BIODIVERSITY JOURNAL

2015,6 (3): 67 1 -770

Quaternly scientific journal

edited by Edizioni Danaus,

viaV. Di Marco 43, 90143 Palermo, Italy

www.biodiversityjournal.com

biodiversityjournat@gmai!.com

Official authorization no, 40 (28.12.2010)

ISSN 2039-0394 (Print Edition)

ISSN 2039-0408 (Online Edition)

The Cetacean biodiversity in the Italian Seas (Mammalia Cetacea). The Cetaceans are the marine Mammals more specialized for life i nth e aquatic

environment, having achieved during their evolution profound morphological, anatomical and physiological adaptations. The Cetaceans are

considered up to now a monophyletie taxon (Order Cetacea Brisson, 1 762), but recent studies at the molecular level have shown that they are closely

related to the Order Artiodactyla. considered probably a paraphyktic group. This means that some groups (especially the hippos) are more closely

related to Whales than with the other animals of this order. Modern phylogenetic analysis take Arliodaetyls and Cetaceans for monophyletie clade of

Cetarfiodactyla Monlgelard, Catzeflis el Douzery, 1 997, The Order Cetarliodaety la was adopted by the I ntemational Whaling Commission in 2003. by

LU.C.N. (Red List of Threatened Species, Version 2015.3) and by the Committee on Taxonomy of the Society for Marine Mammalogy (List of

October 20 14). Most zoologists, however, sti ll consider the living Cetaceans as a separate order, with 90 described species divided into two suborders,

Odontoeeti Flower, 1867 (Toothed Whales), and Mysticeti Flower, 1864 (Baleen Whales); the first one with 10 families and 76 species (with one

species, Lipoies vex ill if tv, “possibly extinct”, and one Sousa un-named species, Australian Humpback Dolphin); the second one is divided into four

families with 14 species. The Cclofauna of the Mediterranean basin can be considered as a subset of the North Atlantic one with 23 regular species, as

they live, breed and feed in this sea: no species is endemic, they arc abundantly widespread species in all the oceans of the globe. Light of them are

sighted on a regular basis in Italian seas; one species of Mysl iced, the Fin Whale Balacnopiera phy.sahis (Linnaeus. 1 758 ) ( Balacnopteridae) and seven

species of Odontoeeti: the Sperm Whale Phvseter mucrocaphalus Linnaeus, 1758 ( - l 1 , catodon) ( Physcieridae); the Cuvier's Beaked Whale Ziphius

cavirostris Gray. 1865 (Ziphiidac); and five species of the family Dclphinidae (the Short- Bcacked Common Dolphin Delphimts deiphis Linnaeus,

1758, I lie Common BotlJenose Dolphin Tursinps truncants (Montagu, 1 82 1 ), the Striped Dolphin Sfenella coeruleoaiba (Meyen, 1833), the Risso's

Dolphin Grampus griseus (G, Cuv ier. 1812), and the Long-Finned Pilot Whale Glnbicephala melus (Traill. 1809)), In Italian waters there are also

other species considered as “irregular” since there is no certainty that they reproduce, but there may allocate for some periods: the Common Minke

Whale Balaenopfera acutomstmia Laeepede, 1804, and three dolphin species (the Kilter Whale Ora tuts area (Linnaeus, 1758), the False Killer

Whale Pseudo re a crass i dens (Owen, 1 846) and the Rough-Toothed Dolphin Sic no hredanensis (Lesson, I K28)). Concerning other species there are

very few records; North Atlantic Right Whale Euba/ciena glacialis (Muller, 1776) (Mysticeti Balaenidae), the Humpback Whale Megaptera

novaeangUae ( Boro w ski, 1781) (Balaenopteridae). the Dwarf Sperm Whale Kogia sima (Owen, 1866) (Kogitdae), and two species of Ziphiidac, the

Sowerby's Beaked Whale Mesoplodon bidens (Sower by, 1 804) and the Gervais' Beaked Whale Mesoplodon eumpaeus (Gcrvais, 1 855 ) Cetaceans

are protected at international level by CITF.S (Appendices I and ID, by the I labitats Directive (Council Directive 92/43/EF.C of 21 May 1992) on the

conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora (annex II and IV). and a lot of species are mentioned on thelUCN Red List of Threatened

Species. At European level some species are protected by the “Barcelona Convention” on the Protection of the Marine Environment and the

Mediterranean Coast (and its new Application Protocol relative to Special Protection Zones and the Biological Diversity in the Mediterranean adopted

on 1 995), the “Bonn Convention” on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, the “Beni Convention” relative to the Conservation of

European Wild life and Natural Habitats, and by the Agreement on the Conservation ofCetaceans in the Black Sea Mediterranean Sea and Contiguous

Atlantic Area ( ACCOBAMS ). For these reasons the Cetaceans arc protected by special laws in many countries.

Nicola Maio - Diparti men to di Biologia. University degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Coniplesso Universitario di Monte S, Angelo, via Cinthia 26

80126 Napoli. Italy: e-mail: niooinaio@unina.it cover photo by Giuseppe Gruosso

Biodiversity Journal, 2015, 6 (2): 673-682

The effects of afforestation and vegetation conversion on

plant diversity: a case study in S-W Syrian Mountains

Lamis Eid\ Ahmad Haj 2 & Mohammad S. Abido 3 *

'Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform, Damascus, Syria; e-mail: lamis.zena@hotmail.com

2 University of Damascus, Damascus, Syria; e-mail: hajahmad33@yahoo.com

3 Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain; e-mail: mohammedsaa@agu.edu.bh

■"Corresponding author

ABSTRACT The effect of afforestation and conversion of natural vegetation on plant diversity was in-

vestigated in 4 sites in the South-Western Syrian Mountains. Plot and plotless sampling

tech-niques were used to assess vegetation parameters within and outside afforested sites.

The results of the survey indicated the presence of 80 species belonging to 70 genera and 24

families in the study area. Seventy five percent of the species were of medicinal and forage

values where the remaining were of wild relatives of fruit trees. Therophytes and hemicrypto-

phytes dominated plant communities in the all sites. Average species richness was 12.6 in

open areas compared to 6.7 in forest tracts. Nine species were limited to forest plantations

only. Shannon- Weiner diversity index was 63% greater in open than in afforested areas.

Species similarity between open and afforested areas was 47%. Significant differences existed

between afforested and open area sites with regard to the number of species and diversity

index, however, no significant differences were observed among afforested sites nor among

open area sites for measured parameters. It is concluded that afforestation and land conversion

effect on the composition and structure of natural vegetation is obvious, however this effect

is highly variable. It is recommended that afforestation and land conversion operations be

integrated into national strategies for biodiversity conservation in the country to maintain

habitats and minimize loss of native species.

KEY WORDS Pinus; afforestation; conversion; coniferous; Syria; Mediterranean.

Received 07.04.2015; accepted 09.06.2015; printed 30.06.2015

INTRODUCTION

The Syrian vegetation is heterogeneous due to

bio-geographical, historical, climatic, physiognomic,

and geomorphological factors (Zohary, 1973;

Nahal, 1981; Khouzami & Nahal, 1983; Quezel,

1985; Nahal, 1995; Quezel et al., 1999). These

factors contributed to emerging distinctive eco-

systems that harbor a number of plant species

exceeding 3100 (Mouterde, 1966). Furthermore,

vegetation cover is characterized by instability and

vulnerability due to anthropogenic activities (Nahal,

1995; Abido, 1999; Ghazal, 2008). Afforestation

and conversion of natural forest into forest planta-

tions contribute to this instability and vulnerability.

These operations are believed to harm ecosystem

biodiversity and interfere with biodiversity conser-

vation goals (Fleming & Freedman, 1998; Maestre

& Cortina, 2004; Camus et al., 2006, Broclcerhoff

et al., 2008). However, this issue is still under

674

Lamis Eid etalii

debate due to site locations, modalities of affor-

estations, ecological context and the definition of

biodiversity itself (Allen et al., 1995; Bremer &

Farley, 2010). Changes in the composition, decrease

of richness and abundance of understory species

have been reported after afforestation due to micro-

climate changes at site level (Elmarsdottir & Ma-

gnusson, 2007). The impact also differs according

to afforested species, where light penetration

through the canopy of trees plays an important role

in recruitment of lower vegetation. Broadleaf

species allow more light penetration compared to

conifers creating better conditions for recruitment

of understory species (Pourbabaei et al., 2012; Yang

et al., 2014). It has been reported that habitat de-

pendent species are the most affected by affor-

estation operations (Amici et al., 2012; Calvino-

Cancela et al., 2012).

A number of researchers consider conversion of

natural forest to plantation yields limited habitats

and niches (Bemhard-Reversat, 2001); thus negat-

ively affecting richness of native species (Meers et

al., 2010; Pourbabaei et al., 2012). On the other

hand, it is well known that original land cover, re-

placed species, age and density of stands contribute

to habitat formations leading to controversial ef-

fects of conversion on biodiversity (Brockerhoff

et al., 2001; Hartley, 2002; Carnus et al., 2006;

Gil-Tena et al., 2007; Brockerhoff et al., 2008;

Gonzalez-Moreno et al., 2011). For instance, de-

creasing stand density or stand basal area, makes

favorable conditions for light demanding species,

thus in-creasing understory plant diversity and

richness (Bone et al., 1997; Parker et al., 2001;

Camevale & Montagnini, 2002).

Mediterranean natural forests and woodlands

are habitats for a wide spectrum of native species

(Naveh, 1975; Proenga et al., 2010; Bergner et al.,

2015). Meanwhile, they provide humans with many

products as well as environmental and cultural

services (Croitoru, 2007). To this end, the South-

Western Syrian Mountains form an ecotone where

the Mediterranean, Irano-Turanian biogeographic

regions meet (Zohary, 1973; Cohen et al., 1981,

Abido, 2000). With its unique climate and topo-

graphy the area supports Eu-Mediterranean vegeta-

tion type of rich plant diversity; making its

conservation a priority (Abido, 1999; Chikhali,

2000; Ghazal, 2008). However, large tracts of these

mountains have been subjected to extensive affor-

estation and land conversion operations. The cur-

rent study explores vegetation structure and com-

position of the area and the effect of afforestation

and the conversion of natural forests into planta-

tions on plant diversity.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Study site

The study area is composed of three adjacent

sites where, afforestation and conversion of natural

forests have taken place since the 1980s (Table 1,

Fig. 1). In these sites, pine plantations replaced de-

graded natural vegetation that composed mainly of

evergreen and non-deciduous trees and shrubs of

less than 20% coverage. Native cover species in-

clude Amygdalus communis L., Crataegus azarolus ,

C. monogyna Jacq., Quercus calliprinos , Q. infec-

toria, Prunus cerasus L., P. mahaleb L., P. micro-

carpa , P ursina Kotschy, Pyrus syriaca and

Poterium spinosum L. Soil is terra rosa of 20-30 cm

deep on limestone. The climate is sub humid Me-

diterranean type of meso-thermo variant (Nahal,

1981; Quezel, 1985) with monthly averages preci-

pitation and temper-ature of 500 mm and 14 °C re-

spectively. Drought period extends to 6 months a

year (Fig. 2).

Methods

Three 10x10 m quadrates were taken randomly

in and outside each of the three plantations.

Figure 1 . Location of the study area: S-W Syrian Mountains.

The effects of afforestation and vegetation conversion on plant diversity: a case study in S-W Syrian Mountains

675

Site

Latitudes

Altitude (m)

Physiography

Anthropogenic activities

Stand

Wadi Barada

(Nabi Habeel)

33° 36" N,

36° 22" E

1310

Gentle to steep

slopes (30-35%)

North, South, West

Afforestation - grazing

Cedrus libani,

Cupressus

arizonica, C.

sempervirens.

Dimas (Dier

Ashaer)

33° 35" N,

36° 24" E

1250

Steep slopes (45%)

North, East, South

Afforestation - land

clearing

P. brutia,

Cupressus

sempervirens.

Zabadani

(Jebel

Saeeda)

33° 36" N,

36° 31" E

1246

Moderate slope

(20-30%); North,

East,

West

Afforestation -

Reforestation - grazing —

tourism - collection of

medicinal and aromatic

plants

Pinus brutia,

Cupressus

arizonica, C.

sempervirens.

Rawda

(Zarzar)

33° 37" N,

36° 01" E

1210

Gentle slopes (15-

20%); North, East,

South

Grazing- wood cutting, -

collection of medicinal

and aromatic plants

Natural landscape

(Maquis)

Table 1. Study site attributes: S-W Syrian Mountains.

—Precipitation (mm) Temperature (C)

Figure 2. Average annual rainfall, temperature and

dry period.

The basal area of the stands was estimated by

measuring diameter at breast height (DBH) of all

trees in the forested plots using diameter tape

(Husch et al., 2003). Height of 6 trees representing

dominant, co-dominant and medium height were

measured using clinometers. Basal area and overall

density of trees were calculated and expressed in

hectares. Relative coverage, density, frequency and

importance value of species for outside plots were

calculated using a 60 meter- line transect laid along

the edge of each quadrate (Mueller-Dombois

& Ellenberg, 1974; Magurran, 1988). Shannon-

Weiner diversity index (H’) was calculated (Mueller-

Dombois & Ellenberg, 1974) as:

H' =~Y J P i In Pi

i= 1

where S is Number of unique species, Pi is the

proportional abundance of species i and In Pi = the

natural logarithm of the proportional abundance of

species i.

Soerensons similarity index (ISs) was calculated

according to Mueller-Dombois & Ellenberg (1974);

Boyce & Ellison (2001).

IS =— — xlOO

* A + B

where, C is the common species between paired

plots, A and B are a number of encountered species

in each plot. Species' life form was classified

according to Raunikiaer (1934).

Analysis of variance between sites was conduc-

ted at 5% level using CoHort Statistical Package.

Furthermore, cluster analysis for sites was imple-

mented using Multi- Variable Statistical Package

(MVSP). Uses of species were acquired from

Louhaichi et al. (2009), Al-Oudat & Qadir (2011).

Species were identified according to Mouterde

(1966) and Tohme & Tohme (2007).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The outcomes of the study showed the presence

of 80 species belonging to 70 genera and 24 fam-

ilies in the study region (Table 2). This reflects a

species genera ratio of 1 . 14 and the genera, families

ratio of 2.92. Forty percent of the surveyed species

676

Lamis Eid etalii

Scientific name

Family name

Life form

class

Open

areas

Forest

land

Wild

relatives

Medi-

cinal

Forage

Acer hermoneum (Bomm.) Schwer.

Aceraceae

Achillea falcata L.

Asteraceae

Achillea membranacea (Labill.) DC.

Asteraceae

Achillea santolina L.

Asteraceae

Aegilops sp.

Gramineae

Allium paniculatum L.

Liliaceae

Amygdalus orientalis Miller

Rosaceae

Anagallis arvensis phoenicea Vollm.

Asteraceae

Anchusa strigosa Retz.

Boraginaceae

Anthemis cotula L.

Asteraceae

Artemisia herba-alba Asso

Asteraceae

Asphodeline lutea (L.) Reichenb

Asteraceae

Asphodelus microcarpus Salzm. et Viv.

Asteraceae

B romus tec tor um L.

Gramineae

Capparis spinosa L.

Capparaceae

Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik.

Brassicaceae

Carduus pycnocephalus L.

Asteraceae

Caucalis tenella Delile

Caryophyllaceae

Centaurea iberica Trevir. et Spreng.

Asteraceae

Cichorium pumilum Jacq.

Asteraceae

Cirsium libanoticum DC.

Asteraceae

Cirsium phyllocephalum Boiss. et Blanche

Asteraceae

Colchicum brachyphyllum Boiss. et Hausskn.

Liliaceae

Coronilla scorpioides (L.) Koch

Fabaceae

Crataegus azarolus L.

Rosaceae

Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl.

Brassicaceae

Ecballium elaterium (L.) A. Rich.

Cucurbiaceae

Echinops viscosus Rchb.

Asteraceae

Erodium hirtum (Forssk.) Willd.

Geraniaceae

Eryngium creticum Lam.

Umbellifera

Euphorbia macroclada Boiss.

Euphorbiaceae

Fibigia clypeata (L.) Medik.

Brassicaceae

Fritillaria libanotica (Boiss.)

Liliaceae

Gundelia tournefortii L.

Asteraceae

Haplophyllum fruticulosum G.Don

Rutaceae

Hordeum bulbosum L.

Gramineae

Koeleria cristata (L.) Roem. et Schult.

Gramineae

Lactuca orientalis (Boiss.) Boiss

Asteraceae

Linum strictum L.

Linaceae

Malva sylvestris L.

Malviaceae

Table 2/1. Life forms and uses of species found in open and afforested areas. Ph: Phanerophyte, Ch: Chamaephyte,

Th: Therophyte, Cr: Cryptophyte, He: Hemiciyptophyte, +: presence, absence (continued).

The effects of afforestation and vegetation conversion on plant diversity: a case study in S-W Syrian Mountains

677

Scientific name

Family name

Life form

class

Open

areas

Forest

land

Wild

relatives

Medi-

cinal

Forage

Marrubium vulgare L.

Lamiaceae

Notobasis syriaca (L.) Cass.

Asteraceae

Ononis natrix L.

Fabaceae

Papaver syriacum Boiss. et Bl.

Papaveraceae

Salvia triloba L. fil.

Lamiaceae

Pistacia atlantica Desf.

Anacardiaceae

Pisum sativum L.

Fabaceae

Poa bulbosa L.

Gramineae

Poa sinaica Steud.

Gramineae

Primus microcarpa C.A.Mey

Rosaceae

Pterocephalus plumosus (L.) Coulter

Dipsacaceae

Pyrus syriaca Boiss.

Rosaceae

Quercus calliprinos Webb.

Fagaceae

Quercus infectoria Olivier

Fagaceae

Ranunculus arvenis L.

Ranunculaceae

Salvia pinardi Boiss.

Lamiaceae

Sarcopoterium spinosum (L.) Spach

Rosaceae

Scabiosa prolifera L.

Dipsacaceae

Scolymus hispanicus L.

Asteraceae

Scolymus maculatus L.

Asteraceae

Scorzonera parviflora Jacq.

Asteraceae

Scrophularia libanotica Boiss.

Scrophulariaceae

Senecio sp.

Asteraceae

Serratula kurdica Post

Asteraceae

Silene latifolia Poir.

Caryophyllaceae

Sinapis alba L.

Brassicaceae

Sinapis arvensis L.

Brassicaceae

Stachys nivea Labill.

Lamiaceae

Stipa barbata Desf.

Gramineae

Taraxacum syriacum Boiss.

Asteraceae

Teucrium polium L.

Lamiaceae

Thymus syriacus Boiss.

Lamiaceae

Tragopogon latifolius Boiss.

Asteraceae

Trifolium campestre Schreb.

Fabaceae

Trifolium purpureim Loisel.

Fabaceae

Trifolium stellatum L.

Fabaceae

Trigonella spinosa L.

Fabaceae

Turgenia latifolia (L.) Hoffm.

Umbellifera

Vaccaria segetalis (Neck.) Garcke ex Asch.

Caryophyllaceae

Vicia sp.

Fabaceae

Table 2/2. Life forms and uses of species found in open and afforested areas. Ph: Phanerophyte, Ch: Chamaephyte,

Th: Therophyte, Cr: Cryptophyte, He: Hemicryptophyte, +: presence, absence.

678

Lamis Eid etalii

were of medicinal value, 35% forage species and 9

wild relatives of fruit trees. The area was dominated

by Therophytes (38%), Hemicryptophytes (30%),

followed by Chamaephytes (20%) which reflects

the dryness of the area and the prevailing of low

temperature in winter months. Figure 3 presents the

percentage of plants in each category of life forms

in open and forested areas.

The plant community in open areas varied in

structure and composition among sites due to

physiographic and anthropogenic pressures. The

Plant life form spectra (%)

■ Study area ■ Open areas Forested areas

Figure 3. Plant life forms in open and afforested areas.

community was dominated by a mixture of ever-

green and deciduous species, of which Amygdalus

spp., Crataegus ssp., Poterium spinosum, Quercus

calliprinos and Primus spp. were the prominent

species. The community was stratified into two

strata as dwarf trees (up to 4m) with average density

of 500 tree ha 1 are dispersed among herbaceous and

shrubby vegetation.

The following species with their importance val-

ues (IV) were observed outside plantation plots:

Coronila scorpioides (29%), Crataegus azarolus

(26%), C. monogyna (15%), Poterium spinosum

(29%), Sinapis arvensis (19%), Euphorbia macro-

cloda (18%), Stachys nivea (17%) and Primus

microcarpa (6%). Other species of lesser IVs like

Asphodehine aestivus, Centaurea iberica and

Salvia pinardi were registered. The slopes of the

study area were dominated by different woody

species according to their water requirement.

Quercus calliprinos dominated eastern slopes with

39% importance value, whereas northern slopes

were occupied by Crataegus azarolus (25%) and

Prunus microcarpa (8%). Meanwhile, southern

slopes were occupied by Asphodelus microcarpus

Plot

Zabadani (BA: 24 nr)

Wadi Barada (BA: 1 8

m 2 )

Dimas (BA: 10 in 2 )

Rawda (Natural

landscape)

Plot

Zabadani (BA:

24 m 2 )

100.00

76.35

100.00

94.73

71.43

100.00

Wadi Barada

(BA: !8m 2 )

94.68

71.39

99.95

100.00

82.54

66.67

87.28

87.24

100.00

91.49

84.55

86.23

86.55

79.00

100.00

Dimas (BA: 10

m 2 )

86.28

64.04

91.52

91.48

96.40

78.29

100.00

90.27

67.37

95.52

95.57

91.85

81.91

95.75

100.00

94.14

70.89

99.41

99.46

86.79

85.70

91.02

95.24

100.00

Rawda

(Natural

landscape)

56.51

39.12

60.88

60.92

64.89

49.85

68.09

64.74

61.38

100.00

70.67

50.46

75.57

75.61

79.99

63.08

83.47

79.83

75.92

83.76

100.00

43.00

28.93

46.67

46.71

50.08

37.52

52.84

49.96

47.10

81.98

66.78

Table 3. Similarity index among plots based on number of species and diversity index .

The effects of afforestation and vegetation conversion on plant diversity: a case study in S-W Syrian Mountains

679

Source

Number of species

Shannon-Weiner diversity index

Type III SS

Blocks

0.71

0.53 ns

1.27

0.64

3.76

0.09 ns

Trt.

509.67

169.89

7.53

0.02*

4.02

1.34

7.91

0.02*

Error

135.33

22.56<-

1.02

0.1 7<-

Total

677

6.31

Table 4. ANOVA for number of species and Shannon- Weiner diversity index among the study sites.

^Significant at 5% (LSD 0.05 = 9.49 for number of species and 0.82 for diversity index).

WPGMA

- Open

Open

BA 18

BA 24

- BA 10

-BA 18

- BA 10

r BA 10

BA 18

" BA 24

- BA 24

t 1 1 r 1 1

» « «» t» n m

Percent Similarity

Figure 4. Cluster analysis among plots based on number of species and diversity index .

(72%) and Poterium spinosum (35%). Other herb-

aceous species existed on the slopes with lesser

I Vs. The dominance of Poterium spinosum and

Asphodelus microcarpus indicates degradation of

plant community as free ranging animals are

roaming the site (Naveh, 1975; Thirgood, 1981;

Giourga et al., 1998; Abido, 2000).

There were 73 species outside forested areas be-

longing to 24 families compared to 35 species re-

lated to 1 1 families in closed forest tracts. Forty five

species were only found outside forest area, which

represent 52% of the total species. Species richness

was higher in open areas than in afforested areas,

where average species richness was 12.6 in open

areas compared to 6.7 in forest areas. Nine species

were limited to forest plantations as height of trees

were in the range of 1 0- 1 5 meters. In the meantime,

density and BA of trees ranged from 500 to 8 16 ha

-1 and 10 to 24 m 2 /ha consecutively. Shannon- Wei-

ner diversity index was 63% greater in open than

in afforested areas as a diversity index registered

3.92 and 1 .46 for the open and afforested areas con-

secutively. This result is line with Sattout & Caligari

(2011) where they related forest diversity with stand

age, density and site history. Species similarity

between open and afforested areas was 47%.

Figure 4 and Table 3 illustrate the results of cluster

analysis among plots with regard to the number of

species and diversity index.

Significant differences existed between affor-

ested sites and open area sites with regard to the

number of species and diversity index, however, no

680

Lamis Eid etalii

differences were observed among afforested nor

among open area sites for measured parameters

(Table 4). This result is in line with the findings of

a number of researchers where highlighted the

negative effects of afforestation on species diversity

(Andres & Ojeda, 2002; Cao et al., 2009; Pourba-

baei et al., 2012).

CONCLUSIONS

The Natural vegetation of the study area repres-

ents a relic of natural forest with various degrad-

ation states as indicated by the presence of remnant

of old natural forests as well as pioneer species in

all sites of the study area forming a steppe vegeta-

tion. Afforestation and land conversion effect on the

composition and structure of natural vegetation is

obvious as the number and diversity of species were

lower in afforested sites. However, this effect is

highly variable as physiographic, anthropogenic ac-

tivities and the structure and composition of affor-

ested sites themselves contributed to this variability.

It is very important to incorporate afforestation

and land conversion into national strategies for the

conservation of biodiversity in the country in order

to maintain habitats and native species.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Authors are in debt to the Ministry of Agricul-

ture and Agrarian Reforms personnel in Syria for

providing information and giving permits to access

sites.

REFERENCES

Abido M.S., 1999. Effect of some physiographic factors

on distribution and composition of forest vegetation

in southwestern end of the Lebanon Mountains. Dam-

ascus University Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 15:

143-146.

Abido M.S., 2000. Forest Ecology. Damascus University

Press, Damascus, Syria [in Arabic], 364 pp.

Andres C. & Ojeda F., 2002. Effects of afforestation

with pines on woody plant diversity of Mediterranean

heathlands in southern Spain. Biodiversity and Con-

servation, 11: 1511-1520.

Allen R.B., Platt K.H. & Coker R.E.J., 1995. Under-

storey species composition patterns in a Pinus

radiata D. Don plantation on the central North Island

volcanic plateau, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal

of Forestry Science, 25: 301-317.

Al-Oudat M. & Qadir M., 20 1 1 . The halophytic flora of

Syria. International Center for Agricultural Research

in the Dry Areas: Aleppo, Syria, 186 pp.

Amici V., Rocchini D., Geri F., Bacaro G., Marcantonio

M. & Chiarucci A., 2012. Effects of an afforestation

process on plant species richness: a retrogressive ana-

lysis. Ecological Complexity, 9: 55-62.

Bergner A.,AvcM., EryigitH., JanssonN., Niklasson

M., Westerberg L. & Milberg P., 2015. Influences

of forest type and habitat structure on bird as-

semblages of oak ( Quercus spp.) and pine ( Pinus

spp.) stands in southwestern Turkey. Forest Ecology

and Management, 336: 137-147.

Bemhard-Reversat F. (Ed.), 2001. Effect of exotic tree

plantations on plant diversity and biological soil

fertility in the Congo savanna: with special reference

to eucalypts. Center for International Forestry

Research, Bogor, Indonesia, 71 pp.

Bone R., Lawrence M. & Magombo Z., 1997. The effect

of a Eucalyptus camaldulensis (Dehn) plantation on

native woodland recovery on Ulumba Mountain,

southern Malawi. Forest ecology and management,

99: 83-99.

Boyce R.L. & Ellison, PC., 2001. Choosing the best sim-

ilarity index when performing fuzzy set ordination

on binary data. Journal of Vegetation Science, 12:

711-720.

Bremer L.L. & Farley K.A., 2010. Does plantation

forestry restore biodiversity or create green deserts?

A synthesis of the effects of land-use transitions on

plant species richness. Biodiversity and Conserva-

tion, 19: 3893-3915.

Brockerhoff E.G., Ecroyd C.E. & Langer E.R., 2001.

Biodiversity in New Zealand plantation forests:

policy trends, incentives, and the state of our

knowledge. New Zealand Journal of Forestry, 46:

31-37.

Brockerhoff E.G., Jactel H., Parrotta J.A., Quine C.P &

Sayer J., 2008. Plantation forests and biodiversity:

oxymoron or opportunity? Biodiversity and Conser-

vation, 17: 925-951.

Calvino-Cancela M, Rubido-Bara M. & van Etten E.J.B.,

2012. Do eucalypt plantations provide habitat for

native forest biodiversity? Forest Ecology and

Management, 270: 153-162.

Cao Sh., Chen Li & Xinxiao Y., 2009. Impact of China’s

Grain for Green Project on the landscape of vul-

nerable arid and semi-arid agricultural regions: a case

study in northern Shaanxi Province. Journal of

Applied Ecology, 46: 536-543.

The effects of afforestation and vegetation conversion on plant diversity: a case study in S-W Syrian Mountains

681

Carnevale N.J. & Montagnini F., 2002. Facilitating re-

generation of secondary forests with the use of mixed

and pure plantations of indigenous tree species.

Forest Ecology and Management, 163: 217-227.

Camus J.M., Parrotta J., Brockerhoff E., Arbez M., Jactel

H., Kremer A., Lamb D., Herve M., O’Hara, K. &

Walters B., 2006. Planted Forests and Biodiversity.

Journal of Forestry, 104: 65-77.

Chikhali M., 2000. Ecology and Vegetation of South-

East Syria (Jabal El-Arab), Ph.D thesis, University

of Hohenheim, Germany, Stuttgart.

Cohen S.S., Gale J., Poljakoff-Mayber A, Shmida A. &

Suraqui S., 1981. Transpiration and the radiation cli-

mate of the leaf on Mt. Hermon: a Mediterranean

mountain. Journal of Ecology, 69: 391-403.

Croitom L., 2007. How much are Mediterranean forests

worth? Forest Policy and Economics, 9: 536-545.

Elmarsdottir A. & Magnusson B., 2007. ICEWOODS:

Changes in ground vegetation following affor-

estation. In: Halldorsson G., Oddsdottir E.S. &

Eggertsson O. (Eds.), Effects of afforestation on eco-

systems, landscape and mral development. Pro-

ceedings of the Affornord Conference, Reykholt,

Copenhagen.

Fleming F. & Freedman B., 1998. Conversion of natural,

mixed-species forests to conifer plantations: Im-

plications for dead organic matter and carbon storage.

Ecoscience, 5: 213-221.

Ghazal A., 2008. Landscape Ecological, Phytosociolo-

gical and Geobotanical Study of Eu-Mediterranean

in West of Syria. Ph. D thesis, University of Hohen-

heim.

Gil-Tena A., Saura S. & Brotons L., 2007. Effects of

forest composition and structure on bird species

richness in a Mediterranean context: Implications for

forest ecosystem management. Forest Ecology and

Management, 242: 470-476.

Giourga H., Margaris N.S. & Vokou D., 1998. Effects

of Grazing Pressure on Succession Process and

Productivity of Old Fields on Mediterranean Islands.

Environmental Management, 22: 589-596.

Gonzalez-Moreno P., Quero J.L., Poorter L., Bonet F.J.

& Zamora R., 2011. Is spatial structure the key to

promote plant diversity in Mediterranean forest plant-

ations? Basic and Applied Ecology, 12, 3: 251-259.

Hartley M.J., 2002. Rationale and methods for con-

serving biodiversity in plantation forests. Forest

Ecology and Management, 155: 81-95.

Husch B, Beers Th.W. & Kershaw J.A., 2003. Forest

Mensuration. John Wiely & Sons Inc., Hoboken,

New Jersey, 443 pp.

Khouzami M. & Nahal I., 1983. Les bioclimats du Cedre

du Liban ( Cedrus libani A. Rich.) et leurs particu-

larity dans son aire naturelle. Research Journal of

Aleppo University, 5: 39-62.

Louhaichi M., Salkini A.K. & Petersen S.L., 2009. Ef-

fect of small ruminant grazing on the plant commu-

nity characteristics of semiarid Mediterranean

ecosystems. International Journal of Agriculture and

Biology, 11: 681-689.

Maestre F.T. & Cortina J., 2004. Are Pinus halepensis

plantations useful as a restoration tool in semiarid

Mediterranean areas? Forest Ecology and Manage-

ment, 198: 303-317.

MagurranA.E., 1988. Ecological Diversity and its Mea-

surement. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.

MeersT.L,, Kasel S., Bell T.L. & Enright N.J., 2010.

Conversion of native forest to exotic Pinus radiata

plantation: Response of understorey plant composi-

tion using a plant functional trait approach. Forest

Ecology and Management, 259, 3: 399—409.

Mouterde P., 1966. Nouvelle flore du Liban et de la

Syrie. Editions de l'Imprimerie Catholique, Beyrouth,

Liban, 565 pp.

Mueller-Dombois D. & Ellenberg H., 1974. Aims and

Methods of Vegetation Ecology. John Wiley & Sons,

New York, 547 pp.

Nahal I., 1981 . The mediterranean climate from a biolo-

gical view-point. In: Di Castri F., Goodal D.W. &

SpechtR.L. (Eds.), 1981. Mediterranean Type Shru-

blands. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 11: 63-93.

Nahal I., 1995. Study on sustainable forest resources de-

velopment in Syria. University of Aleppo Agricultu-

ral Science Series, 23: 29-67.

Naveh Z., 1975. Degradation and rehabilitation of Me-

diterranean landscapes: Neotechnological degrada-

tion of Mediterranean landscapes and their

restoration with drought resistant plants. Landscape

Planning, 2: 133-146.

Pourbabaei H., Asgari F., Reif A. & Abedi R., 2012. Ef-

fect of plantations on plant species diversity in the

Darabkola, Mazandaran Province, North of Iran. Bio-

diversitas, 13: 72-78.

Parker W.C., Elliott K.A., Dey D.C., Boysen E. & New-

master, S.G., 2001. Managing succession in conifer

plantations: converting young red pine (Pinus resi-

nosa Ait.) plantations to native forest types by thin-

ning and underplanting. The Forestry Chronicle, 77:

721-734.

Proenga V.M., Pereira H.M., Guilherme J. & Vicente L.,

2010. Plant and bird diversity in natural forests and

in native and exotic plantations in NW Portugal. Acta

Oecologica, 36: 219-226.

QuezelP., 1985. Definition of the Mediterranean Region

and the origin of its flora. Pp. 9-24. In: Gomez-

Campo C. (Ed.), Plant Conservation in the Mediter-

ranean Area, W. Junk, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.

Quezel P., Medail F., Loisel R. & Barbero M,, 1999. Bio-

diversity and Conservation of Flora Species in the

Mediterranean Basin. Unasylva Journal, 197.

682

Lamis Eid etalii

http://www.fao.org/docrep/xl 880e/xl 880e05.htm#bi

odiversity and conservation of forest species in the

mediterranean basin.

Raunikiaer C., 1934. The Life Forms of Plants and Sta-

tistical Plant Geography. The Clarendon Press, Ox-

ford, UK. 632 pp.

SattoutE., CaligariP.D.S., 2011. Forest Biodiversity As-

sessment in Relic Ecosystem: Monitoring and Mana-

gement Practice Implications. Diversity, 3: 531-546.

Thirgood J.V., 1981. Man and the Mediterranean Forest:

A History of Resource Depletion. Academic Press,

London, 194 pp.

Tohme G. & Tohme H., 2007. Illustrated Flora of Leba-

non. Beirut: CNRS publication, Lebanon, 610 pp.

