mum l

ISSN 0006 8241 = Bothalia

Bothalia

A JOURNAL OF BOTANICAL RESEARCH

Vol. 29,2 Oct. 1999

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS OP THE NATIONAL BOTANICAL INSTITUTE,

PRETORIA

Obtainable from the National Botanical Institute, Private Bag X101, Pretoria 0001, Republic of

South Africa. A catalogue of all available publications will be issued on request.

BOTHALIA

Bothalia is named in honour of General Louis Botha, first Premier and Minister of Agriculture of

the Union of South Africa. This house journal of the National Botanical Institute, Pretoria, is devot-

ed to the furtherance of botanical science. The main fields covered are taxonomy, ecology, anato-

my and cytology. Two parts of the journal and an index to contents, authors and subjects are pub-

lished annually.

Two booklets of the contents (a) to Vols 1-20 and (b) to Vols 21-25, are available.

STRELITZIA

A series of occasional publications on southern African flora and vegetation, replacing Memoirs of

the Botanical Survey of South Africa and Annals of Kirstenhosch Botanic Gardens.

MEMOIRS OF THE BOTANICAL SURVEY OF SOUTH AFRICA

The memoirs are individual treatises usually of an ecological nature, but sometimes dealing with

taxonomy or economic botany. Published: Nos 1-63 (many out of print). Discontinued after No. 63.

ANNALS OF KIRSTENBOSCH BOTANIC GARDENS

A series devoted to the publication of monographs and major works on southern African flora.

Published: Vols 14-19 (earlier volumes published as Supplementary volumes to the Journal of

South African Botany). Discontinued after Vol. 19.

FLOWERING PLANTS OF AFRICA (FPA)

This serial presents colour plates of African plants with accompanying text. The plates are prepared

mainly by the artists at the National Botanical Institute. Many well known botanical artists have

contributed to the series, such as Cythna Letty (over 700 plates), Kathleen Lansdell, Stella Gower,

Betty Connell, Peter Bally, Fay Anderson, Ellaphie Ward-Hilhorst and Gillian Condy. The Editor

is pleased to receive living plants of general interest or of economic value for illustration.

From Vol. 55, twenty plates are published at irregular intervals.

An index to Vols 1-49 is available.

FLORA OF SOUTHERN AFRICA (FSA)

A taxonomic treatise on the flora of the Republic of South Africa, Lesotho, Swaziland, Namibia

and Botswana. The FSA contains descriptions of families, genera, species, infraspecific taxa, keys

to genera and species, synonymy, literature and limited specimen citations, as well as taxonomic

and ecological notes.

Contributions to the FSA also appear in Bothalia.

PALAEOFLORA OF SOUTHERN AFRICA

A palaeoflora on a pattern comparable to that of the Flora of southern Africa. Much of the infor-

mation is presented in the form of tables and photographic plates depicting fossil populations. Now

available:

Molteno Formation (Triassic) Vol. I . Introduction. Dicroidium, by J.M. & H.M. Anderson.

Moltcno Formation (Triassic) Vol. 2. Gymnosperms (excluding Dicroidium), by J.M. & H.M.

Anderson.

Prodromus of South African Megafloras. Devonian to Lower Cretaceous, by J.M. & H.M.

Anderson. Obtainable from: A. A. Balkema Marketing, Box 317, Claremont 7735, RSA.

BOTHALIA

A JOURNAL OF BOTANICAL RESEARCH

Volume 29,2

Scientific Editor: G. Germishuizen

Technical Editor: B.A. Momberg

NASIONALE BOTANIESE

INSTITUUT

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NATIONAL BOTANICAL

INSTITUTE

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ISSN 0006 8241

Oct. 1999

Editorial Board

D.F. Cutler

B.J. Huntley

P.H. Raven

J.P. Rourke

M.J. Werger

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK

National Botanical Institute, Cape Town, RSA

Missouri Botanical Garden, St Louis, USA

Compton Herbarium, NBI, Cape Town, RSA

University of Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands

CONTENTS

Volume 29,2

New species in Bothalia 29,2 (1999) iv

1 . Two new species of Gladiolus (Iridaceae: Ixioideae) from South Africa and notes on long-proboscid

fly pollination in the genus. J.C. MANNING, P. GOLDBLATT and P.J.D. WINTER 217

2. Studies in the Sphaerocarpales (Hepaticae) from southern Africa. 1. The genus Monocarpus and its

only member, M. sphaerocarpus. S.M. PEROLD 225

3. Three new species of Zygophyllum (Zygophyllaceae) from Namibia and Northern Cape, South Africa.

L. VAN ZYL and E.M. MARAIS 231

4. FSA contributions 13: Ulmaceae. C.M. WILMOT-DEAR 239

5. FSA contributions 14: Cannabaceae. C.M. WILMOT-DEAR 249

6. Notes on African plants:

Amaryllidaceae: Cyrtantheae. New species and notes on Cyrtanthus in the southern Cape, South

Africa. D.A. SNIJMAN .' 258

Bruniaceae. A new species of Linconia from Western Cape. E.G.H. OLIVER and I.M. OLIVER 256

Convolvulaceae. Notes on Dichondra and Xenostegia in southern Africa. W.G. WELMAN .... 253

Crassulaceae. Crassula maputensis: a new record for the FSA region. PM. BURGOYNE and

A.E. VAN WYK 254

Proteaceae. A new species of Serruria from the southern Cape, South Africa. J.P. ROURKE . . . 263

7. Preliminary list of Xhosa plant names from Eastern Cape, South Africa. A.P DOLD and M.L. COCKS 267

8. The floristics of Sand Forest in northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. D. KIRKWOOD and J.J.

MIDGLEY 293

9. Ordination and classification of vegetation of Songimvelo Game Reserve in the Barberton Mountain-

land, South Africa for the assessment of wildlife habitat distribution and quality. M. STALMANS,

E.R. ROBINSON and K. BALKWILL 305

10. The presence of synaptic and chromosome disjunction mutants in Cenchrus ciliaris (Poaceae: Paniceae).

N.C. VISSER, J.J. SPIES and H.J.T. VENTER 327

1 1 . Miscellaneous notes:

Poaceae. Chromosome studies on African plants. 12. The tribes of subfamily Pooideae. J.J. SPIES,

T.H. BURGER and S.M.C. VAN WYK 335

12. Book review 343

13. National Botanical Institute, South Africa: administration and research staff 31 March 1999, publica-

tions 1 April 1998-31 March 1999. Compiler: B.A. MOMBERG 345

14. Guide for authors to Bothalia 357

15. Acknowledgements to referees 1983-1999. B.A. MOMBERG and O. A. LEISTNER 367

New species in Bothalia 29,2 (1999)

Cyrtanthus leptosiphon Snijman, sp. nov., 259

Cyrtanthus wellandii Snijman , sp. nov., 261

Gladiolus rhodanthus J.C. Manning & Goldblatt, sp. nov., 217

Gladiolus sekukuniensis P.J.D. Winter, sp. nov., 220

Linconia ericoides E.G.H.Oliv ., sp. nov., 256

Serruria rebeloi Rourke, sp. nov., 263

Zygophyllum applanatum Van Zyl, sp. nov., 233

Zygophyllum hirticaule Van Zyl , sp. nov., 235

Zygophyllum pterocaule Van Zyl, sp. nov., 231

IV

Bothalia 29,2: 217-223 ( 1999)

Two new species of Gladiolus (Iridaceae: Ixioideae) from South

Africa and notes on long-proboscid fly pollination in the genus

J.C. MANNING*, P. GOLDBLATT** and P.J.D. WINTER***

Keywords: Gladiolus rhodanthus, G. sekukuniensis, Iridaceae, Moegistorhynchus, Nemestrinidae, new species. Northern Province, pollination,

South Africa, taxonomy. Western Cape

ABSTRACT

Gladiolus rhodanthus is a new species known from a single population on the summit of the Stettynsberg near

Villiersdorp in Western Cape. South Africa. The species most closely resembles G. hirsutus and G. caryophyllaceus but dif-

fers from both in flower shape and markings and in its ecology and reproductive biology. It forms part of a guild of long-

tubed, pink-flowered species including Erica praecox, Pelargonium radiation and Watsonia paucifolia which are pollinat-

ed by an undescribed long-proboscid fly, Moegistorhynchus sp. nov. (Diptera : Nemestrinidae). Gladiolus sekukuniensis is

a new species known from three populations south of the Strydpoortberge in Northern Province. It closely resembles G. per-

meabilis subsp. edulis in vegetative features and in flower form, but differs from it in flower colour and in the elongate peri-

anth tube. These floral features are apparently adaptations to pollination by long-proboscid flies.

INTRODUCTION

Arguably the largest genus in the family Iridaceae,

Gladiolus contains some 260 species distributed

throughout Africa and Eurasia as far east as Afghanistan,

but its greatest centre of diversity is in southern Africa.

Some 165 species occur in the subcontinent, of which

159 are endemic there (Goldblatt & Manning 1998).

Within the subcontinent several centres of endemism

have been identified (Goldblatt & Manning 1998). By far

the greatest number of species occurs in the southwest-

ern corner, the centre of the southern African winter rain-

fall region. This is an area of high topographic and

edaphic diversity in which local endemism is highly

developed. Many of these endemics are restricted to a

single isolated massif or mountain range. It is not alto-

gether surprising, therefore, that a new species of

Gladiolus should be discovered on a high mountain bare-

ly four months after the publication of a comprehensive

revision of the genus (Goldblatt & Manning 1998). A

second centre of diversity, the Wolkberg centre, lies at

the opposite end of the subcontinent in the highlands of

Mpumalanga and Northern Province. This is a region of

great geological complexity, and local endemism within

the genus here is largely the consequence of the high

edaphic diversity. Substrates favouring endemism in-

clude sandstones or quartzites, dolomite and serpentine.

The discovery of another apparent edaphic endemic from

the northern part of the region emphasises the impor-

tance of substrate in promoting speciation in Gladiolus

throughout the subcontinent.

Species of Gladiolus are highly diverse in floral form

and much of this variation is related to their pollination

biology. Although bees are known or inferred to pollinate

* National Botanical Institute, Private Bag X7, Claremont 7735, Cape

Town.

** B.A. Krukoff Curator of African Botany, Missouri Botanical Garden,

PO Box 299, St. Louis, Missouri 63166, USA.

*** Herbarium, Department of Botany, University of the North, Private

Bag XI 106, Sovenga, 0727.

MS. received: 1999-03-10.

about 56% of the species in the genus (Goldblatt et al.

1998), one of the most important pollinators of the

remainder are long-proboscid flies in the families

Nemestrinidae and Tabanidae. This pollination strategy

is uniquely well developed in southern Africa and

numerous late spring- and summer-flowering plant

species throughout the subcontinent have exploited it

(Goldblatt & Manning in press). Southern African

species of Gladiolus pollinated by long-proboscid flies

typically have unscented, long-tubed cream or pink flow-

ers marked on the lower tepals with red (Goldblatt &

Manning 1998, 1999). The flowers of both species of

Gladiolus described here conform exactly to this pattern

and although pollination by long-proboscid flies has

been confirmed in only one of the two species, it is

inferred to occur in the second.

Gladiolus rhodanthus J.C. Manning & Goldblatt,

sp. nov. Plantae 300-500 mm altae, cormo globoso

18-25 mm diametro tunicis fibris tenuibus verticalibus,

foliis 3 pubescentibus, folio infimo basali lamina lineari

1. 5-2.0 mm lata, costa incrassata marginibus vix incras-

satis, caule eramoso, spica leviter flexuosa 2-5-flora,

bracteis 26-45 mm longis, floribus atroroseis tepalis

inferioribus stria albida hastiformi ornatis, tubo peri-

anthii oblique infundibuliformi 25-36 mm longo, tepalis

inaequalibus lanceolatis, tepalo dorsali 35-40 x 19-24

mm, inferioribus 27-30 x 11 mm, filamentis 15-17 mm

longis, antheris 8-9 mm longis.

TYPE. — Western Cape, Villiersdorp Dist., summit of

Stettynsberg, 12 Jan. 1999, Manning & Paterson-Jones

2207 (NBG, holo.; K, MO, PRE).

Plants 300-500 mm high. Corm globose, 18-25 mm

diam., tunics of medium-textured to fine vertical fibres,

accumulating with age and forming a neck around base of

stem. Stem erect, flexed outward above sheath of second

leaf and inclined ± 30°, unbranched, 1-2 mm diam. below

spike. Cataphylls pale and membranous, the uppermost

dark green or purple above ground or sometimes dry.

Leaves 3, lower one or two basal, the second of these

218

Bothalia 29,2 ( 1999)

sheathing lower half of stem, pubescent throughout, low-

ermost longest with blade reaching to between base and

apex of spike, sometimes becoming dry at flowering time,

the second with blade rather short and reaching upper third

of stem, blades plane, more or less linear, 3-6 mm wide,

midrib thickened and raised and a second pair of veins

lightly thickened, margins scarcely thickened, the upper-

most leaf inserted on upper third of stem, short, sheathing

for half to two thirds of its length, blade vestigial, pubes-

cent. Spike inclined, lightly flexuose, 2- to 5-llowered;

bracts green or flushed brownish above, outer 26-45 mm

long, acute, inner two thirds or rarely about as long as

outer, lightly notched. Flowers deep pink, lower three

tepals each with a spear-shaped whitish median streak in

lower half edged in dark pink, especially in upper half,

sometimes darker edging expanded transversely across

entire width of upper laterals, throat white with a few dark

pink streaks, unscented; perianth tube 25-36 mm long,

cylindrical below for 20-28 mm, obliquely expanded in

upper 5-7 mm, shortly exceeding bracts; tepals lanceolate,

unequal, dorsal largest, inclined over stamens, 35-40 x

19-24 mm, upper laterals slightly shorter, 30-38 x 13-19

mm, recurved in upper half, lower three tepals joined to

upper laterals for 5 mm and to one another for 1-2 mm, ±

horizontal below, sharply flexed downward in middle,

27-30 x 12-13 mm, in profile lower tepals exceeding

upper by 5-10 mm. Filaments 15-17 mm long, exserted

8-10 mm from tube; anthers 8-9 mm long, light mauve;

pollen cream-coloured. Ovary oblong, ± 6 mm long; style

arching over stamens, dividing at or slightly beyond apices

of anthers, branches spreading, 5-7 mm long. Capsules

ellipsoid, 20-22 x 8-9 mm. Seeds broadly and evenly

winged, golden-brown, 5. 5-7.0 x 4 mm. Chromosome

number : unknown. Flowering time', late December to mid-

January. Figure 1; Plate 1.

Distribution and biology: Gladiolus rhodanthus is

known from a single large population on the Stettynsberg

near Villiersdorp (Figure 2). The plants are restricted to

broken sandstone cliffs on warm north-facing slopes at

an altitude of 1 800 m where the corms are wedged in

cracks in a peaty loam. Frequent summer cloud driven by

strong southeasterly winds is a feature of many of the

high mountains in the southwestern Cape. At this altitude

and in this situation the soil around the corms of G. rho-

danthus is still moist in the middle of summer when the

plants flower.

The flowers of Gladiolus rhodanthus are pollinated

by the fly, Moegistorhynchus sp. nov. (Nemestrinidae)

which has a slender proboscis ± 20 mm long. There is a

close fit between the shape of the flower and the body of

the fly. The head and thorax of the fly fit snugly into the

upper part of the tube when its proboscis is fully insert-

ed into the lower part. In this position the dorsal thorax

brushes against the anthers and style branches while it

forages for nectar held in the lower third of the tube.

Several other plant species with long-tubed, similarly

coloured Powers co-occur with G. rhodanthus and are

also pollinated by this fly. They include Erica praecox,

Pelargonium radiatum and Watsonia paucifolia. The

convergence in flower colouring and perianth length

between these plant species at this locality is a striking

example of the effect that specialist pollinators can have

on flower form. At the time of its description, the long-

tubed flowers of W. paucifolia were contrasted with the

funnel-shaped blooms of the closely related species W.

distans which was thought to be pollinated by bees

(Goldblatt 1989). It was already then recognised that the

tubular flowers of W. paucifolia were probably spe-

cialised for pollination by a different agent, but no infor-

mation on its pollination biology was available. The

recent collection of the pollinator and associated guild

members has vindicated this idea. More than one plant

species which share a single long-proboscid fly as the

pollinator often co-occur and converge in their floral

morphology to form a local guild of species (Manning &

Goldblatt 1996, 1997). Because of the potential dangers

of interspecific pollen transfer in such guilds, pollen is

invariably placed by different guild members on differ-

ent parts of the pollinator’s body. This is clearly demon-

strated in the Stettynsberg guild; G. rhodanthus deposits

pollen on the dorsal surface of the thorax, W. paucifolia

on the top of the head, E. praecox on the face and P.

radiatum on the underside of the thorax.

History: the species was apparently first encountered

by botanists Ted and Inge Oliver in December 1997 on

an expedition to collect a species of Erica high on the

Stettynsberg to the north of Villiersdorp. Unfortunately

no specimens were collected but the following year they

revisited the locality accompanied by the natural history

photographer, Colin Paterson-Jones, who collected a sin-

gle plant. This specimen was quite unlike any known

species of Gladiolus and another expedition was imme-

diately organised in order to examine the plants in the

field and to collect the type material. The Stettynsberg is

one of the highest mountains in the greater Hottentots

Holland chain, reaching just over 1 800 m at the summit,

and until recently has not been accessible except by foot.

The late flowering of G. rhodanthus is probably the rea-

son that it was not seen by the indefatigable Cape

botanist Elsie Esterhuysen, who first visited the moun-

tain in 1948, and only a chance encounter with spent

plants of Erica schoemannii in September 1998, prompt-

ed the Olivers to revisit the mountain in December.

Diagnosis and relationships: the three superposed

leaves with hairy sheaths and hairy blades with a well-

developed pair of secondary veins place G. rhodanthus

in series Linearifolius of section Linearifolius . This

series now contains 12 species, all restricted to sand-

stone-derived or granitic soils in the winter rainfall

region. Radiation in the series is associated with exten-

sive floral adaptation for specialised pollination strate-

gies. In addition several species flower unusually late in

the season during the summer, the dry season in most of

Western Cape. Within the series the relationships of G.

rhodanthus are less clear. Although most likely to be

confused with the short-tubed and smaller- flowered G.

hirsutus Jacq., the similarities between the two species

are largely plesiomorphic and G. rhodanthus may be

more closely allied to the species with an elongate peri-

anth tube such as G. caryophyllaceus (Burm.f.) Poir. or

G. gutliriei F.Bolus.

Gladiolus rhodanthus is readily distinguished from

the two other South African species of Gladiolus with

well-developed hairy leaves and pink flowers, G. hirsu-

Bothalia 29,2 (1999)

21'9

FIGURE 1. — Gladiolus rhodanthus. A, corm with cataphylls; B.

flowering spike; C, leaf; D, flower, front view; E, half-flower.

Scale bar: 10 mm. Artist: John Manning.

tus or G. caryophyllaceus , by the shape and markings of

its flowers and by its late flowering time. Intermediate

between these two species in size, the flowers of G. rho-

danthus differ from both in their elongate perianth tube,

25-36 mm long, which is cylindrical for most of its

length and flares only in the upper 5-7 mm, the lanceo-

late and acute tepals with plane margins and the median

white lozenge-shaped marking outlined with red on each

of the lower tepals. The flowers of G. hirsutus and G.

caryophyllaceus are obliquely funnel-shaped and flared

in the upper half, the tepals are ovate and obtuse, usual-

ly with undulate margins, and the lower tepals are irreg-

ularly streaked and spotted with red on a pale back-

ground. Although nearest G. caryophyllaceus in flower

size, G. rhodanthus is also readily separated from this

species by its unthickened leaf margins and shorter fila-

ments, 15-17 mm long versus 22-27 mm long. It is most

likely to be confused with G. hirsutus but this species has

shorter bracts, 18-26 mm long versus 26-45 mm long,

and shorter filaments, 11-13 mm long versus 15-17 mm

long. In addition G. rhodanthus is distinct from these

species in its habitat on broken cliffs at high altitude and

late flowering time in December and January. G. hirsu-

tus is a common species on stony granite or sandstone

slopes and flowers mostly between July and September

or rarely in March or April while G. caryophyllaceus

favours dry habitats on open sandstone or granite slopes

or in deep sands and flowers between August and

September.

The marked floral differences between these species

are linked to differences in their floral ecology. The fun-

nel-shaped flowers of G. hirsutus and G. caryophyl-

laceus are typical of bee-pollinated species of Gladiolus

and those of the former, at least, are visited by species of

Apis and Anthophora (Hymenoptera: Apidae) (Goldblatt

& Manning 1998; Goldblatt et al. 1998) whereas the

more tubular flowers of G. rhodanthus are typical of

species which are adapted to pollination by long-pro-

boscid flies. In floral morphology G. rhodanthus is actu-

ally similar to another quite unrelated fly-pollinated

species, G. virgatus Goldblatt & Manning (section

Homoglossum). Shifts between pollinators among relat-

ed species of Gladiolus are common and occur repeated-

ly throughout the genus. In this regard it is striking to

note the floral similarity between both the bee-pollinated

and long-proboscid fly-pollinated members of the

species pairs G. hirsutus-G. rhodanthus (section Linea-

riolius) and G. blommesteinii L.Bolus-G. virgatus (sec-

tion Homoglossum).

In a genus characterised by pollinator-driven floral

diversity, series Linearifolius is particularly noteworthy

for the frequency of derived pollination strategies

(Goldblatt & Manning 1998). Out of the 12 species now

recognised in the series only two or three are bee-polli-

nated, the plesiomorphic pollination strategy for the sec-

tion and the genus. The remaining species have various

derived pollination strategies including pollination by

moths, long-proboscid flies, birds and the butterfly

Aeropetes tulbaghia (L.). This strong shift to derived polli-

nation strategies and, in many cases, late or aseasonal

FIGURE 2. — Distribution of Gladiolus rhodanthus , •; and G. sekuku-

niensis, O, in South Africa.

220

Bothalia 29,2 (1999)

flowering times, suggests that section Linearifolius

entered the winter rainfall region relatively late in the

history of the genus, at a time when most of the spring-

flowering, bee-pollinated niches were already occupied

by other species of Gladiolus, in particular those of sec-

tions Hebea and Homoglossum (Goldblatt & Manning

1998). Both of these sections have diversified strongly in

the winter rainfall region, the former mainly on clay soils

and the latter on sandstone-derived soils, and contain a

preponderance of bee-pollinated species. The discovery

of G. rhodanthus, another species in series Linearifolius

which is both late-flowering and adapted to a specialised

pollination strategy, provides further support for this

hypothesis.

G. rhodanthus can be accommodated in the keys in

the recent monograph, Gladiolus in southern Africa

(Goldblatt & Manning 1998) by inserting the following

couplet into both the key to section Linearifolius and the

key to Gladiolus in the winter rainfall region of southern

Africa, at leads 14' (p. 53) and 33' (p. 64) respectively.

14733' Flowers shades of cream to pink or purple, the lower

tepals streaked with dark red to purple; flowering most-

ly July to January, occasionally April to June

14a/33a Perianth tube cylindrical for most of its length and

expanded only in the upper fifth; tepals lanceolate and

acute, margins not undulate or crisped, lower tepals

each with a white median spear-shaped marking out-

lined in red G. rhodanthus

14a'/33a' Perianth tube obliquely funnel-shaped, expanded in

upper half; tepals ovate and obtuse, margins usually

undulate or crisped, lower tepals irregularly marked

with streaks and spots

Material examined

WESTERN CAPE. — 3319 (Worcester): Villiersdorp Dist., summit of

Stettynsberg, 12 Jan. 1999, (-CD), Manning & Paterson-Jones 2207

(NBG, holo.; K, MO, PRE).

Gladiolus sekukuniensis P.J.D. Winter, sp. nov.

Haec species G. permeabili subsp. eduli (Burch, ex Ker

Gawl.) Oberm. similis quoad characteres vegetativos flo-

ralesque, sed 600-1 100 mm alta, floribus albis vel pal-

lide carneis atrorubris in medio striatis inodoris, tubo

perianthii 25-35 mm longo tepalum dorsalem excedente.

TYPE. — Northern Province, Sekukuniland, Leolo

Mountain foothills, Farm Dsjate 249 KT, 800 m E of

Motse River, 3 Apr. 1999, P.J.D. Winter 3283 (NBG,

holo.; K, MO, NBG, PRE, UNIN).

Plants 0. 6-1.1 m high. Conn globose to conic, 8-15

mm diam., mostly producing cormlets on suckers to 100

mm long from base, suckers with scattered amplexicaul

scales, tunics of fine-textured fibres. Stem erect, flexed

outwards above sheath of fourth leaf, simple or with one

or rarely more branches, 0.8-1 .2 mm diam. below spike.

Cataphylls pale and merribranous, uppermost dark green

or dry. Leaves usually 5-7, sometimes more, lower three

to four basal, lower three usually reaching to at least base

of spike or exceeding it; blades linear, (l-)2-4 mm wide,

rigid, midrib thickened and raised, margins sometimes

lightly thickened, cauline leaves shorter than basal,

uppermost without a blade and sheathing for most of its

length, lower margins free almost to base. Spike inclined,

lightly flexuouse, 8-17-flowered; bracts cream-coloured

or pale grey-green, flushed pinkish above, dry and pale

near apices, the outer ( 1 4—) 1 7—2 1 mm long, acute, the

inner two thirds to almost as long as outer, acute or light-

ly notched. Flowers white or cream-coloured to pale

salmon-pink, tepals each with a narrow, dark red, longi-

tudinal median streak, often lacking or incomplete on

dorsal tepal, lower tepals sometimes with yellow streak

in centre, unscented; perianth tube (22-)25-35 mm long,

cylindrical below for 20-30 mm, curved and weakly

flared in upper 5-6 mm, much exceeding bracts; tepals

unequal, all narrowed below into claws and more or less

spade-shaped, attenuate and with twisted and undulate

tail-like tips, dorsal largest, inclined over stamens, arch-

ing upward near apex, 25-35 x 8-1 1 mm, claw ± 5 mm,

upper laterals directed forward, arching outward in upper

half, 19-25 x 4. 0-4. 5 mm, claw ± 7 mm, windowed

between bases of dorsal and upper lateral tepals, lower

three tepals joined to upper laterals for 1. 5-3.0 mm and

to one another for 2. 5-4.0 mm, with small thickened

knobs at sinuses between lower tepals, free parts 15-18

x 1.5 mm, narrowed below into channelled claws 3-4

mm long, abruptly flexed downward into a narrowly

lanceolate limb, in profile lower tepals exceeding upper.

Filaments 10-12 mm long, exserted 6-8 mm from tube;

anthers 5. 0-6. 5 mm long, dull blue; pollen cream-

coloured. Ovary oblong, 3. 5-4. 5 mm long; style arching

over stamens, dividing between middle and apices of

anthers, branches, 1. 5-2.0 mm long. Capsules ovoid-

ellipsoid, 12x7 mm. Seeds ovate, 6.5 x 4.0 mm, translu-

cent light brown, seed body dark brown, large in relation

to the wing. Chromosome number: unknown. Flowering

time: March to April. Figure 3.

Distribution and biology: Gladiolus sekukuniensis is

known from two sites in Sekukuniland, west of the

Transvaal Drakensberg (Figure 2). It grows in open

woodland on the Strydpoortberge and nearby Leolo

Mountains overlooking the upper Olifants River Valley.

In both localities the species grows on alkaline soils. On

the Strydpoortberge it occurs among Acacia caffra and

Combretum mode on banded ironstone in soil contain-

ing lumps of calcrete associated with the surrounding

dolomite, while on the Leolo range it occurs on norite

with Kirkia wilmsii and Catha transvaalensis (another

Sekukuniland endemic). Non-flowering plants are diffi-

cult to see among the tufts of Themeda triandra with

which they are often associated. In form and colouring

the flowers of G. sekukuniensis are highly reminiscent

of those of G. macneilii Oberm. (section Densiflorus:

series Calcaratus), a local edaphic endemic restricted to

adjacent dolomite hills where the Olifants River cuts

through the Transvaal Drakensberg. This species is

known to be pollinated by the long-proboscid fly

Stenobasipteron wiedemannii (Nemestrinidae) (Goldblatt

& Manning 1998, 1999). The Bowers of G. sekukunien-

sis conform to this pollination syndrome in morphology

and flowering time and are apparently adapted to pol-

lination by the same or another long-proboscid fly

species. Several species of Gladiolus endemic to the

Wolkberg centre of endemism in the highlands of

Mpumalanga and Northern Province are adapted to pol-

lination by long-proboscid flies in the family Neme-

strinidae and these flies are clearly an important factor

Bothalia 29,2 (1999)

221

FIGURE 3. — Gladiolus sekukuniensis PJ.D.Winter. A, conn with cat-

aphylls; B, flowering spike and leaves; C, flower, front view;

D, half-flower. Scale bar: 10 mm. Artist: John Manning.

in the floral diversification of the genus there. The

majority of these plants are grassland species which are

visited by the fly Prosoeca ganglbaurii, but a few,

including G. macneilii , G. saxatilis Goldblatt & J.C.

Manning and G. sekukuniensis favour more wooded

savanna or forest margin habitats and are probably all

pollinated by Stenobasipteron wiedemannii.

History, first reported in 1997 from the Leolo

Mountains by Sylvia Thompson of Haenertsburg, Gla-

diolus sekukuniensis was then collected from the

Bewaarkloof area in the southern foothills of the

Strydpoortberge in 1999, and subsequently from the pop-

ulation on the Leolo Mountains. Mervyn Lotter, a botanist

with Mpumalanga Parks Board, has also reported the

species from the same general area, bringing the number

of known populations to three.

Diagnosis and relationships: the narrowly linear

leaves without conspicuously thickened margins or evi-

dent secondary veins and the distinctively windowed

flowers (in profile gaping between the dorsal and upper

lateral tepals) with the tepal apices conspicuously tailed,

indicate a very close relationship between G. sekuku-

niensis and G. permeabilis subsp. edulis (Burch, ex Ker

Gawl.) Oberm. (section Hebea , series Permeabilis).

Although widespread throughout southern Africa, G.

permeabilis does not appear to have been recorded from

Sekukuniland itself. It occurs on a variety of soil types,

from deep Kalahari sands to fine-grained doleritic clays,

but apparently not on dolomitic or other alkaline soils.

The two species can be distinguished on details of flower

colour and markings and in the length of the perianth

tube. In addition, the suckers commonly produced from

the base of the corm in G. sekukuniensis are unknown in

G. permeabilis. The flowers of G. permeabilis subsp.

edulis vary from a pale yellowish cream colour to dull

purple, the lower tepals usually each with a narrow medi-

an yellow marking outlined with purple, and the perianth

tube is obliquely funnel-shaped, shorter than the dorsal

tepal and 9-15 mm long. The flowers of G. sekukunien-

sis are white or cream-coloured to pale salmon pink,

each of the tepals with a median dark red streak, and the

perianth tube is cylindrical, longer than the dorsal tepal

and 22-35 mm long.

The species may also be confused with G. macneilii

on account of the general resemblance in floral form

between the two, but the flowers of G. macneilii are not

windowed in profile because the tepals are not clawed,

the upper lateral tepals are not marked, the perianth tube

is rather longer, 40^15 mm long, and the anthers are dis-

tinctly tailed at the base.

G. sekukuniensis can be accommodated in the keys in

the recent monograph Gladiolus in southern Africa

(Goldblatt & Manning 1998) by inserting the following

couplets into the key to section Hebea at lead 29 (p. 55)

and into the key to Gladiolus in Botswana, northern

Namibia, the northern provinces of South Africa and

Swaziland at lead 21 (p. 59) respectively.

29 Perianth tube shorter than dorsal tepal, 9-15 irwn long ....

G. permeabilis

29' Perianth tube longer than dorsal tepal, (22— )26 — 35 mm long

29a Perianth tube cylindrical; filaments 11-12 mm long;

flowers cream-coloured to pale pink with dark red median

streaks on all tepals; tepals with ribbon-like apices ....

G. sekukuniensis

29a' Perianth tube obliquely funnel-shaped; filaments 15 mm

long; flowers mauve, lower tepals each with a yellow

spear-shaped mark outlined with purple; tepals acute . .

G. uitenhagensis

222

Bothalia 29,2 (1999)

21 Perianth not windowed in profile; tepals obtuse to subacute;

flowers white, without median streaks, sweetly clove-

scented G. robertsoniae

2 1 Perianth windowed in profile (gaping between dorsal and

upper lateral tepals); tepals with ribbon-like apices; flow-

ers cream-coloured or pale pink to mauve with dark median

streaks or markings on lower or all tepals, unscented or

sweetly scented

21a Perianth tube narrow and cylindrical, longer than dorsal

tepal, 25-35 mm long G. sekukuniensis

21a' Perianth tube obliquely funnel-shaped, shorter than dorsal

tepal, 9-15 mm long G. permeabilis

Material examined.

NORTHERN PROVINCE. — 2429 (Zebediela): Bewaarkloof, Farm

Hooggenoeg 293 KS, southeast shoulder of small plateau, 700 m south

of Island Blue Waterfall, 1 200 m, 21 Mar. 1999, (-BB), P.J.D. Winter

3232. 2430 (Pilgrim’s Rest): Steelpoort, Sekukuniland, Leolo Mountain

foothills. Farm Dsjate 249 KT, 800 m east of Motse River, 1 000 m, 3

Apr. 1999, (-CA), P.J.D. Winter 3283 (NBG, holo.; K, MO, NBG,

PRE, UNIN).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Thanks to the Botha family of Stettyn for providing

access to their property, to the Baragwanath and

Thompson families for providing transport to field sites

in Northern Province, and to Sylvia Thompson and Clare

Bell for their assistance.

REFERENCES

GOLDBLATT, P. 1989. The genus Watsonia. National Botanic Gardens,

Cape Town.

GOLDBLATT, P. & MANNING, J.C. 1998. Gladiolus in southern

Africa. Femwood Press, Cape Town.

GOLDBLATT, P. & MANNING, J.C. in press. The long-proboscid fly

pollination system in Gladiolus (Iridaceae). Annals of the Mis-

souri Botanical Garden 86.

GOLDBLATT, P. & MANNING, J.C. in press. Long-proboscid fly pol-

lination in southern Africa. Annals of the Missouri Botanical

Garden.

GOLDBLATT, P, MANNING, J.C. & BERNHARDT, P. 1998. Adaptive

radiation of bee-pollinated Gladiolus species (Iridaceae) in

southern Africa. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 85:

492-517.

MANNING, J.C. & GOLDBLATT, P. 1996. The Prosoeca peringueyi

(Diptera: Nemestrinidae) pollination guild in southern Africa:

long-tongued flies and their tubular flowers. Annals of the Mis-

souri Botanical Garden 83: 67-86.

MANNING, J.C. & GOLDBLATT, P. 1997. The Moegistorhynchus

longirostris (Diptera: Nemestrinidae) pollination guild in south-

ern Africa: long-tubed flowers and a specialised long-proboscid

fly pollination system in southern Africa. Plant Systematics and

Evolution 206: 51-69.

PLATE 1. — Gladiolus rhodanthus J.C.Manning & Goldblatt, x 0.9. Artist: Auriol Batten.

Bothalia 29,2 (1999)

223

Bothalia 29,2: 225-230 (1999)

Studies in the Sphaerocarpales (Hepaticae) from southern Africa. 1.

The genus Monocarpus and its only member, M. sphaerocarpus

S.M. PEROLD*

Keywords: Carrpaceae, Carrpineae, Carrpos, Hepaticae, Monocarpaceae, Monocarpineae, Monocarpus sphaerocarpus, southern Africa,

Sphaerocarpales, Sphaerocarpineae, Sphaerocarpidae, Western Australia

ABSTRACT

A taxonomic account of the genus Monocarpus and its only species, M. sphaerocarpus, is presented. The species was

initially discovered on salt pans in Western Australia, and only later, in southern Africa. It is extremely rare and the struc-

ture of the minute thalli is difficult to determine, also to describe and to illustrate. As far as could be determined, no SEM

micrographs of the thalli and spores have been published before, nor has the capsule wall been illustrated.

INTRODUCTION

In my recent treatment of the Marchantiidae (Part 1:

Marchantiopsida) for the Flora of southern Africa (Perold

1999), I excluded the Sphaerocarpales (subclass Sphaero-

carpidae), as very little new material had been collected

since the last investigations of its constituent genera,

namely Monocarpus by Schelpe (1969), Riella by Wiggles-

worth (1937), and Riella and Sphaerocarpos by Proskauer

(1955). Fortunately, a few new local collections of

Sphaerocarpos and Riella, have recently come to hand. It

is also deemed essential to publish SEM micrographs of

the thalli and particularly the spores of these taxa, which

has, with rare exceptions, not been done before.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

A few thalli of the only southern African gathering (to

date) of Monocarpus sphaerocarpus, Toelken 1586a,

were carefully removed from the substrate and washed

with water gently squirted from a pipette to remove the

soil particles. Remaining particles were manually

removed by using fine-tipped forceps. One thallus was

vertically sectioned into two halves, which were mount-

ed in water on a slide, to examine the air spaces in the

outer, protective tissues. Two other thalli were carefully

slit open to remove the carpocephala and in one, the cap-

sule was also excised. The barrel air pores and cells in

the carpocephalum wall, as well as the cells in the cap-

sule wall and the spores (mounted in Hoyer’s medium)

were studied and photographed under a compound light

microscope.

The remaining portion of the cleaned specimen was

fixed in FAA (formaldehyde/alcohol/ glacial acetic acid

and distilled water in proportion of 2:1:1:20); dehydrat-

ed in an ascending series of acetone to 100% and critical

point dried in a Balzers Union dryer, using liquid CO2 as

the transitional fluid. The thalli (and air dried spores)

were mounted on aluminium stubs with double-sided

sellotape, gold-coated, then viewed and photographed,

using an ISI SX 25 scanning electron microscope.

* National Botanical Institute, Private Bag X101, 0001 Pretoria.

MS. received: 1999-05-20.

This plant is most interesting, but unfortunately I have

had to ‘make do’ with scanty, 30-year-old material and

was loath to sacrifice any more thalli than were absolute-

ly necessary for my investigations.

Specimens examined

WESTERN CAPE. — 3320 (Montagu): near Montagu, roadside, 300

yds from Baths Hotel, saline depression under Suaeda fruticosa (with

Tortula splachnoides), (-CC), 6-10-1968. H. Toelken 1586a (BOL,

MEL).

AUSTRALIA. — Far north-west Victoria, red ochre pits at NW edge

of the Raak plaint on damp saline mud amongst halophytic shrubs, 1

Aug. 1968. J.H. Willis (MEL128508, BOL58350).

TAXONOMIC HISTORY AND AFFINITIES

The generic name, Monocarpus was selected by Carr

(1956) for this unique Australian liverwort. He thought it

advisable to raise a new suborder for it, Monocarpineae.

To quote him: ‘The affinities of this suborder would be

with the Sphaerocarpineae on the one hand and with the

section Caudiciformes of Marchantiineae on the other’.

Later the generic name was changed to Carrpos by

Proskauer (1961a), on the grounds that Post & Kuntze

(1903) had created an orthographic variant. Monocarpus,

for Monocarpia Miquel (1865), a genus in the Annon-

aceae. Proskauer argued that, ‘if one Monocarpus is an

orthographic variant of Monocarpia, another is also,

whether based on the same type or not’. Bullock (1961)

soon pointed out, however, that Monocarpia Miq. and

Monocarpus D.J.Carr are not homonyms; also, that the

correction of Monocarpia Miq. by Post & Kuntze to

‘ Monocarpus' was not permissible and that this did not

make Monocarpus a new and superfluous name.

Proskauer (1961b) concluded that phylogenetically,

Carrpos did not represent an intermediate between the

Sphaerocarpales and the Marchantiales, but rather an off-

shoot from a ‘pr t-Riccia pool, well within the Mar-

chantiales. He referred it to his new family, Carrpaceae.

Originally, Grolle (1972) had adopted Carrpos and

accepted the family Carrpaceae. Later, Grolle (1983)

agreed that, under the Sydney ICBN, Article 63.1 (Voss

et al. 1983), Monocarpus Post & Kuntze was an invalid

226

Bothalia 29,2 (1999)

FIGURE I. — Monocarpus sphaerocarpus. A, side view of thallus with bulging air chambers above and inside, capsule, seta and foot (stippled

lines) enveloped by carpocephaluin wall, B, above, domed air chambers separated by septa, below, cellular outgrowths from margin of

pouch, arching over part of orifice; C, carpocephaluin containing capsule with spores and below, short seta and bulbous foot; D, car-

pocephalum with capsule, seta and foot exciseS; E, excised capsule with part of seta; F, wall of carpocephaluin with pores and part of stalk

below; G, 2 air pores in wall of carpocephaluin, H, pore from above; I, pore from below; J, cells in wall of carpocephaluin decreasing in

size toward stalk, the latter only partly shown; K, capsule wall with thickenings. A-K, Toelken l5S6a. Scale bars: A, B, 1mm; C, F, 500

pm; D, E, 800 pm; G-J, 25 pm; K, 50 pm. Artist: G Condy.

Bothaha 29,2 ( 1999)

227

orthographic variant of the legitimate Monocarpia Miq.

Hence, Monocarpus D.J.Carr was legitimate and Carr-

pos Prosk. was superfluous.

The generic name Carrpos continued, however, to be

in use for some time to come. Schelpe (1969), in record-

ing the only southern African find of this rare species

[Toelken 1586a (BOL, MEL)], referred to it as Carrpos

sphaerocarpos (D.J.Carr) Prosk. Because, according to

Schelpe, Carr did not validate his proposed family,

Monocarpaceae, Schelpe proceeded to do so, evidently

unaware of Proskauer’s Carrpaceae (Proskauer 1961b).

He also thought that its taxonomic position appeared to

be intermediate between the Sphaerocarpales and the

Marchantiales, and he was ‘disinclined to follow Carr in

placing this family in the Marchantiales’, preferring to

‘wait for the discovery of male gametophytes’. He clear-

ly did not know that Proskauer (1961b) had shown the

species to be monoicous, with antheridia hidden in the

air chambers of the thallus and difficult to find.

In Magill & Schelpe’s (1979) checklist of the bryo-

phytes of southern Africa, the species is also referred to

as Carrpos sphaerocarpos, in the family Monocarpaceae

D.J.Carr ex Schelpe. Schuster (1963) also considered

Carrpos, as he called it, to belong to the Marchantiales

and placed it in the monotypic suborder Carrpineae. In

1966, however, he incorporated it in the suborder

.Corsiniineae. Later on, Schuster (1984) again referred it

to the suborder Carrpineae. Markham (1980) followed

suit and referred to the species as Carrpos sphaerocar-

pos, stating that, on phytochemical evidence, Carrpos

should be ‘aligned near Sphaerocarpos, either in a sepa-

rate suborder, or better, as Grolle (1972) had suggested,

in a separate family’.

Grolle (1983) accepted Markham’s ‘strong biochemi-

cal evidence that a position in the Sphaerocarpales or

close to the Sphaerocarpaceae may be more natural for

this family than a placement in the Marchantiales as

adopted by most authors following Carr'.

Scott (1985) followed Grolle, placing the Riella-

ceae, Sphaerocarpaceae and Monocarpaceae in the order

Sphaerocarpales. In 1992 Schuster commented that this

was done ‘on surely erroneous bases’. In the present

treatment, Grolle (1983) and Scott (1985) are followed.

Suborder Monocarpineae. Carr: 187 (1956).

Thalli terrestrial, ephemeral, reduced, pouch-like,

medianly without an epidermis, open spaces formed

above, separated by sloping or vertical septa; cells all

thin-walled, oil bodies absent. Lurther growth sympodial

by ventral sprouts, sometimes branched. Ventral scales

and mucilage hairs lacking. Rhizoids all smooth, vertical.

