Arg., Flora

47: 470 (1864) (‘ Ricinocarpus ’); Roeperia

speciosa (Mull.Arg.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen.

PL 2: 619 (1891). Type: [New South Wales.]

Wilson River, Port Macquarie, in 1835, [j]

Backhouse s.n. (holo: K [herb, ex Hook.]).

Illustration : Elliot & Jones (2002: 238).

Monoecious or dioecious, slender, erect, open

shrubs to 3 m high; shoot apices and flower

buds with a ferruginous indumentum. Young

branchlets terete, with a dense greyish-white

indumentum; hairs stellate, sessile or shortly

stipitate, multiangulate, <0.8 mm across,

with stipes <0.3 mm long. Older branchlets

with surface becoming longitudinally ridged,

greyish in colour. Leaves petiolate, spirally

alternate; petioles 4-10 mm long, densely

hairy with hairs as for branchlets; blades

narrow-elliptic or narrow-oblong, (40-) 50-

90 (-120) mm long, 8-20 (-30) mm wide, with

a length/width ratio of 4-8:1; adaxial surface

stellate-pubescent when young but becoming

glabrous except for scattered persistent hairs

along the midline, smooth; abaxial surface

tomentose with soft white stellate hairs up to

1 mm across; base cuneate to obtuse; margins

slightly recurved; apex acute or obtuse;

midvein impressed adaxially, abaxially

raised and stellate-pubescent or glabrous on

abaxial face; secondary venation obscure

on both surfaces; marginal glands absent or

occasionally present on blade, up to 3 mm from

base, 1 each side of midrib, sessile or shortly

stipitate, smooth, c. 0.1 mm across; stipes <

0.1 mm long. Inflorescences ± umbelliform

with either 2-4 male flowers or 1-3 female

flowers surrounded by up to 4 male flowers,

terminal on branchlets; bracts and bracteoles

linear, 3-6 mm long, glabrous or stellate-

pubescent adaxially, stellate-pubescent

abaxially, caducous. Flowers conspicuous;

pedicel densely hairy with ferruginous stellate

hairs; calyx 5-lobed; petals 5, c. twice as long

as calyx; disc of 5 discrete glands. Male

flowers: pedicel slender, 10-25 mm long;

Austrobaileya 7(3): 387-449 (2007)

calyx densely tomentose with ferruginous

stellate hairs abaxially, densely pubescent to

tomentose with white stellate hairs adaxially,

lobes ovate to semi-elliptic, 3.5-5 mm long,

2-3.5 mm wide, acute, obtuse or rounded at

the apex; petals ovate or obovate, 7-9.5 mm

long, 3-5.5 mm wide, white, glabrous, with

margins few-notched, obtuse to rounded at

the apex; disc-glands 0.4-0.7 mm long, dorsi-

ventrally compressed, stellate-pubescent

abaxially, glabrous adaxially, truncate-sinuate

distally; central column 2.5-4 mm long,

tomentose; stamens 40-50; free portion of

filaments 1-2.5 mm long, erect to spreading

at anthesis, glabrous; anthers c. 0.5 mm long.

Female flowers: pedicel stout, 8-22 mm long;

calyx persistent, indumentum as for calyx of

male flowers, lobes ovate, 4.5-6 mm long, c. 3

mm wide, acute at the apex; petals obovate, c.

9.5 mm long and 5 mm wide, white, glabrous,

with margins entire, rounded at the apex,

marcescent; disc-glands as for male flowers;

ovary ovoid but 3-sulcate,c. 3.5 mm long,

stellate-villose with reddish-brown hairs; style

± obsolete; stigmatic limbs 2.5-3.5 mm long,

glabrous; lobes spreading to erect, ± dorsi-

ventrally compressed but grooved abaxially,

verrucose adaxially, smooth abaxially. Fruits

ellipsoidal, trilobate, 7-11 mm long, 8-11 mm

across, stellate-tomentose, usually 3-seeded;

calyx a quarter to half the length of mature

fruit. Seeds ovoid or ellipsoid, dorsi-ventrally

compressed, 5.5-5.8 mm long (including

caruncle), 3-3.3 mm wide, 2.3-2.8 mm

deep; testa brown; caruncle ± hemispherical,

c. 1 mm long and 1.6 mm wide, ± smooth,

yellowish-white.

Additional selected specimens (from 41 examined ):

Queensland. Wide Bay District: S.F. 959, Tewantin

S.F., 300 m N of Gumboil road, Oct 1997, Halford Q3422

& Sharpe (BRI, MEL); S.F. 997, Ringtail L.A., E of

Pomona off Boreen-Tewantin road, Aug 1999, Wang

2052 (BRI). Moreton District: near Mons School road,

Buderim, Aug 1995, Bean 8800 (BRI); 1.2 km along

Carricks road, Springbrook, Oct 1997, Bean 12488

(MEL); Rocky Creek, Mt Barney N.P., Jul 1994, Bean

7761 & Halford (BRI); Mt Ballow, Macpherson Range,

Jul 1937, Blake 13083 (BRI); Mt Mee S.F., Aug 1983,

Conran s.n. (BRI [AQ478366]); Springbrook, Oct 1996,

Forster PIF19826 & Leiper (BRI, MEL); Mt Barney N.P,

200 m above Upper Portals, Jun 1989, Halford Q147A

(BRI); Bull L.A., Mt Mee S.F., Sep 1989, Henderson

H3229 & Guymer (BRI); between Palmwoods and

Landsborough, Jul 1930, Hubbard 3415 (BRI, MEL);

429

Halford & Henderson, A taxonomic revision of Ricinocarpos

Wilson road, Tanawah, Aug 1996, Moran s.n. (BRI

[AQ750044]); Springbrook, near Wunburra Lookout on

Advancetown-Springbrook road, Jul 1971, Moriarty

732 (CANB); Mt Mee S.F., 2 km NW of Forestry Station,

Jul 1990, Skeds.n. (BRI [AQ504252]); Mt Edwards, Sep

1933, Smith s.n. (BRI [AQ205253]); Mt Ballow, Jul 1937,

White 11097 (BRI). New South Wales. Orara S.F., 7

km SW of Nana Glen, Oct 1990, Bean 2464 (BRI); near

Jirrah road crossing of Coldwater Creek, Bagawa S.F., c.

20 km NW of Coffs Harbour, Sep 1997, Gilmour 7848

(BRI); near the Dandahra Needles, Gibraltar Range, 68

km NE of Glen Innes via Gwydir Highway, Aug 1987,

Hind5248 & D’Aubert( BRI); Gibraltar Range, Dandahra

Creek-Needles track, c. 2.5 km from camping area, Oct

1984, Telford 9872 & Crisp (CANB, MEL).

Distribution and habitat : Ricinocarpos

speciosus occurs in south-eastern Queensland

from Tewantin to Springbrook and in north¬

eastern New South Wales from the Gibraltar

Range to the Port Macquarie area (Map 20). It

is recorded as growing on slopes or on rocky

creek banks mostly in wet sclerophyll forest

often near rainforest margins.

Phenology : Flowers have been collected

from June to October, fruits in September and

October.

Affinities : Ricinocarpos speciosus is similar

to R. ledifolius but differs from that species

in having flowers with larger petals, larger

fruits and generally larger leaves with longer

petioles.

20. Ricinocarpos trachyphyllus Halford &

R. J.F.Hend. species nova R. bowmanii¥.MuQ\\.

et R. linearifolio Halford & R.J.F.Hend.

maxime affinis. Ab illo foliorum lamina

pagina abaxiali sericea non pubescenti et

foliis plerumque proportione longioribus (folii

lamina ratione longitudinis ad latitudinem 11-

30 (—50):1 non 3-15:1) facile distincta. Ab hoc

foliorum lamina pagina adaxiale scabra non

levi et indumento villoso non tomentoso in

pedicellis et calycum pagina adaxiali differt.

Typus: Queensland. Maranoa District: 21.1

km W of ‘Euloref, W of Surat, 20 August

2001, A.R.Bean 17746 (holo: BRI; iso: MEL,

NSW, distribuendi).

Ricinocarpos sp. (Westmar T.J.McDonald

263), Forster & Halford (2002: 73; 2007: 72).

Monoecious or apparently dioecious shrubs to

2 m high. Young branchlets terete, with a dense

greyish-white indumentum; hairs stellate,

± sessile, multiangulate, < 0.4 mm across.

Older branchlets shallowly longitudinally

fissured, ± grey. Leaves petiolate, spirally

alternate or occasionally subopposite;

petioles 1-1.5 mm long, densely hairy with

hairs as for branchlets; blades linear, 15-45

mm long, 0.9-1.2 mm wide, with a length/

width ratio of 11-30 (—50):1; adaxial surface

stellate-pubescent but becoming scabrid by

the persistent tuberculate bases of deciduous

hairs; abaxial surface sericeous with loosely

appressed soft stellate hairs, up to 2 mm

across; base cuneate or truncate; margins

revolute to midrib; apex obtuse to rounded

and gland-tipped; midvein obscure adaxially,

abaxially raised and stellate-pubescent;

secondary venation obscure on both surfaces;

marginal glands present on blade, up to 1 mm

from base, 1 per side of midrib, ± sessile or

stipitate, smooth, c. 0.1 mm across; stipes up

to 0.1 mm long. Inflorescences of a single

male or female flower, or umbelliform with

either 3 male flowers or one female flower

surrounded by up to 3 male flowers, terminal

on branchlets or sometimes appearing axillary

due to reduction of lateral branchlet; bracts

and bracteoles ovate to lanceolate, 3-8 mm

long, glabrous adaxially, stellate-pubescent

abaxially, caducous. Flowers conspicuous;

pedicel shaggy villose with ferruginous

stellate hairs; calyx 5-lobed; petals 5, slightly

longer than calyx; disc of 5 discrete glands.

Male flowers: pedicel slender, 8-20 mm long;

calyx shaggy villose with ferruginous stellate

hair abaxially, white stellate-tomentose

adaxially, lobes ovate, 4.5-5.5 mm long,

2.8-3.6 mm wide, acute at the apex; petals

obovate, 7-12 mm long, 4.8-5.3 mm wide,

white, glabrous, with margins entire, rounded

or acute at the apex; disc-glands 0.5-0.8 mm

long, dorsi-ventrally compressed, glabrous,

rounded to truncate distally; central column

4-5 mm long, tomentose; stamens 30-50;

free portion of filaments 1.8-2.5 mm long,

erect to spreading or decurving at anthesis,

glabrous; anthers 0.6-0.8 mm long. Female

flowers: pedicel stout, 5-8 mm long; calyx

persistent, indumentum as for calyx of male

flowers, lobes ovate, 5-6 mm long, 2.8-4 mm

wide, acute at the apex; petals broad-obovate

to obovate, 8-9 mm long, 5.5-6.5 mm wide,

white, glabrous, with margins entire, obtuse

430

to rounded at the apex, marcescent; disc-

glands as for male flowers; ovary subglobose,

3-sulcate, 3.5-4.2 mm long, densely stellate-

villose; style ± obsolete; stigmatic limbs 2.8-4

mm long, glabrous adaxially, scattered stellate

hairs proximally abaxially; lobes ± spreading,

± dorsi-ventrally compressed but shallowly

grooved abaxially, verrucose adaxially, ±

smooth abaxially. Fruits subglobose or rarely

ovoid, trilobate, 8-8.3 mm long, 8-9 mm

across, stellate-villose, usually 3-seeded;

calyx < half the length of mature fruit. Seeds

ovoid, dorsi-ventrally compressed, c. 6.7 mm

long (including caruncle), 3.6 mm wide and

2.7 mm deep; testa dark red-brown; caruncle

± hemispherical, c. 0.8 mm long and 1.2 mm

wide, ± smooth, white. Fig. 9.

Additional selected specimens (from 34 examined ):

Queensland. Warrego District: 64 km SE of

Charleville, Aug 1973, Trapnell 267 & Williams (BRI).

Maranoa District: Thrushton N.R, Jul 1996, Eddie 15

(BRI); 44 miles \c. 70 km] SSE of Charleville, Aug 1963,

Everist 7506 (BRI, MEL); c. 44 miles [c.70 km] NE of St

George, Aug 1956, Everist 5830 (BRI); Boatman Station,

Oct 1957, Everist 5865 (BRI); Megine to Brucedale road

c. 40 km due S of Roma, Sep 1995, Grimshaw PG2177 &

Bean (BRI); 101 km from Charleville on road to Bollon

via Boatman, Aug 1979, McKenzie CT9 (BRI); 28 miles

[c. 45 km] S of Roma, Sep 1967, Pedley 2408 (BRI,

MEL); 8 km SE of ‘Calabah’, Jun 1976, Purdie 472D

(BRI); 75 km SE of Charleville, Sep 1983, SilcockS653

(BRI). Darling Downs District: Moonie Highway, 16

miles \c. 26 km] from Westmar, Sep 1964, Shoobridge

s.n. (CANB [CBG014317]); 22 km W of Westmar,

Moonie Highway, Sep 1966, McDonald 263 (BRI); 5

miles [c. 8 km] W of Westmar on Moonie Highway, Sep

1967, McDonald354 (BRI, NSW); 20 miles [c. 32 km] W

of Westmar on Moonie Highway, Nov 1958, Pedley 245A

(BRI); 23.6 km W of Westmar, Sep 1988, Richardson 287

& Meredith (BRI). New South Wales. Yathong Nature

Reserve, 45 km N of Roto, Sep 1977, Brickhill 603-10

(NSW); ‘Kiaora’, 75 km SW of Cobar, Sep 1978, Green

s.n. (NSW); ‘Buckamboof, S of Cobar, Sep 1970, Keane

s.n. (NSW); Matakana Bore, c. 1.5 km S of Matakana,

Nov 1973, Milthorpe & Cunningham 1305B (NSW); 30

km E of Paddington, Aug 1974, Pickhard s.n. (NSW

464888); ‘Bloomfield’, track along southern boundary,

Nov 1987, Wilson 178 & Wilson (BRI, NSW).

Distribution and habitat : Ricinocarpos

trachyphyllus has a disjunct distribution.

In southern Queensland, it occurs from

Charleville eastwards to Westmar, near St

George, and in western New South Wales

from near Cobar southward to Matakana (near

Lake Cargelligo) (Map 21). It is recorded as

growing in open ironbark woodland or forest,

mallee, and mulga and spinifex communities,

on red sandy or sandy clay soils.

Austrobaileya 7(3): 387-449 (2007)

Phenology : Flowers have been collected in

March and from June to November, fruits

from September to November.

Affinities'. Ricinocarpos trachyphyllus is

similar to R. bowmanii and R. linearifolius. It

is easily distinguished from R. bowmanii by its

sericeous rather than pubescent indumentum

on the abaxial surface of the leaf blades and

its proportionally longer leaves (leaf blade

length/width ratio of 11-30 (-50): 1 compared

with 3-15:1). It differs from R. linearifolius

by its scabrous rather than smooth upper leaf

blade surface and a shaggy villose rather than

tomentose indumentum on pedicels and the

adaxial surface of the calyces.

Etymology : The specific epithet is from Greek

trachys (rough), and - phyllus , (leaved), and

refers to the scabrid upper (adaxial) surface of

leaf blades of this species.

21. Ricinocarpos trichophorus Mull.Arg.,

Linnaea 34: 60/61 (1865) (‘Ricinocarpus ’);

Roeperia trichophora (Mull.Arg.) Kuntze,

Revis. Gen. PI. 2: 619 (1891). Type: [Western

Australia] ad Swan River, s.d ., J.Drummond

ser. 4 n.219 (holo: 7G-BOISS n.v., iso: K [two

sheets one each ex herb. Benth. and herb.

Hook.]).

Illustration: Hopper et al. (1990: 76).

Monoecious, erect shrubs to 1.8 m high,

shoot apices and flower buds with ferruginous

indumentum. Young branchlets terete, with a

dense grey-white indumentum; hairs stellate,

sessile or shortly stipitate, multiangulate, < 1

mm across, with stipes < 0.2 mm long. Older

branchlets with surface becoming ridged

longitudinally, reddish-brown. Leaves sessile

or shortly petiolate; spirally alternate; petioles

up to 1 mm long, densely hairy with hairs

as for branchlets; blades linear to narrow-

oblong or rarely very narrow-ovate, 25-60

(-100) mm long, 1.5-4.5 (-10) mm wide, with

a length/width ratio of 8-25 (-37): 1; adaxial

surface stellate-pubescent when young soon

becoming glabrous and sparsely tuberculate

with persistent bases of deciduous hairs;

abaxial surface tomentose with soft white

stellate hairs up to 1.7 mm across; base cuneate

to obtuse; margins recurved usually so that

only midrib of abaxial surface of leaf blade

is visible; apex acute or obtuse, sometimes

Halford & Henderson, A taxonomic revision of Ricinocarpos

431

Fig. 9. Ricinocarpos trachyphyllus. A. flowering branchlet x 2. B. adaxial leaf surface showing indumentum x 4

C. transverse section of leaf x 18. D. stellate hair, from abaxial leaf surface x 18. E. side view of male flower x 4. F. face

view of female flower x 4. G. side view of fruit x 3. H. face view of fruit x 3.1. ventral view of seed x 6. J. side view

of seed x 6. A-D, F-H from Halford Q8585A & Thomas (BRI); E from Halford Q8585B & Thomas (BRI); I, J from

Milthorpe 1305B & Cunningham (NSW). Del. W. Smith.

with sessile gland at tip; midvein impressed

adaxially, abaxially raised and stellate-

pubescent; secondary venation obscure on

both surfaces; marginal glands absent or

present on blade, up to 30 mm from base, 1

or 2 each side of midrib, sessile or stipitate,

smooth, c. 0.3 mm across; stipes up to 0.4 mm

long. Inflorescences racemose with one or

two female flowers basal on the axis with up

to 5 male flowers distal to them, terminal on

branchlets, frondobracteose; rachis 2-4 cm

long; bracts lanceolate, 4-9 mm long, densely

432

stellate-pubescent adaxially and abaxially.

Flowers conspicuous; pedicel densely hairy

with ferruginous stellate hairs; calyx 5-lobed;

petals 5, c. twice as long as calyx. Male

flowers: pedicel slender, 5-10 mm long;

calyx densely tomentose with ferruginous

and white stellate hairs abaxially, densely

tomentose adaxially with white stellate hairs,

lobes narrow-ovate, 4-5.5 mm long, 1.5-2.5

mm wide, acute to shortly acuminate at the

apex; petals broad-ovate to obovate, 8-10 mm

long, 3.5-5 mm wide, white, glabrous except

for tuft of white simple hairs proximally on

adaxial surface, with margins undulate,

rounded at the apex; disc of 5 discrete glands;

glands 0.4-0.6 mm long, dorsi-ventrally

compressed, glabrous, sometimes irregularly

lobed, rounded to truncate distally; central

column 3-4.5 mm long, tomentose; stamens

50-60; free portion of filaments 1-1.5 mm

long, erect to spreading at anthesis, glabrous

or with scattered hairs; anthers c. 0.5 mm long.

Female flowers: pedicel stout, 4-10 mm long;

calyx persistent, indumentum as for calyx

of male flowers, lobes ovate, 4-7 mm long,

1.5-2.5 mm wide, acute to acuminate at the

apex; petals narrow-obovate, 8-9 mm long,

1.5-2.5 mm wide, white, sparsely stellate-

pubescent proximally abaxially, stellate -

tomentose for most of its length adaxially,

with margins entire, obtuse at the apex,

marcescent; disc a glandular ring, c. 0.2 mm

long, dorsi-ventrally compressed, glabrous,

truncate distally; ovary subglobose, 2.5-3.5

mm long, densely stellate-villose; style c. 0.3

mm long, glabrous; stigmatic limbs 3-3.5 mm

long, glabrous; lobes ± spreading, ± dorsi-

ventrally compressed but grooved abaxially,

verrucose adaxially, smooth abaxially. Fruits

ellipsoidal, 8-10 mm long, 7-10 mm across,

stellate-tomentose, usually 3-seeded; calyx c.

half the length of mature fruit. Seeds ellipsoid,

dorsi-ventrally compressed, c. 6.5 mm long

(including caruncle), 3.5 mm wide, and 2.8

mm deep; testa red-brown and blotched with

dark brown; caruncle ± conical, c. 0.8 mm

long, and 1 mm wide, ± wrinkled, yellowish-

white.

Additional specimens examined: Western Australia.

Mt Heywood, Jan 1992, Archer 101927 (MEL); Mt

Heywood, 82 km NE of Esperance, Oct 1995, Archer

210956 (MEL); Mt Beaumont, Aug 1983, Burgman

Austrobaileya 7 ( 3 ): 387-449 ( 2007 )

MAB1739 (PERTH); Mt Heywood, Sep 1983, Burgman

& McNee 2486 (PERTH); Mt Heywood, Aug 1980,

Clements 1827 (CANB); Gorge of Fitzgerald River, Sep

1948, Gardner 9240 (PERTH); Fitzgerald River, May

1964, Gardner 14767 (PERTH); N side of Mt Heyward

[Heywood], Aug 1980, George 15867 (PERTH); Tweetup

[Twertup] Creek, Mar 1965, Newbey 1754 (PERTH).

Distribution and habitat : Ricinocarpos

trichophorus is confined to the south coast

of Western Australia where it is known from

around Fitzgerald River and Twertup Creek,

south west of Ravensthorpe, and Mt Heywood

and Mt Beaumont NE of Esperance (Map

22). It is recorded as growing in shrubland

communities on sandy soils on slopes amongst

sandstone or granite boulders.

Phenology : Flowers have been collected in

January, March, May and from August to

November, fruits in March, September and

October.

Affinities : Ricinocarpos trichophorus is

similar to R. velutinus but differs from

that species in having young shoots and

inflorescence with a ferruginous indumentum,

adaxial surface of leaf blades stellate-

pubescent when young soon becoming

glabrous and flowers with white petals.

22. Ricinocarpos trichophyllus Halford &

R.J.F.Hend. species nova R. marginatum

F.Muell. et R. rosmarinifolio Benth. maxime

affinis. Ab illo foliorum lamina minore lineari

usque ad angusto-oblonga non angusto-

elliptica (22-45 mm longa x 1.4-3.5 (-6) mm

lata non 45-90 mm longa x 8-20 mm lata)

facile distincta. Ab hoc indumento in ramulis

generatim plus grosso, foliorum lamina

pagina adaxiali stellato-pubescenti non plus

minusve glabra, floribus femineis calycis

lobis lato-ovatis non angusto-triangularibus

vel oblongis et ovario et fructu indumento

densissimo pilis stellatis (pili minores quam

0.1 mm diam. non usque ad 0.3 mm diam.)

differt. Typus: Northern Territory. Victoria

River Region: Spirit Hills Conservation area,

S of Nancy’s Gorge, 20 August 1996, 1.Cowie

7144 (holo: BRI; iso: MEL [and according to

label with holotype, DNA, CANB, AD, NSW,

PERTH]).

Halford & Henderson, A taxonomic revision of Ricinocarpos

Ricinocarpos sp. A., Wheeler (1992: 626).

Ricinocarpos sp. A. Kimberley Flora

(A.S.George 14118), Paczkowska & Chapman

(2000: 249).

Monoecious, open, slender shrubs 0.7-1.5

m high. Younger branchlets ± terete, with a

moderately dense white indumentum; hairs

stellate, ± sessile, multiangulate, 0.3-0.6

mm across. Older branchlets with surface

becoming shallowly, longitudinally fissured,

greyish-white. Leaves petiolate, spirally

alternate; petioles 1.5-2 mm long, densely

hairy with hairs as for branchlets; blades

linear to narrow-oblong, 22-45 mm long,

1.4-3.5 (-6) mm wide, with a length/width

ratio of 8-25:1; adaxial and abaxial surfaces

moderately dense to densely pubescent with

stipitate stellate hairs 0.2-0.4 mm across;

base cuneate; margins recurved to revolute;

apex obtuse to acute, occasionally ultimately

apiculate with extension from midrib up to

0.1 mm long; midvein slightly impressed

adaxially, abaxially raised and stellate-

pubescent; secondary venation obscure on

both surfaces; marginal glands absent or

present on blade, up to 1 mm from base, 1 per

side of midrib, sessile, smooth, 0.1-0.2 mm

across. Inflorescences ± umbelliform usually

of one female flower surrounded by 2 or 3

male flowers, initially terminal on branchlets

but soon appears lateral as it is overtopped by

growth of axillary buds; bracts and bracteoles

linear, 1-1.5 mm long, stellate-pubescent,

caducous. Flowers inconspicuous; pedicel

white stellate-pubescent; calyx 5-lobed;

petals 5, ± equalling or shorter than calyx;

disc a glandular ring. Male flowers: pedicel

slender, 2.5-10 mm long; calyx white stellate-

pubescent abaxially, ± glabrous adaxially,

lobes ovate to elliptic, 3-3.5 mm long, 2-2.5

mm wide, obtuse at the apex; petals broad-

obovate, 1.9-3 mm long, 1.2-2.2 mm wide, of

unknown colour when fresh, glabrous, with

margins undulate, ± truncate at the apex; disc

c. 0.2 mm long, dorsi-ventrally compressed,

glabrous, lobed distally; lobes truncate

to obtuse; central column c. 3.5 mm long,

glabrous except for scattered stellate hairs

proximally; stamens c. 25; free portion of

filaments 2-2.5 mm long, ± erect at anthesis,

glabrous; anthers 0.5-0.6 mm long. Female

433

flowers: pedicel stout, 4-7 mm long; calyx

persistent, indumentum as for calyx of male

flowers, lobes broad-ovate, 2.7-3 mm long,

2.2-2.6 mm wide, obtuse at the apex; petals

spathulate, 2.3-2.5 mm long, 1-1.3 mm wide,

of unknown colour when fresh, glabrous,

with margins undulate, rounded at the

apex, marcescent; disc as for male flowers;

ovary subglobose, c. 2.5 mm long, densely

stellate-pubescent; style 1.5-2 mm long,

densely stellate-pubescent; stigmatic limbs

of unknown colour when fresh, 1.3-1.5 mm

long, glabrous adaxially, stellate-pubescent

proximally abaxially; lobes strongly

revolute, ± terete but grooved abaxially, ±

verrucose adaxially, smooth abaxially. Fruits

subglobose, trilobate, 6-8 mm long, 7.5-8 mm

across, very densely stellate-pubescent with

hairs up to 0.1 mm across, usually 3-seeded;

calyx c. a third the length of mature fruit.

Seeds ovoid, dorsi-ventrally compressed, c. 7

mm long (including caruncle), 4.5 mm wide

and 3.5 mm deep; testa red-brown; caruncle

± reniform or pyramidal, c. 1 mm long and

2 mm wide, ± smooth, creamy-white or pale

green. Fig. 10.

Additional specimens examined : Western Australia,

near Solea Fall, Drysdale River, Drysdale River N.R,

Aug 1975, George 13757 (CANB, PERTH); Planigale

Creek, Drysdale River N.P., Aug 1975, Kenneally 4460

(PERTH). Northern Territory. Moyle River, May 1994,

Dunlop 9831 & Lots (BRI, MEL); Bradshaw Station, Feb

1999, Michell & Yates 2130 (DNA); Spirit Hills, Nancy’s

Gorge, Aug 1996, Michell 258 (DNA).

Distribution and habitat : Ricinocarpos

trichophyllus is confined to Drysdale River

N.R, Kimberley, Western Australia and

the Moyle and Victoria River areas of the

Northern Territory (Map 23). It is recorded as

growing in shrubland and eucalypt woodland

communities on sandy soils associated with

sandstone outcrops.

Phenology : Flowers and fruits have been

collected in February, May and August.

Affinities: Ricinocarpos trichophyllus is

similar toR. marginatus and /?. rosmarinifolius.

It is easily distinguished from/?, marginatus by

its smaller, linear to narrow-oblong rather than

narrow-elliptic leaf blades (22-45 mm long x

1.4-3.5 (-6) mm wide compared with 45-90

mm long x 8-20 mm wide in R. marginatus).

434

Austrobaileya 7 ( 3 ): 387-449 ( 2007 )

Fig. 10. Ricinocarpos trick ophyllus. A. adaxial leaf surface * 4. B. transverse section of leaf x 16. C. side view of male

flower x 8. D. adaxial view of petal from male flower x 16. E. side view of petal from male flower x 16. F. side view of

fruit x 4. G. ventral view of seed x 6. H. side view of seed x 6. A-E from Cowie 7144 (BRI); F from Michell 258 (DNA);

G, H from Michell 2130 & Yates (DNA). Del. W.Smith.

It differs from R. rosmarinifolius in its

generally coarser indumentum on branchlets,

its stellate-pubescent rather than ± glabrous

adaxial surface of leaf blades, its broad-ovate

rather than narrow-triangular or oblong calyx

lobes in female flowers and the very dense

indumentum of minute stellate hairs on its

ovary and fruit (hairs less than 0.1 mm across

compared with up to 0.3 mm across in R.

rosmarinifolius).

Etymology : The specific epithet is derived

from Greek tricho- (hairy), and -phyllus

(leaved), in reference to the persistent stellate

indumentum on the upper surface of leaf

blades in this species.

23. Ricinocarpos tuberculatus Mull.Arg.,

Linnaea 34: 60 (1865) (‘ Ricinocarpus ’);

Roeperia tuberculata (Mull.Arg.) Kuntze,

Revis. Gen. PI. 2: 619 (1891). Type: [Western

Australia] ad Swan River, s.d., J.Drummond

ser. 4 n. 84 (holo: 7G-BOISS n.v.; iso: K).

Illustration : Elliot & Jones (2002: 239).

Monoecious or dioecious, erect shrubs or

small trees to 4 m high. Young branchlets

subterete, glabrous, ±glaucous. Older

branchlets with surface becoming shallowly

longitudinally fissured and flaky, ± grey.

Leaves petiolate, spirally alternate; petioles 1-

3 mm long, glabrous; blades linear, 10-25 mm

long, 0.8-1.3 mm wide, with a length/width

ratio of 15-20:1; adaxial surface glabrous, ±

smooth; abaxial surface puberulous with soft

white crispate hairs up to 0.4 mm long; base

cuneate; margins recurved to midrib so that

only midrib of abaxial surface of leaf blade

is visible; apex obtuse to acute, ultimately

Halford & Henderson, A taxonomic revision of Ricinocarpos

mucronate with extension from midrib; mucro

straight or slightly downwardly curved, up

to 0.4 mm long; midvein obscure adaxially,

abaxially raised and glabrous on abaxial face;

secondary venation obscure on both surfaces;

marginal glands absent. Inflorescences ±

umbelliform with either 2-7 male flowers or

one central female flower surrounded by up to

5 male flowers, terminal on branchlets; bracts

linear, 5-6 mm long, glabrous, caducous;

bracteoles absent or when present, linear, 1-2

mm long, glabrous. Flowers conspicuous;

pedicel glabrous; calyx 5-lobed; petals 5, c.

four times as long as calyx; disc of 5 discrete

glands. Male flowers: pedicel slender, 12-22

mm long; calyx glabrous abaxially, moderately

hairy with white crispate hairs adaxially,

lobes triangular, 1.5-2.5 mm long, 1-1.5

mm wide, acute at the apex; petals narrow-

obovate, 10-12 mm long, 2.5-4 mm wide,

white, glabrous except for tuft of white simple

hairs proximally on adaxial surface, with

margins entire, obtuse at the apex; disc-glands

0.3-0.4 mm long, dorsi-ventrally compressed,

glabrous, rounded distally; central column c.

4 mm long, pubescent; stamens c. 30; free

portion of filaments 0.3-0.6 mm long, ± erect

at anthesis, glabrous; anthers c. 0.5 mm long.

Female flowers: pedicel usually stout, 5-10

mm long; calyx caducous, indumentum as

for calyx of male flowers, lobes triangular,

1.2-2.2 mm long, 0.8-1 mm wide, acute at the

apex; petals narrow-obovate, 10-12 mm long,

3-4 mm wide, white, glabrous except of tuft

of appressed white simple hairs proximally on

adaxial surface, with margins entire, rounded

at the apex, caducous; disc-glands as for male

flowers; ovary ovoid, c. 2 mm long, glabrous,

verrucose; style ± obsolete; stigmatic limbs

2- 2.5 mm long, glabrous; lobes spreading,

± dorsi-ventrally compressed but grooved

abaxially, verrucose adaxially, smooth

abaxially. Fruits ellipsoidal, 10-12 mm long,

7-8 mm across, glabrous, ± smooth, usually

3- seeded. Seeds ovoid, dorsi-ventrally

compressed, 7-8 mm long (including

caruncle), 3.5-37 mm wide, 2.5-27 mm

deep; testa pale brown and blotched with dark

brown; caruncle ± concial, c. 1.7 mm long and

2 mm wide, ± smooth, yellowish-white.

Additional selected specimens (from 15 examined ):

Western Australia, between Bruce Rock and

435

Narembeen, S of Merredin, Sep 1929, Blackall s.n.

(PERTH); Kokerbin Hill, Oct 1983, Cranfield 4854

(PERTH); Mt Caroline, S of Kellerbernn, Jan 1940,

Gardner s.n. (PERTH); SE foothills of Mt Caroline, c.

19 km SSW of Kellerberrin, Sep 1988, Henderson H3160

(BRI); Mt Caroline, SW of Kellerberrin, Oct 1963,

Jefferies 631001 (PERTH); Wildlife Reserve, 21 km SSE

of Kellerberin, Apr 1986, Neden 4 (CANB); Mt Stirling,

Oct 1964, Newbey 1572 (PERTH); Nangeen Hill, Bruce

Rock Shire, Jul 1980, Williams 10 (PERTH).

Distribution and habitat : Ricinocarpos

tuberculatus is confined to south-western

Western Australia where it is restricted to

the Kellerberrin-Bruce Rock area (Map

24). It is recorded as growing in shrubland

communities on shallow sandy soils on hill

slopes amongst granite rocks boulders.

Phenology : Flowers have been collected

in January, March, April, July and from

September to November, fruits in January,

July and from October to November.

Affinities : Ricinocarpos tuberculatus is

similar to R. cyanescens and R. megalocarpus.

It differs from R. cyanescens in having

generally longer leaves, 3-seeded fruits and a

more or less smooth fruit surface. For features

distinguishing R. tuberculatus from R.

megalocarpus , refer to the Affinities’ section

under that species.

24. Ricinocarpos undulatus Lehm., PI.

Preiss. 2: 370 (1848) (‘ Ricinocarpus’X

Ricinocarpos glaucus var. undulatus (Lehm.)

Mull.Arg. in A.DC., Prodr. 15(2): 205 (‘late

Aug’1866) (‘ Ricinocarpus ’). Type: [Western

Australia] “In regionibus interioribus

Australiae meridionali-occidentalis, m. Nov.

1810 Herb. Preiss. N. 2016 ex parte” (holo:

?, n.\.\ iso: MEL 2065946 [ex herb. Sonder];

MEL 2062905 [ex herb. Sonder]; MEL

2066079; G-DC, n.v. [microfiche IDC 800-73.

2455: II. 3]).

Monoecious or apparently dioecious,

erect spindly shrubs to 1.5 m high. Young

branchlets subterete, moderately to densely

hairy in two longitudinal bands; hairs simple,

erect, up to 0.2 mm long. Older branchlets with

surface becoming shallowly longitudinally

fissured and flaky, greyish-white. Leaves

petiolate, spirally alternate or occasionally

subopposite; petioles 0.5-2 mm long, densely

hairy adaxially with ± appressed simple hairs

436

up to 0.4 mm long, glabrous abaxially; blades

linear, (5-) 13-35 mm long, (1-) 1.3-3 mm

wide, with a length/width ratio of 7-20:1;

adaxial surface glabrous, smooth; abaxial

surface sericeous with loosely appressed

soft straight hairs up to 2.3 mm long; base

cuneate; margins recurved usually to midrib;

apex obtuse to acute, ultimately mucronate

with extension from midrib; mucro straight

or slightly upwardly curved, up to 0.5 mm

long; midvein slightly impressed adaxially,

abaxially raised and glabrous on abaxial face;

secondary venation obscure on both surfaces;

marginal glands absent. Inflorescences of a

single male or female flower, or ± umbelliform

mostly with either 2-5 male flowers or one

female flower surrounded by up to 3 male

flowers, terminal on branchlets or sometimes

appearing axillary due to reduction of lateral

branchlet; bracts and bracteoles narrow-ovate,

2-4 mm long, stellate-pubescent on adaxial

surface and on margins, glabrous abaxially,

caducous. Flowers conspicuous, fragrant;

pedicel glabrous; calyx 5-lobed; petals

5(rarely 6), c. five times as long as calyx; disc

of 5(rarely 6) discrete glands. Male flowers:

pedicel slender, 10-25 mm long; calyx

glabrous abaxially, densely hairy with simple

white hairs adaxially, lobes triangular or

ovate, 2-3 mm long, 1.3—1.6 mm wide, acute

or obtuse at the apex; petals narrow-obovate

or oblong-obovate, 7-15 mm long, 2.2-4.5

mm wide, white adaxially, white with blushes

of pink or maroon abaxially, glabrous except

for tuft of white simple hairs proximally on

adaxial surface, with margins entire, acute

to obtuse at the apex; disc-glands c. 0.8 mm

long, slightly dorsi-ventrally compressed,

hairy adaxially with ± erect simple hairs c.

0.3 mm long, glabrous abaxially, rounded to

truncate distally; central column 2-4 mm

long, glabrous; stamens 15-25; free portion of

filaments 0.6-1 mm long, erect to spreading

at anthesis, glabrous; anthers c. 0.5 mm long.

Female flowers: pedicel slender, 5-25 mm

long; calyx persistent, indumentum as for

calyx of male flowers, lobes triangular or

ovate, 2.3-3.2 mm long, 1.5-1.7 mm wide,

acute at the apex; petals narrow-obovate, 8-12

mm long, 27-3.8 mm wide, white adaxially,

white with shades of pink or maroon abaxially,

glabrous except for tuft of white simple hairs

Austrobaileya 7 ( 3 ): 387-449 ( 2007 )

proximally on adaxial surface, with margins

entire, obtuse at the apex, caducous; disc-

glands as for male flowers; ovary ovoid but

trilobate, 2-2.7 mm long, glabrous, smooth;

style c. 0.4 mm long, glabrous; stigmatic limbs

2-2.7 mm long, glabrous; lobes spreading to

ascending, ± terete but grooved proximally

abaxially, smooth on both surfaces. Fruits

ellipsoidal, trilobate, 8-10 mm long, 6-7.5 mm

across, glabrous, ± smooth, usually 3-seeded;

calyx c. a fifth the length of mature fruit. Seeds

ellipsoid, slightly dorsi-ventrally compressed,

5-6 mm long (including caruncle), 37-3.8

mm wide, 3-3.4 mm deep; testa pale brown

and blotched with dark brown; caruncle ±

hemispherical, 1.3-1.5 mm long, 1.8-1.9 mm

wide, ± smooth, yellowish-white.

Additional selected specimens (from 57 examined):

Western Australia. Yerramullah track on the W edge

of Badgingarra N.P., c. 4 km WSW of High Hill, Sep

1990, Albrecht 4418 & Fiihrer (MEL); Wanneroo, Aug

1959, Aplin s.n. (PERTH); Badgingarra, Sep 1969,

Ashby 3042 (CANB, PERTH); N of Wubin, Sep 1970,

Ashby 3617 (PERTH); Lake Grace, Oct 1962, Cough 40

(PERTH); Balga, Sep 1971, Demarc D.3413 (PERTH); S

side of Mullalloo Drive, 1 mile [c. 1.6 km] E of Marmion

ave, Craigie, Oct 1975, George 5 (PERTH); S of Jurien

road, 3.5 km Wof Brand Highway, Oct 1979, Griffin 2410

(PERTH); 20 km SSE of Lancelin on Wanneroo road,

Aug 1979, Haegi 1897 (PERTH); 11.7 km E of Green

Head on road to Brand Highway, Sep 1979, Haegi 1916

(PERTH); crest of ridge c. 1 km S of Ballidu, on road to

Wongan Hills, Sep 1988, Henderson H3156 (BRI); c. 5

km NE of Jurien, on road to Brand Highway, Sep 1988,

Henderson H3137 (BRI); c. 21 km SE of Lancelin, on

road to Gingin, Sep 1988, Henderson H3133 (BRI); 8 km

E of Jurien Bay, Sep 1978, Hnatiuk 780123 (PERTH);

11.5 km E of Jurien, Sep 1976, Johnson 3246 (BRI);

5 miles [ c . 8 km] N of Maya, Aug 1965, Newbey 2082

(PERTH); 17 km W of York, Wambyn road at 850 m S

of junction with Boyercutty road, Sep 1983, Patrick 32

(PERTH); SW of Ballidu on catchment to town dam,

Sep 1988, Smith 1074 (BRI, MEL); New Geraldton road

[Brand Highway], 2 miles \c. 3 km] N of the Watheroo-

Jurien Bay crossroad, Sep 1966, Smith 66/211 (PERTH,

MEL); Lackman Dam, N of Korrelocking, Aug 1983,

Smith 256 (CANB, MEL).

Distribution and habitat: Ricinocarpos

undulatus is confined to south-western

Western Australia where it occurs from

near Green Head and Wubin southwards to

Fremantle and east to Merredin and Lake

Grace (Map 25). It has been recorded once

in the Busselton region (Stoward s.n., in

1916 (PERTH)). It is recorded as growing in

heath, shrubland, mallee and open woodland

437

Halford & Henderson, A taxonomic revision of Ricinocarpos

communities on a variety of sandy soils, either

deep or shallow, over laterite or limestone.

Phenology : Flowers have been collected from

July to September, fruits from September to

November.

Affinities: Ricinocarpos undulatus is similar

to R. glaucus and R. pilifer. It differs from R.

glaucus in having a sericeous indumentum

with loosely appressed soft straight hairs

on the abaxial surface of leaf blades and

flowers with petals that are white adaxially

and shades of pink or maroon abaxially. For

features distinguishing R. undulatus from R.

pilifer , refer to the ‘Affinities’ section under

the latter species.

Notes : The combination Ricinocarpos glaucus

var. undulatus was made independently by H.

Baillon on or after 30 Aug 1866 (Henderson

1992). Thus, it is debatable who should be

credited with first making it. We have assumed

that it is more likely Muller’s combination

predates that of Baillon.

25. Ricinocarpos velutinus F.Muell., Fragm.

9: 2 (1875) (‘ Ricinocarpus ’); Roeperia

velutina (F.Muell.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. PI.

2: 619 (1891). Type: [Western Australia]

Upper Irwin River, s.d., J.Forrest s.n. (lecto

[here chosen]: MEL 90951; isolecto: K, MEL

90950).

Plagianthus monoicus Ewart in Ewart &

Tovey, Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria 32: 203 (1920)

( C P. monoicd’). Type: Western Australia, near

Lake Deborah, 25 November 1891, R.Helms

s.n. (holo: MEL 90953; iso: MEL 90952, AD

96628004 and 97714338 n.v).

Illustration : Corrick & Fiihrer (1996: 55).

Monoecious or rarely dioecious, dense erect

shrubs to 2 m high. Young branchlets terete,

with a dense white indumentum; hairs stellate,

sessile or shortly stipitate, multiangulate, <

0.8 mm across, with stipes < 0.2 mm long.

Older branchlets with surface becoming

longitudinally ridged, reddish-brown. Leaves

sessile or shortly petiolate, spirally alternate;

petioles up to 1 mm long, densely hairy with

hairs as for branchlets; blades linear or rarely

narrow-oblong, (12-) 25-55 (-60) mm long,

1.5-4 (-7) mm wide, with a length/width

ratio of 8-20:1; adaxial surface and abaxial

surface tomentose with soft white stellate

hairs up to 0.8 mm across; base cuneate to

obtuse; margins recurved; apex acute or

obtuse, sometimes with stipitate gland at tip;

midvein impressed adaxially, abaxially raised

and stellate-pubescent; secondary venation

obscure on both surfaces; marginal glands

absent or occasionally present on blade, up to

30 mm from base, 1 or 2 each side of midrib,

stipitate, smooth, c. 0.3 mm across; stipes

up to 0.1 mm long. Inflorescences racemose

with all female or all male flowers or one or

two female flowers basal on the axis with up

to 13 male flowers distal to them, terminal on

branchlets, frondobracteose; rachis 3-6 cm

long; bracts linear, 3-10 mm long, densely

stellate-pubescent adaxially and abaxially;

bracteoles absent. Flowers conspicuous;

pedicel densely hairy with white stellate hairs;

calyx 5-lobed; petals 5, slightly longer than

calyx; disc of 5 discrete glands. Male flowers:

pedicel slender, 4-11 mm long; calyx densely

tomentose with white stellate hairs abaxially

and adaxially, lobes narrow-ovate to ovate,

4-7 mm long, 2-3 mm wide, acuminate at the

apex; petals obovate, 6.5-8.5 mm long, 3-4

mm wide, yellow, glabrous except for tuft of

woolly hairs proximally on adaxial surface,

with margins entire, rounded at the apex;

disc-glands 0.6-0.8 mm long, dorsi-ventrally

compressed, sinuate, glabrous, irregularly

lobed distally; central column c. 4 mm long,

tomentose; stamens 40-70; free portion of

filaments 1.8-3 mm long, erect to spreading

at anthesis, glabrous; anthers c. 0.8 mm long.

Female flowers: with pedicel stout, 5-15

mm long; calyx persistent, enlarging in fruit,

indumentum as for calyx of male flowers,

lobes ovate, 8-10 mm long in flower (9-20 mm

long in fruit), 4-5 mm wide in flower (6-7 mm

wide in fruit), acuminate at the apex; petals

narrow-oblong, c. 7 mm long, and 2 mm wide,

yellow, tomentose proximally on adaxial and

abaxial surfaces, with margins entire, rounded

or acute at the apex, marcescent; disc-glands

c. 0.4 mm long, dorsi-ventrally compressed,

glabrous or with scattered stellate hairs,

truncate distally; ovary globose, c. 3 mm

long, densely stellate-villose; style c. 0.4 mm

long, stellate-pubescent; stigmatic limbs c. 6

mm long, glabrous adaxially, scattered stellate

438

hairs proximally abaxially; lobes spreading,

± dorsi-ventrally compressed or ± terete

but grooved abaxially, verrucose adaxially,

smooth abaxially. Fruits ellipsoidal, 9-10

mm long, 9-12 mm across, stellate-villose,

usually 3-seeded; calyx equal to or slightly

longer than the length of mature fruit. Seeds

ellipsoid, dorsi-ventrally compressed, 5.5-6

mm long (including caruncle), 3.2-37 mm

wide, 2.6-3 mm deep; testa dark brown or

greyish-white and blotched with dark reddish-

brown; caruncle ± conical, c. 1 mm long, and

1.5 mm wide, ± smooth, yellowish-white.

Additional selected specimens (from 74 examined ):

Western Australia. 3 miles \c. 5 km] E of Dukin, Jun

1959, Aplin 522 (CANB, PERTH); 25 miles [c. 40 km] S

of Mullewa, Aug 1965, Beard4319 (CANB, PERTH); 43

miles [c. 69 km] SW of Yalgoo, Oct 1953, Broadbent &

Broadbent 1752 (CANB, PERTH); 82.5 miles [c. 133 km]

E of Geraldton on Geraldton-Mullewa road. Mar 1968,

Carr 460 (MEL, PERTH); 0.5 km W of Pindar, c. 200

m N of Pindar-Geraldton Railway line, Sep 1985, Conn

2039 (BRI, MEL); 34.5 km NE of Wubin on Payne’s Find

road, Aug 1976, Coveny 7878 & Maslin (PERTH); 3.6

km WSW of Calingiri road to intersection of Newdale

road, Sep, 1983, Cranfield 4282 (PERTH); Victoria

location 8492, N of Perenjori, Apr 1979, Cranfield 1257

(BRI, MEL, PERTH); Perenjori, Nov 1953, Gardner

12156 (CANB, PERTH); c. 12 km SW of Mullewa, on

road to Morawa, Sep 1988, Henderson H3151 (BRI); c.

9 km NW of Three Springs, on The Midlands road to

Mingenew, Sep 1988, Henderson H3141 (BRI); c. 50

km direct NE of Perenjori, at ‘Old Karara’ station, Oct

1992, Lyne 882 et al. (BRI, MEL); 18 miles [c. 29 km]

E of Pindar, on Geraldton-Mt Magnet road, Jul 1953,

Melville 4252 & Calaby (MEL, PERTH); ‘Tallering’

Station, Nov 1981, Mitchell 928 (PERTH); 17 miles [c.

27 km] S of Mullewa towards Morawa, Oct 1972, Paust

1302 (CANB, PERTH); 50 km W of Mullewa along road

to Geraldton, Oct 1986, Roberts 739 (PERTH); 56.1 km

from turn-off to Perenjori on Great Northern Highway

between Paynes Find and Wubin, Sep 1982, Ross 2753

(MEL, PERTH); beside Geraldton to Mt Magnet road,

14 miles [ c. 23 km] E of Mullewa, Sep 1966, Smith

66/410 (MEL, PERTH); c. 15 km S of Yuin Homestead

toward Pindar, Oct 1975, Weber 5092 (PERTH); 14 km S

of Koorda, Mar 1961, Wilson 6451 (PERTH).

Distribution and habitat: Ricinocarpos

velutinus is confined to south-western

Western Australia where it occurs from the

Mullewa area south-eastwards to Merredin

and Coolgardie (Map 26). It is recorded as

growing on a variety of sandy soils, sometimes

gravelly, in shrubland or open woodland

communities.

Austrobaileya 7(3): 387-449 (2007)

Phenology: Flowers have been collected

throughout the year particularly from August

to October, fruits in January, May and from

July to December.

Affinities: Ricinocarpos velutinus is similar

to R. trichophorus but differs from that in

having young shoots and inflorescences

with a greyish-white indumentum, adaxial

surface of leaf blades with a moderately dense

indumentum of persistent stellate hairs and

flowers with yellow petals.

Typification: In the protologue of

Ricinocarpos velutinus , Mueller (1875) cited

a single collection from the upper Irwin River

[Western Australia] collected by J. Forrest.

Three sheets (two at MEL [90951 and 90950]

and one at K) with matching locality and

collector data have been located amongst

material on loan to BRI. The two sheets at MEL

were annotated by Mueller with the name R.

velutinus. All three sheets appear to be from

a single collection. The sheet MEL90951 is

selected here as lectotype of Mueller’s name

because the specimen is slightly more ample

and better preserved than that on the other

MEL sheet, whilst the specimen on the K

sheet is a much smaller fragment than those

on the MEL sheets.

Lander (1984) stated that the holotype of

Plagianthus monoica had been destroyed in

transit from Perth to Melbourne in the early

1980s but this, fortunately, is incorrect as the

specimen is still extant and in MEL (90953).

Ricinocarpos sect. Scissostylus Griming, in

A. Engler, Pflanzenr. H.58: 48 (1913). Type:

Ricinocarpos stylosus Diels.

Leaves with petiole appressed to branchlet.

Inflorescences of a single flower or flowers

umbelliform. Flowers with petals absent.

Stigmatic limbs deeply 4- or 5-lobed.

26. Ricinocarpos stylosus Diels in L.Diels

& E.Pritzel, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 35: 335/336, fig.

40 (1904). Type: “Hab in distr. Coolagradie

meridionali pr. Gilmores (a Lake Cowan

occidentem versus) in fruticetis apertis

arenoso-lutosisflor. etfruct, m. Nov. (D. 5272)”

(holo: B ■f; lecto [here chosen]: Illustration in

Diels & Pritzel, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 35: 336, fig.

40 (1904)).

Halford & Henderson, A taxonomic revision of Ricinocarpos

Illustration : Griming (1913: 49, fig. 9).

Monoecious or dioecious, spreading, rounded

shrubs to 2 m high or rarely a small tree to 5

m high (Spjiit 7277 et al. (PERTH)). Young

branchlets terete, glabrous, resinous. Older

branchlets with surface becoming shallowly

longitudinally reticulately fissured, dark

brown. Leaves petiolate, spirally alternate;

petioles 1-2 mm long, glabrous; blades linear

to narrow-oblong, 6-10 mm long, 1-1.5 mm

wide, with a length/width ratio of 6-10:1;

adaxial surface glabrous, ± smooth; abaxial

surface puberulous with soft white stellate

hairs < 0.1 mm across; base cuneate; margins

recurved to midrib so that only midrib of

abaxial surface of leaf blade is visible; apex

acute to obtuse, ultimately mucronate with

extension from midrib; midvein obscure

adaxially, abaxially raised with flat glabrous

adaxial face; secondary venation obscure

on both surfaces; marginal glands absent.

Inflorescences of a single female flower, or

± umbelliform with either 2-5 male flowers

or one(rarely 2) female flowers surrounded by

up to 4 male flowers, terminal on branchlets;

bracts and bracteoles lanceolate, 3-5 mm

long, glabrous. Flowers conspicuous; pedicel

glabrous, usually resinous; calyx 4- or 5(rarely

6)-lobed; disc a glandular ring. Male flowers:

pedicel slender, 3-5 mm long; calyx glabrous

and usually resinous abaxially, glabrous

or puberulous with minute white stellate

hairs mostly near margins adaxially, lobes

triangular, 2.7-37 mm long, 1.5-2.3 mm wide,

acute or obtuse at the apex; disc 0.3-0.4 mm

long, dorsi-ventrally compressed, irregularly

lobed, glabrous except for scattered stellate

hairs, truncate distally; central column c. 2

mm long, with scattered minute stellate hairs;

stamens c. 35; free portion of filaments c.

0.5 mm long, erect to spreading at anthesis,

glabrous; anthers 0.6-0.7 mm long. Female

flowers: with pedicel usually stout, 3-6 mm

long; calyx persistent, glabrous and usually

resinous abaxially, glabrous or puberulous

with minute white stellate hairs mostly near

margins adaxially, lobes triangular, 3-4 mm

long, 1.5-3 mm wide, acute to obtuse at the

apex; disc as for male flowers; ovary ovoid

but 3-sulcate, c. 1.5 mm long, glabrous or

sparsely stellate-pubescent, verrucose; style

439

± obsolete; stigmatic limbs c. 2 mm long,

glabrous; lobes spreading to ± upwardly

curving, ± dorsi-ventrally compressed but

grooved abaxially, verrucose adaxially,

smooth abaxially. Fruits subglobose, 7-8

mm long, 7-10 mm across, with scattered

stellate hairs up to 0.1 mm across, rugose or

verrucose, resinous, usually 3-seeded; calyx

a quarter to half the length of mature fruit.

Seeds ellipsoid, dorsi-ventrally compressed,

5-5.3 mm long (including caruncle), c. 3 mm

wide, 1.7-1.8 mm deep; testa brown to dark

brown; caruncle ± hemispherical, c. 0.7 mm

long and 1.8 mm wide, ± smooth, yellowish-

white.

Additional selected specimens (from 40 examined ):

Western Australia. 5 km NE of Norseman PO

(Post Office), c. 1 km N of Eyre Highway, Aug 1974,

Beauglehole ACB49391 (MEL, PERTH); 45 miles \c. 72

km] S of Norseman, Jan 1970, Bennett 3085 (PERTH); 9.2

km SSW of Norseman, just S of Woolyeenyer Hill, Oct

1976, Chinnock 3327 (PERTH); 30 km E of Norseman,

Oct 1992, Corrick 11020 (MEL); 46 km S of Norseman

on the Esperance road, Oct 1981, Craven 7207 (CANB,

MEL); 4 miles [c. 6 km] E ofNorseman, Oct 1973, Demarc

4620 (PERTH); 5.6 km E ofNorseman on Eyre Highway,

Sep 1997, Donaldson 1795 & Flowers (CANB); c. 35 km

N of Widgiemooltha, along Eyre Highway, Sep 1968,

Eichler 20043 (PERTH); 22 miles [c. 35 km] southward

from Norseman, Nov 1953, Gardner 11158 (PERTH); S

of Coolgardie, Oct 1955, Gauba WA248 (CANB); c. 41

km SE of Coolgardie, on road to Norseman, Sep 1988,

Henderson H3170 (BRI); north base of Jimberlana

Hill, 7 km NE of Norseman, Oct 1979, Newbey 6158

(PERTH); 28 km NW ofNorseman, Nov 1979, Newbey

6245 (PERTH); 93 miles [c. 149 km] N of Norseman,

Nov 1962, Phillips WA/62 3305 (CANB, PERTH); just S

ofNorseman, Oct 1981, Spjut 7277 etal. (PERTH); c. 95

km E ofNorseman, Oct 1969, Whibley 3015 (PERTH); 4

km S of Daniell, Sep 1964, Wilson 3178 (PERTH).

Distribution and habitat : Ricinocarpos

stylosus occurs in south-western Western

Australia where it is restricted to the

Norseman district (Map 27). It is recorded

as growing mostly on well-drained loam or

clay soils in eucalypt woodland or open forest

communities.

Phenology: Flowers have been collected from

August to January, fruits in April and from

August to December.

Affinities: Ricinocarpos stylosus is similar

to R. muricatus Miill.Arg. and R. verrucosus

Halford & R.J.F.Hend. in having apetalous

flowers but differs from them in having

440

inflorescences of a single flower or

umbelliform clusters of flowers and shorter

leaves and petioles that are more or less

appressed to the branchlet.

Typificcition: We have been unable to locate

the Diels collection (D. 5272) referred in the

protologue of R. stylosus. The Diels herbarium

was held at B and destroyed during the

Second World War. Searches for duplicates

in other herbaria where duplicates may exist

according to Stafleu and Cowan (1976) (BM,

MEL and CANB), have been unsuccessful.

Diels’ description and illustration are clearly

diagnostic and leave no doubt as to the

application of the name. The illustration in the

protologue is here chosen as the lectotype of

Diels’ name R. stylosus.

Ricinocarpos sect. Apetalidion Mull.

Arg., Linnaea 34: 59 (1865); Ricinocarpos

sect. Polystaphylos Griming, in A.Engler,

Pflanzenr. H.58: 43 (1913) nom. illeg. Type:

Ricinocarpos muricatus Mull.Arg.

Leaves with petiole spreading from branchlet.

Inflorescences racemose, usually of one or

two female flowers basal on the axis with

many male flowers distal to them. Flowers

with petals absent. Stigmatic limbs deeply

2-4-lobed.

27. Ricinocarpos muricatus Mull.Arg.,

Linnaea 34: 61 (1865); Roeperia muricata

(Miill.Arg.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. PI. 2: 619

(1891). Type: [Western Australia] Swan

River-Cape Riche, in 1848, \Jl\ Drummond

n. 85 (lecto [here chosen]: G-BOISS; isolecto:

K [2 sheets]; G-DC n.v. [microfiche IDC 800-

73. 2455: III. 2]).

Illustration : Griming (1913: 45, fig. 8 A-C).

Monecious, erect to spreading shrubs to 2.5

m high; thinly to thickly viscid on most parts.

Young branchlets ± angular becoming terete

with age, glabrous. Older branchlets with

surface becoming longitudinally fissured,

grey. Leaves sessile or shortly petiolate;

petioles up to 1 mm long, glabrous; blades

linear, (15-) 20-45 mm long, 1-2 mm wide,

with a length/width ratio of (10-) 20-30:1;

adaxial surface glabrous, with scattered

tubercules; abaxial surface pubescent with soft

stellate hairs up to 0.4 mm across; base cuneate;

Austrobaileya 7(3): 387-449 (2007)

margins recurved to midrib; apex obtuse to

rounded and ultimately terminated with ±

sessile gland; midvein ± obscure adaxially,

abaxially raised and angular, glabrous on

abaxial face; secondary veins raised abaxially;

marginal glands sometimes present at base of

blade, 1 per side of midrib, sessile, smooth,

0.2-0.3 mm across. Inflorescences racemose

usually of one or two female flowers basal

on the axis with 8-12 male flowers distal to

them; primary axis 15-30 mm long, glabrous,

smooth; bracts lanceolate or narrow-oblong,

2.5-4 mm long, glabrous, caducous. Flowers

conspicuous; pedicel glabrous, calyx 4- or 5-

lobed. Male flowers: pedicel slender, 1-3 mm

long; calyx glabrous except for white crispate

hairs along the margins distally, lobes elliptic,

2.3-3 mm long, 1.4-2 mm wide, obtuse to

rounded at the apex; disc of 5 discrete glands;

glands dorsi-ventrally compressed, fleshy,

glabrous; central column, 2-3 mm long,

glabrous; stamens 20-30; filaments 0.2-0.5

mm long, spreading at anthesis, glabrous;

anthers 0.7-0.8 mm long. Female flowers:

pedicel ± slender, terete, 6-12 mm long; calyx

persistent, glabrous, lobes narrow-ovate to

broad-ovate, 2-4.4 mm long, 0.9-5 mm wide,

acute to obtuse at the apex; disc a glandular

ring, dorsi-ventrally compressed, fleshy,

glabrous; ovary subglobose, 0.8-1.5 mm

long, glabrous, tuberculate; style c. 0.3 mm

long, glabrous; stigmatic limbs c. 3 mm long,

deeply 2-4-lobed, glabrous; lobes spreading,

dorsi-ventrally compressed but grooved

abaxially, verrucose adaxially, smooth

abaxially. Fruits subglobose or ovoid, weakly

to strongly trilobate, 5-7 mm long, 5-7 mm

across, tuberculate to verrucose, glabrous,

usually 3-seeded; calyx a third to half the

length of mature fruit. Seeds obloid, c. 5 mm

long (including caruncle), 3 mm wide and 2

mm deep; testa mottled greyish-white and

lightly brown; caruncle ± broad-conical, c. 9

mm long and 1.2 mm wide, ± smooth, yellow-

white.