Yang X., Yan D. & Liu C., 2014. Natural Regeneration

of Trees in Three Types of Afforested Stands in the

Taihang Mountains, China. PLoS ONE, 9, 9:

el08744.

ZoharyM., 1973. Geobotanical Foundations of the Mid-

dle East. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, 765 pp.

Biodiversity Journal, 2015, 6 (3): 683-686

Occurrence of a nine-armed sea star larvae, Luidia senegalensis

(Lamark, 1816) (Asteroidea Luidiidae), further north along

Florida’s east coast

Ed J. McGinley*, Matthew T. Brown & Terri J. Seron

Department of Natural Sciences, Flagler College, St. Augustine, Florida L 32084, U.S.A.

* Corresponding author, e-mail: emcginley@flagler.edu

ABSTRACT The nine-armed sea star, Luidia senegalensis (Lamark, 1816) (Asteroidea Luidiidae), typically

ranges from South American marine waters into Florida. Previous reports have documented

this species collected as far north as latitude 28°N. This observation at 29.89°N represents the

farthest north this species has been collected.

KEY WORDS Luidia senegalensis ; Matanzas River Estuary; marine; sea star.

Received 19.06.2015; accepted 08.08.2015; printed 30.09.2015

INTRODUCTION

One of the major consequences of climate

change is a shift in the latitudinal distributions of

species (Parmesan, 2006). This shift is occurring in

Northeast Florida, as the coastal marine ecosystem

is changing from one dominated by salt marsh to

one dominated by mangroves (Cavanaugh et al.,

2015). Animal species also have been migrating

northward, i.e. the mangrove tree crab, Aratus pis-

onii Milne-Edwards, 1853 (Decapoda Sesarmidae)

(Riley et al., 2014) and gray snapper, Lutjanus gri-

seus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Perciformes Lutjanidae),

(Hare et al., 2012). The increase in air and water

temperatures has the potential to open areas

previously unavailable to non-native species (Kolbe

et al., 2012). In aquatic systems, non-native species

tend to have a decided advantage over native

species in aquatic systems (Sorte et al., 2013).

The nine-armed sea star ( Luidia senegalensis)

(Lamark, 1816) (Asteroidea Luidiidae), has been

documented in Florida, but the exact extent of its

range is unknown (Tiffany, 1978; Lawrence et al.,

1993). Observations indicate that this species is

known from latitude 28°N and south in Florida

(Tiffany, 1978).

Due to the continued increase in water and air

temperatures, it is imperative to monitor for non-

native species that can disrupt an ecosystem. The

aim of the over-arching study in which this nine-

armed sea star was discovered is to relate patterns

of fish biodiversity, phytoplankton diversity and

total chlorophyll-a, and major nutrient concentra-

tions in the Matanzas River Estuary (MRE) region

of northeast Florida. The study area is located from

26.6°-26.9°N latitude and is generally characterized

by oceanic salinities >30 %o, low water residence

times, and relatively low chlorophyll-a concentra-

tions as compared to similar systems such as the

Indian River Lagoon estuary system further south.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

As part of a monthly fish and phytoplankton

sampling, two plankton tows were conducted

684

Ed J. McGinleyab et alii

simultaneously on March 10th, 2015 in the Intra-

coastal Waterway in downtown St. Augustine, FL,

USA (29.89°N, -81.31°W). The net consisted of 153

|tim mesh with a 1 2.7 cm opening attached to a 1 . 1 6

m pole. Each phytoplankton tow was done for 3

minutes in duration. As the nets were pulled through

the water, the sample was collected in a 125 ml

plastic bottle with a screw cap and transported to

the lab for identification.

Plankton identification from the duplicate tow

samples was performed on March 11th, 2015 at

Flagler College (St. Augustine, FL). 200 pi aliquots

of sample were placed on a Lovin Field Finder

Gridded Micro-slide (Cat #72266-01) and species

were identified using a Nikon Eclipse El 00 micro-

scope under 100X magnification. When the organ-

ism was located, a picture was taken using an iPhone

4 camera (Fig. 1). Based on the grid size of the

micro-slide, the species is approximately 100 pm in

diameter. The picture was sent to the Florida Fish

and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC) for

verification on the identification of the species.

DISCUSSION

The positive identification received from FWC

indicated that the species in Fig. 1 was indeed the

Figure 1 . Picture of the nine-armed sea star ( Luidia sene-

galensis ) obtained from a plankton tow in the Matanzas

River Estuary (MR in downtown St. Augustine).

nine-armed sea star. As stated previously, this

species is commonly found in Florida, but has

typically been documented to reside south of lat-

itude 28°N (Tiffany, 1978). The observation of this

species at 28.89°N likely represents the farthest

north this species has ever been documented.

The diet of the nine-armed sea star tends to con-

sist primarily of gastropods and bivalves (Halpern,

1970; Gibran, 2002), most notably the common

Atlantic abra, Abra aequalis (Say, 1822) (Veneroida

Semelidae) (Halpern, 1970). Previous studies indic-

ate that the MRE is home to the Atlantic abra and

several other species preferred by the nine-armed

sea star (Frazel, 2009; Hymel, 2009). Temperature

and food are often cited as the some of the most im-

portant factors that determine sea star growth rates,

and it appears that there is a food resource that can

be exploited by the nine-armed sea star in the MRE.

The MRE currently is home to three docu-

mented sea star species: the Forbes sea star, Asterias

forbesi (Desor, 1 848) (Asteroidea Asteriidae), the

royal sea star, Astropecten articulatus (Say, 1825)

(Asteroidea Astropectinidae), and the lined sea star,

Luidia clathrata (Say, 1825) (Asteroidea Lu-

idiidae) (Frazel, 2009). Diet studies indicate that

both the Forbes sea star (Menge, 1986) and the

royal sea star (Wells at al., 1961) are generalists

and consume gastropods as well as bivalves en-

countered, although the majority of the diet for the

royal sea star tends to be gastropods rather than bi-

valves. McClintock & Lawrence (1985) found that

the last species, the lined sea star, preferably feeds

on the dwarf surf clam, Mulinia lateralis Say, 1 822

(Veneroida Mactridae) when available, but will also

feed on gastropods and other bivalves as well. The

similar diet patterns of the various sea stars indicate

the possibility of trophic overlap if the nine-armed

sea star were to become established. Halpern (1970)

notes that the growth rate of this sea star is much

greater than many other temperate sea stars. This

could become a decided advantage for limited food

resources if competition did arise.

The second factor that is necessary for sea star

survival is temperature (Halpern, 1970), however,

very little information exists on the temperature tol-

erances of the nine-armed sea star. The Encyclope-

dia of Life has limited information based on

collections made, and state the temperature range

at which this organism is found is between 22.67 -

27.58 °C ( Luidia senegalensis, 2015). Temperature

Occurrence of a nine-armed sea star larvae, Luidia senegalensis (Asteroidea Luidiidae), further north along Florida’s east coast 685

q? 9 ^ 9 ? ,°5° S$® & & & & & & & & & $ & & & & &

^ s»V eft sW' </ d 5- ** ^ </ n-VV s’-V' •/ ^ o & v>V' s»V «*** ' ! V A

Figure 2. Temperature profile for St. Augustine pier from September 1986 to June 2012. These values were ob-

tained from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s National Data Buoy Center; coordinates:

29.857°N, 81.265°W. Missing values indicate no data from that time point.

profiles from the St. Augustine pier (Fig. 2) indicate

that ocean waters flowing into the MRE fall

between these temperatures at times of the year.

There are many instances in which the temperature

does fall below 22.67 °C, which could be a limiting

factor for this species. Assessment of temperatures

from 1986-2012 also indicate that temperatures

have not been increasing in this area. With so little

information on temperature tolerances of this

species, more intensive sampling will be necessary

to determine if this species is indeed moving north-

ward and capable of establishing a stable popu-

lation.

Sampling efforts in the southeast US Intracoastal

Waterway and MRE system are being conducted

monthly. Along with plankton samples, fishes are

sampled in this waterbody to monitor for changes

in the community structure, and the possible

presence of invasive species. A genetic barcoding

effort has been started to positively identify each

fish species and determine if non-native species are

present or if hybridization is occurring in this eco-

tone. Documenting the current status of the estuary

will be invaluable to determining the climatic

and species changes that we have already begun to

record.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors would like to thank C. van Kuiken

for assistance with plankton sampling and fish

monitoring during the collection of this specimen.

We would also like to thank the numerous under-

graduate students who have been involved with this

sampling project since its inception.

REFERENCES

Abraham Cavanaugh K.C., Parker J.D., Cook-Patton

S.C., Feller I.C., Williams A.P. & Kellner J.R., 2015.

Integrating physiological threshold experiments with

climate modeling to project mangrove species’ range

expansion. Global Change Biology 2015: DOI:

10.1 111/gcb. 12843

Frazel D., 2009. Site profile of the Guana Tolomato

Matanzas National Estuarine Research Reserve.

Ponte Vedra, FL. 151 pp.

Gibran F.Z., 2002. The sea basses Diplectrum formo sum

and D. radiale (Serranidae) as followers of the sea

star Luidia senegalensis (Asteroidea) in southeastern

Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 62: 591-594.

Halpern J.A., 1970. Growth rate of the tropical sea star

Luidia senegalensis (Lamarck). Bulletin of Marine

Science, 20: 626-633.

686

Ed J. McGinleyab et alii

Hare J.A., Wuenschel M.J., & Kimball M.E., 2012. Pro-

jecting range limits with couple thermal tolerance-

climate change models: an example based on gray

snapper ( Lutjanus griseus) along the U.S. east coast.

PLoS ONE 7: e52294. doi: 1 0.1 37 1/journal. pone.

0052294

Hymel S.N., 2009. Inventory of marine and estuarine

benthic macroinvertebrates for nine Southeast Coast

Network parks. Natural Resource Report NPS/

SECN/NRR-2009/121. National Park Service, Fort

Collins, Colorado.

Kolbe J.J., Van Middlesworth P.S., Losin N., Dappen N.,

& Losos J.B., 2012. Climatic niche shift predicts

thermal trait response in one but not both introduc-

tions of the Puerto Rican lizard Anolis cristatellus to

Miami, Florida, USA. Ecology and Evolution, 2:

1503-1516.

Lawrence J.M., Mahon W.D., Avery W. & Lares

M., 1993. Concentrations of metals in Luidia clath-

rata and Luidia senengalensis (Echinodermata: As-

teroidea) in Tampa Bay and the nearshore Gulf of

Mexico, Florida. Comparative Biochemistry and

Physiology, 105C: 203-206.

Luidia senegalensis, 2015. Encyclopedia of Life, avail-

able from http://eol.org/pages/601073/overview. Ac-

cessed 19 June 2015.

McClintock J.B. & Lawrence J.M., 1985. Characteristics

of foraging in the soft-bottom benthic starfish Luidia

clathrata (Echinodermata: Asteroidea): prey se-

lectivity, switching behavior, functional responses

and movement patterns. Oecologia, 66: 291-298.

Menge B.A., 1986. A preliminary study of the repro-

ductive ecology of the seastars Aserias vulgaris and

A. forbesi in New England. Bulletin of Marine

Science, 39: 467-476.

Parmesan C., 2006. Ecological and evolutionary re-

sponses to recent climate change. Annual Review of

Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 37: 637-669.

Riley M.E., Johnston C.A., Feller I.C. & Griffen B.D.,

2014. Range expansion of Aratus pisonii (Mangrove

tree crab) into novel vegetative habitats. Southeastern

Naturalist, 13: N43-N48.

Sorte C.J.B., Ibanez I., Blumenthal D.M., Molinari

N.A., Miller L.P., Grosholz E.D., Diez J.M., D’

Antonio C.M., Olden J.D., Jones S.J. & Dukes J.S.,

2013. Poised to prosper? A cross-system compar-

ison of climate change effects on native and non-

native species performance. Ecology Letters, 16:

261-270.

Tiffany III W.J., 1978. Mass mortality of Luidia senega-

lensis (Lamarck, 1816) on Captiva Island, Florida,

with a note on its occurrence in Florida Gulf coastal

waters. Florida Scientist, 41: 63-64.

Wells H.W., Wells M.J., & Gray I.E., 1961. Food of the

sea-star Astropecten articulatus. Biological Bulletin,

120:265-271.

Biodiversity Journal, 2015, 6 (3): 687-694

Catalogue of inland fishes of Chanthaburi Province, Eastern

Gulf of Thailand Drainages

Sitthi Kulabtong* 1 , Yananan Soonthornkit 2 & Nipaporn Churaroum 2

'Save wildlife of Thailand, Wangnoi District, Ayuttaya Province, Thailand

fisheries Program, Faculty of Agro-Industrial Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Tawan-ok Chantaburi Campus

Chantaburi, Thailand

’Corresponding author, e-mail: kulabtong2011@hotmail.com

ABSTRACT The present paper reports on a catalogue of inland fishes in Chanthaburi Province, Eastern

Gulf of Thailand Drainages. All the species encountered in this region, belonging to 18

orders, 73 families and 229 species, are listed. In particular, Crossocheilus reticulatus (Fowler,

1934) (Cypriniformes Cyprinidae), Pangio anguillaris (Vaillant, 1902) and P. oblonga

(Valenciennes, 1846) (Cypriniformes Cobitidae) are new records for Chanthaburi Province,

entered in December 2007 and February 2012; description and distribution data of the three

new records are provided here.

KEY WORDS Crossocheilus reticulatus ; Pangio anguillaris', Pangio oblonga', Chanthaburi; Thailand.

Received 09.07.2015; accepted 22.08.2015; printed 30.09.2015

INTRODUCTION

The Asian Chanthaburi Basin originates at Kit-

chakut-Soidao mountain range. This river system

runs through Chanthaburi Province, East Thailand,

and flows into the Upper Gulf of Thailand at Laem

Sing estuary, with a total length of about 123 kilo-

meters. Chanthaburi Basin is a very important river

basin but in some areas of it, such as Pongnum Ron

District and South Soidao mountain range, very

little is known about inland fishes population. At

the present moment available data are scarce and

fragmented making it difficult to use them.

A survey project aimed at studying freshwater

fishes in Chanthaburi Province (see Fig. 1) was car-

ried out in December 2007 and February 2012. We

separated this area into two: a pool and a small

stream in the mountain; te pool showed transparent

slowly waters with an average width of about 20 m,

average depth less than 1 m, and a combination of

clay and sand on the botton; the stream had transpar-

ent and running fast waters with an average width of

about 15 m, average depth ranging from 0.3-1 .0 m,

and a combination of rock and sand on the bottom.

We found specimens of Crossocheilus reticu-

latus (Fowler, 1934) (Cypriniformes Cyprinidae),

Pangio anguillaris (Vaillant, 1902) and P. oblonga

(Valenciennes, 1 846) (Cypriniformes Cobitidae) in

Chanthaburi Province. Three species are new r

ecords in this area and are reported for the first

time in this paper; for previous reviews, see Fowler,

1934; Smith, 1945; Sontirat, 1976; Suvatti, 1981;

Kamasuta, 1993; Kottelat & Fim, 1993; Monkolpra-

sit et al., 1997; Robert, 1997; Robert, 1998; Ng &

Kottelat, 2000; Soonthornkit, 2001; Sontirat et al.,

2006).

ABBREVATIONS. Standard length = SF; head

length = HF.

RESULTS

688

SlTTHI K.ULABTONG ET ALII

Figure 1. Study area: Chanthaburi Province,

East Thailand.

CATALOGUE OF INLAND FISHES IN

CHANTHABURI PROVINCE, EAST THAI-

LAND

According to known literature (see above) and

present study, inland fishes in Chanthaburi Province

belong to 18 orders, 73 families and 229 species.

Order ORECTOLOBIFORMES Applegate, 1972

Family HEMISCYLLIIDAE Gill, 1862

Chiloscyllium indicum (Gmelin, 1789)

Chiloscyllium plagiosum (Anonymous

[Bennett], 1830)

Order RAJIFORMES Berg, 1940

Family GYMNURIDAE Fowler, 1934

Gymnura micrura (Bloch et Schneider, 1801)

Order OSTEOGLOSSIFORMES Berg, 1940

Family OSTEOGLOSSIDAE Bonaparte, 1832

Scleropages formosus (Muller et Schlegel, 1 844)

Family NOTOPTERIDAE Bleeker, 1859

Notopterus notopterus (Pallas, 1780)

Order CLUPEIFORMES Bleeker, 1959

Family CLUPEIDAE Cuvier, 1817

Anodontostoma chacunda (Hamilton, 1822)

Clupeichthys goniognathus Bleeker, 1855

Sardinella gibbosa (Bleeker, 1 849)

Family EN GRAULID AE Gill, 1861

Stolephorus indicus (van Hasselt, 1823)

Stolephorus insularis Hardenberg, 1933

Stolephorus tri (Bleeker, 1852)

Stolephorus waitei Jordan et Seale, 1926

Thyssa hamiltonii Gray, 1835

Thryssa mystax (Bloch et Schneider, 1801)

Thryssa setirostris (Broussonet, 1782)

Order CYPRINIFORMES Bleeker, 1859

Family CYPR1NIDAE Swainson, 1839

Barbodes rhombeus Kottelat, 2000

Barbodes aurotaeniatus (Tirant, 1885)

Barbonymus gonionotus (Bleeker, 1850)

Barbonymus schwanenfeldii (Bleeker, 1853)

Barilius koratensis (Smith, 1931)

Cirrhinus microlepis Sauvage, 1878

Crossocheilus reticulatus (Fowler, 1934)

Cyclocheilichthys apogon (Valenciennes, 1842)

Dcinio albolineatus (Blyth, 1860)

Esomus metallicus Ahl, 1923

Garra fasciacauda Fowler, 1937

Garra cambodgiensis (Tirant, 1883)

Hampala macrolepidota Kuhl et Van Hasselt, 1 823

Hypsibarbus vernayi (Norman, 1925)

Labiobarbus leptocheila (Valenciennes, 1842)

Labiobarbus lineatus (Sauvage, 1878)

Laubuca siamensis Fowler, 1939

Mystacoleucus marginatus (Valenciennes, 1842)

Neolissochilus sumatranus (Weber et de

Beaufort, 1916)

Neolissochilus stracheyi (Day, 1871)

Catalogue of inland fishes of Chanthaburi Province, Eastern Gulf of Thailand Drainages

689

Oreichthys parvus Smith, 1933

Osteochilus microcephalus (Valenciennes, 1842)

Osteochilus schlegelii (Bleeker, 1851)

Osteochilus waandersii (Bleeker, 1852)

Osteochilus vittatus (Valenciennes, 1842)

Osteochilus lini Fowler, 1935

Oxygaster anomalura Van Hasselt, 1 823

Parachela maculicauda (Smith, 1934)

Parachela siamensis (Gunther, 1868)

Poropuntius bantamensis (Rendahl, 1920)

Poropuntius deauratus (Valenciennes, 1842)

Poropuntius normani Smith, 1931

Puntius leiacanthus (Bleeker, 1 860)

Puntius masyai Smith, 1945

Puntigrus partipentazona (Fowler, 1934)

Puntius brevis (Bleeker, 1850)

Rasbora dusonensis (Bleeker, 1851)

Rasbora trilineata Steindachner, 1870

Rasbora borapetensis Smith, 1934

Rasbora myersi Brittan, 1954

Rasbora paviana Tirant, 1885

Systomus orphoides (Valenciennes, 1 842)

Trigonostigma heteromorpha (Duncker, 1904)

Family GYRINO CHEILIDAE T.N. Gill, 1905

Gyrinocheilus aymonieri (Tirant, 1883)

Family COBITIDAE Swainson, 1838

Acanthopsoides gracilentus (Smith, 1945)

Acantopsis choirorhynchos (Bleeker, 1854)

Barbucca diabolica Roberts, 1989

Lepidocephalichthys hasselti (Valenciennes, 1846)

Lepidocephalichthys berdmorei (Blyth, 18609

Pangio anguillaris (Vaillant, 1902)

Pangio kuhlii (Valenciennes, 1846)

Pangio oblonga (Valenciennes, 1 846)

Serpenticobitis zonata Kottelat, 1998

Yasuhikotakia sidthimunki (Klausewitz, 1959)

Family BALITORIDAE Swainson, 1839

Balitora annamitica Kottelat, 1988

Homaloptera modesta (Vinciguerra, 1890)

Homaloptera sexmaculata Fowler, 1934

Homaloptera orthogoniata Vaillant, 1902

Homaloptera smithi Flora, 1932

Homaloptera zollingeri Bleeker, 1853

Nemacheilus binotatus Smith, 1933

Nemacheilus masyai Smith, 1933

Nemacheilus pallidus Kottelat, 1990

Nemacheilus platiceps Kottelat, 1990

Schistura deignani (Smith, 1945)

Schistura kohchangensis (Smith, 1933)

Schistura nicholsi (Smith, 1933)

Schistura schultzi (Smith, 1945)

Schistura sexcauda (Fowler, 1937)

Order SILURIFORMES Cuvier, 1816

Family AMBEYCIPITIDAE Day, 1873

Amblyceps foratum Ng et Kottelat, 2000

Family AKYSIDAE Gill, 1861

Akysis maculipinnis Fowler, 1934

Pseudobagarius macronemus (Bleeker, 1860)

Family SISORIDAE Bleeker, 1858

Glyptothorax fuscus Fowler, 1934

Glyptothorax major (Boulenger, 1894)

Glyptothorax trilineatus Blyth, 1860

Family SILURIDAE Rafmesque, 1815

Ompok siluroides Lacepede, 1803

Pterocryptis torrentis (Kobayakawa, 1989)

Silurichthys phaiosoma (Bleeker, 1851)

Silurichthys hasseltii Bleeker, 1858

Silurichthys schneideri Volz, 1904

Family PLOTOSIDAE Bleeker, 1858

Plotosus canius Hamilton, 1 822

Family CLARIIDAE Bonaparte, 1845

Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Family BAGRIDAE Bleeker, 1858

Hemibagrus nemurus (Valenciennes, 1840)

Leiocassis micropogon (Bleeker, 1852)

Mystus cavasius (Hamilton, 1 822)

Mystus castaneus Ng, 2002

Pseudomystus stenomus (Valenciennes, 1840)

Pseudomystus siamensis (Regan, 1913)

690

SlTTHI K.ULABTONG ET ALII

Family ARIIDAE Bleeker, 1858

Arius maculatus (Thunberg, 1792)

Arius venosus Valenciennes, 1840

Batrachocephalus mino (Hamilton, 1 822)

Hexanematichthys sagor (Hamilton, 1 822)

Osteogeneiosus militaris (Linnaeus, 1758)

Plicofollis argyropleuron (Valenciennes, 1840)

Order AULOPIFORMES D.E. Rosen, 1973

Family SYNODONTIDAE Gill, 1861

Saurida tumbil (Bloch, 1795)

Order GADIFORMES Goodrich, 1909

Family BREGMACEROTIDAE Gill, 1872

Bregmaceros mcclellandi Thompson, 1 840

Order BATRACHOIDIFORMES Goodrich, 1909

Family BATRACHOID1DAE Jordan, 1896

Allenbatrachus grunniens (Linnaeus, 1758)

Order ATHERINIFORMES D.E. Rosen, 1966

Family PHALLOSTETHIDAE Regan, 1916

Neostethus bicornis Regan, 1916

Neostethus lankesteri Regan, 1916

Phenacostethus smithi Myers, 1928

Order BELONIFORMES L.S. Berg, 1937

Family BELONIDAE Bonaparte, 1835

Xenentodon cancila (Hamilton, 1 822)

Family EXOCOETIDAE Risso, 1827

Cheilopogon arcticeps (Gunther, 1 866)

Family HEMIRAMPHIDAE Gill, 1859

Dermogenys siamensis Fowler, 1934

Zenarchopterus ectuntio (Hamilton, 1822)

Order SYNGNATHIFORMES Berg, 1940

Family CENTRISCIDAE Bonaparte, 1831

Centriscus scutatus Linnaeus, 1758

Family SYNGNATHIDAE Bonaparte, 1831

Doryichthys boaja (Bleeker, 1851)

Doryichthys martensii (Peters, 1868)

Hippocampus kuda Bleeker, 1852

Order CYPRINODONTIFORMES L.S. Berg, 1940

Family APLOCHEILIDAE Bleeker, 1859

Aplocheilus panchax (Hamilton, 1822)

Order SYNBRANCHIFORMES Nelson, 1994

Family SYNBRANCHIDAE Bonaparte, 1835

Monopterus albus (Zuiew, 1793)

Family MASTACEMBELIDAE Swainson, 1839

Macrognathus circumcinctus (Hora, 1924)

Macrognathus siamensis (Gunther, 1861)

Mastacembelus armatus (Lacepede, 1800)

Mastacembelus favus Hora, 1924

Order SCORPAENIFORMES Greenwood et al., 1966

Family APISTIDAE Gill, 1859

Apistus carinatus (Bloch et Schneider, 1801)

Family PLATYCEPHAL1DAE Swainson, 1839

Grammoplites scaber (Linnaeus, 1758)

Platycephalus indicus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Family SYNANCEIIDAE Swainson, 1839

Inimicus didactylus (Pallas, 1769)

Trachicephalus uranoscopus (Bloch et

Schneider, 1801)

Family TETRAROGIDAE Smith, 1949

Paracentropogon longispinis (Cuvier, 1 829)

Pterois russelii Bennett, 1831

Catalogue of inland fishes of Chanthaburi Province, Eastern Gulf of Thailand Drainages

691

Order PERCIFORMES Bleeker, 1859

Family AMBASSIDAE Klunzinger, 1870

Parambassis siamensis (Fowler, 1937)

Family FATIDAE Jordan, 1888

Lates calcarifer (Bloch, 1790)

Family APOGONIDAE Gunther, 1859

Apogon hyalosoma Bleeker, 1852

Apogon multitaeniatus Cuvier, 1828

Family SIFFAGINIDAE Richardson, 1846

Sillago sihama (Forsskal, 1775)

Family CARANGIDAE Rafmesque, 1815

Alectis ciliaris (Bloch, 1787)

Carangoides praeustus (Anonymous

[Bennett], 1830)

Caranx sexfasciatus Quoy et Gaimard, 1 825

Parastromateus niger (Bloch, 1795)

Scomberoides lysan (Forsskal, 1775)

Family FEIOGNATHIDAE Gill, 1893

Gazza minuta (Bloch, 1795)

Leiognathus daura (Cuvier, 1829)

Secutor ruconius (Hamilton, 1 822)

Family FUTJANIDAE Gill, 1861

Lutjanus sanguineus (Cuvier, 1828)

Lutjanus vitta (Quoy et Gaimard, 1 824)

Family FOBOTIDAE Gill, 1861

Lobotes surinamensis (Bloch, 1790)

Family GERRE1DAE Bleeker, 1859

Genres erythrourus (Bloch, 1791)

Genres setifen (Hamilton, 1 822)

Family HAEMUFIDAE Gill, 1885

Plectonhinchus nigrus (Cuvier, 1830)

Pomadasys hasta (Bloch, 1790)

Pomadasys maculatus (Bloch, 1793)

Family SPARIDAE Rafmesque, 1818

Acanthopagrus berda (Forsskal, 1775)

Family POFYNEMIDAE Rafmesque, 1815

Eleutheronema tetradactylum (Shaw, 1804)

Eleutheronema tridactylum (Bleeker, 1 849)

Family SCIAENIDAE Cuvier, 1829

Nibea soldado (Facepede, 1802)

Pennahia angentata (Houttuyn, 1782)

Family MUFFIDAE Rafmesque, 1815

Upeneus sulphureus Cuvier, 1 829

Upeneus tnagula Richardson, 1 846

Upeneus vittatus (Forsskal, 1775)

Family MONODACTYFIDAE Jordan et

Evermann, 1898

Monodactylus argenteus (Finnaeus, 1758)

Family TAXOTIDAE Bleeker, 1859

Toxotes jaculatrix (Pallas, 1767)

Family POMACENTRIDAE Bonaparte, 1831

Abudefdufbengalensis (Bloch, 1787)

Neopomacentrus taeniurus (Bleeker, 1856)

Pristotis obtusinostnis (Gunther, 1 862)

Family NANDIDAE Bleeker, 1852

Nandus nebulosus (Gray, 1835)

Pristolepis fasciata (Bleeker, 1851)

Family TERAPONTIDAE Richardson, 1842

Pelates sexlineatus (Quoy et Gaimard, 1825)

Terapon theraps Cuvier, 1 829

Family CEPOFIDAE Rafmesque, 1815

Acanthocepola limbata (Valenciennes, 1835)

692

SlTTHI K.ULABTONG ET ALII

Family LABRIDAE Cuvier, 1816

Halichoeres argus (Bloch et Schneider, 1801)

Halichoeres nigrescens (Bloch et Schneider, 1801)

Thalassoma lunare (Linnaeus, 1758)

Family BLENN1IDAE Rafmesque, 1810

Istiblennius dussumieri (Valenciennes, 1836)

Petroscirtes mitratus Riippell, 1830

Family CALLIONYMIDAE Bonaparte, 1831

Dactylopus dactylopus (Valenciennes, 1837)

Family ELEOTRIDAE Bonaparte, 1835

Buds buds (Hamilton, 1 822)

Buds gymnopomus (Bleeker, 1853)

Ophiocara porocephala (Valenciennes, 1837)

Family GOBI1DAE Cuvier, 1816

Acentrogobius bontii (Bleeker, 1 849)

Acentrogobius caninus (Valenciennes, 1837)

Acentrogobius chlorostigmatoides (Bleeker, 1 849)

Acentrogobius viridipunctatus (Valenciennes, 1837)

Callogobius hasseltii (Bleeker, 1851)

Cryptocentrus callopterus Smith, 1945

Cjyptocentrus diproctotaenia Bleeker, 1876

Eugnathogobius oligacds (Bleeker, 1875)

Glossogobius giuris (Hamilton, 1 822)

Mahidolia mystacina (Valenciennes, 1837)

Oxyurichthys microlepis (Bleeker, 1 849)

Parapocryptes serperaster (Richardson, 1 846)

Periophthalmus barbarus (Linnaeus, 1766)

Priolepis semidoliata (Valenciennes, 1837)

Scartelaos histophorus (Valenciennes, 1837)

Valenciennea muralis (Valenciennes, 1837)

Yongeichthys nebulosus (Forsskal, 1775)

Family SCATOPHAGIDAE Gill, 1883

Scatophagus argus (Linnaeus, 1766)

Family SPHYRAENIDAE Rafmesque, 1815

Sphyraena barracuda (Edwards, 1771)

Sphyraena flavicauda Riippell, 1838

Sphyraena obtusata Cuvier, 1 829

Family SCOMBRIDAE Rafmesque, 1815

Scomberomorus commerson (Lacepede, 1800)

Scomberomorus guttatus (Bloch et Schneider, 1801)

Family DREPANEIDAE Gill, 1872

Drepane punctata (Linnaeus, 1758)

Family AN AB ANT1DAE Bonaparte, 1831

Anabas testudineus (Bloch, 1792)

Family OSPHRONEMIDAE van der Hoeven, 1832

Betta taeniata Regan, 1910

Betta prima Kottelat, 1994

Trichogaster trichopterus (Pallas, 1770)

Trichopsis pumila (Arnold, 1936)

Trichopsis vittata (Cuvier, 1831)

Family CHANNIDAE Fowler, 1934

Channa gachua (Hamilton, 1 822)

Channa lucius (Cuvier, 1831)

Channa striata (Bloch, 1793)

Family CYNOGLOSSIDAE Jordan, 1888

Cynoglossus lingua Hamilton, 1 822

Order PLEURONECTIFORMES Linnaeus, 1758

Family SOLEIDAE Bonaparte, 1833

Brachirus orientalis (Bloch et Schneider, 1801)

Family PARALICHTHYIDAE Regan, 1910

Pseudorhombus arsius (Hamilton, 1822)

Pseudorhombus oligodon (Bleeker, 1854)

Order TETRAODONTIFORMES L.S. Berg, 1940

Family BALIST1DAE Rafmesque, 1810

Abalistes stellatus (Anonymous, 1798)

Family DIODONTIDAE Bonaparte, 1835

Diodon holocanthus Linnaeus, 1758

Catalogue of inland fishes of Chanthaburi Province, Eastern Gulf of Thailand Drainages

693

Family TETRAODONT1DAE Bonaparte, 1831

Arothron leopardus (Day, 1878)

Arothron stellatus (Bloch et Schneider, 1801)

Tetraodon cambodgiensis Chabanaud, 1923

Tetraodon fluviatilis Hamilton, 1822

Tetraodon leiurus Bleeker, 1851

Family TR1ACANTH1DAE Bleeker, 1859

Triacanthus biaculeatus (Bloch, 1786)

NEW RECORDS FOR CHANTHABURI

PROVINCE

Crossocheilus reticulatus (Fowler, 1934)

Examined material. 3 specimens, 48.3-61.1

mm SL, Pongnum Ron District, Chanthaburi

Province, East Thailand, XII. 2007 and 11.2012,

legit S. Kulabtong (Fig. 2).

Description. Crossocheilus reticulatus is com-

press, body depth is 26.23-27.1 %SL. Body width

is 12.28-12.35 %SL. Scales in lateral series are

medium to large, lateral series scales are 31-33.

Head length is 23.52-23.75 %SL. The eyes is

large, eye diameter is 36.7-37.1 %HL. Snout

length is long, with 37.41-38.2 %HL and interor-

bital width is 40.29-40.46 % HL. Dorsal fin origin

is anterior pelvic fin origin, predorsal fin length is

48.22-49.31 %SL, prepectoral fin length is 22.87-

23.69 %SL, prepelvic fin length is 51.8-53.47

%SL and preanal fin length is 75.63-78.24 %SL.

Caudal peduncle depth is 11.2-12.52 %SL. Pec-

toral fin is short not reaching beyond anus, the pec-

toral fin is 18.2-20.98 %SL long with 13-14

branched fin rays. Pelvic fin is short not reaching

beyond anus, the pelvic fin is 18.95-20.33 %SL

long with 7-8 branched fin rays. Anal fin base is

shorter than dorsal fin base, the anal fin base length

is 8.8-10.6 %SL, dorsal fin with 2 unbranched rays

and 10-11 branched rays and dorsal fin base length

is 16.07-17.4 %SL.

Distribution. This species is known from pen-

insular Thailand, Mekong Basin in Indochina, Chao

Phraya Basin and Maeklong Basin, Thailand. New

record for Chanthaburi Province.

Pangio anguillaris (Vaillant, 1902)

Examined material. 1 specimen, 60 mm SL,

from Pongnum Ron District, Chanthaburi Province,

East Thailand, XII.2007, legit S. Kulabtong (Fig.

3).

Description. Pangio anguillaris is compress,

body depth is 6.05 %SL. Body width is 1.96 %SL.

Head length is 10.46 %SL. The eyes are small, eye

diameter is 1.56 %HL. Snout length is long, with

34.38 %HL and interorbital width is 32.6 % HL.

Dorsal fin origin is posterior pelvic fin origin, pre-

dorsal fin length is 67.97 %SL, prepectoral fin

length is 9.48 %SL, prepelvic fin length is 50.33

%SL and preanal fin length is 69.12 %SL. Caudal

peduncle depth is 3.76 %SL. Pectoral fin is short

not reaching beyond anus, the pectoral fin is 6.86

%SL long with 5 branched fin rays. Pelvic fin is

short not reaching beyond anus, the pelvic fin is

6.54 %SL long with 6 branched fin rays. Anal fin

base is shorter than dorsal fin base, the anal fin base

Figure 2. Crossocheilus reticulatus, 57.6 mm SL.