Monoicous. Antheridia developed inside air cham-

bers, stalk uniseriate, long, necrotic. Archegonia usually

3 per archegoniophore, but generally only 1 fertilised,

neck with 6 canal cells. Carpocephalum closely sur-

rounded by gametophytic tissue, its wall containing bar-

rel pores opening into inner air chambers. Capsule with

unistratose wall; cleistocarpous. Seta short, dark

coloured, with bulbous foot. Stalk reduced, dark brown,

lacking rhizoid furrow. Spores hemispherical, medium-

sized, densely covered with fine tubercles, only released

after dissolution of capsule wall and decay of surround-

ing gametophytic tissues. Elaters absent.

Monocarpaceae D.J.Carr in Australian Journal of

Botany 4: 1 87 (1956).

Carrpaceae Prosk.: 375 (1961b).

The diagnoses of the monogeneric family and the

monotypic genus are contained in the above description

of the suborder Monocarpineae.

Monocarpus sphaerocarpus D.J.Carr in Austra-

lian Journal of Botany 4: 175 (1956). Type: Australia,

northwestern Victoria, by the side of Calder Highway at

Yatpool, adjacent to Red Cliffs, on bare mud of saltpan,

August 1955, leg. S.G.M. Carr (nee Fawcett) s.n. (MEL,

holo.).

Carrpos sphaerocarpos (D.J.Carr) Prosk.: 155 ( 1961a).

Thalli ephemeral, gregarious, pouch-like, subspheri-

cal, somewhat flattened at poles, flanks slightly bulging,

minute to small, 0.5-2.25 mm diam., up to 1.6 mm high

(Ligure 1A), mostly single-lobed, rarely double, pale

green; outer, protective layers soon developing air

spaces, at maturity closely surrounding carpocephalum

(Ligure 2A, B), which is usually single and subglobose.

FIGURE 2. — Monocarpus sphaerocarpus. A, B, pouch-like thallus from above, outer protective layers closely surrounding carpocephalum, with

cellular outgrowths from upper margin of pouch, arching over orifice at top; B, more enlarged; C, different thallus, showing unistratose

septum (arrowed) and short, ventral sprout toward lower left comer. A-C, Toelken 1586a. A, x 34; B, x 53; C, x 35.

228

Bothalia 29,2 (1999)

its uppermost wall remaining partly exposed, through

which, brown colour of ripe spores and enclosing cap-

sule wall visible; further growth of thallus by ventral

sprouts (Figure 1C), which may be branched and have

dorsally open air chambers; when dry, rather shrivelled,

but otherwise not much altered, ‘wings’ of thallus regard-

ed as being permanently in ‘rolled up’ state. Pouch (or

wing) tissue at upper margin overarching and partly cov-

ering orifice over top of carpocephalum with cellular

outgrowths (Figures IB; 2A, B), sometimes even over-

lapping, terminal cells 30-40 x 25-30 pm, paler, but not

glandular in appearance; cells in outer walls covering ±

2 rows of domed air chambers (Figure 1 B), 4- or 5-sided,

thin-walled, 40-75 x 22.5-50.0 pm, oil bodies absent, in

fresh thalli containing many small chloroplasts, inner

walls often bearing lamellae and complete or incomplete

unistratose septa, these subdividing the air chambers,

which are up to 450 pm high, 500 pm wide across base,

into smaller ones, lacking photosynthetic filaments and

opening toward inside through unspecialised openings

into secondarily delimited cavities; before expansion of

carpocephalum entire upper tissue consisting of elongat-

ed air spaces, apically open and separated by unistratose

septa. Basal part of thallus fleshy, where supporting stalk

of archegoniophore, without costa, scales and mucilage

hairs absent; rhizoids produced only from underside of

base of thallus, anchoring it to substrate, all vertical,

smooth, lacking tubercles, colourless, 10-15 pm wide,

not very numerous.

Monoicous. Antheridia with body ovoid, ± 80 pm wide,

initially green, but white at maturity, pedicel uniseriate, dis-

proportionately long and filamentous, turning brown and

seemingly necrotic, arising from floor or lower part of

walls of ordinary air chambers, mostly single per chamber,

but difficult to find. Archegonia usually with 6 rows of

neck cells and 4 lid cells, borne on archegoniophores.

Carpocephalum (Figure 1C, D, F) with 1(2) receptacle(s),

each with 1 — 3(— 6) archegonia, but generally only one

becoming fertilised, ± ovoid, up to 1475 x 1400 pm, wall

hyaline, membranous, cells 5- or 6-sided, 70-125 x 55-105

pm, tapering slightly toward ends, in upper part interrupt-

ed by two-tiered barrel pores (Figure 1G), 75-150 pm

apart, more or less evenly scattered; pores small, from

above (Figure 1H) 6-8-sided, ± 15 x 20 pm, quite thick-

walled, surrounded by a row of 6-8(9), radially arranged,

small cells, 15-20 x 15-20 pm (occasionally some cells

larger), often narrowing toward base, overlying inner,

smaller pore (Figure II), ± square or rectangular, with sur-

rounding 4 (or occasionally more) cells opening into nar-

row air chambers along inner wall of carpocephalum;

chamber walls degenerate in older material and only

strands of amorphous tissue with chloroplasts remaining;

sometimes a thickened knot of heavily proliferated tissue

observed in lateral wall of carpocephalum, here without air

pores and air chambers, the cells almost rectangular and

closely appressed, also reduced in size to 45-55 x 15-20

pm. Stalk short, up to 100 pm wide, 5 cell rows across,

cells angular, 15-20 x 17.5-22.5 pm, walls dark brown,

surrounding cells in carpocephalum wall (Figure 1 J )

reduced in size, 55-65 x 12.5-25.0 pm. Capsule at maturi-

ty practically filling space within carpocephalum, walls of

both structures closely appressed; initially, however, its

growth rate slower and young capsule only occupying part

of space within (Figure 1C); capsule wall (Figure IK) unis-

tratose, brown, composed of thin, ± rectangular to some-

what irregularly shaped cells, 25-50 x 30.0-57.5 pm,

along walls 2-A small nodular to elongated thickenings,

quite often joined into a continuous, uneven line, cells sep-

arating easily. Seta dark brown, only ± 100 x 50 pm, com-

posed of central row of cells and marginally surrounded by

5 or 6 cells in tiers. Foot bulbous, ± 120 pm long, up to 100

pm wide, consisting of a cluster of cells. Spores at maturi-

ty, seemingly regardless of size of capsule, 42.5- 50.0 pm

diam., dark brown, light brown spores presumably

younger, 27.5-35.0 pm diam., hemispherical; distal face

(Figure 3A-D) convex, densely covered with numerous

fine tubercles, ± 2.5 pm long, in 1 8 or 19 rows across, some

central ones crowned with a small papilla, others smooth,

joined by low walls which enclose tiny, shallow pits;

around spore periphery, many fine, projecting tubercles;

proximal face (Figure 3E) without triradiate mark, slightly

indented, central part also covered with fine tubercles sep-

arated by tiny pits, broad rim around margin (Figure 3E, F)

without ornamentation, but not quite smooth; spore release

occurring on dissolution of capsule wall and by decay of

carpocephalum wall as well as surrounding thallus tissue.

Elaters absent.

Distribution

In spite of a derailed map, kindly drawn and sent by

Dr H. Toelken, now of the State Herbarium, Adelaide,

Australia, and also my own repeated visits to the Baths

Hotel grounds near Montagu in Western Cape (Figure 4),

I have not succeeded in finding more material of this

minute plant. My failure may perhaps be attributed to

considerable building operations in the vicinity in recent

years, possibly leading to the complete disappearance of

the species from this locality.

Ecology

The plants grew on saline-gypsum soil in the winter

rainfall region of Western Cape and appear to be

extremely rare. According to Low & Rebelo (1996) the

vegetation type in this locality is Central Mountain

Renosterveld of the Fynbos Biome, sclerophyllous,

microphyllous vascular plant vegetation (Cowling et al.

1997; Rutherford 1997). In Australia, mainly in NW

Victoria, Scott (1985) reported them to be growing on

salt-rich and gypsum-rich soils at salt pans, where the

ground rises out of the saline influence but is kept moist.

DISCUSSION

Proskauer (1961b) complained of Monocarpus sphae-

rocarpus that, ‘the material is difficult to handle. Not

only are the cells delicate and readily damaged, but even

the larger thalli (which in reality are still minute), have

most awkward shapes’. I would readily agree with this

observation. Proskauer also found that ‘even the best

special photographic lenses at the required magnifica-

tions lack the requisite depth of focus’. Fortunately, the

SEM overcomes such problems, but, regrettably, I had

no fresh material to study. Proskauer further commented

that, ‘the thallus proved to be rather more complex than

described (by Carr), a discrepancy explained by the type

field material having been both somewhat depauperate

Bothalia 29,2 (1999)

229

FIGURE 3. — Monocarpus sphaerocarpus. Spores. A, B, distal face; C, side view of distal face; D, detail of margin of distal face; E, proximal

face; F, side view. A-F, Toelken 1586a. A, x 805; B, x 909; C, x 933; D, x 2312; E, x 852; F, x 1017.

and precociously fertile, with the expanding archegonio-

phore compressing the vegetative tissues’. Poor environ-

mental conditions and harvesting prior to maturation of

the spores were held responsible for this (Proskauer

1961b). To these observations I would like to add that the

South African field-grown thalli (although considerably

smaller), are more easily matched with Carr's descrip-

tions and illustrations than with the elongated, richly

sprouting and branched thalli, cultivated on various

media under artificial conditions (on a window sill), that

were illustrated and described by Proskauer. He found,

significantly, that different media influenced the size of

the plants. Scott’s (1985) photograph of Monocarpus

sphaerocarpus also shows rounded, pouch-like thalli,

sometimes 2-lobed, but lacking elongated ventral

sprouts.

FIGURE 4. — Distribution of Monocarpus sphaerocarpus in southern

Africa.

Carr (1956) described the barrel pores of the ‘involu-

cre’ (= carpocephalum) as frequently having 6-8 epider-

mal cells and only 4 hypodermal cells, with a much larg-

er, generally octagonal or hexagonal outer pore and a

small, roughly square or rectangular inner pore. In unfer-

tilised material that he examined, Proskauer on the other

hand, generally found only 4 cells in each of the outer

and inner rings of cells, although not uncommonly, there

were also pores with up to 8 cells in the outer, as well as

in the inner ring; a few pores, apparently, showed a con-

siderably wider external than internal opening. My find-

ings on the pores match those of Carr more closely.

A suture representing the closure of the mouth of the

‘involucre’, where the cells were clavate and much larger

than the other ‘involucral’ cells, was described by Carr

(1956). According to Proskauer, the occlusion of the

receptacle, described by Carr as ‘a routine post-fertilisa-

tion change, did not take place’. I cannot comment on

this, not being able to study living material at different

stages of development. It is possible that the ‘thickened

knot of heavily proliferated tissue’ I observed in the

carpocephalum wall, may represent the closure of the

mouth, but this needs to be verified.

Carr referred to meiosis not being simultaneous

throughout the sporogenous tissue, whereas Proskauer

strongly doubted that meiosis in a sporophyte was other

than simultaneous, but could not prove this, because he

lacked suitable material. Proskauer, furthermore, sus-

pected that Carr’s sporelings seemed to have resulted

from leptosporangiate fern spores. In the smallish to

medium-sized capsules that I examined, no ‘sterile cells’

(Carr 1956; Proskauer 1961b) were observed. Carr,

indeed, remarked that ‘they may be entirely absent from

very large capsules’.

230

Bothalia 29,2 (1999)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

My sincere thanks to the Curator of BOL, for the

loan of Dr Toelken’s and Willis’s specimens; to Dr

O.A. Leistner for kindly reading the manuscript and

for his helpful suggestions; also to Dr R. Grolle for his

advice; to Ms G. Condy for the drawings, Mrs A.

Romanowski for developing and printing the pho-

tographs and to Ms D. Maree for typing the manu-

script. My thanks also to Dr Toelken for sending me

detailed instructions on where his collection of

Monocarpus sphaerocarpus grew.

REFERENCES

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240-242.

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development, and systematic affinities of Monocarpus sphaero-

carpus gen. et sp. nov. (Marchantiales). Australian Journal of

Botany 4: 175-191.

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GROLLE, R 1972. Die Namen der Familien und Unterfamilien der

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GROLLE, R. 1983. Nomina generica hepaticarum: references, types

and synonymies. Acta Botanica Fennica 121: 1-62.

LOW, A.B. & REBELO, A.G. (eds) 1996. Vegetation of South Africa.

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and Tourism, Pretoria.

MAG1LL, R E. & SCHELPE, E.A. 1979. The bryophytes of southern

Africa. An annotated checklist. Memoirs of the Botanical Survey

of South Africa No. 43.

MARKHAM, K.R. 1980. Phytochemical relationships of Carrpos with

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tematic s and Ecology 8: 11-15.

MIQUEL, F.A.G. 1865. Annales musei botanici lugdunobatavi 2: 12.

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PROSKAUER, J. 1961a. Our Corpus and Carrpos. Taxon 10: 155, 156.

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ling, D.M. Richardson & S.M. Pierce, Vegetation of southern

Africa. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

SCHELPE, E.A.C.L.E. 1969. Three new records of southern hemi-

sphere Bryophyta for South Africa. Journal of South African

Botany 2: 109-112.

SCHUSTER, R.M. 1963. Studies on Antipodal Hepaticae. Journal of

the Hattori Botanical Laboratory 26: 185-309.

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America 1: 381-387. Columbia University Press, New York

and London.

SCHUSTER, R.M. 1984. Evolution, phylogeny and classification of

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SCHUSTER, R.M. 1992. The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North

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VOSS, E G., BURDET, H.M., CHALONER, W.G., DEMOULIN, V.,

HIEPKO, P, MCNEILL, J., MEIKLE, R.D., NICOLSON, D.H.,

ROLLINS, R.C., SILVA, PC. & GREUTER, W. 1983. Inter-

national Code of Botanical Nomenclature , adopted by the 13 th

International Botanical Congress, Sydney, Aug. 1981 Bohn,

Scheltema & Holkema, Utrecht/Antwerpen.

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ing an account of the developmental stages of three of the

species. Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 51: 309-332.

Bothalia 29,2: 231-237 (1999)

Three new species of Zygophyllum (Zygophyllaceae) from Namibia

and Northern Cape, South Africa

L. VAN ZYL* and E.M. MARAIS*

Keywords: Namibia, new species. Northern Cape, South Africa, Zygophyllaceae, Zygophyllum

ABSTRACT

Three new species of Zygophyllum L. from the lower Orange River area in Namibia and Northern Cape, South Africa

are described, namely, Z. applanatum Van Zyl, Z. hirticaule Van Zyl and Z. pterocaule Van Zyl.

INTRODUCTION

Since the publications of Sonder (1860), Van

Huyssteen (1937) and Schreiber (1963), several new spe-

cies of Zygophyllum have come to light. Most of them

were found in the lower Orange River basin forming part

of the northern zone of the winter rainfall area of the arid

Karoo-Namib region of southern Africa. When dealing

with taxa in this area, Nordenstam (1966) suggested the

term ‘Gariep element’ for these extreme xerophytic

species that constitute a significant phytogeographical

group. Cowling & Hilton-Taylor (1997) considered the

Gariep area, falling within the Succulent Karoo Biome,

as one of the centres of exceptional species endemism in

southern Africa. El Hadidi (1978) considered the arid

zones of Namibia and South Africa, including the Gariep

element, to be of importance as a second centre of origin

for taxa belonging to Zygophyllaceae, native to the Old

World.

The genus Zygophyllum is well represented in the

Gariep element, with seven out of the 18 Namibian

species recognised by Schreiber (1963), occurring there.

Recent discoveries add another nine new species of

Zygophyllum to Schreiber’s list, all occurring in the

Gariep area. In this paper, three of these new species of

Zygophyllum are described.

Zygophyllum applanatum Van Zyl was first collected

by Dinter during 1922-1929, after which this tiny, but

locally abundant plant, was missed by other collectors

until recently. He recognised it as a new species and used

the nom. nud. ‘ adpressum' on herbarium sheet Dinter

6614 (BOL), whereas Schreiber (1963) considered this

sheet to be a hybrid between Z. clavatum Schltr. & Diels

and another Zygophyllum species with longer capsules.

Subsequent collections and field observations made by

me convinced me that Z. applanatum is a new species. Z.

hirticaule Van Zyl was discovered by Oliver & Muller in

1976 and Z. pterocaule Van Zyl was first collected by

Muller in 1977. Both Z. applanatum and Z. pterocaule

belong to the subgenus Agrophyllum Endl. section

Bipartita Huysst., with divided staminal scales as an

important characteristic, whereas Z. hirticaule belongs to

the subgenus Zygophyllotypus Huysst. section Capensia

Engl., with undivided staminal scales.

Young stems of Zygophyllum species display taxo-

nomically useful characteristics in cross section. In §

Capensia , internodes are often ventrally flattened, with

or without lateral ridges, whereas § Alata is characterised

by a distinct ventral groove (Van Zyl & Marais 1997). In

§ Bipartita the young stems of a few species are winged

in a dorsiventral plane, usually with a single ventral

wing. Z. pterocaule displays both a dorsal and ventral

wing. Figure 1.

Zygophyllum pterocaule Van Zyl, sp. nov. (§ Bi-

partita), Z. prismatocarpo Sond. affinis sed fruticulus

decumbens ramulis dorsiventraliter alatis. Figura 2.

Fruticulus decumbens, ad 0.15 m altus, ± 0.8 m

diametro. Ramuli alis duobus piano dorso ventrali. Folia

opposita, sessilia, simplicia, orbiculata, articulata, ampli-

tudine diminuentia apicem versus. Sepalum externum

succulentum, cuccullatum. Petala spathulata, alba.

Discus 5-lobatus, lobis indentatus. Stamina 10. Squama

staminalis bipartitae, ovatae vel ellipticae, marginem

integri. Ovarium cylindricum, 5-lobatum. Fructus capsu-

la septicida, viva succulenta, 5-lobata, mollis; desiccata

5-angulata, 9x6 mm. Semina multa, fusca, pyriformia,

2 x 1 mm, quam funiculis longiora, tecta madida mucum

sine structura procreans.

* Department of Botany, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag XI,

7602 Matieland, Stellenbosch, South Africa.

MS received: 1998-07-01.

FIGURE 1. — Section through intemodes. A, Zygophyllum fuscatum.

Van Zyl 4293 (§ Capensia ); B, Z. suffruticosum Schinz, Van Zyl

3809 (§ Alata)', C, Z. pterocaule Van Zyl, Van Zyl 4478 (§

Bipartita).

232

Bothalia 29,2 (1999)

FIGURE 2. — Zygophyllum ptemcaule. Van Zyl 4478. A, fruiting branch, life size; B, flowering branch, life size; C, side view of flower; D, petals;

E, sepals; F, stamens with staminal scale, side and ventral view; G, ovary; H, section of ovary; I, section of nectar disc; J, section of intern-

ode; K, fresh capsule; L, section of fresh capsule; M, immature seed. Scale bars: C-E, J-L, 8 mm; F-H, 4 mm; I, M, 2 mm. Artist: Inge

Oliver.

TYPE. — Northern Cape: Cornellskop, west of Khu-

bus, Richtersveld, (-BD), Van Zyl 4136 (NBG, holo.; B,

PRE, S, WIND).

Decumbent, succulent, branched shrublet up to 0. 15 m

high and 0.8 m diam. Stems : old sterns woody, brown,

with swollen nodes and rough textured bark; young

branches grey, smooth, internodes visible and with two

prominent wings in a dorsiventral plane (Figure 1C).

Leaves opposite, sessile, simple, glaucous; lamina articu-

late, suborbicular, succulent, 20-30 x 20-30 mm, gradual-

ly reduced in size towards branch apex; stipules filamen-

tous, caducous, vestigial. Flowers solitary or two together,

axillary; pedicel 4-9 mm long. Sepals 5, suborbicular to

obovate, outer 3 succulent with scarious margins, cucu-

late, articulate, 4.0-5. 5 x 2. 0-3. 5 mm. Petals 5, spathulate,

7. 0-9. 5 x 2. 5-3.0 mm, white, margins sometimes undu-

late. Nectar disc fleshy, smooth, 10-lobed; lobes arranged

in 5 pairs, orientated downwards, each pair with a raised

central area and with a sunken area between pairs, disc has

a hole sloped towards its periphery. Stamens 10; filaments

terete, 6-7 mm long; staminal scales bilobed, segments

ovate to elliptic, margins entire, 1 .5-0.7 mm, ± '/s as long

as filament. Ovary cylindrical, 5-lobed; style terete; stig-

ma simple. Fruit a septicidal capsule: when fresh, succu-

lent, drooping, 5-lobed, cylindrical, interlocular areas

filled with a sticky juice, 9-6 mm; when dried, somewhat

shrunken in size, prominently 5-angular, each locule con-

taining up to 10 seeds which are glued to the walls. Seed

pyriform, 2 x 1 mm, brown, attached with a long funicu-

la; testa granular, hyalinous, producing structureless

mucilage when wet. Figure 2.

Diagnostic characters

The most prominent features of Zygophyllum ptero-

caule are the suborbicular, simple leaves and young

stems with two wings (hence the specific epithet which

is Greek for winged stem). It is allied to Z. prismato-

carpum Sond., also in section Bipartita, with regard to

leaf and floral morphology, but differs in habit. Z. ptero-

caule has a decumbent habit, reaching a height of only

0.15 m, whereas Z. prismatocarpum is an erect shrub of

up to 1 .0 m or more and has only one wing on its young

stems.

Sterile Z. pterocaule could also be confused with Z.

cordifolium L.f. (§ Paradoxa, subgenus Zygophyllo-

typus) because of simple, suborbicular leaves and a

decumbent habit, but the presence of the two wings on

Bothalia 29,2 (1999)

233

FIGURE 3. — Distribution of Zygophyllum. A, Z. pterocaule Van Zyl,

•, and Z. applancitum Van Zyl, ♦. B, Z. hirticaule Van Zyl, •

the stems of the former species should, however, prevent

confusion. The distribution of these two species some-

times overlap. When flowering, the small, 10 mm long,

white flowers of Z. pterocaule should easily be distin-

guished from the larger, 14-18 mm long, prominently

marked, yellow flowers of Z. cordifolium.

Distribution and habitat

Z. pterocaule has a limited distribution in the lower

Orange River basin (Figure 3A). On the Namibian side,

collections were made at the Schakalsberge and between

the confluence of the Boom and Dabimub Rivers with

the Orange River. Collections were also made on

Cornellskop and at Annisfontein, to the western side of

the Richtersveld National Park in the Northern Cape.

The vegetation on the South African side of the distribu-

tion area is classified by Hoffman (1996) as Lowland

Succulent Karoo, occurring below the escarpment on

rich soils derived from granite and gneiss, representing

an extremely arid vegetation type. The dominant plants

are dwarf shrubs belonging to the Mesembry-

anthemaceae. Rainfall varies from 50-200 mm annually

during the winter months and summers are hot and dry.

Irish (1994) describes the vegetation on the Namibian

side as Namibian Succulent Karoo, characterised by

chamaephytic dominance and a much lower rainfall than

the Succulent Karoo of South Africa.

Plants of this species were observed growing on lime-

stone-rich, stony soils, on slight slopes and in dry stream

beds, always in association with other Zygophyllum

species. No shedding of leaves was observed possibly

because, in this case, the leaves are succulent and serve

as storage organs for water. Flowering occurs from July

to October while shedding of ripe seeds occurs months

later. Ripening of fruits and seeds of Z. pterocaule takes

longer than most other species in this genus because of

the very succulent nature of the fruit. Although no graz-

ing damage to this species was observed, the small size

of populations and the absence of seedlings or young

plants were noticeable and therefore this species could be

considered as vulnerable.

Specimens examined

NAMIBIA. — 2816 (Oranjemund): Schakalsberge, in dry stream bed,

(-BA), Muller 768 (PRE, WIND). 2817 (Vioolsdrif): between Boom

and Dabimub Rivers along Orange River, (-AA), Van Zyl 4478 , (NBG,

WIND).

NORTHERN CAPE.— 2816 (Oranjemund): Annisfontein, Rich-

tersveld, (-BD), Jurgens 22160 (PRE); north of Annisfontein,

Richtersveld, (-BD), Pillans 5005 (K); Cornellskop, Richtersveld,

(-BD), Van Jaarsveld, Forrester & Jacobs 8584 (NBG, PRE); Van Zyl

4064 (NBG, PRE), 4136 (B, NBG, PRE, S, WIND).

Zygophyllum applanatum Van Zyl , sp. nov., (§

Bipartita ), Z. clavato Schltr. & Diels affinis sed fruticulis

prostratus, fructibus cylindricus, Figura 4.

Fruticulus prostratus. Rami albi, coriacei, ramuli ven-

traliter debiliter sulcati. Folia opposita, bifoliata, petiola-

ta, ramulis floriferis unifoliata vel sessilia, foliola subro-

tunda, articulata. Sepala exteriora succulenta, cucullata.

Petala spathulata, alba. Discus 5-lobatus, lobis indenta-

tus. Squamae staminalis bipartitae, longitudine 'A filamen-

torum partes aequantes. Ovarium cylindricum. Fructus

capsula septicida, seminibus multis, viva cylindrica, desic-

cata 5-angulata. Semina pyriforma, quam funiculis longi-

ora, tecta madida mucum sine structura procreans.

TYPE. — Namibia, 2615 (Luderitz): Haalenberg, E of

Luderitz, (-DA), Van Zyl 3865 (NBG, holo.; B, PRE, S,

WIND).

Small, semiprostrate shrublet, branched from base, up

to 0.2 m diam., mostly quite prostrate but after good rains

resprouting from centre, reaching a height of 100 mm.

Stems: old stems white, coriaceous, horizontal, up to 100

mm long; young branches greenish brown, round to ellip-

tical in section with a poorly developed ventral groove.

Leaves opposite, petiolate, glaucous, bifoliolate, on flow-

ering branches gradually reduced to a unifoliolate, sessile

state; leaflets articulate, subrotund, slightly fleshy, 4-7 x

4-7 mm, base sometimes cuneate; petiole articulate,

cylindrical, 1-3 mm long; stipules membranous, cadu-

cous, reddish brown, triangular, apex sometimes incised,

0.5 x 2.0 mm. Flowers solitary, axillary; pedicel 1-3 mm

long. Sepals 5, ovate to elliptic, outer 3 succulent, cucu-

late, 2. 0-3. 5 x 1.0-1. 5 mm. Petals 5, spathulate, 3. 0-4.0

x 1.5 mm, apex acute or rounded, base long-clawed,

white. Nectar disc tleshy, granular, 5-lobed, each lobe

indented. Stamens 10; filaments terete, 2-4 mm; staminal

scales 10, bipartite, ovate to elliptic, segments oblong,

apex somewhat acute, base narrowed, margins entire,

1.3-1. 8 x 0.4-1. 0 mm, ± half as long as filament. Ovary

cylindrical, covered with translucent globules; style

terete, short; stigma simple. Fruit a septicidal capsule:

when fresh, succulent, drooping, cylindrical with faintly

visible sutures; when dried somewhat shrunken in size, 5-

angled, cylindrical, 12x4 mm. Seed pyriform, 1-8 per

locule, 1.5 x 0.6 mm, light brown, long funicle present,

testa granular, hyalinous, producing structureless

mucilage when wet. Figure 4.

Diagnostic characters

Zygophyllum applanatum is closely allied to Z. clava-

tum Schltr. & Diels with regard to leaf and floral charac-

ters but is readily distinguishable by its fruits and habit. Z.

clavatum has an erect habit, up to 500 mm high, whereas

Z. applanatum grows horizontally (hence the specific epi-

234

Bothalia 29,2 (1999)

FIGURE 4. — Zygophyllum applanatum. Von Zyl 4482. A, flowering and fruiting branch, life size; B, twig with flower, leaf and young fruit; C,

side-view of flower; D, sepals; E, petal; F, stamens with staminal scale, dorsal and ventral side; G, ovary; H, section of ovary; I, range of

leaves plus section; J, section of internode; K, fresh fruit; L, section of fresh fruit; M, dried fruit; N, section of dried fruit; O, seed. Scale

bars: B-I, 8 mm; C-E, J-M, 4 mm; F-H, O, 2 mm. Artist: Inge Oliver.

thet which is Latin for flattened or horizontally expand-

ed). During exceptionally good rainfall seasons Z.

applanatum can grow to 100 mm high by resprouting

from the centre, so displaying an atypical habit.

Unfortunately the illustration (Figure 4), depicting this

taxon was done from atypical material, giving a false

impression of the habit. A photograph which was taken

during an ordinary rainfall season (Figure 5), is included

to remedy this. Both taxa have septicidal capsules but

they differ in shape. Dried fruits of Z. applanatum are

cylindrical, 5-angled and up to 12 x 4 mm, whereas those

of Z. clavatum are wider than long, 5-partite, 2.5 x 4.0

mm. Z. applanatum with its limited distribution is

restricted to the winter rainfall area, whereas Z. clavatum

occurs in a much larger area with both winter and summer

rainfall, sometimes overlapping with the former species.

Distribution and habitat

Zygophyllum applanatum is found in a small area in

the southern part of Namibia. Several collections were

made around Luderitz, south of Aus and towards

Witputz and Rosh Pinah (Figure 3A). The vegetation in

this area is classified as Succulent Karoo Biome domi-

nated by chamaephytes (Irish 1994). Rainfall occurs

during winter with occasional light snowfalls around

Aus. Average annual precipitation varies from 40-90

mm, which is lower than the similar Succulent Karoo

Biome in South Africa. Summers are hot and dry with

frequent periods of drought. In the restricted areas

belonging to the mining groups and where little or no

farming activity occurs, populations consisting of hun-

dreds of plants, including many seedlings and young

plants, were observed growing on chalky, desert flats

often in association with other Zygophyllum species. Z.

applanatum appears to be edible because in the sheep

farming areas around Aus, plants were nearly absent

inside grazing camps, whereas on the road shoulders

they were common. Leafless plants were observed dur-

ing dry periods and it can be assumed that leaf shedding

occurs as a survival strategy during droughts. Flowering

and fruiting were recorded during August to December.

The succulent nature of the fruits causes a delay in shed-

ding of ripe seeds and this usually occurs only months

after flowering.

Bothalia 29,2 (1999)

235

FIGURE 5. — Zygophyllum applana-

tum Van Zyl. Photo taken

during a normal rainfall sea-

son.

Specimens examined

NAMIBIA. — 2615 (Luderitz): hills E of Grillenthal, S of Luderitz,

(-CD), Van Zyl 3879 (NBG, PRE, WIND); 14 km S of Grasplatz,

towards Grillenthal, (-CD), Van Zyl 3868 (NBG, PRE); Haalenberg, E

of Luderitz, (-DA), Van Zyl 3865 (B, NBG, PRE, S); Dinter 6614 (B,

BOL. Z). 2616 ( Aus): Kubub 1 5, Tsamvlakte, S of Aus, (-CD), Van Zyl

3881 (NBG, PRE). 2716 (Witputz): Arutal 25, 28 km S of Aus, (-AB),

Van Zyl 3886 (B. NBG); Pochenbank 68, 70 km S of Aus, (-AB), Van

Zyl 3891a (NBG); Kuckaus, (-AB), Dinter 3724 (B); Nord Witputz 22,

55 km N of Rosh Pinah, (-DA), Van Zyl 3896b (NBG); Witputz,

(-DA), Dinter 8078a (B); Arimas 83, NE of Rosh Pinah, (-DB), Van

Zyl 4482 (NBG, PRE, WIND); plains at entrance to Rosh Pinah,

(-DD), Van Zyl 4470 (B, NBG, PRE. S, WIND).

Zygophyllum hirticaule Van Zyl, sp. nov., (§ Ca-

pensia), suffrutex multicaulis, a speciebus aliis sectionis

ramulis pedunculisque hirsutis, fructo rubiginoso, alato

tomentosoque distinguitur. Figura 6.

Suffrutex multicaulis. Rami eburnei, ramuli hirsuti;

intemodia rotunda vel ventraliter complanata, sine costa-

ta. Folia sessilia; foliola glauca, obovata. Squama stami-

nales simplices, ellipticae, margine et superficiebus

ambatus in dimidio superiore papillatae, tomentosum,

apice retuso. Fructus capsula loculicida, rubiginosa,

oblonga, 5-angulata, lateribus tomentosis, alisque

angustis, glabrescentibus. Semina arillo albo, testa madi-

da mucum contentis prominantibus spiralibus procreans.

TYPE. — Namibia, 2716 (Witputz): Nord Witputz 22,

55 km N of Rosh Pinah, (-CB), Van Zyl 3894 (NBG,

holo.; B, PRE, S, WIND).

Compact shrublet, branched from base, up to 0.3 m

high and 0.5 m diam. Stems : old stems glabrous with

swollen nodes and ivory-coloured bark; young stems hir-

sute, round in section or ventrally flattened but without

lateral ridges. Leaves opposite, sessile, bifoliolate, glau-

cous when fresh, when dried, leathery in texture and dis-

playing numerous, embedded crystals resulting in an

uneven, warty texture, glabrous to glabrescent on mar-

gins and at base; leaflets articulate, asymmetrical, obo-

vate, 20-40(47) x 13-25(34) mm, apex rounded, base

mostly cuneate; stipules fleshy, caducous, triangular or

subrotund, margins fringed, tomentose on dorsal side,

one on ventral side and one on dorsal side of stem, 2-3 x

3-6 mm. Flowers solitary or two together, axillary ; pedi-

cel densely hirsute, up to 20 mm long. Sepals 5, ovate,

tomentose on dorsal side, green, changing to burgundy

when dry, persistent, 8 x 4—5 mm. Petals 5, patent, ellip-

tic to obovate, 10-13 x 5-8 mm, apex rounded or

accuminate, base with short claw, pale yellow. Nectar

disc fleshy, papillose, 10-angled. Stamens 10; filaments

terete, 7-8 mm long; staminal scales 10, simple, oblong

with a slightly rounded apex, margin and upper half of

both surfaces papillate, 3. 5-4.0 x 1 .5 mm, ± '/2 as long as

filament. Ovary oblong, 5-angled, tomentose with 5

glabrous wings, apex retuse; style terete; stigma simple.

Fruit a loculicidal capsule with ± same shape when fresh

or when dried; oblong, 5-angled and 5-winged, with red-

dish, tomentose sides and narrow, glabrescent wings,

13-17 x 1 1-13 mm. Seed oblong, in 2-3-seeded loculi, 4

x 2 mm, brown with a white aril, testa smooth, translu-

cent, producing brown mucilage with prominent spiral

inclusions when wet.

Diagnostic characters

Zygophyllum hirticaule is distinguished by its hirsute

young branches and pedicels (hence the specific epithet

which is Latin for hairy stems) and by the reddish, tomen-

tose capsule with narrow, glabrous wings. These fruits

resemble those of Z. debile Cham, in colour and shape but

in the latter the indumentum is lacking. These two species

occupy completely different distribution ranges. Z hirti-

caule stands somewhat on its own within section Capensia

and has no close affinities with others in the group.

Distribution and habitat

Z. hirticaule is found in the southwestern part of

Namibia (Figure 3B). Collections were made around

Witputz and Koike, N of Rosh Pinah. Irish (1994) classi-

fies the vegetation in this area as Succulent Karoo Biome

characterised by chamaephytic dominance. Summers are

hot and dry with frequent periods of drought. Rainfall

236

Bothalia 29,2 (1999)

FIGURE 6. — Zygophyllum hirticuule. A-H, Van Zyl 4480', I, J, Van Zyl 3902. A, flowering and fruiting branch, life size; B, range of leaves plus

section, half size; C, section of intemode; D, sepal; E, petal; F, stamens with staminal scale, dorsal and ventral side; G, ovary; H, section

of ovary; I, dried fruit, x 3; J, section of dried fruit, x 3; K, seed. Scale bars: C-E, I-K, 8 mm; F-H, 4 mm. Artist; Inge Oliver.

occurs during winter months with a yearly average rang-

ing between 40 and 90 mm. Large populations were

seen, including many seedlings and juveniles, growing

on sparsely vegetated, stony, desert flats of a dolomitic

and doleritic nature. A survival strategy, like so many

species of this genus, seems to be the ability to shed

leaves during periods of water stress. The remaining

ivory-coloured stems of the leafless plants appear life-

less, but after the first rains they ‘come alive’ with

leaves. Little evidence of grazing was seen and as farm-

ing activities in this area do not include ploughing, this

species is at present under no threat. A specimen much

resembling this species, but totally glabrous, was collect-

ed at Delphi n kopf, Spencer Bay ( Giess & Robinson

13206, WIND). This locality falls within a restricted

mining area and in sandy desert terrain. For a final opin-

ion on this specimen, better field observation and more

collections are necessary.

Specimens examined

NAMIBIA. — 2716 (Witputz): Aurusberg, NW of Rosh Pinah, (-CA),

Muller 740 (WIND); Witputz Nord 22, 55 km N of Rosh Pinah, (-DA),

Van Zyl 3894 (B, NBG, PRE, S, WIND); Witputz Sud 31, N of Rosh

Pinah, (-DA), Van Zyl 3902 (NBG, PRE, WIND); Oliver & Muller

6406 (PRE); Koike 84, N of Rosh Pinah, (-DB), Van Zyl 4480 (NBG,

WIND).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We are most grateful to Mrs Inge Oliver for the care

with which she prepared the line drawings and to Dr

O.A. Leistner for the Latin translations.

REFERENCES

COWLING, R.M. & HILTON-TAYLOR, C. 1997. Phytogeography,

flora and endemism. In R.M. Cowling, D M. Richardson &

S.M. Pierce, Vegetation of southern Africa. Cambridge

University Press, Cambridge.

EL HADIDI, M.N. 1978. Adumbratio Florae Aethiopicae 30.

Zygophyllaceae. Webbia 33: 45-101.

HOFFMAN, T. 1996. Lowland Succulent Karoo. In A.B. Low & A.G.

Rebelo, Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland.

Department of Environmental Affairs & Tourism, Pretoria.

IRISH, J 1994. The Biomes of Namibia as determined by objective

categorisation. Navorsinge van die Nasionale Museum, Bloem-

fontein.

Bothalia 29,2 (1999)

237

NORDENSTAM, B. 1966, Euryops in South West Africa. Botaniska

Notiser 119: 475—485.

SCHREIBER, A. 1963. Die Gattung Zygophyllum L. in Siidwestafrika.

Mitteilungen der Botanischen Staatssammlung, Miinchen 5:

49-114.

SONDER, O.W. 1860. Zygophyllaceae. In WH. Harvey & O.W.

Sonder, Flora capensis 1: 355-365. Reeve, Ashford, Kent.

VAN HUYSSTEEN, D.C. 1937. Morphologisch-systematische Studien

iiber die Gattung Zygophyllum nut besonderer Beriicksichtigung

der qfrikanischen Arten. Inaugural-Dissertation der Mathematisch-

Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultiit der Friedrich Wilhelms-

Universitiit zu Berlin.

VAN ZYL, L. & MARAIS, E.M. 1997. Two new species of Zygophyl-

lum (Zygophyllaceae) from the Western Cape, South Africa.

Bothalia 27: 129-133.

Bothalia 29,2: 239-247 (1999)

FSA contributions 13: Ulmaceae

C.M. WILMOT-DEAR*

Trees or shrubs, monoecious or dioecious, sometimes

spiny. Leaves alternate, simple, blade often unequal-

sided at base; stipules lateral and free or amplexicaul and

connate, caducous. Flowers unisexual or bisexual, regu-

lar, axillary, solitary or in cymes or clusters. Perianth of

(4— )5 tepals, imbricate or valvate, free or shortly united,

persistent. Stamens as many as, and opposite, tepals,

inserted at base of perianth, erect in bud; anthers 2-thec-

ous, opening longitudinally. Ovary superior, 2-carpellate,

1 - locular; stigmas 2, divergent; ovule solitary, pendulous

from or near apex, anatropous. Fruit thinly fleshy; endo-

carp hard. Seeds without endosperm; embryo curved.

Characters not applicable in South Africa except in

cultivated species ( Ulmus\ see appendix): sepals some-

times 6-8; stamens rarely more than calyx lobes; ovary

2- locular; fruit compressed, dry and ± winged; embryo

straight.

Genera 14, with about 120 species, mainly tropical

and North Temperate, only four genera represented in

Africa, three in southern Africa together with one com-

monly cultivated.

la Plant with axillary spines; stipules united along one margin

Chaetacme

lb Plant unarmed (in African species); stipules free:

2a Ovary stipitate, compressed; fruit a flat samara, wing sur-

rounding fruit: embryo straight (cultivated) Ulmus

2b Ovary sessile; fruit a thinly fleshy drupe; embryo curved:

3a Male flowers with induplicate-valvate calyx lobes;

leaves serrate almost from base; stigmas 0. 5-1.0

(-2.0) mm long Trema

3b Male flowers with imbricate calyx lobes; leaves entire,

coarsely toothed or serrate but then only in upper 26;

stigmas 2-5 mm long Celtis

1906000 CHAETACME

Chaetacme Planch, in Annales des sciences

naturelle, Ser. 3, 10; 266, 340 (1848); E. Phillips: 246

(1951); Polhill: 144 ( 1964); Polhill: 12 (1966); J.H.Ross:

149 (1972); Palmer & Pitman: 433 ( 1972); R. A. Dyer: 35

(1975); Wilmot-Dear: 1 (1991); Todzia: 610 (1993).

Type: C. aristata Planch.

Trees or shrubs, monoecious, rarely dioecious; bark

smooth, grey, later fibrous, longitudinally striate; branch-

es with axillary spines. Leaves penninerved with lateral

veins looping near margin, shortly petiolate, long-

mucronate, slightly unequal-sided at base; stipules rela-

tively large, amplexicaul and connate, tightly enclosing

terminal bud, caducous leaving annular scars. Inflores-

cences cymose, often branched, usually congested, en-

tirely male or with l(-2) females near base; female flow-

ers otherwise solitary, usually in upper axils. Flowers

* The Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey

TW9 3AB, England.

subtended by small broadly ovate bracts; male with pis-

tillode; female without staminodes. Tepals 5, shortly

basally united, in male buds induplicate-valvate, in fe-

male imbricate. Anthers oblong. Ovary sessile; stigmas

long, persistent, divaricate. Fruits large, endocarp very

hard.

A genus of one species, confined to Africa and Mada-

gascar.

Chaetacme aristata Planch, in Annales des scien-

ces naturelles, Ser. 3, 10: 341 (1848); Engl.: 160 (1895);

Sim: 305, t. 160 (1907); Engl.: 15, t. 8 (1915); N.E.Br.:

521 (1925); Burtt Davy: 437 (1932); Henkel: 57, 79

(1934); Brenan: 625 (1949); Codd: 19 (1951); Eggeling:

436(1952); Andrews: 254, t. 88 (1952); Keay: 593(1958);

Dale & Greenway: 576 (1961); White: 22 (1962); F.von

Breitenbach: 84 (1965); Compton: 105 (1966); Letou-

zey: 56, t. (1968); P.van Wyk: 39, t. (1972); Compton:

173 (1976); Coates Palgrave: 98 (1977); Pooley: 66, t.

(1993). Type: Cape Province, Dr'ege s.n. (K, isolecto.!).

Chaetacme nitida Planch. & Harv.: 16, t. 25 (1859). C. aristata Planch,

var. nitida (Planch. & Harv.) Engl.: 15 (1915). Types: South Africa, Cape

Province, Galgebosch, Drege s.n. (TCD, lecto.; K, isolecto.!).

C. madagascariensis Baker: 443 (1885). Type: Madagascar, Baron

2397 (K, holo.!).