Selected specimens (from 42 examined ): Western

Australia. Mt Ridley, Oct 1970, A pi in 4036 (PERTH);

420 mile peg, NW Coastal Highway, Aug 1967, Ashby

2235 (PERTH); Noganyer Soak, Dundas Rocks, Sep

1977, Barker 2578 (AD); 10 miles [c. 16 km] S of

Norseman, Sep 1965, Beauglehole ACB13215 (MEL,

PERTH); Murchison Gorge, near Hawks Head, Jun

1968, Biockley 639 (PERTH); 390.7 mile peg, Carnarvon

Halford & Henderson, A taxonomic revision of Ricinocarpos

road [North West Coastal Highway], Sep 1974, Demarz

5146 (PERTH); Mt Stirling, Jul 1941, Gardner s.n.

(PERTH); Koolanooka Hills, Sep 1931, Gardner 2673

(CANB, PERTH); near Z Bend, Kalbarri N.P, c. 30 km

ENE of Kalbarri, Sep 1988, Henderson H3145 (BRI);

round picnic area in rocks at Dundas Rock, c. 23 km S of

Norseman, Sep 1988, Henderson H3173 (BRI); c. 37 km

S of Dalwallinu, Jul 1980, Hnatiuk 800038A (PERTH);

Wongan Hills, Aug 1980 Kenneally 7462 (PERTH); loc.

cit ., Jun 1983, Kenneally 8791 (PERTH); Mt Caroline,

20 km SSW of Kellerberrin, Oct 1990, Mollemans 3516

(BRI); 18 km E of Karroun Hill, Jul 1990, Mollemans

2997 (CANB, BRI); Walyahmoning Rock, c. 60 km NW

of Bullfinch, Sep 1982, Newbey 9559 (CANB, PERTH);

near Z Bend, Kalbarri N.P, Oct 1982, Strid 20794

(PERTH); near Ross Graham Lookout, Kalbarri N.P,

May 1968, Wilson 6612 (PERTH); 8 km E of Ajana, May

1966, Wilson 4128 (PERTH).

Distribution and habitat : Ricinocarpos

muricatus is confined to south-western

Western Australia from near the Murchison

River south-east to Mt Ridley near Esperance

(Map 28). It is recorded as growing in sandy

to sandy loam soils, mostly associated with

granite substrates, sometimes with lateritic

substrates, rarely on sand dunes and sandstone

substrates, in mixed shrubland, heathland and

mallee communities.

Phenology : Flowers have been collected

from April to November, fruits from July to

October.

Affinities'. Ricinocarpos muricatus is similar

to R. verrucosus. For features distinguishing

these two species, refer to the Affinities’

section under R. verrucosus. Ricinocarpos

muricatus is similar to R. stylosus in having

apetalous flowers but differs from that in

having racemose inflorescences and longer

leaves with spreading petioles.

Typification : Muller (1865) cited two

collections in the protologue of R. muricatus ,

namely “Ad Swan River (Drummond ser.

4 n. 85! et n. 218! in hb. Boiss.” Both sheets

are now located at G. Both sheets agree

with the description in the protologue of R.

muricatus. The better of these two collections

(Drummond n 85) has flowers and fruit and is

selected here as lectotype of Muller’s name.

Notes: Collections (e.g. Blockley 639

(PERTH), Ashby 2235 (PERTH), Wilson 4128

(PERTH), Henderson H3145 (BRI)) from the

north-eastern end of the species range have

broad-ovate female calyx lobes and a more

441

deeply verrucose surface on the fruit. This

variation is worthy of further investigation.

28. Ricinocarpos verrucosus Halford &

R.J.F.Hend. species nova R. muricato Mull.

Arg. maxime affinis sed foliorum lamina

majore angusto-elliptica vel angusto-

lanceolata non lineari in ambitu (45-100 mm

longa x 2-4 mm lata non 15-45 mm longa x 1—

2 mm lata), calycis lobis dense pubescentibus

non glabris in pagina abaxiali et fructibus

sparse pubescentibus non glabris differt.

R. verrucosus floribus apetalis R. styloso

Diels similis sed inflorescentiis racemosis

non floris singularis vel umbellatis et foliorum

lamina longiore (45-100 mm longa non 6-10

mm longa) et petiolo patenti non plus minusve

ramulo appresso differt. Typus: Queensland.

Cook District: Mt Alto, c. 4 km SSW of Mt

Carbine, 21 April 1989, R.J.F.Henderson

H3228 & J.R.Clarkson (holo: BRI; iso: DNA,

CANB, MEL, NSW, K, distribuendi).

Ricinocarpos sp. (Mt Alto C.T.White 10633),

Forster & Halford (2002: 73; 2007: 72).

Monoecious, multi-stemmed shrubs to

4 m high; thinly viscid on most parts.

Young branchlets ± terete, glabrous. Older

branchlets with surface becoming shallowly

longitudinally fissured, ± black. Leaves

shortly petiolate; petiole 1.4-2 mm long,

glabrous; blade very narrow-elliptic or narrow-

lanceolate, 45-100 mm long, 2-4 mm wide,

with a length/width ratio of 11-30:1; adaxial

surface glabrous and smooth; abaxial surface

pubescent with soft stellate hairs up to 0.1

mm across; base attenuate; margins recurved;

apex acute and ultimately terminated with

sessile gland; midvein impressed adaxially,

abaxially raised and rounded, glabrous on

abaxial face; secondary veins raised abaxially;

marginal glands sometimes present at base of

blade, 1 per side of midrib, sessile, smooth,

c. 0.1 mm across. Inflorescences racemose

usually of one or two female flowers basal

on the axis with 8-20 male flowers distal to

them; primary axis 20-50 mm long, glabrous,

smooth; bracts narrow-oblong, 2.6-3 mm

long, glabrous, caducous. Flowers with

pedicel glabrous; calyx 4- or 5-lobed; disc ±

a glandular ring, dorsi-ventrally compressed,

fleshy, lobed distally. Male flowers: pedicel

slender, 2-3 mm long; calyx glabrous except

442

Austrobaileya 7(3): 387-449 (2007)

Fig. 11. Ricinocarpos verrucosus. A. flowering branchlet x 2. B. transverse section of leaf x 12. C. side view of male

flower x 8. D. longitudinal section of male flower x 8. E face view of stamen x 30. F. side view of stamen x 30. G. side

view of female flower x 6. H. side view of fruit x 4.1. ventral view of seed x 6. J. side view of seed x 6. A-G from

Clarkson 8215 (BRI); H from Henderson H3228 & Clarkson (BRI); I, J from Gray 6628 (BRI). Del. W.Smith.

for dense minute hairs distally abaxially,

densely pubescent adaxially, lobes ovate to

elliptic, 2.5—3.3 mm long, 2.2-27 mm wide,

obtuse to acute at the apex; disc hairy; central

column 2-3.3 mm long, tomentose; stamens

c. 40; free portion of filaments c. 1.3 mm

long, erect to spreading at anthesis, glabrous

or sparsely hairy; anthers 0.6-0.8 mm long.

Female flowers: pedicel stout, 5-10 mm

long, glabrous; calyx persistent, indumentum

as for calyx of male flowers, lobes narrow-

ovate to ovate, 3.4-4.2 mm long, 1.5-2.9 mm

Halford & Henderson, A taxonomic revision of Ricinocarpos

wide, acute at the apex; disc glabrous; ovary

subglobose, c. 2 mm long, stellate-pubescent,

verrucose; style ± obsolete; stigmatic limbs

spreading, 2-2.5 mm long, deeply 2- or 3-

lobed, glabrous adaxially, stellate-pubescent

proximally abaxially; lobes spreading, dorsi-

ventrally compressed but grooved abaxially,

verrucose adaxially, smooth abaxially. Fruits

subglobose, 6-8 mm long, 9-10 mm across,

verrucose, sparsely hairy with stellate hairs,

usually 3-seeded; calyx < a third the length of

mature fruit. Seeds ellipsoid, dorsi-ventrally

compressed, c. 5 mm long (including

caruncle), 3.5 mm wide and 3 mm deep; testa

dark red-brown; caruncle ± hemispherical, c.

4 mm long and 2 mm wide, ± smooth, yellow-

white. Fig. 11.

Additional selected specimens: Queensland. Cook

District: Right-hand Falls, Mt Carbine, Nov 1967,

Cassels CAIRNS14893 (BRI); Mt Alto, c. 4 km SSW of

Mt Carbine, Feb 1990, Clarkson 8215 (BRI); loc. cit.,

Feb 1990, Clarkson 8214 (BRI); McLeod River, between

falls and Mount Spurgeon road crossing, Dec 1988, Fell

DF1542 (BRI); 1.6 km E of Flat Hill, Cape Melville N.P.,

May 1993, Fell DGF3221 & Stanton (BRI); loc. cit.. May

1994, Fell DGF4355 (BRI); Bakers Blue Mountain, Font

Hills, Feb 1996, Gray 6628 (BRI); Mt Alto, near Mt

Carbine, Sep 1936, White 10633 (BRI).

Distribution and habitat : Ricinocarpos

verrucosus is confined to north-eastern

Queensland in Cape Melville National Park,

and the Mount Carbine district north of

Mareeba (Map 29). It is recorded as growing

mostly amongst granite boulders on rocky

hillsides, cliff-lines or on rocky stream banks,

often in open woodland communities fringing

vine thickets. It is also recorded on dissected

ferruginous sandstone.

Phenology : Flowers have been collected from

February, May, September to November,

fruits from February.

Affinities: Ricinocarpos verrucosus is similar

to R. muricatus but can be distinguished from

that species by its larger leaf blades which

are narrow-elliptic or narrow-lanceolate

rather than linear in outline (45-100 mm

long x 2-4 mm wide compared with 15-45

mm long x 1-2 mm wide), its calyx lobes

densely hairy (versus glabrous) on the abaxial

surface, and its sparsely hairy (not glabrous)

fruit. Ricinocarpos verrucosus is similar to

R. stylosus in having apetalous flowers but

443

differs from that species in having racemose

inflorescences, not of a single flower or

umbellate, and leaves with a longer blade

(45-100 mm long not 6-10 mm long) and a

spreading petiole, not more or less appressed

to the branchlet.

Etymology: The specific epithet is from

Latin, verrucosus (warty), and refers to the

warty texture of the surface of the fruit of this

species.

Excluded names

Ricinocarpos major Mull.Arg., Linnaea 34:

59 (1865) ^Ricinocarpus’)', Roeperia major

(Mull.Arg.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. PI. 2: 618

(1891). Type: in Tasmania, Verreaux 112

(holo: G-DC [microfiche IDC 800-73. 2455:

I. 3]).

A specimen at MEL [2066058] may be

a fragment (leaves only) of the Verreaux

collection at G-DC. A floral diagram of a

female flower in pencil is attached to the

sheet with a note “Copied von der Etiguette

in hb DC, Ricinocarpus major” (copied from

the label in herb, de Candolle). However,

there is no such diagram with the specimen

illustrated on the microfiche. Examination of

the microfiche and the fragment on the MEL

sheet suggest that the taxon it represents does

not belong to Euphorbiaceae.

Ricinocarpos mitchellii Sonder, Linnaea

28: 563 (1857) (‘ Ricinocarpus Mitchellf)',

Bertya mitchellii (Sond.) Mull.Arg., Linnaea

34: 63 (1865); Bertya mitchellii (Sond.) Mull.

Arg. var. mitchellii. Griming in A.Engler,

Pflanzenr. H.58: 61 (1913) = Bertya oleifolia

Planch., fide Halford & Henderson (2002).

Ricinocarpos neocaledonicus S. Moore,

J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 45: 394 (1921) = Baloghia

neocaledonica (S.Moore) McPherson, fide

McPherson & Tirel (1987).

Ricinocarpos tasmanicus Sonder & F.Muell.,

Linnaea 28: 562 (1857) = Bertya tasmanica

(Sonder & F.Muell.) Mull. Arg. jfcfe Halford &

Henderson (2002).

Ricinocarpos sect. Amonodiscus Mull.Arg.,

Linnaea 34: 59 (1865). Type: Ricinocarpos

major Mull.Arg.

See under Ricinocarpos major above.

444

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Dr Gordon Guymer for

making space and facilities available at BRI for

the first author; the directors and curators of

AD, BM, CANB, DNA, G, HO, K MEL, NE,

NSW, P, PERTH for the loan of their relevant

holdings for study at BRI. The following

persons provided assistance in this study and

they are thanked sincerely for their efforts;

Alex George and Bob Chinnock for searching

for types on our behalfwhile acting as Australian

Botanical Liaison Officer at K; Will Smith

(BRI) for the excellent illustrations; Gerry

Turpin, Paul Robins and Andrew Franks (all

BRI) for assistance with fieldwork undertaken

by the second author and Peter Bostock (BRI)

for preparing the maps and allowing use of his

Botanical Latin (‘Translat’) computer program

to help construct the Latin descriptions and

diagnoses. Associated fieldwork between

1988 and 1992 by the second author and salary

support in 1999 and 2000 for the first author

were funded by grants from the Australian

Biological Resources Study (ABRS) which

are gratefully acknowledged.

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Melbourne: Inkata Press.

445

Halford & Henderson, A taxonomic revision of Ricinocarpos

Jones, D. & Jones. B. (1999). Native Plants of Melbourne

and adjoining areas. Bloomings Books:

Hawthorn, Victoria.

McGillivray, D. J. (1973). Michel Gandoger’s Names of

Australian Plants. Contributions from the New

South Wales National'Herbarium 4: 319-365.

Lander, N.S. (1984). Revision of the Australian genus

Lawrencia Hook. (Malvaceae: Malveae ).

Nuytisa 5: 201-271.

McPherson, G. & Tirel, C. (1987). Euphorbiaceae. I.

Euphorbioideae, Crotonoideae, Acalyphoideae,

Oldfieldioideae. Florae de la Nouvelle-

Caledonie et Dependances 14. Museum

National d’Histoire Naturelle: Paris.

Mueller, F. (1859). FragmentaPhytographiaeAustraliae

1: 76. Victorian Government: Melbourne.

- (1875). Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae 9: 2.

Victorian Government: Melbourne.

Muller, J. (1865). Euphorbiaceae. Vorlaufige

Mittleilungen aus dem fur De Candolle’s

Prodromus bestimmten manuscript uber diese

Familie. Linnaea3>A. 1-224.

- (1866). Euphorbiaceae. In A.L.P.P. de Candolle

(ed.), Prodromus Systematic Naturalis Regni

Vegetabilis. 15(2): 203-207. Masson: Paris.

Paczkowska, G. & Chapman, A.R. (2000). The Western

Australia flora: a descriptive catalogue.

Wildflower Society of Western Australia (Inc.),

the Western Australia Herbarium, CALM and

the Botanic Garden and Parks Authority: Perth.

Stafleu, F.A. & Cowan, R.S. (1976). Taxonomic

Literature, 2 nd edn, Vol. 1. Bohn, Schetema &

Bolkema: Utrecht.

Stanley, T.D. & Ross, E.M. (1983). Flora of south-eastern

Queensland, Volume 1. Queensland Department

of Primary Industries: Brisbane.

Webster, G.L. (1994). Synopsis of the genera and

suprageneric taxa of Euphorbiaceae. Annals of

the Missouri Botanical Garden 81: 33-144.

Wheeler, J.R. (1992). Ricinocarpos. In J.R.Wheeler

(ed.). Flora of the Kimberley Region, pp. 625-

626. Department of Conservation and Land

Management: Como, Western Australia.

Williams, K.A.W. (1979). Native Plants of Queensland,

Volume 1. K.A.W. Williams: North Ipswich.

- (1987). Native Plants of Queensland, Volume 3.

K.A.W. Williams: North Ipswich.

- (1999). Native Plants of Queensland, Volume 4.

K.A.W. Williams: North Ipswich.

Willis, J.H. (1975). Four new species of plants endemic

in the Macdonnell and George Gill Ranges,

Central Australia. Muelleria 3: 95-99.

Wurdack, K.J., Hoffmann, P. & Chase, M.W. (2005).

Molecular phylogenetic analysis of uniovulate

Euphorbiaceae (Euphorbiaceae sensu stricto)

using plastid RBCL and TRNL-F DNA

sequences. American Journal of Botany 92:

1397-1420.

Index to Scientific Names

Names in bold Roman type are accepted names and those in light italics type are synonyms

etc. The numbers refer to the pages of the above taxonomic treatment where the name is

mentioned.

Bertya gnmmifera var. psiloclada Mtill.Arg.424

Bertya mitchellii (Sond.) Mtill.Arg.442

Bertya mitchellii (Sond.) Miill.Arg. var. mitchellii .442

Bertya psiloclada (Miill.Arg.) Baill.424

Plagianthus monoicus Ewart.437

Ricinocarpos sect. Amonodiscus Miill.Arg.443

Ricinocarpos sect. Apetalidion Miill.Arg.397

Ricinocarpos sect. Bertya F.Muell.397

Ricinocarpos sect. Euricinocarpus Miill.Arg.397

Ricinocarpos sect. Polystaphylos Griining.440

Ricinocarpos Desf. sect. Ricinocarpos.397

Ricinocarpos sect. Scissostylus Griining.438

Ricinocarpos bowmanii F.Muell.397

Ricinocarpos bowmanii var. albns Maiden & Betche.397

Ricinocarpos bowmanii F.Muell. var. bowmanii .397

Ricinocarpos bowmanii var. genuinus Griining.397

446

Austrobaileya 7(3): 387-449 (2007)

Ricinocarpos bowmanii var. planus Griming.397

Ricinocarpos brevis R.J.F.Hend. & Mollemans.399

Ricinocarpos caniana Halford & R.J.F.Hend.401

Ricinocarpos crispatus Halford & R.J.F.Hend.402

Ricinocarpos cyanescens Miill.Arg.406

Ricinocarpos glaucus Endl.407

Ricinocarpos glaucus var. cyanescens (Miill.Arg.) Baill.406

Ricinocarpos glaucus var. genuinus Miill.Arg.407

Ricinocarpos glaucus Endl. var. glaucus .407

Ricinocarpos glaucus var. jasminoides Baill.407

Ricinocarpos glaucus var. undulatus (Lehm.) Miill.Arg.435

Ricinocarpos gloria-medii J.H.Willis.408

Ricinocarpos graniticus Halford & R.J.F.Hend.410

Ricinocarpos ledifolius F.Muell.412

Ricinocarpos linearifolius Halford & R.J.F.Hend.413

Ricinocarpos major Miill.Arg.442

Ricinocarpos marginatus Benth.416

Ricinocarpos megalanthus Gand.422

Ricinocarpos megalocarpus Halford & R.J.F.Hend.417

Ricinocarpos mitchellii Sonder.442

Ricinocarpos muricatus Miill.Arg.440

Ricinocarpos neocaledonicus S.Moore.442

Ricinocarpos oliganthus Halford & R.J.F.Hend.418

Ricinocarpos pilifer Halford & R.J.F.Hend.420

Ricinocarpos pinifolius Desf..422

Ricinocarpos proximus Gand.422

Ricinocarpos psilocladus (Miill.Arg.) Benth.424

Ricinocarpos puberulus Baill.407

Ricinocarpos rosmarinifolius Benth.425

Ricinocarpos ruminatus Halford & R.J.F.Hend.426

Ricinocarpos sidifolius F.Muell. ex Baill.422

Ricinocarpos sp. (Blackdown Tableland R. J.Henderson H610).413

Ricinocarpos sp. (Cania Gorge K.A.Williams 80221).401

Ricinocarpos sp. (Mt Alto C.T.White 10633).441

Ricinocarpos sp. (Mt Calder Station M.E.Ballingall MEB1588).404

Ricinocarpos sp. (Planet Downs A.R.Bean 14223).426

Ricinocarpos sp. (Westmar T.J.McDonald 263).429

Ricinocarpos sp. A.433

Ricinocarpos sp. A. Kimberley Flora (A.S.George 14118).433

Ricinocarpos speciosus Miill.Arg.428

Ricinocarpos stylosus Diels.438

Ricinocarpos tasmanicus Sonder & F.Muell.443

Ricinocarpos trachyphyllus Halford & R.J.F.Hend.429

Ricinocarpos trichophorus Miill.Arg.430

Ricinocarpos trichophyllus Halford & R.J.F.Hend.432

Ricinocarpos tuberculatus Miill.Arg.434

Ricinocarpos undulatus Lehm.435

Ricinocarpos velutinus F.Muell.437

Ricinocarpos verrucosus Halford & R.J.F.Hend.441

Roeperia bowmanii (F.Muell.) Kuntze.397

Roeperia cyanescens (Miill.Arg.) Kuntze.406

Halford & Henderson, A taxonomic revision of Ricinocarpos 447

Roeperia glauca (Endl.) Kuntze.407

Roeperia ledifolia (F.Muell.) Kuntze.412

Roeperia major (Miill.Arg.) Kuntze.442

Roeperia marginata (Benth.) Kuntze.416

Roeperia muricata (Miill.Arg.) Kuntze.440

Roeperia pinifolia (Desf.) Spreng.422

Roeperiapsiloclada (Miill.Arg.) Kuntze.424

Roeperia rosmarinifolia (Benth.) Kuntze.425

Roeperia speciosa (Miill.Arg.) Kuntze.428

Roeperia trichophora (Miill.Arg.) Kuntze.430

Roeperia tuberculata (Miill.Arg.) Kuntze.434

Roeperia velutina (F.Muell.) Kuntze.437

448

Austrobaileya 7(3): 387-449 (2007)

Maps 2—16. Distribution of Ricinocarpos species. 2. R. bowmanii 3. R. brevis 4. R, caniana 5. R. crispatus

6 . R.cyanescens 7. R.glaucus 8. R. gloria-medii 9. R. graniticus 10 . R. ledifolius 11 . R. linearifolius 12. R.

marginatus 13. R. megalocarpus 14. R. oliganthus IS.R.pilifer 16. R. pinifolius.

449

Halford & Henderson, A taxonomic revision of Ricinocarpos

Maps 17-29. Distribution of Ricinocarpos species. 17. R. psilocladus 18. R. rosmarinifolius 19. R. ruminatus

20. R. speciosus 21. R. trachyphyllus 22. R. trichophorus 23. R. trichophyllus 24. R. tuberculatus 25. R. undulatus

26. R. velutinus 27. R. stylosus 28. R. muricatus 29. R. verrucosus.

A taxonomic revision of Claoxylon A.Juss.

(Euphorbiaceae) in Australia

Paul I. Forster

Summary

Forster, P.I. (2007). A taxonomic revision of Claoxylon A.Juss. (Euphorbiaceae) in Australia.

Austrobaileya 7(3): 451-472. The genus Claoxylon A.Juss. comprises four species in Australia,

exclusive of Christmas Island, namely: C. angustifolium Mull.Arg., C. australe Baill., C. hillii Benth.

and C. tenerifolium (F.Muell. ex. Baill.) F.Muell. Claoxylon hillii is reinstated from the synonymy

of C. tenerifolium. Claoxylon tenerifolium comprises two subspecies with subsp. boreale P.I.Forst.

newly described from the ‘Wet Tropics’ of north-eastern Queensland. All taxa are described and

illustrated, together with notes on typification, variation, distribution, habitat, conservation status

and etymology. A lectotype is designated for Mercurialis tenerifolia F.Muell. ex Baill. (= Claoxylon

tenerifolium (F.Muell. ex Baill.) F.Muell.).

Key Words: Euphorbiaceae, Claoxylon, Claoxylon hillii, Claoxylon tenerifolium subsp. boreale,

Australia, Australian flora, taxonomy, nomenclature, typification, identification key

P.I.Forster, Queensland Herbarium, Environmental Protection Agency, Brisbane Botanic Gardens,

Mt Coot-tha Road, Toowong, Queensland 4066, Australia. Email: paul.forster@epa.qld.gov.au

Introduction

The genus Claoxylon was described by

Jussieu (1824) based on the single species

C. parviflorum A.Juss. from the Mascarenes

(Reunion and Rodrigues). Approximately 113

species are currently recognised (Govaerts et

al. 2000), and are distributed in the Old World

tropics in Madagascar, the Mascarenes, Asia,

Malesia, Australia and the western Pacific as

far east as Hawai’i. Claoxylon was included by

Webster (1994) in Euphorbiaceae subfamily

Acalyphoideae Asch., tribe Acalypheae

Dumort, subtribe Claoxylinae Hurus.

together with Amyrea Baill., Claoxylopsis

Leandri, Discoclaoxylon (Muell.Arg.) Pax

& K.Hoffm., Erythrococca Benth., Mareya

Baill. and Micrococca Benth. Radcliffe-Smith

(2001) had a similar arrangement but excluded

Amyrea and Mareya from this subtribe. Recent

molecular based phylogenies have placed

Claoxylon in a clade with Discoclaoxylon ,

Erythrococca , Lobanilia Radcl.-Sm. and

Micrococca (Wurdack etal. 2005). Taxa

included in this genus have a unique character

of the dry leaf surface being ‘rough’ due to

slightly protruding styloid crystals (Kabouw

et al. 2007). Whilst there have been a number

of regional accounts of Claoxylon (e.g. India:

Rani & Balakrishnan 1995; New Guinea: Airy

Accepted for publication 16 April 2007

Shaw 1980a; Thailand: van Welzen 2005), the

last overall revision was by Pax (1914).

A specimen of Claoxylon was first

collected from Australia by Joseph Banks and

Daniel Solander when they were marooned at

the Endeavour River between 17 June and 3

August 1770 following the collision of Captain

Cook’s ship the H.M.B. Endeavour on the

Great Barrier Reef. This material {Claoxylon

hillii Benth.) was illustrated by Sydney

Parkinson (available online at www.jbanks.

com) and specimens are present in a number of

herbaria (e.g. BM, NSW). The first species of

Claoxylon formally recognised for Australia

was C. australe Baill. based on a collection

by the explorer Ludwig Leichhardt in 1845

(Baillon 1858). This was quickly followed by

the descriptions of C. angustifolium Mull.Arg.

(Muller 1865) and Mercurialis tenerifolia

F.Muell. ex Baill. (Baillon 1866), the latter

subsequently recombined as C. tenerifolium

(F.Muell. ex Baill.) F.Muell. (Mueller 1868).

Bentham (1873) added C. hillii Benth.

and the varieties C. australe var. latifolia

Benth., C. australe var. laxiflora Benth.

and C.australe var. dentata Benth. These

concepts were repeated by Bailey (1901) and

it was not until Airy Shaw (1976, 1980a,b,

1981) revised the Australian Euphorbiaceae

in part, that any change to the status quo was

452

attempted. Airy Shaw placed Claoxylon hillii

in synonymy with C. tenerifolium, and also

reduced Benthanfs varieties of C. australe to

synonymy with C. australe and C. tenerifolium

respectively. The concept of three Australian

species of Claoxylon was maintained until

recently (e.g. Forster & Henderson 1997;

Govaerts et al. 2000; Forster & Halford

2002), with the name C. tenerifolium being

widely used for a ‘species’ that occurred from

southern Queensland, north to tropical parts

of Queensland, Western Australia and the

Northern Territory (Wheeler 1992; Dunlop

et al. 1995) and southern New Guinea (Airy

Shaw 1980a).

The current revision is limited to mainland

Australia and immediate offshore continental

islands and coral cays. The Australian

territory of Christmas Island has populations

of C. indicum (Reinw. ex Blume) Hassk.

(otherwise widespread in Malesia, Indochina

and mainland Asia), and an account of this

species is given by Du Puy & Telford (1993)

together with illustrations in Claussen (2005).

A much greater number of collections from

mainland Australia are now available than

were available to Airy Shaw (1980b, 1981). It

is now evident that his reduction of Claoxylon

hillii to synonymy with C. tenerifolium was in

error as there are a number of easily discernible

diagnostic characters that enable separation of

the two as species. In addition, description of

one new subspecies of Claoxylon tenerifolium

is now possible following collection of

adequate flowering material in 2001.

General Ecology & Reproductive Biology

The ecology of Claoxylon species has been

barely studied and most information is merely

anecdotal with respect to their reproduction,

pollination, dispersal and recruitment as in

the case of Actephila (Forster 2005). Unlike

Actephila , the Australian species of Claoxylon

can be interpreted as pioneers within the

rainforest habitat due to their occurrence

predominantly on the margins, in areas of

disturbance or of high incident radiation (e.g.

fragmented vinethicket canopies). While

plants of Claoxylon are able to persist in

shaded situations, they may exhibit increased

numbers following gap formation or removal

Austrobaileya 7(3): 451-472 (2007)

of competing plants (e.g. Lantana camara;

Macleay 2004) and are generally considered

to be light demanding (Green et al. 2004),

although some non-Australian species appear

well suited to life in the understorey in terms

of their being able to reach maturity and

reproduce (Pearcy 1983; Pearcy & Calkin

1983).

The four Australian species of Claoxylon

appear dioecious as a population consists

of plants that have either staminate or

pistillate of flowers. Occasionally ‘male’

plants will have a few pistillate flowers in the

inflorescences indicating that they may be

actually monoecious. Species of Claoxylon

are stated to be ‘usually dioecious’ (Floyd

1989; Wheeler 1992; James & Harden 2000;

Adam & Williams 2001) or ‘dioecious or rarely

monoecious’ (Bentham 1873; Bailey 1901;

Stanley 1983; Florence 1997; Radcliffe-Smith

2001), although elsewhere they are listed as

‘dioecious’ (Smith 1981), ‘monoecious’ (Sakai

et al. 1995) or ‘monoecious or dioecious’

(Wagner et al. 1989). Whether the apparent

dioecy of the Australian taxa is fixed or

subject to gender diphasy (the plants ‘change

sex’) or is merely a case of androdioecy (male

only and hermaphroditic individuals) is not

known and requires long term observation of

individual plants. In the Australian species

the staminate flowers are usually larger in

size than the pistillate ones (though not in

C. angustifolium ), a trait repeated outside of

the region (Humeau et al. 2003). Additionally,

staminate inflorescences and the overall

number of staminate flowers greatly out

numbers pistillate ones within any given

population (pers. obs.).

The pollination dynamics of Claoxylon are

unknown. Wind pollination is listed by Sakai

et al. (1995); however, this is unlikely for a

number of reasons. In many cases the plants

are within the understorey of the rainforest,

where windspeeds are much reduced (Turner

2001). The flowers are small and insignificant

but generally conform to the shallow, bowl¬

like pattern that is considered suited to

generalist insect pollinators (Endress 1994).

Their general form is not dissimilar to those

of either Actephila Blume or Croton L.,

both thought to be insect pollinated (Forster

Forster, Claoxylon in Australia

2003, 2005). The pollen of Claoxylon (based

mainly on taxa outside of Australia) is of

a generalised type and has tecta that are

punctate-microspinulose (Nowicke et al.

2002). This tends to support the suggestion

that wind pollination is unlikely if the

hypothesis of Williams & Adam (1999) that

rainforest taxa with smooth pollen are more

likely to be wind pollinated is eventually

proven valid. Abe (2006) listed bee, fly and

wind pollination systems for C. centenarium

Koidz. from the Ogasawara Islands, but did

not provide any experimental details of their

individual effectiveness.

Fruiting is usually a mass event for a

‘female’ Claoxylon. The seeds (with covering

arils) are not shed from the capsules following

dehiscence, but remain attached to the central

columella often with complete shedding of

the fruit endocarp. The individual fleshy arils

(usually orange to orange-red) are visually

striking to the human eye and are attractive

453

to birds (Table 1) that disperse the seeds

(zoochory) (Innis 1989; Kitamura etal. 2002).

The presence of some widespread species on

isolated islands (e.g. C. indicum on Christmas

Island) has been attributed to long range

dispersal by arboreal avifauna (Whittaker et

al. 1997). Ornithologist S. Legge (http://www.

birdhealth.com.au/bird/eclectus/research.

html) has noted that Eclectus Parrots eat only

the aril of Claoxylon hillii but not the seeds and

further research is required to see if this parrot

also disperses the seeds. In some species the

endocarp also colours yellow (e.g. Claoxylon

fallax Mull.Arg. from Tonga; Meehan et al.

2002) or pale orange (C. tenerifolium ) when

the fruits are ripe, further supporting the

hypothesis of zoochorous dispersal. Saulei &

Swaine (1988) found with C. ledermanii Airy

Shaw from New Guinea that the appearance

of the species in rainforest successional stages

was due to seed rain (presumably from avian

dispersal) rather than any stored seed bank.

Table 1. Records of birds feeding on fruit of Australian Claoxylon species

Claoxylon species

Birds feeding on fruit

Reference

C. australe

Brown Cuckoo Dove; King Parrots

Floyd 1989; Innis 1989

C. hillii

Eclectus Parrot

Cooper & Cooper 2004

C. tenerifolium

Brown Cuckoo Dove

Cooper & Cooper 2004

Materials and methods

This revision is based on herbarium holdings

at AD, BRI, CANB (including CBG), DNA,

MEL, NSW, PERTH and QRS, selected type

material at K and G, and field collections

and observations by the author of all species.

Venation data in the species descriptions

follow the terminology of Hickey (1973) and

Ash et al. (1999). In their scheme the different

components of venation are described using

a numerical system with the recognition of a

midrib (1° vein order), lateral veins (2° vein

order) and intercostal veins (3° and onwards

vein orders) within any leaf lamina. When

an intercostal vein comprises a continuous

raised line of cells it is termed ‘distinct’;

if it is discontinuous or fades away into the

body of the lamina, it is termed ‘indistinct’.

Indumentum cover is described using the

terminology of Hewson (1988), except that

‘scattered’ is used instead of ‘isolated’.

The shapes of leaves, sepals and petals are

described using the terminology of Hickey &

King (2000).

Species are defined as groups ofpopulations

(1-many) with discontinuities in two or more

independent character states of morphology.

If a single character state difference is

present, or there is repeatable variation in

minor characters such as indumentum cover,

and where the discontinuity is geographically

based, then the rank of subspecies is used.

These are species and subspecies definitions

that are widely used and understood (Stebbins

454

1950; van Steenis 1957; Cronquist 1988; Stace

1989; Stuessy 1990; Levin 1979, 2000), the

former equating to the ‘diagnostic species’

concept of Judd et al. (2002). This concept as

used herein is tied to habitat preference and

geographic distribution, based on extensive

fieldwork in New South Wales, the Northern

Territory and Queensland over the last 20

years.

Common abbreviations: N.P. = National

Park; S.F.R. or S.F. = State Forest Reserve;

L.A. = Logging Area. Rainforest structural

terminology follows Webb (1978). The ‘Wet

Tropics’ is defined as that area of north¬

eastern Queensland which encompasses the

‘hot, humid vine forests’ from near Cooktown

in the north to Paluma in the south (Webb &

Tracey 1981), and is equivalent to the bioregion

of the same name (Goosem et al. 1999). ‘Cape

York Peninsula’ is that part of Queensland

north of the ‘Wet Tropics’.

Taxa are arranged alphabetically.

Claoxylon indicum is included in the key to

species but is not treated in the main text. An

account of that species can be found in Du

Puy & Telford (1993).

Taxonomy

Claoxylon A. Juss., Euphorb. Gen. 43, t. 14, f.

43 (1824). Type: C. parviflorum A. Juss.

Etymology : from the Greek klao (I break) and

xylon (wood); alluding to the brittle wood.

Austrobaileya 7(3): 451-472 (2007)

Shrubs or small trees, evergreen or deciduous,

perennial, monoecious or dioecious; stems and

foliage without latex. Indumentum of simple,

multicellular trichomes, glandular trichomes

absent, stinging trichomes absent. Stipules

entire, inconspicuous, deciduous. Leaves

alternate, petiolate, elobate, penninerved,

crenate or serrate, usually purple when young,

drying dull-green, purple-black or blue-black

and with a ‘rough’ surface due to slightly

protruding styloid crystals, glands absent or

foliar only. Inflorescences axillary or lateral,

racemose, solitary, fasciculate or racemulose

with flowers inbracteate glomerules, bisexual.

Staminate flowers pedicellate; calyx lobes

2-4, valvate, free and ± equal; petals absent;

disk of numerous interstaminal glands;

stamens 10-200, filaments free and attached

to a slightly convex receptacle; anthers

basifixed, bilobate, thecae globose to oblong

and longitudinally dehiscent; pistillodes

absent. Pistillate flowers pedicellate; calyx

lobes 3, valvate, shortly connate; petals

absent; disk hypogynous, annular; ovary 2-

4-locular, ovules uniloculate; styles shortly

connate at base, simple and spreading.

Fruits capsular, trilobate, surface smooth,

dehiscing septicidally into 3 bivalved cocci.

Seeds globose, ecarunculate, arillate; testa

crustaceous, foveolate or reticulate; albumen

fleshy; cotyledons broad, flat.

Approximately 110 species in the Old

World Tropics. Four species in Australia,

three endemic.

Key to the Australian and Christmas Island species of Claoxylon

1 Leaf laminae linear-lanceolate to elongate-elliptic; 2° veins > 15

per side of 1° vein (midrib); inflorescences up to 40 mm long

.1. C. angustifolium

Leaf laminae elliptic, obovate, obovate-oblong or oblanceolate; 2° veins

<12 per side of 1° vein (midrib); inflorescences up to 180 mm long

2 Leaf laminae with pocket domatia at junction of 1° and 2° veins; male

flowers 10-15 per glomerule .3. C. hillii

Leaf laminae lacking pocket domatia at junction of 1° and 2° veins; male

flowers 1-6 per glomerule.3

3 Leaf laminae chartaceous

Leaf laminae coriaceous

4. C. tenerifolium

Forster, Claoxylon in Australia 455

4 Leaf laminae linear-lanceolate to elongate-elliptic; inflorescence bracts

glabrous or with scattered indumentum; styles subulate.2. C. australe

Leaf laminae elliptic to ovate; inflorescence bracts with dense

indumentum; styles flabellate.C. indicum

1. Claoxylon angustifolium Mull.Arg.,

Linnaea 34: 165 (1865); Mercurialis

angustifolia (Mull.Arg.) Baill., Adansonia

6: 322 (1866). Type: Queensland. South

Kennedy District: Port Denison, E.Fitzalan

s.n. (holo: G-DC n.v., fiche at BRI!; iso:

MEL).

Shrub or small tree to 4 m high, evergreen,

dioecious, rarely monoecious. Indumentum

of simple trichomes, generally antrorse, clear

to yellow. Stems rounded, 1.5-2 mm diameter

in leaf bearing branchlets, grey, lenticellate,

with scattered indumentum when young,

glabrescent. Stipules, small, acuminate to

subulate, 0.3-0.5 x 0.2-0.3 mm, with sparse

indumentum. Leaves: petioles 3-26 x 0.8—1

mm, grooved on top, glabrous, or with scattered

indumentum; laminae linear-lanceolate to

elongate-elliptic, coriaceous, 40-240 x 4-30

mm, discolorous, 1° and 2° venation weakly

developed, 3° and onwards venation ± obscure,

1° venation comprising 16-20 veins per side

of midrib; tip acuminate, acute or rounded;

base attenuate to cuneate; margins dentate to

denticulate, with 11-22 antrorse teeth per side,

each tooth up to 0.5 mm long and tipped with

an extrafloral nectary and sometimes with a

tuft of trichomes; upper surface dark glossy

green, 2° onwards venation ± obscure, glabrous

or with scattered trichomes when young; lower

surface pale blue-green, venation weakly

developed, 1° raised below, 2° slightly raised

below, 3° and onwards indistinct, glabrous or

with sparse indumentum when young, minute

pocket domatia absent; extrafloral nectaries 1

or 2 just above lamina base, circular-ellipsoid,

shortly stipitate, glabrous. Inflorescences up

to 40 mm long, unisexual; peduncle 9-15 mm

long, with scattered to sparse indumentum;

bracts lanceolate, 0.8-1 x c. 0.3 mm, with

sparse indumentum. Staminate flowers 1-5 in

glomerules, buds umbonate, apiculate; pedicels

filiform, 6.5-10 x 0.1-0.2 mm, with scattered

indumentum; sepals 3, lanceolate-ovate,

1.5-2.5 x 1.5-2 mm, glabrous; receptacle of

narrow, erect glands interspersed with stamens,

glabrous; stamens 12-15, filaments 1-1.5 x c.

0.2 mm, glabrous, anthers 0.3-0.4 x 0.3-0.4

mm. Pistillate flowers held singly, pedicels

filiform, 7-13 x 0.1-0.3 mm, with scattered

indumentum; sepals ovate to orbicular, 1.2-1.6

x 0.8-1.8 mm, with scattered indumentum;

disk 0.7-0.8 mm long, glabrous; ovaries

1- 2 x 1.2-2.2 mm, with dense, adpressed

indumentum; styles acute, 0.4-0.5 x 0.2-0.3

mm, not noticeably papillate, glabrous. Fruits

depressed-globose, 4-5 x 6-8 mm, green

(drying grey-green), with dense adpressed

indumentum, rarely glabrescent, sutures of

adjacent cocci with a marked groove and with

a slight ridge. Seeds with a fleshy red aril, testa

2- 3 x 2-3 mm, fawn brown. Fig. 1.

Additional selected specimens examined : Queensland.

Cook District: Daintree N.P., Adeline Creek Headwaters,

Candlenut Scrub, 16°07'S, 145°03'E, May 1999, Forster

PIF24597 & Booth (BRI); Daintree N.R, Adeline Creek

headwaters, top of hill 929, 16°09'S, 145°02'E, May 1999,

Forster PIF24531 & Booth (BRI, MEL, QRS); S.F.R. 144

Windsor Tableland, Oct 1971, Hyland 5572 (BRI, QRS);

S.F.R. 607 Speerwah, Sep 1959, Dansie 1907 (BRI);

S.F.R. 607, Bridle L.A., Nov 1973, Hyland 7131 (BRI,

QRS); S.F.R. 185, Downfall L.A., Apr 1971, O’Farrell

18 (BRI, QRS). North Kennedy District; Dryander

Creek, middle branch, SE base of Mt Dryander, 20°15'S,

148°34'E, Jun 1989, Forster PIF5173 & Tucker (BISH,

BRI, MO); Hook Island, Nov 1985, Batianoff 3612 (BRI);

Hill inlet near White Haven Bay, Whitsunday Island,

Nov 1985, Batianoff 3615 & Dalliston (BRI); Daydream

Island, Whitsunday region, 20°15'S, 148°53'E, Apr 1990,

Batianoff 900424 (AD, BRI, MEL); Charley Creek,

Woodwark Bay, 20°16'S, 148°39'E, Mar 1994, Batianoff

9403446 (BRI); Conway Range N.R, 20°17'S, 148°46'E,

Apr 1991, Forster PIF8218 (BRI, K, L, MEL, QRS);

Track to Swamp Bay, Conway Range N.P., 20°17'S,

148°47'E, Nov 1985, Sharpe s.n. (BRI [AQ423758]);

Hayward Creek, Conway N.P, Shute Harbour, c. 35 km

NE of Proserpine, 20°18'S, 148°45'E, Nov 1985, Sharpe

4146 (BRI); S.F. 299 Conway, Brandy Creek road, 8 km

S of Airlie Beach, 20°20'S, 148°42'E, Feb 2004, Forster

PIF29976etal. (A, BRI, L, MEL, NSW, Z); Anderson Bay,

Conway N.P, 20°22'S, 148°49'E, May 1994, Batianoff

9405109 & Dillewaard (BRI; L n.v.). South Kennedy

District: S.F. 652 Cathu, 8.5 km along North road,

20°48'S, 148°28'E, Mar 1999, Forster PIF24189 & Booth

(BRI, MEL); Pease’s Lookout, Clarke Range, Eungella

N.P, 21°06'S, 148°31'E, Apr 1991, Forster PIF8055 &

McDonald (BRI, K, L, MEL, MO, QRS); Eungella N.P,

Dalrymple road, 21°07'S, 148°30'E, Feb 2004, Forster

456

Austrobaileya 7(3): 451-472 (2007)

Fig. 1 . Claoxylon angustifolium. A. fruiting branchlet * 0.4. B. leaf viewed from below and showing l°-2° venation x

0.6. C. inflorescence with male buds and flower x 2. D. lateral view of male flower x 8. E. face view of female flower x

8. F. lateral view of female flower x 6. G. face view of fruit x 4. H. lateral view of fruit x 4.1. lateral view of fruit with

dehisced capsule showing two seeds (with arils intact) in situ x 4. J. seed with aril removed x 8. A, B, G-J from Forster

PIF29976 (BRI); C&D from Forster PIF8055 (BRI); E & F from Forster PIF8092 (BRI). Del. W. Smith.

Forster, Claoxylon in Australia

PIF30056 et al. (BRI); Broken River Walking track,

Eungella N.P., 21°10'S, 148°30'E, Apr 1991, Forster

PIF8070 & McDonald (BRI, K, MEL, QRS).

Distribution and habitat: Claoxylon

angustifolium is endemic in subcoastal

central and north-eastern Queensland where

it occurs in four 1° grid squares (Map 1). It

is the most geographically restricted of the

Australian species. The current northern limit

is in the Daintree National Park at 16°07'S

with the current southern limit at Broken

River in Eungella National Park at 21°10'S.

Plants grow either in, or on the margins of

microphyll to notophyll vineforest, usually on

granite substrates at altitudes between 5 and

925 m.

Notes: This species is unique amongst the

Australian taxa of Claoxylon in the long

linear-lanceolate to elongate-elliptic leaf

laminae with poorly developed venation and

the exceptionally long filiform pedicels.

Phenology: Flowers have been recorded from

October to July, fruits from November to

August.

Conservation status: This species is

widespread and not threatened. Present in

Conway, Daintree, Eungella and Whitsunday

Islands National Parks and State Forests 144,

185, 299, 432, 607, 652.

Etymology: The specific epithet is derived

from the Latin angustus (narrow) and -folius

(leaved).

2. Claoxylon australe Baill., Gen. Euph.

493 (1858); Mercurialis australis (Baill.)

Baill., Adansonia 6: 322 (1866); Claoxylon

australe var. australe. Benth., FI. Austral. 6:

131 (1873). Type: Nouvelle Hollande, [1845],

[L.\ Leichhardt s.n. (holo: P, n.v.\ iso: MEL).

Claoxylon australe var. laxiflora Benth.,

FI. Austral. 6: 131 (1873). Type: New South

Wales, Tweed River, C. Moore s.n. (holo: K

n.v., photo at BRI!).

Claoxylon australe var. dentata Benth., FI.

Austral. 6: 131 (1873). Type: New South

Wales, Macleay River, [H.] Beckler s.n. (holo:

K n.v., photo at BRI!).

457

Illustrations: Floyd (1989: 140); James &

Harden (1990: 407); Hauser (1992: 188);

Williams (1999: 115); Logan River Branch

S.G.A.P. (Queensland Region) Inc. (2005:

277); Harden et al. (2006: 109).

Shrub or small tree to 6 m high, evergreen,

usually dioecious, rarely monoecious.

Indumentum of simple trichomes, antrorse

to divaricate, clear to straw. Stems rounded,

2-3 mm diameter in leaf bearing branchlets,

cream, lenticellate, with scattered to dense

indumentum when young, glabrescent.

Stipules small, acuminate, c. 0.5 x 0.3 mm,

glabrous or with scattered indumentum.

Leaves: petioles 6-40 x 0.5-1 mm, grooved

on top, glabrous or with scattered to dense

indumentum; laminae cuneate-obovate,

elliptic, obovate-oblong, coriaceous, 40-190

x 20-70 mm, discolorous, 1-3° venation

strongly developed, 4° and onwards venation

indistinct to ± obscure; 1° venation comprising

7-10 veins per side of midrib; tip acute to

obtuse; base weakly attenuate to cuneate;

margins sinuate to crenulate-dentate, with

12-19 antrorse teeth per side, each tooth up

to 0.2 mm long and tipped with an extrafloral

nectary; upper leaf surface dark green,

glossy, 1° & 2° venation distinct, 3° onwards

venation ± obscure, glabrous or with sparse

indumentum on veins, soon glabrescent; lower

surface pale green, usually drying purple-

green or blue-green, 1° & 2° venation well

developed and raised, 3° venation distinct but

not raised, 4° onwards venation indistinct to ±

obscure, glabrous or with scattered to dense

indumentum imparting a velutinous texture,

minute pocket domatia absent (very rarely

one or two per lamina); extrafloral nectaries

2-5 at lamina base, circular, shortly stipitate

and glabrous or with scattered indumentum.

Inflorescences axillary, up to 90 mm long,

usually unisexual, but occasionally with mixed

staminate and pistillate flowers; pedunculate

up to 15 mm, with scattered to sparse

indumentum; bracts triangular-ovate, 0.5-1.4

x 0.4-0.8 mm, glabrous or with scattered

indumentum. Staminate flowers 1-6 per

glomerule, buds umbonate, apiculate; pedicels

filiform, 1.5-4 x 0.4-0.8 mm, glabrous or

with scattered to sparse indumentum; sepals

(2 or) 3, lanceolate-ovate to ovate, 1.5-3.5 x

458

1.4-3 mm, apiculate, glabrous, marginally

ciliate or eciliate; receptacle of narrow, erect

glands interspersed with stamens, with dense

indumentum; stamens 12-40, filaments 1.2-3

x c. 0.1 mm, glabrous, anthers 0.4-0.5 x 0.4-

0.5 mm. Pistillate flowers held singly, pedicels

filiform, 0.5-3 x 0.3-0.8 mm, with scattered

indumentum; sepals lanceolate-ovate to

orbicular-ovate, 1-2 x 0.5-2 mm, glabrous

or with scattered to sparse indumentum; disk

annular, 0.2-0.3 mm long, glabrous; ovaries

0.8-1.5 x 1-2 mm, with sparse to dense

indumentum; styles subulate, entire, 0.8-17

x c. 0.1 mm diameter, minutely papillate.

Fruits depressed-globose, 3.5-5 x 6-7 mm,

green (drying purple-black), with sparse

indumentum, suture of adjacent cocci lacking

a groove and not prominently ridged. Seeds

with an orange to orange-red aril, testa 2.5-3

x 2.5-3 mm, black. Brittlewood. Fig. 2.

Additional selected specimens examined : Queensland.

PoRTCuRTisDisTRicT:ResumptionL.A.,S.F.391Bulburin,

24°32'S, 151°28'E, Dec 1993, Forster P1F14534 et al.

(BRI); S.F. 391 Bulburin, Dawes Range road, 24°33'S,

151°29'E, Oct 1999, Forster PIF24994 & Booth (A, BRI,

L, MEL, QRS); 10 km SSE of Miriamvale, Mt Colosseum

N.P., 24°50'S, 151°35'E, Aug 1996, Thompson MIR286

(BRI). Burnett District: S.F. 695 Kalpowar, Mt Fort

William, 4.5 km NE of Kalpowar, 24°39'S, 151°20'E,

Jan 2004, Forster PIF29865 & Tucker (BRI, L, MEL,

NSW); S.F. 695 Kalpowar, 4 km ENE of Kalpowar,

24°41'S, 151°21'E, Jan 2004, Forster PIF29845 & Tucker

(A, BRI, L, MEL, NSW, Z). Wide Bay District: Great

Sandy N.P, Fraser Island, track to Lake Allom, 14 km N

of Happy Valley, 25°12'S, 153°12'E, Nov 2002, Forster

PIF29073* & PIF29074* (A, BRI, L, MEL, NSW);

Fairlies Knob area, Doongul L.A., S.F. 1294, 25°29'S,

152°17'E, Dec 1992, Forster PIF12582 & Smyrell (BRI,

MEL, QRS); Oakview, S.F. 220 Malmaison, 13 km

ESE of Kilkivan, 26°09'S, 152°19'E, Jan 2003, Forster

PIF29127 (A, L, MEL, NE, NSW). Moreton District:

Conondales N.P, start of Peters Fire track, 26°42'S,

152°33'E, Jan 2003, Forster P1F29220 + (A, BRI, L, MEL,

NE, NSW); Splityard Creek, Wivenhoe Dam, 27°23'S,

152°38'E, Nov 1990, Forster PIF7598 et al (BRI, K, L,

MEL, QRS); S.F. 809, Laceys Creek, D’Aguilar Range,

27°12'S, 152°41'E, Oct 1993, Forster PIF13987 (A, BRI,

K, L, MEL, QRS); Mt Lindesay, 28°20'S, 152°43'E, Nov

1990, Forster PIF7568 & Orford* (BRI, K, L, MEL,

QRS). Darling Downs District: The Head, Main Range

N.P, 28°15'S, 152°28'E, Jan 2002, Forster PIF28072*

& Leiper (A, BRI, L, MEL, NSW); Spring Creek road,

10 km ENE of Killarney, 28°17'S, 152°24’E, Jan 2002,

Forster PIF28076 & Leiper* (A, BRI, L, MEL, NSW).

New South Wales. Bushrangers Cave track, west of

Numinbah Border Gate, Sep 1993, Forster PIF13864 &

Leiper* (A, BRI, K, L, MEL, NSW, QRS); Currowan

S.F., 20 km NW of Batemans Bay, 35°32'S, 150°02'E,

Austrobaileya 7 ( 3 ): 451-472 ( 2007 )

Dec 1973, Pullen 8725 & Story* (BRI, CANB); Williams

River Valley near Barrington Guest House, N of

Singleton, Pullen 3746* (BRI, CANB, MEL); Wadbilliga

N.P, c. 0.3 km up unnamed SE running tributary of

Brogo River, Slee 3165* (CANB); Leebold Hill road,

Cambewarra Range, NW of Nowra, 34°47'S, 150°33'E,

Dec 2000, Bean 17164* (BRI, NSW); Jervis Bay N.P,

50 m N of ‘Lumeah’, 35°10'S, 150°35'E, Oct 1996,

Taws 633* (BRI, CANB, NSW). *glabrous variants,

intermediate indumentum variants

Distribution and habitat : Claoxylon australe

is endemic to Australia in subcoastal

south-eastern Queensland and eastern New

South Wales where it has been recorded

from at least twenty-three 1° grid squares

(Map 1). The most northern locality is from

Bulburin Forest Reserve (24°S) and the most

southern from Bermagui (37°S). Plants grow

in simple to complex microphyll to notophyll

vineforests, in the understorey of open forests

dominated by eucalypts, or in ecotonal areas,

on a variety of substrates, at altitudes between

80 and 1100 m.

Notes: There appears to be strong clinal

variation in indumentum cover on the lower

leaf laminae and branchlets in this species.

Populations at the northern end of the range,

particularly those in drier vineforests have

densely pubescent foliage with divaricate

indumentum. Most collections from higher

altitudes in Queensland and New South

Wales, or from ‘wet’ localities such as Fraser

Island are glabrous or nearly so. There is an

irregular geographical zone of intermediates

in southern Queensland at localities such

as Buderim Mt ( Forster PIF25975 (BRI)),

Tambourine Mt {Clemens s.n. [AQ201870];

Franks AJF9509001; White 12725 (all BRI)),

near Marburg {Forster PIF1677 (BRI)), Mt

Glorious {Cribb s.n. (BRI [AQ478476])) and

the Conondales {Forster PIF28101 (A, BRI,

MEL); Forster PIF29220 (A, BRI, L, MEL,

NE, NSW)). The lack of a clear morphological

break in this character state negates any move

to recognise the pubescent variant as a discrete

subspecific taxon which is a prerequisite if

the subspecific concept of Stebbins (1950)

or Stace (1989) is to be adhered to. There is

also considerable variation in the leaf lamina

marginal toothing, but this does not seem to

be correlated geographically or ecologically,

hence there is little purpose in recognising

Bentham’s varieties.

Fig. 2. Claoxylon australe. A. fruiting branchlet x 0.4. B. leaf viewed from below and showing l°-3° venation x 0.6.

C. lateral view of male flower x 8. D. face view of female flower x 12. E. lateral view of female flower x 8. F. partial

inflorescence with fruit x 2. G. face view of fruit x 6. H. lateral view of fruit x 4. I. seed with aril removed x 8. A,

B, D, F, G, I from Forster PIF32433 (BRI); C from Forster PIF12582 (BRI); E from Forster PIF7598 (BRI); H from

Forster PIF4882 (BRI). Del. W. Smith.

460

Claoxylon australe is sometimes confused

with C. tenerifolium , a situation that is not

helped with vague diagnostic descriptions in

some field guides (e.g. Harden et al. 2006).

The fruit are green when ripe, but dry purple-

black. Some field guides list the fruit as

purple-black (e.g. Harden et al. 2006), but

this must have been based on examination of

dried material rather than fresh material.

Phenology : Flowers August to January, with

occasional occurrences in other months.

Fruits from November to May.

Conservation status : This species is

very widespread and not threatened. It is

present in Jervis Bay National Park in the

A.C.T., Border Ranges, Dorrigo, Gilbralter

Range, Guy Fawkes River, Mimosa Rocks,

Mt Warning, Myall Lakes, Wadbilliga,

Washpool and Woko National Parks in New

South Wales (BRI records; Floyd 1989) and

Boat Mountain, Bunya Mountains, Burleigh

Head, Conondales, Cressbrook, Great Sandy,

Kondalilla, Main Range, Mapleton Falls,

Mt Barney, Mt Bauple, Mt Colosseum,

Mt Dumeresq, Mt Eerwah, Mt French,

Mt Glorious, Mt Mistake, Mt Pinbarren,

Wilkie Scrub and Witches Falls National

and Conservation Parks in Queensland (BRI

records; Forster et al. 1991). Present in State

Forests 50, 54, 74, 82, 95, 124, 151, 154, 220,

256, 274, 283, 287, 289, 298, 301, 309, 316,

379, 391, 632, 648, 673, 788, 809, 893, 1294,

1344 in Queensland (BRI records; Forster

et al. 1991) and Bellangry, Clouds Creek,

Conglomerate, Currowan, Doyles River,

Kangaroo River, Marengo, Moonpar, Mt

Pikapene, Oakes, Pine Creek, Toonumbar,

Unumgar, Way Way, Whian Whian, Wild

Cattle Creek and Yabbra State Forests in New

South Wales (BRI records; Floyd 1989).

Etymology : The specific epithet is from the

Latin adjective australis (south, southern) and

refers to this species being the most southerly

occurring in Baillon’s day, as indeed it is still

today.

3. Claoxylon hillii Benth., FI. Austral. 6: 131

(1873). Type: Queensland. Cook District:

Albany Island, Cape York, W.Hill 4 (lecto:

K n.v., photo at BRI \\fide Airy Shaw (1976:

391)).

Austrobaileya 7 ( 3 ): 451-472 ( 2007 )

Claoxylon indicum var. novoguineense

J. J.Sm., Meded. Depart. Landb. Ned.-Indie 10:

26 (1907). Type: Indonesia, Papua, Merauke,

1904, Koch 25 (holo: BO n.v).

Claoxylon delicatum Airy Shaw, Kew Bull.

20: 32 (1966). Type: Papua New Guinea,

Peria Creek, 20 August 1953, L.J.Brass 24082

(holo: K n.v., photo at BRI!; iso: CANB).

Illustrations : Wheeler (1992: 595, fig. 181E

[as C. tenerifolium ]); Dick (1994: 264 [as

C. tenerifolium ]); Dunlop et al. (1995: 211 [as

C. tenerifolium ]); Cooper & Cooper (2004:

176).

Small tree to 15 m high, evergreen, usually

dioecious, rarely monoecious. Indumentum of

simple trichomes, generally antrorse, clear to

straw. Stems rounded, 3-5 mm diameter in leaf

bearing branchlets, cream, lenticellate, with

dense indumentum when young, glabrescent.

Stipules small, acute to subulate, 0.7-1 x 0.2-

0.4 mm, glabrous. Leaves: petioles 30-125 x

1.5-2 mm, grooved on top, glabrous; laminae

elliptic, obovate or ovate, coriaceous, 95-300

x 40-145 mm, discolorous, 1-3° venation

strongly developed, 4° and 5 venation distinct;

1° venation comprising 6-8 veins per side of

midrib; tip acute to shortly acuminate, rarely

obtuse; base cuneate to rounded; margins

sinuate to crenulate-dentate, with 13-40

antrorse teeth per side, each tooth up to 2 mm

long and tipped with an extrafloral nectary;

upper leaf surface dark green, glossy, 1-3°

venation distinct, 4° onwards venation ±

obscure, glabrous or with scattered to sparse

indumentum on veins, soon glabrescent; lower

surface pale green, usually drying dull green

or purple-green, 1-5° venation well developed,

1-3° raised, 4° and 5° venation distinct but

not raised, glabrous or with scattered to

dense indumentum primarily on the 1° and

2° venation, minute pocket domatia between

1° and 2° junctions, particularly towards the

lamina base; extrafloral nectaries 1 or 2 at

lamina base, subulate, with dense indumentum

at base. Inflorescences axillary, up to 180 mm

long, usually unisexual, but occasionally

with mixed staminate and pistillate flowers;

pedunculate up to 17 mm, with sparse to dense

indumentum; bracts acuminate to lanceolate,

0.4-1 x 0.3-0.7 mm, with dense indumentum.

Forster, Claoxylon in Australia

Staminate flowers 10-15 per glomerule, buds

umbonate, apiculate; pedicels filiform, 1-2.5

x c. 0.2 mm, with dense indumentum; sepals

3, lanceolate-ovate, 1.5-1.8 x c. 0.8 mm, with

dense indumentum; receptacle of narrow,

erect glands interspersed with stamens,

topped with tufts of trichomes, otherwise

glabrous; stamens 16-24, filaments 0.8-1.2

x c. 0.1 mm, mainly glabrous apart from

dense indumentum at base, anthers 0.3-0.4

x 0.3-0.4 mm. Pistillate flowers held singly

or paired, rarely as single flower in male

dominated glomerule, pedicels filiform, 1-4 x

0.5-1 mm, with dense indumentum; sepals 3,

lanceolate-ovate, 1.8-2.5 x 1.1-1.7 mm, with

dense indumentum; disk annular, c. 0.5 mm

long, somewhat lacerate; styles subulate, 0.7-1

x c. 0.1 mm, minutely papillate; ovaries 1.2-2

x 1.2-2 mm, with dense indumentum. Fruits

depressed-globose, 6-8 x 3.5-4 mm, green

(drying grey-green), with dense indumentum,

suture of adjacent cocci prominently ridged.