Figure 3. Pangio anguillaris, 60.8 mm SL. Figure 4.

Pangio oblonga, 45.6 mm SL.

694

SlTTHI K.ULABTONG ET ALII

length is 0.16 %SL, dorsal fin shows 1 unbranched

and 7 branched rays; dorsal fin base length is 0.16

%SL.

Distribution. This species is known from Malay-

sia, Indonesia, peninsular Thailand, Mekong Basin

in Indochina, Chao Phraya Basin and Rayong River,

Thailand. New record for Chanthaburi Province.

Pangio oblonga (Valenciennes, 1846)

Examined material. One specimen, 43.1 mm

SL, from Pongnum Ron District, Chanthaburi

Province, East Thailand, XII.2007, legit S. Kulab-

tong (Fig. 4).

Description. Pangio oblonga is compress, body

depth is 11.03 %SL. Body width is 5.75 %SL. Head

length is 19.08 %SL. The eyes are small, eye

diameter is 15.66 %HL. Snout length is long, with

40.96 %HL and interorbital width is 30.12 % HL.

Dorsal fin origin is posterior pelvic fin origin, pre-

dorsal fin length is 63.68 %SL, prepectoral fin

length is 20.0 %SL, prepelvic fin length is 59.31

%SL and preanal fin length is 82.53 %SL. Caudal

peduncle depth is 6.44 %SL. Pectoral fin is short not

reaching beyond anus, the pectoral fin is 1 0. 1 1 %SL

long with 5 branched fin rays. Pelvic fin is short not

reaching beyond anus, the pelvic fin is 6.21 %SL

long with 6 branched fin rays. Anal fin base is short

than dorsal fin base, the anal fin base length is 0.23

%SL, dorsal fin with 1 unbranched and 7 branched

rays; dorsal fin base length is 0.23 %SL.

Distribution. This species is known from Malay-

sia, Indonesia, peninsular Thailand, Mekong Basin

in Indochina, Chao Phraya Basin and Rayong River,

Thailand. New record for Chanthaburi Province.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors are grateful to anonymous referees

for reviewing this manuscript and a special thank

to all partners for helping in collecting the speci-

mens employed in this study.

REFERENCES

Fowler H.W., 1934. Zoological results of the third De

Schauensee Siamese Expedition, Part I. Proceedings

of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia,

86: 67-163.

Karnasuta J., 1993. Systematic revision of Southeastern

Asiatic cyprinid fish genus Osteochilus with descrip-

tion of two new species and a new subspecies.

Kasetsart University Fishery Research Bulletin, 19:

105 pp.

Kottelat M. & Lim K.K.P., 1993. A review of the eel-

loaches of the genus Pangio (Teleostei: Cobitidae)

from the Malay Peninsula, with descriptions of six

new species. Raffles bulletin of zoology, 41 : 203-249.

Monkolprasit S., Sontirat S., Vimollohakarm S. &

Songsirikul T., 1997. Checklist of fishes in Thailand.

Office of environmental policy and planning,

Thailand.

Ng H.H. & Kottelat M., 2000. A review of the genus

Amblyceps (Osteichthyes: Amblycipitidae) in In-

dochina, with descriptions of five new species.

Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 11: 335 -

348.

Roberts T.R., 1997. Systematic revision of the tropical

Asian labeoin cyprinid fish genus Cirrhinus, with de-

scriptions of new species and biological observations

on C. lobatus. Natural History Bulletin of the Siam

Society, 45: 171200, 505203.

Roberts T.R., 1998. Freshwater fugu or pufferfishes of

the genus Tetraodon from the Mekong basin, with de-

scriptions of two new species. Ichthyological Re-

search, 45:225200, 505234.

Smith H.M., 1945. The fresh-water fishes of Siam, or

Thailand. National Museum Bulletin 188. U.S.

Government Printing office, Washington D.C. 622.

Sontirat S., 1976. Revision of the Southeastern Asiatic

cyprinid fish Genus Cyclocheilichthys , Ph.D. Thesis,

University of Michigan, Ann. Ardor, 133 pp.

Sontirat S., Tunchareon S. & Soothornkit Y., 2006. Fish

species diversity in the areas of national parks and

wildlife sanctuaries in the five eastern provinces of

Thailand. The 44th proceeding of the Kasetsart

University conference, pp. 60 - 67.

Soonthomkit Y., 2001. Fish species diversity in Khao

Khitchakut National Parks and Khao Soi Dao wildlife

sanctuaries. Master Thesis, Kasetsart University,

Thailand, 298 pp.

Suvatti C., 1981. Fishes of Thailand. Royal Institute,

Thailand, 379 pp.

Biodiversity Journal, 2015, 6 (3): 695-698

Observation on food items of Asian water monitor, Varanus

salvator (Laurenti, 1 768) (SquamataVaranidae), in urban eco-

system, Central Thailand

Sitthi Kulabtong* & Rujira Mahaprom

Save wildlife volunteer Thailand, Wangnoi District, Ayuttaya Province 13170, Thailand; e-mail: kulabtong2011@hotmail.com

(Sitthi Kulabtong); e-mail: Rujira.ma@hotmail.com (Rujira Mahaprom)

jj*

Corresponding author

ABSTRACT Feeding habit of Asian water monitor, Varanus salvator (Laurenti, 1768) (Squamata Varan-

idae) in urban areas of Central Thailand indicated that this species is carnivorous and

scavenger according to the observations data.

KEY WORDS food items; Asian water monitor; Varanus salvator, urban ecosystem; Thailand.

Received 09.07.2015; accepted 22.08.2015; printed 30.09.2015

INTRODUCTION

Asian water monitor, Varanus salvator (Laurenti,

1768) (Squamata Varanidae) is the largest monitor

in Thailand and the second largest lizard in the

world (Shine et al., 1996). Asian water monitor is

the most widespread species of all monitor lizards.

Distribution range of this species is extending from

India Subcontinental to South East Asia, Sunda

Islands, and Moluccas (Bohme, 2003; Gaulke &

Horn 2004; and Koch et al., 2007, 2010).

Current status of the species can be separated

into following subspecies according to Koch et al.

(20 1 0) namely V. salvator salvator from Sri Lanka;

V. salvator bivittatus (Kuhl, 1 820) from Indonesia,

type locality Java; V. salvator andamanensis De-

raniyagala, 1944 from Andaman Islands; V salvator

macromaculatus Deraniyagala, 1944 from Thai-

land, Peninsula Malaysia, Vietnam, southern China,

Hainan, Sumatra, and Borneo and smaller off-shore

islands.

In Thailand, Asian water monitor can be found

in many ecosystems from hill stream ecosystem,

mangrove ecosystem, national park ecosystem to

urban ecosystem. Habitat of this species is semi-

aquatic ecosystem. The microhabitat of the species

was thermally stable and the species also used bur-

rows for the body temperature control (Shine et al.,

1996). Feeding habit and reproductive biology of

Asian water monitor were reported in many coun-

tries, especially in Sumatra, Indonesia, Shine et al.

(1998) reported that, the monitor lizard can eat a

wide variety of prey, including vertebrates (e.g. rats,

chickens) and invertebrates (e.g. insects, crabs).

Reproduction of the monitor lizard is all year-round

spawned, with lower intensity in drier months and

the monitor lizard can produce multiple clutches of

6-17 eggs each year. In Thailand, the biological

data of Asian water monitor, V salvator are poorly

known, especially in urban ecosystem.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The surveys were carried out by direct observa-

tion of Asian water monitor, V. salvator in many

urban areas of Central Thailand during the period

January-December, 2014.

696

Sitthi Kulabtong & Rujira Mahaprom

The detemiination of the ingested material was

carried directly on the site as observation or trans-

porting food waste is difficult to identify in the

laboratory. The observation areas include: green

space of Kasetsart University Bangkhen Campus

and many parks in Bangkok; green space of

Silpakorn University Sanamchandra palace Cam-

pus, Meuang District, Nakhon Patthom Province;

green space of Kasetsart University Kamphaeng

Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom Province; Mueang

District, Ayuttaya Province; Meuang District,

Chachoengsao Province; Bang Kruai District,

Nonthaburi Province and Bang Kachao green zone,

Prapadaeng District, Samut Prakan Province (Figs.

1-4).

RESULTS

In the observation zone and in laboratory we

surveyed many food products which constitute the

basic diet of the Asian water monitor in urban eco-

system of Central Thailand.

Food items can be separated into 17 groups

which were Cyprinid fishes, Common suckers, Nile

tilapia, Climbing perch, Striped snakehead, Marsh

crab, Snail-eating turtle, Chinese edible frog,

Chicken, Duck, Waterhen, Myna, Rat, Cat, Dog,

food scraps and carcass.

Below is the list of foods classified in detail.

1. CYPRINIFORMES CYPRINID AE

Carps or Cyprinid fish

Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758)

Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1 822)

2. SILURIF ORME S LORICARIIDAE

Common suckers

Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus (C. Weber, 1991)

Pterygoplichthys pardalis (Castelnau, 1855)

3. PERCIFORMES CICHLIDAE

Nile tilapia

Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758)

4. PERCIFORMES ANABANTIDAE

Climbing perch

Anabas testudineus (Bloch, 1792)

5. PERCIFORMES CHANNIDAE

Striped snakehead

Channa striata (Bloch, 1793)

6. DECAPODAGRAPSIDAE

Marsh crab

Episesarma spp.

7. TESTUDINES BATAGURIDAE

Snail-eating turtle

Malayemys macrocephala (Gray, 1859)

8. ANURARANIDAE

Chinese edible frog

Hoplobatrachus rugulosus (Wiegmann, 1834)

9. GALLIFORMES PHASIANIDAE

Chicken

Gallus gallus domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758)

10. AN SERIF ORMES ANATIDAE

Duck

Anas spp.

11. GRUIFORMES RALLIDAE

White-breasted waterhen

Amaurornis phoenicurus Pennant, 1769

12. PASSERFORMES STURNIDAE

White vent Myna

Acridotheres grandis Moore, 1858

1 3 . RODENTI A MURID AE

Common rat

Rattus norvegicus (Berkenhout, 1769)

14. CARNIVORA FELIDAE

Cat

Fells catus Linnaeus, 1758

Observation on food items of Asian water monitor, V aranus salvator, /n urban ecosystem, Central Thailand

697

Figures 1-4. Asian water monitor, Varanus salvator (Laurenti, 1768) in urban ecosystem of

Bang Kachao green zone, Prapadang District, Samut Prakan Province, Central Thailand

15. CARNIVORA CANID AE

Dog

Canis familiaris Linnaeus, 1758

16. Food scraps from households and restaurants,

rubbish bin

17. Carcass

CONCLUSIONS

The Asian water monitor, V. salvator, are carni-

vores, and have a wide range of foods. They are

known to eat fish, frogs, rodents, birds, crabs,

snakes, turtles, young crocodiles and crocodile

eggs (Sprackland, 1992; Whitaker, 1981) and

garbage (Uyeda, 2009).

According also to these our observations which

include a wide range of foods (see above), at

present, feeding habit of Asian water monitor, in

urban areas of Central Thailand indicated that this

species is carnivorous and scavenger.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We wish to thank the anonymous reviewers for

their invaluable editorial advice. A very special

thank to Assist. Prof. Dr. Prateep Duengkae, Faculty

of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Thailand for

providing available data for this species and helping

us during the field survey.

REFERENCES

Bohme W., 2003. Checklist of the living monitor lizards

of the world (family Varanidae). Zoologische Verhan-

deln, 341: 1-43.

Gaulke M. & Horn H.G. , 2004. Varanus salvator (Nom-

inate form). In: Pianka E.R. & King D.R. (Eds.):

698

Sitthi Kulabtong & Rujira Mahaprom

Varanoid lizards of the Word. Indiana University

Press, Bloomington, Indianapolis, 244-257.

Koch A., Auliya M., Schmitz A., Kuch U. & Bohme W.,

2007. Morphological Studies on the Systematics of

South East Asian Water Monitors ( Varanus salvator

Complex): Nominotypic Populations and Taxonomic

Overview. In: Horn H.-G., Bohme W. & Krebs U.

(Eds.), Advances in Monitor Research III. Merten-

siella 16, Rheinbach, 109-180.

Koch A., Auliya M. & Ziegler T., 2010. Updated checklist

of the living monitor lizards of the world (Squamata:

Varanidae). Bonn zoological Bullettin, 57: 127-136.

Shine R., Harlow PS. & Keogh J.S., 1996. Commercial

harvesting of giant lizards: the biology of water

monitors Varanus salvator in Southern Sumatra.

Biological Conservation, 77: 125-134.

Shine R., Ambariyanto, Harlow P. & Mumpuni, 1998.

Ecological traits of commercially harvested water

monitors, Varanus salvator , in northern Sumatra.

Wildlife Research 25: 437-447.

Sprackland R.G., 1992. Giant lizards. Neptune, NJ:

T.F.H. Publications, 61 pp.

Uyeda L.T., 2009. Garbage appeal: relative abundance

of Water Monitor Lizards ( Varanus salvator ) correl-

ates with presence of human food leftovers on Tinijil

Island, Indonesia. Biawak, 3: 9-17.

Whitaker R., 1981. "Bangladesh - Monitors and turtles".

Hamadryad, 6: 7-9.

Biodiversity Journal, 2015, 6 (3): 699-702

A new species of Luisia Gaud. (Orchidaceae) from northwe-

stern Bihar, India

Jibankumar Singh Khuraijam* & Rup Kumar Roy

Botanic Garden, CSIR - National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226 001 Uttar Pradesh, India;

e-mail: jskluiraijam@yahoo.com; roynbri@rediffmail.com

^Corresponding author

ABSTRACT In this paper, a new species of genus Luisia Gaud. (Orchidaceae) is described and illustrated.

L. indica n. sp. is morphologically similar to L. trichorhiza (Hook.) Bl., but it is distinguished

from L. trichorhiza by its smaller flowers and smooth surfaced greenish lip with purple spots

together with five veined sepals and petals.

KEY WORDS Luisia; endangered; orchid; Bihar; India.

Received 14.07.2015; accepted 22.08.2015; printed 30.09.2015

INTRODUCTION

Luisia Gaud, is a small genus in the family Orch-

idaceae with ca 40 epiphytic species distributed in

Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, Micronesia,

Melanesia and Australia. India is the centre of di-

versity of this genus. In India, 1 8 species of Luisia

have been reported and they are mainly found in

Northeastern states, Peninsular India, Andaman and

Nicobar Islands (Haines, 1924; Gamble, 1935; Bose

& Bhattacharjee, 1980; Abraham & Vatsala, 1981;

Kataki et al. 1984; Deva & Naithani, 1986; Srivast-

ava, 1996; Chowdhery, 1998; Rath & Priyadarshini,

2005; Kumar et al., 2007; Gogoi et al., 2012;

Karthigeyan et al., 2014). Taxonomically, Luisia is

a difficult genus with relatively low morphological

variations among the species (Seidenfaden, 1971;

Misra, 2010).

During plant collection tour in March 2015 to

Valmiki Tiger Reserve at West Champaran district

of Bihar state, an attractive species of Luisia was

found growing on a tree trunk on the top of the

Bodrewa Hill in Manguraha Range of the Tiger

Reserve. The species was found growing in clump

with long green stem with terete leaves. The speci-

mens were collected, acclimatized and grown in the

Botanic Garden, CSIR-NBRI and have started bear-

ing flowers in early April 2015.

ACRONYMS. LWG = Herbarium, National

Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, India.

Luisia indica n. sp.

(Figures 1-12)

Diagnosis. Herba caule erecto sive ascendendo;

relinquit tenuibus, denique inflorescen axillares,

2-5 erecti, floribus, labium, triangularibus trilo,

lamina labii pallore purpura coloratum; sepalis

pallide quinque pauilo oblongo- petalis obovatis

porrect carnosus, pallide viridia, five pauilo

columna crassa, purpureus; duo flavo; pollinia.

Examined material. Type. India. Bihar: West

Champaran, Valmiki Tiger Reserve, 13 March

2015. J.S. Khuraijam 101206 (holotype LWG), here

designated. Paratypes 101208, 101209 (LWG),

same data of holotype.

700

JlBANKUMAR SlNGH KHURAIJAM & RlIP KUMAR ROY

Description of holotypus. Epiphytic herb,

stem erect or ascending, 12 cm long, ca 0.5 cm

diameter, covered with leaf bases. Roots 3 mm thick,

vermiform. Leaves terete, slender, apex narrowed

17 cm long. Inflorescence short, axillary, 0.9 cm

long, peduncle minute, 2 flowered, opening 1-3

flowers at a time. Flowers ca 8><7 mm, purplish

green, lamina of lip greenish with purple coloured

dots, green beneath, hypochile dark purple. Pedicel

with ovary 9 mm long, pale green. Sepals and petals

spreading. Sepals unequal, dorsal sepal 5 mm long,

elliptic, acute, slightly hooded, pale green, five

veined, central vein larger pale purple/pink. Lateral

sepals 6 mm long, concave, boat shaped, dorsally

keeled beyond the middle, pale green, five veined.

Petals 7 mm long, oblong-obovate, pale green, five

veined, central vein larger dim pink. Lip triangular,

trilobed, fixed at the base of the column, porrect,

fleshy, surface smooth, 5x7 mm, margin recurved.

Column 4 mm long, stout, purple, anther cap greenish

white with purple colour dots, pollinia two, yellow.

Variability. The paratypes do not show sub-

stantial morphological differences compared to the

holotype. Lenght 10-15 cm, diameter 0.3-0. 7 cm;

Roots 2-3 mm thick, vermiform. Leaves terete,

slender, apex narrowed 10-20 cm long. Inflores-

cence 0.5-1 cm long, 2-5 flowered, opening 1-3

flowers at a time. Flowers ca 8-9 x 7-8 mm; dorsal

sepal 5-6 mm long; lateral sepals 6-7 mm long;

petals 7-8 mm long; lip 5-6 x 6-7 mm; column 3-5

mm long.

Figures 1-9. Luisia indica n. sp. Fig. 1: habit. Fig. 2: flower. Fig. 3: Lip. Fig. 4: dorsal sepal.

Fig. 5: lateral sepals. Fig. 6: petals. Fig. 7: column. Fig. 8: anther cap. Fig. 9: pollinia.

A new species of Luisia Gaud. (Orchidaceae) from northwestern Bihar, India

701

Figures 10-12. Luisia indica n. sp. Figs. 10, 11: habit. Fig. 12: flower.

Photos by A.C. Little.

702

JlBANKUMAR SlNGH KHURAIJAM & RUP KUMAR ROY

Etymology. The specific epithet is in reference

to the species occurrence in India.

Habitat, Ecology and Distribution. Grow on

tree trunks at tops of low lying hills in evergreen

forest. The species is now known only from Valmiki

Tiger Reserve in West Champaran district of Bihar,

India.

Flowering. Late March-April

Conservation status. Since the species is

known only from a small area in Valmiki Tiger

Reserve along the Indo-Nepal border, the species

may be designated as Endangered (IUCN SPS, 2010).

Remarks. Luisia indica n. sp. resemble L.

trichorhiza (Hook.) Bl. in having trilobed triangular

lip but differ in having rather smooth surfaced

greenish lip with purple spots and five veined sepals

and petals. On the basis of these morphological

variations, L. indica is different from L. trichorhiza.

Moreover, L. trichorhiza have deep purple lip with

ridged surface or deeply grooved and three veined

sepals and petals (Hooker, 1823; Blume, 1849;

Bose & Bhattacharjee, 1980; Yonzone & Rai,

2012). Luisia indica n. sp. is the first report of the

genus Luisia from Bihar.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We are grateful to the Forest Department, Govt,

of Bihar for their kind help during the field survey

and Director, CSIR-NBRI, Lucknow for providing

necessary support and facilities to carry out the

study.

REFERENCES

Abraham A. & Vatsala R, 1981. Introduction to orchids

with illustrations and descriptions of 150 South In-

dian orchids. Tropical Botanic Garden and Research

Institute, Trivandrum.

Blume C.L., 1849. Lugduno - Batavum. Museum Botan-

icum, 1: 63-64.

Bose T.K. & Bhattacharjee S.K., 1980. Orchids of India.

Naya Prokash, Calcutta.

Chowdhery H.J., 1998. Orchid flora of Arunachal Pra-

desh. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun.

Deva S. & Naithani H.B., 1986. The orchid flora of north

west Himalaya. Print & Media Associates, New

Delhi.

Gamble J.S., 1935. Flora of the Presidency of Madras.

Newman and Adlard, London.

GogoiK., Borah R.L., SharmaG.C. & Yonzone R.,2012.

Present status of orchid species diversity resources

and distribution in Dibrugarh district of Assam of

North East India. International Journal of Modern

Botany, 2: 19-33.

Haines H.H., 1924. The Botany of Bihar and Orissa.

Adlard, London.

Hooker W.J., 1823. Vandal Trichoriza. Hairy-rooted

Vanda. Exotic Flora, 1: 72.

Karthigeyan K., Jayanthi J., Sumathi R. & Jalal J.S.,

2014. A review of the orchid diversity of Andaman

& Nicobar Islands, India. Richardiana, 15: 9-85.

Kataki S.K., Jain S.K. &. Sastry A.R.K., 1984. Distribu-

tions of Orchids of Sikkim and North-Eastern India.

Plant Conservation Bulletin, 5: 1-38.

Kumar P., Jalal J.S. & Rawat G.S., 2007. Orchidaceae,

Chotanagpur, state of Jharkhand, India. Check List,

3:297-304.

IUCN Standards and Petitions Subcommittee, 2010.

Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories

and Criteria. Version 8.1. Prepared by the Standards

and Petitions Subcommittee in March 2010. Down-

loadable from http://intranet.iucn.org/webfiles/doc/

SSC/RedList/RedListGuidelines.pdf

Misra S., 2010. A new species of Luisia Gaud. (Orch-

idaceae) from Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India.

Nelumbo, 52: 152-155.

Rath B. & Priyadarshini P., 2005. Threat Status of Plants

of Conservation Concern in Orissa (India): A Com-

pilation. Vasundhara, Bhubaneswar, Orissa.

Seidenfaden G.S., 1971. Notes on the genus Luisia.

Dansk Botanisk Arkiv, 27: 1-101.

SrivastavaR.C., 1996. Orchicdaceae. In: Flora of Sikkim:

Volume I (Monocotyledons), Hajra P.K. & Verma

D.M. (Eds.). BSI, Calcutta, 85 pp.

Yonzone R. & Rai S., 2012. Botanical Description,

Diversity Resources, Distribution and Present

Ecological Status of Luisia Gaudichaud - A Horticul-

turally less known Epiphytic Orchid Species of

Darjeeling. Journal of Krishi Vigyan, 1: 5-9.

Biodiversity Journal, 2015, 6 (3): 703-708

Additions and corrections to the Scissurellidae and Anatom-

idae (Gastropoda Vetigastropoda) of the Mediterranean Sea,

with first record of Sinezona semicostata Burnay et Rolan, 1 990

Pasquale Micali 1 & Daniel L. Geiger 2

'via Papiria 17, 61032 Fano, Pesaro-Urbino, Italy; e-mail: lino.micali@virgilio.it

2 Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, 2559 Puesta del Sol Road, Santa Barbara, CA 93105-2936 U.S.A.; e-mail:

dgeiger@sbnature2.org

ABSTRACT New information on the scissurellids fauna, Scissurellidae and Anatomidae (Gastropoda

Vetigastropoda), in the Mediterranean Sea is presented. Scissurella azorensis Nolt, 2008, is

confirmed from several localities in the Tyrrhenian Sea. Sinezona semicostata Burnay et

Rolan, 1990, a species until now known from Cape Verde and Canary Islands, is reported

for the first time in the Mediterranean, based on the record of 12 specimens at Linosa island

(Sicily Channel), 35 m. Anatoma crispata (Fleming, 1828) does not occur in the Mediter-

ranean; earlier misidentified records are corrected. Anatoma eximia Seguenza, 1880, appears

to be a cold water guest species at the type locality Gallina, Reggio Calabria.

KEY WORDS Anatoma; Scissurella ; Sinezona ; Mediterranean.

Received 27.07.2015; accepted 21.08.2015; printed 30.09.2015

INTRODUCTION

Scissurellidae and Anatomidae are two families

of microscopic marine gastropods of world-wide

distribution. They are amongst the smallest gastro-

pods (0.5-11 mm, modal size ~l-3 mm), and are

distributed in all fully marine oceans from the

intertidal to the abyssal plain. They are members of

the basal Vetigastropoda as evidenced by paired

gills, a rhipidoglossate radula, and usually with a

slit or hole in the shell above the mantle cavity.

Unlike other Vetigastropoda such as abalone (Hali-

otidae), top snails (Trochidae Turbinidae), and

slit shells (Pleurotomariidae), scissurellids lack a

nacreous inner shell layer (see Geiger et al., 2008

for review).

The groups have been recently revised and mono-

graphed by Geiger (2012) on a global scale. As was

anticipated, some errors need to be corrected, and

some additional data have come to light in the

meantime (see also Pimenta & Geiger, in press).

Here are addressed some novel data for the Mediter-

ranean Sea.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Standard procedures for scanning electron mi-

croscopy (SEM) were employed (see Geiger et al.,

2007; Geiger, 2012).

Some specialized terms are defined following

Geiger (2012).

• Selenizone: the closed portion of the slit. Has

lateral keel and growth markings (= lunules). The

onset of the selenizone with growth defines the

boundary between teleoconch I and II.

704

Pasquale Micali & Daniel L. Geiger

• Shoulder: on the teleoconch II, the portion of

the shell between the apical suture and selenizone.

• Slit: the anteriormost portion of the selenizone,

which is open at the apertural margin.

• Teleoconch I: postembryonic shell to the start

of the selenizone.

• Teleoconch II: postembryonic shell from the

start of the selenizone to the apertural margin.

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS. DLG:

Daniel L. Geiger collection, Los Angeles, Califor-

nia, U.S.A. DSC: Danilo Scuderi collection, Catania,

Italy. M: Monotypy. OD: original designation.

PMF: Pasquale Micali collection, Fano, Italy.

SBMNH: Santa Barbara Museum of Natural

History, Santa Barbara, California, U.S.A. SD:

subsequent designation. USNM: United States

National Museum, Smithsonian Institution, Wash-

ington (DC), U.S.A.

SYSTEMATICS

VETIGASTROPODA Salvini-Plawen, 1980

Vetigastropoda are typically divided into a num-

ber of superfamilies. Geiger (2012) discussed in de-

tail the fundamental disagreement amongst various

phylogenetic studies with respect to family-level re-

lationships, further hampered by highly incomplete

and incongruent taxonomic sampling of major

lineages. With respect to the scissurellids, it seems

clear that Scissurellidae and Anatomidae are not sis-

ter taxa, and Larocheidae and Depressizonidae have

not been included in any formal phylogenetic as-

sessment. Accordingly, the superfamily Scissurel-

loidea is untenable, unless it is restricted to

Scissurellidae s.s. only. Using Scissurelloidea (or

any other vetigastropod superfamily) in the narrow

sense does not contain any classification informa-

tion, therefore, is superfluous. Because superfam-

ilies are not mandatory ranks as per ICZN 1999, the

best and most honest representation of our under-

standing is to omit all superfamilies under Veti-

gastropoda at this time.

Family SCISSURELLIDAE Gray, 1847

Scissurella d’Orbigny, 1824.

Type species: Scissurella laevigata d’Orbigny, 1824

(SD: Gray, 1847) (= Scissurella costata d’Orbigny,

1824)

Scissurella azorensis Nolt, 2008

Examined material. France, Corsica SW,

between Pisciucani and Paragan beaches, beach,

41.442°N, 9.115°E (DSC 2). Italy, Reggio di Calab-

ria, Scilla, 50 m, 38.26UN, 15.715°E (DLG 2370,

4; DSC 4). Italy, Reggio di Calabria, Scilla, 50 m,

38.255°N, 15.714°E (DLG 2670, 1). Italy, Sicily,

Trapani, Egadi Islands, Marettimo Island, Secca del

Cammello, 30 m, 37.989°N, 12.065°E (DLG 1812,

3). Italy, Sicily, Trapani, 30 m, 38.024°N, 12.504°E

(DLG 2386, 1). Italy, Sicily, Trapani, San Vito Lo

Capo, Cape San Vito, 2.5 m, 38.185°N, 12.733°E

(DLG 2542, 2). Italy, Sicily, Acitrezza, Lachea

island, 5-30 m, 37.56LN, 15.163°E (DSC 11). Italy,

Sicily, Brucoli, 3 m, 37.282°N, 15.188°E (DLG

2547, 5). Italy, Sardinia, Sant' Antioco, 39.066°N,

8.459°E (DLG 2607, 1). Italy, Pelagian Islands,

Linosa (SBMNH 456685, 7; DSC 6). Italy, Linosa,

Punta Calcarella, 35 m, 35.853°N, 12.880 °E (PMF

8). Italy, Pelagian Islands, Lampedusa, Cala Croce,

6 m, 35.499°N, 12.590 °E (DSC 3).

Remarks. The species was described from the

Azores, but was reported by Geiger (2012) also

from a single lot from the Mediterranean sea. Since

then, several additional lots have been found from

Mediterranean sediment samples. Most (8 of 12) of

those samples are from Sicily or the eastern tip of

mainland Italy, while one is from Corsica and

Sardinia to the north and Linosa and Lampedusa

Islands to the south. The species have not been

recovered from any other samples (e.g., Croatia,

Spain, France).

Scissurella azorensis (Figs. 9-12) differs from

S. costata by the more rounded whorls, lacking of

flat shoulder, the lack of spiral threads on shoulder

and base, teleoconch II of about 0.75 whorls,

compared to 1-1.125 whorls.

Sinezona Finlay, 1926.

Type species: Schismope brevis Hedley, 1904 (OD)

Sinezona semicostata Bumay et Rolan, 1990

Remarks. Sinezona semicostata was described

by Bumay & Rolan (1990) from material collected

at a depth of few meters at Boavista island (Cape

Verde archipelago, eastern Atlantic), but it is also

known from the Canary Islands and Madeira

(Hernandez et al., 2011; Geiger, 2012). The place-

Scissurellidae and Anatomidae of the Mediterranean Sea, with first record of Sinezona semicostata

705

ment in genus Sinezona Finlay, 1926 is indicated by

the anteriorly closed slit. This character is difficult

to observe in many shells, because the apertures of

shells found in shell grit are usually damaged.

Twelve specimens have been found at Linosa in

shell grit manually collected by SCUBA diving at

Punta Calcarella (south-east of Linosa island, Sicily

Channel) at a depth of about 35 m, most of them fully

mature (Figs. 1-8), representing the first Mediter-

ranean record (SBMNH 456687, 7; PMF 8). Al-

though similar to Sci. azorensis. Sin. semicostata is

readily distinguished by the protoconch sculpture

composed of half as many and much stronger axial

cords (Figs. 1-4). The species’ range is herewith ex-

panded from the Cape Verde Archipelago, Madeira,

and the Canary Islands, into the Mediterranean Sea.

Because Sci. costata d’Orbigny, 1824, a rather

variable species, was found in numerous specimens

Figures 1-12. Scissurellids from Linosa, Pelagian Islands, Italy, 35 m. Figures 1-4. Sinezona semicostata. Figures 5-8.

Sinezona semicostata. Figures 9-12. Scissurella azorensis. Scale bars shell = 500 pm. Scale bars protoconch = 100 pm.

706

Pasquale Micali & Daniel L. Geiger

in the same sample, we could exclude the pos-

sibility that the Sin. semicostata specimens were

juvenile Sci. costata. In particular Sin. semicostata

differs from Sci. costata by the much more de-

pressed overall shape, the adapically angulated and

flat shoulder as opposed to being horizontally ori-

ented, the stronger and fewer axial ribs, and the

wide umbilicus in Sin. semicostata. Sinezona semi-

costata is much smaller (to 0.67 mm) and the teleo-

conch II consists of about 0.3-0. 5 whorl compared

to up to 1.125 teleoconch II whorls in Sci. costata

growing to 1.7 mm.

Anatoma Woodward, 1859

Type species: Scissurella crispata Fleming, 1828

(M: misidentified; SD: Geiger, 2012)

Anatoma crispata (Fleming, 1828)

Remarks. The species is commonly, but mis-

takenly, indicated as part of the Mediterranean

malacofauna (see Geiger, 2012 for comprehensive

chresonymy). Geiger (2012) questioned some of his

own earlier identifications of those Mediterranean

occurrences, which were made prior to the revision

by Hoisaeter & Geiger (2011), but was unable to

re-evaluate that material prior to publication. Re-

examination of material from USNM has confirmed

the earlier suspicion. The following A. “ crispata ”

lots were re-identified as:

Anatoma aspera (Philippi, 1844): USNM

181621, 181630, 181631, 181600, 181616, 181623,

181620.

Anatoma eximia (Seguenza, 1880): USNM

181597, 181601,181598, 181599.

Anatoma tenuisculpta (Seguenza, 1880): USNM

83386, 126631, 181592.

The A. aspera records confirm the known distri-

bution of the species, with one additional locality

from Crete Island, representing one of the eastern-

most locations.

Anatoma eximia was re-surrected by Geiger

(2012) as a valid species. It was described from

fossil material from Gallina (near Reggio Calabria,

Italy). The depositional environment of Gallina is

well described by DelF Angelo et al. (1998: 139):

the levels described by Seguenza show sign of

gravitational flow and canalization of debris. The

outcrop represents an epibathyal fauna dated to

lower Pleistocene with additional material from the

upper Pliocene and more littoral assemblages, re-

ferred to lower Pleistocene, with cold (or boreal)

guests. More recent works (Ruggiero & Raia, 2014;

La Pema & Vazzana, 2014; Vazzana et al., 2014)

deal with the Calabrian (lower Pleistocene) fauna

and reported the presence of cold guests, such as

Pseudamussium peslutrae (Linnaeus, 1771) = P.

semptemradiatum (O.F. Muller, 1776). The Recent

records of A. eximia are from the Mediterranean

adjacent northeastern Atlantic, with a single record

from the Mediterranean Sea (off Malaga). The new

records are all from the North Atlantic. It appears

that A. eximia should also be considered a cold

guest at the type locality.

The new records of A. tenuisculpta are both

from the North Atlantic as well as the Mediter-

ranean (Sicily).

Anatoma eximia (Seguenza, 1880)

Anatoma tenuisculpta (Seguenza, 1880)

Remarks. The publication date for those two

taxa was erroneously indicated as 1877 by Geiger

(2012), which, however, was the date of acceptance

of the manuscript. Serge Gofas (pers. comm.)

kindly pointed out that error.

DISCUSSION

Despite the Mediterranean Sea being one of the

best-studied bodies of water on the planet, including

its malacofauna (e.g., Parenzan, 1970; Sabelli et al.,

1990; Barash & Danin, 1992; Cossignani et al.,

1992; Giannuzzi-Savelli et al., 1994, 1997, 1999,

2001, 2003, 2014; Ardovini & Cossignani, 1999;

Doneddu & Trainito, 2005; Cossignani & Ardovini,

2011; Gofas et al., 2011; Scuderi & Terlizzi, 2012)

new discoveries can still be made. Those are not

necessarily restricted to minute molluscs; the

re-discovery of the abalone species Haliotis

stomatiaeformis (= H. ncglecta ) at Malta island, is

a particularly striking example (Geiger, 1998;

Geiger & Owen, 2001), as well as the cone species

known from that general area ( Conus vayssierei

Pallary, 1906; Conus desidiosus A. Adams, 1853;

Conus fumigatus Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792).