C. aristata Planch, var. kumerunensis Engl.: 24 (1900); Engl.: 15

( 1915). Types: Cameroun, Zenker & Staudt 430 (B, syn.); Zaire, Pogge

692 (B, syn.).

C. serrata Engl.: 24 (1900). Types: Tanzania, Usambara Mts, Holst

505 (B. syn ); South Africa, Cape Province, Beyrich 119 (B, syn );

Bachmann 432. 433 (B, syn.).

C. aristata Planch, var. longifolia De Wild. & T.Durand: 214 (1901).

Types: Zaire, Dewevre 903, 965 (BR, syns.).

Bosqueia spinosa Engl.: 548 (1908). Type: Tanzania, Ukerewe Is.,

Uhlig V73 (B, holo., K, photo.!).

C. microcarpa Rendle: 13 (1916); Rendle: 423 (1928); Peter: 61

(1932); Battiscombe: 85 (1936); Eggeling: 247 (1940); Hauman: 51

(1948). Type: Sudan Republic, Bahr el Ghizal, Schweinfurth 2828 (K,

isolecto.!).

C. microcarpa Rendle var. crenata Hutch. & Dalz.: 423 (1928). Type:

Ivory Coast, Chevalier 21824 (K, holo.!).

Scrambling shrub to small, much-branched tree, 1-13

m tall, branches ± drooping, zigzag; twigs shortly

spreading-pubescent to glabrous, often short and becom-

ing spinose at apex; axillary spines single(-paired), 4-30

mm long. Leaves elliptic to elliptic-ovate, (20-)

30— 90(— 1 10) x (10-) 15-45 mm, apex acute to shortly

acuminate, terminal point up to 7 mm long, base broadly

cuneate to rounded (to slightly cordate), margin entire or

with occasional irregularly-disposed (or many, regular,

especially juvenile plants) mucronate teeth; midrib

prominent beneath, lateral veins ± 10, indistinct, coria-

ceous (juvenile foliage sometimes membraneous-charta-

240

Bothalia 29,2 (1999)

FIGURE 1. — Chaetacme aristata. A, branches showing flowers and fruits, x 0.8. B, C, portions of twigs: B, x 1.6; C, x 0.8. D, cyme of male

flowers, x 4.6; E, male flower, 2 tepals and I stamen removed, x 9.4; F, female flower, x 9.4; G, mature fruit, x 2.4. A, Acocks 12540', B,

Van der Schijff 2456', C, Vahrmeijer 574\ D, Gordon-Gray 1726', E, F, Acocks 9455; G, Strey 7364. Artist: Eleanor Catherine.

Bothalia 29,2 (1999)

241

FIGURE 2. — Distribution of Chaetacme aristata in southern Africa.

ceous), glabrous, very glossy above, often scabrid or

sparsely fine-pubescent below and on midrib; petiole

3-6 mm long; stipules narrowly oblong-lanceolate,

(6-) 10-20 mm long. Stipules (5-) 10-20 mm long, nar-

rowly oblong-lanceolate. Inflorescences 5-15 mm; flow-

ers greenish cream-coloured, males (few-) 10-over 30;

pedicels 1-3 mm long. Tepcils finely pubescent, male

2. 0-3. 5 x 1. 5-2.0 mm, female 1. 0-2.0 x 1.0-1. 5 mm.

Ovar y sparsely fine-pubescent, 3-5 mm long; stigmas

7— 1 2(— 30) mm long. Fruit green, ripening yellowish

orange, ovoid or depressed-globose, 10-15 x 10-14 mm

(dried), to 35 x 20 mm (fresh), glabrous. Figure 1.

Found in the Northern Province, North-West,

Mpumalanga, Swaziland, throughout the coastal region

from northern KwaZulu-Natal, Eastern Cape as far south

as Knysna in Western Cape (Figure 2); from Sudan, east-

ern Africa and Zaire to West Africa, and in Madagascar.

Occurs in riverine and coastal forest, lowland and upland

rainforest, wooded grassland, sand dunes; found espe-

cially in disturbed and cleared areas.

Distinctive in its axillary spines and long-mucronate

glossy leaves.

Vouchers: Guy 109 (PRE); Moll 2155 (NU. PRE): Netshiungani 758

(NH, PRE): Pott (5699) 16731 (NH. PRE); Scott-Smith & VWfl(NH.

PRE).

1902000 TREMA

Trema Lour., Flora cochinchinensis: 562 (1790);

E. Phillips: 246 (1951); Palmer & Pitman: 429 (1972);

J. FI. Ross: 148 (1972); R.A.Dyer: 32 (1975); Polhill: 143

(1964); Polhill: 10 (1966); Polhill: 268 (1989); Wilmot-

Dear: 3 (1991); Todzia: 610 (1993). Type: T. cannabina

Lour.

Trees or shrubs, monoecious(-dioecious). Leaves

alternate, penninerved, petiolate, unequal-sided at base,

serrate; stipules lateral, free, relatively small, caducous.

Inflorescences axillary, cymose, often branched, usually

congested, mainly male with female and bisexual flow-

ers fewer and towards apex. Tepals (4— )5, shortly united

at base, in male buds induplicate-valvate, in female

imbricate. Anthers oblong-ovate. Ovary sessile; stigmas

short, divaricate or inrolled, persistent. Fruits small.

A genus of ± 15 species in the tropics and subtropics,

only one present in Africa.

Trema orientalis (L.) Blume, Museum Botanicum

Lugduno-Batavum 2: 62 (1856); Leroy: 10 (1952);

Compton: 105 (1966); Schreiber: 1 (1967); Letouzey:

48, t. (1968); P.van Wyk: 42, t. (1972); Compton: 173

(1976); Coates Palgrave: 98 (1977); Pooley: 66, t.

(1993). Types: Sri Lanka, Herb. Hermann folio 2: 1 & 4:

71 (BM-SL, syn.).

Celtis orientalis L.: 1044 (1753). Sponia orientalis (L.) Planch: 320

(1848).

C. guineensis Schumach. & Thonn.: 160 (1827). Sponia guineensis

(Schumach. & Thonn.) Planch.: 197 (1873). Trema guineensis

(Schumach. & Thonn.) Ficalho: 261 (1884); Engl.: 160 ( 1895); Engl.:

14. t. 7 (1915): Rendle: 11 (1916); Burtt-Davy: 436, t. 67 ( 1932); Peter:

62 (1932); Henkel: 107 (1934); Hauman: 48, t. 8 (1948); Robyns: 46.

t. 4 (1948); Brenan: 625 (1949); Williams: 475, t. (1949); Eggeling:

438 (1952); Andrews: 256, t. 89 (1952); Brenan: 76 (1954); Brenan:

592 (1958); Dale & Greenway: 577 (1961); White: 24 (1962); F.von

Breitenbach: 81, t. 2, 83 (1965). Type: Ghana, Thonning s.n. (C, iso.).

C. guineensis Schumach. & Thonn. var. parvifolia Schumach. &

Thonn.: 161 (1827). T. guineensis (Schumach. & Thonn.) Ficalho var.

parvifolia (Schumach & Thonn.) Engl.: 14 (1915). Type: Ghana,

Thonning s.n. (C. iso.).

Sponia bracteolata Hochst.: 87 (1845). T. bracteolata (Hochst.)

Blume: 58 (1856); Sim: 305, t. 158 (1907); N.E.Br.: 519 (1925). Type:

KwaZulu-Natal, 'in clivitiis montium Tafelburge terrae Natalensis’,

Dec. 1839, Krauss 41 (B, holo. t; BM. K, iso.!).

S. glomerata Hochst.: 87 (1845). T. glomerata (Hochst.) Blume: 58

(1856). Type: KwaZulu-Natal: 'in silvis primitivis terrae Natalensis’,

Oct. 1839, Krauss 343 (B, holo. t; K, iso.!).

5’. africana Planch.: 320 (1848). T. africana (Planch.) Blume: 58

(1856). Types: Senegal. Heudelot 50 (K, syn.!); Sierra Leone, Vogel

138 ( K, syn.!).

S. nitens Planch.: 325 (1848). T. nitens (Planch.) Blume: 58 (1856).

Type: Fernando Po: ‘secus oram Africae Occident, haud longe a littore

maris’, 1848, Vogel 47 in herb Hook. (K, holo.! & iso.!).

S. strigosa Planch.: 320 (1848). T. strigosa (Planch.) Blume: 58

(1856). Type: Nigeria, Vogel 33 (K, holo.!).

S. hochstetteri Planch : 198 (1873). T. guineensis (Schumach. &

Thonn.) Ficalho var. hochstetteri (Planch.) Engl.: 160 (1895); Engl.: 14

(1915); Rendle: 12 (1916); Peter: 63 (1932). Type: Ethiopia, Gojjam,

Schimper 195 (K, isolecto.!).

T. guineensis (Schumach. & Thonn.) Ficalho var. paucinervia

Hauman: 412 (1942); Hauman: 48 (1948). Type: Zaire, Ubangi-Uele.

Bossobolo, Leontovitch 93 (BR, holo.). See note in Polhill: 10 ( 1966).

Shrub or small to medium tree 1 2(— 1 8 ) m tall, branch-

es ± spreading or drooping; bark smooth, grey, becoming

longitudinally fissured; lenticels conspicuous; twigs

densely(-sparsely) pubescent. Leaves ovate-attenuate to

ovate-lanceolate(-lanceolate-oblong), (45— )60— 1 10(— 1 50,

juvenile) x ( 15-)22-50(-90, juvenile) mm, apex acute,

base rounded to cordate, evenly closely serrate except

extreme base; midrib and lateral veins compressed

above, prominent below; ± scabrid, sparsely stiff-

hairy(-glabrescent) above, densely pubescent-tomentose

below; petiole 8— 1 0(— 13) mm; stipules lanceolate,

pubescent, 4-7 mm. Cymes 5-10 mm; flowers greenish

cream-coloured, males (few-)many, females and bisexual

242

Bothalia 29,2 (1999)

FIGURE 3. — Trema orientalis. A, branch with inflorescences and young fruit, x 0.8 ; B, detail of leaf, lower surface, x 12; C, leaf, x 0.8; D, inflo-

rescence, x 2.4; E, male flower, 1 tepal and 1 stamen removed, x 9.6; F, female flower, x 9.6; G, fruit, x 4.8. A, B, D, F, Merxmiiller &

Giess 30725\ C, Hanaface 1347, E, Pearson 9H26\ F, Gerrard 14 Artist: Eleanor Catherine.

Bothalia 29,2 (1999)

243

FIGURE 4. — Distribution of Trema orientalis , A; Ulmus, cultivated,

•. in southern Africa.

few(-more than male); subtending bracts triangular, ± 1

mm; pedicels short or absent. Tepals 1 .0 — 1 .5(— 2.0) x ±

0.5 mm. Ovary- pubescent, 1.0-1. 5 mm; stigmas 0.5-1. 2

mm. Fruit purple or black, ovoid-globose, (2.0-)3.5

( — 4.0) mm (dried), glabrous. Figure 3.

Found in western Namibia (Karibib), Northern Pro-

vince, North-West, Gauteng, Mpumalanga (especially

eastern parts), Swaziland, KwaZulu-Natal (mainly

coastal half) and in coastal parts of Eastern Cape to

Grahamstown (Figure 4). Occurs also throughout other

regions of Africa south of the Sahara, in Madagascar,

Mascarene Islands and tropical Asia. Found in a wide

range of habitats, especially in moist soil: in or on mar-

gins of lowland and upland rainforest, riverine forest, dry

sandy river beds; a common pioneer of disturbed and

cleared ground; 0-2 000 m.

Planted for soil reclamation; a good timber tree.

Vouchers: Edwards & Wells 140 (PRE); Jensen 497 (PRE); Kluge

1846 (PRE); Pole Evans H16850 (PRE); Simon & Leach 2257 (PRE).

1808000 CELT IS

Celtis L., Species plantarum 1: 1043 (1753); L.:

467 (1754); E.Phillips: 246 (1951); Polhill: 139 (1964);

Polhill: 3 (1966); Palmer & Pitman.: 422 (1972);

J. FI. Ross: 148 (1972); R.A.Dyer: 32 (1975); Polhill: 266

(1989); Wilmot-Dear: 6 (1991); Todzia: 609 (1993).

Type: C. australis L.

Trees or shrubs, monoecious, rarely dioecious. Leaves

petiolate, usually unequal-sided at base, penninerved or

3-veined from base; cystoliths often present giving rough

texture; stipules lateral, free, relatively small. Flowers

often precocious, usually in many small cymes; female

sometimes on separate inflorescence. Tepals (4-)5, ±

free, imbricate. Anthers ovate. Ovary sessile; stigmas

often furcate or twice-furcate. Fruit drupaceous, some-

times with ribbed endocarp.

Characters not present in South Africa: axillary spines

sometimes present; inflorescence sometimes fasciculate.

A genus of over 50 species, widespread in tropical and

temperate regions, less than ten present in Africa, three in

southern Africa.

la Leaves with basal lateral veins extending well into upper

half of blade; main lateral veins 1 or 2 on each side of

midrib; margin usually conspicuously serrate in upper

2A; fruit subglobose, 2-angled when dry 1. C. africana

lb Leaves with basal lateral veins not or little extending into

upper half of blade; main lateral veins (2— )3— 6 each side

of midrib; margin entire or obscurely crenate to coarse-

ly dentate in upper half only; fruit usually ellipsoid-

ovoid or conical-ovoid, 4-ribbed when dry:

2a Stigmas unbranched; stem pubescence (when present)

whitish; fruit conical-ovoid, 5— 6(— 7 ) mm long; leaves

entire, acumen long, ('A-)usually ‘A-'A of whole blade

length; upper lateral veins usually ± as thickly promi-

nent as midrib beneath and making sharp angle of less

than 45° with midrib 2. C. gomphophylla

2b Stigmas branched once or twice; stem pubescence (when

present) tawny; fruit ovoid-ellipsoid, 7-10 mm long;

leaves usually ± crenate in upper 'A; acumen short, up to

‘AG1 A) whole blade length; upper lateral veins marked-

ly more finely prominent than midrib beneath and mak-

ing less sharp angle, greater than 45°, with midrib ....

3. C. mildbraedii

1. Celtis africana Burm.f. , Flora indica: nec non

prodromus Horae capensis: 31 (1768); Rendle: 3 (1916);

Hauman: 43 (1948); I.Verd.: t. 1210 (1956); Keay: 592

(1958); Dale & Greenway: 574, t. 104 (1961); Letty:

109, t. 54, 2 (1962); White: 22 (1962); F.von Breiten-

bach: 79, 81, t. (1965); Letouzey: 14, t. (1968); Jacot

Guill.: 161 (1971); Rvan Wyk: 40, t. (1972); Coates

Palgrave: 98 (1977); Pooley: 64, t. (1993). Type: t. 88 in

Burm., Rariorum africanarum plantarum: 242 (1739).

C. rhamnifolia C.PresI: 37 (1844) nom. nud.; N.E.Br.: 518 (1925).

C. kraussiana Bemh. 87 (1845); Sim: 306 pi. 134 (1907); Engl.: 12

(1915); Rendle: 3 (1916); Burtt-Davy: 435, t. 66 (1932); Peter: 64

(1932); Henkel: 106 (1934); Battiscombe: 84 (1936); Hauman: 43

(1948); Robyns: 43 (1948); Brenan: 624 (1949); Adamson: 315 (1950);

Codd: 18 (1951): Eggeling, 434. t. 89b (1952); Andrews: 253 (1952);

Cufod.: 5 (1953). Type: Cape Province, Tafelberg, Krauss 1776 (B,

holo. t: G, iso.; K, photo, of iso.!).

C. eriantha E.Mey. ex Planch.: 296 (1848). Types: South Africa,

Cape Province, 'prope Graaf reinet, in montosis scopulosis 3000^)000

ft.’, Drege s.n. (K, syn. ! ); Orange River, Burke s.n. in Herb. Hook. (K,

syn. !; BM, tsosyn.!).

C burmannii Planch.: 296 (1848), excl. syn. Type: South Africa,

Cape Province, ‘Oudeberg; juxta montes Snewbergen alt. 3000-4000

ped.’, Drege s.n. (K, isolecto.l).

C opegrapha Planch.: 294 (1848). Type: South Africa, Cape

Province, ‘prope Gaatje’, Drege 8261b (K, isolecto.l).

C. holtzii Engl.: 12, t. 6E (1915). Type: Tanzania, Mwanza, Holtz

1591 (B, holo.; K, photo, of holo.!).

C. kraussiana Bemh. var. stolzii Peter: 64 (1932); Brenan: 624

(1949). Type. Tanzania, Rungwe Dist., Stolz. 1708 (B, holo.; BM, K,

iso.!).

C. australis auct.: A. Rich.: 257 (1851); non L

C. rhamnifolia auct.: N.E.Br.: 518 (1920); non Presl.

Deciduous shrub or ± spreading tree, 2-30 m tall;

bark smooth, whitish grey, often pinkish blotched; fresh-

244

Bothalia 29,2 (1999)

FIGURE 5. — Celtis A-F, C. africana: A, fruiting branch, x 0.8; B, flowering branch, x 0.4; C, male flower, x 9.4; D, bisexual flower, x 9.4; E,

female flower, x 9.4; F, fruit, x 2.4. G, H, C. mildbraedii: G, fruit, x 2.4; H, leaf, x 0.8. I, J, C. gomphophylla; I, fruit, x 2.4; J, leaf, x 0.8.

A, B, Bolus 685; C, D, Galpin 11529; E, Strey 8921; F, Rodin 3899; G, H, Ward 7631; I, Strey 8785; J, Ward 5905. Artist: Eleanor

Catherine.

Bolhalia 29.2 (1999)

245

FIGURE 6. — Distribution of Celtis africana in southern Africa.

ly-cut wood unpleasant-smelling; young twigs densely

tawny-pubescent-tomentose. Leaves broadly or narrowly

ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 30— 90(— 1 30, juvenile) x

25-55(-70, juvenile) mm, acuminate, base rounded to

cuneate, margin (± entire to coarsely crenate-)dentate-

serrate in upper 2/3; basal lateral veins extending well into

upper half, upper lateral veins 1 or 2 each side; thinly or

thickly chartaceous, often rough, young foliage often

densely tawny-puhescent both sides, but glabrescent

except veins below; petiole 2.5— 5.0(— 1 0.0) mm; stipules

linear to linear-obovate, 3-8 mm, pubescent. Inflores-

cences'. lower cymes numerous, of (3-)many male flow-

ers; pedicels 1. 5-5.0 mm; uppermost inflorescences of

1-few bisexual flowers; pedicels to 12 mm, intermediate

of both male and bisexual; axis and pedicels usually

densely tawny-pubescent. Tepals 1.5-2. 5 mm, pubes-

cent. Ovary densely pubescent; stigmas unbranched,

1.5-3. 5 mm. Fruits orange(-blackish), subglobose

(-ovoid-ellipsoid) (4 — )5 — 7( — 8) x 3-6 mm (dried), pubes-

cent, pedicel to 18 mm. Figure 5A-F.

Found in southwestern and southeastern Botswana

(Ukwi, Mochudi; few collections), throughout Northern

Province, North-West, Mpumalanga and Gauteng and

extreme south, throughout Swaziland, Free State,

KwaZulu-Natal, Lesotho, most northeastern parts of

Northern Cape, Eastern Cape and along major rivers and

in coastal areas of Western Cape excluding the west coast

north of Cape Town (Figure 6); widespread from Arabia

to Cape, Sudan to Nigeria and Angola. Occurs in a wide

range of habitats: dry evergreen and riverine forests,

upland rainforest, coastal forest; found from coast up to

2 000 m.

A useful street tree; also yields hard timber.

Vouchers: Acocks 1616 (PRE); Brueckner 1218 (K, PRE); Flanagan

279 (K, PRE); Moll 4455 (NH, PRE); Ward 7701 (K, NH, NU, PRE).

2. Celtis gomphophylla Baker in Journal of the

Linnean Society of London, Botany 22: 521 (1887);

Leroy: 6, t. 3 (5-8) (1952); Letouzey: 39, t. (1968); Coates

Palgrave: 97 (1977). Type: Madagascar, Baron 3697 (K,

holo.!).

C. durandii Engl.: 22 (1900); Engl.: 179 (1911); Engl : 12, t 6D

(1915); Rendle: 4(1916); Peter: 65 (1932); Hauman: 42 (1948); Robyns:

43 (1948); Brenan: 624 (1949); Keay: 592 (1958); White: 431 (1962);

Polhill: 140 (1964); Polhill: 5 (1966); Palmer & Pitman: 427 (1972);

Pooley: 64, t (1993). Types: Tanzania, Usagara, Von Trotha 171 (B,

syn.; K, photo, of syn.!); Zaire, Bas-Congo, Dupuis (B, syn.; BR

isosyn.; K, photo, of syn.!).

C. ugandensis Rendle: 341 (1906). C. durandii Engl. var. ugandensis

(Rendle) Rendle: 5 (1916); Battiscombe: 84 (1936); Hauman: 43

(1948); Robyns: 43 (1948); Eggeling: 432 (1952); Dale & Greenway:

574 (1961). Type: Uganda. Entebbe, Bagshaw 669 (BM, holo.!).

C. dioica S. Moore: 204 (1911). Type: Zimbabwe, Chirinda Forest,

Swynnerton 108 (BM, holo.!; K!).

Deciduous monoecious(-dioecious) tree, 3-30 m tall;

bark smooth, light grey, wood unpleasant-smelling; young

twigs whitish pubescent. Leaves ovate-elliptic (-oblong-

elliptic), (50-)60-150 x 20-50 mm, long-acuminate,

base cuneate to rounded, margin entire, (juvenile foliage

of very different appearance, to 210 x 90 mm, upper half

of margin coarsely dentate); basal lateral veins extending

little into upper half, upper lateral veins (2)3-6 each side,

as thickly prominent beneath as midrib, usually making

an acute angle of less than 45° with midrib; membrane-

ous-chartaceous, usually thin, glabrescent, often scabrid;

petiole 4-8 mm; stipules linear to linear-oblong, 2-6 mm,

pubescent. Cymes of male flowers numerous, (few-)many-

llowered, pedicels 3-7 mm, female and bisexual flowers

few or solitary, pedicels often longer. Tepals 1. 2-2.0 mm,

pubescent. Ovary ± pubescent; stigmas unbranched,

2.0-2. 5 mm. Fruits dark yellowish, conical-ovoid, often

4-angled when dry, 4-6(-7) x 3-5 mm, glabrous; pedicel

3-10 mm. Figure 51, J.

Found in coastal regions of KwaZulu-Natal and of

Eastern Cape south to Umtata (Figure 7); also in western

Mozambique, eastern Zimbabwe and Zambia and from

Zaire and Angola to Nigeria and San Tome. Occurs in

lowland and upland rain forest and riverine forest.

Vouchers: Moll 3359 (K, PRE), 5636 (K, NH); Tinley 450 (K, PRE);

Ward 2998 (K, PRE); White 10431 (NH).

3. Celtis mildbraedii Engl, in Botanische Jahr-

biicher 43: 309 ( 1909); Engl.: 180, t. 1 6E (1911); Engl.:

FIGURE 7. — Distribution of Celtis gomphophylla, ▲; and C mild-

braedii, •, in South Africa.

246

Bothalia 29,2 (1999)

14 (1915); Hauman: 45 (1948); Keay: 592 (1958); Dale

& Greenway: 576 (1961); Letouzey: 33, t. (1968);

Coates Palgrave: 97 (1977); Pooley: 66, t. (1993). Type:

Zaire orientale, Mildbraed 2897 (B, lecto.; K, photo, of

lecto.!).

C. soyauxii sensu Engl.: 23 (1900) pro parte; Rendle: 5 (1916);

Battiscombe; 84 (1936); Brenan: 624 (1949); Eggeling: 435, t. 89c,

photo. 55 (1952); Andrews: 251 (1952); non Engl, sensu stricto.

C. usambarensis Engl.: 309 (1909); Engl.: 14 (1915); Peter: 65

(1932). Type: Tanzania, E Usambara Mts, Zimmermann in Herb.

Amani 831 (B, holo.; K, photo, of holo.!).

C. franksiae N.E.Br.: 517 (1925); Henkel: 106 (1934); F.von

Breitenbach: 82 (1965). Type: South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, near

Durban, 12 Dec. 1910, Franks s.n. in Herb. Wood 11726 (K, holo.!

BOL, NBG, SAM, iso.!).

Evergreen or deciduous monoecious tree, 3^40 m tall,

buttressed, branches often drooping; bark pale, smooth

or scaling in discs; young twigs tawny-pubescent. Leaves

elliptic to elliptic-obovate, (75-)90-150 x 40-50 mm,

acuminate ± mucronate, base cuneate, (± entire-) ob-

scurely crenate to coarsely dentate in upper half; charta-

ceous to thinly coriaceous, venation as in C. gompho-

phylla but upper lateral veins markedly less thickly

prominent beneath than midrib and making more obtuse

angle of over 45° with midrib; pubescent, soon glabres-

cent except veins beneath; petiole 3-9 mm; stipules

lanceolate, 4-5 mm., pubescent. Cymes 4-15 mm, of

(few-)many often crowded male flowers, pedicels to 2

mm, female and bisexual flowers 1-few at apex, upper-

most cymes with several bisexual flowers. Tepals

1 .5-2.0 mm, pubescent. Ovary hairy at base; stigmas 1 or

2 times branched, ± 5 mm. Fruits red, ovoid-ellipsoid, 4-

ribbed when dry, 7-10 x 5-6 mm, glabrous; pedicels

3- 13 mm. Figure 5G, H.

Found in KwaZulu-Natal in north (Ubombo) and

southeast (Stanger to Port Shepstone) (Figure 7), in

Zimbabwe and Mozambique, from Sudan to Tanzania

and from Zaire to Angola and West Africa. Occurs in iso-

lated patches of lowland rain forest; uncommon.

Vouchers: Bayer 2 (BM, K, PRE); Dohse 260 (BM, K, PRE); Mol!

3233 (K); Ward 4817 (PRE), 5905 (K, NH, NU, PRE).

C. australis F., a Eurasian species closely related to

C. africana, but with leaves usually serrate throughout

length, grey-pubescent beneath and drying bright yel-

low-green above, fruits larger, (8-) 10 x 9 mm, and C.

occidentalis L. (N America), somewhat similar to C. aus-

tralis but with bright green leaves glabrous beneath, have

been cultivated in Pretoria.

Several species and hybrids of Ulmus L. have been

cultivated as ornamentals: deciduous trees; bark fissured.

Leaves serrate or biserrate. Flowers bisexual or her-

maphrodite. Perianth herbaceous, cup-shaped, lobes

4- 8, connate. Stamens of same number as perianth lobes.

Ovary compressed, stipitate. Fruit a flat samara with

encircling wing, emarginate at apex.

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■

Bothalia 29,2: 249-252 (1999)

FSA contributions 14: Cannabaceae

C.M. WILMOT-DEAR*

A family of two genera native to temperate parts of the

Northern Hemisphere, one naturalised in Africa.

1973000 CANNABIS

Cannabis L., Species plantarum 1: 1027 (1753);

L.: 453 (1754); E.Phillips: 248 (1951), M.D.Hend. &

J.G.Anderson: 70 (1966); N.G.Mill.: 188 (1970); J.H.Ross:

50 (1972); R.A.Dyer: 35 (1975); Stearn: 1, t. 1-7 (1970);

Verde.: 1 (1975); E. Small & Cronquist: 405 (1976); Em-

boden: 304 (1974); Emboden: 1 10 (1977); L.C. Anderson:

61 (1980); Wilmot-Dear: 10 (1991); Kubitzki: 204 (1993).

Type: C. sativa L.

Erect, tall, annual aromatic herbs, dioecious, rarely

monoecious; most parts of plant with minute adpressed

swollen-based hairs. Male and female plants dimorphic;

males taller and more slender with longer narrower

leaflets, inflorescence sparsely leafy, plant dying soon

after (lowering; females shorter, more robust, inflores-

cence densely leafy, plant living several months after

pollination. Leaves alternate (opposite at stem base),

petiolate, palmately compound or lobed; indumentum a

mixture of short robust bulbous-based hairs and longer

finer hairs; leaflets uneven in size, serrate; stipules later-

al, linear, acute, persistent. Inflorescences axillary. Male

inflorescences much-branched, lax, cymose panicles,

bristly-hairy, exceeding leaves but bearing few scattered

leaves; flowers small, pedicellate, regular. Perianth uni-

seriate, lobes 5, free, imbricate, greenish or whitish,

boat-shaped, spreading or reflexed. Stamens 5, opposite

perianth lobes, erect in bud, pendulous at maturity,

dehiscence longitudinal, basipetal; filaments short; pistil-

lode absent. Female inflorescences short, compact, not

exceeding leaves, few-flowered, flowers in pairs, each

with stipule-like bract and small green organ (‘bracteole’

or ‘calyx’) completely enveloping ovary and loosely

enclosing mature fruit, forming basally swollen tubular

sheath, acuminate at apex and covered with fine hairs

and short-stalked or sessile resinous glands. Perianth

thin, undivided, tightly enveloping ovary and mature

fruit (often reduced or absent in cultivated forms), mar-

bled with light and dark areas. Ovary superior, sessile, ±

globose, 1-locular with 1 pendulous anatropous ovule.

Style short;’ stigma branches 2, long, filiform, densely

pubescent, caducous. Fruit a globular to ovoid achene

tightly covered by thin crustaceous perianth through

which reticulate venation of fruit surface beneath is visi-

ble; achene with pale vein-reticulation patterning surface

which is dark but somewhat translucent in outer layers.

Seed 1, endosperm sparse, fleshy, oily; embryo strongly

curved, cotyledons fleshy.

* The Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gradens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey,

TW9 3AB, England.

Easily identified by the light and dark patterning of

the perianth layer (where this is present) surrounding the

fruit, the reticulate venation of the fruit which, due to the

translucence of the surface layers above and below,

appears as if ‘suspended in shallow water’, and the mix-

ture of short robust bulbous-based hairs and longer finer

hairs.

A genus which has been treated variously as compris-

ing three species (Emboden 1974; Anderson 1980), or

one very variable species in which four forms can be

recognised at varietal or subspecific level (Small &

Cronquist 1976). Since female plants show a whole

range of forms between extremes and since it is difficult

or impossible to assign males to the various forms

described, the genus seems best considered as compris-

ing one species whose inherent variation has, by artificial

selection for production of fibre, oil or intoxicating resin,

followed by naturalisation, crossbreeding and recombi-

nation of characters, given rise to a reticulate pattern of

variation where, primarily in the female, several extreme

forms exist, but where a continuous range of intermedi-

ates is also present and where variation in males is far

less extreme.

Used for fibre (hemp), oil and intoxicant resin.

Cannabis sativa L. Species plantarum 1: 1027

(1753); L.: 453 (1754); Engl.: 162 (1895); Engl.: 44

( 1 898); Hiern: 994 (1900); Rendle: 16 ( 1916); Burtt Davy:

445 (1932); Hauman: 176 (1948); Williams: 169 (1949);

Adamson: 316 (1950); Andrews: 280 (1952); Trease: 216,

t. 75 (1952); Cufod.: 17 (1953); Keay: 623 (1958);

Schreiber: 290, t. 136, 137, fig. 88/1 (1958); Purseglove:

40, t. 4 (1968); Verde. & Trump: 96 (1969); Jacot Guill.:

162 (1971); Stearn: 325 (1974); Verde.: 1 (1975); Wilmot-

Dear: 11 (1991). Type: female specimen in Hort. Cliff:

457, Cannabis no. 1, B [BM, lecto. (Stearn 1 974)1 .

Herb, simple or branched, with robust taproot; stems

angular, often with hollow internodes, up to ± 2 m.

Leaves 3— 7(— 1 l)-foliolate; leaflets to 120 x 12 mm, ses-

sile, apex acute or ± mucronate, base cuneate, margin

serrate-biserrate; penninerved, midrib prominent beneath,

membraneous-chartaceous, shortly coarse-hairy and yel-

low-glandular on both surfaces; petiole 20-60 mm; stip-

ule up to 14 mm. Inflorescences: rarely both sexes on 1

plant and then 1 predominating. Male inflorescences

numerous, few- to over 20-flowered, up to 200(-300)

mm long; bracts short, up to 15 mm; pedicels up to 7

mm; perianth lobes 3^1 x I mm, adpressed-pubescent

outside; anthers 3-4 mm; filaments 0. 3-1.0 mm. Female

inflorescence few-flowered, bracts often shorter than in

male, enveloping bracteole 2-8 mm long, green. Ovary ±

1 mm diam.; stigmatic branches ( 1 — )2 — 5 mm long. Fruit

3-4 x 2. 0-3. 5 mm, surface uniformly coloured, pale with

prominent reticulate pattern of venation or, where persis-

250

Bothalia 29,2 (1999)

FIGURE 1. — Cannabis saliva. A-G, var. sativa : A, part of male plant, x 0.8; B, part of female plant with Bowers and fruit, x 0.8; C, male flower,

1 tepal and 2 stamens removed, x 9; D, female flower, x 9; E, achene with enveloping bracteole, x 4.6; F, detail of bracteole surface x 17.5;

G, achene (perianth absent), x 4.6. H, var. indica: part of female plant with flowers and fruit, x 0.8. A, C, E-G, Leendertz. 735', B, D, Viljoen

1629. Artist: Eleanor Catherine.

Bothalia 29,2 (1999)

251

FIGURE 2. — Distribution of Cannabis sativa: naturalised, •; cultivat-

ed, ▲

tent perianth present, shiny, brownish or greyish, mottled

with light and dark marbled pattern, venation visible

beneath. Figure 1 .

Found in Northern Province, North-West, Gauteng,

KwaZulu-Natal, Lesotho, Free State and Western and

Eastern Cape (especially southern parts) (Figure 2); nat-

uralised as a weed of old cultivations; also widely culti-

vated for intoxicant resin and for fibre and seed-oil.

mature fruit surface; fruit surface when visible uniform-

ly coloured, reticulate-patterned. Fruit at maturity usual-

ly longer than 3.8 mm with blunt base, ± persistent on

plant. Figure 1A-G.

Plants modified by cultivation for ‘hemp’ fibre and

seed oil.

Vouchers: Codd 8506 (K); Leendertr. (3192) 9451 (PRE); Moss 5199

(J); Viljoen 1629 (PRE). Intermediate with var. indica : Phillips 22378

(J); Wood 3840 ( BOL).

2. var. indica (Lam.) Wehmer, Die Pflanzenstoffe:

157 (1911) but see note in Small & Cronquist (1976).

Type: India, Sonnerat (P, syn.).

C. indica Lam.: 687 (1785).

Plant (especially female) fairly short, robust with

many short crowded branches giving congested appear-

ance; internodes short, solid. Leaves large; leaflets

(5— )7— 1 1 (—1 3), oblanceolate, length 5 or 6 times width.

Perianth and fruit as in var. sativa. Figure 1H.

Plants modified by cultivation for intoxicant resin.

Vouchers: Naude s.n., 23 April 1968; Oates s.n. comm. Apnl-1878

(K); confiscated by Police, comm 16 Jan 1934; Molyneux s.n.. 1880

(BM).

Known by the vernacular names of ‘dagga’ and

‘hashish’.

A native of central Asia, widely cultivated and natu-

ralised throughout the world.

Note: in the following key to varieties, measurements

of plant height are intended merely as an approximate

guide, since this character can vary greatly within each

variety depending on environmental conditions, and use-

ful comparison can be made only between plants in any

one habitat.

Ia Fruit small, usually less than 3.8 mm, base constricted; peri-

anth persistent, giving mottled marble appearance with

reticulation visible beneath; female plant small, up to ±

0. 6 m, unbranched; leaves small; leaflets 3— 5(— 7),

usually elliptic 3. C. sativa var. spontanea

lb Fruit large, usually over 3.8 mm, base blunt, rounded; peri-

anth deciduous or absent; fruit surface uniformly (usu-

ally pale) coloured with prominent reticulation; female

plant tall or much-branched; leaves large; leaflets 5-11,

oblanceolate or lanceolate:

2a Female plant tall (up to ± 2 m), laxly and sparsely branched;

intemodes long, hollow; leaflets 5-7, lanceolate . . .

1C. sativa var. sativa

2b Female plant shorter (± 1 m) with many crowded branch-

es giving compact congested appearance; intemodes

short, solid; leaflets usually 7-11, oblanceolate . . .

2. C. sativa var. indica

1 . var. sativa

Plant (especially female) tall, laxly and rather sparse-

ly branched; internodes long, ± hollow. Leaves large;

leaflets 5-7, lanceolate, length 8-11 times width.

Perianth poorly developed or readily deciduous from

3. var. spontanea Vavilov in Trudy Po Prikladnoi

Botanike I Seletsii 13 (suppl. 23): 148 (1922). Type:

USSR, grown at Kamenna experimental station in 1925

from seed collected near Saratov, 1921, Andropova 121

(WIR, lecto.).

C. ruderalis Janischevsky: 14 (1924). Type: USSR, near Saratov,

Janischevsky s.n. (LE, lecto.).

Plant (especially female), little branched if at all;

internodes short, solid. Leaves small; leaflets 3— 5(— 7),

usually elliptic, length 5 or 6 times width. Perianth fully

developed and persistent around fruit, giving distinctive

marbled appearance. Fruit at maturity usually less than

3.8 mm, with narrowed, slightly elongated base, readily

disarticulating from plant.

Plants either little-modified by selective cultivation or

de-domesticated by subsequent naturalisation and cross-

breeding of cultivated forms. No material conforming to

this taxon has been seen, but only intermediates resem-

bling vars. sativa and indica in habit and with large seeds

but with persistent perianth.

Vouchers: intermediate with var. sativa'. F.G.C. 2151 (J). Intermediate

with var. sativa and var. indica: Wood 3849 (K).

A further form has been recognised by Small &

Cronquist (1976) as C. sativa subsp. indica var. kafiris-

tanica (Vavilov) Small & Cronquist [possibly also corres-

ponding to the form ‘C. sativa L., small seeded’ of

Anderson (1980)], intermediate between vars. sativa and

spontanea in habit and with seed characters of var. spon-

tanea but with the high intoxicant resin content of var.

indica. Whether or not such a form can be separated ntor-

252

Bothalia 29,2 (1999)

phologically, no specimens seen from southern Africa

seem referable to this taxon.

REFERENCES

ADAMSON, R.S. 1950. In R.S. Adamson & T.M. Salter, Flora of the

Cape Peninsula: 315, 316. Juta, Cape Town.

ANDERSON, L.C. 1980. Leaf variation among Cannabis species from

a controlled garden. Botanical Museum Leaflets, Harvard

University 28: 61-69. Cambridge, Massachusetts.

ANDREWS, F.W. 1952. The flowering plants of the Anglo-Egyptian

Sudan, edn 2. Buncle, Arbroath.

BURTT DAVY, J. 1932. Cannabinaceae. A manual of the flowering

plants and ferns of the Transvaal and Swaziland, South Africa

2: 445. Longmans, Green, London.

CUFODONT1S, G. 1953. Enumeratio plantarum aethiopiae 1 Bulletin

du Jardin Botanique de 1 ’Etat, Bruxelles. Suppl. Vol. 23.

DYER, R.A. 1975. The genera of southern African flowering plants 1.

Department of Agricultural Technical Services, Pretoria.

EMBODEN, W.A. 1974. Cannabis, a polytypic genus. Economic

Botany 28: 304-310.

EMBODEN, W.A. 1977. A taxonomy for Cannabis. Taxon 26: 110.

ENGLER, A. 1895. Die Pflanzenwelt Ost-Afrikas und der Nach-

bargebiete, Theil C. Dietrich Reimer, Berlin.

ENGLER, A. 1898. Monographien afrikanischer Pflanzen-Familien

und Gattungen, Fam.l (Moraceae) Vol. 1. Engelmann, Leipzig.

HAUMAN, L 1948 Cannabaceae. Flore du Congo Beige et du Ruanda-

Urundi I: 176.

HENDERSON, M.D.& ANDERSON, J.G 1966. Common weeds in

South Africa. Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South A frica

No. 37: 70. Government Printer, Pretoria.

HIERN, W.P. 1900. Catalogue of the African plants collected by Dr

Friedrich Welwitsch in 1853-1861. Vol. 1 : 994, 995. London.

JACOT GUILLARMOD, A.F.M.G. 1971. Flora of Lesotho. Cramer, Lehre.

JANISCHEVSKY, D.E. 1924. Forma konopli na sorhykh mestakh v.

Yugovostochnoi Rossii. Uchenye zapiski saratovskogo gosudar-

stvennogo universiteta imeni N.G. Chernyshev skogo Saratov 2,

2: 3-17.

KEAY, R.W.J. 1958. Cannabinaceae. Flora of West tropical Africa, edn

2, 1,2: 623.

KUBITZKI, K. 1993. Cannabaceae. In K. Kubitzki, T. G. Rohwr & V. Bit-

trich. The families and genera of vascular plants — dicotyledons 2.

Springer- Verlag, Berlin.

LAMARCK, J.B.A.P.M. DE. 1785. Dictionnaire encyclopedique metho-

dique 1 .

LINNAEUS, C. 1753. Species plantarum, edn 1. Salvius, Stockholm.

LINNAEUS, C. 1754. Genera plantarum. edn 5. Salvius, Stockholm.

MILLER, N.G. 1970. The genera of the Cannabaceae in the southeast-

ern United States. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 51:1 85- 203.

PHILLIPS, E.P. 1951. The genera of South African flowering plants,

edn. 2. Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa No.

25. Government Printer, Pretoria.

PURSEGLOVE, J.W. 1968. Tropical crops, dicotyledons I. Harlow,

Longmans, London.

RENDLE, A.B. 1916. Cannabaceae. Flora of tropical Africa 6, 2: 16, 17.

ROSS, J H. 1972. Flora of Natal. Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of

South Africa No. 39.

SCHRE1BER, A. 1958. Cannabaceae. In G Hegi, Illustrierte Flora von

Mittel-Europa, edn 2, Vol. 3: 290-295. Parey, Berlin, Hamburg.

SMALL, E. & CRONQUIST, A. 1976. A practical and natural taxono-

my for Cannabis. Taxon 25: 405-435.

STEARN, W.T. 1970. The Cannabis plant: botanical characteristics. In

C.R.B. Joyce & S.H. Curry, The botany and chemistry of

Cannabis: 1-10. Churchill, London.

STEARN, W.T. 1974. Typification of Cannabis sativa L. Botanical

Museum Leaflets, Harvard University 23: 325-336.

TREASE, G.E. 1952. Text book of pharmacognosy, edn 6. Bailliere.

VAVILOV, N.I. 1922. Trudy Po Prikladnoi Botanike I, Seletsii 13

(suppl. 23): 148.

VERDCOURT, B. 1975. Cannabaceae. Flora of tropical East Africa.

VERDCOURT, B. & TRUMP, E.C. 1969. Common poisonous plants of

East Africa. Collins, London.

WEHMER, C.E.W. 1911. Die Pflanzenstoffe: 157. Fischer, Jena.

WILLIAMS. R.O. 1949. Useful and ornamental plants in Zanzibar and

Pemba. Zanzibar.

WILMOT-DEAR, C.M. 1991. Cannabaceae. Flora zambesiaca 9,6: 10-13.

Bothalia 29,2: 253-266 (1999)

Notes on African plants

VARIOUS AUTHORS

CONVOLVULACEAE

NOTES ON DICHONDRA AND XENOSTEG1A IN SOUTHERN AFRICA

Dichondra micrantha

In the revision of the South African Convolvulaceae

by Meeuse (1957), the name Dichondra repens J.R. &

G.Forst. (1776) is accepted for the only species of the

genus Dichondra occurring in the region. This name is

also accepted by Verdcourt (1963) for tropical East

Africa, by Gonsalves (1987) for the Flora zambesiaca

region, by Lejoly & Lisowski (1993) for Central Africa

and by Welman (1993) for southern Africa, as well as by

various other authors in publications dealing with the

Convolvulaceae or the weeds in Africa south of the

Sahara.