Seeds with an orange-red aril, testa verrucose,

c. 3x3 mm, black. Fig. 3.

Additional selected specimens examined : Western

Australia. Mitchell Plateau, Lone Dingo, Feb 1979,

Beard 8481 (PERTH). Northern Territory. Mt

Brockman, Radon Gorge, 12°45'S, 132°54'E, Apr 1980,

Dunlop 5451 (BRI, CANB, DNA, MEL); Grant Island,

11°09'S, 132°52'E, May 1992, Dunlop 8972 (DNA, MEL);

Oxley Island, 10°59'S, 132°49'E, Jul 1992, Leach 3155

(BRI, DNA); 5 km E of mouth of Peter John River, NE

Arnhem Land, 12°15'S, 136°25'E, Feb 1988, Russell-

Smith 4771 & Lucas (BRI, CANB, DNA, NSW); Conder

Point, Melville Island, 11°44'S, 13TT7E, May 1989,

Russell-Smith 8066 & Lucas (BRI, DNA, PERTH); NE

Arnhem Land, Dhalanbuy, 12°15'S, 136°25'E, Feb 1988,

Weightman 4176 (BRI, CANB, DNA). Queensland.

Cook District: Gabba Island, Torres Strait, 9°45'S,

142°38'E, Jun 2001, Waterhouse BMW6265 (BRI);

Warraba (formerly Sue) Island, Torres Strait, 9°55'S,

142°46'E, Jun 1995, Waterhouse BMW3669 (BRI, MBA);

Albany Island, 10°43'S, 142°35'E, May 1995, Le Cussan

444 (BRI); Thursday Island, Jun 1897, Bailey 110 (BRI);

Stoney Point, 12°25'S, 143°16'E, Nov 1977, Tracey 14091

(BRI); opposite the ‘Green House’, near ranger station.

Iron Range, 12°45'S, 143°17'E, Dec 2000, Legge 20 (BRI,

MEL); Iron Range, near King Park, 12°45'S, 143°17'E,

Oct 2001, Legge 30 (BRI); Cairns, suburb of Smithfield,

James Cook University Campus, 16°49'S, 145°41'E, Nov

2006, Forster PIF32314 (BRI, MEL); Currunda Creek,

Redlynch, 7 km W of Cairns, 16°55'S, 145°40'E, Dec

2003, Forster PIF29783 & Jensen (A, BRI, L, MEL,

NSW); Behana Creek (Tringilburra Creek), Bellenden

Ker, Jun 1889, Bailey s.n. (BRI [AQ201884]); S.F. 310,

10.5 km along Goldsborough road, 17°12'S, 145°45'E,

Dec 1993, Forster PIF14454 (A, BRI, MEL, QRS);

461

McDonnell Creek, behind school, 17°12'S, 145°53'E,

Dec 1993, Forster PIF14450 (A, BRI, K, L, MEL, QRS);

Broton Hill, Clump Point N.P, 17°50'S, 146°06'E, Nov

1991, Halford Q723 (BRI, QRS).

Distribution and habitat : Claoxylon hillii is

the only non-endemic species of this genus in

Australia, as it also occurs in southern New

Guinea in both Papua New Guinea and Papua.

In Australia it is widespread on northern Cape

York Peninsula in Queensland, the ‘top end’ of

the Northern Territory, and the Kimberley of

Western Australia. It has been recorded in at

least twenty 1° grid cells (Map 2). Plants grow

in semi-deciduous to deciduous vinethickets

and vineforests on a variety of substrates, at

altitudes from sea level to 300 m.

Notes : Claoxylon hillii was described by

Bentham (1873) and subsequently recognised

by Bailey (1901), but was reduced to synonymy

under C. tenerifolium, together with

C. indicum var. novoguineense J.J.Sm. and

C. delicatum Airy Shaw by Airy Shaw (1976)

and this position was subsequently upheld by

him (Airy Shaw 1980a,b, 1981). As a result

Claoxylon hillii has not been recognised in

recent local floras or checklists for the regions

where it occurs (Wheeler 1992; Dunlop et al.

1995; Forster & Henderson 1997; Govaerts et

al. 2000; Forster & Halford 2002). Claoxylon

hillii is easily discernible from C. tenerifolium

in the leaf laminae below with minute pocket

domatia between the 1° and 2° veins (versus

absent), the subulate extrafloral nectaries

(versus stipitate, circular), the greater number

of male flowers per glomerule and the densely

hairy fruit with marked ridging on the suture

between cocci (versus scattered indumentum

and no ridging). Claoxylon hillii is also a

larger growing plant that tends to have thicker

branchlets, larger leaves with a greater

number of marginal teeth and longer petioles

and longer inflorescences.

Claoxylon hillii is superficially similar

to C. indicum ; however, the latter species is

easily distinguished by the presence of dense

indumentum on the leaf laminae imparting a

velutinous quality to the touch.

Phenology : Flowering mainly occurs between

September and February, although there are

records from June. Fruiting occurs one to two

months later.

462 Austrobaileya 7(3): 451-472 (2007)

Fig. 3. Claoxylon hillii A. fruiting branchlet, with one leaf viewed from below and showing l°-3° venation * 0.4. B.

axils of 1° and 2° veins showing poorly formed domatia x 6. C. part of inflorescence with glomerules of male flowers

x 3. D. lateral view of male flower x 8. E. part of inflorescence with female flowers x 3. F. face view of female flower

x 12. G. lateral view of female flower x 12. H. inflorescence with fruit x 1.5.1, face view of fruit x 3. J. lateral view of

fruit x 3. K. face view of fruit with three seeds (arils intact) attached to central columella x 6. L. seed with aril intact

x 6. M. seed with aril removed x 6. A, F-J from Forster PIF32314 (BRI); B-C from Forster PIF29783 (BRI); K-M

from Legge 20 (BRI). Del. W. Smith.

Forster, Claoxylon in Australia

Conservation status : Claoxylon hillii is

common and widespread in northern, tropical

Australia. It is present in Family Islands,

Hinchinbrook, Iron Range and Wooroonooran

National Parks, Jumrum Conservation Park

and Gadgarra Forest Reserve in Queensland

and Kakadu National Park in the Northern

Territory.

Etymology : Named for Walter Hill (1820-

1904), first Colonial Botanist for the colony of

Queensland, and collector of the type.

4. Claoxylon tenerifolium (F.Muell. exBaill.)

F.Muell., Fragm. 6: 183 (1868); Mercurialis

tenerifolia F.Muell. ex Baill., Adansonia 6:

323 (1866). Type: Queensland. [Port Curtis

District:] Rockhampton, Thozet Creek,

January 1863, Dallachy 137 (lecto [here

designated]: P n.v., photo at BRI!; isolecto:

MEL).

Shrub or small tree to 8 m high, deciduous

or evergreen, usually dioecious, rarely

monoecious. Indumentum of simple

trichomes, generally antrorse, clear to straw.

Stems rounded, 2-4 mm diameter in leaf

bearing branchlets, cream to grey-yellow,

lenticellate, with scattered indumentum

when young, glabrescent. Stipules small,

acuminate, 0.2-0.7 x 0.1-0.3 mm, with dense

indumentum. Leaves: petioles 5-50 x 0.3-1.5

mm, grooved on top, with scattered to dense

indumentum; laminae elliptic, obovate or

oblanceolate, chartaceous, 18-155 x 8-155

mm, discolorous, 1-3° venation strongly

developed, 4° and onwards venation distinct

to ± obscure; 1° venation comprising 4-11

veins per side of midrib; tip acute to shortly

acuminate; base attenuate to cuneate; margins

sinuate to crenulate-dentate, with 8-19

antrorse teeth per side, each tooth up to 2 mm

long and tipped with an extrafloral nectary;

upper leaf surface dark green, glossy, 1° &

2° venation distinct, 3° onwards venation ±

obscure, glabrous or with scattered to sparse

indumentum on veins, soon glabrescent; lower

surface pale green, usually drying purple-

green or blue-green, 1° & 2° venation well

developed and raised, 3° venation distinct but

not raised, 4° venation distinct to ± indistinct,

5° venation obscure, glabrous or with scattered

indumentum primarily on the 1° venation

463

(sometimes on interveinal areas), minute

pocket domatia absent; extrafloral nectaries 2

at lamina base, circular, shortly stipitate, with

dense indumentum. Inflorescences axillary,

up to 130 mm long, usually unisexual, but

occasionally with mixed staminate and

pistillate flowers; pedunculate up to 10 mm,

with scattered to dense indumentum; bracts

lanceolate to lanceolate-ovate, 0.8-1.8 x 0.2-

0.6 mm, with dense indumentum. Staminate

flowers 1-6 per glomerule, buds umbonate,

apiculate, pedicels filiform, 0.8-3 x 0.1-0.3

mm, glabrous or with scattered to dense

indumentum; sepals 3, lanceolate-ovate, 1.8-

2 x 0.7-1.8 mm, glabrous or with scattered

indumentum; receptacle of narrow, erect

glands interspersed with stamens, glabrous or

topped with tufts of trichomes; stamens 10-

20, filaments 0.8-1.8 x c. 0.1 mm, glabrous,

anthers 0.3-0.4 x 0.3-0.4 mm. Pistillate

flowers held singly (rarely as single flower in

male dominated glomerule), pedicels filiform,

0.5-1.4 x 0.1-0.6 mm, with scattered to

dense indumentum; sepals lanceolate-ovate,

0.8-1.2 x 0.5-1 mm, glabrous or with

dense indumentum, ciliate on margins; disk

annular, 0.3-0.5 mm long, glabrous; styles

weakly flabellate, 0.4-0.9 x 0.1-0.3 mm,

minutely papillate; ovaries 0.8-1.2 x 0.8-1.2

mm, glabrous or with scattered to dense

indumentum. Fruits depressed-globose, 5-7

x 3-4 mm, green-yellow to orange (drying

purple-black), glabrous or with scattered

indumentum, suture of adjacent cocci lacking

a groove and not prominently ridged. Seeds

with an orange to orange-red aril, testa

verrucose, 2-3 x 2-3 mm, black. Queensland

brittlewood.

Notes : Baillon (1866) described Mercurialis

tenerifolia (based on an epithet of Mueller’s)

citing two syntypes, one collected by

Dallachy and the other by Bowman. The

better preserved of these two collections is the

Dallachy one and it is selected as lectotype of

the name.

With the exclusion of Claoxylon hillii from

synonymy, C. tenerifolium remains a variable

taxon and two subspecies are recognized

here. The nominate subspecies occurs in

‘dry rainforest’ (vineforests, vinethickets at

altitudes below 900 m) in the south of the

464

species range, whereas the newly described

subsp. boreale occurs in ‘wet rainforest’

(vineforests at altitudes above 200 m) in

the north of the range. The two subspecies

differ primarily in indumentum cover and

the dimensions of a number of floral parts. I

have not discerned intermediate populations

between the two subspecies; however, as

the differences are minor, specific rank

is not justified. Claoxylon tenerifolium

subsp. boreale also tends to have much

Austrobaileya 7(3): 451-472 (2007)

glossier foliage in the fresh state than subsp.

tenerifolium ; however, both subspecies have

glossy leaves and the glossiness is probably

due to local climatic conditions.

Etymology : The specific epithet is derived

from the Latin tener (tender, delicate) and

-folius (leaved).

Key to subspecies of Claoxylon tenerifolium

Plants evergreen; stipules 0.6-0.7 x c. 0.3 mm; male flowers 1-3 per

glomerule, pedicels 2.2-3 x 0.2-0.3 mm, with dense indumentum;

receptacleglandstoppedwithtuftsoftrichomes,otherwiseglabrous;female

flowers with pedicels 0.8-2.2 x 0.4-0.6 mm, with dense indumentum,

sepals and ovaries with dense indumentum; Wet Tropics of Queensland

.subsp. boreale

Plants evergreen to deciduous; stipules c. 0.2 x 0.1 mm; male flowers

1-6 per glomerule, pedicels 0.8-2.5 x c. 0.1 mm, glabrous or with

scattered indumentum; receptacle glands glabrous; female flowers

with pedicels 0.5-1.4 x 0.1-0.2 mm, with scattered to sparse

indumentum, sepals glabrous, ovaries glabrous or with scattered

indumentum near base; Queensland, mainly south of the Wet Tropics

.subsp. tenerifolium

4a. Claoxylon tenerifolium subsp. tenerifolium

Claoxylon australe var. latifolia Benth., FI.

Austral. 6: 131 (1873). Type: Queensland.

[Port Curtis District:] Rockhampton,

O’Shanesy s.n. (holo: K n.v., photo at BRI!).

Illustrations : Williams (1999: 115); Harden

etal. (2006: 109).

Evergreen to deciduous shrub or small tree

to 6 m tall. Stipules c. 0.2 x 0.1 mm. Leaf

petioles 5-50 x 0.3-1.5 mm, with scattered

indumentum. Inflorescences up to 80 mm

long. Staminate flowers 1-6 per glomerule,

pedicels 0.8-2.5 x c. 0.1 mm, glabrous or with

scattered indumentum; receptacle glands

glabrous. Pistillate flowers with pedicels

0.5-1.4 x 0.1-0.2 mm, with scattered to

sparse indumentum; sepals glabrous; ovaries

glabrous or with scattered indumentum near

base, rarely near apex; styles 0.4-0.5 x c. 0.1

mm. Fruits 6-7 x 3.5-4 mm. Seeds 2.5-3 x

2.5-3 mm. Fig. 4.

Additional selected specimens examined: Queensland.

North Kennedy District: 40 Mile Scrub, 18°05'S,

144°49'E, Jan 2005, Sankowsky 2579 & Sankowsky

(BRI); Mingela Bluff, 19°53'S, 146°45'E, Jan 1992,

Forster PIF9425 & Bean (BRI, K, MEL, QRS); Mt Abbot,

50 km W of Bowen, 20°06'S, 147°46'E, Oct 1992, Bean

5178 (BRI); 14 km E of Mt Cooper Homestead, 20°31'S,

146°55'E, Jun 1992, Thompson GHA45 & Sharpe (BRI).

South Kennedy District: Carlisle Island, 35 km N of

Mackay, 20°47'S, 149°17'E, Dec 1986, Sharpe 4600

(BRI); 9 km W of Cathu, Cathu S.F., 20°48'S, 148°33'E,

Dec 1991, Halford Q825 (BRI); Hazlewood Gorge,

SSW of Eungella, 21°T5'S, 148°27'E, Jan 1993, Forster

PIF12722 (BRI). Leichhardt District: ‘Clive’, 22°47'S,

149°24'E, Mar 1993, Fensham 740 (BRI); 26 km NE of

Taroom, Mt Rose Station, 25°27'S, 149°58'E, Nov 1996,

HalfordQ3197 (BRI). Port Curtis District: S.F. 114, 65

km NW of Rockhampton, 23°06'S, 150°01'E, Dec 1998,

BatianoffGNB981238 etal (AD, BRI, DNA, NSW); Dan

Dan Scrub, S.F. 53,24°10'S, 151°04'E, Dec 1987, Gibson

1054 (BRI); S.F. 583 Wietalaba, 24°17'S, 151°12'E,

Dec 1995, Forster PIF18271 (BRI); Deepwater N.P.,

40 km E of Miriam Vale, 24°21'S, 151°58'E, Dec 1990,

Forster, Claoxylon in Australia

465

Fig. 4. Claoxylon tenerifolium subsp. tenerifolium. A. flowering branchlet * 0.4. B. leaf viewed from below showing

1 °_ 3 ° venation x 1. C. part of inflorescence with glomerules of male flowers x 2. D. lateral view of male flower x 8. E.

face view of female flower x 12. F. lateral view of female flower x 12. G. part of inflorescence with fruit x 2. H. face

view of fruit x 4.1. lateral view of fruit x 4. J. dehisced fruit with two seeds in situ with arils intact x 4. K. seed with

aril removed x 8. A from Forster PIF6187 (BRI); B, H-J from Forster PIF29900 (BRI); C & D from Forster PIF12585

(BRI); E & F from Forster PIF12591 (BRI). Del. W. Smith.

466

Gibson TOI81 (BRI). Burnett District: Goodnight

Scrub National Park, 25°17'S, 151°52'E, Jan 2004,

Forster PIF29900 & Tucker (A, BRI, L, MEL, MO,

NSW, Z); 3.5 km SSE of Binjour, 25°33'S, 151°28'E, Jan

1990, Forster PIF6187 (BISH, BRI, DNA, MEL, MO,

QRS); Coast Range, Coongara Creek, 19 km SSW of

Biggenden, 25°14'S, 151°59'E, Nov 1993, Telford 11961

(BRI, CANB). Wide Bay District: Mt Gaeta, c. 36 km

N of Mt Perry township, 24°50'S, 151°35'E, Oct 1993,

Forster PIF14166 (BRI); Fairlies Knob area, Doongul

L.A., S.F. 1294 Warrah, 25°29'S, 152°17'E, Dec 1992,

Forster P1F12585 & Smyrell (BRI, QRS); Utopia, 14 km

SSE of Biggenden, 25°38'S, 152°05'E, Dec 1991, Forster

PIF9224 & Smyrell (A, BRI, K, L, MEL, QRS); S.F. 420,

25°55'S, 152°23'E, Nov 1988, Forster PIF4843 (BRI,

NSW).

Distribution and habitat : Claoxylon

tenerifolium subsp. tenerifolium occurs in

eastern subcoastal Queensland from Forty

Mile Scrub N.P. in the north (18°05'S) to State

Forest 420 in the south (25°54'S) and has been

recorded from at least nineteen Fgrid squares

(Map 3). Plants grow in ‘dry rainforests’

(simple to complex microphyll and notophyll

vineforests and vinethickets) on a variety

of soils derived from basalts, granites and

sandstones at altitudes from near sealevel to

900 m (the latter in inland locations such as

the Central Highlands).

Notes : Both Claxylon australe and

C. tenerifolium subsp. tenerifolium may

be sympatric where the ranges of the two

intersect (e.g. Forster PIF12585 & PIF12582 )

but no hybrids have been observed.

The fruits are yellow-green to orange when

ripe, but dry purple-black. Some field guides

list the fruit as purple-black (e.g. Harden et

al. 2006), but this must have been based on

examination of dried collections rather than

fresh material.

Phenology : Flowers and fruits throughout

the year, although the main flowering period

is from October to December.

Conservation status : Claoxylon tenerifolium

subsp. tenerifolium is common and widespread.

It has been recorded from Forty Mile Scrub,

Deep Water, Goodnight Scrub, Mt Walsh and

Palmgrove National Parks and State Forests

42, 53, 310,391,420,1229,1294 (BRI records;

Forster et al. 1991).

4b. Claoxylon tenerifolium subsp. boreale

Austrobaileya 7(3): 451-472 (2007)

PI.Forst., subspecies nova, a C. tenerifolio

subsp. tenerifolio stipulis grandioribus (0.6-

0.7 x c. 3 mm in vicem 0.2 x c. 0.1 mm), floribus

masculis in quoque glomerulo paucioribus

(1-3 in vicem 1-6), in pedicellis crassis (2.2-

3 x 0.2-0.3 mm in vicem 0.8-2.5 x c. 0.1 mm)

dispositis, indumento denso (in vicem dispersi

usque sparsi), summis glandulis receptaculi

crinibus trichomatum ornatis, cetera glabris

(in vicem glaberrimorum), floribus femineis in

pedicellis crassis (2.2 x 0.4-0.6 mm in vicem

0.5-1.4 x 0.1-0.2 mm) dispositis, indumento

denso (in vicem dispersi usque sparsi),

sepalis ovariisque indumento denso (in vicem

dispersi vel carentis) praeditis differt. Typus:

Queensland. Cook District: State Forest 143,

South Mary Logging Area, 21 km along Mt

Lewis road, 16°32'S, 145°16'E, 1 November

2001, P.I.Forster PIF27700 , R.Booth &

R. Jensen (holo: BRI [2 sheets & spirit]; iso:

A, BISH, DNA, L, MEL, MO, NSW, Z).

Evergreen shrub or small tree to 8 m tall.

Stipules 0.6-0.7 x c. 0.3 mm. Leaf petioles

13-38 x 0.8-1 mm, with scattered to dense

indumentum. Inflorescences up to 130 mm

long. Staminate flowers 1-3 per glomerule,

pedicels 2.2-3 x 0.2-0.3 mm, with dense

indumentum; receptacle glands topped

with tufts of trichomes, otherwise glabrous.

Pistillate flowers with pedicels 0.8-2.2 x 0.4-

0.6 mm, with dense indumentum; ovaries with

dense indumentum; styles 0.5-0.9 x 0.2-0.3

mm. Fruits 5-6 x 3-4 mm. Seeds 2-2.2 x

2-2.8 mm. Fig. 5.

Additional selected specimens examined : Queensland.

Cook District: T.R. 55, Whyanbeel, 16°20'S, 145°20'E,

Oct 1974, Hyland 7743 (BRI, QRS); S.F. 143, North Mary

L.A., 16°30'S, 145°16'E, Nov 1995, Forster PIF 18120 et

al. (BRI); Mt Lewis road, 26 km from junction with

Mareeba - Mossman road, 16°31'S, 145°16'E, Oct 1987,

Foreman 1871 (BRI, CANB, MEL, NSW, QRS); S.F.

143, North Mary L.A., 29 km along Mt Lewis road near

hut, 16°31'S, 145°16'E, Jul 1994, Forster P1F15635 et al.

(BRI, QRS); S.F. 143, South Mary L.A., 21 km along

Mt Lewis road, 16°32'S, 145°16'E, Nov 2001, Forster

PIF27699 et al. (A, BISH, BRI, DNA, L, MEL, MO,

NSW, Z); Mt Lewis, just beyond North Mary Creek,

16°33'S, 145°17'E, Nov 1998, Jensen 939 (BRI, QRS);

S. F. 42 Mowbray, Rex Range, 16°32'S, 145°22'E, Dec

2001, Forster PIF27909 et al (A, BISH, BRI, L, MEL,

MO, NSW, NY, Z); S.F. 1229 Kuranda, 14 km along

Black Mt road from Kuranda road, 16°45'S, 145°34'E, Sep

2001, Forster PIF27529 et al. (A, BRI, L, MEL, NSW,

NY); Black Mt road, N of Kuranda, 16°48'S, 145°38'E,

Fig. 5. Claoxylon tenerifolium subsp. boreale. A. flowering branchlet x 0.6. B. leaf viewed from below showing l°-3°

venation x l. C. part of inflorescence with glomerules of male flowers x 2. D. lateral view of male flower x 8. E. face

view of female flower x 12. F. lateral view of female flower x 8. G. part of inflorescence with fruit x 2. H. face view of

fruit x 4.1. Lateral view of fruit x 4. J. seed with aril rermoved x 8. A, B, E, F from Forster PIF27699 (BRI); C & D

from Forster PIF27700 (BRI); G-J from Forster PIF29767 (BRI). Del. W. Smith.

468

Dec 2001, Jago 5819 (BRI); North Bell Peak, summit

area, Malbon Thompson Range, 17°05'S, 145°52'E, Nov

1995, Forster PIF18044 et al. (BRI); S.F.R. 194, 17°20'S,

145°25'E, Feb 1969, Hyland 2156 (BRI); Wooroonooran

N.P., track to Bartle Frere from west, 17°22'S, 145°45'E,

Dec 2003, Forster PIF29761 & Jensen (BRI, L); lower

slopes of Mt Bartle Frere, 17°22'S, 145°47'E, Dec 1994,

Hunter JH1628 (BRI); Westcott road. Topaz, 17°24'S,

145°42'E, Nov 1995, Forster PIF18188 (BRI, K, MEL,

NSW, QRS); loc. Git. , Nov 2002, Cooper WWC1797,

WWC1799 (BRI); loc. cit ., Dec 2003, Forster P1F29767 &

Jensen (A, BRI, L, MEL, NSW).

Distribution and habitat : Claoxylon

tenerifolium subsp. boreale is endemic to the

Wet Tropics of north-eastern Queensland and

has been recorded from two 1° grid squares

(Map 3). Plants grow on the margins of ‘wet

rainforest’ (simple to complex notophyll

vineforest or microphyll moss/fern thicket) on

substrates derived from basalts, granites or

metamorphics at altitudes between 200 and

1200 m.

Notes: This subspecies shows some variation

in leaf lamina shape and thickness, mainly

associated with elevation and exposure. The

populations on the Mt Lewis road (altitude

above 1000 m) tend to have elliptic laminae

that are somewhat thicker, whereas those

in more lowland localities (e.g. Black Mt

road, Whyanbeel, Rex Range) have obovate

to oblanceolate laminae that are thinner.

These differences are probably phenotypic;

however, transplant experiments are required

to determine this.

Phenology : Flowers have been recorded from

October to November. Fruiting would be one

to two months later.

Conservation status : This subspecies is of

sporadic and somewhat restricted distribution.

It appears to be a pioneer species that requires

areas of disturbance and is often collected

on the margins of rainforest or on roadsides

through rainforest. It is not considered

threatened and is present in the conservation

estate at Malbon Thompson, Mowbray and

Mt Lewis Forest Reserves and Wooroonooran

National Park.

Etymology: The subspecific epithet is based

on the Latin word borealis (north, northern)

and pertains to the distribution of the taxon.

Austrobaileya 7(3): 451^72 (2007)

Acknowledgements

I wish to thank W. Smith (BRI) for the

illustrations and maps; L.Pedley for translation

of the diagnosis into Latin; L.H.Bird,

R.Booth, W. &W.T.Cooper,R. Jensen, S.Legge,

G. Leiper, D.J. & I.M.Liddle, W.McDonald,

H. & N.Nicolson, D.Orford, R.Russell,

G.Sankowsky, G.Smyrell and M.C.Tucker for

assistance in the collection of some specimens

or the loan of images; the Directors/Curators

of the cited herbaria for access to material in

situ or on loan; L W Jessup (BRI) and PS.Short

(then MEL) who while Australian Botanical

Liaison Officers at Kew (U.K.) located and

arranged for photographs to be made of various

specimens at BM, K and P The project was

funded by the Australian Biological Resources

Study as part of preferred objective research on

the Euphorbiaceae for the ‘Flora of Australia’

during 1992-1994. Additional funds for travel

in the ‘Wet Tropics’ were provided by a grant

for ‘Rare or Endangered Euphorbiaceae of the

Wet Tropics’ from the Wet Tropics Management

Authority in 1993-1994.

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australe #.

472

Austrobaileya 7(3): 451^72 (2007)

Map 3. Distribution in 1° grids in Australia for Claoxylon tenerifolium subsp. tenerifolium • and

Claoxylon tenerifolium subsp. boreale A.

A taxonomic revision of the genus Zieria

Sm. (Rutaceae) in Queensland

Marco F. Duretto 1 & Paul I. Forster 2

Summary

Duretto, M.F. & Forster, P.I. (2007). A taxonomic revision of the genus Zieria Sm. (Rutaceae)

in Queensland. Austrobaileya 7(3): 473-544. A taxonomic revision of the genus Zieria Sm. in

Queensland is presented with thirty-five species recognised. Sixteen new species are described

and illustrated: Z. actites Duretto & P.I.Forst, Z. alata Duretto & P.I.Forst., Z. bifida Duretto &

P.I.Forst., Z. boolbimda Duretto & P.I.Forst., Z. cephalophila Duretto & P.I.Forst., Z. distans Duretto

& P.I.Forst., Z. eungellaensis Duretto & P.I.Forst., Z. exsul Duretto & P.I.Forst., Z. graniticola

J.A.Armstr. ex Duretto & P.I.Forst., Z. hydroscopica Duretto & P.I.Forst., Z. inexpectata Duretto &

P.I.Forst., Z. insularis Duretto & P.I.Forst., Z. madida Duretto & P.I.Forst., Z. scopulus Duretto &

P.I.Forst., Z. tenuis Duretto & P.I.Forst. and Z. vagans Duretto & P.I.Forst. Z. whitei J.A.Armstr. ex

Duretto & P.I.Forst. (based on Z. aspalathoides var. intermedia C.T.White) is newly recognised at

specific rank and illustrated. Z. compacta C.T.White is reinstated at species level. Z. fraseri subsp.

robusta (C.T.White) Duretto & P.I.Forst. is newly recognised at subspecific rank. An assessment is

provided of the current conservation status for all Zieria taxa found in Queensland with occurrence

in conservation reserves noted. New distributional information is given for various taxa. Keys to all

taxa of Zieria found in Queensland are provided.

Key Words: Rutaceae, Zieria, Zieria actites, Zieria alata, Zieria bifida, Zieria boolbunda, Zieria

cephalophila, Zieria compacta, Zieria distans, Zieria eungellaensis, Zieria exsul, Zieria fraseri

subsp. robusta, Zieria graniticola, Zieria hydroscopica, Zieria inexpectata, Zieria insularis, Zieria

madida, Zieria scopulus, Zieria tenuis, Zieria vagans, Zieria whitei, Australian flora, Queensland

flora, new species, identification keys, conservation status codings

'M.F.Duretto, Tasmanian Herbarium, Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery, Private Bag 4, Hobart,

Tasmania 7001, Australia. Email: Marco.Duretto@tmag.tas.gov.au

2 P.I.Forster, Queensland Herbarium, Environmental Protection Agency, Brisbane Botanic Gardens

Mt Coot-tha, Mt Coot-tha Road, Toowong, Queensland 4066, Australia. Email: paul.forster@epa.

qld.gov.au

Introduction

The genus Zieria Sm. is restricted to eastern

Australia (Queensland, New South Wales,

Victoria, South Australia and Tasmania) with

the exception of one species, Z. che\alieri

Virot, which is endemic to New Caledonia. A

monograph of the genus was undertaken by

Armstrong (1991a) and formally published

(Armstrong 2002), with little subsequent

updating, to recognise some 42 species and

16 subspecies (including typical subspecies).

In his monograph Armstrong recognised 16

species and 12 subspecies of Zieria for the

state of Queensland.

Much of the work presented in Armstrong’s

publication is based on collections incor¬

porated into herbaria prior to around 1987,

indeed many of his determinations on

specimens at BRI date from the 1970s to

Accepted for publication 1 June 2007

1982, with only a few further determinations

through to 1992. There are now considerable

additional specimens in herbaria such as BRI

that have active collection programs. Some

of these specimens do not belong to the taxa

recognised by Armstrong (1991a, 2002) and

have been given informal phrase names at

BRI (e.g. in Forster 1997b, 2002, 2007). All

of these new taxa are formally named in this

paper. As well, we change the application of

several names (e.g. Z. fraseri, Z. robertsiorum,

Z. montana ) and resurrect one taxon

(Z. compacta ) relegated by Armstrong to

subspecific rank. Here we recognise 35 (23

endemic) species and ten (five endemic)

subspecies of Zieria for Queensland. In total,

Zieria contains 61 species and 16 subspecies.

Most of the previously undescribed taxa

are relatively restricted in occurrence and

either have or require conservation codings

under Queensland legislation. Armstrong

474

(2002) made many pronouncements on the

conservation status of Queensland taxa of

Zieria, although these were not necessarily

in accordance with the way the taxa have

been listed under Queensland legislation.

Many of these pronouncements are incorrect

in the light of herbarium collections over the

last 20 years, and an up to date assessment

of conservation status based on the IUCN

criteria (IUCN 2001) of all Queensland taxa of

Zieria is included here together with current

or pending listings under the Queensland

Nature Conservation (Wildlife) Regulation

2006 (NCR 2006).

Speciation Patterns

Speciation patterns in Zieria are complex,

undoubtedly reflecting the evolutionary and

climatic histories of the localities where they

occur now and have in the past. Although

Armstrong (2002) provided a morphologically

based species phytogeny for the species

of Zieria that he recognised, including the

delimitation of species groups, it is likely that

this is invalid in the light of the additional

taxa now recognised.

The closest equivalent to Zieria in species

distribution patterns may be found in the

genus Plectranthus L.Her. (Lamiaceae)

where there is a group of wide ranging taxa in

conjunction with putatively recently evolved,

narrowly distributed entities (Forster 1994a,

1997a). Narrowly distributed species of both

Plectranthus and Zieria are often found on

small isolated islands of rocky substrates

(usually granite, rhyolite, sandstone, trachyte)

surrounded by rainforest or more fire prone

habitats. In these habitats, plants of Zieria

may be narrowly distributed in clefts or

crevices where little vegetation can establish

or persist. Consequently many species of

Zieria have populations that are small in size

and prone to extinction due to disturbance

(especially fire) (Fitzsimmons 1999), climate

change (especially prolonged drought),

genetic depauperation (Hogbin & Peakall

1999; Sharma 2001), weed infestation or other

environmental variables.

Many species of both genera occur on

inselbergs (isolated mountains), renowned

worldwide for increased speciation rates

Austrobaileya 7(3): 473-544 (2007)

in the taxa that are present (Porembski &

Barthlott 2000; Burke 2003) driven by an

‘islands on islands’ effect (Porembski et al.

1997, 2000). The combination of population

isolation, variable population sizes and the

ability to colonise new habitats may well have

driven speciation in these two genera. The

varied range of microhabitats and edaphic

conditions on inselbergs and other mountains

in Queensland has provided numerous niches

into which taxa of both Plectranthus and Zieria

have speciated. Examples of Zieria species

from Queensland that occur in rocky habitats

(clefts and crevices on pavements and outcrops)

on isolated mountains include Z. actites,

Z. alata , Z. boolbunda , Z. cephalophila ,

Z. comp acta, Z. eungellaensis, Z.fraseri

subsp. fraseri , Z. madida , Z. montana,

Z. rimulosa , Z. robertsiorum and Z. scopulus.

Whether these mountainous habitats have

acted as refugia for these species over time in

the face of changing regional climates, or these

species are recent autochthonous elements

is unknown. However, unlike the situation

in Plectranthus where plants are invariably

found in open, rocky situations, many species

of Zieria occur in the understorey of open

forest and woodland. These forested habitats

are often immediately adjacent to the rocky

habitats, hence the possibility that allopatric

speciation has occurred from species of

these habitats into the rocky habitats is high,

and vice versa. These patterns of allopatric

speciation are thought to be responsible for

the high diversity associated with the sparse

vegetation on granite outcrops and adjacent,

more developed vegetation in south-west

Western Australia (Hopper et al. 1997).

Zieria and Plectranthus taxa provide

unique examples of species radiation in

changing environments with ‘core’ species

in the more widespread (and possibly stable?)

habitats and ‘refuge-endemics’ or ‘neo¬

endemics’ in restricted refugial habitats

(most montane species) and newly available

or transitory habitats such as ecotonal areas

(e.g. Z. bifida , Z. collina ). Many species

from both genera (particularly Plectranthus)

fit the ‘obligate-seeder’ model of Clarke

(2002a,b), i.e. they are killed in fires and

have to regenerate from seed. Evidence of

Duretto & Forster, Zieria in Queensland

475

resprouting by Zieria species after fire is

equivocal (Auld 2001; Benson & McDougall

2001) and may be dependent on the presence

of lignotubers (cf Armstrong 1991a;

Fitzsimmons 1999), a feature that is poorly

documented for nearly all taxa. The species

that occur in the open, rocky habitats are

subjected to lower fire frequencies due to the

inability of the vegetation cover to regularly

sustain fire, so fit the ‘refuge-endemic’ model.

Several species in this habitat type are known

to resprout after fire (Auld 2001; Benson &

McDougall 2001). Some species that occur in

fire prone vegetation away from rock outcrops

(e.g. Z. collina, Z. laevigata , Z. smithii,

Z. southwellii ) do not appear to possess

lignotubers (Auld 2001; Fitzsimmons 1999)

and may well be predominantly ‘obligate-

seeders’.

The two genera are also examples of

‘non-adaptive radiation’ accompanied by a

‘high lineage diversification rate’ with broad

similarities to examples from the animal

kingdom (e.g. Albinaria snails) where there

are a lot of species that are similar in general

morphology and habitat preferences but that

occur in disjunct localities (Savolainen &

Forest 2005).

In Queensland (Qld) the wide-ranging

taxa (> five 1° grid cells of distribution)

are Zieria arborescens subsp. arborescens

(distributed mainly in New South Wales

(NSW)), Z. compacta, Z. cytisoides,

Z. laevigata , Z. laxiflora and Z. smithii. Taxa

with a moderate distribution (2-5 1° grid

cells; *in sense previously recognised by

Armstrong 2002) are Z. distans, Z.fraseri

subsp. robusta, *Z. furfuracea subsp.

euthadenia, Z. inexpectata, *Z. minutiflora

subsp. minutiflora , *Z. minutiflora subsp.

trichocarpa , Z. robertsiorum, *Z. southwellii

(distributed mainly in NSW), Z. tenuis and

*Z. verrucosa. Narrow-endemics (restricted

to a single 1° grid cell but with more than

one population; *in sense previously

recognised by Armstrong 2002) are

*Z. adenodonta , Z. alata, *Z. arborescens

subsp. glabrifolia , *Z. aspalathoides

subsp. brachyphylla, Z. bifida , *Z. collina ,

Z. eungellaensis, Z. exsul, Z.fraseri subsp.

fraseri , *Z. furfuracea subsp. gymnocarpa ,

Z. graniticola , Z. insularis , Z. madida ,

Z. montana , *Z. obovata , *Z. rimulosa,

Z. scopulus , Z. tenuis , Z. vagans and Z.

whitei. The newly described species Z.

actites, Z. boolbunda, Z. cephalophila and

Z. hydroscopica are currently known from

single localities. It is worth noting that species

of Zieria that are endemic to NSW and

previously recognised by Armstrong (2002),

viz. Z. adenophora Blakely, Z. baeuerlenii

J.A.Armstr., Z. granulata C.Moore ex

Benth., Z. hindii J.A.Armstr., Z. ingramii

J.A.Armstr., Z. lasiocaulis J.A.Armstr. and

Z. prostrata J.A.Armstr. are restricted to

single 1° grid cells, and that Z. buxijugum

J.D.Briggs & J.A.Armstr., Z. covenyi

J.A.Armstr., Z.floydii J.A.Armstr., Z.formosa

J.A.Armstr. and Z. parrisiae J.A.Armstr. are

known from single populations. Hence, this

proposed speciation pattern of a ‘core’ group

of widespread species and relatively many

narrowly distributed species, is prevalent

throughout the geographic range of the genus

in eastern Australia.

Materials and methods

This paper is primarily based on herbarium

collections in BRI, HO, MEL and QRS,

though specimens from CANB, NE and NSW

have also been seen, and field collections

and observations made mainly by the second

author. Where we have listed additional

collections for taxa recognised by Armstrong

(2002), these are generally relatively recent

(therefore the populations are probably

still extant) and in addition to those cited,

annotated, or listed in his list of exsiccatae,

or add substantially to the distributional range

known for the taxon as mapped in the 2002

monograph. We have especially cited material

from National Parks or other conservation

reserves to reinforce our statements on

conservation status and to demonstrate which

species are presently conserved. For species

that also occur outside of Qld, we have

generally not cited material except in instances

where significant new distributional data is

available (e.g. Z. arborescens, Z. southwellii ).

476

For consistency, our descriptions are

modelled on those of Armstrong. Minor notes

about the descriptions are as follows -

(1) if an organ can be wholly described in

terms of its indumentum cover, then

this is made only once. Where parts of

an organ differ in indumentum cover

than this is separately described, e.g.

gynoecium only versus separate ovary

and style descriptions.

(2) length by width descriptions for organs

are indicated as ‘number x number’

followed by the common measurement

in mm.

In the following taxonomic treatment,

species are listed alphabetically. All

descriptions are based on collections made

in Qld. All newly described taxa are endemic

Austrobaileya 7(3): 473-544 (2007)

to Qld. New descriptions of some previously

recognised taxa, e.g. Z. compacta , Z. fraseri,

Z. montana and Z. robertsiorum, are given

where the circumscription of these taxa differ

somewhat from that of Armstrong (2002).

Species and subspecies are defined

as previously outlined and applied in the

Rutaceous genera Boronia (Duretto 1997,

1999a, 1999b, 2003; Duretto & Ladiges 1997),

Phebalium (Forster 2003) and Philotheca

(Forster 2005).

Common abbreviations in the specimen

citations are L.A. (Logging Area), N.R

(National Park), S.F. or S.F.R. (State Forest

Reserve). Cited specimens are arranged north

to south within Queensland Pastoral Districts.

Bioregion nomenclature is per Sattler &

Williams (1999).

Taxonomy

Key to the species of Zieria found in Queensland

1. Leaves prominently glandular verrucose, if only on abaxial surface or

margins or midrib.2

Leaves not prominently glandular verrucose.12

2. Terminal leaflets elliptic to lanceolate, 1.5-15 mm wide, margins flat to

slightly recurved.3

Terminal leaflets narrow-lanceolate to narrow-elliptic to narrow-

oblanceolate, 1-5.5 mm wide, margins usually strongly recurved

to revolute though some leaves on an individual plant may be flat to

slightly recurved.5

3. Abaxial surface of leaves stellate tomentose; fruit glabrous or hirsute . . 16. Z. furfuracea

Abaxial surface of leaves glabrous to hirsute but not stellate tomentose;

fruit glabrous .4

4. Stems prominently glandular verrucose, leaf decurrencies prominent . . . 7. Z. boolbunda

Stems not or slightly glandular verrucose, leaf decurrencies absent or

very faint.30. Z. smithii

5. Branches hirsute with simple, bifid and trifid hairs.6

Branches glabrescent with scattered stellate hairs to stellate tomentose.7

6. Terminal leaflets greater than 7 mm long.17. Z. graniticola

Terminal leaflets to 7 mm long.19. Z. inexpectata

7. Adaxial surface of leaflets with large hemispherical glands.8

Adaxial surface of leaflets smooth or slightly glandular verrucose.9

8. Large hemispherical glands on adaxial surface of leaflets, young

branches glabrous.2. Z. adenodonta

Large hemispherical glands on adaxial surface of leaflets, young

branches hairy.34. Z. verrucosa

Duretto & Forster, Zieria in Queensland 477

9. Sepals glabrous or glabrescent on abaxial surface.9. Z. collina

Sepals stellate tomentose on abaxial surface.10

10. Branches and even the glands usually, densely tomentose.33. Z. vagans

Young branches glabrescent or with a sparse indumentum between the

glands, glands mostly glabrous.11

11. Inflorescence 1-3-flowered; adaxial surface of leaflets glabrescent or with

a sparse to moderately dense indumentum of minute stellate hairs . . 8. Z. cephalophila

Inflorescence 3-20 + -flowered; adaxial surface of leaflets glabrescent with

hairs along midrib and near tip only.12. Z. distans

12. Epidermis of abaxial surface of leaflets completely hidden by dense

stellate indumentum [midrib may be visible].13

Epidermis of abaxial surface of leaflets clearly visible, surface glabrous,

glabrescent, variously pilose, or with a sparse to moderately dense stellate

indumentum.25

13. Adaxial surface of leaflets with a moderately dense to dense stellate

indumentum (hairs may be minute).14

Adaxial surface of leaflets glabrous or sparsely to densely pilose [rarely

(Z. collina ) with the occasional minute stellate hair amongst the many

simple hairs].15

14. Leaflets elliptic to obovate with a length/width ratio 1.8-3.3, abaxial

surface shaggy with hairs to 1 mm long, with prominently raised

secondary veins; petals 3.6-6 mm long.11. Z. cytisoides

Leaflets narrow-elliptic to oblong with a length/width ratio of 3.7-6,

abaxial surface stellate tomentose with hairs less than 0.2 mm long, with

obscure or slightly raised secondary veins; petals 2-2.5 mm long.32. Z. tenuis

15. At least some terminal leaflets > 5 cm long; abaxial surface of sepals

stellate tomentose.4. Z. arborescens

Terminal leaflets < 4.5 cm long, if > 4.5 cm long then abaxial surface of

sepals glabrous or glabrescent.16

16. Adaxial surface of leaflets hirsute, if glabrescent then leaflets obovate,

10-16 mm long; midvein on abaxial surface of leaflets hirsute; stems

hirsute.17

Adaxial surface of leaflets glabrous, apart from few hairs along midrib;

leaflets narrow elliptic to elliptic to slightly obovate, 10-43 mm long,

midvein on abaxial surface glabrous or hirsute; stems glabrous or

hirsute.20

17. Terminal leaflets obovate; petioles sparsely pilose, some bifid and stellate

hairs present also; peduncles and pedicels glabrous.14. Z. exsul

Terminal leaflet elliptic to lanceolate; petioles stellate tomentose;

peduncles and pedicels with a sparse to dense indumentum.18

18. Adaxial surface of leaves with simple and stellate hairs, rays c. 0.1 mm

long; abaxial surface of sepals glabrous.9. Z. collina

Adaxial surface of leaves with simple hairs, hairs 0.25-1 mm long; abaxial

surface of sepals with a sparse to moderately dense indumentum.19

19. Terminal leaflets elliptic, 3.5-10 mm wide, margins flat to recurved;

petiole 3-8 mm long.10. Z. compacta (Bull Creek Gorge)

Terminal leaflets narrow elliptic, 1-3 mm wide, margins recurved to

revolute; petiole 0.5-1 mm long.35. Z. whitei

478 Austrobaileya 7(3): 473-544 (2007)

20. Stems with an indumentum that is usually evenly distributed around stem

though sometimes denser between decurrent leaf bases.21

Stems glabrous or hirsute between decurrent leaf bases only, other areas

glabrous or glabre scent.23

21. Stems glandular verrucose.33. Z. vagans

Stems not glandular verrucose.22

22. Leaflets elliptic to obovate, margin recurved [sometimes revolute on

drying], tip subacute to rounded, minutely mucronate; the midrib of

the abaxial surface has a stellate indumentum as or nearly as dense as

that of lamina; pedicel with a moderately dense indumentum; sepal tip

acute, inflexed [can be difficult to see]; cocci hirsute, if only on adaxial

margin.10. Z. compacta

Leaflets narrow-elliptic to narrow-obovate, margin revolute, tip subulate

to acute; the midrib of the abaxial surface glabrous or with indumentum

markedly less dense than lamina; pedicel glabrous or with a sparse

indumentum; sepal tip slightly acuminate, not inflexed; cocci glabrous

.15. Z. fraseri

23. Staminal filaments hirsute; sepals > 2 mm long.21. Z. laevigata

Staminal filaments usually glabrous, rarely hirsute; sepals < 2 mm long.24

24. Branches without decurrent leaf bases, circular in cross section; leaflets

usually with abaxial surface exposed, 1-6 mm wide.

.15. Z. fraseri (Blackdown Tableland)

Branches with decurrent leaf bases, + square in cross section; leaflets

usually so revolute that abaxial surface hidden, 1-3.5 mm wide.22. Z. laxiflora

25. Inflorescence as long or longer than the subtending leaf.26

Inflorescence shorter than the subtending leaf.37

26. Petioles to 1.5 mm long.27

Longer petioles 2-16 mm long.31

27. Leaflets obovate, margins flat to recurved, terminal leaflets (2-) 3-7 mm

wide.28

Leaflets narrow elliptic to narrow obovate (rarely elliptic and then <2.5

mm wide), margins usually recurved to revolute, terminal leaflets 0.5-3

mm wide [occasional simple leaf to 4 mm wide].29

28. Adaxial surface of leaflets densely pilose; at anthesis inflorescence shorter

than leaves though sometimes longer when in fruit; fruit glabrous or

hirsute.24. Z. minutiflora

Adaxial surface of leaflets glabrescent to sparsely pilose; inflorescence at

anthesis longer than leaves; fruit glabrous or glabrescent.26. Z. obovata

29. Abaxial surface of leaflets glabrous or with an indumentum of simple and

bifid hairs.5. Z. aspalathoides

Abaxial surface of leaflets with a stellate indumentum.30

30. Leaflets with revolute margins and virtually no abaxial surface visible;

abaxial surface of sepals with a sparse indumentum.5. Z. aspalathoides (Moura)

Leaflets with recurved to revolute margins, many with clearly visible

abaxial surface; abaxial surface of sepals with a moderately dense to

dense indumentum.35. Z. whitei

Duretto & Forster, Zieria in Queensland 479

31. Abaxial surface of leaflets with a stellate indumentum; petioles to 16 mm

long.32

Abaxial surface of leaflets with an indumentum of simple and/or bifid

hairs, though a few stellate hairs may also be present; petioles to 7 mm

long.34

32. Young branches with decurrent leaf bases.28. Z. robertsiorum

Young branches without decurrent leaf bases.33

33. Leaflets obovate.26. Z. obovata

Leaflets narrow elliptic to elliptic.30. Z. smithii

34. Young branches pilose, with hairs evenly distributed around stems;

leaflets elliptic to obovate.6. Z. bifida

Young branches puberulous or pilose, with hairs much denser in or

confined to area between decurrent leaf bases; leaflets narrow elliptic to

elliptic to lanceolate.35

35. Branches slightly glandular verrucose.17. Z. graniticola

Branches smooth, not glandular verrucose.36

36. Abaxial surface of sepals with hairs scattered over entire surface.20. Z. insularis

Abaxial surface of sepals glabrous with hairs only at base.27. Z. rimulosa

37. Stems pilose, sometimes also with bifid and small stellate hairs.38

Stems glabrous, or stellate glabrescent to stellate tomentose.40

38. Abaxial surface of petals with scattered simple and bifid hairs.6. Z. bifida

Abaxial surface of petals with a dense stellate indumentum.39

39. Petioles to 1 mm long.5. Z. aspalathoides

Some petioles > 2 mm long.17. Z. graniticola

40. At least some of the terminal leaflets > 45 mm long.41

Terminal leaflets < 45 mm long.44

41. Abaxial surface of sepals glabrescent with few stellate hairs concentrated

at base and/or on margins.30. Z. smithii

Abaxial surface of sepals stellate tomentose, at least between raised

glands.42

42. Abaxial surface of leaflets hirsute to velutinous.4. Z. arborescens

Abaxial surface of leaflets glabrous or glabrescent.43

43. Peduncles glabrous or glabrescent; sepals > 1 mm long.4. Z. arborescens

Peduncles hirsute; sepals < 0.9 mm long.31. Z. southwellii

44. Young branches without decurrent leaf bases.45

Young branches with decurrent leaf bases.48

45. Petals 4-5.5 mm long.31. Z. southwellii

Petals 2-3 mm long.46

46. Adaxial surface of leaflets glabrescent or with scattered stellate and bifid

hairs.30. Z. smithii

Adaxial surface of leaflets sparsely to densely pilose.47

47. Leaflets narrow elliptic to narrow lanceolate, adaxial surface of leaflets

sparsely pilose.18. Z. hydroscopica

Leaflets obovate, adaxial surface of leaflets densely pilose.24. Z. minutiflora

480

Austrobaileya 7(3): 473-544 (2007)

48. Young branches with a sparse to dense indumentum, sometimes only

between decurrent leaf bases.49

Young branches glabrous or glabrescent.51

49. Abaxial surface of leaflets with a sparse to moderately dense stellate

indumentum, sometimes only on midrib (close inspection may be

required).28. Z. robertsiorum

Abaxial surface of leaflets glabrous or glabrescent.50

50. Branches with indumentum between decurrent leaf bases only, otherwise

glabrous or glabrescent.7. Z. boolbunda

Branches with a moderately dense indumentum evenly spread around

branches.13. Z. eungellaensis (Mt David)

51. Young branches without prominently raised decurrent leaf bases; abaxial

surface of sepals glabrous.52

Young branches with prominently raised decurrent leaf bases; abaxial

surface of sepals with a stellate indumentum, at least at base.53

52. Young stems not glandular verrucose.1. Z. actites

Young stems glandular verrucose (sometimes sparingly so).29. Z. scopulus

53. Inflorescence 10-20(-50)-flowered, most flowers opening at the same

time.25. Z. montana

Inflorescence 1-10-flowered, 1-3 flowers opening at any one time.54

54. Largest leaflets <15 mm long.13. Z. eungellaensis (Mt William, Mt Dalrymple)

Largest leaflets > 15 mm long.55

55. Tip of leaflets acute.3. Z. alata

Tip of leaflets obtuse.23. Z. madida

1. Zieria actites Duretto & P.I.Forst., species

nova Z. compactae C.T.White affinis a qua

folioli laminis infra glabris (adversum dense

stellato-tomentosa), costa supra non impressa

(adversum valde impressa), marginibus folioli

non recurvatis (in ilia planis usque recurvatis)

et petalo minore (1.8-2 x 0.9-1 mm adversum

3.5-5 x 1.2-3.3) differt. Typus: Queensland.

Port Curtis District: Mt Larcom, 5 km NW

of Yarwun, 25 January 1994, P.I.Forster

PIF14654 (holo: BRI; iso: MEL 306831).

Zieria sp. (Mt Larcom N.Gibson TOI8);

Forster (1997b: 188; 2002: 181; 2007: 183).

Shrub to 1 m tall, forming a densely compact

bush, glabrous or glabrescent with simple, bifid

or stellate hairs on all parts apart from flowers.

Stems erect, wiry; branches with slightly

decurrent leaf bases, very weakly glandular

verrucose. Leaves palmately trifoliolate, with

an aniseed smell; petioles 2-10 mm long;

terminal leaflets lanceolate to elliptic, (13-)

20-28 x 6.5-11 mm, laminae pellucid gland-

dotted, not glandular verrucose, tips acute,

margins crenulate and slightly recurved,

midribs raised slightly abaxially and weakly

glandular verrucose, secondary veins

obscure; lateral leaflets similar to terminal

leaflets but smaller, (10-) 15-22 x (4.5-) 7-9

mm. Inflorescence axillary, shorter than the

subtending leaf, 9-20-flowered, not obviously

glandular; peduncle 8-20 mm long; bracts

linear-lanceolate, persistent, 1-3.5 mm long;

secondary peduncles 3-6 mm long; pedicels

1.5-4 mm long, not obviously glandular,

glabrous. Sepals deflate, 1-1.5 x c. 1 mm,

imbricate in bud, not obviously glandular, tips

acute, glabrous. Petals narrow-elliptic, 1.8-2

x 0.9-1 mm, cream to pale pink, imbricate in

bud, not obviously glandular, with scattered

stellate and simple hairs along margins

of adaxial and abaxial surfaces. Staminal

filaments 0.7-0.8 mm long, glabrous,

eglandular; anthers c. 0.5 mm long, apiculum

Duretto & Forster, Zieria in Queensland

481

absent. Gynoecium glabrous. Cocci 3-3.5 x

1.8-2 mm, not glandular verrucose, glabrous,

base of style persistent forming a minute

apical apiculum. Seeds oblong-ovoid, 2.2-2.5

x 1.2-1.3 mm, black-purple, dull, slightly

longitudinally striate. Fig. 1.

Additional specimens examined : Queensland. Port

Curtis District: Top of Mt Larcom, Mar 1966, Blake

22446 (BRI, CANB); 6 km NW of Yarwun, Mt Larcom,

Mt Larcom Range, May 1988, Gibson T018 (BRI); Mt

Larcom Peak, 7 km NW of Yarwun, Sep 1993, Brushe

1358 & Williams (BRI); Mt Larcom south peak, 17.5

km WNW of Gladstone, Apr 1995, Brushe JB260 et al.

(BRI).

Notes: Zieria actites appears to have some

affinity to Z. compacta ; however, Z. actites

differs from that species in the leaf laminae

being glabrous below (versus densely stellate

tomentose), the midrib not impressed above

(versus strongly impressed), the leaflet

margins being thickened, but not recurved

(versus flat to recurved) and the smaller

petals (1.8-2 x 0.9-1 mm, versus 3.5-5 x 1.2-

3.3 mm). Further affinities may be perhaps

sought with Z. montana from which it can

be distinguished in having slightly decurrent

leaf bases on younger branches only (versus

Fig. 1 . Zieria actites. A. branch with several flowering inflorescences x 1. B. stem node with abaxial view of leaf x 2.

C. inflorescence with flower and buds x 6. D. flower x 8. E. tip of sepal x 20. F-G. views of stamens x 20. H. mature

fruit with multiple cocci x 8.1. lateral view of seed x 16. A-C from Forster PIF14654 (BRI); D-I from Gibson TOI8

(BRI). Del. W. Smith.

482

prominently decurrent leaf bases) and

crenulate leaf margins (versus margins entire

or crenulate towards tip).

Distribution and habitat: Zieria actites is

endemic to Qld and is known only from the

type locality of Mt Larcom (Map 11), an

isolated peak composed of quartz alunite

alteration of the Targinnie Quartz Monzonite

(Willmott 2006), west northwest of Gladstone

within the Brigalow Belt bioregion. At Mt

Larcom the species is found in open woodland/

shrubland in crevices and clefts on exposed

outcrops and clifflines at c. 630 m.

Phenology: Flowers, fruit and seed have been

collected from September to May.

Conservation status: Mt Larcom is not in a

conservation reserve and with the walking

track to the summit, is a popular destination

for bushwalkers. The population of Zieria is

not large (less than 1000 individuals) and the

species can be assessed as Endangered under

the criteria of B2a,b(i,ii,iii,v), C2a(ii) (IUCN

2001). Current threats are habitat destruction

or amelioration by fire, weeds and general

disturbance. It co-occurs with the Vulnerable

listed Parsonsia larcomensis J.B.Williams.

Etymology: The specific epithet is derived

from the Greek actites (a watcher) and alludes

to the populations of this plant occurring on

the top of a mountain where the Pacific Ocean

can be viewed.

2. Zieria adenodonta (F.Muell.) J.A.Armstr.,

Austral. Syst. Bot. 15: 299 (2002); Zieria

granulata (F.Muell.) C.Moore ex Benth. var.

adenodonta F.Muell., Fragm. 9: 116 (1875).

Type: New South Wales. North Coast:

Highest mountains on the Tweed, Carron s.n.

(lecto [designated by Armstrong (2002: 299)]:

MEL 62069; isolecto: MEL 62068, NSW

2565).

Illustrations: Armstrong (2002: 300, 301);

Logan River Branch SGAP (QLD Region)

Inc. (2005: 363).

Additional selected specimens examined : Queensland.

Moreton District: Lower Bellbird Circuit track, Binna

Burra section, Lamington N.P., 28°12'S, 153°11'E, Jul

1994, Grimshaw G854 (BRI); Shipstern Range, northern

ridge of MacPherson Range [Lamington N.P.], 28°12'S,

153°12'E, May 1969, Telford 647 (CANB); Lamington

Austrobaileya 7(3): 473-544 (2007)

N.P, Lower Ballanjui Track, near Yangahla Lookout,

28°12'S, 153°12'E, Sep 1978, McDonald 2438 (BRI,

CANB); Lamington N.P, on track to Ballanjui Falls, just

below Yangahla Lookout, 28°13'S, 153°12'E, Dec 1986,

Beesley 999A & Ollerenshaw (BRI, CANB; NSW n.v ).

Distribution and habitat: This species has a

limited distribution with populations on Mt

Warning in NSW and in Lamington N.P. in Qld

(Map 12) within the Southeast Queensland

bioregion at or around Yangahla Lookout,

Nixons Creek and Mt Roberts. Plants grow in

open areas on rock-pavement (rhyolite) often

in shrubland dominated by Leptospermum

petersonii and Lophostemon confertus or in

tall open forest of Eucalyptus campanulata ,

E. microcorys and L. confertus on basalt. It

may possibly be stimulated by disturbance,

as is Z. collina (Fitzsimmons 1999), such as

would occur from occasional storm damage

or fire.

Phenology: Flowers have been collected from

May to September, and fruit from November

to January.

Conservation status: This species is currently

listed as Rare in Qld ( NCR 2006). It has been

infrequently collected with most collections

in Qld from near or around Yangahla

Lookout. This is perhaps more a reflection

of its occurrence in long-standing National

Parks than true rarity, but the exclusion of

fire from some of its N.P. habitat may mean

that little recruitment occurs. Grimshaw in

his G854 specimen label notes recorded it as

uncommon.

3. Zieria alata Duretto & PI.Forst., species

nova a Z. montana J.A.Armstr. floribus

paucioribus in quaque inflorescentia (3-12

adversum 10-20+), decurrentiis foliimanifeste

(adversum leviter vel non) glandulari-

verrucosis et foliis acutis (non obtusis) differt.

Typus: Queensland. Cook District: North

Mary Logging Area, State Forest 143,16°31'S,

145°16'E, 17 July 1994, P.I.Forster PIF15630,

G.Sankowsky & M.C.Tucker (holo: BRI; iso:

MEL, NSW).

Shrub to 3 m tall forming an open, somewhat

straggly bush. Stems erect to decumbent, wiry;

branches with prominent, narrow and raised

decurrent leaf bases, prominently glandular

verrucose especially along decurrent leaf

Duretto & Forster, Zieria in Queensland

483

bases, glabrous to glabrescent; older branches

not lenticellate and corky, conspicuously

scarred from the fallen buds and leaves.

Leaves palmately trifoliolate; petioles (8-)

12-18 mm long, very slightly glandular

verrucose, glabrous or glabrescent; terminal

leaflets elliptic to obovate, 22-41 x 7-13 mm,

laminae not glandular verrucose, glabrous,

tips acute, margins entire or crenulate

towards tip, flat, midveins raised abaxially,

secondary veins obscure; lateral leaflets

similar to terminal leaflets and usually c. the

same length. Inflorescence axillary, shorter

than the subtending leaf, 3-7 (-12)-flowered,

only 1-3 flowers opening at a time; peduncle

8-16 mm long, with prominent ridges,

glandular verrucose, glabrous or glabrescent;

bracts scale like, persistent, slightly glandular

verrucose, stellate glabrescent; pedicels 2-

2.5 mm long, prominently ridged, sparsely

stellate tomentose. Sepals broadly deflate,

c. 0.7 mm long and wide, slightly imbricate

in bud, not or slightly glandular verrucose,

tips acute, adaxial surfaces glabrous, abaxial

surfaces sparsely stellate pubescent at the

base. Petals elliptic, 3.5-4 x 1.7-2 mm, white

to cream to pale pink, dotted with pellucid

glands abaxially, stellate pubescent on both

surfaces. Staminal filaments 1.5-1.7 mm long,

glabrous or with few small hairs, particularly

towards the apex, slightly glandular distally;

anthers 0.5-0.6 mm long, apiculum absent.