Scissurellidae and Anatomidae of the Mediterranean Sea, with first record of Sinezona semicostata

707

Micromolluscs (< 5 mm total shell length: see

Geiger et al., 2007 for review) are more in need of

study and yield many more discoveries. Despite the

very recent global monographic treatment of the

scissurellids (Geiger, 2012), new discoveries can

still be made as exemplified by the present contri-

bution. It is striking, that both the abalone cited

above, as well as the scissurellids reported here,

have been found in the Southern Tyrrhenian Sea

and the Sicily and its surrounding islands. Some of

it may be due to available material and novel sens-

itivity of collectors. However, none of the numerous

samples from North Africa, France, Spain, and the

Adriatic Sea have yielded novel scissurellids (D.

Geiger, pers. obs.).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Thanks to the staff of “Terraferma Diving” at

Linosa, for the enthusiastic support to malacolo-

gical activity of the first Author. Chad Walter, Ellen

Strong, and Jerry Harasewych (USNM) kindly

facilitated loans of material. Danilo Scuderi kindly

provided data of his records.

REFERENCES

Ardovini R. & Cossignani T., 1999. Atlante delle

conchiglie di profondita del Mediterraneo. L’

Informatore Piceno, Ancona, 111 pp.

Barash A. & Danin Z., 1992. Fauna Palaestina Mollusca

I - Annotated List of Mediterranean Molluscs of

Israel and Sinai. The Israel Academy of Sciences and

Humanities, Jerusalem, 405 pp., 372 pis.

Burnay L.P. & Rolan E., 1990. The family Scissurellidae

in the Cape Verde Islands. Archiv fur Mollusken-

kunde, 120: 31-45.

Cossignani T. & Ardovini R., 2011. Malacologia

Mediterranea. L’lnformatore Piceno, Ancona, 536 pp.

Cossignani T., Cossignani V., Di Nisio A. & Passamonti

M., 1992. Atlante delle Conchiglie del Medio Adri-

atico. L’lnformatore Piceno, Ancona, 40 pp., 417 figs.

Dell’Angelo B., Vazzana A. & Bertolaso L., 1998. Ritro-

vamento di piastre fossili di Callisto chiton (Mol-

lusca: Polyplacophora) nel Plio-Pleistocene della

Calabria. Bollettino Malacologico, 33: 139-140.

Doneddu M. & Trainito E., 2005. Conchiglie del

Mediterraneo. II Castello, Trezzano su Naviglio,

256 pp.

Geiger D.L., 1998. Recent genera and species of the

family Haliotidae (Gastropoda: Vetigastropoda). The

Nautilus, 111: 85-116.

Geiger D.L., 2012. Monograph of the Little Slit Shells.

Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa

Barbara, 2 vols.,1291 pp.

Geiger D.L. & Owen B., 2001. The identity of Haliotis

stomatiaeformis Reeve, 1846, from the Mediter-

ranean Sea (Gastropoda: Vetigastropoda: Haliotidae).

The Nautilus, 115: 77-83.

Geiger D. L., Marshall B., Ponder W., Sasaki T. & Waren

A., 2007. Techniques for collecting, handling, and

preparing small molluscan specimens. Molluscan

Research, 27 (Special Issue): 1-50.

Geiger D.L., Niitzel A., & Sasaki T., 2008. Vetigastro-

poda. In: W. Ponder & D. Lindberg (Eds.), Phylogeny

and Evolution of the Mollusca. University of Califor-

nia Press, Berkeley, pp. 297-330.

Giannuzzi-Savelli R., Pusateri F., Palmeri A. & Ebreo C.,

1994. Atlas of Mediterranean Seashells, Volume 1

(Archeogastropoda). La Conchiglia, Rome, 125 pp.

Giannuzzi-Savelli R., Pusateri F., Palmeri A. & Ebreo C.,

1997. Atlas of Mediterranean Seashells, Volume 2

(Caenogastropoda part 1 : Discopoda - Heteropoda).

La Conchiglia, Rome, 258 pp.

Giannuzzi-Savelli R., Pusateri F., Palmeri A. & Ebreo C.,

1999. Atlas of Mediterranean Seashells, Volume 3

(Caenogastropoda part 2: Ptenoglossa). Evolver,

Rome, 127 pp.

Giannuzzi-Savelli R., Pusateri F., Palmeri A. & Ebreo C.,

2001. Atlas of Mediterranean Seashells, Volume 7

(Bivalvia: Protobranchia - Pteriomorpha). Evolver,

Rome, 246 pp.

Giannuzzi-Savelli R., Pusateri F., Palmeri A. & Ebreo C.,

2003. Atlas of Mediterranean Seashells, Volume 4

Part 1 (Neogastropoda: Muricoidea). Evolver, Rome,

298 pp.

Giannuzzi-Savelli R., Pusateri F., Micali P., Nofroni I. &

Bartolini S., 2014. Atlas of Mediterranean Seashells,

Volume 5 (Heterobranchia). Edizioni Danaus,

Palermo, 91 pp.

Gofas S., Moreno D. & Salas C., 2011. Moluscos Marin-

hos de Andalucia. Universidad de Malaga, Malaga,

2 vols., 798 pp.

Hernandez J.M., Rolan E. & Swinnen F., 2011. Parte 3:

Gastropoda: Prosobranchia. In: E. Rolan (Ed.),

Moluscos y Conchas Marinas de Canarias. Conch

Books, Hackenheim, pp. 54-269.

Hoisaeter T. & Geiger D.L., 2011. Species of Anatoma

(Gastropoda: Anatomidae) in Norwegian and

adjacent waters, with the description of two new

species. The Nautilus, 125: 89-112.

ICZN (International Commission on Zoological Nomen-

clature), 1999. International Code of Zoological

708

Pasquale Micali & Daniel L. Geiger

Nomenclature. 4th ed. The International Trust for

Zoological Nomenclature, London, 29 + 306 pp.

La Perna R. & Vazzana A., 2014. Marginelliform gastro-

pods from the Early Pleistocene of Gallina (Reggio

Calabria, Southern Italy). Giornate di Paleontologia,

XIV edition - Bari, 11-13 June 2014. Volume dei

riassunti, pp. 49-50.

Parenzan P. 1970. Carta d’identita delle conchiglie del

Mediterraneo Vol. 1 Gasteropodi. Bios Taras,

Taranto, 283 pp.

Pimenta A.D. & Geiger D.L. in press. Taxonomic revi-

sion of the Anatomidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda:

Vetigastropoda) from Brazil, with description of four

new species. Malacologia.

Ruggiero E. & Raia P., 2014. Oichnus taddeii, a new

fossil trace produced by capulids on brachiopod

shells. Spanish Journal of Palaeontology, 29: 15-24.

Sabelli B., Giannuzzi-Savelli R. & Bedulli D., 1990.

Annotated check-list of Mediterranean Marine

Mollusks, vol. 1. Libreria Naturalistica Bolognese,

Bologna, 348 pp.

Scuderi D. & Terlizzi A., 2012. Manuale di malacolo-

gia dell’Alto Ionio. Edizioni Grifo, Manduria, 186

pp.

Vazzana A., Vertino A. & La Pema R., 20 14. 1 coralli pleis-

tocenici di Gallina (Reggio Calabria, Italia meridi-

onale). Giornate di Paleontologia, XIV edition - Bari,

11-13 June 2014. Volume dei riassunti, pp. 71-72.

Biodiversity Journal, 2015, 6 (3): 709-718

Evaluating and measuring biodiversity in a subterranean light

gradient

Roberto Battiston* & Adriana Marzotto

Musei del Canal di Brenta, 36020 Valstagna, Vicenza, Italy

^Corresponding author, e-mail: roberto.battiston@museivalstagna.it

ABSTRACT The structure and composition of the biodiversity have been analysed in a light gradient of a

case-study cave in Northern Italy to evaluate the influence of light in promoting, limiting, or

altering it. Minor quantitative variations have been found along the gradient but remarkable

qualitative differences have been recorded and discussed on the composition of the biod-

iversity proceeding from the full light of the entrance toward the darkness of the deep cave.

Light intensity proved to be the main limit for many troglobiont an troglophilic species mi-

gration from or to the inner part of the cave. The subterranean environment is here discussed

as a model for assessing also the epigean biodiversity considering the ecological limits in

conservation problems of vulnerable environments.

KEY WORDS biodiversity; biospeleology; conservation; ecology; karst.

Received 11.08.2015; accepted 09.09.2015; printed 30.09.2015

INTRODUCTION

Biodiversity, defined as all hereditarily based

variations at all levels of organization, from the

genes within a single local population or species, to

the species composing all or part of a local com-

munity, and finally to the communities themselves

that compose the living parts of the multifarious

ecosystems of the world (Wilson, 1988), is a simple

name given to a huge complexity. This complexity

is probably the greatest limit for its complete un-

derstanding and its full evaluation and measuring,

is almost impossible. If measuring the whole biod-

iversity is a limit many methods to give a good rep-

resentative quantification have been proposed (Hill

et al., 2005). Most of them are based on species in-

dicators, representative for the whole community

and useful for comparisons between different places,

or on environmental parameters linked to the species

richness (Caoduro et al., 2014), as a compromise to

manage a fundamental resource for our planet

without knowing it in detail. Studying the hypogean

environments, usually composed by a scarce num-

ber of high specialized species and simple com-

munities, offers the rare occasion to have a nearly

complete measure of the whole local biodiversity

and a good understanding of its structure. A global

evaluation of subterranean biodiversity is however

still scarce in literature (Culver et al., 2006) where

single species indicators (or groups of) are more

often used to compare different caves (Culver &

Pipan, 2009; Latella et al., 2012), instead of evalu-

ating the whole biodiversity of a single one.

Caves are not closed environments and measur-

ing biodiversity in caves must consider contamina-

tion rates from more or less troglophilic organisms

and how much cave organisms remain isolated or

migrate to other places, according with the superfi-

710

Roberto Battiston & Adriana Marzotto

cial underground environment concept (MSS in

Juberthie et al., 1980). Understanding the paramet-

ers that influence, promote or limit the biodiversity

of a cave can be important to understand how biod-

iversity complexity evolves in a resource-limited

environment. Light gradient is here considered as

the main direct limit for autotrophs’ ecology, diver-

sification and, influencing also the temperature,

evaporation, humidity and other physical paramet-

ers, indirectly the key factor for all the other levels

of the local food net. The case-study of the cave of

Ponte Subiolo is here presented, a well known cave

since historical times with an almost straight and

barely sloping development with a long light

gradient at the entrance which make possible to

separate the main steps of the disappearing of the

light and its influence on the biodiversity of the cave.

In this study the changes in the biodiversity have

been evaluated in relation to the light gradient to

examine the species richness, its composition and

the dynamics related to a transition zone between

epigean and subterranean environments. Evaluating

and quantifying how the light influences subter-

ranean communities as a limiting factor for biod-

iversity can be helpful in understanding how con-

servation measures promote stable and rich

subterranean communities.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The cave of Ponte Subiolo is located in a sub-

alpine continental area of northern Italy

(45°52T8.13"N, 11°40'8.94"E) at 175 m a.s.l. in a

narrow valley covered mostly by Carpinus-F agus

woods. The cave is a natural part of the dolomitic

karst system of the Altopiano di Asiago, partially

altered by human activity and occasionally used by

tourists since the XIX century. It develops almost

horizontally whit a moderate sloping for 260 m

from the entrance (Fig. 1). The entrance of the cave

is located in the middle of an emi-circus of dolomite

rocks (10 m diameter), never exposed to direct sun-

light and with scarce surrounding vegetation and

with a continuous gradient of light in the straight

passage toward the hypogean area. The light gradi-

ent was here measured directly with a a luxmeter (1

lux resolution) and indirectly, using the presence of

chlorophyll photosynthesis as an environmental

parameter, from full light (photosynthesis present)

to complete and permanent darkness (photosyn-

thesis absent or not observed), for a length of 20 m

and 4 m average diameter tunnel. Photosynthesis

was defined by the presence of different kinds of

vegetation in three different locations where a pit-

fall trap has been placed: entrance, in permanent

shadow but with full indirect light (Cl : 0.5 m from

the entrance), where the last living vascular plant

( Parietaria officinalis L.) was recorded together

with non-vascular plants, mosses and algae; twi-

light zone, an intermediate point between traps Cl

and C3 (C2: 8 m from the entrance) just after the

last non-vascular plant ( Asplenium trichomanes L.)

fertile and with erect structure was recorded, to-

gether with true mosses and algae; dark zone, with

a complete and permanent darkness (C3: 20 m from

the entrance) just after the last photosynthetic or-

ganism (Algae). After C3 some weak indirect light

was still recognizable from the human eye but no

photosynthetic organisms were found and 0 lux

were recorded by the luxmeter.

Temperature and relative humidity recorded

have been measured in the three points during sea-

sonal investigations. To evaluate the biodiversity of

the cave three pitfall traps, containing fresh meat

(chicken liver) as attractive and salt water for killing

and preserve, have been placed in the three loca-

tions with increasing darkness (1, 2, 3) and left for

about three continuous years (from 19/07/2011 to

18/03/2014), seasonally checked to evaluate their

conditions, attractiveness and impact on the local

ecosystem. To prevent damage to the deep cave

ecosystem, deep cave biodiversity was evaluated

qualitatively placing non-trapping meat baits in all

along the cave every 50 m and checking them

occasionally, recording the species observed. A

small underground river located in the deepest part

of the cave (about 200 m from the entrance) was

investigated placing water traps (plastic bottles with

meat) to check the presence of water macroinver-

tebrates during October 2011.

To evaluate the species exchanges between the

cave an the external woodland 6 pit-fall traps have

been placed in the hemicycle outside the cave dur-

ing the same time -period in different environments:

3 (Al, A2, A3) at 2-5 m from Cl in a cave-like

environment (rock slope with scarce erbaceous

vegetation, Fig. 2) and 3 (Bl, B2, B3) at 6-10 m

when the rocky ground left its space for the earthly

soil of the Carpinus-F agus woodland (Fig. 3).

Evaluating and measuring biodiversity in a subterranean light-gradient

711

Figure 1. Perspective of the study area with the light gradient and the disposition of the three inner pitfall traps (Cl, C2,

C3) from the opening of the cave to the starting point of the permanent darkness, in the moment of maximum illumination.

Figure 2. Entrance of the cave of Ponte Subiolo with the maximum limit of the direct sunlight traced on the ground.

Picture taken in a sunny day at 13:34, June 12, 2014.

712

Roberto Battiston & Adriana Marzotto

Figure 3. Land survey of the study area (courtesy Gruppo Grotte Giara Modon, modified) with the disposition of the three

pitfall traps inside the cave (Cl, C2, C3), the three pitfall traps under the outer cave ceiling (Al, A2, A3), the three pitfall

traps on the woodland edge (Bl, B2, B3). Scalebar 5m.

To compare the biodiversity in the light gradient

Shannon- Wiener Index and Species Evenness were

measured considering the specimens collected in

the three cave pitfall traps. Mean values of Chao2

index (Chao, 1984) were measured with software

Estimates (Colwell, 2009) to evaluate the richness

of unique species. Ecological categories (trophic

habits and troglophily, here intended the progress-

ive adaptation to form subterranean communities

low or absent in Trogloxenes, moderate in Troglo-

philes, high in Troglobiont) were inferred using

information available on the single species when

available from literature and morphological charac-

ters (mouth parts, depigmentation, expansion of

limbs or sensilla, etc.) directly observed. Since the

ecology of all the species was not completely

known Sket separation between eutroglophile and

subtroglophile (Sket, 2008) have not been used

here.

Taxonomical identification has been done here

at Order level to separate main different functional

strategies to live in a subterranean environment.

Lower level of identification was used when neces-

sary to better describe single units, and species level

was used for all individuals collected as functional,

morphological distinct units as “morphospecies”

(SP1, SP2, etc...) to evaluate quantitatively their

diversity and richness. Only adults or high vagile

immatures (i.e. Orthoptera) have been considered

to avoid bias due to direct egg- layings inside the

Evaluating and measuring biodiversity in a subterranean light-gradient

713

traps occurred by some Diptera. Coleoptera have

been here considered as walker as their primary

moving strategy since all the species collected were

linked to the subterranean environment where

flight, when available, is used occasionally. The

Analysis of Variance at significance 0.05 has been

used to compare the specimens and species collec-

ted in the three cave traps. Biomass have been eval-

uated by measuring the wet weight of the

specimens, grouped by taxa, with an electronic

balance with sensitivity O.lg.

RESULTS

Physical air parameters (Temperature/Humidity)

attested on a annual average difference between one

trap and another of 4.53°C and 18%: 4.50/17%

from the external area to the entrance of the cave

(Cl), 4.85/18% from Cl to C2 and 4.25°C/19%

from C2 to C3, reaching the nearly constant abso-

lute parameters for the whole cave in C3 of

12°C/82%.

Maximum light measures were obtained during

summer: 572 lux in the shadows of the external part

of the cave, 127 lux at Cl, 68 lux at C2 and 0 lux at

C3.

The overall biodiversity in the three years of

sampling attested on: 624 invertebrate specimens

belonging to 35 different species collected in the

three cave traps placed in the cave (Table 1). To

these numbers must be added the autotrophs present

in the study area: 4 different species belonging to:

Magnoliophyta, Pteridophyta, Bryophyta, Chloro-

phyta, and the occasional presence Trogloxene/

Troglophile vertebrates, Vulpes vulpes (Linnaeus,

1758), Rhinolophus hipposideros Bechstein, 1800,

R. ferrumequinum Schreber, 1774, which visited the

cave and rested there non-continuously for some

days/months, the Troglophile spiders Nesticus cel-

lulanus (Clerck, 1757) and Pholcus phalangioides

(Fuesslin, 1775) never trapped but frequently ob-

served in the area between Cl and C2, and at least

one species of Fungi was observed occasionally. No

invertebrates were collected during water samplings

and no bacteria, protozoan or microinvertebrates

were here considered. Deep cave observations re-

corded a progressive but not constant diminish in

the number of species. The species collected in C3

were also observed till 80 m from the entrance,

where the flyers disappeared. From 80 to 140 m

only walkers have been observed and after 140 m

where the floor of the cave is frequently submerged

by interstitial water, no species were observed.

The total number of species recorded in the cave

of Ponte Subiolo in the three years is 44.

Soil invertebrates species have been collected in

almost equal numbers in the three cave traps (Table

2), not significant different in ANOVAone way test,

both for the number of species (P: 0.69, 24 dot) and

number of specimens collected (P: 0.32, 52 dot). A

large part of the animals collected are detritivores,

but the ratio with predators is close to 1 proceeding

toward the darkness. Even if the trophic categories

have been evaluated only by a descriptive point of

view, the percent of Troglobiont species increased

over the Trogloxene species from light to darkness,

with a high and nearly constant number of Troglo-

phile species collected in all the gradient, something

expected for a cave transition zone, which confirms

the goodness of the trapping procedure and the

representativeness of the community considered in

the analyses.

All these percents should be however con-

sidered in the vagility of their components which

remained in nearly constant ratio (walkers/flyers)

in all the cave traps (1.2, 0.9, 1.4). As expected,

most of the Trogloxene species in traps C2 and C3

were flyers while all the Troglobiont species were

much less vagile walkers. With the exception of one

trogloxene Calliphorid fly (body parts occasionally

found from the entrance to 80 m inside the cave),

some Troglophile species were recorded alive in

good numbers both in darkness as full light such as

the flyers Diptera (Phoridae), Hymenoptera (Icneu-

monidae) or Trichoptera (Limnephilidae) as well as

the walker millipede (Polydesmidae). Some troglo-

biont species, collected or observed more than twice

(and supposed not to be occasional encounters),

never reached the full light entrance of the cave

(Cl) as the Pseudoscorpion, Neobisium torrei

(Simon, 1881), and the Isopoda, Spelaeonethes

nodulosus Verhoeff, 1932, while the millipede,

Typhloiulus tobias (Berlese, 1886), and the cave

beetle, Orotrechus targionii (Dalla Torre, 1881),

never passed the edge of darkness (C3).

Two invertebrates, the isopod, Androniscus

brentanus Verhoeff, 1932, and the springtail

(Collembola) were frequently observed on the rocks

from the deepest of the cave to the entrance.

714

Roberto Battiston & Adriana Marzotto

Trap

Taxonomic

Group

Morpho-

species

Individuals

Feeding

Troglophily

Vagility

Aracnida

SP1

Predator

Trogloxene

Walker

Aracnida

SP2

Predator

Troglophile

Walker

Aracnida

SP3

Predator

Troglophile

Walker

Acaroidea

SP1

Predator

Troglophile

Walker

Diplopoda

SP1

Detritivore

Troglophile

Walker

Collembola

SP1

Detritivore

Troglobiont

Walker

Orthoptera

SP1

Detritivore

Troglophile

Walker

Trichoptera

SP1

Detritivore

Troglophile

Flyer

Coleoptera

SP1

Predator

Trogloxene

Walker

Coleoptera

SP2

Detritivore

Trogloxene

Walker

Coleoptera

SP3

Detritivore

Trogloxene

Walker

Coleoptera

SP4

Detritivore

Troglophile

Walker

Coleoptera

SP5

Detritivore

Troglophile

Walker

Coleoptera

SP6

Detritivore

Troglobiont

Walker

Hymenoptera

SP1

Detritivore

Troglophile

Flyer

Hymenoptera

SP2

Predator

Troglophile

Flyer

Diptera

SP1

Detritivore

Trogloxene

Flyer

Diptera

SP2

Detritivore

Trogloxene

Flyer

Diptera

SP3

Detritivore

Trogloxene

Flyer

Diptera

SP4

Detritivore

Trogloxene

Flyer

Diptera

SP5

Detritivore

Troglophile

Flyer

Diptera

SP6

Detritivore

Troglophile

Flyer

Diptera

SP7

Detritivore

Troglophile

Flyer

Diptera

SP8

Detritivore

Troglophile

Flyer

Aracnida

SP4

Predator

Troglobiont

Walker

Aracnida

SP5

Predator

Troglobiont

Walker

Table 1 . Specimens collected in the three cave traps with their taxonomical and ecological categories.

Evaluating and measuring biodiversity in a subterranean light-gradient

715

Trap

Taxonomic

Group

Morpho-

species

Individuals

Feeding

Troglophily

Vagility

Pseudoscorpiones

SP1

Predator

Troglobiont

Walker

Scorpiones

SP1

Predator

Troglophile

Walker

Acaroidea

SP2

Predator

Trogloxene

Walker

Diplopoda

SP1

Detritivore

Troglophile

Walker

Hymenoptera

SP1

Predator

Troglophile

Flyer

Hymenoptera

SP2

Predator

Troglophile

Flyer

Diptera

SP1

126

Detritivore

Troglophile

Flyer

Diptera

SP2

Detritivore

Trogloxene

Flyer

Diptera

SP3

Detritivore

Trogloxene

Flyer

Diptera

SP4

Detritivore

Trogloxene

Flyer

Diptera

SP5

Detritivore

Trogloxene

Flyer

Diptera

SP6

Detritivore

Trogloxene

Flyer

Diptera

SP7

Detritivore

Trogloxene

Flyer

Isopoda

SP1

Detritivore

Troglophile

Walker

Isopoda

SP2

Detritivore

Troglobiont

Walker

Aracnida

SP5

Predator

Troglobiont

Walker

Aracnida

SP6

Predator

Troglobiont

Walker

Pseudoscorpiones

SP1

Predator

Troglobiont

Walker

Opiliones

SP1

Detritivore

Troglophile

Walker

Diplopoda

SP1

Detritivore

Troglophile

Walker

Diplopoda

SP2

Detritivore

Troglobiont

Walker

Trichoptera

SP1

Detritivore

Troglophile

Flyer

Coleoptera

SP7

Predator

Troglobiont

Walker

Hymenoptera

SP1

Predator

Troglophile

Flyer

Diptera

SP1

142

Detritivore

Troglophile

Flyer

Diptera

SP2

Detritivore

Troglophile

Flyer

Diptera

SP3

Detritivore

Trogloxene

Flyer

Table 1 . Specimens collected in the three cave traps with their taxonomical and ecological categories.

716

Roberto Battiston & Adriana Marzotto

Springtails always maintained their nearly-

white/transparent pigmentation, and were never

encountered under daylight so night habits are sup-

posed. On the contrary isopods were occasionally

observed even on the rocks, even under full indirect

daylight with a slightly darker (pink) pigmentation

respect the completely white-nearly transparent

observed in the deep cave individuals.

Biodiversity measured in the three cave traps in

terms of species evenness was almost equally

distributed, with a light decreasing proceeding

deeper in the cave. A bit more evident but not

remarkable was the decreasing in the Shannon-

Wiener Index, but significant in Species Richness

halved from the light to the darkness (Table 3).

This trend is maintained also when considered in a

wider range of 50 computed repetitions where

Chao2 slightly diverges (from 0 to 32%) from the

species rarefaction curve (Fig. 4). Animal biomass

from sampled invertebrates shows a non linear

progression from light to darkness (Table 4) and is

almost equally distributed between flyers (7.1 g)

and walkers (7.2 g) but dominated by few species:

the large and trogloxenic Calliphorid flies within

the flyers and by the troglophilic/trogloxenic

Diplopoda within the walkers.

In the external traps (Al, A2, A3, Bl, B2, B3)

288 specimens were collected in 51 species, 14 of

them (27%) found also in the traps inside the

cave.

Figure 4. Comparison of the biodiversity estimators used,

related to the number of individuals computed with Estima-

tes (x axis) in 50 repetitions, for to the three cave trap sites,

and the number of species (y axis).

CONCLUSIONS

The light-gradient (together with other air para-

meters related to it) seems to have a moderate in-

fluence in changing on the overall subterranean

biodiversity and biomass of the cave studied. Even

if the length of the gradient here considered is

remarkably long for a semi-natural karstic cave, the

difference between the three cave traps in terms of

biodiversity is quantitatively very low, but it should

be considered also qualitatively. The slight decreas-

ing of the number of species, proceeding from full

light to full darkness, is the result of a replacement

of species and strategies that makes the overall biod-

iversity almost constant: specialized deep cave

species take the place of less specialized epikarst

species.

In a model of a dynamic subterranean environ-

ment (Giachino &Vailati, 2010) the cave of Ponte

Subiolo confirms again that some traditionally

defined troglobiont species are generally not ex-

clusive of the deep cave habitat. However it should

be noted how the presence of light seems to be a

real limit for others. Our results indicate that seems

some species don’t cross (or at least we can

presume don’t use to cross at day/season level) the

line of permanent darkness (or limit for chlorophyll

photosynthesis), forming separate subterranean

communities. Chlorophyll photosynthesis stopped

at 1 lux where the last alga was found and vascular

plants stopped at 130 lux leaving the range between

130 to 50 lux to non vascular plants and the range

between 50 to 1 to unicellular algae. If we exclude

trogloxenic species collected or observed only once

that may be related to occasional intrusions, very

few species of the woodland habitat have been

frequently found in the cave and almost all of them

limited to the external part, and vice versa. We can

presume that this barrier is not absolute but these

records suggest that for some troglobionts, the

migration rates from cave to cave are very low and

should be considered in terms of many years or

absent.

This is supported also by the historical records

(Paoletti et al., 2009): in more than 20 years from

1992 to 2013 the invertebrate populations of the

cave of Ponte Subiolo are nearly the same. Even if

located in a karst area near other caves with differ-

ent fauna, species contaminations and migration

between caves seem to be extremely reduced. Large

Evaluating and measuring biodiversity in a subterranean light-gradient

111

Trap

Groups

Species

Specimens

Predators

Detritivores

Trogloxene

Troglophile

Troglobiont

142

25%

75%

33%

58%

227

39%

61%

39%

33%

28%

254

42%

58%

33%

Table 2. Sum of the categories and abundance of the specimens collected in the three cave traps.

Trap

Species

Richness

Shannon-

Wiener Index

Species

Evenness

1.79

0.56

1.50

0.53

1.29

0.52

Table 3. Biodiversity estimators directly calculated

on the sampled specimens.

Total

Diptera

2.3

6.3

Diplopoda

0.6

2.2

1.8

4.6

Orthoptera

1.4

n.p.

1.4

Isopoda

n.p.

0.7

n.p.

0.7

Hymenoptera

<0.1

0.3

0.6

Coleoptera

<0.1

0.2

0.1

0.3

Aracnida

<0.1

0.2

<0.1

0.2

Trichoptera

0.2

<0.1

0.2

Collembola

<0.1

Total

3.2

6.6

4.5

Table 4. Biomass measured in the three traps grouped by

taxon. Values are reported in grams, “n.p.” is for a taxon not

present in the trap and “<0. 1” is for the weights (wet) lower

than the sensitivity of the balance.

invertebrates like Troglophilus cavicola (Kollar,

1 833) or Meta menardi Latreille, 1 804 can be com-

monly found in natural caves or military galleries

in the surroundings (<2 km) but have never been

collected in the Cave of Ponte Subiolo and vice

versa large and easy to see invertebrates of this cave

( Gryllomorpha dalmatina Ocskay, 1832 or Typhloi-

ulus tobias ) have never been observed or are extre-

mely rare in the surroundings (Battiston unpub-

lished data).

A single case does not allow any generalization

but the topic stmcture of this cave and its history in

its natural and anthropic context supports the idea

that it should not be an exception.

By a methodological point of view comparing

the records from the external traps with the internal

traps show a remarkable abundance of specimens

inside the cave represented by few species and the

opposite outside. This can be due to the trap sta-

bility: more efficient in a protected environment and

less in an open one subjected to rainfalls, interac-

tions with large predators or scavengers or other

unpredictable disturbing factors.

The almost gradual progression of this trend

from the cave to the external area and to the wood-

land suggests however an increasing of dispersion

and diversification of life. This should be carefully

investigated in further studies and considered in its

methodological implications.

The qualitative distribution of biodiversity ob-

served under a light gradient has remarkable im-

plications for the conservation of the subterranean

environments; they seem to be stable by a qualit-

ative point of view, but they may be not in a quant-

itative point of view, and any loss of species can

have long term effect to the biodiversity and be a

threat for the resilience of its ecological system.

Dispersions and concentrations of species and indi-

viduals should be considered in assessing biod-

iversity both in subterranean and epigean contexts.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We would like to thank the Federazione Spele-

ologica Veneta that financed and supported the field

survey and the World Biodiversity Association

718

Roberto Battiston & Adriana Marzotto

onlus for covering the printing costs. Luca Lecis for

his great help in the field work, Leonardo Latella

an Gianfranco Caoduro for their valuable comments

about the text and Gruppo Grotta Giara Modon for

sharing important information on the cave.

REFERENCES

Chao A., 1984. Non-parametric estimation of the number

of classes in a population. Scandinavian Journal of

Statistics, 11: 265-270.

Colwell R.K., 2009. Estimates: Statistical estimation of

species richness and shared species from samples.

Version 8.2.

Culver D.C., Deharveng L., Bedos A., Lewis J.J.,

Madden M., Reddell J.R., Sket B., Trontelj R &

White D., 2006. The mid-latitude biodiversity ridge

in terrestrial cave fauna. Ecography, 29: 120-128.

Culver D.C. & Pipan T., 2009. The Biology of Caves and

Other Subterranean Habitats Oxford University

Press, Oxford, 256 pp.

Giachino P.M. & Vailati D., 2010. The Subterranean En-

vironment. Hypogean Life, Concepts and Collecting

Techniques. WB A Handbooks, Verona, 132 pp.

Caoduro G., Battiston R., Giachino P.M., Guidolin L. &

Lazzarin G., 2014. Biodiversity indices for the as-

sessment of air, water and soil quality of the “Biod-

iversity Friend” certification in temperate areas. Bio-

diversity Journal, 5: 69-86

Hill D.M., Fasham M., Tucker G., Shewry M. & Shaw

P., 2005. Handbook of Biodiversity Methods: Survey,

Evaluation and Monitoring. Cambridge University

Press, 573 pp.

Juberthie C., Delay B. & Bouillon M., 1980. Extension

du milieu souterrain en zone non-calcaire: description

d'un nouveau milieu et de son peuplement par les

Coleopteres troglobies. Memoires Biospeologie, 7:

19-52.

Latella L., Verdari N. & Gobbi M., 2012. Distribution of

Terrestrial Cave-Dwelling Arthropods in Two Adja-

cent Prealpine Italian Areas with Different Glacial

Histories. Zoological Studies, 51: 1113-1121.

Paoletti M.G., Celi M., Ciolat C., Tisat L., Faccio A., Del

Re A.A.M. & Bacelli R., 2009. Cave Dwelling Inver-

tebrates: Possible bioindicators of pollution in Italian

caves. Konrad Thaler Memorial Book, Contributions

to Natural History, 12: 1029-1045.

Sket B., 2008. Can we agree on an ecological classifica-

tion of subterranean animals? Journal of Natural

History, 42: 1549-1563.

Wilson E.O., 1988. The current state of biological di-

versity. In: Biodiversity, Wilson E.O (Ed.), Washing-

ton, D.C.: National Academy Press, pp. 3-18.

Biodiversity Journal, 2015, 6 (3): 719-722

Sesbania bispinosa (Jacq.) W. Wight and Trifolium repens L.

(Fabales Fabaceae) two new legume records for natural flora

of the United Arab Emirates

Tamer Mahmoud 1 *, Sanjay Gairola 1 , Hatem Shabana 1 &Ali El-Keblawy 1,2

'Sharjah Seed Bank and Herbarium, Sharjah Research Academy, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates

department of Applied Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates

Corresponding author, e-mail: tamer_mahmed@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT In this report, we have recorded for the first time the presence of Sesbania bispinosa (Jacq.)

W. Wight and Trifolium repens L. (Fabales Fabaceae) in natural flora of the United Arab

Emirates (UAE). Based on extensive field surveys and literature review, it was apparent that

these species have not been recorded before in the UAE flora.lt might be important to mention

that the two new records have great economic and agricultural importance. Both species are

spontaneously occurring in the natural habitat and considered as good forage and can adapt

to a wide range of environmental conditions. Specimens of both newly recoded species are

deposited in the Sharjah Seed Bank and Herbarium (SSBH), UAE. Descriptions and photo-

graphs of these species are provided. The new records of vascular plants in UAE flora would

help ecologists and conservation biologists in more potential scientific research and natural

resources exploitations.

KEY WORDS Naturalized plants; new record; Sesbania bispinosa', Trifolium repens'. United Arab Emirates.

Received 13.08.2015; accepted 05.09.2015; printed 30.09.2015

INTRODUCTION

Fabaceae or Leguminosae is one of the most

widespread flowering plants families with about

751 genera and over ca. 19,500 species (Lewis et

al., 2005). Fabaceae species range from dominant

tropical canopy trees to tiny alpine annual herbs

(Doyle, 1994) and are distributed throughout the

tropical, subtropical and temperate regions of the

world. In United Arab Emirates (= UAE), the

family Fabaceae is represented by approximately

73 species and this paper reports Sesbania

bispinosa (Jacq.) W. Wight and Trifolium repens L.

as an addition to the Fabaceae flora of the country.

The Fabaceae species represent a significant ele-

ment of the UAE flora and contribute significantly

to structure and functioning of desert ecosystems of

the country. It is interesting to note that despite of

being first record in the country, S. bispinosa was

found with more than hundred individuals growing

in Wadi Al- Ain. Existence of this species in the nat-

ural habitats with high abundance shows its rapid

naturalization. At present, globalization is facilitat-

ing and intensifying the intentional and uninten-

tional introduction of plant species across the globe.