In South Africa this small procumbent, creeping herb

is often cultivated as a ground cover or soil binder and

sold under various names e.g. dewdrop lawn, wonder

lawn. It grows as a weed in moist places in grassland and

in cultivated and other disturbed areas and is recorded

from isolated localities in mainly the eastern and north-

ern parts of South Africa; so far there are no records in

PRE from Swaziland.

Tharp & Johnston (1961) indicated that D. repens is

endemic to Australia, Tasmania and New Zealand and

that records from other areas under this name belong to

various other species, chiefly D. micrantha Urban.

Lawalree (1970) showed that the species that is wide-

spread throughout the warmer regions of both hemi-

spheres, is actually D. micrantha Urban which is acci-

dentally or voluntarily spread by man as a weed or horti-

cultural subject. He listed two important differences

between the two species. In D. micrantha the peduncle is

3-20 mm long and recurved at maturity; the sepals are

rounded or obtuse, shorter than 2.5 mm and shorter than

the fruit. In D. repens the peduncle is 10-40 mm long

and remains erect; the sepals are acute-acuminate, up to

5 mm long and longer than the fruit.

Bailey & Bailey (1977) accepted the name D. micran-

tha for the commonly cultivated Dichondra , although the

name D. repens is still used in the horticultural trade.

Forde (1978) proved that the species cultivated in lawns

in New Zealand is D. micrantha. She pointed out that it

differs from the native D. repens by the virtually

glabrous upper leaf surfaces, the appressed silky pubes-

cence below, the short-stalked flowers with violet

anthers, the narrow pointed corolla lobes and the fruits

greatly exceeding the calyx at maturity. The abundant

and usually self-pollinated flowers are mostly hidden

below the leaves on very short peduncles, which later

recurve almost to bury the swollen indehiscent fruits.

Austin (1998) reported that Sebsebe Demissew and

Austin investigated specimens of Dichondra from Africa

and compared them with lawn seed sold by American

companies. It was found that the commercial plants as

well as all African specimens are D. micrantha. He

pointed out that only two species of Dichondra are native

to the Old World and they both occur in New Zealand

and Australia. All other species of Dichondra are indige-

nous to the New World. D. micrantha is probably origi-

nally from North America, though the type was collected

in Cuba where apparently it was already naturalised. It

has been cultivated and distributed by man for the past

200 years and as a result is now widespread in both

hemispheres, particularly in the warmer regions. It is

used as a herbal medicine in China, presumably because

of its resemblance to the medicinal Centella cisiatica (L.)

Urban (Apiaceae).

Dichondra in southern Africa should be listed as fol-

lows:

Dichondra micrantha Urban in Symbolae Antil-

lanae 9: 243 (1924). Type: Cuba, Oriente province. Taco

Bay, E.L.Ekman 3851a (S, holo.; B?, iso.).

D. repens auctt., non J.R. & G.Forst.: 40, t. 20 ( 1776).

Xenostegia tridentata subsp. angustifolia

In an article by Meeuse & Welman in Bothalia

(1996), Meeuse published the combination Xenostegia

tridentata (L.) Austin & Staples subsp. angustifolia

(Jacq.) A. Meeuse. This was superfluous as this combina-

tion had previously been published by Lejoly &

Lisowski in 1993.

The correct author citation is as follows:

Xenostegia tridentata (L.) Austin & Staples

subsp. angustifolia (Jacq.) Lejoly & Lisowski in Frag-

menta Floristica et Geobotanica 38: 379 (1993).

Ipomoea angustifolia Jacq.: 367 (1789). Iconotype: Jacq., leones

plantarum rariorum 2: 10, t. 317 (1786-1793), based on a specimen

from Guinee.

Lejoly & Lisowski (1993) also published the new

combination of another subspecies of X. tridentata

namely subsp. alatipes (Dammer) Lejoly & Lisowski.

This subspecies from tropical Africa has so far not been

recorded for southern Africa.

254

Bothalia 29,2 (1999)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Dr D. Austin (Florida, United States) is thanked for

valuable comments on Dichondra.

REFERENCES

AUSTIN, D.F 1998 The indiscriminate vector: human distribution of

Dichondra micrantha (Convolvulaceae). Economic Botany 52:

88-106.

BAILEY, L.H. & BAILEY, E.Z 1977 Hortus Third , a concise dictio-

nary of plants cultivated in the United States and Canada.

Macmillan, New York.

FORDE, M B 1978. The cultivated dichondra. New Zealand Journal

of Botany 16: 283-285.

FORSTER, J R. & FORSTER. G. 1776. Characteres generum plan-

tarum. White, Cadell & Elmsly, London.

GONSALVES, M L. 1987. Convolvulaceae. In E. Launert, Flora

zambesiaca , Vol. 8,1. Flora Zambesiaca Managing Committee,

London.

LAWALREE, A. 1970. Definition, aire et mode de dissemination de

Dichondra micrantha Urban (Convolvulaceae). Acta Botanica

Neerlandica 19: 717-721.

LEJOLY, J. & LISOWSKI, S. 1993. Les Convolvulaceae dans la flore

d’Afrique Centrale (Zaire, Rwanda, Burundi). Fragment a

Floristica et Geobotanica 38: 35 1 —400.

MEEUSE, A.D.J. 1957. The South African Convolvulaceae. Bothalia

6: 641-792.

MEEUSE, A.D.J. & WELMAN, W.G. 1996. Convolvulaceae: new

records, name changes and a new combination in southern

Africa. Bothalia 26: 46-50.

THARP, B.C. & JOHNSTON, M.C. 1961. Recharacterisation of

Dichondra (Convolvulaceae) and a revision of the North

American species. Brittonia 13: 346-360.

URBAN, I. 1924. Plantae cubenses Ekman II. Symbolae Antillanae 9:

243.

VERDCOURT, B. 1963. Convolvulaceae. In C.E. Hubbard & E. Milne-

Redhead, Flora of tropical East Africa. Crown Agents, London.

VON JACQUIN, N.J. 1786-1793. leones plantarum rariorum 2.

Vienna.

VON JACQUIN, N.J. 1789. Collectanea austriaca ad botanicum 2.

Vienna.

WELMAN, W.G. 1993. Convolvulaceae. In TH. Arnold, & B.C. de

Wet, Plants of southern Africa: names and distribution.

Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa No. 62.

W.G. WELMAN*

*National Botanical Institute, Private Bag X101, 0001 Pretoria.

MS. received: 1998-06-12.

CRASSULACEAE

CRASSULA MAPUTENSIS: A NEW RECORD FOR THE ESA REGION

At the time of its first description (R. Fernandes 1978),

and subsequent treatment in the Flora zambesiaca (R.

Fernandes 1983), Crassula maputensis was only known

from southern Mozambique and Inhaca Island. The type

specimen was recorded from Maputo Province, on the

road between Salamanga and Ponta do Ouro. Its possible

occurrence in KwaZulu-Natal was nevertheless suspect-

ed (R. Fernandes 1983).

Recent botanical collecting in KwaZulu-Natal and a

study of herbarium collections in PRE, PRU, NH and

LMU, have confirmed that C. maputensis is indeed present

in northeastern KwaZulu-Natal (Maputaland). The latter

area is part of the Maputaland Centre of Plant Endemism,

with C. maputensis being one of more than 230 plant

species or infraspecific taxa which are more or less restrict-

ed to this region (Van Wyk 1996). The known geographi-

cal distribution of C. maputensis is shown in Figure 1 .

In southern African herbaria specimens of C. maputen-

sis were sometimes filed under C. expansa Dryand., prob-

ably the nearest relative of our species. In fact, Tolken

(1985) does not recognise C. maputensis as a separate

species, but considers it merely as an extreme form of C.

expansa subsp. expansa characterised by somewhat larg-

er leaves and larger flowers. However, based on evidence

from geographical distribution, ecology and macromor-

phology, the recognition of C. maputensis as a distinct

species seems to be justified. In accordance with many

other Maputaland Centre endemics, C. maputensis

appears to be of fairly recent diversification (neoendem-

ic), an impression supported by the fact that it is confined

to the Maputaland coastal plain which is relatively youth-

ful (Quarternary); and that its nearest relative, C. expansa,

is still extant.

Crassula maputensis differs from C. expansa (Figures

2 & 3) by the broader (1.5-0. 7 mm), Hat, obtuse leaves,

by the solitary axillary flowers which are usually borne

all along the stems, and by the flowers with petals

1 .5-2.0 mm wide. In C. expansa the leaves tend to be

narrower, usually 1-2 mm, and more terete, particularly

in subsp. expansa ; the flowers are borne mainly on the

distal parts of the stems, and are smaller with the petals

1.0-1.25 mm wide. Additional distinguishing characters

are supplied by Fernandes (1983).

FIGURE I. — Known distribution of Crassula maputensis based on

collections at PRE, NH and LMU.

Bothalia 29,2 (1999)

255

FIGURE 2. — Crassula maputensis. Habit, x 0.2. Note the long thin

pedicels and single flowers. Photograph by A. Romanowski.

In KwaZulu-Natal C. maputensis is mainly associated

with sand forest. The species has a prostrate habit with

succulent, rather fragile stems and relatively thin, succu-

lent leaves. The distribution of the species is erratic, with

plants occurring as dense localised stands in well-shaded

and somewhat moist places along the edges of forest and

bush clumps. Soils at these sites are sandy and rich in

humus. Sand forest is a rare vegetation type mainly asso-

ciated with ancient north-south trending dunes on the

Maputaland coastal plain. In view of its localised occur-

rence, and the rarity of its sand forest habitat, C.

maputensis should be considered a vulnerable species.

Specimens examined

KWAZULU-NATAL.— 2632 (Bela Vista): Ndumu Hill. (-CD),

Pooley 475 (NH). 2732 (Ubombo): Tembe Elephant Park, (-AB), Van

Wyk 12603 (PRU); Ingwavuma, (-BB), Strey 4777 , Tinley 511 (NH);

Mtante, (-CA), Ward 93, (NH); False Bay Park, (-CD), Lawson 369,

459 (NH); Mpangazi, (-CD), Strey 5085, (PRE, NH).

MOZAMBIQUE.— 2532 (Maputo): Magude, (-BA), Correia &

Marques 787 (LMU); Manhoca, (-DC), Correia & Marques 2169

(LMU); Vila Luisa, (-DC), Marques 2292 (LMU). 2632 (Bela Vista):

Inhaca, (-BB), Rodrigues, Pereira, Marques & Balsinhas 358 (LMU).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We wish to thank Alfred Ngwenya for the use of spec-

imens from the Natal Herbarium, Samira Izidine of the

LMA Herbarium for assistance in obtaining specimens

from the Eduardo Mondlane University Herbarium,

Salomao Bandeira for the use of specimens from the

sis

FIGURE 3. — Crassula expanse subsp. expanse. Habit, x 0.2. Flowers

are borne in clusters on short pedicels. Photograph by A.

Romanowski.

Eduardo Mondlane University Herbarium, Emsie du

Plessis and Gerrit Germishuizen for useful comments on

the manuscript and Adela Romanowski for the photo-

graphs.

REFERENCES

FERNANDES, R.B 1978. Crassulaceae africanae novae vel minus

cognitae. Baletim da Sociedade Broteriana 2, 52: 165-220.

FERNANDES, R. 1983. Crassulaceae. In E Launert, Flora zambesia-

ca 7,1: 3-74.

TOLKEN.HR 1985. Crassulaceae, Flora of southern Africa 14: 1-244

VAN WYK, A E. 1996. Biodiversity of the Maputaland Centre. In

L J.G. van der Maesen, X.M. van den Burgt & J M. van Meden-

bach de Rooy, The biodiversity of African plants'. 198-207.

Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.

PM BURGOYNE* and A E. VAN WYK**

* National Botanical Institute, Private Bag XI 01, Pretoria 0001

** H.G.W.J. Schweickerdt Herbarium, Department of Botany, Univer-

sity of Pretoria, 0002 Pretoria.

MS. received: 1998-10-27.

256

Bothalia 29,2 (1999)

BRUNIACEAE

A NEW SPECIES OF LINCONIA FROM WESTERN CAPE

Linconia ericoides E.G.H.Oliv., sp. nov., facie

Ericae persimile, floribus L. alopecuroideae similissimis

sed bracteolis 8-10 non 4, ovulis 8-10 non 2 per loculo,

sed liabitu perparva et foliis brevissimis (5. 0-6. 5 mm

non 15-20 mm) differt; habitu L. cuspidatae similissima

sed bracteolis 8-10 non 4(6), ovulis 8-10 non 2(4) per

loculo, floribus urceolatis 1 1 mm longis non obconicis 4

mm longis differt.

TYPE. — Western Cape, 3420 (Caledon): Rivierson-

derend Mtns, eastern end, [5 km] WNW of Stormsvlei,

SE main ridge NNW above Farm Hammerdene, 1650 ft

[503 m], (-AA), 27 October 1998, Oliver 11200 (NBG,

holo.).

Small sparse woody shrublet up to 100 mm tall, with

very gnarled woody spreading stem or rootstock.

Branches : main branches 1—10, erect to spreading, some-

times pendulous, 30-100 mm long, leafy in upper part

only, lateral branches occasionally 1 or 2, up to 10 mm

long near apex of main branches, internodes short ± 0.4

mm long with infrafoliar ridges, puberulous with short

hairs in young stages. Leaves erect to subspreading,

incurved, 5. 0-6. 5 x 1.3-1. 6 mm, obovate to oblong-obo-

vate to oblong-elliptic, gradually reducing to a petiole-

like base, ± flat adaxially and rounded abaxially with

rounded margins, keeled in dry state, irregularly ciliate

when very young in upper half with worm-like crisped

hairs, otherwise glabrous, apical mucro small, red turn-

ing black; stipules ± 0.3 mm long, simple to bifurcate,

black. Inflorescence of 1-3(5) flowers in axils of leaves

just below tips of main branches and/or subterminal lat-

eral branchlets aggregated into a loose head; pedicel very

short, ± 0.5 mm long, covered by bracteoles; bracteoles

8-10 appressed imbricate, the lowest 1.4 x 1.2 mm,

broadly ovate, the upper 3.5 x 2.0 mm broadly elliptic,

occasionally with lateral lobes/teeth and a small dark

mucro, hard but thin in texture, green with thin transpar-

ent marginal zone and red-flecked/striped, shortly ciliate

with crisped hairs. Calyx 5-lobed, adnate to ovary, broad-

ly conical with a few longitudinal ridges in basal half,

glabrous; tube ± 0.2 mm long; lobes very broadly del-

toid, subacute, appressed, very thin and transparent often

flecked red. Corolla 5-lobed, fused slightly at base for

1 .5-2.0 mm, 11x6 mm, urceolate to obovoid-urceolate;

lobes erect naviculate subapically touching, basally with

thickened Y-shaped ridges for± V3 their length, glabrous,

hard and wax-like, pale to deep shell-pink with darker

minutely cucullate tips. Stamens 5, included; filaments

adnate to corolla tube at base, otherwise free, 7 x 1 mm,

subcylindrical, very narrowed at point of attachment to

anther, white to pinkish, glabrous; anthers 2.5 x 1.5 mm,

sagittate with paler cap-like upper portion; thecae basal-

ly diverging, erect, dehiscing adaxially from large pore

in lower 1 / 2 — 2/ 3 . Ovary 2-locular, V3 inferior, 2.5 x 1.5

mm, complanate, deeply furrowed laterally between

carpels, glabrous, green; ovules 8-10 per locule, subpen-

dulous in two irregular longitudinal rows; placenta in

upper 2/3; styles 2, included, erect, touching apical ly then

diverging for I mm, glabrous; stigma simple obtuse.

Fruit not seen. Figure 4.

This new species belongs to a genus with only two

species recorded thus far, Linconia alopecuroidea L. and

L. cuspidata (Thunb.) Swartz (Pillans 1947). Florally the

species is similar to the former, whereas vegetatively it is

similar to the latter. A single collection made by Zeyher

at Appelskraal near Riviersonderend occurs very near to

the type locality of the new species and has not been re-

collected since the 1830’s. Surprisingly the flowers of

that collection are very small for L. cuspidata. Powrie

(1969) investigated the typification of these species and

commented on the identity of this collection, which

Pillans (1947) had identified as L. densta (Thunb.)

Pillans, which name Powrie regards as a synonym of L.

cuspidata , being just a small-flowered form, hence the

two species recognised to date.

L. alopecuroidea has tall erect stems up to 600 mm

with numerous long needle-like leaves up to 20 mm

long, whereas L. cuspidata and L. ericoides form small

woody shrublets up to 200 mm tall (occasionally up to

400 mm in the latter) growing in rocky places, often rock

crevices, and have almost identical small leaves, 5-10

mm long. In the two previously described species the

leaves are mostly long-ciliate at the base which is not the

case in the new species. L. alopecuroidea and L. eri-

coides have large urceolate pink flowers (corolla 9-11

mm long), which in the former are shorter than and hid-

den by the leaves, and occur in racemes of up to 24 flow-

ers. In L. ericoides the flowers are very conspicuous but

occur only one to three in an inflorescence, sometimes

up to five. In L. cuspidata the flowers are small (corolla

2.75-3.5 mm long), broadly obconical and dull white

and as such are not very conspicuous on the plant, but are

massed in ‘heads’ of up to 20 flowers.

Several floral differences serve to distinguish the new

species from the other two. Both L. alopecuroidea and L.

cuspidata have only two ovules per locule, which has

been used as a distinguishing character for the genus,

although we have noted up to four in L. cuspidata. L. eri-

coides has 8-10 ovules per locule. In the two previously

described species there are only 4-6 bracteoles, whereas

in the new species there are 8-10.

Material of this new species was sent to us as an

unknown Erica species by Mr R. Langeveld and Mr L.

van der Merwe of Bonnievale, who found the plants

growing on the latter’s farm. The Erica similarity was

very obvious and all the more so when we visited the

locality with them. Only 25 plants were located growing

in fissures on rocky outcrops and small cliffs. The plants

were very small and sparsely branched from a very old

woody gnarled rootstock or stem that spread along the

fissure. There were indications that the plants had sprout-

ed from this rootstock. The branches were either erect to

spreading out from the rock face or sometimes pendulous

from near vertical faces.

On the slopes leading to the rocks and cliffs there

were numerous plants of a shrubby pink-flowered

species of Erica, E. ovina. Several plants of this species

Bothalia 29,2 (1999)

257

FIGURE 4 — Linconia ericoides. A, flowering branch, natural size; B, flowering branchlet; C, stem and leaves; D, leaf and cross section; E,

flower; F, bracteoles; G, flower showing calyx; H, stamen, adaxial view, showing position in flower with basal ridges to petals, I, stamen,

abaxial and lateral views; J, gynoecium; K, ovary opened laterally; L, ovary, cross section Scale bars: B, 6 mm; C-L, 3 mm All drawn

from the type collection in the fresh state

had managed to grow in the rock crevices and from a dis-

tance were almost identical to the Linconia , hence the

specific epithet chosen, ericoides.

The habitat of L. ericoides raised the question of the

biology of the species. With the similarity between the

species and Erica ovina in the position, size, shape and

colour of the flowers, one would postulate that the same

pollinator was being used by both species, namely bees. No

pollinators were noted visiting the plants at the time of our

visit, but bees were seen on the more frequent plants of E.

ovina lower down the mountain. The dispersal of seeds by

wind from the lower populations must be the explanation

for the chance germination of the Erica in the rock fissures,

but not for the Linconia. No seeds are known for this

species nor for L. cuspidata , but an old capsule from a pre-

vious season was found on herbarium material of L.

alopecuroidea. The seeds showed a feature not known in

the genus, namely an elaiosome. With the similarity in the

flowers of L. ericoides and L. alopecuroidea it could be

postulated that an elaiosome in the former would attract

ants which may take the seeds into fissures in the rocks.

This feature of rock-dwelling species has been noted by us

in several species in the genus Erica.

The new species is known only from a single moun-

tain slope in the eastern Riviersonderend Range (Figure

5) where it is quite separated from L. alopecuroidea

which is known from a few scattered localities in the

Langeberg (Figure 6). The other species, L. cuspidata is

the most widespread and commonest species in the genus

occurring in the southwestern part of the province from

Ceres southwards to Hermanus (Figure 6) where it is

recorded as growing in rocky places.

Powrie (1969) comments on the polymorphism in L.

cuspidata. There is one collection which she may have

overlooked since she cited only a few South African col-

lections compared with the types. This is Stokoe

SAM66467 (SAM) from Oudebosch near the mouth of

the Palmiet River. The flowers are very small with only

one ovule per locule. The petals are unusual in being

258

Bothalia 29,2 (1999)

FIGURE 5. — Known distribution of Linconia ericoides.

slightly sagittate in the upper half as if they were becom-

ing staminate.

PARATYPE — Western Cape, 3420 (Swellendam): Stormsvlei,

Riviersonderend Mtns, west of village, summit S-facing cliffs, cracks

in rocks, (-AA), 15-1 1-1997, Langeveld s.n. (NBG).

REFERENCES

PILLANS, N.S. 1947, A revision of Bruniaceae Journal of South

African Botany 13: 121-206.

FIGURE 6. — Known distribution of Linconia cuspidata , •, and L.

alopecuroidea , O.

POWR1E, E 1969. Types of Bruniaceae in the Thunberg herbarium.

Journal of South African Botany 35: 327-339.

E.G.H. OLIVER* and I.M. OLIVER*

* Compton Herbarium, National Botanical Institute, Private Bag X7,

7735 Claremont, Cape Town

MS received: 1999-02-16.

AMARYLLIDACEAE: CYRTANTHEAE

NEW SPECIES AND NOTES ON CYRTANTHUS IN THE SOUTHERN CAPE, SOUTH AFRICA

INTRODUCTION

Cyrtanthus Aiton, a genus that extends from South

Africa to East Africa, has some of the most highly orna-

mental representatives of Amaryllidaceae. About 55

Cyrtanthus species are currently recognised, some 53 of

which are endemic to southern Africa (Nordal 1979;

Reid & Dyer 1984; Hilliard & Burtt 1986; Snijman &

Van Jaarsveld 1995). Until recently Cyrtanthus was

regarded as a member of the tribe Haemantheae (Pax)

Hutch. (Dahlgren et al. 1985) but following a cladistic

analysis of molecular data in Amaryllidaceae (Meerow et

al. in press), Cyrtanthus was re-allocated to its own tribe

Cyrtantheae Salisb. (Meerow & Snijman 1998).

Cyrtanthus shows considerable variation in floral form

and species differ greatly in the colour, size, shape, and

position of their flowers. In addition, a few representatives

have actinomorphic flowers and a straight perigone tube

but mostly the flowers are zygomorphic. Zygomorphy in

Cyrtanthus is expressed in the simplest state by the curva-

ture of the perigone tube but this is further enhanced by the

upward or downward curvature of the stamens and the

style, and sometimes by the bilabiate arrangement of the

tepals. In the Cape Region, Cyrtanthus species are known

to attract a variety of animal visitors. Species with wide,

funnel-shaped, red flowers are pollinated by the Mountain

pride butterfly, Aeropetes tulhaghia (L.) (Johnson & Bond

1994); those with tubular red flowers are visited by both

the Lesser double-collared sunbird Nectarinia chalybea

(L.) (pers. obs.) and the Mountain pride butterfly (Le

Maitre & Brown 1992); while species with tubular, cream-

coloured, scented flowers are considered to be attractive to

moths (J.C. Manning pers. comm.). Although phylogenet-

ic studies are yet to reveal the sequence in which the

flower evolved in Cyrtanthus, it is probable that the slen-

der, curved perigone tube has been a key feature that

allowed the flower to undergo selection in response to a

wide variety of specialised pollinators during the lineage’s

history.

The recent discovery of two rare, new species from

the southern Cape extends the known diversity of floral

form in Cyrtanthus still further. In C. leptosiphon, a

species discovered near Swellendam in 1981, the cream-

coloured to pinkish flowers are long-tubed, and the

tepals are weakly bilabiate. The second new discovery,

C. wellandii , found near Hankey in 1996, has small,

widely flared, vermilion to scarlet flowers. As yet, this is

the only known Cyrtanthus species in which the style

remains included in the lower half of the perigone tube,

below the stamen insertion.

Bothalia 29,2 (1999)

259

In her taxonomic treatment of Cyrtanthus in East

Africa, Nordal (1979) chose subspecific rank for putative

sister taxa that differ by small quantitative characters of the

leaves and flowers. In contrast, Reid & Dyer (1984) recog-

nised the smallest diagnosable units as species, even those

defined by small — but apparently constant — quantitative

morphological differences. In accordance with the methods

of Reid & Dyer (1984), the phylogenetic species concept

has been applied when describing the species below.

Cyrtanthus leptosiphon Snijman , sp. nov., quoad

folia angusta et hysterantha, flores tubulares et cremeos,

et segmentis superantibus 7.5 mm ad C. ochroleucum

(Herb.) Burch, ex Steud. et C. leucanthum Schltr. acced-

it, sed ab eis differt pedicellis brevibus (3-5 mm), tepalis

bilabiatis inferme, costa incrassata tepali, et stigmate

trilobo minute. Figura 7.

TYPE.— Western Cape, 3420 (Bredasdorp): near Buffel-

jagsrivier, (-BA), along road to Suurbraak, 15-3-1997,

Goldblatt 10621 (NBG, holo.; K, PRE).

Deciduous bulbous herb, 200-300 mm tall when flow-

ering. Bulbs clumped, hypogeal, ovate, up to 30-50 mm

long, 30-35 mm diam., without a prominent neck; outer

tunics brown and papery; inner tunics cream-coloured

and fleshy. Leaves 1-5, absent or sometimes present at

Powering, linear, 165-220 x 2.0-2. 8 mm, suberect, twist-

ed 1 or 2 times, glabrous, shallowly channelled adaxially,

with 3 distinct median veins but not keeled abaxially.

Inflorescence (1)2(3 or 4)-flowered; scape erect, up to

250 mm long, 3-5 mm diam., tapering distally, pink to

green with a grey bloom, hollow throughout or some-

times solid towards base; spathe valves 2, equitant, nar-

rowly lanceolate, up to 30 x 6 mm, membranous, soon

becoming papery and reflexed; bracteoles up to 4, fili-

form, up to 15 mm long; pedicels erect, 3-5 mm long at

anthesis, pinkish green, finally up to 9 mm, 2 mm diam.,

green. Flowers erect, 60-93 mm long, tubular, weakly

bilabiate, pale salmon to cream-coloured, often with shell

pink or peach on perigone tube and median keels of

tepals, unscented; tube straight in proximal half, slightly

curved distally, 45-65 mm long, 1.5-2. 5 mm diam. at

base, widening gradually to 6-8 mm at throat; tepals

oblong to subacute, 15-25 x 6-10 mm wide, with a

prominent 3-5-veined midrib; outer whorl as wide or

wider than inner whorl, shortly mucronate; upper 3 tepals

connivent for more than half their length, spreading dis-

tally; lower 3 tepals overlapping proximally, spreading

widely for more than half their length. Stamens biseriate;

filaments ± 5 mm long, slightly incurved distally, peach-

coloured; outer whorl inserted in throat; inner whorl

inserted near proximal third of inner tepals; anthers dorsi-

fixed, oblong, 2 mm long, yellow. Ovary ellipsoidal, 5-6

x 2-3 mm, green; ovules axile, ± 12 per locule. Style

arched against uppermost tepal, reaching as far as outer

anthers, incurved distally, pale pink to cream-coloured;

stigma minutely 3-lobed, papillate. Capsule unknown.

Phenology

Flowering in the population extends from late

February to early April. The plants flower most prolifi-

FIGURE 7. — Cyrtanthus leptosiphon: A, bulb; B, inflorescence and

leaves; C, transverse section through leaf blade; D, flower; E,

distal end of style and stigma. Drawn from Goldblatt 10621 by

Claire Linder Smith. Scale bars; A-B, 10 mm; C, 1 mm; D, 5

mm; E, 2.5 mm.

cally in recently burnt veld but occasional flowers have

been seen in open, partially disturbed, unburned vegeta-

tion. The individual flowers of C. leptosiphon are short-

lived and each lasts up to four days. Mostly the bulbs

bloom without their foliage leaves, which emerge at the

beginning of summer and rapidly dry off with the onset

of autumn.

Diagnostic features

Cyrtanthus leptosiphon is similar to two other Cape

species, C. leucanthus Schltr. and C. ochroleucus (Herb.)

Burch, ex Steud. (sensu Dyer 1939 and Reid & Dyer 1984,

non Batten & Bokelmann 1966 t. 24:1). All three species

have narrow (less than 5 mm wide), hysteranthous leaves

and long (50-93 mm), narrow-tubed, cream-coloured or

yellowish flowers (sometimes Hushed with pink), in

260

Bothalia 29,2 ( 1999)

which the tepals are longer than 7.5 mm and slightly

spreading. Within this group C. leptosiphon is easily dis-

tinguished by its short pedicels (3-5 mm long) and weak-

ly bilabiate flowers. Furthermore, the tepals are promi-

nently ribbed with 3-5 veins and the style is minutely 3-

lobed. In contrast, C. leucanthus , an endemic of the coastal

fynbos between Rooiels and the Potberg (Figure 8), has

sweet-smelling, cream-coloured flowers in which the

tepals are broad (7-13 mm), many-nerved (7 or more), and

regularly overlapping. C. ochroleucus, a more easterly

species, found in neutral sands in the Langeberg and the

coastal forelands near Albertinia (Figure 8), has dull-

smelling, brownish or greenish yellow flowers with nar-

row (3-5 mm) tepals, each with 3-5 veins. Unlike the

tepal veins of C. leptosiphon and C. ochroleucus , those of

C. leucanthus curve outwards to the tepal margins. A syn-

opsis of the floral differences between the three species is

given in Table 1 .

Other narrow-tubed Cyrtanthus species that have bil-

abiate llowers are C. fergusoniae L. Bolus, C. inaeqaulis

N.E.Br., and C. labiatus R. A. Dyer but unlike C. lep-

tosiphon these species are red-flowered and most likely

bird-pollinated.

Elsewhere in the genus, floral zygomorphy is also

shown to some extent in species with more or less flared

llowers. Although the tepals are regularly arranged, the

stamens and style arch against the upper tepal in the

slightly Hared llowers of C. ventricosus (Jacq.) Willd.,

whereas in the group of wide-tubed species comprising

C. clavatus (L’Her.) R. A. Dyer, C. speciosus R. A. Dyer,

C. loddigesianus (Herb.) R. A. Dyer, C. helictus Lehm.,

C. smithiae Watt ex Harv., C. thorncroftii C.H. Wright, C.

galpinii Baker, C. sanguineus (Lindl.) Walp., and C. eu-

callus R. A. Dyer, the stamens and style curve downwards

from within the throat.

FIGURE 8. — Known distributions

of Cyrtanthus leptosiphon ,

©; C. leucanthus, •; and C.

ochroleucus, ▲, based on

collections at BOL, NBG,

PRE and SAM

Distribution and biology

Records show that C. leptosiphon is known from a few

isolated populations in marginal fynbos and renosterveld,

close to the Buffeljagsrivier, in the foothills of the

Langeberg, east of Swellendam (Figure 8). The popula-

tions favour pebble-strewn loamy soils along the interface

of shale and sandstone of the Table Mountain Group.

Other plants in the community are species of Poaceae,

Leucadendron, Cliffortia, Restio, Erica, and Rhus.

In the Langeberg region, several other autumn-flow-

ering species have pale, long-tubed flowers, similar to

those of C. leptosiphon : notably Gladiolus bilineatus, G.

engysiphon, and several Pelargonium species. Goldblatt

& Manning (1998) have recorded a species of long-

tongued fly, Prosoeca longipennis (Loew) (Nemestrinidae),

which is active in autumn, foraging for nectar on these

species. Although C. leptosiphon is probably another mem-

ber of this guild, a careful search for the pollinator of C.

leptosiphon and G. bilineatus at the Buffeljagsrivier site

was unsuccessful. Correspondingly, it has not yet been pos-

sible to document the capsule and seeds of C. leptosiphon.

When Mr Jan Vlok first collected the species in 1981

he noted that the habitat faced possible demise through

man-induced disturbances. In 1999 these conditions

were still evident. Accordingly, C. leptosiphon is regard-

ed as Vulnerable: C2a in terms of the IUCN Red List

Categories and Criteria of 1994.

Unfortunately, like many other deciduous species, C. lep-

tosiphon has proved difficult to maintain in cultivation

(G.D. Duncan, Kirstenbosch Botanic Garden, pers.comm.).

WESTERN CAPE. — 3420 (Bredasdorp): near Buffeljagsrivier,

along the road to Suurbraak, (-BA), Goldblatt I04H9 (NBG); Goldblatt

10621 (K. NBG, PRE); Viviers 187 (NBG); Buffeljagsrivier, Farm

Middenplaas, Vlok 172, 173 (NBG).

TABLE I. — Comparison of the floral characters that distinguish Cyrtanthus leptosiphon Snijman, C. leucanthus Schltr , and C. ochroleucus

(Herb.) Burch ex Steud.

Bothalia 29,2 (1999)

261

Cyrtanthus wellandii Snijman, sp. nov., forma et

coloris floris C. collini Ker Gawl. similis, praecipue dif-

fert floribus parvis (36-42 mm longis), tube expanso dis-

tincte, et stylo brevi (usque ad 9 mm longum). Figura 9.

TYPE. — Eastern Cape, 3324 (Steytlerville): W bank

of Kabeljouws River, Farm Misgund, (-DD), 20-2-1997,

Snijman 1575 (NBG, holo.; K, PRE).

Deciduous bulbous herb, 200-400 mm tall when flow-

ering. Bulb solitary, hypogeal, narrowly ovate, 40-50 mm

long, up to 30 mm diam., sometimes extended into a nar-

row neck up to 10 mm long; outer tunics brown and

papery; inner tunics cream-coloured and fleshy. Leaves 2

or 3, appearing at or shortly after flowering, linear, up to

190 x 3 mm, suberect to recurved distally, red proximal-

ly otherwise light green, deeply channelled adaxially,

keeled abaxially; keel mostly three-nerved becoming

FIGURE 9. — Cyrtanthus wellandii : A, bulb and young leaf; B, inflores-

cence; C, mature leaf; D, flower; E, distal end of style and stig-

ma; F, infructescence; G, seed. Drawn from Snijman 1575 by

Claire Linder Smith. Scale bars: A-C, F, 10 mm; D, G, 5 mm;

E, 2 mm.

one-nerved distally, sometimes minutely papillate.

Inflorescence 4-7-flowered; scape erect, up to 350 mm

long, ± 3-5 mm diam., tapering distally, pale pink to pale

green or brownish pink, covered with a grey bloom, hol-

low from base upwards; spathe valves 2, equitant, nar-

rowly lanceolate, up to 35 x 7 mm, initially pale green,

soon becoming brown and reflexed; bracteoles up to 7,

narrow, up to 15 mm long; pedicels erect, varying in

length, 6-24 mm long at anthesis, 2 mm diam., brownish

green. Flowers spreading horizontally, 36-42 mm long,

funnel-shaped, regular, vermilion to scarlet, ageing to dull

red, with 6 faint white streaks leading downwards from

tepal sinuses, unscented; tube 23-25 mm long, lower 3-5

mm narrow, up to 2 mm diam., more or less bent at right

angles, upper 15-20 mm flaring open to 8-10 mm wide

at throat; tepals oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 1 1—16 x 6-8

mm, outspread at anthesis forming a flat or sometimes

slightly recurved rim, 5-veined, soft-textured, without a

thickened median rib; outer whorl shortly mucronate,

slightly wider than inner. Stamens biseriate, regular; fila-

ments ± 1.5 mm long, incurved, white, inserted ± half

way up tube, with the inner inserted ± 2.5 mm above

outer; anthers dorsifixed, oblong, 1.75 mm long, yellow.

Ovary ellipsoidal, 5-6 x 3-5 mm, green; ovules axile ± 9

per locule. Style straight, up to 9 mm long, remaining in

tube, ± 4-5 mm below lowermost stamen insertion,

white; stigma 3-lobed, papillate; lobes broad, less than

0.25 mm long. Capsule narrowly elliptical, 20 x 7 mm, 3-

valved; valves reflexing when dry. Seeds black, flattened,

wrinkled, 7x4 mm.

Phenology

Cyrtanthus wellandii flowers in mid February, often

after the foliage leaves, which appear in summer and

begin to dry off in autumn. Although its habitat is period-

ically burned, the flowering of C. wellandii is not fire-

induced. In cultivation the bulbs flower freely and if kept

indoors the individual flowers remain fresh for ± 10 days.

Diagnostic features

Cyrtanthus wellandii is unique in the genus in having a

style that remains included in the lower half of the

perigone tube, ± 4-5 mm short of the lowermost filament

insertion. In floral form and colour, C. wellandii is most

similar to C. collinus Ker Gawl., a species known from

scattered collections, in rocky, fynbos communities from

the mountains between Genadendal, near Caledon and the

Gamka Mountain Nature Reserve, near Oudtshoorn

(Figure 10). Both species have equally long tepals (11-16

mm and 9-15 mm respectively) that flare open, although

the perigone tube of C. wellandii is consistently more

flared and usually shorter (23-25 mm) than that of C.

collinus (23-30 mm). Moreover, several other subtle flo-

ral characters separate the species. The tepals of C.

wellandii , which remain outspread until the entire flower

collapses, are 5-veined in both whorls, whereas in C. colli-

nus the tepals flare initially but readily become connivent

before the flower collapses; the outer tepals are 3-5-

veined, while the inner tepals are only 3-veined. Finally,

whereas C. wellandii has a stigma with three, broad lobes

of less than 0.25 mm long, the stigma of C. collinus is dis-

tinctly tripartite, with narrow branches up to 1 mm long.

262

Bothalia 29,2 (1999)

Many protandrous flowers are known to have short

styles in the early stages of floral development. The style

of C. wellandii, however, remains short through all its

stages. As yet, little is known about the species’ breeding

biology. However, in the absence of hand-pollination, the

few plants that have been grown under cover have not

produced seeds. Although these observations are prelim-

inary, they suggest that the short, included style of C.

wellandii is not associated with selling.

Distribution and habitat

Cyrtanthus wellandii is known only from a single

population on the coastal forelands overlooking the

Kabeljouws River Valley in the Hankey District (Figure

10). The population, which appears to face no immediate

threat, is locally abundant in well-drained loamy soils,

amongst occasional quartzite rocks. Due to its small area

of occupancy the species has been assessed as belonging

to the IUCN category: Vulnerable D2.

As the Kabeljouws River cuts across the coastal fore-

lands, it passes through several geological formations,

mainly the shales and sandstones of the Table Mountain

Group and the Enon Conglomerates of the Uitenhage

Group. Thus the Hankey region has diverse soils, each

with their own nutrient and moisture status, which sup-

port a complex mixture of vegetation types. The area of

the Kabeljouws River valley where C. wellandii is found

receives less than 500 mm rain per annum, predominant-

ly in early summer and autumn (J.J. du Plessis pers.

comm.). The population occurs in association with

Elytropappus rhinocerotis (L.f.) Less., and species of

Tetraria, Aspalathus, Bobartia, Argyrolobium , and Poa-

ceae, in a community which Cowling (1984) describes as

Hankey Coast Renosterveld.

Etymology

Cyrtanthus wellandii commemorates Mr Welland

Cowley of Port Elizabeth, who first discovered the

species in 1996 and subsequently brought this highly

ornamental plant into cultivation, mainly from seed.

EASTERN CAPE. — 3324 (Steytlerville): W bank of Kabeljouws

River, Farm Misgund, (-DD), Cowley s.n. (NBG); Snijman 1575 (K,

NBG, PRE).

Cyrtanthus collinus Ker Gawl.

Cyrtanthus collinus has been interpreted in a variety of

ways since Ker Gawler (1816) first described the species.

FIGURE 10 — Known distributions

of Cyrtanthus wellandii , ©;

and C. collinus, •, based on

collections at BOL, NBG,

PRE and SAM.

Baker (1896) included specimens from both the Western

Cape (Baviaanskloof, Genadendal, Burchell 7783) and

Eastern Cape (Zuurberg Range, Cooper 3223) within his

circumscription, whereas Dyer (1939) included specimens

only from the Western Cape in his treatment of C. collinus.

In the most recent revision of the genus, Reid & Dyer

(1984) cited the provenance of the holotype of C. collinus

(. Burchell 7783, K) as ‘Uitenhage district’, as did Baker

(1888). Accordingly, Reid & Dyer (1984) used a photo-

graph of an Eastern Cape plant, collected by G. Skinner

( PRE37826 ) from the Grootrivier, between Armands-

vriend and Hedley Road, to illustrate the species.

An examination of Burchell’s hand-written label on

the holotype of C. collinus has since confirmed that the

collection comes from the Baviaanskloof Mountain near

Genadendal, in the Caledon District. Moreover, several

specimens that match the holotype of C. collinus have

been collected from this area. In particular, Rourke 330

(NBG) and Snijman 1666 (NBG) are accompanied by

photographs which show that the flowers of C. collinus

sensu stricto have a trifid style that arches against the

upper tepal. This is in contrast to the deflexed position of

the style seen in the flowers of G. Skinner ( PRE37826 ),

which Reid & Dyer (1984: fig. 3) used to depict their

concept of C. collinus.

In conclusion, although field studies on population

variation and pollination mechanisms are needed to

expand upon these preliminary observations, the floral

characters that distinguish C. collinus sensu stricto sug-

gest that the Eastern Cape plants, which have been called

C. collinus in accordance with Reid & Dyer’s treatment

(1984), may well have other affinities and may yet be

shown to belong to C. staadensis Schonland sensu lato.

Specimens examined

WESTERN CAPE. — 3321 (Ladismith): southern slopes of Klein

Swartberg, (-AD), Vlok 139 (NBG); Seven Weeks Poort, Wurts 1328

(NBG); Calitzdorp, Rooiberg on Bailey’s Peak, (-BC), Vlok 138

(NBG); Gamka Mountain Nature Reserve, (-DB), Erasmus 145

(NBG). 3419 (Caledon): Baviaanskloof near Genadendal, (-BA),

Burchell 7783 (K); Gillett 862 (BOL); Genadendal, Kanonkop,

Esterhuysen 35618 (BOL); Rourke 330 (NBG); Greyton, below

Uitkykkop, Snijman 1665 (NBG); Greyton, Paardekop Peak, Stokoe

s.n. ( BOL7422 . SAM55864 ); Zinn s.n. ( SAM55721 ). 3420 (Bredas-

dorp): Riviersonderend, lower south east slopes of Dasberg, (-AA),

Taswell Yates sub Manning 1085 (NBG).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I thank Mr W. Cowley for first drawing the new

southeastern Cape species to my attention; Mr J.J. du

Bothalia 29,2 ( 1999)

263

Plessis for kindly granting permission to collect bulbs on

his land; Prof. I. Nordal for her helpful comments; and

Dr J.C. Paterson-Jones and Dr J.C. Manning for their

generous assistance in the field.

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leaved Cyrtanthus. Botanical Register 11: t. 162.

LE MAITRE, D C. & BROWN, P.J. 1992. Life cycles and fire-stimu-

lated flowering in geophytes. In B.W. van Wilgen, DM.

Richardson, F.J. Kruger & H.J. van Hensbergen, Fire in South

African Mountain Fynbos : 145-160. Springer- Verlag, Berlin

MEEROW, A.W., FAY, M.F., GUY, C.L., LI, Q-B., ZAMAN, F.Q. &

CHASE, M.W. in press. Systematics of Amaryllidaceae, based

on cladistic analysis of plastid rbcL and tmL-F sequence data.

