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Vol. Page

AJEGIALITIS bicinctus , VI. 16

Monachus . , VI, 48

nigrifrons . io VI. 20

A®gotheles Australis . . . . . Tl. 1

eristatus . P 1 eeibtale i, 1

leucogaster. Vol. I. p, xxvii . Il 2

lunulatus . Po we nine Ee

Novee-Hollandia. Vol.I.p.xxvi. Il. 1

Acanthiza albifrons Le mes Ill. 64,

apicalis, Vol. I. p.xlvi . Ill. 57

Chestnut-rumped <s Vv. 56

chrysorrheea, Vol, I. p. xlyi. Ill, 63

Diemenensis. Vol, I, p. xlvi Vv. Bt

Ewingii. Vol. I. p,xlvi - . . V. 55

Rwiieae as i Pe OE Eb

frontalis Ae Il. 49

inornata, Vol, I. p.xlvi_, Ill, 59

lineata, Vol, I. p. xlvi Ill. 61

Little Pe wpe ed. “ee

litfle Brown. . - . . 4 » IDL 58

nana, Vol, I, p.xlvi . III, 60

Plain-coloured . i +» HY 69

pyrrhopygia. Vol. I. p. xlvi . ITI. 39,58

pusilla, Vol. I. p. xlvi Il. 53

Red-rumped . . . 1 . III, 58

Reguloides, Vol, I. p. xlvi Ill. 62

Regulus-like . Ill. 62

Striated il. 61

Tasmanian wad Vv. «O54

uropygialis, Vol, I. p, xlvi Vv. 56

Western III. 57

Yellow-tailed . ‘ Ill. 63

Acanthogenys rufogularis, Vol. I.

pei)... ee Gees Pe ies

Acanthorhynehus dubius. Vol. 1. p.lix IV, 61

superciliosus, Vol. I, p. lix , IV, 62

tenuirostris. Vol. I. p. lix ae |

Acanthylis ecaudacuta. Vol, I. p. xxix II. 10

Accipiter approximans. Vol. I. p. xxiy,

eirrhocephalus. Vol. I, p. xxiv.

torquatus, Vol, 1, p. xxiv 19

Acrocephalus Australis. Vol. I.p. xiv IIL. 87

longirostris. Vol. I. p.xlv . Ill, 38

Actitis empusa. Vol. I, p. Ixxxv VI. 35

Albatros, Black . 2 . |, VII, 44

Black-eyebrowed VII, 43

Cautious VII, 40

Culguneted. 3 5 5 ae ot) VI

Short-taled . . VII, 89

Sooty - VII, 44

Wandermg a: VII. 38

Yellow-billed. . . , VII. 42

Yellow-nosed , VIL 42

AIBAINS ace coy oe VIL. 38

Alcedo fusca lis 38

gigantea Il. 18

gigas Il. 18

tribrachys . MW. 25

Vol, Page

Aleyone Australis . II, 25

azurea. Vol. I. p, xxxi II. 25

Diemenensis. Vol. I. p. xxxi.

pulehra, Vol. L. p. xxxii.

pusilla, Vol. I. p, xxxii . I, 26

Alectura Lathami . . . . . 1... V.

Amadina acuticauda lil. 90

annulosa II, 81

eastaneothorax ie Ill, 94.

castanotis, Vol. I. p. xlix III, 87

Chote, <P ae pe

Gouldie. Vol. I. p. xlix Ill. 88

Lathami, Vol, I, p. xlix . III. 86

modesta. Vol. I. p. xlix Ill. 85

pectoralis . Il, 95

ruficauda . Il, 84

Amytis leucopterus . . . . Ill. .26

macrourus. Vol. I. p.xliyv . . ILL. 80

striatus, Vol, [, p. xliy .. JI, =29

textilis, Vol. I, p, xliv III, 28, 29

Anas arcuata 4 VII. 14

atrata Vil. 6

earunculata Vil. 18

Coromardeliana , Vil. 5

fasciata =. wy Vi. 13

jubata . VIL 3

leucophrys . VII, 9

lobata . VII. 18

melanoleuca VIL. 2

membranacea : VIL, 13

nevosa. Vol. L. p. xeti VII. 10

plutonia ta Vil. 6

punetata, Vol, I. p. xen. VIL. 11

AGAR) “l= 44 en VIL 8

Rhynchotis . . .. . VIL. 12

scmipalmata . . . + . VI, 2

superciliosa. Vol. TE. pr. xei VII. 9

Tadornoides . 2. Vil 7

Anoiis ? ph bs VIT. 385

cinereus, Vol. T. p, xevi . VII, 37

leucocapillus. Vol. I. p, xevi Vil. 36

melanops. Vol. I. p. xevi. VII, 85

niger > es VIL, 3h

stulidns. Vol. I. p. xevi - VII, 34

Anser Girra . VIN. 5

BASEN 5 age dees ae ot Alas al

Anseranas melanoleuca. Vol. [. p. xei VII. 2

Anthochera caruneulata, Vol,T, p. lyin IV, 54,55

inauris. Vol. I. p. lviii IV. 54

Lewinii ee a oo TV. db

lunulata, Vol. 1. p. Iviii WV ie

melliyora. Vol, 1, p, Iviii . IV. 56

Phrygia a TV, 48

Anthus Australis, Vol. L. p. xlviii Ill, 73

fuliginosus . . , Il. 70

ODE. Py Swern Ill. 72

pallescens . Ill. 73

rufescens . III, 76

GENERAL INDEX.

Aprosmictus erythropterus. Vol. T.

1 ye Sa

seapulatus. Vol. I. p. Ixv

Aptenodyta minor .

Aptenodytes chrysocome .

MNES) ey bs

Ait ee PM ee ie

Apteryx Australis, Vol. [, p. Ixxxi

Owenii. Vol. L, p, Ixxxi

Owen’s. . ,

Aquila albirostris La

cuneicaudata, Vol, 1. p. xxi.

fueosa, Vol. I. p. xxi .

Morphnoides, Vol, I. p, xxi

(Uroaétus) andax, Vol, I. p, xxi,

Ardea Bullaragang

Caletica. re

coerulea, var,. . ,

flavieollis . , . . ,

(Herodias) picata

jugularis nae oe

leucophea, Vol. I. p. Ixxxvii

lencops, . .

maculata

Matook

nigra : Te ey

Noya-Hollandix. Vol. I. p.Ixxxvii

Pacifica. Vol, L. p. Ixxxvii

POSE oe

vectirostris, Vol, I, p. Ixxxvii

Sparmannii wee ae,

Ardetta flavicollis, Vol. I. p. Ixxxviii.

macrorhyneha. Vol, L p. Ixxxyiti

pusilla, Vol. I. p. Ixxxviii

stagnatilis. Vol, I. p. lxxxviii

Artamus albiventris. Vol, I, p. xxxii.

albovyittafus + 1. . 4 . . «

cinereus, Vol, I. p. xxvii -

leneopygialis. Vol. I. p. xxxii

lineatus

vc ee ee

sordidus ree +

personatus, Vol. I. p, xxxii .

superciliosus, Vol. 1. p. xxxii

Astur albus . 2" Sue

approximans. Vol. I. p, xxiv

cruentus. Vol. I. p. xxiv .

fasciatus i Lt

Noyze-Hollandiw. Vol. L. p. xxiv

(Leucospiza) Novie-Iollandize.

Vol. I. p. xxiv.

(Micronisus) torquatus. Vol. J,

Pp. Xxiy,

Noye-Hollandix, albino

radiatus, Vol. I, p. xxiv.

a ae ee

testaceus (Ernest). Vol. 1, p.xviv.

Athene? connivens, Vol. I, p. xxvii .

“

Val, Page

VI.

Vi,

VI.

VI,

ire

. 84

GENERAL

INDEX.

Vol. Page

Vol. Page IV. 68

Athene Boobook. Vol, Lp. xxvi . ed Pee VII. 78

? fortis. 1 5 te eae Oe ae VII. 78

maculata, Vol, I, p. xvi = rit al Vol. 7 , bax VL G4

marmorata. Vol. I, p. xxvi- Botaurus Australis. Vol, I. p- vr 7}

- ae 36 Brachyptrallus Ralloides? 1 . + | ‘

rufa. Vol. Lp. xxvii . s . Pe eral

strenua, Vol. I. p. xxvii 35 Brachystoma RES Ill. 32

na 7,1 di Ill. 34 | Bristle-Bird . Toews Ut &e he og

Atrichia clamosa. Vol, I. p. xliv_. IU. 33

; VIL 72 Long-billed - . s+ + +

Attagen Ariel. Vol. I. p. e. Ae ae V. 66

Atticora leucosternon. Vol. 1, p. xxix. TI, 12 | Bronze-wing, Mavequin Vv. 68

Red-necked VI, 27 Smith’s Partridge

wine VI. 34 Partridge . Vv. 67

Avoagt; Merde : Plumed Partridge Vv. 69

Banksianus Australis. Vol, L. p. Ixiv. Brown-tail Wi Wee mi - a

ealestus ~ oe. « M614 | Burhinus magnivostris os "

Barita Anaphonensis « IL 45 | Bustard, Australian . . 1s - - *

iaiemiebiatt II, 52 | Buteo melanosternon. Vol. L. p, xxv fs

Goer’... - Sai eae ll. 53 | Buzzard, Black-breasted . . . . » Lo 2

. . UH, 4

ae be . . . 11..46,47 | Cacatua chrysolophus * reac Ke

Baza subcristata, Vol. I. p. xxvi. Fos. Vol. Ip.dxili . . . + Ve 4

Bee-enter Sie esochadite Jo palestie So Aten iy UF

PT, a a Uu. 16 galerita, Vol. I, p. Lxiti oe |

Black and Yellow TV, 48 Leadbeateri, Vol. I. p. Iii. . V. 2

Blue-cheeked - IV, 68 magica. se 6g ee te We OS

Chattering . . « « IV. 76 rosea 4s ee ee ee Ve

Cowled. 2 . IV, 58 roseicapilla . . . + . . +» Ve 4

Dusky . {V. 20 sanguinea. Vol, Lp. bai, Y- $

Embroidered . IV, 48 Calamauithius campestris, Vol. I. p.xlvii TIT. 71

Golden-winged IV. 56 fuliginosns. Vol. I. y. xlvii , . TL. 70

Rrinhetronted . IV. 58 | Calamoherpe longirostris, . . . , JI. 38

Miuntain «cca Il, 16 | Calidris Australis . . . . , VI, 31

Variegated 4 «+ a te Il. 16 Callocephalon Australe . , Vv. 14

Meith | oe, eet IV, 55 galeatum. Vol. I. p, Ixv . Vy. Id

Bernicla Coromandeliana . . . . VII. 5 | Calodera maculata. . . . , IV. 8

Girra wen oP ie g VI. 5 nuchalis 5 1

jubata. Vol. I. p.xci. . . VII, 3 | Callopsitta,Guy , . rth tw W 166

Bied Alt, . “is. or bo» VI. 9 | Calyptorhynehus Barikei. Vol. I.

Australian Belly . . 2 . . . IV. 80 Poin yp <0: gs ee ee

Bele an eg. oo ea) We Bh Se Baudinii. Vol. I, p. he ; vy. #13

Bid). . pf ye) A wee Gt Cookii . i ee Vee OD

Brush Wattlee . . . . . . IV. 56 funereus. Vol. L. p.lxiv . Ke Lt

Buteher Il. 62 galeetnae Cou o* Loe . M, 14

Cat. . . TV. 11 Leachii. Vol, I. p. Iniv Vv. 10

Coach-whip WH, 15 macrorhynchus, Vol. fp. lxiv. Vo 8

Toph) eit IV, 68 naso. Vol. L. p, Ixiv , Se

Great Bower- . et LF IV. 9 Solandri wae VISA

Little Wattlh- . 2... IV. 57 stellatus “ V>%10

Lunulated Wattle- . . . IV. 57 Memminckil.. . . . s « « ¥% 20

Man-of-War , ¢ mes oe 1s WET, 88 xanthonotus. Vol. I. p. Ixiv. . V. 12

Mock Regent . . . . . . IV. 48 | Campephaga, Black and White . i. 62

Nartkéen 3 + +, sp 1 ye YL 65 humeralis, Vol, [, p, xxxvi . Il. 68

New Holland, Tropic . . . VIL. 73 Jardine’s rh ee « I 66

Noisy Beush- 2. . . . Il. 34 Jardinii. Vol."I, p. xxxvi. Il. 60

Regent . . ae IV. 12 Karn, Vol.I.p.xxxyi . . . IL, 61

Red-tailed Techie eee ne | WR es leucomela. Vol. I, p. xxxvi . IY, 62

Bee peek ek, ere Northern . - 3 4 Il, 61

Satin “Ts 6 4 3 T¥, =10 White-shouldered I, 63

Satin Bower-. . i TV. 10 | Caprimulgus albogularis . i

Silvery-backed Butcher I, 51 cristatus . . ll. 1

Silvery-crowned Friar- . - TV, 59 gracilis ? , os oo

Small Frigate =) Fee WRAL, “ZO guttatus . , on, fl. 8

Spotted Bower- . 2... . . IV, 8 macrurus, Vol. 1. p. xxix i. 9

Wattle . 4 4: 4 IV. 54,55 megacephalus. Vol, 1. p. xxviii.

. Yellow-throated Friars - IV. 60 mystacalis, . . . ts F

Bittern, Australian . . . , VI, G64 Novie-Hollandiz . TRE I

Little Brown... VI, 65 vittatus =. | Tighe

Little Grey. , VI. 67 | Carbo hypoleucus . , . VIL 68

sieges rite i 4 VI. 68 sulcirostris . , VIL. 67

Thicke Gree ee mi Me Carpophaga leucomela, Vol. 1. p nix Vv. 59

Biziura lobata, Vol, T. p xeifi af Vv iN * shee Eee ie vey 0

. ‘ magnifica. Vol. 1, p, lyix Vv. #58

Nove-Hollandia — , - VU. 18 | Carvanaca grisea, , 1 VI. 6

Casarea Tadornoides. Vol. 1, p. xei

Cassowary, New Holland. ,

Southern <2 = 2 «© «t

Van Diemen’s Land . . ,.

Casuarius Nove-Hollandix ,

Catharacta Skua . , .

Catheturns Australis , . . . ,

Ceblepyris humeralis . . . . ,

tinewins: -. br o Aas

melanops . . » . .

Centropus macrourus. Vol. 1. p. Ixi.

melanurus. Vol, I. p. lxi.

Phasianus. Vol, I.p.Ixi. . .

variegatus . . . so

Cerchneis immaculatus. Vol: 1. P. Xxiii.

Cereopsis Australis . . . . . ,

CREKEHS 4. cd ee

New Holland . . oc

Novee-Hollandiex. Vol. ue ye xe.

Certhia agilis, Vol. I. p, lix,

auriculata, , » « . .

Australasize ‘

Australasiang . . . 1. 4

canescens, Vol, I, p. xxxvii.

Copruléscore. .. -*j as-ey ae

CheyvettiEwis + We EPS nd oy ee

Gibapig, ee cra aes i

dituta-, , saree Sub eises

erythropygia. . . ae

leucophza. Vol. I. p. tei,

leucoptera? . » . 4 ww

Foniiets Sere ran ene

mielanops?. Vol. I. p, ly.

mellivora, . . . a

Nove-Hollandie . . . .

pints > DE A OR

pytrhoptera ?, Vol. I, p. lv.

teviuitostrig 5g 4 U5

sanguinolenta . . . 4 4 4

Copy agured- > gir nad ta BSE

cyaiea, sf) Po. eee

pusilla; + LA Sg

Cheetura Australis, . . 2... «

macroptera . + 203 2 « «

Chaleites ucidus 4 1 2. 2. 2...

osculans. Vol, Lp, Ixi . . .

Chaleophaps chrysoehlora. Vol. 1. p.Ixix

longirostris. Vol. 1, p. Ixix.

Channelsbill« c¢ cw 4 w eo

Australasian. 4 1. . . -

Charadrius bieinctus . . , . .

ducallaings. eg aoe PR ale. Sp

arenetie”) of iy ees

Oh) Seeger Meee eh Pe

prallarity ower fF ail

Src + =< ye wean

hypomélas . sw wk

lobatus et ee a ee

jongines Ce ee 8 LS

mugnirostris , , . .

matginatug + 4s). . + ee A

mélanope a. Rk R Teter

Monschies § 5 9} Sea

ibmtrons-sw. . se ee

pectoralis®.. .. 0 fi. SP yar

Tuicapiing: 21 eel 25° ee

tricdlome © 2+. | as ie

veredus. Vol. 1, p, iuxsii, :

xanthocheilus, Vol. Lp, Tees

Chelidon arborea. Vol. I, p, xxx.

Ariel, Vol. 1. p, xxx.

Cheniscus Coromandelianus. . 4 -

Chenopis atrata

Cherry-picker . . ,

Chladorhyncbus pectoralis. Vol. I,

p- Ixxxiv

Chlamydera maculata, Vol. I. p. lit .

nuchalis. Vol. 1. p. Wii

Choristopus semipalmatus

Chough, White-winged

Chrysococcyx osculans. Vol. 1, p. Ixi-

lucidus, Vol. I. p, Ixi.

Chthonicola, Little

minima. Vol, I. p, xlviii .

Ciconia Australis

lencoptera. . ..

Cincloramphus, Black-hreasted .

Brown. .

Cantatoris .

Cantillans.

Tol. Lp. xlviii

cruralis, Vol. [. p, xlviii .

rufescens. Vol. I. p, xlvint

Rufous-tinted . . ,

Cinclosoma castanotus, Vol, I.

cinnamomeus. Vol. I. p. li.

Ciunamon-coloured .

‘

punctatum. Vol. Lop. .

Cireus assimilis. Vol. I. p. xxvi

axillaris >

Jardin. Vol. 1. p. xxvi

(Spilocereus) Jardinii.

p. XXvL.

Vol,

pl.

‘

Climacteris erythrops. Vol. I. p.Ixi .

melanotus, Vol. [. p. la .

melanura, Vol. L. p, Ixi

picumnus. Vol, T. p. Ix

rufa. Vol. I. p, mi.

seandens, Vol. I, p, Ixi

Cobbler’s Awl

Cockatoo, Banksian

Baudin’s . ,

Blood-stained ,

Cook’s .

Funereal

Gang-gang .

Great-billed Black

Great Sulphur-erested ,

Leach’s

Leadbeater’s .

Long-billed

Long-nosed

Pink ar

Red-tailed Black .

Rose-breasted

Rose-coloured

Crested

Solander’s .

The Red-vented .

The Rose .

Western Black

White-tailed Black .

Yellow-eared Black .

Collared Plain Wanderer

‘

Callocalia arborea, Vol. I. p. xxx

Ariel. Vol. I. p. xxx

Colluricincla, Brown

brunnea. Vol, I. p. xxxvit

Buft-bellied

cinerea

harmonica. Vol, I. p. xxxvil .

Harmonious .

Little

parvula. Vol. I. p. xxxvil

rectirostris

Vol. Page

VII.

IV.

coe)

—b & Oo WwW ore

GENERAL INDENX,

Vol. Page

Colluricinela rufiventris. Vol. I. p.xxxvii IL. 75

rufogaster. Vol. L. p. xxxvii.

Selbu. Vol. I, p. xxxyii

strigata

Columba Antarctica

armillaris .

chaleoptera

chrysochlora

cuneata =,

dilopha

elegans

humeralis . . ,

Jamesonil .

Jayvanica

Lawsonit

leneomela .

leucomelana

Lophotes

luetuosa :

Macquarie... +

magnifica .

niclanoleuca ,

Norfoleiensis . . . .

pallida, Vol. I. p. lx.

Phasianclla

picata

purpurata s 6 fe

Seite Seas Fe us

Smithii

spiloptera .

superba oo. .«

Coot, Australian

Coracias pacifica

sagittata

strepera

Simcetiel sso: wl

Corcorax Australis .

leucopterns. Vol. I. p. li

Cormorant, Australian

Groove-billed .

Pied

Spotted

White-breasted

Coronica fuliginosa

strepera

Corvus auritus. Vol. 1. p, shi.

Australis

earunculatus .

Coronoides. Vol. L, p. liv

cyanoleucos

graculinus .

melanops .

squamulosus

streperus .

paradoxus . 6

Corydon galeatus .

Coturnix Australis .

Chinensis .

excalfatoria

pectoralis. Vol. I. p. Ixxx

Phillippensis .

Coneal, New Holland .

variegated ,

Eis S77,

Il. 77

Vv. 61

YY. 63

Vv. 64

V. 62

Vo 74

Vv. 6)

Vv. 65

Vi 7%

VY. 63

¥. 62

Y. 65

+, oo

V¥. 59

Vv. 70

To. OU

Vv. 74

Vv. 58

Vv. 63

¥, 59

» ViAATG

Vv. 68

¥, 35

yal, BF

1 Van. OO

Vv. 74

noe Oe

VI. 74

ie ae

IV. 18

If. 42

Ul. 44

IV. 16

VIL. 66

, Wie: Bf

VII. 68, 70

VIL. 71

Vil, 69

Il. 43

II, 42

lV. 18

TV; «55

IV. 18

II. 54

II. 42

GE, = ‘bb

Iv. 10

Il. 42

IV, 55

y. 14

y. 89

VY. 92

V. 92

Vv. 88

¥. 9

5 ie

ww we

Cractiens argenteus. Vol, I. p. xxxv « i, 51

cimereus. Vol, 1. p. xxxv.

destructor. Vol. I. p. xxxv

fuliginosus

hypoleucus

leucopterus. Vol. [. p. xxxv.

nigrogularis, Vol. 1. p. xxxv.

picatus. Vol, I. p. xxxv_.

streperus . +

fi. 52

Il, 43

Il, 48

Il, 49

Il. 50

II, 42

Cracticns Tibicen .

Quoyii. Vol, I, p. xxxv

varius .

Crake, Water

Spotted Water

White-eyebrowed Water

Crane, Australian ,

Blue

White .

Creadion carunculatus

Creeper, Black-backed Tree-

Black-tailed Tree-

Bluish-breasted ,

Brown Tree- . . . ,

ecerulean ,

Cochineal . _

The Common. . «

Dirigang?. . .

Goruck .

Graculine .

Hooded

mellivorus .

New Holland. .

Red-eyebrowed Trec-

Red-rumped .

Rufous Tree- .

Sanguineous .

Slender-billed .

Small-crested .

Spot-eared, . .

White-throated Trec-

ip ee gp #

Black-faced

Wattled

White-eyed 5

Crow-Shrike, Black-throated

Grey .

Hill.

Quoy’s .

Pied

Piping .

Sooty

Tasmanian .

White-backed ,

Cuculus albostrigatus . .

cineraceus. Vol. lL. p. lx.

eyanocephalus,

dumetorum, Vol. L. p. Ix.

flabelliformis .

incertus | ne

inornatus. Vol. 1. p. Ix

insperatus. Vol J. p. ly .

lucidus . mys

optatus, Vol. Tp. ly,

Phasianus ,

yariolosus .

Cuckoo, Ash-coloured .

Australian .

Barred-tailed ,

Black-cared

Blne-headed

Brush.

Fan-tailed .

Flinders’

Golden or Bronze

Greater

Lesser .

Pheasant .

Shining ‘

Unadorned .

Cuncuma leucogaster. Vol. I, p. xxi.

Calon. (cl Mest) 5 oS ele

Vol. Page

, i. 46

IL. &3

iW. 49

Vi. 80

VI. 79

VI. 81

. Vi 48

VI. 53, 60

VI. 58

IV. 54,55

IV. 96

IV. 97

IV. 81

IV. 93

IV. 81

. IV. 6G

, IV. 98

IV. 98

IV. 56

IV. 68

IV. 61

IV. 56

LV, 23, 25

IV. 95

IV. 63

IV. 94

IV. 63

IV. 61

IV. 63

IV. 32

IV. 98

, i. 14

Il. 85

IV, 55

IV. 18

ll, 49

Tl. 45

I, 44

fl. 53

_ IL, 42, 50

Il. 46

Ul. 48

Il, 48

I. 47

IV, 85

IV, 86

IV. 91

IV. 86

IV. 8

IV. 87

IV. 89

IV. 84

IV. 92

IV. 86

IV. 84

IV. 86

IV. 88

IV. 91

LV. 87

TV. 86

IV. 91

IV, 89

IV. 85

LV. 86

IV. 92

IV, 89

. IV, 85

, VE, 42

Vol, Page

Curlew, Australian . + + + * ie ~

Pygmy, - ws 5 * bie ;

Cygnus atratus. 6 + = 8 + ft :

Cypselus Australis. Vol, 1. p. x8ix_ i. i

Cysticola campestris . 6 «© + 6 + Tit. 41

axilla Vol. Lpey + a s DS

lineocapilla, Vol, p.xly . + TUL. 48

magna, Vol, [, p.xlv . I. 41

jaura, Vol. poxlv . + s » Ul. 44

ruficeps. Vol. I. p.xlv ILL, 45

Datehick gs 4 he ee ye } MIR SR

Dacelo cervina, Vol. Lp. xxxi ff, 20

chlorocephala, . + + + * II, 21

gigantea, Vol. I. p. Sxxi + IL 18

Gigusz » ~~ «© + 4 + & = Mm» 16

Teachii, Vol. op, -. . WI 19

Dedalion candidum, Yol. I. p. xxiv.

Daption Capensis, Vol. I. p. xeix Vil, 53

Darter, New Holland. . «© + + + Vil. 75

Dasyomis 4 - 6 1 6 + + 8 lil, 29

Australis. Vol.1. p.xliv . . . TI. 82

? brunneus. Vol. L p. xliv.

longirostris, Vol, I, p.xliv . IIL, 33

Dendrocygna arcuata, Vol. I. p. xeii Vil. 14

Eytoni. Vol. I. p.xei . «+ VIL 15

Diamond Bird. . . 5 se ee LL 85

Diecenm atrogaster . . . - » + Uk Bt

hirundinaceum. Vol. I. p, xxaii . HU. 34

Swallow . . «© © «+ + + Tl, 34

Dicrurus Balicassius , - . + + I, 82

bracteatus. Vol. I. p. xxxviii Il, 82

Didunculus strigirostris. Vol. I. p. lvxii-

Diomedea Antarctica. . . - « » VIL. 44

brachyura. Vol. 1. p. xevii . + VIL. 39

eauta. Vol. I. p.xevii . + « VIL 40

chlororhynchos. Vol, I. p, xevii VII. 42

chrysostoma . 1 . . . . « VIL 42

culminata. Vol. I. p. xevii . VII. 41

exulans, Vol. [. p. xevii. » - VIL, 38

fuliginosa, Vol, I. p. xevii VI. 44

SURCH my sy 4 - e « Vit

gibbosa, Vol, L. p. stevil

melanophrys. Vol. I, p. xevii VII. 45

olivacearbyncha, Vol. T. p. xevii,

palpebrata. . . - , , » VIL. 44

Bier Nal os i-le- - 2 ia Howe er ae

Dollar Bird . . . O hye Se

Donacola ebiaenthignay. Vol. 1. p. 1 TIL 94

flaviprynina, Vol, I. p, | Ill, 96

pectoralis. Vol. I. p, | - TIE. (96

Dottrel, Allied. , . a. VI. 19

Australian. . - | - VL 16

Black-fronted =. VI. 20

Double-banded VI. 16

Tlooded e es VI. 18

Red-capped . . - - VI. 17

Dove, Barred-shouldered cna. a

Peuttitie= 2%" ox a SF FB

Peaceful Ground- . . . . . V. 74

White-quilled Rock Wise bd

Nee 5. Sach Oe oe (a4

Dromaius ater... Wy 1

Nove-Hollandiz. Vol I pr oe wT 6A

Dromiceus Anstralis . . . - VI. 1

Emu. ; Vie?

Novie-Zelandis 4 -=<vr, 4

Drongo, Spangled . IL. 82

Drymodes brunneopygia. Vol.t, : sli TH. 10

Drymophila carinata . , . ». Ii 95

trivirgata . . « Il, 96

Duck, Australian Wild VU. 9

GENERAL INDEX,

Vol. Page

Duck, Black - WE?

Blue-billed 1 oF: Vit. 17

Chestnut-breasted 5 + - vu. oe

niatte Sicrecete cS VIL. 15

Preckled i os + ee + VEL

Grey": Rot 3 ton8 vit?

Hawkesbury - - +» - °° vu. 3

a Vil, 18

Membranaceous . VII, 13

Mountain , + Att Vil. 7

Mink oer ee er VII, 18

pn eee a CR re

Pink-eyal-). - . - 6 eae

Shovel-nosed. . - + © | Vu. 2

Supereilious . VIL. 9

Whistling, - = VII. 14

White... s Vu. 8

White-eyed ~~ Vil. 16

White-winged . . VIL, 16

Wool + oa Vil. 3

Eagle Hawk. . ; «Tt 1

Lacteoss . - + - - + J.

Little Australian. . . . 1 . TL 2

Little Swamp - -i aa

Mountain, of New 8. Wales es Uh 1

New Holland White . . -_bt

Wedge-tailed . + 1

Whistling. . . .- «nwt L 5

White-bellied. . 2. a be 3

White-bellied Sea- . asa oS

White-breasted Rufons- . . - Lo 4

White-breasted Sea- — - a 4

Egret, Australian - ~ VEL 56

Pied 5 ws Ll cA ay ae TO oe

Piumed? f£ 1 oe %. 2 5) oe => EMD BF

Sombre » VL 59

Spotless . . ~ . VI, 58

Kidopsaris bicinectus . . . . . « TV. 70

Elanns axillaris. Vol, 1. p. xxv, 23

melanopterns, Vol. I. py, xxv.

notatus . A cw PU) ee ee

scriptus. Vol. I. p.xxv . - . 24

Emblema picta. Vol. 1. p. | til. 97

Emu, The . . . Ce ee ees

of New South Wales rh + sel ee

Entomophila albogularis. Vol, I. p.tvii IV. 51

rufogularis. Vol. I. p. lvii IV, 52

picta. Vol, I. p, lyii . TW, 50

Entomyza albipennis, Vol. I, p. lix . IV, 69

Blue-faced IV. 68

eyanotis, Vol. I. p. he é -) T¥, G8

Képsaltria Australis. Vol. 1, p, xlii . U1. 11

flayicollis BF a ire Mk. 1

griseogularis. Vol. I. p. xlii. Tl. 12

leucogaster. Vol. I, p, xlii Tl, 13

parvula, . Pope Feed

Ephthianura albifrons. Vol. 1, p.xlvii TI. 64

aurifrons. Vol. 1. p. xlvii. - IL, 65

Orange-fronted . , » IT. .65

tricolor. Vol. I. p.xlvii . . . ILL 66

Tri-coloured Ill. 66

White-fronted IIL. G4

Epimachus Brisbanii , TV. 100

regius hat ek. ee ae

Erismatura Australis. Vol, I. p. xeiii VIL. 17

Erythrodryas rhodinogaster. Vol.L.p.xli IT, 1

rosea. Vol. Lop. xli .. lil, 2

Erythrogonys cinetus, Vol, L. p. fest VI, 21

Esaeus magnirostris. Vol. I. p. Ixxxi VI. 6

Mstrelda annulosa, Vol. I. p, slix . Itt, 81

hella. Vol. L. p. xlix Ill, 78

Estrela Bichenovii, Vol. I, p. xlix .

modesta, Vol. I, p, 1

oculea, Vol, Lp, xlix . - .

Phaéton. Vol. I. p.xlix . . .

ruficauda. Vol. I. p.xlix. .

temporalis. Vol. I. p. xlix

Eudromias Australis. Vol, I. p. inex

Eudynamys Australis. 2 . .

Flindersti, Vol. I. p.Ixi. .

Orientaligs. 2 2 6 1 oe 4

Eudyptes chrysocome. Vol, I. p. cit.

chrysolopha . . 6 + u

demersus . . :

Eulabeornis sialauaankrttey Vol. 1.

pexe. }

FBaphema Tin Fg Vol, ia p- iat :

Bourkii. Vol. I. p. xvi. - .

chrysostoma, Vol. 1. p.Ixvi. .

discolor - - « « 1 oe

elegans, Vol. L. p. levi J . ae

petrophila. Vol. I. p.lei . . VW. 40

pulchella. Vol. 1. p.lxvi. - Tr cd)

splendida, Vol. 1. p.ixvi. . . V. 42

uodulats. ss a 4 « csi) « Wa oA

Eurostopodns pee Vol. I. ;

pPoxxvilic «. . s a U -

guttatns, Vol. lp xxvii . . IL 8

Knrystomns Australis. Vol, I. Fe xxx IL 18

Orientalis. . . . . i Gaoie

Faleinellus ignens. Vol. 1. p. Ixxxyi- VI. 47

Raleo glbte an 5 3 2 A 2 FY ee

axillee + «4 -s A. 3 4 Mead

Bevigoras + + 2. ow « o KE

Cenchroides . 2 2. - L 13

ee, peace: MH eS ae Sage hae ft 14

connivens . «5s > 2 oe Ba

frontatus. Vol]. p.xxid . 4 10

fugdens. + 1 4 ls a ees 1

(Hierofalco) mabuige™s Sut, gy 2 ee

hypoleucus. Vol [ p. xxii. . 7

(Hypotriorchis) frontatus. Vol. 1.

p. xxiii.

leneaétos. Vol. 1. p. xxiv.

lencogaster 2. be ee tl Tk oe

longipennis. Vol. 1. p. xxiii,

Innulatus, Vol. I. p. xxii.

macropus, Vol, I. p. xxii.

melanogenys. Vol. L. p. xxii. 8

melanops. Vol, 1. p. xxiv.

nie >> see ee Ee

Novie-Hollandie . . , ob

Peregrmus . . < 3D stk 8

Ponticerianus. Vol, I. . XxX.

radiatus =. . 4. . 116,17

subbuteo. Vol. L. p. xxiii.

subniger. Vol. I. p. xxii... 9

torquatus , . 1 SY ) a

Pileon, Black « ss 665 5 4 ¥ 9

Black-cheeked - . 2... LL 8

Fair. ne ey tp one.

Grey ¢ ole ere

Little oy hh ae ee

Radiated! . , .. (4) «v4 Sve WG

White-fronted 2. . 5 . - LW

Winking gv 4) + + +R eee

Faleunculus flavigulus . . . . . Ik 7

frontatus. Vol, L, p. xxxviili- - UL. 79

wolturalip, 1 + . > op ls EE SE

leucogaster. Vol. I. p. xxxyili . UL. 80

Fantail, Northern . . , . »« - - U. 85

Rufons-fronted 2 2. . . 2 . Bb

Vantail, White-shafted

Vig-eater 3

Finch, Banded Grass- .

Beautiful Grass- .

Bicheno’s .

Black-romped

Chestnut-breasted

Chestnut-eared

Crimson

Kire-tailed .

Romeuane oo. FP

Long-tailed Grass.

Masked Grass-

Painted

Plain-colonred

Ned

Red-eared .

Red-cyebrowed

Red-tailed. . ,

Spotted-sided

Perippenl § 6s 4 eos

White-breasted , 2. ,

White-cared Grass- .

White-headed

Yellow-rumped . . .

Mite-tal» . J... Wy

Flycatcher, Black Fantailed .

Black-fronted

Broad-billed

Brown .

Carinated .

Coach-whip

Hooded

Orange-rumped .

Plumbeous .

Pretty .

Red-bellied

Restless

Rufous-fronted

Shining

Soft-tailed

Solitary

Southern .

Wagtail

Yellow-eared .

Yellow-tufted

Forty-spot

Fregilus leucopterus

ve ee Pee. a

Yellow-throuted .

Fringilla bella .

Bichenovit

Lathami

leucocephala .

orulea . .

Phaéton

quinticolor

temporalis .

Pulica Australis.

Gaira fuseu .

Gallinago Australis

Gallinula immaculata .

tencbrosa,

ventralis

Black-backed .

Sombre . .. ,

Spotless . . yp

Gannet, Australian . . ,

Brown .

Lesser .

Maskeil

Vol. T. p. Ixxvix

Vol, [. p. Ixxsin

Vol, Pape

IV,

Lt,

IIT,

HT.

IL,

II,

IIT.

111.

Ill.

II,

IT.

LI.

HU,

IL,

111.

Ill.

Ill,

11,

Il.

HL.

U1,

UL.

Il.

Itt, §

If,

IL.

. IL. 93,

II,

IT.

LL.

tea! ¥

- A

(I.

Ifl.

Ul.

Il.

IV.

Il,

IV.

It.

IL.

il.

Il.

IIT.

111.

11,

VL.

Vil,

V1.

VI.

V1.

Vi.

VIL.

Vil.

VIL.

. TL 88,91

GENERAL INDEX,

Gannet, Red-legyeid

Geopelia cuncata.

humeralis.

Vol. L. p. Ixsii.

Vol. 1. p. xxi

placida, Vol. I. p. Ixxi

tranquilla, Vol, I. p. bss

Geophaps plumifera. Vol. 1. p. lyxi

seripta. Vol. I, p.ixx.

Smithii. Vol. 1. p, Ixx :

Geronticus spinicollis. Vol. 1, p. Ixxxvi

Gerygoue albogularis, Vol. 1. pp. xli

Bufl-breasted, 2...

chloronotus.. Vol. L. p. ali

culicivorus, Vol. 7. p. shi

fusca. Vol. 1. poxli ,

Fuscous

Great-billed

Green-backed =. ,

levigaster, Vol. 1. p. xli

magnirostris, Vol, I. p. xl.

White-throated . . 2. ,

Western eS Ty ke:

Glareola Australis © 2. 2, ,

gvallaria. Vol. I. p. bexyiit

Isabella ee

Orientalis. Vol. 1. p, Ixxnii.

Glottis Glottotdes. Vol. [. p. Ixxxv

Glyeiphila albifrons. Vol. 1. p, ly .

fasciata. Vol. do pi ly .

fulvifrons. Vol. T, p. ly

ocularis. Vol. Le p. ly.

snbocularis SaaS

Guathodon . . im.

strigirostris. Vol. 1. p. Ixsii .

Goatsucker, Banded

Briatled

Cold-River

Crested - - toe

Fichtel’s. Vol. 1. p. xxviii.

Gracile . ee ee

Great-headed. Vol. L. p. xxviii.

Large-tailed a

New Holland .

Spotted

Wedge-tailed,

White-throated

Godwit, Barred-rumped . .

Black-tailed

Terek . -~ i:

Goose, Beautiful Pygmy . :

Black and White . . . .

Cape Barren .

Cereopsis . “ 1 > tp

SSG tk aaeteee tan 2 Ue

Maned . a

Mother Cary’s . .

Semipalmated ae)

STOVE Fy ae te es

Goshawk, Australian.

New Holland, . . . 4 .

Radiated

West Australian .

White .

Graewla eyanotis

picata

strepera =,

ate a A er

Grallina Australis. Vol. I, p. xxv.

bieolor . .

melanoienes. . . 5 6k tt

BRU he

Eiies Eye le

Grakle, Blue-eared .

Vol. 1. p. xxviii.

Vol, Page

Vil,

Cirekle, Green

Pied

Satin

Grape-eater .

Graucalus, Ground. =

hypoleucus. Vol. 1. pu. wxwwi .

m¢lanops.

melanotis.

Vol. 1. p. xxav

Vol, [. p. xxv,

mentalis, Voll. p, xxvii,

parvivostris. Vol. 1. pi, xxvy,

Phasianellus . Th

Swainsonii, Vol. L. p, xaxvi .

Swainson’s

tennirostris

varied.

White-bellied .

Grebe, Anstralian Tippet .

Black-throated

Hoary-headed =. .

Green-leek re tate :

Greenshank, Australian 2 , , . ,

Grinder, The :

Grosbeak, Black-lined

Fascinating

Spotted

Spotted-sided - 0 todd

Grus Australasianins. Vol. I. p. Ixxxvii

Gull, Crimson-billed

Jameson's, . . , ,

Larger . - 2 oo 4

Mibttaat. CO tet ng

Pacific .

Silver

Skua Ya fh *

Gygis candida, Vol. I. p. xew .

Gymnophrys torquatus 2, 2.

Gymnorhina leuconota. Vol. 1. py. xxiv

organicum, Vol. L. p. xxxiy .

Tibicen. Vol. [, p. xxxiy ,

Hematops lanalatus . .,

validienstis. 5 4 + . 4.

Hiematopus Australasianus .

fuliginosus. Vol. Lp. beyxii

longivostris. Vol. L. p. Iyxvii

pieatus . ,

Haladroma Urinatrix .

Haladrome, Diving . , . . ,

Haleyon incinetus .

MacLeayii.

MaeLeay’s

pyrrhopygia.

Ried-backed

sacra

Sacred . :

sanctus, Vol. Lf. p. xwxi

Sordid . At

sordidus, Vol, 1. p. xxxi_,

Haliwetus canorus .

leucogaster

leucosteruns =,

sphenurus .

Haliactus Calei , a

(Letinoaétus) ecanorus, Vol. T.

Vol. [. p. xxi

Vol. Tp. cevnt

p. XxU.

(letinoaétns) Ieucosternon. Vol, 1.

p. XXUL

(Pontouétus) lencogaster. Vol. 1.

p- XXL.

Haliastur leneosternus. Vol, T. p. xxii

?sphenurus. Vol. IT. p. xxii.

Harrier, Allied « . . , . . . ‘

Vol Vuyett

lv. 13

Il, iit

Vv. Ww

IV. 82

i. 69

El, 57

Il. 55

Il. 86

Il. 59

Il. S8

Il. 48

il. to

If. 56

I. 57

VIT. 50

VIL. SL

VIL. 82

Vv. 15

Vi. 36

lt. 2F

Ill. 78

Li: B6

il, 86

Ill, 86

VI, 48

VU. 20

Vil. 20

Vil. Wy

VIL 20

VII. 19

VU. 20

Vil, 21

Vil, 30

IW: -¥a

IL 48

IL 46

Iv. 72

lV. 70

VI. 8

Wir. 7.

vi oF

VIL. 60

VIL. 6o

il, 24

if, 24

Hh. 2h

Il, 22

I, 22

Il. 2)

Il. 21

LM pe a

Il 28

Li: 23

I, i

I, 8

I. 4

1, a

I; LG

| Fes

——

Vol. Page

Harrier, Jardine’s . . «©. e+ e+ E87

Hawk, Blue. . . % a: 8

Brown vrose Fo 4 tt een

Collared Sparrow . ... . » Lo WW

Crested . «pein w + o@ LD

Waste Aw ae i, 6

Tithe 2. I 19

Little Fish I, 6

Waukee fr ww Pan pa a a a

New Holland Sparrow, . . . Lo 19

Orange-speckled, . . . I

Rrenmpaees + wee: pueda Rae

Western Brown . ba a4 Coy eke

With aa fe ca) ee le 5

Le ee Me) | a 8

Hemipode, Black-backed . ere Fr RE

Black-breasted 2 . . « «» 1 WV. $1

Chestnut-backed, . . » . . Ve 85

Red-chested . 1. . V. 86

parklivg 91 4 oe 4 t Vv. 83

Swift-flymg . 1. . . 4 + vy. 87

varied. “ Mey oo By E.

Hemipodius castanotus. Vol, I.p.ixxix V. 85

melanogaster. Vol, I, p, Ixxix . V, 81

melanotus, Vol. J, p. Ixxix . Vv. 84

pyrrhothorax. Vol. I, p. Ixxx VY. 86

scintillans. Vol. I. p,lexix . . V. 88

varius. Vol. I. p, lxxix = ee

velox. Vol. I, p. lxxx . Vi #87

Hen, Port Egmont ya VIL. 21

Herodias Greyi, Vol. 1. p. Ixxxyiii VI. 61

immaculata. Vol. I. p. Ixxxviii . VI. 58

jugularis. Vol. [, p. Ixxxvili. . VI. 60

Novie-Hollandiz . . » VI, 53

pannosus. Vol. I. p, Lyxxviii. VI. 59

phuniferns. Vol, I, p. lxxxviii , VI. 57

picata. Vol. I. p. Ixxxvili VI. 62

syrmatophorns. Vol. I. p. Ixxxvii VI, 56

Heron, Australian . VIL 55

Blue Reef . ot VI. 60

Caledonian Night . . . . , VI. 68

Great-billed . . «. . . . , VI, B54

Nankeen Night . VI, 63

New Holland Night VI. 63

Pentrm. i Aa te hs VL 52

oo re VI. 68

White-fronted 2. 2 . . , VI. 53

White-necked VI, 52

White Reef VI, 61

Yellow-necked «tu « KL 6b

Hiaticula bicincta. Vol. I. p. Iyxxiii. VI. 16

inornata, Vol, I. p.lxxxii . . WEL 19

monacha. Vol. L. p. Ixxxiii_ . VI. 18

nigrifrons. Vol. I. p, Ixxxiii . VI. 20

ruficapilla. Vol. L. p. lxxxiii . VI, iF

Himantopus leucocephalus. Vol. I,

Phar 4) he Ge ee Wp. a

Novee-Zealandia. Vol. L. p. lxxxiy WI, 25

palmatus . a. VI. 26

Hirundo caudacnta . . . . . , If 10

Jayanica Il. 138

lencosternus . : Ir W

neoxena, Vol, IT, p. xxx II. 13

nigricans . 7 i. Il, 14

pacifiea, Vol. 1. p, xxix . II, 10

pytrhonota . 2... . , II, 14

Iloney-eater, Banded . oa. IV. 65

Barred-tailed? . . 4. IV. 98

Black , ; IV. 66

Black and Yellow TV. 48

Black-cheeked . . IV. 45

Black-headed, . , TVs TB

GENERAL INDEX,

Honey-eater, Black-throated

Blue-cheeked .

Brown .

Buff-winged . . .

Chattering .

Coach-whip

Cochineal, . «

Cosrulean .

Cowled .

Dirigang .

Fasciated .

Flapping . .

Fulvous-fronted .

Fuscous

Garrulous .

Golden-crowned .

Golden-winged .

Graculine .

Knob-fronted .

Lanceolate .

Long-billed

Lunulated . . .

Luteous .

Mellivorous

Moustached

Mustachoe

New Holland ,

Obscure . ,

Painted .

Pale-cheeked .

Pads 5 re

Red-eyed .

Red-headed ray

Red-throated. . .

Rufous-vented

Sanguineous ,

Singing + 'F

Slender-billed . ~

Sombré « . « 4

Spiny-cheeked

Strong-billed .

Swan River . ,

Tasmanian

Tufted-eared .

Wniform

Varied i

Warty-faced .

Wattled

Wattle-checked ,

White-cheeked

White-crowned ,

White-eared . :

White-eyebrowed ? .

White-fronted

White-pinioned .

White-plumed

White-throated

Yellow .

Yellow-cared .

Yellow-faced .

Yellow-throated .

Yellow-tinted .

Yellow-tufted .

Yellow-winged

Black-throated

Bluc-eheeked .°

Brown . ‘

Crimson-throated

Tetwer a ie ces

White-throated .

Hornbill, Psittaceous .

Honey-sucker, Black-crowned .

‘

’

IV, 51, 74

IV.

TV.

IV.

lV.

lV,

ly.

CVE

_ IV. 7,72

LV, 54, 56

Iv.

IV,

IV.

TV.

IV,

Ty.

IV.

IV,

IV.

Hornbill, Anomalous .

Hydrobates lobatus . 6 + 1

Hydrochelidon fluviatilis, Vol. L. p, xev

Hylacola cauta. Vol. 1. p, xlv .

pyrrhopygia. Vol. I, p. xlv

This, Black-necked. . . . .

Palewelivs- «© 6 a 2 tse 0 os

Gipsy st 2 eS

lamellicollis . 1. . « «© « «+

NewiiGlieid: . . .§ OF

SpnOlin. 255 "pew

Straw-necked. . 1. + « -

strictipennis - . 4+ 4 + + +

Wate ny Mr sett in asda 4

Ichthyiaétus leneogaster. Vol. I. p. xxi.

leracidea Berigora, Vol. I. p. xxiii.

Occidentalis, Vol. I. p, xxiii. ,

Jabiru, New Holland. . . . . .

Jackass, Laughing. . . . 1...

dJongie-fowl » 2 = + 1 s tw 5

Kestril, Nankeen . . .

Kanpfiahen. 9° Ac ay Ries « ee

AMCs 3) 4 Fy kee

Bain ob ee ee

Fawn-breasted . 2. . 1 ,

Gumi Ow aS oar ee nny

Great Brown 2.) ) & ALY

tiegelie.! 2c os) a ek Pee

BAGG. vs) oo ded id Doe Pa

te oe eee et 6

Lrigipitaged’ | si) Sh Jas

Bite . 1": eet ee Be.

Aled > 2 fe a ee

Black-shouldered 2. . . ,

Letter-winged 2. 2. 2. . 6 4

Square-tailed. . 2. 2. 1 4 4

Kitta holosericea . . 1. 1.

Wipacnss. “cow 1) xe

Kimeiet 4° 4 Sone 2 4

Laniarius albicollis 2. . , .

Lamius eurvirostris. Vol, I. p, xxxv.

feontaina= 5 | SSS oe ee

a oy yee ee Ue

macniaius “ol. A) ioe o Spee

ronusius. si “a *. “+ BE as

robustus ? Vol, I. p. xxxy.

amuse + £8 ok ee ky

torquatus, Vol. I. p. xxxy.

Lark, Common . : ye

WAG! of class .so ke

SMA sw wb oe GS

Sky-

Larus Catarractes. . . 4 . se

Teyntene. fo ee pee,

faerie a LE ee

Georgi. .g of oe kg

Jamesonii . ‘

leueomelas =. re

Pacificus, Vol, I. p. xeiii .

seopulinus . . . ,

Lathamus azureus. . . 2. Ly

COMCNNS . apo a ow G

discolor, Vol. Lp. Ixvii .

pulls. . » fa s JG,

ruprimuna, ° {| 5 A ues

Teathér-neck . « . «4 a 6 +

Leipoa ocellata, Vol, I. p. Ixxili .

Cdliated > + 4 % Ga

Vol. Page

IV, 90

Vil. 18

VIL. 31

UL. 40

Ill, 39

VI. 46

VI. 47

VI. 45

VI. 46

VI. 45

VI. 46

VI. 51

Il, 18

VY, 7

i. 21

Il 25

Il, 24

Il. 20

Il, 18

II. 18

Ii, 19

Il. 26

Ti) R21

Hl. 25

I 22

I. 21

I, 26

I. 24

I, 22

Iv. 10

ltr a1

VI 2

Il. 64

IL 79

Il. 61

Il. 67

Il. 56

IL 74

Ill. 78

™, 12

Ill, 76

Wl, 75

VII. 21

Vul. 19

VII. 21

VIL. 19

VI, 20

VIL. 19

Vil, 19

VI. 20

Vv. Al

Vv. 52

Ge ay.

Vo 154

Vv. 47

IV. 60

ve 38

Vol. Page

Lepidogenys subcristatus. Vol. 1. poxwi

Leptolophus aurieotiis 2.

Leptopteryx albovittata . .

minor , OF EP in oe ale

Leptorhynchus pectoralis 2...

Leptotarsis Eytoni, Vol. I. )), xeti

Lestris Catarractes. Vol. L. p. xviii

Leucosareia picata. Vol. I. p. Ixx .

Licmetis nasicus. Vol. 1. p. lxiii

pastinator. Vol. 1. p. xiii.

tenwirostris

Limosa Melanuroides. Vol. 1. p. byxxiv.

recuryirostra . . . 4

Terek ; < ree

uropygialis. Vol. I. p, Ixxxiv

Lobivanellus lobatus.

personatus, Vol. I, p. lexxii .

Vol. I. p. Lexxii

Lopholaimus Antarcticns. Vol.I.p.lxix V,

Lophorhynchus Antarcticus. .

dilophus . , .. .

Lorikeet, Porphyry-crowned

Red-collared . 2. 2. 1 4

Sealy-breasted

Swainson’s . . . ,

Swift

Varied .

Lory, King -

Red-winged

Loxia bella .

fascinans .

Lyre- Bird.

Macropygia Phasianella, Vol. 1, p,lxxil V

Pau Behe ee eG fe

Black . ,

Lark

Little

White . :

Malacorhynechus fasciatus

membranaceus. Vol. L. p. xeii

Malurus Brownii, Vol. 1. p, xlin .

eruentatus . et

eyaneus. Vol. lp. xiii . .

elegans. Vol. I. p. sliii

exilis . , reeta

galactotes . At

Lamberti. Vol. 1. p- sliii.

leucopterus. Vol. T. p.xliit ,

longieaudus. Vol. L. p. xliii .

malachurus an sp -t

melanocephalus. Vol. L. p. xiii

melanotus, Vol, I. p.xhii .

pocitabs 5 a ue | of

pulcherrimus. Vol. [. p. xliti

splendens. Vol. [. p. whiii

textilis . . 4 -

Manakin, Desmuvetim . . .

Striped-headed

Manorhina yiridis .

Manorina viridis

Manikin, Speckled

Marcca castanen

punctata ‘

stl, ee a ee

Fairy

Tree aa et

Mawepawk, Little. . -

Megalopterus stolidns

Megalorus eruralis

galnctoteass 4 1 dk

Megapode, Mound-vaising . . .

Megapodius menuva . . .

VY. 45

II, 27

Ul, 28

VI, 26

VII, 15

. VIL 21

Y. 68

Y. 5

Vi OB

VI. 28

VI. 34

VI. 29

VI. 9

VI. 10

VY. 61

Vv. 61

VY. 53

Vv. 49

V. 50

V. 48

Vv. 47

¥. 51

Y. 17

Vy, 18

. WL 78

Il. 93

Ill, 14

. IL 50

. I 43

Il. 54

I 48

. VIL 18

. VIL 13

TIT, 26, 27

Il. 27

Il. 18

Il, 22

Ill. 42

Tl. 35

TIT, 24

THI, 25

. UL 19

, Wy. 31

. Il, 26

. I, 20

. I, 21

Il, 23

. i, 21

TI. 28

. IL 84

_ TI. 88,39

. Iv. 80

IV, 80

Il. 35

VII.

VII. 11

Il. 14

Wl. 16

i. 14

ine

Vil. 84

ml. 74

iL 35

v. 7

1M, 14

GENERAL

INDEX.

Vol, Page

Megapodius Tumulus. Vol.I. p.lxxvii V. 79

Meleagris Lindsayii penn ¥.- Th

Melicophila picata, Vol. 1. p, lvii. lV. 49

Meliormis Novs:-Hollandia . , IV, 23

Meliphaga atricapilla - Vv. 42

wuricomis. . ees fe on ibs eae

Anstralasiana. Vol. Lp. ly. IV. 27

Balgonera . Ba Ty: 23

De io eo IV. 23

Cardinalig. . . - 4 1V. 63

coarules IV. 81

chrysocephala. . IV. 12

chrysops IV, 45

chrysotia . + . - IV. 32

cyanops . IV. 68

fulvifroms . [V, 28

fusca IV, 44

inornata IV. 27

leucotis . eS LY, 36

longirostris, Vol, I. p. ly IV. 24

lnulate See as ee oe

Nove-Hollandiw. Vol. lop. ly . Vi. 23

pouicillata. 6 ow 2 1 ee © BV, 48

Phy ate -c 3 oad IV. 48

sericea. Val. L p, lv IV. 25

sericeola . ; . TV. 25

tenuirostris =... IV, 61

torquata peel Bshes IV, 72

niystacalis. Vol. Lp. ly . IV. 26

Melithreptus albogularis. Vol. J. p.lix IV. 74

chloropsis. Vol. 1, p. lix . IV. 73

gularis, Vol. I. p. lix . lV. 71

lunulatus, Vol, Lp. lix . lV. 72

mclanocephalus, Vol, L, p, lix IV, 75

Noywz-Hollandie. . . 2 = IV. 23

validirostris. Vol L. p. lix IV. 70

Melopsittacus undulatus. Vol. Ee p.davii Vi 44

Menuralyra . . +... UI. J4

Novee-Hollandiv . Il. 14

patadises 2 + 2s, IH. 1+

RMDETE ie oe on te J Ill. 14

superba. Vol. 1. p.xlit . Tif. 14

vulgaris Ph tk 14

Merops carunenlatus . IV, 4S

chrysopterus . , IV. 56

corniculatus IV. 58

eyanops IV. 68

garrulus = - « IV. 76

miclanurns . IL 16

“monachus . : . JV, 38

ornatus. Vol, I, p. xxx . i 16

Phrygius . ga +) ax IV. 438

Micreeea assimilis. Vol. I. p, xl,

flavigaster. Vol, I, p, xl. If. 4

Great-winged. 2. 2 1 . JL 98

macroptera. Vol. I. p. xl. Il. 93

Yellow-hellied : Il. 94

Microcygna Coremandeliana , VII 3

Milvus affinis. Vol. J. p.axv . 21

(Hydroictinia) affimis. Vol, 1. p.xxv.

isurus. Vol, I. p, xxv . 2 22

sphenurus. Vol. I, p. xxii. 5

Mimeta flavo-cincta IV. 14

Meruloides . . IV. 13

VItION oe Fg IV. 13

Mimetes flavo-cinetus . TV. 14

viridis . Iv. 13

WERE oY ue st te IV. 76

Yellow-throated . = Pgs

Mirafra Horsfieldu. Vol, L. p.xlix . IL 77

Hprstipld’s” "2" "ie ieee. 2 TRY oF

Monarcha carmata, Vol. 1. p. xl . W. 95

Monareha trivirgata, Vol, Lp, x!

Moy. Mews. a -§ os oe oe

Morepork . ,

Motacilla Austrulis .,

eyed » ns tb ee

pomillg ~ 4 Sw «

solitana

SOULHGENIM ce be. ities) Me

superba

Museicapa anricomis . -

Anstralis .

barbata. Vol, T. p, alvi.

erepitans .,

cate ke

erythrogaster, Vol, I. p, xiii,

erythvogastya .

Georgiana, Vol. L. p.

Goodenovii . 1 4 .

gularis, Vol, I, p. xiii,

Luthami

malachura, . . + +

multicolar . . aie es

uiystacca .

vit,

pectitdlig . 4 1. . «

tufifrons . . 6 os .

vittata, Vol. TL. p. xhi.

Muscipeta carimata . , «

Myeteria, Australian. , - - +

Australis. Vol. I. p. Ixxxvii .

Myiiigra. concimua,

latirostris, Vol, 1. p. xxix.

mnaevopters, 4 + - 4

nitida. Vol, I, p. xxxix

plumbea,

Rubeculoides . . . . .

Myzautha favigula, Vol. [. p. lx.

flavivostris . . is

garrula, Vol, 1. p. Ix .

lutea. Vol. 1. p. Ix . ;

melanophrys. Vol. I. p. Ix .

obsenva, Vol. I, p. Ix -

Myzomela obscura. Vol. 1, p, lix .

erythrocephala, Vol. I. p. lix

nigra, Vol, t-p.lix .

pectoralis, Vol. 1. p. dix .

suuguinolenta, Vol. Lp. lix.

Vol. L, p. xxxix

Nanodes Bourku . . s

(sicher 5 st oh 4

CBRNE oa Y.-S

puleheligg . 5 a,

undnlatns . :

yentistus . . «

P gonarius. . .

Native Companion. . . . -

CD i es eee

Neomorpha acutivostris

erassivostvis . . 4 .

Gouldii, Vol. I. p. liv.

Cindi’. “= 4. Carte Sen os

Neops chrysoptera .

Nettapus albipennis,

Vol. I. p. xei.

Vol. I. p. xxxix

Coromandelianus. Vol. Lp. xci.

pulehellas, Vol, 1. p, xe.

Nestor productus. Vol, 1, p. lxiy -

Nightjar, Owlet- . - . 2 . 5

White-bellied Owlet- 2.

Nisus Australis. . . .

(Urospizi) approximans,

ps XXIV,

Vol. 1.

(Urospiza) radiatus, Vol.T, p,xxiy.

(Urospiza) torquatus, Vol, I. p.xxiv.

Vol Page

Ir, 96

VI, 72

II, 4

Wt. 11

ul. 18

Wt. 55

Ill. Go

Ill. 11

Ill. 18

IV, 37

Mh. 11

UL. 15

[da

fll. 4

OL &

bs st

Ill, 31

ll. $

lV. 87

IL 67

Il, 8

Il, 05

T?) Sl

VI. 31

IL 90

ll. 92

II, 6

Il, $9

IL 389

Ik 91

{V¥. 79

IV. 20

IV. 76

1V. 78

IV. 380

AY, RT.

LV. 67

IV. 64

IV. 66

IV. 65

IV. 63

Vv. 4

¥, a7

Vv, 38

Y. al

VY. deb

Xo. ee

Vv. 20

VI, 44

VI. 71

Vv. 19

Iv, 19

Ty. 19

ry. 19

IV, 10]

Vil. 5

VIL. 4

VY, fi

cra ee

cL 3

I WwW

GENERAL INDEX.

ol. Page as i es Parrakeet, Crimson-bellied v =

| | Noctua Boobook . . . . + + + I, 82 | Pachycephala fuliginosa . a ze ie Baty natty ~) ' vy. *

a0 maculata +» . 2» »- +> + » » FL 88 fuses iy otis Pars. 1 Elegant Grass- ¥, 38

) Noddy . ..- +> += + + VIEL 82,34 Gilhertii. Vol. 1. p.xxxvii. . . IL 7 7 'g BET th fot het dG ee

| Blithe. po As > od Oke Oe Gilber’a cn ce ee we I de i Eu ent ° fod:

| Grey bo.) oe ee 4 Hen er Ne glaueura. Vol. I. p. xxxvii . «TL. 65 Ground a lef lp ape ay Maly nn ga :

| OO I PO Grey-tailed OL we cTty 288 litle... ee BM

| Noisy Roller . « .. . +. + IL 42 eutturalis, Vol. I. p.xxxvii . . Ul. 64 Lote PHGS Tee is Na We

! Notodela Karu . oi at pellp Ue inornata, Vol. I, p, xxxvil. pies atin 28? fae) Mi:

. Numenius Australis. Vol, I. p. Ixxxvi VI, 42 Lanoides. Vol. J. p.xxxvii . . Il. 69 Musk. se + + + 4 + Y, 52

| | minutus, Vol. Lp. lxxxvi . . VIL 44 Lunulated. . . . . . + + Ul. 68 Musky. 6. 2 + ss 4 Ve 88

! | uropygialis, Vol, I. p, Ixxxvi . VI. 43 melanura. Vol. I. p, xxxyii . . TL, 66 Orange-bellied 1 ba Wig tone Vs 41

Nuthatch, New Holland, . , . « IV. 98 olivacea, Vol. I. p,xxxvii . . IL, 78 Orange-bellied Gram- . 1.3 4 NM. $9

Orange-winged . . « » « « IV. 101 Olivaceous: '2 . avlars + The “%8 Pamfic . - - 2s «6 « 2 6 We §8

) Nyeticorax Caledonicus. Vol.J. p.Ixxxviti VI. 63 pectoralis. Vol. I. p. xxvii - . Il, 67 Pale-headed . - + . . +. Ye 26

Nymphieus Noyze-Hollandix. Vol. I. Plain-coloured . . . «. « » I 72 Red-backed . . » . . . . Ve 86

pebitic eB, ee 2 ONS at Red-throated. . . . » . . HL 70 Pennant’s. . ss 4 « + + Ve 28

Nyroca Australis. Vol. 1. p.xeii. . VIL, 16 rufogularis, Vol. I, p. xxvii «IL, 70 Red-capped . . . « 1 «1 es VW BB

Shrike-like < . . ... . HI, 69 Red-shouldered . . . « . . Ve 47

| Oceanites Wilsonti . . « » « » VIL 65 simplex. Vol. I. p.xxxvii . . IL. 72 Rock oe ot fe 4a eee

| Ocyphaps Lophotes, Vol. I. p,Ixx . V. 70 idpinte cael, nig tet orar ae Mil omaly Gock.Gram- . . . . 1 0 Ve AD

| Ocypterus albovittatus . . . . . UL 27 Pachyptila Banksii, Vol. I, p. xeix. Rose-hill . . - » . + + » We

. ainersuk ore hetee. . tear 3S Boriiers) 2 eo Spc hap 5 ey fe. “Wee Bodell’ fo aes am AO OB ee

| Saupattia- « . » 156 4 ~ «© EE RP Hite Als LG Lp Pe Bo Splendid . . . 1. 2s . WV 28 L

minor. . . .. . . . « IL 28 | Paleornis anthopeplus . . . . . VY. 16 Splendid Grass- 6 6 . 2+. 2 Vi AR

| superciliosus . ae ag ee! pees Barvabatds «. 4) Gat. 4 tf FO OW ORS Swamp. - . + +. 2 . « Vi 46

) (Edienemus grallarius. Vol. I. p. Ixxxi VI, 5 melanura . iis & UO Peer Ae ca ee A

| OPIN A. Try ao dee fs VD Nove-Hollandie. . - . - . V. 45 The Earl of Derby’s. . . . . Ve 29 i.

| . magnirostrig + fs se a oe VL 6 PORES ted RS Met atm, ao Tateosive ) 6 4 + 4 oe oe -

| recurvirostris. . . . . . . VI. 6 | Pandion Gouldii. Vol. L. p. xxii. Twenty-eight. . . ...,. VW. 19

| Onychoprion fuliginosus? Vol, I, p.xey VII. 32 leuecocephalus. Vol. 1. p. xxii. 6 Vedanta a8 4.” 8 eae

| Panaya. Vol. I.p.xevi . . . VII. 33 | Paraleyongigas . . ... =, =. *U. 18 Warbling Grass-. . . . 1. . Vi bt

) Sree, > foo tA. Sy 4 bse Pardalote, Allied . . . .. , « I 89 WUMROKE Bes) «os ks gg

Oreocincla lunulata, Vol. I. p.li . IV. 7 Black-headed . , . . + . IL 40 Yellow-bellied . . . . . , Vi 24

macrorhyncha ..... . IV. 7 Forty-spotied. . «+ . - +, It «87 Yellow-collared » . . 2. 2. 1. WV. 19

Nove-Hollandie . ... . WV. 7 Haddon i A ys Tbe BS Yellow-rumped . . . 2. 1. 4 Vi 2

| | Orecica, Crested 2 5 5 «2 . » + TL Bl Beoted =) «js fe) i ie! a TE ORg Parrot, Barnard’s , . . . . . » Ve 21

| gutturalis, Vol, I. p. xxxvili . UL. 81 Sirgted on te WO ne se Bauer's. 2 1 ee ew ew os Vn OO

| | Organ-Bird , so cee Wo EP 48 Yellow-rumped . . . . . . IL 41 Ble . » «+ + so ww Ve BB

Origma rubricata. Vol. 1. p. xlvii . ID. 69 Paradalotus affinis. Vol. I. p. xxii. TT. 389 Blue-bellied . . . ..,. Ve

HOMMARIA fh TF een yee LL melanocephalus. Vol. [. p, xxxili II, 40 Brome } & 5 3 4 4 ff oe ee

1 Oriole, Crescent-marked. . . . . IV. 14 ornate A : we a ye SI SS Caledonian? ~ 2 2. - . . We UR

| . New South Wales . . .. . IV. 18 punctatus. Vol, I. p. xxxiti. . Il, 35 Canary << + 4} Al oe on Le

Oriolus affinis. Vol. I. p, iii, quadragintus. Vol. 1, p. xxxili . Ul. 37 Crimson-winged, . . . . . Ve 18

flavocinctus. Vol. I. pln . . IV. 14 rubrieatus. Vol. I. p, xxxiii. . OT. 386 Greta sa ie Aeon ie oe See

| repeng se SE IV, 12 striatus. Vol. I. p.xxxit. . . IL 88 Ground a: 6S as ct oe Ve AB

variegatus . ied Ge ade Va ae uropygialis. Vol. I. p, xxxili . If. 41 Minutgiies. «~*~ opty i SH, Ie

viridis, Vol. p,.lii. . . . IV. 18 Parkinsonins mirabilis . . . . . TIL. 14 New Caledonian? . . . . . WV. 24

Orthonyx maculatus . . . . . . IV. 99 Paroquet, Pacific . . . . . » . Ve 52 Nonpereil-) . .< . sie Bean

Spine-tailed rot ns IV, 99 Red-shouldered . . 2. . 2. Ve 47 Orange-bellied . . . . . . Ve 42

spinicaudus. Vol. 1. p.lxi_ . . TV, 99 Amal es Fe alee a RN, Pasific:). » © \volscemepy ie) Be MRT

Temminekii roe + + 4 + « TV. 99 | Parra Gallinacea. Vol. I.p.xe . . VIL 7 Pheesont) |. + ¢ sures cen allen

Osprey, White-headed ry ot aneal ne 1, 6 Galinsceoms ae . » . . VEL. FE Pillip Talend, Vy hk, SED ee ee

| Otis Australis, Vol, I, p. lxxxi. Partridge, Australian. . . . . . V. 89 Pennantiih> 9". on ae on Le

| | Australasianus. Vol. I, p. Ixxxi, VI. 4 New Holland. . . . ... V, 82 Ned-erowned. «4 « 4 + » £ OMe 6

Owl, Boobook . . . . . I, ti Sombre 4S. tee) Scarlet and Green . . , . , Vi, 1?

sass orCuckoo 1 SY aa eel) 82 Van Diemen’s Land. , Vv. 90 Scarlet-breasted . 2 2... , Ve 15

Chestnut-faced Shae eae th 28 Parrakeet, Adelaide . . . . =. . Vi, 22 Sd tA oh HELP Ue ee ee

| rere ial or oy we cls : bay SPRUE Ua Ano, Vv. 21 RNMEEY se le og ee

| ee ah Le Le ; = arraband’s ; Vv. 15 Sulphur-headed? . 2. 2 1 4 WV 4b

| ‘ee FS) ae + eae dh Bauer’s Vv. 20 Tobin ok Ro Le a

Powerful 4 I, 35 Beautiful , o> « Vo SS Undulated. 6 2 4... 0 0 4 > Ge

0 ees ce a rN » bh, «80 Black-spotted, of Van Diemen’s Van Diemen’s? . . . . . . Vy 24

Spotted Se Se Date eee Land ; Vv. 46 Vike. & § 6.6 f Berean

eit, cours Me ahr as heal ecg ers Cis ses ene OR

ae d - oc ee ediono i j Ni

Oyster-catcher, Black. . . . . . VI, 8 Blue-Banded Grass» . . . . V, 87 se emo: L i My en Vy. 80

Sooty 1 i 4, . VI, 8 Blue-bellied , V. 48 | Peli Anstrali

White-breasted eae ye Bourke’s Grass»... , Vv. 48 Parente yiaale : ae i, ‘o

Brown’s . ... y a ae”

| | Pachycephala Australis . . . . , IIL, 11 ake Wie 4 - s 2 ork tou Lig, ating

| Gig eiy a sk om page oak Haat es TS a fe a Ma of elecanus conspicillatus. Vol. L p.ci, VU. 74

| faleata. Vol. I, p, xxxvii Il, 68 Crested ia ie AS 5: pie Pata Peg Sele

a a, saith . » Ve 45 nevis. G 48D Se

Pelecanns plotus

punelatus .