Accordingly, the data sets of biological records

are likely to grow even faster, providing a wealth of

research opportunities for ecologists and conserva-

tion biologists in understanding the main drivers of

biodiversity loss. Knowledge of the spatial and

temporal distribution of species is vital to many

areas of biological research (Powney & Isaac, 2015).

Biological recording has grown markedly in recent

decades and the size and taxonomic breadth of

720

Tamer Mahmoud etalii

species distribution datasets are expected to rise

(Dickinson et al., 2012; Miller-Rushing et al., 2012).

In the past few years, many plant species were added

as new records to the UAE flora (Boer &

Chaudhary, 1999; Shahid & Rao, 2014a, 2014b;

Gairola et al., 2015; Mahmoud et al., 2015).

As the UAE is experiencing a fast growth and

development, mega sizes of commercial and

agricultural exchange, there is a big possibility of

spontaneous occurrence of new vascular plants to

the country’s flora. This paper reports the presence

of two legume species, S. bispinosa and T. repens

for the first time in the natural flora of the UAE.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

During field explorations in 2013-2015, the

Sharjah Seed Bank and Herbarium team collected

the specimens of S. bispinosa and T. repens for the

first time in the UAE. Along with plant samples, all

relevant field data including geographic coordinates

of the collection sites, associated species and habitat

in which plants grow have been recorded. The

specimens were studied in detail and identified

using relevant flora and literatures. Drs. Ahmed El

Banhawy and Sarnia Heneidak, expert taxonomists

in the regional flora of the Middle East, also

confirmed the identification of the two species.

After identification, the specimens were processed

and deposited in the herbarium of SSBH.

The review of literature further confirmed that

these species have not been reported from the UAE

(Jongbloed, 2003; Karim & Fawzy, 2007).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Sesbania bispinosa (Jacq.) W. Wight

=Aeschynomene bispinosa Jacq.

= Sesbania aculeata (Willd.) Pers.

Common names. Prickly sesban, Dnchifibre,

and Dhaincha.

Examined material. In the UAE, we have re-

corded S. bispinosa in four wet sites in Wadi Al Ain,

Al Ain city (N: 24.169242, E: 55.658084 Alt.: 236

m, N: 24.210189 E: 55.756487 Alt.: 276 m, N:

24.204791 E: 55.739821 Alt.: 262 m and N:

24.188811 E: 55.698345 Alt.: 249 m). More than

150 individuals of the species were recorded from

these sites. These included young, flowering, fruit-

ing and senescent individuals.

Remarks. Sesbania bispinosa is an annual or

biennial, erect herb, sometimes suffrutescent, 1-3

m tall; stems semi-woody glabrous or sparsely

pubescent when young, sparsely aculeate; leaves

paripinnate; leaflets oblong, obtuse, mucronate,

sparsely pilose on margins and midrib below;

stipules 6-10 mm long; inflorescence raceme, 3-

12-flowered; corolla pale yellow, violet flecked;

fruit glabrous, somewhat curved; seeds pale brown,

olive-green or greenish-black, ellipsoid; flowers

and fruits were recorded in May (UAE). The asso-

ciate species recorded with S. bispinosa were

Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trim ex Steud., Juncus

socotranus (Buchenau) Snogerup, Prosopis juli-

flora (Sw.) DC., Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.,

Ipomoea aquatica Forssk., Eclipta prostrata (L.)

L. and Typha domingensis Pers.

Trifolium repens L.

= Trifolium repens var. giganteum Lagr.-Foss.

Common names. White clover, Dutch clover,

Ladino clover.

Examined material. In June 2013, we have

recorded 5 individuals of T. repens from Emirate

highway (N: 25.224, E: 55.559 and Alt.: 187),

Dubai, UAE.

Remarks. Trifolium repens is glabrous to glabres-

cent, prostrate, short-lived perennial or annual

under moisture stressed conditions (Hutchinson et

al., 1995). Stolon consists of a series of intemodes

separated by nodes. Each node bears a trifoliolate

leaf. Leaflets 1-4 cm long, broadly obovate, roun-

ded or retuse at the apex, if the node comes into

contact with moist soil, adventitious roots may form

from the root primordia closest to the ground

(Thomas, 1987); petiole long; stipules broad at the

base, sheathing, ending in a subulate apex; inflor-

escence globose raceme, 15-25 mm broad; flowers

scented; calyx 2-6 mm, 10-nerved; teeth unequal;

corolla white or pinkish; fruit linear, 3-4 seeded.

Flowering and fruiting in May and June (United

Arab Emirates). In the collection site, T. repens was

growing in a sandy roadside habitat close to a wide

sandy plain. This site generally receives some irrig-

ation water from Dubai municipality to maintain the

roadside landscape plants. The associate species of

Sesbania bispinosa and Trifolium repens two new legume records for natural flora of the United Arab Emirates 721

Figures 1-3. Sesbania bispinosa. Fig. 1: habitat. Fig. 2: flowers. Fig. 3: stem with flower, spines and leaf

base. Figure 4. Trifolium repens , herbarium specimen. Figure 5. The recording points of both the species.

T. repens were Centropodia forsskalii (Vahl) Cope,

Coelachyrum piercei (Benth.) Bor., Eragrostis bar-

relieri Daveau, Eremobium aegyptiacum (Spreng.)

Asch., Gisekia pharnacioides L., Moltkiopsis cili-

ata (Forssk.) I.M. Johnst., Salvadora persica Wall.,

Spergularia marina (L.) Griseb. and Tragus ra-

cemosus (L.) Haller.

In a study conducted by Mousa & Fawzi (2009),

they did not record S. bispinosa in the same study

area. This indicates that this species has introduced

after their survey and it rapidly adapted and natur-

alized to the local habitat of the study area as indic-

ated by the presence of more than 150 individuals.

The fast naturalization of S. bispinosa under the

environment of the UAE indicates that this species

might have an invasive ability and threaten the

unique indigenous flora of the country. In similar

context, Wu et al. (2003) highlighted naturalization

722

Tamer Mahmoud etalii

as an important step of the primary phases of plant

invasion and suggested comprehensive monitoring

of naturalized species to collect important informa-

tion about potential invaders. Consequently, careful

monitoring for the distribution and abundance of

rapidly naturalizing species such as S. bispinosa in

the different habitats of United Arab Emirates

should be taken into consideration.

CONCLUSIONS

It is a well established fact that due to recent

increase in international trade and travel, inflow of

alien species tends to gradually increase worldwide.

Both S. bispinosa and T. repens are newly recorded

alien species to the natural flora of the UAE. The

magnificent growth of S. bispinosa in the United

Arab Emirates renders this species as a good

candidate as economic crops under the natural

conditions of the UAE.

However, the economic exploitation of this

species necessitates careful records for its distribu-

tion and abundance in the different habitats of the

country. Some of the previous new vascular plant

records have made great contributions to our under-

standing of alien invasion plant within UAE. So,

the mechanisms of arrival of newly recorded alien

plants species in the country need to be determined.

This will help in understanding the origins and

pathways of arrival of invasive species and can help

developing strategies for preventing future intro-

duction and safeguarding native plant diversity.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We would like to thank Sharjah Research

Academy for the facilities and support. We

thankfully acknowledge Mohamed Hassan and

Mohamed Fiaz of Sharjah Seed Bank and Herb-

arium (SSBH) for their assistance in plant collec-

tions, and Drs. Sarnia Heneidak and Ahmed

El-Banhawy for helping in plant identification.

REFERENCES

Boer B. & Chaudhary S.A., 1999. New records for the

flora of the United Arab Emirates. Willdenowia, 29:

159-165.

Dickinson J.L., Shirk J. Bonter D., Bonney R., Crain

R.L., Martin J. & Purcell K., 2012. The current state

of citizen science as a tool for ecological research

and public engagement. Frontiers in Ecology and the

Environment, 10: 291-297.

Doyle J.J., 1994. Phylogeny of the legume family: an ap-

proach to understanding the origins of nodulation.

Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 25:

325-349.

Gairola S., Mahmoud T. & El-Keblawy A., 2015. Sphaer-

alcea bonariensis (Malvaceae): a newly recorded

introduced species in the flora of the United Arab

Emirates. Phytotaxa, 213: 151-154.

Hutchinson K.J., King K.L. & Wilkinson D.R.,1995.

Effects of rainfall, moisture stress, and stocking rate

on the persistence of white clover over 30 years.

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 35:

1039-1047.

Jongbloed M.V.D., 2003. The Comprehensive Guide to

the Wild Flowers of the United Arab Emirates. Envir-

onmental Research and Wildlife Development

Agency, Abu-Dhabi, UAE.

Karim F. & Fawzy N., 2007. Flora of the United Arab

Emirates. UAE University Publication, Al- Ain,

UAE.

Lewis G., Schrire B., Mackinder B. & Lock M., 2005.

Legumes of the world. Richmond, Royal Botanic

Gardens, Kew, UK.

Mahmoud T., Gairola S. & El-Keblawy A., 2015.

Parthenium hysterophorus and Bidens pilosa, two

new records to the invasive weed flora of the United

Arab Emirates. Journal on New Biological Reports,

4: 26-32.

Miller-Rushing A., Primack R. & Bonney R., 2012. The

history of public participation in ecological research.

Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 10: 285-

290.

Mousa M.T. & Fawzi N.M., 2009. Vegetation Analysis

of Wadi Al Ain, United Arab Emirates. Academic

Journal of Plant Sciences, 2: 9-15.

Powney G.D. & Isaac N.J., 2015. Beyond maps: a review

of the applications of biological records. Biological

Journal of the Linnean Society, 115: 532-54.

Shahid M. & Rao N.K., 2014a. New records of two

species of Caryophyllaceae in the flora of the United

Arab Emirates. Tribulus, 22: 66-68.

Shahid M. & Rao N.K., 2014b. Datura ferox and Olden-

landia corymbosa: New record to the UAE flora.

Journal on New Biological Reports, 3: 170-174.

Thomas R.G., 1987. The structure of the mature plant.

In: Baker M.J. & Williams W.M. (Eds.). White

Clover. CAB International Wallingford, pp. 1-29.

Wu S.H., Chaw S.M. & RejmanekM., 2003. Naturalized

Fabaceae (Leguminosae) species in Taiwan: the first

approximation. Botanical Bulletin of Academia

Sinica, 44: 59-66.

Biodiversity Journal, 2015, 6 (3): 723-748

New and interesting Carabus Linnaeus, 1758 (Coleoptera

Carabidae) from Korean Peninsula

Ivan Rapuzzi

Via Cialla 4 7, 33040 Prepotto, Udine, Italy; e-mail: info@ronchidicialla.it

ABSTRACT An extensive contribution to the genus CoTClbuS Linnaeus, 1758 (Coleoptera Carabidae) from

Korean Peninsula is provided. One new species and 14 new subspecies are described and

figured: Carabus ( Acoptolcibrus ) planicranion n. sp., C. ( Carabus ) szeli obong n. ssp., C.

( Carabus ) cingustus dopyeong n . ssp., C. ( Carabus ) sternbergi gimliwa n . ssp., C. (Carabus)

sternbergi goheungicus n. ssp., C. ( Carabus ) sternbergi jindoensis n. ssp., C. ( Carabus )

sternbergi deogyusan n . ssp., C. ( Carabus ) cartereti peacedam n . ssp., C. (Carabus) f rater -

cuius yongwangicus n. ssp., C. (Acoptolabrus) cons trictico llis microcolas ellus n. ssp., C.

(Acoptolabrus) leechi viniciosalamii n. ssp., C. ( Acoptolabrus ) leechi drouini n. ssp., C.

( Coptolabrus ) jankowskii byeoksanensis n. ssp., C. ( Coptolabrus ) smaragdinus buangun n.

ssp., C. ( Coptolabrus ) smaragdinus euaureus n. ssp. A new natural hybrid is described and

figured: C. ( Leptocarabus ) seishinensis seishinensis Lapouge, 1931 x C. ( Leptocarabus >

semiopacus Reitter, 1 895. Two taxonomic changes are proposed: C. (IsioCarabllS) kirinicilS

Csiki. 1927 bona species and C. ( lsiocarabus ) SaisllUtoicllS Csiki. 1927 bona species and

additional information are provided for several little known taxa.

KEY WORDS Carabus-, new taxa; Republic of Korea; Democratic Republic of Korea; Korea Peninsula.

Received 13.06.2015; accepted 06.08.2015; printed 30.09.2015

INTRODUCTION

The Korean Peninsula extends southwards for

about 1,100 km from continental A sia (Manchuria)

into the Pacific Ocean and is surrounded by the Sea

of Japan (East Sea) to the East, and the Yellow Sea

to the west, the Korea Strait connecting the first two

bodies ofwater. A number of islands surrounds the

Peninsula. The Amnok River and the Duman River

separates Korea from China and Russia. The

Korean Peninsula has plains in the western and

southern parts, while the eastern and northern parts

are mountainous. The main mountain range is

named Baekdudaegan that runs through mostofthe

length of the Korean Peninsula, from Paektu

Mountain (the highest point 2744 m) in the north to

Jirisan in the south.

The Korean Peninsula is part of the East Asian

monsoonal region. The typical vegetation of the

temperate middle regions includes a deciduous

hardwood forest that varies floristically from south

to north. Conifers occur in places that are especially

cold or recently disturbed. The w arm -te m p e rate

southern part of the ecozone includes the hornbeam

species C(l ip in US tSChonoskH Maxim, and C. Idxi-

flora (Siebold et Zucc.) Blume. Other characteristic

species in the southern part are pine PillUS thunber-

gii Pari., maple Acer formosum Carriere, A. pal~

matum Thu nb., oak QuercUS acutissima C a rru th .,

and snow bell StyrclX. T he bamboo PhyllostClchyS is

724

Ivan Rapuzzi

also characteristic of this warm temperate area,

although it occurs mainly in areas that have been

disturbed by forest clearing or cultivation. The cool-

temperate northern part supports forests of the oak

species QuerCUS mongolica Fisch. ex Ledeb., Q.

serrata Murray, and the fir Abies holophylld

Maxim. Other cool temperate deciduous trees in-

clude Acer mono (Maxim.) H.Ohashi, birch Betula,

Carpinus, Celtis chinensis Bunge, Korean ash,

Fraxinus rhynchophylla (Hance) A. E. Murray,

walnut Juglans mandshurica Maxim., Maackia

amurensis Rupr., Platycarya strobilacea s ie b o id e t

Zucc., Prunus padus (L.), Pyrus ussuriensis

M axim ., w illow Solix, an d elm UlmUS.Ve ry similar

vegetation is present also in the middle and

southern part of the peninsula in the mountain areas

up to 1000/1 5 00 m .

The genus Carabus Linnaeus, 1 75 8 in the

Korean Peninsula is very rich in terms of species

and subspecies and it is characterized by the pre-

sence of a number of endemic taxa (Kwon & Lee,

1984; Deuve, 1990; 1991; 2004; Deuve &

Mourzine, 1 993; Brezina, 2003). Particularly the

species belonging to the subgenera ParhomopteruS

Lapouge, 1931, AcoptolabvUS Morawitz, 1886, and

Coptolabrus S olier, 1 84 8 are splitted in m any sep ar-

ate species or subspecies due to the fact that the dif-

ferent populations are often confined to the isolated

and favourable biotopes of the mountainous regions.

Tatum (1 847) described the first Carabus

species from Korea: C. monilifer ( = C. smaragdinus

monilifer ) . Lapouge (1929-1932) and Breuning

(1932-1 936) treated extensively the Korean

CorClbuS in their fam ous monographs. An extensive

book on the Korean CorobuS was provided by

Kwon & Lee (1984). Others contribution are

provided by Born (1922) and Kwon & Park (1 989).

The aim of this paper is to improve the know-

ledge of the genus CorobuS of the Korean Penin-

sula. One new species and 14 new subspecies are

described and figured: C. ( AcoptolobruS ) ploni-

cranionn. sp .; C. ( Carabus ) szeliobongn. ssp.; C.

( Carabus ) angustus dopyeong n . s s p . ; C. ( Carabus)

sternbergi gimhwa n. ssp.; C. ( Carabus ) sternbergi

goheungicus n. ssp.; C. ( Carabus ) sternbergi

jindoensis n. ssp.; C. ( Carabus ) sternbergi

deogyusann. ssp.; C. ( Carabus ) cartereti peacedam

n. ssp.; C. ( Diocarabus ) fraterculus yongwangicus

n. ssp.; C. ( Acoptolabrus ) constricticollis micro-

colasellus n. ssp.; C. ( Acoptolabrus ) leechi vinicios-

alamii n. ssp.; C. ( Acoptolabrus ) leechi drouini n.

ssp.; C. ( Coptolabrus ) jankowskii byeoksanensis n.

ssp.; C. ( Coptolabrus ) smaragdinus buangun n.

ssp.; C. ( Coptolabrus ) smaragdinus euaureus n.

ssp. A new natural hybrid between species is de-

scribed and figured: C. ( Leptocarabus ) seishinensis

seishinensis Lapouge, 1 9 3 1 x C. ( Leptocarabus )

SemiopOCUS Reitter, 1895. Two taxonomic changes

are proposed: C. ( IsiocarabuS ) kirimCUS Csiki, 1927

bona species; C. ( IsiocarabuS ) SaishutoicUS Csiki,

1927 bona species and additional informations are

provided for several little known taxa.

ACRONYMS. CIR: Ivan Rapuzzi private col-

lection.

RESULTS

Carabus ( Isiocarabus ) kirinicus Csiki, 1927

bona species (Figs. 5-8)

kirinicus Csiki, 1927 nom. pro auricollis Born, 1922

auricollis Born, 1922 nec Waterhouse, 1867

Examined material. Carabus {Isiocarabus)

fiduciarius Thomson, 1 856 (Figs. 1-4): 1 male and

2 females: China, Hubei, M t. Daba Shan, Gushui

(sub C. fiduciarius tim Klein feld, 19 99) (CIR); 2

males and 1 female: China, Sichuan, Wanyuan, M t.

Hua-e-shan (sub C. fiduciarius tint) (CIR); 1 male:

China, Kiang-si, Kiu-kiang (CIR); 2 males: China,

Fujian, Tain shan (CIR); 1 male and 1 female:China,

Zhejiang, m t. d ai-shan (CIR). Carabus (/.) kirinicus

Csiki, 1927: 2 males and 1 female: Republic of

Korea, Kyonggi-Do, Nam-yang-Ju-shi (CIR); 2

females: Republic of Korea, Kyonggi-Do, East from

Seoul, Yangpyeong (CIR).

Remarks. Described as a good species, C.

( Ohomopterus ) auricollis Born (1 92 2) on two

specimens (1 male: length 28 mm and 1 female:

length 32 mm) from Korea without detailed locality.

The name auricollis Born, 1922 was pre-occupied

by C. auricollis Waterhouse, 1 867 (= C. blaptoideS

rugipennis Motschulsky, 1 8 6 1 ) and consequently

changed in kirinicus Csiki, 1927. It was treated as

a subspecies of C. ( Isiocarabus ) fiduciarius by

Breuning (Breuning, 1 927).

It can be treated as a separate species from C.

fiduciarius Thomson, 1856 by the larger body size

(3 1 mm to 35 mm); the larger, transverse and sub-

rectangular shape of pronotum with wide borders

New and interesting Carabus Linnaeus, I 758 (Coleoptera Carabidae) from Korean Peninsula

725

strongly bent upwards till the apex; the longer,

slender and flatter elytra; the more regular sculpture

of elytra; the less pubescent sternum. It seems to be

endemic to the Central Western part of Korea

peninsula (Kyonggi-Do, West Kangwon-Do; South

H aw angae-B ukdo provinces) (Kwon & Lee, 1984)

with a completely separate distribution from C.

fiduciariliS from Central East China (Shanghai,

Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan,

Shaanxi provinces) (Deuve, 2013)

Carabus ( Isiocarabus ) saishutoicus Csiki, 1927

bona species (Figs. 9-12)

saishutoicus Csiki, 1927 nom.pro insularis L a p o u g e ,

1911

insularis Lapouge, 1911, nec Hope, 1837

Examined material. 1 male and 1 female:

Republic of Korea, Cheju Island, M t. Hallasan

(CIR); 2 female: Republic of Korea, Cheju Island,

M t. H an g la (CIR).

Remarks. It was described as a subspecies of C.

fiduciarius by Lapouge: C. fiduciarius insularis

Lapouge, 1911, name not available because preoc-

cupied by C. insularis H op e , 1 83 7 and changed in

C. fiduciarius var. saishutoicus C siki, 1 927. It was

described from Quelpart Island (former name for

Chejudo Island), its presence in northeastern China

is very doubtful, probably due to a wrongly labelled

specimen (Deuve & Li, 2000). From Chejudo

Island it is known from several localities: Cheju,

Hagwi, M t. Hallasan, Sanch’o’ndan, So’gwip’o,

So’ngp’anak (Kwon & Lee, 1984).

Carabus {I.) saishutoicus differs from C. fidu-

ciarius by the following characteristics: darker

colour, totally black or black with dark bluish or

violet margins; pronotum smaller, less cordate and

less transverse (1.25 times as broad as long for C.

saishutoicus an A 1.3 2 for C. fiduciarius), apex of

pronotum laterally rounded; elytra more elongate,

ovoid, strongly broader next to the middle distally;

elytral sculpture smoother, perfectly triploid homo-

diname, striae very slightly and superficially punc-

tured; male aedeagus: median lobe in lateral view

more elongated and slender, apex longer (Fig. 10);

apex in dorsal view (Fig. 11) longer and more rec-

tilinear. From C. kirinicUS it is easily distinguished

by the following characters: smaller size; darker

colour; less transverse pronotum (1.4 times as broad

as long for C. kirinicUS), apex of pronotum laterally

rounded, base of pronotum with wide borders not

bent upwards; shorter and more convex elytra; sculp-

ture of elytra smoother, less interrupted primary

intervals, striae less punctured; sternum pubescent;

aedeagus shorter with enlarged median portion.

Carabus ( Carabus ) szeli obong n. ssp.

(Figs. 13-16)

Examined material. Holotype male, Demo-

cratic Republic of Korea, North Hamgyong

Province, M t. Obong, (ca 42.40 NL; 1 29.80 EL),

1/15. VII. 2012, local collector legit. The holotype is

deposited in the author's collection. Paratypes:

males and females, same data as Holotype, depos-

ited in the author's collection.

Description of Holotype. Male. Length in-

cluding mandibles: 19 mm, maximum width of

elytra: 7.1 mm. Head, pronotum and dorsum

co p pery -g reen , very shiny; palpi, antennae and legs

black-brownish. Head short and thickened; very

short neck; surface punctured, frontal impressions

deep and rugulose, exceeding the margin of eyes;

very convex eyes. Mandibles very short and

strongly curved. Palpi very narrow and slender, la-

bial palpi bisetose. Antennae short, extending with

4 antennomeres beyond pronotal base. Pronotum

transverse (1.35 times as broad as long) and slightly

cordate; sides of pronotum with wide borders bent

upwards; basal angles rounded and strongly pro-

truding behind the base. Elytra ovate, convex; elytral

sculpture strong for the species, triploid hetero-

dyname type; primary intervals convex, forming

short links by deep foveae; secondary intervals con-

vex and uninterrupted; tertiary intervals faintly and

somewhat reduced. Male aedeagus: Figs. 14,15.

Variability. The variability concerns the size

that ranges from 17.5 mm to 2 1 mm for the males

and 19 mm to 23 mm for the females. The colour

is variable: coppery and coppery with green lustre

is dominant, rarely green, blue or black forms.

Etymology. The new subspecies is named after

the type locality.

Remarks. Distinguished from the typical sub-

species by the narrower pronotum, shorter and more

726

Ivan Rapuzzi

convex elytra; elytral sculpture with primary inter-

vals strongly convex, forming shorter and rounded

segments, secondary and tertiary strongly convex,

faintly striate between the intervals; male aedeagus

with apical lobe in lateral view smaller and thin,

less curved; apex in dorsal view with apical lobe

shorter and acuminated, strongly curved on the left.

Carabus ( Carabus ) angustus dopyeong n. ssp.

(Figs. 17-20)

Examined material. Flolotype male, Republic

of Korea, G eonggi-do/G angw on-do provincial

border, Pass North from Dopyeong, 600 m,

3/13. VII. 2012, I. Rapuzzi and L. Caldon legit. The

holotype is deposited in the author's collection.

Paratypes: 6 males and 7 females, same data as

holotype, deposited in the author's collection.

Description of Holotype. Male. Length in-

cluding mandibles: 22.5 mm, maximum width of

elytra: 7.4 mm. Colour black with metallic coppery

lustre; dorsum, pronotum and head rather mat.

Legs, palpi, antennae, and mandibles black-brown-

ish. Head moderately thickened; surface of the head

slightly punctured, strongly and roughly punctured

at the margins of eyes and at the base; short neck.

Eyes salient. Mandibles short. Palpi thin and long,

labial palpi bisetose. Antennae thin and elongate,

extending with 5 antennomeres beyond pronotal

base and reaching the middle of elytra. Pronotum

moderately sinuate, slightly transverse (1.28 times

as broad as long), upper surface flat; sides of

pronotum margined, bent upwards; hind angles

rounded, long and protruding behind the base;

surface punctured, strongly punctured at the base

and at the sides. Elytra very elongate, narrow, oval,

slightly convex, maximum width near the apex;

shoulders very salient, angulate; sculpture triploid

heterodynam e, primary segments larger and more

elevated, forming chains of short links; secondary

and tertiary intervals of the same size forming lines

uninterrupted. Male aedeagus typical of the species

but well characterized: the median lobe in lateral

view is stronger and longer with simple apex, not

uncinate (Fig. 18); the apex in dorsal view is longer

and less dilated laterally (Fig. 19).

Variability. Very little variability: the length of

the body ranges from 20.8 mm to 25 mm.

Etymology. The new subspecies is named after

the type locality.

Remarks. The new taxon is characterized

from all the other C. ClYlgUStUS forms from North

Korea by the larger size, more elongate and flat

body, and the shape of male aedeagus. This is the

first time that C. angUStUS is recognized from

S o u th Korea.

Carabus ( Carabus ) sternbergi gimhwa n. ssp.

(Figs. 2 1-24)

Examined material. Holotype male, Republic

of Korea, Gyeonggi-do/Gangwon-do provincial

border, Pass North from Dopyeong, 600 m,

3/1 3 .VII. 20 1 2, I. Rapuzzi and L. Caldon legit. The

holotype is deposited in the author's collection.

Paratypes: 8 males and 4 females, same data as

holotype; 2 males and 2 females, Republic of

Korea, Gangwon-do province, South from

Gimhwa, 450 m, 3/1 3 .V 11.20 1 2, I. Rapuzzi and L.

Caldon legit; 3 males and 6 females, Republic of

Korea, Gyeonggi-do province, between Pocheon

and Gimhwa, Dopyeong, Baegun valley, 350-400

m, 3/1 3 .V 11.20 1 2 , I. Rapuzzi and L. Caldon le g it; 1

male and 5 females Republic of Korea, Gangwon-

do province, Gimhwa, Maewoldae fall, 400 m,

3/1 3 .V 11.20 1 2, I. Rapuzzi and L. Caldon legit. The

Paratypes are deposited in the author's collection.

Description of Holotype. Male. Length in-

cluding mandibles: 26.5 mm, maximum width of

elytra: 10.2 mm. Dorsal side shiny coppery. Legs,

palpi, antennae, and mandibles black. Close to C.

( Carabus ) sternbergi sternbergi Roeschke, 1898

and C. ( Carabus ) sternbergi longior Breuning,

1 975 (Breuning, 1 975) but distinguished by the

following characters: smaller and slender in

general; pronotum very elongate and sinuate with

the hind angles acute and more strongly protruding

behind the base; surface of pronotum strongly and

densely punctured; elytra ovate and elongate, more

convex with smoother sculpture; smaller and

thinner male aedeagus; in lateral view the tooth on

the median lobe is smaller and less pointed, smooth

(Fig. 22). The apex in dorsal view is shorter and less

c urv ed (F ig . 2 3).

Variability. In general very little variability:

the length of the body ranges from 22 mm to 27 mm

New and interesting Carabus Linnaeus, I 758 (Coleoptera Carabidae) from Korean Peninsula

ill

for the males and 26 mm to 27.5 mm for the fe-

males. The colour is very constant, occasionally

coppery with green lustre.

Etymology. The new subspecies is named after

the type locality.

Carabus ( Carabus ) sternbergi goheungicus n . ssp .

(Fig. 25)

Examined material. Holotype female, Repub-

lic of K ore a, Goheung peninsula, Paryeongsan, 20 0

m, 1 0/1 7 .V 11.20 1 2 , I. Rapuzzi and L. Caldon legit.

The Holotype is deposited in the author's collection.

Paratype: 1 female, same data as holotype, depos-

ited in the author's collection.

Description of Holotype. Female. Length in-

cluding mandibles: 30.5 mm, elytral width: 10.9

mm. Colour black with few metallic lustre brown-

ish-copper on dorsum, moderately mat; pronotum

slightly shiny and colourful. Head thickened.

Frontal impressions rugulose, exceeding anterior

margin of eyes; vertex slightly convex, surface of

the vertex punctured; short neck; surface punctured.

Pronotum slightly wide (1.32 times as broad as

long), scarcely sinuous, basal angles short. Elytra

oval, elongate, disc depressed, maximum width of

elytra at the middle; shoulders marked and rounded;

sculpture triploid heterodyname type: only the

primary intervals are interrupted by small foveae;

secondary and tertiary intervals are uninterrupted

and of the same size; between the primary and

tertiary intervals are two series of striae more or less

aligned, sometimes confluent.

Variability. No variability.

Etymology. The new subspecies is named after

the Goheung peninsula where the type locality is

situated.

Remarks. Carabus sternbergi goheungicus n .

ssp. differs from C. sternbergi honamensis k won

et Lee, 1984 by the stronger and densely punctured

surface of head and pronotum; slightly sinuate and

more convex pronotum; more elongate elytra;

elytral sculpture less prominent, primary foveae

indistinct; between primary and tertiary elytral

intervals there are two rows of points. From C.

namhae doe ns is Kw on et Lee, 1984 the new taxon

differs by the stronger and larger shape of the body;

more convex elytra; more strongly and densely

punctured surface of head and pronotum. Further

examination of male specimens will permit to

understand the correct systematic position of the

new taxon: a subspecies of C. Sternbergi (as sup-

posed in this article), a subspecies of C. narnhae-

doensis or a separate different species.

Carabus ( Carabus ) sternbergi jindoensis n. ssp.

(Figs. 26-29)

Examined material. Holotype male, Republic

of Korea, Jin do Island, 8.VIII.2010, unknown legit.

The Holotype is deposited in the author's collection.

Paratype: 1 female, same data as holotype, depos-

ited in the author's collection.

Description of Holotype. Male. Length in-

cluding mandibles: 24.3 mm, maximum width of

elytra: 8.8 mm. Dorsal side coppery, very shiny.

Legs, palpi, antennae, and mandibles black. Head

moderately thickened, surface very shiny, short

neck. Pronotum not sinuate, upper surface convex;

sides of pronotum marginated, very slightly bent

upwards; basal angles short and rounded. Elytra

quite short, oval, convex, maximum width near the

apex; shoulders slightly salient, rounded; sculpture

triploid heterodyname, primary segments larger

and more elevated, forming chains of short links

with deep foveae; secondary and tertiary intervals

of the same size forming uninterrupted lines;

punctured striae. M ale aedeagus characteristics: in

lateral view (Fig. 27) the apical lobe is very short

and large, asymmetric; strongly carinate and

convexly protruding on the ventral side of the

mediane lobe (Fig. 27). In dorsal view the apex is

moderately dilated at the base, and the apex is very

short and large (Fig. 28).

Variability. Very little variability of the female

paratype: the upper surface is more mat.

Etymology. The species is named after the type

lo c ality.

Remarks. Carabus sternbergi jindoensis n.

ssp. is easily distinguished from all other C. Stern-

bergi subspecies by its short and convex body

shape and by the distinctive morphology of the

aedeagus.

728

Ivan Rapuzzi

Carabus ( Carabus ) sternbergi deogyusan n . ssp .

(Figs. 30-33)

Examined material. Holotype male, Repub-

lic of Korea, Cholla Bukdo, Muju Gun, M t.

Deogyusan, 135 0/16 0 0 m, 8/15. VII. 2 0 07, I.

Rapuzzi and L. Caldon legit. The holotype is

deposited in the author's collection. Paratypes: 9

males and 25 females, same data as holotype; 2

females, Republic of Korea, Cholla Bukdo,

Deogyusan, 10 km North from Gucheondong,

5 50 m, 7 / 1 5 . V II .2 0 0 7 , I. Rapuzzi and L. Caldon

legit. The paratypes are deposited in the author's

c o llec tio n .

Description of Holotype. Male. Length in-

cluding mandibles: 23.4 mm, maximum width of

elytra: 8.5 mm. Colour of elytra coppery with

margins, pronotum and head gold-green, very

shiny. Legs, palpi, antennae, and mandibles black-

brown. Plead very moderately thickened, sparsely

and faintly punctured. Pronotum sinuate, transverse

(1.36 times as broad as long), upper surface

convex; surface of pronotum very shiny and very

faintly punctured, not rough. Elytra oval, elongate

and very convex; maximum width of elytra at the

apical third; shoulders very salient; sculpture

triploid nearly homodyname, primary intervals

forming chains of long segments; secondary and

tertiary intervals forming uninterrupted lines;

punctured striae. Male aedeagus very distinctive:

in lateral view (Lig. 31) the apicallobe is very large

and long, sp atu la -sh ap ed ; the median lobe is very

strongly carinate and very convexly protruding on

the ventral side. In dorsal view the apical lobe is

moderately dilated at the base, and the apex is very

short and curved on le left (Lig. 32).

Variability. The variability of paratypes relates

to the size that ranges from 22 mm to 24.8 mm for

the males and 23.2 mm to 27.3 mm for the fe-

males. The colour is variable: coppery and cop-

pery with green margins is dominant, rarely dark

blue fo rm .

Etymology. The new subspecies is named after

the type locality.

Remarks. The new subspecies seems to be en-

demic to the Deogyusan Peak and closest moun tain

area.

Carabus ( Carabus ) cartereti peacedam n. ssp.

(Pigs. 34-37)

Examined material. Flolotype male, Republic

of Korea, Gangwondo, “Peace Dam”, NE

Hwacheon 40 0 m, 3/13. VII. 2 0 12, I. Rapuzzi and L.

Caldon legit. The Holotype is deposited in the au-

thor's collection. Paratypes: 5 males and 36 females,

same data as Holotype; 3 males and 2 females, Re-

public of Korea, Gangwondo, NE Hwacheon, E

Pungsan, 350 m, 3/13. VII. 2012, I. Rapuzzi and L.

Caldon legit; 28 males and 51 females, Republic of

Korea, Gangwondo, 20 km NW Inje, 5 00 m,

3/1 3 .V 11.20 1 2 I. Rapuzzi and L. Caldon legit. The

paratypes are deposited in the author's collection.

Description of Holotype. Male. Length in-

cluding mandibles: 24.6 mm, maximum width of

elytra: 9.3 mm. Colour of elytra coppery with some

green lustre, shiny. Legs, palpi, antennae, and

mandibles black. Head very moderately thickened,

very sparsely and faintly punctured, vertex smooth.