American Journal of Botany 86.

MEEROW, A.W. & SN1JMAN, D A. 1998. Amaryllidaceae In K.

Kubitzki, The families and genera of vascular plants 3: flower-

ing plants, monoctyledons: 83-1 10. Springer, Berlin

NORDAL, I. 1979. Revision of the genus Cyrtanthus (Amaryllidaceae)

in East Africa. Norwegian Journal of Botany 26: 183-192.

REID, C. & DYER, R.A. 1984. A review of the southern African

species «/ Cyrtanthus. American Plant Life Society, La Jolla.

SNIJMAN, D A. & VAN JAARSVELD, E.J. 1995. Cyrtanthus flum-

mosus. Flowering Plants of Africa 54: 100-103.

D A. SNIJMAN*

* Compton Herbarium, National Botanical Institute, Private Bag X7,

7735 Claremont, Cape Town.

MS. received: 1999-04-16.

PROTEACEAE

A NEW SPECIES OF SERRURIA FROM THE SOUTHERN CAPE, SOUTH AFRICA

Serruria Salisb. consisting of some 54 species, is the

largest genus of the Proteaceae endemic to Western

Cape. Dr Tony Rebelo, initiator of the Protea Atlas

Project discovered this extraordinary species in July

1998. No earlier collections are known, which is scarce-

ly surprising considering its cryptic growth habit and

very localised distribution. When not flowering, mature

plants are exceptionally difficult to detect in the field,

even at known sites.

Serruria rebeloi Rourke , sp. nov. Fruticulus prostra-

tus, ramis glabris gracilibus; foliis secundis praecipue aci-

cularibus (aliquando 2-, 3-, vel 4-furcatis), racemis mini-

mis sessilibus terminalibus, 4-9 floribus, perianthiis bre-

vissimis, 7-8 mm longis, et ovariis stylopodio, distinguitur.

Fruticulus diffusus, prostratus ad 200 mm altus, 1 m

in diametro. Rami graciles vel filiformes, implexi,

1.5 mm in diametro, glabri aut pilis paucis dispersis.

Folia secunda, 30-50 mm longa, bipinnata, 2-, 3-, vel 4-

furcata sed aciforma apicem versus; primum sparse

puberula, demum glabra. Inflorescentia racemosa parvu-

la, 10-12 mm in diametro; obovoidea, sessilis, solitaria

et terminalis, (4)5-7(-9) floribus. Bracteae 6-8, peran-

guste lanceolato-acuminatae, 8-10 x 0. 5-1.0 mm,

glabrae sed ciliis marginalibus. Perianthium 7-9 mm

longum, rectum ante anthesin, dense villosum. Stylus

rectus, glaber, 7-8 mm longus. Ovarium sphaericum,

2 mm longum, dense villosum, stylopodio cylindrico

carmineo superpositum. Squamae hypogynae absentes

(Figura 11).

TYPE. — Western Cape, 3419 (Caledon): Boskloof,

south of Akkedisberg, on watershed of Kars and Uilkraal

Rivers, (-BC), 1-10-1998, J.P. Rourke 2151 (NBG holo.;

BOF, E, K, MO, NSW, PRE, S, W).

FIGURE 11. — Serruria rebeloi, open inflorescences, ± life size.

264

Bothalia 29,2 (1999)

FIGURE 12. — Serruria rebeloi. A,

flowering shoot; B, detached

inflorescence; C, floral bract;

D, unopened flower bud; E,

single flower at anthesis; F,

ovary, style and pollen pre-

senter; G, ovary with gyno-

phore and style attached; H,

mature fruit. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Drawn from J.P. Rourke 2151.

Artist: Claire Linder Smith.

Low, prostrate, diffuse shrublet up to 200 mm high

and 1 m diam. with horizontally trailing branches; form-

ing a loose tangled mat from a single main stem up to 50

mm tall, 15 mm diam. Branches very slender to almost

filiform, 1.5 mm diam., reddish, glabrous or nearly

glabrous with a few scattered hairs; branches very rarely

divided. Leaves secund, 30-50 mm long, very sparsely

puberulous when young but soon glabrous, bipinnate

becoming 2-, 3-, or 4-furcate, but frequently simple and

acicular towards shoot apex; filiform, terete, upper sur-

face canaliculate, apices reddish, mucronate. Inflores-

cence an obovoid, sessile, usually solitary, much

reduced terminal raceme, 10-12 mm diam., (4)5-7 (-9)-

flowered; very rarely with up to 4 axillary inflores-

cences below terminal raceme. Involucral bracts 6-8,

loosely arranged, very narrowly lanceolate-acuminate,

8-10 x 0. 5-1.0 mm, deep carmine, glabrous but with a

few scattered marginal cilia. Floral bracts narrowly

ovate-acuminate, 8-10 x 3 mm, apices patent, bases

clasping, minutely pubescent, margins ciliate. Perianth

7-9 mm long, straight in bud; limbs and claws uniform-

ly thickly villous; limbs ovate-acute, 1 mm long; tube

region glabrous; perianth segments opening equally at

right angles. Anthers sessile. Style straight, glabrous,

7-8 mm long; pollen presenter clavate, 1 mm long, stig-

matic groove terminal; style base connected to ovary by

a cylindrical, fleshy, carmine stylopodium, 1.5 mm long,

slightly broader than style, stylopodium and style sepa-

rated by a distinct abscission layer. Ovary spherical to

ovoid, 2 mm long, densely villous. Hypogynous scales

absent. Fruit a cylindric, villous achene, 6-7 x 2-5 mm,

with a glabrous, black, conical beak terminally; truncate

and pedicellate basally with a basal fringe of trichomes

(Figure 12).

Diagnostic characters

Serruria rebeloi is easily distinguished by its low, dif-

fuse, sprawling growth habit, secundly arranged, mainly

acicular (occasionally 2-, 3-, or 4-furcate) leaves, very

small (4-9-flowered) sessile terminal racemes, 10-12 mm

Bothalia 29,2 ( 1999)

265

diam., unusually short perianths, 7-8 mm long, straight in

bud, and by the absence of hypogynous scales. Moreover,

the ovary is surmounted by a cylindric, glabrous, carmine

stylopodium, 1.5 mm long from which the style arises, a

character that is not known in any other Serruria.

Distribution and habitat

This species is confined to the Perdeberg Mountains ±

12 km northwest of Napier in the southern Cape, where

it occurs at elevations between 480 m and 600 m, mainly

on the Farm Boskloof with additional populations on the

adjacent Farms, Fairfield and Perdeberg. On Boskloof

there are several populations southwest of Akkedisberg

on the watershed of the Uilkraal and Kars Rivers. These

populations each consist of several hundred individuals.

Serruria rebeloi is very localised and is presently not

known beyond these sites. It favours gently sloping sea-

sonally moist habitats on Table Mountain Sandstone in

Mesic Mountain Fynbos (Figure 13).

Serruria rebeloi is a seed regenerator that passes

through several distinct developmental stages before the

adult growth form is attained. In the first three or four

years after germinating the seedlings form a compact

semi-upright shrublet 150-180 mm tall with densely

arranged divided leaves. By the fifth or sixth year, long,

FIGURE 13. — Distribution of Serruria rebeloi.

lax, trailing stems with secundly arranged leaves begin to

develop towards the perimeter of the shrublet (Figure 1 4).

The leaves on these very slender horizontally spreading

branches are widely spaced usually with only two or

three bifurcations and tend to become simple and undi-

vided towards the growing point. These slender, almost

filiform branches continue to develop and spread into the

surrounding low fynbos vegetation until the lax, diffuse

adult shrublet is about a meter in diameter. Most mature

FIGURE 14. — Serruria rebeloi ,

developmental stages from

seedling to adult. A, young

2-3-year-old seedling of

compact growth, B, ± 5-year-

old seedling initiating trailing

adult stems with mainly sim-

ple undivided leaves; C, fully

developed adult shrublet.

Part of the type collection,

J.P Rourke 2151 . Scale bars:

100 mm.

266

Bothalia 29,2 (1999)

shrublets are so cryptically concealed that they are diffi-

cult to observe, even when flowering.

This species is unique in the genus in that each flower

sheds its entire style and pollen presenter soon after pol-

lination. An abscission layer develops at the junction of

the style base and stylopodium, neatly detaching the

style which falls away after pollination, whereafter the

ovary and stylopodium continue to develop. The sty-

lopodium enlarges considerably and assumes a deep

carmine colour as the fruit continues to swell but later

shrivels as the mature fruits are shed in December.

Nothing is known of the pollinators of S. rebeloi

which are probably small Diplera, Hymenoptera or even

ants as the tiny, 4-9-flowered inflorescences are pro-

duced almost at ground level. However, the post pollina-

tion style-shedding described above, appears to be a pol-

linator cue to ensure maximum pollinator visitation to

unfertilised flowers. An examination of some 50

infructescences revealed an average of one mature fruit

per infructescence, indicating a fair degree of pollinator

success.

Affinities

Serruria rebeloi appears to be most closely related to

S. deluvialis Rourke, principally on account of its ses-

sile, very small, few-flowered racemose inflorescences

and very short, straight perianths. Like S. deluvialis (a

widely geographically separated Palmiet River Valley

endemic), S. rebeloi has a strong tendency to reduce the

number of leaf divisions, ultimately producing undivid-

ed acicular leaves on the adult shoots. Significantly, in

the juvenile stages of the plant’s development, the

leaves are bipinnate and highly divided but after several

years of growth the adult branches produce mainly

entire acicular leaves. This tendency to reduce bipin-

nately divided leaves to entire acicular leaves occurs in

other species of Serruria , notably S. simplicifolia Salisb.

ex Knight and appears to be a strongly apomorphic char-

acter.

The highly reduced floral characters, reduced leaves

and specialised growth habit suggests that S. rebeloi is a

fairly recently evolved species.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I am most grateful to Tony Rebelo for drawing my

attention to this species and showing me several popula-

tions on Boskloof. I would also like to thank Thys de

Villiers, a keen amateur botanist and owner of Boskloof

for giving me access to his property, for his assistance in

collecting fruiting specimens and his hospitality on

several occasions. Claire Linder Smith prepared the line

drawing.

REFERENCES

ROURKE, J.P 1990. Four new species of Serruria (Proteaceae) from the

south-western Cape. South African Journal of Botany 56: 497-505.

J.P ROURKE*

* Compton Herbarium, National Botanical Institute, Kirstenbosch, Private

Bag X7, 7735 Claremont, Cape Town.

MS received: 1999-04-09.

Bothalia 29,2: 267-292 (1999)

Preliminary list of Xhosa plant names from Eastern Cape, South Africa

A.P. DOLD* and M.L. COCKS**

Keywords: Eastern Cape, ethnobotany. South Africa, Xhosa plant names

ABSTRACT

1 990 Xhosa names for 1 065 taxa that have been identified in the Selmar Schonland Herbarium and have had names

confirmed by more than one source, are listed alphabetically as a further addition to the knowledge of vernacular names of

plants for Eastern Cape. Ecological terms are given at the end of the list.

INTRODUCTION

The first list of Xhosa names for plants was compiled

in 1917 (Kingon 1917). Subsequently the majority of

sources for Xhosa plant names have focussed on tradi-

tional healers and medicinal plant names and uses (Sim

1921; Watt & Breyer-Brandwijk 1962; Batten &

Bokelmann 1966; Bigalke 1967; Broster 1967; Ndzamela

1970; Vubela 1970; Rose & Jacot Guillarmod 1974; Rose

1979; Lamia 1981; Hutchings 1989; Bhat & Jacobs

1995). Less comprehensive records can be found in his-

torical accounts of the Xhosa people (see Liengme 1983

for references). As yet, these have not been compiled into

a single document, although Palmer & Pitman (1972) and

Von Breitenbach ( 1989) have compiled the names of trees

from many of these sources. Recently Johnson (1990) has

collected and recorded names of trees growing in the for-

mer Transkei and discusses the semantics and nomencla-

ture of Xhosa tree names. Broster & Bourn (1981) pro-

vide English translations of meanings of plant names

derived from uses, religious, spiritual and mythological

sources. De Lange (1963) provides names of plants used

in cosmetic practices. The current list does not attempt to

incorporate the above-mentioned publications as this

would be a far too lengthy document and would be

impossible to confirm all the names.

METHODS

The unpublished lists of Skead and Rose (both housed

in the Selmar Schonland Herbarium, Grahamstown)

have been compiled, and further unrecorded names have

been added and others confirmed by the present authors.

Skead recorded Xhosa plant names in collaboration

with Prof. H. Pahl of the Xhosa Dictionary Unit at Fort

Hare University from 1970 to 1986. Field studies were

undertaken in the districts of Albany, Bathurst and Port

Elizabeth, names were recorded on audio cassette and

sent to Pahl for confirmation and the correct spelling

* Selmar Schonland Herbarium, Rhodes University, Botany Department,

P.O. Box 101, 6140 Grahamstown. email: botd@rhobot.ru. ac.za

** Institute of Social and Economic Research, Rhodes University, RO.

Box 94, 6140 Grahamstown. email: ismc@giraffe.ru.ac.za

MS. received: 1998-05-18.

applied (C.J. Skead pers. comm.). Plant identifications

were done by the Albany Museum Herbarium resulting

in a total of 680 names recorded. No voucher specimens

were preserved. A number of references were consulted

(Sim 1921; Watt & Breyer-Brandwijk 1962; Batten &

Bokelmann 1966; Bigalke 1967; Broster 1967; Ndza-

mela 1970; Vubela 1970; Rose 1979) and names con-

firmed with Pahl and with field informants. The cassette

recordings are housed at the Names Research Institute of

the Christian Academy for Tertiary and Secondary

Education (CAUSE) in Hatfield, Pretoria (C.J. Skead

pers. comm.). The unbound manuscript is archived in the

Selmar Schonland Herbarium.

Rose collected plant specimens and recorded Xhosa

plant names during an investigation into oesophageal

cancer by the Bantu Cancer Research Registry in East

London from 1963 to 1980. A herbarium was established

in 1963 and was housed in the East London Museum.

Field work was undertaken in the following districts:

Bizana, Butterworth, Cofimvaba, Engcobo, Kentani,

Lusikisiki, Matatiele, Mount Fletcher, Mount Frere,

Nqamakwe, Umtata and Willowvale (Gatyana). Xhosa

names were confirmed with Prof. H. Pahl of the Xhosa

Dictionary Unit at Fort Hare University (E. Rose pers.

comm.). 1 200 Xhosa names were recorded and speci-

men identifications were undertaken at the Albany

Museum Herbarium by Jacot Guillarmod and Brink (E.

Brink pers. comm.). Voucher specimens are abbreviated

as BCRH (Bantu Cancer Registry Herbarium), AJG

(Jacot Guillarmod) and R&JG (Rose & Jacot Guil-

larmod). These are currently housed in the Giffen

Herbarium (UFH) at Fort Hare University with some

duplicates in the Selmar Schonland Herbarium (GRA).

The records of Xhosa names relating to these voucher

specimens are housed in the Selmar Schonland

Herbarium.

Cocks collected Xhosa names for medicinal plants

being traded in Peddie and King William’s Town in 1996

(voucher specimens abbreviated as Cks) and together

with Dold added names of plants used at a household

level in rural villages in the same districts (voucher speci-

mens abbreviated as D&C). Plants used by communities

in and around the Great Fish River Reserve complex for

utilitarian purposes, food, medicinal purposes and Xhosa

customs were also recorded in 1997 (voucher specimens

268

Bothalia 29,2 (1999)

abbreviated as C&D). Together these account for a fur-

ther 1 1 7 names recorded and confirmed by means of

group discussions in seven rural communities in the for-

mer Ciskei. Informal group discussions and semistruc-

tured interviews based on Participatory Rural Appraisal

(PRA) principles (Chambers 1994; Alexiades 1996; Van

Vlaenderen 1996) were undertaken over a two year peri-

od (1996-1997) to confirm the names used in this area.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

1 990 Xhosa names for 1 065 taxa are listed alphabet-

ically and ten useful ecological terms are given at the end

of the list. In some cases two or more Xhosa plant names

may be spelled only slightly differently as they are pro-

nounced differently in different dialects and are therefore

both included. The use of capital letters to distinguish the

prefix from the stem of a word as applied by Batten &

Bokelmann (1966) etc., is no longer acceptable practice

(Einhorn & Siyengo 1993) except in the case of a proper

noun, for example abaThwa (San people).

Descriptive terms indicating plant use or growth form

(indicated by f) are often applied and used, for example

iyeza lesisu means medicine for the stomach and refers to

Cyanotis speciosa (L.f.) Hassk., in the Peddie District.

Kingon (1917) and Johnson (1990) discuss the moulding

forces for these descriptive names. Some plant names are

derived from the Afrikaans language, for example ibho-

sisi is derived from klein bossie , meaning little bush in

Afrikaans. These are indicated in the text by means of an

asterisk (*). Nevertheless these are names that are wide-

ly accepted and used by Xhosa speaking people (Einhorn

& Siyengo 1993) and are therefore included here.

Jennings (1988) provides a clear explanation of the pro-

nunciation of Xhosa words and the characteristic click

sounds.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We wish to thank Ms B. Nosilela, African Languages

Department of Rhodes University, Mr C. Nonqane,

Albany Museum, Grahamstown, Dr E. Rose, Doolittle,

Missouri and Dr J. Skead, Summerstrand, Port Elizabeth

for their assistance.

REFERENCES

ALEXIADES, M.N. (ed.). 1996. Selected guidelines for ethnpbotanical

research: a field manual. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx,

New York.

BATTEN, A. & BOKELMANN, H. 1966. Wild flowers of the eastern

Cape Province. Books of Africa, Cape Town.

BHAT, R.B. & JACOBS, TV. 1995. Traditional herbal medicine in

Transkei. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 48: 7-12.

BIGALKE, E.H. 1967. A list of plants used medicinally in the follow-

ing districts of Transkei : Bizana, Flagstaff, Libode, Lusikisiki.

Qumbu. East London Museum. Unpublished.

BROSTER, J.A 1967. Red Blanket Valley. Keartland, Johannesburg.

BROSTER, J.A. & BOURN, C.H. 1981. Amagqirha, religion, magic

and medicine in Transkei. Via Africa, Cape Town.

CHAMBERS R. 1994. Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA): analysis

of experience. World Development 22: 1253-1268.

DE LANGE, M. 1963. Some traditional cosmetic practices of the

Xhosa Annals of the Cape Provincial Museum 3: 85-95.

EINHORN, E. & SIYENGO, L. 1993. Xhosa: a concise manual.

College of Careers, Cape Town.

HUTCHINGS, A. 1989. Observations on plant usage in Xhosa and

Zulu medicine. Bothalia 19: 225-235.

JENNINGS, L.E. 1988. The concise trilingual pocket dictionary:

English, Xhosa, Afrikaans. Donker, Parklands.

JOHNSON, C.T. 1990. A preliminary checklist of Xhosa names for

trees growing in Transkei. Bothalia 20: 147-152.

KINGON, J.R.L. 1917. Some place names of Tsolo. South African

Journal of Science 13: 603-619.

LAMLA, M. 1981. Traditional healers and their medicine. Luinko

Missiological Institute. Occasional Paper No. 2, Lumko

Institute, Cacadu.

LIENGME, C.A. 1983. A survey of ethnobotanical research in south-

ern Africa. Bothalia 14: 621-629.

NDZAMELA, A.S. 1970. List of Xhosa plant names of the Mqanduli

district. Transkeian Department of Forestry and Agriculture,

Umtata. Unpublished.

PALMER, E. & PITMAN, N. 1972. Trees of southern Africa. Balkema,

Cape Town.

ROSE, E.F. 1979. Xhosa plant names. Bantu Cancer Research Registry.

Botanical Research Unit, Grahamstown Unpublished.

ROSE, E.F. & JACOT GUILLARMOD A. 1974. Plants gathered as

foodstuffs by the Transkeian peoples. South African Medical

Journal 48: 1688-1690.

SIM, T.R. 1921. Native timbers of South Africa. Department of Mines

and Industries Memoir No. 3. Pretoria.

VAN VLAENDEREN, H. 1996. Working with rural people for devel-

opment: the use of Participatory Rural Appraisal. Grassland

Society of southern Africa. Special Publication, 15-18.

VON BREITENBACH, F. 1989. Standard names of trees in southern

Africa. Part 6: Xhosa tree names. Journal of Dendrology 12:

15-22.

VUBELA, W. 1970. List of Xhosa plant names of the Grahamstown

district. Albany Museum Herbarium. Unpublished. Selmar

Schonland Herbarium, Grahamstown.

WATT, J.M. & BREYER-BRANDWIJK, M.G. 1962. Medicinal and

poisonous plants of southern and eastern Africa, edn 2.

Livingstone, Edinburgh and London.

LIST OF PLANT NAMES AND THEIR XHOSA EQUIVALENT

The list is divided into eight sections: Algae, Bryophyta, Fungi, Lichens, Pteridophyta, Gymnospcrmae,

Angiospermae and ecological terms. Taxa are listed alphabetically within each section. The following abbreviations

for collectors names are used: AJG, Jacot Guillarmod; BCRH , Bantu Cancer Registry Herbarium; Cks , Cocks; C&D ,

Cocks & Dold; D&C, Dold & Cocks; R&JG , Rose & Jacot Guillarmod; Skd, Skead. Numbers appearing after these

abbreviations refer to the voucher specimen number, f, indicates a descriptive term indicating plant use or growth

form. *, indicates a plant name derived from the Afrikaans language.

ALGAE FUNGI

Fresh water algae, ingubo yeselef, C&D Fungi, inkowane, ikhowa, Skd

Marine algae, mgca yaselwandlef, C&D Ganoderma sp., isibindi, D&C 1745\ umavumbuka, C&D

Termitomyces umkowaani (Cooke & Mass.) Reid., ikhowa. R&JG

BRYOPHYTA

Barbula crinita Schultz, ixolo lamatyef, BCRH 383

Bryophyta, ubulembu, Skd

LICHENS

Usnea species and coriaceous lichens, umthafathafa, Skd

Bothalia 29,2 (1999)

269

LICHENS (cont.)

Usnea sp., uboya bemithif, BCRH 234: AJG 9885

Parmelia sp., ubulembu belityef, Skd: icuba lamatyef, BCRH 119,

umthafathafa, C&D

PTERIDOPHYTA

Adiantaceae (family), umnambane, Skd

Cheilanthes

hastata (L.f.) Kunze, ifense, isisefo, BCRH 983

quadripinnata (Forssk.) Kuhn, ifensi, isisefo, BCRH 983u, 994:

R&JG

viridis (Forssk.) Sw., iyeza ledlisot, unomlindana, Skd

Cyathea dregei Kunze, isihihi, Skd

Marsilea macrocarpa C.PresI, indlebe yebokwe, Skd

Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn, ubende, ubulawu bamagqirat, BCRH 111

GYMNOSPERMAE

Cupressus sp., uthulwane, Skd

Encephalartos

altensteinii Lehm., umguza, Skd ; isundu, R&JG

sp., umguzani, umngwavu, Skd ; umphanga, R&JG

villosus Lehm., umphanga, umguza, Skd

Pinus sp., uthulwana, Skd

PodoCarpus

falcatus (Thunb.) R.Br. ex Mirb., umsonti, umgeya, umkhoba, umk-

holeya, umleya, Skd: BCRH 1657: umngcondo, R&JG: D&C

1750, 1818

henkelii Stapf ex Dallim. & Jacks., umsonti, Skd

latifolius (Thunb.) R.Br. ex Mirb., umgeya, umkhoba, umsonti, um-

cheya, Skd: umkhaba, umkhoba, umcheya, umsonti, BCRH

215. 236, 1230: R&JG

Stangeria eriopus (Kunze) Baill., umfmgwani, umncuma, Skd

ANGIOSPERMA E

Abutilon sonneratianum (Cav.) Sweet, ibhosisi* yendlebe, BCRH 182

Acacia

cqffra (Thunb.) Willd., umngamanzi, Skd: umnyamanzi, umthole,

BCRH 453, 896, 1731

cyclops A.Cunn. ex G.Don, iwintili, Skd: iwatile*, C&D

karroo Hayne, umngampunzi, intlaka (gum), Skd: urrmga, C&D

mearnsii De Wild., iwatlisi*. idywabasi, Skd: BCRH 436, 915, 1495,

1542, 1601

robusta Burch., umngampunzi, R&JG

Acalypha

glabrata Thunb., umthombothi, Skd

peduncularis E.Mey. ex Meisn., isinonya, isityatyisa, iyeza lentshu-

lubet, BCRH 1135, 1408, 1639

sp., umanzamnyama, BCRH 162

Achyranth.es aspera L., isinama sebhokhwe, isanama sokugabhaf, isana-

ma, BCRH 272. 1537

Acokanthera

oblongifolia (Hochst.) Codd, ubuhlungu, ubuhlungu benyoka, intlun-

gunyembe, Skd

oppositifolia (Lam.) Codd, ubuhlungu, ubuhlungu benamba, Skd:

ubuhlungu bomThwa (medicine belonging to the San people),

ubuhlungu benyoka, BCRH 109, 103, 1226: intlungunyembe.

D&C 1713

Acridocarpus natalitius Juss., umabophe, Skd

Acrotome inflata Benth., isigagisa, ukakayi, Skd: uthekwane, R&JG

Adenopodia spicata (E.Mey.) C.PresI, umlungumabele, Skd

Agapanthus

africanus (L.) Hoffmanns., isicakathi, Skd

campanulatus Leighton, umgwebeleweni, Skd

comptonii Leighton, umgwebeleweni, Skd

praecox Willd., umgobeleweni, umkhondo, umpofu, BCRH 1533, 1534

sp., isihlambeza, Skd: umgwebeleweni, umkhondo, BCRH 601, 815,

1082

Agathosma apiculata G.Mey., ibhucu, Skd

Agave

americana L . iralibhom*, ikhamanga, BCRH s.n.: ikhala, BCRH s.n

sp., ikhala, BCRH 298, 1486

Agrimonia

eupatoria L., inzinzinaba, inyinga, intshitshi, Skd

procera Wallr., unyinge, iyeza lomgqwalisof, BCRH 809, 374

Aizoon glinoides L.f., ucwethekazi, ubushwa, umfanothenkqi, BCRH

22a. 338, 899

Alberta magna E.Mey., isiqalana, Skd

Albizia adianthifolia (Schumach.) W.Wight, umnebelele, umhlandothi,

Skd

Albuca

aurea Jacq., intelezi, BCRH 1680

setosa Jacq., inqwebeba, BCRH 1515

sp., inqwebaba, Skd

Alepidea

amatymbica Eckl. & Zeyh., inkatazo, iqwili, BCRH 583, 992, 992a,

1583. 1643, 1704a, 1758a: umvuthuza, C&D

capensis (P.J.Bergius) R. A Dyer, inkatazo, Skd: iqwili, BCRH 319

pilifera Weim., umhlaba, Skd

serrata Eckl. & Zeyh., ubulawu, Skd

Allium

sativum L., ivimbampunzi, Skd

sp., umrateni omhlophe, BCRH 116: ikoronofile, BCRH 120

AUophyllus

decipiens (Sond.) Radik., umcandathambo, Skd: R&JG

melanocarpus (Sond.) Radik., inqala, Skd

natalensis (Sond.) De Winter, umgqalagquzu, R&JG

Aloe (generic), ikhalana, ikhala, intelezi, Skd

africana Mill., ikhala, D&C 1696

arborescens Mill., unomaweni, BCRH 1223: ingcelwane, BCRH 460

boylei Baker, intelezi, BCRH 1129

candelabrum Berger, ikhala, Skd

ecklonis Salm-Dyck, ikhala, intelezi, BCRH 281. 1690, ingcelwane,

BCRH 1468: R&JG

ferox Mill , umhlaba, ikhala, Skd: umhlaba, ingxalaba, BCRH 221.

1281: ikhala, C&D

maculata All., inocelwane, ingcelwane, Skd: ingcelwane, intelezi,

BCRH 14, 1497: unomaweni. BCRH 296

sp.. ikhala, ingamdodlo, umhlaba, Skd: unomaweni, intelezi, BCRH

971a, 1467: imvomvo, BCRH 294

tenuior Haw., intelezi, ikhalana, Skd: impapane, R&JG: umjinqa,

D&C 1507: C&D: umkrakrane, Cks 8

Aloysia triphylla (L’Her. ) Britton, umthi wekhokhonathi loyilit. BCRH

1210: ibhosisi*, BCRH 180

Amaranthus

blitoides S. Watson, unomdlobhoyi, Skd

caudatus L., utyuthu, BCRH 448

deflexus L., unomdlobhoyi. BCRH 880: utyuthu, BCRH 910

hybridus L., unomdlobhoyi, umtyutyu, umambomba, utyuthu, Skd,

imbuya, umambumbu, unomdlombhoyi, utyuthu obomvu,

utyuthu, imbuya, usihlwabitshi, imifino, ujikenxaniwe,

BCRH 167, 168, 728, 1195

sp.. ujikenxaniwe, utyutu, BCRH 957: inkanga, C&D

spinosus L. imbuya, Skd: BCRH 21a

thunbergii Moq., imoleboyi, uqupose, Skd: umambumbu, ujikenxani-

we, BCRH 1196, 1547. 1$14

Anacampseros ustulata E.Mey ex Sond., igwele, Skd

Anagallis arvensis L., umsolo, BCRH 768

Anastrabe integerrima E.Mey. ex Benth., isiphambatho, Skd

Andrachne ovalis (Sond.) Miill.Arg., umbezo, Skd

Androcymbium longipes Baker, inokam, BCRH 1672

Andropogon sp., isiftkana, Skd

Anemone

cqffra Eckl. & Zeyh., iyeza elimnyamat, Skd

tenuifolia (L.f.) DC., uxhobakhulu, irododo, amanzamnyama, BCRH

984, 984a, 1198, 1236, 1581. 1596

Anthospermum aethiopicum L , umthi wamaqhakuvat. umsantsana.

BCRH 1598

Antidesma venosum E.Mey. ex Tul., umtyongi, Skd

Apium gruveolens L., isupu, BCRH 1605

Apodytes dimidiata E.Mey. ex Am., umdakana, umdakane, Skd: R&JG

Aptenia cordifolia (L.f.) Schwantes, intelezi, BCRH 1098

Arachis hypogaea L„ indongomane, BCRH 389

Araujia sericifera Brot., impinda, BCRH 722

Arctotheca calendula (L.) Levyns, isiqwashumbe, BCRH 1321

Arctotis arctotoides (L.f.) O.Hoffm., ubushwa, BCRH 849, 850, 1430:

D&C 1512: Cks 12: isigwamba C&D: Cks 23

Argemone ochroleuca Sweet, tkritsi, BCRH 118, 818

Argyrolobium sp., umfanujacile, BCRH 217, 218

Aristida junciformis Trin. & Rupr., umgogoni, Skd

Artemisia qfra Jacq. ex Willd., umhlonyane, Skd: umhlonyane wom-

lambot, umhlonyane omhlophe, BCRH 2, 141, 433, 752, 1220,

1273, 1555; umhlonyana, C&D

Asclepiadaceae (family), ubungxani, Skd: isiqaji, BCRH 1573, 1635

Asclepias

crispa P.J Bergius, umtshekisane, R&JG

fruticosa L., ukakhayi, Skd: igwada, D&C 1835

gibba (E.Mey.) Schltr., umqhaphu, igontsi, unyawo lwenkukhu,

BCRH 173, 283, 1263, 1567

270

Bothalia 29,2 (1999)

Asclepias (cont.)

multicaulis (E.Mey.) Schltr, unyawo lwenkukhu, BCRH 1170

Asparagus

africanus Lam., ubulawu obumhlope, umthunzi, Skd: ivane, umdumi-

zulu ibangana, BCRH, umathunga, Cks 3: C&D

falcatus L.. ubulawu, BCRH 406

macowam Baker, umvithi, BCRH 109

racemosus Willd., ivane, R&JG

sp., ikubalo, ingcelwane, itali, umvane, Skd

stipulaceus Lain., umvane, Skd

suaveolens Burch., iinvane, Skd: imvane, incetha, ingcatha, BCRH

399, 759

Aspidoglossum heterophyllum E.Mey., isikhonde, R&JG

Aster bakeranus Burtt Davy ex C.A.Sm., unozixekana, umtshekisana,

unogxekana, Skd ; unosendana, uxekana, BCRH 119: unozide-

hekana, BCRH 120: iyeza lentshulubef, BCRH 174: inkanga,

D&C

Asteraceae (as a family), ubulawu, Skd

Athrixia heterophylla (Thunb.) Less., iyeza logezof, Skd

Avena sativa L„ ihabile, BCRH 393

Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh., isikungati, Skd

Azima tetracantha Lam., igcegceleya, igceya, Skd ; igcegceleya, Cks 6:

C&D

Baphia racemosa (Hochst.) Baker, itshupu, isifithi, Skd

Barleria sp., inzinziniba, BCRH s.n.

Bartsia trixago L., utseweletswele, Skd ; BCRH 987, 1375

Becium burchellianum (Benth.) N.E.Br., ibhubhusi, Cks 16: C&D

Begonia sutherlandii Hook.f., inomaweni, BCRH 1633

Behnia reticulata (Thunb.) Didr., umatapile*, BCRH 197: isilawu,

D&C 1756: izihlwele, D&C 1816

Berchemia zeyheri (Sond.) Grubov, umini, Skd

Berkheya

carduoides (Less.) Hutch., ikhakhaka, ikhakhakhaka, BCRH 362:

ikhakhakhaka lomlambot, BCRH 422

decurrens (Thunb.) Willd., ikhakhakhaka elikhulu, iganashane, Skd

setifera DC., indlebe yenkomo, Skd: iyeza lesisu xa umfazi ekhulel-

wet, BCRH 1145, 1579

sp , ikhakhakhaka, ikhambi lembelekisana, BCRH 82, 392, 746, s.n:,

ikhakhakhaka, C&D

Bersama

lucens (Hochst.) Szyszyl., isindiyandiya, Skd: BCRH 1627

swinnyi E. Phillips, isindiyandiya, Skd

tysoniana Oliv., indiyaza, isindiyandiya, Skd: isindiyandiya, isibhara,

isindiyandiya, BCRH 651, 1471, 1707a

Berula erecta (Hudson) Coville subsp. thunbergii (DC.) B.L. Burtt,

ucaphazana, BCRH 1744

Bidens

bipinnata L., ugcadolo, exhomiseyile, BCRH 1369, 1370

pilosa L., ugcadolo, umhlabangubo, imbikicane, Skd: uladolo, BCRH

731, 735: ugcadolo, umhlabangubo, BCRH 36, 38, 149, 149b,

828, 1149a, 1228, 1317, 1353, 1386. 1387, 1433, 1616

Blepharis capensis (L.f.) Pers., ubuhlungu besigcawu, Skd: unomat-

shinotshino, BCRH 359

Blumea alata (D.Don) DC., ubuhlungu bomlambof, BCRH 110

Boophane disticha (L.f.) Herb., inswadi, Skd: ishwadi, D&C s.n.

Boscia

albitrunca (Burch.) Gilg & Benedict, umgqomogqomo, Skd

oleoides (Burch, ex DC.) Toelken, umphunzisa, Skd: umabophe, um-

phunzisa, umgqamagqama, BCRH 95; ivetirati*, D&C 1669:

C&D

Bowiea volubilis Harv. ex Hook.f., umaqana, Skd: umagaqana, BCRH

157, 985, 985a

Brachylaena

discolor DC., umpahla, Skd, umpatha, isiduli, BCRH 1112

elliptica (Thunb.) DC., isiduli, Skd: isagqeba, Cks 15

glabra (L.f.) Druce, amacirha, BCRH 1599

ilicifolia (Lam.) E. Phillips & Schweick., umgqeba, R&JG: D&C

1504: C&D

sp., isiduli, Skd

Bridelia micrantha (Hochst.) Bail! , umhlalamakwaba, Skd

Bruguiera gymnorrhiz.a (L.) Lam., isiqungati, isikungati, Skd

Brunsvigia gregaria R. A. Dyer, ikunzi enthlope, Skd: ishwadi, BCRH

1083

Bryophyllum delagoense (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Schinz, intelezi yobushwa,

BCRH 441

Buddleja

auriculatu Benth., utile, BCRH 1309

dysophylla (Benth.) Radik , umhlabangubo, BCRH 371

saligna Willd., igqange, Skd

salviifotia (L.) Lam., ilotana, igwangi, ilotyane, igqange, icwanci,

icwangi, Skd: igqange, R&JG

Bulbine

abyssinica A. Rich., iyeza lipulayitif, Skd: utswelana, R&JG: uya-

kayakana, D&C 1510: C&D

alooides (L.) Willd., ingcelwane, Skd; irooiwater*. D&C 1509:

umanzambomvu, C&D

asphodeloides (L.) Willd., itswele lenyoka, iyeza lehashef, umthi

kanomyayit, itsweleinyoka, intelezi, Skd: uyakayakane,

utsweleni, utswelana, utswelane, intotyane, BCRH s.n., 113,

1159, R&JG: uyakayakayana, C&D: uyakayakana, Cks 14:

irooiwater*, Cks 18

capitata Poelln., itswelana, BCRH 843

frutescens (L.) Willd , itswele lenyoka, BCRH 953: utswelana, BCRH

308

latifolia (L.f.) Roem. & Schult., ibucu, ingcelwane, Skd: ibucu,

BCRH 875

narcissifolia Salm-Dyck, umalala, BCRH 16, 55

sp., utswelana. BCRH 1078

Burchellia bubalina (L.f.) Sims, utobankomo, itobancane, umfincane

wehlatit, intsizi ezimayama, ithobankomo, umfincafincane,

ubuhlungu benyoka, Skd: umfincafincane wehlathif, umsom-

butyu, usomutyu, R&JG

Buxus

macowanii Oliv., umgalagala, Skd: R&JG

natalensis (Oliv.) Hutch., umgalagala, ukuxeka, Skd: isixeza, R&JG

Cadaba aphylla (Thunb.) Wild, usitorhom*, D&C 1672: C&D

Caesalpinia

decapetala (Roth) Alston, ubobo, BCRH 1299, 1411, 1740

pulcherrima (L.) Schwartz, ubobo, BCRH 1571

Calendula officinalis L., ibhosisi*, BCRH 470

Calodendrum capense (L.f.) Thunb., umbaba, umsitshana, Skd: umbat-

ha, umbaba, umemezi, BCRH 201, 604

Calopsis paniculata (Rottb.) Desv., umtshayelof, R&JG

Calpurnia

aurea (Aiton) Benth. subsp. sylvatica (Burch.) Brummitt, umdloli,

Skd: umbethe, BCRH 140, 862: D&C 1693, 1755

glabrata Brummitt, idywadi, Skd, umbethe, undlole, R&JG

sp., umsiphane, Skd: umbethe, R&JG

Canna indica L., unomatananga, BCRH 1498

Cannabis sativa L., umva, isangu, Skd: umya, intsangu, indara*. ingca,

BCRH 1242

Canthium (generic), umnyushulube, Skd

ciliatum (Klotzsch) Kuntze, ubuchopho, umdakana, umnyushulube,

BCRH 766, 1407

inerme (L.f) Kuntze, umvuthwamimi, Skd: umnyushulube, R&JG,

isiphingo, D&C 1744

kuntzeanum Bridson, ubuchopho, Skd

mundianum Cham. & Schltdl., undilambele, Skd: irarinathi, BCRH

277

spinosum (Klotzsch ex Eckl. & Zeyh.) Kuntze, isiphambatho, Skd

Capparis

fascicularis DC., amabinda, D&C 1714: iqhagula, C&D

sepiaria L. var. citrifolia (Lam.) Toelken, uqapula, intshilo, upas-

mani, intshilo, umqagula, Skd: intsihlo, BCRH 64, 600: isihlo

esimbomvu, D&C 1721: iqaphula, D&C 1683: imfihlo, D&C

1695: intsihlo, C&D

tomentosa Lam , imfihlo, intsihlo, Skd

Capsicum

annuum L., itshilisi*, ikhanakhana, BCRH 121

sp., ikhanakhana, BCRH 720

Carex mossii Nelmes, imfeyesele, BCRH 248

Carissa

bispinosa (L.) Desf. ex Brenan, ibethamtunzi, isivusankunzi, Skd:

isabetha nkunzi, BCRH 210, 1514: R&JG: isabetha, D&C

1757: incumncum, D&C

haematocarpa (Eckl ) A. DC., isivusankunzi, umthungulu, Skd:

incumncum, R&JG

macrocarpa (Eckl.) A. DC., umthungulu, R&JG

Carpobrotus

deliciosus (L Bolus) L. Bolus, igcuthuma, Skd

edulis (L.) L. Bolus, unomatyumtyum. BCRH 263: igcukuma, C&D

Cassine

aethiopica Thunb., umnqayi, umgxube, Skd: umbomvane, umbovu,

iyeza lokugabhat, BCRH 1110, 1660, 1660a, 1702a

peragua L. subsp. peragua, umbomvane, Skd: BCRH 458

Cassinopsis

ilicifolia (Hochst.) Kuntze, igcegceleya, Skd: ukhovothi, R&JG

tinifolia Harv., uluhlaza, Skd

Bothalia 29,2 ( 1999)

271

Cassipourea flanaganii (Schinz) Alston., umemezi, D&C 1743', C&D

Catha edulis (Vahl) Forssk. ex Endl., umhlwazi, igqwakra, Skd

Celtis africana Bunn.f., umvumvu, Skd: umnonono, umvumvu, im-

vumvu, BCRH 117, 255, 499 : R&JG

Centaurea sp., ifinifini, BCRH 274 ; imvomvo, C&D

Cenrella

coriacea Nannfd., inyongwane, unongotyozana, Skd: umsolo, unony-

ongwana, unonyongwane, unyongwane, unongotyozana, ib-

hekalanga, unyongwana, BCRH 153, 154a, 1156, 1373, 1566.

s.n.

eriantha (Rich.) Drude, unongotyozane, inongwane, BCRH 1426

sp., inyongwane, BCRH 776 ; iphuzi, C&D

Cephalaria

decurrens (Thunb.) Roem. & Schult., umtotova, Skd

oblongifolia (Kuntze) Szabo, iyeza lesisut, BCRH 1428

Chaetacanthus setiger (Pers.) Lindl., umsolo, BCRH 427, 1178

Chaetacme

aristata Planch., umkovoti, umkoboti, Skd

sp., umkombota, Skd

Chamaecrista

capensis (Thunb.) E.Mey., unobuthongwana, umgana, BCRH 365:

R&JG

mimosoides (L.) Greene, umnyana, umngana, unobuthongwana, Skd

Chamaesyce inaequilatera (Sond.) Sojak, ibhosisi*, BCRH 139

Chenopodium

album L., imbikicane, iphunga, Skd: imbikicane, BCRH 1709: um-

fanuthenqi, ihobe, imbuya, imbikicane embomvu, BCRH 34,

35, 262, 342, 381, 410, 713, 714, 942, 943, 944, 1352, 1676

ambrosioides L., umangalisa, umhlahlapethu, umbikicane, Skd:

imboya, BCRH 1441: undihlabulele, BCRH 1297: unukayo,

iyeza Iencukuthuf, iyeza lomoyat, BCRH 166, 918

mucronatum Thunb., imbikicane, BCRH 381

murale L., umfanuthenkqi, Skd: umbikicane, isisinisekati, umfanu-

thenkqi, isisinyisekathi, BCRH 34a: lihobe, imbikicane,

BCRH 1347: umfanoqinile, BCRH 1351

sp., umkhamelo, BCRH 133: ispilingishi, BCRH 1328: umbuyabat-

wa, BCRH 1301: umfanathenkqi. imbikicane, BCRH 262,

1165, 1695

Chionanthus foveolatus (E.Mey.) Steam, umqumaswele, umdlebe, Skd:

isiduli, R&JG

Chloris virgata Sw., itlhaga, umadolwana, Skd

Chlorophytum

comosum (Thunb.) Jacq., ujejane, ujiyane, Skd: ubuhlungu bomlam-

bo|, BCRH 107: ujejane, isicakathi, BCRH 233: AJG 4884

sp., isicakathi, BCRH 778

Choristylis rhamnoides Harv., intendekwane, BCRH 642

Chrysanthemoides monilifera (L.) Norl., ulwamfithi, ilamfithi, R&JG

Chrysocoma ciliata L., ibhosisi*. BCRH 179, 894

Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten., ikhakhakhaka, Skd: BCRH 892: C&D

Cissampelos

capensis L.f., umayisake, D&C 1678, 1712: idabulitye, C&D

tarulosa E.Mey. ex Harv., umayisake, isitorhom sehlathif, isitorhom,

BCRH 245, 269

Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai, umxoxozi, BCRH 848, 1469

Clausena anisata (Willd.) Hook.f. ex Benth., umnukambile, umtuto,

umnukambiba, isifuta, umfuto, isifutu, Skd: isifutho, BCRH 73,

247, 256, 501, 873, 1333. 1472, 1658: R&JG: iperepes*. D&C

1689: isiqhumiso, C&D

Clematis brachiata Thunb., ityholo, Skd: umvuthuza, BCRH 1478,

1550: R&JG: ityholo, D&C 1821: umvuthuza, ingolwane,

C&D

Clerodendrum glabrum E.Mey., uluvethe, umqwaqwanam, umqwaqu,

umqangazani, Skd: uqangazane, R&JG

Cliffortia

linearifolia Eckl. & Zeyh., unwele, R&JG

sp., umnwele, Skd

strobilifera Murray, umnwele, umgwele, Skd

Clivia sp., ugobeleweni, BCRH 774

Clutia

heterophylla Thunb., incega, umbumbu omncinci, ungqengendlelo,

ubuhlungu bedila, umoto, Skd: ingcili, BCRH 432: umsolo,

BCRH 1152

pulchella L., umsiphane, umthungwa, uqadi, umkhondo, umfiyo,

umbumbu, Skd: umkhwinti, umbheso, ubushwa bamehlo,

R&JG

sp., umbezo, umbethu, Skd

Coccinia

quinqueloba (Thunb.) Cogn., ithangazana, Skd: ufokwe, BCRH 773

sessilifolia (Sond.) Cogn., ifokwe, BCRH 912

Coddia rudis (E.Mey. ex Harv.) Verde., intsinde, Skd: umgxube, C&D

Ctda natalensis Oliv., umtenenenda, Skd

Colucasia esculenta (L.) Schott, idumbe, BCRH 1568

Colpoan compressum P.J.Bergius, umbulunyathi, intekaza, Skd

Combretum

bracteosum (Hochst.) Brandis ex Engl., uqota, uqoto, Skd

caffrum (Eckl. & Zeyh ) Kuntze, umdubu, Skd, R&JG

erythrophyllum (Burch.) Sond., umdubu, umdubo, Skd

kraussii Hochst., umdubu wehlathit, ulandile, Skd

sp. umdubi, Skd

Commelina

africana L„ igqwanatya, BCRH 388: idwabane, isicakathi, BCRH

1401: umbethe, BCRH 1527

benghalensis L., uhlotshane, Skd: isilalambethe, BCRH 1400

erecta L., umadolwana, BCRH 844

Commiphora

harveyi (Engl.) Engl., umhlunguthi, Skd

mossambicensis (Oliv.) Engl., umdono, Skd

sp., umhlunguthi, Skd

woodii Engl , umhlunguthi, Skd: ulonwabo, BCRH 1667

Conostomium natalense (Hochst.) Brernek , unomashwa, BCRH 1516

Convolvulus

capensis Bunn.f., uvuma ornhlophe, R&JG

farinosus L., inabulele, Skd: uboqo, usinga lamaxhegwazana, inab-

ulele, uboqo wabadlezana, BCRH 913

natalensis Bernh. apud Krauss, uboqo, BCRH 1173

sagitattus Thunb., uboqo wabadlezana, ubokwe, BCRH 209, 868

sp., ubhoqo, ubhoqom, Skd

Conyza

bonariensis (L.) Cronquist, umvawamadoda, BCRH 428

canadensis (L.) Cronquist, unonkangana, Skd: umvawamadoda,

BCRH 1127

obscura DC., ubuhlungu beramba, BCRH 1510

pinnata (L.f.) Kuntze, ubuhlungu beramba, R&JG

scabrida DC., isavu, Skd: umfazi unengxolo, unonkangana, ingeethe,

icegceya, isavu, iyeza lomoyat, BCRH 137, 317, 454, 887:

R&JG

sp., iyeza lomoyat, BCRH 744: inkanga, iyeza lamadodat, BCRH

378, 1436, 1525, 1691

Cordia caffra Sond., umnofunofu, umnovunovu, umluvuluvu, umlo-

vulovu, Skd

Coronopus didymus (L.) Sm., unondlwabiyele, Skd, BCRH 18a

Cotula

anthemoidesh., umhlonyane, Skd: unochwayi, indlwabulele, unolab-

ulele, BCRH 715, 733, 1742

heterocarpa DC., unondlabiyele, unomayepuyepu, Skd, unochwayi,

undlwabiyela, ihlanangobo, indlwabiyelo, BCRH 286, 1064,

1397: R&JG

sp., itigiliti, R&JG

Cotyledon

orbiculata L , iphewula, Skd: BCRH 99, 902

sp., iphewula, Skd: isundu, C&D

Crabbeu

hirsuta Harv., umanxasana, Skd: umsobo wegusha, BCRH 835

nana Nees, ubuhlungu besigeawu, Skd: iyeza lomkhondot, BCRH

1619: umsobo wegusha, BCRH 1549

Crassula

pellucida L., subsp. marginalis (Dryand. in Aiton) Toelken, mya-

mayamakhwenkwe, BCRH 243: AJG 4895

sp., iphewula, Skd, BCRH 98: intelezi, BCRH 978

spathulata Thunb., uguwe, BCRH 1531

vaginata Eckl. & Zeyh., uphuncuka bemphethe obomvu. ipewula

lethafat, uphuncuka bemphete, BCRH 416, 1541

Crataegus sp., isacephe, BCRH 1692

Crinum sp., ibhucu, BCRH 1466

Crotalaria

agatiflora Schweinf., umthi wentaka, BCRH 467

capensis Jacq., ihlolo getyane, BCRH s.n.