Rirlah. btn ERR we pel

ATIC. '! sie Sau we

Pelidna subarqnata, 2. 2. 2 1.

Penguin, Apterous .

Crested

Fairy

Littl:

Perdix Australis

Chinensis .

Manillensis =.

varin ae i tate

Peristera chaleoptera. Vol. 1. p. Ixx .

elegans. Vol. To p.lxxe .,

histrioniea, Vol. I. p. Lex

Pernis (Iyptiopns) suberistatus. Vol. I,

J). XXvi-

Pete alia Ge lw

Another Blue. . . . -

Black-bellied Storm .

ai A A

Broad-billed .

Canes. WO ae a

oe, ee

Divas) 2 6 a

Fleshy-footed ,

Feito Oo OA

Giant .

Great Grey ;

Grey-backed Storm. . . . .

Rint Peo eS) Oe AD eee

Short-tniled . . .

Silvery-grey .

Soft-plumaged

Spectacled . et

Wedge-tailed. . «© . . . 4

White-and-Black spotted .

White-bellied Storm

White-faced Storm .

White-headed

Wilson’s Storm . ks

Petroica bicolor. Vol. I. p. xiii

erythrogustra, Vol. T, p, xlii

Vol. L. p. xii

Goodenovii, Vol. I. p. xl

modesta A eee

multicolor, Vol. T. p. xhti

phoenicea, Vol. 1, p. slit.

pulchella .

rhodinogaster 2. . 2. uw ,

rosea -s Bee

superciliosa. Vol. I. p. slii

Vol, Tey. lsxi

fusca.

Petrophasaa albipennis.

Pewit, Black-breasted .

Masked

Wattled ye Ne te et

Pezoporus formosus. Vol. J. p. Lxvii,

rufifrons

Phaéton ernbescens ij

phoenicurus. Vol. T. p, ei

Phalacrocorax Carboides. Vol. I, p, ¢

hypoleucus. Vol. I.jue. .

leneogaster, Vol. Top. e.

melanolencus, Vol. I. p. ¢

pica. 7 fo ie

punctatus. Vol. L. p.c

Vol. lo pre .

Phaps chaleoptera. Vol. 1. p. Ixx .

elegans. Vol. 1. p. Ixx,

histriomiea, Vol. L, p. Ixx.

Plicwnnt. 5. . «os

suleirostris.

Vol. Page

Vil.

VI,

Vu.

VIL.

Vil.

VIL.

Vil,

Vil.

Vu.

¥.

Ill.

. ,

ge 23 Oe or

ort ty

32S

Piezarhynehus nitidus. Vol. I, p.xxxix Uf

weet tedet ic eee A) SE See Oa LP

Platyeereus Adelaidiv,

Plautus albatrns 2 . 4 y

Plectorhynelia lanceolata,

GENERAL INDEX.

Vol. Page

Pheasant, Native . . . « « ! : Vi

Philedon coeruleus . IV.

rubencone’ sp 2. + 2 ple ae Oe

Philemon garrulus =, . . 2. . . TY,

Phrygius. . + ;

A ci 1 Me oe

Brouzt-winged. 2 6 1 ew we OVS

Brush Bronze-winged . 2 . . OV

We cick ST Se wr Ud

CNEMGE elt mes 4 a te Ve

Ewing's Mrnit- .. 1 . wa 2

Ait Bromse OS ae te OV

Ube rae -3) oo ob oo amb a,

Magnificent Fruit. . . . . « ¥.

Mangrove . le ee

Troms we ay bh ge orecrilNS

of the Marshes, The Crested . . V.

Saitite «> Asada ae SV

Parodie 24 23 we te WE

Pheasant-tailed . . . , - . Vz

PeegP Pes ee eee oe eae

Superb Fruit- . “ Vy

Swainson’s Fruit- 2. . . . . YW.

Top-knot . . \

Torres’ Strait Fruit- \

White-faced Pe NG

Whito-ficahed:.j.° oJ ws. & Wy

White-headed Prnit- . . , . VY.

Pinguinaria cristata. , VO.

Pipit, Australian 5 6 1 1 U1,

Vipre Deaniaretit. « .» » .. . Jb

ee Lets ee OE Se Le mS ele

BoE... +g beh de ee ie oe SLs

piri t* Ms oe FNS te fee De

Pitta brachyura . ™ IV.

Ivis. Vol. p.li . .- YS

LD ed ay WY tne aR

ain tpl gins ec. coebe Baul

strepitans. Vol Tepe) oo. . . TV.

versinoloe so eg ee wt oy DM

Vigorsii. Vol. T. ite Ley wth eh

Vigors’ CBR Gd keh ied Lis

Platalea flayipes, Vol. Tp. Iyxxyii . VI.

regia. Vol. 1. p,Iysxvii . - + VI

Vol. Lp. ixw V.

Why ter Ge VL

WohT sige. Ger Se ie We

Volulop. Isr = . . Vi

erythropterus. 2. « fs oo WG

Barnavdi,

Bauer.

Brownit.

eximius. Vol. I. p.txwi . . + Y;

flaveolus, Vol. Lop. levi. . . Y.

flayiventris. Vol. I. peixy . . Y.

hematogaster, . . . . « | V-

hremufonotes.. . - - ww «© w» Me

Tt pe be

icterotis, Vol. T, p.Ikwi . + » VY,

ignitus. Vol. T.p.lxi . . . V,

Guniares . = 5. ie wc eee

palliceps. Vol. Lo polevi . . . V.

Pennantii. Vol, I.p. Ixy. . . Vz

pileatus. Vol. I, p.Ixvi . . . Vz

pulchorrmug. . 2 . 2. w = M,

semitorquatus. Vol. pelxy . Ve

splendidus. Vole lop.dxvi . . V.

Scypalariis, 5 w + + 4 wo, ¥ lV,

seapulatns, , . 2 «

Stanlevin. se BH 4s os ine

PORATME, BO ty, ee Hy oy OM

Val. bopolvi TV,

Vil

;

rad |

am SN

So e

20)

Plotus Nove-Hollandie. Vol, b-p.ci-

Plover, Australian Golden 4 2 .

HRW EeNty, tS go aa tree

Brawl): 2a +s

Chestnut-breasted . ,

Great-billed? . . 4 4.

lacey PTY oT Wt Fab

Grisled . .

High-leeged .

Long-billed

Red-necked —,

Southern Stone .

Wauttlt - y § 2 ua

Plyetolophus Bos . 4 . © ,

fimeralis

galeatus

paleeitigan 5 50 eso eae

Leadbeateri

produttiars 3" 4. ar eens

fenuirostris . 6 1-4

Podargus Australis?

brachypterus. Yol, T, 2. xxviii,

cinereus? . . , . -

Cuvieri

Cis ge we 5 ub ue

? gracilis ? . ;

humeralis. Vol. Lo yu xxvii.

megacephalus. Vol, [. pi. xxviii.

Moth-plunaged . 6. .

Phalwnoides. Vol. 1. p, xxvii

Plumed ow ue es

plumiferus. Vol, Lp. xxviii, .

Stanleyanus, Vol, I. p. xxviii.

Tawny-shouldeved . 4. . . .

Podiceps Australis. Vol. L. ps citi .

Dominicns, yar. Vol. L p. ei.

gularis. Vol, 1. p,cii. . «

leant Sac mse ce ae

poliocephalus. Vol, I. p. ei.

Poéphila acuticanda, Vol. 1, pol.

ciicie. Vol ae ky 2 +, 5

Gouldiz, Vol. Ep. 1,

leucotis, Vol. fp. 1 -

Vol. 1. pestis. .

personata, Vol, I. p. |

Polophilus lencogaster

Phasianus .

tivabilis.

yaritgatus . ‘aioe 4 e

Polytelis Barrabandli. Vol. T. p. lav,

melanura, Vol, I, p. ley,

Pomatorhinus, Red-breasted

rubeculus. Vol. L.p.lv .

superciliosus. Vol. 1. p. ly

Teripoval . ssa

temporalis. Volt. p.ly .

trivitgatus . :

White-eyebrowed — ,

Porphyrio, Azire-breasted

bellus, Vol, 1. py. Ixxxix

Black-backed . . . , -

miclanotus. Vol, 1. p. Ixxxix -

Porzana fluminea, Vol. I. p,xe - ,

fimmaculata, Vol, I. p. xe .

leucophirys.

palustris, Vol, TL, p. xe

Praticola campestris. . 5. 4

fuliginosa . .

Pratincole, Anstralasian 2 2,

Oriental

Prion, Ariel. Vol. 1. yr. xerx.

Banksit. Vol, L. p. xeix.

Broad-billed .

Vols pee, + =

Vul. 1 Tue

VIl, 75

Vi. 15

eee me

» ¥I. 5,14

Tih ap

VI. 6

VI, I2

VP. «Oo

Vi. 6

vik -&

VE. LF

Vi. 3

VI. 10

Vv. 4

a Vem ot

VY. It

Vy. l

¥, 3

Vy. 6

VA 5

I. 3

Ik. 3

I. 8644

MN. 4

TY if

ll. 3

I ot

|| Pee

= sR

Vil. 80

VIL. 81

VIL. 82

Vil. 82

lll. 90

Hl, 93

Wt. 92

Hl. 89

i. 9)

TV. 92

{[V. 92

IV. 2

¥e 15

Vv. 416

Pye. az

TY, <2

IV, 22

ly, 20

IV. 20

IV. -223

Vi. 70

VL 70

VI. 69

VI, 79

VI. 82

VIL BI

VIL oO

Ul. 71

th. 70

Vi 22

Vi. 25

Vil.

GENERAL INDEX.

Vol. Page ; = ne Pyrrhocorax violaceus. . 1 1 + . ae a

Prion, Doye-like VII. 54 | Psittacus aipiaoe es Vv. 35 | Pyrrholemus brunneus. Vol. Lp. xlvii Ill. 68

Turtur. Vol, I. p. xeix VIL. 54 multicolor + + ; y 5 '

vittatus. Vol. I. p. xcix . VIT. 55 ie ; fe : - os || “Guach Bidet co, OR ae

Procellaria Aiquinoetialis. Vol.I. p, xevil. Novee-Hollandise «| ane a es 6 VE i es

Antarctica. Vol. I. p. xeviil. Pacificus var ' “ti ro Gncaher"Bwdich leJce EO An marae

coerulea. Vol. I. p. xeviti. . . VII, 52 Pennantii . . + 4 Little Vv. 87

congpicillata, Vol. I. p. xevii . VII. 46 pheenicocephalus. . + wxne 2k aR sp te a CEP ee ee vd

Cookii. Vol. L. p. xeviii.. . . VIL 51 pulchellus. . + = = evi tt ee

flavirostris. Vol. I, p. xeviil. purpurea. . + + = - Vy 38 oe rmegea Se SS uy sae

: : Vv. 32 Painted: 4. 4 Fs nA. es

Forsteri . . . + . « + VIL 52,55 purpureocephalus . 6 + + + Pactoual ¥. 8%

gigantea. Vol. I. p xevi =. =Cw:SCOWILL, 5 purpureus, « caer ae . Vv. 58 © See enh .

re 8: . Vv. 64 Btnbble .¢. a 3 >t a Se ae, Ue

Glacialoides. Vol. I. p. xevill . VII. 48 pusillus Ce a ie . ’ Thick-billed Vv. 3835

hasitata. Vol. I. p. xevii. . . VII. 47 rubrifrons . _ Ys 968 Vv, ned fae ioe | ee

Lessonii, Vol. I. p.xeviii . . VIL. 49 sagittifer Bareabeod! _ ve i ‘ arieds . - 6 + + ewe Ve BR

leucocephala . . . » . + + VIL 49 scapulatus . « . ; ¥: | Goaker! + gece ages 2 se Wes

leucoptera. . « + . VIL 61 semitorquatus . . « + + 4 ¥s .

aisha Vol. I, p. xeviil. Silay, £408. jogs oe Ge VRMRD Rail - ss s+ + + ee ee VE 7B

a. i _, WIL 61 splendidus. Vv. 28 Maid Fee ay 4 RS TG

mollis, Vol. I. p,xeviii . . . VII, 50 Tabuensis . . . - + Vv. 17 Lewin’s Water . . . . » « VI. 7%

CI g |. VIL 53 Poser aeler eS wk pe ¥y. 10 Pectoral. bo. ce «oy Se 5. VES FG

nivea. Vol. L. p. “seri. tenujrostria «=. «+ «e+ MW ©~©6G | CRallusbrachipus . we OLS Oe

pelagican «. . 2 1 es + + VIL 66 terrestris. » 6 se + ete Ve 46 Lewin. Vol. I. p. xe - +o» WL 77

Gat ix po Mi cata mane piittaiet | iecac i ee ee cee pectoralis. Vol. I.p.xe . . . VI. 76

Solandri. Vol, I. p. xeviii. PORCHES Gooey pine + Fee's da a) Sera emenen toe Pa itty

eae) 8 tien Lehay @O vents, a 2 2 becca LRG TPOe | Jheotiretzoatte Norse-Mollaudiert wee VIL 27

Tis, . 5 soe et ee WL 84 yirudid >; + > hm « ne Vp a rubricollis. Vol ts REO Saree e

Uninatrix . . 4 . + « » . VIL. 60 gonarius . + + 5. ts a Me BQ | Redbil 2. Co 7 D383

vagabunda =... . « « « VIL 49 | Psophodes, Black-throated . . . « Ill, 16 | Bed-knee, Banded. . . . . . s VE 21

welexe deve ee eh So he NEE OE crepitans. Vol. I. p.xliii. . . TM. 15 Red-throat, Brown. . . . . «. . Hl. 68

a es ee ek ee Tet nigrogularis. Vol. Lp. xiii. . TI. 16 | Reed-DLark, Field . . . .. . « UL 71

Wilsonii . . VIL. 65 | Ptevopodocys Phasianella. Vol. I, Striated =. Ill. 70

Psephotus heematogaster. ‘Vol. L p. = Vi 88 pe xxxvi . IL, 59 | Bhipidura albiseapa, Vol. iy p. xxxix, Ul. 83

hematonotus. Vol. I. p.Ixvi . V. 86 | Ptilinopus Ewingii. — Vol. p. hai’ » Wel “86 Dryas. Vol. I. p, xxxix.

multicolor. Vol. I.p.Ixyi . . V. 85 purpuratus, var. Regina eee, Ue et flabellifera. . . . «. » « ~ IL, 88

pulcherrimus. Vol, I. p. Ixvi Vv. 34 superbus, Vol. I. p. lxix . Vv. 37 isura, Vol, I. p.xxxix . . . IL 85

Psilopus albogularis . . . . . . IL 97 Swainsonii, Vol. 1. p. lsix V. 55 Motacilloides, Vol.I. p.xxxix . IT, 86

brevirostris. . . . . . « . TI. 103 | Ptilonorbhynchus holosericeus. Vol. I, picata. Vol. I. p. xxxix.

@alictvotie, . a. sw tS BD p- lit Etna s Ay AR Y, rufifrons. Vol. I. p. xxxix Il. 84

fuseus . . _ UU, 88 Macbeayii. . +. +s.» FV. 10 Rhynchwa, Australian. - VI. 4

Stivdaesal. Vol, L p. ath cette! 8S ee ane Australis. Vol, I. p. ee ry sae

Psittacula Florentis » . . . . . V. 58 Smithii. Vol. L p. lii . Iv. 11 | Rhynchaspis fasciata . . . . . . VIL. 13

Psittacus Australis. . . . . . + V. 47,52 squamulosug . . + + + « + IV, 10 maculatus 5 qo oe Met ce Ser

1 ee tiase ee Pie ee, te yo Us > ew Ue aD membranacen. . . . . « . VIL 18

Banksi «. - . .. . » « V.%,10 | Ptilorisparadisea . . . . . « « IV,100 Rhynchotis . . . . + . . VIL 12

Barrabandii . . Vv. 15 paradiseus. Vol. I. p. Ixit Iv.100 | Robin « . . .. . . es. Hh 8

Baueri . . V. 20 | Ptilotis auricomis. Vol. I. phi. . IV. 37 Black. - es - + ee TE 7

Brownii « - + + + » V. 24,31 chrysops. Vol. I.p.lvi . . . IV. 45 Dusky. . . . . . . » « I 8

Caledonicus? . - Ve 24 chrysotis. Vol. I. p.lvi . IV. 32 Flame-breasted . . . . . . HL 6

capitatus . - + + + + Ve 27 cratitius. Vol. I. p. lvi IV. 88 Grey-breasted . . . . « . Th 1

chlorolepidotus . . Vv. 50 flava. Vol.I.p.Wi .. . . IV. 42 Norfolk Island . . . ... IL 4

chrysogaster . . . . 1 . 1 Ve 4d flavescens. Vol. I. p.lvi . IV. 41 Pied ee Re eS FE

chrysostomus . Vv. 87 favigula. Vol. pi. . . IV. 85 Pink-breasted ~ eas Th

conempnys’s 6 oS a wk OE OBR Treas lee at hat ce a ot eli Pink-breasted Wood- ; eo? nee ees

Cookit . . Vv. 10 fuscus. Vol. [.p.lvi_ . . IV. 44 Red-capped . 2 . . . + » WE 5

Byanomelin FS oo) se oe em ee Ciabeieten eS ooe8 9 REP Ba Rose-breasted Wood- . . . . UL 2

cyanopygms . . . +. +--+. WV 17 leucotis. Vol. I. p. Iwi. . IV. 36 Scarlet-breasted . 2. . . . UL3,4

discolor PS Bow Y. 47 Lewinii? Vol. 1. p. vi. Sirol pay aa Nb Je Ae TE ee

Rdwardsii. + . + « « « « Ve 4 ornatus. Vol. I.p.lvi. . . . IV. 89 |° White-bellied . , . . . . IL 18

elegans. - . 2 ss 2 ss Ve 28 penicillatus. Vol. Lp.Wi . . IV. 43 White-eyebrowed . . . . » IL 9

Woes 2 + 5 a 3 yoy Pistia. 22, cl tee of othe a6 Telos" i6): wte.F 7. en Aaveaee Be

erythropterus a vy ie plumulus. Vol. I.p. vi. . . IV. 40 Yellow-breasted . , , , «. . UL ll

a a Py PL ree oe Me ee sonorus, Vol, I.p.lvi. . . . IV. 88 Roller, Australian. . . , . . -. IL 1

flaviventris . . . . . > We 24, unicolor, Vol. p.lvi . . . IV. 46 Pavifies,..--° 2 ar ae qe ay) JL

formosis.. « » + + we + Ve 346 versicolor. Vol. I.p.lvi. . , IV. 34 Piving-. >? § «0h 3, 3 WOE

funereus . . . - + » » » Ve 11 | PofinuriaGarmotii. . . . > . - VIL 60 BStreecked . 5. 2 . + 3 +e EV. 18

galeatus » ss + +s +s Ve 14 Urinatrix. Vol.I.p.e . . . VIL 60 Striated . . 2...» » TV. 1

sete V. 1 | Puffinus assimilis, Vol. cm xeix. . WII. 59 VATE Gye os, US BQ ong hee

deel PL aS ane i 23 Australia , . . . » RTS” RISER «wien en SL ue 2a en me

eats . be % breyicaudus, Vol, I. p.xeix . . VIT. 56 Moreton Bay... .. 2 BOE k We eat

sath aS vis carneipes. Vol. I, p. xeix. . . VIL 57

ae ciate eee if ae sphenurus. Vol. I. p.xcix . . VIL 58 | Sandpiper,Curlew . . . . . . VIL 82

ges | Po Be oe S Pyrrhocorax leucopterus . . . . . EV. 16 Faery 7 8 35. pe ee ee

Sandpiper, Great

Green . pe. ae

SAERDE = st tomate Mite arr os

Grey-rumped. , we es

SOREN so ale to ee Ee

Tes ak ey a he

Bef 6

DT i er

Wattled “hs a) aoe

Sarciophorus pectoralis. Vol. 1. p. bexxii

Saxicola chrysorrhaa . . . . «

rhodinogaster

solitaria

Oindess-. 0 (Tate eee

Scheeniclus albescens, Vol. 1. p. boxxiy

Australis. Vol. L. p. lxxxiy . .

magnus. Vol. Ip. Ixxxiv. .

subarquatus, Vol. L. p. Ixxxiv

Scolopax Australis. Vol. 1. p. bexxv .

cinerea , ef ene

Hartwickit + 1. « 2 «

subavqugta. . 2 « © ¢§ e

Terek . . ro ee

Scythrops Australasia . . . « +

Axistralig “2 6 ee ee

Novwe-Hollandia, Vol. 1. p.m .

Seisura maquieta. Vol, I. p. xxxix .

yolitang . =. « + e

Sencorms, Allied . . . . «. +

Buff-breasted . falsee eA

eitreogularis. Vol. I. p. xlvi .

frontalis, Vol. 1. p. xl.

humilis. Vol. T. p. xlvi

levigaster. Vol. TL. p. xlvi

Large-billed . ,

maculatus. Vol. I. p. xlvi

magnirostris. Vol, I, p.xlv.

osculans. Vol. I. p.xlvi ,

parvulus ;

Sombre-colonred

Spotted . . . «

White-fronted

Yellow-throated . . 2. . .

Sericulus chrysoeephalus. Vol. I. p. lil

magnirostris, Vol. 1. p. li.

regens . Se cet

Shag, Black, . . . .

Black and White

Crested

Little . , .e. bee

17 ae Pr, AAD AGA ie

Spotted . . 4 4

Shieldrake, Chestnut-colonre

New Holland .

Baths. 2 ew we on

Shoveller, Australian ,

New Holland .

Shrike, Frontal

Robust .

Shrike- Tit, Frontal in

White-bellied. . 1. 1 1 ws

Sitta ? chrysoptera. . . . . 4

Sittella, Black-capped. ,

chrysoptera, Vol. I. p. dx.

leucocephala. Vol. L. p, Ixti .

lencoptera, Vol. I. p. lxii

melanocephala ‘

Orange-winged ‘

pileata. Vol. [. p.Isu.

White-heade!

White-winged . 5 8 ALA

Vol, I. p. xii.

Sinicrornis brevirostris,

TT,

ITt.

Tit.

Ii.

Mil.

IIt.

Tlf, 51

III. 5

III, 4

II.

It.

TI.

Ii.

IV.

VIL.

Vil.

VIT.

Vil.

VII.

Vi.

Vil.

VII,

Il.

IL,

IV,

IV.

Tv.

IV.

ib &

IN:

IV,

IV.

Il,

101

104

101

102

103

104

101

104

102

103

108

GENERAL

Smierornis flayescens, Vol. 1, p. xl,

Short-billed , . . . . -

Yellow-tinted. . . 4 ——_

Bape, iid ts ie og SO Ot OE

New Holand . - at

ppek-aoy ites <i -f- ts. oe

Madara, dpe a he ek. Me cotat

Sparrow, Native

Sptoi. 4s $

Sparvius eirrhoeephalus, Vol, 1. p. xxiv,

lunulatns.

Vol. L. p. xxiii.

melanops. Vol. 1. p. xxiv.

niveus.

tricolor. Vol. L, p. xxiv.

Spatula Rhynchotis, Vol. I. p. xeii .

Sphecotheres Australis. Vol. I. p, lit

Australian ,

Vol. 1. p. xxiv.

canicollis

virescens.

viridis .

Sphemisens » , , « - +

minor. Vol. L p. ci - ;

Undina. Vol. I p,cili . .

Sphenoeacus galactotes. Vol. 1. p. xliv

gramineus. Vol. L. p. xliv

Grass-loving . é

Tawny . Le aaiee Sona

Sphenostoma cristatum. Vol. I. p. xlin

Spine-bill . . 1. 2s

Slender-billed .

White-eyebrawed

Spoonbill, Royal ,

Yellow-legged 2 2. us

Squatarola Helvetica, Vol. I. p. lyxxii

Sqneaker. . 4 a

Sterna alha .

eandida a.

gracilis, Vol. 1. p. xeiv

guttata . .« 6 + © « &

melanauchen, Vol, I. p. xeiv

melanorhyucha. Vol. I. p. xeiv .

Oahuensis. . . + -

Panaya .

Pelecancides . . . . .

poliocerca .

WORTUN, he 6 ee oe

SDAIN fe ka aye o>

(Sylochelidon) strenuus

Felp€- 8b 3 Ee.

Sternula Nereis. Vol. 1. p, xciy

Stilt, Banded

New Zealand . ,

White-headed 2 2 1 ws

Stipiturus malachurus. Vol, J. p. xliv

Strepera - ee cy =p

arguta. Vol, Lp. xxxiv

Anaphonensis. Vol. I. p. xxxiv -

fuliginosa. Vol. I. p. xxxiv .

graculina. Vol. Lp. xxxiv

melanoptera. Vol. 1. p. xxxiv.

plumbea

Strepsilas collaris - re

Interpres. Vol. 1. p. Iyxxv

Strix Boohook . aah ‘

castanops. Vol, I. p, xxvi

Cyelops ifs gece

delicatulus, Vol. I. p. xxv

flammea?. Vol, I, p, xxvi.

personata, Vol. 1, p. xxvi

tenebricosus. Vol. 1. p. xxvi.

Strnthidea, Grey

cinerea, Vol. I. p. hin.

INDEX,

Vol. Page

Il, 104

IT, 103

Il. 104

VI. 31

VI. 40

VI. 34

IV. 58

Il. 79

H, 91

Vil.

IV.

LY.

IV.

Vil.

VIL.

Ii.

Ill. ;

TIL.

Il,

IV.

1p x

Sula Australis. Vol. [. p. ei Vil. 76

Brasilicusis : VIL 78

Coie | St GE ne Vil. 79

erythrorbyncha . VU. 79

fiber ec VU. 7%

fusea, Vol. 1. p. ei, VU. 78

personata. Vol. Lp. ei Vi. 77

piseator. Vol. I. p. ei . Vil, 79

bry Glu... 5 3 VU, 79

Swallow, Australian Spine-tailed I, 10

Black-and-white . .

Dun-rumped . Il, 14

Grey-breasted Wond- , MN, 29

Rifile- Wate.) a. 8 OE ff. 28

Masked Wood- , Il, 381

Needle-tailed ? Il, 10

New Holland - Ts

New Holland ? II, 10

Pin-tailed . Il. 10

Welcome Wi: “TS

White-breasted a II. 12

White eyebrowed Wood- . Lis 32

White-rumped Wood- . , ll. 33

White-vented Wood- ee 8 Feet)

Wood- . . I, 27,29

Swititedier, € « fb yt - VI, 70

Little a“ VI, 8&2

Swan, Black. Vol, L. p. xet Vil. 6

Black, of Van Diemen . Vu. 6

Shawiau or Black VU. 6

Swift, Australian A es a |

Sylvia annulosa . IV. $1

ehrysops . , IV. 45

cyanea . af ae. Ill, 18

flayigastra, Vol, E- p, xiii,

hirundinacea - a . Jt,, 84

lateralis Leela IV. 81

leucophzea. Vol. 1. p. xl.

pusilla . z LE. 53

rubricata . at Pe il. 69

rufiventris. Vol. I. p. xxxvii.

versicolor, Vol. I. pp, Ixi.

Sylochelidon poliocerca 5 VIL, 24

strenuus, Vol, [. p, xeiv . VII. 22

Synoiens Australis. Vol. 1. p.ixxx . V. 89

? Chinensis. Vol. I. p. lxxx . V. 92

Divinenensis. Vol, 1. p, Ixxx Vy. 90

sordidus, Vol. 1. p.Ixxx . . y, Bi

Tadorna Radjah. Vol, I. p. xei . VII. 8

Talegalla Lathami. Vol, I, p, Lysiii Vi VF.

Watticw © wl <0-) 8 Wer aki

Tantalus Faleinellus - + VI. 47

igneus - VI. 47

Tanypus Australis . Ul. 6&4

Teal + . « a Vi. 11

Coromandel Vil. 4

SSISTOM,. ono oo 0p et oh ee VIL. 4

Terekia cinerca, Vol. I. p, Ixxxy - VI. 34

Javanica VI. 34

Tern, Bass’s Straits VII. 24

Black-billed VII, 26

Black-naped . VI. 28

Caspian Vil. 23

Crested VI. 23

Graceful «5 we sw we we hc VI OF

PU ke tS on WL eee

Noddy. © ¢ 2. 2 + © a Wile 3d

Panayan VIL. 338

Powerful eo VII. 22

Tiwi § 3. 4 a VI. 29

Little Australian. , VI. 29

GENERAL INDEX,

Vol. Page Vol. Page Vol, Page

Tern, Sooty . é « oat, Be Trichoglossus multicolor. + + + + Vv. 48 Vanellus melanogaster . . . . . VI, 12

Torres . eS ler) VII. 25 porphyrocephalus. Vol. L. p. xviii -V. 53. Nove-Hollandiwe. . .. .. Vi 9

Torres’ Straits . . . + + + VII. 28 pnsillus, Vol. I. p. Ixvili « V. 54 Vultur Audax, Vol. I. p. xxi.

WAG, sos Pat ome Wake rubritorquis. Vol. I. p. Ixvit v. 49 | Vulture, New Holland . 2. . 2... VY. 97

White-capped . . . . + + VIL 36 Swainsonif. Vol. I. p.Ixviii. . V. 84

Vellow-billed. . . . . + + VII. 23 versicolor. Vol. I. p, Ixviii . Ve St Warbler, Dwarf. . . . . LLL. 60,62; V.53

Tetrao Chinensis . . . + » + + Ve 98 Tringa albescens -.- - ‘as VI. 31 Bile ©. a wee 6 Ye oe ee ae

Manillensis . . . + + + » Ve Atatrabs Gow © + as > «© Vy SO Taneated «. az se 4 i ad a. TRh 5

Thalasseus Pelecanoides. Vol. I. p.xeiv VII. 23 Austrdliam, a. <« « » » « VI. 80 Long-billed Sedge- . . . . . DIL 388

poliocercus. Vol. I. p. xciv , . VII, 24 Helvetica . s - Pm, VL 12 Red-breasted . . «. . ~~. . IL 8

Torresu. Vol, I. p. eth ee te Tee Interpres ~ tn-* oe eet VI. 39 Reeds orn a bd . 2a. «eit: 37

Thalassidroma Tropica, Vol. I, p. ¢. Os a ee oS ee Rock- x + » 4+ Se oe, Ce

leucogaster. Vol.I.p.e . . + VIL. 63 Squatarola . . - +--+ VE 1 Heddy: sas. | } 45. . eae

marina, Vol I.p.e . . . +» VIL. 61 subarquata . » . « « +» » VE 32 Rufous-headed . . 1. . . WIL 45

melanogaster. Vol. I.p.c . . VIL 62 Tropidorhynchus argenticeps. Vol. I, Rufous-vented. Vol. I. p. xxxvii.

Nereis, Vol.I.pee . . . . VIL 64 p- lviti . eh ers. 29 Rusty-side. A. sf 4 we. 1a St

Oceanica moe yo) ne VAL 85 citreogularis. Vol. I, p.Ivii. . IV, 60 Scarlet-backed . . . . . . IML 26

Wilson, Vol. Lp.e. . . . VID. 65 corniculatus. Vol. I. p. lviili . IV. 58 Soft-tailed.. . =. s 2 sy an; “DEE ST

| Thick-head, Banded . . . . . . II, 67 eyanotis . - + ata, SMe 68 Square-tailed » . 4 6 oe 4 U1. 44.

Threskiornis strictipennis. Vol. 1. p. Lexxyi VI. 46 monacha - <n «Ht Pas 2 AL: CoS Sitiperti. os. ce es fo RE 18 4,

| Thrush . ss 4. 4s 4 « . Tl 75 | Turdusbadius. 2...) . . IL 7% Swallw . ... .. 4 WL Bh

oe hl . - ier es Ee 2 cyanes) as + s + st se LV. 68 Warterated 6*-) co soe res 4, JE, <3

| ack-browed . . . . « ~ IV, 80 dilutuss, o =. uw «cs t DE FS | Welgerbill Crested... %... « 4 TE a7

Black-crowned - . . + . . IL 64 dubins. Vol, I, p. xxxix. Whimbrel, Australian. . VL. 43

Blne-cheeked . . . » . « + IV. 68 frivolus. Vol. I. p. ly. TAGE A ee >, = VI. A

Chestnut-backed Ground-. . . IV. 5 gutturalis. . . . . . . . IL 64 Whistling Dick . . oe, IL

| Crested » . 1... . . . I 81 harmonies « «2 » + . --s We Fh Whiteeye . . . + on tee Iv e

Dilute, . . ...... I 74 inquietus . . . . . . . . ID, 87 | Wonga-wonga Leer ee chy

Grey-headed , . . . .. . IL 74 : x Rl alta iter Sal oT

POOH ac ye gM sss ig. PRR ake Will, e Lay sae Ill, 57

. eattioal PP ee ea PR ee hmularis Il. 64 B ies,

| AGES! i enn gl ake rea ~ tore th tes ’ R anded . (<p Oe bd a et ee

Base ll ene ne Mew ie uni ‘ ne re To Ivy. 7 Beaatitul . ho ke a we CTE 28

yer : re maxillaris, Vol. I, p. liti, Black-backed. . . . . . . TID. 20

Oe led: Anal melanophrys . oe yh eR... -80 Black-headed, . . . . . . JIL 26

Orange-breasted. . . . . . IL. 67 muscicola. Vol. I. p. xxxiv Bh ;

: Port Jackson . : J : : ll 7A ‘ > in. yp “4 exe ne . . 4 : . . . . . Hl. 18

Pancebad o> ‘ prasinus, Vol, L. p. xxxvii. Crown's yin ep Sea

Been Rs ep eee) ce punctstuas. ©. 1. 1. . = TVD “4 Cautious . ul

Hestless a 2 iy wn be TE BF, Stitte. |. oe ay . es + a . 40

Sordid . ; ‘ . ‘ , ; Il. a7 neh . . ‘ . *. “s mu , > ' . . . + . a Til. 81

Snotteth catinds tat chs beats ik rae StS we “4 ; es Ganetyh tov © ih gee some eee, we

Vist, «eo aasrem oe Oy ed a tof iy ere eet e ae Lambert's Hot ge nb es oe or SESS

Gokcsvers, APP bates oN Seth isk, 5: + 4 Large-tailed be + 8 eR laa

ihe dana et) See ross ae te es ot ght Longetelled 1), . 1... DG 39

Thunder Bird AYALIYE. + ys ae tf eaves 3 Red-rvumped - . . , . . . IIL 389

Y ee) ae Il. 64 Turnix castanotus. Vol. I. p. Ixxix, Striated ’

Tinnunculus Cenchrotdes. Vol.1, p, xxiii 13 melanogaster. Vol. I. p. Ixxix : ty? ore ee a sae

Tody, Red-breasted > ¥ 1 ; P ; Il. 91 ary ¥ 1 L . p- , b ' Textile . . . . + - . . . Tu. 28

Todus Rubecula notus, Vol. I. p.tixxix . . V. 84 White-winged . . 2. , Il. 25

eT ee et) pytrhothorax. Vol. I. p. Lexx ; c

Totanus Glottoides - » «6 s 4 » VIL 36 scintillans. Vol, I. p, Ixxix Xanth < +.

griseopygius. Vol.I. p.luxy . VI 38 cad ec ee ee ee BA ee Oe ee

Fubses Sa alte MN ml Rut Maks ei eaane oh ss. . V. 82 | Xema Jamesonii. Vol. I. p. xettt. . VIL 20

stgtaillie Vol, pte 4. Wey acd pS : Xenus cinereus» s+ 4 + + ye VI. 34

Tribonyx, Black-tailed . . . . . VI 72 Turtur ? Lo hot qe net” SP aie ae ae Xerophila leucopsis. Vol. I, p. xlvii . III. 67

Mortieri. Vol. € Ds — ; ! VI 71 . P Cas + . . Vv 70 white-faced . . . * . . ‘ Til. 67

Mortier’s . . VI :

; , . . . ~ . . 71 V. .

Witialia. Ven, Yop. eax a ice Sen Vol. I. p, xxxv, Zosterops chloronotus. Vol. I. p. Ix . IV. 82

Tehasioligs Ausioka. 00 7 ee f Phen Oe Lee ev Il. 52 dorsalis, Vol. I.p.Ix. .. TV. 81

; : nigrogularis . . . . , Il. 49 ‘

chlorolepidotus. Vol. I ill ; “a G » a Green-backed. . , . .

P »p-l . IV

‘ plein. V, 50 | Vanellus gallinacens VI : + 88

sendin, VolIop, viii . 2 y. 5a ae ee . 9 Grey-backed 4 , . . ¢ . . Yo BI

Titastedia, eo y ERNE Seer we PR 5 Sh, luteus, Vol.Il.pix . .. . IV.

Matoni . 48 Hetretienes: 2) 59 509) Fis OF 12 Yell Me

Me 5k ut te Vv. 50 lobatus. . . 1... VI. 9 eg Adee Oe Yaaro me

The References to the P. i - .

e Pages in the above Index will be found correct if the Subscribers will cause them to be numbered in the order in which tl ti

‘der ich the respective

volumes are arranged, which could not be done in the course of publication

PREFAC E.

HavineG in the summer of 1837 brought my work on the “ Birds of Europe” to a successful

termination, [ was naturally desirous of turning my attention to the Ornithology of some other

region; and a variety of concurring circumstances induced me to select that of Australia, the

Birds of which, though invested with the highest degree of interest, had been almost entirely

neglected. Dr. Shaw, in his “ Zoology of New Holland,” had devoted a few plates to the

subject, from specimens collected by Sir Joseph Bauks during the first voyage of Captain

Cook; the “ Birds of New Holland” by Lewin comprised not more than twenty-six plates ;

and figures and descriptions of a few species were given in the earlier voyages of Phillip,

White and Collins, and the more recent one of King. At a subsequent period the late

Mr. Vigors and Dr. Horsfield commenced an elaborate memoir on the Collection of Australian

Birds in the possession of the Linnean Society; but unfortunately, they did not proceed

farther than the Meliphagidw, and the non-completion of their labours is the more to be

regretted, inasmuch as the Linnean Society's collection of Australian birds, at that time the

finest extant, comprised many species collected by Mr. Brown during his voyage with the

celebrated navigator Flinders, and was moreover enriched with some interesting notes by the

late Mr. George Caley, by whom the collection was chiefly formed. Descriptions of many

Australian birds were also included in the works of Latham, Shaw, Cuvier and Vieillot, as well

as in several of the recent French voyages of discovery ; still no general work on the su bject

had been undertaken, and nearly all that had been recorded by the various writers above

enumerated, had reference almost exclusively to the productions of New South Wales and Van

Diemen’s Land, these being almost the only explored portions of that great country. In the

absence, then, of any general work on the Birds of Australia, the field was comparatively

a new one, and of no ordinary degree of interest, from the circumstance of its being one of the

‘ PREFACE.

finest possessions of the British Crown, and from its natural productions being as remarkable

for the anomalous nature of their forms, as for their beauty, and the singularity of their habits,

In the attempt to supply this desideratum I commenced publishing from the materials then

accessible, but soon found, from the paucity of information extant upon the subject, that

it could not be executed in a manner that would be satisfactory to my own mind or com-

mensurate with the exigencies of science ; I therefore determined to proceed to Australia and

personally investigate (so far as a stay of two years would allow) the habits and manners of

its birds in a state of nature. Accordingly in May 1838 I left England, provided, by the

liberality of Government, with letters from Lord Glenelg, at that time Secretary of State for

the Colonies, Sir George Grey, Bart., and Gordon Gairdner, Esq., of the Colonial Office,

recommending me to the countenance and protection of the various Governors, and requesting

them to aflord me such aid and assistance in furtherance of my objects as they might have it in

their power to render; similar favours were also granted me by the authorities of the Admiralty,

who, through their Secretary, Sir John Barrow, directed the captains and commanders of Her

Majesty's ships and vessels employed on the coasts of Australia to further my views, by giving

myself and my assistant a passage to such part of the coasts as either of us might be desirous of

visiting, only stipulating that the shi ps under their command should not be detained on any parts

of the coasts they were not ordered to visit. His late Royal Highness the Duke of Sussex, in his

capacity of President of the Royal Society, was pleased to favour me with a letter addressed to

the authorities, civil and military, of Her Majesty's Colonies, recommending me to their kind

offices and protection, as he felt assured that my exertions would materially promote the

interests of Natural History. [ was also under considerable obligations to the kindness of

Captain Washington, R.N., at that time Secretary of the Royal Geographical Society, who

furnished me with introductions to Captains Sir John Franklin and Sir Gordon Bremer, R.N.,

and other influential persons. Having thus acknowledged the facilities afforded me by the

home authorities, it becomes my pleasing duty to state that their recommendations and wishes

were responded to in the warmest manner by Captain Sir John Franklin, R.N., Governor of

Van Diemen’s Land; Sir George Gipps, Governor-General of New South Wales; Lieut.-

Colonel Gawler, Governor of South Australia; John Hutt, Esq., Governor of Western

Australia; and Captain M‘Arthur, Commandant of Port Essington ; all of whom rendered me

every assistance compatible with the instructions under which they were acting. I should be

wanting, however, both in courtesy and gratitude. did I not especially acknowledge the warm

friendship, and the many acts of genuine kindness which | received at the hands of my valued

PREFACE. vil

friends Sir John and Lady Franklin, who, besides facilitating my views in every way, both

publicly and privately, with the most generous hospitality received myself and family into

their house, where Mrs. Gould and my eldest son, who had accompanied us, remained for

nearly ten months, while I pursued my researches in various parts of Van Diemen’s Land and

the continent of Australia; and it is only by those who, like myself, have had the advantage of

residing in the bosom of this amiable family, that the kindness of their nature and the goodness

of their hearts can he duly appreciated, and which can never be erased from iIny memory. |

must acknowledge not less gratefully the many acts of kindness rendered to me by Sir George

and Lady Gipps during my stay in Sydney. After exploring Van Diemen’s Land, the islands

in Bass’s Straits, South Australia, and New South Wales, into the interior of which country I

penetrated to the distance of nearly four hundred miles from the coast-line, I despatched my

able assistant, Mr. Gilbert, to explore the western and northern portions of the country, and

returned to England in August 1840; | immediately commenced the work de novo, and the

result of my labours is now before the public. It fortunately happened at the commencement

and during the progress of the work, Her Majesty's ships the Beaglé, under the command of

Captains Wickham and Stokes; the Britomart, under Captain Stanley; the Fly, under Captain

Blackwood, and the Pelorus under Captain Chambers were employed in surveying the

northern and north-western coasts of Australia; and the Erebus and Terror under Captain Sir

James C. Ross, in a voyage of discovery towards the south pole. While engaged in the

performance of their arduous duties, the officers of those vessels sueceeded in procuring many

interesting novelties, which, with the greatest liberality, were communicated to me for the

present work, whereby its value has been much enhanced. This liberality will be found duly

acknowledged in the histories of the species, for the use of which I ain indebted to the kindness

of B. Bynoe, Esq., Surgeon R.N., Lieut. Emery, R.N., Commander J. M. R. Inee, R.N.,

Edward Dring, Esq., Purser R.N., Dr. Robertson and Robert M‘Cormick, Esq., Surgeons

R.N., and John M‘Gillivray, Esq.

After spending two years in Western and Northern Australia, Mr. Gilbert returned to

England in September 1841, bringing with him the result of his labours, which proved of

sufficient value and importance to induce me to believe that much yet remained to be

discovered in those countries, and to direct him to return thither, which he accordingly did in

the ensuing spring; and after again visiting Swan River, and sedulously exploring the interior

so far as practicable, he proceeded to Sydney, and, unfortunately for himself, allowed his love

PREFACE.

vill

of science, in the advancement of which no one was more ardent, to induce him to join

Dr. Leichardt in his overland journey from Moreton Bay to Port Essington. On this

expedition, he, as usual, displayed his wonted zeal and activity until the 28th of June, when,

the party being treacherously attacked by the natives, his valuable life was sacrificed, 1 lost

a most able coadjutor, and science has to deplore one of ler most devoted servants;

fortunately, however, in despite of the many difficulties and dangers which beset the party

during the remainder of their journey, his journals and notes, together with the specimens he

had been able to procure, were preserved and transmitted to me by Dr, Leichardt, and proved

of valuable assistance in determining the range of many of the species.

My own researches commenced immediately after passing the Equator, from whence,

throughout the entire route to Australia, I omitted no opportunity of studying the habits, and

collecting the different species of the oceanic birds that came under my notice: these

observations were again resumed on my return to England; and as the outward passage

was by the Cape of Good Hope, and the homeward one by Cape Horn. they extended

round the globe, and, as will be seen in the course of the work, haye led to some

important results, And here T must acknowledge my obligations to the various captains

with whom [I sailed, namely Captain M°Kellar of the “ Parsee,” which vessel conveyed ine

to Van Diemen’s Land; Captain Harding of the “ Black Joke,” in which I proceeded from

Launceston to Adelaide ; Captain Fell of the “ Catherine Stewart Forbes,” in which I returned

from Adelaide to Hobart Town ; Captain Gilchrist of the « Potentate,” in which I sailed from

Hobart Town to Sydney; and Lieutenant Mallard, R.N., of the « Kinnear,” which brought me

to England ; all of whom rendered me every assistance in their power, and the use of a boat

and crew whenever the weather would admit of one being lowered, by which means I was

enabled to obtain nearly forty species of Petrel, being the finest collection of the Procellaride

ever brought together.

At the commencement of the work it Was not expected that it would prove so extensive as

it has become, since not more than about 300 species were then known, which number has now

been increased, by the united efforts of myself and those who have so kindly aided my views, to

upwards of 600 species, among which are comprised many forms remarkable for their novelty,

the anomalous character of their structure, and the singularity of their habits, such as the Bower

Birds (Ptilonorhynchi and Chlamydere) and the Mound-raising Birds (Talegalla, Leipoa and

PREFACE. 1X

Megapodius). ‘Vhe singular runs or bowers of the Chlamyderw were considered by some

explorers to be the cradles of the infants of the aborigines, and the mounds of the Alegapodius

to be tumuli, errors which have been rectified in the present work,

It is not to be supposed that an undertaking of such magnitude as the present could have

been brought to a successful termination by the unaided eflorts of a single individual, and I

have, therefore, very great pleasure in stating that my views were most ably seconded hy every

one with whom the nature of my investigations brought me in contact; but by none more

than by the Rev. Thomas James Ewing, who, besides manifesting the warmest friendship, has

ever taken especial interest in promoting the success of the present work ; nor must I omit to

mention R. C. Gunn, Esq., Lieut. Breton, R.N., the Hon. Henry Elliot, Aide-du-camp to the

Governor, Lieut. Friend, R.N., and Captain Booth, all of Van Diemen’s Land. In New South

Wales my best thanks are due to George Bennett, Esq., who, like Mr. Ewing, favoured me

with his warmest friendship, and evinced an equal anxiety for the success of my undertaking ;

the Messrs. James and William M*‘Arthur, of Camden; the Messrs, Stephen and Charles

Coxen, of Yarrundi; Charles Throsby, Esq., of Bong-bong; Alexander and William S.

MacLeay, Esqs.; Captain P. P. King, and many others. Much valuable information has

been communicated to me by George Grey, Esq. (now Governor of New Zealand), whose

exertions during his expedition along the north-western coasts of Australia were characterized

by a degree of energy of character and perseverance but rarely equalled ; whose ornithological

collection made during this arduous enterprise, although small, was by no means destitute of

interest ; and who, upon succeeding Colonel Gawler in the Governorship of South Australia,

found time amidst his multifarious occupations to devote considerable attention to Natural

History, and to send me some interesting drawings and other details respecting the mounds

raised by the Leipoa, &e. In South Australia I received many acts of kind attention and

assistance from my friend Captain Sturt, whom | accompanied on one of his expeditions into

the interior; and [ have much pleasure in acknowledging my obligations to Mr. Eyre, now

Lieut.-Governor of New Zealand, and the late J. B. Harvey, Esq.

Nor must | conclude my acknowledgements of the kindness of those who have rendered

me their aid, without especially recording the liberality of the Right Hon. The Earl of Derby,

who has at all times most readily submitted to my inspection every collection of which he has

heeome the possessor, and allowed me the free use of any objects desirable for the enhance-

PREFACE.

ment of the “ Birds of Australia ;” neither is the kindness of His Highness the Prince of Canino,

Sir Win. Jardine, Bart., Robert Brown, Professor Owen, H. E. Strickland, W. Yarrell,

T. C. Eyton, J. J. Bennett, D, W. Mitchell, and E. Blyth, Esqs., forgotten by one whom they

have ever been sedulous to oblige. My thanks are also due to the Trustees, to J. E. Gray,

and G. R. Gray, Esqs., of the British Museum; and to the authorities of the Linnean and

Zoological Societies of London, the Royal Museums of Berlin, Leyden and Paris, and the

Museum at Sydney. I am also considerably indebted to my friend W. C. L. Martin, Esq.,

author of many valuable works and papers on natural history, for the readiness with which his

varied literary attainments and critical acumen have at all times been rendered, whenever

solicited, to enhance the accuracy of my labours.

At the conclusion of my “ Birds of Europe,” I had the pleasing duty of stating’ that

nearly the whole of the Plates had been lithographed by my amiabie wife. Would that T had

the happiness of recording a similar statement with regard to the present work ; but such, alas !

is not the case, it haying pleased the All-wise Disposer of Events to remove her from this

sublunary world within one short year after our return from Australia, during her sojourn in

which country an immense mass of drawings, both ornithological and botanical, were made by

her inimitable hand and pencil, and which has enabled Mr. H. C. Richter, to whom, after her

lamented death, the execution of the Plates was entrusted, to perform his task in a manner

highly satisfactory to myself, and I trust equally so to the Subscribers. The colouring, as In

the case of the “Birds of Europe,’ and my other works, has been entirely executed by

Mr. Bayfield, to whose unwearied exertions and punctuality T must not fail to bear testimony,

as well as to the minute accuracy with which his labours have been performed. The printing

of the Plates, by Messrs. Hullmandel and Walton, and the letter-press, by Messrs. R. and J. E.

‘Taylor, has also been equally satisfactory.

And | cannot refrain from speaking in the highest terms of my assistant, Mr. Edwin C,

Prince, who has been with me from the commencement of my various works. I left him in

charge of the whole of my aflairs during my absence from England, with a perfect conviction

that he would zealously exert himself for my interest, and the confidence I reposed in him has

been fully realized, not only during my absence, but d uring the long period of eighteen years.

It was my most anxious wish that the unique and perfect collection of Australian Birds,

PREFACE, XI

forming the originals of the present work, should have found a resting-place in the National

Museum of this country, imasmuch as it comprised examples of both sexes of nearly every

known species in various stages of plumage, each carefully labelled with its correct scientific

appellation, the date when and the place where killed, the sex ascertained by dissection, and

the colouring of the soft parts; besides which, it comprised the finest specimens [ had been

able to procure during the long period of ten years, collected together at an expense of more

than £2000, and at the cost of three valuable lives, namely, that of Mr. Gilbert above referred

to; that of Mr. Johnson Drummond, who was killed by a native while seeking for specimens

in Western Australia; and that of a fe young man, one of the attendants assigned to me

by Sir John Franklin, who was accidentally killed by the explosion of a gun he was removing

from a boat when landing on one of the islands in Basss Straits. Regretting that I could

not afford to make a donation of it, [ addressed a letter to J. E. Gray, Esq., the chief

Zoological officer of the British Museum, in which, after stating that the entire collection

amounted to nearly 600 species, and upwards of 1800 specimens, with the full complements of

egos of more than 300 species, | made the following ofler,—* I believe that in some instances

the Government has lent its aid and support to works of such magnitude as the ‘ Birds of

Australia’ by taking a certain number of copies; were this done in my own case, and not

less than twenty-five copies were taken, I should be most happy to present to the Museum

both the Collections above-mentioned, but should such an arrangement be declined then I beg

to offer them to the Trustees for the sum of £1000.” ‘To my own, as well as to the regret of

nearly every scientific man in Europe, my offer was declined by the ‘Trustees. Upon this

circumstance becoming known to Edward Wilson, Esq., of Lydstip House, near Tenby in

Pembrokeshire, that gentleman immediately purchased the entire collection for his brother,

Dr. T. B. Wilson, of Philadelphia in North America, whither it will be shortly removed, and

where it will be at all times available for the purposes of science, and form a portion of

perhaps the most extensive ornithological collection in the world.

In conclusion I would beg to say, that having brought the “ Birds of Australia” to a close,

after devoting nearly ten years to its production, I trust it will be admitted that it has been

terminated in the same spirit with which it was commenced, and that any errors which may be

found will be viewed with leniency, when the extent of the work, and the difliculty of

procuring and arranging so large a mass of materials, is taken into consideration ; should ny

labours, such as they are, merit the approbation of those who have so liberally supported it,

PREFACE.

xil

my own efforts will be amply repaid. Although the work comprises every species known to

inhabit Australia up to the present time, it is not to be supposed that it contains the whole of

the birds of that vast country, of which so large a portion is yet a terra incognita. Every new

district towards the north-west that may be explored will doubtless afford additional species,

and which may hereafter form the materials for a supplement.

I originally intended to include the Birds of New Zealand in the present work, but upon

further investigation of the subject I found that they belong to a distinct Fauna, which fact,

coupled with the vast accession of new species from the continent of Australia, induced me to

omit all but those that had been published in the first instance, and one or two others

remarkable for their great interest.

Enjoying, by the blessing of Providence, constant good health, and energies as yet

unimpaired, I propose still to devote my humble efforts to the advancement of Ornithology,

that science which treats of one of the most pleasing portions of the Almighty’s many wonderful

works; and with ample materials at my command fax illustrating the Birds of another magni-

ficent portion of the domains of the British Crown—India—iny next work will probably be on

“the Birds of Asia,” which will, irrespective of all other considerations, be of no little interest

as forming the connecting link between the Birds of Europe and the Birds of Australia.

JOHN GOULD.

June 12, 1848.

TDR OD ae Peo;

BO ee

(GEOLOGICAL researches into the structure of the globe show that a succession of physical changes

have modified its surface from the earliest period up to the present time, and that these changes have

been accompanied with variations not only in the phases of animal and vegetable life, but often in the

development also of organization; and as these changes camot be supposed to have been operating

uniformly over the entire surface of the globe in the same periods of time, we should naturally be prepared

for finding the now existing fauna of some regions exhibiting a higher state of development than that of

others; accordingly, if we contrast the fauna of the old continents of geographers with the zoology of

Australia and New Zealand, we find a wide difference in the degree of organization which creation has

reached in these respective regions. In New Zealand, with the exception of a Jespertilio and a Mus,

which latter is said to exist there, but which has not yet been sent to this country, the most highly

organized animal hitherto discovered, either fossil or recent, is a bird; in Anstralia, if compared with New

Zealand, creation appears to have considerably advanced, but even here the order Rodentia is the highest

in the seale of its indigenous animal productions; the great majority of its quadrupeds being the

Marsuprata (Kangaroos, &c.) and the Monorremata (Kehidua and Ornithorhynchus), which are the very

lowest of the Mammalia; and its ornithology being characterized by the presence of certain peculiar

genera, Talegalla, Leipoa and Megapodius; birds which do not incubate their own eggs, and which are

perhaps the lowest representatives of their class, while the low organization of its botany is indicated by

the remarkable absence of fruit-bearing trees, the Cerealia, &c.

My investigation of the natural productions of Australia induces me to believe, that at some remote

period that country was divided into at least two portions, since, with a few exceptions, I find the species

inhabiting the same latitudes of its eastern and western divisions differing from, but representing each other.

Some writers, Captain Sturt and Mr. Jukes, e.g. are of opinion that its subdivision was even greater, and

that the sandy deserts now met with in the interior were formerly the beds of the seas that flowed between the

archipelago of islands of which they suppose it to have been composed. In a valuable paper by Mr. Jukes,

entitled ‘ Notes on the Geology of the Coasts of Australia,’ read at the meeting of the Geological Society

on the 17th of November 1847, that gentleman stated, that **'The eastern coast is occupied by a great

range of high land, appearing like a continuous chain of mountains when seen from the sea, and rising in

several places to 5000 feet or more above the sea-level, ‘This chain has an axis of granite, with occasional

INTRODUCTION.

XIV

penit iene cS. is flanked on both sides by thick beds

large masses of greenstone, basalt and other igneous rocks. — It é \ of

paleozoic formations, chiefly sandstone, but also containing limestone and coal. In the northern portion of

cle ; Ag 7

the chain Dr. Leichardt found similar formations—and especially trap and granite near the Burdekin river,

~ . . . . e > + . 4 - rc 2 | S i fi r 1 ti ]

In the Port Phillip district there are similar igneous rocks, and on the coast tertiary formations resting on

the edges of upturned paleozoic beds. In West Australia, the Darling range consists of granite below,

covered by metamorphic rocks; and between it and the sea is a plain composed of tertiary beds. In the

colony of North Australia there is a great sandstone plateau, rising about 1800 feet above the sea, and

probably of palewozoic age; whilst on the immediate shore and round the Gulf of Carpentaria are beds

supposed to belong to the tertiary period. Similar formations constitute the substratum of the central

desert; in which Captain Sturt was compelled to turn back, when half-way to the Gulf of Carpentaria, from

the southern coast. Hence these tertiary rocks are probably continuous through the whole centre of the

island, and during the tertiary period all this portion of the country was submerged, whilst the high lands

on the coast rose like four groups of islands from the shallow sea.”— Atheneum, Nov. 24, 1847.

Whichever of these opinions be the correct one, we certainly find the natural productions of all these

portious of the country composed of precisely the same types, the generality of which differ entirely from

those of the islands of the Indian Archipelago on the one hand, and of New Zealand and Polynesia on the

other.

With respect to the position of Australia, it will only be necessary to state that it is situated between

the 10th and 45th degrees of south latitude, and the 112th and 154th degrees of longitude east from Green-

wich ; its extent, in round numbers, may therefore be said to be 3000 miles in length, or from west to east,

and inclusive of Van Diemen’s Land nearly the same in breadth, or from north to south. In its present

uplifted position its form is nearly square, with a depressed centre bounded by an almost continuous range

of hills and plateaux, which, varying in altitude from one to six thousand feet above the level of the sea, in

some places approach the coast and present lofty and inacessible cliffs to the ocean, while in others they

trend towards the interior of the country at a distance of from twenty to eighty miles from the coast-line ;

but inasmuch as these elevations are all of an undulating and not of a precipitous character, no part of the

country can be considered as strictly alpine. Nothing can be more different than the features of the

country on the exterior and interior of this great barrier, particularly on the eastern coast, where, between

the mountains and the sea, the vegetation partakes to a great extent of a tropical character; it is there, on

the rich alluvial soil, formed by the debris washed down from the hills, that we find various species of

Eucalypti, Vici, and other trees, many of which attain an immense altitude, and forests of towering palms ;

the surface of the ground beneath clothed with a dense and impervious underwood, composed of dwarf

trees, shrubs and tree-ferns festooned with creepers and parasitic plants in the richest profusion, the

continuity of which is here and there broken by rich open meadow-like districts admirably adapted for

the pasturing of cattle, and to which, from the frequent occurrence of the Angophore, a tribe of trees in

which the settlers see a fancied resemblance to the apple-trees of Kurope, the name of Apple-tree Flats has

been given. Within the ranges, on the other hand, we find immense open downs and grassy plains, studded

here and there with detached belts and forests of Lucalypti, Acacie, &c., presenting a park-like appearance,

to which, as we advance farther towards the interior, succeed either extensive marshes or land of a most

; see ; ‘cr r > “0% ae "he

sterile description. The face of this vast country consequently presents much variety of aspect; the

INTRODUCTION, XV

infrequency of rain tends much to give a sombre brown hue to the surface of the ground, which however is

relieved by the constant verdure of its trees, the peculiar lanceolate form and the pendent position of

which render them almost shadowless. It is in the neighbourhood of the few rivers which intersect

the country, and in the lower flats flooded by the waters, when floods occur, that we find the

vegetation more luxuriant and the trees attaining a far greater size; the sides of the rivers are moreover

fringed with Caswarine and other trees, which, although of large size, never arrive at the altitude of

the stately Zucalypti, which attain, under favourable circumstances, a size and height which appear

perfectly incredible. Mr. Backhouse states that one measured by him on the Lopham Road, near Emu

Bay in Van Diemen’s Land, which, ‘* was rather hollow at the bottom and broken at the top, was 49 feet

round at about 5 feet from the ground; another that was solid, and supposed to be 200 feet high, was

41 feet round; and a third, supposed to be 250 feet high, was 55+ feet round, As this tree spread much

at the base, it would be nearly 70 feet in circumference at the surface of the ground. My companions

spoke to each other when at the opposite side of this tree from myself, and their voices sounded so distant

that I concluded they had imadvertently left me, to see some other object, and immediately called to them.

They in answer remarked the distant sound of my voice, and inquired if I were behind the tree! When

the road through this forest was forming, a man who had only about two hundred yards to go, from one

company of work-people to another, lost himself: he called, and was repeatedly answered ; but getting

further astray, his voice became more indistinct, till it ceased to be heard, and he perished. The largest

trees do not always carry up their width in proportion to their height, but many that are mere spars are

200 feet high.”

A prostrate tree noticed by Mr. Backhouse in the forest near the junction of the Emu River with the

Loudwater ‘ was 35 feet in circumference at the base, 22 feet at 66 feet up, 19 feet at 110 feet up; there

were two large branches at 120 feet; the general head branched off at 150 feet; the elevation of the tree,

traceable by the branches on the ground, was 218 feet. We ascended this tree on an inclined plane, formed

by one of its limbs, and walked four abreast with ease upon its trunk! In its fall it had overturned another

168 feet high, which had brought up with its roots a ball of earth 20 feet across.” There are other

remarkable features, which, as they appertain to districts frequently alluded to in the course of the work,

it becomes necessary to notice, namely the immense deltas formed by the descent of the waters of the

interior, such as the valley of the Murray near its embouchure into the sea, spoken of as the great Murray

scrub of South Australia ; this enormous flat of nearly one hundred miles in length by more than twenty in

breadth is clothed with a vegetation peculiarly its own, the prevailing trees which form a belt down the

centre consisting of dwarf Euealypti, while the margins are fringed with shrub-like trees of various kinds.

Nor must the immense belts of Banksie, which grow on the sand-hills bordering the sea-coast and in some

parts of the interior, or the districts clothed with grass-trees (Xanthorrhea), be passed over unnoticed ; in

the intertropical regions of Australia, of which at present so little is known, we find, besides the Eucalypti,

Banksie and other trees of the southern coast, dense forests of canes, mangroves, &c. Each of these

districts has a zoology peculiarly its own: for instance, the Banksie are everywhere tenanted by the true

Meliphagi; the Eucalypti by the Ptiloti and Trichoglossi ; the towering fig-trees by the Regent and Satin

birds ; the palms by the Carpophage or fruit-eating Pigeons, and the grassy plains by the ground Pigeons,

Finches and grass Parrakeets. The circumstance of the boles of the trees being destitute of a thick

corrugated rind or bark will doubtless account for the total absence of any member of the genus Peus or

xvi INTRODUCTION,

y Le ts 3 of ' with the exception of Australia ;

Woodpeckers, a group of birds found in all parts of the world with ] Australia and

Polynesia.

Such then is a transient view of a few of the great physical features of Australia to which I have thought

it requisite to allude in the Introduction of the present work, and I cannot conclude this portion of the

subject without mentioning the very remarkable manner in which many of the Australian Birds represent

other nearly allied species belonging to the Old World, as if some particular law existed in reference to the

subject, the species so represented being evidently destined to fulfil the same offices in either hemisphere.

As instances in point, I may mention among the Farconrpe the F. Aypoleucus and I. melanogenys, which

represent the J. slandicus and F. Peregrinus ; our Merlin and Kestril are equally well represented by the

Faleo frontatus and Tinnunculus Cenchroides of Australia ; the Osprey of Europe also is represented by the

P. leucocephala; among the wading birds, the Curlew and the Whimbrel of Europe are beautifully represented

by the Numenius Australis and N. uropygialis, and the bar-tailed and black-tailed Godwits by the Limosa

uropygialis and L. Melanuroides. Both Europe and Australia have each one Stilted Plover, one Dottrell

(Ludromias), and one Avocet. Among the water birds the Cormorants and Grebes of Europe are similarly

represented by the Phalacrocoraw Carboides, &c., and Podiceps Australis, P. Nestor and P. gularis 5 and other

instances might be noticed, but as they will all be found in the body of the work, it will not be necessary

to recapitulate them here. Although so many curious instances of representation and of nearly allied species

are found to occur, no country possesses so many genera peculiar to itself as Australia, such as MHygotheles,

Faleunculus, Colluricincla, Grallina, Gymnorhina, Strepera, Cinclosoma, Menura, Psophodes, Malurus, Sericornis,

Ephthianura, Pardalotus, Chlamydera, Ptilonorhynchus, Struthidea, Licmetis, Calyptorhynchus, Platycereus,

Luphema, Nymphicus, Clinacteris, Seythrops, Myzantha, Talegalla, Leipoa, Pedionomus, Cladorhynchus,

Tribonyx, Cereopsis, Anseranas, and Biziura.

In a country of such vast extent as Australia, spreading over so many degrees of latitude, we might

naturally expect to find much diversity in the climate, and such is really the case. Van Diemen’s Land,

from its isolated and more southern position, is cooler and characterized by greater humidity than Australia ;

its vegetation is therefore abundant, and its forests dense and difficult of access. The climate of the

continent, on the other hand, between the 25th and 35th degrees of latitude, is much drier, and has a

temperature which is probably higher than that of any other part of the world ; the thermometer frequently

rising to 110°, 120°, and even 130° in the shade; and this high temperature is not unfrequently increased

by the hot winds which sweep over the country from the northward, and which indicate most strongly the

parched and sterile nature of the interior. Unlike other hot countries, this great heat and dryness is

unaccompanied by night dews, and the falls of rain heing uncertain and irregular, droughts of many months’

duration sometimes occur, during which the rivers and lagoons are dried up, the land becomes a parched

waste, vegetation is burnt up, and famine spreads destruction on every side. It is easier for the Imagination

to conceive than the pen to depict the horrors of so dreadful a visitation. The indigenous animals and birds

retire to the mountains, or to nore distant regions exempt trom its influence, Thousands of sheep and

oxen perish, bullocks are seen dead by the road-side or in the dried-up water-holes, to which, in the hope

of relief, they had dragged themselves, there to fall and dies; trees are cut down for the sake of the twigs

as fodder; the flocks are driven to the mountains in the hope that water may there be found, and every

effort is made to avert the uopending ruins but in spite of all that can be done the loss is extreme. At

— si

INTRODUCTION. XVil

length a change takes place, rain falls abundantly, and the plains, on which but lately not a blade of herbage

was to be seen, and over which the stillness of desolation reigned, become green with luxuriant vegetation.

Orchidee and thousands of flowers of the loveliest hues are profusely spread around, as if nature rejoiced in

her renovation, and the grain springing up vigorously gives promise of an abundant harvest. ‘This change

from sterility to abundance in the yegetable world is accompanied by a correspondent increase of animal life,

the waters become stocked with fish, the marshy districts with frogs and other reptiles; hosts of caterpillars

and other insects make their appearance, and spreading over the surface of the country commence the work

of devastation, which however is speedily checked by the birds of various kinds that follow in their train.

Attracted by the abundance of food, hawks of three or four species, in flocks of hundreds, depart from their

usual solitary habits, become gregarious and busy at the feast, and thousands of Straw-necked Ibises (dis

spincollis), and other species of the feathered race, revel in the profusion of a welcome banquet. It must

not however be imagined that this change is effected without its attendant horrors; the heavy rains often

filling the river-beds so suddenly, that the onward pouring flood carries with it everything that may impede

its course; and woe to the unhappy settler whose house or grounds may lie within the influence of the

overwhelming floods! A painful instance of the desolating effects of this sudden irruption of the waters

came under my own observation while travelling in the plains bordering the Lower Namoi in New South

Wales. On pulling up my horse at one of the huts erected by the stock-keepers charged with the flocks

and herds depastured in this vast grazing-ground, I found it occupied by Lieut. Lowe and his nephew, who

had gone thither for the purpose of being present at the shearing of the flocks belonging to the former

gentleman, Although strangers, their reception of me was warm and hospitable, and I left them with a

promise of making their abode a resting-place on my return. My second welcome was such as friends

receive from friends, and rejoicing that I had made the acquaintance of persons so worthy and estimable, I

left them busy in their operations, happy and prosperous. Seyen days after my departure from their

dwelling heavy rains suddenly set in; the mountain-streams swelled into foaming torrents, filling the deep

gullies; the rivers rose, some to the height of forty feet, bearing all before them. The Namoi haying widely

overflowed its banks, rolled along with impetuous fury, sweeping away the huts of the stock-keepers in its

course, tearing up trees, and hurrying affrighted men and flocks to destruction. Before there was time to

escape, the hut in which Lieut, Lowe and his nephew were sojourning was torn up and washed away, and

the nephew and two men, overwhelmed by the torrent, sank and perished. Lieut, Lowe stripped to swim,

and getting on the trunk of an uprooted tree, hoped to be carried down the eddying flood to some part

where he could obtain assistance. But he was floated into the midst of a sea of water stretching as far as

he could discern on every side around him. Here he slowly drifted; the rains had ceased, the thermometer

was at 100°, a glaring sun and a coppery sky were above him; he looked in vain for help, but no prospect

of escape animated him, and the hot sun began its dreadful work. His skin blistered, dried, beeame parched

and hard, like the bark of a tree, and life began to ebb. At length assistance arrived—it came too late ;

he was indeed just alive, but died almost immediately. He was scorched to death.

Sir Thomas Mitchell, in his recently published ‘ Journal of an Expedition into the interior of Tropical

Australia,” has given a most vivid picture of the manner in which floods occasioned by distant rains fill the

river-beds, and which I beg leave to transcribe. Sir Thomas being somewhat unwell while encamped

on the banks of the Macquarie, the channel of which was deep and dry, sent Mr. Stephenson, one of his

party, to Mount Foster, to make inquiries about the river and the stations on tt lower down. Mr.