Gynoecium glabrous. Cocci c. 3 x 1.7 mm,

smooth, glabrous, base of style persistent

forming a minute apical apiculum. Mature

seeds not observed. Fig. 2.

Additional selected specimens examined'. Queensland.

Cook District: Devil’s Thumb [Daintree N.P.], 16°23'S,

145°17'E, Sep 1997, Jago 4501 (BRI); Mt Lewis, 27 km

from the Rex highway on the main forestry road, 16°30' S,

145°16'E, Sep 1986, Clarkson 6565 (BRI, MEL); S.F.R.

143, North Mary L.A., 16°13'S, 145°15'E, Jul 1977, Gray

614 (BRI, NSW); S.F.R. 143, North Mary L.A., 16°32'S,

145°16'E, Nov 1995, Gray 6405 (QRS); c. 1 km west of

Mt Lewis road, 16°31'S, 145°16'E, Sep 1996, Jago 4103

(BRI, DNA); Mt Lewis, 16°31'S, 145°16'E, Apr 1998,

Wannan 754 & Jago (NSW); S.F. 143, North Mary L.A.,

27 km along Mt Lewis road, 16°31'S, 145°16'E, Mar

2001, Forster PIF26979 et al. (BRI, HO, MEL); Ridge

top above Mt Lewis road, 16°31'S, 145°17'E, Aug 1986,

Weston 756 et al. (NSW); Mt Lewis, 16°35'S, 145°17'E,

Aug 1996, Telford 12215 & Donaldson (BRI, CANB,

NE, NSW).

Notes : Collections of Zieria alata were

formerly included within the broad concept

for Z. montana (Armstrong 1991a; 2002).

There is a considerable latitudinal geographic

disjunction between the type locality of

Z. montana and the populations on Mt Lewis

and the Devil’s Thumb. Z. alata differs from

Z. montana by having fewer flowers per

inflorescence (3-12, verses 10-20+), markedly

glandular verrucose leaf decurrencies (versus

slightly or not so) and acute leaves (versus

obtuse).

Zieria alata appears to be closely allied

to Z. madida Duretto & P.I.Forst., but differs

from that species in the leaf bases being

prominently glandular verrucose (versus not

or slightly glandular verrucose), leaflets with

acute tips (versus obtuse) and the peduncles

being glandular verrucose (versus not). The

similar general morphology and occurrence

of these two taxa in similar habitats within the

Wet Tropics bioregion may indicate that they

are closely related taxa.

Distribution and habitat : Zieria alata

is endemic to Qld where it is narrowly

distributed in the Wet Tropics bioregion

(Map 12). It is apparently confined to areas

over 1000 m in the Main Coast Range to the

west of the Daintree River and Mossman that

includes Mt Lewis and the Devil’s Thumb.

The species is found in windswept heath (with

Acrothamnus spathaceus, Leptospermum

wooroonooran and Paphia meiniana) and

stunted closed forest (e.g. complex notophyll

vine forest and evergreen microphyll moss-

fern thicket) in clefts and crevices or areas

of monocotyledon-dominated mats amongst

boulders or on pavements of granite.

Phenology : Flowers have been collected in

March and from July to September, and fruit

in March, July and September.

Conservation status : This species can be

locally frequent ( Telford 12215 ) or occasional

{Forster PIF26979 ) where found; however,

the available habitat of granite domes and

pavements is small. Nearly all of the cited

collections have been made within 1 km of

the Mt Lewis forestry road and the species

should be searched for in similar habitats

near Black Mountain and Mt Spurgeon in the

484

Austrobaileya 7(3): 473-544 (2007)

Fig. 2. Zieria alata. A. branch with several flowering inflorescences x 2. B. stem node with abaxial view of leaf x 2.

C. detail of indumentum on abaxial surface of leaflet x 8. D. inflorescence with flower and buds x 4. E. flower x 8. F. tip

of sepal x 20. G-H. views of stamens x 20.1. mature fruit with multiple cocci x 8. A-C from Forster PIF26979 (BRI);

D-I from Forster PIF15630 (BRI). Del. W. Smith.

Duretto & Forster, Zieria in Queensland

485

same range. No detailed assessment has been

made of the number of populations, number

of individuals, the area of occupancy or

perceived threats for this species; however it

can be assessed as Vulnerable under the D2

criterion (IUCN 2001) purely on the restricted

distribution.

Etymology : The specific epithet is derived

from the Latin alatus (winged) and alludes to

the prominently decurrent leaf bases on young

branches, which are the most prominent for

this group of species.

4. Zieria arborescens Sims, Bot. Mag. 34:

t. 1395 (1811). Type: Tasmania. Midlands:

Port Dalrymple, 1802-5, R.Brown 5279 (lecto

[designated by Armstrong (2002: 307)]: BM

630980 [images BRI, HO 534650]; isolecto:

BM 630979 [images BRI, HO 534649], K

347902 [images BRI, HO 534660], MEL

[61987, 61992]).

Notes: Armstrong (2002) recognised three

subspecies in Zieria arborescens with

Z. arborescens subsp. arborescens and

Z. arborescens subsp. glabrifolia in Qld.

The characters used to distinguish these last

two subspecies are mutually exclusive in Qld

though when material from other states is

used then Armstrong’s key to the subspecies

does not work.

Key to the subspecies of Z. arborescens found in Queensland

1. Abaxial surface of leaflets with dense indumentum.subsp. arborescens

Abaxial surface of leaflets glabrous or glabrescent.subsp. glabrifolia

4a. Zieria arborescens Sims subsp.

arborescens

Illustrations: Armstrong (2002: 308, 309);

Logan River Branch SGAP (QLD Region)

Inc. (2005: 363) [as Z. arborescens ].

Additional selected specimens examined : Queensland.

Moreton District: 1.2 km along Carrick road,

Springbrook, 28°11'S, 153°16'E, Oct 1997, Bean 12487

(BRI, MEL, NSW); Start of Dave’s Creek track, Binna

Burra, Lamington N.P., 28°12'S, 153°11'E, Oct 1998,

Leiper s.n. (BRI [AQ664305]); Dave’s Creek circuit

walking track, Dave’s Creek, Binna Burra Section,

Lamington N.P., 28°13'S, 153°12'E, Jul 1994, Grimshaw

G882 & Flenady (BRI); Springbrook, 28°14'S, 153°16'E,

Sep 1990, Leiper s.n. (BRI [AQ473933]); Springbrook,

28°14'S, 153°17'E, Dec 1993, Bean 7175 (AD, BRI,

CANB, NSW).

Distribution and habitat: Zieria arborescens

subsp. arborescens is widespread in south¬

eastern Australia, with populations in

Tasmania, and on mainland Australia from

Victoria up to the extreme south-eastern corner

of Qld at the Springbrook and Lamington

plateaux within the Southeast Queensland

bioregion (Map 5). There is also an isolated

population at Mt Norman in Girraween N.P

near Stanthorpe within the New England

Tableland bioregion. On the Springbrook and

Lamington plateaux plants occur in ‘wet’

open eucalypt forest dominated by canopy

species such as Eucalyptus campanulata and

Allocasuarina torulosa , often with mixed

rainforest taxa in the understorey, on substrates

derived from basalt or rhyolite. At Mt Norman

Z. arborescens subsp. arborescens grows

amongst massive granite boulders.

Phenology: Flowers have been collected from

August to October, and fruit from October to

December.

Conservation status: This subspecies is

common and widespread with the Qld

populations mainly found in National

Parks such as Girraween, Lamington and

Springbrook. The population at Mt Norman,

Girraween N.P, is small and quite disjunct

from other populations. This population

is geographically very close to, but at a

much higher altitude, than populations

of Z. arborescens subsp. glabrifolia. The

conservation status is assessed as Least

Concern (IUCN 2001).

4b. Zieria arborescens subsp. glabrifolia

J.A..Armstr., Austral. Syst. Bot. 15: 312 (2002).

Type: Queensland. Darling Downs District:

Baboon Gully, Girraween National Park, c. 2

km N of Ranger Station, 28°50'S, 151°55'E,

486

28 September 1977, J.A.Armstrong 1153

(holo: NSW 458810; iso [as per Armstrong

(2002)]: BRI, CANB n.v., MEL 2281421,

PERTH n.v).

Additional specimens examined: New South Wales.

Northern Tablelands: Bismuth Falls, WSW of

Torrington, 29°17'S, 151°45'E, Oct 1990, Williams &

White NRAC4 (BRI, CANB n.v., NE, NSW n.v.)- Bismuth

Falls, Torrington, 29°17'S, 151°45'E, Oct 1991, Williams

& White s.n. (NE 58268).

Notes : This subspecies was distinguished

from Z. arborescens subsp. arborescens

by Armstrong (2002) on the leaves being

glabrous below (versus hirsute to densely

stellate-tomentose), the petiole being glabrous

abaxially (versus stellate-tomentose) and the

peduncle being glabrous or with scattered

stellate hairs (versus tomentose with stellate

hairs). This distinction does not always work

with material outside Qld (see Notes under

Z. arborescens).

Distribution and habitat : Armstrong

(2002) considered Zieria arborescens subsp.

glabrifolia to be endemic to Qld.

In Qld, Zieria arborescens subsp.

glabrifolia is narrowly distributed in the

New England Tableland bioregion (Map

6). It has been found in Girraween N.P., at

Baboon Gully [type locality] and Bald Rock

Creek, and near Stanthorpe at Donnelley’s

Castle and Jolly’s Falls. In NSW, it has been

collected from Bismuth Falls near Torrington,

Northern Tablelands, NSW At Baboon Gully

and Bismuth Falls plants were collected in dry

sclerophyll forest on granite.

Phenology : Flowers have been collected in

September and October, and fruit in October.

Conservation status : The most recent

collection of this subspecies in Qld was

made in 1983 from Donnelley’s Castle.

Collections from the other cited Qld localities

were all made in the early 1970s. Survey

work to determine the number of extant

populations, number of individuals, area of

occupancy and perceived threats is urgently

required to enable an accurate conservation

status to be determined. An Endangered

conservation status is appropriate on the

criteria of B2a,b(i-v) (IUCN 2001). Paucity

of collections, apparent restricted and often

Austrobaileya 7(3): 473-544 (2007)

disjunct distributional patterns appear to be

common features for taxa of Rutaceae that

are restricted to the ‘Granite Belt’ of Qld (see

also Z. graniticola below, and Duretto (1999a,

1999b, 2003) and Duretto et al. (2005) for

discussions on species of Boronia).

Notes: The recent two collections (see

Distribution and habitat) from Bismuth Falls

(NSW) are a good match for Z. arborescens

subsp. glabrifolia though they do appear to

have larger leaflets, peduncles, bracts and

pedicels. Further field research is required to

determine if this variation warrents taxonomic

recognition.

5. Zieria aspalathoides A.Cunn. ex Benth.,

FI. Austral. 1: 305 (1863). Type: Queensland.

Darling Downs District [probably]: The

Grampians, gathered on a range of Granite

Mountains in lat. 28°40'S, long. c. 152°, June

1827, A.Cunningham 39 (lecto [designated

by Armstrong (2002: 313)]: K 347907 [Alan

Cunningham’s Australian Herbarium; images

BRI, HO 534659]; isolecto: BM 829821

[images BRI, HO 534652], BRI [AQ318520]

[specimen on right hand side of sheet]).

Notes: Armstrong (2002) chose to recognise

some populations on the Blackdown

Tableland as Z. aspalathoides subsp.

brachyphylla. He used three character states

to distinguish between the two subspecies

of Z. aspalathoides : viz., paraphrasing

Armstrong, leaflet lamina generally 5-8

mm long (subsp. aspalathoides) or less than

2.5 mm long (subsp. brachyphylla), younger

branches commonly with a line of simple hairs

arranged in an alleotrichous configuration

(subsp. aspalathoides) or younger branches

entirely hirsute (subsp. brachyphylla), and

inflorescences mostly 3-flowered (range 1-

13) (subsp. aspalathoides) or inflorescences

mostly 1-flowered (range 1-3) (subsp.

brachyphylla). Of these three characters only

the first is useful in distinguishing these taxa.

Many specimens of Z. aspalathoides subsp.

aspalathoides have 1-flowered inflorescences

and hairs distributed over the entire stem.

The type material of Z. aspalathoides subsp.

brachyphylla has stems with the density

of hairs between the decurrent leaf bases

much greater than that of the other areas

(as with the typical subspecies). Even leaf

Duretto & Forster, Zieria in Queensland

487

length is problematic as some specimens of

Z. aspalathoides subsp. aspalathoides from

the Springsure area (e.g. Ballingal 2603,

Cockburn s.n. [AQ195493], Gittins T67 ) have

very small leaflets (2-5 mm long).

These two subspecies are recognised

here and Zieria aspalathoides subsp.

brachyphylla is considered to be restricted to

the Blackdown Tableland. Z. aspalathoides

subsp aspalathoides is also found on the

Blackdown Tableland. Detailed population

studies are required on the Blackdown

Tableland and in the Springsure area to

determine if this classification is warranted or

whether it is merely extreme variation. This

pattern of variation has also been observed

in Boronia obovata C.T.White, which is also

present in the Blackdown Tableland area and

displays a wide range in leaflet size (range

6-42 mm long) with some plants having only

very small leaflets while others have relatively

large leaflets. Use of herbarium collections

alone suggested that there were maybe two

taxa. Fieldwork has shown that, in the case of

B. obovata, leaflet size is not consistent in a

population, and is dependent on the amount

of exposure and/or on the age of the plant

(MFD, pers. obs 1992; PIF, pers. obs. 2005),

and so, not a reliable character for taxonomic

use (Duretto 1999a). This has also proved to

be the case in some other species of Boronia

(cf Duretto 1999a, 1999b, 2003).

Several new taxa allied to Zieria

aspalathoides are described in this paper (see

accounts of Z. graniticola, Z. inexpectata

and Z. whitei). See also the discussion under

Z. aspalathoides subsp. aspalathoides.

Key to the subspecies ofZ. aspalathoides

1. At least some leaflets > 4 mm long ....

Leaflets < 3 mm long.

5a. Zieria aspalathoides A.Cunn. ex Benth.

subsp. aspalathoides

Zieria aspalathoides var. (Springsure

L.Cockburn AQ195493); Forster (2002: 181).

Illustrations : Williams (1987: 319) [as

Z. aspalathoides ]; Pearson & Pearson (1989:

403) [as Z. aspalathoides ]; Armstrong (2002:

315, 316).

Additional selected specimens examined : Queensland.

Cook District: Wollem Trig - Atherton, 17°16'S,

145°27'E, Sep 1980, Hind2680 (NSW). North Kennedy

District: Herberton, Jan 1912, Kenny s.n. (BRI

[AQ195487]); Marble Creek mesa, SE of Greenvale,

19°07'S, 145°14'E, Apr 1991, Bean 2918 (BRI); Mingela

Bluff, ‘Maidavale’, E of Mingela, 19°53'S, 146°43'E, Apr

1991, Bean 2975 (BRI); 6 km NNW of ‘Liontown’, Just

Range area, 20°21'S, 146°01'E, Nov 1991, Thompson

404 & Robins (BRI); 9.2 km SSE from ‘Redcliffe Vale’,

21°11'S, 148°09'E, Nov 2000, Perry & Lawler s.n. (BRI

[AQ498312]). Warrego District: 8 kmE ChestertonN.P.

house, Chesterton N.R, 40 km NE of Morven, 26°08'S,

147°16'E, Nov 1995, Dollery s.n. (BRI [AQ489935]).

Leichhardt District: Ropers Peak, Peak Range, 22°52'S,

148°13'E, Aug 1990, Forster PIF7213 (BISH, BRI,

CANB, MEL); Two Mile Creek, Blackdown Tableland

[N.P.], SE of Blackwater, 23°45'S, 149°06'E, Jan 1996,

Bean 9625 (BRI); Oakey Creek, 24°12'S, 148°10'E, Jul

1986, O’Keefe 842 (BRI); c. 80 km SW of Springsure

to Tambo road, 24°22'S, 147°15'E, Sep 1990, BaUingall

.subsp. aspalathoides

.subsp. brachyphylla

2603 (BRI); Palmgrove N.P., Bigge Range, NW of

Taroom, 24°53'S, 149°27'E, Sep 1999 ,ForsterPIF24748

& Booth (BRI, MEL); Palmgrove N.P., NW of Taroom,

25°01'S, 149°16'E, Nov 1998, Forster PIF23644 & Booth

(AD, BRI, MEL); Isla Gorge N.P., hill W of Leichhardt

Highway, 55 km NNE of Taroom, 25°10'S, 150°00'E,

Aug 1997, Halford Q3346B & Holland (BRI); Precipice

N.P., catchment of Cables Creek, 25°23'S, 150°07'E, Sep

1996, Forster P1F19776 (BRI); 2 miles [3.3 km] N of‘Mt

Playfair’, 90 miles SW of Springsure, Aug 1966, Gittins

T67 (BRI); East of ‘Mantuan Downs’ Station towards

Springsure, Aug 1962, Cockburn s.n. (BRI [AQ195493]);

W of Moura, Apr 1961, Jones 1809 (BRI); 14 km N of

Gurulmundi on Woleebee road, Sep 1973, Trapnell 309

& Williams (BRI). Burnett District: 3kmW of Cynthia,

S of Monto, 25°12'S, 151°06'E, Sep 1999, Bean 15296 &

McDonald (BRI). Darling Downs District: Percy Grant

road, Barakula S.F., N of Chinchilla, 26°22'S, 150°44'E,

Apr 1989, Bean 1033 (BRI); Dalby - Durong road, 2.4

km S of Darr Creek crossroads, 26°34'S, 151°07'E, Nov

1997, Bean 12550 (BRI); Near fire tower site, Nudley S.F.

93, c. 20 km NNW of Jandowae, 26°35'S, 151°01'E, Dec

1997, Bean 12644 (BRI); Peters road, N of Cooby Dam,

N of Toowoomba, 27°21’S, 151°56’E, May 1997, Bean

11985 (BRI); Bony Mt, 14 km SW of Allora, 28°06'S,

151°52'E, Aug 1999, Bean 15256 (BRI, MEL, NSW);

Headwaters of Pariagara Creek, 7 km W of Bringalily

Forestry Lookout Fire Tower, 28°1TS, 151°02'E, Sep

1992, Forster PIF11660 (BRI, MEL, NSW); Red Rock

Gorge, Sundown N.P., Aug 1983, Haselgrove SD55

(BRI); Mt Jibbinbar, Sundown N.P., 34 km WSW of

Stanthorpe, 28°47'S, 151°37'E, Sep 1996, Halford

Q2962 (BRI).

488

Notes : As noted by Armstrong (2002),

Zieria aspalathoides subsp. aspalathoides is

widespread (ranging from north Qld to central

Victoria) and extremely variable. As with

Z. smithii , Z. aspalathoides is a widespread

species with numerous closely related and

often locally endemic taxa distributed near

and within its range. Further study may well

find justification for recognition of more

taxa.

Examples of unusual morphological

variation can be found in the following

collections.

(1) A specimen collected from west

of Moura {Jones 1809 ) has stellate

indumentum on the branches and

the abaxial surface of the leaves.

Z. aspalathoides normally has an

indumentum of simple hairs.

(2) Some small-leaved specimens collected

in central Qld (e.g. Cockburn s.n.

AQ195493) have leaves only slightly

larger than Z. aspalathoides subsp.

brachyphylla (see discussion under Z.

aspalathoides).

(3) As noted by Armstrong (2002) plants

from the ‘Granite Belt’ of south¬

east Qld and north-east NSW have

‘attenuate’ [narrowly triangular]

sepals. These plants occur with the

newly described Z. graniticola (see

below).

Distribution and habitat: Zieria

aspalathoides subsp. aspalathoides is

widespread in eastern Australia from

Victoria through NSW, to near Atherton in

north Qld (Map 10). It occurs in the Brigalow

Belt, Einasleigh Uplands and New England

Tableland bioregions. The subspecies grows

in a wide range of vegetation types, but is

usually found in open woodland dominated

by eucalypts on a range of substrates such as

sandstone, trachyte or granite.

Phenology: Flowers and fruits have been

collected from April to January.

Conservation status: Widespread and

common in Qld with populations in Blackdown

Tableland, Chesterton, Girraween, Isla Gorge,

Palmgrove, Precipice and Sundown National

Austrobaileya 7(3): 473-544 (2007)

Parks. The conservation status can be assessed

as Least Concern (IUCN 2001).

5b. Zieria aspalathoides subsp. brachyphylla

J. A. Armstr., Z ustral. Syst. Bot. 15: 317 (2002).

Type: Queensland. Leichhardt District:

Blackdown Tableland [N.P], c. 35 km SE of

Blackwater (campsite at old stockyard on

Mimosa Creek) ... c. 9.5 km SW of campsite,

23°50’S, 149°00’E, 9 September 1971,

R.J.F.Henderson H1098, L.Durrington &

P.R. Sharpe (holo: BRI; iso: MEL 530477,

NSW 458811).

Additional specimen examined: Queensland.

Leichhardt District: Plateau above Rockland Spring

c. 2.2 miles [3.7 km] S of Bluff, Aug 1964, Gittins 919

(BRI, NSW).

Notes: See discussion under Z. aspalathoides.

Distribution and habitat: This subspecies is

endemic to Qld where it is restricted to the

BlackdownTableland,south-eastofBlackwater

within the Brigalow Belt bioregion (Map 11).

Plants have been recorded as occurring in

sandy soil in crevices of sandstone outcrops

in eucalypt forest.

Phenology: Flowers and fruit have been

collected in August and September.

Conservation status: All known collections

of this species were made in Blackdown

Tableland N.P. though over a limited area.

Known collections were made in 1966 and

1971. Surveys are required to ascertain the

number of populations, number of individuals,

area of occupancy and perceived threats.

A conservation status of Endangered is

appropriate based on the criteria of B2a,b(i-v)

(IUCN 2001). Perceived threats are repeated

destruction of populations from uncontrolled

wildfires and small population sizes resulting

in genetic inbreeding depression.

6. Zieria bifida Duretto & P.I.Forst., species

nova a Z. obovata (C.T.White) J.A.Armstr.

caule piloso vestito trichomatibus bifidis

(adversum dense hirtos pilis aut simplicibus

aut bifidis aut stellatis), petiolis longioribus

(3-7 adversum 0-1 mm), margine folioli

plus minusve piano (non recurvato), sepalis

lanceolatis (adversum elliptico-ovata)

et coccis glabris (in ilia dense stellato-

tomentosis) differens. Typus: Queensland.

Moreton District: Triunia National Park,

Duretto & Forster, Zieria in Queensland

489

W of Woombye, 30 January 2000, A.R.Bean

16002 (holo: BRI; iso: AD, HO 530431 [2

sheets], MEL, NSW).

Zieria sp. (Brolga Park; A.R.Bean 1002);

Briggs and Leigh (1996: pp. 170, 290).

Zieria sp. (Brolga Park A.R.Bean 1002);

Forster (1997b: 188; 2002: 181; 2007: 183).

Illustration : Logan River Branch SGAP

(QLD Region) Inc. (2005: 175) [as Z. sp.

Brolga Park]

Shrub to 2 m tall forming an open, straggly

bush. Stems erect to decumbent, spindly;

branches without decurrent leaf bases, weakly

glandular verrucose, pilose with mainly bifid

hairs. Leaves palmately trifoliolate; petioles

3-7 mm long, pilose; terminal leaflets elliptic,

narrow-elliptic or obovate, 7-20 x 3.5-8 mm,

laminae weakly pellucid gland dotted, not

glandular verrucose, tips acute to obtuse,

margins slightly crenulate, thickened, ±

flat, midrib not or slightly raised abaxially,

secondary veins visible but not raised, adaxial

surfaces with few simple hairs along margin,

abaxial surfaces with simple or bifid hairs on

margin and midrib; lateral leaflets similar to

terminal leaflets but smaller, 7-17 x 1.8-7

mm. Inflorescence axillary, 1-several per

axil, shorter or same length as subtending

leaf, 1-several-flowered, not obviously

glandular, sparsely pilose with simple, bifid

or trifid hairs; peduncle 4-12 mm long; bracts

linear, persistent, 0.4-3.2 mm long; secondary

peduncles 1-3 mm long; pedicels 1-3.5 mm

long. Sepals lanceolate, 1-2 x 0.7-0.9 mm,

valvate in bud, not obviously glandular,

tips acute, adaxial surfaces sparsely pilose,

abaxial surfaces glabrous apart from minutely

pilose margins. Petals lanceolate-elliptic,

1.8-2 x 0.8-1 mm, white, valvate in bud, not

obviously glandular, adaxial surface glabrous

apart from scattered stellate and bifid hairs

near margin, abaxial surfaces with scattered

to sparse bifid and stellate hairs along margins

and especially near tip. Staminal filaments

c. 0.8 mm long, with occasional bifid hair,

eglandular; anthers c. 0.4 mm long, apiculum

absent. Gynoecium glabrous. Cocci 2-3 x

1-1.5 mm, not glandular verrucose, glabrous,

base of style sometimes persistent forming a

minute apical apiculum. Seeds oblong-ovoid,

0.7-1.2 x 1-1.25 mm, black to black-purple,

dull, longitudinally striated. Fig. 3.

Additional specimens examined: Queensland. Moreton

District: Brolga Park, beside Dulong road, W of

Woombye [Triunia N.P.], Jan 1989, Bean 996 (BRI); loc.

cit., Feb 1989, Bean 1002 (BRI); loc. cit., Dec 1989, Bean

1193 (BRI); loc. cit., Apr 1990, Bean 1465 (BRI, MEL);

Blackall Range, Brolga Environmental Park [Triunia

N.P], c. 6 km WNW of Nambour, Feb 1990, Davies

1540 & Richardson (BRI, MEL); Towen Mount road,

Nambour, Jul 2003, Moran s.n. (BRI [AQ778097]).

Notes : Zieria bifida is somewhat of an

enigma as to its relationships, with possible

morphological affinities to both Z. exsul

and Z. obovata ; Z. obovata being markedly,

geographically disjunct. This new species

is rather weakly formed in habit and is

somewhat unusual in the predominantly bifid

hairs of the indumentum. Z. bifida differs

from Z. obovata in the pilose stems with bifid

trichomes (versus dense-shaggy, stellate-

tomentose), longer petioles (3-7 mm versus

0-1 mm), leaflet margins not recurved (versus

recurved), lanceolate sepals (versus elliptic-

ovate) and glabrous cocci (versus densely

stellate-tomentose). Z. exsul differs from

Z. bifida in the shorter petioles (2-3 versus

3-7 mm), the leaflets being densely stellate-

tomentose below (versus glabrous) and with

recurved to revolute margins (versus flat) and

a raised midrib (versus flat or nearly so).

Distribution and habitat : Zieria bifida

is endemic to Qld and is currently known

only from two localities near Nambour

within the Southeast Queensland bioregion:

Triunia N.P. (formerly Brolga Park) and

Towen Mount road (Map 10). The species is

found in the ecotone of rainforest (complex

notophyll vineforest) and open forest of

Eucalyptus propinqua, Corymbia intermedia

and Lophostemon confertus on loamy soil

overlying metasediments.

Phenology : Flowers and fruit have been

collected from December to April.

Conservation status : The type locality

of Zieria bifida is within a National Park;

however, its habitat is small and under threat

from fires and weed species such as Lantana

camara. Less than 1000 plants are thought to

be present with an area of occupancy less than

2 ha (A.R.Bean pers. comm. 2002). At Towen

Mount road there are reputed to be 100’s of

490

Austrobaileya 7(3): 473-544 (2007)

Fig. 3. Zieria bifida. A. branch with several flowering inflorescences x 1.5. B. stem node with abaxial view of leaf x

2. C. detail of indumentum on stem x 16. D. detail of indumentum on abaxial surface of leaf x 6. E. inflorescence with

flower and calyces x 6. F. flower x 12. G. tip of sepal x 30. H-I. views of stamens x 30. J. mature fruit with multiple

cocci x 8. K. lateral view of seed x 16. All from Bean 16002 (BRI). Del. W. Smith.

Duretto & Forster, Zieria in Queensland

plants (A.R.Bean pers. comm. 2006). As

this species is restricted to the ecotone, then

the available habitat is small and subject to

rapid change from fire or the expansion of the

adjacent vegetation. This species is listed as

Endangered in Qld (NCA 1994).

Etymology : Named for the bifid hairs that

beset much of the foliage.

7. Zieria boolbunda Duretto & PI.Forst.,

species nova a Z. montana J.A.Armstr. ramis

manifeste glandulari-verrucosis (adversum

ramos laeves) indumentum spar sum (adversum

glabrum) ferentibus et floribus usque ad 7

(non 10-20+) in quaque inflorescentia differt.

Typus: Queensland. Burnett District: 1.5 km

SSW of Boolbunda Rock, 25°08'S, 151°42'E,

15 May 1986, P.I.Forster PIF2441 (holo: BRI;

iso: CANB 383722, K, MEL 1582511).

Shrub to 1 m tall forming a densely compact

bush. Stems erect, wiry; branches with

prominent decurrent leaf bases, glandular

verrucose, with a sparse indumentum of

mainly stellate hairs between decurrent leaf

bases, otherwise glabrous. Leaves palmately

trifoliolate; petioles 5-10 mm long, slightly

glandular verrucose, adaxial surfaces with

simple hairs along midrib, abaxial surfaces

glabrous or glabrescent; terminal leaflets

elliptic to slightly obovate, 11-25 x 3.5-8

mm, laminae slightly glandular verrucose,

margins entire, flat or slightly recurved

(sometimes revolute on drying), midribs

raised abaxially, slightly glandular verrucose,

secondary veins not raised abaxially, usually

obscure, tips acute and slightly mucronate,

adaxial surfaces with few hairs along

midrib, abaxial surfaces glabrous or stellate

glabrescent; lateral leaflets similar to terminal

leaflets though usually smaller, 10-22 x 2-8

mm. Inflorescence axillary, shorter than or

nearly equal to subtending leaf, usually 7-

flowered though only 1-3 flowers open at

any time; peduncle 4—15 mm long, slightly

glandular verrucose, with a sparse stellate

indumentum; bracts leaf like, persistent, to

2 mm long, glabrescent; pedicels 2.5-3 mm

long, with a sparse stellate indumentum.

Sepals deflate, c. 1.5 x 1 mm, valvate in bud,

not or slightly glandular verrucose, tips acute

to slightly acuminate, adaxial surfaces with

491

scattered appressed simple hairs, abaxial

surfaces glabrous or few hairs at base. Petals

elliptic, c. 2.5 x 1.2-1.5 mm, pink-cream,

dotted with pellucid glands, adaxial surfaces

with a sparse to dense stellate indumentum,

abaxial surfaces sparsely stellate pubescent,

denser along margins. Staminal filaments c.

1.5 mm long, glabrous, slightly glandular or

not at tip; anthers c. 0.6 mm long, apiculum

absent. Gynoecium glabrous. Cocci c. 3x2

mm, smooth or slightly glandular verrucose,

glabrous, base of style not persistent. Seeds

oblong-ovoid, 2.5-2.6 x 1-1.25 mm, black,

longitudinally striate. Fig. 4.

Additional specimens examined: Burnett District:

Summit of Boolbunda Rock, near Mt Perry, Aug 1986,

Bean 477 (BRI); Boolbunda Rock, c. 9 km NE of Mt

Perry township, 25°07'S, 151°42'E, Oct 1995, Sparshott

KMS616 & Sparshott (BRI).

Notes : Zieria boolbunda can be distinguished

from Z. montana by the branches being

glandular verrucose (versus smooth), having

a sparse indumentum (versus glabrous) and

up to 7 flowers per inflorescence (versus 10-

20+), and from Z. smithii by the prominently

raised decurrent leaf bases (versus absent or

very faint).

Distribution and ecology : Zieria boolbunda

is endemic to Qld and known only from

Boolbunda Rock and surrounds north¬

east of the Mt Perry township within the

Southeast Queensland bioregion (Map

12). It is found in clefts and crevices of

granite outcrops under tall, open woodland

of Eucalyptus montivaga with a shrubby

understorey or in mountain heath with

Leptospermum, Alyxia and Lomandra at

altitudes between 600-680 m.

Phenology : Flowers and fruit have been

collected in May.

Conservation status : This species can be

locally common; however, it has a highly

restricted distribution with no populations in

conservation reserves. It can be assessed as

Vulnerable on the criterion D2 (IUCN 2001).

Surveys are required to ascertain the number

of populations, number of individuals, the

area of occupancy and any perceived threats.

Etymology : The specific epithet refers to the

picturesque and imposing rock this species

appears to be restricted to.

492

Austrobaileya 7(3): 473-544 (2007)

Fig. 4. Zieria boolbunda. A. branch with several budding inflorescences x 1.5. B. stem node with abaxial view of leaf

x 3. C. detail of indumentum on abaxial surface of leaflet x 16. D. inflorescence with flower and bud x 6. E. flower x 8.

F. tip of sepal x 20. G-H. views of stamens x 20. All from Forster PIF2441 (BRI). Del. W. Smith.

8. Zieria cephalophila Duretto & RI.Forst.,

species nova a Z. compacta C.T.White e

Z.fraseri Hook, ramis glandulari-verrucosis

(non glabris) et sparse tomentosis (adversum

plerumque dense pilosos); foliis parvis

glandulari-verrucosis (non glabris) foliolis

stellatis glabrescentibus vel indumento

sparso stellato in pagina abaxiali (adversum

glabrum vel sparse pilosum) praeditis, et

venis secundariis in pagina abaxiali non

manifeste elevatis (adversum manifeste vel

parum elevatas) differt. Typus: Queensland.

Leichhardt District: Sydney Heads, 32

km NNW of Nebo, 21°25'S, 148°35'E, 11

November 1990, A.R.Bean 2562 (holo: BRI).

Zieria sp. (Sydney Heads A.R.Bean 2562);

Forster (2007: 183).

Shrub to 50 cm tall, forming an open compact

bush. Stems erect, wiry; branches without or

with slight decurrent leaf bases, prominently

glandular verrucose, with a sparse

indumentum of stellate hairs between the

glands that is denser between the decurrent

leaf bases, soon becoming glabrescent with

age. Leaves palmately trifoliolate; petioles 2-3

mm long, glandular verrucose, with scattered

stellate hairs; terminal leaflets narrow elliptic

to narrow obovate, 11-18 x 1.5-3.5 mm, tips

acute, margins revolute, midrib strongly raised

abaxially and glandular verrucose, secondary

veins not or weakly raised abaxially, adaxial

surfaces slightly glandular verrucose,

stellate glabrescent or with a sparse stellate

indumentum, abaxial surfaces not glandular

verrucose, densely stellate-tomentose though

Duretto & Forster, Zieria in Queensland

493

not or sparingly so on midvein; lateral leaflets

similar to terminal leaflets but slightly

smaller. Inflorescence axillary, shorter than

the subtending leaf, 1-3-flowered, glandular

verrucose, with a sparse stellate indumentum;

peduncle 1.5-6 mm long; bracts scale like,

persistent, 0.5-1.5 mm long; pedicels 1-2.2

mm long, not or slightly glandular verrucose,

sparsely to moderately-densely stellate

tomentose. Sepals deflate, 1-1.5 mm long

and wide, imbricate in bud, slightly glandular

verrucose, tips acute, adaxial surfaces with

scattered appressed simple hairs, abaxial

surfaces with a moderately dense indumentum

of stellate hairs. Petals narrow-elliptic, c. 3.5

mm long, white, aestivation unknown, not

obviously glandular, both surfaces densely

stellate-tomentose. Staminal filaments 0.8-

1.3 mm long, glabrous or with few hairs near

tip, very weakly glandular verrucose near

tip; anthers c. 0.5 mm long, apiculum absent.

Gynoecium glabrous. Cocci c. 2.5 x 1.5 mm,

smooth, glabrous and slightly glaucous. Seeds

not observed. Fig. 5.

Additional specimen examined : Leichhardt District:

SE edge of Sydney Heads, Britton Range, 6.3 km NE/

ENE of Homevale Homestead [Homevale N.R], 21°25'S,

148°35'E, May 2003, Kemp TH7339 (BRI).

Notes: Zieria cephalophila appears to be

affiliated with Z. compacta and Z. fraseri

Fig. 5. Zieria cephalophila. A. branch with several budding and flowering inflorescences x 1.5. B. abaxial view of leaf

x 2. C. detail of indumentum on abaxial surface of leaflet x 12. D. inflorescence with flowers and buds x 4. E. flower

x 8. F. tip of sepal x 20. G-H. views of stamens x 20.1. mature fruit with multiple cocci x 8. A-H from Kemp TH7339

(BRI); I from Bean 2562 (BRI). Del. W. Smith.

494

but differs from these by the branches that

are glandular verrucose (versus smooth) and

sparsely tomentose (versus usually densely

hairy), the leaves that are small and glandular

verrucose (versus smooth), leaflets that are

stellate glabrescent, or have a sparse stellate

indumentum on the adaxial surface (versus

glabrous or sparsely pilose), and secondary

veins that are not noticeably raised on the

abaxial surfaces (versus prominently or

slightly raised). Like Z. fraseri it has leaflets

with acute tips and the midvein on the abaxial

surface is not densely stellate tomentose.

Distribution and habitat: Zieria cephalophila

is known from two collections made from

Sydney Heads, near Nebo (Map 6). These

specimens were collected on a rocky

mountain top (tertiary acid volcanic plateau -

collectors notes with Kemp TH7339 ) where it

was growing in a community of Leucopogon

neoanglicus. Cassia sp. and Lophostemon

confertus , or a shrubland of Leptospermum

?polygalifolium. Acacia aulacocarpa and

Lophostemon confertus.

Phenology: Flowers and fruit have been

collected in May and November.

Conservation status: On the basis of the

restricted distribution alone, this species can

be assessed as Vulnerable on the criterion

D2 (IUCN 2001). Populations occur within

Homevale N.P.

Etymology: The specific epithet is derived

from the Greek cephalus (head) and philus

(loving) and alludes to the populations of this

plant occurring on Sydney Heads.

9. Zieria collina C.T.White, Proc. Roy.

Soc. Queensland 43: 46/47 (1932). Type:

Queensland. Moreton District Tamborine

Mountain, 11 August 1929, C.T.White 6155

(holo: BRI).

Illustrations: Hauser & Blok (1998: 367);

Armstrong (2002: 336, 337); Logan River

Branch SGAP (QLD Region) Inc. (2002:

328).

Correction to description given in Armstrong

(2002): Petals 1.2-2 mm long.

Additional specimens examined: Queensland. Moreton

District: Hayes road off Oxenford - Tamborine road,

Wongawallan, 27°53'S, 153°12'E, Oct 2001, Halford

Q7044 (BRI, HO); 0.3 km past Panorama Point, Mt

Austrobaileya 7(3): 473-544 (2007)

Tamborine, 27°54'S, 153°12'E, Jul 1999, Bean 15234

(BRI, MEL); Wongawallan road, near Panorama Point

Lookout, 27°54'S, 153°13'E, Oct 2001, Halford Q7041

et ad. (BRI, MEL, NSW); North Tamborine Council

Reserve, E end of Hartley road, 27°56'S, 153°1TE, Mar

1997, Fitzsimmons s.n. (BRI [AQ653204]); Mt Tamborine

golf course, Mt Tamborine, 27°58'S, 153°12'E, Oct

2001, Halford Q7043 (AD, BRI); Maybury Gully area,

Canungra land Warfare Centre, 27°59'S, 153°13'E, May

1997, Hauser s.n. (BRI [AQ654965]); Contour road, Mt

Tamborine, Mar 1976, Sharpe 1996 & Reynolds (BRI).

Typification: Armstrong (2002) cites both

White 6155 and White 61555 as the type

collection for this name. The correct number

is White 6155.

Notes: Allied or similar appearing species are

Zieria exsul and Z. tenuis (see notes there).

Distribution and habitat: This species is

endemic to Qld where it is restricted to Mt

Tamborine and surrounds within the Southeast

Queensland bioregion (Map 11) where it occurs

in the transitional zone between ‘wet’ open

forest and rainforest, on substrates derived

from basalt or metasediments. Armstrong

(2002) stated that the species was “confined to

the steep narrow gulleys [sic] in Cedar Creek,

Palm Grove and The Knoll National Parks on

Tambourine [sic] Mountain”. As predicted by

Armstrong, this species has been now found

in other localities, the most notable being

the Canungra land Warfare Centre, which

is somewhat disjunct to the main area of

distribution around Mt Tamborine.

Phenology: Flowers have been collected from

(April) July to October (December), and fruit

in December (Armstrong 2002).

Conservation status: Zieria collina is

currently listed as Vulnerable in Qld (NCA

1994). It is locally common in several

populations on and near to Mt Tamborine in

south-east Qld. Fitzsimmons (1999) found

that the species is threatened from human-

induced habitat loss and fragmentation, has

restricted seed dispersal and that populations

are subject to weed invasion, particularly

from Lantana camara. The abundance of this

species appears to be related to site disturbance

as Fitzsimmons (1999) also found that great

numbers of seedlings appeared after one of

her study sites was damaged by a bulldozer.

The species is present in Mt Tamborine N.P.

and Clagiraba Conservation Area.

Duretto & Forster, Zieria in Queensland

495

10. Zieria compacta C.T.White, Proc. Roy.

Soc. Queensland 53: 209 (1942); Zieria

compacta var. compacta C.T.White, loc.

cit (1942); Zieria fraseri subsp. compacta

(C.T.White) J.A.Armstr., Austral. Syst. Bot.

15: 355 (2002). Type: Queensland. Darling

Downs District: Messines, near Stanthorpe

(ex Brisbane Wild Flower Show), 13 September

1930, C.E.Hubbard 3965 (holo: BRI).

Illustrations : Armstrong (2002: 356) [as

Z. fraseri subsp. compacta]', Logan River

Branch SGAP (QLD Region) Inc. (2005: 174)

[as Z. fraseri].

Shrub to 2 m tall forming a densely compact

bush. Stems erect, wiry; branches without

decurrent leaf bases, not obviously glandular,

with a dense indumentum of mainly stellate

hairs but simple and bifid hairs also present.

Leaves palmately trifoliolate, not obviously

glandular; petioles 3-8 mm long, with a dense

indumentum of simple and stellate hairs;

terminal leaflets elliptic to obovate, 11-32

x 3.5-10 mm, tips obtuse to acute, minutely

apiculate, margins flat to recurved (sometimes

revolute on drying), midribs strongly raised

abaxially, secondary veins weakly raised

abaxially, adaxial surfaces mainly glabrous

with scattered simple hairs along margins

and midrib or sparsely pilose all over (Bull

Creek Gorge), abaxial surfaces densely

stellate-tomentose including on midrib, often

with scattered long simple hairs, especially

along midribs; lateral leaflets similar to

terminal leaflets but smaller, 8-26 x 2-9 mm.

Inflorescence axillary, usually shorter than

the subtending leaf (but not always), 3-20+-

flowered, not obviously glandular, with a

sparse to dense indumentum of simple, bifid

and stellate hairs; peduncle 5-18 mm long;

bracts lanceolate, often leaf-like, persistent,

1-5.5 mm long; secondary peduncles 1-

10 mm long; pedicels 2-6 mm long, not

obviously glandular, with a sparse to dense

stellate indumentum. Sepals ovate-triangular,

1-2 x 0.8-2 mm, slightly imbricate in bud, not

obviously glandular, tips acute and usually

slightly inflexed, adaxial surfaces ± glabrous

or with scattered simple, bifid and stellate hairs

towards tip, abaxial surfaces with a sparse to

moderately dense indumentum of stellate and

sometimes also simple hairs, evenly spread

over entire surface or only at base. Petals

elliptic, 3.5-5 x 1.2-3.3 mm, white or white-

pink, often drying pink, imbricate in bud, not

obviously glandular, adaxial surfaces with a

sparse indumentum of simple and stellate hairs,

abaxial surfaces densely stellate-tomentose.

Staminal filaments 1.1-1.4 mm long, glabrous

or with few hairs, weakly glandular verrucose

at tip; anthers c. 0.7 mm long, apiculum absent.

Gynoecium glabrous apart from sparse to

dense stellate indumentum on the inner

edge. Cocci 3.5-4 x 2-2.8 mm, not glandular

verrucose, with a sparse stellate indumentum

on the inner edge only or all over, base of style

persistent forming a minute apical apiculum.

Seeds oblong-ovoid, 2.5-2.8 x 1.5-1.8 mm,

brown-black, dull though striations shiny,

longitudinally striate.

Additional selected specimens examined : Queensland.

Leichhardt District: Bull Creek Gorge area, near

‘Castlevale’, 24°33'S, 146°42'E, Sep 1984, O’Keeffe 655

(BRI); Bull Creek Gorge, S of Springsure - Tambo road,

24°34'S, 146°46'E, Sep 1999, Bean 15383 (BRI, MEL,

NSW); Carnarvon N.P., Mt Playfair road, 24°47'S,

146°58'E, Sep 2000, Copeland 2674 et at. (BRI; ex

NE); Expedition N.P, NW of Taroom, Glenhaughton

Gorge, 25°11'S, 149°09'E, Sep 1999, Forster PIF24791

etal. (AD, BRI, MEL); Expedition N.P, NW of Taroom,

Spring Creek, 25°15'S, 149°08'E, Sep 2000, Forster

PIF26127 et at. (AD, BRI, HO, MEL, NSW); Robinson

Gorge N.P. [now Expedition N.P], in Get Down section,

25°18'S, 149°10'E, Sep 1992, Forster PIF11266 &

Sharpe (BRI); Robinson Gorge N.P. [now Expedition

N.P.], in Get Down area, 25°18’S, 149°10’E, Sep 1992,

Forster PIF11399 & Sharpe (BRI, MEL, NSW); Near

Get Down, Robinson Gorge, Expedition N.P., 25°18'S,

149°10'E, Sep 1995, Forster PIF17733 & Figg (BRI,

MEL, NSW). Wide Bay District: Fraser Island

[unlocalised], Jun 1965, Jones s.n. (CANB 189291).

Darling Downs District: ‘Sow and Pigs’, Amiens, via

Stanthorpe, 28°35'S, 151°48'E, Aug 1983, Harslett s.n.

(BRI [AQ349636], CANB); 15.7 km SW of Stanthorpe,

Portion 87, Stalling lane, 28°44'S, 151°48'E, Nov 1994,

Halford Q2323 (BRI, MEL); Portion 90, Wyberba, near

GirraweenN.P, 28°50'S, 151°54'E, Sep 1993, Bean 6396

& Forster (BRI, CANB); Bald Rock Creek, Girraween

N.P., 28°50'S, 151°57'E, Jun 1994, Grimshaw PG813 &

Halford (BRI); Castle Rock, Girraween N.P., 28°51'S,

151°56'E, Sep 1993, Bean 6339 (BRI); Ridge of Bald

Mt, extreme W section of Girraween N.P., 28°52'S,

151°54'E, Sep 1994, Grimshaw PG973 & Turpin (BRI,

NSW); Christie Target, 10 km due W of Wallangarra,

28°55'S, 151°49'E, Dec 1989, Bean 1240 (BRI, CANB,

MEL); Bald Rock Creek, near The Cascades, c. 10 km

N of Wallangarra, 28°55'S, 151°56'E, Sep 1988, Telford

10695 (BRI, CANB). Moreton District: Hartmann

Park, Crows Nest, 27°15'S, 152°03'E, Oct 1994, Bean

7946 (BRI); Bungaree Environmental Park, 2 km ENE

of Crow’s Nest, 27°15'S, 152°04'E, Sep 1992, Halford

496

Q1501 (BRI, MEL); Helidon Hills, north of Paradise

Creek, 27°26'S, 152°06'E, Sep 1993, Sparshott 109 &

Sparshott (BRI).

Typification: Armstrong (2002) did not cite

a collector’s number for the Hubbard type

of Zieria compacta at BRI, following on

from White (1942). As far as we can tell, all

of Hubbard’s collections that he made in Qld

are numbered and it is clearly indicated on the

type sheet as Hubbard 3965.

Notes : Armstrong (2002) relegated this taxon

to subspecific rank under Zieria fraseri and

distinguished the subspecies on a number of

characters. To partially reiterate Armstrong,

in Z fraseri he considered the central

leaflets to be narrowly elliptic to narrowly

obovate, the calyx lobes broadly triangular to

deflate, glabrous and not noticeably inflexed

adaxially at the apex, the style glabrous, the

stigma not noticeably lobed and the fruit

glabrous. In Z. compacta the central leaflets

are elliptic to obovate, the calyx lobes are

ovate to triangular, hirsute with stellate hairs

and inflexed adaxially at the apex, the style

has scattered stellate hairs, the stigma is

noticeably lobed and the fruit is hirsute on the

adaxial margins of cocci. Of these characters

only the leaflet shape, sepal tip (though often

difficult to see) and the indumentum of the

cocci are useful: the other characters do not

differ consistently. Despite this, there are

characters that readily separate the taxa. In

Z fraseri, the leaflets are narrow-elliptic to

narrow-obovate with recurved to re volute

margins and subulate to acute tips, the midrib

of the abaxial surface of the leaflets is glabrous

or with an indumentum markedly less dense

than that of the lamina, the pedicel is glabrous

or with a sparse indumentum, the sepal tip is

slightly acuminate and not inflexed, and the

cocci are glabrous. In Z compacta the leaflets

are elliptic to obovate with a flat to recurved

margin and a subacute to rounded tip, the

midrib of the abaxial surface of the leaflets

has an indumentum as, or nearly as dense as

that of the lamina, the pedicel has a sparse to

dense indumentum, the tips of the sepals are

acute and inflexed (often difficult to see), and

the cocci are hirsute, if only on the adaxial

margin.

Austrobaileya 7(3): 473-544 (2007)

The two taxa do not appear to intergrade

and the character differences between them

justify resurrecting Zieria compacta at

specific level, necessitating a description.

Z compacta is considered to be most closely

allied to Z fraseri (in this paper with two

subspecies) and the narrowly distributed

Z exsul (see notes under that species).

Specimens from Bull Creek Gorge differ

from the remaining specimens by being

sparsely pilose all over the adaxial surface

of the leaflets (versus mainly glabrous with

scattered simple hairs along margins and

midrib).

Distribution and habitat : Armstrong (2002)

provides conflicting evidence about the

distribution of this taxon in Qld. In his Fig.

51 he maps it (as Z. fraseri subsp. compacta)

north to the Darling Downs and Fraser Island

in Wide Bay. In his notes he firstly states

“from the Darling Downs District in south¬

eastern Queensland south to the South West

Slopes of south-central NSW”, then secondly

“on Fraser Island it occurs in sandy areas

and at Ward’s Canyon, in the Carnarvon

Gorge National Park”, then thirdly “taxon

often co-occurs with Z cytisoides [e.g. in the

Carnarvon Gorge National Park..

We consider this species to be widespread

in Qld within the Brigalow Belt, Southeast

Queensland and New England Tableland

bioregions (Map 11). There is a northern

record from Bull Creek Gorge and populations

near Crows Nest and Helidon and in the

‘Granite Belt’. We have sighted one collection

purported to be from Fraser Island {Jones

s.n. [CANB 189291]); however, this record

requires field confirmation. Z compacta is

also widespread in NSW (Armstrong 2002;

Armstrong & Harden 2002).

This species usually occurs in open

eucalypt forest or woodland in sandy

soils over sandstone or granite, often in

sheltered situations such as the base of

cliffs and in gullies. At Bull Creek Gorge

it is found with Eucalyptus cloeziana, E.

decorticans and Angophora leiocarpa. At

Expedition N.P it is found in woodland

associated with E. cloeziana, E. mediocris,

Corymbia watsoniana, C. citriodora and

Duretto & Forster, Zieria in Queensland

497

Syncarpia glomulifera. Near Crows Nest it

is found with E. montivaga, E. resinifera and

Angophora woodsiana. Around Girraween

N.P. Z. compacta is found in low open forest

and shrubland of E. andrewsii , E. prava ,

E. youmanii and Allocasuarina littoralis. In

the Granite Belt the species is also found in

heathland.

Phenology : Flowers have been collected

between August and October, and fruit in

June and between September and December.

Conservation status : In Qld this species is

common and widespread and it is present in

various conservation areas, viz. Carnarvon,

Expedition and Girraween National Parks, and

Bungaree Conservation Park. A conservation

status of Least Concern (IUCN 2001) is

recommended.

11. Zieria cytisoides Sm. in Rees, Cyclo.

39: no. 4 (1818). Type: New South Wales,

1805, Earl St Vincent (holo: LINN [J.E.Smith

Herbarium] 214.4 [images BRI, HO 534653]).

Illustrations: Armstrong (2002: 343, 344).

Additional selected specimens examined : Queensland.

Cook District: Mt Emerald, 17°12'S, 145°24'E, Mar

2000, Holmes 177 (BRI, QRS). South Kennedy District:

Mt Jukes N.P., c. 30 km NW of Mackay, 21°00'S,

148°57'E, May 1991, Bean 3182 (BRI, CANB, NSW).

Maranoa District: Slopes of Junction Ridge, N of

Marlong Arch, Mt Moffatt [Carnarvon] N.P, via Injune,

24°58'S, 147°54'E, Oct 1998, Bean 14309 (BRI, MEL,

NSW). Leichhardt District: Just below the summit of

Ropers Peak, NE of Capella, 22°52'S, 148°13'E, Aug

1987, Bean 629 (BRI); Ralph’s Big Rock, S.F. 34, Ruined

Castle Creek catchment, NW of Taroom, 25°05'S,

149°11'E,Nov 1998, ForsterPIF23937etal. (BRI, MEL,

NSW); Robinson Gorge N.P. [now Expedition N.P],

western base of Shepherds Peak along track to Cattle

Dip, 25°19'S, 149°11'E, Sep 1992, Forster PIF11443

& Sharpe (BRI, MEL). Burnett District: 3 km W of

‘Toondahra’ Homestead, Mt Lorna, 25°59'S, 151°21'E,

Aug 1988, Forster PIF4638 (BRI, CANB, K, MO);

Beeron Holding, 25°59'S, 151°21'E, Sep 1999, Duretto

1328 et al. (BRI, MEL); Boondooma Dam, W of Proston,

26°06'S, 151°26'E,Nov 1996, Bean 11372 (BRI); Coomba

Falls, 2 km E of Maidenwell, 26°51'S, 151°48'E, Sep

1996, Smyrell s.n. (BRI [AQ650117]). Darling Downs

District: Johnson’s Mt, 8 km from Swanfels, 33.5 km

E of Warwick, 28°12'S, 152°15'E, Aug 1992, Ballingall

2728 (BRI); Portion 90, Tartini Pty Ltd, 10.5 km NW of

Ballandean, 28°45'S, 151°45'E,Dec 1994 , Halford Q2360

(BRI, NSW); Mt Jibbinbar, Sundown N.P, 34 km WSW

of Stanthorpe, 28°47'S, 151°37'E, Sep 1996, Halford

Q2939 (BRI). Moreton District: E of ‘Fair Hills’, SW of

Cooyar, 27°03'S, 151°44'E, Aug 1996, Bean 10593 (BRI,

MEL, NSW).

Notes: This is a variable species in leaf

morphology and indumentum density,

and further critical study may result in

the recognition of additional taxa. The

consistent uniting characters for the species

are the large pink flowers, the downy or

shaggy indumentum on the foliage and the

prominently raised secondary venation on the

abaxial surfaces of the leaflets.

Distribution and habitat: Zieria cytisoides

occurs from Victoria through NSW into inland

southern Qld in a series of closely distributed

populations to a northern limit at Ropers Peak

near Capella. There are also disjunct northern

occurrences at Mt Jukes north of Mackay and

Mt Emerald near Atherton. It is present within

the BrigalowBelt, New England Tableland and

Southeast Queensland bioregions (Map 8). It

is much more widespread in Qld than indicated

by Armstrong (2002). Z. cytisoides grows in

skeletal soils derived from granite, sandstone

or trachyte substrates in open eucalypt

woodland, shrubland or heathland. Associated

canopy species in the open woodland may

include Angophora leiocarpa, Corymbia

citriodora, C. hendersonii, C. watsoniana,

Eucalyptus cloeziana, E. decorticans and

Lysicarpus angustifolius.

Phenology: Flowers have been collected from

August to October and in March, and fruit

from October to December and in March and

May.

Conservation status: This species is

common and widespread and is present in

several National Parks, including Carnarvon,

Expedition, Mt Jukes and Sundown. A

conservation status of Least Concern (IUCN

2001) is recommended.

12. Zieria distans Duretto & PI.Forst.,

species nova Z. verrucosae J.A.Armstr.

affinis sed foliolis multo minoribus aut

patentibus aut erectis (non cernuis) et anguste

ellipticis (non linearibus) ratione longitudinis

latitudini minore (3.6-10.1 adversum 10-

25.3), inflorescentiae bracteis linearibus

(adversum anguste oblongas) et sepalis dense

(non dispersis) glandulari-verrucosis differt.

Typus: Queensland. Burnett District: Mt

Walla, Walla Range, 5 km SW of Coalstoun

Lakes, 12 September 2002, P.I.Forster

498

PIF28835 (holo: BRI [2 sheets + spirit]; iso:

A, AD, HO 530418 [3 sheets], L, MEL, NSW,

NY, Z distribuendi).

Shrub to 1.5 m tall forming an open, straggly

bush. Stems erect, wiry; branches without

decurrent leaf bases, glandular verrucose,

densely stellate-tomentose on very young

branches only, otherwise glabrescent or

glabrous. Leaves palmately trifoliolate;

petioles 5-12 x 0.6-0.7 mm, glandular

verrucose, minutely pilose or glabrous;

terminal leaflets narrow-elliptic, (8-) 11-30

(-37) x 1-4.5 mm, laminae weakly glandular

verrucose on adaxial surfaces, margins and

abaxial midribs, tips obtuse to acute, margins

entire and slightly recurved, sometimes

becoming revolute on drying, midribs raised

abaxially, secondary veins obscure, adaxial

surfaces glabrous except for a few simple

or stellate hairs along midrib and near base,

abaxial surfaces densely stellate tomentose

except for midribs; lateral leaflets similar

to terminal leaflets and may be larger or

smaller; leaflet length/width ratio 3.6-10.1.

Inflorescence axillary, shorter than the

subtending leaf, 12-21+-flowered, glandular

verrucose apart from flowers, with a scattered

to dense indumentum of simple and stellate

hairs; peduncle 2-8 mm long; bracts linear,

persistent, 0.5-1.5 (-3.5 Mt Roberts & Walla

Range) mm long; secondary peduncles 2-4

mm long; pedicels 1-2.5 mm long, weakly

glandular verrucose, densely stellate-

tomentose. Sepals ovate-triangular, 1-1.2

x 0.5-0.8 mm, imbricate in bud, glandular

verrucose, tips acute, adaxial surfaces

glabrescent, abaxial surfaces densely stellate-

tomentose at base, otherwise glabrescent

between glands. Petals elliptic, 1.8-3 x 1-1.5

mm, white, imbricate in bud, not obviously

glandular, tips acute, adaxial and abaxial

surfaces stellate tomentose. Staminal

filaments c. 1 mm long, glabrous or with few

scattered minute hairs, eglandular; anthers c.

0.5 mm long, apiculum absent. Gynoecium

glabrous. Cocci c. 3.5 x 0.5 mm, not or slightly

glandular verrucose, glabrous, base of style

persistent forming a minute apical apiculum.

Seeds not observed. Fig. 6.

Additional specimens examined : Queensland. Port

Curtis District: c. 9 km NE of Miriam Vale, Westwood

Austrobaileya 7(3): 473-544 (2007)

Range [Eurimbula N.P.], 24°16'S, 151°37'E, Jul 1996,

Thompson MIR173 & Price (BRI); Kroombit Tops

N.P, western section, 24°21'S, 150°52'E, Aug 1995,

Thompson BIL132 & Turpin (BRI, MEL); Kroombit

Tops N.P., western section, 24°25'S, 150°53'E, Aug

1995, Thompson BIL105 & Turpin (BRI); Kroombit Tops

N.P, western section, 24°27'S, 150°54'E, Aug 1995,

Thompson BK140 & Manders (BRI); Kroombit Tops

N.P, 24°27'S, 150°59'E, Dec 1996, Brushe JB672 (BRI);

T.R. 353, Mt Roberts, 24°30'S, 151°16'E, Thompson

MON1 & Turpin , Jul 1995 (BRI, HO). Burnett District:

western slope of Walla Range, 25°38'S, 151°50'E, Jun

1996, Grimshaw PG2460 & Turpin (BRI); 3 km SW

of Coalstoun Lakes, Walla Range, 25°38'S, 151°51'E,

Aug 1990, Randall 611 (BRI); Coalstoun Lakes shop

[actually Walla Range], 25°39'S, 151°50'E, Jun 1994,

Thomas 320 & Sinclair (BRI); Coongara Rock, N face

near summit, 25°39'S, 151°58'E, May 1996, Grimshaw

PG2396 & Baumgartner (BRI, CANB); Southern base of

Coongara Rock, 11 km ESE of Coalstoun Lakes, 25°39'S,

151°59'E, Sep 2002, Forster PIF28843 (BRI, HO, MEL,

NE, NSW); Coongara Rock, 11 km ESE of Coalstoun

Lakes Township, 25°39'S, 151°58'E, Nov 2002, Forster

PIF29104 (BRI); loc. cit., Dec 2002, Forster PIF29192

(BRI, MEL, NSW).