Pronotum not sinuate, sides of pronotum with

borders bent upwards; basal angles rounded and

stronglyprotruding behind the base; surface of

pronotum not punctured but rough. Elytra oval,

quite short and rather convex; shoulders very

salient; sculpture marked, triploid heterodyname

type: primary intervals forming chains of short

segments with deep foveae, secondary intervals

forming uninterrupted lines, tertiary intervals

partially reduced (especially from the middle of

elytra to the apex); punctured striae. Male ae-

deagus: in lateral view (Fig. 35) the median lobe is

more developed than in the typical subspecies, the

apical lobe is larger; the median lobe is convexly

protruding on the ventral side. In lateral view the

apex is bent, forming a sort of tip of foil (Fig. 36).

Variability. The variability of paratypes

concerns the size that ranges from 23 mm to 26 mm

for the males and 23.5 mm to 27 mm for the fe-

males. The colour is very constant, only very few

specimens are green with coppery lustre; the fe-

males are usually rather mat. The elytral sculpture

in some case are less marked, and sometimes more

homodyname type.

Etymology. The new subspecies is named after

the type locality, the “Peace Dam” build near the

border of Democratic Republic of Korea.

New and interesting Carabus Linnaeus, I 758 (Coleoptera Carabidae) from Korean Peninsula

729

Remarks. The range of C. Cartereti pecicedam

n. ssp. very close to that of C. Sternbergi gimhwa

n. ssp. We did not find any sympatric locality

but no transitional forms are known. A sympatric

locality (Democratic Republic of Korea, Wonsan,

Hwangyong San) for the two species was reported

by Deuve (Deuve & Li, 2009) and confirmed by

several specimens of the two species preserved in

m y collection.

Carabus (Lepto carabus) seishinensis aff. seuglaki

Kwon et Lee, 1984 (Fig. 38)

Examined material. 2 males and 1 female,

Republic of Korea, Southeast from Gurye, M t.

Paegusan, I. Rapuzzi and L. Caldon legit (CIR).

Remarks. This Carabus is close to C. seishinen-

sis seunglaki from Mt. Jirisan but with a different

elytral sculpture with stronger and elevated inter-

vals; pronotum slightly slender.

Carabus (Leptocarabus) seishinensis elongatipennis

Imura et Yamaya, 1994 (Fig. 39)

Examined material. 10 males and 12 females,

Democratic Republic of Korea, South Pyongan

Prov., Songchun city, Kubong-dong, 1/5. VI. 2011,

local collector legit (CIR).

Remarks. The new locality expands the range

of this taxon to the South.

Carabus ( Leptocarabus ) seishinensis seishinensis

Lapouge, 1931 x C. (Leptocarabus) semiopacus

Reitter, 1 895 (Figs. 40-42)

Examined material. Carabus (L.) seishinensis

x C. (L.) SeiniopaCUS Reitter, 1895 1 male: Republic

of Korea, Cholla Bukdo, Muju Gun, Mt. Deogy-

usan, 1 350/1600 m, 8/1 5 .V 11.2007 , I. Rapuzzi and

L. Caldon legit (CIR).

Carabus (L.) seishinensis (Figs. 43-46), numer-

ous males and females, Republic of Korea, Cholla

Bukdo, Muju Gun, M t. Deogyusan, 1 350/1600 m,

8/1 5 .V 11.2007 , I. Rapuzzi and L. Caldon legit

(CIR).

Carabus (L.) semiopacus (Figs. 47-50), numer-

ous males and females, Republic of Korea, Cholla

Bukdo, Muju Gun, M t. Deogyusan, 1 350/1600 m,

8/15. VII. 2007, I. Rapuzzi and L. Caldon legit

(CIR).

Description of the hybrid specimen. Length

including mandibles: 23.5 mm. The fenotype is

the closest to C. seishinensis in general. The head

is slightly thicker, intermediate between the

parental species. The pronotum is less cordate,

slightly bent upwards, hind angles rounded and

shortly protruding behind the base as in C. Semi-

OpaCUS. Sculpture of elytra triploid heterodyname

type, primary segments larger and more elevated,

forming chains of long links by deep foveae;

secondary and tertiary intervals equal, forming

lines uninterrupted; quaternary intervals reduced

in grains. Male aedeagus similar to C. Seishinen-

SIS b u t th e apical lobe in lateralview is longer and

less curved. The apex in dorsal view is longer and

narro w er.

Remarks. The hybrid was sampled in the field,

in mixed Broadleaf Forest. In this area C. SeiTli-

opacus is less abundant than C. seishinensis.

Carabus ( Leptocarabus ) vogtianus horvatovichi

D euve, 1992 (Figs. 5 1-53)

Examined material. 6 males and 9 females, Re-

public of Korea, Geonggido/Gangwondo provincial

border, Pass North from Dopyeong, 600 m,

3/13. VII. 2012, I. Rapuzzi and L. Caldon legit; 1

male and 1 female,Republic of Korea, Gangwondo

province, “Peace Dam”, NE Hwacheon 40 0 m,

3 II 3 . V II. 2 0 1 2 , I. Rapuzzi and L. Caldon legit;

2 males and 4 females, Republic of Korea,

Gangwondo province, Gimhwa Maewoldae fall,

400 m, 3/13. VII. 2012, I. Rapuzzi and L. Caldon

legit (CIR).

remarks. Carabus ( L. ) vogtianus horvatovichi

was described from the Paykon-san Massif, 30 km

Northeast from Kaesong in the Democratic Re-

public of Korea nearthe Republic of Korea border

(Deuve, 1992). The first record of C. VOgtianuS for

the Republic of Korea was from Mount Kwandak

(Lassalle, 1999) which very probably belongs as

well to the subspecies horvatovichi.

730

Ivan Rapuzzi

Fig. 1 . Carabus (Isiocarabus) fiduciarius, male, 27.5 mm, China, Sichuan, Wanyuan, M t. Hua-e-shan (sub C. fidllciarillS

tlffl ) (CIR). Fig. 2. Idem, aedeagus: median lobe in lateral view. Fig. 3. Idem, aedeagus: apex in dorsal view. Fig. 4. Idem,

female, 30.5 mm, China, Zhejiang, Mt. Dai-shan (CIR). Fig. 5. C. (/.) kirinicus , male, 34 mm, R. of Korea, Kyonggi-Do,

Nam-yang-Ju-shi (CIR). Fig. 6. Idem, aedeagus: median lobe in lateral view. Fig. 7. Idem, aedeagus: apex in dorsal view.

Fig. 8. Idem, female, 35 mm, R. of Korea, Kyonggi-Do, East from Seoul, Yangpyeong (CIR).

New and interesting Carabus Linnaeus, I 758 (Coleoptera Carabidae) from Korean Peninsula

73 1

Fig. 9. Carabus (IsiocarabllS) saishutoicus, male, 26.5 mm, R. of Korea, Cheju Island, M t. Hallasan (CIR). Fig. 10. Idem,

aedeagus: median lobe in lateral view. Fig. 11. Idem, aedeagus: apex in dorsal view. Fig. 12. Idem, female, 31 mm, R. of

Korea, Cheju Island, Mt. Hangla (CIR). Fig. 13. C. ( CarabllS) SZeli obong n. ssp., holotype male. Fig. 14. Idem, aedeagus:

median lobe in lateral view. Fig. 15. Idem, aedeagus: apex in dorsal view. Fig. 16. Idem, paratype female, 20 mm. D.R. of

Korea, North Hamgyong Province, Mt. Obong, (ca 42,40 NL; 129,80 EL), 1/15. VII. 2012, local collector leg.

732

Ivan Rapuzzi

Fig . 17. CarabllS ( Cavabus) ungustus dopyeong n. ssp., holotype male. Fig. 18. Idem, aedeagus: median lobe in lateral view.

Fig. 19. Idem, aedeagus: apex in dorsal view. Fig. 20. Idem, paratype female, 23.5 mm, R. of Korea, Geonggi-do/Gangwon-

do provincial border, Pass No rth from Dopyeong, 600 m, 3/13. VII. 2012, 1. Rapuzzi and L. Caldon leg. Fig. 21. C. (C.) Stev-

nbergi gimhwa n. ssp., holotype male. Fig. 22. Idem, aedeagus: median lobe in lateral view. Fig. 23. Idem, aedeagus: apex

in dorsal view. Fig. 24. Idem, paratype female, 27.3 mm, R. of Korea, G yeonggi-do/G angw on-do provincial border. Pass

N o rth from Dopyeong, 600 m, 3/13. VII. 2012, I. Rapuzzi and L. Caldon leg.

New and interesting Carabus Linnaeus, I 758 (Coleoptera Carabidae) from Korean Peninsula

733

Fig. 25 . Carabus ( Carabus) sternbergi goheungicus n . s sp hoiotype female. Fig. 26. C. (C.) sternbergi jincloensis n . s s p . ,

holotype male. Fig. 27. Idem, aedeagus: median lobe in lateral view. Fig. 28. Idem, aedeagus: apex in dorsal view. Fig. 29.

Idem, paratype female 24.5 mm. R. of Korea, Jin do Island, 8. VIII. 2010, unknown leg. Fig. 30. C. (C.) Sternbergi deogyusan

n. ssp., holotype male. Fig. 31. Idem, aedeagus: median lobe in lateral view. Fig. 32. Idem, aedeagus: apex in dorsal view.

Fig. 33. Idem, paratype fern ale, 26.5 mm. Republic of Korea, Cholla Bukdo, Deogyusan, 10 km North from Gucheondong,

550 m, 7/1 5 .V 11.2007, I. Rapuzzi and L. Caldon leg.

734

Ivan Rapuzzi

Fig. 34. CarabllS ( Carabus ) cartereti peacedam n. ssp., holotype m ale. Fig. 35 . Idem , aedeagus: m edian lobe in lateral view.

Fig. 36. Idem, aedeagus: apex in dorsal view. Fig. 37. Idem, paratype female, 26 mm, R. of Korea, Gangwondo, “Peace

Dam’’, NE Hwacheon 400 m, 3 / 1 3 . V II .2 0 1 2 , 1. Rapuzzi and L. Caldon leg. Fig. 38. C. ( LeptOCarClbuS ) seishiliensis aff.

seuglaki, male, 24 mm, R. of Korea, Southeast from Gurye, Mt. Paegusan, I. Rapuzzi and L. Caldon leg. (CIR). Fig. 39. C.

(L.) seishinensis elongcitipennis, male, 27 mm, D.R. of Korea, South Pyongan Prov., Songchun city, Kubong-dong,

1/5. VI. 2011, local collector leg. (CIR). Fig. 40. C. (L.) seishinensis seishinensis X C. ( L .) semiopacus , male, 2 2.5 m m , R . of

Korea, Cholla Bukdo, Muju Gun, Mt. Deogyusan, 1350/1600 m, 8/15. VII. 2007, I. Rapuzzi and L. Caldon leg. (CIR). Fig.

41. Idem, male aedeagus: median lobe in lateral view. Fig. 42. Idem, aedeagus: apex in dorsal view.

New and interesting Carabus Linnaeus, I 758 (Coleoptera Carabidae) from Korean Peninsula

735

Fig. 43. Carabus (Lepto carabus) seishinensis seishinensis , male, 21 mm, R. of Korea, Cholla Bukdo, Muju Gun, M t.

Deogyusan, 1 350/1 600 m, 8 /I 5 . V II .2 0 0 7 , I. Rapuzzi and L. Caldon leg. (CIR). Fig. 44. Idem, aedeagus: median lobe in

lateral view. Fig. 45. Idem, aedeagus: apex in dorsal view. Fig. 46. Idem, female 24.5 mm. Fig. 47. C. ( L .) SeiTliopaCUS,

male 27 mm, R. of Korea, Cholla Bukdo, Muju Gun, Mt. Deogyusan, 1350/1600 m , 8/15. V 11.2007, 1. Rapuzzi and L. Caldon

leg. (CIR). Fig. 48. Idem, aedeagus: median lobe in lateral view. Fig. 49. Idem, aedeagus: apex in dorsal view. Fig. 50.

Idem, female, 29 mm.

736

Ivan Rapuzzi

Carabus {Leptocarabus) fraterculus aff . jirisanensis

Ishikawa et Kim , 1983 (Fig. 54)

I collected a male specimen close to C. frater-

CliluS jirisanensis on the Mt. Paegusan, southeast

from Gurye. It differs from the specimens from Mt.

Jirisan by the more regular elytral sculpture and by

the shape of the aedeagus apex (Figs. 55, 56).

Carabus ( Diocarabus ) fraterculus yongwangicus

n. ssp. (Figs. 57-60)

Examined material. Holotype male, Democratic

Repub lie ofKorea,South Hamgyong P ro vince , Yon g -

wang County, Mt. Komsan, 1 /2 0.VII. 2013, local col-

lector leg. The holotype is deposited in the author's

collection. Paratypes: 5 males 10 females, same data

as holotype, deposited in the author's collection.

Description of Holotype. Male. Length in-

cluding mandibles: 17.4 mm, maximum width of

elytra: 7.1 mm. Dorsal side black with blue lustre,

shiny. Legs, palpi, antennae, and mandibles black.

Surface of head very wrinkled; supra antennary

ridges very strong. Pronotum sinuate, upper surface

convex; sides of pronotum marginated and crenate

at the base; basal angles long and pointed. Elytra

oval and convex, shoulders quite salient, rounded;

sculpture triploid h e tero d y n am e , primary foveae

very superficial. M ale aedeagus characteristic of the

species but more elongate and the apex in lateral

view is strongly dilated (Ligs. 58, 59).

Variability. In general, the variability of para-

types is very little, the length of the body ranges

from 18.2 mm to 20.2 mm for the females.

Etymology. The new subspecies is named after

the Yongwan County, Mt. Komsan, where the type

locality of the new taxon comes from.

Remarks. Carabus fraterculus yongwangicus n .

ssp. is easily distinguished from the other subspecies

by the following characters: upper surface of head

strongly wrinkled; pronotum more convex, basal

angles more prominent and pointed; sculpture of

elytra more regular; primary foveae very superficial;

apex of aedeagus very dilated. The closest subspecies

i s C. fraterculus onipoensis Deuve, 1 9 9 1 that lives

more to the North but the latter has a shorter shape

of elytra, a larger pronotum and different aedeagus.

Carabus ( Acoptolabrus ) planicranion n. sp.

(Figs. 6 1-65)

Examined material. Holotype male, Demo-

cratic Republic of Korea, North Hamgyong

Province, M t. Obong, (ca 42,40 NL; 1 29,80 EL),

1/15. VII. 2012, local collector legit. The holotype is

deposited in the author's collection. Paratypes: 1

male and 5 females, same data as holotype, depos-

ited in the author's collection.

Description of Holotype. Male. Length includ-

ing mandibles: 28 mm, maximum width of elytra:

8.9 mm. Upper surface metallic, moderately shiny;

head and pronotum cupreous green; green elytra

with primary and secondary intervals black. Ventral

face of head and pronotum gold-green, metallic;

abdomen violet. Large, very flat and very long

head; very long and large neck; supra-antennary

ridge very strong , frontal foveae deep and rough,

vertex the shape of a raised plate, strongly wrinkled.

Eyes quite small and slightly salient. Labrum bilob-

ate, multi-setulose; clypeus flat and smooth. Mand-

ibles very developed, long with subparallel sides;

retinacular teeth of mandibles bidentate. Palpi very

long with the apical segment strongly dilated

(simple in the females); penultimate segment of

labial palpi bisetose. Ventral cephalic appendages

(mentum, submentum, cardo, gula and gena) very

flat, forming a single plane with the mandibles; gula

and gena obliquely strongly wrinkled. Pronotum

small, long and narrow (1.2 times as long as broad);

apex of pronotum constricted and margined before

the neck, sides slightly rounded in the middle, and

strongly constricted before the base; hind angles

salient and not protruding behind the base; surface

of pronotum obliquely strongly wrinkled, median

sulcus strongly marked. Elytra very narrow and

very elongate, slender; shoulders narrow, not

pronounced; disk of elytra convex; sculpture

marked, triploid heterodyname type: primary inter-

vals forming rectangular tubercles with large and

superficially foveae; secondary intervals smaller

and less elevated (the first secondary line is fused

with the suture of elytra); tertiary intervals very

reduced, forming grains. Legs very long and thin.

4th male protarsal segmentwithout adhesive soles.

Male aedeagus narrow and elongate; the median

lobe in lateral view (Fig. 62) regularly curved, ostial

membranous orifice long, strongly bent in the

ventral side, apex quite large and rounded; in dorsal

view (Fig. 63) the apex is long and very pointed.

New and interesting Carabus Linnaeus, I 758 (Coleoptera Carabidae) from Korean Peninsula

737

Variability. In general, the variability of paraty-

pes is very little; the length of the body of the male

par a type is 27. 6 mm; the female para types range from

32 mm to 37 mm. The elytra in the females are larger

and more convex; only one female is more elongate.

The colour is constant, except for four females with

a pro no turn coppery -red w ithout green lustre.

Etymology. The new species is named after the

very characteristic flat head (Fig. 64).

Remarks. The distinctive very flat shape of head

of the new species is peculiar and unique in the

whole genus CarabuS 4 , no other species belonging

to the most fiat subgenus ( Apoplesius , Plcity carabus,

TribaX , etc.) have similar head structure. From

several morphological characters it may remind C.

( Acoptolabrus ) changeonleei ishikaw a et k im , 19 8 3

(Fig. 66) but in the latter the head has a normal shape

and is, in general, close to C. mirabilissimus.

Carabus ( Acoptolabrus ) leechi viniciosalamii n . s sp .

(Figs. 67-70)

Examined material. Holotype male, Demo-

cratic Republic of Korea, North Hamgyong

Province, M t. Wanta, 24. VII. 2004, local collector

legit. The holotype is deposited in the author's col-

lection. Paratypes: 5 males and 1 female, same data

as holotype; 1 male same data as holotype but

15. VII. 2009. The Paratypes are deposited in the au-

thor's collection, and in the collections of Mr. V.

Salami (Italy) and Mr. S. Dacatra (Italy).

Description of Holotype. Male. Fength in-

cluding mandibles: 2 8.4 mm, maximum width of

elytra: 9.7 mm. Upper surface metallic, very shiny;

head and pronotum cupreous-red; elytra gold-green

with primary and secondary intervals black. Ventral

face of head, pronotum and abdomen violet, metal-

lic; femurs violet; tibiae, tarsi, palpi and antennae

black. Head long and quite thickened; surface of

head punctured and strongly wrinkled, frons with a

raised smooth plate. Mandibles very elongate.

Pronotum quite narrow (1.08 times as broad as

long). Elytra quite broad and short, ovate and con-

vex; sculpture of elytra triploid heterodyname type:

prim ary intervals form in g very raised short tubercles ;

secondary intervals smaller, less elevated and often

reduced; tertiary intervals very reduced forming

grains. Fong legs. M ale aedeagus narrow and regu-

larly curved; in lateral view (Fig 68) the apex is long

and pointed; apex in dorsal view (see Fig 69).

Variability. Tittle variability: the length of the

body ranges from 25 mm to 26 mm for the males,

the female is 32 mm.

Etymology. The new beautiful subspecies is

very cordially dedicated to my friend Mr. Vinicio

Salami, entomologist and collector of Carabidae.

Remarks. The new subspecies differs from all

known C. leechi subspecies by the narrower pro-

notum, the shorter elytra, the sculpture of elytra

with primary intervals formed by small tubercles

and secondary intervals partially reduced. M oreover

it is the northernmost known form of the species.

Carabus ( Acoptolabrus ) leechi drouni n. ssp .

(Figs. 7 1-74)

Examined material. Holotype male, Demo-

cratic Republic of Korea, North Hamgyong

Province, Kilchu, M t. M uhak, 8/19. VII. 2006, local

collector leg. The holotype is deposited in the au-

thor's collection. Paratypes: 1 female, same data as

holotype, deposited in the author's collection.

Description of Holotype. Male. Close to C.

(A.) leechi viniciosalamii n. ssp. but uniformly

coppery-red; smaller size (23.5 mm); pronotum

with very rounded sides; elytra elongate and more

convex. The sculpture of elytra is very character-

istic and som ew h at sim ilar to the C. ( Acoptolabrus )

Schrencki “ type"; in fact the primary intervals are

very often fused with the secondary and tertiary

ones, forming very large cell- shaped foveae. Male

aedeagus (Figs. 72, 73): in lateral view the apical

lobe is regularly curved and not dilated.

Etymology. The new Carabus is very cordially

dedicated to my friend Mr. Gontran Drouin (Quebec

City,Canada), specialist of Pa lea retie Cerambycidae.

Remarks. The new subspecies is very distinctive:

particularly, the sculpture of elytra and the shape of

pronotum makes possible to distinguish it easily from

all other C. leechi subspecies. The closest form is C.

leechi auvrayorum Deuve et M ourzine, 1993. From

the latter, the new subspecies differs by the smaller,

tiny and elongate head; the sculpture of elytra is less

dense and the colour is shiny and uniformly coppery-

red metallic. From C. leechi leechi Bates, 1 888 the

new subspecies has the same colour but differs by

a smaller size (23.5 mm for drouini and 37 mm for

leechi), a much more transverse pronotum, and a

different sculpture of elytra.

738

Ivan Rapuzzi

Carabus ( Acoptolabrus ) leechi onjinsanicola

Rapuzzi, 20 0 9 (Fig. 75)

Described on two specimens from the Democratic

Republic of Korea, North Hawanghae province,

Onjin San Mts., I know the subspecies also from:

Democratic Republic of Korea, South Hwanghae

province, Unryul County, Mt. Kuwol, 954 m, local

collector legit (CIR).

Carabus ( Acoptolabrus ) mirabilissimus mirabilis-

sitUUS Ishikawa etDeuve, 1982 (Fig. 76)

Described from Taebaek San Mountain Range,

M t. Taebaek San it is widespread in a large sector

of northern part of South Korea. I know the sub-

species also from the following localities: Republic

of Korea: C h u n g c h eo n g b u kd o/G y eo n g s an b u k do

provincial border, M t. Sobaeksan (CIR); Gang-

wondo province, Taebaek San M t. (CIR); Gang-

wondo, “Peace Dam”, NE Hw acheon 400 m (CIR);

Gyeonggido province, G apyeong/Yangpyeong

Counties border, Hwayasan M t. (CIR)

Carabus {Acoptolabrus) mirabilissimus furumiensis

D euve, 200 1 (Fig. 77)

Characterized by the spectacular and unusual

coloration: blue to blue-green elytra and red to red-

green head and pronotum, the subspecies seems to

be endemic to M t. Odaesan in the Gangwondo

province (Republic of Korea). I found the sub-

species in two different places on the Odaesan Mt.:

Jingogae, 800 m (CIR) and Sangwonsa Temple

vicinity (CIR).

Carabus { Acoptolabrus ) mirabilissimus igniferescens

Deuve, 1992 (Fig. 78)

Described from the northernmost part of Mts.

Taebaeksan (Kumgangsan, Mt. Mammulsan) in the

Democratic Republic of Korea, I collected the sub-

species in the following locality in the Republic of

Korea: Gangwondo province, South of Gimhwa,

450 m (CIR).

Carabus ( Acoptolabrus ) constricticollis aff. limes

Rapuzzi, 2009 (Fig. 79)

I described the subspecies (Rapuzzi, 2009) on

two females from Mt. Onjinsan, South Hawanghae,

Democratic Republic of Korea; a new population

very close to C. COYlStricticollis limes w a s collected

in the following locality: Democratic Republic of

Korea, South Hwanghae province, Unryul County,

M t. Kuwol, 954 m, local collector legit (CIR); a

male specimen made possible the drawing of the

aedeagus (Figs. 80, 81).

Carabus ( Acoptolabrus ) constricticollis microco-

lasellus n. ssp. (Figs. 82-85)

Examined material. Ho lo type male,Democratic

Republic of Korea, North Hamgyong Province, Mt.

Obong, (ca 42,40 NL; 1 29,80 EL), 1 /I 5 .V 11.20 1 2 ,

local collector legit. The holotype is deposited in

the author's collection. Paratypes: 2 males and lfe-

male, same data as holotype; 1 female, same data

as holotype but 5 /29 . V 1.2 00 8 ; 1 male, Democratic

Republic of Korea, North Hamgyong province,

Sechon, 1 / 1 0 . V II .2 0 04 , local collector legit; 1 fe-

male, Democratic Republic of Korea, North Hamgy-

ong province, Paeksa, 1139 m, VII. 2004, local

collector legit. The paratypes are deposited in the

author's co lie c tio n .

Description of Holotype. M ale. Upper surface

metallic, very shiny; head and pronotum cupreous-

red; elytra green with primary and secondary inter-

vals black. Close to C. (A.) constricticollis

colasellus Deuve (1 990) but sm alter (23 mm versus

3 1 mm for COlaselluS)\ mandibles shorter and more

curved; pronotum larger (1.15 times as long as

broad); shorter body, ovate and convex. Antennae

longer, reaching half of the elytra. Aedeagus small

and relatively stout; in lateral view (Fig. 83) the

apical lobe is elongate and very slightly dilated; the

ostial membranous orifice large and long; apex in

dorsal view (Fig. 84).

Variability. Little variability: the length of the

body ranges from 20 mm to 23 mm for the males,

and from 22 mm to 27 mm for the females. One fe-

male has cupreous- green elytra. The paratype male

from Sechon is slightly more elongate, with longer

antennae, and the apex of aedeagus is clearly more

d ilated .

New and interesting Carabus Linnaeus, I 758 (Coleoptera Carabidae) from Korean Peninsula

739

Etymology. The given name wants to point out

the analogy of the new subspecies with C. (A.)

constricticollis colas ellus and also emphasize its

sm aller size .

Remarks. Close to C. (A.) COYlStricticolUs

COlasellliS , the new subspecies is clearly smaller and

shorter with a larger pronotum and longer antennae.

In the same area also lives C. (A.) leechi vitlitios-

alamiin. ssp., C. (A.) leechi drouni and C. (A.) leechi

auvrayorum. From ail of them C. (A.) constricticollis

micro colas ellus n. ssp. differs by the very different

shape of aedeagus, different pronotum and colour.

The new subspecies is sympatric and syntopic with

C. (A.) planicaranion but easily distinguished by

its smaller size, smaller and not flatted head, the

sculpture of elytra and the shape of aedeagus.

Carabus ( Acoptolabrus ) constricticollis grallatorius

Roeschke, 1921 (Fig. 85)

In my collection is preserved one historical

male specimen of C. (A.) constricticollis grallat-

OriUS that matches very well with the original de-

scription of Roeschke (Hauser, 1921). The original

printed label reads as follows: Seishin Korea ( =

Chongjin, North Hamgyong province, Democratic

Republic of Korea). This corresponds exactly with

the type locality of the subspecies. The length of

the specimen including mandibles is 32 mm; it is

interesting to note the extraordinary development

of the legs as Roeschke wrote in his original de-

scription and correctly confirmed by Hauser

(1921). The antennae are exceptionally long as

well, reaching the apical third of elytra. It is cer-

tainly a valid subspecies.

Carabus (. Acoptolabrus ) schrencki lijingkeianus

Deuve, 2006 (Fig. 86)

Examined material. Democratic Republic of

Korea, South Hamgyong province, M t. Kachwari,

local collector legit (CIR).

Remarks. Carabus (A.) schrencki is widespread

with different subspecies in a large area of Far East

of Russia, North East China (H eilogjiang, Jilin,

Eiaoning provinces) and Northern part of Korea

peninsula, u p to this day C. (A.) schrencki lijingkei-

anus Deuve (2006) is the southernmost subspecies

for the Korean peninsula.

Carabus {Acoptolabrus) jankowskii byeoksanensis

n. ssp. (Figs. 8 8 — 9 1 )

Examined material. Holotype male, Republic

of Korea, Jeollabuk-do Province, Buan-gun,

Byeonsanbando, 10 0/200 m, 13/20. VII. 2 0 12, I.

Rapuzzi and E. Caldon leg. The holotype is de-

posited in the author’s collection. Paratypes: 8 males

and 8 females, same data as holotype, deposited in

the author's collection.

Description of Holotype. Male. Length in-

cluding mandibles: 35.2 mm, maximum width of

elytra: 10.6 mm. Upper surface of elytra dark

green, metallic-mat, intervals black, margins green

with gold, very shiny; pronotum c u p reo u s -re d , the

vertex less brilliant, head black with cupreous

shades. Ventral side of head black, ventral side of

pronotum and epipleura violet, metallic, abdomen

black with violet shades; appendix black. Head

quite short and thickened; neck short; surface of

head punctured, frons convex and smooth. Mand-

ibles quite short and strong. Pronotum slightly trans-

verse (1.15 times as broad as long), cordate,

margins not angled; upper slightly convex; sides of

pronotum margined, slightly bent upwards; hind

angles rounded, long, and protruding behind its

base; surface punctured, strongly at the base and at

the sides, median sulcus complete and shallow.

Elytra ovate, convex; sculpture of elytra tetraploid

heterodyname type: primary intervals large and

raised forming quite long links; secondary intervals

thinner and less raised forming short links; tertiary

intervals forming raised grains; quaternary inter-

vals reduced, forming small grains; very short and

rudimental mucrons. Long and strong legs. Male

aedeagus (Fig. 89, 90) typical of the species but a

little smaller and thinner.

Variability. Little variability: the length of the

body ranges from 33 mm to 36.5 mm forthe males,

from 36 mm to 40 mm for the females. Few speci-

mens with slightly darker colour.

Etymology. The new subspecies is named after

the type locality.

Remarks. The new subspecies is related to C.

jankowskii seoulensis Deuve, 1998 and C. jankowskii

chinoensis Kwon et Park, 1989 but easily distin-

guished by the following characters: shorter

and stronger mandibles; cordate pronotum as in

740

Ivan Rapuzzi

chinoensis but the sides not angled as in seoulensis ;

hind angles of pronotum longer, protruding behind

the base; shorter and more convex elytra; stronger

and raised sculpture of elytra; primary intervals

less interrupted. It is interesting to note that the

B y eo n s an b an do Mountains is an isolated pen-

insula surrounded by plains in Southwest Korea;

the area has a high ecological value because the

habitats and ecosystem of rare plants and animals

are well preserved. For that reason the area is under

protection as Natural Treasures.

Carabus ( Coptolabrus ) smaragdinus buangun n . ssp .

(Figs. 92-95)

Examined material. Holotype male, Republic

of Korea, Jeollabuk-do Province, Buan-gun, Bye-

onsanbando, 100/200 m, 13/2 0. VII. 2012, I. Rapuzzi

and L. Caldon legit. The holotype is deposited in

the author's collection. Paratypes: 6 males and 6 fe-

males, same data as holotype, deposited in the au-

th o r's co llec tio n .

Description of Holotype. Male. Length includ-

ing mandibles: 41 mm, maximum width of elytra:

13.4 mm. Upper surface metallic, very brilliant;

head, pronotum and elytra coppery-red; primary

and secondary intervals of elytra black. Ventral side

of pronotum and epipleura intense coppery-red,

metallic, abdomen black with coppery shades;

appendix black. Thickened and quite short head;

large and short neck; vertex punctured, frons

convex and strongly punctured, wrinkled; supra-

antennary ridge bent upwards; clypeus punctured;

clypeus foveae very strong. Mandibles very de-

veloped and strong, sickle- shaped. Palpi very long

with the apical segment strongly dilated (simple in

the females); penultimate segment of labial palpi

bisetose. Pronotum hexagonal, transverse (1.4 times

as long as broad); sides strongly angled, margined,

bent upwards; basal lobes rounded, slightly protrud-

ing the base; surface punctured and wrinkled, me-

dian sulcus very shallow. Elytra oval, large; disk of

elytra convex; sculpture marked, triploid hetero-

dyname type: primary intervals forming tubercles

large and raised, about two times than the secondary

ones; tertiary intervals very reduced forming grains.

Legs very long and strong. Male aedeagus (Figs.

93, 94) with the characteristic shape for the species

but the apex in lateral view is a little less dilated.

Variability. Little variability: the length of the

body ranges from 38 mm to 42 mm for the males,

from 44 mm to 5 1 mm for the females. The colour

is constant, only few specimens are coppery-red

w ith gold lustre.

Etymology. The new subspecies is named after

the type locality.

Remarks. Because of its size the new sub-

species is the largest for the species. The new sub-

species is related to C. smaragdinus branickii

Taczanowski, 1 8 87 but the head is thickened, the

pronotum strongly transverse, and the colour is

m ore brilliant.

Carabus ( Coptolabrus ) smaragdinus euaureus

n. ssp. (Figs. 96-99)

Examined material. Holotype male, Republic

of Korea, Jirisan Nat. Park, Yeongrieongchi, 1200

m, 7/1 6 .V 11.20 1 2 , I. Rapuzzi and L. Caldon legit.

The holotype is deposited in the author's collection.

Paratypes: 1 male and 10 females, same data as

holotype, deposited in the author's collection.

Description of Holotype. Male. Length in-

cluding mandibles: 39 mm, maximum width of

elytra: 12 mm. Upper surface metallic, very shiny,

brilliant; head, pronotum and elytra coppery-gold

red; primary and secondary intervals of elytra black.

Ventral side of pronotum and epipleura intense

coppery-red, metallic, abdomen dark violet; ap-

pendix black. Head thickened and long; vertex punc-

tured, frons slightly convex and punctured; clypeus

sparsely punctured at its base. Mandibles very long

and quite thin, sickle-shaped. Palpi very long with

the apical segment strongly dilated (simple in the

females); penultimate segment of labial palpi bis-

etose. Pronotum elongate, hexagonal, slightly trans-

verse (1.2 times as long as broad); sides angled,

margined, bent upwards; basal lobes rounded, not

protruding the base; surface very strongly punc-

tured. Elytra very elongated; disk of elytra very

convex; sculpture marked, triploid heterodyname

type: primary intervals forming oval and well

spaced tubercles; secondary intervals smaller and

rounded; tertiary intervals forming very rough

grains; background of the elytra very roughly

sculptured. Legs very long. Male aedeagus: Figs.

97,98.

New and interesting Carabus Linnaeus, I 758 (Coleoptera Carabidae) from Korean Peninsula

741

Fig. 51. Carabus (Lepto carabus) vogtianus aff. horvatovichi, male, 24 mm, R. of Korea, Geonggido/Gangwondo provincial

border. Pass North from Dopyeong, 600 m, 3/13. VII. 2012, I. Rapuzzi and L. Caldon leg. Fig. 52. Idem, aedeagus: median

lobe in lateral view. Fig. 53. Idem, aedeagus: apex in dorsal view. Fig. 54. C. ( DiocarabllS ) fratercullis aff. jirisanensis,

male 18.5 mm, R. of Korea, Mt. Paegusan, Sou th east from Gurye, 350 m , 9/15. V 11.2012, I. Rapuzzi and L. Caldon leg. Fig.

55. Idem, aedeagus: median lobe in lateral view. Fig. 56. Idem, aedeagus: apex in dorsal view. Fig. 57. C. ( D .) fratercullis

yongwangicus n. ssp.,holotype male, 17.4 mm. Fig. 58. Idem, aedeagus: median lobe in lateral view. Fig. 59. Idem, aedeagus:

apex in dorsal view. Fig. 60. Idem, paratype female, 20 mm, D.R. of Korea, South Hamgyong P ro vince, Yongwang County,

Mt. Komsan, 1 /20.V 11.20 1 3, local collector leg. (C1R).