INTRODUCTION.

XVII

. . r * . . : . Pv y

Stephenson returned early with two of the mounted police. To his most important question, “ What water

;. ss

was to be found lower down in the river, the reply was, ‘ Plenty, and a flood coming down from the Turdn

mountains.’ The two policemen said that they had travelled twenty miles with it on the day previous, and

that it would still take some time to arrive near our camp. . . . . In the afternoon, two of the men taking

a walk up the river, reported on their return, that the flood poured in upon them when in the riyer-bed so

suddenly, that they narrowly escaped it. Still the bed of the Macquarie before our camp continued so dry

and silent, that I could scarcely believe the flood coming to be real, and so near to us, who had been put to

so many shifts for the want of water. Towards evening I stationed a man with a gun a little way up the

river, with orders to fire on the flood’s appearance, that I might have time to run and witness what

I so much wished to see, as well from curiosity as from urgent need. The shades of evening came,

however, but no flood, and the man on the look-out returned to the camp. Some hours later, and

after the moon had risen, a murmuring sound, like that of a distant waterfall, mingled with occasional

cracks, as of breaking timber, drew our attention, and I hastened to the river-bauk. By very slow degrees

the sound grew louder, and at length so audible as to draw various persons besides from the camp to the

river-side, Still no flood appeared, although its approach was indicated by the occasional rending of trees

with aloud noise. Such a phenomenon in a most serene moonlight night was new to us all, At length

the rushing sound of waters, and loud cracking of timber, announced that the flood was in the next bend.

It rushed into our sight, glittering in the moonbeams, a moving cataract, tossing before it ancient trees,

aud snapping them against its banks. It was preceded by a point of meandering water, picking its way,

like a thing of life, through the deepest parts of the dark, dry and shady bed, of what thus again became a

flowing river. By my party, situated as we were at that time, heating about the country, and impeded in

our journey solely by the almost total absence of water,—suflering excessively from thirst and extreme

heat,—I am convinced the scene never can be forgotten. Here came at once abundance, the produce of

storms in the far-off mountains that overlooked our homes. .... The river gradually filled up the

channel nearly bank-high, while the living cataract travelled onward much slower than I had expected to

see it; so slowly, indeed, that more than an hour after its first arrival the sweet music of the head of the

flood was distinctly audible, as the murmur of waters and diapason crash of logs travelled slowly through

the tortuous windings. . . . . The next morning the river had risen to within six feet of the top of its

banks, and poured its turbid waters along in fulness and strength, but no longer with noise. All night

that body of water had been in motion downwards, and seemed to me enough to deluge the whole

country.”

So little has as yet been ascertained respecting the climatology of western, north-western and orien

Australia, that it is not known whether they also are subject to these tremendous visitations ; but as we

have reason to believe that the intertr opical parts of the country are favoured with a more constant supply

of rain as well as a lower degree of temperature, it is most probable that they do not there oceur.

Independently of the vast accession of birds attracted by the great supply of food, as mentioned above,

there are many species which make regular migrations, visiting the southern parts of the contiuent and Van

Diemen’s Land during the months of summer, for the purpose of breeding and rearing their progeny, and

which retire again northwards on the approach of winter, following in fact the same law which governs the

migrations of the species inhabiting similar latitudes of the Old World. ‘There are also periods when some

INTRODUCTION, XIX

species of birds appear to entirely forsake the part of the country in which they have been accustomed to

dwell, and to betake themselves to some distant locality, where they remain for five or ten years, or even

for a longer period, and whence they as suddenly disappear as they had arrived. Some remarkable

instances of this kind came under my own observation. The beautiful little warbling Grass Parrakeet

(Melopsittacus undulatus), which, prior to 1838, was so rare in the southern parts of Australia that only

a single example had been sent to Europe, arrived in that year in such countless multitudes on the

Liverpool plains, that I could have procured any number of specimens, and more than once their delicate

bodies formed an excellent article of food for myself and party. The Mymphicus Nove-Hollandia forms

another case in point, and the Harlequin Bronze-winged Pigeon (Peristera histrionica) a third; this

latter bird occurred in such numbers on the plains near the Namoi in 1839, that eight fell to a single

discharge of my gun ; both the settlers and natives assured me that they had suddenly arrived, and that they

had never before been seen in that part of the country. ‘The aborigines who were with me, and of whom I

must speak in the highest praise, for the readiness with which they rendered me their assistance, affirmed,

upon learning the nature of my pursuits, that they had come to meet me. The Zribonyw ventralis may be

cited as another species whose movements are influenced by the same law. This bird visited the colony of

Swan River in 1833, and that of South Australia in 1840, in such countless myriads, that whole fields of

corn were trodden down and destroyed in a single night; and even the streets and gardens of Adelaide

were, according to Captain Sturt, alive with them,

If we compare the ormthology of Australia with that of any other country in similar jatitudes and of

the same extent, we shall find that it fully equals, if it does not exceed them all, in the number of species it

comprises ; and those parts of the country that are still unexplored doubtless contain many yet to be added

to the list of its Fauna.

In the course of the present work it will be found that I have given a wide range of habitat to

some of the species, and that I have at the same time pointed out slight variations, not amounting to a

specific difference, in individuals from different localities, This difference I am unable to account for,

Ido not believe the birds to be distinct species, but am inclined to regard them as varieties or races of

the same species, modified by the character of the situations they frequent. I may mention some curious

instances in point: the dréamus sordidus is a migratory bird in Van Diemen’s Land, and is partially

stationary in New South Wales, yet all the examples procured in the former country are the largest

and most vigorous, which we should naturally attribute to the excess of food afforded by its more humid

climate; but precisely the reverse of this occurs with regard to the Graucalus parvirostris, which is also a

migratory bird in Van Diemen’s Land, and examples of which, killed in that island, are much more feeble

and diminutive than the Graucali obtained m New South Wales. The Halcyon sanctus, again, whose

distribution is universal in Australia, varies somewhat in size in every colony, still not sufficiently so as to

afford any tangible specifie characters.

Upon taking a general view of the Australian ornithology, we find no species of Vulture, only one

typical Eagle, and indeed a remarkable deficiency in the number of the species of its birds of prey, with

the exception of the nocturnal Owls, emong which the members of the restricted genus Sériz are more

numerous than in any other part of the world; a circumstance which is probably attributable to the great

abundance of small nocturnal quadrupeds.

INTRODUCTION.

Among the perching birds there is a great excess of the Insecrivora—Podarg?, Meneame , emia ide,

LohiaaP inte, &e., of the Grantvors, such as various species of the Jringillide, and of the alien The

12 tribe of birds is more numerous in Australia than in any other part of he world, oa forms ue ae

groups, viz. the Calyptorhynchi, which mainly procure their food from the Spit shit ra and Eucalypti ;

the weatue, which feed upon the terrestrial Orchidea, &e. 3 the Trichoglossi, which subsist upon the nectar

they extract from the flower-cups and blossoms of the Euealypte; and the ground and i eae

which feed almost exclusively on the seeds of the various grasses that abound on the plains; the united

groups amounting to nearly sixty species,

Of the Rasorial forms,—while the Pigeons and Hemipodes are numerous, the larger and typical

GaLLiInaces are entirely wanting ; their only representatives being a few species of Coturnix and Synoicus.

The Grallatorial birds are about equal in number to those of other countries ; and among the water

birds the true Ducks are but few, while the Procellaride which visit the coast are more abundant than

in any other part of the world, On a retrospect of the whole we find a greater number of nocturnal

birds than is comprised in the ornithology of any other section of the globe. I must not omit to mention

too the extraordinary fecundity which preyails in Australia, many of its smaller birds breeding three or four

times in a season; but laying fewer eggs in the early spring when insect life is less developed, and a greater

number later in the season when the supply of insect food has become more abundant. I have also some

reason to believe that the young of many species breed during the first season, for among others I frequently

found one section of the Honey-eaters (the Melithrept:) sitting upon eggs while still clothed in the brown

dress of immaturity; and we know that such is the case with the introduced Gauuinaces, three or four

generations of which have been often produced in the course of a year.

Another peculiar feature connected with the Australian ornithology is that of its comprising several

forms endowed with the power of sustaining and enjoying life without a supply of water, that element

without which most others languish and die; for instance, the Halcyons, which I found living and even

breeding on the parched plains of the interior during the severe drought of 1838-39, far removed from any

water ; the food of these birds being insects and lizards.

A considerable number of the older-known of the Australian birds have been described in the general

works of Vicillot, Latham, Shaw and others; but their descriptions are so vague, and the species them-

selves so frequently referred to genera widely different from those to which they really belong, that it has

been impossible to identify the whole of them ; but wherever they could be identitied with certainty their

names have been adopted, or quoted in the synonyms,

rye . + . « hae Ls

Che “Birds of Europe” were arranged according to the views of the late Mr. Vigors; and in the

sa - ~ t, ’ ie ’ - . , 4 P -

“Birds of Australia” the arrangement 1s mainly the same, with some modifications of my own which

appeared to me to be necessary.

I have been constrained, for the sake of uniformity in size, to divide the present work into seven

volumes; the first of which comprises the Rarrorxs, the small number of Which will account for its being

somewhat thinner than the others; the second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth yolumes comprise the

Insessones, Rasones and GRALLATORES in one continuous series, and the seventh the Natwrorers.

INTRODUCTION. XX1

The following synoptical table will give a general view of the whole; it contains all the additional

information I have received, or been able to procure, during the progress of the work; the characters of

the new genera I have found it necessary to institute, &c.; and the references to the volumes in which the

respective plates are arranged will render it easy to consult and to quote them.

Order RAPTORES, ///.

Family FALCONIDAL, Leach.

Genus Aquina, Briss.

Numerous species of this genus exist in Asia and Europe; the form also occurs m Africa, and in North

America; so far as I am aware it is not found in South America, and two species are all that are known in

Australia.

1. Aquila fucosa, Cuv, . . : i : . : : : Vol. I. Pl. 1.

Vultur audax, Lath. Ind. Orn, Supp., p. i.

Aquila cuneicaudata, Brehin, Isis, 1845, p. 356.

(Uroaétus) audax, Kaup, Classif. der Siug. und Vog., p. 12,

This fine Eagle ranges over the whole of the southern portion of Australia and Van Diemen’s Land, but I have

no positive evidence of its having been seen in the intertropical regions of the country.

2. Aquila Morphnoides, Gould. A . J : ‘ : [ . ' Vol, I. Pl. 2.

A beautiful representative of the Aquila pennata of Europe and India. Since the discovery of this bird at

Yarrundi in New South Wales, when I obtained only a single specimen, T. C. Eyton, Esq. has received a second

example in a collection obtained at Port Phillip, and a third was procured by Captain Sturt at the Depdt in South

Australia,

Genus Icnruyianrus, Lar.

The members of this genus inhabit India and the whole of the Indian Islands, and enjoy an equally extensive

range oyer the continent of Africa. Their natural abode is the margins of large rivers and inlets of the sea; and

their chief food consists of fish, dead cetacea and carrion.

3. Ichthyiaétus leucogaster ; : 4 : r ; Vol. I, Pl. 3.

Haliaétus ( Pontoaétus) leucogaster, Kaup, Classif. der Saug. und Vog., p, 122.

Cuncuma leucogaster, List of Birds in Brit. Mus. Coll., Part I. 2nd edit. p. 24,

Found all round the coast of Australia, and said to extend its range to India and even to Africa; but this wants

confirmation.

An opinion has been lately expressed that the enormous nests observed by Captains Cook and Flinders had been

constructed by some species of Dinornis ; but it is quite evident from the account given by Flinders that they must

have been formed by a bird of the Raptorial order, and I have no doubt that they were the nests of the present bird.

“Near Point Possession,” says Flinders, “ were found two nests of extraordinary magnitude. They were built

upon the ground, from which they rose above two feet ; and were of vast circumference and great interior capacity,

the branches of trees and other matter, of which each nest was composed, beg enough to fill a small cart.

Captain Cook found one of these enormous nests upon Eagle Island, on the east coast.” Subsequently Flinders

found another of these nests in which were “several masses resembling those which contain the hair and bones of

mice, and are disgorged by the Owls in England after the flesh is digested. These masses were larger, and consisted

of the hair of seals and of land animals, of the scaly feathers of penguins, and the bones of birds and small

quadrupeds. Possibly the constructor of the nest might be an enormous Owl; and if so, the cause of the bird being

never seen, whilst the nests were not scarce, would be from its not going out until dark ; but from the yery open and

xxii INTRODUCTION.

exposed situations in which the nests were found, I should rather judge it to be of the Eagle kind; and that its

powers are such as to render it heedless of any attempts of the natives upon its young.’’—Flinders’ Voyage, vol. i.

pp. 64 and 81. oils

The accumulation of so large a mass of materials is readily accounted for when we remember that the bird is in

the habit of resorting to the same eyry for a long succession of years, and of annually carrying additional materials

to reconstruct the nest. |

I myself found and took young birds of this species from similar nests placed on the points of rocks and

promontories of the islands in Bass’s Straits.

Genus Haniastrur, Selby.

The range of the members of this genus extends over Australia and all the islands to India.

4. Haliastur leucosternus, Gould : . f ; : ; : : . ; Vol. I. Pi. 4.

Falco Ponticerianus, Shaw, Nat. Misc., pl. 389.

Haliaétus (Ictinoaétus) leucosternon, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 277.

Confined, so far as I am aware, to Australia, and forming a beautiful representative of the Haliastur

Ponticerianus of India.

5. Haliastursphenurus . . . yo os: : » ale Pies.

Milvus sphenurus, Swains. Class. of Birds, vol. ii. p. 211,

Haliaétus (Ietinoaétus) canorus, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 277.

Inhabits all parts of Australia yet visited by travellers, even the Depot in the interior.

Genus Panpton, Sar.

Of the genus Pandion four species are now known: one inhabiting America, another Europe and Asia, a third

the Indian Islands, and the fourth Australia.

6. Pandion leucocephalus, Gould . . : : Vol. I. PL. 6.

Pandion Gouldit, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 270.—List of Birds in Brit. Mus. Coll., Part I. 2nd edit. p. 22.

This species of Pandion performs precisely the same office in Australia that the P. haliaétus does in Europe and

the P Carolinensis in America ; to both of which species it is very nearly allied.

Genus Fatco, Linn.

As they are the most typical of all the Hawks, so are the members of the genus Falco the most universally

dispersed over the face of the globe ; and I question whether the law of representation is in any case more beautifully

and clearly shown than by the members of the present group.

7. Falco hypoleucus, Gould ’ Slee 5 : ! Vol. I. Pl. 7.

Up to the present time only four examples of this fine Falcon have been procured ; it is a species admirably

adapted for the sport of Falconry, and is a beautiful representative of the Falco Gyrfalco of Europe. Its native

habitat is the interior of the southern and western portions of Australia,

8. Falco melanogenys, Gould : : , , i y ’ Vol. I. Pl. 8,

Faleo macropus, Swains, Anim. in Menag., p. 341.

—— melanogenys, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 75.

India, Europe, and North America on the one hand, and Cape Horn, the Cape of Good Hope and Australia on

the other, are all inhabited by Falcons so nearly allied to each other as to favour the opinion that they are merely

varieties of each other; but I agree with the Prince of Canino and Professor Kaup in considering them to be distinct

and representatives of each other in the respective countries they inhabit, It will doubtless be found that the habits

INTRODUCTION, XX1il

and economy of the whole are as similar as they are in outward appearance ; and that the Falco melanogenys is as

destructive to the ducks of the interior of Australia as the Faleo dAnatum is in North America.

9, Faleo subniger, Gray. ; Vol. 1. Pl. 9,

A powerful Falcon differing somewhat in structure from the F. Aypoveucus and F. melanogenys, Nothing is

known of its habits, and as yet I have only seen four examples, all of which were procured in the interior of Sonth

Australia.

10. Falco frontatus, Gould . : ; . : : . . : Vol. L. Pl 10

Falco lunulatus, Lath, Ind. Orn, Suppl., p. xii. ?

Sparvius lunulatus, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., tom, x. p. 324.

Falco longipennis, Swains. Anim, in Menag., p. 341.7

subbuteo, Brehm, Isis, 1845, p. 347. ?

(Hypotriorchis) frontatus, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 65.

A little Faleon with the habits of the Hobby and Merlin combined; found in all parts of Australia to the

southward of the 25th degree of §. lat.; among other birds it preys upon the Quails and the little Partridges be-

longing to the genus Synozcus.

Genus Teracipra, Gould.

Generic characters.

Bill and general form of Falco, but the wings less powerful, and the third quill-feather the longest ; fars: more

elongated, slender, and covered anteriorly with hexagonal scales; toes more feeble, the hind-toe shorter, and the

claws less robust.

So far as our present knowledge extends, the members of this genus are only three in number, all of which are

confined to Australia and New Zealand.

11. leracidea Berigora , : ; VoL 2-2. 41,

Teracidea Berigora, Kaup, Class. der Saug. und Vog., p. 112,

Professor Kaup considers this species and the succeeding one, /. occidentalis, to be identical, but haying had

numerous opportunities of observing them, I am satisfied that they are distinct; and in confirmation of this opimion

I may state that the /, Berigora, which is from the eastern coast, is always the largest, has the cere blue-grey, and

the plumage of the adult light brown, sparingly blotched with white on the breast; while the /. oecidentalis, from

the western coast, is a more delicately formed bird, has the cere yellow and the breast white, with faint lines of

brown down the centre of each feather.

12. Teracidea occidentalis, Gould , 4 : : ; . : : ‘ . . - Vol. I. Pl. 12.

Genus Tinnuncuncs, Feild.

13. Tinnunculus Cenchroides . . I : ‘ . . ; - : ; : : Vol. I. Pl. 13.

Cerchneis immaculatus, Brehm, Isis.

A beautiful representative of the Kestrils of Europe and India, where, as well as in Africa and in most parts of

America, members of this group are to be found.

The ranve of the Tinnunculus Cenchroides extends oyer the whole of the southern parts of Australia, and that it

extends far towards the northern portion of the country is proved by Mr. Gilbert having found it, as well as its

nest, during the expedition of Dr, Leichardt from Moreton Bay to Port Essington.

The following is an extract from his Journal ;—‘ October 2. Found, for the first time, the eggs of Tinnunculus

Cenchroides, four in number, deposited in a hollow spout of a gum-tree overhanging a creek ; there was no nest, the

egos being merely deposited on a bed of decayed wood.” They are freckled all over with blotches and minute dots

of rich reddish chestnut on a paler ground, and are one inch and five-eighths in length by one inch and a quarter

in breadth.

INTRODUCTION,

XXIV

Genus Astrur, Lacep.

14. Astur Novee-Hollandie — . : ’ ; =. Vol. I. Pl. 14,

15. Astur Novee-Hollandiz, albino. ; . ; - , , . : : : Vol. L. Pl. 15.

Astur Nove-Hollandie, Cuv. Reg. An., 1817, p. 320.

Sparvius niveus, Vieill. Nouy. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., tom. x. p. 338.

Dedalion candidum, Less. Traité d’Orn., p. 66.

Falco leueaetos, Forst. Descr. Anim. and Drawings, No. 35.

Astur (Leucospiza) Nove-Hollandie, Kaup, Class. der Siug. und Vog., p. 119.

I think Professor Kaup is right in proposing a new generic title for this species, differing as it does both in

structure and habits from the true Astwrs; he also, like myself, considers the white birds to be merely albino

varieties of the other; but my friends, the Rev. T. J. Ewing and Ronald C. Gunn, Esq. of Van Diemen’s Land, are

both most decidedly opposed to this view of the subject, and found their dissent upon the circumstance of there

being none other than white individuals in Van Diemen’s Land.

So far as it is at present known, the southern and eastern portions of Australia and the island of Van Diemen’s

Land constitute the habitat of the species.

16. Astur radiatus . : ; 3 ' : ‘ ‘ : H F Vol. I. Pl. 16,

Astur testaceus (Ernest.), Kawp, Isis, 1847, p. 367.

A curious form not quite agreeing with Asfvr ; it is very rare, and nothing whatever is known of its habits.

17. Astur approximans, Vig. § Horsf. , : : ; ; : p : F Vol. I. Pl. 17.

Astur radiatus, Cuy. Reg. An., 1829, p. 332.

Nisus (Urospiza) radiatus, Kaup, Mus. Senckenb., 1845, p. 259.

) approximans, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 182.

Aceipiter approximans, List of Birds in Brit. Mus. Coll., Part I. 2nd edit. p- 74.

The Astwr approvimans has been with propriety removed to the genus Accipiter by Mr. G. R. Gray, and to this

genus my A. erventus is also referable; for although of a larger size than the other members of that form, their

structure, except in the shorter middle toe, is very similar.

18. Astur cruentus, Gould ; ; : i P : : t i j é ‘ . Vol. I. Pl. 18.

Astur cruentus, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part X. p. 113.

This species and the preceding are representatives of each other in the eastern and western portions of the

continent.

I have lately seen specimens from Port Essington.

Genus Accrrrrer, Briss.

19. Accipiter torquatus —. , , : : ‘ : ‘ Vol. I. Pl. 19.

Sparvius cirrhocephalus, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., tom. x. p. 328,

tricolor, Vieill. ibid. p. 329.

Falco melanops, Lath. Ind. Orn. Supp., p. 12?

Sparvius melanops, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., tom. x. p. 239?

Astur (Micronisus) torquatus, Kaup, Mus. Senckenb, 1845, p. 259,

Nisus (Urospiza) torquatus, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 181,

Aceipiter cirrhocephalus, List of Birds in Brit. Mus. Coll., Part I. 2nd edit. p, 73.

Precisely similar in all its actions and in its economy to the Sparrow Hawk, Accipiter nisus of Europe.

INTRODUCTION, XXY

Genus Borro, Cur.

Species of the genus Buteo are dispersed over the great continents of Europe, Asia, Africa and America, but only

one has yet been discovered in Australia.

20. Buteo melanosternon, Gould ; ; , : : : . : ; Vol. 1. Pl. 20.

This bird departs somewhat in form from the typical species of the genus Bufeo; but so little is known

respecting it that we are ignorant how far this departure may influence its habits and economy. One most singular

story has been transmitted to me and is here given as I received it; without vouching for its truth, | may remark

that the testimony of the natives may generally be rehed upon.

“The natives, Mr. Drummond, and his son Mr. Johnson Drummond, tell me,” says Mr. Gilbert, “that this bird

is so bold, that upon discovering an Emu sitting on her eggs it will attack her with great ferocity until it succeeds

in driving her from them; when it takes up a stone with its feet, and while hoyering over the eggs lets the stone

fall upon and crush them, and then descends and devours their contents. I have had numerous opportunities of

observing the bird myself, and can bear testimony to its great powers of scent or vision ; for upon several occasions,

when the natives had placed a small kangaroo or kangaroo-rat in the fork of a tree or on the top of a Xanthorrhea

with the intention of taking it again on our return, we have found that the bird during our short absence had

discovered and devoured every part of it except the skin, which was left so perfect, that at first 1 could not believe

that it had not been done by the hand of man.”

Genus Minvus, Cue,

Asia is the great stronghold of the Kites or restricted genus Milvus; a few species oceur in Europe, Africa,

and the Indian Islands, and two are natives of Australia.

21. Milvus aftinis, Gould R ; . . . . . : : ! ; : Vol, 1. Fl. 21:

Milvus (Hydroictinia) affins, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p, 118,

This representative of the Milvus ater of Europe is found all over Australia, even at Port Essington; Captain

Sturt observed it flying over the far interior of South Australia in great numbers.

22. Milvus isurus, Gould ' ‘ ’ . , ; , . ; Vol, I, Pl. 22.

This species, which is sparingly dispersed over the whole of the southern part of Australia, is an equally

beautiful representative of the common Kite, Milvus regalis of Europe.

Genus Exanus, Sar,

Species of this well-defined genus inhabit nearly every part of the world: two are natives of Australia.

23, Elanus axillaris , ; : ; . j Vol. I. Pl. 28.

Elanus melanopterus, Vig. & Horsf. in Linn. Trans., vol. xv. p. 185.

The Elanus auvillaris is a representative of the L/anus melanopterus of Europe.

24. Elanus scriptus, Gould ’ : . 2 : Vol, I, Pl, 24-

A fine new species rendered conspicuously different from all the other members of the genus by the black-

lettered form of the markings under the wings.

Captain Sturt found this bird abundant at the Depot towards the interior of Australia.

INTRODUCTION.

XXVI

Genus Lepipocenys, J. 2. Gray.

Of this genus three species are known; they inhabit India, the Indian Islands and Australia.

25. Lepidogenys subcristatus, Gould Vol. I. Pl. 25.

Baza subcristata, G, R. Gray, List of Birds in Brit. Mus. Coll., Part I. p. 19. 2nd edit. p. 41.

Pernis (Hyptiopus) suberistatus, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 343.

I have no additional information respecting this noble species; all the examples of which, that have come

under my notice, have been obtained in the brushes of the east coast of Australia.

Genus Circus, Lacep.

Two if not three kinds of Harriers inhabit Australia, consequently the number of species is nearly equal in

Europe, Asia, Africa, America, and Australia; those inhabiting the latter country are precisely of the same form,

and perform the same offices as their near allies do in the other parts of the world.

26. Cireus assimilis, Jard. §& Selb. . : : ; : , ; . ; > : ; Vol. I. PL 26.

27. Circus Jardinii, Gould i : : ' t ; : f : : , 4 . Vol. I, Pl, 27.

Circus (Spilocircus) Jardinii, Kaup, Isis, 847, p, 102.

Family STRIGIDE, Leach.

Genus Srraix, Linn,

While as a general rule other countries are only inhabited by a single species of the restricted genus Strix,

the Fauna of Australia comprises no less than four, all of which appear to be necessary in order to prevent an

inordinate increase of the smaller quadrupeds which there abound.

28. Strix castanops, Gould — . ; : ; : ; : ‘ : Vol. L. Pl. 2s.

29. Strix personata, Vig. re) oc ro — a, a . : : + Vola Pi as:

30. Strix tenebricosus, Gould . ‘ ; ‘ , : : . ' , : ; Vol. I. Pl. 30.

31. Strix delicatulus, Gould P ; : : } : , ; ; ' : Vol. L. Pl. 31.

Stria flammea ? Vig. & Horsf. in Linn. Trans,, vol. xv. p. 190.

Genus Aruene, Boie.

A genus of diurnal Owls, of which five species are natives of Australia; the smaller kinds are represented

in Europe and Asia by the Athene noctua, A. Cuculoides and A. Brama; the larger kinds have no representatives in

the northern hemisphere.

32. Athene Boobook ; . , - ’ : : ‘ Vol. I. Pl. 32.

33. Athene maculata a“ : ’ ‘ : : : : ; . i : ; Vol IL. Pl. 33.

34. Athene marmorata, Gould.

Athene marmorata, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part XIV, p. 18.

All the upper surface, wings and tail dark brown, obscurely spotted with white round the back of the neck,

on the wing-coverts and scapularies; inner webs of the primaries at their base, and the inner webs of the lateral

tail-feathers crossed by bands, which are buff next the shaft and white towards the extremity of the webs; face

and chin whitish; under surface dark brown, blotched with white and sandy brown; legs and thighs fawn-colour ;

bill horn-colour; feet yellow,

Inhabits South Australia, is much larger than A. maculata, but so nearly allied to, and so much like that

species, that I have not thought it necessary to give a separate figure of it.

INTRODUCTION. NXVL

35, Athene connivens —. : : ; . , . . Vol. L. PL. 34.

Buteo connivens, Vicill. Nowy. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., tom. iv. p. 481.

36. Athene strenua, Gould : : ; : : Vol. I, Pl. 35.

37. Athene rufa, Gould — - ; : ; : : ; , : : : é ; j Vol. L. Pl. 36.

Order INSESSORES, Vig.

Family CAPRIMULGID., Fig.

Genus Aeornetes, ig. & Horsf:

The known species of this genus are two in number, both of which, so far as has yet been ascertained, are

confined to Australia. In many of their actions, and in their nidification, they are yery owl-like, depositing, like

those birds, their four or five round white eggs in the hollows of trees, without any nest.

38. Zgotheles Novie-Hollandiz . , ; ; : : : . : : Vol, I, Pl. 1.

Inhabits the whole of the southern parts of Australia and Van Diemen’s Land.

39. /Egotheles leucogaster, Gould — . ; . , ; ; . Voor, Biy2:

Inhabits the northern or intertropical parts of Australia, where it represents the 4#. Nove-Hollandie.

Genus Povareus, Cur.

With no one group of the Anstralian birds have I had so much difficulty in discrimmating the species as the

genus Podargus. It is almost impossible to determine with certainty the older species described by Latham ;

could this have been done satisfactorily, even in a single instanee, it would have greatly facilitated the investigation

of the remainder. Messrs. Vigors and [orsfield regarded the specimens in the Linnean Collection as referable to

three species, and have described them under the names of Sfanleyanus, humeralis, and Cuviert; Latham’s descrip-

tion of the species named by him megacephalus accords so well with the P. Stanleyanus, that 1 suspect both those

terms have been applied to one and the same species, an opinion strengthened by Latham’s remarks as to the ¢reat

size of the head and mandibles of his bird, the total length of which he states to be thirty inches, which is evidently

an error.

After examining a large number of specimens comprising individuals of all ages, I haye come to the con-

clusion that the Australian members of this genus constitute six species; four of which, uamely, P. megacephalus,

P. humeralis, P. Cuvieri, and P. brachypterus, are most closely allied to each other; and two, namely, P. plumiferus

and P. Phalenoides, which present specific characters that cannot be mistaken. We haye then in Australia a large

group of nocturnal birds of this form destined, as it would seem, to keep in check the great families of Cicade

and Phasmide, upon which they mainly subsist; but they do not refuse other insects, and even berries have been

found in their stomachs. They are an inanimate and sluggish group of birds, and do not procure their food on

the wing so much as other Caprimu/gi, but obtain it by traversing the branches of the various trees upon which

their favourite insects reside; at intervals during the night they sit about in open places, on rails, stumps of trees,

on the roofs of houses and on the tombstones in the churchyards, and by superstitious persons are revarded as

omens of death, their hoarse disagreeable voice adding not a little to the terrors induced by their presence.

In their nidification the Podargi differ in a most remarkable manner from all the other Caprimulgide,

inasmuch as while the eggs of the Afgothele are deposited in the holes of trees, and those of the members of the

other genera of this family on the ground, these birds construct a flat nest of small sticks on the horizontal

branches of trees for the reception of theirs, which are moreover of the purest white.

Although I have no satisfactory evidence that these birds resort to a kind of hybernation for short periods

during some portions of the year, I must not omit to mention that I have been assured that they do occasionally

retire to and remain secluded in the hollow parts of the trees ; and if such should prove to be the case, it may

account for the extreme obesity of many of the individuals 1 procured, which was often so great as to prevent me

from preserving their skins, 1 trust that these remarks will cause the subject to be investigated by those who are

XXvili INTRODUCTION.

favourably situated for so doing ; for my own part I see no reason why a bird should not pass a portion of its exist-

ence in a state of hybernation as well as some species of quadrupeds, animals much higher in the scale of creation.

So great a similarity in plumage reigns throughout the first four of the SPRHIPA enumerated below that I Hy

thought it unnecessary to figure more than two, viz. P. humeralis and P. Cuviert; the other two may be readily

distinguished by the descriptions I have given of them, particularly if the localities be attended to.

40. Podargus megacephalus.

Caprimulgus megacephalus, Lath. Ind. Orn. Supp., p. lviii.

Great-headed Goatsucker, Lath, Gen. Syn. Supp., vol. ii. p. 265,—Shaw, Gen. Zool., vol. x. p. 141.—Lath.

Gen. Hist., vol. vil. p. 364.

Wedge-tailed Goatsucker, Lath. Gen. Hist., vol. vii. p. 368?

Podargus Stanleyanus, Lath. MSS., Vig. & Horsf. in Linn. Trans., vol. xv. p. 197 ?

In the general colouring, form and arrangement of its markings, this species so closely resembles the P.

huneralis, that one description applies equally to both ; but it may be distinguished by its being somewhat larger

in the body and much larger in the head, and by the very great development of the mandibles.

It inhabits the brushes of the east coast, and in its habits and economy resembles the other species of the

group.

41. Podargus humeralis, Vig. §& Horsf. . ; : ; : : ; ; : ; VoL. I. PL. 3.

42. Podargus Cuvieri, Vig. & Horsf. : : ‘ 2 : d ; . Vol. II. Pl. 4.

43. Podargus brachypterus, Gould.

Podargus brachypterus, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soe., Part VILL. p. 163.

In its general appearance this bird closely resembles the P. humeralis, but is even smaller in size than P.

Cuvieri, while at the same time the bill is larger than that of the former species, and projects much farther from

the face than in any other of its congeners ; it also differs in the shortness of its wings, which circumstance sug-

gested the specific appellation I have assigned to it.

It is a native of Western Australia.

44. Podargus Phalenoides, Gould. ‘ ; ‘ : : Vol. IL. PL 5.

45. Podargus plumiferus, Gould ' , : : ; ‘ : : Vol. IL. PL 6.

Genus Evrosroropus, Gould.

Generic characters.

Bill somewhat more produced and stouter than in Caprimulgus: nostrils lateral and linear ; rictus entirely

devoid of bristles, but furnished with short, weak, divided and branching hairs ; wings longer and more powerful

than in Caprimulgus ; first and second quills equal and longest ; tai! moderately long and nearly square ; tarsi

stout, and clothed anteriorly for their whole length ; foes short, thick and fleshy ; outer ones equal, and united to

the middle one by a membrane for more than half their length ; nail of the middle toe strongly pectinated on the

inner side.

This genus, so far as is yet known, comprises but two species, both of which are natives of and confined to

Australia. They differ considerably in their habits from the true Caprimulyi, Their wing-powers being enormous,

they pass through the air with great rapidity, and while hawking for insects during the twilight of the early dawn

and evening, they make the most abrupt and sudden turns in order to secure their prey. Like the typical

Caprimulgi, they rest on the ground during the day. In every instance in which the site employed for incubation

has been discovered, a single egg only has been found ; it is deposited on the bare ground, and differs from those

of the other Caprimulgi in being much more round in form, and of a dull olive-green spotted with jet black.

The members of this genus are very nearly allied to the Lyncorni, a group of birds inhabiting the Indian Islands.

46. Eurostopodus albogularis ; ; Vol. IL. Pl. 7.

. : ; : Vol. I. Pl 8

47. Eurostopodus euttatus

Fichtel’s Goatsucker, Lath. Gen. Hist., vol. vii. p. 3845.

INTRODUCTION. NNIX

Genus Carrimutaus, Linn.

Europe, Asia and Africa are the great strongholds of the members of this genus as at present restricted. A

single species only has yet been discovered in Australia, where it frequents the northern or intertropical parts of

the country.

48. Caprimulgus macrurus, Horsf. . . ; : Vol. IT. Pl. 9.

This bird is found in Java, and I believe in Southern India.

Family HIRUNDINIDA, Vig.

Genus Acanruytis, Bore.

A group of birds possessing enormous powers of flight, and the members of which are distributed over the

Indian Islands and Asia; the form is also found in Africa and in America, but in those countries the species are

fewer in number: one species only has yet been discovered in Australia.

49. Acanthylis caudacuta ‘ : . : } . : ; ‘ . ; Vol, IT. Pl. 10.

A migratory bird in most parts of Australia, but whence it comes or whither it goes has not yet been ascer-

tained; of its nidification also nothing is known.

I have alluded to the great wing-powers of the birds of the genus Acanthylis, and in confirmation of which I

may mention that an individual of this species was killed in England during the past year: it would be interesting

to know the route pursued by the bird in travelling so great a distance as it must have done.

Genus Cypseuus, Ji.

Of this genus, as of Acanthylis, there is but one species peculiar to Australia; other members of the group

inhabit the continents of Europe, Asia and Africa, but not America.

50, Cypselus Australis, Gould ; L t . ‘ , ; 5 : . . . Vol, 11, Pl. 11.

Hirundo pacifica, Lath. ?

Genus Arricora, Bore.

The members of this genus are principally American.

I am not fully satisfied of the propriety of placing the bird I described in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological

Society’ as Hirundo leucosternon in the present genus ; if on a further knowledge of the Australian birds it should

prove that I have been correct in so doing, the species will be found to inhabit Australia, Africa and Ameriea.

51. Atticora leucosternon, Gould, ; ; ; ; ; . Vol. LU. Pl. 12.

Since I described and figured this species I have received numerous examples from Swan River, where

Mr. Gilbert observed it on the 19th of August flying about the holes of the Boodee (Bettongia Grayii) in pairs ;

but it was not until the latter end of September that he succeeded in finding their nests placed at the extremities

of holes bored in the side of a bank. All the holes that he saw were perfectly round, not more than two inches

in diameter, running horizontally, and of the same dimensions, for three feet from the entrance, and then expanding

to the extent of four inches and forming the receptacle of the nest, which is constructed of the broad portions of

dried grasses and the dry dead leaves of the Acacia. Mr. Johnson Drummond informed him that he had frequently

found seven and even nine eggs in a single nest, from which he inferred that more than one female lays in the

same nest: the eggs are white, somewhat lengthened, and pointed in form. It would seem that the holes are not

constructed exclusively for the purpose of nidification, for upon Mr, Gilbert’s inserting a long grass stalk into one

of them five birds made their way out, all of which he succeeded in catching ; upon his digging to the extremity in

the hope of procuring their eggs, no nest was found, and hence he concludes that their holes are also used as

places of resort for the night.

XXX INTRODUCTION.

Genus Hirunvo, Linn.

The members of the genus Hirundo, or true Swallows, inhabit Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, the Indian

Islands and Australia, where the European and American chimney Swallows, Hirundo rustica and H. rufa, are

beautifully represented by the H. neowena.

52. Hirundo neoxena, Gould. : , 5 : ; : - é Vol. II. Pl. 13.

Hirundo neowena, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part X. p. 113.

Genus Cueiivon, Boie.

I find that by some unaccountable mistake I have placed the Australian members of this genus in that of

Collocalia,—an error which I take this opportunity of correcting.

The two species inhabiting Australia are both represented by others in Europe, Asia, Africa and America.

They differ somewhat from each other in habits, one always resorting to the holes of trees for the purpose of

nidification, and the other building a clay nest similar to those constructed by the martins of Europe and America.

53. Chelidon arborea.

Collocalia arborea, Gould . f : ; : ; ; : ; ; “ F Vol. II. Pl. 14.

54. Chelidon Ariel.

Collocalia Ariel, Gould. : 1 A 2 : ’ ‘ : ; . ‘ i Vol. IL. Pl. 15.

Family MEROPIDA, Fie.

Genus Merops, Zinn.

India and Africa may be said to be the great nursery of this lovely group of birds; one species of which,

common in the southern parts of Eufope, is beautifully represented in Australia by the Merops ornatus, the only

species inhabiting that country.

55. Merops ornatus, Lath. . . ; ; : 5 ; i , ’ : d . Vol. II. Pl. 16,

Family —— ?

Genus Eurysromus, Vieil/.

One species of this genus is found in Australia, and others inhabit India and Africa. They are closely allied to

the Rollers, and not very distantly related to the Halcyons.

56. Eurystomus Australis, Swains. . : Q 2e aioe . : - “Vol R erage

Family HALCYONIDA, Vig.

Genus Daceno, Leach,

The members of the genus Dacelo comprise the largest species of the great family of the Haleyonide, and form

a conspicuous portion of the ornithology of Australia ; but remarkably enough are confined to the south-eastern

and northern portions of the country, the south-western parts being uninhabited by any species of this group. I

believe that water is not essential to their existence, and that they seldom if ever drink. They feed almost

INTRODUCTION. XXXi

exclusively upon animal substances, small quadrupeds, birds, snakes, lizards, and inseets of every kind being

equally acceptable.

Three species inhabit Australia.

57. Dacelo gigantea , ; , Vol. IL. Pl. 18.

Inhabits the south-eastern portion of Australia, from South Australia to Moreton Bay.

58. Dacelo Leachii, Vig. § Horsf. , ; , ; ; , Vol. IT. Pl. 19,

Inhabits the north-eastern portion of Australia, and is common at Cape York.

59. Dacelo cervina, Gould - : ‘ ; ; F , : A ; ' ; Vol. Il. Pl. 20.

Inhabits the north-western parts of Australia, particularly the Cobourg Peninsula.

In his ‘Journal of an Overland Expedition from Moreton Bay to Port Essington,’ Dr. Leichardt states that

when near the Gulf of Carpentaria, “The laughing jackass (Dacelo Cervina, Gould) of this part of the country is

of a different species from that of the eastern coast, is of a smaller size and speaks a different language ; but the

noise is by no means so ridiculous as that of Dacelo gigantea ; he is heard before sunrise, and immediately after

sunset, like his representative of the eastern coast; the latter was observed as far as the upper Lynd, where the

new one made its appearance.’’—P. 326.

Genus Hatcyon, Swains,

The members of this genus, as now restricted, are found in all the islands of the Indian Archipelago, Australia,

and New Zealand. The Australian species, which are four in number, have many habits in common with the

Dacelos, and like them dwell among other places on the open plains, far away from water, and consequently must

live for considerable periods without a supply of that element,

60. Halcyon sanctus, Vig. §& Horsf. . 4 R . - . , ; : : : : Vol, II. Pl, 21.

61. Haleyon pyrrhopygia, Gould. : : . : . Vol. II. Pl. 22.

Captain Sturt found this species at the Depdt, and I have received specimens from the Swan River Settlement ;

consequently it has a very wide range, but is more an inhabitant of the interior than of the districts near the coast.

62. Haleyon sordidus, Gould . . : ‘ ‘ ° , ; : Vol. II. Pl. 23.

63. Haleyon MacLeayii, Jard. & Selb. — . : ; ‘ ; , : Vol. IT. Pl. 24.

Independently of the Cobourg Peninsula, I have received specimens of this bird from Moreton Bay and other

parts of the east coast.

Genus Atcyone, Swazns.

The Australian members of this genus are so intimately allied that I have only deemed it necessary to

figure two species, viz. Aleyone azurea and A. pusilla; the two species not figured are both nearly allied to

A. azurea, and may be considered its northern and southern prototypes, since the one to which I have given the

name of pulchra inhabits the north coast, and the other, which I have called Diemenensis, inhabits Van Diemen’s

Land, The A. azurea inhabits the intermediate or rather the south-eastern portions of the country, but no species

of the genus has yet been found in Western Australia. They all frequent the margins of rivers, and live on small

fish and insects, and have many habits in common with the members of the genus Alcedo, of which the Kingfisher

of Europe, A. /spida, is the type. Although some species are found in New Guinea and the Indian Islands,

Australia is the country in which birds of this form are most abundant.

64. Aleyone azurea ; : : ' Vol. II. Pl. 25.

65. Alcyone Diemenensis, Gould.

Aleyone Diemenensis, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part XIV. p. 19.

All the upper surface deep blue, becoming more vivid on the rump and upper tail-coverts; wings black

XXNXil INTRODUCTION.

washed with blue; throat buff; under surface of the body and wings ferruginous orange ; on each side of the chest

a patch of bluish black ; lores and a small patch behind the ears buff; crown of the head indistinctly barred with

black ; irides and bill black ; feet orange. Total length 64 inches ; bill, 2; wing, 34; tail, 13; tarsi, +.

Inhabits Van Diemen’s Land.

More robust than Aleyone azurea, or A. pulchra, and differing from both in the blue of the upper surface

being tinged with green.

66. Alcyone pulchra, Gould.

Aleyone pulchra, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part XIV. p. 19.

All the upper surface shining purplish blue; wings brownish black; lores, tuft behind the ear, and throat

buff; under surface deep ferruginous orange; sides of the chest fine purplish blue, passing into a rich vinous tint

on the flanks ; irides and bill black ; feet orange. Total length 6 inches ; bill, 2; wing, 22; tail, 14; tarsi 4.

Inhabits the north coast of Australia.

This is the finest coloured species of the Australian Alcyones, and is distinguished by the beautiful vinous

colouring of the flanks,

67. Alcyone pusilla : - : : A F : : : : ‘ p ‘ ; Vol. IT. Pl, 26.

Family —— ?

Genus Arramus, Feild.

The members of this singular genus are distributed over New Guinea, Ceram, the Indian Islands and the

continent of India, but are more numerous in Australia than elsewhere, its fauna comprising no less than seven

well-defined species.

68. Artamus sordidus . , ; ‘ . : : . P . : é , ' Vol. II. Pl. 27.

69. Artamus minor, Vieill. ‘ : ; ; ‘ ; : i ‘ é : . Vol. IL. Pl. 28.

Mr. Gilbert found this species breeding in the interior of the country during Dr. Leichardt’s overland journey

to Port Essington.

70. Artamus cinereus, Vieill. : y ; i : ; , ' : . ; ; Vol. IL. Pl. 29.

71. Artamus albiventris, Gould ; ; ; ; : : . p ‘ J , r Vol. II. Pl. 30.

72. Artamus personatus, Gould ; : ; ; : : ; ‘ ‘ ; . - Vol. II. Pl. 31.

73. Artamus superciliosus, Gould. ‘ 5 , ; : ’ . ; « - ‘ Vol. II. PL. 32.

74. Artamus leucopygialis, Gould . ; ; : : ; ‘ : ‘ ; ; Vol. IT. Pl. 33.

Family —— ?

Genus Dicwum, Cu,

The continent of India, the Indian Islands and New Guinea are the countries in which the members of this

genus abound ; as yet only a single species has been found in Australia.

75. Diceeum hirundinaceum Vol. Il. Pl. 34,

Family PIPRIDA:, Vig.

Genus Parpatorus, Vieill.

This form is peculiar to Australia, in every portion of which great country, including

Van Diemen’s Land, one

or other of the species I have figured are to be found; some of them associated in the same district, and even

inhabiting the same trees,

while in other parts only a single species exists; for instance, the P. punctatus,

INTRODUCTION. NANI

| rT 2 Ae 7 1 yr ; J iy

P. quadragintus and P. afinis inhabit Van Diemen's Land; on the whole of the southern Coast of the continent from

Io are! Me. . a hs . > - _

east to west P. punctatus and P. striatus are associated ; the north coast is the cradle of the species I have called

2 BD te ee hy 2 . : ’

P. uropyyialis, and the east coast that of P. melanocephalus, from both of which countries the others are excluded: the

true habitat of the beautiful species I have figured and described as P. rubricatus is not yet known.

The seven species of this little group are each individually very numerous, which, together with their general

distribution, may enable them to effect some important operation in the economy of nature; their chief food

consisting of the larve: of insects.

76. Pardalotus punctatus : ; “ :, : , . Vol. IL. Pl. 35.

77. Pardalotus rubricatus, Gould — . ; : ; . ' , , . , p ; Vol. U1. Pl. 36.

78. Pardalotus quadragintus, Gould ;, ; ‘ : : . : Vol, IL, PL. 37.

79. Pardalotus striatus. ; : : F ‘ ' } : : , ; Vol. IL. PL 3s.

80. Pardalotus affinis, Gould, . i j P : : : ‘ . : ; Vol. LI. Pl. 39.

81. Pardalotus melanocephalus, Gow/d — . ; ; . ; ‘ . i : ; Vol. II. PL 40,

82. Pardalotus uropygialis, Gould, Vol. II. Pl. 41.

Family LANIADA, Fie.

Genus Srreeena, Less.

Prior to the commencement of the present work only two species of this form (CS. graevlina and

S. Anaphonensis) had been described, and these had heen referred to a different genus by almost every author who

had occasion to mention them; the older writers assigning them to Corvus, Coracias and Gracula, and the more

modern ones to Cracticus and Barita: finding that their structure did not agree with the character of either of those

genera, | (in 1837) proposed to make the first-mentioned species the type of a new genus (Coronica), not being

aware at the time that this had been done some years before by M. Lesson, whose name, having the priority, is

necessarily the one adopted.

My researches in Australia have enabled me to add four other species to the group, three possessing well-

defined specific characters, and one, the distinctive markings of which are not so apparent, but which, in my opinion,

is equally distinct ; the specific characters of some groups of birds are, in fact, so difficult to be determined, both

from the similarity of the species and the want of a knowledye of their natural habits, as to cause the naturalist no

little trouble and research in properly distinguishing them ; and to no group does this remark more strongly apply

than to the one under consideration ; the ample materials, however, at my command, and the possession of a large

uumber of specimens, the sexes of which have all been ascertained by dissection, and the habits of which have

been observed in their native localities, enables me to give as perfect an account of this curious group as any

I have yet attempted.

On a careful examination of the members of this genus, it will be perceived that their relationship to the

Corvide, to which they have been usually assigned, is very remote, their size and colour being, in fact, the only

features of resemblance ; their whole structure and economy is indeed very different from those of every other bird

known, except those of Gymnorhina and Cracticus, with which genera they form a very natural group among the

creat family of Laniade or Shrikes.

All the species yet discovered are not only peculiar to Australia, but are strictly confined to the southern

portion of that contment; their range being limited to the country comprised within the 25th and 40th degrees of

south latitude ; future research may, however, add both to the number of species and to the extent of their range ;

still their great stronghold is undoubtedly the most southern portion of the Australian continent, the islands of

Bass’s Straits and Van Diemen’s Land.

Most of these birds seek their food on or near the ground, sometimes in swampy situations, and even on the

sea-shore, at others on the most sterile plains far distant from water; grasshoppers and insects of every order are

eaten by them with avidity, and to these grain, seeds and fruits are frequently added; they hop with remarkable

aility over the broken surface of the ground, and leap from branch to branch with great alacrity ; their flight is

XXNIV INTRODUCTION.

feeble and protracted, and they seldom mount high in the air, except for the purpose of crossing a gully, or for

passing from one part of the forest to another, and then merely over the tops of the trees; during flight they

usually utter a peculiar shrill ery, which is frequently repeated and answered by other birds of the same troop, for

they mostly flit about in small companies of from four to six in number, apparently the parents and their offspring

of the year, All the species occasionally descend to the cultivated grounds, orchards and gardens of the settlers,

aud commit considerable havoe among their fruits and grain; in many parts of Australia, particularly in Van

Diemen’s Land, they form an article of food, and are considered good and even delicate eating. They usually

build open cup-shaped nests as large as that of the Crow, composed of sticks and other coarse materials, lined

with grasses or any other suitable substance that may be at hand; the eggs are generally three, but are sometimes

four, in number, The sexes are similar in plumage, and the young assume the livery of the adult from the time

they leave the nest.

83. Strepera graculina 2. ; . : 5 Vol. IL. Pl. 42.

84. Strepera fuligmosa, Gould. 2. - © . ap | os Ege Vol. IT. Pl. 43.

85. Strepera Arguta, Gould. . ; ; 4 ; . . ; : , : Vol. IL, Pl. 44.

86, Strepera Anaphonensis — - a ; , ; ; t . ‘ : : Vol. IL. Pl. 45.

Corvus versicolor, Lath. ?

87. Strepera melanoptera, Gould.

Strepera melanoptera, Gould in Proc, of Zool. Soc., Part XTV. p. 20.

All the upper surface, wings, and tail black; under surface brownish black, tinged with grey on the

abdomen ; under tail-coverts and tips of all but the two centre tail-feathers white: irides yellow; bill and feet

black, .

Total length, 19 inches ; bill, 2; wings, 11; tail, 9; tarsi, 28.

This species inhabits South Australia, and is distinguished from all its congeners by the total absence of any

white mark on the wings ; in other respects it is so similar to S. Arguta, that I haye not considered it necessary to

give a figure of it.

Genus Gymvoruina, G. R. Gray.

Like Strepera this is strictly an Australian form, all the species of which frequent exclusively the southern

parts of the country. Their structure is a mere modification of that of the members of the last genus adapted to a

somewhat different mode of life and habits. They are more pastoral than the Strepere, frequenting as they do the

open plains and grassy downs, over which they run or rather hop with great facility. Their chief food consists of

grasshoppers and other insects, to which berries and fruits are added, when such kinds of food are procurable, If

unmolested in their natural haunts they may be considered a more familiar race than the Strepere, but if

persecuted they become extremely shy and distrustful, Few birds are more ornamental, or give a more animated

appearance to the country than the members of this genus, either when running over the surface of the lawn-like

ground, or when pouring forth their singular choral-like notes while perched together on the bare branches of a

fallen Eucalyptus. The form and situation of the nest is the same as those of the Strepere, larger, but not unlike

that of the European Crow.

Specimens of this form from Western Australia exhibit some trifling differences, but I have not as yet been

able to satisfy myself whether they are or are not distinet,

$8. Gymnorhina Tibicen . ; : : ; ’ . : ‘ : Vol. II. Pl. 46,

89. Gymnorhina leuconota, Gould. ae a: 5 * og . - Vol. I. PL 47.

90. Gymnorhina organicum, Gould... . Vol IL Pl. 48.

Genus Cracricus, Vieill.

The members of this genus, which are universally dispersed over Australia, prey upon small quadrupeds,

birds, lizards and insects, which they frequently impale after the manner of the ordinary Shrikes. Their

INTRODUCTION, XXXV

nidification resembles that of the species belonging to the genera Strepera and Gymnorhina, the nest being a large

round structure placed among the branches of the trees, and the eggs four in number. So great a similarity exists

between the birds inhabiting New South Wales, Van Diemen’‘s Land, and Swan River, that I have thought it

unnecessary to figure the whole, but the annexed descriptions, with a due attention to the localities, will obviate all

difficulty in determining the species.

91. Cracticus nigrogularis, Gould . ’ , Vol. IL. Pl. 49.

Lanius robustus, Lath. Gen. Hist. vol. ii. p. 67 ?

92. Cracticus picatus, Gould . ; ; : ; ; - : : ; Vol. II, Pl. 50.

93, Cracticus argenteus, Gould ; ; : : . : : : : ; Vol. II. Pl. 51.

94. Cracticus destructor : : ; ‘ : ; Vol. IT, Pl. 52.

Lanws curvirostris, Lath. Gen. Hist. vol, ii. p. 52.

Lonius torquatus, Lath, Gen, Hist. vol. ii, p. 70.

95. Cracticus cinereus, Gould.

Vanga cinerea, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part IV. p. 143.

Inhabits Van Diemen’s Land, and may be distinguished from C. destructor by its much longer bill, and, when

fully adult, by its grey back.

96. Cracticus leucopterus, Gould.

Inhabits Western Australia; is of the same size as C. destructor, but has the white mark on the wings much

larger and more clearly defined.

97. Cracticus Quoyli : ; ’ : ’ : : : Vol. IL, PL. 53,

Genus Grauiina, J veild.

Only one species of this genus is at present known. It is peculiar to Australia, over every portion of which

country it is dispersed; and it may be considered one of the anomalies of the Australian ornithology, since its

alliance to any group of birds with which we are acquainted is very remote.

98. Grallina Australis. ; : ' ’ : . : , : ‘ . “ Vol. IL. Pl. 54.

Genus Graucatus, Cur.

The woods of every part of the Old World from India to Australia are tenanted by species of this genus,

which, from their great size, their being strictly insectivorous, and individually very numerous, must tend to keep

insect life in check, and consequently perform a most important part in the economy of nature.

In my description of Graucalus melanops, I have stated that New South Wales, Van Diemen’s Land, Swan

River and Port Essington, are each inhabited by Graucali so nearly allied to each other that it was questionable

whether they were not one and the same species, and that the slight differences they present were attributable to

some peculiarity in the districts they inhabit ; after much attention to the subject, I have been induced to regard

the Van Diemen’s Land bird as distinct, and I have therefore assigned it a name, parvirostris; those of the other

countries appear to be local varieties or races peculiar to their respective habitats.

All the members of the group build a flat slight nest of fine short dead twigs, curiously joined together with

cobwebs, on which they lay two eggs.

; Vol. II. Pl. 55.

99, Graucalus melanops ; ; .

and in Syn. Birds of Australia, Part IV,

Graucalus melanotis, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part V. p. 143;

Young.

100. Graucalus parvirostris, Gould.

Graucalus parvirostris, Gould in Proe. of Zool. Soc., Part V. p. 143; and Syn. Birds of Australia, Part. IV. .

Forehead, sides of the face and the throat jet black ; crown of the head, all the upper surface and centre of

XXXVI INTRODUCTION.

the wings delicate grey; primaries and the inner webs of the secondaries deep brownish black, the former nar-

rowly and the latter broadly margined with greyish white ; tail grey at the base, passing into deep brownish black

and largely tipped with white, the grey colour predominating on the two centre feathers, which are destitute of

the white tips; chest grey, into which the black of the throat gradually passes ; lower part of the abdomen, under

surface of the wing and under tail-coyerts white ; flanks and thighs grey; bill and feet brownish black.

Total length, 12 inches ; bill, 14; wing, 74; tail, 6 tarsi, 1.

Inhabits Van Diemen’s Land.

101. Grauealus mentalis, Vig. §& Horsf. . ; : . ; . ‘ : Vol IL. Pl, 56.

102. Graucalus hypoleucus, Gould e ow . ee ee, ee Me A Ke 1a vl

103. Graucalus Swainsonii, Gould ; : . , ; . ; " ; : : Vol. IL. Pl. 58.

Genus Preroropocys, Gould.

Generic characters.

Bill small, shorter than the head, nearly cylindrical ; tomia curved and pointing downwards ; a well-defined

notch at the extremity of the upper mandible; wosfrils basal, round, and covered with the short feathers of

the forehead ; wings long and pointed, the fourth feather the longest ; tai lengthened, the four middle and the

lateral feather on each side shorter than the rest; tarsi long, stout; foes rather short, the inner toe longer than

the outer one, hind-toe large and lengthened, the toe and nail nearly equalling in length the middle toe and nail.

The general structure of the only known species of this form resembles that of Graucalus and of Campephaga,

but the bill is so small as to be quite out of proportion with the body; its lengthened wings and tarsi adapt it

both for flight and for moving rapidly over the surface of the ground.

104. Pteropodocys Phasianellus, Gould ; ; ; : . : . . , , Vol. I. Pl. 59.

Inhabits the whole of the interior of Southern Australia from east to west; the extent of its range northward

has not been ascertained. It has many habits in common with the Graueali; but while those birds are destined

for the trees the present bird is adapted for the ground, where it procures and feeds upon insects of various

genera, particularly locusts and grasshoppers. It frequents the open plains in small companies of from three

to six or eight in number, and is very animated in its actions, but at the same time most cautious and shy.

Genus Camprrnuaca, Fier/!.

The members of this genus are spread over India and the Indian Islands, and the fauna of Australia comprises

four species; they are allied to the Graucali, but are much smaller in size, and more active among the branches.

The sexes are generally yery dissimilar in colour and markings, while in Grauealus they are alike. The nidifi-

cation and the form of the nests of the two genera are yery similar.

105, Campephaga Jardimi, Gowld © ed PLL GO.

106, Campephaga Karu . yi es : ; mn” oT. . Vol. Il. PL 61.

107, Campephaga leucomela, Vig, § Horsf. » Vol, It, Pi ee,

108, Campephaga humeralis, Gould . : Vol. IL. Pl. 63,

Genus Pacuycrrnana, Swains.

The Pachycephala gutturalis may be regarded as the type of this group of birds, which is peculiarly Australian,

and comprises many species, universally distributed over the country. Their habits differ from those of most other

insectivorous birds, particularly in their quiet mode of hopping about and traversing the branehes of the trees in

search of insects and their larva : caterpillars constitute a great portion of their food; but coleoptera and other

insects are uot rejected. The more gaily-attired species, such as P, gutturalis, P. glancura, P. melanura and

P. pectoralis, resort to the flowering Acacia, Nucalypti and other stately trees, while the more dull-coloured ones

INTRODUCTION. XXXVI]

rome the ground: they all build a neat, round, cup-shaped nest, and the eges are generally fowr in number

Their powers of flight are not great: some of the species enjoy a wide range of habitat, while others are extremely

local. The song of some is loud and rather pleasing, while others merely emit a whistling note, slowly but

frequently repeated.

109, Pachycephala gutturalis . : ; Vol. II. Pl. 64.

110. Pachycephala glaucura, Gould . ; ' : Vol. I. Pl. 65.

111. Pachycephala melanura, Gould : . . : Vol. IL. Pl. 66.

112, Pachycephala pectoralis . ; ; Vol. IL. Pl. 67.

Sylvia rufiventris, Lath. Ind. Orn. Supp., p. liv.

Rufous-vented Warbler, Lath, Gen. Syn. Supp., vol. ii, p. 248.—Shaw, Gen. Zool., vol. x. p. 696.

Turdus prasinus, Lath. Gen. Hist. vol. v. p. 121 ?

113. Pachyecephala falcata, Gould. ; Vol. IT. Pl. 68.

114. Pachycephala Lanoides, Gonld ; ; Vol. I. PL. 69.

115. Pachycephala rufogularis, Gould . ; , . Vol. I. PL 7

116. Pachycephala Gilbertiil, Gould . ; , F Vol, IL. Pl. 71.

Pachycephala mornata, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part VIII. p. 164, Young ?

117. Pachycephala simplex, Gould . : ; ; ‘ . Vol. IL. PL. 72.

118. Pachycephala olivacea, Vig. & Horsf. ; ; i . . : . : ; ; Vol. IL. Pl. 738,

The two birds described by me in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society, Part V. p. 164, as P. wantho-

procta and P. longirostris, are both immature birds, and are, I believe, from Norfolk Island.

Genus Coniuricincia, Vig. & Horsf.

Like the last group, the present is strictly confined to Australia, every one of the colonies of which country,

from north to south and from east to west, is inhabited by a species peculiarly and restrictedly its own. They

have many characters in common with the Pachycephale, which they also resemble in their actions, food, economy

and nidification. They are neither Shrikes nor Thrushes, but are most nearly allied to the former; they are

insect-feeders to a yery great extent, but occasionally partake of mollusks and berries. Some of them defend

themselves vigorously with both bill and claws when attacked. Their voice is a loud whistle, some parts of which

are not devoid of melody, particularly the loud swelling notes.

The nest is rather slightly built, round and cup-shaped in form, and is mostly placed in the hollow spout of a

tree; the eggs are four in number.

119. Colluricincla harmonica. : : } ; ’ 5 ; : ’ Vol. II. PL. 74,

Certhia canescens, Lath, Gen, Hist, vol. iv, p. 180?

Inhabits New South Wales.

120. Colluricinela rufiventris, Gould Vol, IL. Pl. 78.

Inhabits Western Australia.

121. Colluricincla brunnea, Gould Vol. IL. Pl. 76.

Inhabits Port Essington.

122. Colluricinecla Selbii, Jard. . Vol. Il. Pl. 77.

Inhabits Van Diemen’s Land.

123. Colluricincla parvula, Gould Vol. I. Pl. 7s.

Inhabits the northern parts of the country.

124. Colluricincla rufogaster, Gould.

Colluricincla rufogaster, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part XIII. p. 80.

I have assigned this name to a bird lately sent to me by Mr. Strange from the brushes of the Clarence in New

South Wales; it may hereafter prove to be identical with the last-mentioned species, C. parvula, the form and

XXXVI INTRODUCTION,

admeasurements being precisely the same; but the bird from New South Wales has a lighter coloured bill, and the

whole of the under surface washed with deep rufous.

The locality of the bird described by me in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society, Part IV. p. 6, as Colluri-

cincla fusca, being still unknown, that species has not been included.

Genus Fatcuncuuus, Fieill.

The two species of this genus are not only strictly Australian, but are confined to the southern parts of the

country; the #. frontatus inhabiting New South Wales and South Australia, and the F. leucogaster Western

Australia. When attacked by their natural enemies or by man, both species defend themselves with their

powerful bill and claws with the utmost fury; they also by the same means readily tear off pieces of rotten wood

and the thin scaly bark of the Hucalypti in search of insects. The branches of trees are their usual place of resort,

and in many of their actions and habits they closely resemble the Tits of Europe and India (genus Parus), while

they also assimilate to the Pachycephale. They build a round, cup-shaped nest.

125. Faleunculus frontatus . 4 : ; ; ; - : : . ‘ ; Vol. II. Pl. 79,

126. Falcunculus leucogaster, Gould ‘ ’ . : : : ‘ : : : Vol. II. Pl. 80.

Mr. Gilbert states that while staying in the Toodyay district of Western Australia in the month of October, he

found the nest of this species among the topmost and weakest perpendicular branches of a Eucalyptus, at a height

of at least fifty feet: it was of a deep cup-shaped form, composed of the stringy bark of the gum-tree, and lined

with fine grasses, the whole matted together externally with cobwebs ; the eggs, which are three or four in number,

are of a glossy white with numerous minute speckles of dark olive most thickly disposed at the larger end ; they

are seven-eighths of an inch long by five-eighths of an inch in breadth. He adds, that under ordinary

circumstances it is a somewhat shy bird, but when breeding becomes bold and familiar ; as an evidence of which

he adduces the fact that a flock of sheep were driven every night beneath the tree upon which the nest was being

constructed without giying the least alarm to the birds.

Genus Orgoica, Gould.

Generic characters.

Bill shorter than the head, stout, compressed laterally, and notched at the tip; cu/men bent gradually downwards

from the base ; lower mandible nearly as stout as the upper; aostrils basal, round, and nearly covered with very

fine short hair-like feathers directed forwards, among which are intermingled a few long fine hairs ; wings rather

long, the first quill short, the third the longest; tertiaries very long, and nearly equalling the primaries; fail short

and very slightly rounded ; farsi moderately long and stout, entire posteriorly, and defended anteriorly with hard

scuta; feet adapted for the ground; toes very short, particularly the hind one, inner toe rather shorter than the

outer ; claws short, and nearly straight.

The only species known of this form is strictly Australian, and is a sprightly animated bird frequenting the

sterile districts studded with large trees, scrubs, and open glades, where it hops about on the ground in search of

insects. Notwithstanding the singularly lengthened form of its scapularies and its terrestrial habits, it appears to

me to belong to the same type of form as the Pachycephale ; its loud piping note and mode of nidification also

favours this opinion, It lays three or four eggs, in a round, cup-shaped nest, placed either in a grass tree

(Xanthorrhea) or in a hole or stump of a decayed upright tree.

127. Oreoica gutturalis . ’ > ' : Vol. II. Pl. 81.

Genus Dicrurus, Mieill,

A genus of which many species inhabit India and Africa, but of which only one has yet been found in Australia.

128. Dicrurus bracteatus, Gould — . . ; ; ; : : ' : Vol. IT. Pl. 82.

INTRODUCTION.

XXXIX

Family MUSCICAPIDE, Vig.

Genus Rurpipura, Vig. & Horsf.

Many species of this genus occur in India, the Indian Islands, New Guinea, and Polynesia ; and five or six are

comprised in the fauna of Australia, over every part of which country, including Van Diemen’s Land, one or other

member of the group is found to exist.

129. Rhipidura albiscapa, Gould

130. Rhipidura rufifrons .

131. Rhipidura Dryas, Gould.

Vol. IL. PL. 83.

Vol. IL. Pl. 84.

Inhabits the north coast. I have not figured this species because it only differs from R. rufifrons in being of a

smaller size, and in the red colouring at the base of the tail-feathers being more extensive.

132. Rhipidura isura, Gould . ‘ ; ; ; Vol. II. Pl. 85.

133. Rhipidura Motacilloides, Vig. § Horsf. . . . : : ; Vol. II. Pl. 86.

134. Rhipidura picata, Gould.

Not figured, being similar in colour but much smaller than R. Motacilloides ; it inhabits Port Essington.

Genus Srisura, Vig. § Horsf.

The present genus and Rhipidura are mere modifications of each other; a difference of structure, however,

exists of sufficient importance to justify their separation, and, as is always the case, a corresponding difference is

found in the habits of the species.

The present form is restricted to Australia.

135. Seisura inquieta , , Vol. Il. Pl. 87.

Turdus muscicola, Lath. Gen. Hist. vol. v. p. 123.

dubius, Lath.

Genus Prezoruyncuus, Gould.

Generic characters.

Bill longer than the head; deeper than broad, almost cylindrical ; compressed on the sides, notched at the tip ;

nostrils basal, small and round; wings short ; first primary moderate, the fourth the longest ; tail rather short and

round ; ¢arsi moderately long and somewhat feeble ; the inner and middle toes connected as far as the first joint, the

outer one the longest.

The only species of this genus yet discovered is a native of the northern parts of Australia, from Cape York to

Port Essmgton, where it frequents the dense beds of Mangroves.

136. Piezorhynchus nitidus, Gould . ‘ ; , . : : Vol. IT. Pl. 88.

Genus Myracra, Vig. & Horsf.

A group of insectivorous birds, the greater number of which inhabit the Indian Islands and Polynesia, and of

which four species are found in Australia.

137. Myiagra plumbea, Vig. §& Horsf. . ; : ‘ Vol. IT. Pl. 89.

138. Myiagra concinna, Gould , ; : : . . , : Vol. II. Pl. 90.

139, Myiagra nitida, Gould. : : é é : . ‘ Vol. II. Pl. 91.

140. Myiigra latirostris, Gould ; ; Vol, II. Pl. 92.

xl INTRODUCTION,

Genus Micraca, Gould.

Generic characters.

Bill shorter than the head, depressed, broad at the base; gonys straight; curving downwards and slightly

notched at the tip; nostrils round, placed at the base of the bill, which is beset with strong bristles ; wings

lengthened and powerful, first primary short, the third the longest; ¢ai/ rather short and nearly square ; tarsi mo-

derate and feeble ; toes feeble, the external toe much longer than the internal one.

Three species of this genus inhabit Australia, to which country they are confined.

141, Microeca macroptera ; Vol. IL. Pl. 93.

Sylvia leucophea, Lath. Gen. Hist. vol. vil. p. 139.

142. Micreeca assimilis, Gould.

Micreca assimilis, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part VIII. p. 172.

All the upper surface brown, primaries dark brown ; tail brownish black ; the tips and the terminal half of the

external margins of the two outer feathers white; the three next on each side also tipped with white, the extent of

the white becoming less upon each feather as they approach the centre of the tail; the four middle feathers without

the white tip; throat, centre of the abdomen and under tail-coverts white, passing into pale brown on the sides of

the chest and flanks ; irides reddish brown ; bill and feet blackish brown.

Total length, 42 inches ; dill, 2, ; wings, 34; tail, 24; tarsi, sy.

Inhabits Western Australia; and is so nearly allied to the Mierwca macroptera, from which it only differs in

being much less in size and in having the base of the outer tail-feather brown, that I have not considered it neces-

sary to figure it.

Vol. IL. Pl. 94.

143. Microeca flavigaster

Genus Monarcna, Vig. & Horsf.