Notes: Together with Zieria vagans and

Z. verrucosa , this species forms a trio of

closely related and similar appearing taxa.

While all three species are immediately

recognisable on gross morphology from dried

specimens, it is necessary to be observant as

to the distribution of hairs and glands on the

foliage and flowers, as well as the shape and

dimensions of the leaflets. Z. distans is a much

smaller plant than the other two species and

has noticeably smaller foliage. It differs from

Z. verrucosa in the much smaller leaves that

are held patently or erect (versus drooping),

the leaflets that are narrow-elliptic (versus

linear) and with a length/width ratio of 3.6-

10.1 (versus 10-25.3), the linear inflorescence

bracts (versus narrow-oblong) and the sepals

being densely beset with glands (versus

scattered). Z. distans differs from Z. vagans in

the broader leaflets with a length/width ratio

of 3.6-10.1 (versus 7.5-10.8) and that have

the midrib ± glabrous to sparsely indumented

below (versus woolly stellate-tomentose), the

leaf-bearing branchlets being glabrescent

to sparsely and minutely stellate tomentose

between glands (versus woolly stellate-

tomentose all over), the linear inflorescence

bracts (versus narrow-oblong) and the base of

the sepals being stellate tomentose abaxially,

including on the glands (versus glabrescent

between glands).

Duretto & Forster, Zieria in Queensland

499

Distribution and habitat : Zieria distans

is endemic to Qld and has been collected

from Walla Range near Coalstoun Lakes,

Coongara Rock, Kroombit Tops, Westwood

Range and the Mt Roberts area within the

Southeast Queensland bioregion (Map 5).

In all habitats it is an inhabitant of clefts and

crevices in rocky situations. At Kroombit Tops

the species has been collected on rhyolitic

rock pavements with Triplarina volcanica.

and at Mt Roberts in tall open shrubland of

Lophostemon confertus with much bare rock

(granodorite). At Mt Walla the plants occur in

an ecotone between woodland of Corymbia

citriodora subsp. variegata and fragmented

semi-evergreen vinethicket on rhyolitic

ignimbrite. At Coongara Rock, the plants

occur on rock faces or rubble at the base of

clifflines, once again on rhyolitic ignimbrite,

in woodland of Araucaria cunninghamii and

Fig. 6. Zieria distans. A. branch with several flowering inflorescences x 1. B. stem node with abaxial view of leaf x 2.

C. detail of indumentum on abaxial surface of leaflet x 20. D. inflorescence with buds & flower x 3. E. inflorescence

bract x 20. F. flower x 8. G. tip of sepal x 20. H-I. views of stamens x 20. J. mature fruit with multiple cocci x 16.

A from Forster PIF28853 (BRI); B & J from Forster PIF29192 (BRI); C-I from Forster PIF28835 (BRI). Del. W.

Smith.

500

Acacia blakei or Corymbia citriodora and

Eucalyptus acmenoides.

Phenology: Flowers have been collected from

May to September, and fruit in December.

Conservation status: The populations at

Kroombit Tops N.P. and Westwood Range

(in Eurimbula N.R) are probably reasonably

conserved and those at Coongara Rock and Mt

Roberts are within State Forests and Timber

Reserves. The population at Walla Range is

on private land and is not conserved. At this

site, Z. distans occurs in close proximity to

populations of the endangered Pomaderris

clivicola E.M.Ross and Phebalium distans

RI.Forst. It is possible that thousands of plants

occur at Kroombit Tops, and several hundred

at Walla Range and Coongara Rock. However,

in all instances the populations are relatively

restricted and some (e.g. Walla Range) are

subjected to regular catastrophic disturbance

by fires fuelled by exotic grass species. This

species can be assessed as Near Threatened

on the basis of criterion D (IUCN 2001).

Surveys are required to ascertain the number

of populations, number of individuals and the

area of occupancy.

Etymology: The epithet is derived from the

Latin distans (being apart, well separated),

and alludes to the disjunct populations of this

species that occur on the tops of mountains

or ranges.

13. Zieria eungellaensis Duretto & RI.Forst.

species nova a Z. montana J.A.Armstr.

foliolis minoribus, 3-16 mm longis (non 20-

45 mm) et floribus paucioribus (1-3 adversum

magis quam 10) in quaque inflorescentia

differt. Typus: Queensland. South Kennedy

District: Mt William, Eungella Range

[Eungella National Park], 21°01'S, 148°36'E,

8 August 1978, P.Hind 2263 (holo: BRI; iso:

MEL 2189242, NSW 458969).

Illustrations: Pearson & Pearson (1992: 214)

[as Z. sp. nov. (Mt William)]; Armstrong

(2002: 399, Fig. 86c) [as Z. montana ].

Shrub to 2 m tall forming an openly compact

bush. Stems erect, wiry; branches with

prominent decurrent leaf bases, conspicuously

scarred from fallen buds and leaves, not

Austrobaileya 7(3): 473-544 (2007)

or faintly glandular verrucose, glabrous

(Mt William & Mt Dalrymple) or with a

moderately dense indumentum of simple,

bifid and mainly stellate hairs (Mt David),

older branches becoming glabrous, sometimes

older branches becoming lenticellate and

corky. Leaves palmately trifoliolate, glabrous

or glabrescent along midvein (Mt William &

Mt Dalrymple) or with a sparse indumentum

of simple and bifid hairs that is denser on the

midribs (Mt David); petioles 2-8 mm long,

very slightly glandular verrucose; terminal

leaflets elliptic to obovate, 5-14 (-16 Mt David)

x 3-8 mm, laminae not glandular verrucose,

tips obtuse (Mt William & Mt Dalrymple) or

acute (Mt David), margins flat and crenulate,

flat (can become revolute on drying), midveins

raised abaxially, secondary veins obscure;

lateral leaflets similar to terminal leaflets

though usually slightly smaller, 3-13 x 2-8

mm. Inflorescence axillary, shorter than the

subtending leaf, 1-3-flowered, not glandular

verrucose, glabrous or glabrescent (Mt

William & Mt Dalrymple) or with a sparse

to moderately dense indumentum of mainly

simple and bifid hairs (Mt David); peduncle

1-3 mm long,; bracts scale like, persistent,

not or slightly glandular verrucose; pedicels

1-2.5 mm long. Sepals deflate, 0.7-0.8 x 0.6-

1 mm, valvate in bud, tips acute, glabrous (Mt

William & Mt Dalrymple) or adaxial surfaces

with scattered appressed hairs and abaxial

surfaces with a sparse indumentum of simple

and bifid hairs concentrated near base (Mt

David), abaxial surfaces slightly glandular

verrucose. Petals elliptic, 2.5 (Mt David)-3.5

(Mt William & Mt Dalrymple) x 1.2-1.5 mm,

white to pink, valvate in bud, dotted with

pellucid glands, adaxial surfaces with dense

stellate indumentum, abaxial surfaces with a

sparse stellate indumentum though pubescent

along margins (Mt William & Mt Dalrymple)

to moderately dense stellate indumentum (Mt

David). Staminal filaments c. 1 mm long,

glabrous or with scattered simple hairs, not

or slightly glandular distally; anthers c. 0.7-

1 mm long, apiculum absent. Gynoecium

glabrous. Cocci 2.5-3.5 x 2-2.5 mm, smooth,

glabrous, base of style persistent forming a

minute apical apiculum. Mature seeds not

observed. Fig. 7.

Duretto & Forster, Zieria in Queensland

501

Fig. 7. Zieria eungellaensis. A. branch with several flowering inflorescences (obscured by leaves) x 2. B. stem node

with abaxial view of leaf x 4. C-D. detail of indumentum variation on abaxial surface of leaflets from different

localities x 20. E. stem node with two inflorescences with bud and flower x 4. F. flower x 8. G. tip of sepal x 20. H-L

views of stamens x 20. J. mature fruit with multiple cocci x 8. A-C from Hind 2263 (BRI); D & J from Bean 4435

(BRI); E-I from Bean 4444 (BRI). Del. W. Smith.

502

Additional specimens examined : Queensland: South

Kennedy District: Mt William, Eungella N.P., Aug

1984, McDonald 2 (BRI); loc. cit., Aug 1989, Pearson

45 (BRI); loc. cit.. May 1992, Bean 4444 (BRI); N.P.R.

573, Mt William, 21°00'S, 148°35'E, s.dat., Hanson

EUN116P (NSW); loc. cit. , 20°01'S, 148°36'E, Apr 1981,

Hyland 11010 (NSW); Clarke Range, Eungella N.P, Mt

Dalrymple, 21°02'S, 148°38'E, Apr 1991, Telford 11165

& Rudd (CANB); WSW of Mt David, Eungella N.P,

21°02'S, 148°37'E, May 1992, Bean 4435 (BRI, HO,

MEL).

Notes: Specimens of Zieria eungellaensis

were included under a broadly circumscribed

Z. montana by Armstrong (2002). The latter

species is now considered to be restricted to

Mt Barney in SE Qld and Z. eungellaensis

differs in the smaller leaflets (3-16 mm long;

cf. 20-45 mm long) and by having fewer

flowers per inflorescence (1-3; cf. >10).

Zieria eungellaensis appears to have two

variants: a glabrous or glabrescent variant from

Mt William and Mt Dalrymple and a hirsute

variant from nearby Mt David (see description

above). The material from Mt David also has

leaflets with acute tips as compared to the

obtuse tips found on the material from the

other two areas. The hirsute stems are similar

to those found in Z. robertsiorum from the

Wet Tropics bioregion. Material from Mt

David differs from Z. robertsiorum in having

an indumentum of mainly simple hairs on

the leaves (versus stellate) and the tips of the

leaflets being acute (versus obtuse). Field and

laboratory research is required to determine if

the variation seen in Z. eungellaensis warrents

taxonomic recognition. Any field research

should include surveys of other localities in

the Eungella area similar to where these taxa

have been collected.

Distribution anclhabitat: Zieria eungellaensis

is endemic to Qld and appears to be confined

to the Clarke Range where it is known from a

few collections from the Mt William summit

area ( c. 1250 m), and single collections from

both Mt Dalrymple ( c. 1300 m), and Mt David

( c. 1250 m), Eungella N.R; all within the

Central Queensland Coast bioregion (Map

5). The species is found in windswept heath

on decomposed granitic soil where it grows

in clefts and crevices and small patches of

dense vegetation. Associated taxa include

species of Hakea, Banksia, Acacia , Hibbertia,

Austrobaileya 7(3): 473-544 (2007)

Acrotriche , Leucopogon, Gonocarpus and

Rhodomyrtus.

Phenology: Flowers have been collected

in May and August, and fruit in April and

August.

Conservation status: No population data was

given with the specimens made on Mt William

and Mt David though collector’s notes with

Telford 11165 indicate that it was rare on Mt

Dalrymple. All known collections were made

within Eungella N.P. A conservation status of

Vulnerable based on the D2 criterion (IUCN

2001) can be allocated to this taxon purely on

the limited distribution and apparent small

population size. Survey work is required

to determine the number of populations,

number of individuals, area of occupancy and

perceived threats.

Etymology: The specific epithet refers to

the National Park this species appears to be

endemic to.

14. Zieria exsul Duretto & P.I.Forst., species

novaZ. compacta C.T.White caulis indumento

divaricato (in ilia antrorso), foliorum

indumento simplici sparso (adversum

glabrum vel rarius pilosum), inflorescentia

glabra (adversum indumentum sparsum

usque densum), petalis brevioribus (2-2.5 non

3.5-5 mm) et coccis glabris (in ilia indumento

stellato in acie interiore praeditis) differens.

Typus: Queensland. Moreton District:

Sugarbag road, Caloundra, 16 March 1997,

A. R. Be an 11773 (holo: BRI; iso: MEL 306832,

NSW).

Zieria sp. (Mooloolaba G.Leiper AQ636552);

Forster (2002: 181; 2007: 183).

Illustration: Logan River Branch SGAP

(QLD Region) Inc. (2005: 176) [as Z. sp.

Mooloolaba],

Shrub to 60 cm tall forming an open, straggly

bush. Stems erect to decumbent, spindly;

branches without decurrent leaf bases,

not obviously glandular, with a sparse to

moderately dense indumentum of simple,

bifid to stellate hairs. Leaves palmately

trifoliolate, not obviously glandular though

weakly pellucid gland dotted; petioles 2-3

mm long, sparsely pilose; terminal leaflets

Duretto & Forster, Zieria in Queensland

obovate, 10-16 x 2.5-5 mm, tips acute to

apiculate, margins recurved to revolute,

midrib and some secondary veins raised

abaxially, adaxial surfaces sparsely pilose,

abaxial surfaces densely stellate tomentose;

lateral leaflets similar to terminal leaflets

but smaller, 5-12 x 2-4 mm. Inflorescence

axillary, longer than the subtending leaf, 1-12-

flowered, not or weakly glandular verrucose,

glabrous; peduncle 10-19 mm long; bracts

linear-lanceolate, persistent, 2-2.5 mm long;

secondary peduncles 3-10 mm long; pedicels

1.3-2.5 mm long, not obviously glandular,

glabrous and slightly glaucous. Sepals ovate-

triangular, 1-1.2 x 0.8-1 mm, valvate in bud,

not glandular tuberculate, tips acute and

inflexed, adaxial surfaces minutely pilose,

becoming glabrous towards centre, abaxial

surfaces glabrous and slightly glaucous. Petals

elliptic, 2-2.5 x c. 1.5 mm, white though

drying pink, valvate in bud, not obviously

glandular, adaxial surfaces minutely pilose,

abaxial surfaces densely stellate-tomentose.

Staminal filaments c. 0.7 mm long, glabrous,

eglandular; anthers c. 0.5 mm long, apiculum

absent. Gynoecium glabrous. Cocci 3-5

x 2-2.5 mm, slightly glandular verrucose,

glabrous, base of style persistent forming a

minute apical apiculum. Seeds oblong-ovoid,

2.8-3 x 1.4-1.5 mm, longitudinally striate,

dark-brown. Fig. 8.

Additional specimens examined: Queensland. Moreton

District: along old Mooloolaba Bypass road, c. 300 m S

of Buderim road intersection, Jan 1993, Leiper s.n. (BRI

[AQ561989]); Intersection of Mooloolaba-Buderim

road and new toll road to Kawana, Jan 1995, Leiper s.n.

(BRI [AQ636552]); loc. cit., Sep 2002, Leiper s.n. (BRI);

Buderim, near Sunshine motorway, Aug 1996, Patterson

s.n. (BRI [AQ652665]); Buderim, adjacent to Sunshine

motorway and corner of Mooloolabah road, 26°41'S,

153°06'E, Oct 2002, Forster PIF28967 (BRI, HO, MEL,

NSW).

Notes : Zieria exsul appears to be closely

allied to Z. compacta but differs in the

stem indumentum being divaricate (versus

antrorse), the adaxial surface of the leaves

with a sparse, simple indumentum (versus

glabrous usually, rarely sparsely pilose), the

glabrous inflorescence (versus with sparse

to dense indumentum), the shorter petals

(2-2.5 mm versus 3.5-5 mm long) and the

cocci glabrous (versus with sparse stellate

hairs on the inner edge). Z. exsul is always a

503

weak, spindly subshrub with inflorescences

that are markedly longer than the subtending

leaf, whereas in nearly all cases Z. compacta

is a somewhat woody erect bush and has

the inflorescence either shorter or as long

as the subtending leaf. There are however

the occasional exceptions to these latter

characters (at least in Z. compacta ) so they are

not reliably diagnostic.

Distribution and habitat : Zieria exsul is

endemic to Qld and has been collected from

two localities (both roadside remnants), near

Buderim and Caloundra within the Southeast

Queensland bioregion (Map 5). This species

has been found in wallum heathland as well

as woodland of Corymbia trachyphloia.

Eucalyptus siderophloia, E. racemosa, and

Allocasuarina littoralis. At the Buderim

locality it co-occurs with Z. minutiflora subsp.

minutiflora.

Phenology : Flowers have been collected in

March, September and October, and fruit in

March.

Conservation status : This species was

known from only two populations and the

total number of plants is less than 100. The

Buderim population has been bisected and

± destroyed by recent motorway extensions

and powerline maintenance work. At the

Caloundra locality only 10 plants were

noted in 1997. There has been widespread

destruction of wallum heathland in the area

between Buderim and Caloundra, both for

agriculture, forestry plantations, housing

and tourist developments. The species can

be assessed as Critically Endangered under

the IUCN categories of Al(a),(c), 3; B2b(i-v)

(IUCN 2001).

Etymology : The specific epithet is derived

from the Latin word exsul (banished, exile)

and alludes to plants of this species having

been destroyed over much of its probable

former range.

15. Zieria fraseri Hook, in T.L.Mitchell,

J. Exp. Int. Trop. Australia 339 (1848); Zieria

laevigata Sm. var. fraseri (Hook.) Domin,

Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni. Veg. 12: 133 (1913).

Type: Queensland. Moreton District: Mt

Lindesay [actually Mt Barney], C.Fraser s.n.

504

Austrobaileya 7(3): 473-544 (2007)

Fig. 8. Zieria exsul. A. branch with several flowering inflorescences x 4. B. stem node with abaxial view of leaf x 4. C.

detail of indumentum on abaxial surface of leaflet x 20. D. inflorescence with buds and flower x 6. E. flower x 12. F. tip

of abaxial side of sepal x 20. G-H. views of stamens x 20.1. mature fruit with multiple cocci x 8. J. lateral view of seed

x 12. A, E-H from Forster PIF28967 (BRI); B-D from Bean 11773 (BRI); I-J from Leiper s.n. (BRI). Del. W. Smith.

Duretto & Forster, Zieria in Queensland

505

(holo [fide Armstrong 2002: 352]: K 347899

[images BRI, HO 534656]).

Shrub to 2 m tall forming a densely compact

bush. Stems erect, wiry; branches without

decurrent leaf bases, not obviously glandular,

glabrous (subsp. robusta ) or with a sparse

(subsp. robusta) to dense indumentum

of stellate, simple and bifid hairs. Leaves

palmately trifoliolate, not obviously glandular;

petioles 2—10 mm long, with a sparse to dense

indumentum of simple and stellate hairs;

terminal leaflets narrow elliptic to narrow

obovate, 8-51 x 1-8 mm, tips acute, margins

recurved to revolute, midribs strongly raised

abaxially, secondary veins not or weakly

raised abaxially, adaxial surfaces mostly

glabrous with a few scattered hairs along

midrib and margins, abaxial surfaces densely

stellate-tomentose though midribs almost

glabrescent or with a sparse to moderately

dense indumentum (epidermous clearly

visible); lateral leaflets similar to terminal

leaflets though usually smaller, 7-50 x 1-8

mm. Inflorescence axillary, shorter or longer

than the subtending leaf, 3-20 + -flowered, not

obviously glandular, glabrous or with a sparse

to moderately dense indumentum of simple,

bifid and stellate hairs, sometimes glaucous;

peduncle 4-37 mm long; bracts lanceolate,

often leaf-like, persistent, 1-20 mm long;

secondary peduncles 1-15 mm long; pedicels

2-6 mm long, glabrous, stellate glabrescent

or with a sparse to moderately dense stellate

indumentum. Sepals ovate-triangular,

sometimes broadly so, 1.5-2.1 x 1.5-2.1

mm, slightly imbricate in bud, not obviously

glandular, tips acute to acuminate, straight,

adaxial surfaces with scattered simple and

stellate hairs mainly towards tip, abaxial

surfaces glabrous or with a few stellate hairs

at base, sometimes glaucous. Petals elliptic,

2.5-6 x 1.5-4 mm, white to pink, imbricate in

bud, not obviously glandular, adaxial surfaces

with a sparse to dense indumentum of simple

and stellate hairs, abaxial surfaces densely

stellate-tomentose. Staminal filaments 1-1.5

mm long, glabrous or with few hairs, weakly

glandular verrucose at tip; anthers 0.7-1 mm

long, apiculum absent or present. Gynoecium

glabrous. Cocci 3.5-4.5 x 2.5-3.2 mm, not

glandular verrucose, glabrous, base of style

persistent forming a minute apical apiculum.

Seeds (seen for subsp. robusta only) oblong-

ovoid to ovoid, 2.1-3.1 x 1.2-1.75 mm, black,

shiny, striate.

Typification : Charles Fraser probably

collected the type of Zieria fraseri on the

present day Mt Barney as both he and Alan

Cunningham misnamed this peak as Mt

Lindesay (Telford 1990; Forster 1994b). This

species has not been collected on Mt Lindesay

to date.

Notes : As circumscribed by Armstrong

(2002), Zieria fraseri comprised two

subspecies: subsp. fraseri and subsp.

compacta. Armstrong considered that subsp.

fraseri was markedly disjunct in Qld with

populations at the Blackdown Tableland

(named by White (1942) as Z. compacta var.

glabrata and Z compacta var. robusta) and

populations in the Moreton District on the

‘Scenic Rim’. For the other subspecies that he

recognised (Z. fraseri subsp. compacta) we

have resurrected Z. compacta at specific rank

(see earlier).

It is considered that Zieria compacta var.

glabrata and Z. compacta var. robusta are

conspecific with Z. fraseri, but that a single

taxon based on these two varieties and

distinguishable on leaf characters and floral

size can be recognised as a disjunct subspecies

of Z. fraseri.

Key to the subspecies of Z. fraseri

1. Inflorescence shorter than the subtending leaf (rarely longer and then

pedicel with a dense indumentum); branches hirsute; pedicel glabrescent

or sparsely to densely indumented; anther apiculum absent.subsp. fraseri

Inflorescence longer than the subtending leaf (rarely shorter and then

pedicel and/or branches glabrous); branches glabrous or hirsute; pedicel

glabrous or sparsely indumented; anther apiculum absent or present . . . subsp. robusta

506

15a. Zieria fraseri Hook, subsp. fraseri

Illustrations : Armstrong (2002: 308); Logan

River Branch SGAP (QLD Region) Inc. (2002:

328).

Shrub to 1 m tall; young branches with a dense

indumentum of mainly stellate hairs but simple

and bifid hairs also present. Petioles 2-6 (-10

Mt Ernest) mm long, with a dense indumentum

of simple and stellate hairs; terminal leaflets

8-38 x 1-6 mm wide; lateral leaflets 7-34

x 1.5-6 mm. Inflorescence axillary, shorter

(very rarely longer and then barely, Mt Ernest)

than the subtending leaf, 3-12-flowered, with

a moderately dense indumentum of simple,

bifid and stellate hairs; peduncle 4-15 (-25 Mt

Ernest) mm long; bracts 1-3.5 (-12 Mt Ernest)

mm long; secondary peduncles 1-8 mm long;

pedicels 2-4 mm long, stellate glabrescent

or with a sparse to moderately dense stellate

indumentum. Sepals ovate-triangular, 1.5-2 x

1.5-1.75 mm, abaxial surface glabrous or with

stellate hairs at base. Petals 2.5-4.5 x 1.5-2

mm. Staminal filaments glabrous or with a

few hairs; anther apiculum absent. Cocci 3.5-

5 x 2.5-3 mm. Mature seeds not seen.

Additional selected specimens examined : Queensland.

Moreton District: Northern slopes of Mt Maroon [Mt

Barney N.P.], 28°12'S, 152°43'E, May 1990, Forster

PIF6834 et al. (BRI, MEL); Mt Maroon, 28°12'S,

152°43'E, Sep 1994, Forster PTF15710 (BRI); MtMaroon,

SE side, 28°12'S, 152°43'E, Sep 1996, Leiper s.n. (BRI

[AQ650109]); Mt May [Moogerah Peaks N.P.], 28°13'S,

152°32'E, Sep 1992, Forster PIF11767 et al. (BRI); Mt

Barney [N.P.], south-east ridge of East Peak, 28°17'S,

152°41'E, Sep 1994, Forster PIF15719 (BRI); Campbells

Folly, 4 km SW of Tylerville, 28°18'S, 152°44'E, Sep

1992, Forster PIF11515 & Leiper (BRI); 1.5 km WSW of

Mt Ernest, 28°19'S, 152°41'E, Aug 1999, Halford Q3824

(BRI); Mt Ernest [Mt Barney N.P.], 28°19'S, 152°42'E,

Sep 1990, Forster P1F7389 et al. (BRI, CANB); Mt

Ernest, near Aratula, 28°19'S, 152°43'E, Sep 1989,

Leiper s.n. (BRI [AQ458075, AQ458078]); Mt Gillies,

20 km SW of Rathdowney on Mt Lindsay Highway,

Oct 1974, Sharpe 1080 (BRI); Mt Gillies, 16 km SW of

Rathdowney, 28°20'S, 152°45'E, Jul 1996, Telford 12120

6 S. Donaldson (CANB, NE).

Notes: All of the specimens listed in the

‘Selected specimens examined ’ under Zieria

fraseri subsp. fraseri by Armstrong (2002)

are referable to Z. fraseri subsp. robusta.

Distribution and habitat: Zieria fraseri

subsp. fraseri is found on some of the peaks

of the ‘Scenic Rim’ (Forster 1994b) in south-

Austrobaileya 7(3): 473-544 (2007)

eastern Qld (eg. Campbells Folly, Mt Maroon,

Mt May, Mt Ernest, Mt Barney, Mt Gillies)

within the Southeast Queensland bioregion and

from the North Obelisk in north-eastern NSW

(Map 3). Plants grow in clefts and crevices

in rocky areas of pavement or clifflines of

granophye (Mt Barney) or rhyolite (remaining

peaks) (Willmott 2004), usually in heathland

or shrubland though on Mt May it is found in

open woodland of Eucalyptus dura.

Phenology: Flowers have been collected in

May and from July to October; fruits have

been collected in September and October.

Conservation status: This taxon is common

and widespread on the ‘Scenic Rim’ and

is present in National Parks such as Mt

Barney (peaks of Mt Maroon, Mt Ernest, Mt

Barney) and Moogerah Peaks (Mt May). A

conservation status of Least Concern (IUCN

2001) is recommended.

15b. Zieria fraseri subsp. robusta

(C.T.White) Duretto & P.I.Forst., comb, et

stat. nov.; Zieria compacta var. robusta

C.T.White, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland 53:

210 (1942). Type: Queensland. Leichhardt

District: Blackdown Tableland, September

1937, H.G.Simmons 73 (holo: BRI).

Zieria compacta var. glabrata C.T.White,

Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland 53: 209 (1942).

Type: Queensland. Leichhardt District:

Blackdown Tableland, September 1937,

H. G.Simmons 57 (holo: BRI).

Illustrations: Williams (1984: 297) [as

Z. compacta var. glabrata ]; Pearson & Pearson

(1989: 404) [as Z. compacta var. glabrata].

Shrub to 2 m tall; young branches with a

sparse to dense indumentum of stellate simple

and bifid hairs, or glabrous (Blackdown

Tableland). Petioles 2-10 mm long, with

a sparse to dense indumentum of simple

and stellate hairs; terminal leaflets 15-51 x

I. 5-8 mm; lateral leaflets 13-50 x 1-8 mm.

Inflorescence longer than the subtending leaf,

3-20+-flowered, glabrous or with a sparse

to moderately dense indumentum of simple,

bifid and stellate hairs, sometimes glaucous;

peduncle (4- Yandburra Station) 25-37 mm

long; bracts 1-8 (-20 Blackdown Tableland)

mm long; secondary peduncles 3-15 mm

Duretto & Forster, Zieria in Queensland

507

long; pedicels 2-6 mm long, glabrous, stellate

or simple glabrescent or with a sparse to

indumentum of stellate and simple hairs.

Sepals broadly ovate-triangular, 17-2.1 mm

long and wide, abaxial surfaces glabrous or

glabrescent with a few stellate hairs at base,

sometimes glaucous. Petals 4-6 x 2.5-4 mm.

Staminal filaments 1-1.5 mm long, glabrous

(Central Qld) or with a few hairs (Blackdown

Tableland); anther apiculum absent, minute

to large. Cocci 4.3-4.5 x 3-3.2 mm. Seeds

oblong-ovoid to ovoid, 2.1-3.1 x 1.2-1.75 mm,

black, shiny, striate.

Additional selected specimens examined: Queensland.

Leichhardt District: Near Peregrine Point, Blackdown

Tableland [N.P], 23°44'S, 149°05'E, Sep 1984 , Anderson

3814 (BRI); Blackdown Tableland, 23°46'S, 149°02'E,

Jun 1977, Telford 5727 & Ellyard (BRI, CANB);

Blackdown Tableland, 23°47'S, 149°07'E, Sep 1974,

Williams 74018 (BRI); Blackdown Tableland [N.P],

Stony Creek Vehicle parking area, 23°48'S, 149°08'E,

Jul 1985, Williams 85035 & 85036 (BRI); Blackdown

Tableland, Stony Creek track, Aug 1985, Williams

80198 (BRI); Blackdown Tableland, Aug 1973, Trapnell

28 & Williams (BRI); Blackdown Tableland, Sep

1971, Henderson H962, H1201 & H1202 et al. (BRI);

Yandaburra Station, 24°42'S, 147°30'E, Sep 1984,

O’Keefe 674 (BRI); Salvator Rosa N.P., Sentinel Mt,

24°48'S, 147°08'E, Oct 1981, Ballingall MEB442 &

Cockburn (BRI); Salvator Rosa [Carnarvon] N.P., Aug

1994, O’Keefe 1075 (BRI); Mt Playfair - Mt Faraday

area, Sep 1982, O’Keefe s.n. (BRI [AQ348712]); Ka Ka

Mundi [Carnarvon] N.P, Bunbuncundoo Spring area,

24°52'S, 147°26'E, Sep 1993, Purdie 4336 (CANB);

Near Burnley road, S.F. 44, WSW of Theodore, 25°02'S,

149°46'E, Jan 2003, Bean 19861 (BRI).

Notes : All of the specimens listed in the

‘ Selected specimens examined ’ under Zieria

fraseri subsp. fraseri by Armstrong (2002)

are referable to Z. fraseri subsp. robusta.

Zieria fraseri subsp. robusta , especially

populations on the Blackdown Tableland,

can have noticeably longer leaflets and much

larger flowers than Z. fraseri subsp. fraseri

though the variation seen in the subspecies

overlaps. As noted by Armstrong (2002),

individuals with both glabrous and pubescent

stems may occur in the same population on

the Blackdown Tableland.

The collections from Yandaburra Station

(O’Keefe 674 ) and from near Theodore (Bean

19861 ) and Carnarvon Gorge (Parris 9110 )

have inflorescences that are shorter than the

subtending leaves. The specimen from near

Theodore (Bean 19861 ) is the only collection

of this taxon from outside the Blackdown

Tableland and the Salvator Rosa/Carnarvon

Gorge area. It was collected in midsummer

and this may be why the inflorescence

appears to be shorter than the leaves, that is,

well outside the normal flowering time for the

taxon (see below). All three collections do

have sepals and pedicels that are glabrous and

glaucous. These populations require further

investigation.

Distribution and habitat: Zieria fraseri

subsp. robusta is endemic to Qld within the

Brigalow Belt bioregion and is found mainly

in two areas, the Blackdown Tableland and

Salvator Rosa though isolated collections

have been made at Carnarvon Gorge (Wards

Canyon) and from near Theodore (Map 3).

Armstrong (2002) mapped these areas, but

did not mention the populations at Salvator

Rosa in his discussion on the distribution of

Z. fraseri.

At Blackdown Tableland and Salvator Rosa

the subspecies is found in open Eucalyptus or

Eucalyptus!Aliocasuarina forest or shrubland/

heath on sand or sandstone; at Carnarvon

Gorge (Wards Canyon) at the foot of vertical

cliffs, amongst boulders in a woodland

of E. propinqua and Livistona fulva ; near

Theodore it was collected on the edge of a

sandstone escarpment in a low woodland of

Corymbia trachyphloia, Eucalyptus tenuipes,

Lysicarpus angustifolius and Petalostigma

pachyphyllum.

Phenology: Flowers have been collected in

August and September, and fruits in October

and rarely in January.

Conservation status: This subspecies

is widespread and locally common and

is primarily found in National Parks. A

conservation status of Least Concern (IUCN

2001) is recommended.

Etymology: We have used White’s varietal

epithet robusta as it suitably describes the

more robust habit of this subspecies.

508

16. Zieria furfuracea R.Br. ex Benth., FI.

Austral. 1: 306 (1863). Type: New South

Wales. North Coast: Hastings River, Beckler

s.n. (lecto [designated by Armstrong (2002:

358)]: K [Herbarium Hookerianum]; isolecto:

MEL 62061, 62062, 62063).

Notes : As circumscribed by Armstrong

(2002), Zieria furfuracea comprises three

subspecies distributed from north-eastern

NSW to south-eastern Qld, with the nominate

subspecies not occurring in Qld.

Austrobaileya 7(3): 473-544 (2007)

In his key to the subspecies of Zieria

furfuracea , Armstrong (2002) outlines a range

of character states (especially bud aestivation)

that may justify recognition of these taxa

at specific rank. The three subspecies that

he recognises are all quite disjunct in their

occurrence, with few obvious regions of

intergradation. Despite this, these different

subspecies are all superficially similar and

would appear to form a monophyletic group.

Key to the subspecies ofZ. furfuracea found in Queensland

1. Leaflet lamina margin entire or somewhat sinuate with poorly developed

marginal glands; petals valvate in bud.subsp. euthadenia

Leaflet lamina margin crenate with well developed marginal glands;

petals imbricate in bud.subsp. gymnocarpa

16a. Zieria furfuracea subsp. euthadenia

J.A.Armstr., Austral. Syst. Bot. 15: 362 (2002).

Type: Queensland. Moreton District: Kin

Kin, January 1917, C.T. White s.n. (holo: BRI

[AQ318532]).

Zieria furfuracea subsp. (Kin Kin

V.K.Moriarty 134); Forster (2002: 181).

Illustrations : Hauser & Blok (1998: 368) [as

Z. furfuracea]; Armstrong (2002: 363).

Additional specimens examined : Queensland. Wide

Bay District: Mt Woocoo, S.F. 57, St Mary, 25°40'S,

152°23'E, Jun 1993, Forster PIF13375 & Machin (BRI,

CANB, MEL); loc. cit., Apr 1996, Forster P1F19115 &

Leiper (AD, BRI, MEL); loc. cit., Aug 1996, Forster

PIF19503 & Leiper (AD, BRI, CANB, MEL, NSW, NY);

loc. cit. Mar 2000, Forster PIF25347 & Booth (AD,

BRI, HO, MEL, NE, NSW); Parsons road, west of Mt

Coondoo, via Kin Kin, 26°1 E S, 152°55’E, Sep 1993, Bean

6488 (BRI, MEL). Moreton District: Como S.F., S.F.

1004, Toolara, just off Kin Kin - Pomona road, 26°12'S,

152°54'E, Feb 1994, Grimshaw G487 & Spearritt (BRI);

Beenham Range, about 6 km N of Kin Kin, 26°13'S,

152°51'E, May 1988, Sharpe 4809 (BRI); W slopes of Mt

Tinbeerwah, 6 km W of Tewantin, 26°23'S, 152°58'E,

Dec 1990, Bean 2822 (BRI); Yandina Creek, about 12

kmNE of Yandina, 26°30'S, 153°00'E, Apr 1991, Sharpe

5012 & Thomas (BRI, MEL); Belli L.A., Mapleton S.F,

SW of Eumundi, 26°31'S, 152°51'E, Apr 1998, Bean

13192 (BRI, MEL); S .F. 689, N of the Valdora to North

Arm road, Alandale road to the East, 26°31'S, 152°59'E,

Aug 1999, Thomas 408M (BRI); Scrubby Pocket road,

Mapleton S.F., south of Belli, 26°32'S, 152°51'E, Mar

1993, Bean 5901 (BRI; NSW n.v.); Rocky Creek, S.F

249, SE of Yandina, 26°35'S, 152°59'E, Apr 1990, Bean

1501 (BRI); DularchaN.P, N ofLandsborough, 26°47'S,

152°58'E, Jan 1990, Bean 1319 (BRI).

Notes : This taxon was recognised by

Armstrong (2002) as a subspecies of Zieria

furfuracea , although there appears to be

some confusion in that account as to where

he considered Z. furfuracea subsp. furfuracea

to occur. In the specimens cited and mapped

in his Fig. 54, Armstrong clearly indicates

that Z. furfuracea subsp. furfuracea is

endemic to north-eastern NSW, as also

stated by Armstrong and Harden (2002), yet

in his discussion on distribution he states

that it is “distributed from the Wide Bay

District of south-eastern Queensland south

to the Northern Coast and Tablelands and the

Central Coast of NSW, north from the Wyong

district. At Cedar Creek, in south-eastern

Queensland, the taxon forms shrubs up to 1

m high”. Yet he has clearly annotated (at BRI)

and cites specimens from Cedar Creek under

his Z. furfuracea subsp. euthadenia.

Distribution and habitat : Zieria furfuracea

subsp. euthadenia is endemic to Qld and has

been recorded from a number of populations

centred in the Kin Kin area, as well as a more

northerly disjunct occurrence at Mt Woocoo

within the Southeast Queensland bioregion

(Map 9). The subspecies has been collected

in open eucalypt forest or shrubland, in

association with a number of different

canopy species, including Eucalyptus

grandis, E. helidonica , E. propinqua,

Syncarpia glomulifera , Corymbia citriodora.

Duretto & Forster, Zieria in Queensland

509

C. intermedia and Leptospermum species. At

Mt Woocoo the species occurs on sandstone.

Phenology : Flowers have been collected in

January, March to June, August, September

and December, and fruits in April, May,

August, September and December.

Conservation status : Armstrong (2002:

363) listed this taxon as 2K and stated that

“the conservation status cannot be reliably

determined”. Recent collections from its area

of distribution indicate that this subspecies

is reasonably common with populations

in Dularcha and Glasshouse Mountains

N.Rs, as well as a number of state forests. A

conservation status of Least Concern (IUCN

2001) is recommended.

16b. Zieria furfuracea subsp. gymnocarpa

J.A.Armstr., Austral. Syst. Bot. 15: 363

(2002). Type: Queensland. Moreton District:

Belmont, 10 September 1887, J.HSimmonds

s.n. (holo: BRI [AQ318534]).

Zieria furfuracea subsp. (Belmont Scrub

Anon. AQ152898); Forster (2002: 181)

Illustrations: Armstrong (2002: 364); Logan

River Branch SGAP (QLD Region) Inc. (2005:

175).

Additional specimens examined : Queensland. Moreton

District: Belmont, RP10826, entrance to Greendale way

near intersection with Weekes road. Mar 1997, Leiper s. n.

(BRI [AQ654847], MEL, NSW); Belmont, Greendale

way, Aug 2002, Leiper s.n. (BRI [AQ732223]); Belmont

Hills Bushland complex, off Greendale way, Sep 2002,

Leiper s.n. (BRI [AQ764008]); Belmont, 126 Scrub road.

Mar 1997, Leiper s.n. (BRI [AQ654846], MEL); Brisbane

City Council land, Belmont, Apr 1997, Leiper s.n. (BRI

[AQ653837], MEL); Mt Petrie road, Belmont, Apr 1997,

Leiper s.n. (BRI [AQ653835], NSW); Belmont Hills

Bushland complex, off Greendale way, Sep 2002, Leiper

s.n. (BRI [AQ764009]); Belmont Hills Bushland Reserve,

Sep 2002, Leiper s.n. (BRI [AQ764012, AQ764014,

AQ764015]); Belmont Hills Bushland Reserve, Spider

Gully, Sep 2002, Leiper s.n. (BRI [AQ764011]); regrowth

area adjacent to Gateway motorway at Belmont, Oct

2002, Leiper s.n. (BRI [AQ770316]); Gateway Bridge

motorway near Belmont Hill, Feb 2000, Leiper s.n. (BRI

[AQ667718]); South facing gully below summit of Mt

Petrie, Nov 2002, Leiper s.n. (BRI [AQ770760]); BCC

Reserve, Mt Petrie road, Belmont, Oct 2002, Leiper

s.n. (BRI [AQ764010]); bank of drain between Gateway

motorway & Mt Petrie road, Oct 2002, Leiper s.n. (BRI

[AQ770317, AQ770314]).

Notes: This subspecies is perhaps most

easily recognised by the weakly crenate leaf

margin.

Distribution and habitat: Zieria furfuracea

subsp. gymnocarpa is endemic to Qld and

restricted to a small area in the Brisbane

suburb of Belmont within the Southeast

Queensland bioregion (Map 9). It occurs as

an understorey shrub in an open forest that

includes Acacia disparrima, Allocasuarina

littoralis, Eucalyptus carnea, E. crebra,

E. propinqua, E. microcorys, Corymbia

intermedia and Lophostemon confertus.

Plants have also been collected in regrowth

vegetation dominated by Megathyrsus

maximus var. pubiglumis (guinea grass) and

Acacia disparrima.

Phenology: Flowers have been collected from

February to April and August to November,

and fruits from February to April, and in

September and October.

Conservation status: This taxon was

incorrectly stated by Armstrong (2002) to be

extinct, although it had been rediscovered in

1997 by Glenn Leiper. It is currently listed as

Endangered in Qld (NCA 1994). A detailed

survey of the known populations of this

taxon by Leiper (2002) indicates that there

are approximately 8900 individuals in seven

populations. Direct threats to the populations

of this subspecies are road maintenance on the

Gateway motorway, destruction of remaining

bushland remnants, weed invasion and

changed fire regimes resulting from weeds

and pyromaniacs.

17. Zieria graniticola J.A.Armstr. ex Duretto

& PI.Forst., species nova a Z. aspalathoide

A.Cunn. ex Benth. differt caulibus foliisque

clare glandulari-verrucosis (adversum

indistincte glandulari-verrucosa), sepalorum

indumento stellato (in ilia plerumque piloso)

et petiolo majore (1-3 mm adversum 0-1

mm longitudine) differt. Typus: Queensland.

Darling Downs District: Mt Janet road,

Passchendale State Forest, NW of Stanthorpe,

28°33'S, 151°48'E, 4 October 1997, A.R.Bean

12477 (holo: BRI; iso: MEL 2095863).

Zieria sp. (Amiens L.Pedley 1518); Forster

(1997b: 188; 2007: 183).

Shrub to 1 m tall forming a densely compact

bush. Stems erect, wiry; branches weakly

glandular verrucose, with a dense indumentum

of mainly simple and bifid (though also with

510

trifid and stellate) hairs between the very

faint decurrent leaf bases, otherwise glabrous

or pilose {Halford Q2330). Leaves palmately

trifoliolate; petioles 1-3 mm long, weakly

glandular verrucose, adaxial surfaces pilose,

abaxial surfaces glabrescent or pilose {Halford

Q2330), terminal leaflets narrow elliptic to

narrow oblanceolate, 6-18 x 1.5-4 mm, tips

acute, margins recurved to revolute, slightly

glandular dentate, midrib raised abaxially and

weakly to strongly glandular verrucose, both

surfaces glabrescent with hairs on midvein

and at tips or sparsely pilose {Halford Q2330 ),

with tufts of simple hairs at join of leaflets and

petioles; lateral leaflets similar to terminal

leaflets though usually slightly smaller.

Inflorescence axillary, shorter or longer than

the subtending leaves, 1-3 (-9 Amiens)-

flowered, weakly glandular verrucose, pilose

with hairs concentrated between decurrent

bract bases; peduncle 0.5-2.5 (-13 Amiens)

mm long; bracts narrow-elliptic to narrow-

lanceolate, persistent, 1-5 mm long; pedicels

1.5-5 mm long, with a moderately dense

stellate indumentum. Sepals ovate-deltate,

1-1.5 x 0.9-1 mm, valvate in bud, glandular

but not glandular verrucose, tips acute to

slightly acuminate, adaxial surfaces with a

sparse to moderately dense simple and stellate

indumentum, abaxial surfaces with a sparse

to moderately dense stellate indumentum.

Petals elliptic, (2.5- Halford Q2330 ) 3.5-4.5

x 2.2-2.5 mm, pale pink, valvate or slightly

imbricate in bud, not obviously glandular,

both surfaces with a moderately dense to

dense indumentum of mainly stellate hairs.

Staminal filaments c. 1.2 mm long, with

scattered stellate and simple hairs distally, very

slightly glandular verrucose at apex; anthers

c. 0.6 mm long, apiculum minute. Gynoecium

glabrous or sparsely pilose {Halford Q2330).

Cocci [mature not observed] 4-4.5 mm x

c. 2.5 mm, slightly glandular verrucose,

glabrous or sparsely pilose dorsally {Halford

Q2330 ), base of style sometimes persistent

forming a minute apical apiculum. Seeds not

observed. Fig. 9.

Additional specimens examined : Queensland.

Darling Downs District: Messines via Cottonvale, Sep

1930, Greener s.n. (BRI [AQ 531208]); Bapaume via

Cottonvale, Oct 1930, Horn 15 (BRI); Amiens, 28°35’S,

151°48'E, Oct 1966, Harslett s.n. (CANB 559713);

Austrobaileya 7(3): 473-544 (2007)

‘Mountain View’, Amiens, Oct 1983, Harslett s.n. (BRI

[AQ 393825], CANB [CBG8905597]); loc. cit., Oct 1966,

Frazier s.n. (NSW 98643); Amiens via Stanthorpe,

28°35'S, 151°48'E, Aug 1983, Harslett s.n. (BRI [AQ

349637 - 2 sheets]); Amiens WNW of Stanthorpe,

Oct 1963, Harslett sub Pedley 1518 (BRI, CANB); c. 1

mile [1.7 km] W of Jollys Falls, 5 miles [8.3 km] N of

Stanthorpe, Oct 1963, Pedley 1534 (BRI, HO); 15.7 km

SW of Stanthorpe, Portion 87, Stalling lane, 28°44'S,

151°48'E, Nov 1994, HalfordQ2330 (BRI, MEL); 6.5 km

W of Glen Aplin, Portion 87, Stalling lane, Nov 1994,

Halford Q2346 (BRI).

Notes : Zieria graniticola was a manuscript

name used by J.A.Armstrong on many

herbarium specimens and not subsequently

published (see Armstrong 2002). Under

Z. aspalathoides, in his published account

(Armstrong 2002), he refers to a form from

south-eastern Qld (Amiens, Girraween N.P.,

Wyberba, Mt Norman) and the Northern

Tablelands of NSW (Silent Grove, Tenterfield)

with “attenuate calyx lobes, short compact

inflorescences generally shorter than the

subtending leaves and younger branches with

very noticeable allotrichous pubescence”

which appears to be a local variant of

Z. aspalathoides (see also discussion under of

Z. aspalathoides subsp. aspalathoides). Under

Z. laevigata he discusses a form from near

Wallangarra and Wyberba that he suggested

was a stabilised hybrid between Z. laevigata

and Z. aspalathoides. These plants are

similar to Z. graniticola in leaf shape but

are tomentose on the abaxial surface of the

leaves as is Z. laevigata (see also discussion

under that species) and warrant further

investigation.

Collections of Zieria graniticola from the

Cottonvale/Amiens area (north of Stanthorpe)

are fairly uniform in general appearance.

The specimens collected south of Stanthorpe

{Halford Q2330, Q2346 ) differ from these

by being sparsely pilose all over the stems

(versus hairs confined to area between faintly

decurrent leaf bases) and leaves (versus

glabrescent), having smaller leaves and petals

(2.5-3.2 mm long versus 3.5-4.5 mm long)

and sparsely pilose cocci (versus glabrous).

Halford Q2330 and Q2346 look similar to

Z. sp. ‘Cathedral Rock’ (Williams 95303) as

described in Armstrong and Harden (2002)

which is found in the Cathedral Rock N.P

(NSW) {Williams 95303, NSW 433121) and

Duretto & Forster, Zieria in Queensland

511

Fig. 9. Zieria graniticola. A. branch with several flowering inflorescences x 4. B. stem node with abaxial view of leaf

x 8. C. detail of indumentum on abaxial surface of leaflet x 20. D. inflorescence with flowers and immature fruit x 6. E.

flower x 6. F. abaxial view of sepal x 20. G-H. views of stamens x 20. A-E, G-H from Harsletts.n. (BRI [AQ393826]);

F from Halford Q2346 (BRI). Del. W. Smith.

Howell area (NSW) ( Williams s.n. NSW

651474, Williams s.n. NSW 651470). Z. sp.

‘Cathedral Rock’ (Williams 95303) has leaflets

that are noticeably more glandular tuberculate

and in itself is very poorly known.

Zieria graniticola appears to be sympatric

with Z. aspalathoides at Amiens and many of

J. Harslett’s collections from there are mixed

collections, with different species having

the same collection information at different

herbaria. Herbarium sheet numbers are cited

for these collections.

Distribution and habitat : Zieria graniticola

is endemic to Qld and confined to two disjunct

areas north and south of Stanthorpe within the

New England Tableland bioregion (Map 9). It

512

is found growing in sandy soil over granite. In

Passchendale S.F. it is found in an open forest

of Eucalyptus andrewsii and E. banksii with

a shrubby understorey. Some collections have

also been from rocky outcrops.

Phenology : Flowers have been collected from

August to November, and fruit in October and

November.

Conservation status: Collector’snotes indicate

that this species is rare in the Passchendale

S.F. but is considered common at Stallen Lane

(south-west of Stanthorpe). Zieria graniticola

has a very restricted distribution and does

not appear to be found in any conservation

reserve. It can be assessed as Endangered on

the basis of criteria B2a,b(i-v) (IUCN 2001).

Surveys are required to ascertain the size and

extent of the known populations and the area

of occupancy.

Etymology : The name refers to the granite

substrate that this species grows on.

18. Zieria hydroscopica Duretto & P.I.Forst.

species nova a Z. smithii Jacks, foliolis in

pagina adaxiali pilosis (adversum foliola

glabra vel glabrescentia vel pilis dispersis

stellatis), et in ramis pilis stellatis radiis

longioribus (radii longitudine usque ad 0.5

mm adversum ad c. 0.1 mm); et a Z. boolbunda

Duretto & P.I.Forst. foliis basi non vel

tantum leviter decurrentibus (adversum

folia manifeste decurrentia) differt. Typus:

Queensland. Burnett District: Rocky Gorge

Waterhole, Coominglah S.F., west of Monto,

24°53'S, 150°56'E, 16 September 1995,

A.R.Bean 8959 & P.Robbins (holo: BRI; iso:

MEL 2095862).

Zieria sp. (Coominglah A.R.Bean 8959);

Forster (2002: 181; 2007: 183)

Shrub to 50 cm tall, forming an open

compact bush. Stems erect, wiry; young

branches without or with slightly decurrent

leaf bases, slightly glandular verrucose, with

a sparse indumentum of stellate hairs that

is denser between the decurrent leaf bases,

becoming glabrescent with age. Leaves

palmately trifoliolate; petioles 8-11 mm

long, slightly glandular verrucose, with a

sparse indumentum of stellate and simple

hairs; terminal leaflets narrow elliptic to

Austrobaileya 7(3): 473-544 (2007)

narrow lanceolate, 20-33 x 4-6 mm, tips

obtuse to acute, margins flat to recurved or

slightly revolute [though possibly only on

drying], midribs strongly raised abaxially,

very slightly glandular verrucose, secondary

veins raised abaxially, adaxial surfaces

with a sparse, pilose indumentum of mainly

simple and bifid hairs, abaxial surfaces

with a sparse indumentum of simple, bifid

and stellate hairs, lateral leaflets similar to

terminal leaflets though they can be shorter

or longer. Inflorescence axillary, shorter than

the subtending leaf, 8-25+-flowered, not or

slightly glandular verrucose, with a sparse

simple and stellate indumentum; peduncle

2-8 mm long; bracts scale or leaf like, lower

ones mostly deciduous though upper ones

persistent, 1-4.5 mm long; pedicels 1-3.5 mm

long, not or slightly glandular verrucose, with

a moderately dense stellate tomentum. Sepals

deflate, c. 1 mm long and wide, valvate or

slightly imbricate in bud, slightly glandular

verrucose, tips acute, adaxial surfaces with

scattered appressed simple hairs, abaxial

surfaces with a moderately dense stellate

indumentum. Petals narrow-elliptic, 2.1-2.5

x 1.2-1.5 mm, white, imbricate in bud, not

obviously glandular, both surfaces densely

stellate-tomentose. Staminal filaments c. 1

mm long, with minute, simple hairs along

length, weakly glandular verrucose near tip;

anthers c. 0.5 mm long, apiculum absent.

Ovary glabrous; style glabrous or simple

glabrescent. Cocci [only very immature

seen] with scattered stellate hairs. Seeds not

observed. Fig. 10.

Additional specimen examined: Burnett District:

Coominglah S.F., Boolgalgopal Creek, The Rock Hole,

24°53'S 150°57'E, Nov 1993, Telford 11900 (BRI,

CANB, HO, NSW n.v.).

Notes: Zieria hydroscopica is similar to

Z. smithii but differs in having leaflets that are

pilose on the adaxial surface (versus glabrous,

glabrescent or with scattered stellate hairs),

and having stellate hairs on the branches

with longer rays (0.5 mm long versus to c.

0.1 mm long). It differs from Z. boolbunda in

having leaf bases that are not or only slightly

decurrent versus obviously decurrent.

Distribution and habitat: The taxon is known

only from Coominglah S.F. near Monto in

Duretto & Forster, Zieria in Queensland

513

Fig. 10. Zieria liydroscopica. A. branch with several flowering inflorescences x 1.5. B. abaxial view of leaf x 2. C.

detail of indumentum on abaxial surface of leaflet x 8. D. inflorescence with bud and flowers x 4. E. flower x 8. F.

abaxial view of sepal x 20. G-H. views of stamens x 20. All from Bean 8959 (BRI). Del. W. Smith.

the Brigalow Belt bioregion (Map 12). The

specimen from Rocky Gorge (Bean 8959

& P.Robbins) was collected from a rocky

creekbed with Corymbia trachyphloia and

Lophostemon suaveolens, while the specimen

from Boolgalgopal Creek (Telford 11900 ) was

collected from an open forest of Eucalyptus

acmenoides , Angophora leiocarpa,

Allocasuarina littoralis and Dodonaea

triangularis.

514

Phenology : Flowers have been collected in

September.

Conservation status : Both collectors noted

that few plants were seen. On the basis of

known data, this species can be assessed as

Endangered on the criteria of B2a, D (IUCN

2001). The Coominglah Range is notable

for the presence of the endemic Pomaderris

coomingalensis N.G.Walsh & Coates and the

near endemics (a significant number of known

populations) Boronia palasepala Duretto,

Grevillea hockingsii Molyneux & Olde and

Solanum lythrocarpum A.R.Bean.

Eymology : The specific epithet is derived

from the Greek hydro- (water) and scopic

(watcher) and alludes to the populations of

this plant occurring near water holes.

19. Zieria inexpectata Duretto & PI.Forst.

species nova a Z. aspalathoide A.Cunn.

ex Benth. caulibus foliisque glandulari-

verrucosis (adversum indistincte glandulari-

verrucosa) et petiolis longioribus (1-1.5

adversum 0-1 mm longitudine) differ! Typus:

Queensland. Burnett District: ‘Bronte’,

9 km SW of Gayndah, 25°43'S, 151°30'E,

14 September 1999, P.I.Forster PIF24851,

M. F.Duretto & P.Grimshaw (holo: BRI; iso:

AD, K, MEL 306443, NSW).

Shrub to 50 cm tall forming a densely compact

bush. Stems erect, wiry; branches without

decurrent leaf bases, weakly glandular

verrucose, pilose with simple, bifid and few

trifid hairs. Leaves palmately trifoliolate

(though first pair of leaves on secondary shoots

simple), weakly glandular verrucose; petioles

1-1.5 mm long, glabrescent to sparsely hairy;

terminal leaflets narrow elliptic to narrow

oblanceolate, 4-6.5 (-9) x 0.7-2.5 mm,

tips obtuse, margins recurved to revolute,

glandular dentate, midribs raised abaxially,

adaxial surfaces glabrescent to sparsely

pilose, abaxial surfaces glabrescent with few

simple hairs, especially along midribs, as well

as tufts of simple hairs at join of leaflets and

petioles; lateral leaflets similar to terminal

leaflets. Inflorescence axillary, longer than

the subtending leaf, 1-12-flowered, weakly

glandular verrucose, pilose with hairs

concentrated between decurrent bract bases;

peduncle 4-11 mm long; bracts narrow-

Austrobaileya 7(3): 473-544 (2007)

elliptic to narrow-lanceolate, persistent, 1-2

mm long; secondary peduncles 3-4 mm long;

pedicels 2-3 mm long. Sepals ovate-deflate,

1-2 x 0.7-1.5 mm, valvate in bud, glandular

but not glandular verrucose, tips acute,

adaxial surfaces puberulous, abaxial surfaces

with scattered stellate hairs concentrated at

base. Petals elliptic, 2-3 x 1.5-2.5 mm, white,

valvate in bud, not obviously glandular,

adaxial surfaces with a sparse indumentum

of simple and stellate hairs, abaxial surfaces

with a dense indumentum of simple and

stellate hairs. Staminal filaments 1-1.2 mm

long, with scattered stellate and simple hairs,

slightly glandular verrucose at apex; anthers

c. 0.5 mm long, apiculum minute. Gynoecium

glabrous. Cocci c. 3.5 x 2 mm, slightly

glandular verrucose, glabrous, base of style

sometimes persistent forming a minute apical

apiculum. Seeds not observed. Fig. 11.

Additional specimens examined: Queensland. Burnett

District: Aranbanga Creek catchment area, ‘Bronte’,

Sep 1999, Duretto 1318, Forster & Grimshaw (BRI,

MEL); ‘Bronte’, 9 km WSW of Gayndah, Jun 2000,

Forster PIF25857 (BRI, MEL); S.F. 146, SE of Proston,

26°14'S, 151°38'E, Mar 1996, Bean 11818 (BRI, MEL,

NSW); Compartment 21, S.F. 12, near Wondai, 26°21'S,

151°58'E, Sep 1996, Bean 10822 (BRI, MEL, NSW).

Notes: Zieria inexpectata is superficially

similar to the widespread Z. aspalathoides,

but can be distinguished from that species

in the stems and leaves being glandular

verrucose (versus not obviously glandular

verrucose) and the leaf petioles being greater

than 1 mm long (versus subsessile to 1 mm

long). Material from southern parts of the

species range, eg. S.F. 12 {Bean 10822 ) and

from near Proston {Bean 11818), have smaller

floral parts than material from the type locality

at ‘Bronte’. There are too few collections to

determine if this variation warrants taxonomic

recognition.

Distribution and habitat : Zieria inexpectata

is endemic to Qld within the Brigalow Belt

and Southeast Queensland bioregions (Map 9)

where it is known from a few localities in the

central Burnett District: ‘Bronte’ south west

of Gayndah, S.F. 146 near Proston, and S.F.

12 near Wondai. At ‘Bronte’, Z. inexpectata

occurs in woodland dominated by Corymbia

trachyphloia, C. citriodora, Lysicarpus

angustifolius and Acacia sparsiflora on a

Duretto & Forster, Zieria in Queensland

515

Fig. 11. Zieria inexpectata. A. branch with several flowering inflorescences x 4. B. stem node with abaxial view of leaf

x 8. C. detail of indumentum on abaxial surface of leaflet x 20. D. inflorescence with bud, flower and immature fruit x

6. E. flower x 8. F. abaxial view of sepal x 20. G-H. views of stamens x 20.1. mature fruit with multiple cocci x 8. All

from Forster PIF24851 (BRI). Del. W. Smith.

duricrust jumpup. Other associated species

include Hovea planifolia , Boroniagrimshawii ,

Podolobium ilicifolium, Logania albiflora ,

Alphitonia excelsa and Entolasia stricta. At

S.F. 12 and S.F. 146 the species is found in an

open forest of C. citriodora and Eucalyptus

spp., or C. watsoniana and Lysicarpus

angustifolius. Invariably Z. inexpectata is

found growing in sandy soil.

Phenology : Flowers have been collected from

March to November, and fruit from June to

November.

Conservation status : Several hundred plants

are present at the type locality. Here, the

species co-occurs with two locally endemic

species: Boronia grimshawii Duretto, and

an undescribed species of Acacia. The type

locality is on private land that is bisected by

a gazetted road. At S.F. 12 (near Wondai)

516

the species is not common while at S.F. 146

(near Proston) the species was reported to be

common (collector’s notes). An appropriate

conservation coding is Endangered under

the criteria of B2a,b(iii),(v), C2a (IUCN 2001).

The total area of known occupancy is less

than 20 ha and perceived threats are grazing

by stock, fire and deliberate destruction of

plants.

Etymology: The specific epithet alludes to the

collection of this undescribed inex(s)pectatus

(unexpected), species while investigating the

population of the newly discovered, and then

undescribed, Boronia grimshawii at the type

locality.

20. Zieria insularis Duretto & P.I.Forst.,

species nova a Z. smithii Jacks, habitu debili,

foliolis parvis praeditis indumento praecipue

pilorum simplicium bifidorumque (in ilia

stellatorum) in pagina abaxiali differt. Typus:

Queensland. Cook District: State Forest 144,

Mt Windsor Tableland, 16°15'S, 145°02'E, 11

July 1995, P.I.Forster PIF17246 & S.J.Figg

(holo: BRI; iso: AD, DNA, K, MEL, NSW,

QRS).

Zieria smithii subsp. (SF144 B.Gray 428);

Forster (2002: 181).