742

Ivan Rapuzzi

Fig. 61. CarabllS (Acoptolabrus) planicranion n . sp.,holotype male. Fig. 62. Idem, aedeagus: median lobe in lateral view. Fig.

63. Idem, aedeagus: apex in dorsal view. Fig. 64. Idem, head in lateral view. Fig. 65. Idem, paratype female, 37 mm, D .R . of

Korea, North Hamgyong Prov., M t. Obong, (ca 42,40 NL; 1 29,80 EL), 1 /I 5 . V 11.20 1 2 , local collector leg. (C1R). Fig. 66. C. (A.)

changeonleei, female, 31.5 mm, R. of Korea, Jirisan Mt., 1. Rapuzzi and L. Caldon leg. (C1R). Fig. 67. C. (A.) leechi Vlll 1 Cl OSCllcun / /

n. ssp., holotype male. Fig. 68. Idem, aedeagus: median lobe in lateral view. Fig. 69. Idem, aedeagus: apex in dorsal view. Fig.

70. Idem, paratype fern ale, 32 mm. D.R. of Korea, N orth Flamgyong Prov., Mt. Wanta, 24. V 11.2004, local collector leg. (C1R).

New and interesting Carabus Linnaeus, I 758 (Coleoptera Carabidae) from Korean Peninsula

743

Fig. 7 1. CambllS ( Acoptolabrus ) leechi dvouini n. ssp., male, 23.5 mm, D.R. of Korea, North Hamgyong Prov., Kichu, Mt.

Muhak, 8 / 1 9 . V 11.2 0 0 6 , local collector leg. (CIR). Fig. 72. Idem, aedeagus: median lobe in lateral view. Fig. 73. Idem,

aedeagus: apex in dorsal view. Fig. 74. Idem, fern ale, 31.5 mm, D.R. ofKorea,North Hamgyong Prov., Kichu, Mt. Muhak,

8/19. V 11.2006, local collector leg. (CIR). Fig. 75. C. (A.) leechi Onj insauicola, male, 29.5 mm, D. R. of Korea, South Hwanghae

province, Unryul County, M t. Kuwol, 954 m, local collector leg. (CIR). Fig. 76. C. (A.) VflivabiUssiYYlUS mifabiUssimUS,

male, 24.5 mm, R. of Korea, Gangwondo province, “Peace Dam”, NE Hwacheon 400 m (CIR). Fig. 77. C. (A.) mivabilis-

simus furum iens is , male 26.5 mm, R. of Korea, Gangwondo province, Odaesan Mt„ Jingogae, 800 m (CIR). Fig. 78. C.

(A.) mirabilissimus igniferescens , male 26 mm, R. of Korea, Gangwondo province, South from Gimhwa, 450 m (CIR).

744

Ivan Rapuzzi

Fig. 79. Carabus (Acoptolabrus) costricticollis aff. limes, male 28 mm, D.R. of Korea, South Hwanghae province, Unryul

County, M t. Kuwol, 954 m, local collector leg. (CIR). Fig. 80. Idem, aedeagus: median lobe in lateral view. Fig. 81.

Idem, aedeagus: apex in dorsal view. Fig. 82. C. (A.) COUStricticolUs tnicwcoldsellus n. ssp., holotype male. Fig. 83.

Idem, aedeagus: median lobe in lateral view. Fig. 84. Idem, aedeagus: apex in dorsal view. Fig. 85. Idem, paratype

female, 22 mm, D.R. of Korea, North Hamgyong Province, Paeksa, 1139 m , VII. 2004, local collector leg. (CIR). Fig.

86. C. (A.) constricticollis grcillcitorius, male 33 mm, Seishin Korea (= Chongjin, North Hamgyong province, D.R. of

Korea) (CIR). Fig. 87. C. (A.) Schrencki lij iflgkeicmUS , male 24 mm, D.R. of Korea, South Hamgyong province, M t.

Kachwari, local collector leg. (CIR).

New and interesting Carabus Linnaeus, I 758 (Coleoptera Carabidae) from Korean Peninsula

745

Fig. 88. Carabus (Coptolabrus) jankowskii byeoksanensis n. ssp., holotype male. Fig. 89. Idem, aedeagus: median lobe in

lateral view. Fig. 90. Idem, aedeagus: apex in dorsal view. Fig. 91. Idem, paratype female, 37 mm, R. of Korea, Jeollabuk-do

Province, Buan-gun, B yeonsanbando, 100/200 m, 1 3 12 0 . V II .2 0 1 2 , I. Rapuzzi and L. Caldon leg. (C1R). Fig. 92. C. ( C.)

SinaragdiriUS buangun n. ssp., holotype male. Fig. 93. Idem, aedeagus: median lobe in lateral view. Fig. 94. Idem, aedeagus:

apex in dorsal view. Fig. 95. Idem, paratype female, 51 mm. R. of Korea, Jeollabuk-do Province, Buan-gun, Byeonsanbando,

100/200 m, 1 3/20. V 11.20 1 2, I. Rapuzzi and L. Caldon leg. (C1R).

746

Ivan Rapuzzi

Fig. 96. Carabus (Coptolabrus) smaragdinus euaureus n. ssp., holotype male. Fig. 97. Idem, aedeagus: median lobe in lateral

view. Fig. 98. Idem, aedeagus: apex in dorsal view. Fig. 99. Idem, para type fern ale, 43 mm, R. of Korea, lirisan Nat. Park, Yeon -

grieongchi, 1200 m, 7/1 6. V 11.20 1 2, 1. Rapuzzi and L. Caldon leg. (CIR). Fig. 100. C. (CoptolabrilS) smaragdinus euviridis, male

38 mm, R. of Korea, Jirisan Mt„ 1. Rapuzzi and L. Caldon leg. (CIR). Fig. 101. C. (TeratOCarabllS) azmel gdizhouensis, female

24 mm, D.R. of Korea, Pyonganbukdo, Kwaksan County, Sinmi Island, Unjong-Ni 9/20. V 11. 2006, local collector leg. (CIR).

New and interesting Carabus Linnaeus, I 758 (Coleoptera Carabidae) from Korean Peninsula

747

Etymology. The new subspecies is named after

the spectacular gold colour.

Variability. Little variability: the length of the

body ranges from 41 mm to 44 mm for the females

(the male paratype has the same size as holotype).

The colour is constant; only one specimen is gold

w ith green lustre.

Remarks. The new subspecies is closely related

to C. smaragdinus euviridis ishikaw a et Kim, 1983

but with different colour: dark “cold” green for eu-

viridis and coppery -go Id foreuaureus.The size is lar-

ger as well as the shape of pronotum and the elytra.

Carabus ( Coptolabrus ) smaragdinus euviridis

Ishikawa et Kim , 1 983 (Fig. 100)

Examined material. One male Republic of

Korea, Kyongsang-Namdo province, Mt. Chiri-san

(= Jirisan Mt.), C h o n w an g b o n g , 1400-1900 m, Y.

Imura leg. (CIR); 6 males and 2 females: Republic

of Korea, Kyongsang-Namdo province, Jirisan Nat.

Park, Byeoksoryeong, 1350 m, I. Rapuzzi and L.

Caldon legit (CIR); 5 males and 4 females: Re-

public of Korea, Kyongsang-Namdo province,

Jirisan Nat. Park, G angcheong-ri, 250 m, I. Rapuzzi

and L. Caldon legit (CIR).

Remarks. The subspecies is endemic to the

Jirisan Mountains and particularly in the area

surrounding the highest peak (C ho n w an g b o ng

peak) where euviridis lives at different altitudes

(from 250 m to 1900 m) and different habitats. In

the Southwest part of Jirisan massif the subspecies

is replaced by C. Smaragdinus euaureUS n . ssp.

Carabus {Ter ato carabus) azrael gaizhouensis

Imura, 199 6 (Fig. 10 1)

Examined material. 1 female, Democratic Re-

public of Korea, Pyonganbukdo, Kwaksan County,

Sinmi Island, Unjong-Ni 9 /2 0 . V II. 2 0 0 6 , local col-

lector legit, in the author's collection.

Remarks. First record forthe Korean peninsula.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I wish to thank Dr. Frank Kleinfeld (Fiirth, Ger-

many) for helping me with literature and critical

review of the article; Dr. Luisa Caldon (Pordenone,

Italy) for helping me with collecting trips to Korea;

Mr. Gontran Drouin (Quebec City, Canada) for the

language revision of the text; Mr. Vinicio Salami

(Alfianello, Italy) and Mr. Stefano Dacatra

(Milano, Italy) for the loan of the specimens for

description .

REFERENCES

Born P., 1922. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Carabenfauna

Ostasiens. Entom ologische Mitteilungen, 11: 16 6 —

174.

B reuning S., 1 927. Beitrag zur Kenntnis asiatischer

Caraben, sowie 3 neue europaische Carabenformen.

C oleopterologisches C entralblatt, 2: 80-85.

B reuning S., 1 932-1 936. Monographic der Gattung

Cardbus L. Bestimmungs-Tabellen der europaischen

Coleopteren. Troppau, 1610 pp.

B reuning S., 1975. Description de nouvelles sous-

especes du genre CarabllS L. (s. 1.) (Cole op teres

Carabidae, Carabinae). Nouvelle Revue d’Entomolo-

gie, 5 : 1 29-1 34.

B re z in a B., 2003. World Catalogue of the Genus CarabllS

L. Pensoft. S o fia -M o s c o w , 170 pp.

Deuve T., 1990. Nouveaux CarabllS d'Asie (Coleoptera,

Carabidae). Bulletin de la Societe de Sciences

Nat ure lies, 66: 25-28.

Deuve T., 1991. Descriptions et diagnoses de nouveaux

Coleopteres Carabidae asiatiques. L' E n to m o lo g is te ,

47: 1 3-27.

Deuve T., 1 992. Carabus d'Asie. Nouveaux taxons

(Coleoptera, Carabidae). Bulletin de la Societe de

Sciences Naturelles, 74: 7-9.

Deuve T. & Mourzine S., 1993. Descriptions de trois

nouveaux CarabllS de la Coree S eptentrionale et de

la Siberie Orientale (Coleoptera, Carabidae). Bulletin

de la Societe de Sciences Naturelles, 77: 37-3 8.

Deuve T., 2004. Illustrated Catalogue of the Genus

Carabus of the World (Coleoptera: Carabidae).

Pensoft. S o fia-M o sco w , 461 pp.

Deuve T., 2006. Noveaux DamaSter et AcoptolttbrilS

de Chine et de Coree se p te n trio n a le (Coleoptera,

Carabidae). Coleopteres, 12: 7-18.

Deuve t., 2013 . Cychrus, Calosoma e t Carabus d e

Chine. Pensoft. S o fia -M o sc o w , 307 pp.

Deuve T. & Li J., 2000. Esquisse pour la connaisance

d u Genre Carabus L. en Chine du Nord-Est. Lambil-

lionea, 1 00: 502-530.

Deuve T. & Li J., 2009. Noveaux CarabllS de Chine et

de Coree et confirmation de la validite specifique de

Carabus (CarabllS) cartereti Deuve, 1982 (Cole-

optera, Carabidae). Coleopteres, 15: 1-12.

748

Ivan Rapuzzi

Hauser g 1921 . Damaster - Coptolabrus - G ruppe der

Gattung CarabllS. Jena Verlag von Gustav Fischer,

394 pp, 11 pis.

Lapouge G.V. de, 1929-1932. Coleoptera Adephaga,

Fam. Carabidae, Subfam. Carabinae. Gen. Ins. 192:

747 pp, 7 maps, 10 pis.

Lassalle B ., 1 999. Carabes nouveaux de Coree (Cole-

optera Carabidae). Le C oleopteriste. 35: 25-28.

Kwon Y.J. & Lee S.-M., 1984. Classification of the sub -

family Carabinae from Korea (Coleoptera: Cara-

bidae). Insecta koreana, 4: 148 pp, 107 pis.

Kwon Y. J. & Park J. K., 1989. Morphometric Analyses

of Damaster (Coptolabrus) jankowskii from k o re a

(Coleoptera: Carabidae). Agricultural Research

Bulletin Kyungpook National University, 7: 127-

15 1 .

Rapuzzi I., 2009. Nuovi CarabllS L ., 1758 di Corea

S ettentrionale ed Afghanistan (Coleoptera Cara-

bidae). L am b illionea, 1 09: 358-369.

Tatum T., 1847. Description of two new species of

CarabllS from Asia. The Annals of Magazine of

Natural History, 20 (1 30): 14-1 5.

Biodiversity Journal, 2015, 6 (3): 749-752

Two new species of Pseudosphegesthes Reitter, 1913 from

Greece and Turkey (Coleoptera Cerambycidae)

Pierpaolo Rapuzzi 1 & Ivo Jenis 2

'via Cialla, 48, 33040 Prepotto, Udine, Italy; e-mail: info@ronchidicialla.it

2 Naklo 342, 783 32, Czech Republic; e-mail: ivojenis@seznam.cz

ABSTRACT Two new species of Pseudosphegesthes Reitter, 1913 are described. One is from Peloponnese

(Greece), the second one is from Southern Turkey. They are close to Pseudosphegesthes

bergeri Slama, 1982 from Crete (Greece).

KEY WORDS New species; Cerambycidae; Clytini; Pseudosphegesthes', Greece; Turkey.

Received 13.08.2015; accepted 11.09.2015; printed 30.09.2015

INTRODUCTION

Studying the interesting Cerambycidae collected

by one of the authors (Ivo Jenis) in Greece and

thanks to the courtesy of our colleague and friend

Ivo Martinu (Olomouc, Czech Republic) who gave

us part of his interesting material collected in

Greece for study, we found a Pseudosphegesthes

Reitter, 1913 species that belongs to an unknown

species related with the Cretan species P. bergeri

Slama, 1982. Moreover the first author had the

opportunity to study a series of specimens of a

Pseudosphegesthes collected in SW Turkey by the

specialist of Buprestidae Maurizio Gigli (Rome,

Italy) that belongs to a new species related to P.

bergeri from Crete as well (Slama, 1982).

The genus Pseudosphegesthes was introduced

by Reitter (1913) for Clytus cinereus Laporte et

Gory, 1836. According to the structure of the

pronotum, head and elytra, it is very likely that it is

a synonym of Perissus Chevrolat, 1863 described

for Perissus x-littera Chevrolat, 1863 from Papua

New Guinea. To establish this synonymy it will be

necessary to study this Asiatic species.

ACRONYMS. BBuC: Boris Bubenik collec-

tion, Frydek Mistek, Czech Republic. BBC:

Bartlomiej Bujnik collection, Elblag, Poland. GRC:

Gianfranco Giannini and Gabriella Rondinini col-

lection, Lissone, Milano, Italy. IJC: Ivo Jenis col-

lection, Naklo, Czech Republic. MGC: Maurizio

Gigli collection, Rome, Italy. IMC: Ivo Martinu col-

lection, Olomouc, Czech Republic. RPC: Radoslaw

Plewa collection, Raszyn, Poland. PRC: P. Rapuzzi

collection, Prepotto, Udine, Italy. GSC: Gianfranco

Sama collection, Cesena, Italy.

Pseudosphegesthes bubeniki n. sp.

Figure 1

Examined material. Type material: Holotypus

male, Greece: Peloponnese, Messenia, Dasochori,

e.l. 5.V.2013, Boris Bubenik, Oliver Dulik and Ivo

Jenis legit (BBC); Paratypus: 42 males 35 females

same data as Holotype (PRC, IJC, BBC, RPC); 1

female; Greece: Peloponnese, Chrousa, SW ofMe-

galopoli, 1 female ex pupae, 14.VI.20 12, Ivo Jenis

legit; 45 males and 43 females Greece: Peloponnese,

750

PlERPAOLO RAPUZZI & IVO JENIS

Arkadia, Vastas S W Megalopoli, 22.V.2014, e.l. Ivo

Martinu legit (IJC, BBC, IMC, BBC, and PRC).

Description of the Holotypus. Male. Length

11 mm, width 2.5 mm. Body dark, almost black.

Front large, broad, square, strongly and densely

punctate; covered with recumbent short ash gray

bristles, denser around eyes. In the middle of the

front there is a short groove, more evident close to

the antennal tubercles and evanescent towards the

mouth. Pronotum longer than wide, bell-shaped with

the largest portion just before the base. Scutellum

round shaped, apex covered with silver pubescence.

Elytra long, sides parallel, narrowed only towards

the apex. Apex truncate without any teeth on the

sides. Elytra deeply punctate. The punctures are

small, with the same density on all surface, but a

little smaller and not so dense towards the apex.

Between humeri and scutellum there is a short carina,

parallel with suture. Elytra black, covered with ash

gray pubescence on the shoulders; there are two

transverse ash gray bands: the first one is arched,

starting just behind the scutellum, slightly leaning

outside in the first half and then curved and reas-

sembling towards the epipleurae. The second one is

just behind the middle, transverse, thin, and climbs

up again along the suture on its upper side. On the

lower side it follows the shape of the upper side.

Apex with confuse ash gray pubescence. Legs long,

with several erect black setae on the inner side of

femora and tibiae. Tarsi very long, mainly on the

hind legs. The first segment of hind tarsi is more

than twice as long as the other segments together.

Antennae reaching the first third of the elytral length.

Variability. The length-range of the paratypes

is between 7.1 and 11.5 mm for the males and 9.0

and 13.0 mm for the females. The females show the

typical differences from the males of the genus:

elytra larger and less acuminate towards the apex,

antennae shorter and pronotum with punctuation

smoother on the disk. Some males have the elytra

covered with a very dense ash gray pubescence

masking the individual bands.

Etymology. The new species is dedicated to

our friend Mr. Boris Bubenik (Frydek Mistek,

Czech Republic) to thank him for collecting a large

series of this species.

Biology. All the specimens were reared from

dead branches of Quercus pubescens Willd.

Remarks. Pseudosphegesthes bubeniki n. sp. is

related to P. bergeri Slama, 1982 endemic from

Crete according to the elytral pattern. It shows

indeed the same structure in the bands, with the

transverse band thin, not enlarged along the suture;

in fact it is projected toward the elytral base but

remains of the same thickness. The new species is

easy to distinguish from the Cretan species by the

pronotum shape. More or less with parallel sides in

P bergeri and bell-shaped in the new species. The

elytral bands are thinner in the new species and

often wider in bergeri. Moreover, the third antennal

segment is as long as the fourth in P bubeniki n. sp.,

clearly longer in P. bergeri. From P. cinerea the new

species is easy to distinguish by the pronotum

shape: bell-shaped instead of parallel sided. It

Figure 1. Pseudosphegesthes bubeniki n. sp.,

paratypus male, lenght 10.8 mm.

Two new species of Pseudosphegesthes Reitter, 1913 from Greece andTurkey (Coleoptera Cerambycidae Cerambycinae) 751

shows the same ratio in the length of the third and

fourth antennal segments. The transverse light band

in P. cinerea is clearly wider near the suture due to

the fact that it is more or less parallel sided towards

the elytral apex but is elongate along the suture

towards the elytral base.

This new species is very interesting because it

extends the range of the genus to the continental

Greece. As for its features it stands in the middle

way between P. cinerea and P. bergeri. It will

be very interesting to study the population of

Pseudosphegesthes from Northern Greece and

former Yugoslavia.

Pseudosphegesthes giglii n. sp.

Figure 2

points on the whole surface. Two bands decorate

the elytra: the basal band, in the first half, is arched

towards the outer margin. This band starts just

behind the scutellum and turns almost immediately

to the outside. The second band is just behind the

middle of the elytral length and is more or less

transverse, enlarged close to the suture toward the

apex and toward the base giving to this band a sort

of “cross-shape”. There are many ash gray recum-

bent short hairs on the shoulders, the lateral margins

and the apical area. Apex obliquely truncate. Legs

long with many very short, recumbent ash gray

hairs, denser on the femora than on the tibiae. Tibiae

with long, thin, light erect hairs, denser on the inner

side, especially on the hind legs, sparser on the

middle legs and quite absent on the forelegs. All

Examined material. Type material: Holotypus

male Turkey: Antalya prov.: Karaovabeli, 1000 m.,

23. VI. 2003, ex larva Quercus coccifera, emerged

3. VII. 2006, M. Gigli legit (PRC); Paratypus: 54

males and 36 females: same collecting data as

holotypus, emerged 27.VII.2005; 15.VIII.2005;

3.VII.2006; 7.VIII.2006; 11.VII.2007; 2.VII.2008;

VII.2011; V.2013; 1 male (PRC; GSC, and MGC);

Turkey, Mugla prov., Fethye, 8-20. VIII. 2001, G.

Giannini legit. (GRC); 1 male, Turkey: Antalya

prov., Giindogmu§, 13.VI.1994, ex larva Quercus ,

S. Lundberg legit (GSC); 1 male, Turkey: Antalya

prov., Giindogmu§, 12.VI.1994, ex larva Quercus ,

S. Lundberg legit (GSC); 1 male Turkey: Mersin

prov., north of Erdemli, 27.V.1996, ex larva Quer-

cus , emerged 20.IV. 1997, S. Lundberg legit (GSC).

Description of the Holotypus. Male. Length

6.5 mm width 2.0 mm. Body dark brown, mat.

Front large with a deep unpunctured furrow between

eyes. Head all covered with short, recumbent ash

gray hairs, more densely around the eyes and up to

the labrum. Pronotum long, clearly longer than

large, about two times longer than wide with paral-

lel sides. All pronotum is deeply punctured; in the

middle of the disk is a longitudinal crest with very

dense granules. Just above middle are two small

round depressions placed at each side of the median

ridge. Sides of pronotum are covered with dense,

short, recumbent ash gray hairs; only few of these

hairs on the disk. Scutellum rounded, glabrous.

Elytra parallel, slightly narrowed only towards the

apex. Elytral punctuation made by dense and small

Figure 2. Pseudosphegesthes giglii n. sp.,

paratypus male, lenght 12.5 mm.

752

PlERPAOLO RAPUZZI & IVO JENIS

tarsi are long, hind tarsi particularly long, the first

segment very long and the next very short, the

second about five times shorter than the first and

the third about one third than the second. Antennae

of medium length, dark brown, segments second to

fifth with several long ash-grey erect hairs at inner

side; third segment a little longer than the fourth.

All antennae covered with very short and recum-

bent ash-grey hairs.

Variability. The length range is between 6 and

13 mm for the males and 5 and 11 mm for the

females. Some males show elytra quite entirely

covered with ash gray hairs making the bands con-

fused in this light pubescence. The ground color

of the integuments is sometimes reddish-brown

instead of dark-brown.

Etymology. The new species is dedicated to

our friend Mr. Maurizio Gigli (Rome, Italy).

Biology. All the specimens collected were reared

from dead branches of Quercus coccifera L.

Remarks. Pseudosphegesthes giglii n. sp. is

related to the Cretan species P. bergeri. It is easy

to distinguish them by the shorter antennae and the

particular ratio of the hind tarsi: a very long first

segment and very short next segments, the second

about five times shorter than the first and the third

about one third of the second; in the Cretan species

this ratio is: second segment about four times

shorter than the first and the third about half of the

second. Third antemial segment slightly longer than

the fourth; clearly longer in P. bergeri. From these

features it is close to P bubeniki n. sp. but easy to

distinguish by the hind tarsi (which are similar in

Greek species and P. bergeri). Comparing to the

other Turkish species, the closest one is P longit-

arsus Holzschuh, 1974 but it is very easy to distin-

guish them by the very long tarsi of P longitarsus

(Holzschuh, 1974). The other known Anatolian

species are P samai Danilevsky, 2000 and P. brun-

nescens Pic, 1897 (Lobl & Smetana, 2010) but

these two species have very different elytral pat-

terns and many others features (see Pic, 1897 and

Danilevsky, 2000).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We are grateful to Boris Bubenik (Frydek

Mistek, Czech Republic), Oliver Dulilc (Nasoburky,

Czech Republic), Ivo Martinu (Olomouc, Czech

Republic), Bartlomiej Bujnik (Elblag, Poland),

Gianfranco Sama (Cesena, Italy), Maurizio Gigli

(Roma, Italy), Gianfranco Giannini and Gabriella

Rondinini (Fissone, Milano, Italy) for the oppor-

tunity to study the specimens collected during their

scientific survey in Greece and Turkey. We are deep

grateful to our friend Gontran Drouin (Sainte

Henedine, Quebec, Canada) for the critical revision

of the manuscript and for the revision of the english

text.

REFERENCES

Danilevsky M.L., 2000. New Taxa of Cerambycidae

from Turkey and Transcaucasia. Elytron, 13: 39M7.

Holzschuh K., 1974. Neue Bockkaferaus dei Pakistan,

Iran, Anatolien und Mazedonien (Coleoptera,

Cerambycidae). Zeitschrift der Arbeitgemeinschaft

Osterreichischer Entomologen, 25: 81-100.

Lobl I. & Smetana A., 2010. Catalogue of Paleartic

Coleoptera. 6. Chrysomeloidea. Apollo Books,

Stenstrup, 924 pp.

Pic M., 1897. Description de longicornes de la region

caucasique. Le Naturaliste, 19: 262-263.

Reitter E., 1913. Fauna Germanica. Die Kafer des

Deutschen Reiches. Band IV (1912). K. G. Lutz,

Stuttgart, pp. 1-236.

Slama M., 1982. Neue Arten und Unterarten von

Cerambyciden aus Kreta (Coleoptera). Reichenbachia,

20: 203-212.

Biodiversity Journal, 2015, 6 (3): 753-756

Kabatekiipsebium yemenensis new genus and new species from

Arabic Peninsula (Coleoptera Cerambycidae)

Pierpaolo Rapuzzi

'via Cialla, 48, 33040 Prepotto, Udine, Italy; e-mail: info@ronchidicialla.it

ABSTRACT Kabatekiipsebium yemenensis new genus and new species is described from Yemen and

Oman. The new genus belongs to Psebiini Lacordaire, 1869 tribe and it is close to Pectinopse-

bium Adlbauer, 2012 and BosOychopsebium Quentin et Villiers, 1971 but it is strictly related

to Pectinopsebium by the shape of the antennae in both sexes. The new genus is easy to

distinguish from all other genera of Psebiini by its particular shape of antennae, the length of

the elytra and legs, and for the very small size of its body.

KEY WORDS New genus; new species; Cerambycidae; Psebiini; Yemen; Oman.

Received 31.08.2015; accepted 21.09.2015; printed 30.09.2015

INTRODUCTION

Among the Cerambycidae collected by my

colleagues Petr Kabatek (Prague, Czech Republic)

and Walter Grosser (Opava, Czech Republic) I

found a series of Cerambycidae that belongs to a

genus and species unknown. The new genus

belongs to tribe Psebiini and is strictly related to

Pectinopsebium Adlbauer, 2012 described from

Kenya and Bostrychopsebium Quentin et Villiers,

1971 from East Africa (Quentin & Villiers, 1971).

ACRONYMS. NMC: Collection of National

Museum Natural History, Prague, Czech Republic;

PKC: Petr Kabatek collection (Prague, Czech

Republic); PRC: Pierpaolo Rapuzzi collection,

Prepotto, Udine, Italy; WGC: Walter Grosser col-

lection (Opava, Czech Republic);

Kabatekiipsebium n. gen.

Type species. Kabatekiipsebium yemenensis n. sp.

Description. Male: very small and thin; head

and pronotum deeply punctate; frons large, flat.

Pronotum with several longitudinal thin and short

wrinkles on the disk. Pronotum 2.5 times longer

than wide, constricted before base, without teeth on

sides, many long pale erect thin setae on the disk.

These setae are slightly tilted forward. Eyes large,

the two lobes are joined by several lines of omma-

tidia. Elytra short, two third longer than abdomen,

the last four abdominal segments exceed the elytral

apex. Elytra deeply punctured. The punctures are

larger and denser on the sides, especially around the

apex. In the middle of the disk is a long triangular

depression. Elytra covered with long pale erect

hairs, denser near the base and shorter and sparser

towards the apex. Legs short, with small dense

punctures, covered with several pale erect setae.

Epipleurae densely and heavily punctured. Anten-

nae simple for the first five segments and the last

six segments very short. Each of the last six seg-

ments with a very long flabellum on the outside,

flabellum longer than the whole antennal length.

754

PlERPAOLO RAPUZZI

Segments 1st, 3rd, 4th, 5th of the same length. 2nd

segment a third longer than the first. Female: female

differs from the male by the pronotum a little

shorter, two times longer than wide. Elytra a little

longer. Antennae shorter, simply without any

flabellum or spine, made by 9 segments ( 9th to

11th segments are fused together). First to fifth

segments cylindrical, 6th to 9th segments com-

pressed and flat, slightly expanded externally.

Elytra evidently shorter than abdomen. The last four

abdominal segments exceed the elytral apex.

Etymology. The new genus is dedicated to

Petr Kabatek from Prague (Czech Republic) who

collected the largest number of specimens known.

The second part of the name refers to the tribe

Psebiini.

Remarks. According to the small size, the new

genus is close to Pectinopsebium Adlbauer, 2012

and Bostrychopsebium Quentin et Villiers, 1971. It

is strictly related to Pectinopsebium by the shape

of the antennae in both sexes. It is easy to distin-

guish by the great length of the antennal flabella in

male, as long as the whole antennal length, the

segments with flabella that are very short and

indistinct, but distinct and really longer in Pectin-

opsebium. The number of flabella is 6 instead of 8

in the African genus. In the females the last three

antennal segments are fused in one segment only

in the new genus, simple and distinct in the related

genus. From Bostrychopsebium it differs by the

longer elytra, very short in Bostrychopsebium.

Antennal segments in Bostrychopsebium are

simple and distinct except in B. usurpator

Flolzschuh, 1989 from Sri Lanka where male

shows small flabella in the last 7 antennal

segments. Pronotum is longer and legs are shorter

in Kabatekiipsebium n. gen. than both the other

related genera of this Tribe (Bostrychopsebium and

Pectinosebium). The new genus is easy to distin-

guish from all other genera of Psebiini by its par-

ticular shape of antennae, the length of the elytra

and legs, and for the very small size of its body.

Kabatekiipsebium yemenensis n. sp.

Examined material. Type material: Holotypus

male, Yemen, Jabal al Fatk, Hawf NE A1 Ghaydah,

16°39’N 53°05’E, 729 m., 12-13.V.2005, P. Kabatek

legit (NMC); Paratypus: 9 males and 4 females,

Yemen, Jabal al Fatk, Hawf NE Al Ghaydah,

16°40’N 53°04’E, 477 m., 12-3 1 .111.2007, ex larva

Acacia sp., P. Kabatek legit; 2 males, Yemen, Jabal

al Fatk, Hawf NE Al Ghaydah, 16°39’N 53°03’E,

191 m., 1-2.IV.2007, ex larva Acacia sp., P. Kabatek

legit; 1 male and 2 females, Yemen, Jabal al Fatk,

Hawf NE Al Ghaydah, 16°40’N 53°05’E, 759 m.,

1.IV.2007, P. Kabatek legit; 1 male, Oman, Dhofar

prov., Jabal al Qamar, 10 Km N Dhalqut, 476 m.,

16.70275°N53.19460°E, ex larva, W. Grosser legit;

1 male, Oman, Taqah env., 270-350 m., 18-

21.IX.2003, R. Cervenka legit. Paratypes in PKC,

WGC, PRC.

Description of the Holotype. Male. Length

4.5 mm. Body black except for the elytra, legs and

antennae which are dark brown. Antennae paler.

Head deeply and thinly punctate, eyes very large

and finely facetted. Frons plane and square. Several

erect pale setae denser between eyes. Pronotum

clearly longer than wide, about two times longer

than wide. Black, strongly punctured with many

short elongate thin wrinkles, clearly larger than the

punctures on the head, several long light erect setae

denser on the base than the apex. Elytra brown,

deeply punctate. Punctures large and denser close

to the suture. Elytra short, small, reaching farther

than the middle of the abdomen. Apex rounded. In

the middle is a deep triangular depression with its

apex towards the elytral apex, and the base towards

the elytral base. The base is covered with dense pale

erect hairs. These hairs are clearly shorter and

denser than the hairs on pronotum. Legs brown,

short, with sparse erect pale hairs. Femora slightly

enlarged and tibiae slightly arched. Antennae

shorter than the body. First five segments normal,

from the sixth to the eleventh very short with an

extremely long flabellum at the apex of each.

Variability. The size of the males is between

4 and 6 mm; one male shows an elongate thin light

spot on the middle of each elytra. Females

completely dark brown. Antennae normal, without

any flabellum, shorter, not reaching the middle of

the body. Elytra with two white bands. The first

one, just before shoulders, is interrupted before

suture; the second one, behind the middle, is com-

plete. The size of the females is between 3.5 and

6 mm.

Kabatekiipsebium yemenensis new genus and new species from Arabic Peninsula (Coleoptera Cerambycidae)

755

Figure 1. Kabatekiipsebium yemenensis n. gen. and n. sp., paratype male, lenght 5 mm.

Figure 2. Kabatekiipsebium yemenensis n. gen. and n. sp., paratype female, lenght 5.5. mm.

Etymology. The new species’ name refers to

the region of the Arabian Peninsula where was

collected the large part of specimens of the type

series.

Distribution and Biology. Kabatekiipsebium

yemenensis n. sp. is, at moment, known only from

Southern Arabian peninsula.

The large part of the specimens of the type series

was reared from Acacia sp. Other specimens was

collected during the night at light traps.

Remarks. Kabatekiipsebium yemenensis n. sp.

is very interesting, in fact all known species of very

small size Psebiini are from East Africa except for

Bostrychopsebium usurpator Holzschuh, 1989

which is known from Sri Lanka (Holzschuh, 1989;

(Lobl & Smetana, 2010; Adlbauer & Bjoornstad,

2012.). Once again, this new species shows how the

Southern Arabian peninsula’s Fauna is connected

with Eastern African Fauna.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I’m grateful to Mr. Petr Kabatek (Prague,

Czech Republic) and Mr. Walter Grosser (Opava,

Czech Republic) who gave me the opportunity to

study this very interesting species collected in

Yemen and Oman respectively. I’m deep grateful

to my friend Gontran Drouin (Sainte Henedine,

Quebec, Canada) for the critical revision of the

manuscript and for the revision of the English

text.

REFERENCES

Adlbauer K. & Bjoornstad A., 2012. Neue afrotropische

Cerambyciden (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Ceram-

bycinae). Linzer biologischen Beitrage, 44: 465-

480.

756

PlERPAOLO RAPUZZI

Holzschuh C., 1989. Beschreibung neuer Bockkafer aus

Europa und Asien (Col., Cerambycidae). Koleopte-

rologische Rundschau, 59: 153-183.

Quentin R.M. & Villiers A., 1971. Revision des Psebiini

(Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Cerambycinae). Anna-

les de la Societe Entomologique de France (N.S.), 7:

3-38.

Lobl I. & Smetana A., 2010. Catalogue of Paleartic Co-

leoptera. 6. Chrysomeloidea. Apollo Books, Sten-

strup, 924 pp.

Biodiversity Journal, 2015, 6 (3): 757-760

On the presence of Buprestis (Buprestis) mag. ca Laporte et Gory,

1837 (Coleoptera Buprestidae) in Italy

Ignazio Sparacio

via E. Notarbartolo 54 int. 13, 90145 Palermo, Italy; e-mail: isparacio@inwind.it

ABSTRACT The present study confirmed the presence of Buprestis ( Buprestis ) magica Laporte et Gory,

1837 (Coleoptera Buprestidae) in Italy based on a male specimen preserved at the Museum

of Natural History of Genoa (Italy), which, for some peculiar morphological characteristics,

is described as a new subspecies: B. magica doderoi n. ssp. from Sardinia. The new subspecies

is illustrated and compared with related taxa.