Several species of this genus occur in the Indian Islands and two in Australia. They are insectiyorous birds,

and procure their food by quietly hopping about among the branches of the trees.

144. Monarcha carinata . : ‘ ; : 5 : ' } ; } ; , Vol. Il. Pl. 95.

145. Monarcha trivirgata : ; . } : : ; Vol. IL. Pl. 96,

Genus GeryGone, Gould.

Generic characters,

Bill shorter than the head, swollen, notched at the tip; commissure straight; nostrils basal, lateral, oval;

rictus beset with two or three extremely fine and weak bristles ; wings moderately long, first quill almost spurious,

second long, third, fourth and fifth equal and longest ; tail rather short and square; farsi entire, slender, mode-

rately long ; foes extremely short and small, the lateral toes even, and united to the middle one nearly to the first

joint ; claws much curved.

The term Psilopus was originally proposed by me for this genus, but that name having been previously em-

ployed, Gerygone was substituted for it.

A group inhabiting every part of Australia, and probably New Guinea and Polynesia. Their chief food

consists of insects of the most diminutive size, such as aphides, gnats and mosquitos. The more thickly-billed

species may probably feed upon larger insects and their larvee. They mostly frequent the thick umbrageous woods,

where they dart about for insects under the canopy of the dense foliage, or sally forth into the open glade like true

Flyeatchers. Their nests are of a domed form, with the entrance near the top, some species protecting the opening

by constructing a projection above it like the eaves of a house ; the eggs are generally four in number, and spotted

with red like those of the Maluri and Pari.

INTRODUCTION, xii

146, Gerygone albogularis, Gould Vol. IL Pl. 97.

Psilopus olivaceus, Gould in Proc, of Zool. Soc., Part V. p. 147, Young.

147. Gerygone fusea, Gould. ; : g ; ; ; : ; Vol. IL. Pl. 98.

148. Gerygone culicivorus, Gould . ; ; : ; , ; ; ; Vol. IL. PL. 99.

149, Gerygone magnirostris, Gould ; : : , Vol. IL, Pl. 100.

150. Gerygone levigaster, Gould ; ; : Vol. IL. Pl, 101.

151. Gerygone chloronotus, Gould ‘ : ' Vol. IL. Pl. 102.

Genus Smicrornts, Gould.

Generic characters.

Bill very small and short, swollen at the sides; wostri/s basal, oblong and protected by an operculum ; at the

base of the bill a few fine hairs; wings moderately long, first quill very short ; the first, third, fourth and fifth equal

and the longest ; fail short and square; tarsi moderate; oes rather short, adapted for clinging; the hinder and the

middle toes equal in length.

The members of this genus are the smallest birds of the Australian fauna. I have described two species, one

inhabiting New South Wales and the other Port Essington ; and had I characterized the bird of this form inhabiting

Western Australia as distinct, I should most likely not have been in error, as it is probable that when the subject

has been more fully investigated it will prove to be so.

152. Smicrornis brevirostris, Gou/d ; . : : , : ; ; ; Vol. II. PI. 103.

153. Smicrornis flavescens, Gould . : . ; ; : ; ; Vol. IL. PL. 104.

Family SYLVIADA, Je.

Subfamily SAXICOLINE, Bonap.

Genus Eryruropryas, Gould.

Generic characters.

As in Petroica, but with the bill shorter and more flattened at the base, where it is beset with a number of fine

hairs which curve forward and overhang the nostrils ; wings shorter and more rounded ; first and second primaries

much shorter than the rest ; the fifth the longest ; tarsi shorter; foes more lengthened ; lateral toes nearly even ; claws

much sharper and more curved,

The members of the genus Erythrodryas are much more delicate in structure than the Petrovca, have their feeble

bill strongly beset with bristles, and are more arboreal in their habits; their usual places of resort being the

innermost recesses of the forest, where, in a state of quiet seclusion, they flit about in search of insects; the true

Petroice, on the other hand, frequent open plains, are more bold and yigorous, and possess a structure which adapts

them for the ground over which they pass like the Sawicole.

The two species of this genus, all that are at present known, are confined to the south-eastern portions of

Australia and Van Diemen’s Land.

154. Erythrodryas rhodinogaster . ; ‘ ' ; Vol. IL. PL. 1.

155. Erythrodryas rosea, Gould . : ; > : , : : ; ; Vol. ILI. Pl. 2,

Genus Prrroica, Swans.

The birds I have retained in this genus might with propriety be divided by separating the pied Robins from

the red-breasted species. The dusky Robin of Van Diemen’s Land and the white eye-browed Robin of the

north-east coast of Australia would also constitute another group of equal value with Hrythrodryas, Drymodes and

Eopsaltria,

The red-breasted Petroice are confined to the south-eastern portions of Australia, Van Diemen’s Land and

Norfolk Island : but I believe that the range of the pied birds extends to New Guinea.

INTRODUCTION.

xli

. é . . - . ; . . - . - - - . : “

Fach of the sections I have indicated present some difference in their nidification and ih the colouring of their

ros, which tends to confirm the propriety of the view I have taken of the subject.

eggs,

156. Petroica multicolor . . j , . ‘ , ‘ ; ; . ; : é Vol. IIL. Pl. 3.

157. Petroica erythrogastra —. ; : ; ; . ; ‘ 7 ; ; : Vol. III. Pl. 4.

158. Petroica Goodenovii 2 , : . . : ; ; I P ; . ’ Vol. III. Pl. 5.

159. Petroica phoenicea, Gould ‘ ; ; : , - ' ; . : : Vol. IIT. Pl. 6.

Muscicapa erythrogaster, var. Lath. Gen. Hist. vol. vi, p. 217.

160. Petroica bicolor, Swans. : . . . ; ‘ : : . , 4 : Vol. III. PL 7.

161. Petroica fusea, Gould ; : : R Vol. III. Pl. s.

Muscicapa vittata, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. de Astrolabe, ay 3, fig. 2?

162. Petroica superciliosa, Gould. , : i : : ; R : : ; Vol. III. Pl. 9.

Genus Drymoves, Gould.

Generic characters.

Bill straight, rather compressed on the sides near the tip, nearly as long as the head ; a slight notch at the tip;

beset at the base with a few fine bristles ; wings moderately long, rounded, the first quill very short, the fifth the

longest ; tai! rather long, slightly rounded ; tarsi long, slender, entire before; toes moderately long, the outer toe

rather longer than the inner ; the hind-toe and nail shorter than the middle toe and nail.

The only species of this genus yet discovered ranges over the whole of the country from Southern to Western

Australia. Its form is adapted for the ground, but it occasionally resorts to low shrubby trees.

163. Drymodes brunneopygia, Gould. : ; : : . . ‘ Vol. III, Pl. 10.

Genus Eopsavrria, Stains.

Three species of this genus are all that are yet known; two of these are natives of Western Australia, and the

third of New South Wales.

164, Edpsaltria Australis , ‘ ; ‘ . f . Vol. IIL. Pl. 11.

Sylvia flavigastra, Lath. Gen. Hist. vol. vii. p. 137 7

165. Edpsaltria griseogularis, Gould : ; ; - 4 ; x Vol. ITI. Pl. 12.

Muscicapa Georgiana, Quoy. et Gaim. Voy. ae Astrolabe, pL 3 3, fig. 4?

166. Edpsaltria leucogaster, Gould . ‘ : : Vol. ITI. Pl. 13.

Muscicapa gularis, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. de I’ eeraldon ‘a 4, fig. 1?

Subfamily MENURINA, G. R. Gray.

Genus Menura, Dar.

It might have been expected that the various explorations which have of late years been made into the

previously unknown regions of Australia would have led to the discovery of some additional species of this genus,

or of some new form more nearly allied to it than those with which it is associated, but nothing of the kind has

occurred. ;

167. Menura superba, Dav. ‘ ' Vol. III. Pl. 14.

This remarkable bird is not only confined to Australia, but exclusively to the south-eastern part of the

country. I regret to say that Ihave not been able to gain any further information respecting its nidification,

although I have urged many persons in Australia to pay particular attention to the subject,

INTRODUCTION, xl

Genus Psopnopes, /2g. & Horsf.

Among the many novelties comprised in the present work is a second species of this form, of which only one

was previously known.

168. Psophodes crepitans —. ; ' : ; . ; Vol, IIL. Pl. 15.

Corvus auritus, Lath. Gen. Hist. vol. iii. p. 42.

Inhabits the south-eastern parts of Australia.

169. Psophodes nigrogularis, Gould. ; " . ; ; ; ; Vol. TIL, Pl. 16.

This new species is a native of the western coast.

Genus Spuenosroma, Gould.

Generic characters.

Bill very short, compressed laterally, wedge-shaped, upper mandible without a notch at the tip, two or three

fine hairs at the base; fomia straight; nostrils basal, round, open ; wings very short and round, the fourth, fifth

and sixth primaries nearly equal and the longest; tail long and eraduated ; tarsi moderately long and strong,

shielded before with several plates, entire behind; toes short, hind-toe strong, lateral toes unequal, the inner one

the shortest.

The only known species of this genus frequents the sterile parts of the interior of Australia generally,

particularly those portions of the country clothed with low shrubs and bushes.

170, Sphenostoma cristata, Gould - ‘ ; ¢ ; : Vol. ITL,.Pl. i.

Genus Marurus, ell.

The members of this genus are among the most beautiful of the Australian birds; in no group, in fact, with

the exception of the Trochilide or Humming-birds, is the splendour of their plumage excelled. Their gay attire is,

however, only assumed during the pairing season, and is retained for a very short period, after which the sexes are

alike in colouring.

The genus is strictly an Australian one, and with one or two exceptions, all the species are confined to the

southern parts of the continent and Van Diemen’s Land.

171. Malurus cyaneus . ; : ; Vol. LI. Pl. 18.

172. Malurus longicaudus, Gould. , Vol. III. Pl. 19.

173. Malurus melanotus, Gould : ‘ : , - , ‘ ; ‘ Vol. III. Pl. 20.

174. Malurus splendens . ; ‘ Vol. III. Pl. 21.

175. Malurus elegans, Gould . ; , . ; Vol. III. Pl. 22.

176. Malurus pulcherrimus, Gould . . : ; : ' Vol. ILI. Pl. 23.

177. Malurus Lamberti, Vig. § Horsf. . : ; Vol. III. Pl. 24.

178. Malurus leucopterus, Quoy § Gaim. ; : : : ’ Vol. III. Pl. 25.

179. Malurus melanocephalus, Vig. & Horsf. . ; : ; ; . 7 : . Vol. III. Pl. 26.

180. Malurus Brownii, Vig. § Horsf. . : , ; Vol. II. Pl. 27.

Genus Amytis, Less.

A form nearly allied to Malurus, strictly Australian, and of which three species are known, inhabiting the

southern half of the country and not occurring in Van Diemen’s Land.

xliv INTRODUCTION.

181. Amytis textils Vol. III. Pl. 28.

182. Amytis striatus . Vol. ILI. Pl. 29.

183. Amytis macrourus, Gould. ' : . k : Vol. III. Pl. 30.

Genus Sriprrurus, Less.

A form confined to Australia. Although some slight variation occurs in the specimens from Van Diemen’s

Land, Southern and Western Australia, I believe that they are all referable to one and the same species, viz.—

184, Stipiturus malachurus . : ‘ ‘ , : / - : : ; : : Vol. III. Pl. 31.

Genus Dasyornis, 7g. & Horsf.

A group of birds adapted for situations covered with an almost impenetrable vegetation, reed-beds, &c. The

two species figured are all that are at present known; of these one is from the eastern and the other from the

western parts of Australia.

185, Dasyornis Australis, Vig. §& Horsf. . . ‘ : : : : ‘ - ’ Vol. IIT. Pl 32.

186. Dasyornis longirostris, Gould. : : : : : 3 5 5 : Vol. IT. Pl. 33.

Prior to my visit to Australia, I described a bird in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society,’ Part V.

p. 150, as D.? brunneus, but as I have not since met with the bird in any collection from Australia I presume it is

not a native of that country.

Genus Arricuia, Gould.

Rictus totally devoid of bristles; bi// as long as the head, compressed laterally; the upper mandible distinctly

notched at the tip ; gonys ascending from the rictus and then following the line of the bill; ew/men ascending high in

front ; nostrils moderately large, covered with an operculum, and placed in a groove near the base of the bill; wings

short, round, concave, the first three primaries graduated, the fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh equal; tail lengthened,

rounded, the stems rigid, the webs loose and decomposed ; tarsi and feet robust, the hind-toe armed with a strong

nail; outer and inner toes equal in length.

The only species of this genus yet discovered is as singular in its structure as it is shy and retiring in its

habits ; the total absence of vibrisse in a bird apparently closely allied to Dasyornis, in which they are so much

developed, renders it one of the anomalies of the Australian fauna.

187. Atrichia clamosa, Gould . ‘ n ; ; . ; ‘ ‘ : ; : : Vol. III. Pl. 34.

Subfamily —— ?

Genus Spuenaacus, Strick.

A group of reed- and grass-frequenting birds, which are found not only in every part of Australia, but also in

the Indian Islands and India.

188. Sphenceacus galactotes . _ . : i ; : : Vol. III. Pl. 35.

189. Sphenceacus gramineus, Gould ‘ : . ; 4 : : . : ; Vol. ITT. Pl. 36.

INTRODUCTION. xly

Genus Acrocernatus, Nau.

Of this European and Indian form two species inhabit Australia, where they frequent the reed-beds and the

dense herbage of marshy situations.

190. Acrocephalus Australis, Gould , 5 . ; ‘ ‘ Vol. ILI. Pl. 37.

191. Acrocephalus longirostris, Gould. : ; ; ; ; : ! . é‘ ; Vol. III. Pl. 38.

Subfamily —— ?

Genus Hytacoxa, Goudd.

Bill shorter than the head, compressed ; equally broad and high at the base; culmen gradually declining

from the base to the tip; slightly notched at the apex; rictus beset with a few fine hairs; nostrils basal, oblong,

rather large and defended by an operculum ; wings short, round and concave ; first, second and third primaries

graduated ; the fourth, fifth and sixth equal, and the longest; tail rather long and round ; tarsi moderate in size ;

toes rather lengthened, the lateral toes equal.

A genus comprising two species peculiar to the southern parts of the country, one of which enjoys an

extensive range from South Australia to Moreton Bay; the other has, as yet, only been found im the Great Murray

Scrub.

192. Hylacola pyrrhopygia — - : , , : , ; Pr Vol. III. Pl. 39.

193. Hylacola cauta, Gould. : : : ¢ : : ; . : . : Vol. II]. Pl. 40.

When I characterized this species in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London,’ I had only seen a

single example ; I have since received a second, proving the correctness of my view of its being quite distinct from

the H. pyrrhopygia, a fact disputed by Mr. Strickland, who had stated it to be his opinion that my figures were

referable to one and the same species, but who upon an examination of the specimens themselves acknowledged he

Was In error.

Subfamily —— ?

Genus Cysticoua, Less.

However numerous birds of this form may be in Europe, Africa, Asia and the Indian Islands, Australia outvies

them all in the number of species that frequent its grassy plains. With the exception of Van Diemen’s Land, every

colony is inhabited by one or more species performing there precisely similar offices to those executed by the

remaining species in the other parts of the world,

194, Cysticola magna, Gould . . ; 1 . - Vol. IIT. Pl. 41,

195. Cysticola exilis . : ; : ; ; Vol. IIL. Pl. 42.

196. Cysticola lineocapilla, Gould . ; ' . : ‘ - ’ . Vol. III. Pl. 43.

Vol. III. Pl. 44.

Vol. IL. Pl. 45.

197. Cysticola isura, Gould

198. Cysticola ruficeps, Gould

Subfamily —— ?

Genus Sericornis, Gould.

Generic characters.

Bill strong, straight, nearly as long as the head, compressed laterally towards and notched at the tip ; nostrils

* : 7? Oya! y d 43 * S tel 7 ¥ ial

basal, lateral, oval, and covered by an oper culum ; wings moderate, rounded, the first quill very short, the fourth,

—

xlvi INTRODUCTION.

fifth and sixth nearly equal and the longest; fai? moderate and square ; tarsi long ; hind-toe and claw strong, and

nearly equal to the middle toe and claw in length ; outer and inner toes equal ; p/wmage soft and silky to the touch.

A group of small birds peculiar to Australia, and confined almost exclusively to the southern portion of the

country, Their habits lead them to frequent the most retired parts of the forests, damp and secluded places and

scrubby gullies where the herbage is thick and dense ; but some species are found on the flat islands near the coast,

covered with Salsole and other shrub-like trees; they usually frequent the ground, over which they pass with

celerity, and when their haunts are intruded upon conceal themselves under the fallen or dried herbage. Their

flight is peculiar and never protracted, and they all build domed nests like that of the common Wren (Troglodytes

Europeus).

199. Sericornis citreogularis, Gould ' A ; : : : , : : ' : Vol. IIL. Pl. 46,

Muscicapa barbata, Lath. Gen. Hist. vol. vi. p. 215?

200. Sericornis humilis, Gould , : ; ‘ . . . : . ; ‘ Vol. IIL. Pl. 47.

201, Sericornis osculans, Gould — . : : : i z : : : ; 4 Vol. IIT. Pl. 48.

202. Sericornis frontalis , ‘ ‘ + : : ; : , . i Vol. IIT. Pl. 49,

203. Sericornis levigaster, Gould ’ ; : ; ; ; ; ; ; Vol. LL. Pl, 50,

204. Sericornis maculatus, Gould ; y . : : . P ; ; ; Vol. ILL. Pl. 51.

205. Sericornis magnirostris, Gould — . : . , . : j . ’ Vol. UL. Pl. 52.

Subfamily —— ?

Genus Acanruiza, Vig. & Horsf.

With the exception of the north coast, the Acanthize are dispersed over all the wooded districts of Australia

and Van Diemen’s Land; some species frequenting the brushes, while others tenant the shrubs and belts of trees

on the plains; others again are only found in such districts as the belts of the Murray.

Like some other large groups at present included under one generic title, the Acanthize might be divided with

propriety; thus the A. pusilla, A. Diemenensis, &e., which are feeble in structure and strictly arboreal, might form

one section; while the A. chrysorrhwa, A. Reguloides, &c., which resort to the ground, might form another. The

nests of all the species that I have seen are of a domed form like that of the Eur opean Wren.

The members of this genus and the Maluri are frequently the foster-parents of the shining Cuckoo (Chryso-

coccyw lucidus).

206. Acanthiza pusilla : : ‘ : ; . : j ; ; Vol. IIL. Pl. 53.

207. Acanthiza Diemenensis, Gould . é . , - ; : : : Vol. III, Pl. 54.

208. Acanthiza Ewingti, Gould, ‘ : . ‘ ' : ; ¢ : P . Vol. ITI. PL 55.

209. Acanthiza uropygialis, Gould : , ; . : ; : ; ; ; Vol. IL. Pl. 56.

210. Acanthiza apicalis, Gould : . : ; ; . 4 . F : ’ ; Vol. III. PL. 57.

211. Acanthiza pyrrhopygia, Gould : . ’ ; : - . ; - Vol. IIT. PL. 5s.

212, Acanthiza inornata, Gould . , . : , . ; F A J . : Vol. ILI. PL. 59,

213. Acanthiza nana, Vig. §& Horsf. . ; Zé ; Vol. III. Pl. 60.

214. Acanthiza lineata, Gould . : : . . A . : ; ; Vol. III. Pl. 61.

215. Acanthiza Reguloides, Vig, § Horsf. : ' Vol. II. Pl. 62.

216. Acanthiza chrysorrhcea ' : ; ; i ; . Vol. IIL. Pl. 63.

Genus Epurutanura, Gould.

Bul shorter than the head, nearly straight, compressed laterally, notched at the tip, gonys incurved; nosérils

cd; nos

basal, linear, and covered by a membrane ; wings long, first quill spurious, second very long, third and fourth equal

vik 7;

INTRODUCTION. xlyi

and longest ; tertials very long ; tail short and truncate ; tarsi entire, moderately long, slight ; toes slender, the hinder

toe and claw shorter than the middle one, the inner toe rather shorter than the outer.

Three species of this form are all that are at present known, and of these two are figured for the first time in

the present work. They all inhabit the southern part of Australia, where they frequent the open districts studded

with bushes and low trees; the £. albifrons is occasionally found on the open plains.

217. Ephthianura albifrons 2 : ; : , . Vol, IIL, Pl. 64.

218. Ephthianura aurifrons, Gould . : : : . Vol, III. Pl. 65.

219, Ephthianura tricolor, Gould ; , ; : Vol. ILL. Pl. 66.

Genus Xerorpuima, Gould.

Generic characters.

Bill short, semiconical, robust at the base, without any notch at the tip; and provided with a few hairs at the

base of the upper mandible; nostrils round and covered by minute feathers ; wings moderate in size; first primary

short, the third and fourth the longest; tertiaries broad and somewhat elongated ; tail moderate, square and slightly

concave ; farsi robust ; hind-toe strong, anterior toes feeble, the exterior longer than the inner one.

A curious form, of which only one species is known, and the situation of which in the natural system is quite

undetermined. It has many of the actions and manners of the Acanthize, but its robust and vibbose bill precludes

its being placed with that group. It is mainly terrestrial in its habits and builds a domed nest,

220. Xerophila leucopsis, Gould. ; ; : ; Vol. IL. Pl. 67.

Genus Pyrrnonemus, Gould.

Generic characters.

Bill shorter than the head, slightly compressed at the sides, with a very minute notch at the tip, and beset

with a few hairs at the base; nostrils linear and covered with an operculum ; wings short, round, first primary

rather short, the third the longest; tail short, round and concave, farsi moderate; external toe longer than the

inner one,

Another anomalous form, the structure of which does not approximate very nearly to that of any other genus,

but is perhaps most nearly allied to Acanthiza. The only species known frequents scrubby places and thick under-

wood; is much on the ground, but occasionally mounts on a twig to sing.

221. Pyrrholemus brunneus, Gould : : ; ; Vol. IIT. Pl. 68,

Genus Ontoma, Gould.

Bill nearly as long as the head, imeurved, earinated, indented near the tip; nostrils oval, lateral, basal, and

covered by an operculum; wings moderate, rounded, first quill short, fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh nearly equal

and longest ; ¢ai/ moderate and slightly rounded; tarsi moderate ; toes rather short, the outer toe much longer than

the inner ; plumage dense.

We are here again presented with another form, the structure, habits, and manners of which are all equally

singular. The only species yet discovered inhabits New South Wales, where it frequents stony gullies and rocky

situations in the neighbourhood of caverns, to the roofs of which it attaches its pendent nest, as shown in the Plate.

222. Origma rubricata : ; : : ' Vol. IIL, PL 69.

Genus Caramanruus, Gould.

Generic characters.

Bill shorter than the head, dilated at the base, compressed laterally towards the tip ; ew/men sharp and advancine

upon the forehead ; nostrils lateral, large, oval, and covered by an operculum; rictus destitute of bristles; mings

xLviii INTRODUCTION.

est, the third, fifth, sixth and seventh equal; tail rather short and round ; farsi

short, round, the fourth quill the long

hind-toe rather long, with a long claw; lateral toes

moderately long, defended anteriorly with indistinct scales ;

uneven, the outer one the shortest.

This group comprises two species, one inhabit

but occasionally perch on the smaller branches of the trees.

ing Van Diemen’s Land, the other Southern and Western Au-

stralia; they are terrestrial in their habits,

; Vol. IIL PL. 70.

Vol. IIL Pl. 71.

923, Calamanthus fuliginosus

2924, Calamanthus campestris, Gould

Genus Curnontcora, Gould.

Generic characters.

Bill short, gradually descending fro

laterally ; tomia curving inwards ; wings concave 5

nearly equal and the longest ; tail slightly concaye, and all the feathers of an equal length; ¢arsi moderately long ;

foes short, the hinder toe somewhat longer than the middle one; front claws more curved than in the genus Anthus.

The single species known of this genus combines in a remarkable manner the outward appearance, habits and

manners of the Acanthize and Anthi, but is, I believe, more nearly allied to the former than to the latter.

m the base; the upper mandible slightly notched at the tip, compressed

the first primary very short, the third, fourth, fifth and sixth

995, Chthonicola minima ' . Vol, III. Pl. 72.

Sylvia sagittata, Lath. Gen, Hist. vol. vii. p. 136?

Rather widely dispersed over the grassy flats of New South Wales, and constructs a domed nest in a depression”

of the ground like the true Sylvie.

Subfamily MOTACILLINA, Bonap.

Genus Antuus, Bechst.

Whether this Old World form is represented in Australia by more than a single species, is a point I have not

satisfactorily determined; every part of its extra-tropical regions, including Van Diemen’s Land, is inhabited by

Pipits which differ somewhat in size in almost every colony; still their difference is so slight that I have hitherto

regarded them as mere varieties or local races.

226. Anthus Australis, Vig. & Horsf. : : : - : } ; Vol. 111. Pl. 73.

Subfamily —— ?

Genus Crxctonampuus, Gould.

Bill rather shorter than the head; cu/men slightly arched; the tip distinctly notched ; the commissure slightly

angulated at the base, and somewhat incurved for the remainder of its length; nostrils lateral, oval; wings moderate,

rigid, first quill very long and nearly equal to the second and third, which are the longest ; tertials nearly as long

as the primaries; fail rather small and cuneiform; tarsi very strong and scutellated anteriorly ; toes long and

powerful, particularly the hinder one and claw, which is articulated on the same plane with the inner toe ; lateral

toes nearly equal.

The members of this genus, which are three in number, are closely allied to the Indian genus Megalurus, and

present even a greater disparity in the size of the sexes; they are all confined to Australia, where they frequent

the grassy plains and open districts. The song of the males is more animated than that of any other bird inha-

biting the country.

227. Cincloramphus cruralis . . , ae) ia Vol. III. Pl. 74

228. Cincloramphus cantillans, Gould ; . . - x Vol. IIL. Pl 75.

229. Cincloramphus rufescens, Gould — . : . . . , : : Vol. III. PL 76.

INTRODUCTION. xlix

Subfamily ALAUDIN®, Bonap.

Genus Mrrarra, Horsf,

One, if not two, species of this well-defined genus inhabit Australia. At present one only has been charac-

terized; but the bird of this form, frequenting the intertropical portions of the country, may prove to be a distinct

species.

230, Mirafra Horsfieldii, Gould : ; : : . ; ; . ‘ ‘ : : Vol. IIL. Pl. 77.

Family FRINGILLIDA, Vig.

The Finches of Australia comprise twenty well-marked species, referable to several genera or subgenera, each

of which exhibit a slight difference in structure, accompanied, as is always the case, by a difference in habit, and in

the districts inhabited ; thus the true Estrelde frequent grassy patches in the glades of the forests, the open parts

of gullies, &c.; the Amadine, the stony hills and flats; the Poéphile, the grass beds of the open plains ; and the

Donacole, the grasses of the marshy districts and reed-beds: of the habits of Emblema nothing is known; its

pointed bill indicates some peculiarity in its economy differing from those of the other genera.

All the species build, I believe, large grassy nests with a spout-like opening.

The whole of those figured are peculiar to Australia.

Genus Estrrentpa, Swains.

231, Estrelda bella : ‘ . : , : : : : ; . Vol. III. Pl. 78.

Loxia nitida, Lath. Gen. Hist. vol. v. p. 268 ?

232. Estrelda oculea ; . ; - ‘ . . . , . . é . Vol. II]. Pl. 79.

233. Estrelda Bichenovii . : : , ; ‘ . : : ; : Vol. III. Pl. 80.

234. Estrelda annulosa, Gould ; : . : : : . , : Vol. III. Pl. 81.

235. Estrelda temporalis : ; : . ‘ , ; Vol. III. Pl. 82.

236. Estrelda Phaéton, Gould . ; : : : , . : : . ; ; Vol. III. Pl. 83.

237. Estrelda ruficauda, Gould . , ; : . ' ; ’ . ’ . , Vol. III. Pl. 84.

238. Estrelda modesta.

Amadina modesta, Gould . ; : f ‘ : ; } , . . Vol. IIL. Pl. 85.

Genus AmaApina, Sains.

239. Amadina Lathami : : ; : P : F ; ‘ } ‘ . Vol. IIT. Pl. 86.

240. Amadina castanotis, Gould . ; ‘ , : : ‘ 4 . : , } Vol, LI. Pl. 87.

Genus Potpninta, Gould.

Generic characters.

Bill considerably swollen at the base, rendering it nearly as deep and broad as it is long ; wings moderately long,

the first quill rudimentary, the four next equal in length ; feet plantigrade, foes slender; the middle toe much longer

than the lateral ones, which are equalin length; hind-toe much shorter than the middle one; tai/ strictly cuneiform,

the two middle feathers much produced.

241. Poéphila Gouldiz.

Amadina Gouldiz, Gould

242. Poéphila mirabilis, Homb. et Jacq.

Vol. III. Pl. 8s.

Vol. IL. Pl. 89.

INTRODUCTION.

Vol, IIT. Pl, 90,

Vol. IT, Pl. 91.

Vol. IIT. PL 92,

Vol. TIT. PL. 98.

243. Poéphila acuticauda, Gould

244. Poéphila personata, Gould

245. Poéphila leucotis, Gould

246. Poéphila cincta, Gould

Genus Donacota, Gould.

Generic characters.

As in the genus Amadina, but with the bi// much more developed and gibbose at the base, with the eulmen

elevated and the lower mandible retiring backward on the face ; wings shorter and rounder; feet more adapted for

clinging, and remarkable for the greater development of the hind-toe and nail ; ¢ai/-feathers rigid.

247. Donacola castaneothorax, Gould. ; - : : ; ; , A : Vol. IIT. PL 94.

248. Donacola pectoralis, Gould. . : é ‘al. IIL. Pl. 95.

249. Donacola flaviprymna, Gould : : . . F ‘ ; ; . Vol, IT]. Pl. 96.

Genus Empiema, Could.

Generic characters.

Bill nearly as long as the head, conical, and much resembling that of the genus Ploceus; wings moderately

long as compared with the body; first quill rudimentary, the four next equal in length; tertiaries much lengthened ;

tail moderately long and nearly square, or slightly rounded ; feet plantigrade; toes extremely slender, the middle

toe much longer than the lateral ones, which are equal in length.

250. Emblema picta, Gould : : ; : : . . P : : ’ Vol. III. Pl. 97.

The single example of this beautiful bird, which was procured and presented to me by B. Bynoe, Esq., is I

believe all that has ever been seen; I regret to say it no longer graces my collection, having been stolen therefrom,

together with some other valuable birds, in the year 1846.

Family MERULIDE, Vig.

Genus Prrra, Vieil/l.

The members of this genus extend from tropical India throughout the islands of the Indian Archipelago to

Australia ; one or two species also occur in Africa. Of the three inhabiting Australia the Pitta Iris is figured for

the first time in the present work, and is one of the very finest species of this lovely group of birds.

251. Pitta strepitans, Temm. . . : ; F ] : : ‘ol. TV. Pl.

since my account of this species was printed I have received its eggs, accompanied by the following notes

from Mr. Strange of Sydney :—

: , ;

‘I never saw any bird whose actions are more graceful than those of the Pitta strenitans, when seen in its

native brushes, where its presence is indicated by its singular call, resembling the words ‘want a@ watch,’ by

= ‘gs ‘ ,

imitating which you can call it close to the muzzle of your gun; no sooner, however, does it commence breeding —

than it becomes shy and retiring, keeping out of sight in the most artful manner, moving about from place to place,

and occasionally uttering its cry until it has drawn you away from the nest, he nests I have seen were placed in

the spur of a fig-tree near the ground, outwardly constructed of sticks and lined with moss, leayes and fine pieces

of bark; the eggs are four in number,” of a pale creamy-white marked all over with irregularly-shaped_ blotches

of brown and deep vinous grey, the latter appearing as if beneath the surface of the shell ; they are one inch and

a quarter in length by seven-eighths of an inch in breadth.

INTRODUCTION, li

252. Pitta Vigorsii, Gould ; ' ; Vol. TV. Ph 2.

I regret to say that up to the present time I have not been able to obtain any information respecting this

species, the specimen of which, in the Linnean Society’s Collection, is the only evidence we have of its occurring in

Australia; I believe New Guinea to be its true habitat.

253. Pitta lris, Gould } 3 . : : Vol. IV. Pl. 3.

‘ re *

Genus Crycrosoma, Vig. & Horsf.

Among the novelties comprised in the present work, there are none more important than the additional

members of this genus ; three well-defined species being described and figured, of which only one was previously

known. The form is peculiar to Australia, and is, I believe, closely allied to my genus /anthocinela, a group of birds

confined to India.

254. Cinclosoma punctatum, Vig. §& Horsf. . - ; : Vol. IV. PL. 4.

255. Cinclosoma castanotus, Gould . . : : : : . . . ‘ . Vol. IV. PL 5.

256. Cimclosoma cinnamomeus, Gould . ; . ; ; : J ; ; ‘ : Vol. IV. Pl. 6.

When my drawing of this species was made, I had only seen the male; since then Captain Sturt has pre-

sented me with a female, which differs from the opposite sex in the absence of the black markings of the throat,

breast and wings, which parts are brownish grey.

Genus Oretocineia, Gould.

Bill as long, or longer than the head, slightly ineurved, compressed laterally ; the tip of the upper mandible

overhanging the under; notch considerably removed from the tip; tomia or cutting edges sharp; nostrils basal,

oval; rictus beset with a few short hairs ; wings moderately long and rigid, first quill very short, the fourth and fifth

nearly equal, and the longest ; ¢ai/ rather short and square, the feathers rigid, and running to a point exteriorly ;

farsi moderate, scales entire ; foes slender, particularly the hinder one; outer toes nearly equal, but the inner one

rather the shortest ; general plumage silky to the touch ; the rump-feathers spinous, as in Ceblepyris and Graucalus.

Species of this genus inhabit India, the Indian Islands and Australia, in which latter country, although much

difference in size is observable in specimens from different localities, 1 believe only one exists. It is decidedly a

brush bird, and has many habits in common with the typical Thrushes, but is more shy and retiring.

257. Oreocincla lunulata , : ; . : ‘ ‘ ‘ ¢ ; : : Vol. LV, Pl. 7.

Family PARADISEIDA, @. 2. Gray.

I certainly consider the accounts I have given of the extraordinary habits of the Chlamydere and Ptilonorhynchi

as some of the most valuable and interesting portions of my work, and however incredible they may appear I am

happy to say they have been fully confirmed by other observers.

Genus Cunamypvera, Gould.

Generic characters.

Bill moderate, culmen elevated, and arched to the tip which is emarginated, compressed on the sides ; gonys

slightly advancing upwards ; nostrils basal, lateral, exposed, rounded, and pierced in a membrane ; wings long and

pointed, first primary short, second primary shorter than the third and fourth, which are equal, and the longest ;

tail long and slightly rounded ; ¢arst robust, defended anteriorly with broad scuta ; foes long and strong ; outer toe

longer than the inner, hind-toe long and robust ; ¢e/aws long, curved, and acute.

INTRODUCTION.

lii

268. Chlamydera maculata, Gould — . | Vol. IV. PL 8.

Inhabits South Australia, New South Wales, and according to Mr. Gilbert's Journal of his overland journey to

Port Essington, the intertropical regions of the east coast.

In one of Mr, Gilbert’s many interesting letters received since the account aboye referred to was printed, he

says, ‘the question as to the nidification of Chlamydera is now settled by Mr. C. Coxen having found a woe in

December with three young birds ; in form it was very similar to that of the common Thrush of Europe, being of

a cup-shape, constructed of dried sticks with a slight lining of feathers, and fine grass, and was placed among the

”?

smaller branches of an Acacia overhanging a pool of water,

259. Chlamydera nuchalis ; , : . . ‘ol. IV. Pl. 9.

“JT found matter for conjecture,” says Captain Stokes, “in noticing a number of twigs with their ends stuck

in the ground, which was strewed over with shells, and their tops brought together so as to form a small bower ;

this was 27 feet long, 13. foot wide at either end. It was not until my next visit to Port Essington that I thought

this anything but some Australian mother’s toy to amuse her child; there I was asked, one day, to go and see the

*Inrds’ playhouse,’ when I immediately recognised the same kind of construction I had seen at the Victoria River ;

the bird (Chlamydera nuchalis of Mr, Gould’s work) was amusing itself by flying backwards and forwards, taking

a shell alternately from each side, and carrying it through the archway in its mouth.”—Discoveries in Australia,

vol. ti, p. 97.

Genus Prinonornyncuus, Anhi.

260. Ptilonorhynchus holosericeus, Kuhl ’ ; 3 ; ; ; : ‘ Vol. IV. Pl. 10.

That this bird continues its singular habits under the diadvantages of captivity, I learn from the following

passage in a letter lately received from Mr. Strange of Sydney.

““ My aviary is now tenanted by a pair of Satin Birds, which I had hoped would have bred, as for the last two

months they have been constantly engaged in constructing bowers, which I find are built for the express purpose

of courting the female in. Both sexes assist in their erection, but the male is the principal workman. At times

the male will chase the female all over the aviary, then go to the bower, pick up a gay feather or a large leaf, utter

a curious kind of noise, set all his feathers erect, and run round the bower, into which at length the female pro-

ceeds, when he becomes so excited that his eyes appear ready to start from his head, and he continues opening

first one wing and then the other, uttering a low whistling note, and like the common Cock, seems to be picking

up something from the ground, until at last the female goes gently towards him, when, after two turns round her,

he suddenly makes a dash and the scene ends.” This pair of birds was sent to England by Mr. Strange for the

Earl of Derby, and had they not unfortunately died from cold when rounding Cape Horn, they would doubtless

have continued their singular habits in his lordship’s magnificent aviary at Knowsley.

The habitat of this species appears to be confined to the south-eastern part of New South Wales, for it has

not as yet been found in any other portion of the country.

261. Ptilonorhynchus Smithii, Vig. § Horsf. : Vol, TV. Pl. 11.

Genus Sericunus, Swains.

A single species only of this form has yet been discovered.

262. Sericulus chrysocephalus ' : : ; : Vol. IV. Pl. 12.

Sericulus magnirostris, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soe., Part V. p, 145; and in Syn. Birds of Australia, Part IV.

Younes.

The brushes of the south-eastern part of Australia is the only locality in which this bird has yet been found.

INTRODUCTION, hii

Family ——— ?

Subfamily ORIOLINA, G. 2. Gray.

Genus Orioius, Linn.

Typical Orioles are widely distributed over Europe, Africa, Asia, the Indian Islands and Australia, but none

have yet been discovered in Polynesia or America.

Three species inhabit Australia, two of which are figured; the third from the northern part of the country is

so nearly allied to the O viridis, that a description alone will be sufficient.

263. Oriolus viridis, Gould . ; ; : - : ; : : : ; ; Vol. IV. Pl. 13.

264. Oriolus affinis, Gould.

Inhabits the neighbourhood of Port Essington, and only differs from the preceding species in having a shorter

wing, a much larger bill, and the white spots at the tip of the lateral tail-feathers much smaller.

265. Oriolus flavovinctus : - : ‘ . : , A : ‘ . ; Vol. IV. Pl. 14.

Genus Spuecorueres, V7er//.

Australia presents us with a single species of this genus; others inhabit New Guinea and the neighbouring

islands ; but as yet we have no evidence of the form occurring on the continent of India.

266. Sphecotheres Australis, Swaims. . ; : ; ‘ ; : Vol. IV. Pl. 15.

Turdus mawillaris, Lath. Gen. Hist. vol. v. p. 129?

Nothing whatever is known of the nidification of this bird ; in all probability it will prove to be very similar to

that of the Orioles.

Family ———?

Genus Corcorax, Less.

A genus containing only one species which possesses many singular habits; its actions among the branches,

its mode of progression over the ground, and its nidification, being equally remarkable.

267. Corcorax leucopterus { : ; R : ‘ : ; : Vol. LV. PL. 16.

Family ———

Genus Srruraiwea, Gould.

Generic characters.

Bill shorter than the head, robust, swollen, arched above, deeper than broad; gonys angular; nostri/s basal,

lateral, round and open; wings moderate, round, first primary short, the fourth and fifth the longest ; secondaries

long aid broad; tarsi scutellated in front, plain behind; toes long and strong, the outer one longer than the inner

one; claws strong, compressed and much curved. | |

The only known species of this form is confined to the interior of the southern and eastern parts of Australia,

where it inhabits stony ridges, and is mostly observed on the Callitris.

268. Struthidea cinerea, Gould ‘ ; : : : } : : Vol. IV. PL 17.

In my account of this species, I have stated that its actions are very similar to those of the Corcoraw leuco-

pterus, and the following extract from Mr. Gilbert’s Journal of his overland journey to Port Essington shows that

the two birds assimilate still more closely in their nidification :—

“ Qet. 19.—Strolled about in search of novelties, and was amply repaid by finding the eggs of Struthidea

cinerea. J disturbed the bird several times from a rosewood-tree growing in a small patch of scrub, and felt assured

INTRODUCTION.

liv

it had a nest, but could only find one, which I considered to be that of a Grallina ; determined, if possible, to solve

the difficulty, I lay down at a short distance within full view of the tree, and was not a little surprised at seeing

the bird take possession of, as I believed, the Grallina’s nest ; I immediately climbed the tree and found four eggs,

the medium length of which was one inch and a quarter by seven-eighths of an inch in breadth; their colour was

white, with blotches, principally at the larger end, of reddish brown, purplish grey and greenish grey; some of the

blotches appearing as if they had been laid on with a soft brush. From the appearance of the nest I should say it

was an old one of a Grallina, but it contained a much greater quantity of grass for a lining than I ever observed in

the nest of that bird; if this be not the case, then the nests of the two birds are precisely similar, being like a

ereat basin made of mud, and placed on a horizontal branch.

“ Oct. 21.—In the evening I again met with the Struthidea, which I disturbed from a nest like the one above

described, and from the new appearance of the structure I am inclined to believe it to be constructed by the bird

itself, although it does so closely resemble that of Grallina, especially as in this case the nest was placed in a situa-

tion far from water, and there were no Gralling in the neighbourhood. This nest, like the last, had a very thick

lining of fine grass, and appeared as if just finished for the reception of the eggs.”

There is no doubt that the nests above described by Mr. Gilbert were those of Struthidea; those of Corcorar

and Grallina are precisely similar; and it is somewhat singular that three birds differing so much in structure

should build the same kind of mud nests.

Family CORVIDA, Leach.

Genus Corvus, Linn.

It is exceedingly interesting to trace the range of the members of this genus or the true Crows; not so much

on account of their wide distribution, as from the circumstance of the form being non-existent in some countries

which appear admirably adapted for their well-being ; thus while the species are widely distributed over the whole

of Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, the Indian Islands and Australia, none are to be found in South America,

Polynesia or New Zealand.

269. Corvus Coronoides, Vig. § Horsf. . ‘ . : : ; . . c ' Vol. IV. Pl. 18.

This is the only species that has yet been discovered in Australia.

Family —— ?

Genus Nromorpna, Gould.

This form is strictly Polynesian, and the species confined to New Zealand,

270. Neomorpha Gouldii, G. R. Gray. ; ; ; ; : é ; Vol. IV. PL. 19.

Genus Pomaroruinus, Horsf.

The members of this genus range from India throughout all the islands to Australia, but are not found in

Africa or Polynesia; three species are comprised in the fauna of Australia.

Much diversity of opinion exists among ornithologists as to the place this group should occupy in the general

system; by most writers they have been placed with the Meliphagide, but having had ample opportunities of

observing the Australian species in a state of nature, I am enabled to affirm that they do not assimilate in any

degree with those birds either in their habits, actions, economy or nidification, in all which particulars they differ

from every group of birds that has come under my notice.

INTRODUCTION, ly

271. Pomatorhinus temporalis : VoL. TV. Pl. 20.

Turdus frivolus, Lath. Gen. Hist. vol. v, p. 127 ?

272. Pomatorhinus rubeculus, Gould ; : : ; . . . , Vol. TV. Pl. 21.

273. Pomatorhinus superciliosus, Vig. § Horsf. , : Vol. IV, Pl. 22.

Family MELIPHAGIDA, Vig.

By far the greater and most prominent portion of the botany of Australia consisting of only two or three

genera of trees—the Hucalypti, Banksia, &c.—we should naturally expect its ornithology to comprise some great

groups of birds destined to dwell thereon, and such we find to be the case, the true Honey-eaters and the Honey-

feeding Parrakeets being remarkably numerous; the former tribe of birds comprise no less than fifty-eight species,

which appear to be naturally divided into several groups, each characterized by some modification of structure :

although the whole are truly insectivorous, the pollen and the honey in the flower-cups of the Eucalypti ave largely

partaken of, and for procuring which their lengthened tongue terminating in filaments assuming the form of a

brush is most admirably adapted, combined with which is a remarkably narrow gape and an incapacious stomach,

Australia is the great nursery of this tribe of birds, but a few species are found in New Guinea and some of

the Polynesian islands.

Genus Mexipnaca, Vig. & Horsf.

No example of this genus has yet been discovered in the northern or intertropical regions of Australia, all the

species known being confined to the southern parts of the continent, the islands in Bass’s Straits and Van Diemen’s

Land. The members of this group feed principally upon the pollen and honey of the flower-cups, but occasionally

upon insects; in disposition they are tame and familiar; and they frequent the Banksie@ in preference to other

trees.

The sexes are alike in plumage, and the young assume the adult plumage at an early period of their existence.

274. Meliphaga Noyee-Hollandiz . : ; ; , ' ’ : ' Vol. IV. Pl. 23.

275. Meliphaga longirostris, Gould : ; ; ; é : . Vol. IV. Pl. 24.

276. Meliphaga sericea, Gould A : ‘ : . : . : : . : : VoL IV. Pl. 25.

277. Meliphaga mystacalis, Gould : : ; : > ; y . , . : Vol. IV. Pl. 26.

278. Meliphaga Australasiana . : . , ; , ; ‘ , Vol. IV. Pl. 27.

Certhia pyrrhoptera, Lath, Gen. Ilist. vol. iv. p. 197 ?

Genus GrycrpHtLa, Swans.

The members of this genus resort to higher trees than the Meliphaga, are more shy in disposition, possess

considerable powers of flight, and partake more exclusively of insect food. Of the four Australian species, two,

G. fulvifrons and G, albifrons, inhabit the southern parts of the country, the G. fasciata the northern portion, and

the little G. ocularis is universally distributed over the country, and if I mistake not, is also found in New Guinea

and Timor.

The young of G. fulvifrons and G. albifrons differ considerably from the adult in their markings.

279. Glyciphila fulvifrons ; : ‘ ; Vol. IV. Pl. 28.

Certhia melanops, Lath, Gen. Hist. vol. iv. p. 173 ?

280. Glyciphila albifrons, Gould. : ; . ‘ . ; . ; Vol. TY. Pl. 29.

281. Glyciphila fasciata, Gould —. : ; ; ; } ; Vol. IV. PL. 30.

282. Glyciphila ocularis, Gould — . : é ; : ; : . ' ‘ : Vol. IV. Pl. 31.

INTRODUCTION.

lvi

Genus Prinoris, Sains.

The species of this group are not only more numerous than those of any other division of the Meliphagide, but

they also comprise some of the most beautiful and gaily-coloured members of the family. Nearly all the species

are either prettily marked about the face, or have the ear-coverts largely developed and characterized by a colouring

different from that of the other parts of the plumage. The Ewcalypti and Acacia are the trees upon which they

are usually found; the species with olive-green backs, such as P. flavigula and P. leucotis, frequent the dwarf or

thickly-leaved kinds, the foliage of which assimilates in colour to that of their plumage; the more gaily-attired

species with bright yellow cheeks and ear-coverts, such as P. ornatus and P. plumulus, are most frequently found

among the flowering Acacie@; some species, particularly P. penicillata, descend from the trees and seek Coleoptera

and other insects on the ground; the Casuarine are the favourite trees of P. sonorus and P. versicolor ; while the

P. chrysotis, P. chrysops and P. fusca are almost entirely confined to the brushes and seek their food among the

Eucalypti, the hanging festoons of Tecoma and other beautiful brush creepers. The members of this group are

principally Australian, but I believe that some species inhabit New Guinea; they mainly subsist upon insects, to

which berries are sometimes added.

The sexes are alike in plumage, but the females are smaller than the males, and the young assume the adult

livery from the nest.

283. Ptilotis chrysotis . ; ‘ ; ‘ ; . . ; ‘ Vol. IV. Pl 32.

Ptilotis Lewinii, Swains. Class. of Birds, vol. ii. p. 326? :

284. Ptilotis sonorus, Gould . i ; : ; : ‘ ' ‘ : ; ; ; Vol. TV. Pl. 33.

285. Ptilotis versicolor, Gould : ; , F : ; P P i ‘ , , Vol. IV. Pl. 34.

286. Ptilotis flavigula, Gould . i : : A A ; - . . ; : fol. IV. Pl. 35.

287. Ptilotis leucotis ; : : . ; ‘ . - ; ; ; Vol. IV. Pl. 36.

288. Ptilotis auricomis . : ‘ : : : : : : : . ; Vol. IV. Pl. 37.

289. Ptilotis cratitius, Gould . . i ¢ : : . ; ; : ; : “ Vol. IV. Pl. 38

290. Ptilotis ornatus, Gould . ; ; j ; ; ; ‘ / Vol. IV. Pl. 39.

291. Ptilotis plumulus, Gould . . . ; , 5 . : ‘ ; Vol. IV. Pl. 40.

292. Ptilotis flavescens, Gould 7 ; : : . 2 : : ; : ; Vol. IV. Pl, 41.

293. Ptilotis flava, Gould ; ; ; p : : k A ; : ; . ; Vol. IV. Pl. 42.

294. Ptilotis penicillatus, Gould . ; : : : : : : : ‘ ‘ Vol. IV. Pl. 43.

295. Ptilotis fusca, Gould , : F : ; ; : : : : : Vol. IV. Pl. 44,

296. Ptilotis chrysops. ; . 1 : . ; i ‘ . } : Jol. IV. Pl. 45.

297. Ptilotis unicolor, Gould . : = - ‘ ‘ ; : . ; . 5 ; Vol. IV. Pl. 46.

Genus PLecrornyncua, Gould.

Generic characters.

Bill shorter than the head, slightly arched, very pointed, almost conical and acute; nostrils basal and partly

covered by an operculum ; an obsolete notch near the tip of the upper mandible ; wings moderate, the first feather

short, the third and fourth the longest ; tai/ moderate and square; farsi strong; hind-toe and claw long, powerful

and longer than the middle toe and claw ; lateral toes unequal; the outer one the longest, and united to the middle

one nearly to the first joint.

Of this singular form only one species has yet been discovered. It inhabits the plains of the eastern portion

of Australia, where it dwells among the Hucalypti and Acacie ; and is a very noisy garrulous bird.

The sexes are alike in plumage, and the young assume the adult plumage at a very early age.

298. Plectorhyncha lanceolata, Gould . } : : P : . , . ; : Vol. IV. Pl. 47.

Genus Xanruomyza, Swains.

Of this genus only one species is known.

INTRODUCTION, lyii

299. Xanthomyza Phrygia. ; : ’ . ; : j ‘ ; Vol. IV. Pl. 48

The habitat of this bird appears to be confined to the south-eastern portion of Australia. It generally

frequents the highest branches of the lofty Eucalypti, both of the brushes and of the plains, but is most abundant in

the districts near the coast. In its disposition it is bold and extremely pugnacious.

The sexes are alike in plumage, and but little difference is observable between nestling and adult birds.

r Neate =n r th . 1 .

lhe nests I saw were round and cup-shaped, and were mostly placed in the fork of a tree.

Genus Mericopuina, Gould.

Generic characters.

Bill as long as the head, gradually curying downwards from the base, nearly cylindrical and very pointed ;

nostrils basal and covered with an operculum ; wings rather lengthened, the first primary short, the third the

longest ; tail moderately long, and nearly square ; farsi long and stout.

A genus containing only a single species, which so far as we yet know is confined to Southern and Western

Australia.

300. Melicophila picata, Gould ; : ; ; : ; , : Vol. IV. Pl. 49,

Possesses many singular habits, and differs from most other species of the Meliphagide in the totally different

colouring of the sexes; as well as in assembling im vast flocks, which continue soaring about during the greater

portion of the day. I was not aware until after my drawing was made that this bird has a small fleshy appendage

beneath the eye of an ashy-grey colour, which is invisible in a dried skin. The nest and eggs are said to be very

similar to those of Petrotca multicolor, and to be placed in similar situations.

Genus Enromopuina, Gould.

Generic characters.

Bill nearly as long as the head, somewhat broad at the base, becoming compressed and pointed at the apex ;

tomia of the upper mandible arched and slightly notched at the tip; nostrils basal, oval, pierced in a membrane and

protected by an operculum ; wings rather long, first quill spurious, the second nearly as long as the third, which is

the longest; fai/ short and nearly square ; tarsi short and rather feeble; hind-toe short and stout; lateral toes

unequal, the inner one being rather the shortest.

301. Entomophila picta, Gould : . : é ° : : ; ; : Vol. IV. Pl. 50.

The pointed wings of the examples of this bird I had seen prior to my visit to Australia, led me to infer that

its habits were more aérial than those of the other members of the family, and such proved to be the case; for

while the greater number of the latter cling to and creep about the branches, the present bird flies about the trees,

captures insects on the wing, and during flight displays the beautiful yellow of its wings and the white markings

of its tail to the greatest advantage.

Its frail cup-shaped nest is sometimes suspended among the drooping leaves of the Acacia pendula.

Vol. LV. Pl. 51.

302. Entomophila albogularis, Gould. : ;

Vol. IV. PL 52.

303, Entomophila rufogularis, Gould — . : : ; .

[ fear I have committed an error in referring the birds from the north coast (F. albogularis and E. rufogularis )

to the present genus, for upon further consideration I believe they will prove to be sufficiently different from every

other form yet characterized to justify their being separated into a distinct genus.

Genus Acantuogenys, Gould.

Generic characters.

Bill as long as the head, compressed, slightly arched, acute at the tip; the edges of the upper mandible notched

near the tip, and delicately serrated ; nostrils sub-basal; from the base of the mandibles a naked stripe runs below

lyiii INTRODUCTION.

the eyes, and below this the cheeks are covered with stiff spines ; wings moderate, the first quill-feather very short,

third, fourth and fifth equal and the longest; tai? moderate, nearly equal ; feet robust, hind-toe strong and longer

than the middle one, outer toe united at its base to the middle toe ; claws hooked.

The genus Acanthogenys, of which only one species is known, is a form intermediate in size and in structure

between the smaller Honey-eaters (Meliphage, Ptiloti, &c.) on the one hand, and the larger kinds (Anthochere)

on the other.

304. Acanthogenys rufogularis, Gould. : ; : . : Vol. IV. Pl. 53.

This species is widely distributed over the interior of the southern portion of Australia, from east to west; the

sexes are alike in plumage, and the young are very similar, but are destitute of the spines on the cheek, which are

scarcely assumed during the first year. The Banksia are the trees mostly frequented by this bird, the presence of

which is indicative of sterile sandy districts.

Genus Anruocnara, Jig. & Horsf.

A genus peculiarly Australian, three species of which are exclusively confined to the southern or extra-tropical

parts of the country, and one to Van Diemen’s Land.

305. Anthochera inauris, Gould. . . , , . : P P ‘ ; ’ Vol. IV. Pl. 54.

306. Anthochzra carunculata ; : . : ; } A . , f . : Vol. IV. Pl. 55.

307. Anthochzra mellivora . 4 ; . ] : i f ) [ f é : Vol. IV. Pl. 56.

308. Anthochera lunulata, Gould , Vol. IV. Pl. 57.

These four birds might with propriety be separated into two genera, those with auricular appendages,

A, inauris and A. carunculata, having many characters differing from those of A. mellivora and A, lunulata.

Genus Troriporuynenus, ig. & Horsf.

The law of representation in Australia is chiefly confined to the species inhabiting the eastern and western

coasts, but with the members of this genus it takes the opposite direction, or north and south, for more singular

and perfect representatives of each other cannot be found than are the 7. corniculatus and T. citreogularis of the

south-eastern parts of the country, the 7. argenticeps and 1. sordidus of the north-western. Extra Australian

species inhabit New Guinea and the neighbouring countries.

309. Tropidorhynchus corniculatus ! : : , ; . Vol. TV. Pl. 58.

310. Tropidorhynchus argenticeps, Gould : 4 ‘ : : ; Vol. IV. Pl. 59.

311. Tropidorhynchus citreogularis, Gould — . ; ; ¢ . ; : : ; Vol. IV. Pl. 60.

312. Tropidorhynchus sordidus.

Inhabits the Cobourg Peninsula, and is precisely similar to 7, citreogularis, but is smaller in all its admeasure-

ments except in the bill, which is more developed.

Genus AcanrHoruyncuus, Gould.

Bill elongated, slender and acute, compressed on the sides ; tomia incurved ; culmen acute and elevated ; nostrils

basal, elongated, and covered with an operculum ; wings moderate in size and semi-rotund ; first and fifth primaries

equal; the third and fourth nearly equal in length, and the longest ; tail moderate in size and slightly forked ;

tarsi lengthened and strong; middle toe long and robust, external toe exceeding the inner one in length.

This genus, like many others of the family, may be regarded as strictly Australian: it comprises two, if not

three, well-marked species, each of which is confined to a particular part of the country; the A. tenuirostris

dwelling in the eastern, and the 4. superciliosus in the western districts : both inhabit ¢

ountries precisely in the same

degree of latitude, and form beautiful representatives of each other.

Van Diemen’s Land is the native habitat of

INTRODUCTION. lix

the species I have named A. dubius, which, as will be seen, I had made synonymous with A. fenwirostris, but which

I am now inclined to consider distinct, an opinion in which Mr. Blyth coincides.

313. Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris . < ; ‘ ; : : , : Vol. 1V, PL 61.

314, Acanthorhynchus dubius, Gould.

315. Acanthorhynchus superciliosus, Gould. ' Ate S : ; . : Vol. TV. Pl. 62.

Genus Myzomena, Vig. § Horsf.

Five well-marked species of this genus are distributed over Australia; numerous others are found in New

Guinea and the neighbouring islands ; the form also occurs in the Polynesian Islands, but is not found in Van

Diemen’s Land.

316. Myzomela sanguineolenta . : : : . . ; , ‘ i Vol. IV. Pl. 63.

317. Myzomela erythrocephala, Gould . ; ‘ : . Vol. IV. Pl. 64.

318. Myzomela pectoralis, Gould . ‘ . ‘ : , : Vol. IV. Pl. 65.

319. Myzomela nigra, Gould . : ; / ay ; ; . Vol. IV. Pl. 66,

320. Myzomela obscura, Gould : : : : ‘ : Vol. IV. Pl. 67.

Genus Enromyza, Swains.

Two species of this well-defined genus are comprised in the Australian fauna, one of which inhabits the south-

eastern parts of the country, or New South Wales ; the other, which so far as we yet know is strictly confined to

the north-eastern coast, is very plentiful at Port Essington and in the neighbouring districts.

The form appears to be confined to Australia, for I have never seen it from any other country.

321. Entomyza cyanotis ; : : } : ' : . ; : ‘ Vol. IV. Pl. 68.

This bird has the habit—a somewhat remarkable one among the Honey-eaters—of selecting the nest of Poma-

torhinus temporalis for the reception of its eggs.

322. Entomyza albipennis, Gould . . : ‘ . . . . i ; ; - Vol. LV. Pl. 69.

Genus Meurrurerrus, eld.

No one group of birds is more universally distributed over Australia than the Melithrepti, for their range

extends from Van Diemen’s Land on the south to the most northern part of the continent ; and they are equally

numerous from east to west, each part of country being inhabited by a species peculiarly its own. The Eucalypti

are the trees upon which they are almost exclusively found. I believe the form is unknown out of Australia.

323. Melithreptus validirostris, Gould. . ; . : ; , ; i Vol. IV. Pl. 70.

324. Melithreptus gularis, Gould. . : : ‘ , : ; : VS bs Beg

325. Melithreptus lunulatus . ’ ‘ . - : : : Vol. IV. Pl. 72.

326. Melithreptus chloropsis, Gould . . . ‘ ; ; , ‘ ; R Vol. IV. PL. 73.

327. Melithreptus albogularis, Gould. ' , . ; ‘ Vol. IV. Pl. 74.

328. Melithreptus melanocephalus, Gould . , ’ ) ; , , : F A Vol. IV. Pl. 75,

Certhia agilis, Lath. Gen. Hist. vol. iv. p. 204.

Ix INTRODUCTION.

Genus Myzantua, Vig, § Horsf.

During the progress of this work three additional species of this genus have been discovered, one in the inte-

rior of New South Wales, the second at Swan River, and the third on the north-west coast ; consequently it is a

genus the members of which are widely distributed over nearly every part of Australia.

329. Myzantha garrula . ~ = St oe Ope eee ES Ieee

330. Myzantha obscura, Gould ‘ 7 : : : : . ‘ . : ; Vol. IV. Pl. 77.

331. Myzantha lutea, Gould . ; : / , : : . : ~ Vol IV. Pl. 78.

332. Myzantha flavigula, Gould. ; 3 7 : . ‘ i . e ; Vol. IV. PL 79.

333. Myzantha melanophrys . : : ; - : , 5 . : Vol. IV. Pl. 80.

Family —— ?

Genus Zosrerors, Vig. §& Horsf.

Three well-defined species of this genus inhabit the contin nt of Australia and Van Diemen’s Land; two

are found on Norfolk Island, and numerous others inhabit the Indian Islands and the continent of India even to

the Himalaya Mountains.

Tn placing this group next to the Honey-eaters, I have been influenced by their approximation to those birds

in some of their habits: they also exhibit a further degree of affinity in the form and structure of their nest, but

not in the colouring of their eggs, which are always blue in colour.

334. Zosterops dorsalis, Vig. § Horsf. . > ; i : : : ; , : Vol. IV. Pl. 81.

335. Zosterops chloronotus, Gould ; . 2 ; . ; , c . ‘ : Vol. IV. Pl. 82.

336. Zosterops luteus, Gould : : : . 7 : ; ‘ , i . Vol. IV. Pl. 83.

Family CUCULID, Leach.

The family Cuculide is very fairly represented in Australia, since we there find species belonging to the greater

number of the Old World genera, and one, Scythrops, which has not hitherto, I believe, been found elsewhere.

With the exception of Centropus and Eudynamys, they, like their prototypes, are parasitic in their nidification, and

depend upon other birds for the hatching of their eggs and the feeding of their offspring.

Genus Cucutus, Linn.

337. Cuculus optatus, Gould : : E . . : . ; : - , Vol. IV. Pl. 84.

Since my description of this species was printed I have seen specimens from India, with the name of Cuculus

micropterus attached to them: should this name have been published prior to the one I have assigned to it, my name

must sink into a synonym.

338. Cuculus inornatus, Vig. § Horsf. ‘ : : . . : : Vol. IV. Pl. 85.

Columba pallida, Lath. Gen. Hist. vol. viii. p. 30,

339, Cuculus cineraceus, Vig. & Horsf. , ‘ : . : ; ‘ ; : : Vol. IV. Pl. 86.

340. Cuculus insperatus, Gould ; . ; ‘ , ; . ’ 4 ‘ , Vol. IV. Pl. 87.

341. Cuculus dumetorum, Gould.

This species, which inhabits the north-western coast, differs from C. insperatus in being of a much smaller size

and in the whole of the plumage being of a browner hue.

INTRODUCTION, Ixi

Genus Curysococcyx, Boie.

The members of this genus are distributed over most parts of the Old World; two species occur in Australia.

342. Chrysococeyx osculans.

Chalcites osculans, Gould ; ‘ F : ‘ - . i ; ‘ k Vol. IV. Pl. 88.

343. Chrysococcyx lucidus , ; : Vol. TV. PL. 89.

Sylvia versicolor, Lath. in Lambert’s Drawings.

Genus Scyrnrors, Lath.

The only known species of this remarkable form inhabits the eastern parts of Australia, and according to

information derived from the notes made by Mr. Gilbert during Dr. Leichardt’s Expedition, extends its range north-

ward from thence to within the tropics.

I have recently had a young specimen presented to me by Lady Dowling, one of two taken from a branch of a

tree while being fed by birds not of its own species, an important fact as showing the parasitic habits of the bird.

344. Scythrops Novee-Hollandiz, Lath. . ; " : ‘ Vol. IV. Pl. 90.

Genus Eupynamys, Vig. § Horsf.

One species only of this form inhabits Australia; others are found in the Indian Islands and on the continent

of India.

345. Eudynamys Flindersii . : : . ; : . ; , Vol. IV. Pl. 91,

Genus Centropvus, J//.

On reference to my account of the Centropus Phasianus, it will be seen I have stated that some variation exists

in the form of the bill in specimens from different localities, intimated a belief of there being more than one species,

and remarked that should such prove to be the case, the term macrourus might be applied to the Port Essington

birds, and melanurus to those from the north-west coast; and these names are provisionally given until future

research has proved whether they be or be not distinct.

346. Centropus Phasianus . : ; : . . : . ’ : : : Vol. IV. Pl. 92.

347. Centropus macrourus, Gould.

348. Centropus melanurus, Gould.

Family CERTHIADA, Vrg.

Genus Curmacreris, Zemm.

Several species of this well-defined and singular group of Australian birds have lately been discovered; two

out of the six now known are all that had been described prior to the publication of the present work. With

the exception of Van Diemen’s Land and the Cobourg Peninsula, every colony is inhabited by one or other of the

following species :—

349. Climacteris scandens, Temmi. A ; ; . : : : ‘ f ' Vol, IV. Pl. 93.

350. Climacteris rufa, Gould . : . ; : : ; : ; : : : , Vol. IV. Pl. 94.

351. Climacteris erythrops, Gould ; . ; . ; . : ; ; ; Vol. IV. Pl. 95.

Vol. IV. Pl. 96.

Vol. IV. Pl. 97.

352. Climacteris melanotus, Gould

353. Climacteris melanura, Gould

Ixti INTRODUCTION.

354. Climacteris picumnus, Temm. ‘ :

; : : . Vol. IV. Pl. 98.

Certhia leucophea, Lath. Gen. Hist., vol. iv. p. 182.

Genus Orruonyx, Zemm.

Much difference of opinion has arisen among ornithologists respecting the situation of this bird in the natural

system, and as to what genus it is most nearly allied; I regret to say that not having seen much of it in its native

wilds, I am unable to clear up these disputed pots. The form is strictly Australian, and the single species known

is confined to the south-eastern part of the country.

355. Orthonyx spinicaudus, Temm. . ; 2 } ’ : . : ‘ ; : Vol. IV. Pl. 99.

M. Jules Verreaux, who has written a highly interesting account of this bird, states that it is strictly terrestrial,

and scratches among the detritus and fallen leaves for its food, throwing back the earth like the Gallinacee. It

never climbs, as was formerly supposed, but runs over fallen trunks of trees ;—is rather solitary in its habits, seldom

more than two being seen together. Its often-repeated cry of cri-cri-cri-crite betrays its presence, when its native

haunts, the most retired parts of the forest, are visited. Its chief food consists of insects, their larvee, and wood-

bugs. It builds a large domed nest, of slender mosses; the entrance being by a lateral hole near the bottom.

The eggs are white and disproportionately large. The situation of the nest is the side of a slanting rock or large

stone, the entrance-hole being level with the surface.—Revue Zoologique, July 1847.

Genus Priuoris, Sywains.

In placing this beautiful bird near the Climacteres, I am influenced in the first place by the great similarity of

its structure, and in the next by the account I have received of its actions in a state of nature; I allude more

particularly to its mode of ascending the trees, which precisely resembles that of the Certhie. One species only of

this form is found in Australia, but many allied genera, Promerops, &c., inhabit New Guinea and the neighbouring

islands.

356. Ptiloris paradiseus, Swains. . : . ; ‘ i : : ; Vol. IV. Pl. 100.

That the range of this species extends from the eastern parts of Australia to within the tropics, is proved by

Mr. Gilbert’s having once seen it near the Gulf of Carpentaria during his last Expedition.

Genus Srrrevia, Swains,

The Siitella chrysoptera was the only species of this Australian form known to previous writers; to this has

been added one from Southern and Western Australia, another from Moreton Bay, and a third from the north

coast.

The form does not exist in Van Diemen’s Land.

357. Sittella chrysoptera ; , ; : . : ‘ : , , Vol. IV. Pl. 101.

358. Sittella leucocephala, Gould . ; : : : ; ; : . Vol. IV. Pl. 102.

359. Sittella leucoptera, Gould ; ; : : : , . 4 : Vol. IV. Pl. 103.

360. Sittella pileata, Gould . ; ; : ‘ ; : ; : Vol. IV. Pl. 104.

Family PSITTACIDA, Leach.

No one group of birds gives to Australia so tropical and foreign an air as the numerous species of this great

family, by which it is tenanted, each and all of which are individually very abundant. Immense flocks of white

Cockatoos may be seen perched among the green foliage of the Eucalypti; the brilliant scarlet breasts of the

Rose-hills blaze forth from the yellow-flowering Acacia; the Trichoglossi. or lloney-eating Parrakeets enliven the

INTRODUCTION, Ixini

flowering branches of the larger Kucalypti with their beauty aud their lively actions; the little Grass Parrakeets

frequent the plains of the interior and render these solitary spots a world of animation ; nay, the very towns,

particularly Hobart Town and Adelaide, are constantly visited by flights of this beautiful tribe of birds, which

traverse the streets with arrow-like swiftness, and chase each other precisely after the manner the Swifts are seen

to do in our own islands. In the public roads of Van, Diemen’s Land the beautiful Platycerci may be constantly

seen in small companies, performing precisely the same offices as the Sparrow in England. I haye also seen flocks

of from fifty to a hundred, like tame pigeons, at the barn-doors in the farm-yards of the settlers, to which they

descend for the refuse grain thrown out with the straw by the threshers. As might naturally be expected, the

agriculturist is often sadly annoyed by the destruction certain species effect. among his newly-sown and ripening

corn, particularly where the land has been recently cleared and is adjacent to the brushes. Fift y-five well-defined

species of this great family are described and figured in the present work, They appear to constitute four great

groups, each comprising several genera, nearly the whole of which are strictly and peculiarly Australian; for

instance, neither Calyptorhynchus, Platycercus, Euphema, Psephotus, Melopsittacus, or Nymphieus have been found in

any other country; and whether we consider the elegance of their forms or the beauty of their plumage, they may

vie with the members of this extensive family from any part of the world,

Genus Cacarua, Briss.

Australia, the Molucea and Philippine Islands and New Guinea are the great nurseries of the members of this

genus. They incubate in holes of trees or in rocks, and lay two eges.