Shrub to 2 m tall, forming an open straggly

bush. Stems erect to decumbent, wiry to

spindly; branches with faintly decurrent leaf

bases, not glandular verrucose, pilose with

mainly simple and bifid hairs, hairs denser

between leaf decurrencies. Leaves palmately

trifoliolate; petioles 2-4 mm long, with a

sparse indumentum of simple and bifid hairs;

terminal leaflets narrow-elliptic, elliptic, or

obovate, 8-21 x 2-6 mm, laminae weakly

pellucid gland dotted, not glandular verrucose,

tips acute to obtuse, margins slightly crenulate,

± flat, midribs raised abaxially, secondary

veins obscure, adaxial surfaces glabrescent

with few simple hairs along midrib or with a

sparse indumentum of simple and bifid hairs,

abaxial surfaces with a sparse indumentum

of simple and bifid hairs though a few stellate

stellate hairs sometimes also present; lateral

leaflets similar to terminal leaflets though

usually slightly smaller. Inflorescence axillary,

1-several per axil, some at least longer than

the subtending leaf, 1-several-flowered, not

Austrobaileya 7(3): 473-544 (2007)

obviously glandular, sparsely pilose with

simple and bifid hairs; peduncle 5-20 mm

long; bracts linear, persistent, 0.4-2 mm long;

secondary peduncles 2-5 mm long; pedicels 1-

2 mm long. Sepals deflate, 1-1.1 mm long and

wide, valvate in bud, not obviously glandular,

tips acute, adaxial surfaces sparsely pilose,

abaxial surfaces with a sparse indumentum of

stellate hairs. Petals lanceolate-elliptic, c.3x

1.5 mm, white, valvate in bud, not obviously

glandular, both surfaces with a sparse to dense

stellate indumentum. Staminal filaments 1-

1.2 mm long, glabrous or with the occasional

hair, eglandular; anthers 0.6-07 mm long,

apiculum absent or small and recurved.

Gynoecium glabrous. Cocci 3-4 x 1.5-2 mm,

not glandular verrucose, glabrous or with

few hairs, base of style sometimes persistent

forming a minute apical apiculum. Mature

seeds not observed. Fig. 12.

Additional collections examined: Queensland. Cook

District: Mt Windsor, Granite Dome, Jun 1982, Hind

3168 (NSW); Mt Windsor forestry camp, on Spencers

Creek, 16°15'S, 145°07'E, Aug 1998, Hind 5684 &

D’Aubert (HO, NSW); S.F.R. 144, 16°16'S, 145°05'E,

Mar 1977, Gray 428 (BRI, CANB); Daintree N.P., Little

Daintree River, 16°21'S, 145°10'E, May 1998, Forster

PIF22796 et al. (AD, BRI, MEL, QRS); Daintree N.P.,

northwest of Black Mountain, 16°22'S, 145°11'E, May

1998, Forster P1F22873 et al. (AD, BRI, K, MEL,

NSW).

Notes: Zieria insularis appears to be related

to Z. smithii but has a weaker habit, smaller

leaves and an indumentum of mainly simple

and bifid hairs (versus stellate) on the abaxial

surface of the leaflets.

Distribution and habitat: The species is

endemic to the Wet Tropics bioregion of

north-eastern Qld where it is known from

the Mt Windsor Tableland and the Daintree

N.P. near Black Mountain (Map 6). On the

Mt Windsor Tableland it has been collected

from small ‘islands’ of exposed rocky areas

of granite surrounded by rainforest or in open

forest dominated by Syncarpia glomulifera,

Callitris macleayanus, Croton insularis and

Leptospermum amboinense on granite near

watercourses. In the Daintree N.P. it has been

found in two different communities: an open

forest of Eucalyptus reducta and Syncarpia

glomulifera on a granite ridge; and on granite

outcrops in a creek with scattered Callistemon

viminalis and Lophostemon confertus.

Duretto & Forster, Zieria in Queensland

517

Fig. 12. Zieria insularis. A. branch with several flowering inflorescences x 2. B. stem node with abaxial view of leaf x

3. C. detail of indumentum on abaxial surface of leaflet x 16. D. inflorescence with buds and flower x 4. E. flower x 8.

F. abaxial view of sepal x 20. G-H. views of stamens x 20. L mature fruit with coccus x 8. All from Forster PIF17246

(BRI). Del. W. Smith.

Usually the plants are found in saxicolous

mat-forming vegetation comprised largely of

monocotyledonous plants.

Phenology : Flowers and fruit have been

collected from January to July.

Conservation status : This species can be

locally common or rare, depending on the fire

history of the locality. It has been collected

only in National Parks and Forest Reserves;

however, the areas of suitable habitat are

relatively rare within a greater mosaic of

either rainforest or fire prone vegetation. Other

localised endemics that co-occur with Zieria

insularis include Plectranthus fasciculatus

P.I.Forst. and Stylidium confertum A.R.Bean.

518

The conservation status of this species can

be assessed as Near Threatened on the

basis of criterion D (IUCN 2001). Surveys

are required to ascertain the number of

populations, number of individuals and the

area of occupancy. Perceived threats are

invasions of the isolated granite outcrops by

weeds, and too frequent fires.

Etymology : The specific epithet is derived

from the Latin adjective insularis (pertaining

to islands) and refers to the occurrence of

this species on islands of rock in a sea of

rainforest.

21. Zieria laevigata Bonpl., Descr. PI.

Malmaison 64 (1815). Type: New South

Wales. Central Tablelands: On rocky

situations on the verge of Regent’s Glen, Blue

Mountains, 4 October 1822, A.Cunningham

27 (neo [designated by Armstrong (2002:

378)]: K 347900 [images BRI, HO 534661];

isoneo: BRI [AQ318539]).

Zieria laevigata subsp. (Wyberba T.L.Ryan

37); Forster (2002: 181).

Illustrations: Williams(1999:387); Armstrong

(2002: 380, 381).

Additional selected specimens examined : Queensland.

Darling Downs District: Amiens, 28°35'S, 151°48'E,

Dec 1952, Gordon DMG269 (BRI); Lyra, Nov 1959,

Blake 21096 (BRI); S.F. 263, near Amiens, Sep 1974,

McDonald 381 (BRI); on track to The Junction, Bald

Rock Creek, Girraween N.P., 28°50'S, 151°55'E, Oct

2001, Duretto 1429 & Jensz (BRI, HO, MEL); Portion

90, Wyberba, 28°50'S, 151°54'E, Aug 1995, Forster

PIF17596 & Figg (BRI, MEL); Upper reaches of Bald

Rock Creek, Girraween N.P, 28°50'S, 151°58'E, Sep

1993, Bean 6370 & Forster (BRI, NSW).

Notes: In 1992 Armstrong annotated some

Darling Downs specimens of this species

as a new subspecies; however, the proposed

name was not published in the monograph

(Armstrong 2002). He did comment that the

collections may represent “a stabilised hybrid

between Z. laevigata and Z. aspalathoides , \

This form (e.g. Blake 21096 , 23715A ; Clemens

AQ530716; Duretto 1429 & Jensz ; Ryan 37;

Schindler AQ531220) can be distinguished

from typical Z. laevigata (e.g. Gordon

DMG269 ) by the stellate pubescence on

the stems (versus glabrous), and from

Z. graniticola (described above) by the dense

indumentum on the abaxial surface of the

leaves (versus glabrous) and may represent

Austrobaileya 7(3): 473-544 (2007)

an undescribed taxon. Further field and

laboratory studies are required to ascertain

the taxonomic status of this form.

Distribution and habitat: This species is

widespread from southern NSW through to the

‘Granite Belt’ near Stanthorpe in Qld within

the New England Tableland bioregion (Map

7). Plants grow in shrubland or heathland on

granite pavement, often in association with

Eucalyptus prava.

Phenology: Flowers have been collected

from August to December, and fruit from

November to December.

Conservation status: Zieria laevigata is

restricted in its Qld occurrence; however,

it is widespread and common over its total

range. In Qld it is present in Girraween N.P.

An appropriate conservation status is Least

Concern (IUCN 2001).

22. Zieria laxiflora (Benth.) Domin, Repert.

Spec. Nov. Regni. Veg. 12: 132 (1913);

Zieria laevigata var. laxiflora Benth., FI.

Austral. 1: 304 (1863). Type: Queensland.

Moreton District: Moreton Island, August

1855, F.Mueller s.n. (lecto [designated by

Armstrong (2002: 388)]: K 347897 [images

BRI, HO 534654]).

Illustrations: Williams (1979: 281);

Armstrong (2002: 386, 387); Haslam (2004:

64); Logan River Branch SGAP (QLD Region)

Inc. (2005: 121).

Corrections and additions to description

given in Armstrong (2002): Sepals 1.2-1.7

mm long, shorter than petals. Petals 3-4.5 mm

long. Staminal filaments usually glabrous,

rarely sparsely hirsute with simple and stellate

hairs (e.g. Batianoff 461 & McDonald ; Fell

4535).

Additional selected specimens examined : Queensland.

Port Curtis District: Port Clinton, 60 km N of

Yeppoon, 22°30'S, 150°43'E, Aug 1993, Sharpe 5420

& Thomas (BRI); 4.5 km NW of Five Rocks, May

1996, Fell 4535 (BRI); Shoalwater Bay, Dismal Sector,

22°43'S, 150°45'E, Jun 1999, Brnshe JB1934 & Power

(BRI); Emu Park, 15 km SE of Yeppoon, 23°15'S,

150°49'E, Jul 1977, Batianoff 302 & McDonald { BRI);

Deepwater Creek N.P, on track to Deepwater Creek,

24°21'S, 151°58'E, Sep 1992, Sharpe 5171 (BRI); 2 km

W of Rules Beach, near Baffle Creek, NW of Bundaberg,

24°29'S, 152°00'E, Oct 1996, Bean 11089 (BRI); S.F.

898, c. 6 km N of Watalgan, 24°36'S, 152°01'E, Aug

Duretto & Forster, Zieria in Queensland

519

1996, Bean 10532 (BRI); Littabella N.P., c. 40 km NW

of Bundaberg, 24°38'S, 152°03'E, Nov 1993, Bean 7014

(BRI). Wide Bay District: Great Sandy N R, Fraser

Island, Platypus Bay access track, 5.5 km WNW of

Orchid Beach, 24°56'S, 153°15'E, Sep 2004, Forster

PIF30255 & Leiper (BRI, HO); Kinkuna [now Burrum

Coast] N.P near Bundaberg, 25°03'S, 152°24'E, Jul

1996, Leiper s.n. (BRI [AQ653466]); 16 km from Old

Bruce highway, towards Burrum Heads, 25°12'S,

152°36'E, Aug 1994, Bean 7810 (BRI, MEL); Craignish,

25°17'S, 152°42'E, Aug 1996, Forster PIF19517 et al.

(BRI, MEL); Between Lakes Benaroon & Boeminger,

Fraser Island [Great Sandy N.P], 25°32'S, 153°03'E, Sep

1986, Russell-Smith 1787 & Lucas (BRI); Poona N.P,

25°35'S, 152°50'E, Aug 1996, Forster P1F19559 et al.

(BRI); Quarry off Freshwater road. Rainbow Beach road

end, Cooloola, 25°56'S, 153°04'E, Sep 1994, Grimshaw

G946 & Turpin (BRI, CANB); Mt Bilewilum [Great

Sandy N.P], 26°00'S, 153°02'E, Aug 1994, Forster

PIF15682 (BRI, K, MEL, NSW); Harry Springs Hut

road, Cooloola [N.P], 26°12'S, 152°59'E, Aug 1994,

Grimshaw G892 & Turpin (BRI); Just E of S.F. 959, SW

of Noosaville, 26°24'S, 153°01'E, Aug 1994, Bean 7789

(BRI); NoosaN.P, 26°24'S, 153°06'E, Sep 1985, Sharpe

3940 & Batianoff (BRI). Moreton District: North

Stradbroke Island, between Myora Swamp and main east

coast road, 27°27'S, 153°26'E, Sep 1993, Sparshott 135

& Holland (BRI); Plunkett S.F. 766, Sep 1992, Leiper

s.n. (BRI [AQ547466]).

Notes: Armstrong (2002) indicated that the

stamens of Zieria laxiflora are glabrous and

that the sepals were almost equal to the petals.

Both Armstrong (2002) and Armstrong &

Harden (2002) use these features to separate

this species from Z. laevigata (with hirsute

stamens and sepals shorter than the petals) in

their keys to species. This is confusing as both

treatments indicate in the descriptions that the

sepals (c. 1.7 mm) of Z. laxiflora are half the

length of the petals (c. 3.4 mm): hardly ‘equal

to’. The description is amended above. During

this study it was noted that some plants of Z.

laxiflora from coastal areas to the north of the

range of the species had stamens with hirsute

filaments (see above and the key to species).

Distribution and habitat : This species is

widespread in coastal areas from central

NSW, north to Shoal water Bay in Qld within

the Southeast Queensland bioregion (Map

7). Zieria laxiflora is an inhabitant of coastal

wallum heathland on stabilised sand-dunes.

Phenology: Flowers have been collected

from May to August, and fruit from July to

October.

Conservation status: It is a common species

in Qld, although many populations have been

destroyed because of coastal development

for agriculture, forestry, industry or housing.

Populations are present in National Parks

at Burrum Coast (Kinkuna), Cooloola,

Deepwater, Fraser Island, Littabella, Noosa

Heads, Shoalwater Bay and Stradbroke Island.

An appropriate conservation status is Least

Concern (IUCN 2001).

23. Zieria madida Duretto & PI.Forst.,

species nova a Z. montana J.A.Armstr.

floribus paucioribus in quaque inflorescentia

(3-10 adversum 10-20+) et a Z. alata Duretto

& PI.Forst. foliolis obtusis (in ilia acutis)

differt. Typus: Queensland. Cook District:

Thornton Peak, in valley between north

and south peaks near campsite on Hilda

Creek, 16°10'S, 145°22'E, 25 September 1984,

J.R.Clarkson 5587 (holo: BRI; iso: CANB,

HO, K, L, NSW, QRS distribuendi )

Zieria sp. (Thornton Peak J.R.Clarkson 5556);

Forster (1997b: 188; 2002: 181).

Zieria sp. (Pieter Botte M.Godwin C2471);

Forster (1997b: 188; 2002: 181).

Shrub to 2 m tall, forming an open compact

bush. Stems erect to somewhat decumbent,

wiry; branches with prominently, raised

decurrent leaf bases, not or slightly glandular

verrucose, glabrous or simple and/or stellate

glabrescent; older branches not or slightly

lenticellate and corky, conspicuously scarred

from the fallen buds and leaves. Leaves

palmately trifoliolate; petioles 8-23 mm

long, very slightly verrucose, glabrous or

stellate glabrescent; terminal leaflets elliptic

to obovate, 15-29 x 5-14 mm, laminae not

glandular verrucose, glabrous, tips obtuse

or rarely slightly acute ( Godwin 2471),

margins entire and flat; lateral leaflets similar

to terminal leaflets and can be shorter or

longer. Inflorescence axillary, shorter than

the subtending leaf, 3-10-flowered with only

1-3 open at any one time; peduncle 4-13 mm

long, with prominent ridges, not glandular

verrucose, glabrous or glabrescent; bracts

scale like, persistent, slightly glandular

verrucose, stellate glabrescent; pedicels 1.5-

2.2 mm long, prominently ridged, glandular

verrucose, stellate tomentose. Sepals broadly

520

deflate, c. 0.7 x 1.2 mm, imbricate in bud,

not or slightly glandular verrucose, tips

acute, adaxial surfaces glabrous, abaxial

surfaces sparsely stellate pubescent at the

base. Petals elliptic, 3.5-37 xc.2 mm, white

to pale pink, dotted with pellucid glands

abaxially, stellate pubescent on both surfaces.

Staminal filaments 1.5-17 mm long, sparsely

(Godwin 2471 ) to densely stellate pubescent,

particularly towards the apex, not or very

slightly glandular distally; anthers 0.8-1 mm

long, apiculum absent. Ovary glabrous; style

with scattered stellate hairs. Cocci c. 4 x 2.5

mm, smooth, glabrous. Seeds not observed.

Fig. 13.

Additional selected specimens examined : Queensland.

Cook District: Timbercamp Creek on road between

Daintree and Bloomfield Rivers, 16°01'S, 145°20'E,

Aug 1972, Webb & Tracey 12158 (BRI); Mt Pieter Botte,

16°05'S, 145°24'E, Jul 1983, Godwin C2471 (BRI);

Thornton Peak [Daintree N.P], on plateau of summit

between the campsite on Hilda Creek and the summit,

16°09'S, 145°22'E, Sep 1984, Clarkson 5556 (BRI,

CANB, HO, K); Hilda Creek, Thornton Peak, 16°10'S,

145°21'E, Sep 1992, Le Cussan 148 (QRS); Thornton

Peak, 16°10'S, 145°23'E, July 1979, Hind 2429, 2431,

2434, 2438 (NSW); loc. cit., 16°10'S, 145°23'E, Nov

1973, Stocker 1099 (CANB, NSW); loc. cit ., Mar 1932,

Brass 2281 (BRI); loc. cit., Sep 1937, Brass & White 207

(BRI); loc. cit., May 1967, Olsen 413 (BRI); loc. cit., Jun

1967, Olsen 413 (NSW).

Notes: Specimens of this species were

included in the broadly circumscribed Zieria

montana by Armstrong (2002). Zieria madida

differs most noticeably from Z. montana by

the leaflets that are entire (versus crenulate),

fewer flowers per inflorescence (3-10, versus

10-20+) and pedicels that are prominently

ridged and glandular verrucose (versus

slightly ridged and not glandular verrucose).

Differences between Z. madida and Z. alata

are outlined under the account of the latter

species.

There is some noteworthy variation in

Z. madida that requires field research: Webb

& Tracey 12158 is more glandular verrucose

than other specimens and apparently from a

fairly low altitude; and the leaflets of Godwin

2471 are more acute than those of other

collections.

Distribution and habitat: The species is

endemic to north-eastern Qld where it has

been found on and around Thornton Peak

Austrobaileya 7(3): 473-544 (2007)

and Mt Pieter Botte within the Wet Tropics

bioregion (Map 6). It has been collected from

a variety of communities including clefts and

crevices in Borya patches, low closed forest

and heath, all usually in exposed, windswept

situations on granite over 900 m. Webb &

Tracey 12158 was collected at around 200

m at the edge of a rock outcrop in complex

mesophyll vineforest on riverine levee.

Phenology : Flowers have been collected in

June, September and November, and fruit in

September.

Conservation status: Zieria madida can

be common where found and there are no

immediate threats; however, the known

area of occupancy is small and there are no

additional areas of potential habitat in the

vicinity. Surveys are required to determine the

number of populations, number of individuals

and the area of occupancy. The species is

present in Daintree N.P. at Thornton Peak. A

conservation status of Near Threatened based

on criterion D (IUCN 2001) is recommended.

Etymology: The specific epithet is derived

from the Latin adjective madidus (moist)

and refers to the wet and misty habitat on

the summits of Thornton Peak and Mt Pieter

Botte.

24. Zieria minutiflora Domin, Biblioth. Bot.

89: 283 (1926). Based on Boronia minutiflora

F.Muell., Fragm. 1: 100 (1858), nom. illeg.

(see Armstrong 2002). Type: Queensland.

Moreton District: Glasshouse Mountains,

Moreton Bay, 1857, F.Mueller s.n. (lecto

[designated by Armstrong (2002: 393)]: MEL

62124; isolecto: K [Herbarium Hookerianum;

2 sheets]).

Zieria minutiflora and Z. obovata appear to

be closely related (see notes under the latter

species). Armstrong (2002) considered that

this species comprised two subspecies, both

of which occur in Qld.

Duretto & Forster, Zieria in Queensland

521

Fig. 13. Zieria madida. A. branch with several flowering inflorescences x 1.5. B. stem node with abaxial view of leaf x

1.5. C. detail of indumentum on abaxial surface of leaflet x 8. D. inflorescence with buds and flower x 4. E. flower x 8.

F. tip of abaxial side of sepal x 20. G-H. views of stamens x 20.1. mature fruit with multiple cocci x 8. A, C & I from

Brass 207 (BRI); B, D-H from Clarkson 5587 (BRI). Del. W. Smith.

522

Austrobaileya 7(3): 473-544 (2007)

Key to the subspecies of Z. minutiflora

1. Ovary and fruit glabrous; pedicels and peduncles glabrous or

glabrescent.subsp. minutiflora

Ovary and fruit hirsute; pedicels and peduncles hirsute, rarely

glabrescent.subsp. trichocarpa

24a. Zieria minutiflora subsp. minutiflora

Illustrations : Williams (1987: 319) [as

Z. minutiflora ]; Armstrong (2002: 394, 395);

Haslam (2004: 114); Logan River Branch

SGAP (QLD Region) Inc. (2005: 176).

Additional selected specimens examined : Queensland.

Wide Bay District: 1 km W of Butler’s Knob, 16 km

N of Gympie, 26°03'S, 152°41'E, Oct 1993, Bean

6692 (BRI); Tewantin S.F. 969, between Tewantin and

Cooroy, 26°23'S, 153°00'E, Feb 1994, Grimshaw G482

(BRI); Conondale Range, S.F. 274 Conondale, c. 1.5 km

E of Funnels Hut road turnoff on Jimna - Kenilworth

road, 26°40'S, 152°37'E, Oct 1982, McDonald 3657 &

Williams (BRI). Moreton District: York Creek, 6 km

NW of Yandina, 26°32'S, 152°54'E, Apr 1993, Bean

5947 (BRI); S.F. 783, 4 km NW of Montville, 26°39'S,

152°51'E, May 2001, Forster PIF27106 et al. (BRI,

MEL, NSW); Adjacent to corner of Sunshine Motorway

& Mooloolabah road, Buderim, 26°40'S, 153°05'E,

Sep 2002, Forster PIF28821 (A, BRI, CANB, L, MEL,

MO, NSW, NY); Summit of Mt Ngungun, Glasshouse

Mtns [N.R], 26°54'S, 152°55'E, May 1993, Powell 4611

(BRI, NSW n.v .); 1 km NNE of Mt Tibrogargan, N of

Beerburrum, 26°55'S, 152°57'E, Feb 1997, Bean 11660

(BRI); Diana’s Bath area, D’Aguilar Range, 9 km E of

Somerset Dam, 27°06'S, 152°38'E, Jun 1993, Forster

PIF13347 et al. (BRI); S.F. 893, Mt Mee, 27°06'S,

152°42'E, Aug 1995, Forster P1F17376 (BRI, MEL).

Distribution and habitat : This subspecies

is widespread from near Coffs Harbour

in NSW through south-eastern Qld with a

northern limit just north of Gympie within the

Southeast Queensland bioregion (Map 6). It

is found as an understorey bush in woodland

dominated by eucalypts such as Corymbia

citriodora , Eucalyptus acmenoides, E. dura,

E. microcorys, E. pilularis, E. racemosa

and Syncarpia glomulifera usually on

metamorphic substrates, volcanics or on

trachyte in the Glasshouse Mountains (not

granite as stated by Armstrong 2002).

Phenology : Flowers and fruit have been

collected throughout the year.

Conservation status: This subspecies is

widespread and common and is present in

various National Parks including Conondales,

Coolum, Glasshouse Mountains, Noosa and

Mooloolah River. An appropriate conservation

status is Least Concern (IUCN 2001).

24b. Zieria minutiflora subsp. trichocarpa

J.A.Armstr., Austral. Syst. Bot. 15: 396 (2002).

Type: Queensland. North Kennedy District:

3.8 km S of Ravenshoe Post Office, on the Tully

Falls road, 17°39'S, 145°31'E, 7 September

1977, J.A.Armstrong 1022 & D.F.Blaxell

(holo: NSW 458956; iso [as per Armstrong

(2002)]: BRI, MEL n.v. [specimen could not

be located], CANB [CANB 333073, CBG

8208513], PERTH n.v).

Zieria sp. 12 (sp. “L”; Russell River, S. Johnson

s.n., 1892 [189]); Briggs and Leigh (1996: 170,

290).

Zieria sp. (Russell River S.Johnson in 1892);

Forster (1997b: 188).

Zieria minutiflora subsp. (Danbulla L.J.Webb

5732); Forster (2002: 181).

Illustrations: Pearson & Pearson (1992: 213)

[as Z. minutiflora ]; Armstrong (2002: 397).

Additional selected specimens examined : Queensland.

Cook District: Danbulla, Feb 1962, Webb 5732 & Tracey

(BRI); S.F.R. 185, Platypus L.A., 17°10'S, 145°30'E,

Feb 1972, Stevens 375 & Dockrill (BRI, QRS); SW of

extension of Gadaloff road, Gadgarra S.F., 17°19'S,

145°42'E, Apr 1995, Horton SH114A (BRI); Hillcrest

on Old Mailmans track [Wooroonooran N.P.], 17°20'S,

145°43'E, Feb 1995, Hunter JH232 (BRI); road to Windin

Falls from S side of basin, 17°20'S, 145°44'E, Mar 1995,

Hunter JH2586 (BRI); S.F.R. 194, Atherton, Nov 1973,

Hartley 14153 (BRI, CANB n.v .); Stuart Head, 4.5 km

E of Herberton, 17°23'S, 145°26'E, Jan 1998, Wannan

BSW535 (BRI); Towalla lookout, 17°27'S, 145°46'E,

May 1995, Jago 3436 (BRI); S.F. 488, near Ravenshoe,

17°38'S, 145°29'E, Mar 2004, McDonald KRM1910

(BRI). North Kennedy District: Rapid Creek, Princess

Hills section of Lumholtz N.P, 18°23'S, 145°36'E, May

1994, Camming 13023 (BRI); 32 km S of Cardwell,

Bishops Peak, eastern spur, 18°28'S, 146°08'E, Nov

1991, Halford 0711 (BRI); Bishop Peak, Hinchinbrook

Channel N.P, N of Ingham, 18°29'S, 146°08'E, May

1991, Bean 3254 (BRI). South Kennedy District: Dicks

Tableland, Eungella N.P, 20°59'S, 148°31'E, Sep 1991,

Bean 3666 (BRI). Port Curtis District: Shoalwater

Duretto & Forster, Zieria in Queensland

523

Bay, Mt Parnassus sector, 22°51'S, 150°34'E, Jun 1999,

Brushe JB1933 & Power (BRI); near Mt Atherton, Dec

1992, Meter RM72 (BRI); Upper Stony Creek area in

Bowenia S.F., c. 30 km NNW of Yeppoon, May 1982,

Anderson 3034 (BRI); Byfield, Keppel Bay, Sep 1931,

White 8040 (BRI). Leichhardt District: Blackdown

Tableland [N.P.], c. 35 km SE of Blackwater, campsite at

old stockyard on Mimosa Creek, Sep 1971, Henderson

H1164 et al. (BRI).

Distribution and habitat : This subspecies

is endemic to Qld within the Brigalow

Belt, Central Queensland Coast, Einasleigh

Uplands and Wet Tropics bioregions and is

widespread with a northern limit at Danbulla

on the Atherton Tablelands and a southern,

somewhat disjunct limit at Blackdown

Tableland (Map 6). Recent collections have

partially filled in the distributional gap north

of By field as mapped by Armstrong (2002).

The subspecies occurs in woodland dominated

by eucalypts on a wide range of substrates

including sandstone and granite.

Phenology : Flowers have been collected from

January to November and fruit from February

to October.

Conservation status : Zieria minutiflora

subsp. trichocarpa is common and widespread

with populations in National Parks such as

BlackdownTableland,Eungella,Hinchinbrook

Channel, Fumholtz and Wooroonooran. An

appropriate conservation status is Least

Concern (IUCN 2001).

25. Zieria montana J.A.Armstr., Austral.

Syst. Bot. 15: 398 (2002). Type: Queensland.

Moreton District: Mt Barney, in saddle

between east and west peaks, 26 September

1977, J.A.Armstrong 1142 & J.Powell (holo:

NSW 368627; iso [as per Armstrong (2002)]:

AD n.v., BRI, CANB 559205, K n.v., MEF

n.v. [specimen could not be located], PERTH

n.v).

Illustrations: Armstrong (2002: 399, Fig.

86A,B,D,E).

Shrub to 2.5 metres tall, forming an open

compact bush. Stems erect, wiry; branches

very prominently ridged, conspicuously

scarred from the fallen buds and leaves, slightly

glandular verrucose when young, glabrous to

glabrescent; older branches lenticellate and

corky. Leaves palmately trifoliolate; petioles

10-20 mm long, slightly glandular verrucose,

glabrous or glabrescent; terminal leaflets

elliptic to obovate, 20-45 x (5-) 10-17 mm,

laminae not glandular verrucose, tips obtuse,

margins flat, thickened, crenulate (particularly

towards the tip), midveins raised abaxially,

secondary venation obscure, adaxial surfaces

glabrous except for scattered hairs along

midvein, abaxial surfaces glabrous; lateral

leaflets similar to terminal leaflets, smaller

or longer. Inflorescence axillary, shorter

than the subtending leaf, 10-20 + -flowered,

all or most of flowers opening at once, not

or slightly glandular verrucose, sparse

indumentum of stellate hairs; peduncle 5-17

mm long, ridged; bracts scale or leaf like,

deciduous, to 5 mm long, slightly verrucose,

stellate pubescent on both surfaces; pedicels

slightly ridged, 1.5-4 mm long, not glandular

verrucose, stellate tomentose. Sepals broadly

to transversely ovate, 0.7-1 x c. 1 mm, valvate

or slightly imbricate in bud, very slightly

glandular verrucose, tips obtuse, adaxial

surfaces glabrescent, abaxial surfaces stellate

glabrescent to pubescent at the base. Petals

elliptic to broad elliptic, 4-4.5 x c. 2 mm,

white, fringed with pink, imbricate in bud,

dotted with pellucid glands, stellate pubescent

on both surfaces. Staminal filaments c. 1.8

mm long, glabrous or hirsute with stellate

hairs particularly towards the apex, not or

slightly glandular verrucose distally; anthers

c. 0.8 mm long, apiculum absent. Gynoecium

glabrous. Cocci [mature not observed] slightly

glandular verrucose, glabrous, base of style

persistent forming a minute apical apiculum.

Mature seeds not observed.

Additional selected specimens examined : Queensland.

Moreton District: Mt Barney [N.P.], south slopes,

28°17'S, 152°4TE, Oct 1992, Forster PIF11879 et al.

(BRI, MEL); Mt Barney, Rum Jungle, 28°17'S, 152°41'E,

Sep 1994, Forster PIF15724 (BRI, HO, MEL); Vicinity

of hut, Mt Barney, Dec 1974, McDonald 759 (BRI); Mt

Barney, 28°17'S, 152°42'E, Jun 1972, Bell 535 (BRI).

Notes: Armstong (2002) included specimens

from Mt Barney (south-east Qld) to the

Thornton Peak area (north-east Qld) in his

concept of Zieria montana. He noted that

specimens from Mt William (Eungella

N.P, central Qld) had smaller leaves than

plants from other areas. The material from

Mt William is recognised here as a distinct

524

species, Z. eungaellensis (see above). Other

populations from Qld are here described

as Z. alata (Mt Lewis area, Cook District),

Z. madida (Thornton Peak area, Cook

District), Z. boolbunda (Mt Perry area,

Burnett District) and Z. scopulus (Mt Elliot

and Flinders Peak, Moreton District).

The collection from Hinchinbrook Island

(Fell DF1230 ) cited by Armstrong (2002)

under Z. montana is actually a specimen of

Z. robertsiorum (see below).

Material illustrated as Zieria montana

(Logan River Branch (SGAP Qld Region Inc.)

2005) and that originated from the Lions road

to the Pinnacle in northern NSW (G.Leiper

pers. comm. Jan 2006) is not supported

by vouchers and its taxonomic status is

uncertain.

Distribution and habitat : Zieria montana is

endemic to Qld and is restricted to Mt Barney

within the Southeast Queensland bioregion

(Map 4). It is found in clefts and crevices on

rocky, granophyre (Willmott 2004) outcrops

in low heath or microphyll moss/fern thicket.

Phenology : Flowers have been collected

from September to December. Fruiting time

is unknown.

Conservation status : All known populations

of this species are found in Mt Barney N.P A

conservation status of Vulnerable based on

the criterion D2 (IUCN 2001) is appropriate

for this species. Surveys are required to

determine the number of populations, number

of individuals and an area of occupancy.

Perceived threats are too frequent fires in the

habitat and localised destruction of plants by

bushwalkers.

26. Zieria obovata (C.T.White) J.A.Armstr.,

Austral. Syst. Bot. 15: 408 (2002); Zieria

aspalathoide sA.Cxmn. exBenth. var. obovatum

C.T.White, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland

53: 208 (1942). Type: Queensland. North

Kennedy District: Herberton, January 1912,

F.H.Kenny s.n. (holo: BRI [AQ337221]).

Zieria sp. (Herberton J.A.Armstrong 1025);

Forster (1997b: 188).

Illustrations : Armstrong (2002: 409, 410).

Austrobaileya 7(3): 473-544 (2007)

Correction to description given in Armstrong

(2002): Adaxial surfaces of leaflets glabrescent

to sparsely pilose.

Additional selected specimens examined : Queensland.

North Kennedy District: Wild River Gorge, 5 miles

[8.3 km] from Herberton, 17°22'S, 145°25'E, Jun 1972,

Wrigley & TelfordNQ 750(C ANB); W ild River, Herberton,

17°23'S, 145°23'E, Mar 1996, Jago 3834 (BRI); 2 km W

of Herberton, 17°23'S, 145°23'E, Dec 2000, Freeman

‘Rush Track 13 ’ (BRI); Herberton, Macleod Street trail,

17°23'S, 145°23'E, Feb 2003, Holmes 211 & Holmes

(BRI); Herberton Weir, Wild River, S branch, 17°23'S,

145°25'E, Feb 1990, Forster PIF6251 (BRI); Wild River

Dam, 17°24'S, 145°24'E, Feb 1989, Jones 3530 (CANB);

Herberton, Atherton road, mountain to west of Caravan

Park, Jun 1975, Sharpe 1458 (BRI).

Notes: Zieria obovata is closely related to

Z. minutiflora. Armstrong (2002:411) said that

the former differs from the latter by ‘having

non-emarginate lamina that are glabrous

on the upper surface’. His description of

Z. obovata (p. 408) indicated that the adaxial

surfaces of the leaves are glabrescent with the

hairs confined to the midrib or scattered over

the surface. Specimens seen of Z. obovata

have adaxial leaflet surfaces that are

glabrescent to sparsely pilose while those of

Z. minutiflora are densely pilose. The leaflets

of Z. minutiflora are not always emarginate.

The main distinguishing character that can be

used to separate the species is the relative size

of the inflorescence: in Z. obovata they are

longer than the leaves and in Z. minutiflora

they are usually shorter, at least at anthesis.

Field and laboratory research is required to

ascertain if the recognition of Z. obovata

as a species distinct from Z. minutiflora is

warranted.

Distribution and habitat: Zieria obovata is

endemic to Qld with a restricted distribution

in the area around Herberton within the

Wet Tropics bioregion (Map 4). The species

occurs in wet open eucalypt forest in rocky

areas based on granite substrates. Specimens

purportedly collected from Trinity Bay in

1882 (Fitzgerald s.n. [MEL622969 & 62274]);

listed by Armstrong (2002) under Infraspecific

variation and Specimens Examined only)

are assumed to have erroneous locality

information.

Phenology: Flowers and fruits have been

collected from September to March and in

June.

Duretto & Forster, Zieria in Queensland

Conservation status : Zieria obovata should

be allocated a similar conservation status to

co-occurring near endemics such as Parsonsia

wildensis J.B.Williams (Rare with a 2006

reassessment recommending that this be

changed to Vulnerable) or Tylophora rupicola

RI.Forst. (Endangered). An appropriate

conservation status is Vulnerable based

on the criterion D2 (IUCN 2001). Surveys

are required to determine the number of

populations, number of individuals and the

area of occupancy.

27. Zieria rimulosa C.T.White, Proc. Roy.

Soc. Queensland 53: 210 (1942). Type:

Queensland. Cook District: Mt Mulligan,

21 April 1931, McDonald 450 (holo: BRI

[AQ520879], iso: QRS).

Illustrations : Armstrong (2002: 428, 429).

Additional specimens examined : Cook District: Reedy

Creek, Carbine Tableland, 16°24'S, 145°11'E, Aug 2003,

Burnett KRM1919 (BRI); Mt Mulligan, c. 40 km NW of

Dimbulah, 16°54'S, 144°51'E, Sep 1986, Clarkson 6587

(BRI, CANB); loc. cit., Apr 1985, Clarkson 5926 (BRI,

CANB, MEL); loc. cit. , Apr 1985, Clarkson 5802 (BRI,

MEL).

Distribution and habitat : This species is

endemic to north Qld and known from Mt

Mulligan and the Carbine Tableland within the

Einasleigh Uplands bioregion (Map 4). Plants

occur on sandstone pavement or clifflines.

Phenology : Flowers and fruits have been

collected in April.

Conservation status : This species is listed as

Vulnerable in Qld (NCR 2006).

28. ZieriarobertsiorumJ.A.Armstr.,v4wVra/.

Syst. Bot. 15: 429 (2002). Type: Queensland.

Cook District: Mt Finnigan, 7 September

1948, L.J.Brass 20113 (holo: BRI; iso [as per

Armstrong (2002)]: CANB n.v .).

Illustrations: Armstrong (2002: 431, 432).

Shrub to 2 m tall, forming an open compact

bush. Stems erect to decumbent, wiry;

branches with slight to prominently decurrent

leaf bases, not glandular verrucose, with a

moderately dense indumentum of mainly

stellate hairs evenly spread around branches,

becoming glabrous with age. Leaves palmately

trifoliolate, not or very rarely slightly

glandular verrucose; petioles 2.5-10 mm long,

525

glabrescent or having a sparse to moderately

dense stellate indumentum; terminal leaflets

elliptic to obovate, 6-23 (-28) x 2.5-11 mm,

tips obtuse or slightly acute (Hinchinbrook

Is.), margins entire, flat or slightly recurved

(sometimes revolute on drying), midribs on

abaxial surfaces raised, secondary veins

obscure, adaxial surfaces with few hairs

along midribs or with a sparse to moderately

dense stellate indumentum, abaxial surfaces

with a sparse to moderately dense stellate

indumentum, sometimes only on midribs

(Malbon Thompson & Lamb Ranges); lateral

leaflets similar to terminal leaflets though

usually shorter. Inflorescence axillary, shorter

than or nearly equal to subtending leaf, usually

3-10-flowered though only 1-3 flowers

open at any time, not glandular verrucose,

with a sparse to moderately dense stellate

indumentum; peduncle 1.5-12 mm long;

bracts scale to leaf like, persistent, to 3 mm

long; pedicels 2.5-4.5 mm long. Sepals almost

semi-circular to broadly deflate, 0.7-1 x 1-1.2

mm, slightly imbricate in bud, not or slightly

glandular verrucose, tips obtuse to acute,

adaxial surfaces with scattered appressed

simple and stellate hairs, abaxial surfaces

with a dense stellate indumentum though

this sometimes confined to the base. Petals

elliptic, 1.5-3.5 x 1.2-1.5 mm, white, dotted

with pellucid glands; adaxial surfaces with a

dense stellate indumentum, abaxial surfaces

with a moderately dense stellate indumentum,

denser along margins. Staminal filaments c.

1.5 mm long, glabrous or glabrescent or with

scattered stellate hairs, slightly glandular or

not at tip; anthers c. 0.6 mm long, apiculum

absent. Ovary glabrous or with a sparse

stellate indumentum; style glabrous. Cocci

c. 3x2 mm, smooth, glabrous, base of style

persistent forming a minute apical apiculum.

Seeds oblong-ovoid, 2-2.5 x 1.2-1.5 mm,

black, dull, longitudinally striate.

Additional specimens examined : Queensland. Cook

District: Mt Finnigan, S of Cooktown, Dec 1991,

McDonald s.n. (BRI [AQ520392]); Cedar Bay N.P., Mt

Finnigan summit area above Horans Creek, 15°49'S,

145°16'E, Oct 1999, Forster PIF25031 & Booth (BRI);

Mt Finnigan, on summit, 15°49'S, 145°18'E, Sep 1992,

Armstrong 1032 (CANB, NSW); S.F.607, Kahlpahlim

Rock, Lamb Range, 17°01'S, 145°37'E, May 2000,

Forster PIF25766 et al. (BRI, HO, MEL, NSW); loc. cit.,

Apr 2005, Forster PIF30637 et al. (BRI, HO); Hilltop

526

0.5 km SEofKahlpahlim Rock with telecommunications,

Jul 2000, Wannan 1845 (CANB); Kahlpahlim Rock,

Jul 2000, Wannan 1844 (BRI); Lamb Range, near

summit Lamb’s Head, 17°01'S, 145°38'E, Mar 1992, Le

Cussan 81 (QRS); Lamb’s Head, Lamb Range, 17°02'S,

145°38'E, s.dat., Godwin s.n. (BRI [AQ408269]); Bell

Peak, c. 15 km E of Gordonvale, 17°05'S, 145°52'E, Jul

1995, Jago 3531 (BRI); North Bell Peak, summit area,

Malbon Thompson Range, 17°05'S, 145°52'E, Nov

1995, Forster PIF18047 et al. (BRI, MEL); Bell Peak,

17°07'S, 145°52'E, 1996, Godwin C4293 et al. (BRI).

North Kennedy District: Hinchinbrook Island, Mt

Bowen summit, [Hinchinbrook Channel N.P] 18°21'S,

146°15'E, Jul 1988, Fell DF1230 (CANB); Hinchinbrook

Island, ridge 1 km N of Mt Bowen, Aug 1975, Hockings

s.n. (BRI [AQ229910]); c. 2 km NW of Mt Diamantina

[Hinchinbrook Channel N.P], 18°25'S, 146°17'E, Dec

2000, Kemp TH2504 (BRI).

Notes : Armstrong (2002) indicated that the

sepals or calyx lobes of Zieria robertsiorum

are almost semi-circular with an obtuse to

rounded apex. Though most of the material

from the type locality (the summit of Mt

Finnigan) do have sepals of this nature, others

(e.g. McDonald s.n. (BRI [AQ520392]))

have sepals with an acute apex. The density

of the indumentum on the abaxial surfaces

of the sepals also varies at Mt Finnigan:

the indumentum may be dense and evenly

spread over the entire surface or more or less

confined to the base of the sepal. Specimens

from further south have sepals with acute

tips and with the indumentum more or less

confined to the base on the abaxial surfaces.

Sepals of this nature are similar to those of

Z. smithii subsp. tomentosa sensu Armstrong

(2002). Z. smithii subsp. tomentosa has

leaflets with acute tips (versus usually obtuse

in Z. robertsiorum ) and branches without

obvious decurrent leaf bases (versus obvious).

The specimens collected from Hinchinbrook

Island have a sparse to moderately dense

stellate indumentum on the adaxial surfaces

of the leaves (versus glabrescent) and ovary

(versus normally glabrous).

Armstrong (2002) indicated that the

branches of Zieria robertsiorum were

prominently ridged. Though the branches

do have decurrent leaf bases that can be

prominent they are not always so and thus

may prove problematic when using his key.

Further field and laboratory research is

required to determine if the morphological

Austrobaileya 7(3): 473-544 (2007)

differences between the disjunct populations

of Zieria robertsiorum warrants taxonomic

recognition. This research should include

surveys of intervening areas of similar habitat.

Any detailed study of variation in Z. smithii

(see discussion under that species) should also

include Z. boolbunda and Z. robertsiorum.

A specimen of Zieria eungellaensis from

Mt David (Bean 4435 ) in the Mackay area, is

superficially similar to Z. robertsiorum but

differs in having leaflets with acute (versus

obtuse) tips and a sparse indumentum of

simple and bifid hairs (versus a sparse to

moderately dense stellate indumentum) on

the abaxial surface. See further discussion

under Z. eungellaensis.

Distribution and habitat: Zieria robertsiorum

is endemic to north-eastern Qld where it is

restricted to the Wet Tropics bioregion (Map

11). Armstrong (2002) stated that this species

was restricted to the “summit of Mt Finnegan

[sic]”; however various collections, mostly

since the 1980s, have revealed that it is found

also to the south on the Malbon Thompson

and Lamb Ranges, and on Mt Bowen and

Mt Diamantina on Hinchinbrook Island. In

all cases it has been collected in clefts and

crevices in windswept shrubland in granite

boulderfields or pavements at or above 1000

m, often in saxicolous mats composed of

sedges and other monocotyledonous plants.

This community type is usually clearly

delimited from the surrounding vegetation of

upland rainforest.

Phenology: Flowers have been collected

from May to December, and fruit from July

to December.

Conservation status: This species may be

locally common and is present in Cedar

Bay and Hinchinbrook Channel National

Parks and a number of Forest Reserves and

State Forests. There are no perceived current

threats. An appropriate conservation status is

Least Concern (IUCN 2001).

29. Zieria scopulus Duretto & P.I.Forst.,

species nova a Z. montana J.A.Armstrong

foliolis minoribus (11-25 x 2-9 mm adversum

20-45 x (5-) 10—17 mm), foliis basi infirme

decurrentibus (non manifeste decurrentibus)

Duretto & Forster, Zieria in Queensland

527

et floribus in inflorescentiis omnibus in

sequentia maturantibus (non coaetaneis);

et a Z actites Duretto & P.I.Forst. caulibus

glandulari-verrucosis (non glabris) differt.

Typus: Queensland. Moreton District: Mt

Elliot, 30 km S of Ipswich, 31 May 1990,

L.H.Bird s.n. (holo: BRI [AQ472279]; iso:

CANB).

Zieria sp. (Flinders Peak S.L.Everist 1169);

Forster (2007: 183).

Shrub to at least 1 m, forming an open

compact bush. Stems erect, wiry; branches

with decurrent leaf bases, sometimes

faintly so, weakly glandular verrucose with

occasional prominent gland, glabrous. Leaves

palmately trifoliolate; petioles 5-11 mm long,

very slightly glandular verrucose, glabrous

or glabrescent; terminal leaflets elliptic or

slightly ovate, 11-23 x 3-9 mm, laminae

not glandular verrucose, tips acute, margins

crenulate, especially in distal half, flat to

slightly recurved (sometimes revolute on

drying), midribs raised abaxially, secondary

veins obscure, glabrous apart from few simple

hairs on the proximal portion of the midribs

on the adaxial surfaces; lateral leaflets similar

to terminal leaflets though may be slightly

longer or shorter. Inflorescence axillary,

shorter to slightly longer than the subtending

leaf, 1-20-flowered though only 1-3 flowers

open or in fruit at any one time, not glandular

verrucose; peduncle 4-18 mm long, glabrous

or glabrescent with stellate hairs; bracts scale

like, persistent, to 1 mm long, glabrescent;

pedicels 2.5-5 mm long, glabrous or

glabrescent with stellate hairs. Sepals deflate,

0.7-1 x 0.7-1 mm, valvate in bud, not glandular

verrucose, tips acute, glabrous. Petals elliptic,

2-2.5 x c. 1.5 mm, white, valvate in bud,

dotted with pellucid glands, adaxial surfaces

densely stellate pubescent along margins,

pilose centrally, abaxial surfaces densely

stellate pubescent along margins, sparsely

stellate pubescent centrally. Staminal

filaments 1-1.2 mm long, glabrous, slightly

glandular towards apex; anthers c. 0.6 mm

long, apiculum absent. Gynoecium glabrous.

Cocci 3-4.5 x 2-2.5 mm, smooth, glabrous,

base of style sometimes persistent forming a

minute apical apiculum. Seeds oblong-ovoid,

c. 2.7 x 1.5 mm, black, dull, longitudinally

striate. Fig. 14.

Additional specimens examined: Moreton District:

Flinders Peak, Jun 1935, Everist 1155 & 1169 (BRI).

Notes: Collections of Zieria scopulus were

included by Armstrong (2002) in his concept

of Z. montana ; however it differs from that

species by the smaller leaves, less pronounced

decurrent leaf bases and by having flowers

on any one inflorescence that mature in a

staggered manner (versus simultaneously).

Z scopulus appears to be related to Z actites

(described above) though it differs noticeably

from that species in having stems that are

weakly glandular verrucose (versus smooth).

Distribution and habitat: This species is

apparently confined to Flinders Peak and Mt

Elliot, near Ipswich, South-East Queensland

bioregion (Map 12). On Flinders Peak it is

found growing in cracks and crevices on

trachytic tuff on the top and on the south¬

western side of the mountain. At Mt Elliot it

is found on steep, stony ridges and clifflines

of trachyte. The ‘Flinders Group’ of plugs and

dykes includes Flinders Peak, Ivory’s Rock,

Mts Blaine, Elliot, Goolman and Perry; all

are composed of various types of trachyte

(Willmott 2004).

Phenology: Flowers and fruit have been

collected in May and June.

Conservation status: The collector’s notes

indicate that the species was common on the

south-western side of Flinders Peak (a council

controlled Conservation Park) though not

common at the summit. There is no data on

the size of the population at Mt Elliot. On the

basis of the highly restricted distribution, this

species can be assessed as Vulnerable on the

basis of the D2 criterion (IUCN 2001).

Etymology. The specific epithet is derived

from the Latin scopulus (rock, cliff or crag)

and alludes to the populations of this plant

occurring on isolated rocky peaks. This is

intended as a noun in apposition.

528

Austrobaileya 7(3): 473-544 (2007)

Fig. 14. Zieria scopulus. A. branch with several budding and fruiting inflorescences x 1.5. B. abaxial view of leaf x

3. C. detail of indumentum on abaxial surface of leaflet x 8. D. inflorescence with flower and buds x 4. E. flower x 8.

F. tip of sepal x 20. G-H. views of stamens x 20. I. mature fruit with multiple cocci x 8. A-C, I from Bird s.n. (BRI

[AQ472289]); D-H from Evens! 1169 (BRI). Del. W. Smith.

30. Zieria smithii Jacks, in Andrews, Bot.

Repos. 9: t. 606 (1810). Type: “Communicated

last April by A.B.Lambert, esq., from his

collection...” (lecto [icono]: Andrews ibid, t.

606 [designated by Armstrong (2002: 436)]).

Zieria smithii subsp. tomentosa J.A.Armstr.,

Austral. Syst. Bot. 15: 440 (2002), syn.

nov. Type: Queensland. Cook District:

Just above Walsh Falls on the Wallum Trig

Road, c. 6.5 km N of Atherton, 17°16'S,

145°25'E, 9 September 1977, J.A.Armstrong

1027 & J.M.Powell (holo: BRI; iso [as per

Armstrong (2002)]: CBG n.v., MEL 2067265,

NSW 433230 n.v., PERTH n.v.)

Duretto & Forster, Zieria in Queensland

529

Zieria sp. (Mt Ballow, G.Leiper AQ473220);

Forster (1997b: 188; 2002: 181; 2007: 183).

Illustrations : Pearson & Pearson (1989: 405);

Hauser & Blok (1998: 368); Armstrong (2002:

438, 439, 441, 442); Haslam (2004: 312);

Logan River Branch SGAP (QLD Region)

Inc. (2002: 328) [as Z sp. Mt Ballow],

Additional selected specimens examined : Queensland.

Cook District: Davies Creek, Aug 1999, Wannan 1393

& Wilson (BRI, CANB, NSW); S.F. 194, Mt Baldy,

Herberton Range, 17°20'S, 145°24'E, Feb 2001, Forster

P1F26731 (A, BRI, HO, L, MEL, NSW, NY). North

Kennedy District: Mt Stewart, E of Herberton, 17°23'S,

145°26'E, Jan 1998, Jago 4650 (BRI, NSW); Near top

of Mt Westminster Abbey [Lumholtz N.P.], 18°25'S,

146°02'E, May 1992, Camming 12014 (BRI); Frederick

Peak, 25 km SW of Townsville, 19°24'S, 146°37'E, May

1991, Bean 3207 (BRI); Mt Abbot, 50 km W of Bowen,

20°06'S, 147°46'E, Oct 1992, Bean 5172 (BRI). South

Kennedy District: Swampy Ridge, W of Eungella

township, 21°05'S, 148°26'E, May 1992, Bean 4462

(BRI). Leichhardt District: Bat Cave Gorge, Palmgrove

NP., Bigge Range, NW of Taroom, 24°53'S, 149°27'E,

Sep 1999, Forster PIF24711 & Booth (BRI, MEL); Near

Get Down, Robinson Gorge, Expedition N.P, 25°18'S,

149°10'E, Sep 1995, Forster PIF17729 & Figg(AD, BRI,

MEL, NSW). Maranoa District: Spring Creek Gorge,

Carnarvon Ranges, Oct 1933, White 9492 (BRI). Port

Curtis District: Rainbow Falls, Blackdown Tableland

[N.P], 23°51'S, 149°06'E, Jul 1992, Bean 4661 (BRI,

NSW); E escarpment of Kroombit Tops [N.P], SW of

Gladstone, 24°23'S, 151°02'E, Bean 13130 (BRI); Dawes

Range road, S.F. 67 Bulburin, E of Builyan, 24°35'S,

151°30'E, Mar 1995, Bean 8420 (BRI). Burnett District:

Cania Gorge N.P., near ‘Dripping Rock’, 24°43'S,

150°59'E, Nov 1993, Bean 6961 (BRI); E Boogalgopal

L.A., Coominglah S.F., W of Monto, 24°55'S, 150°56'E,

Nov 1995, Bean 9109 & Turpin (BRI). Wide Bay

District: Great Sandy N.P, Fraser Island, near Waddy

Point Ranger Station, 24°57'S, 153°20'E, Sep 2004,

Forster PIF30279 & Leiper (BRI); Mt Benarige, S.F. 57,

St Mary, 25°41'S, 152°27'E, Jun 1993, Forster PIF13391

& Machin (BRI, CANB). Darling Downs District:

Passchendale S.F., Aug 1983, Flarslett s.n. (BRI [AQ

349640], CANB). Moreton District: Spicers Peak, W

peak. Main Range N.P., 28°05'S, 152°23'E, Sep 1995,

Forster PIF17649 et al. (BRI); Mt Huntley, summit area.

Main Range N.P., 28°08'S, 152°25'E, Sep 1994, Forster

P1F15754 & Leiper (AD, BRI, MEL, NSW); Main Range

N.P., N of Mt Steamer, Lophostemon Knoll, 28°1TS,

152°26'E, Sep 1999, Forster PIF24882 & Leiper (BRI,

MEL, NSW); Miller’s property, Springbrook, 28°1TS,

153°15'E, Jan 2002, Searle s.n. (BRI [AQ 732953]);

Near Patts Bluff, Lamington N.P, 28°13'S, 153°06'E,

Mar 2000, Bean 16132 (BRI, HO); Mt Gillies, 28°16'S,

152°45'E, Oct 1992, Forster PIF12114 & Reilly (BRI,

MEL).

Notes : Armstrong (1991a, 1991b, 2002)

divided Zieria smithii into two subspecies,

viz. subsp. smithii and subsp. tomentosa , on

the basis of the density of the indumentum on

the young branches, petioles and the abaxial

surface of the leaflets. Armstrong & Harden

(2002) indicated that the distinction between

the subspecies is difficult to maintain and

so did not describe them in their treatment

of Zieria for the Flora of New South Wales.

The distinction between these subspecies

in Qld is also difficult to maintain and they

are not recognised here despite the northern

populations being distinctive in appearance.

In his description of Zieria smithii ,

Armstrong (2002) stated that the branches of

the species are ‘tuberculate (strongly so)’ [the

term verrucose is used here]. Most specimens

seen for Qld have smooth branches unlike

many specimens from NSW and Victoria.

Z. smithii shows considerable variation over

its range in the density of the indumentum on

various organs, degree of verrucosity of the

stems, petioles, leaflets and sepals, size of the

leaflets, size and shape of the sepals etc.

Some plants from north-eastern Qld

{Forster PIF26731 ) and Eungella N.P. {Jones

11608 ) tend to be slender with relatively small

leaves. The density and extent of the stellate

indumentum on the abaxial surface of the

sepals is also highly variable in these plants:

hairs may be confined to the base of the sepals,

as with most plants from further south, or

spread evenly over the entire surface. Zieria

smithii subsp. tomentosa is based on plants

from north-east Qld and the type is similar to

these collections.

Plants from the Blackdown Tableland have

glabrous stems that are slightly to strongly

glandular verrucose. Similar plants are found

on Kroombit Tops but sometimes these have

stems with a sparse stellate indumentum.

The near coastal sandy areas of south-eastern

Qld (including the sand islands) have large-

leaved plants with smooth stems that have

a moderately dense stellate indumentum.

Similar plants are found on the Springbrook

and Lamington Plateaux but they usually

have glabrous stems. Also on the Lamington

Plateau and the ‘Scenic Rim’ are plants

with slightly glandular verrucose leaves and

sepals.

530

Detailed field and laboratory research is

required to determine how many subspecific

or additional specific taxa, if any, should be

recognized for the populations referred here

to Zieria smithii. These studies should include

Z. boolbunda and Z. robertsiorum.

Distribution and habitat : Zieria smithii is

found in Victoria, NSW and Qld. In Qld it

is found from the MacPherson Range and

the ‘Scenic Rim’ north to near Atherton. It

occurs in the Brigalow Belt, New England

Tableland, Southeast Queensland and Wet

Tropics bioregions. It occurs in a variety of

communities including rainforest, rainforest-

sclerophyll ecotones, in open woodland or

forest dominated by Eucalyptus , Corymbia ,

Syncarpia etc., including on occasion,

Agathis , and in heath and swampy areas. It is

also found in rocky areas in rainforests, along

creeks, in gorge country and along cliff lines

etc. It has been collected on a wide variety of

substrates including granite, sandstone, sand

and trachyte.

Phenology : Flowers and fruits mainly

between January and September though

fertile collections have been made in all other

months.

Conservation status : The species is common

and widespread with many populations in

National Parks. An appropriate conservation

status is Least Concern (IUCN 2001).

31. Zieria southwellii J.A.Armstr., Austral.

Syst. Bot. 15: 443 (2002). Type: New South

Wales. North Coast: Dorrigo Plateau, Mt

Moombil, 6 km SE of Megan, 30°19'S,

152°52'E, 10 September 1988, I.R.Telford

10705 (holo: CANB [CBG 8802857]; iso

[as per Armstrong (2002)]: BRI, HO n.v.

[specimen has not been located], NSW n.v.,

PERTH n.v.).

Zieria sp. (Lamington G.Leiper AQ502702);

Forster (1997b: 188; 2002: 181).

Illustrations : Armstrong (2002: 444, 445);

Logan River Branch SGAP (QLD Region)

Inc. (2005: 364).

Additional specimens examined: Queensland.

Moreton District: Wagawn, Aug 1959, Blake 20603

(BRI, CANB); 1.2 km along Carrick road, Springbrook,

28°11'S, 153°16'E, Oct 1997, Bean 12495 (BRI); Boy-

Austrobaileya 7(3): 473-544 (2007)

ull Creek, Springbrook, 28°13'S, 153°16'E, Sep 1993,

Forster PIF13881 & Leiper (BRI, CANB); Wagawn,

Lamington N.R, 28°15'S, 153°13'E, Apr 1994, Forster

PIF 15120 & Leiper (BRI, K, MEL, NSW); Near

Orchid Grotto, Lamington N.P., 28°14'S, 153°08'E,

Aug 1994, Forster PIF15672 & Leiper (BRI); he. cit.,

Oct 1991, Ross 3438 (HO, MEL); Coomera Circuit,

Lamington N.P., 28°14'S, 153°11'E, Jan 1995, Forster

PIF16063 & Leiper (BRI, MEL, NSW); Junimbabah

Lookout, Lamington N.P, Nov 1990, Leiper s.n. (BRI

[AQ502702]); Lamington Plateau, Moonlight Crag, near

O’Reilly’s Guest House, 28°16'S, 153°09'E, May 1994,

Leiper s.n. (BRI [AQ627912]); Coomera Circuit, N of

Coomera Falls, Lamington N.P, Oct 1994, McDonald

6161 (BRI); Lamington N.P, Beechmont, Jun 1957,

Wilson 697 (BRI). New South Wales. Along road to

Mt Nardi, NE of Nimbin, 28°33'S, 153°18'E, Oct 1994,

Bean 7958 (BRI, MEL, NSW); Peates Mt road, Whian

Whian S.F., N of Lismore, 28°35'S, 153°22'E, Sep 1994,

Bean 7920 (BRI); T-junction, 1.2 km N of Lowanna, W

of Coffs Harbour, 30°12'S, 152°53'E, Sep 2000, Bean

16876 (BRI, NSW); Dibbs Head, Dorrigo N.P, 30°22'S,

152°49'E, May 1994, Bean 7712 (BRI, NSW); Whian

Whian S.F., Gibbergunyah road, c. 30 km N Lismore,

Nov 1992, Read s.n. (BRI [AQ580930], NE n.v.).

Distribution and habitat: Zieria southwellii is

found in the extreme south-east corner of the

Southeast Queensland bioregion and in north¬

eastern NSW to as far south as Dorrigo N.P. In

Qld, Z. southwellii is found in the Springbrook

area and in Lamington N.P. (Map 2). Plants

grow either in tall open eucalypt forest on

rhyolitic or metamorphic substrates with

canopy species that may include Eucalyptus

acmenoides, E. campanulata, E. grandis,

E. microcorys, E. oreades, E. saligna and

Lophostemon confertus and midstorey

species that include Allocasuarina torulosa

and Acacia orites, or in simple moss-fern

thicket on basalt substrates, with a very open

canopy.

Phenology: Flowers have been collected from

August to December, and fruit in August.

Conservation status: Armstrong (2002)

considered that the “conservation status of

this species cannot be reliably determined

until more information is available”. Zieria

southwellii is common and widespread

throughout its range, with large populations in

National Parks at Dorrigo and Mt Warning in

NSW, and Lamington in Qld. An appropriate

conservation status is Least Concern (IUCN

2001 ).