KEY WORDS Buprestidae; Buprestis ; new subspecies; Sardinia.

Received 08.08.2015; accepted 18.09.2015; printed 30.09.2015

INTRODUCTION

Buprestis (. Buprestis ) magica Laporte et Gory,

1837 (Coleoptera Buprestidae) is widespread in

Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco and Spain (Baviera &

Sparacio, 2002; Kuban, 2006). In Italy, this species

is signalized by Porta (1929 sub B. octoguttata a.

magica), Luigioni (1929 sub B. octoguttata a. ma-

gica) and Obenberger (1938, 1941 sub B. octogut-

tata ssp. magica). Subsequently, these reports were

attributed, with doubt, to B. octoguttata Corsica

Obenberger, 1941 (Curletti, 1985; Gobbi & Platia,

1995; for the exacte date description of "corsica"

see also Schaefer, 1949 p. 206). After the taxonomic

and geonemic revaluation of this species by Baviera

& Sparacio (2002) there were not more data on the

presence of B. magica in Italy (Curletti et al., 2003).

The present study confirms the presence of this

species in Italy and highlights some morphological

differences in the specimen of Sardinia examined

and described below.

ACRONYMS. CGM: G. Magnani collection,

Cesena, Italy. MCSNG: Collection of Museo Civico

di Storia Naturale "Giacomo Doria", Genova, Italy.

CIS: I. Sparacio collection, Palermo, Italy.

Buprestis ( Buprestis ) magica doderoi n. ssp.

Figures 1, 2, 5, 9, 13, 17

Examined material. Holotypus male, pinned

with three original labels: Carloforte (Sardinia) A.

Dodero - Var. magica Lap. - Collezione A. Dodero

(red label) (MCSNG). Collection date: 1901-1912.

A. Dodero travelled to Carloforte only three times,

in 1901, 1902 e 1912 (R. Poggi in verbis).

Other examined material. Buprestis magica ma-

gica. Algeria, D. Fairmaire, teste Thery 1926, Museo

Civico di Genova, 1 male (MCSNG). Algeria, Blida

Chrea m. 1500, G. Magnani legit, ex larva Cedrus

atlantica, 28.VI.1986, 1 male (CGM). S-Spain,

Tarifa, IX. 1983, 1 female, legit G. Dellacasa

(MCSNG); S-Spain, Coto Donana, XII. 1984, 1 fe-

male, leg. Cortesogno (MCSNG); Spain, Cadiz,

Conil El Colorado, 15.VII.1995, P. Coello legit, 2

males (CIS); Balearic Islands, Mallorca, Pollensa,

758

Ignazio Sparacio

1 male and 1 female, leg. J. Jorda (MCSNG).

Buprestis octoguttata octoguttata Linnaeus, 1758.

Croatia, 2 males (MCSNG). Dalmatia, 1 female,

leg. Kelecsenyi (MCSNG). Germany, Chiemgau,

Grassau Moor, 23. VII. 1972, 2 males, leg. P. Brandi

(CIS). Italy, Potenza, Pietra Castello, 15.VII.1996,

1 male, leg. F. Izzillo (CIS). Buprestis octoguttata

Corsica. S-Corsica, Partinello, 19.VII.1990, 1 male,

leg. A. Paulian (CIS). Buprestis aetnensis Baviera

et Sparacio, 2002. Italy, Sicily, Mount Etna north

side, 2000 m asl, 14.VIII.1999, leg. C. Baviera

(CIS), idem 1 female (CIS).

Description of the Holotypus. Male. Length

14.6 mm. Head, pronotum and elytra dark with

feeble green or bluish lustre. Ventral surface dark

with more metallic lustre. Presence of multiple

yellow spots arranged on the dorsal surface as

follows: 1 elongated spot on the inner edge of the

eye, 1 on the lower edge and a smaller one on the

upper-rear edge; pronotum with yellow lateral

margins that continue forward on the anterior

margin, 2 large spots on the posterior margin, con-

tiguous but clearly distinct, joined by a small

stretch; elytra with 4 spots reaching neither the su-

ture nor the elytral margin; 1 humeral spot irregular

and extended and a very small one on the elytral

margin before the last pre-apical spot. Ventral sur-

face with yellow spots disposed as follows: 4 in the

prostemum, the more elongated upper, 2 spots

elongated on the margin of prosternal process;

4 spots on the mesostemum; 4 spots on the

metasternum; stemites 1-4 with isolated spots; anal

stemite with 1 spot elongated along the basal half;

other small spots are arranged on the coxae; femurs

with spots of elongated shape on the lower edge

that, at the articulation with the tibia, extend in part

on the dorsal surface. Frons, antennae, legs and

ventral surface with short, sparse and white

pubescence.

Epistome concave. Frons little hollowed with

big and dense punctures; eyes big, protruding, inner

margins almost straight, little converging dorsally.

Antennae (Fig. 5) with first antennomere long and

little dilated anteriorly, second one short, third

antennomere denticulate, 4-10 little, denticulate but

with obtuse outer angles, terminal antennomere

elongated and rounded at apex. Pronotum 1 .6 times

as wide as long, transverse, regularly convex, lateral

margins converging anteriorly, maximum pronotal

width at basal third, anterior margin deeply biar-

cuate, medial lobe very slighty prominent, posterior

margin very biarcuate, strongly lobate in the

middle; pronotal sculpture consisting of big, deep

and dense punctures, interspace between punctures

with very little, superficial and sparse punctures.

Scutellum subcordiform, 1.2 times as wide as long,

microsculptured. Elytra 1.9 times as long as wide,

slightly wider than pronotum at humeral part, sub-

parallel at anterior two thirds, narrowed at elytral

apices, elytral epipleura narrow not reaching the

elytral apex; elytral sculpture consisting of regular

striae of small points, deep and spaced; interstriae

slightly convex with wide and superficial punctures,

little and transverse lines, and background micro-

sculpture not very evident; humeral swellings

distinct; apex of elytra (Fig. 9) irregularly and

obliquely truncate between two tooth-shaped

protrusions: the margin is concave in the outer half,

straight and irregular in the inner half. Legs relat-

ively long and slender, all femora normal, not

swollen; protibiae slightly, straight, wider distally

and with the pre-apical emargination and 1 apical

tooth; mesotibiae slender, nearly straight; meta-

tibiae straight, flattened, 1-4 segments of tarsi

dilated, the first one little and narrower than the other

three; tarsal claws slender, hook-shaped slightly

enlarged at the base. Prosternal process with a

median furrow and big and sparse punctures; the

sides are straight with apex truncate and rounded.

Metastemum with punctures and a median furrow.

Stemites microreticulated with elongated and irregu-

lar punctures, the first one with a little hollow at the

center, anal stemite (Fig. 13) truncated and little con-

cave at apex between two tooth- shaped protmsions.

Aedeagus (Fig. 17) with parameres pointed ap-

ically, larger around the middle and narrow and

slightly hollow at apical half; microsculpture apical

medium thickened; median lobe pointed apically.

Variability. Unknown.

Etymology. The new subspecies is dedicated

to Agostino Dodero (Genoa, Italy) who collected

the specimen object of this study.

Biology and Distribution. The species of the

genus Buprestis Linnaeus, 1758 usually develops

on wood of various conifers ( Pinus , Picea,

Abies , Larix, ...). Buprestis magica doderoi n. sp.

is known, at the moment, only from Southern

Sardinia.

On the presence of Buprestis (Buprestis) magica Laporte et Gory, 1837 (Coleoptera Buprestidae) in Italy

759

0.5 mm

1 mm

Figures 1, 2. Buprestis (B.) magica doderoi n. ssp. holotypus male (14.6 mm) with labels. Figures 3-6. Antennae of male

of B. (B.) magica magica (Algeria) (Fig. 3), B. (B . ) magica magica (Spain, Cadiz) (Fig. 4), B. (B . ) magica doderoi n. ssp.

(Fig. 5) and B. ( B .) octoguttata Corsica (Corsica, Partinello) (Fig. 6). Figures 7-10. Apex of elytra of male of B. (B.) magica

magica (Algeria) (Fig. 7), B. ( B .) magica magica (Spain, Cadiz) (Fig. 8), B. ( B .) magica doderoi n. ssp. (Fig. 9) and B. ( B .)

octoguttata Corsica (Corsica, Partinello) (Fig. 10). Figures 1 1-14. Anal stemite of male of B. (B.) magica magica (Algeria)

(Fig. 11), B. (B. ) magica magica (Spain, Cadiz) (Fig. 12), B. (B.) magica doderoi n. ssp. (Fig. 13) and B. (B. ) octoguttata

Corsica (Fig. 14). Figures 15-18. Aedeagus of B. ( B .) magica magica (Algeria) (Fig. 15), B. (B.) magica magica (Spain,

Cadiz) (Fig. 16), B. ( B .) magica doderoi n. ssp. (Fig. 17) and B. (B.) octoguttata Corsica (Corsica, Partinello) (Fig. 18).

760

Ignazio Sparacio

Remarks. The description of B. magica doderoi

n. ssp. was performed on a single male specimen

that, however, appears well differentiated by the

peculiar shape of the antennae, the apex of elytra,

anal stemite and aedeagus (Figs. 5, 9, 13, 17).

In particular, this new subspecies is different

from the surrounding populations of Tunisia,

Algeria, Morocco and Spain, Balearic Islands in-

cluded, attributed to B. magica magica (Figs. 3, 4,

7, 8, 11, 12, 15, 16) and those of Corsica attributed

to B. octoguttata Corsica (Figs. 6, 10, 14, 18); B.

magica doderoi n. ssp. is different, also, from

European populations of B. octoguttata octoguttata

and Sicilian populations of B. aetnensis (see

Baviera & Sparacio, 2002).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I am very obliged to Roberto Poggi (Museo

Civico di Storia Naturale "Giacomo Doria", Genoa,

Italy) for the possibility to study the present ma-

terial.

REFERENCES

Baviera C. & Sparacio I., 2002. Descrizione di una nuova

specie di Buprestis Linnaeus della Sicilia (Coleoptera

Buprestidae). II Naturalista siciliano, 26: 93-99.

Curletti G., 1985. I Buprestidi d’ltalia. Catalogo Tasso-

nomico, Sinonimico, Biologico, Geonemico. Mono-

grafia di “Natura Bresciana”, 19: 1-318.

Curletti G., Rastelli M., Rastelli S. & Tassi F., 2003.

Piccole Faune. Coleotteri Buprestidi dTtalia. CD-

ROM.

Gobbi G. & Platia G., 1995. Coleoptera Poliphaga VII

(Elateroidea, Buprestoidea). In: Minelli A., Ruffo S.

& La Pasta S. (Eds.), Checklist delle specie della

fauna italiana, 52. Calderini, Bologna.

Kuban V., 2006. Buprestidae subfamily Buprestinae

(without Anthaxiini). In: Lobl I. & Smetana A.

(Eds.): Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, vol. 3.

Stenstrup: Apollo Books, 381-388.

Luigioni P., 1929. I Coleotteri dTtalia. Memorie della

Pontificia Accademia delle Scienze di Roma, 12:

1-1160.

Obenberger J., 1938. Buprestis octoguttata L. (Col.

Bupr.). Acta entomologica Musei nationalis Pragae,

16: 83-90.

Obenberger J., 1941. Revision der Palaearktischen

Buprestis Arten. Mitteilungen der Miinchner

Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 31: 460-554.

Porta A., 1929. Fauna Coleopterorum Italica. Stabili-

mento Tipografico Piacentino, Piacenza, Vol. 3: 380-

410.

Schaefer L., 1949. Les Buprestides de France. Miscel-

lanea Entomologica, Supplement. Paris, 512 pp.

Biodiversity Journal, 2015, 6 (3): 761-766

Therapeutic use of Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Lamiales Lamia-

ceae) and description of its medicinal flora cortege in Algeria

Amina Mostefai*, Hassiba Stambouli-Meziane & Mohamed Bouazza

'‘Laboratory of Ecology and Management of Natural Ecosystems, PO Box 296, 13000 Tlemcen, Algiers, Algeria

‘Corresponding author, e-mail: amina_biol3@hotmail.fr

ABSTRACT Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Lamiales Lamiaceae), Rosemary, is an aromatic and medicinal

plant distributed throughout the Mediterranean Sea and the rest of Europe. It is typically

Mediterranean and in Algeria is widespread in different regions. Rosmarinus officinalis is

known and used since ancient times for its culinary, medicinal and aromatic (in perfumery)

virtues. It is widely used as a condiment in the Mediterranean basin and in England; also there

are honey specially produced from the nectar of the flowers of Rosemary called "Honey of

Narbonne" or "Rosemary honey". It is very used in agri-food as conservative and antioxidant,

for the conservation of meat and fats. The essential oil used in doses greater than 2 to 3

drops/day would cause risk of nephritis and gastroenteritis. The leaves and flowering tops

would have the same effect at excessive doses. Our work is focused on the study of the

diversity of the floristic cortege of R. officinalis species taking into account two geographically

different stations: Sidi Djilali and Beni Saf.

KEY WORDS Rosmarinus officinalis', medicinal flora; coastal station; steppe.

Received 11.08.2015; accepted 09.09.2015; printed 30.09.2015

INTRODUCTION

Traditional medicine and plants world live in

close connection, as the first one draws its raw

material from the second to make remedies. All

drugs falling within Western medicine, must over-

come a pharmacological experimentation in order

to verily their activity and to ensure their safety.

Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Lamiales Lamiaceae)

is one of the medicinal plants which are in use since

antiquity in the entire Mediterranean basin. It is

placed in the category of purifying plants for its

action on the digestive and urinary systems and as

stimulant plant for its essential oil showing anti-

rheumatic virtues and positive effects on fertility

and pregnancy. In gastronomy it is used also as a

spice for food preparation and preservation of food

(i.e. meat). Today, R. officinalis is entered in modem

medicine through herbal nature specialties where it

appears often in association with other plants.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

To study the dynamics of the floristic cortege of

R. officinalis, it is necessary to know the factors that

encourage their diffusion. To carry out this work we

have chosen two stations located in two different

areas of the country:

• coast: the station of Sidi Safi belonging to the

municipality of Beni Saf

762

Amina Mostefai etalii

• steppe: station of Sidi Goretti belonging to the

municipality of Sidi Djilali.

The two stations are located in semi-arid en-

vironments and characterized by a rainy season

from November to April and a drought summer

lasting about 5 to 6 months.

For all medicinal species and each station types,

morphological, biological and phytogeographic

distributions have been taken into account in order

to assess the floristic richness of medicinal plants

in the study area.

The oil of Rosmarinus officinalis

Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil contains

scents of camphor, pinenes, cineol, and verbenone;

it also contains flavonoids (diosmin, Luteolin),

diterpenes, like the rosmadial and camosolic acid,

but also lipids (alkanes and alkenes), steroids (acid

triterpenes aleanolique, acid ursotique), phenolic

acids (rosmarinic acid, chlorogenic acid) and

phytoestrogens, showing effects comparable to the

female hormones.

Rosmarinus officinalis oil stimulates circulation

and invigorates the nervous system, skin, liver and

gall bladder. Is refreshing, antiseptic and antibac-

terial, and even diuretic and purifying; moreover, it

is an antidepressant with antifungal properties,

prevents and reduces spasms, tempers flatulence

and regulates digestion. It hunts large colds and

pain. And, on an emotional level, the oil soothes

mental exhaustion and clarifies the spirit.

Use of Rosmarinus officinalis

The dried leaves of R. officinalis are commonly

used in gastronomy (see I.T.E.I.P.M.A.I., 1991).

Still, R. officinalis enters the composition of Vin-

egars. Its high content of bomeol gives it powerful

antiseptic properties which makes it the bactericide

of choice in cannery (see I.T.E.I.P.M.A.I., 1991).

The essential oil used in doses greater than 2 to

3 drops/day would cause risk of nephritis and

gastroentheritis (leaves and flowering tops would

have the same effect at excessive doses).

The essential oil is avoided in people with

epilepsy and hypertension, children and pregnant

and lactating women.

The toxicity

A plant is considered toxic when it contains one

or more substances harmful to humans or animals,

the use of which causes death or more or less

serious varied disorders (Fournier, 2001).

Many toxic plants are listed by several Anti

Poison centres (see for example Patrick, 2003;

Flesch, 2005).

The study of acute plant toxicity is usually

performed by intra-peritoneal injections of different

extracts in laboratory animals, the plant is con-

sidered toxic when the mean lethal dose (LD50) is

500 mg/lcg or less (Maries & Norman, 1994).

Among all deemed toxic plants, some are lethal in

case of injection while others do cause minor,

mainly digestive, disorders.

All parts of the plant have the toxic principles,

but especially roots and seeds do, since they contain

aconitine - a diterpenoid alkaloid - with a mainly

neurological and cardiac toxicity (Flesch, 2005).

Depending on the duration, frequency and quantity

of toxic products to which an individual is exposed,

there are several types of toxicities (Damien, 2002).

Humans are constantly exposed to either acute or

sub-acute or even chronic toxicity (Bismuth et al.,

1987).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Obtained results are shown in Table 1 and fig-

ures 1-4. The study area comprises 66 medicinal

species distributed in 31 families, with the pre-

dominance of Lamiaceae (17%), Liliaceae (15%)

and Apiaceae (8%). Asteraceae, Brassicaceae,

Fabaceae and Cupressaceae are represented only by

6 or 5 %; while other families are only poorly

represented.

Generally speaking, biological types or forms of

the species reflect biology and a certain adaptation

to the environment (Barry, 1988).

The coexistence of many biological types, in a

same station, no doubt accentuates the floristic

richness of a given site, taking also into account the

importance that annuals can take in arid zones

during some favourable years (Florer & Ponta-

nier,1982).

The spectrum composition of the study area

revealed the predominance of Therophytes>

Chamaephytes>Geophytes>Phanerophytes>Hemi-

chryptophytes.

As said, the dominant biological type is repres-

ented by the Therophytes with a percentage of

Therapeutic use of Rosmarinus officinalis L and description of its medicinal flora cortege in Algeria

763

TAXA

FAMILIES

BIO

TYPES

MORPHO

TYPES

COROTYPE

Ajuga chamaepitys (L.) Schreb.

Lamiaceae

EUR-MED

Allium nigrum L.

Amaryllidaceae

MED

Ammoides verticillata (Duby) Briq.

Apiaceae

MED

Aristolochia longa L.

Aristolochiaceae

MED

Arum italicum Mill.

Araceae

ATL-MED

Asparagus acutifolius L.

Liliaceae

MED

Asparagus albus L.

Liliaceae

W-MED

Asparagus stipularis Forsk.

Liliaceae

MACAR-MED

Asphodelus microcarpus L.

Liliaceae

MACAR-MED

Astragalus lusitanicus Lam.

Fabaceae

ALG-ORAN-MED

Borrago officinalis L.

Boraginaceae

W-MED

Bryonia dioica Jacq.

Cucurbitaceae

AS-EUR

Carduus pycnocephalus L.

Asteraceae

AS-EUR

Chamaerops humilis subsp argentea Andre

Arecaceae

MED

Chenopodium album L.

Chenopodiaceae

COSM

Chrysanthemum coronarium (L.) Spach

Asteraceae

MED

Chrysanthemum x grandiflorum

Asteraceae

END

Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.

Poaceae

COSM

Clinopodium nepeta (L.) Kuntze

Lamiaceae

AS-EUR

Daphne gnidium L.

Thymelaeaceae

MED

Daucus carota L.

Apiaceae

MED

Drimia maritima (L.) Steam

Liliaceae

MACAR-MED

Echium vulgare L.

Boraginaceae

MED

Erica multiflora L.

Ericaceae

MED

Eryngium maritimum L.

Apiaceae

EUR-MED

Euphorbia helioscopia L.

Euphorbiaceae

AS-EUR

Fedia cornucopiae (L.) Gaertner

Valerianaceae

MED

Funrana thymifolia (L.) Spach ex Webb

Cistaceae

AS-EUR-MED

Globularia alypum L.

Plantaginaceae

MED

Herniaria hirsuta L.

Caryophyllaceae

PAL-TEMP

Jasminum fruticans L.

Oleaceae

MED

Juniper us oxycedrus L.

Cupressaceae

ATL-MED

Juniperus phoenicea L.

Cupressaceae

MED

Kundmannia sicula (L.) DC.

Apiaceae

MED

Lavandula dentata L.

Lamiaceae

W-MED

Lavandula multifida L.

Lamiaceae

MED

Lavandula stoechas L.

Lamiaceae

MED

Lobularia maritima (L.) Desv.

Brassicaceae

MED

Table 1. Listing of related medicinal species associated with Rosmarinus officinalis in the study area.

764

Amina Mostefai etalii

TAXA

FAMILIES

BIO

TYPES

MORPHO

TYPES

COROTYPE

Lonicera implexa Aiton

Caprifoliaceae

MED

Malva sylvestris L.

Malvaceae

MED

Marrubium vulgar e L.

Lamiaceae

COSM

Muscari comosum (L.) Mill.

Liliaceae

MED

Muscari neglectum Guss. ex Ten.

Liliaceae

EUR-MED

Nepeta multibracteata Desf.

Lamiaceae

PORTUGAL A.N

Olea europea L.

Oleaceae

MED

Ononis spinosa L.

Fabaceae

AS-EUR

Pallenis maritimus (L.) Greuter

Asteraceae

MACAR-MED

Pinus pinaster Aiton

Pinaceae

W-MED

Pistacia lentiscus L.

Anacardiaceae

MED

Plantago major L.

Plantaginaceae

AS-EUR

Ranunculus repens L.

Ranunculaceae

PAL

Rhaphanus raphanistrum L.

Brassicaceae

MED

Retama raetam (Forssk.) Webb et Berthel.

Fabaceae

MED

Rosmarinus officinalis L.

Lamiaceae

MED

Rubia peregrina L.

Rubiaceae

ATL-MED

Rumex bucephalophorus L.

Polygonaceae

MED

Ruta chalepensis L.

Rutaceae

MED

Smilax asp era L.

Liliaceae

MAC-MED-ETH-IND

Tamus communis L.

Dioscoreaceae

ATL-MED

Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl) Mast.

Cupressaceae

IBERO-MAURIT-MATH

Teucrium fruticans L.

Lamiaceae

MED

Teucrium polium L.

Lamiaceae

EUR-MED

Thapsia garganica L.

Apiaceae

MED

Thymus serpyllum L.

Lamiaceae

END.N.A

Tulipa sylvestris L.

Liliaceae

EUR-MED

Viburnum tinus L.

Adoxaceae

MED

Table 1. Listing of related medicinal species associated with Rosmarinus officinalis in the study area.

about 41%. This dominance is primarily due to their

resistance to drought in the steppe areas. Neverthe-

less, the Chamaephytes also keep a place very im-

portant with a percentage of 27%. Benabadji et al.

(2004) reported that grazing promotes the installa-

tion, in a comprehensive manner, of the Chamae-

phytes often refused by herds. Geophytes are in 3rd

position, followed by Phanerophytes (9%) with

bulbous and rhizomatous medicinal species. Hemi-

cryptophytes are scarsely represented in the study

(only 5%), probably due to the poverty in organic

matter of the soil, as previously stressed by Barbero

et al. (1989).

From the morphological point of view, the ve-

getation of the study area is marked by hetero-

geneity between woody, herbaceous, perennials and

annuals medicinal.

The herbaceous annuals are dominant in the

study with a percentage of 41% which is probably

connected to the invasion of Therophytes (which

are generally herbaceous annual). Roman (1987)

Therapeutic use of Rosmarinus officinalis L and description of its medicinal flora cortege in Algeria

765

Figure 1. Percentage of families of medicinal plants from the study area.

already highlighted the existence of a good cor-

relation between biological types and many pheno-

morphologic characters.

Despite the dominance of annuals, perennial

woody plants retain an important place with 35%.

Herbaceous perennials are the least represented

with 24%.

Phytogeography is studying the distribution of

plant species on the surface of the globe (see

Lacoste & Salanon, 1969). The reasons why a

species does not exceed the limits of its geograph-

ical range can be many including: climate, soil,

history or isolation by natural barriers.

In our study we showed (Fig. 4) the predom-

inance of the Mediterranean biogeographical types

species with a percentage of 59%, followed by

cosmopolitan elements (16%), Asian elements (6%)

and Euro-Mediterranean and W-Mediterranean

species (5% each). The other biogeographic

elements are very little represented.

CONCLUSIONS

The therapeutic use of R. officinalis is ana-

lyzed.

Floristic cortege of Rosemary in the study area

is marked by the dominance of Lamiaceae, Lili-

aceae and Apiaceae. Therophytes are dominant,

reflecting a strong anthropic action.

biological types

5 %

■ Cluiinnephyte

■ Geophyte

HeinKluyptopliyte

8 Plinnpi opliyfe

Tlievopliyte

Figure 2. Biological types of medicinal plants from the

study area.

Figure 3. Morphological types of medicinal plants from

the study area.

766

Amina Mostefai etalii

Biogeographical types ■

■ MAC-Med

■ Cosm

S As-Eur

■ Eur-Med

■ M«d

Mio-Temp

■ W-Med

others

Figure 4. Biogeographic patterns of medicinal species

from the study area.

REFERENCES

Barbero M., Bonin G., Loisel R. & Quezel R, 1989.

Sclerophyllus Quercus forests of the mediterranan

area: Ecological and ethologigal significance.

Bielefelder Okologische Beitrage, 4: 1-23.

Barry J.-R, 1988. Approche Ecologique des Regions

Arides de l’Afrique. Universite de Nice. ISS de

Nouakchott, 107 pp.

Benabadji N., Bouazza M., Metge G. & Loisel R., 2004.

Les sols de la steppe a Artemisia herba-alba Asso. au

Sud de Sebdou (Oranie, Algerie). Synthese n°13, pp.

20-28.

Bezanger Beauquesne L., Pinkas M., Torek M. & Trotin

F., 1990. Plantes medicinales des regions temperees.

2eme edition Maloine. Paris.

Bismuth C., Baud F., Conse F., Frejaville P.P. & Gamier

R., 1987. Toxicologie clinique. Flammarion Mede-

cine Sciences, Paris, 956 pp.

Damien A., 2002. Guide du traitement des dechets. 3

edition. Dunod edition, Paris, 335 pp.

Flesch F., 2005. Intoxications d'origine vegetale. Plant

poisoning F. Flesch (Praticien hospitalier) Centre

antipoison, hopitaux universitaires de Strasbourg.

Floret C.H. & Pontanier R., 1982. L’aridite en Tunisie

presaharienne: climat, sol, vegetation et amen-

agement. Memoire de theses. Travaux et documents

de TO.R.S.T.O.M., Paris, 544 pp.

Fournier P., 2001. Les quatres flores de France. Leche-

valier. Paris. Vol 2, 504 pp.

I.T.E.I.P.M.I., 1991. Generalites sur le romarin (Ros-

marinus officinalis L.). Fiches techniques elaborees

a partir de sources multiples. Mise a jour (Janvier),

pp. 2-5, 7-12.

Lacoste A. & Salanon R., 1969. Elements de biogeo-

graphie. Nathan, Paris, 189 pp.

Maries R.J & Norman R.F, 1994. Plants as sources of

antidiabetic agents. In "Economic and Medicinal

Plant Research, vol. 6", H. Wagner & N.R. Farns-

worth (Eds.), Academic Press, London, Chapter 4.

Patrick N., 2003. Intoxications par les vegetaux: plantes

et baies. Editions Scientifiques et medicales Elsevier

SAS, 112 pp.

Romane F., 1987. Efficacite de la distribution des formes

de croissance des vegetaux pour E analyse de la

vegetation a l’echelle regionale. Cas de quelques

taillis du chene vert du Languedoc. These en doctorat

a l'Universite d’Aix-Marseille III, 153 pp.

Biodiversity Journal, 2015, 6 (3): 767-769

A new species of Clytus Laicharting, 1 784 from Greece (Cole-

optera Cerambycidae)

Pierpaolo Rapuzzi 1 & Ivo Jenis 2

'via Cialla, 48, 33040 Prepotto, Udine, Italy; e-mail: info@ronchidicialla.it

2 Naklo 342, 783 32, Czech Republic; e-mail: ivojenis@seznam.cz

ABSTRACT A new species of Clytus Laicharting, 1784 (Coleoptera Cerambycidae Cerambycinae Clytini)

is described from Peloponnese, Greece. The new species is close to Clytus tropicus (Panzer,

1795) which is also reported as a new species for Italy.

KEY WORDS New species; Cerambycidae; Clytus', Greece.

Received 31.08.2015; accepted 21.09.2015; printed 30.09.2015

INTRODUCTION

Our colleagues and friends Mauro Malmusi

(Modena, Italy), Lucio Saltini (Modena, Italy) and

Massimiliano Trentini (Castelfranco Emilia,

Modena, Italy) collected during the summer 2014

two specimens of a particular form of Clytus

Laicharting, 1784 (Coleoptera Cerambycidae

Cerambycinae Clytini) from Peloponnese (Greece).

The same particular form of Clytus was collected

by Ivo Jenis, Oliver Dulik (Nasoburky, Czech

Republic), Ivo Martinu (Olomouc, Czech Re-

public) from the same area.

These specimens are related to Clytus tropicus

(Panzer, 1795) but they are easy to distinguish from

many distinctive characters which we attribute to

a new species that we describe below.

ACRONYMS. BBuC: Boris Bubenik collec-

tion, Frydek Mistek, Czech Republic. IJC: Ivo Jenis

collection, Naklo, Czech Republic. MMC: Mauro

Malmusi collection, Modena, Italy. IMC: Ivo

Martinu collection, Olomouc, Czech Republic.

PRC: Pierpaolo Rapuzzi collection, Prepotto,

Udine, Italy.

Clytus paradisiacus n. sp.

Figure 1

Examined material. Type material: Holotypus

female, Greece: Arkadia, Paradisia, South of

Megalopoli, 1-9.VI.2014, sugar traps, M. Malmusi,

L. Saltini and M. Trentini legit (PCR); Paratypus 1

female, same data as holotypus (MMC); 1 female,

Greece: Arkadia, Paradisia, South of Megalopoli,

13. VI.2004, I. Jenis legit (IJC); 1 female, Greece:

Arkadia, Dasochori, South of Megalopoli, ex larva,

5.V.2013, O. Dulik legit (BBuC); 1 female, Greece:

Arkadia, Vastas, South of Megalopoli, ex pupae,

14. V.2014, 1. Martinu legit (IMC).

Description of the holotype. Length 17

mm.; width 3 mm. Body black except for the base

of elytra, antennae and part of the legs. Body with

yellow stripes. Head deeply punctate. Frons

square, with a middle small carina between eyes.

Antennal tubercles prominent. Only few yellow

hairs just around the eyes on frons. The whole

surface of the head is densely and deeply punctate.

Pronotum as long as wide; sides rounded, the

largest portion just before the middle. Pronotum

768

PlERPAOLO RAPUZZI & IVO JENIS

deeply punctate with several dark erect setae

denser on the sides. Pronotum with four yellow

spots, two on the base and two on the apex. On the

middle of pronotum, on external sides, there are

two small depressions; sides rounded. Scutellum

small, triangular and covered with yellow pubes-

cence. Elytra long, the basal quarter with light

brown integuments, the apical three quarters

black. The yellow pattern is made by short and

recumbent setae. The drawing consists of four

yellow bands. The first one is an elongate spot on

each elytra, briefly arched behind the shoulders.

The second one is a complete “U” shaped band on

each elytra. This band starts from the lateral

margin and reaches the suture, the basal yellow

spot is positioned inside the concavity made by

this band. The third band is behind the middle of

the elytra, transverse, slightly protracted towards

the base. The fourth band is very small, only a thin

spot before the apex on each elytra. Few semi-

erect short setae in the light portion of the elytra;

these setae are yellow and black. Apex rounded.

Elytral punctuation very dense and relatively thin,

density and size of the punctures similar on the

whole elytral surface. Legs very long, especially

the hind legs. All the legs are yellow, only the club

of all femurs darker. Antennae short, not reaching

the middle of elytra, yellow, darker towards the

apex. Third antennal segment longer than fourth

and next segments progressively shorter towards

the apex.

Variability. The lenght of the paratypes fe-

males is between 16 and 18 mm.; the paratypes are

completely missing the apical yellow spot; the clubs

of femora are darker and the apex of antennae is

slightly dark as well. Male unknown.

Etymology. The name of the new species ori-

ginates from the collecting locality of the specimens

known (Paradisia, Arkadia, Greece).

Figure 1. Clytus paradisiacus n. sp., paratypus female.

Figure 2. Clytus tropicus (Panzer, 1795), female (Czech, Republic).

A new species of Clytus Laicharting 1 784 from Greece (Coleoptera Cerambycidae)

769

Distribution and Biology. The new species is,

at moment, known only of the collected locality in

Greece, Peloponnese.

The specimens of C. paradisiacus n. sp. were

reared from dead branches of Quercus pubescens

Willd. (BBuC and IMC).

Remarks. Clytus paradisiacus n. sp. is related

to Clytus tropicus (Panzer, 1795) (Fig. 2) but is easy

to distinguish by the third antennal segment that is

clearly longer than fourth, equal in C. tropicus. The

pattern is different and helps for the identification

of the new species. The first fourth of elytral length

is light brown, completely black or at the most only

a narrow portion of the base is brown in C. tropicus.

The yellow spot on each elytra is longer and more

oblique in the new species than in C. tropicus. The

first arched band is “U” shaped in C. paradisiacus

n. sp. instead of “J” shaped in C. tropicus. The post-

median band is less arched and wider than in C.

tropicus where it very often connects with the pre-

apical transverse band. The latter is completely

missing or at least remains only a small spot in the

new species. Antennal tubercles are more prom-

inent and acute in the new species.

Clytus tropicus is known from Middle Europe

and South East Europe from the Balkan Peninsula

to Bulgaria and Southern Russia (Lobl & Smetana,

2010). Recentely it was discovered in Italy as well

(Lazio, Roma province, Bosco di Manziana,

VI.2014, D. Patacchiola legit (Rome, Italy); it is a

new record for Italy (Sama, 2005).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We are grateful to Mauro Malmusi (Modena,

Italy), Lucio Saltini (Modena, Italy) and Massimili-

ano Trentini (Castelfranco Emilia, Modena, Italy),

Oliver Dulik (Nasoburky, Czech Republic), Ivo

Martinu lgt. (Olomouc, Czech Republic) for the

opportunity to study the specimens collected during

their scientific survey in Peloponnese. We are

grateful to Daniel Patacchiola (Roma, Italy) to give

us the opportunity to study his specimen of Clytus

tropicus collected in Lazio (Italy). We are deep gra-

teful to Mr. Gontran Drouin (Sainte Henedine,

Quebec, Canada) for the critical revision of the

manuscript and for the revision of the english text.

REFERENCES

Lobl I. & Smetana A., 2010. Catalogue of Paleartic

Coleoptera. 6. Chrysomeloidea. Apollo Books,

Stenstrup, 924 pp.

Sama G., 2005. Coleoptera Cerambycidae. In: Ruffo S.

& Stoch F. (Eds.), Checklist e distribuzione della

fauna italiana. Memorie del Museo Civico di Storia

Naturale di Verona, s. 2, sez. Scienze della Vita, 16:

219-222.