361, Cacatua gvalerita , J ; : 3 : ; ; Vol. V. PL 1.

There are evidently several varieties or races of this species in Australia, each possessing a modification in the

form of the bill doubtless wiven for some specific purpose ; the Van Diemen’s Land bird is the largest, and has the

upper mandible attenuated, while the Port Essington bird is altogether smaller, and has a much more arched bill.

362, Cacatua Leadbeaterii : . . ; F . : . F : j ‘ : Vol. V. PI. 2,

This species ranges over all the southern portions of Australia between the 20th and 30th degrees of 5, latitude.

I have never seen a specimen from the north, and J believe it does not inhabit that part of the country; its true

habitat appears to be the interior, for it is hever found near the coast.

363. Cacatua sanguinea, Gould . : . : . ; Vol. V. PL 3.

This species has been found on the north coast, and was observed by Captain Sturt at the Depdt in Central

Australia; we may hence infer that its range extends over all the intermediate country.

364. Cacatua Eos ; ‘ : : : ; . . A ’ : : : : Vol, V. PL 4.

This tine bird, which is strictly Australian, is distributed over all parts of the interior of the country, and

is as abundant in the north as it is in the south; it was also observed by Captain Sturt at the Depét.

The specimens from the north are of a larger size and have the orbits more denuded than those from

the south.

Genus Licmenis, Vag.

The two species forming the genus Licmefis are not only confined to Australia, but, so far as we yet know, to

the southern portions of that continent; one inhabits the western and the other the eastern part of the country.

Their singularly formed bill bemg admirably adapted for procuring their food on the ground, they are more

terrestrial in their habits than the other members of the family. .

_- s + = . Vo + r . 5°

365. Licmetis nasicus . ‘ ‘ : ‘ - : : ' . : ’ LV. PL As

366. Licmetis pastinator, Gould.

Liemetis pastinator, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part VILL. p. 176.

INTRODUCTION.

lyiv

Lores scarlet; general plumage white; the base of the feathers of the head and front of the neck scarlet,

showing through and giving those parts a stained appearance ; the basal half of the inner webs of the primaries,

the inner webs of all the other feathers of the wing, and the inner webs of the tail-feathers beautiful brimstone-

yellow; naked space round the eye greenish blue ; irides light brown; bill white ; feet dull olive-grey.

Inhabits Western Australia. ‘

Differs from L, nasicus in being of a much larger size; but the colouring being similar, I have not thought it

necessary to figure it,

Genos Nesror, Vag.

Of this genus two species are known, one of which was exclusively confined to Phillip Island, and the other

inhabits New Zealand; they are evidently the remaims of a race, all the other members of which are probably

extinct.

367. Nestor productus, Gould. ; ‘ : ; ; . : : , ‘ : Vol. V. PL. 6,

The few examples of this species that may exist in captivity are all that survive, none remaining on Phillip

Island, their native habitat.

Genus Caryproruyxcuus, Vig, § LHorsf.

The Calyplorhynchi ave strictly arboreal, and are evidently formed to live upon the seeds of the Banksia,

Eucalypti, and other trees peculiar to the country they inhabit; they diversify their food by occasionally devouring

large caterpillars ; as they mostly move about in small companies of from four to six in number they can scareely be

considered gregarious. Their flight is rather powerful, but at the same time laboured and heayy; and their voice is

a low erying call, totally different from the harsh screaming notes of the Cacatue, Each division of the country,

from the north coast of the continent to Van Diemen’s Land, is inhabited by its own peculiar species.

I have never seen a member of this genus from any other country than Australia, but I have heard that an

extraordinary Parrot, said to be larger than any at present in our collections, inhabits New Guinea, and which, from

the description given of it, will probably be of this form. The Calyptorhynchi lay from two to four eggs in the

holes of trees,

368. Calyptorhynehus Banksii : ' ya . 4 Fe SY ‘ - VolViPL &

369. Calyptorhynchus macrorhynchus, Gowld 2. eg, Soe =| MIDIS BSG

Inhabits the north coast, where it represents the C. Banksii of the eastern and the C. naso of the western coasts.

370. Calyptorhynchus naso, Gould. . ; . : . : ; i Vol. V. PL 9.

This species, which is confined to Western Australia, is rendered conspicuous by the small size of its crest, and

by its bill being nearly as large as that of C. macrorhynchus, while its wings are much shorter than those of that

species,

371. Calyptorhynchus Leachii ; ; : : = Jet ‘ - « Wol¥e Pie:

Banksianus Australis, Less, Traité d’Orn. p. 180, Atlas, pl. 18, fig. 2, fem.

Inhabits the south-eastern parts of the continent, and differs from all the others in its smaller size, the gibbose

form of its bill, and in the paucity of its crest.

372. Calyptorhynchus funereus = les d ; : P , . Wael VisFi ia

Confined, I believe, to New South Wales, and South Australia 2

373. Calyptorhynchus xanthonotus, Gould il => : ; ans : . Vol V. Pl.12.

The true habitat of this species is Van Diemen’s Land, but I have lately received a specimen from Port Lincoln,

Which proves that its range extends to South Australia. It is distinguished from C. funereus by its much smaller

size, and by the uniformity of the yellow colouring of the tail.

INTRODUCTION,

Ixy

374. Calyptorhynehus Baudini, Vig

UE ; 4 : : ’ ; ; * Vol. V. PL. 13.

Inhabits Western Australia, and is distinguished by its small size and by the white marks on the tail

. .

Genus CatLocernaton, Less,

Of this form only a single species is known.

375. Callocephalon galeatum . , : ; Vol. V. PL 14

Inhabits the southern coast of Australia and Van Diemen’s Land.

Genus Potyrenis, Vag.

r hd * = na ~ . + - . . e

This genus comprises two species, both of which are peculiar to the southern portions of Australia. They

have many characters common to, and resemble in appearance, the Palgorni of India.

376. Polytelis Barrabandi , ; ; , : 4 . ; . . - , ; Vol. V. Pl. 15

377. Polytelis melanura . : é ' : : . . . . : Vol. V. Pl. 16.

Genus Aprosmictrus, Gould.

Generic characters.

As in Platycercus, but the bill more feeble ; cere and nostrils covered with fine hair-like feathers ; wings longer

and less concave; tail more square; tarsi shorter and foes longer than in that genus.

Two, if not three species of this form inhabit Australia, and others are found in New Guinea and the

neighbouring islands. They are distinguished from the Platycerci by the possession of a well-developed os

furcatorium, a bone which is entirely wanting in the members of that genus; in their habits they are mainly

arboreal, and in their disposition are morose and sullen.

378. Aprosmictus scapulatus . - ; j . ‘ : , : : : ; Vol. Y. Pl. 17.

This species appears to be confined to New South Wales.

379. Aprosmictus erythropterus . : . : Vol. V. Pl. 18.

The red-winged Parrakeets from the north coast are nearly a fourth smaller than those inhabiting the Liver-

pool plains and similar districts of the south coast ; are they varieties of each other or distinct species ?

Genus Piatrycercus, /7g.

In my opinion the New Zealand birds that have been placed in this genus are not true Platycerci, all the

known species of which are confined to Australia; they comprise fourteen species which appear to be naturally

divisible into minor groups, to which generic appellations may hereafter be given; for instance the P. semitorquatus,

P. Baweri, P. Barnardi, &c. form one; the P. Adelaidia, P. Pennantii, P. flaveolus, P. flaviventris, &c, form another ;

P. evimius, P. splendidus, P. icterotis, &c. form a third; and P. pileatus a fourth.

The members of this and the two next genera lay from seven to ten eggs in the holes of trees.

Vol. V. Pl. 19.

Vol. V. PL. 20.

Vol. V. Pl. 21.

Vol. V. Pl. 22.

Vol. V. Pl. 23.

Vol. V. Pl. 24.

380. Platycercus semitorquatus

381. Platycercus Baueri . :

382. Platycercus Barnardii, Vig. § Horsf. .

383. Platycercus Adelaidic, Gould . ; ‘ : :

384. Platycercus Pennantil

385. Platycercus flaviventris

INTRODUCTION.

Ixvi

386. Platycercus flaveolus, Gould. j i ’ F . ’ Vol. V. Pl. 25

387. Platycercus palliceps, Vig. F 2 Vol ¥. PL o6:

388. Platycercus eximius . Vol. -V.PL-97.

389. Platycercus splendidus, Gould . Vol. V. Pl. 28.

390. Platycereus icterotis Vol. V. Pl. 29.

391. Platycercus ignitus, Leadb. Vol. V. Pl. 30.

392. Platycereus Brownii ‘ - ; Vol. V. PL 31.

393. Platycercus pileatus, Vig. : on : , ; . 1 F ~ « os Sob SPiSy

Genus Psernorus, Gould.

Generic characters.

As in Euphema, but the cere, in which the nostrils are placed, more swollen or developed ; wings rather short

and the tail much lengthened ; the lateral feathers short and not so regularly graduated ; Jeet more adapted for

terrestrial progression.

All the members of this genus are confined to Australia, and hold an intermediate station between the

Platycerci on the one hand and the Hupheme on the other. They pass much of their time on the ground, where

the principal part of their food is procured; inhabit the interior rather than the country near the coast, and are

adapted for the open plains, where they often assemble in vast flocks.

I have figured four species, and I have seen a drawing in the possession of Mr. Brown, made by Ferdinand

Bauer from a bird said to have been found near the Gulf of Carpentaria, which will probably form a fifth.

394. Psephotus hematogaster, Gould. : : ; , ; , : . Vol. V. Pl. 33.

This species differs from all the other members of the genus, as well as from those of the allied genera, in the

pointed form of the tips of its primaries.

If they be not local varieties of each other, there are two birds confounded under this name, one having yellow

and the other scarlet under tail-coverts ; it will be necessary, however, to see other examples before we can decide

whether they are or are not distinct. Captain Sturt brought specimens with yellow under tail-coverts from the

Depét in the interior of South Australia.

395. Psephotus pulcherrimus, Gould : ; : ; ' ' . : ‘ 7 Vol. V. Pl. 34.

396. Psephotus multicolor : : : . : . ; , Vol. V. Pl. 35.

397. Psephotus hematonotus, Gould ee ee ee o «x ce a &) QD vauieote

Genus Eupnema, ag.

The members of this genus are exclusively Australian and appear to be confined to the extra-tropical parts of

the country, no species haying yet been seen from the north coast. Our knowledge of this group has been extended

from three to seven species, all of which are abundantly distributed over the southern portions of the continent,

and two of them over Van Diemen’s Land.

398. Euphema chrysostoma . ; : a} ; ; ; ; ; : ‘ Vol. V. Pl. 37.

399. Euphema elegans, Gould . ! , i : ; ; : ; : ~ ol Vo PiSs

400. Euphema aurantia, Gould . ; - ‘ - : ; : » MeL APiee,

401. Ewphema petrophila, Gould —. 2 < ' : ; : ‘ : f . Vol. V. PL. 40.

402. Euphema pulchella . ; : ; : - . . Vol. V. Pl. 41.

403. Euphema splendida, Gould . ; . : ; t i : - Vol. V. Pl. 42.

Captain Sturt procured a single male example of this beautiful bird during his journey into the interior of South

Australia.

INTRODUCTION, xvii

404. Enphema Bourkil . ; , . ; . Vol. V. Pl. 48.

Captain Sturt found this species in abundance at the Depdt in Central Australia.

Genus Mexopsrrracus, Gould.

Generic characters.

Bill moderate ; culmen arched ; tomia descending at the base, then ascending and curving dewnwards to the tip;

nostrils basal, lateral, open, and seated in a broad swollen cere ; wings rather long, pointed, first primary very long,

the second the longest ; tai/ long and much graduated ; farsi moderate and covered with minute scales ; (oes slender,

the outer toe much longer than the inner one,

The only known species of this form is strictly gregarious, assembles in vast flocks, and is admirably adapted

for plains and downs covered with grasses, wpon the seeds of which it entirely subsists.

405. Melopsittacus undulatus . , ; ; ‘ , ; Vol. V. Pl. 44.

In all probability this bird is universally dispersed over the whole of the interior of Australia, since indepen-

dently of its previously known range from Swan River on the west to New South Wales on the east, Mr. Gilbert

observed it in every part of the country between Moreton Bay and the Gulf of Carpentaria.

Genus Nympuicus, Vag.

As of Melapsittacus, there is only one species known of this genus. It is strictly Australian, and will doubtless

hereafter be found to be universally distributed over that vast country ; it is equally adapted for the plains, and the

two birds are frequently found associated.

406. Nymplhicus Nove-Hollandie . 4 ' . , i , : : ; ' ; Vol. V. Pl. 45.

There are two distinct varieties of this species, one having a much darker colouring than the other.

Genus Przororus, LZ.

Of this terrestrial form but one species is known, which is very generally distributed over the temperate

portions of Australia, the islands in Bass’s Straits and Van Diemen’s Land. The eggs are laid on the bare ground.

407, Pezoporus formosus . ‘ . : ‘ ; ; , ; Vol. V. PL. 46.

Genus LarxnAmus, Less.

Of this form only a single species is known to exist in Australia, and that species had been assigned to a

different genus by almost every recent writer on ornithology, Messrs. Vigors and Horsfield placing it im their

venus Nanodes, Wagler in his genus Euphema, &c.; subsequently M. Lesson made it the type of his genus Lathamus,

wiving it at the same time the specific appellation of rubrifrons, which must of course give place to that of discolor,

long before applied to it by Latham.

Having had ample opportunities of observing this bird in a state of nature, I concur in the propriety of M.

Lesson’s views in separating it into a distinct genus, at the same time I must remark that in its habits, nidification,

food and whole economy, it is most closely allied to the Trichoglossi or honey-eating Parrakeets, and in no degree

related to the Kupheme.

408. Lathamus discolor . : : ; ’ ‘ ' Vol. V. Pl. 47.

Invili INTRODUCTION.

Genus Trienocrossus, Fig. & Horsf.

The arboreal group of Trichoglossi or honey-eating Lorikeets, if not so numerous in species as the grass-

feeding Parrakeets, are individually much more abundant and are more universally dispersed, being say a every

part of the country yet visited; several species inhabit New South Wales: only one has yet been found in Western

Australia. Other members of the genus are found in New Guinea and the Moluccas, but Australia is the great

nursery for the birds of this form.

In their structure, habits and mode of nidification, and in their economy, no two groups of the same family

can be more widely different than the Trichoglosst and the Platycerei; the pencilled tongue, diminutive stomach,

thick skin, tough flesh, and feetid odour of the former presenting a decided contrast to the simple tongue,

capucious crop and stomach, thin skin, delicate flesh and freedom from odour of the latter; besides which the

Trichoglosst possess a strong os fureatorivm, which organ is wanting in the Platycerci; hence while the Trichoglossi

are powerful, swift and arrow-like in their flight, the Platycerci are feeble, pass through the air in a succession of

undulations near the ground, and never fly to any great distance. The mode in which the two groups approach

and alight upon and quit the trees is also remarkably different ; the Trichoglossi dashing among and alighting upon

the branches simultaneously, and with the utmost rapidity, and quitting them in like manner, leaving the deafening

sound of their thousand voices echoing through the woods ; while the Platycerci rise to the branches after their

undulating flight and leaye them again in the like quiet manner, no sound being heard but their inward piping

note.

The eggs of the Trichoglossi are from two to four in number.

409. Trichoglossus Swainsonii, Jard. & Selb, : ; 4 : ; , : ‘ ; Tol. V. Pl. 48,

410. Trichoglossus rubritorquis, Vig. § Horsf. . : : . . . . ‘ Vol. V. Pl. 49.

* Procured at Port Molle on the north-east coast, previously only found at Port Essington.”—J. M‘Gillivray.

411. Trichoglossus chlorolepidotus . . : 7 ; ‘ ; . ‘ : Vol. V. Pl. 50.

412. Trichoglossus versicolor, Vig. . ; : ; . . : . Vol. V. PI. 51.

413. Trichoglossus concinnus : - : . : . , : : Vol. VPLS,

414. Trichoglossus porphyrocephalus, Diet. : : : : . : : Vol. V. Pl. 53.

415. Trichoglossus pusillus 4 . : ‘ : : Vol. V. PL. 54.

Order RASORES, Ji/.

Family COLUMBIDA, Leach.

The members of this important family are distributed over every portion of the globe, in no part of which are

they more numerous than in Australia, since that country is inhabited by no less than twenty-one species, which,

like its Psittacide, comprise several well-marked and distinct genera, aud appear to be naturally divided into two

great groups, the one arboreal, the other terrestrial; the Ptilinopi, Carpophage and Lopholaimus, with their expansive

gullets and broad hand-like feet forming part of the former, and the Phaps, Geophaps and Geopelie the latter. The

Ptilinopi and other allied forms are, in consequence of the peculiar character of the vegetation, confined, without a

single exception, to the eastern and northern parts of the country,

The species of the genus Phaps, a form which I believe to be confined to Australia, are more widely dispersed

than those of any other section of the family, being universally distributed over the entire country from north to

south and from east to west; even the parched deserts of the interior are visited by them if a supply of water

be within reach of their evening flight, which is performed with the most extraordinary rapidity and power,

INTRODUCTION, lxix

Genus Prininopus, Swains.

The species of this genus, the most brilliant and highly-coloured of the Columbide, range over Australia, New

Guinea, Malacca, Celebes, and Polynesia; two of the three Australian species are I believe confined to that

country.

416. Ptilinopus Swainsonii, Gould. : . R f Vol. V. Pl. 55

417. Ptilinopus Ewingii, Gould ; , é ‘ ; : ; Vol. V. Pl. 56

418. Ptilinopus superbus Vol. V. Pl. 57

Ptilinopus superbus, Steph, cont. of Shaw’s Gen. Zool., vol. xiv. p: 279.

Genus Carropuaca, Selby.

The species of this genus are widely dispersed over Australia, New Guinea, Malacca, Celebes and Polynesia.

Strictly arboreal in their habits and feeding entirely upon fruits, berries and seeds, they frequent the towering fig-

trees when their fruit is ripe, and the lofty palms for the sake of their large round seeds. I have frequently observed

large flocks moving about from one part of the forest to another, consequently they may be considered a gregarious

race ; their short tarsi and dilated feet are ill-adapted for the ground, and I have never seen them descend from the

trees, not even for water.

419. Carpophaga magnifica, : ; ; ‘ : . , ; : ; Vol. V. Pl. 58,

420. Carpophaga leucomela : ; ; : . . : ‘ : Vol. V. PL. 59.

421. Carpophaga luctuosa . : : : : : : : : : Vol. V, Pl. 60.

Genus Lopnoxaimus, G. R. Gray.

The single species of this genus is strictly a fruit-eating Pigeon, and is confined, so far as we yet know, to the

brushes of New South Wales, where it moves about in large flocks and feeds upon the wild figs and other fruits and

berries which the trees of the brushes afford.

422. Lopholaimus Antarcticus : ; : : : , - : : ; ; Vol. V. Pl. 61.

A noble bird ornamented with a large occipital crest.

Genus Cuatcopuaps, Gould.

Generic characters.

“ Bill slender, moderate and straight, the tip vaulted and rather arched; nostrils lateral, membranous and

swollen, with the opening in the middle of the bill; wings long, second and third primaries nearly equal and the

longest ; tail moderate and much rounded; ¢arsi rather shorter than the middle toe, robust and covered with

transverse scales; toes long, the lateral and the hind-toes nearly as long as the outer; claws moderate and curved.’

—Gray and Mitchell's Genera of Birds, Art. Gourtn«.

A genus of Brush Pigeons, the members of which seek their food on the ground and live on the fallen seeds

and berries they find there. Two species mhabit Australia, one of which 1s contined to the eastern and the other

to the northern coast; other species are found in Jaya, Sumatra, and on the continent of India, the whole forming

a group well worthy of investigation by the scientific ornithologist.

423, Chalcophaps chrysochlora , ; - ; ; : ; ; Vol. V. Pl. 62.

The bird of this form inhabiting the country in the neighbourhood of Port Essington differs from those

inhabiting New South Wales in the much greater length of the mandibles, and is altogether a much finer bird:

consequently I am induced to believe that it is distinct from its southern prototype ; I would therefore provisionally

name it—

424. Chalcophaps longirostris.

I have not figured it, inasmuch as the colouring is similar, but more brilliant, and has the bands across the

rump more distinct than in C. chrysochlora.

INTRODUCTION.

Genus Leucosarcia, Gould.

Generic characters.

Bill lengthened, almost cylindrical, fleshy for two-thirds of its length from the base ; nostrils lateral and covered

by an oval swollen operculum ; wings very short and concave ; ¢ail short ; tarsi lengthened and defended in front by

large distinct scuta; foes rather short, hind-toe situated high upon the tarsus.

A genus proposed by me for the reception of the Wonga-Wonga Pigeon of the Australian Brushes, a bird

having many peculiar habits, but which, being mainly terrestrial, lead it to frequent the ground in the midst of the

dense forests, where it moves about in pairs, feeding upon seeds and berries. _ Its flesh being remarkably white and

extremely delicate, it is one of the best birds for the table inhabiting Australia, or indeed any other country.

The colour of the flesh suggested the generic term I have assigned to it.

425. Leucosarcia picata ; : ; : ; . ; [ Vol. V. Pl. 63.

Genus Praps, Se/by.

The members of this genus, generally known by the name of Bronze-wings, form an excellent yiand for the

settlers, and one of the greatest boons bestowed upon the explorer, since they not only furnish him with a supply

of nutritious food, but direct him by their straight and arrow-like evening flight to the situations where he may

find water, that element without which man cannot exist.

426, Phaps chalcoptera.

Peristera chalcoptera . : . ‘ , ; . : Vol. V. Pl. 64.

427. Phaps elegans.

Peristera elegans : R ; ; : : : ; Vol. V. Pl. 65.

428. Phaps histrionica.

Peristera histrionica, Gould , . ~ ‘ ; : : : ; : Vol. V. Pl. 66.

“This beautiful pigeon,’

depositing them under any low bush in the middle of the open plains. In the end of March and the beginning of

says Captain Sturt, “is an inhabitant of the interior. It lays its eggs in February

April they collect in large flocks and live on the seed of the rice-grass, which the natives also collect for food.

During the short period this harvest lasts the flavour of this pigeon is most delicious, but at other times it is in-

different. It flies to water at sunset, but like the Bronze-wing only wets the bill. It is astonishing indeed that so

small a quantity as a bare mouthful should be sufficient to quench its thirst in the burning deserts it inhabits. It

left us in the beginning of May, and I think migrated to the N.E., for the further we went to the westward the

fewer did we see of it.”

Mr. Gilbert observed this species in vast flocks on the plains in latitude 19° S.

Genus Grornars, Gould.

Generic characters.

Bill very short and robust ; eyes surrounded with a bare skin; wings very short and rounded; ¢ertiaries long,

and broad at their ends ; ¢arst moderately long ; foes shorter than the tarsus, the inner toe rather the longest.

The members of this genus are peculiar to Australia; are more terrestrial in their habits than any other form of

pigeons inhabiting that country; incubate on the ground; squat like the partridges when their haunts are intruded

upon ; inhabit the plains and open downs ; have white pectoral muscles ; are excellent food for man; run with great

rapidity ; fly swiftly for short distances; and when disturbed either perch on the larger branches, on which they

squat lengthwise, or descend to the ground and run off after the manner of the true Gallinacee.

429. Geophaps scripta ; . - : ; ‘ : : ; , ’ Vol. V. Pl. 67.

430. Geophaps Smithii ; ’ ; : : : : ; 1 : ; Vol. V. Pl. 68.

INTRODUCTION, xxi

431. Geophaps plumifera, Gould ; sm , — = 2. “volerice-co:

“Lat. 17° 30', March 6. Twas fortunate enough to kill for the first time Geophaps plumifera, a species

hitherto only known from a single specimen sent home by Mr. Bynoe of H.M.S. Beagle. The irides are bright

orange, the naked skin before and surrounding the eyes bright crimson; the bill dark greenish grey ; the scales of

the legs and toes greenish grey; skin between the scales licht ashy grey. Its flight and actions on the ground are

precisely similar to those of the other species of the genus, I only saw the specimen I killed, but afterwards

learned that one of my companions had seen a flock rise precisely like Geophaps seripta.’—Gilbert’s Journal.

“Tt was on the return of my party from the eastern extremity of Cooper’s Creek,” says Captain Sturt, ‘ that

we first saw and procured specimens of this beautiful little bird. Its locality was entirely confined to about thirty

miles along the banks of the creek in question; it was generally perched on some rock fully exposed to the sun’s

rays, and evidently taking a pleasure in basking in the tremendous heat. It was very wild and took wing on

hearing the least noise, but its flight was short and rapid. In the afternoon this little pigeon was seen running in

the grass on the creek side, and could hardly be distinguished from a quail. It never perched on the trees; when

it dropped after rising from the ground, it could seldom be flushed again, but ran with such speed through the

grass as to elude our search.”

Genus Ocypnars, Gould.

Generic characters.

Head furnished with a lengthened occipital crest; wings rather short, the third primary gradually narrowed

to a point ; fail rather long and much rounded; farsi as long as the middle toe; the inner toe shorter than the

outer.

A genus consisting of a single species whose natural habitat is the basin of the interior of Australia, over the

vast expanse of which its long pointed wings enable it to pass at pleasure from one district to another whenever

a scarcity of food prompts it so to do: although mainly terrestrial in its habits, it is more frequently seen on the

trees than the members of the genus Phaps ; its food consists of small seeds and berries.

432. Ocyphaps Lophotes ; : . ; j : . . i Vol. V. Pl. 70.

Genus Perropuassa, (Gould.

Generic characters.

As in Ocyphaps, but with the wings shorter, more rounded and destitute of the bronzy lustre; and with a

more rounded tail.

So little is known respecting the single species of this Australian genus that I am unable to say more than

that it inhabits rocky situations near the sea-coast.

433. Petrophassa albipennis, Gould . ' ~ we =: , . o@ 2Vol Va Pe Ze

Genus Geropetia, Swains.

A form of Ground Doves very generally distributed over the Indian Islands and Australia, and of which three

or four species are peculiar to the latter country ; grassy hills, flats and extensive plains are the situations these

birds affect, consequently in Australia they are almost exclusively confined to the interior; they pass over the

eround in a quiet and peaceful manner ; and when disturbed fly to some neighbouring tree, descend again almost

immediately and search about for the minute seeds of annuals and other plants, upon which they principally

subsist.

Vol. V. Pl. 72.

434, Geopelia humeralis .

Vol. V. Pl. 73.

435. Geopelia tranquilla, Gould

436. Geopelia placida, Gould.

Ixxil INTRODUCTION.

Inhabits the neighbourhood of Port Essington, is much smaller than G, tranquilla, but in colour and marking

is precisely similar to that species.

437. Geopelia cuneata. ; , ; ' . ; : . Vol. V. Pl. 74.

All that we read or imagine of the softness and innocence of the dove,” says Captain Sturt, “is realized in

this beautiful and delicate bird ; it is common on the Murray and the Darling, and was met with in various parts of

the interior. ‘Two remained with us at the Depdt in latitude 39° 40’, longitude 142°, during a great part of the

winter, and on one occasion roosted on the tent-ropes near the fire. Its note is exceedingly plaintive, similar to,

but softer than, that of the turtle-dove of Europe.”

Genus Macropyeta, Swans.

A genus the members of which are distributed over India, Java, New Guinea, Ceram, the Moluccas, Australia,

&e. Only one species, M. Phasianella, has yet been found in the last-mentioned country, but others may he

discovered when its eastern and northern parts have been more fully explored,

438, Macropygia Phasianella . , . : ; ‘ . ; . ; . ‘ Vol. V. Pl. 75.

The interior of the dense brushes are the favourite haunts of this bird, but it occasionally resorts to the crowns

of the low hills and the open glades of the forest, where it searches for its food on the ground ; on being disturbed

+t flies to the branches of the nearest tree, spreading out its broad tail at the moment of alighting.

Genus Dinuncunus, Peale.

since I drew and described this most anomalous form, under the name assigned to it by Sir William Jardine,

two important facts have been ascertained respecting it, viz. that it is identical with the bird described by Mr.

Titian Peale of America under the name of Didunculus, and that the Samoan Islands and not Australia is its true

habitat.

Didunculus strigirostris.

439, Gnathodon strigirostris, Jard. . ; : ; . ; . , ; ‘ : : Vol. V. Pl. 76.

Family MEGAPODIDA, G. RB, Gray.

The genera Talegalla, Leipoa and Megapodius form part of a great family of birds inhabiting Australia, New

Guinea, Celebes, and the Philippine Islands, whose habits and economy are most singular and differ from those

of every other group of birds which now exists upon the surface of our globe. In their structure they are most

nearly allied to the Gallinacee, while in some of their actions and in their mode of flight they much resemble the

Rallide ; the small size of their brain, coupled with the extraordinary means employed for the incubation of their

egos, indicates an extremely low degree of organization,

The three species of the family inhabiting Australia, although referable to three distinct genera, have many

habits in common, particularly in their mode of nidification—each and all depositing their eggs in mounds of earth

and leaves, which, becoming heated either by the fermentation of the vegetable matter, or by the sun’s rays, form

a kind of natural hatching-apparatus, from which the young at length emerge fully feathered, and capable of

sustaining life by their own unaided efforts.

INTRODUCTION. [xxiii

Genus Tatecatsa, Less.

440. Talegalla Lathami_. : Vol. V. Pl

: : : : , . Tol. V. Pl. 77.

. . .

. ee, all the Reastine and scrubby forests of the eastern parts of Australia, Mr, M‘Gillivray informs me,

in a letter lately received from him, dated on board H.M.S. “ Rattlesnake, ” February 6th, 1848, “ At Port Molle I

shot in the brushes both Megapodius and Talegalla,’ which proves that the range of the latter bird is much greater

than I have stated. ; 5

Genus Leteoa, Gould.

Generic characters.

Bill nearly as long as the head, sl

; ‘ g , slender, swollen at the base; tom ati “Uri mwards ;

Eline aes, BADER , ep aes tomia undulating, and curving downwards ;

ostrils large, oblong, defended by an operculum and placed in the centre of a groove; head sub-crested; wings

large, round and concaye; the firs imaries € iar | |

Bes ; the first five primaries equal and longest ; tertiaries nearly as long as the primaries; tail

round and composed of fourteen feathers; farsi moderately robust, scutellated in front, posteriorly defended with

round scales ; foes somewhat short; the lateral toes nearly equal in length.

441. Leipoa ocellata, Gould. : ; : : Vol, V. Pl. 78

Since I wrote my account of this bird, it has been found to be abundantly dispersed over all parts of the

Murray Scrub in South Australia,

The following highly interesting account has been forwarded to me by His Excellency Captain Sir George Grey,

being the result of his observations of the bird made while Governor of South Australia :—

“My pear Mr. Goutn, « Goyernment House, Adelaide, December 12th, 1842.

“‘T have lately returned from the Murray, where I have been studying the habits and manners of the Leipoa

ocellaia, which is very plentiful in the sandy districts of the Scrub. The eyes of the living bird are of a bright,

light hazel; its legs and feet dark brown, but not so dark as shown in your Plate ; whilst the bare parts on the

head and face are of avery delicate and clear blue. The gizzard is very large and muscular; the inner coats

peculiarly horny and hard, Its food consists chiefly of insects, such as Phasmide and a species of Cimewx ; it also

feeds on the seeds of various shrubs. The entire Ings and intestines of the one which I dissected were full of

Tenioides. Ihave never seen any other animal infested with them to anything like the same extent, and yet the

bird was perfectly healthy. It possesses the power of running with extraordinary rapidity ; it roosts at night on

trees, and never flies if it can avoid so doing ;—the male bird weighs about four pounds and a half.

“The mounds they construct. are from 12 to 13 yards in circumference at the base, and from 2 to 3 feet in

height ; the general form being that of a dome. The sand and grass are sometimes scraped up for a distance of

from 15 to 16 feet from its outer edge.

«'The mound appears to be constructed as follows: a nearly circular hole of about 18 inches in diameter, is

scratched in the ground to the depth of 7 or 8 inches, and filled with dead leaves, dead grass and similar materials ;

und it upon the ground. Over this first layer a large

and a large mass of the same substances is placed all ro

d finally the whole assumes the form of a dome, as I

mound of sand, mixed with dried grass, &c., is thrown, an

have before stated.

« When an egg is to be deposited, the to

of the bottom of the layer of dead leaves. The egg is

position, with the smaller end downwards, The sand is then thrown in again, and the mound left m its original

been thus deposited is therefore completely surrounded and enveloped in soft sand,

r end of the egg and the layer of dead leaves. When a second

e as the first, but at the opposite side of the hole before alluded

p is laid open, and a hole scraped in its centre to within 2 or 3 inches

placed in the sand just. at the edge of the hole, in a vertical

form. The egg which has

haying from 4 to 6 inches of sand between the lowe

egg is laid it is deposited in precisely the same plan

to. When a third egg is laid it is placed in the same plane as the others, but, as it were, at the third corner of a

square. When the fourth egg is laid, it is still placed in the same plane ; but in the fourth corner of the square,

ig of this form, fo; the next four eggs in succession are placed in the

or rather of the lozenge, the figure bei

- Ty

Ixxiv INTRODUCTION,

interstices, but always in the same plane, so that at last there is a circle of eight eggs all standing upright in the

sand with several inches of sand intervening between each. The male bird assists the female in opening and

covering up the mound; and provided the birds are not themselves disturbed, the female continues to lay in the

same mound, even after it has been several times robbed, The natives say that the females lay an egg every day.

“ Right is the greatest number I have heard of from good authority as having been found in one nest; but I

opened a mound which had been previously robbed of several eggs, and found that two had heen laid opposite to

each other in the same plane in the usual manner ; and a third deposited in a plane parallel to that in which the

other two were placed, but 4! inches below them. This circumstance led me to imagine it was possible that there

might be sometimes successive circles of eggs in different planes,

“TJ enclose three sketches which will convey to you a complete idea of the form of the mound, and of the

manner in which the eggs are placed in it. These sketches were drawn by Mr. Knight, from a rude one of mine,

and are very accurate.

No, 1. No. 3.

( i

mt) }

Pa HT Tee i

ee nal

This sketch represents a section through the mound in its undisturbed state; the pale tint indicates

the portion of sand, the darker tint the leaves, &c.

This sketely represents a section through the mound after the sand has been cleared out in such a

manner that the eggs could all be removed, and the bottom of the nest of leaves be laid bare. It shows

the form of the opening the natives make in the mound when they rob it of its eggs; this opening las This sketch shows a bird's eye view of the mound as seen from

however been continued below where the eggs are placed, in order ta show the form of the interior above; the sand is supposed to have been so far thrown Out as to

nest. leave the tops of the eggs exposed, and to show them standing

The pale tint represents that portion which is made of sand; the darker tint the part which is made — upright ju their relative positions.

of leaves, &e,.

* One of the mounds of these birds which had been robbed of its eggs on the 11th November, some of which

were guite fresh, had two fresh eggs laid in it on the 27th of the same month, and the birds were seen at the nest

on the morning of the 28th, apparently for the purpose of laying, when the male bird was shot.

* Sometimes several of these mounds are constructed close to one another. I found two within 200 or 300

yards, and have seen five within the distance of four or five miles, They were built im precisely the same situations

that I have seen them in other parts of the contiuent, that is, in a sandy, scrubby country, the site of the mound

being in some little open glade, in the very thickest part of the scrub.

* The eggs are of a light pink, the colour being brightest and most uniform when freshly laid. As the time

of hatching approaches, they become discoloured and marked in places with dark spots.

The greatest length of these eggs is about . . 3.8, inches.

- breadth ¥ : ; . . DF as

Circumference im direction of length — . , : . : . 10 5

e - breadth . ‘ : : . : Is

« The temperature of the nests I have examined has always been warm; not so much so, however, as I should

have thought necessary for the purpose of hatching eggs.

‘“< There are two great peculiarities about these eggs; the first is, that both ends are of nearly the same size ;

which form is peculiarly adapted to the position m which they are always placed; the egg being compressed in

every part as nearly as possible towards the axis, in which the centre of gravity lies, there is the least possible

INTRODUCTION. Ixxy

tendency to its equilibrium being destroyed when it is placed in a vertical position. A second peculiarity is the

extreme thinness of the shell, and its consequent fragility. This is so great, that umless the exe is handled with

and every effort which has been made to hatch these egrs under domestic

fowls has failed, the eg¢ having in every instance been broken by the bird under which it was placed

ad bh) ee } « . 4 11° eyedy ae ; 4

The native name for the bird on the Murray River is Marrak-ko or Marra-ko; in Western Australia the

Poe a 37° sa hi, . i ‘ i “J T . - .

name of the bird is Njow-o or Ngow. he nanie in W estern Australia is given from the tuft on its head, Ngoweer

SS . > > a Ne

the greatest care, it is sure to be broken,

meaning a tuft of feathers,

* T have found this bird in different parts of that portion of Australia included between the 26th and 36th

parallels of south latitude, and the 113th and 141st parallels of east longitude, and I think that there is every

probability that it inhabits a much wider range. It is found in all the scrubby districts of South Australia.

* Yours truly, G. Grey.”

* December 14th,

ae S 4° 7 oh * r = v. oo - - ake . . .

P.5.—I have, by cross examination of several natives, elicited the following account of this bird, and I am

quite satisfied of its truth,

* There is only one male and one female to each nest - they repair an old nest, and do not build a new one :

both assist in scratching the sand to the nest. The female commences laying about the beginning of September, or

when the spear-grass begins to shoot. Both sexes approach the nest together when the female is about to lay,

and they take an equal share in the labour of covering and uncovering the mound. After every sunrise the female

lays an egg, and lays altogether from eight to ten. If the natives rob the nest, the female will lay again in the same

nest, but she will only lay the full number of eggs twice in one summer. From the commencement of building,

until the last eggs are hatched, four moons elapse (this would give a very long period of time before the eges were

hatched). ‘The young one scratches its way out alone ; the mother does not assist it. They usually come out one

at a time; occasionally a pair appear together. The mother, who is feeding in the serub in the Vicinity, hears its

call and runs to it, She then takes care of the young one as a Enropean hen does of its chick. When the young

are all hatched the mother is accompanied by eight or ten young ones, who remain with her until they are more

than half-grown. The male bird does not accompany them. The two sexes have different calls: that of the female

is constantly uttered while she walks about in the serub with her young ones.

* The natives frequently find the eggs and nests, but they seldom see the old birds, which are very timid and

quick-sighted. They run very fast, like the Emu, roost on trees, and live for a long time without water, but drink

when it rains. The natives state that the Entozoe which I found in the bird mentioned above were unusual, and

that it must have been in ill health.

“Tt is a remarkably stout, compact bird, and appears, when alive, to have as large a body as the female

turkey, but it is shorter on the legs.”

To this valuable account I may add the following, furnished by Mr. Gilbert :—

““Wougan Hills, Western Australia, September 28, 1842,

‘* This morning I had the good fortune to penetrate into the dense thicket I had been so long anxious to visit

in search of the Leipoa’s eggs, and had not proceeded far before the native who was with me told me to keep a

good look-out, as we were among the Ngow-oo's hillocks, and in half an hour after we found one, around which the

brush was so thick that we were almost running over before seeing it; so anxious was I to see the hidden treasures

within that in my haste I threw aside the black fellow and began scraping off the upper part of the mound ; this

did not at all please him, and he became very indignant, at the same time making me understand, ‘ that as I had

lever seen this nest before | had better trust to him to get out the eggs, or I should, in my haste and impatience,

certainly break them.’ I therefore let him have his own way, and he began scraping off the earth very carefully

from the centre, throwing it over the side, so that the mound very soon presented the appearance of a huge

basin; about two feet in depth of earth was in this way thrown off, when the large ends of two eggs met my

anxious gaze; both these eges were resting on their smaller apex, and the earth around them had to be very pars

fully removed to ayoid breaking the shell, which is extremely fragile when first exposed to the atmosphere ; this

mapa was about three feet in height and seven to nine feet in circumference; the form, as left by the bird, was in

About a hundred yards from this first nest we came upon a second, rather larger,

outline the segment of a cirele. ;

of the same external form and appearance; it contained three eggs. Although we saw seven or eight more

Ixxvi INTRODUCTION.

mounds, only these two contained egys; we were too early; a week later and we should doubtless have

found many more. To give you an idea of the place this bird chooses for its remarkable mode of rearimg its

young, I will describe it as nearly as 1 can:—The Wongan Hills are about thirteen hundred feet above the

level of the sea, in a north-north-east direction from Drummond's house in the Toodyay ; their sides are thickly

clothed with a dense forest of Eucalypti; and at their base is a thicket, extending for several miles, of upright-

growing and thick, bushy plants, so high in most parts that we could not sce over their tops, and so dense, that

if we separated only for a few yards, we were obliged to cooey, to prevent our straying from each other ;

this thicket is again shadowed by a very curious species of dwarf Eucalyptus bearing yellow blossoms and growing

from fifteen to thirty fect in height, known to the natives as the spear-wood, and of which they make their spears,

digging sticks, dowaks, &c.; the whole formation is a fine reddish ironstone gravel, and this the Leipoa scratches

up from several yards around, and thus forms its mound, to be afterwards converted into a hot-bed for the

reproduction of its offspring. The interior of the mounds is composed of the finer particles of the gravel mixed

with vegetable matter, the fermentation of which produces a warmth sufficient for the purpose of hatching. Mr,

Drummond, who had beer for years accustomed to hot-beds in England, gave it as his opinion that the heat

around the eggs was about 80°. In both the nests with eggs the White Ant was very numerous, making its little

covered galleries of earth around and attached to the shell, thus showing a beautiful provision of Nature in

preparing the necessary tender food for the young bird when emerging from the shell; one of the eggs I have

preserved shows the White Ant’s tracks most beautifully ; the largest mound I saw, and which appeared as if in a

state of preparation for eggs, measured forty-five feet in circumference, and if rounded in proportion on the top

would have been full five feet in height. I remarked in all the nests not ready for the reception of eggs the inside

or vegetable portion was always wet and cold, and [ imagine, from the state of others, that the bird turns out the

whole of the materials to dry before depositing its eggs and covering them up with the soil: m both cases where I

found exes the upper part of the mound was perfectly and smoothly rounded over, so that any one passing it

without knowing the singular habit of the bird might yery readily suppose it to be an ant-hill: mounds in this

state always contain eggs within, while those without eggs are not only nof rounded over, but haye the centres so

scooped out that they form a hollow. The eggs are deposited in a very different manner from those of the

Megapodius ; instead of each being placed in a separate excavation in different parts of the mound, they are laid

directly in the centre, all at the same depth, separated only by about three inches of earth, and so placed as to

form a circle. I regret we were so early; had we been a week later, the probability is 1 should have found the circle

of eggs complete. Is it not singular that all the eggs were equally fresh, as if their development was arrested

until the full number was deposited, so that the young might all appear about the same time ? No one considering

the immense size of the ex can for a momeut suppose the bird capable of laying more than one without at least

the intermission of a day, and perhaps even more. The average weight of the egg is eight ounces, and four of

them on being blown yielded nearly a pint and a half, Like those of the Megapodius, they are covered with an

epidermis-like cvating, and are certainly as large, being three inches and three quarters in length, by two and a

half in breadth ; they vary in colour from a very light brown to a light salmon. During the whole day we did not:

succeed in obtaining sight. of the bird, although we saw numerous tracks of ifs feet, and many places where it had

been scratching ; we also saw its tracks on the sand when crossing the dried beds of the swamps at least two miles

from the breeding thicket, which proves that the bird, in procuring its food, does not confine itself to the brushes

around its nest, but merely resorts to them for the purpose of ineubating. The native informed us that the only

chance of procuring the bird was by stationing ourselves in sight of the mound at a little distance, and remaining

quiet and immoyeable till it made its appearance at sun-down ; this I attempted, and, with the native, encamped

within twenty yards of the mound about an hour before sunset, taking the precaution to conceal ourselves well

with bushes from the quick eye of the bird, but leaving just a sulficient opening to get a fair sight with my gun;

in a half-sitting, half-crouching position I thus remained in breathless anxiety for the approach of the bird I had so

lone wished to see, not daring to move a muscle, for fear of moving a branch or making a noise by crushing a dead

leaf, till I was so cramped I conld seareely bear the pain in my limbs; the bird did not however make its

appearance, and the native, with the fear of wading through the thicket in darkness (for there was no moon),

became so impatient, that he started wp and began to talk so loud and make so much noise, that 1 was compelled to

give up all hopes of seeing the bird that night; however, just as we were passing the mound we started the bird

INTRODUCTION. Ixxyii

from the opposite side, but from the denseness of the thicket and the darkness closing around us, I had no chance

L = ; Nw 4 oe ee ere 5d . . . +o4

of getting a shot at it. Mr. Roe, the Sur veyor-general, who examined several mounds during his expedition to the

interior in the year 1836, found the eggs nearly ready to hatch in the month of November, and invariably seven or

eight in number; while another authority has informed me of an instance of fourteen heme taken from one

mound.”

In a subsequent letter Mr, Gilbert states that the flavour of the egg is very similar to that of the Tortoise or

r . . Tr 4 1 oO n } = 37 7 } r 1 5

Turtle, and that when mixed with tea its similarity to the peculiar roughness and carthy flavour of that of the

Hawk’s-bill Turtle is very remarkable.

Genus Mrcaropius, Quay §& Gain.

The members of this genus imhabit all the Indian and Philippine Islands and Australia, Mr. G, R. Gray

informs me that “ the females of some species associate together in bands during the night and deposit their eggs

in a cavity which they dig to the depth of two or three feet ; that the successive deposits of eggs amount to a

hundred or more aud are left to be hatched by the solar rays; that some cover them with sand and others with

the remains of plants; and that the eggs are extremely large for the size of the birds, and are generally of

a cinnamon colour.”

442. Megapodius tumulus, Gould. ; > : : : : ‘ R ; ‘ Kubo Va Bh ze.

The following interesting account of the breeding-places of this remarkable bird has been transmitted to me by

Mr. John M‘Gillivray as the result of his observations on Nogo or Megapodius Island in Endeavour Straits. It

will be seen that its range is more extensive than I had assigned to it :—

“The most southern locality known to me for this singular bird is Haggerston Island (in lat, 12° 3! south),

where I observed several of its mounds of very large size, but did not see any of the birds. During the survey of

Endeavour Straits in H.M.S. Bramble, I was more fortunate, having succeeded in procuring both male and female

on the island marked *‘ Nogo’ upon the chart, where I resided for several days for that sole purpose. On this small

island, not more than half a mile im length, rising at one extremity into a low rounded hill densely covered with

jungle (or what in New South Wales would be ealled ‘ brush’), three mounds, one of them apparently deserted

before completion, were found, The two others were examined by Mr. Jukes and myself. The most recent,

judging from the smoothness of its sides and the want of vegetable matter, was situated upon the crest of the hill,

and measured 8 feet in height (or 13} from the base of the slope to the summit) and 77 feet in cireumference. In

this mound, after several hours’ hard digging into a well-packed mass of earth, stones, decaying branches and

leaves and other vegetable matter, and the living roots of trees, we found numerous fragments of eggs, besides one

broken egg containing a dead and putrid chick, and another whole one, which proved to be addled. All were

imbedded at a depth of six feet from the nearest part of the surface, at which place the heat produced by the

fermentation of the mass was considerable. The egg, 3+ by 2% inches, was dirty brown, covered with a kind of

epidermis, which easily chipped off, exposing a pure white surface beneath. Another mound, situated at the foot

of the hill close to the beach, measured no less than 150 feet in circumference, and to form this immense

accumulation of materials the ground in the vicinity had been scraped quite bare by the birds, and numerous

shallow excavations pointed out whence the materials had been derived, Its form was an irregular oval, the

flattened summit not being central as in the first instance, but situated nearer the larger end, which was elevated

14 feet from the ground, the slope measuring in various directions 18, 214, and 24 feet. At Port Lihou, im a small

bay a few miles to the westward, at Cape York and at Port Essington, I found other mounds which were

comparatively low, and appeared to have been dug into by the natives. The great size the tumuli (which are

probably the work of several generations) have attained on Haggerston and Nogo patie arises sci Sees from

those places being seldom visited by the Aborigines, I found several eves of large size in the ovarium of a EPRIAI

shot in August, while the condition of the oviduct showed that an egg had very recently passed; hence it is

probable that, in spite of their great comparative size, one bird lays several ; but whether cach mound is resorted

to by more than one pair, I had not the means of ascertaining.

xxviii INTRODUCTION,

* Few birds are more wary and less casily procured than the Megapodius ; it mbhabits the belts of brush along

the coast, and | neyer found the tumnlus at a greater distance from the sea than a few hundred yards. When

disturbed rt seldom rises at once, unless on the margin of a thicket, but runs off to some distance and then takes to

wing, flymg heavily, but without any of the whirring noise of the true Gallinacea. It seldom takes a long flight,

and usually perches on a tree, remaining there in a crouching attitude with outstretched neck, but flying off again

upon observing any motion made by its pursuer; and it is only by cautiously creeping up under coyer of the

largest trees that it can be approached within gunshot. As au example of its shyness, [ may mention that a party

of three persons, scattered about in a small jungle on Nogo Island, for the purpose of shooting the Megapodius, did

not see a single hird, although they put up several, one of which came towards me and perched, unconscious of my

presence, within 20 yards. At Port Essington I haye shot this bird among mangroves, the roots of which were

washed by the sea at high water; and Capt. F. P. Blackwood killed one while running on the mud in a similar

locality, in both instances close to a mound. I never witnessed the escape of the young from the mound ; but one,

as large as a quail, and covered with feathers, was brought to Lieut. Ince by a native, who affirmed that he had

dug it out along with several eggs.

“Tris yellowish brown; stomach a complete gizzard, being thick and muscular, containing small quartz

pebbles, small shells (Helix aud Bulimus), and black seeds ; intestine 34 inches in length, of the size of a TOOSse-

quill, and nearly uniform in thickness, much twisted and contracted at intervals; cecum slender, dilated at the

extremity, and 44 inches in length.”

Family TINAMIDE ?, G. R. Gray.

Subfamily TURNICINA, @. 2. Gray.

Genus Peproxnomus, Gould.

Generie characters,

Bill nearly as long as the head, straight, compressed towards the tip; nostrils basal, placed in a groove, and

protected by an operculum ; wings short and concave, first, second and third primaries equal in length; tertiaries

longer than the primaries ; fail nearly obsolete; tarsi elongated and defended in front with transverse scales; toes

four in number, the hinder one feeble and placed high on the tarsus.

Few of the discoveries I made in Australia interested me more than that of the species forming the subject of

the present genus, and of which during my sojourn in the country I only obtained a male. Subsequently Mr.

Strange sent me another example, which from its much larger size and the circumstance of its neck being ado

with a beautiful collar of mingled black and white feathers, I considered a distinct species and charac

such, under the name P. forquatus, and assigned that of mierourus to the males or birds destitute

rned

terized it as

of the collar, an

error which the observations of Sir George Grey and Mr, Strange have enabled me to rectify, and w

that this bird is another of the anomalies so often met with in Australia, since, contrary to th

hich shows

e geveral rule, the

female is a far finer and more conspicnously-coloured bird than her mate,

“You ask me,” says Sir George Grey, “ to tell you something about Pedionomus, There is but one species ;

you have described two, P. forquatus and P. microurus ; the former is the female and the latter is the male. We

haye now three of these birds in confinement, all similar to your P. forquatus. We had four; the fourth, which

died, was like your P. microurus; and was certainly a male ; they were all caught in the same net, hence I infer

that several females associate with one male.

“We have had several of these birds in confinement at different times ; they eat pounded wheat

; raw and

boiled rice, bread and flies; the latter appear to be their favourite food.

They soon become perfectly tame; the

three now in our possession we have had for upwards of four months.

“These birds are migratory ; they appear at Adelaide in June and disappear about January ; where they go

Te ,’ wal “pe ° r a rp 7 wy is i on . S

has not yet been ascertained, They never tly if they can avoid so doing, and are often caught by dogs; when

disturbed, they crouch down and endeavour to hide themselves in a tuft of grass. When running about they are

INTRODUCTION, INXIX

in the habit of raising themselves in a nearly perpendicular position on the extremities of their toes, so that the

hinder part of the foot does not touch the ground, and of taking a wide survey around them, The Emu sometimes

stands in a similar position. IT have not yet ascertained anything respecting their nests, eggs or time of breeding.

The call of those we have in confinement precisely resembles that of the Emu, not the whistle, but the hollow-

sounding noise like that produced by tapping on a cask, which the Emu utters, but is of course much fainter.”’

The Plate therefore represents two females, and the appellation of microwrus given to the male bird should he

the one adopted. As the male has not been figured, the following description of that sex is given :—

Crown of the head, back and upper surface mottled with black, brown and fawn-colour, the latter occupying

the external edge of the feathers, and the black and brown forming alternate circular markings on each feather ;

throat, neck, chest and flanks dull fawn-colour, the feathers of the neck and chest blotched with brown; flanks

marked with the same colour, assuming the form of bars; tail-feathers almost invisible; centre of the abdomen

and under tail-coverts buffy-white, without spots or markings ; irides straw-yellow passing into black at the

point; feet greenish yellow.

Total length, 44 inches ; bil/, 44; wing, 343 tarsi, 2.

Independently of the plains of South Australia formerly given as the restricted habitat of this species, I have

lately received a letter from Mr. Strange of Sydney, in which he states a female had been procured in the

neighbourhood of Botany Bay. Iam also in possession of an egg of this bird, which in general character resembles

that of Twrnie; it is somewhat suddenly contracted at the smaller end, the eround-colour is stone-white, sprinkled

with small blotches of umber-brown and vinons-grey, the latter colour appearing as if beneath the surface of the

shell, the sprinkled markings predominating at the larger end; the length of the egg is 1 inch and one-eighth by

seven-eighths in breadth,

443. Pedionomus torquatus, Gould, female ; 2 ; é : . ; Vol. V. Pl. 80.

microurus, Gould, male,

Genus Turstx, Bonn.

However widely the members of this genus are dispersed, inhabiting as one or other of them do all quarters

of the Old World, Australia is the great nursery of the race, since it is in that country that we find the species

more numerous than elsewhere ; they not only inhabit every part of the continent. that has yet been explored, but

they extend their range to the islands adjacent to the coast and even to Van Diemen’s Land; some species enjoy @

wide range across the continent from east to west, while others are very local; grassy plains and stony ridges

thickly interspersed with scrubs and grasses are the situations they frequent; their eggs are invariably four in

number, pointed in form, and very like those of the Sandpipers ; their only nest is a few grasses placed in a hollow

on the ground ; in their habits and actions they differ considerably from the Quails and Partridges, and, strange as

it may appear, approach more closely to the Tringe@, particularly to those species with the more attenuated form of

bill; when rising from almost beneath your feet, they fly, especially the smaller species, straight and with arrow-

like swiftness to the distance of one or two hundred yards, and then suddenly pitch to the ground, Their flesh,

although eatable, is dry and deficient +n flavour when compared with that of the Quails and Partridges.

444, Turnix melanogaster.

ipodi i - : Vol. V. Pl. 81.

Hemipodius melanogaster, Gould. ; ; . :

445, Turnix varius,

Vol. V. Pl. 82.

Hemipodius varius . ; ’ . é , : ‘ ‘ :

446, Turnix scintillans. AE

° « 4 e ‘OL, w 2 Ba a.

447. Hemipodius scintillans, Gould . ye : .

448. Turnix melanotus.

: F Vol, V. Pl. 84.

Hemipodius melanotus, Gould - : ; !

449, Turnix castanotus, same a:

a ‘ . Ol. V. EL oo.

Hemipodius castanotus, Gould :

Ixxx INTRODUCTION.

450. Turnix pyrrhothorax.

Hemipodius pyrrhothorax, Gould . J ; ; , ; = ; . . Vol. V. Pl. 86.

451. Turnix velox.

Hemipodius velox, Gould. : : : . ; . : ; : ; ; Vol. V. Pl. 87.

Family TETRAONIDA, Leach.

Genus Corurnix, J/ehr.

One true Quail is all that has yet been described as inhabiting Australia; as might be expected, it is a denizen

of the plains, as well as of all the open districts of any extent where grass-lands occur; it also resorts to the arable

districts in great abundance. A difference exists in specimens from the western and eastern coasts, the former

having a deep fawn or light rufous tint pervading the under surface; and it is possible that this difference of

colouring may be characteristic of a second and distinct species.

452. Coturnix pectoralis, Gould — . : : : ‘ F ; ; - , Vol, V. Pl. 88.

Genus Synoicus, Gould.

Generic characters.

As in Perdix, but with no spur on the tarsi, and the tail almost obsolete.

The great paucity of the Gallinacee in Australia is very remarkable, the members of the present genus being

almost the only representatives of that group of birds inhabiting the country. The similarity of the habits and

economy of these birds to those of the true Partridges, particularly to our own well-known species the Perdix

cinerea, allies them more nearly to those birds than to the Quails

Grassy meads, the sides of rushy creeks, and districts clothed with dense herbage, are the favourite resorts of

these birds, which move about in small coveys, and when flushed fly but a short distance before they again alight.

As an article of food they are all that can be wished.

Every part of the country, from Port Essington on the north to Van Diemen’s Land on the south, is inhabited

by one or other species of the genus, which are, I doubt not, more numerous than I have represented, for I feel con-

fident that the bird found at Port Essington is quite distinct from those of the south coast.

453. Synoicus Australis. : ; ; . . : ‘ 7 ; : Vol. V. PL. 89.

454. Synoicus Diemenensis, Gould. c ‘ ; , ; Vol. V. Pl. 90,

455, Synoicus sordidus, Gould . 5 ; . . ' : ; Vol. V. Pl. 91.

456. Synoicus ? Chinensis : : ; m : : ; . ' ' . Vol. V. Pl. 92.

Order GRALLATORES, J//,

Family STRUTHIONIDA, Vig.

Genus Dromatus, Vie/7//.

I formerly entertained an opinion that there were two species of Emu inhabiting Australia, but I have not had

sufficient proofs that such is the case. The small specimens in the possession of the Linnean Society of London

and in the Jardin des Plantes at Paris, may only be stunted birds which had been kept in captivity, but as some

doubt still remains in my mind the subject should be kept in view.

457. Dromaius Novie- Hollandize i ; J - ; | i . ; ; ; ; Vol. VI. Pl. 1.

INTRODUCTION, xxx}

Genus Apreryx, Shaw.

New Zealand is the f vherei smn biere ab hie : .

I ealand is the only country wherein the members of this genus now exist; but they doubtless formerly

ranged over that continent of which the greater part is submerged beneath the surface of the ocean, and of which a

few isolated spots—New Zealand, Norfolk and Phillip Islands among others—-alone remain.

458. Apteryx Australis, Shaw . : ; ; : Vol. VI. Pl. 2.

459. Apteryx Owen, Gould ; ; - =. Vol. VI. Pl. 3.

Genus Orts, Linn.

A country better adapted than Australia for the members of this genus can scarcely be imagined, yet singularly

enough only one species has yet been found there. Africa may be considered the cradle of the race, for it is on

that continent that they are most numerous; Europe and India are also inhabited by various species. The Otis

nigriceps of the plains of Upper India, and the O. Australis are beautiful representatives of each other in the

respective countries they inhabit.

460. Otis Australis, Gray.

Otis Australis, Gray in Griff. An, King., vol. i. p. 305.

Otis Australasianus, Gould ; P . ‘ : ' : ; Vol. VI. Pl. 4.

The range of this bird over the country is probably universal; both Dr. Leichardt and Mr. Gilbert observed it

within the tropical portion of Australia, and Captain Sturt found it in the desert interior.

Family CHARADRIAD#, Leach.

Genus CEpicnemus, Zemm.

The Gidicnemi occur in Europe, Africa, Asia and Australia, in which latter country one if not two species

exist that are not found elsewhere.

461, Gidienemus grallarius : : . : . ; : Vol. VI. PL 5.

The birds of this form inhabiting the northern coast have longer legs and shorter wings, and I have no doubt

are distinct; but I have not seen a sufficient number of specimens to enable me to affirm that such is actually the

Case.

Genus Esacus, Less.

The genera Cidicnemus and Esacus are merely modifications of the same form; the variation in that of the bill

: ; 1 ri . 7ee respectively s tacit AY Sa

being expressly adapted for procuring the kinds of food upon which the species respecti ely subsist; the Cidi

cnemus frequenting the stony deserts of the interior of the country feeds upon insects of various kinds, and the

em o

tender shoots of herbage ; while the Esacus, resorting to the salt-emarshes and the shores of the sea, lives upon

crabs, mollusks and other marine animals.

. : . Vol. VI. Pl. 6.

462. Esacus magnirostris . 5 : : ‘ ; :

. : Ae Le ined shores he northern and north-wester

So far as our knowledge extends, the p1 esent bird is confined to the shores of the northern é estern

parts of Australia It is beautifully represented in India by the E. recurwrostris, and these two species are all that

c i : »

are known to ornithologists.

Ixxxti INTRODUCTION.

Genus Hamarorus, Linn.

I believe that there is no country in the world of any extent the shores of which are not inhabited by one or

other of the numerous species of this genus; but it would seem that all those which exist in the southern

hemisphere are totally different from those of the northern.

Two species inhabit Australia, viz.

463. Hematopus longirostris, Viedll. ‘ : : : Vol. VI. Pl. 7.

464. Hematopus fuliginosus, Gould . ‘ : , Vol. VI. PL. 8.

Genus Losivane ius, Strick.

Two species of this beautiful form inhabit Australia, one the northern and the other the southern parts of the

country ; I believe they are both confined to this portion of the globe. Other species are found in India and

Africa.

465. Lobivanellus lobatus. . : ; Vol. VI. PI. 9.

466. Lobivanellus personatus, Gould. . : ; Vol. VI. Pl. 10.

Genus Sarciornorus, Strick.

A genus nearly allied to the last, and of which a single species inhabits Australia ; like Lobivanellus, it is an

Old World form.

467. Sarciophorus pectoralis . : i , : ; . Vol. VI. Pl. 11.

Genus SeuaTaroLa, Cu.

The single species of this genus inhabits Europe, Asia, North America and Australia.

468. Squatarola Helvetica. : ; : Vol. VI. Pl. 12.

Genus Cuaraprivus, Linn.

The Australian fauna comprises two species of this form, of which one, the Charadrius veredus, might,

perhaps, with propriety be separated into a distinct genus, or placed in that of Eudromias.

469, Charadrius xanthocheilus, Wagl. — . : ; Vol. VI. Pl. 18.

470. Charadrius veredus, Gould. . : . . ; ; ; : , ; : Vol. VI. Pl. 14.

Genus Eupromias, Bove.

Of this genus of upland Plovers two species at least are known, viz. the E. morinellus of Europe and the

E. Australis of Australia.

471. Eudromias Australis, Gould . ; : i : R : . : ; ; u Vol. VI. Pl. 15.

This bird inhabits the low hills and plains of the interior, a kind of habitat precisely similar to that of its

European prototype.

Since my account of this species was written some additional information has been acquired respecting it.

INTRODUCTION, Ixxaiil

Sein singular bird,” says Captain Sturt, in the Appendix to his Account of his recent expedition into the

interior of South Australia, “made its appearance in 1841 suddenly on the plains of Adelaide, seeming to tae

come from the north. It occupied the sand-hills at the edge of the Mangrove swamps and ‘a round the puddles

of water on the plains. This bird afforded my friend, Mr. Torrens, an abundant harvest, as it was numerous

round his house; but although some few have visited South Australia every subsequent =p they have never

appeared in such numbers as on the first occasion, It runs very fast along the ground. Mr. Browne and I met

or rather crossed several flights of these birds in August of 1845, going south. They were on the large open

plains and were very wild.” | |

Genus Hiaricuna, G. R. Gray.

ive species is 3 j : nal s er ; ,

Five species of this genus inhabit Austr alia, and others occur in New Zealand, the Indian Islands, India,

4 . "7 ~ rhe 1ar Y _ oY Tr ° . ‘

Europe, Africa and America, consequently few genera have their members more widely dispersed. Almost all the

species found in Australia are peculiar to the country, and are more numerous on the southern than they are on the

northern parts of that continent ; shingly beaches and low flat shores are their principal places of resort.

472, Hiaticula bicinecta . ; : . : ‘ . : j . : ; ; Vol, VL. PL 16.

473. Hiaticula ruficapilla. : ; : : , ; , . : . Vol. VI. Pl. 17.

474. Hiaticula monacha . : . . t , : ; . : ' : Vol. VI. PI. 18.

475. Hiaticula inornata, Gould ' . ; ; ‘ h : é : . , Vol. VI, Pl. 19.

476. Hiaticula nigrifrons , : 3 : : , Vol. VI. Pl. 20.

Genus Eryrnroconys, Gould.

Generic characters.

Bill longer than the head, straight, rather depressed ; nostrils basal, linear ; wings long and powerful, the first

feather the longest ; tertiaries nearly as long as the primaries ; tail short and nearly square; /eys long; toes four

in number, slender, the himd-toe extremely diminutive and free, the outer toe united to the middle one nearly to

the first joint; thighs naked above the knee.

The single species of this genus appears to be strictly Australian, for I have never seen examples from any

other country.

477. Erythrogonys cinctus, Gould Vol. VI. PL. 21.

In structure, actions and economy this elegantly formed bird is very nearly allied to the Hiaticule on the one

hand, and the Schenicli on the other.

Genus Guareoua, Briss.

I have for many years questioned the propriety of placing the Pratincoles in the same group with the Plovers,

der, believing them as I do to be a terrestrial form of the Fissirostral birds. Linneus

; and Mr. Blyth, one of the most philoso-

or even in the same or

placed them near the Swallows, and I think he was right in so doing

I believe, the same opinion ; but as uearly all other writers have placed them

phical of ornithologists, entertains,

t, and have accordingly retained them in that group.

with the Charadriade, I have adopted their view of the subjec

Species of this genus inhabit India, the Indian Islands, Europe and Africa.

Vol, VI. PL 22.

478. Glareola grallaria, Temm. |

Vol, VI. PL 23.

479, Glareola Orientalis, Leach ‘ ;

IXXx1y INTRODUCTION.

Family SCOLOPACIDA, Jv.

Genus Himanrorus. Briss.

Europe, India and Africa are inhabited by one, North America by a second, South America by a third and

perhaps a fourth, New Zealand by a fifth, and Australia by a sixth species of this elegant but singular genus; the

Australian bird, which is more abundant in the southern than in the northern parts of the country, is perhaps the

finest and most ornamental of the whole.

480. Himantopus leucocephalus, Gould. ; . ; : Vol. VI. PL 24.

451, Himantopus Novie-Zealandize . : . , Vol. VI. PL. 25.

Genus Cuiapvoruyncuus, @, R. Gray.

The only known species of this form is peculiar to Australia.

482. Chladorhynchus pectoralis —. : : : Vol. VI. Pl. 26.

Observed in great numbers by Captain Sturt, during his journey into the interior, in the Appendix to which he

says,— This singular bird, with legs so admirably adapted by their length for wading into the shallow lakes and

sheets of water, near which it is found, was seen in large flocks. It was very abundant on Lepson’s Lake to the

northward of Cooper's Creek; and on Strzelecki’s Creck it was sitting on the water with other wild fowl making

a singular plaintive whistle.”

Genus Recurvirosrra, Linn.

This form, like that of Himantopus, is widely distributed over the globe, since species inhabit America, Africa,

Europe, India and Australia, in which latter country, as in Europe, only one species is found, viz.

483. Recurvirostra rubricollis, Temm. —. . . . 4 : : ; . Vol. VI. Pl. 27.

Genus Limosa, Briss.

Two very distinct species of this genus inhabit Australia, one the southern and the other the northern divisions

of the country ; others occur in Jaya, Sumatra, India, Africa, Europe and North America.

484. Limosa Melanuroides, Gould . , F F é : : } . : f Vol. VI. PL. 28.

485. Limosa uropygialis, Gould - , ; ' ; Vol. VI. Pl. 29.

Genus Scuanicius, Jehr.

I have figured four species of this genus as mhabiting Australia, not more than one, or at most two, of which,

however, is or are peculiar to that country. The species of this genus range over many degrees of latitude, and

occur in America as well as in most parts of the Old World.

486. Schoeniclus Australis ; ‘ 3 ; . ; ; : , , R Vol. VI. PL. 30.

487. Schoeniclus albescens — . ; ; ; : : ; , : Vol, VI. PL. 31.

488. Scheeniclus subarquatus : ; ‘ , ; Vol. VI. Pl. 32.

489, Schoeniclus magnus, Gould —. . ‘ , ; : ; : ; Vol. VI. PL 33.

This species, I believe, also mhabits India and Japan.

INTRODUCTION,

Ixxxy

Genus Trrexta, Bonap.

The only known species of this form inhabits Java, Sumatra, India and Europe, and as I killed

a specimen in

Australia that country must also be included within its range.

490. Terekia cinerea Vol. VI. Pl. 34.

Genus Acritis, ///.

One species of this genus inhabits Australia, where it represents the Actitis hypoleucus of Europe and Actitis

macularius of America.

491. Actitis empusa, Gould . : : ’ ; ; : : : Vol. VI. Pl. 35.

Genus Guorris, Mis.

The only species of this genus found in Australia appears to me to be identical with the Glottis Glottoides of

India.

492. Glottis Glottoides . ’ . . : } [ : : , ‘ F ‘ Vol. VI. Pl. 36.

Genus Toranus, Bechst.

Of this genus two species are all that have yet been discovered in Australia; one of these I have regarded as

identical with the Totanus stagnatilis of Europe, and if this view be correct, then the range of the species will extend

from Asia to Australia; certain it is that I have seen specimens from all the intermediate countries which are strictly

identical with the European bird. The second species is an inhabitant of the north coast, and is allied to the

T. calidris.

493. Totanus stagnatilis f ; Vol. VI. Pl. 37.

494. Totanus griseopygius, Gould . ; : ; : Vol. VI. Pl. 38.

Genus Srrepsiuas, L7//.

If any bird may be regarded as a Cosmopolite it is the Turnstone, for it inhabits the sea-shores of every part

of the globe.

495. Strepsilas Interpres Vol. VI. Pl. 39.

Genus Scotopax, Linn.

If the slight difference which occurs in the Snipes from Port Essington on the north and from Van Diemen’s

2S. : is for ists i stralia.

Land on the south be regarded as mere local variations, then only one species of this form exists in Australia

: Vol. VI. Pl. 40.