Duretto & Forster, Zieria in Queensland

531

32. Zieria tenuis Duretto & P.I.Forst.

species nova a Z. collina C.T.White calycis

lobis angusti-triangularis triangularibus

(in ilia late ovatis), petalis elliptico-ovatis

et majoribus (2-2.5 mm longitudine) (in ilia

ovata ovatis et minoribus longitudine 1.2-2

mm) et coccis praeditis appendice apicali

(adversus appendicem deficientem); et a

Z. cytisoides Sm. foliolis angusti-ellipticis

usque oblongis (adversum foliola elliptica

usque obovata) ratione longitudinis latitudini

3.7-6 (adversum 1.8-3.3), indumento stellato-

tomentoso coarcte in folii pagina inferiore (in

ilia hirta usque ad 1 mm longa longitudine) et

venatione obscure obscura laterali in pagina

abaxiali foliolorum (adversum venationem

manifeste elevatam) differt. Typus:

Queensland. Cook District: Agate Creek,

Robinhood Station, SW of Forsayth, 18°50'S,

143°25'E, P.I.Forster PIF19086, R.L.Jago,

R. Jensen & T.Ryan, 20 April 1996 (holo: BRI;

iso: MEL 242485).

Zieria sp. (White Mt D.G.Fell+ DGF1257);

Forster (2002: 181; 2007: 183).

Shrub to 1.5 m tall, forming an open straggly

bush. Stems ± erect, wiry; branches without

obvious decurrent leaf bases, weakly glandular

verrucose, densely stellate-tomentose. Leaves

palmately trifoliolate; petioles 5-18 mm

long, sometimes weakly glandular verrucose,

stellate tomentose; terminal leaflets oblong to

narrow-elliptic, 9-32 x 2.5-7 mm, laminae

not obviously glandular, tips obtuse, slightly

mucronate, margins smooth, midribs raised

abaxially, secondary veins slightly raised,

adaxial surfaces with a sparse to dense

cover of minute stellate-tomentose hairs,

abaxial surfaces densely stellate-tomentose;

lateral leaflets similar to terminal leaflets

but smaller, 4-22 x 2-7 mm. Inflorescence

axillary, shorter than the subtending leaf,

9-12-flowered, not obviously glandular,

densely stellate-tomentose; peduncle 8-18

mm long; bracts linear-lanceolate, persistent,

1-3.2 mm long; secondary peduncles 3-4 mm

long; pedicels 1-2.2 mm long. Sepals narrow-

triangular, 1-2.5 x 0.7-1 mm, valvate in bud,

not obviously glandular, tips acute to slightly

acuminate, both surfaces stellate-tomentose.

Petals elliptic-ovate, 2-2.5 x 0.9-1.5 mm,

white or pink-white, valvate in bud, not

obviously glandular, adaxial surfaces glabrous

to glabrescent or with hairs along margins,

abaxial surfaces with a moderately dense

stellate indumentum. Staminal filaments c.

1 mm long, glabrous and eglandular; anthers

c. 0.4 mm long, apiculum absent. Gynoecium

glabrous. Cocci 2.5-3.5 x 1.5-1.8 mm,

pellucid gland-dotted, glabrous, base of style

persistent forming a minute apical apiculum.

Seeds ovoid, 1.8-2.2 x 0.8-1 mm, black to

dark brown, weakly longitudinally striate.

Fig. 15.

Additional specimens examined : Queensland. Cook

District: Side gorge off Agate Creek, 18°50'S, 143°25'E,

Apr 1996, Jago 3968 & Forster (BRI). Burke District:

White Mountains [N.P.], N of Hughenden, 20°19'S,

144°49'E, Aug 1984, Godwin C2722 (BRI); Junction

of Rugged Gorge & side branch c. 6 km upstream from

junction with Flinders River, White Mountains [N.R],

c. 60 km N of Torrens Creek, 20°23'S, 144°47'E, Apr

2000, Thomas 1640 & Thompson (BRI, DNA); White

MountainsN.P., NW of Warang, 20°24'S, 144°47'E, Apr

2000, Wannan 1702 & Martindeil (BRI, CANB, NSW);

Branch of Warang Gorge, White MountainsN.P., 20°24' S,

144°48'E, Sep 1992, Bean 5013 (BRI); White Mountains

N.P., 1 km N of old Warang Flomestead, 20°26'S,

144°49'E, 1998, Johnson 2 (BRI); Bertya Creek, W of

‘Warang’, White Mountains N.P, 20°27'S, 144°46'E,

Jun 1992, Bean 4609 (AD, BRI, K, MEL, NSW, PERTH

n.v.): Warang, White Mountains [N.P.], 37 km NNW of

Torrens Creek, 20°29'S, 144°48'E, Jul 1988, FellDF1257

(BRI). North Kennedy District: Torrens Creek Gorge,

White Mountains [N.P.], 20°26'S, 144°49'E, Jul 1991,

Cumming 11251 (BRI). Mitchell District: 41 kmNW of

Torrens Creek, 20°26'S, 144°50'E, Apr 1993, Thompson

HUG416 et al. (BRI, NSW).

Notes : Zieria tenuis appears to be allied to

Z. collina and Z. cytisoides. It is remarkably

similar on first appearances to Z. collina ,

a restricted species that is endemic to the

Tamborine Mountain area of south-east

Qld. Z. collina differs from Z. tenuis in the

smaller, ovate petals that are 1.2-2 mm long

(not 3.5 mm long as stated in Armstrong

2002) (versus larger elliptic-ovate petals that

are 2-2.5 mm long), the broadly ovate calyx

lobes (versus narrow-triangular), the cocci

lacking an appendage (versus with an apical

appendage) and being smaller (c. 2 mm long,

versus 2.5-3.5 mm long). Z. tenuis differs

from Z. cytisoides in the lateral venation in the

leaflets being indistinct on the abaxial surface

(versus prominently raised), the leaflets being

narrow-elliptic to oblong (versus elliptic to

obovate) with a length/width ratio of 3.7-6

(versus 1.8-3.3), the close stellate tomentose

532

Austrobaileya 7 ( 3 ): 473-544 ( 2007 )

Fig. 15. Zieria tenuis. A. branch with several flowering inflorescences x 1. B. stem node with abaxial view of leaf x

2. C. detail on indumentum on abaxial surface of leaflet x 16. D. inflorescence with flowers x 6. E. flower x 8. F. tip of

abaxial side of sepal x 20. G-H. views of stamens x 20.1. mature fruit with multiple cocci x 8. J. lateral view of seed

x 16. A-D from Forster PIF19086 (BRI); E-J from Thomas 1640 (BRI). Del. W. Smith.

Duretto & Forster, Zieria in Queensland

indumentum less than 0.2 mm long (versus

a shaggy indumentum to 1 mm long), and

smaller petals (2-2.5 mm long versus 3.6-6

mm long).

Some of the collections of Zieria tenuis

from the White Mountains area have a less

dense indumentum on the adaxial surface of

the leaflets and one collection from Bertya

Creek {Bean 4609 ) has smaller floral and

vegetative parts than other specimens.

Distribution and habitat : Zieria tenuis is

endemic to Qld within the Desert Uplands

and Einasleigh Uplands bioregions where

it is known from two widely disjunct areas:

Agate Creek near Forsayth and the White

Mountains, north of Torrens Creek (Map 2).

The species is found growing on sandstone

derived substrates in gorges or on alluvium

under eucalypt woodland that includes

the canopy species Corymbia citriodora,

C. leichhardtii, C. trachyphloia. Eucalyptus

mediocris, Lophostemon grandiflorus and

L. suaveolens.

Phenology : Flowers and fruit have been

collected from April to July.

Conservation status : There are numerous

populations of Zieria tenuis protected within

the White Mountains N.P. and the population

on Robinhood Station is also secure for now.

An appropriate conservation status is Least

Concern (IUCN 2001).

Etymology : The specific epithet is derived

from the Latin tenuis , and refers to the delicate

inflorescence of the species (peduncles up to

18 mm long and only c. 0.5 mm wide).

33. Zieria vagans Duretto & RI.Forst.,

species nova a Z. verrucosa J. A. Armstr. foliis

patentibus vel erectis (in ilia cernuis), foliolis

anguste ellipticis (adversum linearia) ratione

longitudinis latitudini 7.5-10.8 (adversus

10-25.3), supra non manifeste glandularibus

(in ilia valde glandulari-verrucosis) et sepalis

non manifeste glandularibus (in ilia dispersis

glandularibus) differt. Typus: Queensland.

Burnett District: Fontainea Scrub, Gurgeena

Plateau, State Forest 172, 25°26'S, 151°23'E,

9 February 1994, P.I.Forster PIF14801 (holo:

BRI; iso: A, MEL 306447, MO, NSW).

533

Zieria sp. (Binjour P.I.Forster PIF14134);

Forster (1997b: 188; 2002: 181; 2007: 183).

Shrub to 2 m tall, forming an open, straggly

bush. Stems erect to weakly decumbent;

young branches without decurrent leaf

bases, markedly glandular verrucose,

densely stellate-tomentose. Leaves palmately

trifoliolate; petioles 5-13 mm long, glandular

verrucose, densely stellate-tomentose;

terminal leaflets narrowly elliptic, 32-45 x

3.5-5.5 mm, tips obtuse, margins smooth to

glandular dentate, midribs and some secondary

veins raised abaxially, midribs glandular

verrucose, adaxial surfaces not obviously

glandular (apart from being pellucid gland

dotted), glabrous or with a sparse indumentum

of simple and/or stellate hairs, abaxial

surfaces glandular verrucose, densely stellate-

tomentose; lateral leaflets similar to terminal

leaflets but usually smaller, 23-36 x 3.5-4.5

mm. Inflorescence axillary, shorter than the

subtending leaf, 3-15-flowered, glandular

verrucose, densely stellate-tomentose apart

from pedicels; peduncle 5-13 mm long;

bracts narrow-oblong, persistent, 1-6 mm

long; secondary peduncles 1-4 mm long;

pedicels 2-4 mm long, with a sparse stellate

indumentum. Sepals deflate, 0.8-1 x 0.8-1

mm, valvate in bud, not obviously glandular,

tips acute, adaxial surfaces glabrous apart

from puberulous margins, abaxial surfaces

with a sparse to dense stellate and simple

indumentum that becomes denser along

margins. Petals elliptic, c. 2 x 1.2-1.3 mm,

cream-white, valvate in bud, not obviously

glandular, adaxial surfaces minutely pilose,

abaxial surfaces with a moderately dense

simple and stellate indumentum. Staminal

filaments 0.8-1 mm long, glabrous or

glabrescent with simple or stellate hairs,

weakly glandular verrucose distally; anthers

c. 0.4 mm long, apiculum absent. Gynoecium

glabrous. Cocci 2.5-4.5 x 1.6-2.2 mm,

smooth, glabrous, base of style not persistent.

Seeds ovoid, 2-2.2 x 1-1.4 mm, grey-black

to black-purple, dull, faintly longitudinally

striated. Fig. 16.

Additional specimens examined: Queensland. Burnett

District: S.F. on Binjour Plateau, Oct 1987, Bean 671

(BRI); S.F. 172, Binjour Plateau, Sep 1989, Forster

PIF5730 & Bean (BRI); Binjour Plateau, S.F. 172, near

Meredith’s road, Oct 1993, Forster PIF14134 (A, AD,

534

Austrobaileya 7 ( 3 ): 473-544 ( 2007 )

Fig. 16. Zieria vagans. A. branch with several flowering inflorescences x 1. B. node with abaxial view of leaf x 2. C.

detail of indumentum on abaxial surface of leaflet x 16. D. inflorescence with buds & flowers x 4. E. flower x 8. F. tip

of abaxial side of sepal x 20. G-H. views of stamens x 20.1. mature fruit with multiple cocci x 8. J. lateral view of seed

x 16. A-C, I-J from Forster PIF15065 (BRI); D-H from Forster PIF14801 (BRI). Del. W. Smith.

Duretto & Forster, Zieria in Queensland

535

BRI, DNA, L, MEL, MO, NSW, NY); Fontainea Scrub,

S.F. 172, Gurgeena Plateau, Mar 1994, Forster PIF15065

(A, BRI, L, MEL, NE); Orchid Scrub, Gurgeena Plateau,

S.F. 172, Dec 1996, Forster PIF20122 (BRI, MEL).

Notes: As noted under Zieria distans , together

with Z. verrucosa, this species forms part of

a threesome of closely related taxa. Z. vagans

differs from Z. verrucosa in the leaves that

are held patently or erect (versus drooping),

the leaflets that are narrow-elliptic (versus

linear) with a length/width ratio of 7.5-10.8

(versus 10-25.3) and that are not obviously

glandular above (versus strongly glandular

verrucose) and the not obviously glandular

sepals (versus scattered glandular verrucose).

Both Z. vagans and Z. verrucosa share

similar sized leaves and narrow-oblong bracts

on the inflorescences. Differences between

Z. distans and Z. vagans are outlined in the

notes under the former.

Distribution and habitat: Zieria vagans is

endemic to Qld within the Brigalow Belt

bioregion and is confined to the central Burnett

district where all collections have been made

on the Gurgeena Plateau near Binjour (Map

2). The Gurgeena Plateau is a relictual plateau

with a lateritised duricrust. On the Gurgeena

Plateau this species occurs as an understorey

component in semi-evergreen vinethicket

dominated by Backhousia kingii on red soils

or in the ecotone between this community and

adjacent eucalypt woodland.

Phenology : Flowers have been collected from

October to March, and fruit from December

to March.

Conservation status : On the Gurgeena

Plateau there appear to be only two

populations of Zieria vagans , both within S.F.

172. The population near Meredith’s Road in

S.F. 172 co-occurs with another endangered

species, Fontainea fugax PI.Forst. Direct

threats to these populations include grazing

from stock and fire. At the Meredith’s Road

site, there are the beginnings of infestations

by environmental weeds such as Aristolochia

elegans (Dutchman’s pipe). Z. vagans has a

total area of occupancy of less than 5 ha. This

species is listed as Endangered in Qld ( NCR

2006) and fulfils the IUCN criteria of Al(c),

B2a, c(iv), C2b. (IUCN 2001).

Etymology: The specific epithet is derived

from the Latin vagans (wandering, unsettled)

and alludes to the existence of some

populations of this species on the fire prone

ecotone between eucalypt woodland and

semi-evergreen vinethicket.

34. Zieria verrucosa J.A.Armstr., Austral.

Syst. Bot. 15: 456 (2002). Type: Queensland.

Burnett District: West of Proston, July 1949,

L.J.Webb 5068 (holo: BRI; iso: BRI).

Zieria sp. 1; Ross (1983: 442).

Zieria sp. (Monogorilby PI. Forster PIF1004);

Forster (1997b: 188; 2002: 181).

Illustrations: Armstrong (2002: 454, 455).

Addition to description given by Armstrong

(2002): Cocci 2.5-3.5 x 1.8-2.2 mm, smooth,

with apiculate tip and weakly longitudinally

striate. Seeds ovoid, 1.9-2 x 1.1-1.2 wide,

black to dark brown, shiny, longitudinally

striated.

Additional specimens examined: Queensland. Burnett

District: Narayen Research Station, Mundubbera,

25°35'S, 151°17'E, Oct 1977, Hargraves s.n. (CANB);

‘Narayen’, c. 30 miles [50 km] W of Mundubbera,

25°36'S, 150°50'E, Dec 1967, Tothill N418 (BRI);

‘Narayen’, Dec 1967, McHarg N418 (BRI); 3.5 km

NNE of Monogorilby, 26°02'S, 151°00'E, Sep 1994,

Forster PIF15823 (BRI, MEL, NSW); 3.5 km N of

Monogorilby, 26°02'S, 151°01'E, Dec 1981, Forster

PIF1004 (BRI, CANB, NSW); 3 km N of Monogorilby,

26°02'S, 151°01'E, Aug 1989, Forster PIF5646 (BRI,

CANB, DNA, MEL); Speedwell, N of Proston, 26°02'S,

151°32'E, Mar 1997, Bean 11807 (BRI, MEL); Stalworth

road, north of Proston, 26°07'S, 151°36'E, Sep 1996,

Bean 10672 (BRI); loc. cit., Nov 1996, Bean 11360

(BRI, MEL); Abbeywood, Abbeywood road, 2 km S of

Proston, 26°07'S, 151°37'E, Jun 1994, Thomas 329 &

Sinclair (BRI); 2 km S of Abbeywood, on Proston road,

26°08'S, 151°37'E, Aug 1989, Forster PIF5655 (BRI,

CANB, MEL); Reinke’s Scrub, 1.5 km SW of Proston,

26°10'S, 151°35'E, Aug 1991, Forster PIF9096 (AD,

BRI, L, MEL, MO, NSW, NY); 2.5 km from Proston,

on road to weir, 26°10'S, 151°35'E, May 1996, Bean

10284 (BRI); Proston Town Reserve, Aug 1989,26°10'S,

151°36'E, Aug 1989, Forster PIF5656 (BRI, MEL);

Nanango area, 26°45'S, 152°05'E, Feb 2002, Fox s.n.

(BRI [AQ553293]).

Typification: There appears to be slight

confusion in citation of some collections for

this species by Armstrong (2002). As type he

gives L.J.Webb 5068 from ‘West of Proston’,

then in the ‘ Specimens examined ’ he cites

the collection twice, once with this locality,

536

and the second with ‘Monogorilby, W of

Proston’. Certainly, this is how the two sheets

of Webb 5068 are labelled, but it is unlikely

that they represent different localities. It is

perhaps most likely that the type collection

was actually from Monogorilby as Webb

visited there for the purposes of vegetation

survey, although as the species is known to

occur at both Monogorilby and Proston, the

origin of the specimen cannot be accurately

determined.

Notes : Many more specimens are now

available of this species than were cited or

examined by Armstrong (1991a, 2002) and it is

possible to provide fruit and seed descriptions

as given above.

Distribution and habitat : Zieria verrucosa

is endemic to Qld within the Brigalow

Belt and Southeast Queensland bioregions

with populations centred near Abbeywood,

Proston, Monogorilby, ‘Narayen’ andNanango

(Map 4). This species usually occurs in semi¬

evergreen vinethicket on red krasnozem

soil. At Nanango it is in Eucalyptus crebra

woodland on red clay soil. The plants are often

abundant in open areas of the understorey

and more so where the vegetation has been

disturbed or has regrown after clearing.

Phenology : Flowers and fruit have been

collected from August to February.

Conservation status : This species is listed as

Vulnerable in Qld (NCR 2006). The species

distribution is now reliably determined

(cf. Armstrong 2002) and this coding is

appropriate for the species, although it may

require upgrading to Endangered. Major

threats to the species continue to be land

clearing for agricultural and destruction of

populations on roadsides or in regrowth on

private freehold land. No populations occur in

conservation reserves and the only population

that is probably reasonably secure is the small

one on ‘Narayen’. The population at Proston

in the town reserve is badly degraded with

extensive damage and weed infestation. The

populations at Monogorilby, Stalworth Road,

Speedwell and near Abbeywood are all on

roadsides, or on private freehold land (usually

in regrowth) and have no real protection

in areas that are intensively cultivated or

maintained for cattle grazing.

Austrobaileya 7(3): 473-544 (2007)

35. Zieria whitei J.A.Armstr. ex Duretto

& P.I.Forst., nom. et stat. nov.; Zieria

aspalathoides var. intermedia C.T.White,

Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland 53: 209 (1942).

Type: Queensland. North Kennedy District:

Ravenshoe, June 1913, E.W.Bick 116 (holo:

BRI [AQ520881 - 2 sheets]).

Zieria sp. (Ravenshoe E.W.Bick 116); Forster

(1997b: 188).

Shrub to 50 cm tall, forming a densely compact

bush. Stems erect, wiry; branches without

or with slightly decurrent leaf bases, not

glandular verrucose, pubescent with mainly

stellate hairs but also with simple, bifid and a

few trifid hairs. Leaves palmately trifoliolate

(though first pair of leaves on secondary shoots

simple and up to 4 mm wide), not glandular

verrucose; petioles 0.5-1 mm long, stellate

pubescent; terminal leaflets narrow elliptic

to narrow oblanceolate, 5-10 x 1-2.5(3)

mm, tips acute, margins mostly recurved

to revolute, sometimes flat, midribs raised

abaxially, secondary veins obscure, adaxial

surfaces sparsely pilose to pilose with simple

and bifid hairs, sometimes hairs confined to

midribs, abaxial surfaces with a moderately

dense indumentum of stellate hairs with a few

simple hairs; lateral leaflets similar to terminal

leaflets. Inflorescence axillary, longer than

the subtending leaf, usually 3-flowered,

not glandular verrucose, with a moderately

dense stellate indumentum; peduncle 3-14

mm long; bracts narrow-elliptic to narrow-

lanceolate, persistent, 1-2 mm long; pedicels

2-3 mm long. Sepals ovate-deflate, 1.5-2 x

0.7-2 mm, valvate in bud, slightly glandular

verrucose, tips acute, adaxial surfaces with

scattered simple and bifid appressed hairs,

abaxial surfaces glabrescent or with a dense

indumentum of stellate hairs. Petals elliptic,

2.5-3 x c. 1.5 mm, white to pale pink, valvate

in bud, not obviously glandular, adaxial

surfaces glabrescent, abaxial surfaces with a

dense indumentum of stellate hairs. Staminal

filaments c. 1.2 mm long, glabrescent, slightly

glandular verrucose at apex; anthers c. 0.6 mm

long, apiculum minute. Ovary glabrous or with

a stellate indumentum; style glabrous. Cocci

c. 3.5 x 2 mm, smooth to slightly glandular

verrucose, glabrous or with scattered stellate

hairs. Seeds not observed. Fig. 17.

Duretto & Forster, Zieria in Queensland

537

Fig. 17. Zieria whitei. A. branch with several flowering inflorescences x 2. B. node with abaxial view of leaf and single

inflorescence with bud and flower x 4. C. detail of indumentum on abaxial surface of leaflet x 16. D. flower x 8. E. tip

of abaxial side of sepal x 20. F-G. views of stamens x 20.1. mature fruit with multiple cocci x 8. A-G from Forster

PIF30695 (BRI); H from McDonaldKRM2964 (BRI). Del. W. Smith.

Additional specimens examined : Queensland. Cook

District: Near Mt Emerald, SW of Walkamin, 17°1ES,

145°22'E, Jul 1998, Bean 13750 (BRI); near boundary of

MtBaldy S.F., Western L. A., 17°16'S, 145°21'E, Jul 2004,

McDonald KRM2964 & Bean (BRI). North Kennedy

District: Headwaters Archer Creek, c. 3 miles \c. 5 km]

WNW of Ravenshoe, Jul 1978, Lockyer 3 (NSW); Bald

Rock, c. 1.3 miles [c. 2 km] WSW of Ravenshoe, May

1975, Lockyer 67 (NSW); Bald Rock, eastern slopes,

S.F. 511, W of Ravenshoe, 17°36'S, 145°27'E, Jul 2004,

McDonald KRM2969 (BRI); S.F. 511, Bald Rock, near

Ravenshoe, 17°36'S, 145°27'E, Apr 2005, Forster

PIF30695 & McDonald (BRI, HO); S.F.R. 488, 2.5 km

S of Ravenshoe, off Wooroora road, 17°38'S, 145°29'E,

May 2001, FordAF2808 et al. (BRI, MEL).

Notes : White (1942) named a number

of new taxa in Zieria , including this one

as a variety of Z. aspalathoides. At the

same time he also named Z. aspalathoides

var. obovatum C.T.White, subsequently

recognised as Z. obovata by Armstrong

(2002). Z. aspalathoides var. intermedia was

omitted from the monograph by Armstrong

(2002), although he indicated in a footnote on

p. 277 that this was a new species. He also

annotated the type specimen (this comprises

two individuals on two sheets) at BRI in 1992

with the name Z. whitei J.A.Armstr. ms. and

labels that said ‘Lectotype’ and ‘Isolectotype’

respectively. White (1942) quite clearly states

that the type collection for his new variety

was E.W.Bick 116. Although two individual

538

pieces are represented in the collection, we

consider them to be part of the same gathering

and so do not consider that lectotypification of

the name is necessary.

Zieria whitei is clearly allied to

Z. aspalathoides but differs from that species

in having a stellate indumentum on the stems,

abaxial surface of the leaves and the abaxial

surface of the sepals.

Distribution and habitat : Zieria whitei

is endemic to Qld within the Einasleigh

Uplands bioregion and is known from several

populations near Atherton and Ravenshoe

(Map 3). It has been collected in rocky

situations (rhyolite) in tall heathy shrubland

or woodland with Corymbia abergiana.

Eucalyptus lockyeri,E.pachycalyx, E. reducta

and Syncarpia glomulifera common as

overstorey dominants, and associated species

including Allocasuarina torulosa, Borya

nitida , Homoranthus porteri, Leptospermum

amboinense , Prostanthera clotteniana ,

Pseudanthus pimeleoides and Persoonia

tropica.

Phenology : Flowers have been collected from

May to July, and fruits in June.

Conservation status : The habitat of Zieria

whitei is poorly known and because of its

inconspicuous nature may be undercollected,

rather than actually rare. Five populations

are currently known and there are no records

from conservation reserves at this stage. A

conservation status of Vulnerable based

on the criteria B2a,b(i-v), D2 (IUCN 2001)

is appropriate. Surveys are required to

determine the number of populations, number

of individuals and an area of occupancy. It co¬

occurs with the Endangered Prostranthera

clotteniana at one locality.

Etymology : This epithet was coined by

Armstrong to honour C.T. White (1890-1950)

past Government Botanist of Queensland who

named a number of new taxa of Zieria.

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Tony Bean and

Glenn Feiper for their continued enthusiastic

collecting of Zierias; Will Smith for the

illustrations; Peter Bostock for translation

Austrobaileya 7(3): 473-544 (2007)

of the diagnoses into Fatin; the Directors

of CANB, MEF, NE and NSW for the loan

of material; Joy Brushe for information on

the geology of Mt Farcom; Juliet Wege, as

the Australian Botanical Fiason Officer,

for locating types at K, BM and FINN and

organising images to be taken of these

specimens; and The Board of Trustees of RBG

Kew for allowing images of various types to

be used for this research.

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Savolainen, V. & Forest, F. (2005). Species-level

phylogenetics from continental biodiversity

hotspots. In F.T.Bakker, L.W.Chatrou,

B .Gravendeel & P. B. Pelser (eds.), Plant Species-

Level Systematics: New Perspectives on Pattern

and Process, pp. 17-30. A.R.G.Ganter Verlag

K.G.: Ruggell.

Sharma, I.K. (2001). Understanding clonal diversity

patterns through allozyme polymorphism in

an endangered and geographically restricted

Australian shrub, Zieria baeuerlenii and its

implications for conservation. Biochemical

Systematics & Ecology 29: 681-695.

Telford, l.R. (1990). Moving mountains - Allan

Cunningham and the mountains of southern

Queensland. In PS.Short (ed.). History of

Systematic Botany in Australasia , p. 157.

Australian Systematic Botany Society Inc.:

Melbourne.

White, C.T. (1942). Contributions to the Queensland

flora. No. 7. Proceedings of the Royal Society of

Queensland 201-228.

Williams, K.A.W. (1979). Native Plants of Queensland.

Vol. 1. K.A.W.Williams: North Ipswich.

- (1984). Native Plants of Queensland. Vol. 2.

K.A.W.Williams: North Ipswich.

- (1987). Native Plants of Queensland. Vol. 3.

K.A.W.Williams: North Ipswich.

- (1999). Native Plants of Queensland. Vol. 4.

K.A.W.Williams: North Ipswich.

Willmott, W. (2004). Rocks and Landscapes of the

National Parks of southern Queensland.

Geological Society of Australia, Queensland

Division: Brisbane.

- (2006). Rocks and Landscapes of the National

Parks of central Queensland. Geological

Society of Australia, Queensland Division:

Brisbane.

Austrobaileya 7(3): 473-544 (2007)

Distribution of Zieria species in 1° grid squares within

Queensland.

Map 1. Zieria smithii%.

Map 2. Zieria southwellii ★, Z. tenuis A and

Z. vagans •.

Duretto & Forster, Zieria in Queensland

541

Map 3. Zieria fraseri subsp. fraseri #,

Z. fraseri subsp. robusta A and Z. whiiei ★.

Map 4. Zieria montana 'A', Z. obovata A, Z. rimulosa V

and Z. verrucosa •.

Map 5. Zieria arborescens subsp. arborescens ★, Map 6. Zieria arborescens subsp. glabrifolia •,

Z. distans A, Z. eiingellaensisX/ and Z. exsul%. Z. cephalophila X , Z. insularis V, Z. madida V,

Z. minutiflora subsp. minutiflora pf, Z. minutiflora

subsp. trichocarpa A.

542

Austrobaileya 7(3): 473-544 (2007)

Map 7. Zieria laevigata and Z. laxiflora A.

Map 8. Zieria cytisoides%.

140 145 150 155

Map 9 . Zieria furfuracea subsp. enthadenia ★,

Z.jurfuracea subsp. gymnocaipa A, Z. graniticola V,

andZ. inexpectata •.

140 145 150 155

Map 10. Zieria aspalathoides subsp. aspalathoides #,

and Z. bifida ★.

Duretto & Forster, Zieria in Queensland

543

Map 11. Zieria actites •, Z. aspalathoides subsp.

hrachyphylla'k, Z. collina X, Z. compacta A, and

Z. robertsiorum V.

Map 12. Zieria adenodonta ★, Z alata #,

Z boolbundaA, Z. hvdroscopicaX and Z. scopulusV.

Index to Scientific Names: Accepted names are in bold Roman type and synonyms etc. are

in italics. The page number following the name refers to the main entry for each name.

Boronia minutiflora F.Muell.520

Zieria actites Duretto & P.I.Forst.480

Zieria adenodonta (F.Muell.) J.A.Armstr.482

Zieria alata Duretto & P.I.Forst.482

Zieria arborescens Sims.485

Zieria arborescens subsp. arborescens.485

Zieria arborescens subsp. glabrifolia J.A.Armstr.485

Zieria aspalathoides A.Cunn. ex Benth.486

Zieria aspalathoides subsp. aspalathoides.487

Zieria aspalathoides subsp. brachyphylla.488

Zieria aspalathoides var. intermedia C.T.White.536

Zieria aspalathoides var. obovatum C.T.White.524

Zieria aspalathoides var. (Springsure L.Cockburn AQ195493).487

Zieria bifida Duretto & P.I.Forst.488

Zieria boolbunda Duretto & P.I.Forst.491

Zieria cephalophila Duretto & P.I.Forst.492

Zieria collina C.T.White.494

Zieria compacta C.T.White.495

Zieria compacta var. glabrata C.T.White.506

Zieria compacta var. robusta C.T.White.506

Zieria cytisoides Sm.497

Zieria distans Duretto & P.I.Forst.497

Zieria eungellaensis Duretto & P.I.Forst.500

Zieria exsul Duretto & P.I.Forst.502

Zieria fraseri Hook.503

Zieria fraseri subsp. compacta (C.T.White) J.A.Armstr.495

544

Austrobaileya 7(3): 473-544 (2007)

Zieria fraseri subsp. fraseri.506

Zieria fraseri subsp. robusta (C.T.White) Duretto & P.I.Forst.506

Zieria furfuracea R.Br. ex Benth.508

Zieria furfuracea subsp. (Belmont Scrub Anon. AQ152898).509

Zieria furfuracea subsp. (Kin Kin V.K.Moriarty 134).508

Zieria furfuracea subsp. euthadenia J. A. Armstr.508

Zieria furfuracea subsp. gymnocarpa J.A.Armstr.509

Zieria granulata var. adenodonta F.Muell.482

Zieria graniticola Duretto & P.I.Forst.509

Zieria granulata var. adenodonta F.Muell.482

Zieria hydroscopica Duretto & P.I.Forst.512

Zieria inexpectata Duretto & P.I.Forst.514

Zieria insularis Duretto & P.I.Forst.516

Zieria laevigata Bonpl.518

Zieria laevigata Sm. var. fraseri (Hook.) Domin.503

Zieria laevigata subsp. (Wyberba T.L.Ryan 37).518

Zieria laevigata var. laxiflora Benth.518

Zieria laxiflora (Benth.) Domin.518

Zieria madida Duretto & P.I.Forst.519

Zieria minutiflora Domin.520

Zieria minutiflora subsp. (Danbulla L.J.Webb 5732).522

Zieria minutiflora subsp. minutiflora.522

Zieria minutiflora subsp. trichocarpa.522

Zieria montana J.A.Armstr.523

Zieria obovata (C.T.White) J.A.Armstr.524

Zieria rimulosa C.T.White.525

Zieria robertsiorum J.A.Armstr.525

Zieria scopulus Duretto & P.I.Forst.527

Zieria smithii Jacks.528

Zieria smithii subsp. (SF144 B.Gray 428).516

Zieria smithii subsp. tomentosa J.A.Armstr.528

Zieria southwellii J.A.Armstr.530

Zieria sp. (Amiens L.Pedley 1518).509

Zieria sp. (Binjour PI.Forster PIF14134).533

Zieria sp. (Brolga Park A.R.Bean 1002).489

Zieria sp. (Coominglah A.R.Bean 8959).512

Zieria sp. (Flinders Peak S.L.Everist 1169).527

Zieria sp. (Herberton J.A.Armstrong 1025).524

Zieria sp. (Lamington G.Leiper AQ502702).530

Zieria sp. (Monogorilby P.I.Forster PIF1004).535

Zieria sp. (Mooloolaba G.Leiper AQ636552).502

Zieria sp. (Mt Larcom N.Gibson TOI8).480

Zieria sp. nov. (Mt William).500

Zieria sp. (Pieter Botte M.Godwin C2471).519

Zieria sp. (Ravenshoe E.W.Bick 116).536

Zieria sp. (Russell River S. Johnson in 1892).522

Zieria sp. (Sydney Heads A.R.Bean 2562).492

Zieria sp. (Thornton Peak J.R.Clarkson 5556).519

Zieria sp. (White Mt D.G.FclH DGF1257).531

Zieria sp. 12 (sp. “L”; Russell River, S. Johnson s.n., 1892).522

Zieria tenuis Duretto & P.I.Forst.531

Zieria vagans Duretto & P.I.Forst.533

Zieria verrucosa J.A.Armstr.535

Zieria whitei J.A.Armstr. ex Duretto & P.I.Forst.536

A taxonomic revision of Callitriche L.

(Callitrichaceae) in Australia

A.R.Bean

Summary

Bean, A.R. (2007). A taxonomic revision of CallitricheL. (Callitrichaceae) in Australia . Austrobaileya

7(3): 545-554. A morphological taxonomic study of Callitriche L. occurring in Australia (excluding

island territories) has resulted in a reduction in the number of accepted indigenous species, with

two species being reduced to synonymy (C. cyclocarpa Hegelm. under C. umbonata Hegelm.;

C. capricorni R.Mason under C. sonderi Hegelm.). The name Callitriche hamulata has been

misapplied in Australia for C. brntia Petagna var. brntia. Lectotypes are chosen for Callitriche

brachycarpa Hegelm., C. umbonata Hegelm. and C. muelleri Sond. Callitriche deflexa A.Braun ex

Hegelm. is a recent naturalisation for Australia. All names used for Australian Callitriche have been

accounted for. A key is provided for the identification of Callitriche species occurring in Australia.

Key Words: Callitrichaceae, Callitriche , Australia, Australian flora, taxonomy, nomenclature,

typification, identification key

A.R.Bean, Queensland Herbarium, Environmental Protection Agency, Brisbane Botanic Gardens,

Mt Coot-tha Road, Toowong, Queensland 4066, Australia. Email: tony.bean@epa.qld.gov.au

Introduction

Callitriche L. is a genus of about 75 species,

found throughout temperate to subtropical

parts of the world, mostly in the northern

hemisphere. They are delicate herbs, often

aquatic or amphibious, sometimes terrestrial,

but then always in close proximity to water.

The leaves are always opposite, but submerged

leaves may differ greatly from emergent

ones. All species occurring in Australia are

monoecious, with the flowers consisting only

of a stamen or a pair of carpels. The fruits

comprise four (often winged) mericarps,

in two pairs. Their size and shape are often

diagnostic for species identification.

Bentham (1864) recorded only one species

of Callitriche (C. verna L.) for Australia.

Although taxonomic papers by C .F.Hegelmaier

in 1864,1867 and 1869 resulted in several new

species described for Australia, these species

were not recognised by Australian botanists

until the revision of Mason (1959). Mason

recognised all of Hegelmaier’s Australian

species, and she described an additional new

species (C. capricorni R.Mason). Treatments

by Aston (1973), Orchard (1980) and Jeanes

(1999) were all based on Mason’s work, with

no significant changes.

Accepted for publication 16 April 2007

The current treatment recognises eight

species in Australia, four native and four

introduced.

Materials and methods

This study is based on morphological

examination of herbarium specimens, images

of type specimens, and examination of

live plants in habitat. Specimens have been

examined from the following herbaria: AD,

BRI, CANB, HO, MEL, NSW, PERTH, STU.

Images of specimens from K have also been

seen.

Taxonomy

Callitriche L., Sp. Pl. 969 (1753); Gen. PL ed.

5, 5 (1754). Type: C. palustris L.

Fragile-stemmed annual or perennial herbs,

rooting at the nodes; either fully aquatic,

amphibious, or prostrate and terrestrial

on damp soil. Plants glabrous or with

deciduous peltate scales on leaves and stems.

Leaves simple, opposite, entire or nearly so,

exstipulate, often dimorphic in aquatic and

amphibious plants (narrower when submersed

and broader distally, especially when floating

or emersed). Petioles present, membranous,

sometimes connate. Plants monoecious

(usually) or dioecious (not in Australia).

Inflorescence axillary, comprising 1 staminate

546

or 1 pistillate flower, or both together in the

same leaf axil, sometimes subtended by a pair

of minute, white, inflated bracts. Perianth

absent. Staminate flower consisting of a single

stamen; anthers 3- or 4-locular, not versatile;

filament slender, usually lengthening before

and after anthesis. Pistillate flower with 2

Austrobaileya 7(3): 545-554 (2007)

carpels; styles 2, terminal, slender, persistent or

caducous; ovary superior, syncarpous; ovules

4 (1 per locule), pendulous, anatropous. Fruit

somewhat flattened, splitting at maturity into

4 small, nutlike mericarps, these commonly

winged along the margins, sometimes

wingless, surface smooth or reticulate.

Key to native and naturalised (*) Callitriche taxa in Australia

1 Most or all leaves linear, more than 10 times longer than wide.2

Most or all leaves elliptic, spathulate, obovate or orbicular, 1-7 times

longer than wide.4

2 Some fruits with pedicels 1-15 mm long; bracts absent.5. *C. brutia var. brutia

All fruits ± sessile (pedicels 0-0.5 mm long); bracts present.3

3 Fruit 0.9-1.2 mm broad, and length the same; fruit wing of constant width

around mericarp; styles 0.8-1.6 mm long.6. C. umbonata

Fruit 0.7-0.8 mm broad, consistently longer than broad; fruits winged at

distal end, but wing tapering to nothing at proximal end; styles 0.2-0.8

mm long.7. *C. palustris var. palustris

4 Fruits distinctly broader than long; plants terrestrial.5

Fruit length equal to width, or somewhat longer than wide; plants

aquatic or semi-aquatic.8

5 Leaves rhomboidal to orbicular, often with a single tooth on one or both

margins; wing of fruit very broad (25-35% of mericarp width).2. C. muelleri

Leaves spathulate, obovate or elliptic, margins never toothed; wing of

fruit 5-20% width of mericarp.6

6 Most fruits pedicellate, pedicels 0.5-4 mm long.4. *C. deflexa

All fruits ± sessile, pedicels 0-0.5 mm long.7

7 Fruits 1-1.2 mm broad; styles 0.8-1.6 mm long.1. C. brachycarpa

Fruits 0.65-0.8 mm broad; styles 0.1-0.3 mm long.3. C. sonderi

8 Fruits consistently longer than wide, width 0.7-0.8 mm; fruits

winged at distal end, but wing tapering to nothing at proximal end

.7. *C. palustris var. palustris

Fruit length virtually equal to width; fruits equally winged on all parts of

mericarp, or wing almost lacking.9

9 Some fruits with pedicels 1-15 mm long; bracts absent; styles recurved

.5. *C. brutia var. brutia

All fruits ± sessile (pedicels 0-0.5 mm long); bracts present; styles erect

or spreading.10

10 Lower (submerged) leaves linear; fruits 0.9-1.2 mm long, brown.6. C. umbonata

All leaves spathulate to broadly-obovate; fruits 1.2-1.5 mm long, grey ... 8. *C. stagnalis

Bean, Callitriche in Australia

547

1. Callitriche brachycarpa Hegelm., Verb.

Bot. Vereins Prov. Brandenburg 10: 115

(1869). Type: Victoria, tributary of the Plenty

towards Mt Disappointment, 6 February 1853,

F.Mueller s.n. (lecto: STU [here chosen];

isolecto: MEL 50296 & 50295).

Illustration : Jeanes (1999: 461).

Terrestrial mat-forming forb. Leaves

monomorphic, laminae broadly elliptic to

broadly obovate, 2.1-4.1 x 1.4-2.5 mm, entire,

apex obtuse; petiole 0.4-1.5 mm long, much

shorter than lamina; peltate scales frequent.

One staminate and one pistillate flower

usually borne in the same leaf axil; bracts

absent. Filaments 0.4-1.5 mm long; anthers

0.2-0.3 mm long, yellow. Styles 0.8-1.6

mm long, persistent, not recurved. Fruiting

pedicels absent. Mature fruits (including

wing) 0.7-0.9 x 1-1.2 mm, not thickened or

flared at base, dark brown, surface reticulate;

wing absent to very narrow (<10% width of

mericarp), evenly surrounding mericarp,

cellular divisions not visible.

Additional specimens examined : Victoria. Maits Rest

Scenic Reserve, c. 6 miles [10km] W of Apollo Bay,

Jan 1974, Beauglehole ACB43987 (MEL); Wilsons

Promontory N.P., Dec 1983, Beauglehole ACB75955

(MEL); Apollo Bay, s. dat. } Mueller s.n. (MEL).

Tasmania. Hellyer Gorge, Hellyer River, c. 15 metres

from east bank of river, Jan 1989, Davies 1106 (CBG,

MEL); 1.33 km north of The Shank, Moscal 9787 (HO).

Distribution and habitat: C. brachycarpa

is endemic to Australia. In Victoria, it is

known from the Otway Ranges and Wilson’s

Promontory (and the historical record from

just north of Melbourne). It also occurs

throughout western Tasmania at low altitudes

(Map 1A). It grows on damp mud beside

creeks and waterholes.

Phenology : Flowers and fruits recorded from

December to March.

Typification : In his protologue for

C. brachycarpa , Hegelmaier mentioned

a specimen from Apollo Bay, sent to him

by F. Mueller of Australia. The Apollo Bay

specimen of C. brachycarpa at MEL is

consistent with the protologue. However, the

specimen at STU, labelled as C. brachycarpa

and coming from Apollo Bay, does not

match the details given in the protologue for

C. brachycarpa. H. Schotsman determined

the latter as C. umbonata, and I agree with

that determination. Evidently Hegelmaier or

a subsequent curator mixed up some of the

material that was sent by Mueller. Because of

the confusion with the Apollo Bay material,

the other syntype at STU (Mt Disappointment)

has been chosen as the lectotype.

Notes: C. brachycarpa is readily distinguished

by its terrestrial habit, short petioles, broader-

than-long fruits and very long styles. It is

apparently an uncommon species, and is

recorded as Vulnerable in Victoria.

2. Callitriche muelleri Sond., Linnaea 28:

229 (1856). Type: Victoria. Latrobe River,

April or May 1853, F.Mueller s.n. (lecto [here

chosen]: MEL 2289178, ex herb. Sonder;

isolecto: K 000348666, MEL 2289180 &

2289179A).

Callitriche macropteryx Hegelm., Monogr.

Callitriche 59 (1864). Type: New South Wales.

Hawkesbury River, 1802-1804, F.Bauer s.n.

(syn: ?W; n.v.,fide Mason (1959)).

Illustrations: Jeanes (1999:461); Aston (1973:

55).

Terrestrial mat-forming forb. Leaves

monomorphic, laminae orbicular to

rhomboidal, 1.4-2.9 x 1.4-3.3 mm, entire or

with a tooth on one or both margins, apex

obtuse; petiole 1.7-3.1 mm long, as long as

or slightly shorter than lamina; peltate scales

absent. One staminate and one pistillate flower

usually borne in the same leaf axil, bracts

absent. Filaments 0.1-0.2 mm long; anthers

0.1-0.15 mm long, yellow. Styles 0.1-0.2

mm long, persistent, not recurved. Fruiting

pedicels absent. Mature fruits (including

wing) 1—1.3 x 1.2-1.4 mm, rarely thickened

or flared at base, pale to dark brown, surface

reticulate; wing very broad (25-35% width of

mericarp), evenly surrounding mericarp or

broader towards apex, cellular divisions often

visible.

Additional specimens examined'. Queensland. Cook

District: S.F.185 Danbulla, 1.7 km down Kauri Creek

road, Jul 1994, Forster PIF15606 et al. (BRI, MEL).

Leichhardt District: Mickey’s Creek, Carnarvon

Gorge, Mar 2001, Fensham 4798 (BRI). Wide Bay

District: Corella Creek, S.F. 700, N of Gympie, Oct

1993, Bean 6705 (BRI). Moreton District: Brisbane

548

Forest Park, Enoggera Creek, Apr 1993, Halford Q1674

(BRI); Kiamba c. 6 km W of Nambour, Jun 1990, Sharpe

4950 & Bean (BRI). New South Wales. Kioloa S.F., NE

of Batemans Bay, Oct 1966, Adams 1589 (CANB); near

Brummies Lookout, SE of Tyalgum, Jan 1999, Bean

14561 (BRI, MEL, NSW); base of Mt Killiekrankie,

Oakes S.F., WSW of Bellingen, Jan 1999, Bean 14596

(BRI); Couria Creek, Mt Dromedary, Jan 1970,

Burbidge 7817 (CANB); Victoria. Coranderrk Bushland

Reserve, c. 4.5 km S of Healesville, Jan 1980, Willis s.n.

(MEL); Lilly Pilly Gully, NE of Tidal River camp, Dec

1975, Aston 1891 (CANB, MEL); Mallacoota Inlet N.P.,

Villarsia Creek, Dec 1969, Beauglehole 32906 (MEL);

Wallagaraugh River, c. 1 km downstream from Gipsy

Point settlement, Oct 1991, Walsh 3138 (MEL).

Distribution and habitat : An indigenous

species for Australia. C. muelleri is distributed

more or less continuously in near-coastal

areas from southern Queensland to western

Victoria. Disjunct occurrences in Queensland

include the Atherton Tableland and Carnarvon

Gorge (Map ID). It is also native in New

Zealand, but strangely absent from Tasmania.

It occurs on damp shady sites in rainforest or

dense eucalypt forest.

Phenology : Flowers and fruits throughout the

year.

Typification : There are Mueller specimens

of C. muelleri labelled ‘Latrobe River’ at

both MEL and K. The MEL sheet 2289178

is chosen as the lectotype, as it has the note

“ex herbarium Sonder”, and hence is the only

sheet that was definitely seen by Sonder when

drawing up his species description.

The type of C. macropteryx was not

received on loan. However, its identity is clear.

Hegelmaier soon reduced his C. macropteryx

to synonymy with C. muelleri (Mason 1959),

and so he clearly considered them conspecific.

The large wing of the fruit, alluded to by the

epithet macropteryx , is a diagnostic feature

for C. muelleri.

Notes : A very distinctive species because of

its bright green, ± orbicular leaves and its

broadly winged fruit.

3. Callitriche sonderi Hegelm., Verb. Bot.

Vereins Prov. Brandenburg 9; 18 (1867).

Type: Victoria. Station Peak [between

Melbourne and Geelong], Australia Felix,

s. dat ., F.Mueller s.n. (holo: STU; iso: MEL

[2289177]).

Austrobaileya 7(3): 545-554 (2007)

Callitriche capricorni R.Mason, Austral.

J. Bot. 7: 307 (1959), syn. nov. Type:

Queensland. [Moreton District] Brisbane

River, July 1874, F.M.Bailey s.n. (holo: BRI).

Illustration : Jeanes (1999: 461)

Terrestrial mat-forming forb. Leaves

monomorphic, laminae spathulate to

narrowly-obovate, 1.4-3.7 x 0.4-2.1 mm,

entire, apex obtuse; petiole 0.3-0.8 mm long,

much shorter than lamina; peltate scales

present. One staminate and one pistillate

flower usually borne in the same leaf axil;

bracts present, 0.2-0.4 mm long. Filaments

0.2-0.4 mm long; anthers 0.1-0.15 mm long,

yellow. Styles 0.1-0.3 mm long, not recurved.

Fruiting pedicels absent. Mature fruits

(including wing) 0.5-0.6 (-0.7) x 0.65-0.8

mm, sometimes thickened or flared at base,

dark brown to black, surface reticulate;

wing 5-10 (-20)% width of mericarp, evenly

surrounding mericarp, cellular divisions not

visible.

Additional specimens examined : South Australia

River Murray, c. 1 km N of Murtho Park homestead, Sep

1979, Barker 3978 & Barker (AD, MEL); Cunnabuncha

Waterhole on Strzelecki Creek, c. 15 km N of Merty

Merty, Jul 1997, Purdie 4484 (CANB). Queensland.

Port Curtis District: margins of Lake Victoria, S

of Dululu, Sep 1999, Bean 15410 (BRI). Leichhardt

District: Rolleston, backwash of the Comet River,

Sep 1983, Aston 2477 (AD, BRI, HO, MEL). Maranoa

District: 5 km W of Mungallala, May 2002, Bean 19022

(BRI). Warrego District: 56 km SSW of Eulo, 1973,

Pike s.n. (BRI [AQ13188]). New South Wales. Montague

Island, c. 9 km ESE of Narooma, Apr 1973, Adams 3172

(CANB); Woomargama N.P., Spring Creek, c. 10.3 km

S of Woomargama, Nov 2001, Crawford 6819 (CANB);

‘Bundycoola’, Cobar, Aug 1974, Cunningham 853

(NSW); 4km SE of ‘Mt Mulyah’ homestead, about 60 km

NW of Louth, Sep 1978, Moore 7921 (CANB). Victoria.

Nip Nip, Hattah Lakes N.P., Sep 1969, Anderson s.n.

(MEL); Hattah-Kulkyne N.P, Chaika Creek S of Lake

Lockie, Oct 1982, Cheal s.n. (MEL); Tallangatta, May

1972, Lumley 6 (MEL); Melton Reservoir, immediately

on the N side of Ballarat railway line. May 2003, Stajsic

3338 & Wlodarczyk (MEL). Tasmania. Sea Elephant

River, King Island, Jan 1979, Morris 7950 (MEL).

Distribution and habitat : C. sonderi is

endemic to Australia. It is widespread in

southern Queensland, much of New South

Wales and Victoria, and in South Australia

as far west as Coober Pedy. It is also known

from King Island in Tasmania (Map IF). It

grows on damp soil adjacent to rivers, creeks

and waterhole s.

Bean, Callitriche in Australia

549

Phenology : It flowers and fruits from April

to October in the northern part of range, and

throughout the year in the southern part of

range.

Typification: A single specimen of C. sonderi

collected by Mueller exists at STU, and

another is at MEL. Both are labelled ‘Station

Peak’. Hence, the STU specimen may be

designated holotype.

Note : It is not possible to maintain

C. capricorni as a distinct taxon. Mason (1959)

distinguished it from C. sonderi by the fruits.

She said that C. capricorni has non-umbonate

mer icarps and a very wide commisural groove,

and that C. sonderi has umbonate mericarps

and a narrow commisural groove. However,

a wide range of variation occurs in the fruits

of C. sonderi, and the capricorni-type fruit

is merely one form of that variation. Fruit

morphology does not appear to be correlated

to other characters or to geography.

4. *Callitriche deflexa A.Braun ex Hegelm.,

Monogr. Callitriche 58, t. 3 (1864). Type:

Brazil. Rio de Janeiro, 1859-60, F.Rudio,

ex herb. A. Braun (syn: CM, GH, MO; fide

Lansdown (2006a: 115)).

[C. marginata in J.H. Ross & N.G.Walsh, A

Census of the Vascular Plants of Victoria ,

Seventh Edition (2003).]

Terrestrial mat-forming forb. Leaves

monomorphic, laminae spathulate to elliptic,

1.3-3 mm x 0.5-1.6 mm, entire, apex obtuse;

petiole 0.5-2 mm long, shorter than lamina;

peltate scales present. One staminate and one

pistillate flower usually borne in the same leaf

axil, bracts absent. Filaments 0.3-0.5 mm

long; anthers 0.1-0.15 mm long, yellow. Styles

0.2-0.8 mm long, recurved. Fruiting pedicels

0.5-3 mm long. Mature fruits (including

wing) 0.5-0.7 x 0.7-0.9 mm, not thickened or

flared at base, dark brown to black, surface

reticulate; wing very narrow (<10% width

of mericarp), evenly surrounding mericarp,

cellular divisions not visible.

Specimens examined : Victoria. Nursery/glasshouse

site. Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbourne, Jul 2000,

Stajsic 2963 (MEL); NW end of the Ornamental Lake,

Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbourne, Nov 2002, Stajsic

3319 (MEL); western bank of Long Island, Royal

Botanic Gardens, Melbourne, Sep 2001, Walsh 5392

(CANB, MEL).

Distribution and habitat : C. deflexa is

currently known only from the Melbourne

Botanic Gardens at South Yarra (Map. 1C),

where it grows on mud beside lakes, and

along shaded paths, in cracks between paving

bricks. Naturalised occurrences are also

known from Portugal, Morocco, Tanzania

and South Africa (R. Lansdown pers. comm.).

It is native to the east coast of South America,

and a few places in central America.

Phenology : This species appears to flower

and fruit throughout the year.

Notes : C. deflexa closely resembles C. sonderi ,

but differs from it by the absence of bracts,

the distinctly pedicellate fruits and the longer

styles.

5. *Callitriche brutia Petagna, Inst. Bot. 2:10

(1787). Type: Italy. Calabria, ex herb. Petagna

(lecto: FI; n.v.,fide Schotsman (1967: 85)).

[C. hamulata auct. non Kiitz. in W.D. J.Koch:

Mason (1959: 323); Aston (1973: 53).]

Illustrations: Jeanes (1999:461); Aston (1973:

55), both as C. hamulata.

Aquatic forb. Leaves dimorphic, lower leaves

evenly spaced, linear, 7-23 mm x 0.4-0.8

mm, entire, apex deeply notched, petiole

absent; upper leaves clustered, spathulate to

obovate, 4-7 x 0.6-3.4 mm, apex obtuse or

emarginate, petioles present, intermediate

leaf forms common; peltate scales present.

Staminate and pistillate flowers borne in

different leaf axils, bracts absent. Filaments

0.2-1 mm long; anthers c. 0.1 mm long,

translucent or white. Styles 0.3-0.9 mm long,

recurved. Fruiting pedicels 0.5-15 mm long.

Mature fruits (including wing) 0.9-1.2 x 0.8-

1.2 mm, not thickened or flared at base, pale

to dark brown, surface smooth or reticulate;

wing absent or very narrow (<10% width of

mericarp), evenly surrounding mericarp,

cellular divisions not visible.

Additional specimens examined: Western Australia.

Benger, 90 miles [145 km] S of Perth, Oct 1963,

Hitchcock s.n. (CANB); Tuart forest, SW of Ludlow,

Sep 1994, Keighery 13373 (PERTH); 1 km south-west

of Capel, Sep 1988, Keighery 10470 (PERTH). South

Australia. Comaum, Alcock 5 (AD). New South Wales,

western Wanganella Swamps, in travelling stock reserve,

Sep 1990, Roberts 671 (CANB). Victoria, c. 15 miles

[24 km] WNW of Ararat, 3 miles [5km] SE of Pomonal,

550

Nov 1965, Aston 1408 (MEL); Winton Swamp, 9 miles

[14 km] ENE of Benalla, Sep 1960, Aston 621 (MEL);

Gunbower Forest, north of the Koondrook Track, Oct

1981, Scarlett 18-140 (MEL); Baddaginnie district,

Aug 1988, Strudwick JES0012 (MEL); Linton, 1912,

Williamson 1499 (MEL). Tasmania. Houfes nad. King

Island, Oct 1998, Woolley & Askey-Doran s.n. (HO).

Distribution and habitat : C. brutia var.

brutia is naturalised in Australia, especially

in Victoria, but also in adjacent parts of New

South Wales and South Australia, and in the

south-west of Western Australia (Map IB). It

grows in shallow water, in drains, creeks and

dams. It is also naturalised in New Zealand.

It has a wide native distribution, including

Europe, Greenland, Morocco, Iran and the

Caucasus.

Phenology : Flowers and fruits throughout the

year.

Notes : This taxon has been called

C. hamulata in Australia since the revision

of Mason (1959). Lansdown (2006a) recently

reduced C. hamulata to a variety of C. brutia.

However, it is the typical variety that is found

in Australia. The first specimen record for

Australia was that collected in 1912 from

Linton, Victoria.

6. Callitriche umbonata Hegelm., Verb. Bot.

VereinsProv. Brandenburg 9:19(1867). Type:

Tasmania. South Esk, 1848-1857, C. Stuart

s.n. (lecto: STU [here chosen]; isolecto MEL

2289182B& 2289185).

Callitriche cyclocarpa Hegelm., Verb. Bot.

Vereins Prov. Brandenburg 10: 116 (1869),

syn. nov. Type: Victoria. Yarra Yarra, dat.,

F.Mueller s.n. (holo: STU; iso: MEL 224504).

Illustration : Jeanes (1999: 461)

Aquatic or amphibious forb. Leaves dimorphic,

lower leaves evenly spaced, linear, 3.5-6

x 0.2-0.6 mm, apex obtuse or emarginate,

petiole absent; upper leaves clustered or

evenly spaced, spathulate to elliptical, 2.5-6

x 1.8-3 mm, apex obtuse, petioles present,

shorter or longer than lamina, intermediate

leaf forms occurring; peltate scales present.

Staminate and pistillate flowers usually borne

in same leaf axils; bracts present, 0.6-1 mm

long. Filaments 0.2-1.6 mm long; anthers 0.1

mm long, white. Styles 0.8-1.9 mm long, not

recurved. Fruiting pedicels absent. Mature

Austrobaileya 7(3): 545-554 (2007)

fruits (including wing) 0.9-1.2 x 0.9-1.2 mm,

slightly thickened at base and sometimes

umbonate, pale to dark brown, surface

reticulate; wing 10-20% width of mericarp,

evenly surrounding mericarp, cellular

divisions sometimes visible.

Additional specimens examined : South Australia. Mt

Monster Conservation Park, Murfet 2060 & Taplin (AD).

New South Wales. Macquarie Marshes 20 km NW of

‘Sandy Camp’, Aug 1979, Paijmans 3175 (CANB);

Western Wanganella Swamps, Sep 1990, Roberts 671

(CANB); Cooleman Plain, just below Cooleman Range,

17 miles [28.3 km] NNE of Kiandra, Dec 1969, Rodd &

Coveny 2682 (NSW). Victoria. Hawkesdale, Nov 1903,

Williamson s.n. (MEL); Glenorchy, 12 miles [20 km]

NW of Stawell, Sep 1960, Beauglehole ACB6772 (MEL);

Mitre Rock, N of Mt Arapiles, Nov 1968, Beauglehole

ACB29880 (MEL). Tasmania. Jericho, Midlands

Highway, Oct 1970, Morris s.n. (HO).

Distribution and habitat : C. umbonata

is endemic to Australia. It is of scattered

occurrence in New South Wales, Victoria, the

south-east of South Australia, and Tasmania

(Map 1H), in rock pools, shallow streams or

billabongs.

Phenology : Flowers and fruits are borne from

August to December.

Typification: In the protologue for

C. umbonata , Hegelmaier cited three

specimens/locations - “Tasmania, Stuart; in

stagnant pools near Melbourne, Nov 1852,

Mueller; Darebin Creek, Mueller”. Mason

(1959) referred to the presence of a ‘Darebin

Creek’ syntype at STU, but specimens loaned

from STU included no such specimen. Two

C. umbonata specimens were received from

STU. One is labelled “in stagnant pools near

Melbourne”, but the specimen is tiny and is

obviously just a small fragment of the original

material that Mueller would have sent. The

second specimen is of good size and matches

the protologue well. It is labelled “South Esk,

Tasmania”, and was undoubtedly collected

by Charles Stuart, as determined by Mason

(1959). This latter specimen is chosen as the

lectotype.

Notes : The fruits on the type specimen

of C. cyclocarpa are smaller and with

a narrower wing than those commonly

attributed to C. umbonata. However, a small

proportion of the fruits on the C. umbonata

type material are a very good match for those

on the C. cyclocarpa type. I contend that the

Bean, Callitriche in Australia

551

fruits of the C. cyclocarpa type specimen

are merely immature, and that the specimen

represents C. umbonata. No other character

separates C. cyclocarpa from C. umbonata.

Significantly, when Hegelmaier described

C. cyclocarpa , he compared it with C. verna ,

C. muelleri, C. stagnalis and C. hamulata. but

not with C. umbonata.

C. umbonata is a poorly collected species,

and may be easily confused with C. brutia

var. brutia.

7. * Callitriche palustris L., Sp. PI. 2: 969

(1753). Type: the three lower specimens, Herb.

Linn. No. 13.1 (lecto: LYNN; fide Lansdown &

Jarvis (2004: 169)).

Callitriche verna L., FI. Suec., ed. 2: 2 (1755).

Type: Herb. Linn. No. 13.2 (lecto: LINN;yz<ie

Lansdown & Jarvis (2004: 171)).