Croton sylvaticus Hochst., umgwaqane, umagwaqane, umfeze, Skd

Cryptocarya

latifolia Sond., umthungwa, Skd

myrtifolia Stapf, umthungwa, umthungwane, Skd

woodii Engl., umthungwa, Skd: umasendenja, umnqayimasende, isi-

thungu, R&JG: umnquma, D&C 1815

wyliei Stapf, inqayana, Skd

Cucumis africanus L.f., ithangazana, Skd: ithangazana lethafat, BCRH 230

Cucurbita

pepo L., usenga, imithwane, BCRH 1631

sp., imithwane yasendle, BCRH 1545

272

Bothalia 29,2 (1999)

Cucurbitaceae, utyampentyu, ujodo, amasuntsu, intshungu, BCRH 1305,

1314, 1371 ; ubece, BCRH 1346: iselwa lwentaka, BCRH 1530:

umadliwa kuhlinzwa, BCRH 652

Cunonia cupensis L.. umqwashube, Skd ; umrhwaxube, igqwakra, BCRH

207

Curtisia dentata (Burm.f.) C.A.Sm., uzintlwa, umgxina, umdlebe, Skd:

umgxina, umlahleni selefile, umlahleni, isirayi, R&JG ; um-

lahleni, D&C 1819

Cussonia

paniculata Eckl. & Zeyh., igcokhwe, Skd: umsenge, BCRH 69, 371,

959: umsenge, C&D

spicata Thunb , intsenge, umgezisa, Skd: umsenge, umsange, BCRH

15, 719. 1485: umsenge, D&C 1709, 1741

Cyanella lutea L.f., izambhalo zokugqubhuza, Skd

Cyanotis speciosa (L.f.) Hassk., umagoswana, Skd: umadolwana, iyeza

lesisuf, BCRH 316. 958

Cyathula

cylindrica Moq., isinama esikhulu, BCRH 1564

uncinulata (Schrad.) Schinz, isinama, Skd: isinama esikhulu. BCRH

916, 1384: isinama, BCRH 1383

Cycnium racemosum Benth., injanga, Skd

Cymbopogon

excavatus (Hochst.) Stapf ex Burtt Davy, umqungu, Skd

marginatus (Steud.) Stapf ex Burtt Davy, umqungu, Skd: BCRH 1722

plurinodis (Stapf) Stapf ex Burtt Davy, umbete, ingca, BCRH 1197

validus (Stapf) Stapf ex Burtt Davy, umqungu, Skd: umvethi, BCRH

1558

Cynanchum

obtusifolium L.f., uluzi, D&C s.n.

sp., itangazana lenja, Skd: unombija, R&JG

Cynodon

dactylon (L.) Pers., uqaqaqa, Skd: BCRH 213

incompletus Nees, uqaqaqa, R&JG

Cynoglossum lanceolatum Forssk., isinama esinciei, BCRH 871

Cyperus

esculentus L., inqoba, Skd

fastigiatus Rottb., inqoboka, Skd

marginatus Thunb., incema, Skd

pulcher Thunb., urhwantsi, Skd: indawa, BCRH 279: urhwantsana,

indawa, BCRH 279

sexangularis Nees., urhwantsi, Skd

sp., imishi, imizi, indawa, Skd: ixonya, C&D

textilis Thunb . ingculu, umzi, Skd: urhwantsi, umzi, BCRH 917,

1418: imizi, BCRH 89: AJG 73

Cyphia

assimilis Sond., igontsi, Skd

volubilis (Burm.f.) Willd., igontsi, Skd

Cyphostemma cirrhosum (Thunb.) Descoings ex Wild & R.B.Drumm.,

intoyomntwana, BCRH 372, 1484

Cyr tan thus

contractus N.E.Br., uintetebu, BCRH 1293

obliquus (L.f.) Aiton, umkhondo, BCRH 1081

Cyrtorchis arcuata (Lindl.) Schltr , iphamba, D&C 1747

Dais cotinifolia L., intozane, Skd

Dalbergia

armata E.Mey., umqokolo, ubobo, Skd

obovata E.Mey., umzungulu, Skd

Datura

sp., ingqangangqanga, isingiliti, isitingibawuthi, BCRH 462

stramonium L., umvumbengwe, umhlavuthwa, Skd: impungempu,

ingqangangqanga, uvumbangwe, ibhudabhutha, umvumbang-

we, ivumbangwe, BCRH 822, 1208, 1218, 1522

Deinbollia oblongifolia (E.Mey. ex Am.) Radik., umasibele, umbanga-

banga, Skd

Delosperma sp., intelezi, BCRH 977

Dianthus thunbergii Hooper, ungcana, ubulawu, ubulawu obumhlophe,

BCRH 465, 1241: inkomoyentaba, D&C 1719: ungcana, D&C

1810: indlela zimhlope, C&D

Diclis replans Benth., umamtola, isala lentaka, BCRH 1427, 1539

Dicoma

anomala Sond., unyongwane, BCRH 1211

zeyheri Sond , umqele, umlunge, Skd

Dierama pendulum (L.f.) Baker, ithembu, R&JG

Dietes iridioides (L.) Sweet ex Klatt, imbotyi kaxam, R&JG

Digitaria

eriantha Steud., injica, inzica Skd: injica, R&JG

sanguinalis (L.) Scop., umadolwana, Skd

Dioscorea

cotinifolia Kunth, umtane, Skd

dregeana (Kunth) T.Durand & Schinz, ingcolo, Skd

rupicola Kunth, usikolipati*, BCRH 1209, 1422, 1546

sp., ingcolo, BCRH 70

sylvatica (Kunth) Eckl., usikolipati*, BCRH 130, 723, 1092, 1423: Cks 5

Diospyros

austro-qfricana De Winter, umbongisa, Skd

dichrophylla (Gand.) De Winter, umbongisa, BCRH s.n.

lycioides Desf., umbongisa, Skd

natalensis (Harv.) Brenan, intshikivane, umtyshone, Skd

pallens (Thunb.) F. White, umbongisa, BCRH 1688: R&JG

simii (Kuntze) De Winter, umbongisa, Skd

sp., umbangaza, BCRH s.n.

villosa (L.) De Winter, inyamempunzi, unoboyana, Skd

whyteana (Hiern) F.White, untkhaza, umbongisa, umgugunga, umte-

natene, intsanzimane, Skd: umkhaza, R&JG

Dombeya

cymosa Harv., uzingathi, Skd

tiliacea (Endl.) Planch., ityibo, Skd

Dovyalis

caffra (Hook.f. & Harv.) Hook.f., incagolo, umqokolo, Skd: BCRH

1308, 1641

lucida Sim, umqokolo, Skd

rhamnoides (Burch, ex DC.) Harv., umqokolo, Skd

rotundifolia (Thunb.) Thunb. & Harv., umqokolo, Skd

zeyheri (Sond.) Warb., umqokolo, Skd

Dracaena

aletriformis (Haw.) Bos, intelezi, D&C 1762

hookeriana K.Koch, ishwadi, BCRH 171

Drimia

anomala (Baker) Benth., ungcana, C&D

sp., unopilikoko, unojijwa Skd: umangolwane, C&D

Dryopteris athamantica (Kuntze) Kuntze, umkhomokhomo, Skd

Drypetes

arguta (Miill.Arg.) Hutch., ilitwakela, umhlagela, umhlangela, Skd

natalensis (Harv.) Hutch., umkiwane, Skd

Duvernoia adliatodoides E.Mey. ex Nees., isipheka, ihlehlwe, Skd

Ehretia rigida (Thunb.) Druce, umhleli, ungobogobana, umbotshani,

umbotshane, Skd: umhleli, R&JG: C&D

Ekebergia capensis Sparrm., umnyamati, umgwenye wezinja, Skd:

umgwenye, umgwenyobomvu, umlahleni selefile, umanaye,

BCRH 429, 1121, 1122, 1457: R&JG

Elaeodendron croceum (Thunb.) DC., umbomvane Skd: BCRH 123.

775: R&JG: D&C 1812

Elephantorrhiza elephantina (Burch.) Skeels, intolwane, Skd: intolol-

wanana, incakotshi, indololwane, BCRH 208, 1136, 1569

Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn. subsp. africana (K. -O'Byrne) Hilu &

De Wet, umshala wesandla, isihlati senja, isisini sekati, BCRH

1540

Elytropappus rhinocerotis (L.f.) Less., ibhubhusi*, ibhobhosi*, Skd

Emex australis Steinh., idolo lenkonyana, inkunzane, Skd

Englerodaphne

pilosa Burtt Davy, intozane, R&JG

sp., unomanumbane, BCRH 438

subcordata (Meisn.) Engl., intozani, Skd

Englerophytum natalense (Sond.) T.D.Penn , umtongwani, ithunga, um-

thungwane, Skd

Eragrostis

plana Nees, umtshiki, Skd

tef{ Zucc.) Trotter, ifidi Iwenkomo, BCRH 1233

Erianthemum dregei (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Tiegh., iduma, Skd

Eriosema

kraussiana Meisn., umthi, BCRH 1591

parviflorum E.Mey., iyeza lemimoya emibif, BCRH 1477

squarrosum (Thunb.) Walp., umbangalala, R&JG

Eriospermum sp., intelezi, BCRH s.n.: isikelem*, ungunoma, BCRH

742, s.n.: unonyada, C&D

Erythrina

acanthocarpa E.Mey., utambuki; isintsana, BCRH 63, 190, 229

caffra Thunb., umsintsi, Skd

humeana Spreng., umintsane, utambuki, umsintsane, Skd

latissima E.Mey., umnqwane, uinkuwane, Skd: umgwane, umsintsi,

BCRH s.n.

lysistemon Hutch., umkloka, Skd: umsintsi, BCRH s.n.

sp., umsintsi, BCRH 1505

Erythroxylum emarginatum Thonn., itimani, Skd

Euclea

crispa (Thunb.) Guerke, iyeza lokuxaxuzisat, umgwali, umgwari,

Skd: umnquma, BCRH 90

divinorum Hiern, umtshekisane, Skd

Bothalia 29,2 (1999)

273

Euclea (cont.)

lancea Thunb., umgwali, Skd

natalensis A. DC., umtshekesane, umtshekisane, umkaza, umgwali,

Skd\ intlakotshane enkulu, umtshekisane, BCRH 1414:

R&JG: umtshekisana, BCRH 817

schirnperi (A. DC.) Dandy, umkaza, Skd

sp., umtshekisane, Skd

undulata Thunb., umgwali, umgwari, Skd

Eucomis

autumnalis (Mill.) Chitt., ubuhlungu bechanti, Skd: isithithibala esi-

mathunzi, BCRH 1203

comosa (Houtt.) Wehrh., umphompho, BCRH 1464

sp.. umagangeni, BCRH 412

Eugenia zeyheri Harv., ilijambi, isiduli sehlatif, umbelwane, Skd

Eulophia streptopetala Lindl , iphamba, D&C 1836

Euphorbia (generic), intsema, umsulusulu, Skd

bupleurifolia Jacq., intsele, intsema. inkamamasane, Skd

flanaganii N.E.Br., inkamamasane, Skd

gorgonis Berger, intsema, Skd

grandidens Haw., umlonhtlo, Skd', BCRH 227

pugniformis Boiss., intsema, inkamamasane, isihlele, Skd', intsema,

BCRH 380

sp., umhlontlo, Skd

tetragona Haw., umhlontlo, Skd

tirucalli L.. umhlontlo, Skd

triangularis Desf., umhlontlo, D&C 1690', C&D

Euryops

munitus (L.f.) B.Nord., umsola, Skd

sp., ulwapesi, Skd

spathaceus DC., iyeza lehlabaf, ulwapesi, BCRH 1718

Exomis microphylla (Thunb.) Aellen, umnqundu wenyathi, isibunu-

senyathi, umvawenyathi, R&JG: umvenyathi, D&C 1515', Cks 7

Fagopyrum esculentum Moench, ukutyakwentlaka, BCRH 366

Falkia repens L.f., umsolo, BCRH 267

Faurea

macnaughtonii E. Phillips, icubalatole, isafo, isifa, Skd

saligna Harv., isefo, iseft, isafo, Skd

Felicia fdifolia (Vent.) Burtt Davy, igabu, igangasi, ibhosisi*, ur-

hangasi, irangasi, BCRH 893, 1150, 1719

Festuca costata Nees, urwashu, Skd

Ficus

bizanae Hutch. & Burtt Davy, uluzi, BCRH 492

burtt-davyi Hutch., undendekwana, BCRH 874. 1291

ingens (Miq.) Miq., umkhiwane, R&JG

natalensis Hochst., umngqege, uluzi, umngqangqa, umzombi, um-

thombe, iyuzu, umgwenyezinja, Skd', uluzi, BCRH 43', AJG 93

sp., uvethe, BCRH 1240', umngxam, indendekwana, BCRH 132, 1286

sur Forssk., umkhiwane, uluzi, umkwane, Skd', ikhiwane lasendle,

umkhiwane, BCRH 1111, 1459', uluzi, BCRH 461. 1749

Foeniculum vulgare Mill, imbambosi, BCRH 830. 831. 1200

Galenia

pubescens (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Druce., ucwethekazi, BCRH 22

secunda (L.f.) Sond., umfanuthinqi, R&JG

Galinsoga parviflora Cav., unompontshane, Skd : incoloshishi, ubuh-

lungu, ubuhlungu benyoka, untandathu, unompontshane,

amampondo, uvele ludeke, icoloshishi, impontshane, impon-

jane, iindevu zomlungu, BCRH 46, 47. 47a, 54, 150, 151, 339,

711, 712, 853, 1072. 1216, 1298, 1429, 1618. 1681 ; R&JG

Garcinia gerrardii Harv. ex Sim, umbinda, umbandi, Skd

Gardenia thunbergia Thunb., umkangana. umkangazi, umkancaza,

Skd', isisende, BCRH 463

Gasteria

bicolor Haw., intelezi, D&C 1517, 1697

croucheri (Hook.f.) Baker, intelezi, intelezi bululwane, Skd

nitida (Salm-Dyck) Haw., intelezi, Skd

obtusifolia (Salm-Dyck) Haw., isixhonxo, Skd

sp., intelezi, BCRH 218

Gazania

krebsiana Less., isaphepha, R&JG: unongwe, C&D

leiopoda (DC.) Rossler, isaphepha, R&JG

linearis (Thunb.) Druce, isapokwe, ubendle, uhlubi, umkwinti, Skd:

umkwinde, BCRH 1055: isiphepha, BCRH 115

pectinata (Thunb.) Spreng., isaphete, umkwinti, Skd

Geigeria omativa O.Hoffm., imvane, Skd

Geranium

canescens L’Her., ubukhubele, utywala beentaka, R&JG

ornithopodon Eckl. & Zeyh. uqhobelo, Skd

Gerber a

ambigua (Cass.) Sch.Bip., isichwe, BCRH 261

piloselloides (L.) Cass., umgwashu, ubulawu, Skd: isichwe, umsa,

BCRH 123, 1067, 1180, 1663: iyeza lamasif, C&D

sp., isanama sesikhwenkwe, BCRH 1488

viridifolia (DC.) Sch.Bip., unomgushe, D&C 1718

Gladiolus sp., umnunge, Skd

Gnidia

anthylloides (L.f.) Gilg, mtozwane, Skd

capitata L.f., isidikili, BCRH 866: umsila wengwe, isidikili, BCRH

288, 1047

cuneata Meisn., isidikili, Skd

sp., isidikili, iganna*, ikanna*, Skd: umsila wengwe, BCRH 110,

1470

Gomphostigma virgatum (L.f.) Baill., isepha kanonkala, umsola, Skd

Gomphrena globosa L., isinama BCRH 396

Gruderia scabra (L.f.) Benth., uvelabahleke, BCRH 1590

Grewia

lasiocarpa E.Mey. ex Harv., umhlolo, uhlokhulu, Skd: uhlolo olukhulu,

BCRH 1462, 1503

occidentalis L., umvilani, umnqabaza, Skd: uhlolo oluncinci, uhlolo,

umnqabaza, umnqaza, unyenye, BCRH 819, 1304, 1492,

1511, 1674, unqabaza, C&D

robusta Burch., umnqabaza, R&JG: C&D

sp., uhlolo, BCRH 35

Greyia flanaganii Bolus, usinga lwamaxhegokazi, Skd

Gunnera perpensa L., iphuzi lomlambof, Skd: upuzi, upuzana lomfula,

ithangazana, uphuzana, indlebe yebokwe, ithanga lomlambot,

ithangazana, BCRH 124, 376, 500, 945, 1238, 1404, 1580,

1721: iphuzi, D&C 1808

Haemanthus

albiflos Jacq., umathunga, umathuma, BCRH 71: umathunga, C&D

sp., umathunga, intlolokotshane. BCRH 1737a, isititibala, inkuphul-

wana, BCRH 495, 760: umaweni, C&D

Halleria lucida L., iliminza, umbinza, Skd: inkobe, isibethankunzi,

BCRH 1229, 1355, 1673

Haplocarpha

scaposa Harv., umkhanzi, isikhali, Skd: isicwe, BCRH 1066

sp.. izicwe, C&D: uphantsikomga, C&D

Harpephyllum caffrum Bernh. ex Krauss, ingwenye, R&JG: umg-

wenyobomvu, isacoyi, ichanti lomlambof, BCRH 445, 505.

1726: umgwenye, BCRH 1494: umgwenye, C&D

Harvey a

huttonii Hiern., ibhucu, Skd

speciosa Bernh. ex Krauss, isinama, Skd

Haworthia

attenuata Haw., intelezi, C&D

sp., intelezi, BCRH 226

Helichrysum

appendiculatum (L.f.) Less., indlebevu, isitorhom*, BCRH 989, 989a,

993

calocephalum Klatt, umthi wechanti, Skd

gymnocomum DC., impepho, BCRH 373

miconii folium DC., isicwe, BCRH 1060: umthi wetyiphu, BCRH 403:

icholachola, BCRH 1434

nudifolium (L.) Less., icolocolo, Skd: icholachola, isicwe, BCRH 150,

268, 1061

odoratissimum (L.) Sweet, impepho, BCRH 877: D&C 1761: C&D

oxyphyllum DC., uzandokwa, Skd

pedunculatum Hilliard & B L Burtt, isicwe, isigqutsi, abakwetha,

isiqutsu, Skd: undoqa, isigqutsi, BCRH 79, 867, 1068, 1612:

indlebe yekati*. BCRH 1671

pilosellum (L.f.) Less., isichwe, Skd

sp., ubuhlungu bomlambof, icholachola, BCRH 251, 764

splendidum (Thunb.) Less., impepho, BCRH 1062, 1063

trilineatum DC., impepho, BCRH 1149

Helinus integrifolius (Lam.) Kuntze, ubulawu obude, ithyolo, ukum-

buqwekwe, Skd: ubulawu. uxumbukhwekhwe, isinqolamthi, ithy-

olo, BCRH 21, 27, 27a, 70a, 772, 1458, s.n.: isilawu, D&C 1760

Heliophila subulata Burch, ex DC., ungcilikinde, R&JG

Hermannia

coccocarpa (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Kuntze, umbovu, BCRH 1687

flammea Jacq., umsolo wetafa, BCRH 956

geniculata Eckl. & Zeyh., impepho yabadlezana, Skd: isidikili,

BCRH 170, 1155

incana Cav., unonkotyana, umvusankunzi, R&JG

sp., inceba, C&D

Heteromorpha arborescens (Spreng.) Cham. & Schltdl.

var. abyssinica (A. Rich.) H. Wolff, umbangeza, umbandlala, um-

bangaza, imbangeza, iyeza lempambanof, BCRH 496, 716,

1093, 1094, 1561

274

Bothalia 29,2 (1999)

Heteromorpha arborescens (cont.)

var. arborescens , umbangandlala, umbangandlela, Skd; BCRH 203

Heywoodia lucens Sim, umnebelele, Skd

Hibiscus

aethiopicus L., iyeza lamasit, BCRH 858

malacospermus (Turcz.) E.Mey. ex Harv., umsangelo, BCRH 980,

980a, 1000

pedunculatus L.f., umthi wenduma, BCRH 1621

pusillus Thunb., umzongwane, R&JG

tiliaceus L., umlolwa, umilolo, Skd

trionum L., iyeza lentshulubef, Skd ; umguzane, unomnqwazana,

BCRH 401

Hieracium sp., unofenti, unxasana, BCRH s.n., umasikeyi, BCRH 1362

Hippobromus pauciflorus (L.f.) Radik., uinnukambiba, ulwatile, isi-

futha, Skd ; ulatile, umfazi onengxolo, ulabateka, BCRH 96,

456, 885, 886, 1148; R&JG, ilatile, D&C 1677. 1834

Holcus hmatus L„ amazimba, Skd

Homalium dentation (Harv.) Warb., igqabile, igqabela, inkomanzi, Skd

Huernia pendula E. A. Bruce, ubhelabhela, Skd

Hydrocotyle

sp., inyongwana, Skd

verticillata Thunb., inyongwane, Skd

Hyparrhenia

dregeana (Nees) Stapf, umncele, Skd

hirta (L.) Stapf, umngcele, Skd

sp., ipopo, utambuki, Skd; umncele, BCRH 1084

Hyperacanthus amoenus (Sims) Bridson, umthongothi, Skd, uthon-

gothi, isende, BCRH 398

Hyphaene coriacea Gaertn., ilala, Skd

Hypochoeris

glabra L„ umvawendoda, BCRH 1331

radicata L., umkhothane, Skd', umamtolo, unojenti, unomonti, uvele-

monti, udatyaza, into yendodendala, BCRH 37, 826, 1131,

1535, 1745 ; R&JG

Hypoestes

aristata (Vahl) Soland. ex Roem. & Schult., uhlololwane, uhlolol-

wana, uhlolwane, BCRH 44a, 44b, 44c, 337', R&JG

sp., uhlalane, intsasela, BCRH 767

Hypoxis

argentea Harv. ex Baker, ixalanxa, inongwe, Skd; ilabateka, BCRH

22; ipampa, BCRH 1128, 1647

hemerocallidea Fisch. & C.A.Mey., ilabatheka, ixhalanxa, BCRH

933, 950; ikhubalo lezithunzela, C&D

multiceps Buchinger ex Baker, ixhalanxa, Skd

rigidula Baker, ilabateka, BCRH 1002

sp., ixalanxa, Skd; BCRH 86; ugoboloweni, BCRH 785; ilabateka,

BCRH 1002a; inongwe C&D

villosa L.f., inongwe, BCRH 1637

zeyheri Baker, inongwe, D&C 1720

Ilex mitis (L.) Radik., isiduma, Skd; isidumo, BCRH 798 , ubhubhubhu,

ububhubhu, icimamlilo, isidumo, BCRH 321, 400, 442, 472,

504, 645, 870

lmpatiens hochstetteri Warb., irhajojo, R&JG

Indigastrum fastigiatum (E.Mey.) Schrire, umhlonitshwa, BCRH 306

Indigofera

declinata E.Mey., iyongwe lehlathif, R&JG

sp., impingele, C&D

stricta L.f., iyeza lomkhondot, unomatafana, incetshe, intozane, Skd

lpomoea

crassipes Hook., ubhoqo, BCRH 158

crispa (Thunb.) Hallier f., ubhoqo, uvuma obomvu, R&JG

oblongata E.Mey. ex Choisy, uhhoqo, BCRH 1521, 586a

oenotlieroides (L.f.) Raf. ex Hallier f., isitorhom esimhlope, BCRH

146

purpurea (L.) Roth, iinbotyi kasathana*, Skd; urhododo, BCRH 447;

unobijela, BCRH 1636

simplex Thunb., amagantsi, amagontsi, igontsi, BCRH 990, 1283,

1728; amagele, BCRH 1285

sp., umabope, Skd

lsolepis cernua (Vahl) Roem. & Schult., inca yomlambot, BCRH 897

Jubueopsis caffra Becc., inkomba, Skd

Juncus effusus L., inxopho, BCRH 941

Kalanchoe

crenata (Andr.) Haw., uquwe, BCRH 1413

rotundifolia (Haw.) Haw., urnfayisele yasehlatinit, Skd; ipewula,

BCRH 901

Kedrostis

africanu (L.) Cogn., uthuvana, BCRH 106; uthuvishe, utyuthu

umadliwa, BCRH 730

foetidissima (Jacq.) Cogn.; utuvishe, D&C 1681, 1710

sp., uthuvishe, C&D

Kiggelaria africanu L , umfayenkomo, umkhokhokho, umkhokhokho,

umveti, umofunofu, umvethi, umduma, umhlinzinyati, ingcon-

do, umhlandela, umnovunovu, umluvuluvu, Skd; umathamnan-

di, umkhokhokho, BCRH 241, 259; AJG 4893; R&JG

Kniphofia

drepanophylla Baker, ixonye, BCRH 1463

sp. ixonyi, Skd; incachane, BCRH 502; ixonya, C&D

Knowltonia bracteata Harv. ex Zahlbr., umvuthuza, Skd

Kohautia amatymbica Eckl. & Zeyh., ikhubalo labantwana, ikhubalo

elimnyama, Skd

Lachnostylis hirta (L.f.) Miill.Arg., ubuhlungubedile, Skd

Lampranthus sp., unomatyumtyuma, BCRH 363

Lantana

camara L., utywala bentaka, Skd; BCRH 865, 1050, 1132

rugosa Thunb., utywala bentaka, Skd; BCRH 906, 907

Laportea peduncularis (Wedd.) Chew, ububasa, ubazi, Skd; ubaza,

BCRH 31a, 31b; ubazi, ububazi, iqunube, BCRH s.n., 1356,

1665; R&JG

Lasiospermum bipinnatum (Thunb.) Druce, isificane, Skd; isicakathi

sabantwana, BCRH 118, 935; ubushwa, Cks 9

Lauridia tetragonia (L.f.) R.H. Archer, umdlavuza, D&C 1814

Ledebouria

cooperi (Hook.f.) Jessop, umredeni omhlophe, BCRH 116

floribunda (Baker) Jessop, isikholokhotho, Skd

revoluta (L.f.) Jessop, inqwebebane, Skd; inqwebeba, C&D; ikreket-

sane, D&C 1518; C&D

sp., umledina, BCRH 1734a; isithithibala, Cks 22; C&D

undulata (Jacq.) Jessop, umredeni omhlophe, BCRH 116

Leonotis

leonurus (L.) R Br., utywala bengcungcu, imvovo, umfincafincane,

Skd; isigagisa, umunyamunya, BCRH 13, 1108, 1324

ocymifolia (Burm.f.) Iwarsson, umuncwane, umfincane, umunca-

munca, umfincafincane, isihlungu sedobo, Skd; incolotshitshi,

intlolokotshane, BCRH 117, 161, 1554; isigagisa samahlatif,

BCRH 1107, 1746, 1154

Lepidium

bonariense L., ukusibitsa, BCRH 1336

ecklonii Schrad., unocwayi, BCRH 1374

Lessertia perennans (Jacq.) DC., ubuhlungu bamalawu, BCRH 926

Leucas

capensis (Benth.) Engl., uphiphiyo, C&D

martinicensis (Jacq.) R.Br., umfincafincane, Skd; ibhoza, BCRH

1645; ukrakrayo, BCRH 1344

sp., ukhakhayo, umtekwane, ibhoza, BCRH 1316, 1357

Leucosidea sericea Eckl. & Zeyh., umtyityi, isidwadwa, Skd

Leucospermum cuneiforme (Burm.f.) Rourke, isiqwane, Skd

Lichtensteinia

interrupta (Thunb.) Sond., ubungashe, Skd; intlwathi enkulu, intl-

wathi, BCRH 87, 163, 309, 1271, 1526

kolbeana Bolus, intlwhati, Skd; BCRH 121b

sp., intlwathi, BCRH 1417; intlwathi enkulu, intlwathi, BCRH 1479,

1480; umazolwane entlwathi, BCRH 1570

Limeum

aethiopicum Burm., umula, Skd; inceba, R&JG

viscosum (Gay) Fenzl, unomatywabutywabu, Skd

Limosella grandiflora Benth., ikhubalo labadlezana, Skd

Lippia javanica (Burm.f.) Spreng., uvivane, isigagisa, BCRH 6, 1582;

inzinziniba, D&C 1505; C&D

Lithospermum sp., iyeza lehlabaf, Skd

Lobelia (generic), itshilizi, Skd

caerulea Sims, ubulawu, Skd

erinus L., unopepirana*, ipepile* yomqala, BCRH 301, 753, 972

Loranthaceae, intolwane, Skd; isisende, C&D

Lycium

ferocissimum Miers, umbovu, idywadi, Skd

sp., umbhovu, ingcaki, Skd

Macaranga capensis (Baill.) Benth. ex Sim, umbengele, Skd

Maerua

cafra (DC.) Pax, umpunziso, Skd; umpunzisa, R&JG

racemulosa (A. DC.) Gilg & Benedict, umpunziso, umpunziso,

umphunziso, umphunzisa, Skd

Muesa

alnifolia Harv., ucawuza, Skd; ucawuza, R&JG; ucawuzi, BCRH

1440, 1512

lanceolata Forssk., intendekiwane, intentekiwane, isithende, Skd

Malephora sp., isihlungu, Skd

Bothalia 29,2 (1999)

275

Malva

parviflora L., unomolwana, Skd: umajikanelanga, BCRH 136, 1075,

1402, 1684\ ijongilanga, D&C 1514, 1682: C&D

verticillata L., ujongilanga, ujongila, BCRH 1073, 1074

Murgaritaria discoidea (Baill.) Webster, umphunzito, uinphunzito,

umphazite, Skd

Mariscus congestus (Vahl) C.B. Clarke, intsasela, Skd: incachane,

incachane, imfe yesele, BCRH 246, 280

Marrubium vulgare L„ umhlonyane wamalawu, R&JC ; umhlonyana,

D&C 1506 ; umhlonyane, C&D: imbuya, Cks 13

Massoniu sp„ ungcaseko, uqobeleweni, Skd

Matricaria nigellifulia DC., umhlonyane wamalawu, BCRH 761: ukudli-

wa ngumlambot, umsolo, umsolo womlambot, umhlonyane

womlambot. umhlonyane omncinane, Skd: umsolo, R&JG

Maytenus

acuminata (L.f.) Loes., umzungulwa, imnama, Skd: umkhaphalanga,

umnana, R&JG

heterophylla (Eckl. & Zeyh.) N. Robson, umqaqoba, umhlangwe,

Skd: umagcengenene, R&JG

nemorosa (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Marais, umhlangwe, Skd

peduncularis (Sond.) Loes., umnqayi, umngqi, Skd: umnqayinqayi,

R&JG

Melia azedarach L., umsalinge, umserinyeni, umphafa, umsalingwe,

BCRH 257, 898, 1224, 1343, 1575: isennge*, C&D

Melianthus

comosus Vahl, ubutyayi, ubuhlungu bemamba, Skd: irhabiya, isid-

wadwa, BCRH 60: R&JG

major L., ubuhlungu bemamba, Skd

Melolobium candicans (E.Mey.) Eckl. & Zeyh., umakope, Skd

Memecylon bachmannii Engl., umbandi, Skd

Mentha

aquatica L., ityaleba, Skd: icholachola, inxima, inxina, ityeleba,

BCRH 1117: inqina, C&D

longifolia (L.) L., inxina. inzinziniba, Skd: inxina, BCRH 1116

spicata L . isosi, imboza, BCRH 1096, 1097, 1358

Merxmuellera

cincta (Nees) Conert, urhwashu, Skd

disticha (Nees) Conert, usilevu, isilevu, Skd: urhwashu, R&JG

Mesembryanthemum

aitonis Jacq., iqina, Skd

sp., iqina, R&JG

Mestoklema sp., igabushe, Skd

Microglossa mespilifnlia (Less.) B L Rob., ithyolo. BCRH 804

Mikania natalensis DC., umnxeba, BCRH 1475

Millettia

grandis (E.Mey.) Skeels, umtiza, umthimbiti, umsimbithi, omzam-

beet, umqunye, umzimbiti, umkunye, Skd: umsimbiti, umsim-

bithi, BCRH 805, 1578: R&JG

sutherlandii Harv., umkunye, Skd

Mimusops

cajfra E.Mey. ex A. DC., umtunzi, uchole, amasetole, umhlope, umn-

weba, Skd: umntunzi, BCRH 1415: R&JG

obovata Sond., umtunzi, amasitole, umntunzi, Skd: umntunzi

wehlathif, BCRH 1725

Miscanthus

capensis (Nees) Anderss., idobo, idaba, Skd: umtala, isirudu, BCRH

1085

junceus (Stapf) Pilg., irasi, Skd

sp., utambuki, Skd: irwatshu, BCRH 34: AJG 92

Monanthotaxis cajfra (Sond.) Verde., iviriga, idwaba, idwabe, Skd

Mondia whitei (Hook.f.) Skeels, umindi, Skd

Monsonia

burkeana Planch, ex Harv., igqitha, Skd

emarginata (L.f.) L’Her., igqitha, unoboyana, Skd

Moraea

elliotii Baker, incembu, Skd

polystachya (Thunb.) Ker Gawl., ukronxina, R&JG: urongxeni, C&D

Morus alba L., iqunube, BCRH 1629: inkatshu, BCRH 415

Myrsine africana L., umbovini, iyeza lenkomot, BCRH 1147, 1320

Myrsiphyllum

asparagoides (L.) Willd., isicakathi, Skd: unomatyumtyum, ibutu,

ibutho, BCRH 250, 258, 836, 1091, 1168

ramosissimum (Baker) Oberm., uruba, BCRH 1287

Nemesia melissifolia Benth., unompontshane, BCRH 6

Nerine fHifolia Baker, itswele lenyoka, Skd

Nicandra physalodes (L.) Gaertn., umpungempu, ugqwangugqangu,

Skd: amampondo, BCRH 1651: umpungempu, iguzu lezenga,

iguzu lezinga, impungempu, iqwangu qwangu, umsobo, BCRH

28, 28a, 28b, 28d, 29, 757, 890, 1219, 1710

Nicotiana

glauca Graham, umgqomagqoma, ingqangangqanga, BCRH 264,

823: icubamfene, D&C 1501: C&D

sp., irhameti, iqhunguwa, irhamenti, icuba lesiXhosa elide, BCRH

1753

tabacum L., icuba elide, icuba, icuba lesibhulu, irhamente, BCRH

813, 814, 1225, 1755: R&JG

Nidorella

auriculata DC., inkanga, BCRH 1338

sp., ikhambi elinukayo, BCRH 1295: iyeza lamasif, D&C 1691

Noltea africana (L.) Rchb.f., ipali ende*, iyeza lesidiyaf, ipalode*,

amaluleka, umglindi, umakutula, Skd

Nuxia

congesta R Br. ex Fresen., umkhobeza, Skd

floribunda Benth., isikali, Skd

Nymphaea capensis Thunb., intekwane, ikhubalo lechanti, Skd

Obetia tenax (N.E.Br.) Friis, uluza, Skd

Ochna

arborea Burch, ex DC., umvithi, umthentsema, umtelele, Skd:

uinthetsema, R&JG

serrulata (Hochst.) Walp., ilitye, Skd

Ocotea bullata (Burch.) Baill., umtungwa, umhlungulu, umnukane,

Skd: umnumbithi, R&JG

Oedera genistifolia (L.) Anderb. & Bremer, ibhosisi*, BCRH 253: AJG 4

Oenothera

laciniata Hill, icegceya, BCRH 310

rosea L'Her.ex Aiton, isinama, isinamamnamatho, BCRH 1597, 1606

sp., amakholwa, BCRH 1666

tetraptera Cav., amakholwajika nelanga, BCRH 1372

Oldenburgia arbuscula DC., isiqwane, Skd

Olea

capensis L. subsp. capensis, ugqwangxe, igxwanci, umhlebe, Skd:

umnquma isiwili, uinnqumaswili, R&JG

capensis L. subsp. macrocarpa (C.H. Wright) I.Verd., umhlebe,

uqwangxe, Skd: ugqwanxe, ugqwanxa oluncinci, R&JG

europaea L. subsp. africana (Mill.) PS. Green, umnquma, BCRH

891: R&JG: Skd: C&D

woodiana Knobl., umgqukunqa, uqonqunga, uzintlwa, Skd

Olinia

radiata J Hofmeyr & E. Phillips, umpanzi, umbomvane, inqudu, Skd

ventosa (L.) Cufod., umkunye, ungenalahle, inqudu, umpanzi, Skd:

R&JG

Oncinotis inandensis J.M.Wood & M.S. Evans, ubuka, Skd

Opuntia

aurantiaca Lindl., ikati*, BCRH 497

sp., ugasgom, ugazina, itolofiya, Skd: ubhobheyani*, ikati*, AJG 95:

^ BCRH 20, 220: ikati*, BCRH 382: itolofiya, BCRH 303:

C&D

Ornithogalum

conicum Jacq., umredeni omhlope, BCRH 375

dubium Houtt., itsweletswele lasethafenif, Skd

longibracteatum Jacq., ibucu, BCRH 1738: umredeni omhlope,

BCRH 464

tenuifolium F.Delaroche, inqwebeba, umredeni omhlophe, BCRH

921, 1076

thyrsoides Jacq., umredeni omhlophe, BCRH 922, 1103

Osmunda regalis L., isiqhumiso, BCRH 91: AJG 46

Osteospermum

calendulaceum L.f., umayibuye, D&C 1684

grandidentatum DC., uqoboqoba, Skd

junceum P J Bergius, iyeza lo moyat, BCRH 745

sp., iyeza lomoyaf, BCRH 949

Osyris lanceolata Hochst. & Steud., utekaza, umbulunyate, Skd

Oxalis

corniculata L., ummunewane, umunchu, BCRH 1377, 1419

purpurata Jacq., ummunewane, Skd

semiloba Sond., umunewane, inqobo, BCRH 1385, 1648

smithiana Eckl. & Zeyh., izotho, umunewane, inkolwane, Skd

sp., umnewane, BCRH 755

Oxyanthus speciosus DC. subsp. gerrardii (Sond.) Bridson, umbindi,

Skd

Ozoroa

mucronata (Bernh. ex Krauss) R. & A. Fern., umphemba, Skd

paniculosa (Sond.) R. & A.Fern., isifuku, Skd

sp., umgqukunqa uzintlu, uzintlwa, R&JG

Pachycarpus

concolor E.Mey., igqubu lenja, itshongwe, BCRH 184, 494

dealbatus E.Mey., igqobole lenja, igqubu lenja, igqobulenja, BCRH

856, 857: R&JG

276

Bothalia 29,2 (1999)

Pachycarpus (cont.)

sp., itshongwe, BCRH 318

Pachystigma verwsum Hochst., umvila, uviluka, umvilo wehlatif, Skd

Pappea capensis Eckl. & Zeyh , ilitye, BCRH 186; C&D

Passerina sp., umnwele, Skd

Pavetta lance olata Eckl., umdlesa, umponyane, umhleza, Skd

Peddiea africana Harv., untozwane wehlatit, intozani, isifufu, Skd;

uluzi, BCRH 1642

Pelargonium

alchemilloides (L.) L’Her., inkubele, Skd; umtetebu, BCRH 1302

caffrum (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Harv., unyawo lwenkuku, BCRH 1282

capitatum (L.) L’Her., umuncwane wethafat, R&JG

inquinans (L.) L’Her., ibhosisi*, BCRH 936

lobatum (Burm.f.)L’Her., indlebe yebokwe, Skd; BCRH 08

peltatum (L.) L’Her., umnewana, ityholo, BCRH 70, 449

pulverulentum Colv. ex Sweet, ikubalo lomlambo, Skd; indlebe

yebokwe, BCRH 888

reniforme Curtis, iyeza lesikhalit, ikubalo, Skd; uinsongelo, BCRH

56; umkuiniso, D&C 1667; C&D

schiz.opetalum Sweet, indlebe yebokwe, BCRH s.n.

sidoides DC., umsangela, BCRH 1049; umsongelo, BCRH 1048

sp., indlebe yebokwe, umsongelo, Skd; BCRH 793; umqwabaqwaba,

BCRH 1669; upaqa, BCRH 1376

zonule (L.) L’ Her., iyeza lendlebef, BCRH 1205; umsongelo, BCRH

1620

Pennisetum clandestinum Chiov., umadolwana, Skd

Pentanisia prunelloides (Klotzsch ex Eckl. & Zeyh.) Walp., itshamlilo,

irubuxa, isicimamlilo, Skd; icimamlilo, irhubuxa, irhumbuxa,

isicimamlilo, BCRH 144, 386, 979, 979a, 1406

Peristrophe cernua Nees, umhlolowane, Skd

Persicaria lapathifolia (L.) Gray, idolo lenkonyana, BCRH 1543

Peucedanum

caffrum (Meisn.) E. Phillips, utambuki, Skd

sp., umbuhlungu, intlwati, Skd

Phoenix reclinata Jacq. isundu, idama*, Skd; isundu, BCRH 803

Phragmites australis (Cav.) Steud., ingcongolo, Skd; igagamlambof,

BCRH 466

Physulis

angulata L., impungeinpu, iyoli, itywabotywabo, Skd; impungempu,

BCRH 1202

peruviana L., iguzu, Skd; igquzi, iguzu, iguzibele, utyuthu, BCRH

43c, 159, 160, 1335, 1538, 1694, 1747

sp., iguzu, ugqumgqum, BCRH s.n., 1303

viscosa L , usobokhulu, iquzu, BCRH 1334

Phytolacca

americana L., ukutya kwentaka, BCRH 1215, 1560; umsobosobo,

BCRH 1589; unomadolomade, iyeza Iezilondaf, BCRH 748

dioica L., isidungamsi, Skd; impangapanga, BCRH 827; isitinqiliti,

BCRH 92

dodecandra L’Her., umduduma, R&JG

heptandra Retz., umnyanja, Skd; iyeza Iezilondaf, ukutya kwentaka,

BCRH 278, 1086; ukutyakwebentaka, BCRH 196

octandra L., umnanja, ainahashe ayatsala, Skd

sp., idolo lenkonyane, BCRH 1490

Picris echioides L., unoranga, BCRH 919, 920

Pittosporum viridiflorum Sims, umkhwenkwe, Skd; BCRH 74, 340

Plantago

lanceolata L , ubendlela, R&JG

major L , umtwane womlambof, Skd; ungqengendlela, BCRH 810;

inyama yamakhwenkwe, BCRH 404; unqengendlebe, BCRH

1125

Plectranthus

ambiguus (Bolus) Codd, irhajojo, BCRH 736

barbatus Andr., umgobogobo, BCRH 408

laxiflorus Benth , ikambi, irhajojo, BCRH 1565, 1679

madagascariensis (Pers.) Benth., isikholokotho, C&D

sp., iboza, BCRH 726, 738; ucakuse, BCRH 1499

Pleurostylia capensis (Turcz.) Loes., imbomvana, umnqanga,

umngqangqa, Skd; umthunyelwa, R&JG

Plumbago auriculata Lam , umatshinintshina, umthi wamadodaf,

umthi kamlanjeni, umabophe, umthi kamaqo, umthi wemibane,

umabophe, Skd; ubuswa, ubushwa, umlanjeni, BCRH 94, 143,

878; utshintshini, D&C 1676; C&D; umthi kamlanjeni, C&D

Poaceae, utyani, ingca, Skd

Poaceae (Thatching grass), ingca yokufulela, Skd

Pollichia campestris Aiton, ulywala, utywala behlungulu, Skd

Poly gala

asbestina Burch , ungqenqendlela, BCRH 1133

illepidu E.Mey. ex Harv , uqenqendlela, BCRH 861

myrtifolia L„ ulopesi, BCRH 75; ulapesi, BCRH 75; umabalabala,

C&D

serpentaria Eckl. & Zeyh., inceba, D&C 1832

sp., umhlonyane, uvazo, R&JG

Polygonum

aviculare L., iyeza lendlebef, BCRH 1613

sp., iyeza lendlebef, BCRH s.n.