496. Scolopax Australis, Lath. ?

Captain Sturt informs us that this Snipe is common in. South Australia, but scarce in the interior of the

country ; that it breeds in great numbers in the valley of Mypunga, but is only to be found in those localities where

the ground is constantly soft.

XXXVI INTRODUCTION.

Genus Ruyncnama, Cur.

The few species comprised in this genus are widely dispersed over the face of the globe; one inhabits the

southernmost parts of America, another South Africa, a third India, and a fourth Australia. They affect different

situations from those resorted to by the true Snipes, usually selecting drier ground and knolls under low bushes con-

tiguous to marshy lands, where they can readily procure food and water.

497. Rhynchea Australis, Gould. : : , ; ; : Vol. VI. Pl. 41.

“This beautiful bird,” says Captain Sturt, ‘was very scarce in the interior, and indeed is not common

anywhere. Some three or four couples visit my residence at Grange yearly, and remain in the high reeds at the

bottom of the creek, among which they doubtless breed, but I never found one of their nests. They lie basking

in the shade of a tree on the sand-hills during the day, and separate when alarmed

Genus Numenius, Linn.

Three species of this form are found in Australia, to which part of the globe they are confined, and wherein

they represent the species inhabiting the northern hemisphere, with which their habits, actions and economy are

strictly in accordance.

498. Numenius Australis, Gould . ‘ : ' ; . ; 5 . . , Vol. VI. Pl. 42.

499. Numenius uropygialis, Gould ; ; , : ; : : ‘ : . ; Vol. VI. Pl. 43.

500. Numenius minutus, Gould ; , . - ’ ; : ; Vol. VI. Pl. 44.

Family ARDEIDA, Leach.

Subfamily TANTALINA, G. R. Gray.

Genus Geronricus, Vag.

The three species of /bises inhabiting Australia have been separated by ornithologists into as many genera,

and the difference which exists in their habits and economy tends to prove the propriety of their subdivision; for

while the Geronticus congregates in flocks of thousands and mainly subsists upon caterpillars, grasshoppers and

locusts, a kind of food which it readily obtains on the heated plains, the Threskiornis assembles in small companies

of from four to six in number and resorts to the rushy banks of the lagoons and other humid situations, and feeds

upon newts, frogs, lizards, snakes and fish, and the Faleinellus resorts to similar situations, but I have had no oppor-

tunity of observing its habits.

501. Geronticus spinicollis . ‘ : , : ; ‘ i ; Vol. VI. Pl. 45.

I haye never seen examples of this species from any other country than Australia, which would therefore

appear to be its restricted habitat.

Genus Turesxiornis, G. 2, Gray.

502. Threskiornis strictipennis . : : . : ‘ : . ‘ Vol. VI. Pl. 46.

Found in most parts of Eastern Australia during wet seasons.

503. Falcinellus igneus . . : . . . : ; Vol. VI. Pl. 47.

INTRODUCTION.

Ixxxvil

Li 3 5 5

the whole of the islands to India and Europe.

Subfamily GRUINE, G. R. Gray.

Genus Grus, Linn.

Species of this genus inhabit Europe, Asia, Africa, North America and Australia

504. Grus Australasianus, Gould. : Vol. VI. Pl. 48

The Australian Crane is a noble bird, and is deservedly admired both by the Aborigines and Europeans. The

eastern and northern parts of the country are the only localities yet known to be inhabited by this fine bird; future

research may however find that it possesses a wider range.

Subfamily PLATALEINE, Bonap.

Genus Piatratea, Linn.

Two species of this genus inhabit Australia, both of which are, I believe, peculiar to that country, where they

perform precisely the same offices as their prototypes in Europe, Asia, Africa and America.

505. Platalea flavipes, Gould . ‘ : < ' j . i ; : Vol. VI. Pl. 49.

506. Platalea regia, Gould. ; , : ; : : : Vol. VI. Pl. 50.

Subfamily CICONINAE, G. R. Gray.

Genus Myecreria, Linn.

The noble species of this genus inhabiting Australia is, I believe, identical with the bird of the same form

inhabiting India, and if such be the case, then it enjoys a wide range of habitat. Africa and America are inhabited

by species belonging to this or to a very nearly allied genus.

507. Mycteria Australis, Lath. Volk. VI. Pl. 51.

Subfamily ARDEINA, G. #. Gray.

Genus Arpea, Linn.

The Herons range over every part of the globe. The sixteen species inhabiting Australia include examples of

the genera Ardea, Herodias, 1 lycticorax, Botaurus and Ardetta, and I think they should be still further divided, the

Reef Herons, Herodias jugularis, H. Greyti, Se. differing considerably both in structure and habits from the other

members of the genus; the Ardea pacifica and A. Nove-Hollandie also, are not typical Ardee, but fill a station

intermediate between the true Herons and the Egrets.

Vol. VI. Pl.

508. Ardea pacifica, Lath. A

Numerous in the southern but rare within the tropical parts of Australia.

509. Ardea Novee-Hollandiz, Lath. Vol. VI. Pl. 538.

Frequents the whole of the southern coasts of Australia and Van Diemen’s Land.

: Vol. VI. Pl. 54.

510. Ardea rectirostris, Gould 4

Found on the north coast of Australia, and I believe also in the Indian Islands.

Vol. VI. Pl. 55.

511. Ardea leucopheea, Gould . - 7

to extend to the southern parts of India.

The range of this species, which is very rare 1m Australia, appears

Ixxxvill INTRODUCTION.

Genus Heroptias, Bove.

Nearly every part of the globe is tenanted by members of this genus. Those inhabiting Australia are very

nearly allied to, but I believe are quite distinct from, the species found in India, Europe and America, and of which

they are the Australian representatives.

512. Herodias syrmatophorus, Gould. : - : : : , Vol. VI. Pl. 56.

513. Herodias plumiferus, Gould . : ‘ : : - : - : Vol. VI. Pl. 57.

514. Herodias immaculata, Gould : ‘ : : ‘ : ; , ; Vol. VI. Pl. 58.

515. Herodias pannosus, Gould. ; : % : ‘ ; ' : : 5 Vol. VI. Pl. 59.

516. Herodias jugularis . . : : , : ; p ; i Vol. VI. Pl. 60.

517. Herodias Greyii_. . : ; : . ' : Vol. VI. Pl. 61.

518. Herodias picata, Gould . . . : ' 2 Vol. VI. Pl. 62.

Genus Nycricorax, Steph.

Europe, Africa and America are all inhabited by Night Herons; consequently it is one of the most widely-

distributed sections of the family.

The single Australian species of this well-defined genus is rendered conspicuously different from all other

known species by the cinnamon colour of its back.

519. Nycticorax Caledonicus . : ; ; Vol. VI. Pl. 63.

“Shot at Cape York and Port Essington, in which latter place it is rather abundant. Yangko of the Cape

York aborigines, Alawool of the Port Essington natives.” —J. M‘Gillwray.

Genus Boraurus, Steph.

520. Botaurus Australis, Gould : : ; : : ; : : . . , , Vol. VI. Pl. 64.

The Australian Bittern is very similar to the European, B. stellaris.

Genus Arperta, G. R. Gray.

The members of this genus of Mangrove Bitterns usually frequent the extensive belts of mangroves and low

dells covered with reed-beds and dense herbage.

Africa and America are each inhabited by birds of this form, one species of which is also found in Europe,

several in India and the adjacent islands, and three in Australia, viz.—

521. Ardetta flavicollis , . P P ; ; ; ; ; . . ; : Vol. VI. Pl. 65.

This species is said to inhabit Java and India, and although I have figured it under the name assigned to the

Indian and Javanese bird, I am still inclined to believe that it is distinct.

522. Ardetta macrorhyncha, Gould . ; ; : ; , Vol. VI. Pl. 66.

523. Ardetta stagnatilis, Gould : : ; : ‘ ; Vol. VI. Pl. 67.

524. Ardetta pusilla , : i ; : i : ; : ; 5 : Vol. VI. Pl. 68.

This species, with the little Bittern of the British Islands and several others inhabiting Africa and America,

would admit of being separated into a distinct genus.

INTRODUCTION.

Ixxxix

Family RALLIDA, Leach. | |

Of this family no less than sixteen species inhabit Australia, and are comprised in the following genera V1Z |

= Bet — Soe a ’

Por, h rio ulica allinula allus and Porzan Vv 1 ri p

‘p ] : fi 5 G 5 R € and, all of v hich are European forms ; and Parra, Eulabeornis and |

Tribonyx: of the latter, the first is common to India and the Indian Islands, and the other two are confined, so far

as we know, to Australia.

Genus Porrnyrio, Briss.

525. Porphyrio melanotus, Temm. . : ; R ; Vol. VI. Pl. 69 |

526. Porphyrio bellus, Gould ; . Vol. VL. PL 7

—

Genus Trisonyx, DuBus.

527. Tribonyx Mortieri, DuBus : . ; ; 2 f ; Vol. VI. Pl. 71.

Inhabits the southern parts of Australia and Van Diemen’s Land.

528. Tribonyx ventralis, Gould . . d ; ; : : : : . : Vol. VI. Pl. 72.

Inhabits the interior of Australia. |

“This bird,” says Captain Sturt, “ appeared suddenly in South Australia in 1840. It came from the north,

fresh flights coming up and pushing on those which had preceded them. It was moreover evident that they had

been unaccustomed to the sight of man, for they dropped in great numbers in the streets and gardens of Adelaide

and ran about like fowls. At last they mcreased so much in number as to swarm on all the waters and creeks,

doing great damage to the crops in their neighbourhood. They took the entire possession of the creek near my

house, and broke down and wholly destroyed about an acre and a quarter of wheat as if cattle had bedded on it.

They made their first appearance in November, and left in the beginning of March, gradually retiring northwards

as they had advanced.”

Genus GauuinuLa, Briss.

The true Gallinule are very numerous, and are found in nearly every part of the world. Australia is mha-

bited by a species peculiarly its own, distributed over all the southern parts of the continent.

529. Gallinula tenebrosa, Gould. : 2 : ‘ ; , ‘ : ; i Vol. VI. Pl. 73.

Nearly allied to, and a representative of, the Water-Hen of Europe, Gallinula chloropus.

Genus Fuurea, Linn.

Fulice ave found in nearly every part of the great continents of Europe, Asia, Africa and America, and one

species in Australia.

530. Fulica Australis, Gould ; : , : - Vol. VI. Pl. 74.

This bird, which is strictly confined to Australia, is rather smaller than its European ally.

Genus Parra, Linn.

re of which is admirably adapted for progression over the aquatic plants and

A tropical form, the structu rae

it passes with facility; 1ts expansive

agoons and inland waters it frequents and over which 1

floating leaves of the 1 :

eadily sustaining it, which they would not do were

feet, spreading over a large surface of fallen grasses and leaves, Tr

they of the ordinary form.

Species of this form are found in India, Africa and America.

xe INTRODUCTION.

531. Parra gallinacea, Temm. : : : . : : : . ; Vol. VI. Pl. 75.

Inhabits the northern parts of Australia and New Guinea.

Genus Rautuus, Linn.

We have here again a genus of birds the range of the species of which is most extensive, for there is no

country in which one or other of them is not to be found.

632. Rallus pectoralis, Cu. . : : - : . ; " ¢ : Vol. VI. Pl. 76.

533. Rallus Lewin, Swais. . 5 ‘ - : , ; . , ; ’ ‘ ; Vol. VI. Pl. 77.

Genus Evnianeornis, Gould.

Generic characters.

Bill longer than the head, nearly straight, but slightly curved downwards ; compressed laterally ; nostri! long

and open, situated in a large groove which runs along the upper mandible for nearly two-thirds of its length from

the base; wings rather short and feeble, very much rounded ; ¢ertiaries long, nearly reaching to the end of the wing ;

legs rather long, more powerful than in the genus Rallus ; toes not so much lengthened as in that genus; ¢ai/ long

cuneiform ; the webs loose and of a decomposed character.

A genus established for the reception of a singular species of Rail inhabiting the north coast of Australia, and

in which Mr. G. R. Gray has since placed four other species from different localities.

534. Eulabeornis castaneoventris, Gould . . ; ; , é . . : : Vol. VI. Pl. 78.

Genus Porzana, Vieill.

The Porzane inhabit Europe, Africa, India and Australia; the four species inhabiting the latter country are

generally distributed, even within the tropics.

535. Porzana fluminea, Gould : ‘ : : ‘ . , : . : . . Vol. VI. Pl. 79.

536. Porzana palustris, Gould . ; ‘ ; : : . ; ; Vol. VI. Pl. 80.

537. Porzana leucophrys, Gould. ; : ‘ ‘ : : , ; : : ; Vol. VI. PL 81.

538. Porzana immaculata : . : ; ‘ P ; ‘ ; , : ; ; Vol. VI. Pl. 82.

Order NATATORES, Ji.

Upon taking a general view of the birds of this Order inhabiting Europe and Australia, our attention cannot

fail to be arrested by some remarkable contrasts which present themselves to our notice. I allude to the great

excess in the number of species of some of the principal groups, and the paucity of others ; for instance, of the true

Anatide or Ducks, exclusive of the Mergansers, the European fauna comprises at least forty species, while eighteen

are all that are known in Australia; of the Laride or Gulls, exclusive of the Terns, twenty species inhabit Europe,

while three are all that are known in Australia; on the other hand, sixteen species of Terns frequent the shores of

Australia, while only twelve resort to those of Europe; of the family Proce/laride or Petrels, nearly forty species

enliven the Australian seas, while seven are all that are known to imhabit the seas of Europe; no Puffins or

Guillemots are found in the seas south of the Equator; while the Penguins are unknown north of the line ; and

the Grebes and Cormorants are equally numerous in both hemispheres.

Family ANATIDA, Leach.

Genus Cereopsis, Lath.

But one species of this singular and strictly Australian form has yet been discovered.

539, Cereopsis Novee-Hollandiz, Lath. . , R ; ' Vol. VII. Pl. 1.

INTRODUCTION,

xci

Genus Anseranas, Less.

Like Cereopsis, this genus contains but a single species, which is equally confined to Australia.

540. Anseranas melanoleuca Vol. VII. Pl. 2,

Genus Bernicia, Steph.

The Australian bird hitherto referred to this genus should certainly receive a new generic appellation,

since it

does not agree either in form or habits with the true Bernicle.

541. Bernicla jubata Vol. VII. Pl. 3.

Genus Nerrarus, Brandt.

Of this beautiful genus of Pygmy Geese there are at least four species known; one inhabiting Africa, one

India, and two Australia.

542. Nettapus pulchellus, Gould

543. Nettapus albipennis, Gould.

Nettapus Coromandelianus : ; : : ; : : f Vol. VII. Pl. 5.

Vol. VII. Pl. 4.

I feel confident that the Australian bird which I have figured under the name of N. Coromandelianus, is quite

distinct from the Indian, and I have therefore assigned it a new name.

My figures are stated to be of the natural size, but this is an error: they are considerably smaller.

Genus Cyenus, Linn.

Only one species, the C. atratus, is, I believe, found south of the line; for the Black-necked Swan of Chili will

doubtless prove to be generically distinct.

544. Cygnus atratus F . - ‘ : : : ; : : Vol. VII. Pl. 6.

This “rara avis in terris” is not only strictly confined to Australia, but is so exclusively an inhabitant of the

southern districts, that no notice has been recorded of its having been seen in Torres’ Straits, or on any part of the

north coast.

Genus Casarca, Bonap.

This ornamental section of the Anatide is not very numerous In species,

545. Casarca Tadornoides : ‘ : . : . : . ‘ : . : ; Vol. VII. Pl. 7.

A beautiful representative of the C. rutila of Europe.

Genus Taporna, Leach.

. VIL. Pl. 8.

546. Tadorna Radjah_. . ; 5 : k : : ; Vol. VIL. F

An equally beautiful representative of the 7. Vulpanser.

Genus Anas, Linn.

Of true Ducks three species are found in Australia.

, ~ t= ie » oo mol SUT Pips.

547, Anas superciliosa, Gmel.

xCil INTRODUCTION,

This bird assimilates very closely in its structure and in its economy to the Anas Boschas of Europe, but in its

plumage it is very different.

548. Anas nevyosa, Gould : j : : . : ; : ; ; : : Vol. VII. Pl. 10.

A yery singular Duck, perhaps more nearly allied to Chaulelasmus than to Anas. It is a very rare bird, and has

only yet been seen on the western and southern coasts of Australia ; its true habitat is probably the distant interior.

549. Anas punctata, Cw. . ; . ; ; 5 : : : Vol. VII. Pl. 11.

This species has much the appearance of the Teal (genus Querquedula), but in its structure is nearly allied to

the true ducks (genus Anas), with which I have provisionally placed it.

Genus Spatrura, Bore.

The great continents of America, Africa, Asia and Australia, are each inhabited by one or more species of this

restricted genus.

550. Spatula Rhynchotis —. , ' d ‘ ; : : ‘ i . Vol, VII. Pl. 12.

This bird is, I believe, restricted to Australia.

Genus MaAtacornyncuus, Swans.

A very delicate form, of which the single species, confined to Australia, is the only one known,

551. Malacorhynchus membranaceus - ; , . ; : 4 ‘ Vol. VIL. Pl, 13.

Genus Denprocyena, Swains.

This form is found in India, Africa, America and Australia: the bird I have separated into a distinct genus,

under the appellation of Leptotarsis, should be included in this genus, the difference which it presents being too

slight to warrant their separation.

552. Dendrocygna arcuata . : ; , : i : ; : : : ; Vol. VII. Pl. 14.

553. Dendrocygna Eytoni.

Leptotarsis Eytoni, Gould. . . ' ; ‘ . . : ; Vol. VII. Pl. 15.

“ Many of the reaches,” says Captain Stokes, when speaking of the river Adelaide of the north-western part

of Australia, “ swarmed with wild fowl, consisting almost wholly of ducks, which, from a habit of perching on the

trees, have received the name of Wood Ducks. Their singularly long legs, with the web very much arched near

the toes, gives great pliability to the foot and a power of grasping, which enables them to perch on trees. When

on the wing they make a peculiar pleasing, whistling sound, that can be heard at a great distance, and which

changes as they alight into a sort of chatter. Their perching on trees is performed in a very clumsy manner,

swinging and pitching to and fro. We subsequently often found them on the rivers of the north coast, but not

within some miles of their mouths or near their upper waters, from which it would appear that they inhabit certain

reaches of the rivers only ; we never found them in swamps. The farthest south they were met with was on the

Albert River, in the Gulf of Carpentaria, in lat. 18° S., which gives them a range of six and a half degrees of

latitude over the northern part of the continent. ‘These ducks are the Leptotarsis Eytoni of Mr. Gould.”

Genus Nyroca, F/em.

Two species at least of this genus are known, one inhabiting Europe and India and the other Australia : both

have the irides white.

554. Nyroca Australis, Gould ; ; ‘ ‘ . : ; ‘ : Vol. VII, Pl. 16.

INTRODUCTION.

xelil

Genus Erismarura, Bonap.

The members of this genus, although but few in number, are found in

| Europe, Asia, Africa, America and

Australia.

555. Erismatura A is

55. Erismatura Australis Vol. VII. Pl. 17.

This species, the only one of the genus inhabiting Australia, is, I believe, strictly confined to the western parts

of the country, as hitherto it has not been seen elsewhere.

Genus Brarura, Leach.

A genus of which only a single species is known to exist, and which is singularly different from every other

member of the family. It is strictly Australian, and may be regarded as one of the anomalies of its fauna.

556. Biziura lobata , : ‘ ‘ ‘ ; , : . , . 7 : ; Vol. VIL. Pl. 18.

Family LARID-Z, Leach,

Genus Larus, Linn.

The members of this genus are distributed over the sea-shores of every part of the globe. Only one species

inhabits Australia, to which country it is confined, and where it represents the Larus marinus of Europe and

America.

557. Larus Pacificus ; , ; 4 E ; : - ; 9 ‘ t ; Vol. VII. Pl. 19.

Genus Xema, Leach.

A genus of Gulls, the members of which are delicate in their structure, elegant in their appearance, and

eraceful in all their actions. Many species are found in Europe and America, and others inhabit Africa ; one

species only has been characterized as Australian, but I believe that another will be found in Torres’ Straits very

similar to, but much larger than, the X. Jamesonii of the southern parts of that continent.

558. Xema Jamesonii. P - : : j ‘ : : j . ‘ ; : Vol. VII. Pl. 20.

Subfamily —— ?

Genus Lestris, ///.

The high latitudes of both the northern and southern hemispheres are frequented by parasitic Gulls.

One species of this form has been found in the Australian seas, and another has been discovered within the

Antarctic circle.

559. Lestris Catarractes Vol. VII. Pl. 21.

Although I have figured and described this Australian bird as identical with the Skua Gull of Europe, it is

likely that hereafter reasons may be found for separating them.

In a letter just arrived from Mr. J. M‘Gillivray, dated on board HLM.S. Rattlesnake, Feb. 6, 1848, Wi

gentleman says, “ The Lestris Catarractes was noticed on various occasions in different parts of the South Indian

Ocean; while off the Cape of Good Hope a solitary individual and subsequently two im company were seen. I Bae

observed it following and hovering over a bait towing astern, and once saw it chase a Cape Petrel and force it to

alight on the water. This bird seldom remained with us for more than half an hour at a time, during which it

made a few circular flights about the ship.” ;

xciy INTRODUCTION.

Subfamily STERNINAS, Bonap.

The members of this family inhabiting Australia and Europe are nearly equal in number, and in each country

examples of the same forms are found to exist ; the Australian fauna has also a Gygis and an Onychoprion, neither of

which inhabit the European seas, and four species of Anois, of which only one frequents the northern hemisphere.

Genus SyLocneiipon, Brehm.

560. Sylochelidon strenuus . ' : : ; ; :, ; . Vol. VII, Pl. 22.

A representative of the S. Caspius of Europe.

Genus THauassreus, Bove.

The members of this genus, the type of which is the 7. Cantiacus of the British Islands, are widely dispersed

over most parts of the Old World, and three distinct species inhabit Australia.

561. Thalasseus Pelecanoides é : r - : : : ; ; : ; : Vol. VII. Pi. 23.

562. Thalasseus poliocercus, Gould , - . ; ‘ ; : ; Vol. VIL. PL. 24,

563. Thalasseus Torresii, Gould . “ , . . : . . , ; ; ‘ Vol. VII. Pl. 25.

Since my account of this species was printed I have seen adult specimens from Southern India, which country

is in all probability its true habitat.

Genus Sterna, Linn,

The members of this genus, as now restricted, enjoy so wide a range over the globe, that they may be said

to be univerally dispersed; three species are found in Australia.

564. Sterna melanorhyncha, Gould : ; 7 : ; : . ‘ ; . é Vol. VII. Pl. 26.

565. Sterna gracilis, Gould . ; c 5 . ’ Vol. VII. Pl. 27.

566. Sterna melanauchen, Temm. . : : : ; : : ; ‘ Vol. VII. Pl. 28.

* This beautiful bird,” says Mr. M‘Gillivray, “is very local in its breeding-places, the only one known to me

being one of the ‘ three sand-banks’ near Sir Charles Hardy’s Islands. The eggs are two in number, deposited in

a slight “hollow in the sand. I have seen this bird on another neighbouring sand-bank, also on Solitary Island, near

Cape York, and in Endeavour Straits, but was unable to procure a specimen from any of the three last-mentioned

localities, on account of its excessive shyness. It is one of the most noisy of the Terns, and I generally saw it in

small parties of half-a-dozen, or thereabouts. The fully-fledged young of the year differs from the adult in having

the black on the head dark brown mottled with white, and the whole of the upper surface and wings variegated

with dark brownish grey.”

Genus Srernuta, Borie.

Europe and Australia are both tenanted by little Terns, the specific distinctness of which cannot be questioned,

however much that of the large Terns (genus Sylochelidon) may be: ought we not then to infer that some peculiar

law prevails, and that if one be distinct the other is also? However that may be, it is certain that birds regarded

as identically the same, because no external difference is perceptible, breed at opposite seasons in the two hemi-

spheres, and that if the birds of one hemisphere be brought and retained in the other, they continue to moult their

feathers and to breed at the same period that they would have done had they remained in their native country.

567. Sternula Nereis, Gould . : ; ‘ : ; : ‘ . . : ; . Vol. VII. Pl. 29.

INTRODUCTION.

XUV

1 r 4

Genus GeLocuenimon, Brehm.

It would be strange if this form did not exist in Australia, when all the other European genera of ‘Terns at

“ rt = : . 5 1, e

found there; still I have no other evidence of such being the case, than that of a specimen in the collection of

" Olle )

re pa =f . . 7

King’s College, London, which is said to be from Van Diemen’s Land, and to which in the year 1837 I eave the

name of Sterna macrotarsa. 4

568. Gelochelidon macrotarsus, Gould.

Sterna macrotarsa, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part V. p. 26; and in Syn. Birds of Australia, Part IT

sll 7 : .

Crown of the head and back of the neck black; all the upper surface and primaries light silvery-grey ;

remainder of the plumage white; bill and feet black. ‘ak

As I did not meet with this bird myself either m Van Diemen’s Land or in any other of the Australian regions

I have not figured it. A ais

Genus Gyais, Vag.

One species of this Polynesian genus of Terns is found in Australia.

569. Gygis candida. : ; ; ; , ‘ . Vol. VIL. Pl. 30.

Genus Hyprocne mon, Bove.

The value of minor genera or subgenera, as naturalists may choose to designate them, is much strengthened,

when species, which have been assigned to either of them from countries so distant from each other as Australia

and Europe, are found to possess similar habits, but differing from those of the other members of the family. Thus

the members of the present little group inhabit the inland waters and marshes of both countries ; make their nests

among the rushes, and lay thickly-marked eggs, in both of which particulars they differ from the other Terns ; the

generality of which deposit their eggs on the shingles of the sea-shore, while others, the Gygis candida for instance,

lay their single egg on the horizontal branch of a tree, so totally unprotected, that how it is retained in its position

during windy weather is a perfect mystery ; others again, such as the Noddies, bring together large masses of

sea-weed, which they either pile upon the swinging branch of a Mangrove or on the jutting point of a rock. All

these facts should be studied by ornithologists before they discard subgenera proposed by their fellow-labourers,

and replace the species they may have so divided in the genera of the older writers, who must necessarily have

known less of the subject; for wherever a difference occurs in the habits of the members of any great family a

variation more or less marked will be found in their structure. So far as my own observations go, and they have

not been few, if I have read the great book of nature aright, the genera, instead of being reduced, might with

propriety be multiplied without the risk of our being burthened with a genus for every species, as some writers

affect to fear would then be the case.

570. Hydrochelidon fluviatilis, Gould Vol. VI. Pl. 31.

A fine marsh Tern differing from its European prototypes H. nigra, H. leucoptera, and H. leucopareia.

Genus Onycnorrion, agt.

Of this form two species frequent the Australian seas.

Vol. VII. Pl. 32.

571, Onychoprion fuliginosus ;

o Australian birds of this genus under the above appellation, rather

Although I have figured one of the tw ”

nae 4 I have no doubt it will prove to be distinct

than run the risk of unnecessarily adding to the number of species,

from the American bird,

xevi INTRODUCTION.

* Found breeding in prodigious numbers on Raine’s Islet and Bramble Key in May and June, associated with

Noddies (dots stolidus). The Sooty Tern deposits its solitary egg in a slight exeavation in the sand without

lining of any kind. The egg varies considerably in its markings, After the party employed in building the beacon

ou Naine’s Islet had been on shore about ten days, and the Terns had had their nests robbed repeatedly, the birds

collected into two or three large flocks and laid their eggs in company, shifting their quarters repeatedly on finding

themselves continually molested; for new-laid eggs were much in request among people who had for some time

been living upon ship’s fare. By sitting down and keeping quict I have seen the poor birds dropping their eges

within two yards of where I sat, apparently glad to get rid of their burthen at all hazards. During the month of

June 1844 about 1500 dozen of eggs were procured by the party upon the Island. About the 20th of June nearly

one half of the young birds (hatched twenty-five or thirty days previously) were able to fly, and many were quite

strong upon the wing, Great numbers of young birds unable to fly were killed for the pot;—in one mess of

twenty-two men the average number consumed daily in June was fifty, and supposing the convicts (twenty in

number) to have consumed as many, 3000 young birds must have been killed in one month ; yet I could observe

uo sensible diminution of the number of young, a circumstance which will give the reader some idea of the vast

nuwibers of birds of this species congrezated on a mere vegetated sand-bank like Raine’s Islet.’’—J, M' Gillivray.

572. Onyehoprion Panaya : . Vol. VIL, Pl. 33,

Genus Anotis, Leach.

Unlike other Terns which frequent the sea-shores and rivers, the Noddies inhabit the wide ocean, far remote

from land, and which, like the Petrels, they seldom quit, except at the breeding season, when they congregate in

yast multitudes on small islands suited to the purpose. Great nurseries of this kind are to be found in every

ocean; in the North Atlantic, one of the Tortugas, called Noddy Key, ts a favourite resort, and the Bahama Islands

are another; in the South Pacific and Indian Oceans, beside other situations, the Houtmann’s Abrolhos, off the

western coast of Australia, are reserted to in such immense numbers that Mr, Gilbert was perfectly astonished at

the multitudes with which he found himself surrounded, upon landing on those remote and little-explored islands.

573. Auotis stolidus . : 7 : , . : . : 5 . . ; : Vol. VII. Pl. 34.

“The large Noddy,” says Mr. M‘Gillivray, “is abundantly distributed over Torres’ Straits, but I never met

with it to the southward of Raine’s Islet, on which, as at Bramble Key, it was found breeding in prodigious

numbers. Unlike its constant associate, the Sooty Tern, it constructs a shallow nest of small twigs arranged

in a slovenly manner, over which are strewed about a handful of fragments of coral from the beach, shells, and

occasionally portions of tortoise-shell and bones of turtle, The nest is sometimes placed upon the ground, but

more usually upon tufts of grass and other herbage, at about a foot from the ground.”

574. Anoiis melanops, Gould : ; : ; : . : Vol. VIL. Pl. 35.

574, Anoiis leucocapillus, Gould. ‘ ’ ' ‘ : ; Vol, VIL. Pl. 36.

576. Anoiis cmereus, Gould . : . . . ; i ‘ Vol. VII, Pl. 37.

Family PROCELLARID, Bonap.

There is perhaps no group of birds respecting which so much confusion exists and the extent of whose range

over the ocean is so little known, as that forming the present family.

Having, as | have before stated, paid much attention to these birds during my voyages to and from Australia

and in its neighbourhood, my researches were rewarded by my obtaining a knowledge of at least forty different

species, nearly all of which are peculiar to the seas of the southern hemisphere. The powers of flight with which

these birds are endowed are perfectly astonishing: they appear to be constantly performing migrations round the

vlobe from west to east ; and Australia lying in their tract, all the species may be found near its shores at one or

other season of the year.

xOVU

"] = = "> be ' , 4 J i eat l ou ) O Gi S ate ; 5 | 1 |

, ,- shi v 7 , L) r ‘ a } : = 5 ) SS

mollusks and other low marine animals with which those seas abound, and upon which all the Procellaride mainly

. ~ - he he WUACA, t

subsist ¢

Genus Diomerna, Linn.

Of this wenus, which comprises v its members the largest of ic bi

o . prises among its members the largest of the Oceanic birds, three species range over

the North Pacific Ocean ; and six others the seas southward of the equator,

577. Diomedea exulans, Linn. Vol, VIT. PL. 38

. * : , ' . » Oe

The weight of this species varies from seventeen to twenty pounds, and the expanse

of its extended wings

averages the enormous breadth of 11 feet.

578. Diomedea brachyura, Temm. . ‘ Vol. VIL Pl. 39

579. Diomedea cauta, Gould . ‘ ’ . ; i ; , . ; Vol. VIL. PL. 40.

580. Diomedea culminata, Gould , ; Vol. VIL. Pl. 41.

581. Diomedea chlororhynchos, Lath. - ; Vol. VII. Pl. 42.

582, Diomedea melanophrys, Zemm. — . ; , - : i . ; ; : Vol. VII. Pl. 48

583. Diomedea fuliginosa ; ; j ; : Vol. VII. Pl. 44.

584. Diomedea gibbosa, Gould.

Diomedea gibbosa, Gould in Aun, and Mag. of Nat. Hist., vol. xii. p. 361.

Face, ear-coverts, chin, abdomen, upper and under tail-coverts white ; the remainder of the plumage very dark

brown, approaching on the occiput, back of the neck and wings to black ; bill yellowish horn-colour, becoming

darker at the tip and at the base; feet in the dried specimen dark brown, but doubtless of a bluish grey, iclining

to flesh-colour in the living bird.

The above is the description of a specimen in the collection of the Zoological Society of London, to which it

was presented by F, Debell Bennett, Esq., who had procured it in the North Pacific. It differs from every other

that has come under my notice in the peculiar swollen and raised form of the base of the upper mandible, which

moreover advances high upon the forehead.

585. Diomedea olivaceorhyncha, Gould.

Diomedea olivaceorhyncha, Gould in Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., vol. xii, p. 361.

I propose this name for a species, examples of which are wanting to our collections, and of which a bill only

has as yet come under my notice, It is in the possession of Sir Wm. Jardine, Bart., is 3 inches and {ths long from

the gape to the tip, of a uni form olive-green, and in form more slender and elegant than that of the other members

of the genus. The locality in which it was procured is not known, but it is supposed to have been obtained in the

China seas.

The last two species were not scen by me in the Australian seas, but are given m order to complete a mono-

eraph of the Diomedee.

Genus PRoceneartia, Linn.

. he <agth} jour eiaht have been given,

Of the fifteen species I have placed in this genus as now restricted, figures of only eight h g

Vol. VIL. Pl. 45.

586. Procellaria gigantea \

587. Procellaria Au uinoctialis. :

4 Vol. VIL Pl. 46.

588. Procellaria conspicillata, Gould — . ; : Vol. VIL PL 47.

589. Procellaria hasitata, Kuhl. - . : : . :

590. Procellaria Atlantica, Gould.

Procellaria Atlantica, Gould in Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Iist., vol. xiii. p. 362. ;

2 is

Nevill INTRODUCTION,

Male: the whole of the plumage deep chocolate-black ; bill and feet jet-black.

This is one of the commonest species inhabiting the Atlantic, and no ship passes between our shores and the

Cape of Good Hope without encountering it; it is a species respecting which very considerable confusion exists im

the writings of nearly all the older authors. It is the P. fuliginosa of Forster's Drawings, No. 93 B, and the P.

Juliyinosa of Lichtenstein’s edition of Forster's MSS. p. 23, which term cannot be retained, as it had already been

applied by Latham to a very different bird from Otaheite ; it is the P. grisea of Kuhl but not of Linneus, who has

civen the term to another species, consequently grisea cannot be retained for it ; and hence I have been induced to

give it a new appellation, and thereby prevent misapprehension for the future.

591. Procellaria macroptera, Smith.

Procellaria macroptera, Smith, Zool. of South Africa, Aves, pl. 52.

I think that a bird I killed in the seas off Van Diemen’s Land, where it was tolerably abundant, and which

differs from the last in being of a larger size, in having much longer wings and a greyer face, may be identical

with the P. macroptera of Smith, and I therefore retain it under that appellation, im preference to assigning it a

new name.

592. Procellaria Solandri, Gould.

Procellaria Solandri, Gould in Proce. of Zool. Soc., Part XII. p. 57; and in Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,

vol, xiii. p. 363.

Head, back of the neck, shoulders, primaries and tail dark brown ; back, wing-coyerts and upper tail-coverts

slate-erey, each feather margined with dark brown; face and all the under surface brown, washed with grey on the

abdomen ; bill, tarsi, toes and membranes black.

This is a remarkably robust and compact bird. I shot a single individual in Bass’s Straits on the 13th of

March 1839. M., Natterer thought that it might be identical with the bird figured in Banks’s drawings, to which

Dr. Solander has affixed the term me/anopus, an opinion in which I cannot concur; I have therefore named it in

honour of that celebrated botanist. The specimen above described may possibly not be fully adult, as the dark

colouring of the under surface only occupies the extreme tips of the feathers, the basal portions of which are

snow-white.

593. Procellaria Glacialoides, Smith ‘ . : - ; i : ; , : , Vol. VII. Pl. 48.

594. Procellaria Lessonii, Garn. . : , . ; . ; ‘ ; Vol. VII. Pl. 49.

595. Procellaria mollis, Gould A . ey : ; ’ : J c : Vol. VII. Pl. 50.

596. Procellaria Cookii, G. R. Gray. : : ‘ ‘ : , Vol. VIL. Pl. 51.

597. Procellaria coerulea, Gmel. — . : . , , : : , ; ; Vol, VII, Pl. 52.

598. Procellaria flavirostris, Gould.

Procellaria flavirostris, Gould in Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., yol. xii. p. 365.

Feathers of the head and all the upper surface brown with pearl edges, fading into white on the tips of the

upper tail-coverts ; wings and tail deep blackish brown ; all the under surface pure white; the feathers of the under

surface of the shoulder with a streak of brown down the centre ; bill yellow, passing into dark horn-colour at the

tip; tarsi and feet fleshy white.

This fine species was procured off the Cape of Good Hope, in lat. 36° 39'S., long. 10° 3' E., by His Excellency

Governor Grey, on his passage to South Australia. It is distinguished from its congeners by its much larger size,

and by the yellow colouring of the bill. The female is somewhat smaller than her mate.

This bird so nearly approaches in form the members of the genus Pufinus, that it is almost questionable whether

it should not be included in that group.

599. Procellaria nivea, Gmel.

600. Procellaria Antarctica, Gimel.

INTRODUCTION.

XCIX

Genus Darrion, Steph.

eenus established for the recepti 2) te ae. .

A genu é ception of the Procellaria Capensis of Linneus, a species abounding in

i all the

temperate latitudes of the southern seas.

601. Daption Capensis Vol. VIL. Pl. 53.

Genus Prion, Lacep.

A genus of fairy-like Petrels confined to the southern hemisphere: much confusion exists respecting these

: gz the

birds, and they are so puzzling that I regret to say I have not been able to throw any light upon the subject.

Of the following species two only have been figured :—

602. Prion Turtur

603. Prion vittatus

604. Prion Banksii.

Pachyptila Banksit, Smith, Zool. of South Africa, Aves, pl. 55.

Vol. VIL. Pl. 54.

Vol. VII. Pl. 55,

Prion Banksii, Gould in Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., vol. xi. p. 366.

Found in the temperate latitudes of the Atlantic and Pacific, and I believe in similar latitudes all round the

globe.

605. Prion Ariel, Gould.

Prion Ariel, Gould in Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., vol. xii. p. 366.

I killed this species in Bass’s Straits, where it was rather numerous.

Genus Purrinus, Briss.

The members of this genus inhabit the seas of both the northern and southern hemisphere, but are nowhere

more abundant than round Australia, the fauna of which country comprises four species, which make one or other

of the groups of islands lying off the coast their great nurseries or breeding-places.

606. Puffinus brevicaudus, Brandt : : : . : P : : . Vol. VII. Pl. 56.

It will be seen that I have alluded in forcible terms to the great abundance of this species in Bass’s Straits,

in confirmation of which I annex the following extract from Flinders’ Voyage, vol.i. p. 170 :—

“ A large flock of Gannets was observed at daylight, and they were followed by such a number of the sooty

petrels as we had never seen equalled. There was a stream of from fifty to eighty yards in depth, and of three

hundred yards or more in breadth; the birds were not scattered, but were flying as compactly as a free movement

of their wings seemed to allow; and during a full hour and a half this stream of Petrels continued to pass without

interruption, at a rate little inferior to the swiftness of the Pigeon. On the lowest computation I think the number

could not have been less than a hundred millions. Taking the stream to have been fifty yards deep by three

hundred in width, and that it moved at the rate of thirty miles an hour, and allowing nine cubic yards of space to

each bird, the number would amount to 151,500,000. The burrows required to lodge this quantity of birds ioe

be 75,750,000; and allowing a square yard to each burrow, they would cover something more than 15> geographic

square miles of ground.”

Vol. VII. Pl. 57.

Vol. VII. Pl. 58.

Vol. VII. Pl. 59.

607. Puffinus carneipes, Gould

608. Puffinus sphenurus, Gould. : : ; : ‘ :

609. Puffinus assimilis, Gould

c INTRODUCTION.

Genus Purrinunia, Less.

One species of this genus inhabits the Australian seas.

610. Puffinuria Urinatrix ' : F , ‘ : ‘ . . ‘ : : : Vol. VII. Pl. 60.

Genus THatassiproma, Vig.

The little tenants of the ocean belonging to this genus are so universally dispersed, that they are found im all

the seas except those of the very high latitudes of both hemispheres. The Australian fauna is particularly rich in

birds of this form, inasmuch as no less than five distinct species frequent the seas which wash the shores of that

country.

611. Thalassidroma marina, Less. : ; , 2 ‘ : . : - ; ; Vol. VIL. Pl. 61.

612. Thalassidroma melanogaster, Gould : ; : : . ‘ ; ‘ Vol. VII. Pl. 62.

613. Thalassidroma leucogaster, Gould . : f ; : c ; . ; Vol. VII. Pl. 63.

Thalassidroma Tropica, Gould.

Thalassidroma Tropica, Gould in Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., vol. xii. p. 366.

Head, back, wings, tail and breast dark sooty black ; chin, under coverts of the wings, abdomen, flanks, under

tail-coverts, and a broad crescent-shaped band across the upper tail-coverts snow-white ; bill, feet and legs black.

Total length, 72 inches; bill, 2; wing, 67; tail, 31; tarsi, 12; middle toe and nail, 1+.

I observed this species in the Atlantic, where it is confined to the equatorial regions, being most abundant in

the vicinity of the line. It is the largest member of the genus with which I am acquainted, and is rendered very

conspicuous by the white mark on its throat.

614. Thalassidroma Nereis, Gould . ; ' ; . ; . . : : Vol. VII. Pl. 64.

615, Thalassidroma Wilsonii, Bonap. . ; : : , Vol. VIL. PL. 65.

Family PELECANIDL, Leach.

Genus Puatacroco rax, Briss.

The great family of the Cormorants, whose range is universal, are well represented in Australia, since five

species inhabit and are peculiar to that country, where they perform precisely the same offices as the other species

of the genus do in Europe and America.

616. Phalacrocorax Carboides, Gould. . ' : ; : ‘ : ; ; Vol. VIL. Pl. 66.

617. Phalacrocorax sulcirostris —. : - . . . ‘ ; : - ‘ Vol. VII. Pl. 67.

618. Phalacrocorax hypoleucus . ; ; ; ‘ - ; , ; Vol. VII. Pl. 68.

619. Phalacrocorax leucogaster, Gould ; : ' , . ; : Vol. VII. Pl. 69.

620, Phalacrocorax melanoleucus, Viei/!. ‘ e : ; : ‘ : s ‘ ; Vol. VII. Pl. 70.

621. Phalacrocorax punctatus : : i ' 3 ' Vol. VII. Pl. 71.

Genus Arracen, Mehr.

Although I have figured but one, there are evidently two if not three species of this genus which visit the

Australian shores; but I have not had sufficient opportunities to investigate the subject satisfactorily.

622. Attazen Ariel, Gould Vol. VII. Pl. 72.

623. Attagen Aquila ?

a OO EEE ———Oerewrl eee _

INTRODUCTION.

A = .

Genus PHakron, Linn.

The beautiful species of this form which graces the fauna of Australia, r

anges over the greater ;

a i dy . : ; 3 greater part of the

Pacific Ocean, and among other places retires to N orfolk Island and Raine’s Is]

et for the purpose of breeding.

624, Phaeton pheenicurus —. ; :

| ; , ; ’ : . Vol. VII. Pl. 73,

Genus PreLecanus, Linn.

+ tT is rp Ss ‘a raya , ’ 1c Aya gs > Te rp ry

The members of this genus are very widely dispersed, since every great country has one or more species as-

signed to it, That inhabiting Australia is as fine and as beautifully marked as any other member of the eroup

SS .

625. Pelecanus conspicillatus, Temm. — . ‘ : . ; ; ; Vol. VIL. Pl. 74.

Genus Prorus, Linn,

Asia, Africa, America and Australia are each tenanted by a species of this genus, the members of which,

although few in number, are not well understood nor are their specific differences easily decyphered,

626, Plotus Nove-[lollandiw, Gould —. : . : : : ‘ : P : Vol. VII. Pl. 75.

Genus Svia, Briss,

Four fine species of this genus appertain to the Australian fauna, since they not only frequent the seas adjacent

to the shores of that country, but all of them resort to its rocks and islands for the purpose of breeding.

The genus comprises seyeral other species which inhabit the sea coasts of nearly every part of the globe.

627. Sula Australis, Gould . - ; ; . E . : i r : ; , Vol. VII. Pl. 76.

Inhabits the southern coast of Australia and Van Diemen’s Land, and is a beautiful representative of the Sula

Bassana and S. melanura of Europe.

628, Sula personata, Gould . ' : ; . : ' ; Vol. VIL. PL. 77.

Common on the east coast.

629. Sula fusca, Briss, . ‘ . . . ; ; ; : : : . . ; Vol, VII. Pl. 78.

“This species of Booby,” says Mr. M‘Gillivray, “ is generally distributed on the north-east and north ey of

New Holland; but 1 found it breeding only upon Bramble Key, although I once, on Raine’s Islet, found a solitary

egg. The nest is slovenly made of dried herbage, a foot in diameter, with scarcely any cavity, and cunts two

eges, of which in every instance one was clean and the other very dirty. The eggs, which are sca vary

considerably in size. The largest measured 2.8; inches by 14%; the smallest 2% by 14, and one of average size, 2+

by 1} inches. Both sexes incubate, and the birds while sitting on their eggs allowed of a very near alicia ane

before flying off disgorged the contents of their stomachs, chiefly a species of Clupea or herring. ia cen

add that their bite is very severe. During our visits to Darnley Island I observed several tame Boobies ssi k

native villages, generally perched on the canoes hauled up on the beach, These bx were seh aa s

liberty, and after fishing in the weirs upon the reefs until they had procured a sufficiency of food, returned to t

huts.”

Inhabits the north coast.

Vol. VIL. Pl. 79.

630. Sula piseator, Linn. : ‘ | ai! . : ' +

Inhabits the north coast.

cil ‘ INTRODUCTION.

Family COLYMBID, Leach.

Genus Popiceps, Lath.

There is no country of any extent wherein Grebes are not to be found; and as their wing-powers are very

limited, they are mostly stationary.

I have elsewhere remarked how beautifully the European Grebes are represented by those inhabiting Australia,

and the truth of this remark will be rendered at once apparent on reference to the Plates of the following species :—

631. Podiceps Australis, Gould. ee Vol. VII. Pl. 80.

632. Podiceps gularis, Gould . . : ' : 2 ; ’ ; . Vol. VII. Pl. 81.

Podiceps Dominicus, var. Lath., Gen. Hist. vol. x. p. 32.

633. Podiceps poliocephalus, Jard. & Selb. . , ’ ; : ; ; Vol. VII. Pl. 82.

Family SPHENISCID, Gould.

Of this southern group of birds three or four species have been known to visit the shores of Van Diemen’s

Land and the islands in Bass’s Straits, which, in fact, constitute one of the great breeding-places of some of the

members of this family.

Genus Eupyrptes, Vell.

634. Eudyptes chrysocome . . ; : : Vol. VII. Pl. 83.

Genus Spueniscus, Briss.

635. Spheniscus minor, Temm. . ; ; Vol. VII. Pl. 84.

636. Spheniscus Undina, Gould. ; Vol. VII. Pl. 85.

TABLE OF THE RANGE OR DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES

Name of Species. portion of Au- South = sssninabig Northern | Van Dj

eigen . Sie ein watt Aistealis. ustralia, |men’s [ana Extra Australian, Number of Volume

South Wales. 7 bea and Plate,

Aquila fucosa, Cu. . - - . 5 . * % % L". ® rm ‘ Val. 1 P

—— Morphnoides, Gould. . . % =, nity San te ol. I. Pl, 1,

ee 31) Ra ey ee — 2.

Ichthyiaétus leucogaster . . . . % * * + India and Africa? ~ 3

Haliastur leucosternus, Gould . . * AP ees) Oe * }

sphenurus. .-. . . . + ¥ | * " pea a %

Pandion leucocephalus, Gould . . * * - i ‘ at . :

Falco hypoleucus, Gowld . 2. . 2}. . * | * alle. . "

melanogenys, Gould . . . * * # * % = ai ny

HGR St GOGH =. See a da ye * ; 2 a yg 1% -

frontatus, Gould. . . . . * # Pe Pi 4 . en - bs:

leracidea Berigora . . . . . . % © oie a coe + alle’ _ ..

occidentalis, Gould . . |)... , » | « A lee ae 7" is

Tinnuneulus Cenchroides . . . . * * * * 7, ~ 13.

Astur Novee-Hollandie . . . . * 2 || yd j— | “= _ 14.

==. (albino)... * fal 7 * x - 15.

———— padiatus,. Fa * 2 at we f ~ 16

approximans, Vig. &§ Horsf. . * ef e s | ae # — ; _. 17.

Gruantas, Goud lee ee fe *? 1 Ae A = 18.

Accipiter torquatus . 2. . . | * * | % * % ge LS ee = 19.

Buteo melanosternon, Gould. . . * * be ets 3 ees = ee 4 20),

Milvus affinis, Gould . . . . . # * # * % TT ero — 21,

isurus, Gould . . . . * * am ON Te ete 1) ee We — = 22.

Bima aerate ek * * * * >a A Fe Soe — 23.

—_scriptus, Gould. . 2. . 2]. 6 1 4 SR ee Oe RE EP Es oc — 24.

Lepidogenys subcristatus, Gould. # Rf ate eS * ee A — 25.

Circus assimilis, Jard. & Selb... * ¥ * on w * eye 48s — 26,

Jardinii, Gould. . . . * ¥ S ees | SP oe a Coa so , ate oe — 27.

SINE CRBiAMODR. “Crp ON Fl | a Nee i ere Dee + eee — 28,

——personata, Vig, . : . . . * * * * + JS + AS SE eh — 29.

—tenebricosus, Gould . . . . x Si: Wik... te ot Sole eee wel th eo ee

—delicatulus, Gould . . . * | * | * * iir® tule ee = Bl.

Athene Boobook . . . . .. . * | «| = #? * ' + a ud

Machiata. 2. 2. 2 6 . + * > ole 2 * oe te = 33,

marmorata, Gould. . . .|. .. - * € Weep) | ROR eer mtoie Intro., p. Xv.

Rconnivens 2 2 wk - ee * + te ie” ot be tease me Vol. 1B, 34-

strenua, Gould. . . . . % oy a) Pe pest See lee ee agree : ” Ht

Mme Gaarie oG. k ek. i] of ue SU mes lee ee * A ean 9 yy FS 4 ; a

Aigotheles Novee-Hollandiz . . . * * * +: amet i oe? ar bo cise fore

— leucogaster, Gould . . |. . 2 «|. + «+ ]-+ + + * ow 8 iy Hal ie a

Podargus megacephalus . . . . * ee aiees © figs ocmeed | be a ~ 4 Intro., p. XXVIL.

Vol. II. Pl. 3.

humeralis, Vig. & Horsf. . * ee ee be ee hie 2 "

Cavieri, Vig. § Horsf. «|... r mes | il : awe. og Intro., p. XXVi.

brachypterus, Gould . . |... «| # I ae Ms | ar Vol. II. Pl, 5.

Phaleenoides, Gould . . |. 2» «|e es #]eos a? i iia ml 4:

plumiferus, Gould . . . # CE EC ait eae eae a —_ 7.

Enrostopodus albogularis . . . * - S| ae, wo ae RO es Se ae Sede r :

—guttatus. . ... # * ¥ 7 ns 9. eid —_ 9.

Caprimulgus macrurus, Horsf... |. 6 6 6) ee bt ‘i eee 2 ea 4 10.

Acanthylis caudacuta . 2... # ca ae | ee moet | Pees E se '

TABLE OF THE RANGE OR DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES.

Name of Species.

Cypselus Australis, Gould .

Atticora leucosternon, Gould .

Hirundo neoxena, Gould

Chelidon arborea.

Ariel, Gould .

Merops ornatus, Lath. .

Eurystomus Australis, Swains.

Dacelo gigantea. . . . .

Leachii, Vig. & Horsf.

cervina, Gould .

Halcyon sanctus, Vig. & Horsf.

—— pyrrhopygia, Gould

—— sordidus, Gould .

—— - MaclLeayii, Jard. & Selby .

Alcyone azurea

Diemenensis, Gould .

— pulchra, Gould

pusilla

Artamus sordidus

minor, Vieill. .

cinereus, Fteill.

albiventris, Gould

personatus, Gould

superciliosus, Gould

—— leucopygialis, Gould

Diceeum hirundinaceum

Pardalotus punctatus

rubricatus, Gould

quadragintus, Gould .

striatus

affinis, Gould

melanocephalus, Gould .

uropygialis, Gould

Strepera graculina

—— fuliginosa, Gould

——— arguta, Gould.

Anaphonensis .

melanoptera, Gould .

Gymnorhina Tibicen . . . . .

leuconota, Gould

organicum, Gould .

Cracticus nigrogularis, Gould

picatus, Gould

argenteus, Gould

destructor.

cinereus, Gould .

leucopterus, Gould .

Quoyii .

Grallina Australis

Graucalus melanops .

parvirostris, Gould .

———— mentalis, Vig. & Horsf. .

South-eastern

portion of Au-

stralia or New

South Wales.

* * * *

South

Australia.

Swan River

or Western

Australia.

Northern

Australia.

Van Die-

peek Land.

Extra Australian.

Number of Volume

and Plate.

New Guinea

Timor

New Guinea

Vol. II.

Pid:

]2.

13.

14.

15.

16.

ty.

18.

23.

24.

25.

Intro., p. xxxi.

Intro., p. Xxxii.

Vol. IL.

Intro., p.

Vol. IT.

Pl. 26.

27.

37.

45.

XXXIV.

Pl. 46.

50,

51.

52.

Intro., p. Xxxv.

Vol. II.

PI. 53.

54.

55.

Intro., p. xxxy,

Vol. If. Pl. 56.

TABLE OF THE RANGE OR DIST

Name of Species.

Graucalus bypoleucus, Gould

Swainsonti, Gould .

Pteropodocys Phasianellus, Gould .

Campephaga Jardinii, Gould .

Karu

humeralis, Gould

Pachycephala gutturalis

glaucura, Gould

melanura, Gould .

pectoralis

faleata, Gould .

Lanoides, Gould

rufogularis, Gould

Gilbertii, Gould

simplex, Gould

olivacea, Vig. & Horsf.

Colluricincla harmonica

rufiventris, Gould .

brunnea, Gould.

Selbii, Jard. .

parvula, Gould .

rufogaster, Gould .

Falcunculus frontatus

leucogaster, Gould .

Oreoica gutturalis

Dicrurus bracteatus, Gould

Rhipidura albiscapa, Gould

rufifrons

—— Dryas, Gould

isura, Gould .

Motacilloides, Vig. & Horsf.

———- picata, Gould.

Seisura inquieta Avec

Piezorhynchus nitidus, Gould

Myiagra plumbea, Vig. & Horsf.

concinna, Gould .

nitida, Gould .

latirostris, Gould

Micreeca macroptera

assimilis, Gould .

flavigaster, Gould

Monarcha carinata

trivirgata ;

Gerygone albogularis, Gould .

fuscus, Gould

——- tulicivorus, Gould .

———— magnirostris, Gould

——— levigaster, Gould .

———— chloronotus, Gould

Smicrornis brevirostris, Gould

———— flavescens, Gould .

leucomela, Fig. & Horsf.

stralia or New

South Wales.

South

; or West Northern | V. Die-

Australia. Siena Australia, rants Land. Extra Australian, pee AA

ate,

| ’ eile ier ee ee ee

| ae .

Vol. IL. Pl. 57.

— 58.

* *

— 59.

' *

| . — 60.

* - New Guinea =s 6I.

‘ —_ 62.

? “4 + =

ba . ‘ a

* — 65,

’ ; Pe — 66.

* * - - 67

* . —_ 68.

* — 69.

* . —> 7

* * — 7)

. * . aa hae 72.

* — 73.

* ‘ — 74,

* * — fi

i * : — 76.

* ; -= Tie

# F — 78.

> . »« | Intro, 'p. xexvi,

* Vol. II. Pl. 79.

* — 80.

* 7 > —" 81.

* — $2.

* * * = 83.

— 84.

* Intro., p. Xxxix.

2 Vol. II. Pl. 85.

z ‘ = 86.

5 Intro., p. XXxix.

4 “ Vol. Il. Pl. 87.

4 =—, 88.

pont 89.

C ss 90.

2 —= 91,

-# 92.

_ 95.

& .

Intro., p. xl

‘ Vol. Il. Pl. 94

ue 95,

=a 96,

a? 97.

is a «=F,

—_ 99,

* — FON

e = -40r

. — 102.

- = 08;

# *? yj a 104,

Ed ‘

RIBUTION OF THE SPECIES.

South-eastern i

portion of Au- Swan River

TABLE OF THE RANGE OR DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES.

South-eastern

PHASE, OF, boone: Pete sa eae

| South Wales.

Erythrodryas rhodinogaster +

rosea, Gould #

Petroica multicolor * *

erythrogastra

Goodenovii ... . % *

phoenicea, Gould . * *

bicolor, Swains. ¥ *

— fusca, Gould

superciliosa, Gould

Drymodes brunneopygia, Gould . *

KGépsaltria Australis . *

griseogularis, Gould

leucogaster, Gould

Menura superba, Dav. . *

Psophodes crepitans . *

nigrogularis, Gould

Sphenostoma cristata, Gould . * *

Malurus cyaneus . * *

longicaudus, Gould .

melanotus, Gould | *

splendens |

elegans, Gould

pulcherrimus, Gould

——— Lamberti, Vig. & Horsf. *

leucopterus, Quoy & Gaim. * ~

melanocephalus, Vig. § Horsf, %

— Brownii, Vig. & Horsf. . *

Amytis textilis . *

striatus, Gould . *

macrourus, Gould .

Stipiturus malachurus Ss , * *

Dasyornis Australis, Vig. § Horsf. . *

longirostris, Gould

Atrichia clamosa, Gould

Sphenceacus galactotes . *

gramineus, Gould * *

Acrocephalus Australis, Gould * #

longirostris, Gould

Hylacola pyrrhopygia * *

cauta, Gould . *

Cysticola magna, Gould Unknown.

exilis * *

lineocapilla, Gould .

isura, Gould , “

ruficeps, Gould . | ¥

Sericornis citreogularis, Gould | *

humilis, Gould

osculans, Gould . *

frontalis * *

leevigaster, Gould

maculatus, Gould * *

magnirostris, Gould *

Swan River

or Western

Australia.

Northern

Van Die-

Australia. men’s Land.

Extra Australian.

Number of Volume

and Plate.

Norfolk I sland

Wisi St toile

— )

52.

TABLE OF THE RANGE OR DISTRIBUT

Name of Species.

——————— CT TTTSS—SF

Acanthiza pusilla .

Diemenensis, Gould

Ewingii, Gould .

__—_ uropygialis, Gould .

___——-apicalis, Gould .

____— pyrrhopygia, Gould

____—-_ jnornata, Gould .

—_——— nana, Vig. & Horsf.

____— lineata, Gould

Reguloides, Vig. & Horsf.

chrysorrhoea .

Ephthianura albifrons

aurifrons, Gould

tricolor, Gould .

Xerophila leucopsis, Gould

Pyrrholemus brunneus, Gould

Origma rubricata .

Calamanthus fuliginosus

campestris, Gould .

Chthonicola minima. . . . .

Anthus Australis, Vig. & Horsf.

Cincloramphus cruralis.

cantillans, Gould

rufescens

Mirafra Horsfieldii, Gould,

Estrelda bella .

oculea

Bichenovii .

annulosa, Gould .

temporalis .

Phaéton .

ruficauda, Gould .

—— modesta, Gould

Amadina Lathamii

castanotis, Gould

Poéphila Gouldize, Gould .

——— mirabilis, Homb. & Jacq.

acuticauda, Gould

personata, Gould .

leucotis, Gould

cincta, Gould .

Donacola castaneothorax, Gould

pectoralis, Gould .

flaviprymna, Gould.

Emblema picta, Gould .

Pitta strepitans, Temm. .

— Vigorsii, Gould

— Iris, Gould .

Cinclosoma punctatum, Fig. & Horsf.

castanotus, Gould.

——— cinnamomeus, Gould

Oreocinela lunulata .

South-eastern |

portion of Au-

South

stralia or New} Australia,

South Wales.

* *

Swan River

or Western

Australia,

Northern | Van Die-

Australia. {men’s Land.

* *

* ‘

ION OF THE SPECIES.

—$______.

Extra Australian. Number of Volume

and Plate.

ee ee en |

ey ae Vol. III. Pl. 53.

my S37 SJ SI

ow mo o

Vol. 1V. PI.

TABLE OF THE RANGE OR DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES.

South-eastern Becat Ditea

Name of Species, portion of An] South lor Westera| Nowhern | Van Dic-.| tat Australian, | Notber of Volume

South Wales. ]

Chlamydera maculata, Gould . . * * PE as eee Gg Vol. IV. Pl. 8.

PecOatie i! 08 Seem salle B Tob es * ie a: ogee ate a xi — 9.

Ptilonorhynchus holosericeus, Auhl. * Po ate Sg Es oan ee oe _ 10.

Smithii,Vig. § Horsf. * Ae ee em Pe Nt ea — “sti.

Sericulus chrysocephalus . . . . * sw A EE | ee ad ee ee Ags | ee) — 12.

. Oriolus viridis . ......, * pee Secs te A Son ee — 13.

ETS cou SEY OS ees eee Oe oe, * ew Re S aos)" Intro., p. liii.

Ravackicdine a ere re Pee tL em ey * a i ee | Vol. IV. PI. 14.

Sphecotheres Australis, Swains. .. * mE | ee | io — 15.

Corcorax leucopterus . . . . . * * ee Cite pas © en ESS — 16.

Struthidea cinerea, Gould. . . . * % Re, et 2 FO ee pe ‘Soa ee — 17.

Corvus Coronoides, Vig. & Horsf. . * % * * * ice eal. — 18.

Neomorpha Gouldii, G.R. Gray . |... «}. 2. 1]. ee ee | eee |New Zealand . a=, 19.

Pomatorhinus temporalis . . . . * ee en) ee ay 2 ee + a VES — 20.

Pubeculte, Goud oP }+ So ole ew a | ee * a eek wel tad — ai.

superciliosus, Vig. &

i i a ar iin * * * CBee 1 phot = GR at eas — 2.

Meliphaga Novee-Hollandia . . . * * uh abo Me eld 8 < ere ee eS se 23.

longirostris, Goald: = 2.) © sol ily a 4 * ie Atel eg iS fat 4 -) — 24,

sericea, Gould. . . . * le 7) Be ey be a ee Fert sf an, — 25.

moystnealis, Gould. 4 [es ue a Pe we * te pnigg! Fo AE es — 26.

Australasiana . . . . * * ee Oe ee * a — 37,

Glyciphila fulvifrons . . . . . * * * na ee * tons 5 al — 28.

albifrons, Gould . . . * * * ef a ee Se — 29.

Racintan Cree ye het eB aan) che em OF 2s * ye ee i a a — 30.

ocularis, Gould . . . * * * * re. ae ea — 31.

Ptilotis chrysotis. . . . . . . * Se ere ae ere ee eet we — 32.

sonorus, Gould. . . . . * * he? fn ae ee a 33.

RPRCICCHOR, Critrinm ie ee PR Fa Re eS A * Pak. «: be Se le — 34.

Beriomin ernehie Cy cele ale ky hy bey |e =} * ae — 35.

IERPOLS WT faye. FFs * aa, ar *? a eee Es rs ee os 36.

auricomis . oe * ne eee et Sees Vee ea le — 37.

wacbinsy Gould. uw sti gs * a Ge eine Boy Lege ky ee ee ee — 38.

eA eR gd A Pe oY a * oe Eee =. <a S —_ 39.

plumulus, Gould . . . 2. |. . ae ie * Pre aes SF 3 oF nd ee as 40.

Maroncone. Cowie ¢ eS be Go SL pos: * fe oe ee = 41.

REVORCIOIOe:: |, Eien Lee A lo nme Oe adh, py * es 5 a etn — 42.

penicillatus, Gould . . . * i a) ares: ee ate ee ee oe Send | — 43.

figtaddduhde “yh es. * ae) ea RO ee ee Stas Py — 44,

OUSVNODE PMS te > tS * * ee ee | ie Q<eiv i — 45.

SMUMON trots Pt eels se Ps Bsn a ha Sh a FG * i Je: ae LS oe Y. — 46.

Plectorbyncha lanceolata, Gould. * PO ei a ee Ol 1a Sa Thy — 47.

Xanthomyza Phrygia . . . . . * * ae = er Py hp eee _- 48.

Melicophila picata, Gould. . 2. «|. 2. * * Pitta rea be. ae x - 49,

Entomophila picta, Gould. . . * See ee ere re gree Pa em, — 50.

albogularis,.Gowlds 2 [1 won} a mw lee * A he Ce te) Soe — 51,

Pop inniae Gils wee ee, fe Ee os * ee Pe carey a nd — 52.

Acanthogenys rufogularis, Gould. * * * oS Pie oo a le ~- 53.

Piticonmnt Maurigwtrouine 2. oy | SF oly aoe lt GG | * a arr = 54.

carunculata . . . . * * * jay ely ac. ee el ae — 55.

mellivord: .- 9. .. +, « * * TS ie * ode the? ah — 56.

———— lunulata, Gould. . . |}... .;/... * pe ee Pol Brg ED Ca a hikes — 57.

TABLE OF THE RANGE OR DISTRIBUT

Name of Species.

Tropidorhyneh us corniculatus

—__—_———— argenticeps, Gould

* '

sordidus, Gould

Acanthorbynchus tenuirostris —.

dubius, Gould

superciliosus

Myzomela sanguineolenta .

erythrocephala, Gould

pectoralis, Gould

nigra, Gould . . .

obscura, Gould .

Entomyza cyanotis . . . .

albipennis, Gould .

Melithreptus validirostris, Gould

gularis, Gould

lunulatus. . .

chloropsis, Gould .

albogularis, Gould .

melanocephalus, Gould

Myzantha garrula. . . . .

obscura, Gould. .

lutea, Gould. . . .

— flavigula, Gould .

melanophrys

Zosterops dorsalis, Vig. & Horsf.

chloronotus, Gould

luteus, Gould

Cuculus optatus, Gould

inornatus, Vig. & Horsf.

citreogularis, Gould

cineraceus, Mig. & Horsf. .

insperatus, Gould

dumetorum .

Chrysococcyx osculans, Gould

lucidus . .

Seythrops Novee-Hollandiz, Lath. .

Eudynamys Flindersii

Centropus Phasianus . . .

macrourus . . .

melanurns ..

Climacteris scandens, Temm. .

rufa, Gould

————— erythrops, Gould .

————— melanotus, Gould

melanura, Gould .

picumnus, Temm.

Orthonyx spinicaudus, Temm.

Ptiloris paradiseus, Swains. .

Sittella chrysoptera . .

——— leucocephala, Gould .

——— leucoptera, Gould. . .

ra ——CdR, Gold: <5. |

South-eastern

portion of Au-

stralia or New

South Wales.

South

Australia,

Swan River

or Western

Australia.

Northern

Australia.

Van Die-

men’s Land.

Extra Australian,

ION OF TILE SPECIES.

New Zealand ¢

Number of Volume

and Plate,

Vol. IV. Pl. 58.

pans

59.

60,

Intro., p. lyiii,

Vol. IV. Pl.

Intro,, p.

Vol. IV. PI,

Intro., p.

Vol. 1V. Pl.

Intro., p.

Vol. IV. Pl.

61.

lix,

62.

Ix.

88.

89.

90,

TABLE OF THE RANGE OR DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES.

Name of Species.

Cacatua galerita .

Leadbeaterii

sanguinea, Gould

——— Eos

Licmetis nasicus .

pastinator .

’ Nestor productus, Gould

Calyptorhynchus Banksii .

macrorhynchus,

Gould .

naso, Gould.

Leachii

funereus .

xanthonotus, Gould

Baudinii, Vig. .

Callocephalon galeatum

Polytelis Barrabandii

melanura

Aprosmictus scapulatus

erythropterus

Platycercus semitorquatus .

Bauerii. . . .

Barnardii, Vig. §

Adelaidize, Gould

Pennantii

Horsf.

flaviventris

flaveolus, Gould .

palliceps, Vig.

eximius . ;

splendidus, Gould

icterotis .

ignitus, Lead. .

Brownii .

pileatus, Vig. .

Psephotus hzematogaster, Gould .

pulcherrimus, Gould .

multicolor

hematonotus, Gould .

Euphema chrysostoma .

elegans, Gould

aurantia, Gould .

petrophila, Gould

pulchella . =, . «+

splendida, Gould

Bourkii

Melopsittacus undulatus

Nymphicus Novee-Hollandiz

Pezoporus formosus .

Lathamus discolor ya

Trichoglossus Swainsonii, Jard.& Selby

rubritorquis, Vig. &

Horsf. .

South-eastern

portion of Au-

stralia or New

South Wales.

* *

South

Australia.

Swan River

or Western

Australia,

Northern

Australia.

Van Die-

men’s Land.

Number of Volume

Extra Australian.

, and Plate.

Vol. V. Pl. 1.

er 2.

— 3.

— 4.

— 5.

Intro., p. Ixiii.

Vol. V. Pl. 6.

= Pe

Phillip Island .

rABLE OF THE RANGE OR DISTRIBUTION OF TIE SPECIES

South-eastern S a:

ies, portion of Au- wan River

Name of Species I South Te Wat Mosenent | -taie:

Trichoglossus chlorolepidotus . . * —

____—_ versicolor, Vig. ‘ mw ve i, Vol. V. Pl. 50,

rt HONTMINYE: AY + ‘ Ay = et) —. SI;

porphyrocephalus, Diet|... . * r ; : ai) ae es

PUSHING ., 2. uv. 3 # * \ —* are

Ptilinopus Swainsonii, Gould. . , * eek See += 54.

Eye Gould... myles pores | een a a a ave

SURED OMS, Tr fr Se ee ee Z a oe

Carpopbaga magnifica. . . . . * a ES

leucomela. . . . . * : _ z

THUPEGEH. oo... 2. Sites os ihl, eu aen eee * 7 -

Lopholaimus Antarcticus . . . * be ray = Sete eee oe duke . . | i fi

Chalcophaps chrysochlora. . . . . ew boee Fite Sle a eT e a 2

Laue ye ey) tS hae ae OS ee * ; Lites, plate.