Illustration : Jeanes (1999: 461)

Aquatic or amphibious forb. Leaves dimorphic;

lower leaves evenly spaced, narrowly-elliptic

to linear, 3-4.5 x 0.3-0.7 mm, entire, apex

obtuse or emarginate, petiole absent; upper

leaves clustered or evenly spaced, spathulate

to broadly-elliptic, 2.2-5 x 0.9-2 mm, apex

obtuse, petioles present, shorter or longer than

lamina, intermediate leaf forms occurring;

peltate scales present. Staminate and pistillate

flowers usually borne in same leaf axils; bracts

present, 0.4-0.6 mm long. Filaments 0.2-0.4

mm long; anthers c. 0.2 mm long, white. Styles

0.2-0.8 mm long, not recurved. Fruiting

pedicels absent. Mature fruits (including

wing) 0.8-1 x 0.7-0.8 mm, not thickened

or flared at base, brown, surface reticulate;

wing 10-20% width of mericarp, present only

along distal half, cellular divisions sometimes

visible.

Additional specimens examined : Victoria. Mt Pinnibar

Hut area, 6.5 miles [10.8 km] direct north of Mt Gibbs,

Feb 1973, Beauglehole ACB41596 & Rogers (MEL);

Biggara, Nov 1928, Williamson s.n. (MEL); South Bryce

Plain, Snowy Range, Nov 1980, Walsh 971 (MEL);

Cobbaras Mts, playground under S side of Cobbaras, Feb

1974, Willis s.n. (MEL).

Distribution and habitat: C. palustris is

naturalised in Australia, and confined to

eastern Victoria (and probably adjacent New

South Wales), often at altitudes exceeding

1000 metres (Map IE). This very widespread

taxon is native in Europe, temperate Asia, and

much of North America. It grows in shallow

water e.g. drains, ponds, dams.

Phenology: Flowers and fruits recorded from

November to February.

Notes: According to the key provided in

Lansdown (2006b), the taxon occurring in

Australia is C. palustris var. palustris.

Specimen citations by Mason (1959)

suggest that the first Australian record was in

1874 from “lower Hume’s [=Murray] River”,

on the Victoria-New South Wales border. I

have not seen that specimen.

Specimens lacking mature fruits may be

difficult to distinguish from C. umbonata.

8. *Callitriche stagnalis Scop., FI. Carniol.

ed. 2, 2: 251 (1772). Type: United Kingdom

(Wales). Aberleri Fields, Borth, 20 July 1998,

A.O.Chater s.n. (neo: NMW; fide Lansdown

(2006a: 108)).

Illustrations: Jeanes (1999:461); Aston (1973:

58).

Aquatic or amphibious forb. Leaves

monomorphic, sometimes clustered near

apex; laminae spathulate to broadly-obovate,

2.6-7 x 1.5—5.1 mm, entire, apex obtuse;

petiole 1.2-4.2 mm long, usually shorter than

lamina; peltate scales present. Staminate and

pistillate flowers borne in the same or separate

leaf axils; bracts present, 0.3-0.9 mm long.

Filaments 0.7-2.5 mm long; anthers 0.15-0.3

mm long, yellow. Styles 0.5-2.3 mm long,

persistent, not recurved. Fruiting pedicels

absent. Mature fruits (including wing)

1.2-1.5 x 1.2-1.5 mm, occasionally rarely

flared at base, grey, surface smooth; wing

moderate (10-20% width of mericarp), evenly

surrounding mericarp, cellular divisions not

visible. Common water-starwort.

Additional specimens examined: Western Australia.

Kenwick, south of Perth, Nov 1993, Jacobs 6949

(MEL); 1.8 km S of Willyung-Parkerbrook Road, on

Rocky Crossing Road, c. 7.5 km NW of Albany, Nov

1995, Lepschi & Lally 2367 (CANB, MEL, PERTH).

South Australia. Brockhoffs, Nov 1991, Bates 26233

(AD, MEL); Mount Lofty Ranges, Stirling West, near

Mount Lofty, Jan 1957, lsing s.n. (MEL); 3 km north

of Yundi, 55 km S of Adelaide, Sep 1957, Schodde

498 (CANB). Queensland. Leichhardt District:

Crystalbrook, NW of Injune, Oct 1999, Fensham 3854

552

(BRI). Wide Bay District: adjacent to Witta cemetery,

N of Maleny, Oct 2000, Bean 16914 (BRI). New South

Wales. 3.4 km along Majors Point road, NE of Ebor,

Feb 2001, Bean 17350 (BRI, NSW); Rocky River, 35

km NE of Glen Innes via Gwydir Highway, Aug 1987,

Hind 5254 & D’Aubert (MEL, NSW); banks of Namoi

River, Warrabah N.P., Sep 1994, Boshing 994 (CANB);

Wingecarribee Swamp, c. 2.5 km NE of Burrawang,

c. 4.5 km due WNW of Robertson, Sep 1992, Kodela

188 (CANB); Bondo S.F., Dubbo Creek c. 7 km S along

Broken Cart Fire Trail, Feb 1999, Taws 925 (CANB).

Australian Capital Territory. Black Mountain slopes,

Australian National Botanic Gardens, Oct 1985, Ward

157 (CBG). Victoria, c. 4 miles [6 km] WSW of Stawell,

on road to Halls Gap, Nov 1965, Aston 1411 (MEL);

Orbost Rifle Range area, Orbost, Nov 1970, Beauglehole

ACB34514 (MEL); Splitters Range Forest Block, 6 km

SSW of Mount Tambo, Dec 1984, Carr 10189 (MEL);

Boundary Creek, Wulgulmerang, Nov 1962, Willis s.n.

(MEL). Tasmania, drainage ditch, corner Montagu

Road and Bolduans Road, Nov 2004, Duretto 1811

(CANB); Melaleuca, Apr 1992, Jacobs 6465 (HO, MEL,

NSW); Henty Bridge on Strahan - Zeehan road, Dec

1981, Orchard 5744 (CANB).

Distribution and habitat : C. stagnalis is

widely naturalised in Australia, occurring in

south-east Queensland, eastern New South

Wales, much of Victoria and Tasmania,

south-eastern South Australia and south¬

western Western Australia (Map 1G). It is

also naturalised in New Zealand and North

America. It has a broad native distribution

in Europe and western Asia. It grows in the

shallow water of drains, pools and creeks, and

sometimes in mud where water has receded.

Phenology : Flowers and fruits throughout the

year.

Note : The first Australian specimen records

were in 1881 (Sydney area) and 1882 (near

Adelaide). It is now the most widespread

and abundant alien Callitriche species in

Australia.

Excluded Names

Callitriche antarctica Hegelm., Verb. Bot.

Vereins Prov. Brandenburg 10: 115 (1869).

Type: Antarctic Archipelago, J.D.Hooker s.n.

(syn: n.v .); Kerguelen Island, May-July 1840,

J.D.Hooker (syn: n.v .); Campbell Island, Dec.

1840, J.D.Hooker (syn: NSW).

Mason (1959) reported a specimen

citation by Fassett in ‘Callitriche of the New

World’ (1951), recording C. antarctica for

Tasmania, supposedly collected by Gunn.

Austrobaileya 7(3): 545-554 (2007)

No further records have been forthcoming

and it seems highly likely that this citation is

erroneous, and that the species is absent from

Australia, excluding island territories, already

documented by Orchard (1993).

Callitriche platycarpa Kiitz. in Reichenb.,

Ic. Plant. Crit. cent, ix: 38 (1831). Type:

Magdeburg, Germany, received 1865,

W.F.R.Suringar (lecto: F; fide Fansdown

(2006a: 109)).

Hooker (1859) referred to this species

occurring on the Antarctic Islands. However,

the only species known from these islands is

C. antarctica.

Acknowledgements

A grant by the Australian Biological

Resources Study (ABRS) provided the

opportunity to examine the taxonomy and

nomenclature of the Australian Callitriche.

I thank Val Stajsic and Neville Walsh (both

MEF) for their advice and assistance; Juliet

Wege (Australian Botanical Fiaison Officer

2005-06) for providing images of type

material of C. muelleri and C. umbonata ; and

the Directors of AD, CANB, HO, MEF, NSW,

PERTH and STU for the loan of specimens.

Above all, I am indebted to Richard Fansdown

(U.K.) who provided reprints of relevant

publications (including those of Hegelmaier),

and whose generous assistance on a wide

range of callitrichous matters was promptly

given on numerous occasions.

References

Aston, H.I. (1973). Aquatic Plants of Australia.

Melbourne University Press: Carlton, Victoria.

Bentham, G. (1864). Callitriche. In Flora Australiensis

2: 491-492. L.Reeve & Co.: London.

Hooker, J.D. (1859). Flora Tasmaniae (Botany of the

Antarctic Voyage), Volume 3. L.Reeve & Co.:

London.

Jeanes, J.A. (1999). Callitrichaceae. In N.G. Walsh &

T. J.Entwisle (eds.). Flora of Victoria 4:459-463.

Inkata Press: Melbourne.

Lansdown, R. (2006a). Notes on the water-starworts

((Callitriche ) recorded in Europe. Watsonia 26:

105-120.

_ (2006b). The genus Callitriche (Callitrichaceae) in

Asia. Novon 16: 354-361.

Bean, Callitriche in Australia

553

Lansdown, R. & Jarvis, C. (2004). Linnaean names

in Callitriche L. (Callitrichaceae) and their

typification. Taxon 53: 169-172.

Mason, R. (1959). Callitriche in New Zealand and

Australia. Australian Journal of Botany 7:

295-327.

Orchard, A.E. (1980). Callitriche (Callitrichaceae)

in South Australia. Journal of the Adelaide

Botanic Gardens 2: 191-194.

_ (1993). Callitrichaceae. In Flora of Australia 50:

371-373. Australian Government Publishing

Service: Canberra.

Schotsman, H.D. (1967). Les Callitriches: Especes de

France et taxa nouveaux d’Europe. Editions

Paul Lechevalier: Paris.

554

Austrobaileya 7(3): 545-554 (2007)

Map 1. Distribution of Callitriche spp. in Australia

F.M.Bailey’s ascent of Mt Bellenden-Ker in 1889,

and notes on the publication priority of new

vascular plant species from the Expedition

John Leslie Dowe & Alan D. Broughton

Summary

Dowe, J.L. & Broughton, A.D. (2007). F.M.Bailey’s ascent of Mt Bellenden-Ker in 1889, and notes

on the publication priority of new vascular plant species from the Expedition. Austrobaileya 7(3):

555-566. The route of A.Meston’s Bellenden-Ker Range Expedition of 1889 and F.M.Bailey’s

itinerary were determined from Meston’s narrative of the Expedition. Many of the species that Bailey

described from the Expedition were published as new species in as many as four publications. The

chronology of the four publications has been established thus providing a priority of publication for

the names involved.

Key Words: F.M.Bailey, A.Meston, Bellenden-Ker botany, publication priority, Queensland flora

John Leslie Dowe, Australian Centre for Tropical Freshwater Research, James Cook University,

Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia. E-mail: John.Dowe@jcu.edu.au

Alan D. Broughton, Cairns Historical Society, Cnr Lake and Shields St., Cairns, Queensland 4870,

Australia

Introduction

One of F.M.Bailey’s most productive

collecting and taxonomic periods resulted

from his participation in Archibald Meston’s

Government Scientific Expedition in 1889

to the Bellenden-Ker Range in north¬

east Queensland (White 1950; Hall 1978;

Sanderson 2007), with almost 100 new taxa

being described, mostly by Bailey himself.

Bailey was one of two scientists on the

Expedition, the other being zoologist Kendall

Broadbent, a collector for the Queensland

Museum. The Expedition departed Cairns

on June 14, 1889, and during the ensuing 67

days, ascended Mt Bellenden-Ker [with a brief

climb by Meston to the summit of Mt Bartle

Frere (20-23 July)], as well as exploring the

Mulgrave River, Harvey Creek, and Russell

River areas. The Expedition returned to

Cairns on August 19, 1889.

As an introduction to the taxonomic

assessment, and to place in context the

collection localities, this paper examined

Meston’s accounts and provides the most

likely route that was taken by Bailey in his

ascent and descent of Mt Bellenden-Ker. Some

Accepted for publication 30 August 2007

comments on the vegetation, as described by

Meston, are also provided. In addition to the

higher plants and ferns which are discussed

here, Bailey (1890b, 1891) prepared lists of the

fungi, mosses, liverworts and lichens collected

during the Bellenden-Ker Expedition, but

aspects regarding the publication priority of

these taxa are beyond the scope of this paper.

With regard to the route and itinerary,

only the ascent and descent of Mt Bellenden-

Ker, which occupied the period 15 June to 17

July, is examined here in detail. However, the

assessment of Bailey’s taxonomic accounts

deals with the entire Expedition.

The Bellenden-Ker Range Expedition

Meston (1889a—j) provided a detailed,

though somewhat romanticized, account

of the Bellenden-Ker Range Expedition,

and with specific focus on the actual ascent

and subsequent descent in the company of

F.M.Bailey. However, Meston provided only a

meagre description of other localities visited

during the Expedition, such as Mulgrave

River, Harvey Creek and Russell River, and

consequently the route to these areas was

not able to be determined with acceptable

accuracy.

556

Despite Mt Bellenden-Ker having

apparently been ascended at least twice

before by European explorers (Johnstone

1874; Sayer 1888), Meston was subsequently

adamant that none of the previous attempts

indeed reached the summit, and that he was

the first non-indigenous person to do so.

Meston’s narrative is generally correct in

geographical content. However, it is in some

instances obscure with regard to location

details as many of the topographical features

of Mt Bellenden-Ker were not well defined

at the time. The names of some of the peaks

on the Bellenden-Ker Range described by

Meston do not agree with the names on

current topographical maps and this had led

to some difficulties initially in interpreting

the route taken by the Expedition. Some of

the names used by Meston in 1889 that now

refer to different peaks are: Mt Toressa for Mt

Sophia, Mt Sophia for the northern-most high

peak of the Bellenden-Ker Range (1280 m),

South Peak for a small peak (1550 m) to the

west-southwest of Centre Peak and Mt Harold

for Mt Massey. Early names for some streams

were also used by the Expedition, for example

present-day Behana Creek was referred to

as Tringilburra Creek. Understanding the

different names was critical in determining

the route of the ascent.

Of the altitude readings taken by Meston,

only those recorded during the first week can

be considered of sufficient accuracy to be

used to locate the Expedition’s position on a

modern contour map. After that time, without

frequent recalibration of the barometer,

the altitude readings become less accurate

and more problematic. Meston placed the

Expedition’s highest camp on his ‘south peak’

at a height of 5000 ft (1524 m). The true South

Peak, as indicated on modern maps, is about

4.5 km (2.8 miles) away to the SSE at a height

of about 1211 m (4000 ft). Meston appears to

be describing a part of a plateau region about

1540 m (5050 ft) in height to the west and

about 1 km from the Centre Peak, the highest

point on the Bellenden-Ker Range at 1582

m (5189 ft). During the Expedition’s stay at

Meston’s ‘south peak’, Meston ascended the

highest point and a smaller peak about 400 m

to the north at a height of 1555m (5100 ft).

Austrobaileya 7 ( 3 ): 555-566 ( 2007 )

Determining the route

Meston’s reports (Mestonl889a-j) contain

much valuable information made from his

observations and measurements during the

ascent of Mt Bellenden-Ker. He described

the mountain and creek systems in detail, the

types of vegetation encountered, locations of

campsites, local geology and activities carried

out by members of the Expedition. He also

recorded barometric heights, temperatures,

distances travelled and directions taken.

Meston used a compensated aneroid

barometer to measure heights (Meston

1889a). Measurement of altitude depends on

the difference in air pressure between two

points in a vertical column of air. Within

this column, pressure variations are also

caused by (1) changing temperature of the

air column, (2) diurnal variations, and (3)

movements of pressure systems. Where the

pressure variations due to (1) and (2) support

each other, errors up to 3-4% in the recorded

altitude could occur (BoM 1966; SRBV 1997).

Allowing for possible errors as outlined above,

Meston’s initial barometric heights can still

be used with some confidence to support or

substantiate his position already determined

from his descriptions and distances travelled.

The location of the highest camp, South Peak

Camp was determined by Meston’s description

of the whole south end of Bellenden-Ker from

the Centre Peak broadening out to be about 1

km in width. His barometer gave a height of

5000 feet (1525 m) (Meston 1889a). The Bartle

Frere map shows in this area a relatively flat

triangular region of height 1520 m dominated

by three small high points each of height of

about 1540 m but less than 1560 m and all

about 300 m apart. The high point nearest to

the ridge climbed and west-southwest of the

Centre Peak is the most likely site for this

camp at 1550m.

All this information was evaluated and

assessed and apart from some discrepancies

discovered during this process relating to

Meston’s use of mountain names (mentioned

above), the detail was sufficient to allow

described features to be readily identified

on the Bartle Frere 1:100,000 Topographical

Survey map, Series R631, Sheet 8063, Edition

2-AAS. The estimated route of Bailey’s sector

of the Expedition is provided in Fig. 1.

17 ,: 18'0"S 17 ,: 16'0"S 17 :, 14'0"S 17°12'0"S 17 : 10'0"S 17 : 8'0"S

Dowe & Broughton, F.M.Bailey ascent of Mt Bellenden-Ker

557

Fig. 1 . Estimated route taken by F.M.Bailey during the Bellenden-Ker Expedition, 1889, based on data in Meston (1889

a-j). Map prepared by Jonah Sullivan and Mirjam Maughan, ACTFR, Townsville.

17°18’0"S 17°16'0"S 17 ,:, 14'0"S 17°12'0 ,, S 17 : 10'0''S 17°8'0"S

558

Description of the route

The Expedition left the ‘Mulgrave Plain Camp’

(about 4 km east of Walsh’s Pyramid) on

Behana Creek (named as Tringilburra Creek)

on 16 June 1889 and travelled 7 km up Behana

Creek on horseback over level open-forested

country to the junction of a creek draining the

western slopes of Mt Sophia (current name)

and Behana Creek. ‘Valley Head Camp’ was

made at this junction, which was also at the

foot of Barnard’s Spur, so named by Meston in

February 1889 while on a previous expedition

(Meston 1889k; Barnard 1962). The next

day, the Expedition now on foot, ascended

the spur, the crest of it being open forest and

rising 500 m in 5 km in a southerly direction

before descending steeply 200 m into the

Behana Creek gorge. At this point the two

main tributaries of Behana Creek join. The

‘Whelanian Pools Camp’ was made on large

slabs of granite by the creeks. The next two

days were used to collect specimens along the

steep and rocky creek gorges.

On 20 June the party began the long climb

to the top of Mt Bellenden-Ker. The ridge

selected by Meston during the February 1889

Expedition ran slightly east of south from the

junction of the two creeks at the ‘Whelanian

Pools Camp’ to just west of the summit

of Mt Bellenden-Ker, a distance of about

7 km and rising from 300 m to about 1500

m. This section of the climb was in dense

rainforest along a narrow ridge not more than

6 m wide in places, with steep slopes on both

sides. Progress was slow as the track had

to be cleared of lawyer vine, stinging trees

and thick vegetation so that the Aboriginal

carriers following were not obstructed. ‘Palm

Camp’ was set up at about 1200 m on 20

June, and ‘South Peak Camp’ at 1550m three

days later, about 1 km west-southwest of Mt

Bellenden-Ker Centre Peak. Collections were

made at ‘Palm Camp’ on 20-21 June and at

‘South Peak Camp’ from 23-26 June, before

the Expedition returned to lower altitudes.

Only Meston, his son and Broadbent and an

Aborigine, Multarri, climbed to the summit

of Mt Bellenden-Ker at a height of 1582 m.

The climb was made in mid-winter. At the

‘South Peak Camp’, Meston recorded midday

temperatures ranging from 13°C to 18°C and

Austrobaileya 7(3): 555-566 (2007)

night temperatures ranging from - 1°C to 9°C.

Most of the collecting at the high elevation

camps was done in rain or cloud.

Collections and vegetation

Bailey collected mostly near the camps,

as well as along the routes between camps,

and did not venture too far away from these

areas.In contrast, Meston and others, not only

collected near the camps, but ranged further

afield during the expedition (Meston 1889b).

Meston (1889e) also collected plant specimens

on Bailey’s behalf during the Expedition. In

his reports, Bailey listed collection localities

such as Mt Bartle Frere, Mt Massey (Meston’s

Mt Harold) and Walshs Pyramid, places that

Bailey did not visit during the Expedition. In

some instances, specimens have been cited

with Meston as a co-collector (see Chew

(1972), for type collection of Piper mestonii

F.M.Bailey and Chew (1989), for type

collection of Ficus crassipes F.M.Bailey),

while many have been cited merely as

‘Bellenden-Ker Expedition’ without reference

to actual collector. Bailey’s Bellenden-Ker

Expedition itinerary is presented in Table 1.

Overall, little can be gleaned from Bailey’s

accounts with regard to the vegetation types

through which they traveled and made

collections. In his reports, his references to

vegetation were limited to descriptors such

as ‘scrubs’, ‘tropical scrubs’ and ‘rich scrubs’,

which appear to be synonymous with closed

forest and/or rainforest; ‘scrub borders’ which

may distinguish some ecotones; and ‘scrubs

bordering rivers’ which refer to riparian

vegetation. On the contrary, Meston’s reports

were descriptive of the vegetation, and he

provided, sometimes with acknowledged

assistance from Bailey, details of species

composition and distribution, as part of his

accounts of the daily routine of the Expedition.

In his "The Flora of Wooroonooran\ Meston

(1889j) provided a summarised account

of the vegetation experienced during the

Expedition, albeit “...a very brief description

of the specially interesting section of the

Bellenden-Ker flora, and intended for the

ordinary reader who either dreads or has no

desire for a personal orthographical struggle

with Mr. Bailey’s official report ”. In a general

Dowe & Broughton, F.M.Bailey ascent of Mt Bellenden-Ker 559

Table 1. EM.Bailey’s itinerary during the Bellenden-Ker Expedition, 1889.

Date

Movements and collecting locations

4 June

depart Brisbane

9 June

arrive Cairns

14 June

depart Cairns for Bellenden-Ker Range

15 June

arrive Tringilburra (Behana) Creek, edge of Mulgrave Plain

16 June

arrrive head of Behana Creek valley

17 June

ascend Barnards Spur, camp at Whelanian Pools

18-19 June

collect around Whelanian Pools

20-21 June

ascend to Palm Camp, collect locally

22 June

ascend to ‘south peak’ [west-southwest of Centre Peak on modern

maps]

23-26 June

collect around ‘south peak’ [west-southwest of Centre Peak on

modern maps]

27 June

descend to Palm Camp

28 June-1 July

collect around Palm Camp

2 July

descend to Barnards Spur, camp overnight

3 July

descend to head of Behana Ck valley

4-10 July

collect in Behana Creek valley area

11 July

move to Behana Creek camp, edge of Mulgrave Plain

12-17 July

collect in Behana Creek camp area

18-25 July

travel to Russell River and Harvey Creek, collect locally

26 July

travel to Mulgrave River

27 July-18 August

collect along Mulgrave River

19 August

return to Cairns

20 August

Cairns

21-26 August

visit Freshwater Valley

27 August

depart Cairns

2 September

arrive Brisbane

context, Meston described the whole range as the south spur at 2700ft., and a few hundred

being “ clothed in dense tropical jungle from yards of forest on the west spurs of mounts

base to summit, there not being a single open Sophia and Toressd\

space 50 ft. square, except a patch of ferns on

560

In the lower portion of the ascent, Meston

(1889a) described the vegetation of Barnard’s

Spur as “ chiefly bloodwood, Moreton Bay

ash and the Casuarina ”. He used the term

‘forest’ for this moist sclerophyll vegetation,

as opposed to ‘scrubs’, ‘thick scrub’ or ‘dense

tropical scrubs’ for complex closed forest or

rainforest. As Meston began his ascent into

the higher elevations he noted, at about 1200

m, “ many tall trees... especially Kauri pines,

which attain gigantic dimensions. The lawyer

vine and stinging tree are left behind at about

2000ft, but all the way up it is a thick wiry

undergrowth ” At Meston’s ‘south peak’, at

about 1550 m, “ the vegetation here is one

tangled solid mass, impenetrable without the

cane-knife ” To reach the Centre Peak, Meston

had to cut “ through indescribable vegetation,

the worst of which is a dracophyllum tree...

tough, gnarled, wiry branches all tangled

together ” Upon reaching the summit, the

‘"trees are nearly all short and gnarled, and

all, without exception, hard as bone ” and

“conspicuous among the vegetation is a

dome-topped tree with foliage so thick that

not a ray of sunshine penetrates”. The latter

refer to Dracophyllum sayeri F.Muell. and

Leptospermum wooroonooran F.M.Bailey,

respectively.

The potential of many species as useful

fruits was optimistically expounded by

Meston, such as Acronychia acidula F.Muell.,

Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng., Citrus inodora

F.M.Bailey, Davidsonia pruriens F.Muell.,

Garcinia mestonii F.M.Bailey, Macadamia

whelanii (F.M.Bailey) F.M.Bailey, Myristica

insipida R.Br., Piper mestonii F.M.Bailey

and Rhodomyrtus macrocarpa Benth., as

well as various native grapes, the Burdekin

Plum, beans, nuts, cherries, berries and

figs. Among perfume-bearing plants,

Meston included Dracophyllum sayeri , an

unnamed ‘ Hollandaea sp.’, Orites fragrans

F.M.Bailey and orchids. As for potential

garden ornamentals, Meston noted Helicia

nortoniana (F.M.Bailey) F.M.Bailey,

Mullerochloa moreheadiana (F.M.Bailey)

K.M.Wong and Schefftera actinophylla (Endl.)

Harms. He noted the restricted distribution

of Acronychia chooreechillum (F.M.Bailey)

C.T.White, Crepidomanes pallidum (Blume)

Austrobaileya 7(3): 555-566 (2007)

K.Iwats. and Leptospermum wooroonooran

to the summits of peaks. The achievements of

the Expedition were remarkable considering

the impenetrability of the vegetation, the

steepness of the topography, the almost

constant rain and the very low temperatures

in the higher elevations.

New taxa described from the Bellenden-

Ker Range Expedition

A perusal of taxonomic citations in Chapman

(1991), APNI (2005) and numerous other

publications, of the taxa that were described

from the Bellenden-Ker Expedition (Bailey

1889a-c, 1890a-b, 1891), revealed that the

publication citation data for them were overall

inconsistent and contradictory. In effect, new

taxa were nominally published as ‘«. sp.\

up to four times in separate publications,

and priority had not been fully resolved for

many of them. This paper aims to compare

the publications in which the new taxa were

‘published’, and resolve the publication

priority issue.

The four publications in which taxa were

described as c n. sp .’ are:

1. ‘Report on New Plants, Preliminary to

General Report on Botanical Results on

Meston’s Expedition to the Bellenden-Ker

Range, by F.M. Bailey, F.L.S., Colonial

Botanist ’. This report is dated 1 October 1889

by what appears to be Bailey’s hand.

In this publication, 17 new taxa (one

genus and 16 spp.) are listed alphabetically

by genus, designated as ‘ n. sp .’ and with a

detailed description and distribution details.

The publication appears to have been type-set,

and consists of three pages. It is not known

how many copies were produced or to whom

they were distributed, and the document is

exceedingly rare. However, as the document

was type-set, it can be assumed that a

significant number may have been printed and

distributed. The document qualifies as a valid

place of publication for 17 new taxa (Table 2,

column 1).

561

Do we & Broughton, F.M. Bailey ascent of Mt Bellenden-Ker

Table 2. Publication data of F.M.Bailey’s Bellenden-Ker Expedition vascular plant taxa published

as new (i.e. ‘ n. sp .’) in four publications. Listed are the page numbers for the protologue (bold

type) and subsequent publication of the same taxon:

1: Bailey 1889a; 2: Bailey 1889b; 3: Bailey 1889c; 4: Bailey 1890a.

Bailey’s taxon name

Currently accepted name for

taxon

(Bostock & Holland 2007)

Publication and

page numbers

Alsophila rebeccae var.

commutata F.M.Bailey

Cyathea baileyana (Domin) Domin

[Cyatheaceae]

Aspidium acuminatum var.

villosum F.M.Bailey

Lastreopsis microsora (Endl.)

Tindale subsp. microsora

[Dryopteridaceae]

Aspidium ramosum var.

lineare F.M.Bailey

Arthropteris palisotii (Desv.) Alston

[Nephrolepidaceae]

Bacularia palmeriana

F.M.Bailey

Linospadix palmerianus

(F.M.Bailey) Burret [Arecaceae]

Bambusa moreheadiana

F.M.Bailey

Mullerochloa moreheadiana

(F.M.Bailey) K.M.Wong [Poaceae]

Blechnum whelanii

F.M.Bailey

Blechnum whelanii F.M.Bailey

[Blechnaceae]

Bulbophyllum toressae

F.M.Bailey

Dendrobium toressae (F.M.Bailey)

Dockrill [Orchidaceae]

Citrus inodor a F.M.Bailey

Citrus inodora F.M.Bailey

[Rutaceae]

Cyanocarpus F.M.Bailey

Helicia Lour. [Proteaceae]

Cyanocarpus nortoniana

F.M.Bailey

Helicia nortoniana (F.M.Bailey)

F.M.Bailey [Proteaceae]

Cyrtandra baileyi F.Muell.

[Gesneriaceae]

Denhamia viridissima

F.M.Bailey & F.Muell. ex

F.M.Bailey

Denhamia viridissima F.M.Bailey

& F.Muell. ex F.M.Bailey

[Celastraceae]

Derris koolgibberah

F.M.Bailey

Derris koolgibberah F.M.Bailey

[Fabaceae]

Dimeria glabriuscula

F.M.Bailey

Dimeria ornithopoda Trin.

[Poaceae]

562

Austrobaileya 7(3): 555-566 (2007)

Bailey’s taxon name

Currently accepted name for

taxon

(Bostock & Holland 2007)

Publication and

page numbers

Ficus crassipes F.M.Bailey

[Moraceae]

Garcinia mestonii

F.M.Bailey

Garcinia mestonii F.M.Bailey

[Clusiaceae]

Harpullia frutescens

F.M.Bailey

Harpullia frutescens F.M.Bailey

[Sapindaceae]

Helicia whelanii F.M.Bailey

Macadamia whelanii (F.M.Bailey)

F.M.Bailey [Proteaceae]

Hymenophyllum

trichomanoides F.M.Bailey

Hymenophyllum baileyanum Domin

[Hymenophyllaceae]

Hymenophyllum

tunbridgense var. exsertum

F.M.Bailey

Hymenophyllum subdimidiatum

Rosenst. [Hymenophyllaceae]

Hyptiandra bidwillii var.

grandiuscula F.M.Bailey &

F.Muell. ex F.M.Bailey

Quassia baileyana (Oliv.) Noot.

[Simaroubaceae]

Leptospermum

wooroonooran F.M.Bailey

Leptospermum wooroonooran

F.M.Bailey [Myrtaceae]

Melicope chooreechillum

F.M.Bailey

Acronychia chooreechillum

(F.M.Bailey) C.T.White [Rutaceae]

Myrtus metrosideros

F.M.Bailey

Uromyrtus metrosideros

(F.M.Bailey) A. J.Scott [Myrtaceae]

Oberoniapusilla F.M.Bailey

Octarrhenapusilla (F.M.Bailey)

M.A.Clem. & D.L.Jones

[Orchidaceae]

Omphalea queenslandiae

F.M.Bailey

Omphalea queenslandiae

F.M.Bailey [Euphorbiaceae]

Orites fragrans F.M.Bailey

Orites fragrans F.M.Bailey 1

[Proteaceae]

Panicum prenticeanum

F.M.Bailey

Panicum incomtum Trin. [Poaceae]

Panicum vicinum F.M.Bailey

Ichnanthus pallens var. major

(Nees) Stieber [Poaceae]

Piper mestonii F.M.Bailey

[Piperaceae]

Do we & Broughton, F.M. Bailey ascent of Mt Bellenden-Ker

563

Bailey’s taxon name

Currently accepted name for

taxon

(Bostock & Holland 2007)

Publication and

page numbers

Polypodium albosetosum

F.M. Bailey

Grammitis albosetosa (F.M.Bailey)

Parris [Grammitidaceae]

Scaevola scandens

F.M. Bailey

Scaevola enantophylla F.Muell.

[Goodeniaceae]

Scleria ustulata F.M.Bailey

Exocarya scleroides (F.Muell.)

Benth. [Cyperaceae]

Sorghum laxiflorum

F.M. Bailey

Vacoparis laxiflorum (F.M.Bailey)

Spangler [Poaceae]

Strychnos bancroftiana

F.M.Bailey

Strychnos minor Dennst.

[Loganiaceae]

Symplocos paucistaminea

F.Muell. & F.M.Bailey

Symplocos paucistaminea F.Muell.

& F.M.Bailey [Symplocaceae]

Trichomanes barnardianum

F.M.Bailey

Crepidomanes barnardianum

(F.M.Bailey) Tindale subsp.

barnardianum [Hymenophyllaceae]

Vallisneria gracilis

F.M.Bailey

Vallisneria nana R.Br.

[Hydrocharitaceae]

Vittaria ( Taeniopsis )

wooroonooran F.M.Bailey

Scleroglossum wooroonooran

(F.M.Bailey) C.Chr.

[Grammitidaceae]

Reinstated to species rank at BRI (PI.Forster, pers. comm., August 2007)

2. ‘Report by A. Meston on the Government

Scientific Expedition to the Bellenden-Ker

Range (Wooroonooran), North Queensland'.

This is a foolscap-sized Parliamentary Paper

in Queensland: Votes and Proceedings of the

Legislative Assembly during the Session of

1889. The botany section was titled ‘Botany

of the Bellenden-Ker Expedition, by Fredk.

Manson Bailey, Colonial Botanist' and

covered pp. 14-29 of the Parliamentary Paper,

and repaginated and over-printed as pp.

1218-1233 in Volume 4 of a compilation of

Parliamentary Papers for that year. This paper

was tabled in the Queensland Parliament on

16 October 1889 (R. Bradbury, Queensland

Parliamentary Service, pers. comm.).

In this version, Bailey annotated a total of

583 taxa, of which one genus and 23 species

were annotated as c n. sp.\ and three as new

varieties (N.B: Bailey did not designate these

as new but simply applied a new varietal name

to an existing species), and including the 17

species previously described in ‘Report on

New Plants' (see above). All taxa were listed

according to the classification of Bentham

and Hooker (1862-1883), with species name,

author, common name, description and

collection location. Bailey provided expanded

descriptions of some established taxa. The

descriptions of the 17 redescribed ‘ n. sp

taxa were identical to those in ‘Report on

New Plants'. This publication therefore has

564

the protologues of an additional ten taxa

that were therein validly published (Table 2,

column 2).

3. ‘Report of the Government Scientific

Expedition to Bellenden-Ker Range upon

the Flora and Fauna of that Part of the

Colony ’. This was published in octavo-size

by the Department of Agriculture, Brisbane.

The botany section was titled ‘ Botany of the

Bellenden-Ker Expedition ’, covering pp.

29-80. The introductory section by Archibald

Meston was identical to that included in the

Parliamentary Paper version, and following

the botany section there was an additional

section on the Zoology of Bellenden-Ker

Ranges by Henry Tyron and Charles Hedley,

thus bringing the total number of pages in the

document to 127.

The title page is dated 1889, and there is

strong circumstantial evidence thatthis version

was published after October 1889. Apart from

including additional taxa, there is a footnote

(p. 35) in which Bailey noted that F.Mueller

(Victorian Government Botanist) had seen

some specimens and provided assistance with

descriptions: “The few plants marked with

an asterisk I obtained but poor specimens of

but Baron Mueller has kindly assisted me in

their determination. The descriptions in all

cases, however, are my own”. As Bailey did

not return to Brisbane until early September,

it may be that dispatch of specimens to

Mueller and for Mueller to respond would

have taken longer than the maximum of five

weeks before the Parliamentary Paper version

(see above) was tabled on 16 October 1889.

Bailey’s introductory paragraphs are dated

even earlier, at 7 October 1889, but this may

not be related to the botanical assessment as

an identical letter, also dated 7 October 1889,

was used in the preamble to the Parliamentary

Paper version.

This version was more expansive in

layout, with headings by class, order and

genus, with full taxonomic citation, and

some additional notes. There were seven

additional taxa, bringing the total to 590 taxa,

of which two were new taxa that had not been

included in either 6 Report on New Plants’’ or

the Parliamentary Paper version (Table 2,

column 3).

Austrobaileya 7(3): 555-566 (2007)

4. ‘Synopsis of the Queensland Flora, Third

Supplement’. This was published post May

1890, and all of the new taxa that were

published in the preceding publications (see

above) were again designated as c n. sp.’ in this

publication, but needless to say do not qualify

as valid protologues. However, there were

an additional eight new taxa described from

the Bellenden-Ker Expedition collections,

and these had not been previously described

(Table 2, column 4).

There were also other new taxa

subsequently described from the Expedition

by Bailey, but these did not appear in print

until the early 1890s and later, in publications

such as Botany Bulletin, Queensland

Agricultural Journal, Queensland Flora and

Comprehensive Catalogue of Queensland

Plants , and all of which were published as L n.

sp.’, and in most cases, to our knowledge, only

once. However, Bailey did produce some other

lists of species, some of them designated as

‘ n. sp.’ in various appendices to Department

of Agriculture Annual Reports. For example,

in the Annual Report of 1889-1890 in an

appendix titled ‘Supplement to the report of

the botany of the Bellenden-Ker Expedition’,

Bailey listed nine taxa that had been described

in Synopsis of the Queensland Flora, Third

Supplement , but he appended these with the

appropriate authorship. In the Annual Report

for 1890-1891, in a section that was titled

‘Final supplement to the report of the Botany

of the Bellenden-Ker Expedition’ , Bailey

listed nine higher plant species of which five

were appended as ‘ n. sp.’. However, there was

no description accompanying these names

and taxonomically they can be relegated to

the status of nomen nudum if deemed to be

published before the valid protologues in

various issues of Botany Bulletin for 1891.

Discussion

White (1950, p.109) appears to be the first to

comment on the discrepancies concerning

publication priority involving the two versions

of Bailey’s Bellenden-Ker Expedition botany

reports. White described the Parliamentary

Paper version as “ extremely rare, however,

even in Australian libraries”, whereas the

Department of Agriculture version “was the

565

Do we & Broughton, F.M. Bailey ascent of Mt Bellenden-Ker

one always quoted by Bailey himself and by

subsequent authors ”, White concluded that

the Parliamentary Paper version had priority.

However, both of these were preceded by the

"Report on New Plants'’ dated 1 October 1889,

in which 17 new taxa were validly described.

These taxa were in turn ‘re-described’ in the

Parliamentary Paper version of the botany

report, and which was tabled 16 October

1889, with a number of additional previously

undescribed taxa. Subsequently, these taxa

were ‘redescribed’ in the Department of

Agriculture publication post-October 1889

and again in post-May 1890 in Bailey’s

‘Synopsis of the Queensland Flora, Third

Supplement ’.

The chronology of those publications

in which Bailey’s Bellenden-Ker taxa were

described and then redescribed, though

nomenclaturally illegal, as ‘ n. spf has been

clearly established in this paper. All species

that were described in the various publications

herein discussed, are listed in Table 1. It is

anticipated that this assessment of Bailey’s

Bellenden-Ker botany will resolve some of

the inconsistencies in taxonomic citations for

the taxa involved.

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the following who

kindly and thoroughly assisted with library

searches, advice on references and other

matters: Robert Bradbury (Queensland

Parliamentary Service, Brisbane), Arthur

Chapman, Alex George, Laurie Jessup (BRI),

Catherine Jordon (AustralianNational Botanic

Gardens Library, Canberra), Helen Thompson

(ABRS), Jenny Tonkin (ABLO), Stefan

Ungrich (CBGP-INRA, France), Annette

Wilson (ABRS) and Frank Zich (QRS).

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Meston, A. (1889a). Report by A. Meston on the

Government Scientific Expedition to the

Bellenden-Ker Range (Wooroonooran),

North Queensland. Queensland, Votes and

Proceedings of the Legislative Assembly, Vol. 4:

1-13 (repaginated as 1205-1217 in bound copy).

James C. Beal, Government Printer: Brisbane.

- (1889b). Report of the Government scientific

expedition to Bellenden-Ker range upon the

flora and fauna of that part of the colony.

Department of Agriculture, Queensland. James

C. Beal, Government Printer: Brisbane.

- (1889c). The Bellenden-Ker Expedition. The

Queenslander, October 12, pp. 693-694.

- (1889d). The Bellenden-Ker Expedition. No. II.

The Queenslander, October 19, p. 742.

- (1889e). The Bellenden-Ker Expedition. No. III.

The Queenslander, October 26, p. 791.

- (1889f). The Bellenden-Ker Expedition. No. IV.

The Queenslander, November 2, p. 837.

- (1889g). The Bellenden-Ker Expedition. V. The

Queenslander, November 16, pp. 934-935.

- (1889h). The Bellenden-Ker Expedition. VI. The

Queenslander, November 30, p. 1040.

- (1889i). The fauna of Wooroonooran. The

Queenslander, December 7, p. 1080.

- (1889j). The flora of Wooroonooran. The

Queenslander, December 21, p. 1174.

- (1889k). Exploring the Bellenden-Ker. II. The

Queenslander, June 1, pp. 1030-1031.

Sanderson, R. (2007). Many beautiful things: Colonial

botanist’s accounts of the north Queensland

rainforests. Historical Records of Australian

Science 18: 1-18.

Sayer, W.A. (1888). First ascent of Mount Bellenden-

Ker. Victorian Naturalist 4: 37-44.

Austrobaileya 7(3): 555-566 (2007)

Srbv [Surveyors Registration Board of Victoria] (1997).

Survey practice handbook - Victoria, Part 2:

survey procedures. Surveyors Registration

Board of Victoria: Melbourne.

White, C.T. (1950). Memorial address: F.M.Bailey: his

life and work. Proceedings of the Royal Society

of Queensland 61: 104-114.

Trionciniapatens A.E.Holland & D.W.Butler

(Asteraceae: Coreopsideae: Chlysanthellinae ), a new

and endangered species from central Queensland

A.E.Holland & D.W.Butler

Summary

Holland, A.E. & Butler, D.W. (2007). Trioncinia patens A.E.Holland & D.W.Butler (Asteraceae:

Coreopsideae'. Chrysanthellinae), a new and endangered species from central Queensland.

Austrobaileya 7(3): 567-571. The new species Trioncinia patens is described and illustrated, together

with a map of its distribution. A table is provided listing the characteristic differences between the

two species of the genus, T. patens and T. retroflexa. The distribution, habitat and conservation status

of T. patens is discussed. It is only known from three locations in and near the Peak Range National

Park between Clermont and Dysart in Central Queensland where it occurs in eucalypt woodland or

grassland. A conservation status of Endangered is recommended.

Key Words: Asteraceae, Coreopsideae , Chrysanthellinae , Trioncinia patens , Trioncinia retroflexa ,

new species, Australia, Australian flora, Queensland flora, central Queensland, Peak Range National

Park, endangered species

A.E.Holland & D.W.Butler, Queensland Herbarium, Environmental Protection Agency, Brisbane

Botanic Gardens, Mt Coot-tha Road, Toowong, Queensland 4066, Australia. Email: ailsa.holland@

epa.qld.gov.au

Introduction

Mueller (1858) first described Glossogyne

Sect. Trioncinia F. Muel 1. based on Glossogyne

retroflexaTMudl. For many years this species

was known only from a single specimen

collected by Ferdinand Mueller at Peak Downs

in 1856. Veldkamp raised the section to generic

rank and made the combination Trioncinia

retroflexa (F.Muell.) Veldkamp (Veldkamp

& Kreffer 1991). Trioncinia retroflexa was

rediscovered during intensive survey work in

1997 (Fensham 1999) and eight populations

of this endangered species are now recorded.

The genus Trioncinia (F.Muell.) Veldkamp

is distinguished from other members of

the subtribe Chrysanthellinae Ryding &

K.Bremer by the cypselas which have 3 or 4

awns (Panero 2007).

The new species described here was

discovered during survey work in the Dysart

area, when a strange looking cypsela was

found in the sock of the second author. Six

individuals of this species were subsequently

located growing alongside Glossocardia

bidens (Retz.) Veldkamp and required close

examination to distinguish them. This new

Accepted for publication 7 September 2007

species is currently known from only three

locations in the Dysart area.

Taxonomy

Trioncinia patens A.E.Holland & D.W.Butler,

species nova a T. retroflexa (F.Muell.) Veldkamp

cypselis minoribus (5-7 mm longis) costis

transversis tenuibus ornatis, costis longitudinalibus

deficientibus, aristis subaequalibus quatuor apice

instructis, praecipue distinguenda; et quoque planta

parva floribus radii cypselis foliisque minoribus

vulgo praedita. Typus: Queensland. Leichhardt

District: Eastern Peak, 30 km W of Dysart, 8

February 2006, D.Butler 122 & J.Ambrose (holo:

BRI).

Perennial with a thick woody taproot and

several stems arising from the caudex; all

parts of the plant glabrous. Stems erect, to 50

cm high, branched mainly in the upper half.

Leaves mostly basal, alternate, to 7 cm long,

stem leaves smaller; petioles to 4 cm long;

lamina pinnatifid, sometimes further divided,

up to 3 cm long and 2 cm wide; leaf segments

narrow, 1—1.5 mm wide, apiculate at apex,

1-nerved. Inflorescences branched in upper

half of plant, peduncles 4-12 cm long, often

with 1 or 2 bracts in the upper half. Capitula

6-9 mm diameter (to 15 mm diameter in

568

fruit), radiate; receptacle domed, 1.6-2.4 mm

diameter. Involucres hemispheric, phyllaries

in 2 or 3 series; outer phyllaries few, short

triangular, 1-2 mm long, 0.5-1 mm wide;

middle and inner phyllaries ovate to oblong or

obovate, 2.4-3.6 mm long, 0.8-1.1 mm wide,

5-veined, with a scarious margin, surface

green, often glandular. Receptacular bracts

linear to lanceolate, 3-4 mm long, 0.1-0.3

mm wide. Ray florets female, 5, bilobed; claw

1 mm long; lamina obovate, 1.8-2.2 mm long,

1-1.4 mm wide, bilobed at apex, yellow; 5-

or 7-veined, dark brown or red. Style of ray

florets 2 mm long, style arms reduced, not

extended beyond the stigmatic surface. Disc

florets 11-17, hermaphrodite, 2-2.5 mm long,

c. 0.2 mm wide, dilated in upper two-thirds,

with 4 or 5 triangular lobes, 2 or 3 lobes have

marginal veins only, the remaining 1 or 2 also

have a mid-vein; all veins joining at the apex.

Anthers c. 0.8 mm long, without tails, anther

appendix obtuse, resinous. Style of disc

florets c. 2 mm long, style arms c. 1 mm long,

stigmatic surface one third the length of the

arms. Cypselas terete, slightly wider in the

middle, slightly curved inwards at apex, 5-7

mm long, 0.7-1.0 mm diameter (the outer ones

slightly shorter), surface glabrous, lacking

longitudinal ribs, with thin transverse ridges,

smooth between ridges, pale brown, apex with

4 awns; awns spreading more or less at right

angles to each other and to the body of the

cypsela, 1-2 mm long, more or less equal in

length or rarely one much shorter, retrorsely

barbed, orange-brown. Fig.l.

Table 1: Characteristics of Trioncinia species

Austrobaileya 7(3): 567-571 (2007)

Additional specimens examined : Queensland.

Leichhardt District: East base of Browns Peak, 30 km

W of Dysart, Feb 2006, Butler 123 & Ambrose (BRI).

South Kennedy District: Western base of Mt Castor,

Peak Range National Park, c. 40 km NE of Clermont,

Jan 2001, Butler s.n. (BRI [AQ669884]).

Distribution and habitat : Trioncinia patens

is known from only three locations, all on the

toe-slopes of peaks in and near the Peak Range

National Park between Clermont and Dysart

in central Queensland (Map 1). It occurs in

eucalypt woodland (Eucalyptus orgadophila,

E. crebra, E. melanophloia and Corymbia

erythrophloia ), on basalt-derived dark-grey

to red-brown clays or clay-loams, often with

some surface gravel (Regional Ecosystem

11.8.4 or 11.8.5, (Environmental Protection

Agency 2007).

Notes: Trioncinia patens superficially

resembles T. retroflexa , but is generally a

smaller plant, with smaller ray florets, cypselas

and leaves. Trioncinia patens is most reliably

distinguished by the four spreading awns of

the cypsela. Trioncinia retroflexa usually has

three awns, rarely a small fourth one, and

these are always reflexed when mature. The

mature cypselas of T. patens are transversely

ridged with thin ribs that are smooth between

the ridges whereas the mature cypselas of

T. retroflexa are longitudinally ribbed with

thick transverse ridges becoming rugose or

warty with age (Table 1).

Character

T. patens

T. retroflexa

basal leaf length

3-7 cm long

4.5-17 cm long

width of leaf segments

1-1.5 cm wide

1-3.5 cm wide

ray lamina length x width

1.8-2.2 x 1-1.4 mm

3-3.7 x 2-2.5 mm

cypsela length

5-7 mm

8-11 mm

cypsela width

0.7-1 mm

1-1.3 mm

cypsela ridges

longitudinal ribs absent;

transverse ridges thin, not

overlapping, and smooth

between ridges

longitudinally ribbed with

warty transverse ridges

becoming thickened or

rugose with age

cypsela awns

4, spreading, subequal

3, strongly reflexed (rarely

with a small fourth one)

Holland & Butler, Trioncinia patens

569

Fig. 1. Trioncinia patens. A. habit x 0.3. B. capitulum x 8. C. phyllary x 16. D. receptacular bract x 16. E. ray floret

x 16. F. disc floret with anthers x 16. G. style from disc floret x 32. H. cypsela x 8. A-G from Butler 122 & Ambrose

(BRI); H from Butler s.n. (BRI [AQ669884]). Del. W.Smith.

The two Trioncinia species differ

considerably in their habitat preferences.

Trioncinia retroflexa occurs mainly in

grasslands on rolling plains of heavy black

clay, whereas T. patens occurs mainly in

eucalypt woodland on the lower slopes

of basalt or trachyte hills where soils are

considerably lighter in texture and colour.

570

Some populations of T. retroflexa occur near

woodland boundaries in grassland/woodland

mosaics on higher parts of rolling basaltic

plains, and one population of T. patens occurs

in a small grassland on quite dark clay soil.

However, this grassland is unlike any known

T. retroflexa habitat. It is a patch slightly larger

than 0.5 hectare, surrounded by eucalypt

woodland and perched atop a broad ridge

running off one of the Gemini Peaks.

Conservation status : Trioncinia patens

was found to occur in only three locations

after considerable survey effort in the area.

The northernmost population occurs in the

Gemini section of Peak Range National Park

(at the base of Mount Castor) and consists

of only six individuals; the southernmost

population at the base of Eastern Peak (also

part of Peak Range National Park) has more

than 100 individuals; the nearby population at

the base of Browns Peak consists of less than

100 individuals and is not conserved. Under

the IUCN criteria (IUCN 2001), T. patens

can be categorised as “Endangered” under

criterion D (population size estimated to

number fewer than 250 individuals). Threats

to current populations are assumed to be

similar to those of T. retroflexa , including

grazing, weed infestation and inappropriate

fire regimes, although T. retroflexa is tolerant

of spasmodic disturbance (Fensham et al.

2002). Monitoring of the three populations in

the area is recommended.

Acknowledgements

We thank Russell Fairfax, Jane Ambrose

and Rod Fensham for assistance with survey

work. We also thank Pina Milne (MEL) for

expediting the loan of the type of T. retroflexa

and Brendan Lepschi (CANB) for the

rapid return of our T. retroflexa specimens.

Les Pedley provided the Latin diagnosis and

Peter Bostock provided the map. Will Smith

provided the illustrations.

References

Environmental Protection Agency (2007). Regional

Ecosystem Description Database (REDD).

Version 5. Updated June 2007. Database

maintained by Queensland Herbarium, EPA,

Brisbane. http://www.epa. qld.gov. au/redd

Austrobaileya 7(3): 567-571 (2007)

Fensham, R.J. (1999). The rediscovery of Trioncinia

retroflexa (Asteraceae) in central Queensland.

Australian Systematic Botany Society

Newsletter 98: 9-10.

Fensham, R.J., Fairfax, R.J. & Holman, J.E. (2002).

Response of a rare herb (Trioncinia retroflexa)

from semi-arid tropical grassland to occasional

fire and grazing. Austral Ecology 27: 284-290.

Iucn (2001). IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria.

Version 3.1. Gland: IUCN - The World

Conservation Union.

Panero, J.L. (2007). Coreopsideae. In K.Kubitzki (ed.).

The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. 8:

406-417. Springer-Verlag: Berlin.

Mueller, F. (1858). Glossogyne Sect. Trioncinia.

Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae. 1: 51.

Government Printer: Melbourne.

Veldkamp, F.F. & Kreffer, L.A. (1991). Notes on

southeast Asian and Australian Coreopsidinae

(Asteraceae). Blumea 35: 459-482.

Holland & Butler, Trioncinia patens

571

Map 1. Distribution of Trioncinia patens • .

Austrobaileya 7(3): 573-575 (2007)

573

SHORT COMMUNICATION

The distribution, habitat and conservation status of

Suregada glomerulata (Blume) Baill. (Euphorbiaceae)

from north-eastern Cape York Peninsula, Queensland

David G. Fell

PO Box 337, Alstonville, New South Wales 2477, Australia

A systematic survey of the rainforest

vegetation of Cape York Peninsula, far north¬

eastern Australia, was carried out between

1992 and 1995 (Stanton & Fell 2005). The

survey which provided site data utilised in the

mapping of the region’s vegetation (cf. Neldner

& Clarkson 1995), described the variety of

rainforest communities throughout Cape

York Peninsula, and resulted in significant

contributions of voucher specimens to the

Queensland Herbarium (BRI) and other

Australian herbaria. These records included

a number of range extensions, including the

first records of Suregada glomerulata (Blume)

Baill. (Euphorbiaceae) for Queensland.

Suregada Roxb. ex Rottl. comprises

31 species of shrubs and small trees that

predominantly occur in the tropical Asian

- Pacific region, as well as Taiwan, South

Africa and Madagascar (Govaerts 2004). The

genus is characterised by leaves with unusual,

secretory lacunae that may be adaptive for

xeric environments (Wurdack et al. 2005).

Suregada glomerulata is a dioecious shrub

or small tree with elliptic or narrowly cuneate-

obovate leaves up to 18 by 6 cm (Airy-Shaw

1980). Leaves are typically decurrent at the

base merging into a very short petiole with

an obtuse or rounded apex and translucent

areoles between the ultimate nerves (Airy-

Shaw 1980). The stem blaze is reported as

yellow (J.P Stanton, pers. comm., June 2007).

The flowers have been variously recorded as

green ( Brass 8219), greenish-cream ( De Wild

19353), brownish yellow ( Woerjantoro 120),

and white (Van Steenis 9884, Tangkilisan 93,

Stanton 67). Fruits are orange-red capsules

Accepted for publication 24 August 2007

and dehisce septicidally to present black seeds

(EPA 2007).

Distribution - Non-Queensland habitat.

Suregada glomerulata is widespread in

western and eastern Malesia including

Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia, Timor

and New Guinea (EPA 2007). Within these

areas it inhabits lowland and lower montane

rainforest between altitudes of 130 to 1160 m,

often near running fresh water on a variety

of substrates including limestone (Airy Shaw

1975 cited in RBGK n.d.; EPA 2007). It also

occurs throughout southern China, in Hainan,

Guangdong, Guangxi and Yunnan Provinces

where it is common in open areas, roadsides,

and early recovery vegetation such as 5-25-

year-old secondary forests on abandoned lands

of shifting cultivation (Ding & Zang 2005; Yi

Ding, pers. comm., November 2006).

In the Northern Territory, S. glomerulata

is known from vineforests and vinethickets

on dry sandstone, sandy alluvium associated

with springs, or lateritic substrates (Liddle

et al. 1994; EPA 2007). The majority of the

herbarium records are located in the Arnhem

Plateau Bioregion, over an approximate extent

of 100 km east-west by 140 km north-south

(DPI 2006; Liddle et al. 1994; EPA 2007). The

main population occurs in an area with an

average annual maximum temperature of 34°

C and average annual rainfall of 1200-1600

mm (DPI 2006). A disjunct population occurs

in the Tiwi - Coburg Bioregion on Croker

Island, some 200 km northwest of the main

population (EPA 2007). In contrast to the

predominately sandstone environments of the

Arnhem Plateau Bioregion, the Croker Island

population occurs on laterite in a maritime

environment.

574

Queensland Habitat. Suregada glomerulata

was first collected in Queensland in the Iron

Range area in March 1994 ( Fell & Stanton

DGF4154 , Site 117 West Claudie River, Cape

York Peninsula; Stanton & Fell 2005). The

second collection in Queensland {Stanton

67 , October 1995) was recorded within two

kilometres of the first site. Both localities

occur within Iron Range National Park within

the traditional lands of the Kuuku y’au people

(Horton 1994).

The initial Queensland collection of

Suregada glomerulata was from semi-

deciduous mesophyll-notophyll vine forest

with Acacia species (Stanton & Fell 2005

- Type 49) where it was an uncommon

understorey shrub up to 2 m in height. The

survey site (Site 117) occurred on podzolic

soils of poor internal drainage that are found

on the lower slopes and adjacent colluvial

deposits of granite ranges (Stanton & Fell

2005). Granite boulders outcrop on the

site amongst which Dendrocnide cordata

was frequent. The well-developed but

uneven canopy reaching 35 m in height was

dominated by Acaciapolystachya, Terminalia

sericocarpa and Canarium australianum ,

and also featured Brachychiton velutinosus

(listed as Rare in the Queensland Nature

Conservation Act (Wildlife) Regulation 2006

{NCR 2006)) and Margaritaria indica (listed

as Vulnerable in the NCR 2006). The diverse

understorey featured dense patches of the

native bamboo Neololeba atra (listed as Rare

in the NCR 2006). At the time of survey, the

site was undisturbed by human activity and

free of weeds.

The second collection of Suregada

glomerulata was located in tall simple

mesophyll/notophyll vine forest on a gentle

slope, with red loam soils derived from

weathered schist (Stanton & Fell 2005 - Type

38).

Environmental Relationships : In contrast

to the Northern Territory populations, the

Queensland habitats of S. glomerulata are

very wet (rainfall + 2,000 mm per annum),

perhaps more resembling those described

for the extra-Australian populations in Asia

and Malesia. While the granitic derived soils

Austrobaileya 7(3): 573-575 (2007)

present at the West Claudie River site are

likely to exhibit acidic properties similar to

those of soils derived from sandstones in the

Northern Territory sites, the precise habitat

parameters and relationships for this species

are at this point speculative. Rainforest

structure remains relatively constant in

the West Claudie River area in response to

geology; however, floristics vary considerably

in response to soil properties, slope position

and drainage (Stanton & Fell 2005). An

exception is vegetation on the upper granitic

slopes and ridges which support simpler

evergreen notophyll forests, representative

of a continuum between sclerophyll forest

{Acacia dominated) and vineforest.

Conservation Status. Suregada glomerulata

is widespread outside Australia and relatively

well known in the Northern Territory

where it is assigned “least concern” status

under the Territory Parks and Wildlife

Conservation Act 2000. In Queensland, the

species is considered extremely rare, with

two collections representing the only known

occurrence of a highly disjunct population. On

current information, the species is restricted

to the West Claudie River catchment in the

Cape York Peninsula bioregion in vegetation

types that are restricted to the Iron Range area

(Stanton & Fell 2005).

Based on available knowledge and the

limited extent of known potential habitat, S.

glomerulata may have a very restricted area

of occupancy in Queensland. The species is

conserved within Iron Range National Park

and not currently under any apparent threat.

Furthermore, the isolation of the population

limits the potential incidence and degree of

anthropogenic threats. However, there remains

a risk of stochastic extinction of the species in

Queensland due to its small population size

and very localised extent of occurrence.

Accordingly, the species should be

considered regionally significant in the

Cape York Peninsula bioregion and afforded

Vulnerable status under the Nature

Conservation (Wildlife) Regulation 2006 as

consistent with Criterion D2 (IUCN 2001).

This recommendation acknowledges the

difficulties in attributing conservation status

575

Fell, Suregada glomerulata

to taxa which are rare in Queensland, both

in terms of restricted geographic distribution

and habitat, but widespread in neighbouring

regions, for example Papua New Guinea where

we have limited knowledge of their status.

Such species in the Cape York Peninsula

bioregion are numerous and include Aglaia

argentea, Aglaia brassii, Albizia retusa subsp.

retusa, Brachychiton velutinosus, Cleistanthus

myrianthus, Macaranga polyadenia,

Margaritaria indica, Pimeleodendron

amboinicum, Syzygium malaccense and S.

buettnerianum, all of which are currently

listed as Rare (NCR 2006). In many cases,

data on Australian and extra-Australian

habitat of such species are limited and reliant

on historical herbarium collections. While

the broader distribution needs to be taken into

account when considering the conservation

status and potential for extinction of taxa that

also occur outside Australia, there remains

an obligation to protect all species extant

within the country and to protect the genetic

diversity inherent in populations on the edge

of a species’ range.

Acknowledgments

The field survey was conducted under the

guidance of Peter Stanton for the Queensland

Parks and Wildlife Service and funded

through the National Rainforest Conservation

Program and the Cape York Peninsula Land

Use Study (CYPLUS). Advice on the identity

of the original plant material was provided

by the staff of the Queensland Herbarium

and distributional data was BRI specimen

data. Information on habitat parameters

and conservation status by Peter Stanton,

and background text and comments on the

manuscript by A. Jasmyn J. Lynch are most

appreciated.

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