Polystachya sp., iphamba, D&C 1746

Portulaca oleracea L., udywangudywangu, Skd; BCRH s.n.

Portulacaria afro Jacq., umfayisele wehlathif, igwanitsha, igwanishe,

Skd; R&JG; igwanishe, C&D

Potamogeton thunbergii Cham. & Schltdl., ikubalo lomkhondo wem-

pahla, Skd

Premna mooiensis (H. Pearson) G.Piep., umtyetyembane, umcacabane,

Skd

Printzia pyrifolia Less., ikofu, BCRH 1237

Prionium serratum (L.f.) Drege ex E.Mey., intsikani, Skd

Priva cordifolia (L.f.) Druce var. abyssinica (Jaub. & Spach)

Moldenke, isinama esincinane, isinama, BCRH 863, 864

Protea

coronata Lam., intsasa, Skd

cynaroides (L.) L„ isiqwane esincinci, Skd

lanceolata E.Mey. ex Meisn., isiqalaba, Skd

sp. isiqane, isiqwane, isadlungi, isiqalaba, umnqwane, indlungi, Skd

welwitschii Engl., isiqalaba, Skd

Protorhus longifolia (Bemh.) Engl., ikubalo, umkupati, umkumbati,

umkomiso, isifuce, isifuco, Skd; izintlwa, D&C 1751

Prunus africana (Hook.f.) Kalkman, umkakase, Skd

Pseudognaphalium luteo-album (L.) Hilliard & B.L.Burtt, umgilane,

BCRH 1741

Psilocaulon parviflorum (Jacq.) Schwantes, iqina, Skd

Psoralea pinnata L., umhlonitshwa, R&JG; D&C 1807

Psychotria capensis (Eckl.) Vatke, umgonogono, Skd; izintlwa, D&C

1817

Psvdrax obovata (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Bridson, ubombonemfene, unyelam-

bila, Skd

Ptaeroxylon obliquum (Thunb.) Radik., umthothe, umthathi, Skd;

BCRH 1764a; umpafa, BCRH 62, 440, 603, 876, 1313;

umthathi, D&C 1503, 1820

Pterocelastrus

rostratus Walp., itywina, Skd

tricuspidatus (Lam.) Sond., itywina, utwyina, ibholo, Skd

Pteronia incana (Burm.) DC., ibhubhusi, ibosisi*, D&C 1500; C&D

Pulicaria scabra (Thunb.) Druce, ubuhlungu bomlambof, BCRH 443

Putterlickia pyracantha (L.) Szyszyl., umqaqoba, Skd; C&D

Pycnostachys reticulata (E.Mey.) Benth., itywina, BCRH 1716

Pycreus polystachyos (Rottb.) P.Beauv., isikhaba, R&JG

Pyracantha sp., undunyungu, BCRH 1290

Rabdosiella calycirui (Benth.) Codd, umzekhwa, umpoqoza, ikhambi, Skd

Ranunculus

multifidus Forssk., ukukhubela, umsolo uwukhubele umlambof , igan-

gashane lomqalo, igangashane, irajojo, iyeza lomqalaf, uno-

tabalaza, iyeza ledumaf, BCRH 771, 854, 855, 905, 1137,

1382, 1438, 1609; ubukhubelo, BCRH 88

sp., iyeza lasekayaf, Skd

Rapanea melanophloeos (L.) Mez, isiqalati, isiqwane sehlatif, isiqal-

abasehlatif, Skd; udumo olubomvu, umemezi, umaphipha,

itshongwe lehlathif, isiqhalapa, BCRH 76, 254, 271, 437, 938,

1193, 1193a, 1548; isaqoni, BCRH 1705a; intlungunyembe,

D&C 1813

Raplianus raphanistrum L., isiqwashumbe, isiqwathumbe, BCRH 32,

33, 1169, 1329, 1594

Raphionacme

hirsuta (E.Mey.) R. A. Dyer ex E.Phillips, intsema, Skd; imfingwana,

ingcubulenja, BCRH 598; ipozi, BCRH 1703a

sp., umfingo ubuhlungu benyoka, inogubulenja, BCRH 967a

Rauvolfia caffra Sond., umhlambamase, umtundisa, umjela, umhlamba

amasi, Skd; umjelo, R&JG

Rawsonia lucida Harv. & Sond., umnqayi weputi, umpitshi wehlatif,

umnqayi masende, umlongo, Skd

Rclhania genistifolia (L.) L’Her., isinuka, Skd

Rhamnus prinoides L’Her., umnyenye, umlindi, Skd; ulatile, ulun-

yenye, umamfobe, unyenye, BCRH 96, 96a, 469. 1141, 1502,

1574, 1659, 1724; R&JG

Rhinephyllum sp., intshawu, BCRH 1757a, BCRH 228

Rhizophora mucronata Lam., umhluma, Skd

Rhoicissus

digitata (L.f.) Gilg & Brandt, intwanza, Skd; itsolo lendumbo, BCRH

1184; uchithibhunga, D&C 1717, 1692; umgcebha, C&D

Bothalia 29,2 (1999)

277

Rhoicissus (cont.)

revoilii Planch., ingximba, R&JG

rhomboidea (E.Mey. ex Harv.) Planch., umnxeba, BCRH 214

sp., umgcebha, isaqoni, Skd ; BCRH 599

tomentosa (Lain.) Wild & R.B.Drumm., isaqoni, BCRH 1403 ;

uchithibhunga, D&C 1749

tridentata (L.f.) Wild & R.B.Drumm. subsp. cuneifolia (Eckl. &

Zeyh.) Urton, ulatile, umnxeba, BCRH 38, 67

tridentata (L.f.) Wild & R.B.Drumm. subsp. tridentata, umnxeba,

Sled; isaqoni, BCRH; R&JG; uchithibhunga, D&C 1764

Rhus (generic), intlokolotshane, Skd

chirindensis Baker f., intlokotshane enkulu, umhlakothi omkhulu,

Skd; incakotshi, intlolokotshane, BCRH 431. 1657

crenata Thunb., umhlokotshane, R&JG

dentata Thunb., incakotshi, intlolokotshane yedobo, intlokotshane,

R&JG

discolor E.Mey. ex Sond., intlokotshane, umnungumabele, inkobe-

sehlungulu, umgumabela, Skd

fastigiata Eckl. & Zeyh., intlokotshane yedobo, intlokotshane enci-

nane, Skd; intlokolotshane encinci, R&JG

incisa L.f. var. effusa (C.Presl) R Fern., unongqutu, D&C 1670; C&D

laevigata L., umhlangothi, umhlakothi, Skd

lancea L.f., iqunguwe, iqwela, Skd

lucida L., intlokoshane, intlakoshanebomvu, Skd; umchane, amapozi,

BCRH 1578

pyroides Burch., incakotshi, BCRH 1296, 1697

refracta Eckl. & Zeyh., intlolokotshane, BCRH 710

rehmanniana Engl., umhlakothi, umhlanghoti, intlolokotshane, int-

lokotshane ephakathi, Skd; imbokodi, BCRH 1425, 1715;

incakotshi, BCRH 1652

undulata Jacq., inhlokolotshane, Skd

Rhynchosia

capensis (Burm.) Schinz, isachagwe, BCRH 1649

harveyi Eckl. & Zeyh., iyeza lesisu segazif, BCRH 988; uvuma,

BCRH 216, 217, 988a, 1109

minima (L.) DC., iyeza lesisut, Skd

totta (Thunb.) DC., isicagwe, unomcela, BCRH 1289, 1318

Richardia brasiliensis Gomes, unomabhutyubhutyu, BCRH 152

Ricinus communis L., umhlavuthwa, umkakuva, umhlakuva, Skd; um-

chakuva, umhlawuvuthwa, BCRH 91, 882, 925

Rinorea angustifolia (Thouars) Baill., ukutya kwemfene, ugudlamfene, Skd

Roella glomerata A. DC., ibhosisi*, Skd; ugazini obomva, BCRH 323

Rorippa

fluviatilis (E.Mey. ex Sond.) Thell , inkatanyana, utyuthu, ubuhlungu

begamba, BCRH 307, 1345, 1474

nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Hayek, umkulu, Skd; ivatali*, uwatala*,

BCRH 1323, 1750. 1751

Rothmannia globosa (Hochst.) Keay, umzukuza, umgupe, umsugusu,

umgube, umgupa, Skd

Rubia petiolaris DC., ubulawu obubomvu, ubulawo, impendulo, isir-

wexa, BCRH 142, 895, 1519; impendulo, D&C 1831

Rubus

ludwigii Eckl. & Zeyh., iqunube, unomlatana, BCRH 1231, 1654

pinruitus Willd., iqunube, Skd; utywala bentaka, BCRH 199. 1119,

1120, 1646; imbimbi, BCRH 1388

rigidus Sm., uingcunube, Skd; iqunube, idinde, BCRH 1227, 1630,

1677

sp., ibimbi, iqunube, Skd; BCRH 421, 1678

Rumex

acetosella L., umhlonyana, Cks 10

crispus L., ubuhlunga, Skd; idolo lenkonyana, BCRH 860, 1437

lanceolatus Thunb., idolonyana, Skd; idolo lenkonyana, BCRH 7,

156, 1532, 1693, 1727; umnewane, BCRH s.n., 1610

obtusifolius L., idolo lenkonyane, BCRH 547

sagittatus Thunb., itonisi, BCRH 519

steudelii Hochst. ex A. Rich., iyeza lesilondaf, BCRH 1134; idolo

lenkonyane, D&C 1519; C&D

Ruschia sp., igcakriya, Skd

Ruta graveolens L., iyeza lomoyat, ivendrit*, BCRH 66, 763, 863,

' 1100, 1623; ivendrit*, D&C 1413; C&D

Salix

babylonica L., umngcunube, umngcunube, BCRH 1300, 1656

capensis Thunb., umthentsema, umbhenya, umngcunube, umgcunu-

be, umswi, Skd

mucronata Thunb., umnculuba, umswi, umqcwimbe, umngcunube,

Skd; umngcumube, BCRH s.n.

Salsola kali L., isinama sasemasimini, BCRH s.n.

Salvia

aurita L.f , isicakathi, isikhikhi, BCRH 884

scabra L.f., isicakathi, usikhikhi, Skd; BCRH 1190

sp, umninawa, BCRH 322

Samolus valerandi L., umsolo womlambot, umsolo omkulu, umtwana

womlambot, BCRH 44, 851, 852

Sanicula elata Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don, ubukhubelo, umvuthuza, BCRH

242; AJG 932, 4894

Sansevieria

hyacinthoides (L.) Druce, isikholokotho, Skd; ipewula, isikholokatha,

BCRH 98

thyrsiflora (L.) Druce, isikolokotho, C&D

Sapium ellipticum (Krauss) Pax, umbongolo, umbengele, Skd

Sarcophyte sanguinea Sparrm., umavumbuka, BCRH 115a, 1274

Sarcostemma viminale (L.) R.Br., umbenele, Skd; iphozi, iphuzi, BCRH

100; umbelebele, D&C 1666; C&D

Satyrium parviflorum Sw., intelezi, BCRH 1185

Scabiosa

africana L , umthi wochwane, BCRH 1123

albanensis R. A. Dyer, isilawu, Skd

columbaria L., iyeza lamehlot, Skd

sp., umthi omnandi, BCRH 1668

Scadoxus

multiflorus (Martyn) Raf. subsp. katharinae (Baker) Friis & Nordal,

inkupulwane, BCRH 1102

puniceus (L.) Friis & Nordal, umphompho wezinja, BCRH 1518;

inkuphulwana, BCRH 111

Scaevola plumieri (L.) Vahl, umqhaphu, Skd

Schefflera umbellifera (Sond.) Baill., umsenge, umkisiso, umgezisa,

Skd

Schinus molle L., umngcunube, BCRH 193, 908; ipepile*, C&D

Schistostephium

crataegifolium (DC.) Fenzl ex Harv., umhlonyane omnyama, BCRH

1524

flabelliforme Less., isipetshane, Skd; umhlonyane omnyama, umhlo-

nyane wamalawu, BCRH 455; R&JG

hippiifolium (DC.) Hutch., umhlonyane, BCRH 468, 1144

Schizoglossum cordifolium E.Mey., isiwara, BCRH 1201

Schkuhria pinnata (Lam.) Cabrera, umbethe wethafat, inkatshu, BCRH

175, 390

Schoenoplectus

littoralis (Schrad.) Palla, umkhanzi, BCRH 206

paludicola (Kunth) Palla ex J.Raynal, intsasela, Skd

Schotia

afra (L.) Thunb., umgxam, umgonge, intiza, umqaqoba, umconci,

umqonci, umquqoba, Skd; umgxam, umqonci, BCRH 212,

435

brachypetala Sond., umfofofo, ishimnumyane, Skd

latifolia Jacq., umgxama, umgxam, umxamo, Skd; umaphipha, umgxam,

umthi wamakhosit. BCRH 104, 202, 881; R&JG; umgxam,

D&C 1754, 1833; umaphipha, C&D

Schrebera alata (Hochst.) Welw., umgwenyehlangula, Skd

Scilla

nervosa (Burch.) Jessop, umagaqana, Skd; inkwitelu, BCRH

sp., ugontsana, umasixabane, BCRH 305, 1405

Scirpus nodosus Rottb., idulu, R&JG

Scolopia

mundii (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Warb., iqumza, isinqandizembet, umnqanqa,

Skd; umnguni, umnqanqa, umshwaqa, iqumza, BCRH 194

z.eyheri (Nees) Harv., umqokolo, iqumza, umqaqoba, iqumza eli-

nameva, umquqoba, Skd; iqumxa elinameva, iqumza,

R&JG

Scutia myrtina (Burm.f.) Kurz, uqapula, umqapuna, umqokwane,

umsondezo, ubobo, umqaphula, Skd; isiphingo, umagengenene,

R&JG; isiphingo, C&D

Sebaea

hymenosepala Gilg, ibulawo, Skd

sp., umsolo, BCRH 58

Secamone

alpini Schultes, iyeza lentlokof, ityholo, BCRH 1234; R&JG

filiformis (L.f.) J.H.Ross, ubuka, ikhubalo, ikhubalo elimnyama,

BCRH 204, 750, 777; imbijela, Cks 2; C&D

Selaginella kraussiana (Kunze) A.Br. ex Kuhn, ubulawu, BCRH; AJG

4883

Selago corymbosa L., iyeza lamaqakuvat, BCRH 937

Senecio

albanensis DC., unodlwabiyele, Skd; BCRH 333

angulatus L.f., indindilili, Skd; ichongwane, ichungwane, iphung-

wana, BCRH 749, 947, 1424, 1272, s.n. ; iphungwana, BCRH 40

brachypodus DC., iphunga, BCRH 528

bupleuroides DC., idwarane, Skd

278

Bothalia 29,2 (1999)

Senecio (cont.)

coronatus (Thunb.) Harv., indlebe yebokwe, Skd: iyeza lesisut, iyeza

lomoyat, BCRH 113, 423, 998. 999. 1058. 1611. s.n.; iyeza

lamasit, D&C 1809

deltoideus Less., undenze, ikhubalo lesikova, Skd: uquntani, unden-

ze, umdenze, iqabandlovu, BCRH 45, 240. 1306: AJG 332.

832, 1311. 1664, 4892: ithyolo, C&D

elegans L., izuba, Skd

erubescent Aiton, uvelemonti, Skd: BCRH 40b, 329

ilicifolius L., inkanga, Skd: BCRH 330

inaequidens DC., inkwandlankwandlane, inkondlonkondlwane,

BCRH 41, 42a, 42b. 1435: impondlampondla, BCRH 10, 42,

816, 1739: isonki, BCRH 1105

isatideus DC., inkanga, Skd: idwara, BCRH 1059

latifolius DC., idwara, iyeza lasekhayaf, Skd

macrocepludus DC., ihlaba lenkomo, Skd: umthi wamahilihili, BCRH

1604

othonniflorus DC., idwara, BCRH 1163

oxyodontus DC., inkwandla, inkwandlane yaselwandle, R&JG

pterophorus DC., inkanga, Skd: BCRH 50b: R&JG

quinquelobus (Thunb.) DC., uchantikhulu, Skd

retrorsus DC., idwarane, idwara, Skd: idwara lesilonde, indwarane,

BCRH 131. 331, 842, 1069, 1070, 1071, 1160

sp., inkamamasane, idwarane, idarane, Skd: utyumbembe, idwara,

indendilili, iyeza lamoyat, BCRH 282, 498, 765, 789

speciosus Willd., umdambiso, Skd

Setaria verticillata (L.) P.Beauv., isinama, Skd

Sida dregei Burtt Davy, umdiza wethafaf, Skd

Sideroxylon inerme L., umqwashu, umnweba, Skd: umqwashu, R&JG:

C&D

Silene

burchellii Otth, iyeza lehashef, Skd

undulata Aiton, ubulawu obumhlope, unozitholana, iinkomo yentaba,

BCRH 284, 285, 981, 1332, 1536: icham, ubulawu, D&C 1502

Sisymbrium

burchellii DC., isiqwashumbe, Skd

capense Thunb., isiqwashumbe, BCRH 39

Smodingium argutum E.Mey. ex Sond., utovani, umtomvane, Skd

Solarium

aculeastrum Dun., umthuma, itunga, Skd: umthuma, umthuma omku-

lu, BCRH 114, 192, 1186, 1367, 1529, 1700

aculeatissimum Jacq., umthuma, BCRH 249, 1364

burbankii Bitter, umsobo, umsobo wezinja, BCRH 800, 801

capense L., umthuma, Skd: BCRH 1188, 1189

chenopodioides Lam., umsobo, umsobo wezinja, BCRH 847, 1191

coccineum Jacq., umthuma, BCRH 1365

giganteum Jacq., icubalasendle, Skd

incanum L., umthuma, BCRH 1199: umthuma omncinci, BCRH 811,

929, 930, 954, 1501

mauritianum Scop., umbangabanga, Skd

nigrum L , umsobo, umsobosobo, umsobo wezinja, Skd: umsobo

wehlathif, umsobo wamanixwa, BCRH 1, la, lb, 3, 3b, 4, 5,

802, 1138, 1192, 1380: umsobo, Cks 11: isanama, C&D

pseudocapsicum L , utshesi, umthuma, Skd: umthumawezinja, BCRH

265

rctroflexum Dun , umsobo, umsobosobo, umvumadoda, BCRH 2, 3a,

484, 1190, 1378, 1379, 1563, 1700, 1743

rigescens Jacq., umthuma Skd: umthuma omncinci, BCRH: AJG 89,

928

sodomaeodes Kuntze, umtuma, Skd

sp., impehla, umthuma, Skd: umthuma, umsobo wezinja, BCRH 900:

umathuma, C&D

tomentosum L., umthuma, BCRH 69, 89, 1366

tuberosum L , itapile*, amagqabi etapile*, iitapile*, igqabi lwetapile*,

BCRH 394, 724, 1602, 1686

Sonchus

asper (L.) Hill, ihlaba, irwabe, irwabe lomlambot, iyeza lethabaf,

BCRH 840, 841, 808, 904, 1593: umarhobobo, irwabe, BCRH

1162 , 1551

dregeanus DC., irwabe lebokwe, Skd ; unomcwetshwana, utsolwane,

irwabe lenyoka, BCRH 419, 807, 839, 1054, 1361: ihlabahla-

bane, BCRH 986, 986a: iyeza lehlabat, BCRH 407, 1432

oleraceus L., ihlaba, irwabe, Skd: ihlaba, irwabe lenyoka, irwabe

lethafat, irwabe labantu, BCRH 7, 8. 8b, 8c, 9, 806, 1057,

1326, 1327, 1398

sp., irwabe, BCRH 727: imbuya ebovu, BCRH 1360 ; ihlaba, C&D

Sorghum

dochna (Forssk.) Snowden, imfi, imfe, Skd

sp., igqabi lezimba, BCRH 361, izimba, BCRH 1214

Spartiurn junceum L., isitorhom esimhlophe, BCRH 1595

Spirostachys africana Sond., umthombothi, Skd: BCRH 87: AJG 82

Sporobolus

africanus (Poir.) Robyns & Tournay, umtshiki, Skd: umsingizane,

R&JG

pyramidalis P.Beauv., umsengilazane, umgwigwi, umsingilizane, Skd

Stachys

aethiopica L., isihawuhawu, BCRH 1476: itshilisi yabantsundu,

BCRH: igangatshane, BCRH 1752

sp., unopepilana, irhajojo, BCRH s.n.

Stellaria media (L.) Vill ., impontshane, BCRH 1420

Strelitzia nicolai Regel & Korn., inkamanga, isigude, isigceba, Skd

Streptocarpus rexii (Hook.) Lindl . , umfazi, BCRH 385: umthi wengqele,

BCRH 370

Striga

elegans Benth., unmake, Skd

gesenerioides (Willd.) Vatke ex Engl., igalo, Skd

Strophanthus gerrardii Stapf, amakhukhumezane, ukukhukhumeza,

Skd

Strychnos

decussata (Pappe) Gilg, umkhangele, ilinama, umhlamalala, Skd:

udlambalala, C&D

henningsii Gilg, umnonono, umnono, Skd: uhlambalala, umnonono,

umqalothi, udlambalala, BCRH 491, 779, 795, 927, 1140:

R&JG

madagascariensis Poir., umgulugula, Skd

mitis S. Moore, umngqunquti, Skd

spinosa Lam., isihlele, Skd: umnonono, D&C 1752

Sutera

aurantiaca (Burch.) Hiern, umhlonyane wetafat, BCRH 312, 444

laxiflora (Benth.) Kuntze, iyeza lamehlof, BCRH 909

microphylla (L.f.) Hiern, igwanishe lenyoka, Skd

racemosa (Benth.) Kuntze, iyeza lamehlof, BCRH 924

sp., umadotyeni, umhlonyane wethafaf, BCRH 312, 369: itinini,

BCRH 138

Sutherlandia frutescens (L.) R.Br., umnwele, Skd: ivenetyela, BCRH

80, 471

Syzygium

cordaturn Hochst., untdoni, uinswi, Skd: umsu, BCRH 1099

gerrardii (Harv. ex Hook.f.) Burtt Davy, umjomi bomva, umjome

wehlatif, umanzani, Skd

Tabernaemontana ventricosa Hochst. ex A. DC., umhlambamasi, Skd

Tagetes minuta L., intsangwana, intsanguntsangu, Skd: unukayo, umva

womfana, BCRH 115, 391, 762, 1204

Talinum

caffrum (Thunb.) Eckl. & Zeyh., uphuncuka, uphuncuka bemphethe,

BCRH 122, 122b, 177: uphuluka bempethe, BCRH 1766a:

upuncuka, D&C 1675

sp., umhlabelo puntsu, umhlabelo, umhlabelo ncolo, Skd

Taraxacum

officinale Weber (sens. lat. ), irwabe lenyoka, Skd: uqudalele,

ikhokhoyi, irwabe lethafat, intshebe yebokhwe, unom-

cwetshwana, iyeza lehlabat, umaseti, BCRH 10, 273, 327,

739, 820, 821, 837, 1310, 1359, 1399, 1584: ihlaba, C&D

serotinum (Waldst. & Kit.) Poir., irwabe lethafat, BCRH 11

Tarchonanthus camphoratus L., isiduli selinde, isiduli, umathola, Skd:

igqange, R&JG

Tecla natalensis (Sond.) Engl., umzane, umsingozane, Skd

Tecomaria capensis (Thunb.) Spach. inkaca, umsilingi, idywadi, Skd:

icakatha, D&C 1679

Teedia lucida Rudolphi, uvethe, Skd

Tephrosia

macropoda (E.Mey.) Harv., intozane, Skd

polystachya E.Mey., imbanjana, imbtine, Skd

Tetradenia riparia (Hochst.) Codd, iboza, BCRH 104

Tetragonia sp., utyuthu, BCRH 302

Teucrium

africanum Thunb., ubuhlungu benyushu, ubuhlungu, Skd

kraussii Codd, ubuhlungu, Skd

sp., ubuhlungu begusha, BCRH 244: AJG 4891

trifidum Retz., ubuhlungu belifa, ubuhlungu bebhokhwe, isihlungu

sebokhwe, ubuhlungu bethafaf, BCRH 153a, 183, 758, 946,

1174, 1439, 1699, 1730: ubuhlungu, D&C 1508: C&D

Thalictrum rhynocarpum Dill & Rich., unuwathala BCRH 1556

Thamnoculamus

tessellatus (Nees) Soderstr. & R.P.Ellis, uduli, Skd: uqalo, iqalo,

imbambosi*, R&JG

fruticosus P J.Bergius, isinama, Skd

Themeda triandra Forssk., umsinde, iqunde, Skd: umrithi, BCRH 838

Bothalia 29,2 (1999)

279

Thesium sp., umbiza, C&D

Thunbergia capensis Retz., iyeza lehashet, Skd: iyeza lezilondaf,

BCRH 424: ubuhlungu bezikhali, Cks 14

Thymelaceae (Family) umakhunkula, Skd

Tolpis capensis (L.) Sch.Bip., incolo, BCRH 1315

Trachyandra

affinis Kunth, isihlungu sesisu novalof, BCRH 1412: uyakayakana,

R&JG

revoluta (L.) Kunth, umpapane R&JG

Tragopogon porrifolius L., intshebe yebokwe, BCRH 1368, 1698

Tretna orientalis (L.) Blume, umvumvu, uphakane, umvaganzi, umben-

gele, Skd

Tribulus terrestris L., inkunzane, BCRH 164, 829, 1151

Tricalysia lanceolata (Sond.) Burtt Davy, umdlesa, Skd

Trichilia

dregeana Sond., umkhuhlu, Skd: R&JG

emetica Vahl, umkhuhlu, BCRH 1037: isibara, BCRH 459: umkhulu,

Skd

Trichocladus

crinitus (Thunb.) Pers., ithambo, Skd

ellipticus Eckl. & Zeyh., umqongci, umvawenyathi, itambo, Skd: isi-

duli, R&JG

Triglochin bulbosa L., inqoba yomgxobhozo, Skd

Trimeria grandifolia (Hochst.) Warb., utabatane, umnqabane, ixabelo,

idlebendlovu, indlebe zendlovu, igqabela, igqabile, Skd: utshi-

lo, intendekwana. isithebe, BCRH 754, 1653: R&JG

Tulbaghia

acutiloba Harv., isivumbampunzi, BCRH 128

alliacea L.f., ivimbampunzi, Skd: umvvelela, isivumbampunzi, BCRH

845, 1506

sp., isivumba mpunzi, itswele lomlamboT, Skd: umwelela, BCRH 834,

1483: umwelela, C&D

violacea Harv., utswelane, BCRH 1079

Turbina sp., igqokisi, BCRH 189, 219, 1760a

Tylophora cordata (Thunb.) Druce, ikhubalo, BCRH 231: AJG 4882

Typha

capensis (Rohrb.) N.E.Br., inqoboka, ingcongolo, umkhanzi, Skd

domingensis Pers., umkhanzi, Skd

Umtiz.a listeriana Sim, umtiza, Skd

Urginea

altissima (L.f.) Baker, uzabokwe, D&C 1671. 1698: C&D

macrocentra Baker, injoba, Skd

sp., ingwebeba, BCRH 78: uredeni, D&C 1704: inqweneba, C&D

Urtica

dioica L., umbabazane, Skd: uralijane wamanxiwa, BCRH 328

lobulata E.Mey. ex Blume, uralijane wamanxiwa, uralijane, Skd:

BCRH 25a

sp., urasi, umbabazane, amarhawu, Skd

urens L., uralijane wamanxiwa, umbabazane, Skd: uralijane, BCRH

23a, 23b, 24, 940, 1520

Valeriana capensis Thunb., umvuthuza, BCRH 367

Vangueria

infausta Burch., umvilo, BCRH 1416

sp., umvilo, Skd

Vepris lanceolata (Lam.) G.Don, umngumaswile, umzani, umn-

qumaswile, Skd: ilatile lokuqhumisa, ubulawo, ubulawo

bamandungane, BCRH 195: R&JG

Verbena venosa Gillies & Hook., iyeza lokukhupha isisuj- BCRH 311

Vernonia

capensis (Houtt.) Druce, inkanga, BCRH 1056: isiqaji, BCRH 1635

mespilifolia Less., umsobo wehlatif, Skd: udomo, udunyana, uhlun-

guhlungu, umathamnandi, BCRH 45, 45a 420, 740, 780, 869,

1523, 1396: R&JG: uhlunguhlungu, D&C 1759

natalensis Sch.Bip. ex Walp., umthi wezulu, BCRH 1088, 1181

oligocephala (DC.) Sch.Bip. ex Walp., itshayelwana liyapungwa,

BCRH 1307

sp., uhlunguhlungu, Skd

Vicia sp., ivicks*, BCRH 275: ivincent*, BCRH 756

Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp., isacoyi, BCRH 1481

Vinca major L. iflawa*, D&C 1511: C&D

Viola sp., umadebeza, BCRH 1644

Vtrgilia divaricata Adamson, umzitsikama, Skd

Viscum

obscurum Thunb., indembu, isisende, Skd: isebe, BCRH s.n.: isisende,

C&D

sp., umtomvi, Skd

Vitellariopsis marginata (N.E.Br.) Aubrev., umbumbulu, Skd

Vitis vinifera L , umdiliya, BCRH 439

Voacanga thouarsii Roem. & Schult., umtomvi, Skd

Wahlenbergia

rivularis Diels, ipipiyo, Skd

stellarioides Cham. & Schltdl ., ipepilana, Skd

undulata (L.f.) A. DC., unopeperane, BCRH 1130

Walafrida

densiflora (Rolfe) Rolfe, iyeza lamaqhakuvat, BCRH 1124, 1182

geniculata (L.f.) Rolfe, umsolo webele, BCRH 304

Watsonia sp., ithembu, BCRH 105: igotyiba, Skd

Withania somnifera (L.) Dun., ubuvimba, ubtishwa, ubuvuntba, ucwe-

thikazi, BCRH 12a, 72, 939, 1552: ubuvimba, D&C 1516, C&D

Xanthium

spinosum L , itshungu, Skd: ikhakakhaka, itshungu. BCRH 414, 796,

1557

strumarium L., itshungu, ikhakakhaka, BCRH 413, 1239

Xymalos monospora (Harv.) Baill. ex Warb., inkomanzi, Skd:

umnonono, umvethi, uvethe, BCRH: R&JG

Xysmalobium

orbiculare (E.Mey.) D. Dietr., umnqathe, itshongwe, R&JG

undulatum (L.) W.T.Aiton, itshongwe, iyeza elimhlopet. ishongwe,

Skd: igqubu lenja, itshongwe, itsongwe, BCRH 991, 991a,

996, 996a, 997

Zantedeschia

aethiopica (L.) Spreng., intebe, inyibiba, Skd: BCRH 368, 1292,

1628, 1748: umbona wemfene, BCRH 1628

albomaculata (Hook.) Baill. subsp. albomaculata, umatapile*,

umbona wemfene, BCRH 966

sp., inyinyiba, Skd: umatapile*, intebe, inyibiba, BCRH 225, 751

Zanthoxylum

capense (Thunb.) Harv., isifutho, umnungwamabele, umlunguma-

bele, umnikandiba, Skd: BCRH 17 198, 951, 952, " 1723:

R&JG: umlungumabele, Cks 1

davyi (l.Verd.) RG. Waterman, umlungumabele, umnungumabele,

R&JG: Skd: Cks: C&D

Zea mays L. umbone, R&JG 122

Zehneria scabra (L.f.) Sond., itanga, usimbene, ukalimela, Skd:

utangazana, BCRH 1089: ithuvana, BCRH 982a

Ziz.iphus mucronata Willd., umphafa, R&JG: D&C 1711

Sour grass (-veld), ijojo, Skd

Sweet grass (-veld), isandle, Skd

Forest (indigenous), ihlathi lesiXhosa, C&D

Forest (plantation), ihlathi lesilungu, C&D

Grassland, ithafa, C&D

ECOLOGICAL TERMS

Wetland, umgxobhozo, C&D

Desert, intlanga, C&D

Rocky outcrop, irexe, C&D

Southern aspect, umzantsi, C&D

Northern aspect, umntla, C&D

ALPHABETICAL INDEX OL XHOSA PLANT NAMES AND ECOLOGICAL TERMS

Abakwetha, Helichrysum pedunculatum Hilliard & B.L.Burtt

Amabinda, Capparis fascicularis DC.

Amacirha, Brachylaena glabra (L.f.) Druce

Amagantsi, Ipomoea simplex Thunb.

Amagele, Ipomoea simplex Thunb.

Amagontsi, Ipomoea simplex Thunb.

Amagqabi etapile. Solatium tuberosum L.

Amahashe ayatsala, Phytolacca octandra L.

Amakholwa, Oenothera sp.

Amakholwajika nelanga, Oenothera tetraptera Cav.

Amakhukhumezane, Strophanthus gerrardii Stapf

Amaluleka, Noltea africana (L.) Rchb.f.

Amampondo, Galinsoga parviflora Cav., Nicandra physalodes (L.)

Gaertn.

280

Bothalia 29,2 (1999)

Amanzamnyama, Anemone tenuifolia (L.f.) DC.

Amapozi, Rhus lucida L.

Amarhawu, Urtica sp.

Amasetole, Mimusops caffra E.Mey. ex A. DC.

Amasitole, Mimusops obovata Sond.

Amasuntsu, Cucurbitaceae

Amazimba, Holcus lanatus L.

Exhomiseyile, Bidens bipinnata L.

Ibethamtunzi, Carissu bispinosa (L.) Desf. ex Brenan

Ibhekalanga, Centella coriacea Nannfd.

Ibhobhosi, Elytropappus rhinocerotis (L.f.) Less.

Ibholo, Pterocelastrus tricuspidatus (Lam.) Sond.

Ibhosisi, Aloysia triphylla (L’Her.) Britton, Calendula officinalis L.,

Chamaesyce inaequilatera (Sond.) Sojak, Chrysocoma ciliata

L., Felicia filifolia (Vent.) Burtt Davy, Oedera genistifolia (L.)

Anderb. & Bremer, Pelargonium inquinans (L.) L’Her., Roella

glome rata A. DC.

Ibhosisi yendlebe, Abutilon sonneratianum (Cav.) Sweet

Ibhoza, Leucas martinicensis (Jacq.) R Br., L. sp.

Ibhubhusi, Beciutn burchellianum (Benth.) N.E.Br., Elytropappus

rhinocerotis (L.f.) Less., Pteronia incana (Burm.) DC.

Ibhucu, Agathosma apiculata G.Mey., Crinum sp., Han’eya huttonii

Hiem.

Ibhudabhutha, Datura stramonium L.

Ibimbi, Rubus sp.

Ibosisi, Pteronia incana (Burm.) DC.

Iboza. Plectranthus sp., Tetradenia riparia (Hochst.) Codd

Ibucu. Bulbine latifolia (L.f.) Roem. & Schult., Ornithngalum longi-

bracteatum Jacq.

Ibulawo, Sebaea hymenosepala Gilg

Ibutho, Myrsiphyllum asparagoides (L.) Willd.

Ibutu, Myrsiphyllum asparagoides (L.) Willd.

Icakatha, Tecomaria capensis (Thunb.) Spach

Icegceya, Conyza scabrida DC., Oenothera laciniata Hill

Icham, Silene undulata Aiton

Ichanti lomlambo, Harpephyllum caffrum Bemh. ex Kraus, s

Icholachola, Helichrysum miconiifolium DC., H. nudifolium (L.) Less.,

H sp., Mentha aquatica L.

Ichongwane, Senecio angulatus L.f.

Ichungwane, Senecio angulatus L.f.

Icimamlilo, Ilex mitis (L.) Radik., Pentanisia prunelloides (Klotzsch ex

Eckl. & Zeyh.) Walp.

Icolocolo, Helichrysum nudifolium (L.) Less.

Icoloshishi, Galinsoga parviflora Cav.

Icuba lesiXhosa elide, Nicotiana sp.

Icuba lesibhulu, Nicotiana tabacum L.

Icuba lamatye, Parmelia sp.

Icuba elide, Nicotiana tabacum L.

Icuba, Nicotiana tabacum L.

Icubalasendle, Solanum giganteum Jacq.

Icubalatole, Faurea macnaughtonii E. Phillips

Icubamfene, Nicotiana glauca Graham

Icwanci, Buddleja salviifolia (L.) Lam.

Icwangi, Buddleja salviifolia (L.) Lam.

Idaba, Miscanthus capensis (Nees) Anderss.

Idabulitye, Cissampelos capensis L.f.

Idama, Phoenix reclinata Jacq.

Idarane, Senecio sp.

Idinde, Rubus rigidus Sm.

Idlebendlovu, Trimeriu grandifolia (Hochst.) Warb.

Idobo, Miscanthus capensis (Nees) Anderss.

Idolo lenkonyana, Emex australis Steinh., Persicaria lapathifolia (L.)

Gray, Rumex crispus L., R. lanceolatus Thunb.

Idolo lenkonyane, Phytolacca sp., Rumex obtusifolius L , R. steudelii

Hochst. ex A. Rich.

Idolonyana, Rumex lanceolatus Thunb.

Idulu, Scirpus nodosus Rottb.

Iduma, Erianthemum dregei (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Tiegh.

Idumbe, Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott

Idwaba, Monanthotuxis caffra (Sond.) Verde.