Leucosarcia picata . . . . . . + See cs 4 eee |, le, 5 pees Vol. V. PL. 63.

Phaps chalcoptera . . . . - . * * * * ‘ oie =)

germs. 5 5 f f= * * * a oT z re ahs _ 65.

histrionica, Gould . . . * * 2 - % _. oo a 7 ee.

Geophaps scripta. . . . +. = - * ee kl a, ee ee PL Oey A ean Vi — 67.

Metheny . foe .. a. £1. a SR ae ee i Piped ge ee = 68.

plumifera, Gould . . 2). ss * a * on a —_— ae. _ 69.

Ocyphaps Lophotes. . . . . - * * Peery or SL ig 2 ee —_ 70.

Petrophassa albipennis, Gould . 2 | - . ee) ee eben * —< he he — wee

Geopelia humeralis . . . . - - * Ses led Fs * oe Se en ee: 2

tranquilla, Gould. . . . * * eel | ere a ee ti — 7

placida, Gould, 2 - - 2 fs x « er] t+ te] ue - * nas pn pene Intro., p. Ixxi.

cuneata. . - - + + + * * * * oe ae Vol. V. Pl. 74.

Macropygia Phasianella . . . . # ey Ale, a aed Pie eo | — 75.

Didunculus strigirostris. . . - - |e 6 © efe oy s}e 1 epee ete es & Samoan Islands — 76.

Talegalla Lathami . . . «+ + * Ly Pr ean! & at a oe = 77:

Leipoa ocellata, Gould. ©... - |e + + | * * 2 airs te a Aa Le — 78.

Megapodius Tumulus, Gould. . «|. + © sles feos * ee? Sethete ah — 79.

Pedionomus torquatus, Gould . . * * <= a,

Turnix melanogaster, Gould . . . * re ee te

Wein es ee eS * * # —s = * phd ey my — 82,

scintillans, Gould. - . . [so + «© e]e oe + * = 83.

melanotus, Gould. . «© ©] se + © + fe eos de * 5 — 84.

eastanotus, Gould. . . «|e 6 + ele es ede es * = 85.

—— pyrrhothorax, Gould. . . * * | Be.

velox, Gould. . . . + - “ =s age

Coturnix pectoralis, Gould * * * 7 , : — Fee

Synoicus Australis . . - . = ; * * * r ¢ oe oe

Diemenensis, Gould. . t% ye,

Ronlideg. owl Se edd | ek eth hf wien Bp pans ¢

Sicieaais tweed YS * * _,. |Ind, Isl. and China — 92.

Dromaius Nove-Hollandie . . . * * * * x aa

Apteryx Australis, Shaw . . - = [s - s efe tor fr tte ty New Zealand . = 2.

ee eee weil New Zealand . — i

Ome Australis . b- 6 «- ¥ 5% * * * . = :

C(Edicnemus grallarius . . - + + * . * ¥? ea a, oe a :

Esacus magnirostris. . . - + «© {* - 7 tft tt f0 0 * ee qr. ,

* * ¥ * # et Fa ee mu r

Heematopus longirostris, Vieill. . :

TABLE OF THE RANGE OR DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES.

Name of Species.

Hiematopus fuliginosus, Gould .

Lobivanellus lobatus.

personatus, Gould .

Sarciophorus pectoralis .

Squatarola [elvetica

Charadrius xanthocheilus, Wagl.

veredus, Gould.

Eudromias Australis, Gould . .

Hiaticula bicincta

ruficapilla .

monacha . . . . .

inornata, Gould. .

nigrifrons .

Erythrogonys cinctus, Gould .

Glareola grallavia, Temm. .

Orientalis, Leach .

Himantopus leucocephalus, Gould .

Novee-Zelandiz, Gould

Chladorbynchus pectoralis .

Recurvirostra rubricollis, Temm.

Limosa Melanuroides, Gould. . .

—— uropygialis, Gould.

Scheeniclus Australis

albescens

subarqnatus . .

magnus, Gould . .

Terekia cinerea

Actitis empusa, Gould .

Glottis Glottoides

‘Totanus stagnatilis

——— griseopygius, Gould. . ,

Strepsilas Interpres . . .

Scolopax Australis, Lath.

Rhyncheea Australis, Gould

Numenius Australis, Gould . ,

uropygialis, Gould

minutus, Gould

Geronticus spinicollis

Threskiornis strictipennis .

Falcinellusigneus . . . . . ,

Grus Australasianus, Gould

Platalea flavipes, Gould.

—— regia, Gould

Myeteria Australis, Lath. .

Ardea pacifica, Lath, . . . ,

Novee-Hollandia, Lath.

rectirostris, Gould.

leucophsea, Gould

Herodias syrmatophorus, Gould ,

plumiferus, Gould .

immaculatus, Gould

pannosus, Gould

South-eastern

portion of Au-

stralia or New

South Wales.

* * *

South

Australia.

Swan River

or Western

Australia,

* *

Northern

Australia.

Van Die-

men’s Land,|

Extra Australian.

* #

New Zealand .

Japan

India and Europe

(‘The sea-coasts of}

| all countries {

‘

Borneo ?

India?

Number of Volume

and Plate.

Vol.

VI.

Pl.

10.

12.

13.

14,

15.

16.

TABLE OF THE RANGE OR DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES

South-eastern —

eof Rbetiea: portion of Au-| So Swan River a an a Ts

: and Plate.

-odias? jugularis. . . . . . * Se rhe

pate, God oF SSR 2 elle les el : So Gate a 61.

Nycticorax Caledonicus . . . . Mm : } . soe ee ee — 62.

Botaurus Australis, Gould. . . . * * f h i — 63.

Ardetta flavicollis. . . . .. . * e r . — 64.

macrorhyncha, Gould . . * ae = 50,

—— stagnatilis, Gould . : * i; “ete — 66.

SR el a es » a Fe

Porphyrio melanotus, Temm.. . . * * — ‘ : pe

eA es er te. * f.

Tribonyx Mortieri, Du Bus a i

ventralis, Gould. . . . * * * — 44

Gallinula tenebrosa, Gould . . . * * ; +

Fulica Australis, Gould. . . . * * * us : "i

Earcatunaces, Pewee (ser oa |. Rees oo bl wee Oe ee * New Guinea . — re

Rallus pectoralis, Cu... . . . , * * * ma % ~ ofp rs 76,

Lewin; owams,> .. ¢ a 215.5. & * * wie * + 5 — 77.

Eulabeornis castaneoventris, Gould. |. . 2. 2). . 7}... * de? Pe he — 78.

Porzana fluminea, Gould . . . . # * sn * * aan tg 9 — 49.

palustris, Gould . . . . * * e-wt * * — 6

—leucophrys, Gould . . .]|. ...]. ..]... * — 81.

?>immaculata. . .. . * * * cm thas * i. — 82,

Cereopsis Novee-Hollandiz, Lath. . * # . ig Ce eee * >, Vol. VII. Pl. 1.

Anseranas melanoleuca. . . . . * * CS nae * i. a Sestak: — 2.

Berniclayabata- 9; 5. - . . ) * * # ram, 8 ee ees eee Peer — 3.

Nettapus pulchellus, Gould . . . |... «|- - «laa * aa 1s See — 4.

albipennis, Gould . . . * Bere rhe ap tela eh oor Sites ey 43 a 5.

Cygnusatratus . ..... =. * * * we. * =e — 6.

Casarca Tadornoides . . . . . * * . Ae ss * An, = 7

ora ts > fy ot RE 8 CS Ce RO * cag. wee — 8.

Anas superciliosa, Gmel. . . . . * * # sr * - . =e — 9.

——nevosa, Gould. . . 2. 1 ifs 2 ae. * * He Le ts oS “ie of ein — 10.

—— punctata, Cup... . 1. «4 . * * * 1 a * oe Oca — lI,

Spatula Rbynchotis . . . . . . * * * Ay il * EY hes =e 12.

Malacorhynchus membranaceus. . * # * * . ie I,

Dendrocygnaarcuata . . . . . * ge, Se 3 as + Dey i

Eytoni, Gould . . .]... - * # * -— hi

Nyroca Australis, Gould . . . . 4 * * # * — is

Erismatura Australis . . . . 2]. - ¢ ste e > * = V7.

Bisluralobata. . 6. 6 * * * * ie ne

Larus Pacificus . . . ... | * . * * a ee

Xema Jamesonii. . . . . . . * . * *? * > a

Lestris Catarractes . . 2... * * et * ae a

Sylochelidon strennus . . . = . * * * i . a <

Thalasseus Pelecancides . . . . |... -|- + + ]e 0 + * r. hy

poliocercus, Gould . . * * * : oe 33 2

Porters, Gaui + a. - |S sta ils 2] 2 Bee * India. . . - _ on

Sterna melanorhyncha, Gould . . * * Ce) A rs ee . _ 97.

eraéiis. Gould: ip. ¢ “se fe « £ BH 2 A _ ani | Indian Islands = 28.

melanauchen, Temm. . . . |. «+ + «fe + «© fe or + t en

Sternula Nereis, Gould. . . . . % # * F 7a

i ] l

TABLE OF THE RANGE OR DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES.

Name of Species.

Gelochelidon macrotarsus .

Gygis candida. . . . .. .;

Gould

Onychoprion fuliginosus? .

Hydrochelidon fluviatilis,

Panaya

Anoiis stolidus

melanops, Gould

leucocapillus, Gould

cinereus, Gould .

Diomedea exulans, Linn. . . .

brachyura, Temm.. .

cauta, Gould

culminata, Gould

—— chlororhynchos, Lath,

—— — melanophrys, Temm.

fuliginosa. . .

olivaceorhyncha, Gould

Procellaria gigantea. .

/Equinoctialis . . .

conspicillata, Gould .

hasitata, Awhd. .

Atlantica, Gould .

macroptera, Smith

Solandrii, Gould . .

Glacialoides, Smith

Lessonii, Garn.

mollis, Gould .

Cookii, G. R. Gray

coerulea, Gmel.

flavirostris, Gould

nivea, Gmel. . . .

Antaretica, Gmel.

Daption Capensis . . .. .

itgg BMITIeTS oh he Sm

pee WICTAOIE, CR Ae Saal

oe ANT Ls OF

Ariel, Gould . . . .

Puffinus brevicaudus, Brandt

carneipes, Gould .

sphenurus, Gould

assimilis, Gould

Puffinuria Urinatrix. . . . .

Thalassidroma marina, Less. .

leucogaster, Gould

Tropica, Gould .

Nereis, Gould .

Wilsonii, Bonap. .

Phalacrocorax Carboides, Gould

sulcirostris .

hypoleneus. . .

melanogaster, Gould

South-eastern

portion of Au-

stralia or New

South Wales.

South

Australia.

* = *

Swan River

or Western |

Australia,

* * *

Northern

Australia.

Van Die-

men’s Land.

Eta

#*?

oa w

S. Ocean and the

Extra Australian,

- -

‘Southern Ocean

N. Pacific Ocean ;

| - . . . .

Soutbern Ocean

Southern Ocean

N. Pacific Ocean ?

S. Indian Ocean

Southern Ocean

{S. Pacific and 8.

| Atlantic nc

South Pacific

(New Zealand }

| and 8. Pacific {

(S. Indian and S$.)

| Atlantic Oceans |

Southern Ocean

S. Indian Ocean

Antarctic Seas

Southern Ocean

‘Southern Ocean

Bass’s Straits

S. Indian Ocean

(Tropic, in the]

| Atlantie J

temperate Lat.

| of the northern |

New Zealand ?

Number of Volume

and Plate.

Intro., p. xey.

Vo’. VIT. PL. 30.

3l,

32.

53.

34,

}

44,

Intro., p. xevii.

Vol. VII, Pl. 45,

Intro., p, xevii,

Vol. VII. Pl. 46,

47.

Intro., p. xevii.

Intro., p. xeviii,

Intro., p. xevili.

Vol. VII. PL. 48.

49.

50.

51.

52.

Intro., p. xeviii.

Intro., p. xevili.

Vol. VII. Pl. 53.

54,

55.

Intro., p. xcix,

Intro., p. xcix.

Vol. VI. Pl. 56.

— 57.

63.

Intro., p. ¢.

Vol. VII. Pl. 64.

TABLE OF THE RANGE OR DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES

South-eastern g Ri

Name of Species. portion of Au-| — South igs Feige North , .

'stralia or New| A ia, [OT Western) Sorthern | Van Die- : ,

ieee Si ustralia. Australia, | Australia. [men’s Land. Extra Australian, agar ee

Phalacrocorax leucogaster, Gould “ * * i ee

- . ‘ . ‘ P ¥

melanoleucus, Vell. * * re Vol. VII. Pl. 69,

et el ae — 70.

punctatus

New Zealand a -

Attagen Ariel, Gould . 2... , * ra a ai.

: | rs 72.

Aquila? | z aK

Phaéton phoenicurus . . . . . * ‘ ee ope

ne — ol. VIT. Pl.

Pelecanus conspicillatus, Temm.. . * % ‘ * s a

A : ca 4.

Plotus Novze-Hollandiw, Gould. . * * i. 7

. . -

s om 5.

Sula Australis, Gould . . . . . * em. ‘ 4 7

a 76.

—personata, Gould. . . . . * ey ‘

: ‘— : = 77.

Ti a A i | Oe ey eke , a *

r ‘ - . 6 . . . ’ . —_— 7 :

DIRE RAMI a Of. tw lp ss Of gee Gad +. * “9

Podiceps Australis, Gould. . . . * * * nl ,

| aa 80.

gularis, Gould tree, * * * ¥ T a

poliocephalus, Jard. & Selb. * * * . as

ee I. of Tristan

Eudyptes chrysocome D’Acunha, St. — gg

| Paul's and Am- ,

, ‘ sterdam

Spheniscus minor, Temm.. . . * # * % - a4

undina, Gould . | ¥ ae 85.

On a review of the above Table it will be seen that 385 species inhabit New South Wales, 289 South Australia,

243 Western Australia, 230 Northern Australia, and 181 Van Diemen’s Land; and that of these, 88 are peculiar to New

South Wales ; 16 to South Australia; 36 to Western Australia; 105 to Northern Australia, and 32 to Van Diemen’s Land.

The great excess in the number of species inhabiting New South Wales is doubtless attributable to the singular belt of

luxuriant vegetation, termed brushes, which stretches along the southern and south-eastern coasts between the ranges and the

sea, and which is tenanted by a fauna peculiarly its own.

Although this part of the continent is inhabited by a larger number of species than any other, it is a remarkable fact that

the species peculiar to Northern Australia are much more numerous than those peculiar to New South Wales.

It is curious to observe also, that while Southern Australia is inhabited by a much larger number of species than Western

Australia, those peculiar to the former are not balf so numerous as those peculiar to the latter.

The more southern position, and consequently colder climate of Van Diemen’s Land, will readily account for the paucity

of species found in that island.

By the term peculiar, I do not mean to convey the idea that the birds are strictly confined to the respective countries, but

that as yet they have net been found elsewhere.

LIST

Aquila fucosa, Cuv.

Morphnoides, Gould

Ichthyiaetus leucogaster

Haliaster leucosternus, Gould

sphenurus ;

Pandion leucocephalus, Gould °

.«!co hypoleucus, Gould

melanogenys, Gould

subniger, Giray

—— frontatus, Gould

leracidea Berigora ;

occidentalis, Gould .

Tinnunculus Cenchroides

Astur Novee-Hollandiz ;

(albino )

—— radiatus ; ;

—— approximans, Vig. & Horsf.

— cruentus, Gould

Accipiter torquatus

Buteo melanosternon, Gould

Milvus affinis, Gould

—isurus, Gould

Elanus axillaris

scriptus, Gould

Lepidogenys subcristatus, Gould

Circus assimilis, Jard. & Selb.

Jardinii, Gould

Strix castanops, Gould

—— personata, Vig.

tenebricosus, Gould

delicatulus, Gould

Athene Boobook

maculata

? connivens

strenua, Gould

rufa, Gould

| |

OF PLATES.

VOLUME I.

Wedge-tailed Eagle

Little Australian Eagle

White-bellied Sea Eagle

White-breasted Sea Eagle

Whistling Eagle

White-headed Osprey

Grey Falcon

Black-cheeked Falcon

Black Falcon

White-fronted Falcon

Brown Hawk

Western Brown Hawk

Nankeen Kestril

New Holland Goshawk

White Goshawk

Radiated Goshawk

Australian Goshawk

West Australian Goshawk

Collared Sparrow Hawk

Black-breasted Buzzard

Allied Kite

Square-tailed Kite |

Black-shouldered Kite .

Letter-winged Kite

Crested Hawk

Allied Harrier

Jardine’s Harrier

Chestnut-faced Owl

Masked Barn Owl

Sooty Owl

Delicate Owl .

Boobook Owl

Spotted Owl

Winking Owl

Powerful Owl

Rufous Owl

ane i,

4) eat ib =

; :

ioe 4 ‘ *

= i

rt)

ay : 1

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eee a a

AQUILA FUCOSA, Cur.

Wedge-tailed Eagle.

Mountain Eagle of New South Wales, Collins, New South Wales, vol. ii. pl. im p. 288.

Falco fucosus, Cuy. Régn. Anim., Ist Edit, pl. 3. f. 1—Temm. Pl. Col. 32.

Aquila fucosa, Cuv. Regu, Anim., 2nd Edit, pl. 3. f. 1.—Vig. and Horsf. in Linn, Trans., vol. xv. p. 188.—Less.

Traité d’Orn., p. 39.—Steph. Cont, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., vol. xiv. p, 16.

Aquila albirostris, Vieill. 2nde Edit. du Nouv, Dict. d'Llist. Nat., tom. i. p. 229.—Ib. Ency. Méth. Orn., Sieme

part, p. 1191?

Wol-dja, Aborigines of the mountain and lowland districts of Western Australia.

Eayle Hawk, Colonists of New South Wales.

Turs noble bird is so universally spread over the southern portion of Australia, that tt is quite unnecessary

for me to enter more minutely into detail respecting the extent of its range, than to say that it is equally

distributed over the whole of the country from Swan River on the west to Moreton Bay on the east; it is

also as numerous in Van Diemen’s Land, and on all the larger islands in Bass's Straits, being of course more

plentiful in such districts as are suited to its habits, and where the character of the country is congental to

the animals upon which it subsists, I have not yet seen it in any collection, either from the northern portion

of Australia or any other country. In all probability it will hereafter be found to extend its range as far

towards the tropics in the southern hemisphere as the Golden Eagle (dquila chrysaéta) does in the northern ;

the two birds are, in fact, beautiful analogues of each other in their respective habitats, and doubtless per-

form similar offices in the great scheme of creation.

All that has been said by previous writers respecting the courage, power and rapacity of the one applies

with equal force to the other; in size they are also nearly alike, but the lengthened and wedge-shaped

form of its tail gives to the Australian bird a far more pleasing and clegant contour,

[ find by my notes that one of those I killed weighed nine pounds, and measured six feet eight inches

from tip to tip of the opposite pinions; but far larger individuals than this have, I should say, come

nnder my notice. The natural disposition of the Wedge-tailed Eagle leads it to frequent the interior portion

of the country rather than the shores or the neighbourhood of the sea. It preys indiscriminately on all the

smaller species of Kangaroo which tenant the plams and the open crowns of the hills; and whose retreats,

from the wonderful acuteness of its vision, it descries while soaring and performing those graceful evolutions

and circles in the air, so frequently seen by the residents of the countries it inhabits; neither is the

noble Bustard, whose weight is twice that of its enemy, and who finds a more secure asylum on the ex-

tensive plains of the interior than most animals, safe from its attacks; its tremendous stoop and powerful

rasp, in fact, carry inevitable destruction to its victim, be it ever so large and formidable. The

breeders of sheep find in this bird an enemy which commits extensive ravages among their lambs,

and consequently in its turn it is persecuted unrelentingly by the shepherds of the stock-owners, who

employ every artifice in their power to effect its extirpation, and in Van Diemen’s Land considerable

rewards are offered for the accomplishment of the same end. The tracts of untrodden ground and the

vastness of the impenetrable forests will, however, for a long series of years to come afford it an asylum,

secure from the inroads of the destroying hand of man ; still with every one waging war upon it, its numbers

must necessarily be considerably diminished. For the sake of the refuse thrown away by the Kangaroo

lunters it will often follow them for many miles, and even for days together. I clearly ascertained that

althongh it mostly feeds upon living prey, it does not refuse to devour carrion or animals almost in a state

of putridity. During one of my journeys into the interior to the northward of Liverpool Plains, 1 saw no

Jess than thirty or forty assembled together around the carcase of a dead bullock, some gorged to the full,

perched upon the neighbouring trees, the rest still in the enjoyment of the feast.

Those nests that I had opportunities of observing were placed on the most inaccessible trees, and were

of a very large size, nearly flat, and built of sticks and boughs. The eggs, I regret to say, I could never

procure, although I have shot the birds from their aerie, in which there were eggs, but which it was quite

impossible to obtain; no one but the aborigines, of which none remain in Van Diemen’s Land, being capable

of ascending such trees, many of which rise to more than a hundred feet before giving off a branch.

The adults have the head, throat, and all the upper and under surface blackish brown, stained on the

edges and extremities of many of the feathers, particularly the wing and upper tail-coverts with pale brown ;

back and sides of the neck rusty-red; irides hazel; cere and space round the eye yellowish white ; bill

yellowish horn-colouwr, passing into black at the tip; feet light yellow,

"The young haye the head and back of the neck deep fawn-colour, striated with lighter; all the feathers

of the upper surface largely tipped and stained with fawn and rusty-red ; tail indistinctly barred near the

extremity ; throat aud breast blackish brown, each feather largely tipped with rufous; the abdomen

blackish brown.

The figure is about one-third of the yatural size.

Sek

in a h

ra Pei

af c

AQUILA MORPHNOIDES, Gould.

Little Australian Eagle.

Aquila Morphnoides, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part VIII. p. 161.

I sau perhaps better conyey an idea of the rarity of this small but true species of Aguila, by stating that

the specimen from which the accompanying drawing was made, and which forms part of my own collection,

is the only one I have ever seen either living or dead. It is the second species of the genus known to

inhabit Australia, and it is singular that while the Wedge-tailed Eagle 1s so common, the present species

should be so rare, or, perhaps, so restricted in its range of habitat. This Eagle is as clearly an analogue

of the Aguila pennata of Europe, as the Wedge-tailed Eagle is of the Golden. Its specific distinctions

from 49. pennata are its large size, the total absence of the white mark on the shoulder, and the cere and

feet being of a lead-colour mstead of yellowish-olive.

The part of Australia where I shot the specimen above alluded to, was Yarrundi on the River Hunter,

on a portion of Mr. Coxen’s estate near Tooloogan. I was led to the discovery of the bird by finding its

nest containing a single egg, upon which it had been sitting for some time. I regret to add, that although

I several times visited the nest after killing the bird, all my attempts at procuring the other sex were en-

tirely unsuccessful. The nest was of a large size and was placed close to the hole, about one-fourth of the

height from the top of one of the highest gum-trees; the egg was bluish white with very faint traces of

brown blotchings, two inches and two lines long by one inch and nine lines broad.

Face, crown of the head and throat blackish brown, tinged with rufous, giving it a striated appearance,

bounded in front above the nostrils with whitish; feathers at the back of the head, which are lengthened

into a short occipital crest, back of the head, back, and sides of the neck, all the under surface, thighs and

under tail-coverts rufous, all but the thighs and under tail-coverts with a stripe of black down the centre of

each feather; back, rump and wings brown, the centre of the wing lighter; primaries brownish black,

becoming darker at the tip, and barred throughout with greyish buff, which is conspicuous on the under

surface, but scarcely perceptible on the upper, except at the base of the inner webs; under surface of the

wing mottled with reddish brown and black ; tail mottled greyish brown, crossed by seven or eight distinet

bars of blackish brown, the tips being lighter ; cere and bill lead-colour, passing into black at the tip; eye

reddish hazel, surrounded by a narrow blackish brown eyelash; feet and toes very light lead-colour.

The figure is about three-fourths of the natural size.

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ICHTHYIAETUS LEUCOGASTER.

ShE. Gouda del? Cinllmandel imp

ICHTHYIAETUS LEUCOGASTER.

White-bellied Sea-eag'le.

Falco leucogaster, Lath. Ind. Orn., vol. i. p- 13.—Gmel. Linn., vol. i. p, 157.—Temm. Pl, Col. 49.

White-bellied Eagle, Lath. Gen. Syn., vol, i. p- 33.—Ib. Gen. Hist., vol. i. p. 242.

Halaetus leucogaster, Gould, Syn. Birds of Australia, Part ITI.

sphenurus, Gould, in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part V. 1837, p. 138.—-Ib. Syn. Birds of Australia, Part ITIL.

young,

1 nave little doubt that this noble species of Sea-eagle will be found to extend its range over all those

portions of the Australian continent that present situations suitable to its peculiar habits. It has been

observed along the whole southern coast, from Moreton Bay on the east to Swan River ou the west, in-

cluding ‘Tasmania and all the small islands in Bass’s Straits. It has neither the boldness nor the courage

of the Wedge-tailed Eagle, Aquila fucosa, whose quarry is frequently the Kangaroo and the Bustard; and

although, at first sight, its appearance would warrant the supposition that it pursues the same means for

obtaming living prey as the true Pandion, by the act of submersion, yet I can affirm that this is not the ease,

and that it never plunges beneath the surface of the water, but depends almost entirely for its subsistence

upon the dead Cetacea, fish, etc., that may be thrown up by the sea and left on the shore by the receding

waves ; to which, in all probability, are added living mollusks and other lower marine animals : its peeuliar

province is cousequently the sea-shore, and it especially delights to take up its abode on the borders of

small bays and inlets of the sea, and rivers as high as they are influenced by the tide; nevertheless, it is

to be met with, though more rarely, on the borders of lakes and inland streams, but never in the forests or

sterile plains of the interior, As if is almost mvariably seen in pairs, it would appear to be permanently

mated ; each pair inhabiting a particular bay or inlet, to the exclusion of others of the same species.

Unless disturbed or harassed, the White-bellied Sea-eagle does not shun the abode of man, but becomes

fearless and familiar. Among the numerous places in which [ observed it was the Cove of Sydney, where

one or two were daily seen performing their aérial gyrations above the shipping and over the tops of the

houses: if I mistake not, they were the same pair of birds that found a safe retreat in Elizabeth Bay,

skirting the property of Alexander Macleay, Esq., and where they might he frequently seen perched on the

bare limb of a tree by the water’s edge, forming an interesting and ornamental addition to the scene.

In ‘Tasmania it 1s especially abundant in D’Entrecasteaux Channel, and along the banks of the Derwent

and the Tamar; and there was scarcely one of the little islets in Bass’s Straits but was inhabited by

a pair ‘of these birds, which, in these cases, subsisted in a great measure on the Petrels and Penguins,

which resort there in great numbers to breed, and which are very easily captured,

With regard to the nidification of the White-bellied Sea-eagle, I could not fail to remark how readily

the birds accommodate themselves to the different circumstances in which they are placed ; for while on the

main land they invariably construct their large flat nest on a fork of the most lofty trees, on the islands,

where not a tree is to be found, it is placed on the flat surface of a large stone, the materials of which it

is formed bemg twigs and branches of the Barilla, a low shrub which is there plentiful. While traversing

the woods in Recherche Bay, I observed a nest of this species near the top of a noble stringy bark tree

(Eucalyptus), the bole of which measured forty-one feet round, and was certainly upwards of 200 feet

luwh ; this had probably been the site of a nest for many years, being secure even from the attacks of the

natives, expert as they are at climbing, On a small island, of about forty acres in extent, opposite the

settlement of Flinders, [ shot a fully-fledged young bird, which was perched upon the cone of a rock; and

I then, for the first time, discovered my error in characterizing, in the “ Proceedings of the Zoological

Society of London,” and in my ‘ Synopsis,” the bird in this state as a different species, under the name of

Haliwetus sphenurus, an error which I take this opportunity to correct. The eggs are almost invariably two

in number, of a dull white, faintly stained with reddish brown, two inches and nine lines long, by two

inches and three lines broad.

This Sea-eagle may be frequently seen floating about in the air above its hunting ground, in circles, with

the tips of its motionless wings turned upwards ; the great breadth and roundness of the pinions, and the

shortness of the neck and tail, giving it no inapt resemblance to a large butterfly.

The sexes are alike in plumage, but the female is considerably larger than her mate.

Adults have the head, neck, all the under surface, and the terminal third of the tail-feathers white ;

primaries and base of the tail blackish brown, the remainder of the plumage grey; irides dark brown ;

bill bluish horn-colour, with the tip black; cere, lores, and horny space over the eye bluish lead-colour

slightly tinged with green ; legs and feet yellowish white ; nails black.

The young have the head, back of the neck and throat light buff; all the upper surface and wings light

chocolate-brown, each feather tipped with buffy white ; tail light buffy white at the base, passing into deep

brown towards the tip, which is white; chest brown, each feather margined with buff; abdomen mingled

buff and brown, the latter colour occupying the margins of the feathers ; under tail-coverts, and the under

surface of the tail-feathers white; bill brown ; feet yellowish white. —

The Plate represents an old and a young bird, the former about half the natural size.

ey eo : ae

Vina a at

i = |

Li ae i) i

aie

— er re

» ee * OT

w - ay ws!

———— eT

HALIASTUR LEUCOSTERNUS, Gowda.

White-breasted Sea-Eagle.

White-breasted Rufous Eagle, Lath, Gen. Hist., vol. i, p, 218.

Halieétus lecosternus, Gould in Proc, of Zool, Soc., Part V. p, 138; andin Syn. Birds of Australia, Part IIT.

Girrenera, Aborigines of New South Wales.

Me-ne-u-roo, Aborigines of the Cobourg Peninsula.

In size and in the general markings of its plumage, this beautiful species is more closely allied to the Fu/eo

Ponticerianus of Latham, than to any other; but the total absence of the coloured stripe down the centre of

the white feathers which clothe the head, neck and breast of the Australian bird, at once distinguishes it

from its Indian ally,

The White-breasted Sea Eagle is very common on the northern and eastern portions of Australia, where

it takes up its abode in the most secluded and retired parts of bays and inlets of the sea. Upon one occa-

sion only did T meet with it within the colony of New South Wales, but I have several times received speci-

mens from Moreton Bay; the tmdividual alluded to above was observed soaring over the brushes of the

Lower Hunter. The chief food of this species is fish, which it captures either by plunging down or by dex-

terously throwing out its foot while flying close to the surface of the water; such fish as swim near the

surface being of course the only ones that become a prey to it: sometimes the captured fish is borne off to

the bird's favourite perch, which is generally a branch overbanging the water, while at others, particularly if

the bird be disturbed, it is borne aloft in circles over the head of the tmtruder and devoured while the bird

is on the wing, with apparent ease. Its flight is slow and heavy near the ground, but at a considerable ele-

vation it is easy and buoyant,

‘* This species,” says Mr. Gilbert in his notes from Port Essington, “1s pretty generally spread through-

out the Peninsula and the neighbouring islands, and may be said to be tolerably abundant. It breeds from

the beginning of July to the end of August, T succeeded in finding two nests, each of which contained two

eves, but | am told that three are sometimes found, The nest is formed of sticks with fine twigs or coarse

grass as a lining; it is about two feet in diameter and built in a strong fork of the dead part of a tree:

both of those I found were about thirty feet from the ground and about two hundred yards from the beach,

The eggs, which are two inches and two lines in length by one inch and eight lines in breadth, are of a dirty

white, having the surface spread over with numerous hair-like streaks and very minute dots of reddish

brown, the former prevailing and assuming the form of hieroglyphies; these smgular markings being’ most

numerous at one end, sometimes at the larger at others at the smaller, the difference even occurring in the

two eggs of the same nest.”

The sexes are so much alike in colour that it is by the greater size of the female alone that they are to

be distinguished; the young, on the other hand, differ considerably from the adult.

Head, neck, chest and upper part of the abdomen snow white ; back, wings, lower part of the abdomen,

thighs, upper and under tail-coverts rich chestnut red ; first six primaries chestnut at the base and black at the

tip; tail-feathers chestnut red on their upper surface, lighter beneath, the eight central feathers tipped with

greyish white; irides light reddish yellow; cere pale yellowish white; orbits smoke-grey; upper mandible

light ash-grey at the base, passing into stenna-yellow and terminating at the tip in light horn-colour ; under

mandible smoke-grey; tarsi cream-yellow, much brighter on all the large scales on the front of the tarsi

and toes.

The figures are those of an adult and a young bird two-thirds of the natural size.

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HALILASTUR? SPHENURUS.

Whistling Eagle,

Milvus sphenurus, Vieill. 2ude Edit. du Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., tom, xx. p. 564.—Tbid. Gal. des Ois., tom. i. p. 41.

pl 15.—Ibid. Eney, Méth. Orn,, Part II. p. 1204.

Haliwetus canorus, Vig. and Worsf, in Linn. Trans., vol. xv. p. 187.—Gould. in Syn. Birds of Australia, Part ILL.

Moru and Wirwin, Aborigines of New South Wales.

En-na-jook, Aborigines of the Cobourg Peninsula.

Jan-doo, Aborigines of the lowland districts of Western Australia,

Whistling Hawk, Colonists of New South Wales.

Little Swamp Eagle, Colonists of Western Australia,

Tus species of Eagle has been observed in every portion of Australia yet visited by Europeans, but is more

abundant in New South Wales than in any other part of the continent; 1 have never yet seen an example

from Van Diemen’s Land, and I am consequently led to believe that it rarely if ever visits that island. As

might be expected from its almost universal diffusion, the Haliastur? sphenurus is not a migratory bird ; at least

in New South Wales itis equally as numerous in summer as it is in winter ; not that it is to be observed in the

same locality at all times, the greater or lesser abundance of its favourite food inducing it to wander from

one district to another, wherever the greatest supply is to be procured. Displaying none of the courage or

intrepidity of the trne Eagles, it never attacks animals of a large size; but preys upon carrion, small and

feeble quadrupeds, birds, lizards, insects and fish, and while on the one hand it is the pest of the poultry

yard, on the other no species of the Wa/conide effects more good during the fearful visitations of the cater-

pillar, a scourge of no infrequent occurrence in Australia, In 1839 it was my lot to witness the inroad of

vast swarms of caterpillars in the region of the Upper Hunter River, and at the same time I observed

many hundreds of the Whistlmg Eagle assembled on the Downs near Scone preying solely on them, thus

tending in a great measure to check their progress, and certainly to lessen their numbers ; so partial, in fact,

is the Whistling Eagle to this kind of food that the appearance of one is the certain prelude to the appearance

of the other. The Hatastur ? sphenurus is little alarmed by the presence of man, and when sitting on the

branches of low trees, will often admit of a near approach even to within a few feet: as an evidence of its

indifference, I may mention that, having winged a very rare Tern on the surface of a lagoon, a Whistling

Eagle immediately descended and carried it off; and although this circumstance took place at a very short

distance from me, neither the shouts of the natives nor of myself deterred the Eagle from bearing off the

bird in triumph, to my extreme yexation. It is generally to be seen in pairs, inhabiting alike the brushes

near the coast and the forests of the interior of the country. It is incessantly hovering over the harbours,

and sides of rivers and lagoons, for any floating animal substance that may present itself on the surface of the

water or be cast on the banks; and it is nowhere more common or more generally to be seen than over

the harbour of Port Jackson. Its flight, when high in the air, is buoyant and easy, and it frequently soars to

a great altitude, uttering at the same time a shrill whistling cry, from which circumstance it has obtained

from the colonists the name of the Whistling Hawk, and by which it is at once distinguished from all the

other members of the family inhabiting Australia.

The nest, which is constructed of sticks and fibrous roots, is frequently built on the topmost branches of

the lofty Casuarine, growing by the sides of creeks and rivers. The eggs, which are laid during the months

of November and December, are usually two m number, but sometimes single ; they are two inches and three

lines long by one inch and nine lines broad, and are of a bluish white slightly tinged with green, the few

brown markings with which they are varied being very obscure and appearing as if beneath the surface of

the shell. I once found a nest of this species in the side of which had been constructed that of the beau-

tiful little Finch called dmadina Lathami, and both birds sitting on their respective eggs close beside each

other ; and both would doubtless have reared their progenies had I not robbed the nests of their contents to

enrich my collection,

The Whistling Eagle presents the usual difference in the size of the sexes, but in respect to colour no

variation is observable ; the plumage of the young, on the contrary, as shown by the front figure on the Plate,

presents a striking contrast to that of the adult, rendering it by far the handsomer bird during the first

autumn of its existence. .

Head, neck and all the under surface light sandy brown, each feather margined with a darker colour ;

feathers of the back and wings brown, margined with greyish white ; primaries blackish brown ; tail greyish

brown: cere and bill brownish white, gradually becoming darker towards the tip of the latter; legs pale

bluish white ; irides bright hazel.

The figures represent an old and a young bird about two-thirds of the natural size.

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PANDION LEUCOCEPHALUS, Gouwia.

White-headed Osprey.

Pandion leucocephalus, Gould in Proc, of Zool. Soc., Part V. p, 138; and in Syn. Birds of Australia, Part IIL.

Yoon-door-doo, Aborigines of the lowland districts of Western Australia,

Joor-joot, Aborigines of Port Essington.

Little Fish Hawk, Colonists of New South Wales.

Fish Hawk, Colonists of Swan River.

Tur White-headed Osprey, though not an abundant species, is generally diffused over every portion of

Australia suited to its habits; I myself shot it in Recherche Bay, at the extreme south of Van Diemen’s Land ;

and Mr. Gilbert found it breeding both at Swan River on the western, and at Port Essington on the northern

shores of Australia. Like its near allies of Europe and America, of which it is a beautiful representative in

the southern hemisphere, it takes up its abode on the borders of rivers, lakes, inlets of the sea, and the

small islands lying off the coast. Its food consists entirely of living fish, which it procures precisely after

the manner of the other members of the genus, by plunging down upon its victim from a considerable height

in the air with so true an aim as rarely to miss its object, although an immersion to a great depth is some-

times necessary to effect its accomplishment. Its prey when secured is borne off to its usual resting-

place and devoured at leisure. Wilson’s elegant description of the habits and manners of the American

bird is in fact equally descriptive of those of the present species. Independently of its white head, this

species differs from its near allies in the much lighter colouring of the tarsi, which are yellowish white

slightly tinged with grey.

The nest being of great size is a very conspicuous object; it is composed of sticks varying from the size

of a finger to that of the wrist, and lined with the softer kinds of sea-weed. It is usually placed on the

summit of a rock, but is sometimes constructed on the top of a large Lucalyptus; always in the vicinity of

water. A nest observed by Mr. Gilbert in Rottnest Island measured fifteen feet in circumference. The

eggs are tivo in number, of a yellowish white, boldly spotted and blotched with deep rich reddish brown,

which colour in some specimens is so dark as to be nearly black; other specimens again are clouded with

large blotches of purple, which appear as if beneath the surface of the shell. The medium length of the

eggs is two inches and five lines, and the breadth one inch and nine lines.

When near the water its flight is heavy and flapping, but when soaring aloft at a great altitude its actions

are the most easy and graceful imaginable, at one moment appearing motionless, and at another performing

a series of beautiful curves and circles, apparently for mere enjoyment; for from the great height at which

they are executed it ts hardly to be conceived that the bird can be watching the motions of its fnny prey

in the waters beneath.

Crown of the head, back of the neck, throat, abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts white ; feathers of

the chest mottled with brown, and with a dark brown mark down the centre; ear-coverts and sides of the

neck dark brown; back, wings and tail clove-brown, each feather of the back with a narrow circle of white

at its extremity; primaries black ; bill black; cere and base of the bill bluish lead-colour ; feet pale bluish

white; irides primrose-yellow in some, bright orange in others; claws black.

The figure is about two-thirds of the natural size.

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FALCO HYPOLEUCUS, Gowa.

White-breasted Falcon.

Falco hypoleucus, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part VIII. p. 162.

Tue only specimen of this genuine and noble Falcon in my collection, or indeed that nas ever come under

my notice, was presented to my assistant Mr. Gilbert during his sojourn at Swan River by Mr. L. Burgess,

who stated that it had been killed over the mountains about sixty miles from the coast. It is highly

interesting, as adding another species to the true or typical Falcons, and as affording another proof of the

beautiful analogies which exist between species of certain groups of the southern and northern hemisphere ;

this bird being as clearly a representative of the Jerfalcon of Europe as the Fulco melanogenys is of the

Peregrine, and the Falco frontatus of the Hobby; but as I have more fully entered into this subject in my

observations on the genus, it is unnecessary again to detail them here.

It is a source of regret to me, that I am unable to furnish any particulars respecting the peculiar habits

of the White-breasted Falcon, or even to form any definite opinion as to whether it undergoes the same

changes of plumage as the Iceland and Jerfalcons: to all appearance, my specimen, which is rather less

than a male Jerfalcon, has the adult plumage.

Head and all the upper surface greyish brown, the feathers of the head having a fine stripe of black

down the centre; chin and all the under surface white, with a fine line of black down the centre, passing

into a spatulate form near the tip; outer webs and tips of the primaries brownish black, the extreme

ends being whitish ; their inner webs whitish, crossed by numerous narrow bars, fading into a point as

they approach the edge ; tail grey, obscurely barred with brown, and tipped with buff.

The Plate represents the bird of the natural size.

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FALCO MELANOGENYS, Gouwid.

Black-cheeked Falcon.

Falco Peregrinus, Vig. aud Uorsf. in Linn. Trans., vol. xv. p. 183.

Falco melanogenys, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part V. p. 189; and in Syn. Birds of Australia, Part IL.

Blue Hawk, Colonists of Western Australia.

Wolga, Aborigines of New South Wales.

Gwet-ul-bur, Aborigines of the mountain and lowland distriets of Western Australia.

Tue present bird, like the . Aypoleucus, may be classed among the noble Faleons, being closely allied

both te the Peregrine of Europe and the Duck-Hawk of North America, to both of which it assimilates

also in its bold and rapacious habits, a character which renders it a favourite with the Aborigimes, who

admire it for its courage in attacking and conquering birds much larger than ttself. Like its American

congener it preys eagerly upon ducks, and Mr. Gilbert informs me that he has seen it attack and carry off

the Nyroca Australis, a species at least half as heavy again as itself. Thus we find im this Falcon a bird

well adapted for the sport of Falconry, which though fallen info disuse in Europe, may at some future

time be revived in this new and rismg country, since its lagoons and water-courses are well stocked

with herons and cranes, and its vast plains are admirably suited to such pastime. The introduction of

hounds for the purpose of chasing the native dog (Dingo) and the Kangaroo has already taken place in

Australia, and perhaps it is not too much to look forward to the time when the noble science of Falconry

shall be resorted to by the colonists, A finer mews of birds could not be formed in any country than in

Australia, with such typical Falcons as the 2. Aypoleucus, F. melanogenys and FP. frontatus,

The present bird is universally dispersed over the whole southern portion of Australia, including Van

Diemen’s Land, and probably future research will discover that its range extends over all parts of the con-

tinent. It gives preference to steep rocky cliffs, and the sides of precipitous gullies, rather than to fertile

and woodland districts, but especially seeks such rocky localities as are washed by the sea, or are in the

neighbourhood of inland lakes and rivers. In such situations it dwells m pairs throughout the year, much

after the manner of the Peregrme. Its nest is placed in those parts of the rocks that are most precipitous

and inaccessible. The eggs are two in number; their ground-colour is buff, but which is scarcely per-

ceptible from the predominance of the blotching of deep reddish chestnut, with which it is marbled all

over; they are two inches and one line long, by one inch and seven and a half lines broad.

The stomach is large and membranous ; and the food consists of birds, principally of the Duck tribe,

The sexes present the usual difference in size, the male being considerably smaller than the female, as

will be seen in the accompanying tlustration.

The male has the head, cheeks, and back of the neck deep brownish black; the feathers of the upper

surface, wings and tail alternately crossed with equal-sized bands of deep grey and blackish brown ; outer

edges of the primaries uniform blackish brown, their inner webs obscurely barred with light buff; throat

and chest delicate fawn-colour, passing into reddish grey on the abdomen ; tail-feathers ornamented with

an oval-shaped spot of dark brown ; abdomen, flanks, under surface of the wing, and under tail-coverts

reddish grey, crossed by numerous irregular bars of blackish brown 5 bill light bluish lead-colour at the tip,

becoming much lighter at the base ; cere, legs and feet yellow ; claws black.

The female differs from the male in being larger in all her proportions, and in having the throat and

chest more richly tinted with fulvous, which colour also extends oyer the abdomen, the feathers of which

are not so strongly barred with brown as tn the male,

The figures are those of a male and a female of the natural size.

FALCO SUBNIGER, Gray.

Black Falcon.

Falco subniger, Gray in Ann. Nat. Hist. 1843, p. 371.—Gray and Mitch. Gen. of Birds, pl. 8.—List of Birds in

Brit. Mus. Coll., part i. 2nd edit. p. 50.

Falco (Hierofalco) subniger, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 76.

Aut that I am able to communicate respecting this rare species of Falcon is that I have seen four examples,

which were killed in South Australia; no particulars of its habits have yet been recorded: it was observed

by Captain Sturt during his expedition into the interior of that country, and he has favoured me with a

note, in which he says, ‘‘ This well-shaped and rapid bird was killed at the Depot, where both male and

female were procured, but it was by no means common, only two others having been seen.”

It is a fine and powerful species, and is doubtless very destructive to birds and the smaller quadrupeds.

The entire plumage dark sooty brown, becoming paler on the edges of the feathers of the upper surface ;

chin whitish ; irides dark brown; cere yellow; bill lead-colour ; legs and feet leaden yellow ; claws black.

The figure represents a female, which is one-third larger than the male, of the natural size.

FALCO FRONTATUS, Goud.

White-fronted Falcon.

Falco frontatus, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part V. p, 139.

Wow-oo, Aborigines of the Murray in Western Australia.

Little Faleon, Colonists of Western Australia.

Tuts, one of the least of the true Falcons found in Australia, is universally spread over the southern

portion of that country, including Van Diemen’s Land and the islands in Bass’s Straits. As its long

pointed wings clearly indicate, it possesses great and rapid powers of flight ; and I have frequently been

amused by pairs of this bird following my course over the plains for days together, in order to pounce

down on the Quails as they rose before me. If I had wished to witness Falconry in perfection I could not

have had a better opportunity than on these occasions, when it was interesting to observe how instinctively

the Falcons performed their gyrations just above the dogs, in preparation for the stoop; and on those vast

plains where there was not a tree or any other object to obstruct either the flight of the bird or our view

of the chase, nothing could be more beautiful in its way than the actions of this species when pursuing the

swift-flying Quail, which, although quickly overtaken, often evades the stroke of its enemy by suddenly

dropping to the ground among the grasses.

The White-fronted Falcon is not a migratory species in any of the colonies. I succeeded in finding several

of its nests, both in Van Diemen’s Land and on the continent: the situations of all those I observed were

near the tops of the most lofty and generally inaccessible trees; they were rather large structures, being

fully equal in size to that of a Crow, slightly concave in form, outwardly built of sticks, and lined with

the inner bark of trees and other soft materials: the eggs are either two or three in number, of a light

buff, blotched and marbled all over with dark buff, one inch and ten lines long by one inch and four lines

broad.

The stomach is rather muscular and capacious, and its food consists of small birds and insects.

Forehead greyish white ; crown of the head, cheeks, ear-coverts, and all the upper surface uniform dark

bluish grey ; internal webs of the primaries, except the tips, numerously barred with oval-shaped markings

of buff; two centre tail-feathers grey, transversely barred with obscure markings of black ; the remainder

of the feathers on each side alternately barred with lines of dark grey and reddish chestnut ; throat and

chest white, tinged with buff, the feathers of the chest marked down the centre with a stripe of brown; the

whole of the under surface and thighs dull reddish orange; irides blackish brown ; bill bluish lead-colour,

becoming black at the tip; cere, base of the upper mandible, legs and feet yellow ; claws black.

The sexes exhibit the usual difference in size, the female being much the largest. The plumage of the

young differs from that of the adult in being more rusty and the markings less defined, in the feathers of

the wings and tail being margined with rufous, and in the whole of the under surface being washed more

deeply with rufous than the adult.

The Plate represents an adult and young bird of the natural size.

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[ERACIDEA BERIGORA.

Brown Hawk.

Faleo Berigora, Vig. and Horsf. in Linn. Trans., vol. xv. p. 184.

feracidea Berigora, Gould, Syn. Birds of Australia, Part IIT.

Berigora, Aborigines of New South Wales.

Orange-speckled Hawk of the Colonists.

Brown Hawk, Colonists of Van Diemen’s Land.

Tuts species is universally distributed over Van Diemen's Land and New South Wales. It is represented

in western and north-western Australia by a nearly allied species, to which I have given the name of

occidentalis. Tn its disposition it is neither so bold nor so daring as the typical Falcons, and while it par-

takes much of the habits and actions of the true Kestrils, particularly in the mode in which it hovers in the

air, it also often soars and skulks about after the manner of the Harriers. Although it sometimes captures

and preys upon birds and small quadrapeds, its principal food consists of carrion, reptiles and insects; the

crops of several that I dissected were literally crammed with the latter kind of food. It is generally to be

met with in pairs, but at those seasons when hordes of caterpillars infest the newly-sprung herbage it

congregates in flocks of many hundreds; a fact | myself witnessed during the spring of 1840, when the

downs near Yarrundi, ou the Upper Hunter, were infested with this noxious insect, which spread destruc-

tion throughout the entire district. By the settlers this bird is considered one of the pests of the country,

but it was clear to me that whatever injury it may inflict by now and then pilfering the newly-hatehed

chickens from the poultry-yard is amply compensated for by the havoc it commits among the countless myriads

of the destructive caterpillar, After the morning meal it perches on the dead branches of the neighbouring

Eucalypti wotil hunger again impels it to exert itself for a further supply. To give an idea of the numbers

of this bird to be met with at one time, I may state that I haye frequently seen from ten to forty on a single

tree, so sluggish and indisposed to fly that any number of specimens might have been secured.

So much difference occurs in the plumage of this species, that unless the changes it undergoes are known

to him, the ornithologist would be apt to consider that there were more than one species; a close attention

to the subject has, however, convinced me that the contrary is the case, and that in the countries which

[ have stated to constitute the true habitat of this bird there is but one species, During the first autumn

the dark markings are of a much deeper hue, and the lighter parts more tinged with yellow than in the

adult state, when the upper surface becomes of a uniform brown, and the white of the under surface tinged

with yellow.

The sexes are nearly alike m colour, but the female is the largest in size. I discovered the Jeracidea

Berigora breeding in the months of October and November both in Van Diemen’s Land and New South

Wales, the nests in both countries being placed on the highest branches of the lofty Ewcalypti.

The nest is similar in size to that of a Crow, it is composed outwardly of sticks, and lined with strips of

stringy bark, leaves, &c.; the eggs, which are two, and sometimes three in number, vary so much in colour,

that they are seldom found alike, even in the same nest; they are also longer or of a more oval shape than

those of the generality of Falcons; the prevailing colour is,—the ground bully white, covered nearly all

over with reddish brown: in some specimens an entire wash of this colour extends over nearly half the

egg, while in others it is blotched or freckled in small patches over the surface generally : their medium

length is two inches and two lines, and breadth one inch and six lines.

Crown of the head ferruginous brown, with a fine black line down the centre of each feather; a streak

of black from the base of the lower mandible down each side of the cheek; ear-coverts brown ; throat,

chest, centre of the abdomen, and under tail-coverts pale buff, with a fine line of brown down each side of

the shaft of every feather; flanks ferruginous, each feather crossed with spots of bufly white ; thighs dark

brown, crossed like the flanks but with redder spots; centre of the back reddish brown ; scapularies and

wing-coverts brown, crossed with conspicuous bars and spots of ferruginous; tail brown, crossed with

ferruginous bars, and tipped with light brown; primaries blackish brown, margined on their inner webs

with large oval-shaped spots of buff; bill light lead colour, passing into black at the tip; cere and orbits

pale bluish lead colour; irides very dark brown; feet very light lead-colour,

The figures represent the two sexes of the natural size.

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LERACIDEA OCCIDENTALIS, Gould.

Western Brown Hawk.

leracidea occidentalis, Gould in Proce. of Zool. Soc,, June 24, 1844.

Ker-gyne, Alrorigimes of the lowland and mountain districts of Western Australia.

Hrrnerro ornithologists, and among them myself, have regarded the Common Brown Hawks, which occur

so numerously in collections from Australia, as referrible to one and the same species,—an opinion founded

principally upon the circumstance of the members of this genus being subject to a greater number of

changes of plumage from youth to maturity than any other; observation, however, aided by dissection,

and that too of very many examples, and at all seasons of the year, has eonvinced me that there are two

species, which appear to occupy opposite portions of the continent; the present bird, as its name implies,

being confined to the western, and the J. Berigora to the eastern. Both species are occasionally found im

South Australia, but the latter is the most abundant, and here it would seem that they inosculate.

The present bird is very generally spread over the Swan River Settlement, and in its habits and economy

closely assimilates to its representative in New South Wales. It feeds upon birds, lizards, insects, cater-

pillars, and carrion. Its smaller size renders it a somewhat less formidable enemy to the farm-yard, still it

requires considerable vigilance to check its depredations upon the broods of poultry, ducks, Xe.

As its smaller legs, more compact body and lengthened pointed wings would indicate, it flies with ease,

making long sweeps and beautiful curves, which are often performed near the ground. It loves to dwell

among swampy places, which at all times afford it an abundant supply of lizards, frogs, newts, &c.

It breeds in September and October.

The nest is formed of dried sticks and is usually constructed in thickly foliaged trees, sometimes near

the ground, but more frequently on the topmost branches of the highest gums; the eggs, which are gene-

rally two, but sometimes three in number, differ very much in their markings, the rich brown pervading

the surface in some more than in others ; those in my collection measure two inches long by one and a half

broad.

Crown of the head, back and scapularies rusty brown, with a narrow stripe of black down the centre ;

rump deep rusty brown, crossed by broad bands of dark brown, the tip of each feather bully white ; wings

the primaries with a series of large spots, assuming the form of bars of

a deep rusty brown near the shaft, and fading into buffy white on the margin 5 wing-coyerts tipped with

rusty red 5 spurious wing with a row of rusty spots on either side of the shaft; tail dark brown, crossed. hy

numerous broad irregular bars of rusty red, and tipped with pale buff; ear-coverts and a stripe running

down from the angle of the lower mandible dark brown ; chin, all the under surface, and a broad band which

nearly encircles the neck pale buffy white, with a fine line of dark brown down the centre 5 high deep

rust-red; each feather with a line of black down the centre and tipped with bufy white; irides reddish

orbits bluish flesh-colour 5 bill bluish lead-colour, becoming black at the tip ;

seales in front of the tarsi, whieh are dull

very dark brown; the inner webs of

brown; eyelid straw-vellow ;

cere pale yellow ; legs and feet light ashy grey, excepting the

vellowish white.

The Plate represents an adult male and female rather less than the size of life.

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TINNUNCULUS CENCROIDES.

Nankeen Kestril.

Malea Cencroides, Vie. and Horsf. in Linn. Trans., vol, xv. p. 183.

Nankeen Hawk, of the Colonists.

Oxnirnonocisrs will not fail to observe how beautifully the present bird represents in Australia the well-

kuown Kestril of the British Islands, to which it closely assimilates in many of its actions and in much of

its economy.

So far as is yet known, this elegant Kestril is not only confined to Australia, but its habitat is even

restricted to the south-eastern portion of that continent. I obseryed it to be tolerably abundant in every

part of New South Wales, and also on the plains of the mterior in the neighbourhood of the river Namoi.

A large collection of birds from South Australia, kindly forwarded to me by T. C. Eyton, Esq., also con-

tained examples.

Mr, Caley states that it is a migratory species, but Tam inclined to differ from this opinion ; his speci-

mens were procured in New South Wales in May and June, while mine were obtained at the opposite

season of December, when it was breeding in many of the large gum-trees on the rivers Mokai and Namot ;

probably some districts are deserted for a short time, and such others resorted to as may furnish it with a

more abundant supply of its natural food, and this circumstance may have led him to consider it to be

migratory.

The flight of the Nankeen Kestril differs from that of its European ally in being more buoyant and easy,

the bird frequently suspending itself in the air without the slightest motion of the wings: it also flies mach

higher, and having arrived at a great height flies round in a series of circles, these flights bemg often per-

formed during the hottest part of the day; a circumstance which leads me to suppose that some kind of

insect food was the object of the search, it being well known that m mid-day insects ascend to a much

greater altitude than at any other time.

The sexes present the usual differences im their markings, the female haying all the upper surface alter-

nately barred with balf and brown, while the male is furnished with a more uniform tint. I once took four

fully-Aedyed young from the hole of a tree by the side of a lagoon at Brezi, in the interior of New South

Wales ; L also observed nests which I believe were constructed by this bird, but which were placed on the

branches in the ordinary way of the members of this group.

The male has the forehead white; head and back of the neck reddish grey, with the shaft of each feather

black ; back, scapularies and wing-coverts cinuamon-red, with a small oblong patch of black near the

extremity of each feather; primaries, secondaries and greater coverts dark brown, slightly fringed with

white ; the base of the inner webs of these feathers white, into which the dark colouring proceeds in a

series af points, resembling the teeth of a large saw ; face white, with a slight moustache of dark brown

from each angle of the mouth; chest and flanks bully white, with the shaft of each f eather dark brown ;

abdomen anid under tail-coverts white ; upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers for two-thirds of their length

from the base grey ; remaining portion of all but the two centre feathers white, crossed near the tip by a

broad distinct band of deep black, the band being narrow, ancl only on the mner web of the external

feather ; bill horn-colour near the base, black towards the tip; base of the under mandible yellowish ; cere

and orbits yellowish orange ; legs orange. i

The female has all the upper surface, wings and tail cinnaimon-red ; each feather of the former with a

yatch of brown in the centre, assuming the shape of arrow-heads on the wing-coverts ; the scapularies

dark | :

| ai] with an irreeular b: ar the extremity; throat, vent and

irregularly barred with the same, and the tail with an irregular band ne the extrem Y3 ; é

remainder of the under surface reddish buff, with a stripe of brown down the

under tail-coverts white ;

centre of each feather. =

The figures represent the two sexes of the natural size.

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ASTUR NOVA-HOLLANDIA.

New-Holland Goshawk.

Astur Raw, Vig. and Horsf. in Linn. Trans., vol. xv. p- 180.

Falco clarus, Lath. Ind. Orn., Supp., p. 13 ?—Shaw, Gen. Zool., vol. vii. p. 184?

Faw Faleon, Lath. Gen. Syn., Supp., vol. ii. p. 54 ?—Lath. Gen. Hist., vol. i. p. 226?

Tne only part of Australia in which I have met with this species is New South Wales, where it would appear

to evince a preference for the dense and luxuriant brushes near the coast ; but so little has at present been

ascertained respecting its economy, range, and habits, that its history is nearly a blank—even whether it is

migratory or not is unknown. That it breeds in the brushes of the district above mentioned is certain ;

for I recollect seeing a brood of young ones in the possession of Alexander Walker Scott, Esq., of New-

castle on the Hunter, a gentleman much attached to the study of the natural productions of Australia. These

young birds differed but little in colour from the fully adult specimens in my collection, except that the

transverse markings of the breast were much darker and of a more arrow-shaped form; which markings

become fainter and more linear as the bird advances in age.

The sexes present the usual difference in size, but in colour and markings they closely assimilate.

All the upper surface grey; throat and all the under surface white, crossed with numerous irregular grey

bars; cere yellowish orange ; feet yellow; bill and claws black.

The irides of the young are brown.

The figures represent the two sexes, of the natural size, the smaller bird being the male.

ASTUR NOV A-HOLLANDLAG, Vig. and Horsf., Albino.

White Goshawk.

Lacteous Eagle, Lath, Gen, Hist., vol. i. p. 216.

Astur Nove-Hollandia, Vig. and Horsf. in Linn. Trans., vol. xv. p. 179.—Gould in Syn. of Birds of Australia,

Part IIT.

Astur albus, Jard. and Selb, Il. Orn., vol. i, pl. 1.

Falco Nove-Hollandia, Lath. Ind. Orn., vol. i. p. 16.—Gmel. Syst. Nat., vol. i. p. 264,—Daud., vol. ii, p. 56,

Faleo albus, Shaw in White’s Voy., pl. in p. 260.—Id. Gen. Zool., vol. vii. p. 92,

New-Holland White Eagle, Lath. Gen. Syn., vol.i. p.40; Supp., p. 12.—Id. Gen, Hist., vol. i. p..217.—White’s Voy.,

pl. in p. 260.

Goo-loo-bee, Aborigines of New South Wales, Latham.

White Hawk of the Colonists,

Aurnoven I feel convinced that the white bird to which the name of Falco Nove-Hollandie Was been cou-

stantly applied by the older writers is merely an albino of the species figured on the preceding plate, T have

been induced to give a representation of it here, in order to show what synonyms have reference to that

state of plumage, as well as to depict one of the most ornamental and beautiful of the Falconide inhabitine

Australia. As I have before stated, the range of the grey bird would seem to be confined to New South

Wales: on the other hand, the white bird is not only found in the same districts, but is also very generally,

though sparingly, distributed over Van Diemen’s Land—a fact which might induce many persons to consider

it to be a distinct species ; I am, however, inclined, with Cuvier, to believe it to be merely an albino variety,

now become permanent—an event of very rare occurrence amoung animals in a state of nature. The diver-

sity in the colouring of the irides of the many individuals that have come under my notice would materially

tend to confirm this opinion, some having the irides bright yellow, and others brown ; a splendid female I shot

under Mount Wellington in Van Diemen’s Land had the irides bright crimson, like those of the albinos

of many other animals, while another equally fine female, in the possession of the Hon, Henry Elliot, at

Government House, had the irides bright yellow.

In the size and admeasurements of the various parts of either sex of the white and grey birds no difference

another reason for believing them to be the same; for wherever a specific differ-

whatever can be detected

ence is found to exist, it is always accompanied hy a difference in the dimensions of the whole or parts of the

structure,

A knowledge of the nidification of this and the preceding bird, and of the state of their plumage from

youth to maturity, would greatly tend to settle the question of their identity.

The disposition of Mr. Elliot's bird was fierce and wild in the extreme, exhibiting none of the docility of

the true Falcons, but displaying all the ferocity so characteristic of the group to which it belongs,

The sexes differ very considerably in size, the male being scarcely more than half the size of the female.

The whole of the plumage pure white; cere and legs yellow; bill and claws black.

The figures represent the two sexes, of the natural size.

mts,

ASTUR RADIATUS.

Radiated Goshawk.

Falco radiatus, Lath. Ind. Orn, Supp., p. xii—Shaw, Gen. Zool., vol. vii. p. 177.

Radiated Falcon, Lath. Gen, Syn. Supp., vol. ii. p- 53. pl. exxi.—Ib. Gen. Hist., vol. i. p. 222. pl. xi.

Haliacius Calei, Vig. and Horsf. in Linn, Trans., vol. xv. p. 186.

Tue bird here represented I conceive to be the true Falco radiatus of Latham ; it is but little known to

ornithologists, from the circumstance that few specimens only have been sent to Europe. It inhabits the

dense brushes bordering the rivers Manning and Clarence on the eastern coast of New South Wales, and

doubtless enjoys a much greater range than we are at present acquainted with. It is the largest of the

Goshawks inhabiting Australia, far exceeding in size the Astu palumbarius of Europe. In some parts of

its structure it differs considerably from the typical Asturs, particularly in the lengthened form of the middle

toe, in which respect it resembles the true Accipiters; in its plumage it somewhat differs from both

those forms, the markings of most of the feathers taking a longitudinal mstead of a transverse direction ;

these differences may hereafter be considered of sufficient importance to warrant its separation into a

distinct genus, but for the present I have retained it with the other Goshawks in that of Astur. Of its

habits and economy nothing whatever is known.

The male has the whole of the upper surface blackish brown, each feather broadly margined with rust-

red; wings brown, crossed by narrow bands of darker brown ; tail greyish brown, crossed by irregular bands

of dark brown; shafts of the quills and tail buffy-brown ; throat buff, deepening into the rich rust-red of the

under surface of the shoulder and the whole of the under surface ; all the feathers of the under surface with

a narrow stripe of black down the centre; thighs and under tail-coverts rust-red without stripes.

The female resembles her mate in colour and in the disposition of the markings, but has the striz of the

under surface broader and more conspicuous.

The figures are those of a male and a female about two-thirds of the natural size.

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ASTUR APPROXIMAN S, Vie. and Horsf:

Australian Goshawk.

Falco radiatus, Temm, Pl, Col. 123, youns,

distur radiatus, Vie, and Horst. in Linn. Trans,, vol. xv. p. 181, roung male.

Astur fasciatus, Tb., adult male and female.

Astur opprovimans, Tb.. young female—Gould in Syn, Birds of Australia, Part TIT.

Bilbil, Aborigines of New South Wales.

Amona the whole perhaps of the Australian birds, certainly among the Australian Faleonide, we are pre-

sented with no species the scientific appellation of which is involyed in so much confusion as is that of the

present bird, This confusion has arisen from two causes: first, authors have erroneously considered it to

be identical with the Falco radiatus of Latham, from which it is entirely distinct; and secondly, the difference

which exists between the plumage of the adult and young is so great as to have led to a false multiplication

of species, and consequently of specific names. Seven specimens of this Hawk form part of the collection

of the Limean Society, and are those from which Messrs. V igors and Horsfield took their descriptions of

Astur radiatus, A. fasciatus and 4. approvimans: on a careful examination of these specimens, I am

satisfied that they are all referable to the present bird ; 4. radiatus, of which there are two specimens,

being the young male; 4. fasciatus, of which there are three specimens, the adult ; one an adult male, the

other two adult females ; and 4. approvimans, of which there are two specimens, the young female. I have

retained the term approvimans in preference to either of the others, because radiatus actually belongs to

another species, and the employment of fasciatus might hereafter lead to its beg confounded with the

* Fasciated Faleon,” an Indian species deseribed under that name by Dr. Latham,

From the number of synonoms quoted above, it might readily be supposed that this bird is very common,

am such is im reality the case, for it is one of the most abundant and generally dispersed of the Hawks

inhabiting New South Wales and Van Diemen’s Land. It is a species which ranges pretty far north,

but on the western coast its place appears to be supplied by the Astur eruentus. The country between

South Australia and Moreton Bay may be considered its true habitat; and there it is a stationary resident.

The Australian Goshawk is a bold, powerful, and most sanguinary species, feeding upon birds, reptiles,

and small quadrapeds. It may often be seen lurking about the poultry-yard of the settler, and dealing

destruction among the young stock of every kind;’ daring when at large, and morose and sullen when

captared, it never becomes tame and familiar hke the true Falcons, but retams its ferocity to the last.

Its nest is usually built on a large swamp-oak (Ceswarina), growmg on the side of a brook, but I have

occasionally met with it on the gum-trees (Juealyptr) in the forest at a considerable distance from water ;

it is of a large size, and is composed of sticks and lined with gum-leaves, The eggs are generally three in

number, of a bluish white, smeared over with blotches of brownish buff; they are one inch and ten lines long

by one inch and five lines broad.

, The male, which is considerably less than the female in size, has the crown of the head and nape of the

neck leaden grey; on the back of the neck an obscure collar of rufous brown; the remainder of the upper

surface, wings and tail deep greyish brown; the latter numerously barred with brown of a deeper tint ; inner

webs of the primaries and secondaries greyish white, barred with dark brown; throat greyish brown ;

breast and all the under surface rufous brown, crossed with numerous white fascie, which are bounded on

ench side with an obscure line of dark brown; thighs rufous, crossed by sumerous irregular white lines ;

irides bright yellowish orange, surrounded by a yellowish lash; inside of the month blue, except the centre

of the roof, which ts black; gape and base of the bill olive-green, interspersed with hair-like feathers ; tip

of the cere greenish yellow ; base of the mandibles pale blue; culmen and tips black; legs and feet yellow ;

claws black,

The young differ considerably from the adult, haying the feathers of the head and back of the neck dark

brown, margined with rufous brown; the remainder of the upper surface deep brown, each feather with a

crescent-shaped mark of rufous at the extremity; tail brown, crossed with obscure pars of a darker tint,

and tipped with whitish brown ;, tuner webs of the primaries fawn-colour, barred vith dark brown; throat

bufly white, with a stripe of dark brown down the centre of each feather ; breast buffy white, each feather

crossed by two bands of dark brown, the last of which assumes a triangular form ; abdomen and flanks buffy

white, crossed by irregular bands of dark brown, which are blotched with rufous brown in the centre; thighs

and under tail-coverts pale rufous, crossed by similar bands ; irides beautiful yellow ; cere, base of the bill

and gape bluish lead-colour ; point of the bill blackish brown ; legs gamboge-yellow.

The Plate represents an adult male and female of the natural size.

ASTUR CRUENTUS, Gould.

West-Australian Gos-Hawk.

Astur eruentus, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., 1842.

Kil-lin-gil-lee and Mat-wel-itch, Aborigines of the mountain districts of Western Australia.

Good-jee-lum, Aborigines around Perth, Western Australia.

Turis Hawk is intermediate in size between the Astur approximans and Accipiter torquatus ; it is of a more

grey or blue colour on the back, and has the transverse lines on the breast narrower and of a more rufous

tint. It precisely resembles the first-mentioned bird in the rounded form of the tail, in the short powerful

tarsus, and in the more abbreviated middle toe, which is much longer in the Accipiter torquatus.

The Astur cruentus is a very common species in Western Australia, particularly in the York district and at

the Murray. Like its congener, it is a remarkably bold and sanguinary species, often visiting the farm-yard

and carrying off fowls and pigeons with much apparent ease.

It breeds in October and the two following months, making a nest of dried sticks on the horizontal fork

of a gum or mahogany tree.

The sexes and young present precisely the same differences, both in size and plumage, that are observable

in their near ally.

The male has the crown of the head and occiput dark slate-colour ; sides of the face grey ; at the back of

the neck a collar of chestnut-red ; back, wings and tail slaty brown, the brown hue predominating on the

back, and the slate-colour upon the other parts ; inner webs of the primaries fading into white at the base,

and crossed by bars of slate-colour, the interspaces freckled with buff; the inner webs of the tail-feathers

are marked in a precisely similar manner ; chin buffy white; the whole of the under surface rust-red, crossed

by numerous narrow semicircular bands of white; irides bright yellow; cere dull yellow; bill black at the

tip, blue at the base; legs and feet pale yellow ; claws black.

The female differs in having all the upper surface brown; the chestnut band at the back of the neck

wider, but not so rich in colour ; in all other respects she resembles her mate.

The Plate represents the two sexes of the natural size.

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ACCIPITER TORQUATUS, Pig. & Horsy-

&°

Collared Sparrow-Hawk.

Falco torqualus, Cuv —Temm, PL. Col. 43 (adult), 93 (young),

Acciyiter torquatus, Vig. & Horsf. in Linn. Trans. vol. xv. p. 182.—Shaw, Gen. Zool. vol, xiii. p, 30, pl. 33.—

Gould, Syn. Birds of Australia, part iii, fig. 2,

Falco nisus, Lath. Ind. Orn. Supp. p. xi?

New Holland Sparrow-Hawk, Lath, Gen, Syn. Supp. vol. ii. p. 512; and Gen, Hist. vol. i. p. 223?

Nisus australis, Less. Traité d’Orn. p. 61.

Bilbil, Aborigines of New South Wales.

Jil-lee-jil-lee, Aborigines of the lowland, and

Min-min of the Aborigines of the mountain districts of Western Australia.

Little Hawk, Colonists of Swan River.

Tuts species is especially abundant in Van Diemen’s Land and New South Wales, and would appear to

enjoy a wide extent of range, since I have either seen or received specimens of it from every part of

Australia, with the single exception of the north coast.

In its habits and disposition it has all the characteristics of its European ally, the deeipiter fringillarius,

whose boldness and daring spirit while in pursuit of its quarry have been so often described that they are

familiar to every one; the sexes also exhibit the same disparity of size, the female being nearly as large and

powerful again as her mate; hence the swift-flying Quail and the numerous species of Honey-eaters upon

which they feed find in her a most powerful enemy, For rapidity of flight and unerring aim, however,

she is even surpassed by her more feeble mate, who may frequently be observed at one moment skimming

quietly over the surface of the ground, and the next impetuously dashing through the branches of the

trees in fearless pursuit of his prey, which, from the quickness of his abrupt turns, rarely eludes the attack.

Mr. Caley mentions as an instance of its boldness, that he once witnessed it in the act of darting at a Blue

Mountain-Parrot which was suspended in a cage from the bough of a mulberry-tree within a conple of yards

of his door.

The nest is rather a large structure, composed of sticks, and lined with fibrous roots and a few leaves of

the gum-tree. It is usually placed in the fork of a swamp-oak (Casuarina) or other trees growing on the

banks of creeks and rivers, but is occasionally to be met with in the depths of the forests. The eggs are

generally three in tiumber, of a bluish white, in some instances stained and smeared over with blotches

of buff; in others I have observed square-formed spots and a few hair-like streaks of deep brown: their

medium length is one inch and six lines by one inch and two lines in breadth.

Head, all the upper surface, wings, and tail deep brownish grey, the tail indistinctly barred with deep

brown ; on the back of the neck an obscure collar of reddish brown ; throat, the under surface, and thighs

rufous, crossed by numerous narrow bars of white, the red predominating on the thighs ; under surface of

the wings and tail grey, distinctly barred with dark brown, which is deepest on the former; irides and

eyelash yellow; cere and gape yellowish green ; base of the bill lead-colour, tip black ; legs yellow, slightly

tinged with green.

The young male has the cere and gape olive-yellow ; irides and eyelash primrose-yellow.

The figures are those of a male and female of the natural size.

BUTEO MELANOSTERNON, Gow.

Black-breasted Buzzard.

Buteo melanosternon, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soe., Part VIII. p. 162.

Goo-dap, Aborigines of the mountain districts of Western Australia.

Ir we examine the Australian members of the family of Fulconide, we cannot fail to observe that it comprises

representatives of most of the forms inhabiting similar latitudes in the northern hemisphere; no example

of the genus Butco had, however, been recorded as an inhabitant of Australia until I discovered the present

species, which is more nearly allied to the Buteo Jackall of the Cape of Good Hope and the Red-tailed

Buzzard (Luteo Borealis) of America than to any other. It is a fine and noble species, and although it

does not appear to be common in any part of the colonies, it ranges over all the southern portion of the

country. I have received it from Swan River, and procured it myself during my journey into the interior

of New South Wales, about two hundred miles northwards of Sydney; I have also a specimen which was

killed on the Liverpool Plains by one of the natives in my party.

The Black-breasted Buzzard generally flies high in the air, through which it soars in large circles, much

after the manner of the Wedge-tailed Eagle; its black breast and the large white mark at the base of the

primaries being very conspicuous when seen from beneath.

The sexes are alike in colouring but present the usual difference in size, the male being the smallest.

Crown of the head, face, chin, chest and centre of the abdomen deep black, passing into chestnut-red on

the flanks, thighs and under tail-coverts; back of the head chestnut-red, becoming black in the centre of

each feather ; shoulders whitish buff; all the upper surface deep brownish black, margined with chestnut-

red; primaries white at the base, deep black for the remainder of their length; cere and base of the bill

purplish flesh-colour, passing into black at the tip; irides wood-brown ; feet white tinged with lilac.

The Plate represents a male about two-thirds of the natural size.

MILVUS AFFINIS, Gow.

Allied Kite.

Milvus affinis, Gould in Proce, of Zool. Soc., Part V. p. 140; and in Syn. Birds of Australia, Part III.

E-le-nid-jul, Aborigines of Port Essington.

Wirn the single exception of Van Diemen’s Land, this Kite is universally dispersed over all the Australian

Colonies, and is equally as common at Port Essington, on the north coast, as it is on the southern por-

tions of the country.

Its confident and intrepid disposition renders it familiar to every one, and not unfrequently costs it its

life, as it fearlessly enters the farm-yard of the settler, and if unopposed, impudently deals out destruction to

the young poultry, pigeons, &c. tenanting it. It is also a constant attendant at the camps of the Aborigines

and the hunting parties of the settlers, perching on the small trees immediately surrounding them, and

patiently waiting for the refuse or offal. The temerity of one individual was such, that it even disputed my

right to a Bronze-winged Pigeon that had fallen before my gun, for which act, 1am now almost ashamed to

say, it paid the penalty of its life; on reflection I asked myself why should advantage have been taken of the

confident disposition implanted in the bird by its Maker, particularly too when it was in a part of the country

where no white man had taken up his abode and assumed a sovereign right over all that surrounds him.

The flight of this bird, which is closely allied in character to that of the Milrus ater of Europe, is much

less protracted and soaring than that of the typical Kites; the bird is also much more arboreal in its habits,

skulking about the forest after the manner of the true Buzzards. Great numbers have been observed

hovering over the smoke of the extensive fires so common in Australia, closely watching for Lizards and

any of the smaller mammialia that may have fallen victims to the flames, or have been driven by the heat

from their lurking places.

In the southern parts of Australia this bird is a stationary species; I did not, however, succeed in

procuring its eggs, or any account of its nidification.

The sexes are so nearly alike that the single figure in the accompanying Plate will serve for a representa-

tion of both.

Feathers of the head, and the back and sides of the neck reddish fawn colour, with a central stripe of

dark blackish brown; all the upper surface glossy brown inclining to chocolate, and passing into reddish

brown on the wing-coverts, the shaft of each feather being black, and the extreme tip pale brown; primaries

black ; sedondaries blackish brown ; tail, which is slightly forked, brown, crossed by several indistinct bars

of a darker tint, and each feather tipped with greyish white ; throat brownish fawn colour, with the stem of

each feather black ; the remainder of the under surface rufous brown, with a central lme of dark brown on

each feather, which is broadest and most conspicuous on the chest; cere, gape and base of the lower man-

dible yellow ; upper mandible and point of the lower black ; tarsi and toes yellow ; claws black ; irides very

dark brown.

The figure is about two-thirds of the natural size.

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MILVUS ISURUS, Gould.

Square-tailed Kite.

Milvus isurus, Gould in Proc. of Zool, Soc., Part V. 1837, p. 140.—Ib. Syn. Birds of Australia, Part III.

Ge-durn-mul-uk and Mar-arl, Aborigines of the mountain districts of Western Australia.

Kite, of the Colonists.

Tus new species, although possessing the short feet, long wings, and other characters of the true Kites,

may at once be distinguished from all the other members of that group by the square form of its tail. I

met with it in various parts of New South Wales, and on the plains of the interior, still it is by no means

abundant, and persons who had been long resident in the colony knew but little about it. I had, however,

the good fortune not only to kill the bird myself, but, in one instance, to find its nest, from which I shot

the female. I have also received two specimens from Swan River, which shows that, although the species

may be thinly scattered over the country, it nevertheless enjoys an extensive range of habitat. It is a

true Kite in all its manners, at one time soaring high above the trees of the forest, and at others hunting

over the open wastes in search of food.

The nest which I found near Scone, in the month of November, was of a large size, built exteriorly of

sticks, and lined with leaves and the inner bark of the gum-trees: it contained two eggs, the ground colour

of which was buffy white ; one was faintly freckled with rufous, becoming much deeper at the smaller end,

while the other was very largely blotched with reddish brown; they were somewhat round in form, one inch

and eleven lines long by one inch and seven lines broad.

In his notes from Western Australia, Mr. John Gilbert remarks, that it is there “ always found in

thickly-wooded places. Its flight at times is rapid, and it soars high for a great length of time. I found a

nest on the 10th of November, 1839; it contained two young ones scarcely feathered, and was formed of

sticks on a lofty horizontal branch of a white gum-tree, in a dense forest about four miles to the eastward

of the Avon. I have not observed it in the lowlands, but it appears to be tolerably abundant in the interior.

The stomach is membranous and very capacious: the food mostly birds.”

Forehead and space over the eve bufly white, each feather tipped and marked down the shaft with black ;

crown of the head, back and sides of the neck, throat, shoulders, both above and beneath, and the under

surface generally reddish orange ; the feathers on the crown and the back of the head, like those of the

forehead, marked longitudinally and tipped with black, but in no part are these markings so widely spread

as on the chest, whence they suddenly diminish, and are altogether lost on the abdomen, the uniformity of

which, particularly on the flanks, is broken by obscure transverse bands of a lighter colour; upper part of

the back and scapularies deep blackish brown; tips of the primaries on the upper surface dark brown,

obscurely banded with black ; internal web of the basal portion of the primaries, together with the stem and

under surface generally, greyish white ; secondaries dark brown banded with black, the remainder of the

wing light brown, the edges of the feathers being still lighter; ramp and upper tail-coverts white, with

transverse bands of brown and buff; tail brownish grey, and nearly square in form, all the feathers, except

the two outer on each side, marked with about four obscure narrow bands of black, the whole tipped with

black ; irides very pale yellow, freckled with light rufous; cere, base of the bill and feet greyish white ;

culmen and tip of the bill and claws black.

The female has the same character of markings as the male, but 1s readily distinguished by her great

superiority in size.

The figure is that of a male two-thirds of the natural size,

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”

ELANUS AXILLARIS.

Black-shouldered Kite.

falco axillaris, Lath. Ind. Orn., Supp., vol. ii. p. 42.— Shaw Gen. Zool., vol. vii. p. 173. — Vieill. 2nde Edit. du

Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., tom. iy. p. 453.

Circus avillaris, Vieill. Ency. Méth., Part. IIT. p. 1212.

Elanus notatus, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part V. p. 141; and in Syn. Birds of Australia, Part TV.

A more careful comparison of the birds from various parts of the world, which have hitherto been classed

under the old specific name of Falco (Elanus) melanopterus, has shown that, instead of their being all

identical, each quarter of the globe is inhabited by its own peculiar species ; and that although they all bear

a general resemblance to each other, they each possess well-defined characters, by which they may be

readily distinguished ; in their habits, as might be supposed, they are as closely allied as in general appear-

ance.

The species here represented is a summer yisitant to the southern portions of the Australian continent,

over which it is very widely but thinly dispersed, being found at Swan River on the west coast, at Moreton

Bay on the east, and over all the intervening country ; I have never seen it in collections from Java, although

Sir William Jardine states that it is an inhabitant of that island, neither have I yet seen it from Van

Diemen’s Land.

In its disposition it is much less courageous than the other members of the Australian Fa/eonide, and, as

its feeble bill and legs would indicate, lives more on insects and reptiles than on birds or quadrupeds.

I very often observed it flying above the tops of the highest trees, and where it appeared to be hawking

about for insects ; it was also sometimes to be seen perched upon the dead and leafless branches of the gums,

particularly such as were isolated from the other trees of the forest, whence it could survey all around.

While under the Liverpool range I shot a young bird of this species that had not long left the nest ;

which proves that it had been bred within the colony of New South Wales, but I could never obtain any

information respecting the nest and eggs.

The sexes closely assimilate to each other in colouring. The young differ in having the feathers of the

upper surface tipped with buffy-brown.

The adults have the eye encircled by a narrow ring of black ; forehead, sides of the face and under sur-

face of the body pure white ; back of the neck, back, scapularies, and upper tail-coverts delicate grey; a

jet-black mark commences at the shoulders, and extends over the greater portion of the wing ; under surface

of the shoulders pure white, below which an oval spot of jet black; primaries dark grey above, brownish

black beneath ; tail greyish white; bill black ; cere and legs pale yellow ; irides reddish orange.

The figures are those of a male and a female of the natural size.

tle Shs

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seine

ELANUS SCRIPTUS, Gow.

Letter-winged Kite.

Elanus scriptus, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., June 28, 1842.

I nave nothing more to communicate respecting this new species of H/anus, than that I found a single speci-

men of it among a collection of skins that had been sent from South Australia. In size it considerably

exceeds the Black-shouldered Kite, from which it also differs in the colouring of the upper surface, which is

much darker and washed with reddish brown, the same part in the other species being delicate grey; the

principal character, however, by which it may be distinguished, not only from its Australian relative, but from

every other member of the genus yet discovered, is the great extent of the black mark on the under surface

of the wing, which following the line of the bones from the body to the pinion, assumes when the wing is

spread the form of the letter V, or if both wings are seen at the same time that of a W, divided in the centre

by the body; which circumstance has suggested the specific name I have applied to it.

It will be admitted by every one that this new species is an interesting addition to the Australian Fa/co-

nide@, a group, of which the Fauna of that country is more meagre in species than any similar extent of

country known.

Forehead and line over the eye white ; head and all the upper surface dark grey, washed with reddish

brown ; wing-coverts deep glossy black ; primaries greyish brown, becoming nearly white on their webs,

all but the first two or three margined with white at the tip; secondaries brownish grey on the outer web,

white on the inner and at the extremity; tertiaries brownish grey; two centre tail-feathers grey; the

remaining tail-feathers pale brown on their outer webs, and white on the inner; lores black ; all the under

surface and edge of the shoulder white; on the under surface of the wing, following the line of the bones, a

broad mark of black, assuming the form of the letter V; bill black; cere and legs yellow; claws black ;

irides orange.

The figure is of the natural size.

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LEPIDOGENYS SUBCRISTATUS, Goud.

Crested Hawk.

Lepidogenys subcristatus, Gould, in Proc. of Zool. Soc. part v. p. 140; and in Syn. Birds of Australia, part iii.

I REGRET to say that I am not sufficiently acquainted with this singular species to give any account of its

habits and economy, but, judging from the feebleness of its bill and talons and the shortness of its tarsi,

I conceive that it principally preys upon insects and their larye ; and it is not improbable that honey and

the larvae of bees and ants, which abound in Australia, may form a portion of its food. Any information on

this head that may have been ascertained by residents in Australia would, if made known, be of the highest

interest to ornithologists, as an addition to the history of this singular form among the Falconide. Its

extreme rarity, however, will, I fear, tend much to prevent the acquirement of this desirable information.

I saw it soaring high in the air over the plains in the neighbourhood of the Namoi, but never sufficiently

near to admit of a successful shot. All the specimens I have seen were collected either at Moreton Bay

or on the banks of the Clarence.

As little or no difference exists in the plumage of the specimens I have examined, I presume that the

sexes are very similar,

Crown of the head, sides of the face, ear-coverts, and upper part of the back brownish grey; occiput and

lengthened occipital plumes blackish brown; back and scapulars brown; wings uniform dark brownish grey

above, beneath silvery grey ; primaries and secondaries crossed by several bands, and largely terminated with

black ; rump and upper tail-coverts chocolate-brown ; tail brownish grey above, lighter beneath, crossed by

three narrow bands of black near the base, and deeply terminated with the same colour; throat, chest, part

of the shoulder, and under tail-coverts greyish white, tinged with rufous ; abdomen, flanks, and thighs buffy

white, crossed with conspicuous narrow bands of reddish chestnut ; bill bluish horn-colour ; tarsi yellowish.

The Plate portrays the bird of the natural size.

iat

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ih wt - ‘ Pro =

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; 2 aft nh, Hi i erie tena ren ite: Rain P nig ca pig ee a a al fle’ bei E>

a Te) as % ,! “ul Ae wa tite “ul tens 4 £ Ati aad Ws ape nid ts a | - r dic st fom hie wv -

part : cen wnt etn i ta MOE ahi

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tar

CIRCUS ASSIMILIS, Jard. and Seid.

Allied Harrier.

Circus assimilis, Jard, and Selb. Til. Orn., vol. ii. pl. 51.

Swamp Hawk, of the Colonists.

Tue Cireus assimilis may be regarded as the commonest of the Harriers inhabiting New South Wales and

South Australia; it also ocenrs, but in smaller numbers, in Van Diemen’s Land. Another Harrier is rather

abundantly dispersed over all the localities suitable to its existence in Western Australia, and it is Just possible

that they may prove to be mere varieties of each other ; if such should be the case, the whole of the southern

portion of the coast of Australia, from east to west, must be included within the range of its habitat ; still,

without further evidence in favour of this supposition, I should consider them to be distinct species ; and if

this opinion is well-founded, the two species will be found to inosculate in the latitude of Spencer’s and

St. Vincent's Gulfs, as, in the collections lately forwarded to me by Mr. Harvey of Port Lincoln, I found two

or three individuals precisely identical with those from Swan River. In size the Careus assimils is but little

inferior to the Marsh Harrier (Circus @ruginosus) of Europe, to which it offers a great resemblance in its

habits and economy; being generally seen flying slowly and somewhat heavily near the surface of the

eround, evincing a partiality to lagoons and marshy places, situations which offer it a greater variety and

abundance of food than any other; the principal part of its food consists of reptiles, small mammalia and

birds. I several times observed this species in the lagoons near Clarence Plains in Van Diemen’s Land, as

well as in all similar situations in almost eyery part of New South Wales I visited,

L was not so fortunate as to find the nest of this Harrier,—a knowledge of its form and of the colour of its

eges is therefore yet to be ascertained. That it breeds in the localities in which I observed it I have little

doubt, from the circumstance of the adults paying regular and hourly visits to the marshes i search of food,

which was doubtless borne away to their young. When in a state of quiescence, this species, like the other

Harriers, perches on some elevation in the open plain rather than among the trees of the forest; the trunk

of a fallen tree, a large stone, or small hillock, being among its favourite resting-places,

The sexes offer the usual differences in the larger size of the female; the markings of that sex are also

rather less well-defined, and have not so much of the grey colouring as the male.

Head and all the upper surface rich dark brown; the feathers at the back of the neck margined with

reddish buff; face light reddish brown ; facial dise bufly white, with a dark stripe down the centre of

each feather ; all the under surface buffy white, which is deepest on the lower part of the abdomen and

thighs, each feather with a streak of brown down the centre; upper tail-coverts and base of the tail-feathers

white ; remaining length of the tail-feathers brownish grey; irides reddish orange ; eyelash and cere pale

yellow; bill dark brown, becoming light blue at the base ; tarsi greenish white ; feet bright orange; claws

dark brown.

The female differs in being of a larger size and of a darker brown, particularly on the under surface, and

in having the tail of a deeper tint and obscurely barred.

The figures are about two-thirds of the natural size,

Wg la oa

reac Me

were aloe

reese:

CIRCUS JARDINITI, Gowa.

Jardine’s Harrier.

Cwcus Jardinii, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part V, p. 141; and in Syn. Birds of Australia, Part. ITT.

Tris very beautiful Harrier, which is distinguished from every other species of the genus at present known

by the spotted character of its plumage, is plentifully dispersed oyer every portion of New South Wales,

wherever localities favourable to the existence of the Harrier tribe occurs, such as extensive plains, wastes,

and luxuriant grassy flats between the hills in mountainous districts. The extent of its range over the

Australian continent has not yet been ascertained, and I have never observed it from any other portion of

the country than that mentioned above, nor do specimens occur in collections formed in other parts.

In the third part of my “ Synopsis of the Birds of Australia,” I expressed an opinion that the Girens

assimilis of Messrs. Jardine and Selby’s “ Illustrations of Ornithology” was merely the young of the present

species: this opinion, however, my visit to Australia proved to be erroneous ; the Circus assimilis, as will be

seen on reference to the preceding plate, proving to be entirely distinct. The present noble bird has been

named in honour of Sir William Jardine, Bart., one of the authors of the work above mentioned ; and which,

as well as his other valuable publications connected with the science of ornithology, are well known to

every zoologist,

To describe the economy of the Jardine’s Harrier would be merely to repeat what has been said respecting

that of the former species, Like the other members of the genus, it flies lazily over the surface of the plains,

intently seeking for lizards, snakes, small quadrupeds and birds; and when not pressed by hunger, reposes

on some dried stick, elevated knoll, or stone, from which it can survey all around. Although I observed

this species in all parts of the Hunter in summer, when others of the Fuleanide were breeding, I did not

succeed in procuring its eges, or obtain any satisfactory information respecting its nidification; in all pro-

bability its nest is constructed on or near the eround, on the scrubby crowns of the low, open, sterile hills

that border the plains.

The sexes present considerable difference in size, but are very siinilar in their markings ; both are spotted,

but the female is by far the finest bird in every respect.

Crown of the head, cheeks and ear-coverts dark chestnut, each feather having a mark of brown down the

centre ; facial disc, back of the neck, upper part of the back, and chest uniform dark grey; lower part of the

back and seapulars dark grey, most of the feathers bemg blotched and marked at the tips with two faint spots

of white, one on each side of the stem; shoulders, under surface of the wing, abdomen, thighs and under

tail-coverts rich chestnut, the whole of the feathers beautifully spotted with white, the spots regularly dis-

posed down each web, and being largest aud most distinct on the abdomen ; greater and lesser wing-coyerts

brownish grey, irregularly barred and tipped with a lighter colour ; secondaries dark grey, crossed with

three narrow lines of dark brown, and tipped with a broad band of the same colour, the extreme tips being

paler ; primaries black for two-thirds of their length, their bases brownish buff; upper tail-coverts brown,

barred and tipped with greyish white ; tail alternately barred with conspicuous bands of dark -brown and

grey, the brown baud nearest the extremity being the broadest, the extreme tips greyish white ; irides bright

orange-yellow ; cere olive-yellow ; bill blue at the base, black at the culmen and tips; legs yellow.

The young has the whole of the upper surface nearly uniform dark brown, the tail more numerously

Basted anid the feathers of the chest and upper part of the abdomen striated, instead of spotted with white :

in other respects it resembles the adults,

The front figure represents the female and the other the male, about two-thirds of the natural size.

eats

we)

tes 4.

—-

AEN.

MEL! Tat ee esr - a >

a TE

air iad

STRIX CASTANOPS, Gow.

Chestnut-faced Owl.

Strix castanops, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part IV. p. 140; and in Syn. Birds of Australia, Part III.

Van Diemen’s Lanp is the native country of this Owl, a species distinguished from all the other members

of the genus Sériz, as now restricted, by its great size and powerful form; few of the Raptorial birds, iu

fact, with the exception of the Eagles, are more formidable or more sanguinary in disposition than the bird

here represented.

Forests of large but thinly scattered trees, skirting plains and open districts, constitute its natural habitat.

Strictly nocturnal in its habits, as night approaches it sallies forth from the hollows of the large gum-trees,

and flaps slowly and noiselessly over the plains and swamps in search of its prey, which, as is the case with

the other members of the genus, consists of rats and small quadrupeds generally, numerous species of

which abound in the country wherein it is destined by nature to dwell.

I regret that the brevity of my stay in Van Diemen’s Land did not admit of sufficient opportunities for

observing this bird in its native haunts, and of making myself acquainted with the various changes which

take place in the colouring of its plumage. Much variety in this respect exists among the specimens in my

collection ; occasioned not so much by a difference in the form of the markings, as by a difference in the

hue of the wash of colour which pervades the face, neck, under surface and thighs. In some specimens the

face, all the under surface and the thighs are deep rusty yellow ; in others the same parts are slightly washed

with buff, while others again have the face of a dark reddish buff approaching to chestnut, and the under

surface much lighter ; I have also seen others with the facial feathers lighter than those of the body, and,

lastly, some with the face and all the under surface pure white, with the exception of the black spots which

are to be found in all. Whether the white or the tawny plumage is the characteristic of the adult, or

whether these changes are influenced by season, are points that might be easily cleared up by persons

resident in Van Diemen’s Land, and I would invite those who may be favourably situated for observation to

fully investigate the subject and make known the results,

I found the white variety far less numerous than the others; and so much smaller in size, as almost to

induce a belief that they were distinct.

The sexes differ very considerably in size, the female bemg by far the largest, and in every way more

powerful than the male: the stroke of her foot and the grasp of ber talons must be immediate death to any

animal, from the size of the little Opossum Mouse to the largest of the Kangaroo-rats, upon which latter

animals it is probable that future research will prove it sometimes subsists.

Fascial disc deep chestnut, becoming deeper at the margin and encircled with black; upper surface,

wings and tail fine rafous brown, each feather irregularly and broadly barred with dark brown, with a few

minute white spots on the head and shoulders ; under surface uniform deep sandy brown; sides of the

neck and flanks sparingly marked with round blackish spots; thighs and legs the same, but destitute of

spots ; bill yellowish brown ; feet light yellow.

The Plate represents the two sexes of the natural size,

ie ok

rigs

Ts gee

abet =

ea *

be ae

See ae

an.

ne ac

on . . Fur? ste Cre

Le Ae. ray oe -

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pte opm e

STRIX PERSONATA, Piz.

Masked Barn Owl,

Striv personata, Vig. in Proc. of Com. of Sci., and Corr. of Zool. Soc., Part I, p- 60.—Gould in Syn. Birds of

Australia, Part III.

Stria Cyclops, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part IV. p. 140; and in Syn. Birds of Australia, Part ITT. ?

Ir will be recollected that the habitat of the Strix castanops is Van Diemen’s Land, to which island it is

probably restricted ; on the other hand, the bird here figured, although nearly allied to the preceding, not

only differs in so many essential characters as to leave little doubt in my mind of its being specifically

distinct, but is confined to the continent of Australia, over which it enjoys a wide range. With the ex-

ception of the north coast, I have received specimens from every part of the country. During my visit to

the interior of South Australia, numerous individuals fell to my gun, which upon comparison presented

no material variation in their colour or markings from others killed in New South Wales and Swan River.

If I were puzzled with respect to the changes to which the Série castanops is apparently subject, I am not

less so with those of the present bird; for although I find the tawny and buff colouring of the face and

under surface is generally lighter, I also find a diversity in the colouring of the different parts of the under

surface ; I have specimens in my cabinet with the face, all the under surface and the ground-colour of

the upper pure white, and prior to my visit to Australia I characterized specimens thus coloured as a

distinct species under the name of Striv Cyclops, but I have now some reason to believe them to be fully

adult males of the bird here figured. I may remark, that out of the numerous examples I killed in South

Australia in the month of June, I did not meet with one in the white plumage.

The Strix personata is almost a third smaller than the §. castanops, and as the sexes of both species bear

a relative proportion in size, the male of the one is about equal to the female of the other. The white

spottings of the upper surface of the former are larger than those of the latter, and the surrounding

patches of dark brown and buff are not so deep, giving the whole of that part of the bird a more marbled

or speckled appearance.

Pale buff; the upper part of the head, the back and the wings variegated with dark brown, and

sparingly dotted with white; under surface paler with a few brown spots; tail buff, mndulated with brown

fascia ; facial dise purplish buff, margined with deep brown spots ; bill pale horn-colour ; toes yellow.

The figures represent the two sexes of the natural size.

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STRIX TENEBRICOSUS, Gow.

Sooty Owl.

Striv tenebricosus, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part XIII. p. 80.

A FINE specimen of this species is comprised in the collection of the British Museum, and a second example

graces my own; its habitat is undoubtedly the dense brushes of the east coast of Australia, where, like

other Owls, it remains secluded during the day, and sallies forth at night in search of its natural prey. It is

a fine and powerful species, and the rarest of the Australian members of the genus to which it belongs, from

all of which it is conspicuously distinguished by the dark sooty hue of its plumage, and by the primaries

being of one colour, or destitute of the bars common to all the other species.

Facial dise sooty grey, becoming much deeper round the eyes; upper surface brownish black, with

purplish reflexions, and with a spot of white near the tip of each feather; wings and tail of the same hue

but paler, the feathers of the wing of a uniform tint, without bars, those of the tail faintly freckled with

narrow bars of white; under surface brownish black, washed with buff, and with the white marks much less

decided ; legs mottled brown and white ; irides dark brown ; bill horn-colour ; feet yellowish.

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STRIX DELICATULUS, Gowa.

Delicate Owl.

Strix delicatulus, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part IV., 1836, p. 140; and in Syn. Birds of Australia, Part III.

Yon-ja, Aborigines of the lowlands of Western Australia.

Tuis is the least of the Australian Owls belonging to that section of the group to which the generic term

of Stra has been restricted ; it is also the one most generally distributed. I observed it in almost every

part of New South Wales that I visited; it is a common bird in South Australia, and I have also seen

specimens of it from Port Essington. It has not yet been found in the colony of Swan River, nor can

it be included in the fauna of Van Diemen’s Land. Although good specific differences are found to exist,

it is very nearly allied to the Barn Owl (S¢rzv flammea) of our own island, and, as might be naturally

expected, the habits, actions and general economy of the two species are as similar as is their outward

appearance: mice and other small mammals, which are very numerous, are preyed upon as its natural

food. To attempt a description of its noiseless flight, its mode of capturing its prey, or of its general habits,

would be merely to repeat what has been so often and so ably written relative to the Barn Owl of Europe.

Although the plumage of youth and that of maturity do not differ so widely in this species as in the other

Australian members of the genus, the fully adult bird may always be distinguished by the spotless and snowy

whiteness of the breast, and by the lighter colouring of the upper surface.

Facial dise white, margined with buff; upper surface light greyish brown tinged with yellow, very

thickly and delicately pencilled with spots of brownish black and white ; wings pale buff lightly barred

with pale brown, marked along the outer edge and extremities with zigzag pencillings of the same, each

primary having a terminal spot of white ; tail resembles the primaries, except that the terminal white spot

is indistinct, and the outer feathers are almost white; under surface white, sparingly marked about the chest

and flanks with small brownish dots ; legs and thighs white ; bill horn-colour; feet yellowish.

The figure is of the natural size.

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ATHENE BOOBOOK.,.

Boobook Owl.

Striv Boobook, Lath, Ind. Orn, Suppl, p. xv. no, 9.—Shaw, Gen. Zool., vol, vii. p. 262,

Boobook Owl, Lath. Gen. Hist., vol. i, p- 362. no. 66.—Id. Gen. Syn. Suppl, vol. ii. p. fi4,

Noertua Boobook, Vig. and Worsf. in Linn. Trans., vol. xv. p. 188,

Athene Boobook, Gould in Syn. Birds of Anstralia, Part T.

Buck-buek, Aborivines of New South Wales.

Goor-goor-da, Aborigines of Western Australia.

Mel-in-de-ye, Aborigines of Port Essington,

Koor-koo, Aborigines of South Australia.

Brown or Cuckoo- Owl of the Colonists.

1 iave seen individuals of this Owl from every one of the Australian colonies, all presenting similar

churacters, with the exception of those from Port Essington, which differ from the others in beiny a trifle

smaller in size and paler in colour.

In Van Diemen’s Land this species is seldom seen, while it is very common throughout the whole length

of the southern coast of the continent. It appears to inhabit alike the brushes and the plains, that is, those

plains which are studded with belts of trees. It is no unusual occurrence to observe it on the wing in the

day-time in search of insects and small birds, upon which it mainly subsists. It may be readily distinguished

from thexe maculata by its larger size, and by the spotted markings of its plumage ; features which will be

at once perceived by a reference to the figures of the two species,

The flight of this bird is tolerably rapid, and as it passed through the shrubby trees that cover the yast

area of the belts of the Murray, it strongly reminded me of a woodcock. In such places as those I have last

mentioned, travellers frequently flush it from off the ground, to which, after a flight of one or two hundred

ards, it either descends again or takes shelter in any thickly-foliaged trees that may be at hand, when it ean

ueither be easily seen nor foreed from its retreat,

It breeds in the holes of the large gum-trees, during the months of November and December, and lays

three eggs on the rotten surface of the wood, without any kind of nest. Three eggs procured on the Sth

of November, by my useful companion Natty, were in a forward state of incubation; their contour was tn-

usually round, the medium length of the three being one inch and seven lines, and the breadth one inch and

four lines. They were perfectly white, as is ever the case with the eggs of owls.

“The native name of this bird,” says Mr. Caley, “is Buek-duek, and it may be heard nearly every night

during winter uttering a ery corresponding with the sound of that word, Although this ery is know tu

every one, yet the bird itself is known but to few: and it cost me considerable time and trouble Patore |

could satisfy myself of its identity. The note of the bird is somewhat similar to that of tls Europes

Cuckoo, and the colonists have hence given it that name, ‘The lower order of settlers in New South Wales

are led away by the idea that everything is the reverse in that country to what it is in England ; aud the

Cuckoo, as they call this bird, singing by night ts one of the instances they point out.” I believe that its

note is never uttered during the day-time.

. . . . . oa a ° LJ - = +. 4 . 4 ~~ 7a. is ht as

A great diversity is found to exist in the colouring of the imdes; some being yellowish white, others

vreenish yellow, and others brown, | |

| Its food is very much varied, but consists principally of small birds and insects of yarious orders,

particularly locusts and other Neuroptera.

Fore part of the facial dise greyish white, each feather tipped with black; hinder part dark brown ;

head, all the upper surface, wings aud tail reddish brown; the wing-coverts, s sapularies, and inner webs

of the secondaries spotted with white; primaries and tail-feathers irregularly barred with light reddish

brown, the spaces between the bars becoming buffy white on the under surface; breast and all the under

, Ts ‘s a - . ‘ =a ; ‘

urface rufous, irregularly blotehed with white, which predominates ou the abdomen; thighs deep tawny

‘ : : ; ‘ : ; 4 5 * * *

hut: irides light brown in some, greenish brown inclinmy to yellow in others ; cere bloish grey; feet lead-

; SMS .

colour.

The sexes offer but little difference in the colouring of their plumage, but the female is the largest in size.

The figures are male and female of the natural size,

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ATHENE MACULATA.

Spotted Owl.

Noctua maculata, Vig. and Horsf. in Linn. Trans., vol. xv. p-. 189.

Athene maculata, Gould in Syn. Birds of Australia, Part III.

Tuts species is very generally distributed over Van Diemen’s Land; it also inhabits South Australia and

New South Wales, but in far less numbers. — It generally takes up its abode in the thickly-foliaged trees of

the woods and gulleys, and usually selects those that are most shielded from the heat and light of the sun.

Little or no difference is observable in the habits and economy of this species and those of the diurnal

Owls of Europe. The whole day is spent in a state of drowsiness bordering on sleep, from which, however,

it can be easily aroused. Its visual powers are sufficiently strong to enable it to face the light, and even to

hunt for its food in the day-time. Like other members of the genus it preys chiefly upon small birds and

insects, which, from the more than ordinary rapidity of its movements, are captured with great facility.

The sexes are precisely alike in colour, and differ but little in size; the female is however the largest.

The drawing in the accompanying Plate was made from a pair of living examples which I kept for some

time during my stay at Hobart Town, and which bore confinement so contentedly, that had an opportunity

presented itself I might easily have sent them alive to England.

Facial disc white, each of the feathers immediately above the bill with the shafts and tips black; head

and all the upper surface brown, the scapularies and secondaries numerously spotted with white; tail

brown, crossed by irregular bands of a lighter tint, which become nearly white on the outer feathers ; chest

and all the under surface brown, blotched and spotted with tawny and white; primaries brown, crossed with

bands of a lighter tint; thighs tawny buff; bill dark horn-colour; irides yellow; feet yellowish.

The figures are of the natural size.

ATHENE? CONNIVENS.

Winking Owl.

Falco connivens, Lath. Ind, Orn. Supp., p. xii—Shaw, Gen. Zool., vol. vii. p. 186.

Winking Falcon, Lath. Gen, Syn. Supp., vol. ii. p- 53.—Ib. Gen. Hist., vol. i. p. 221,

Athene ? fortis, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part V. p. 141; and in Syn. Birds of Australia, Part IT.

Goora-a-gang, Aborigines of New South Wales.

Wool-bog-gle, Aborigines of the mountain district of Western Australia.

Tue range of this fine Owl appears to extend over the whole of the southern coast of Australia. IT have

received it from Swan River and from nearly every part of New South Wales; specimens from these distant

localities differ a little in their plumage ; those obtained in Western Australia being rather lighter in colour,

and having the markings less clear and defined than those from New South Wales. ‘There is no difference

in the plumage of the sexes, but the female is somewhat the largest in size.

not so restricted in the localities it chooses as the Athene strenua, which I have never known to leave the

brushes. It salhies forth early in the evening, and even flies with perfect use of vision during the mid-

day sun, when roused and driven from the trees upon which it has been sleeping. I have frequently

observed it in the day-time among the thick branches of the Casuarine which border the crecks.

Brushes, wooded gulleys, and the sides of creeks are its favourite places of resort ; it is consequently

It will be seen, on reference to the synonyms, that I described this bird in the « Proceedings of the

Zoological Society,” and figured it in my “ Synopsis” under the specific name of fortis; but I have since

ascertained, through the kindness of the Karl of Derby in affording me the use and inspection of the three

volumes of drawings of Australian Birds, formerly in the possession of the late A, B. Lambert, Ksq., that it

is identical with the Winking Falcon of Latham ; any seeming inattention on my part in describing an up

parently new Owl without consulting that author will I hope be readily excused, as few ornithologists would

think of looking for the description of this bird under the genus Fa/co.

Face and throat greyish white ; crown of the head and all the upper surface dark brown, tinged with

purple ; scapularies, secondaries and greater wing-coyerts spotted with white 5 primaries alternately barred

with dark and greyish brown, the light marks on the outer edges approaching to white ; tail dark brown,

transversely barred with six or seven lines of greyish white, the extreme tips of all the feathers terminating

with the same: the whole of the under surface mottled brown and white, the latter occupying the outer

edges of the feathers 5 tarsi clothed to the toes, and mottled brown and fawn-colour ; rides bright yellow ;

ae yellowish olive; bill light yellowish horn-colour ; toes long, yellow, and covered with fine hairs.

The firure is about four-fifths of the natural size.

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ATHENE STREN UA, Gould.

Powerful Owl.

Athene strenua, Gould in Proc, of Zool. Soc., Part V. p. 142; and in Syn. Birds of Australia, Part III.

Wrrn the exception of the Eagles, Aguila fucosa and Ichthyiaétus leucogaster, this is the most powerful of

the Raptorial birds yet discovered in Australia. Its strength is prodigious, and woe to him who ventures

to approach its clutch when wounded. So far as I have been able to ascertain, the habitat of the A4thene

strenua is confined to New South Wales; at all events no examples occur in collections made in any

other part of Australia. It is strictly an inhabitant of the brushes, particularly of those which stretch

along the coast from Port Philip to Moreton Bay. I have also obtained it in the interior on the precipitous

sides of the Liverpool range, which are known to the colonists by the name of the cedar brushes, where

the silence of night is frequently broken by its hoarse loud mournful note, which more resembles the

bleating of an ox than any other sound I can compare it to. During the day it reposes under the

canopy of the thickest trees, from which however it is readily roused, when it glides down the gulleys with

remarkable swiftness ; the manner in which so large a bird threads the trees while flying with such velocity

is indeed truly astonishing.

Its food consists of birds and quadrupeds, of which the brushes furnish a plentiful supply. In the

stomach of one I dissected in the Liverpool range were the remains of a bird and numerous green

seed-like berries, resembling small peas; but whether they had formed the contents of the stomach of a bird

or quadruped the Owl had deyoured, or whether the large Owls of Australia, which certainly offer some

difference in their structure from every other group of the family, live partly on berries and fruits, it would

be interesting to know; a fact which can only be ascertained by residents in the country.

The bill of this species stands out from the face very prominently ; it has also a smaller head and more

diminutive eyes than the Athene connivens, although it is a much larger bird.

The sexes differ but little in the colouring of the plumage or in size.

Crown of the head, all the upper surface, wings and tail dark clove-brown, crossed by numerous bars of

broccoli-brown, which become much larger, lighter, and more conspicuous on the lower part of the back,

the inner edges of the secondaries and of the tail; face, throat, and upper part of the chest buff, with a

large patch of dark brown down the centre of each feather ; the remainder of the under surface white,

slightly tinged with buff, and crossed with irregular bars of brown; bill light blue at the base, passing into

black at the tip; feet pale gamboge-yellow ; toes covered with whitish hairs ; irides yellow ; cere greenish

olive. :

The Plate represents the bird about two-thirds of the natural size, with a young Koala (Phascolarctos

fuscus, Desm.) in its claws, an animal very common in the brushes.

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ATHENE RUFA, Gould.

Rufous Owl.

Athene rufa, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., February 24, 1846.

Ngor-gork, Aborigines of Port Essington.

A SINGLE specimen of this fine Owl was obtained at Port Essington by Mr. Gilbert, who shot it in a thicket

amidst the swamps in the neighbourhood of the settlement. It is a most powerful species, fully equalling

“1 size the Athene strenua, from which however it is at once distinguished by the more rufous tint of its

plumage and by the more numerous and narrower barring of the breast. No other specimen was procured

during Mr. Gilbert’s residence in the colony, neither have the collections transmitted from that locality

since his departure furnished us with additional examples.

Facial dise dark brown ; all the upper surface dark brown, crossed by numerous narrow bars of reddish

brown ; the tints becoming paler and the barrings larger and more distinct on the lower part of the body,

wings and tail; all the under surface sandy red, crossed by numerous bars of reddish brown ; the feathers

of the throat with a line of brown down the centre ; vent, legs and thighs of a paler tint, with the bars more

numerous but not so decided; bill horn-colour ; cere, eyelash and feet yellow, the latter slightly clothed

with feathers ; irides light yellow.

The figure is of the natural size.

PART 4.

CONTENTS.

Egotheles Nove-Hollandiz. Lathamus discolor. Cinclosoma castanotus.

Podargus humeralis. Trichoglossus porphyrocephalus. Rhipidura albiscapa.

Halcyon Sanctus. Euphema chrysostoma. | Meliphaga Australasiana.

— pyrrhopygia. Melopsittacus undulatus. | Pardalotus affinis.

Talegalla Lathami. Cinclosoma punctatum. | — uropygialis.

Leipoa ocellata. | Pedionomus torquatus.

LONDON:

PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR, 20, BROAD STREET, GOLDEN SQUARE,

[Price Three Guineas. | DECEMBER Isr, 1840.

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DEDICATED BY PERMISSION TO HER MAJESTY.

Ichthyiaétus leucogaster.

Milvus isurus.

Entomyza cyanotis.

Tropidorhynchus corniculatus.

argenticeps.

Anthochzera mellivora.

PART Il.

CONTENTS.

Ptilotis ornatus.

— plumulus.

Apteryx Australis.

Euphema splendida. ~

elegans.

LONDON:

Euphema aurantia.

Peristera histrionica.

Hemipodius velox.

pyrrhothorax.

Pitta Vigorsii.

Cladorhynchus pectoralis.

PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR, 20, BROAD STREET, GOLDEN SQUARE,

[Price Three Guineas. |

MARCH Isr, 1841.

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DEDICATED BY PERMISSION TO HER MAJESTY.

PART TI.

CONTENTS.

WNemeorpha Goulds. Malurus melanoluwe. Malicizes meelanocephalies.

Bo hodes cre Llarvs. ee ee lends. Se _ a: yowyr 22.

Pp ) Pp ,

S phe nosloma cristatir. __ Lewcoplerus, Stre prliwrus malachurus.

Menura superba. ___— Lamlbertc. Amytis textilis

Maluras Cyarcees. ____——_ ELéegar7vs. a attr Lalres.

le. rl Caldws. Evy thre go LYS CIC tues.

¢ C.

LONDON:

PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR, 20, BROAD STREET, GOLDEN SQUARE,

[P rice Three Guineas. | MARCH lsr, 1845.

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DEDICATED BY PERMISSION

PART IV.

CONTENTS.

_ Prrlotus fiueseres.

— Plector hyn cha. l anceolata. Pre / OO rhyrechies | lologe YLC e2CS.

M uzoynela gta. |

| Chlamydera maculata.

2) e

[ Platycereves Flaveolus.

Adelardre.

Honantopus lexccocephalus.

Houmante pues Nove Zealanaie

pee AT uchal Us .

Pac hy cephala pecto rales.

LONDON:

TO HER MAJESTY.

Ay" 7 .

Clrmactervs $ca7 cles.

5 ae ruta.

— ery throps.

* p? LC Uw TINILULS.

A\ce rjrley lorgicalies.

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[Price Three Guzneas. |

MARCH Isr, 1845,

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DEDICATED BY PERMISSION TO

PART V.

Falco hypoleucus.

—— melanogenys. «

—— frontatus.

Diczum hirundinaceum.

Faleunculus frontatus. -

—— leucogaster.. -

CONTENTS.

Lopholaimus antarcticus. ~

Estrelda Bichenovii. ~

annulosa.,.

Nestor productus.

Platycercus palliceps.

Euphema Bourkii.

LONDON:

HER MAJESTY.

Dasyornis Australis. -

———— longirostris. .

Porphyrio bellus.

Anas nevosa.

Phalacrocorax punctatus,—

PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR, 20, BROAD STREET, GOLDEN SQUARE,

| Price Three Guineas. |

DECEMBER Isr, 1841.

—— =

ela Brain

— -

Soha

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Accipiter torquatus. =

Artamus sordidus. —

cinereus.

-——— minor. /

——— superciliosus. |

——-— personatus,

DEDICATED BY PERMISSION

PAK? Viz

CONTENTS.

Artamus leucopygialis.

Pitta strepitans. _ «*.

—— Iris.

Epthianura albifrons. /‘y é

Megapodius Tumulus.

LONDON:

TO HER MAJESTY.

» Estrelda temporalis.

Poéphila acuticauda.

—— personata. |

— cincta.

Nettapus Coromandelianus.

———— pulchellus. —

PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR, 20, BROAD STREET, GOLDEN SQUARE,

[Price Three Guineas. |

MARCH Isr, 1842.

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bi Abus P nbsa,

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|- 3 Meres orratics.

—Geophaps scriata

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PART VIL.

CONTENTS.

Prilanepeus owe SEOTLL.

eek WL Sit.

t é

Eph Mean itra Aye Evang:

at tricolor.

Eshreldaruficaicda.

LONDON:

DECEMBER. lst, 1844.

Denaceta castaneotherax.

wecloralts,

Emblena pre ota.

‘Tlatalea yecra.

€ ,

eS ds} VipPes-

N ty yrple tees Nove Ho llanuelice.

PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR, 20, BROAD STREET, GOLDEN SQUARE,

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DEDICATED BY PERMISSION TO HER MAJESTY.

PART VIII.

CONTENTS.

i? .

Aster ap pyvax LILATUS: Pe tyvoica. Cocel Q7LOY LL- Oh s A estyalrastamuws.

ee cruentiws — Phi Leeds | Te oO b 7 vanel lve a { ohatus.

< IM 2 ( V265 aff LrLvs. bicole Y. | Persor als,

fusca. Aj rosmiclies sca jou la lies.

_______— erythropleres.

Erythrodruas phodzi10 yasler. .

YOSC2. Dry yea clés by LMTLEOP 4g t2.

t's trelda Pharlor.

te trovéa nn. witicelor.

LONDON:

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5 .

[Price Three Guineas.] MARCH Isr, 1845.

DEDICATED BY PERMISSION TO HER MAJESTY.

PART Ix.

CONTENTS.

Buteo melanosternon. -— Cypselus Australis. Trichoglossus Swainsonil.

~~~ Elanus axillaris. Hirundo neoxena. ——— rubritorquis.

scriptus. Atticora leucosternon. —_—_——— versicolor.

~— Eurostopodus albogularis. Collocalia Ariel. Rhynchea Australis.

— guttatus. arborea. Recurvirostra rubricollis.

— Acanthylis caudacuta. Sarciophorus pectoralis.

LONDON:

PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR, 20, BROAD STREET, GOLDEN SQUARE,

| [P rice Three Guineas. | DECEMBER Isr, 1842,

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DEDICATED BY PERMISSION TO HER MAJESTY.

PART X%

| CONTENTS.

weirs 1 Ta Bee esp. ; . .

Caceutna -galerrta, Cleerja naa Abed Ome Trechaglosswws chlovaleprdcdotirs.

“Tnmwarcee lies cenchroides. ee Se ee Petre phassa al bee mba

, . ’ ’ a ' ry , f

Crveres ass grev(vs. Struthicdea Ciurervea. Parva gallinacea.

= Ja radiyve L, Caca Gea £ eaclheate Te. Borvzanae Chemin ELLs.

Mel pega Serviced. :—— Sarg bY TLER. ae pal 2uskres ;

Clyciphala fulvi froms. ” Meliz haga Nove-Mallanaie.

LONDON:

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[Price Three Guineas. | MARCH Ist, 1845.

DEDICATED BY PERMISSION TO HER MAJESTY.

PART XI.

CONTENTS.

? sphenurus. Zosterops dorsalis. — erythrocephala.

Halcyon MacLeayii. — luteus. ; Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris.

Alcyone pusilla. — chloronotus. superciliosus.

Platycercus semitorquatus. Grallina Australis. Phalacrocorax hypoleucus.

Baueri. — leucogaster. °

LONDON:

PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR, 20, BROAD STREET, GOLDEN SQUARE,

_ [Price Three Guineas.] JUNE Isr, 1843.

ant

7 7

rs a ar as -

= =

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Oy iam a anes idee — ‘ Pat

CLI DR at ayDe esd 8h

Ab ton se Boe =

ie, ase

DEDICATED BY PERMISSION

Astur Nove-Hollandiz.

Zanthomya Phrygia.

Entomophila picta.

? albogularis.

? rufogularis.

PART XIl.

CONTENTS.

Myzomela pectoralis.

Eurystomus Australis.

Carpophaga leucomela.

luctuosa.

Oreoica gutturalis.

LONDON:

TO HER MAJESTY.

Pardalotus quadragintus.

Synoicus Australis.

—? Chinensis.

Podiceps gularis.

— poliocephalus.

Phalacrocorax melanoleucus.

PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR, 20, BROAD STREET, GOLDEN SQUARE,

[Price Three Guineas. |

SEPTEMBER lst, 1843.

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DEDICATED BY PERMISSION TO HER MAJESTY.

PART XI.

CONTENTS.

Pandion leucocephalus. Peristera elegans. Trichoglossus concinnus.

Astur radiatus. Chalcophaps chrysochlora. ——_——— pusillus.

| Amadina Lathami. Leucosarcia picata. Eépsaltria Australis.

—— castanotis. Hylacola pyrrhopygia. ——— griseogularis.

Ocyphaps Lophotes. — cauta. Hemipodius castanotus.

Peristera chalcoptera. Eudromias Australis.

LONDON:

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[Price Three Guineas.] DECEMBER Isr, 1843.

DEDICATED BY PERMISSION TO HER MAJESTY.

PART XIV.

CONTENTS.

Lepidogenys subcristatus. | Sittella pileata. Climacteris melanara.

Podargus Phalzenoides. Euphema pulchella. Tadorna Radjah.

Sericornis citreogularis. —— petrophila, Casarea Tadornoides.

Ptilinopus superbus. Piezorhynchus nitidus. Diomedea exulans,

melanophrys.

Sittella chrysoptera. Atrichia clamosa.

| Sternula Nereis.

leucoptera,

LONDON:

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[Price Three Guineas. | MARCH Is?, 1844,

DEDICATED BY PERMISSION

Amadina Gouldiz.

Dacelo gigantea.

cervina.

Pardalotus punctatus.

striatus.

Geopelia humeralis.

eee

[Price Three Guineas. |

PUBLISHE

PART XV.

CONTENTS.

Xerophila leucopsis.

Diomedea chlororhyuchos.

caula.

Melicophila picata.

Psophodes nigrogularis.

LONDON:

TO HER MAJESTY.

Strepera gracubina.

leracidea Berigora,

Myzantha garrula.

lutea,

obscura.

Puffinuria Urinatrix,

D BY THE AUTHOR, 20, BROAD STREET, GOLDEN SQUARE,

JUNE Ist, 184.

—

~ DEDICATED BY PERMISSION TO HER MAJESTY.

PART XVI.

Glottis Glottoides.

CONTENTS.

leracidea occidentalis. Prion Turtur. Erismatura Australis.

Ptilotis cratitins. | —— vittatus. Agotheles leucogaster.

Platycercus Brownii. Calamanthus fuliginosus. Pomatorhinus superciliosus.

Acanthogenys rufogularis. —_————— campestris, —_——-— rubeculus.

Anthochwra inauris. Biziura lobata, Spheniscus minor.

Acanthiza chrysorrhzea.

LONDON:

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[Price Three Guineas. ] SEPTEMBER Isr, 1844.

ees

ms Ne

Pee bie

ytves ,

“i

lt, Be

DEDICATED BY PERMISSION TO HER MAJESTY.

Caprimulgus macrurus.

Entomyza albipennis.

Ptilotis auricomis.

Acanthiza Diemenensis.

— Ewingil,

Athene strenua,

PART XVIL

CONTENTS.

Athene? connivens,

Geronticus spinicollis.

Threskiornis strictipennis.

Faleinellus igneus.

Pyrrhokemus brunneus.

LONDON:

Pachycephala Lanoides,

Podiceps Australis.

Macropygia Phasianella.

Gymnorhina Tibicen.

leuconota.

Eulabeornis castaneoventris.

PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR, 20, BROAD STREET, GOLDEN SQUARE,

[Price Three Guineas. |

DECEMBER Isr, 1844.

+ Le

» esis

eee Jee

‘es 7 E “yr ~ at

; / a

‘ie ee

“i

acne ae wie imp

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DEDICATED BY PERMISSION TO HER MAJESTY.

Geopelia cuneata.

Malacorhynchus membranaceus.

Pachycephala glaucura.

— Gilbertii,

— rufogularis.

Platycercus icterotis.

PUBI

[Price Three Guineas. ]

PART XVIII.

CONTENTS.

Polytelis melanura.

— Barrabandi.

Pezoporus formosus.

Athene maculata.

——— Boobook.

LONDON:

MARCH Isr, 1845,

Estrelda bella.

oculea.

Hematopus longirostris.

fuliginosus.

Ptilotis penicillatus.

Thalassidroma marina,

SHED BY THE AUTHOR, 20, BROAD STREET, GOLDEN SQUARE,

———

Le ahem

ial

iy iin

9 @

DEDICATED BY PERMISSION TO HER MAJESTY.

Geopelia tranquilla. Psephotus hematonotus.

Strix castanops.

PART XIX.

CONTENTS,

Hiaticula nigrifrons, -

Anas superciliosa.

punctata.

Graucalus melanops.

Ptilotis chrysotis.

personata.

Melithreptus validirostris, Sericornis humilis. Alcyone azurea.

melanocephalus. Hiaticula bicincta. Cincloramphus cruralis.

Platycercus pileatus.

[Price Three Guineas. ]

Sphenceacus gramineus.

LONDON:

PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR, 20, BROAD STREET, GOLDEN SQUARE,

JUNE Isr, 1845.

EEE —————e— — -

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7) : : .

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; ee A Ee oe aa, Ute Foy oe ie: or ere Ve: eee ts

PENS oe] CERES. ht Boe (Lat pbs {2 ip ee ; | |

DEDICATED BY PERMISSION TO HER MAJESTY.

PART XxX.

Tribonyx ventralis.

Ptilotis sonorus, ~~

Cygnus atratus.

Malurus pulcherrimus. |

Gerygone chloronotus,

Cacataa Eos.

Platycercus flaviventris, | Sericornis magnirostris. versicolor.

~ Melithreptus gularis. Acanthiza lineata. flavescens.

Corvus Coronpides. | Dicrurus bracteatus. Thalassidroma Nereis.

Leptotarsis Eyton.

Spatula Rhynchotis.

LONDON:

PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR, 20, BROAD STREET, GOLDEN SQUARE,

[ Price Three Guineas. ] 2 ties mc Si

arr,

> 4 .

41 5091:3) Lem ot

# ” » >

ait

DEDICATED BY PERMISSION TO HER MAJESTY.

PART XXII.

CONTENTS.

Sericornis trontalis.

Acanthiza uropygialis.

Ardetta ? flavicollis. »

Esacus magnirostris, «

(Edicnemus grallartus. |

Cuculus optatus. |

Myzomela obscura. Ptilotis Hava,

Oriolus viridis, | Micreeca flavigaster. | Bernicla jubata.

Colluricincla parvula, Smicrornis flavescens.

Ptilonorhynchus Smithii.

Hemipodius varius,

—— scintillans.

—_——— _ melanotus.

LONDON:

PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR, 20, BROAD STREET, GOLDEN SQUARE,

[ Price Three Guineas. | DECEMBER Isr, 1845.

# exit ® ete "es on 2 atiet hi 3 7 | | | 2

{ Lee \ == * a oe se : aoe ie ,

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DEDICATED BY PERMISSION TO HER MAJESTY.

PART XXII.

CONTENTS,

Strix delicatalus.

yallioula tenebrosa.

Sylochelidon strenuus.

Acanthiza Reguloides.

—_——-—_ nana.

Thalassidroma Wilsonii.

Psephotus pulcherriwus. Ptilotis unicolor,

Myzantha melanophrys.

Hemipodius melanogaster.

Cracticus nigrogularis.

| Pachycephala olivacea.

Platycereus eximius.

Gnathodon strigirostris.

Anoiis stolidus-

melanops.

Ptilotis chrysops.

LONDON:

PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR, 20, BROAD STREET, GOLDEN SQUARE,

[ Price Three Guineas. | MARCH Isr, 1846.

—

‘ine

A's

a 4

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DEDICATED BY PERMISSION TO HER MAJESTY.

PART XXII.

CONTENTS.

Rhipidura rufifrons,

Graucalus Swainsonii.

Sula fusea.

Donacola flayiprymna.

Sterna melanauchen.

Athene rufa.

Calyptorhynchus funereus.

Pardalotus rubricatus.

— melanocephalus-

Anthochera lunulata, Origma rubricata. —— personata.

Myiigra plumbea. Hiaticula ruficapilla. Eopsaltria leucogaster-

Colluricinela harmonica.

Glareola grallaria.

LONDON:

PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR, 20, BROAD STREET, GOLDEN SQUARE,

[ Price Three Guineas. | JUNE Isr, 1846.

; : é

by. j 7 "tae

‘s, 1 4 Me 4

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SS.

DEDICATED BY PERMISSION TO HER MAJESTY.

PART XXIV.

* CONTENTS.

Sula piseator.

Porzana ? immaculata.

Fulica Australis.

Limosa Melanuroides.

Hiaticula inornata.

Rallus pectoralis.

Cysticola exilis.

——— magna.

Glyciphila ocularis. |

Acrocephalus longirostris. |

Sula Australis. |

Caly ptorhynchus Baudinii.

Herodias syrmatophorus.

picata, |

Nycticorax Caledonicus.

Corcorax leucopterus.

Acanthiza inornata,

LONDON:

PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR, 20, BROAD STREET, GOLDEN SQUARE,

[ Price Three Guineas. | * SEPTEMBER Isr, 1846.

2 >

j ‘ :

. : .

’ hy :

' all p ‘

r j

‘

. u

{

;

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: ’ L

{ .

DEDICATED BY PERMISSION TO HER MAJESTY.

PART XXV. |

Herodias immaculata.

Meliphaga longirostris.

Cinclosoma cinnamomeus,

Strepera arguta.

Calyptorhyochus Banksi. Ptilotis leucotis.

Gerygone fusca. Coturnix pectoralis.

Provellaria Cooku. Monarcha carinata.

Anoiis leacocapillus.

Carpophaga maguihes,

Podargus plumiferus.

Cuculus tnornatus.

insperatus,

Pteropodocys Phasianella. |

Amadina modesta, |

LONDON:

PUBLISHED BY 'THE AUTHOR, 20, BROAD STREET, GOLDEN SQUARE,

[Price Three Guineas. ] ls eal

a“

— r ;

ripe @t

RR... x @

DEDICATED BY PERMISSION TO HER MAJESTY.

PART XXVI.

CONTENTS,

Cysticola ruficeps.

isura-

Sericulus chrysocepbalus. | Calyptorhynchus Leachi.

Platycercus Pennantil. =

Poéphila leucotis. | Sphenceacus galactotes.

Acanthiza apicalis, Synoicus Diemenensis.

Podargus Cuvieri.

Anthochera carunculata.

Amytis macrourus. |

Cincloramphus rufescens. |

Callocephalon galeatum.

Thalassidroma leucogaster.

melanogaster,

Petroica superciliosa.

LONDON:

PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR, 20, BROAD STREET, GOLDEN SQUARE,

[ Price Three Guineas. ] MARCH Isr, 1847

Wee” ma a ere ae, tin to Rae e sd ek

lee Reet tees s. at * poles oe * ‘ H . . er

te “1

r > wy

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BY J. GOULD, FIRS. 8

DEDICATED BY PERMISSION TO HER MAJESTY.

PART XXVII.

CONTENTS.

Ptiloris paradiseus. Cysticola lineacapilla. Anthus Australis.

Gyinnorhina organicum.- Sericornis osculans. | Ardea Pacitica.

Petroica erythrogastra, maculatus. Mirafra Horsfteldii.

Platycercus splendidus. levigaster. | Chthonicola ninima.

Nyroca Australis. | Climacteris melanotus.

Calyptorhynchus macrorhynchus.

Liemetis nasicus. | Acrocephalus Australis.

LONDON:

PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR, 20, BROAD STREET, GOLDEN SQUARE.

‘ui UNE Isr, 1847.

[Price Three Guineas. | JUNE Isr, 1847

z ‘

iae Paes

Bia eae

lh ie :

+h ria

BY J. GOULD. FRS. &

DEDICATED BY PERMISSION TO HER MAJESTY.

PART XXVIII.

| CONTENTS.

Acanthiza pyrrhopygia.

Artamus albiventris.

Porzana leucophrys.

Onychoprion fuliginosus,

Larus Paciticus.

Puflinus breyicaudts,

~ Cereopsis Nove-Hollandive,

Ardea Nova-Hollandiz.

Scheeniclus Australis.

Cracticus Quoyii.

Acanthiza pusilla.

Poéphila mirabilis.

Plotus Noye-Hollandix.

Cincloramphus cantillans.

Psephotus multicolor.

Calyptorhynchus naso.

Mycteria Australis. |

LONDON:

PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR, 20, BROAD STREET, GOLDEN SQUARE,

[ Price Three Guineas. | SEPTEMBER Isr, 1847.

eile ih

pis

DEDICATED BY PERMISSION TO HER MAJESTY.

PART XXIX,

CONTENTS.

Daption Capensis.

Gerygone albogularis, |

Calyptorhynchus xanthonotus,

Euphema splendida.

Centropus Phasianus. — culicivorus.

Seythrops Nove-Hollandiwe Psephotus hematogaster. | Tropidorhynehus citreogularis.

Cuculus cineraceus. Platycercus ignitus. | Pelecanus conspicillatus-

Rhipidura isura.

Synoicus sordidus,

Chrysococeyx lucidus- Procellaria coerulea.

Chalecites osculans.

LONDON:

PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR, 20, BROAD STREET, GOLDEN SQUARE,

: Ae TCERMBE 47.

[Price Three Guineas. | DECEMBER ts, 184

= \,

AMUN

DEDICATED BY PERMISSION TO HER MAJESTY.

Ardetta pusilla.

Botaurus Australis,

Orthonyx spinicaudus,

Oriolus flayocinctus.

Pomatorhinus temporalis.

Meliphaga mystacalis.

[Price Three Guineas. ]

PUBLIS

PART XXX.

CONTENTS.

Melithreptus lunulatus.

—— chloropsis.

-— albogularis.

Ptilotis flavigula.

Budynamys Flindersii.

—

LONDON:

Porphyrio melanotus.

Sphecotheres Australis.

Oreocincla lunulata.

Grus Australasianus.

Myzantha flavigula.

Sittella leucocephala.

HED BY THE AUTHOR, 20, BROAD STREET, GOLDEN SQUARE,

MARCH lst, 1845.

Siete

he STS

Pe aa

“tae a

x b es,

eet Wei i:

tart siete.

oe ee

ima Bi

CNG

& 4

DEDICATED BY PERMISSION TO HER MAJESTY.

PART XXXI.

CONTENTS,

Rhipidura Motacilloides. | Pachycephala faleata.

simplex.

Colluricincla brunnea.

Numenius uropygialis.

—~— minutus.

Cracticus destructor.

Dacelo Leachii-

Strepera fuliginosa.

Tribonyx Mortieri.

Charadrius xanthocheilus.

Ardetta stagnatilis.

Herodias pannosus.

Myiagra nitida. Campephaga Karu.

Sterna gracilis.

- concinna.

LONDON:

THOR, 20, BROAD STREET, GOLDEN SQUARE,

JUNE Isr, 1548,

PUBLISHED BY THE AU

[ Price Three Guineas. |

; Padakt eFipmer dumeNT =i

JU Saas

—_ ,

- .

he oy?

hate ee

rire

= a : 75

pt Pod ee

ar i=

gp hohe ae 44 a

Pest a vine

; a4 Wee ¥ ah oe 4 :

—

DX J. G

DEDICATED BY PERMISSION TO HER MAJESTY.

Herodias plumiferus.

Scolopax Australis.

Anseranas melanoleuca.

Pachycephala gutturalis.

—— melanura.

Myiagra latirostris.

PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR,

Fat Ry 4 ae

[ Price Three Guineas. |

PART XXXII.

CONTENTS.

Micrceca macroptera.

Graucalus mentalis,

Eudyptes chrysocome.

Diomedea culminata.

Schceniclus albescens.

LONDON:

SEPTEMBER Isr, 1845.

Seisura inquieta.

Colluricincla rufiventris.

—— Selbii.

Gerygone magnirostris.

Halcyon sordidus.

Actitis empusa.

20, BROAD STREET, GOLDEN SQUARE,

— = 7 = omen _ eet ae 7 +e Se ye ae ote el ae

‘a

;

}

ff |

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}

’

DEDICATED BY PERMISSION

PART XXXIII.

CONTENTS.

Rallus Lewinii.

Charadrius veredus.

Limosa uropygialis.

Scheeniclus subarquatus.

Cracticus argenteus.

» Dromaius Nove-Hollandix.

Spheniscus Undina,

Dendrocygna arcuata,

Totanus griscopygius.

Monarcha trivirgata.

Strepera Anaphonensis.

LONDON:

PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR,

[Price Three Guineas. | DECEMBER Ist, 184

TO HER MAJESTY.

Graucalus hypoleucus.

Campephaga Jardini.

Hydrochelidon fluviatilis.

- Ardea rectirostris.

Herodias jugularis.

Greyi.

—

20, BROAD STREET, GOLDEN SQUARE,

..'

flee a

pe ait joe

7 7 ~~ oe

Swed ert

DEDICATED

Apteryx Oweuil.

Ardetta macrorhyncha.

Numenius Australis.

Phalacrocorax Carboides.

Campephaga leucomela.

—— humeralis.

PUBLI

[ Price Three Guineas. |

SHED BY THE AUTHOR, 20, BROAD

PART XXXIV.

CONTENTS,

Thalasseus poliocercus.

_ — Pelecanoides.

Smicrornis brevirostris.

Gerygone levigaster.

Cracticus picatus.

LONDON:

DECEMBER Isr, 1845.

BY PERMISSION TO HER MAJESTY.

Puffinus sphenurus.

Terekia cinerea.

Schceniclus magnus,

Strepsilas Interpres.

Hiaticula monacha.

Totanus stagnatilis.

STREET, GOLDEN SQUARE,

Sis

’ .

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Pirie , ay he. a

ta Ne ee

2 ~

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ch a aa x

ee bial

4 ya oF

o 3 a

Re ambptsenen oaks. asia Ay es Wey sols a

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dapetvls

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Leet * ty a ; £ Ja ae [i-- aaey nf * s ay ~S r; hak. 2

TAL TI GS BONERS AHS

eR tae te de On isk a Same st. pw hogy ln) Taree BS

DEDICATED BY PERMISSION TO HER MAJESTY.

PART XXXV.

CONTENTS.

Procellaria hasitata.

Attagen Ariel.

Phaéton phoenicurus.

Puffinus carneipes.

Strix tenebricosus.

Glareola Orientalis.

Procellaria conspicillata,

Gygis candida.

. Onychoprion Panaya.

Lestris Catarractes.

| . Anois cinereus.

— Lessonii.

— mollis. , — assimilis. Squatarola Helvetica.

Glacialoides. _ Phalacrocorax sulcirostris.

LONDON:

THE AUTHOR, 20, BROAD STREET, GOLDEN SQUARE,

DECEMBER lsr, 1848.

PUBLISHED BY

[ Price Three Guineas. |

vas.

vied |

ela fies ark a

a el

SP A A alg

tps,

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by San

> ~%

- fe tate ‘asl

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DEDICATED BY PERMISSION TO) HER MAJESTY.

PART XXXVI.

CONTENTS. |

List of Subscribers. |

General Index. |

Preface.

Introduction.

Table of the range of the species. |

Diomedea brachyura.

fuliginosa.

« Falco hypoleucus.

subniger.

® Ardea leucophza. Procellaria gigantea.

Titles for Vols. 1. to VII.

~ Xema Jamesonil. |

~. Sterna melanorhyncha. List of Plates for Vols. I. to VIL»

Dedication. , Directions to the Binder. |

I) ii

| |

Thalasseus Torresii.

LONDON: i

PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR, 20, BROAD STREET, GOLDEN SQUARE, |

[Price £4 : 12:0] DECEMBER Ist, 1848. |

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