Idwabane, Commelina africana L.

Idwabe, Monanthotuxis caffra (Sond.) Verde.

Idwara, Senecio isatideus DC., S. latifolius DC., S. othonniflorus DC.,

S. retrorsus DC., S. sp.

Idwara lesilonde, Senecio retrorsus DC.

Idwarane, Senecio bupleuroides DC., S. retrorsus DC., S. sp.

Idywabasi, Acacia mearnsii De Wild

Idywadi, Calpurnia glabrata Brummitt, Lycium ferocissimum Miers,

Tecomaria capensis (Thunb.) Spach

Ifensi, Cheilanthes luistata (L.f.) Kunze, C. quadripinnata (Forssk.) Kuhn

Ifidi lwenkomo, Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter

Ifmifini, Centaurea sp.

Iflawa, Vinca major L.

Ifokwe, Coccinia sessilifolia (Sond.) Cogn.

Igabu, F elicia filifolia (Vent.) Burtt Davy

Igabushe, Mestoklema sp.

Igagamlambo, Phragmites australis (Cav.) Steud.

Igalo, Striga gesenerioides (Willd.) Vatke ex Engl.

Iganashane, Berkheya decurrens (Thunb.) Willd.

Igangashane, Ranunculus multifidus Forssk.

Igangashane lomqalo. Ranunculus multifidus Forssk.

Igangasi. Felicia filifolia (Vent.) Burtt Davy

Igangatshane, Stachys aethiopica L.

Iganna, Gnidia sp.

Igcakriya, Ruschia sp.

Igcegceleya, Azima tetracantha Lam., Cassinopsis ilicifolia (Hochst.)

Kuntze

Igceya, Azima tetracantha Lam.

Igcokhwe, Cussonia paniculata Eckl. & Zeyh

Igcukuma, Carpobrotus edulis (L.) L. Bolus

Igcuthuma, Carpobrotus deliciosus (L. Bolus) L. Bolus

Igontsi, Asclepias gibba (E.Mey.) Schltr., Cyphia assimilis Sond., C.

volubilis (Burm.f.) Willd, Ipomoea simplex Thunb.

Igotyiba, Watsonia sp.

Igqabela, Homalium dentation (Harv.) Warb., Trimeria grandifolia

(Hochst.) Warb.

Igqabi lezimba. Sorghum sp.

Igqabi Iwetapile, Solanum tuberosum L.

Igqabile, Homalium dentation (Harv.) Warb., Trimeria grandifolia

(Hochst.) Warb.

Igqange, Buddleja saligna Willd., B. salviifolia (L.) Lam., Tarchonan-

thus camphoratus L.

Igqitha, Monsonia burkeana Planch, ex Harv., M. emarginata (L.f.)

L’Her.

Igqobole lenja, Pachycarpus dealbatus E.Mey.

Igqokisi, Turbina sp.

Igqubu lenja, Pachycarpus concolor E.Mey., P. dealbatus E.Mey.,

Xysmalobium undulatum (L.) W.T. Aiton

Igquzi, Physalis peruviana L.

Igqwakra, Catha edulis (Vahl) Forssk. ex Endl., Cunonia capensis L.

Igqwanatya, Commelina africana L.

Iguzibele, Physalis peruviana L.

Iguzu, Physalis peruviana L., P. sp.

Iguzu lezenga, Nicandra physalodes (L.) Gaertn

Iguzu lezinga, Nicandra physalodes (L.) Gaertn.

Igwada, Asclepias fruticosa L.

Igwangi, Buddleja salviifolia (L.) Lam.

Igwanishe lenyoka, Sutera microphylla (L.f.) Hiem

Igwanishe, Portulacaria qfra Jacq.

Igwanitsha, Portulacaria qfra Jacq.

Igwele, Anacampseros ustulata E.Mey ex Sond.

Igxwanci, Olea capensis L. subsp. capensis

Ihabile, Avena sativa L.

Ihlaba, Sonchus asper (L.) Hill, S. oleraceus L.. S. sp.. Taraxacum

officinale Weber (sens, lat.)

Ihlaba lenkomo, Senecio macrocephalus DC.

Ihlabahlabane, Sonchus dregeanus DC.

Ihlanangobo, Cotula heterocarpa DC.

Ihlathi lesilungu, forest (plantation)

Ihlathi lesiXhosa, forest (indigenous)

Ihlehlwe, Duvernoia adhatodoides E.Mey. ex Nees.

Ihlolo getyane, Crotalaria capensis Jacq.

Ihobe, Chenopodium album L.

Iindevu zomlungu, Galinsoga parviflora Cav.

Iinkomo yentaba, Silene undulata Aiton

Iitapile, Solanum tuberosum L.

Ijojo, sour grass (-veld)

ijongilanga, Malva parviflora L.

Ikambi, Plectranthus laxiflorus Benth.

Ikanna, Gnidia sp.

Ikati, Opuntia aurantiaca Lindl., O. sp.

Ikhakhaka, Berkheya carduoides (Less.) Hutch.

Ikhakakhaka, Xanthium strumarium L.

Ikhakhakhaka, Berkheya carduoides (Less.) Hutch., B. setifera DC.,

Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten., Xanthium spinosum L.

Ikhakhakhaka elikhulu, Berkheya decurrens (Thunb.) Willd

Bothalia 29,2 (1999)

281

Ikhakhakhaka lomlambo, Berkheya carduoides (Less.) Hutch.

Ikhala, Aloe (generic), A. africana Mill., A. candelabrum Berger. A.

ecklonis Salm-Dyck, A.ferox Mill., A. sp.. Agave americana L ,

A. sp.

Ikhalana, Aloe (generic), A. tenuior Haw.

Ikhamanga, Agave americana L.

Ikhambi, Rabdosiella calycina (Benth.) Codd

Ikhambi elinukayo, Nidorella sp.

Ikhambi lembelekisana, Berkheya setifera DC.

Ikhanakhana, Capsicum annuum L., C. sp.

Ikhiwane lasendle. Ficus sur Forssk.

Ikhokhoyi, Taraxacum officinale Weber (sens, lat.)

Ikhowa, Fungi, Termitomyces umkowaani (Cooke & Mass.) Reid.

Ikhubalo, Secamone filiformis (L.f.) J.H.Ross, Tylophora cordata

(Thunb.) Druce

Ikhubalo elimnyama, Kohautia amatymbica Eckl. & Zeyh., Secamone

filiformis (L.f.) J.H.Ross

Ikhubalo labadlezana, Limosella grandiflora Benth.

Ikhubalo labantwana, Kohautia amatymbica Eckl. & Zeyh.

Ikhubalo lechanti, Nymphaea capensis Thunb.

Ikhubalo lesikova, Senecio deltoideus Less.

Ikhubalo lezithunzela, Hypoxis hemerocallidea Fisch. & C.A.Mey.

Ikofu, Printz.ia pyrifolia Less.

Ikoronofile, Allium sp.

Ikreketsane, Ledebouria revoluta (L.f.) Jessop

Ikritsi, Argemone ochroleuca Sweet

Ikubalo, Asparagus sp.. Pelargonium reniforme Curtis, Protorhus longi-

folia (Bemh.) Engl.

Ikubalo lomkhondo wempahla, Potamogeton thunbergii Cham. & Schltdl.

Ikubalo lomlambo, Pelargonium pulveridentum Colv. ex Sweet

Ikunzi emhlope, Brunsvigia gregaria R. A. Dyer

Ilabateka, Hypoxis argentea Harv. ex Baker, H. rigidula Baker, H. sp.

Ilabatheka, Hypoxis hemerocallidea Fisch. & C.A.Mey.

Ilala, Hypluiene coriacea Gaertn.

Ilamfithi, Chrysanthemoides monilifera (L.) Norl.

Ilatile lokuqhumisa, Vepris lanceolata (Lam.) G.Don

Ilijambi, Eugenia zeyheri Harv.

Iliminza, Halleria lucida L.

Ilinama, Strychnos decussata (Pappe) Gilg

Ilitwakela, Drypetes arguta (Mull.Arg.) Hutch.

Ilitye, Ochna serrulata (Hochst.) Walp., Pappea capensis Eckl. &

Zeyh.

Ilotana, Buddleja salviifolia (L.) Lam.

Ilotyane, Buddleja salviifolia (L.) Lam.

Imbambosi, Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Thamnocalamus tessellatus

(Nees) Soderstr. & R.P.Ellis

Imbangeza, Heteromorpha arborescens (Spreng.) Cham. & Schltdl.

var. abyssinica (A. Rich.) H. Wolff

Imbanjana, Tephrosia polystachya E.Mey.

Imbijela, Secamone filiformis (L.f.) J.H.Ross

Imbikicane, Bidens pilosa L., Chenopodium album L., C. mucronatum

Thunb., C. murale L„ C. sp.

Imbikicane embomvu, Chenopodium album L.

Imbimbi, Rubus pinnatus Willd.

Imbokodi, Rhus rehmanniana Engl.

Imbomvana, Pleurostylia capensis (Turcz.) Loes.

Imbotyi kaxam, Dietes iridioides (L.) Sweet ex Klatt

Imbotyi kasathana, Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth

Imboya, Chenopodium ambrosioides L.

Imboza, Mentha spicata L.

Imbune, Tephrosia polystachya E.Mey.

Imbuya, Amaranthus hybridus L., A. spinosus L., Chenopodium album

L., Marrubium vulgare L.

Imbuya ebovu, Sonchus sp.

Imfe, Sorghum dochna (Forssk.) Snowden

Imfe yesele, Mariscus congestus (Vahl) C.B. Clarke

Imfeyesele, Carex mossii Nelmes

Imfi, Sorghum dochna (Forssk.) Snowden

Imfthlo, Capparis sepiaria L. var. citrifolia (Lam.) Toelken, C. tomen-

tosa Lam.

Imfingwana, Raphionacme hirsuta (E.Mey.) R A. Dyer ex E. Phillips

Imifino, Amaranthus hybridus L.

Imishi, Cyperus sp.

Imithwane, Cucurbita pepo L.

Imithwane yasendle, Cucurbita sp.

Imizi, Cyperus sp., C. textilis Thunb.

Imnama, Maytenus acuminata (L.f.) Loes.

Imoleboyi, Amaranthus thunbergii Moq.

Impangapanga, Phytolacca dioica L.

Impapane, Aloe tenuior Haw.

Impehla, Solatium sp

Impendulo, Rubia petiolaris DC.

Impepho, Helichrysum gymnocomum DC., H. odoratissimum (L.)

Sweet, H. splendidum (Thunb.) Less., H. trilineatum DC.

Impepho yabadlezana, Hermannia geniculata Eckl. & Zeyh.

Impinda, Araujia sericifera Brot.

Impingele, Indigofera sp.

Impondlampondla, Senecio inaequidens DC.

Imponjane, Galinsoga parviflora Cav.

Impontshane, Galinsoga parviflora Cav., Stellaria media (L.) Vill.

Impungempu, Datura stramonium L., Nicandra physalodes (L.)

Gaertn., Physalis angulata L.

Imvane, Asparagus suaveolens Burch., Geigeria ornativa O.Hoffm.

Imvomvo, Aloe sp., Centaurea sp.

Imvovo, Leonotis leonurus (L.) R.Br.

Imvumvu, Celtis africana Burm.f.

Inabulele, Convolvulus farinosus L.

Inca yomlambo, Isolepis cernua (Vahl) Roem. & Schult.

Incachane, Kniphofia sp., Mariscus congestus (Vahl) C.B. Clarke

Incagolo, Dovyalis caffra (Hook.f. & Harv.) Hook.f.

Incakotshi, Elephantorrhiz.a elephantina (Burch.) Skeels, Rhus

chirindensis Baker f., R. dentata Thunb., R. pyroides Burch., R.

rehmanniana Engl.

Inceba, Hermannia sp., Limeum aethiopicum Burnt., Polygala serpen-

taria Eckl. & Zeyh.

Incega, Clutia heterophylla Thunb.

Incema, Cyperus marginatus Thunb.

Incembu, Moraea elliotii Baker

Incetha. Asparagus suaveolens Burch.

Incetshe, Indigofera stricta L.f.

Incolo, Tolpis capensis (L.) Sch.Bip.

Incoloshishi, Galinsoga parviflora Cav.

Incolotshitshi, Leonotis ocymifolia (Burm.f.) Iwarsson

Incumncum, Carissa bispinosa (L.) Desf. ex Brenan, C. haematocarpa

(Eckl.) A.DC.

Indara, Cannabis sativa L

Indawa, Cyperus pulcher Thunb., C. sp.

Indembu, Vtscum obscurum Thunb.

Indendekwana, Ficus sp.

Indindilili, Senecio angulatus L.f., S. sp.

Indiyaza, Bersama tysoniana Oliv.

Indlebe yebokwe, Gunnera perpensa L., Marsilea macrocarpa C.Presl,

Senecio coronatus (Thunb.) Harv., Pelargonium lobatum

(Burm.f.) L’Her., P pulverulentum Colv. ex Sweet, P. schizo-

petalum Sweet, P. sp.

Indlebe yekati, Helichrysum pedunculatum Hilliard & B.L.Burtt

Indlebe yenkomo, Berkheya setifera DC.

Indlebe zendlovu, Trimeria grandifolia (Hochst.) Warb.

Indlebevu, Helichrysum appendiculatum (L.f.) Less.

Indlela zimhlope, Dianthus thunbergii Hooper

Indlungi, Protea sp.

Indlwabiyelo, Cotula heterocarpa DC.

Indlwabulele, Cotula anthemoides L.

Indololwane, Elephantorrhiz.a elephantina (Burch.) Skeels

Indongomane, Arachis hypogaea L

Indwarane, Senecio retrorsus DC.

Ingamdodlo, Aloe sp.

Ingca. Cannabis sativa L., Cymbopogon plurinodis (Stapf) Stapf ex

Burtt Davy, Poaceae

Ingca yaselwandle, marine algae

Ingca yokufulela, Poaceae (thatching grass)

Ingcaki, Lycium sp.

Ingcatha, Asparagus suaveolens Burch.

Ingcelwane, Aloe arborescens Mill., A. ecklonis Salm-Dyck, A. macu-

lata All., Asparagus sp., Bulbine alooides (L.) Willd., B. latifo-

lia (L.f.) Roem. & Schult.

Ingcethe, Conyza scabrida DC.

Ingcili, Clutia heterophylla Thunb

Ingcolo, Dioscorea dregeana (Kunth) T.Durand & Schinz, D. sp.

Ingcondo, Kiggelaria africana L.

Ingcongolo, Phragmites australis (Cav.) Steud., Typha capensis (Rohrb.)

N.E.Br.

Ingcubulenja, Raphionacme hirsuta (E.Mey.) R. A. Dyer ex E Phillips

Ingculu, Cyperus textilis Thunb.

Ingolwane, Clematis brachiata Thunb.

Ingqangangqanga, Datura sp., D. stramonium L., Nicotiana glauca

Graham

Ingubo yesele, fresh water algae

282

Bothalia 29,2 (1999)

Ingwebeba, Urginea sp.

Ingwenye, Harpephyllum caffrum Bemh. ex Krauss

Ingxalaba, Aloe ferox Mill.

Ingximba, Rhoicissus revoilii Planch.

Inhlokolotshane, Rhus undulata Jacq.

Injanga, Cycniutn racetnosum Benth.

Injica, Digitaria eriantha Steud.

Injoba, Urginea macrocentra Baker

Inkaca, Tecomaria capensis (Thunb.) Spach

Inkamamasane, Euphorbia bupleurifolia Jacq., E. flanaganii N.E.Br.,

E. pugniformis Boiss., Senecio sp.

Inkamanga, Strelitz.ia nicolai Regel & Korn.

Inkanga, Amaranthus sp.. Aster bakeranus Burtt Davy ex C.A.Sm.,

Conyza sp., Nidorella auriculata DC., Senecio ilicifolius L., S.

isatideus DC., S. pterophorus DC., Vernonia capensis (Houtt.)

Druce

Inkatanyana, Rorippa fluviatilis (E.Mey. ex Sond.) Thell.

Inkatazo, Alepidea amatymbica Eckl. & Zeyh., A. capensis (P.J.Ber-

gius) R. A. Dyer

Inkatshu, Moms alba L., Schkuhria pinnata (Lam.) Cabrera

Inkobe, Halleria lucida L.

Inkobesehlungulu, Rhus discolor E.Mey. ex Sond.

Inkolwane, Oxalis smithiana Eckl. & Zeyh.

Inkomanzi, Homalium dentatum (Harv.) Warb., Xymalos monospora

(Harv.) Baill. ex Warb.

Inkomba, Jubaeopsis caffra Becc.

Inkomoyentaba, Dianthus thunbergii Hooper

Inkondionkondlwane, Senecio inaequidens DC.

Inkowane, Fungi

Inkubele, Pelargonium alchemilloides (L.) L’Her.

Inkunzane, Emex australis Steinh., Tribulus terrestris L.

Inkuphulwana, Haemanthus sp., Scadoxus multiflorus (Martyn) Raf.

subsp. katharinae (Baker) Friis & Nordal, S. puniceus (L.) Friis

& Nordal

Inkwandla, Senecio oxyodontus DC.

Inkwandlane yaselwandle, Senecio oxyodontus DC.

Inkwandlankwandlane, Senecio inaequidens DC.

Inkwitelu, Scilla nervosa (Burch.) Jessop

Inocelwane, Aloe maculata All.

Inogubulenja, Raphionacme sp.

Inokam, Androcymbium longipes Baker

Inongwane, Centella eriantha (Rich.) Drude

Inongwe, Hypoxis argentea Harv ex Baker, H. sp., H. villosa L.f., El.

zeyheri Baker

Inqala, Allophyllus melanocarpus (Sond.) Radik.

Inqayana, Cryptocarya wyliei Stapf

Inqina, Mentha aquatica L

Inqoba, Cyperus esculentus L.

Inqoba yomgxobhozo, Triglochin bulbosa L.

Inqobo, Oxalis semiloba Sond.

Inqoboka, Cyperus fastigiatus Rottb., Typha capensis (Rohrb.) N.E.Br.

Inqudu, Olinia radiata J Hofmeyr & E. Phillips, O. ventosa (L.) Cufod.

Inqwebaba, Albuca sp.

Inqwebeba, Albuca setosa Jacq., Ledebouria revoluta (L.f.) Jessop,

Ornithogalum tenuifolium F.Delaroche

Inqwebebane, Ledebouria revoluta (L.f.) Jessop

Inqweneba, Urginea sp.

Inswadi, Boophane disticha (L.f.) Herb.

Intebe, Zantedeschia aethiopica (L.) Spreng., Z. sp.

Intekaza, Colpoon compressum PJ Bergius

Intekwane, Nymphaea capensis Thunb.

Intelezi, Aloe (generic), A. boylei Baker, A. ecklonis Salm-Dyck, A.

maculata All., A. sp., A. tenuior Haw., Albuca aurea Jacq.,

Aptenia cordifolia (L.f.) Schwantes, Bulbine asphodeloides (L.)

Willd , Crassula sp., Delosperma sp., Dracaena aletriformis

(Haw.) Bos, Eriospermum sp., Gasteria bicolor Haw., G.

croucheri (Hook f.) Baker, G. nitida (Salm-Dyck) Haw., G. sp.,

Haworthia attenuata Haw., H sp., Satyrium parviflorum Sw.

Intelezi bululwane, Gasteria croucheri (Hook.f.) Baker

Intelezi yobushwa, Bryophyllum delagoense (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Schinz

Intendekiwane, Maesa lanceolata Forssk.

Intendekwana, Trimeria grandifolia (Hochst.) Warb., Choristylis rham-

noides Harv.

Intentekiwane, Maesa lanceolata Forssk.

Intiza, Scholia afra (L.) Thunb.

Intlaka (gum). Acacia karroo Hayne

Intlakoshanebomvu, Rhus lucida L.

Intlakotshane enkulu, Euclea natalensis A. DC.

Intlanga, desert

Intlokolotshane, Rhus (generic)

Intlokolotshane encinci, Rhus fastigiata Eckl. & Zeyh.

Intlokoshane, Rhus lucida L.

Intlokotshane encinane, Rhus fastigiata Eckl. & Zeyh

Intlokotshane enkulu, Rhus chirindensis Baker f.

Intlokotshane ephakathi, Rhus rehmanniana Engl.

Intlokotshane yedobo, Rhus fastigiata Eckl. & Zeyh.

Intlolokotshane, Haemanthus sp., Leonotis ocymifolia (Burm f.)

Iwarsson, Rhus chirindensis Baker f., R dentata Thunb., R. dis-

color E.Mey. ex Sond., R. refracta Eckl. & Zeyh., R. rehmanni-

ana Engl.

Intlolokotshane yedobo, Rhus dentata Thunb.

Intlungunyembe, Acokanthera oblongifolia (Hochst.) Codd, A. opposi-

tifolia (Lam.) Codd, Rapanea melanophloeos (L.) Mez

Intlwathi, Lichtensteinia interrupta (Thunb.) Sond., L. sp.

Intlwathi enkulu, Lichtensteinia interrupta (Thunb.) Sond., L. sp.

Intlwati, Peucedanum sp.

Intlwhati, Lichtensteinia kolbeana Bolus

Into yendodendala, Hypochoeris radicata L.

Intololwanana, Elephantorrhiza elephantina (Burch.) Skeels

Intolwane, Elephantorrhiza elephantina (Burch.) Skeels, Loranthaceae

Intotyane, Bulbine asphodeloides (L.) Willd.

Intoyomntwana, Cyphostemma cirrhosum (Thunb.) Descoings ex Wild

& R.B.Drumm.

Intozane, Dais cotinifolia L., Englerodaphne pilosa Burtt Davy, Indi-

gqfera stricta L.f., Tephrosia macropoda (E.Mey.) Harv.

Intozani, Englerodaphne subcordata (Meisn.) Engl., Peddiea africana

Harv.

Intozwane, Gnidia anthylloides (L.f.) Gilg

Intsangu, Cannabis sativa L

Intsanguntsangu, Tagetes minuta L.

Intsangwana, Tagetes minuta L.

Intsanzimane, Diospyros whyteana (Hiem) F.White

Intsasa, Protea coronata Lam.

Intsasela, Hypoestes sp., Mariscus congestus (Vahl) C.B.Clarke, Schoeno-

plectus paludicola (Kunth) Palla ex J.Raynal

Intsele, Euphorbia bupleurifolia Jacq.

Intsema, Euphorbia (generic), E. bupleurifolia Jacq , E. gorgonis Ber-

ger, E. pugniformis Boiss., Raphionacme hirsuta (E.Mey.)

R. A. Dyer ex E. Phillips

Intsenge, Cussonia spicata Thunb.

Intshawu, Rhinephyllum sp.

Intshebe yebokhwe. Taraxacum officinale Weber (sens, lat.)

Intshebe yebokwe, Tragopogon porrifolius L.

Intshikivane, Diospyros natalensis (Harv.) Brenan

Intshilo, Capparis sepiaria L. var. citrifolia (Lam.) Toelken

Intshitshi, Agrimonia eupatoria L.

Intshungu, Cucurbitaceae

Intsihlo, Capparis tomentosa Lam., C. sepiaria L. var. citrifolia (Lam.)

Toelken

Intsikani, Prionium serratum (L.f.) Drege ex E.Mey.

Intsinde, Coddut rudis (E.Mey. ex Harv.) Verde.

Intsizi ezimayama, Burchellia bubalina (L.f.) Sims

Intwanza, Rhoicissus digitata (L.f.) Gilg & Brandt

Inxima, Mentha aquatica L.

Inxina, Mentha aquatica L., M. longifolia (L.) L.

Inxopho, Juncus effusus L.

Inyama yamakhwenkwe, Plantago major L.

Inyamayamakhwenkwe, Crassula pellucida L., subsp. marginalis (Dry and.

in Aiton) Toelken

Inyamempunzi, Diospyros villosa (L.) De Winter

Inyibiba, Zantedeschia aethiopica (L.) Spreng., Z. sp.

Inyinga, Agrimonia eupatoria L.

Inyinyiba, Zantedeschia sp.

Inyongwane, Centella coriacea Nannfd., C. sp., Hydrocotyle sp., H.

verticillata Thunb.

Inzica, Digitaria eriantha Steud.

Inzinzinaba, Agrimonia eupatoria L.

Inzinziniba, Barleria sp., Lippia javanica (Burm.f.) Spreng., Mentha

longifolia (L.) L.

Ipali ende, Noltea africana (L.) Rchb.f.

Ipalode, Noltea africana (L.) Rchb.f.

Ipampa, Hypoxis argentea Harv. ex Baker

Ipepilana, Wahlenbergia stellarioides Cham. & Schltdl.

Ipepile, Schinus molle L.

Ipepile yomqala. Lobelia erinus L.

Iperepes, Clausena anisata (Willd.) Hook.f. ex Benth.

Ipewula, Kalanchoe rotundifolia (Haw.) Haw., Sansevieria hyacin-

thoides (L.) Druce

Bothalia 29,2 (1999)

283

Ipewula lethafa, Crassula vaginata Eckl. & Zeyh.

Iphamba, Cyrtorchis arcuata (Lindl.) Schltr., Eulophia streptopetala

Lindl., Polystachya sp.

Iphewula, Cotyledon orbiculata L., C. sp., Crassula sp.

Iphozi, Sarcostemma viminale (L.) R.Br.

Iphunga, Chenopodium album L., Senecio brachypodus DC.

Iphungwana, Senecio angulatus L.f.

Iphuzi, Centella sp., Gunnera perpensa L„ Sarcostemma viminale (L.)

R.Br.

Iphuzi lomlambo, Gunnera perpensa L.

Ipipiyo, Wahlenbergia rivularis Diels

Ipopo, Hyparrhenia sp.

Ipozi, Raphionacme hirsuta (E.Mey.) R A. Dyer ex E. Phillips

Iqabandlovu, Senecio deltoideus Less.

Iqalo, Thamnocalamus tessellatus (Nees) Soderstr. & R.P.Ellis

Iqaphula, Capparis sepiaria L. var. citrifolia (Lam.) Toelken

Iqhagula, Capparis fascicularis DC.

Iqhunguwa, Nicotiana sp.

Iqina, Mesembryanthemum aitonis Jacq., M. sp., Psilocaulon parviflo-

rum (Jacq.) Schwantes

Iqumxa elinameva, Scolopia zeyheri (Nees) Harv.

Iqumza, Scolopia zeyheri (Nees) Harv., S. mundii (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Warb.

Iqumza elinameva, Scolopia zeyheri (Nees) Harv.

Iqunde, Themeda triandra Forssk.

Iqunguwe, Rhus lancea L.f.

Iqunube, Laportea peduncularis (Wedd.) Chew, Morns alba L.. Rubus

ludwigii Eckl. & Zeyh., R. pinnatus Willd., R. rigidus Sm., R. sp.

Iquzu, Physalis viscosa L.

Iqwangu qwangu, Nicandra physalodes (L.) Gaertn.

Iqwela, Rhus lancea L.f.

Iqwili, Alepidea amatymbica Eckl. & Zeyh., A. capensis (P.J.Bergius)

R. A. Dyer

Irajojo, Ranunculus multifidus Forssk.

Iralibhom, Agave americana L.

Irangasi, Felicia filifolia (Vent.) Burtt Davy

Irarinathi, Canthium mundianum Cham. & Schltdl.

Irasi, Miscanthus junceus (Stapf) Pilg.

Irexe, rocky outcrop

lrhabiya, Melianthus comosus Vahl

Irhajojo, Impatiens hochstetteri Warb., Plectranthus ambiguus (Bolus)

Codd, P. laxiflorus Benth., Stachys sp.

Irhamente, Nicotiana tabacum L.

Irhamenti, Nicotiana sp.

Irhameti, Nicotiana sp.

Irhubuxa, Pentanisia prunelloides (Klotzsch ex Eckl. & Zeyh.) Walp.

Irhumbuxa, Pentanisia prunelloides (Klotzsch ex Eckl. & Zeyh.) Walp.

Irododo, Anemone tenuifolia (L.f.) DC.

Irooiwater, Bulbine alooides (L.) Willd., B. asphodeloides (L.) Willd.

Irubuxa, Pentanisia prunelloides (Klotzsch ex Eckl. & Zeyh.) Walp.

Irwabe, Sonchus asper (L.) Hill, S. oleraceus L., S. sp.

Irwabe labantu, Sonchus oleraceus L.

Irwabe lebokwe, Sonchus dregeanus DC.

Irwabe lenyoka, Sonchus dregeanus DC., S. oleraceus L., Taraxacum

officinale Weber (sens, lat.)

Irwabe lethafa, Sonchus oleraceus L., Taraxacum officinale Weber

(sens, lat.), T. serotinum (Waldst. & Kit.) Poir.

Irwabe lomlambo, Sonchus asper (L.) Hill

Irwatshu, Miscanthus sp.

Isabetha, Carissa bispinosa (L.) Desf. ex Brenan

Isabetha nkunzi, Carissa bispinosa (L.) Desf. ex Brenan

Isacephe, Crataegus sp.

Isachagwe, Rhynchosia capensis (Burm.) Schinz

Isacoyi, Harpephyllum caffrum Bemh. ex Krauss, Vigna unguiculata

(L.) Walp.'

Isadlungi, Protea sp.

Isafo, Faurea macnaughtonii E.Phillips, F. saligna Harv.

Isagqeba, Brachylaena elliptica (Thunb.) DC.

Isala lentaka, Diclis reptans Benth.

Isanama, Achyranthes aspera L., Solatium nigrum L.

Isanama sesikhwenkwe, Gerbera sp.

Isanama sokugabha, Achyranthes aspera L.

Isandle, sweet grass (-veld)

Isangu, Cannabis sativa L

Isaphepha, Gaz.ania krebsiana Less., G. leiopoda (DC.) Rossler

Isaphete, Gaz.ania pectinata (Thunb.) Spreng.

Isapokwe, Gaz.ania linearis (Thunb.) Druce

Isaqoni, Rapanea melanophloeos (L.) Mez, Rhoicissus sp., R. tomen-

tosa (Lam.) Wild & R.B.Drumm., R. tridentata (L.f.) Wild &

R.B.Drumm. subsp. tridentata

Isavu, Conyza scabrida DC.

Isebe, Viscum obscurum Thunb.

Isefi, Faurea saligna Harv.

Isefo, Faurea saligna Harv.

Iselwa lwentaka, Cucurbitaceae

Isende, Hyperacanthus amoenus (Sims) Bridson

Isepha kanonkala, Gomphostigmu virgatum (L.f.) Baill.

Iseringe, Me ha azedarach L.

Ishimnumyane, Schotia brachypetala Sond.

Ishongwe, Xysmalobium undulatum (L.) W.T.Aiton

Ishwadi, Boophane disticha (L.f.) Herb., Brunsvigia gregaria R A. Dyer,

Dracaena hookeriana K.Koch

Isibara, Trichilia emetica Vahl

Isibethankunzi, Halleria lucida L.

Isibhara, Bersama tysoniana 01 iv.

Isibindi, Ganoderma sp.

Isibunusenyathi, Exomis microphylla (Thunb.) Aellen

Isicagwe, Rhynchosia totta (Thunb.) DC.

Isicakathi, Agapanthus africanus (L.) Hoffmanns., Chlorophytum co-

mosum (Thunb.) Jacq., C. sp., Commelina africana L., Myrsi-

phyllum asparagoides (L.) Willd., Salvia aurita L.f., S. scabra L.f.

Isicakathi sabantwana, Lasiospermum bipinnatum (Thunb.) Druce

Isichwe, Gerbera ambigua (Cass.) Sch.Bip., G. piloselloides (L.) Cass.,

Helichrysum pilosellum (L.f.) Less.

Isicimamlilo, Pentanisia prunelloides (Klotzsch ex Eckl. & Zeyh.) Walp.

Isicwe, Haplocarpha scaposa Harv., Helichrysum miconiifolium DC.,

H. nudifolium (L.) Less., H. pedunculatum Hilliard & BL. Burtt

Isidikili, Gnidia capitata L.f., G. cuneata Meisn., G. sp., Hertnannia

geniculata Eckl. & Zeyh.

Isiduli, Brachylaena discolor DC., B. elliptica (Thunb.) DC., Chio-

nanthus foveolatus (E.Mey.) Stearn, Trichocladus ellipticus

Eckl. & Zeyh., Tarchonanthus camphoratus L.

Isiduli sehlati, Eugenia zeyheri Harv.

Isiduli selinde, Tarchonanthus camphoratus L.

Isiduma, Ilex mitis (L.) Radik.

Isidumo, Ilex mitis (L ) Radik.

Isidungamsi, Phytolacca dioica L.

Isidwadwa, Leucosidea sericea Eckl. & Zeyh., Melianthus comosus

Vahl

Isifa, Faurea macnaughtonii E.Phillips

Isificane, Lasiospermum bipinnatum (Thunb.) Druce

Isifikana, Andropogon sp.

Isifithi, Baphia racemosa (Hochst.) Baker

Isifuce, Protorhus longifolia (Bemh ) Engl.

Isifuco, Protorhus longifolia (Bemh.) Engl.

Isifufu, Peddiea africana Harv.

Isifuku, Oz.oroa paniculosa (Sond.) R. & A. Fern.

Isifuta, Clausena anisata (Willd.) Hook.f. ex Benth.

Isifutha, Hippobromus pauciflorus (L.f.) Radik.

Isifutho, Clausena anisata (Willd.) Hook.f. ex Benth., Zanthoxylum

capense (Thunb.) Harv.

Isifutu, Clausena anisata (Willd.) Hook.f. ex Benth.

Isigagisa, Acrotome inflata Benth., Leonotis leonurus (L.) R.Br., Lippia

javanica (Burm.f.) Spreng.

Isigagisa samahlati, Leonotis ocymifolia (Burm.f.) Iwarsson

Isigceba, Strelitzia nicolai Regel & Korn.

Isigqutsi, Helichrysum pedunculatum Hilliard & B.L Burtt

Isigude, Strelitzia nicolai Regel & Korn.

Isigwamba, Arctotis arctotoides (L.f.) O.Hoffm.

Isihawuhawu, Stachys aethiopica L

Isihihi, Cyathea dregei Kunze

Isihlambeza, Agapanthus sp.

Isihlati senja, Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn. subsp. africana (K.-

O’Byme) Hilu & De Wet

Isihlele, Euphorbia pugniformis Boiss., Strychnos spinosa Lam.

Isihlo esimbomvu, Capparis sepiaria L. var. citrifolia (Lam.) Toelken

Isihlungu, Malephora sp.

Isihlungu sebokhwe, Teucrium trifidum Retz.

Isihlungu sedobo, Leonotis ocymifolia (Burm.f.) Iwarsson

Isihlungu sesisu novalo, Trachyandra affinis Kunth

Isikali, Nuxia floribunda Benth.

Isikelem, Eriospermum sp.

Isikhaba, Pycreus polystachyos (Rottb.) PBeauv.

Isikhali, Haplocarpha scaposa Harv.

Isikhtkhi, Salvia aurita L.f.

Isikholokatha, Sansevieria hyacinthoides (L.) Druce

Isikholokhotho, Ledebouria floribunda (Baker) Jessop, Plectranthus

madagascariensis (Pers.) Benth., Sansevieria hyacinthoides (L.)

Druce

284

Bothalia 29,2 (1999)

Isikhonde, Aspidoglossum heterophyllum E.Mey.

Isikolokotho, Sansevieria thyrsiflora (L.) Druce

Isikungati, Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh., Bruguiera gymnorrhiza

(L.) Lam,

Isilalambethe, Commelina benghalensis L.

Isilawu, Behnia reticulata (Thunb.) Didr., Helinus integrifolius (Lam.)

Kuntze, Scabiosa albanensis R. A. Dyer

Isilevu, Merxmuellera disticha (Nees) Conert

Isinama, Cyathula uncinulata (Schrad.) Schinz, Gomphrena globosa

L., Harveya speciosa Bemh. ex Krauss, Oenothera rosea L’Her.

ex Alton, Priva cordifolia (L.f.) Druce var. abyssinica (Jaub. &

Spach) Moldenke, Setaria verticillata (L.) P.Beauv.,

Thamnocalamus fruticosus P.J.Bergius

Isinama esikhulu, Cyathula cylindrica Moq., C. uncinulata (Schrad.)

Schinz

Isinama esincici, Cynoglossum lanceolatum Forssk.

Isinama esincinane, Priva cordifolia (L.f.) Druce var. abyssinica (Jaub.

& Spach) Moldenke

Isinama sasemasimini, Salsola kali L.

Isinama sebhokhwe, Achyranthes aspera L.

Isinamamnamatho, Oenothera rosea L’Her. ex Aiton

Isindiyandiya, Bersama lucens (Hochst.) Szyszyl., B swinnyi E.Phil-

lips, B. tysoniana Oliv.

Isingiliti, Datura sp.

Isinonya, Acalypha peduncularis E.Mey. ex Meisn.

Isinqandizembe, Scolopia mundii (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Warb.

Isinqolamthi, Helinus integrifolius (Lam.) Kuntze

Isinuka, Relhania genistifolia (L.) L’Her.

Isipetshane, Schistostephium flabelliforme Less.

Isiphambatho, Canthium spinosum (Klotzsch ex Eckl. & Zeyh.) Kuntze

Isiphambatho, Anastrabe integerrima E.Mey. ex Benth.

Isipheka, Duvernoia adhatodoides E.Mey. ex Nees.

Isiphepha, Gazania linearis (Thunb.) Druce

Isiphingo, Canthium inerme (L.f.) Kuntze, Scutia myrtina (Burm.f.)

Kurz

Isiqaji, Asclepiadaceae (family), Vernonia capensis (Houtt.) Druce

Isiqalaba, Protea lanceolata E.Mey. ex Meisn., P. sp., P. welwitschii

Engl.

Isiqalabasehlati, Rapanea rnelanopliloeos (L.) Mez

Isiqalana, Alberta magna E.Mey.

Isiqalati, Rapanea melanophloeos (L.) Mez

Isiqane, Protea sp.

Isiqhalapa, Rapanea melanophloeos (L.) Mez

Isiqhumiso, Clausena anisata (Willd.) Hook.f. ex Benth., Osmunda

regalis L.

Isiqungati, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) Lam.

Isiqutsu, Helichrysum pedunculatum Hilliard & B.L.Burtt

Isiqwane, Leucospermum cuneiforme (Burm.f.) Rourke, Oldenburgia

arbuscula DC., Protea sp.

Isiqwane esincinci. Protea cynaroides (L.) L.

Isiqwane sehlati, Rapanea melanophloeos (L.) Mez

Isiqwashumbe, Arctotheca calendula (L.) Levyns, Raphanus rap-

hunistrum L., Sisymbrium burchellii DC., S. capense Thunb.

Isiqwathumbe, Raphanus raphanistrum L.

Isirayi, Curtisia dentata (Burm.f.) C.A.Sm.

Isirudu, Miscanthus capensis (Nees) Anderss.

Isirwexa, Rubia petiolaris DC.

Isisefo, Cheilanthes hastata (L.f.) Kunze, C. quadripinnata (Forssk.)

Kuhn

Isisende, Gardenia thunbergia Thunb., Loranthaceae, Vtscum obscu-

rum Thunb.

Isisini sekati, Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn. subsp. africana (K.-

O’Byme) Hilu & De Wet

Isisinisekati, Chenopodium murale L.

Isisinyisekathi, Chenopodium murale L.

Isithebe, Trimeria grandifolia (Hochst.) Warb.

Isithende, Maesa lanceolata Forssk.

Isithithibala, Ledebouria sp.

Isithithibala esimathunzi, Eucomis autumnalis (Mill ) Chitt.

Isithungu, Cryptocarya woodii Engl.

Isitingibawuthi, Datura sp.

Isitinqiliti, Phytolacca dioica L.

Isititibala, Haemanthus sp.

Isitorhom, Cissampelos torulosa E.Mey. ex Harv., Helichrysum appen-

diculatum (L.f.) Less.

Isitorhom esiinhlope, Ipomoea oenotheroides (L.f.) Raf. ex Hallier f.,

Spartium junceum L.

Isitorhom sehlathi, Cissampelos torulosa E.Mey. ex Harv.

Isityatyisa, Acalypha peduncularis E.Mey. ex Meisn.

Isivumba mpunzi, Tulbaghia sp.

Isivumbampunzi, Tulbaghia acutiloba Harv., T. alliacea L.f.

Isivusankunzi, Carissa bispinosa (L.) Desf. ex Brenan, C. haemato-

carpa (Eckl.) A. DC.

Isiwara, Schiz.oglossum cordifolium E.Mey.

Isixeza, Buxus natalensis (Oliv.) Hutch.

Isixhonxo, Gasteria obtusifolia (Salm-Dyck) Haw.

Isonki, Senecio inaequidens DC.

Isosi, Mentha spicata L.

Ispilingishi, Chenopodium sp.

Isundu, Cotyledon sp., Encephalartos altensteinii Lehm., Phoenix

reclinata Jacq.

Isupu, Apium graveolens L.

Itali, Asparagus sp.

Itambo, Trichocladus ellipticus Eckl. & Zeyh.

Itanga, Zehneria scabra (L.f.) Sond.

Itangazana lenja, Cynanchum sp.

Itapile, Solatium tuberosum L.

Ithafa, grassland

Ithambo, Trichocladus crinitus (Thunb.) Pers.

Ithanga lomlambo, Gunnera perpensa L.

Ithangazana, Coccinia quinqueloba (Thunb.) Cogn., Cucumis africa-

nus L.f., Gunnera perpensa L.

Ithangazana lethafa, Cucumis qfricanus L.f.

Ithembu, Dierama pendulum (L.f.) Baker, Watsonia sp.

Ithobankomo, Burchellia bubalina (L.f.) Sims

Ithunga, Englerophytum natalense (Sond.) T.D.Penn.

Ithuvana, Zehneria scabra (L.f.) Sond.

Ithyolo, Helinus integrifolius (Lam.) Kuntze, Microglossa mespilifolia

(Less.) B.L.Rob., Senecio deltoideus Less.

Itigiliti, Cotula sp.

Itile, Buddleja auriculata Benth.

Itimani. Erythroxylum emarginatum Thonn

Itinini, Sutera sp.

Itlhaga, Chloris virgata Sw.

Itobancane, Burchellia bubalina (L.f.) Sims

Itolofiya, Opuntia sp.

Itonisi, Rumex sagittatus Thunb.

Itshamlilo, Pentanisia prunelloides (Klotzsch ex Eckl. & Zeyh.) Walp.

Itshayelwana liyapungwa, Vernonia oligocephala (DC.) Sch.Bip. ex

Walp.

Itshilisi, Capsicum annuum L.

Itshilisi yabantsundu, Stachys aethiopica L.

Itshilizi, Lobelia (generic)

Itshongwe, Pachycarpus concolor E.Mey., P. sp., Xysmalobium orbic-

ulare (E.Mey.) D.Dietr., X. undulatum (L.) W.T.Aiton

Itshongwe lehlathi, Rapanea melanophloeos (L.) Mez

Itshungu, Xanthium spinosum L., X. strumarium L.

Itshupu, Baphia racemosa (Hochst.) Baker

Itsolo lendumbo, Rhoicissus digitata (L.f.) Gilg & Brandt

Itsongwe, Xysmalobium undulatum (L.) W.T.Aiton

Itswelana, Bulbine capitata Poelln.

Itswele lenyoka, Bulbine asphodeloides (L.) Willd., B. frutescens (L.)

Willd., Nerine filifolia Baker

Itswele lomlambo, Tulbaghia sp.

Itswelemyoka, Bulbine asphodeloides (L.) Willd.

Itsweletswele lasethafeni, Ornithogalum dubium Houtt.

Itunga, Solatium aculeastrum Dun.

Ityaleba, Mentha aquatica L.

Ityholo, Clematis brachiata Thunb., Pelargonium peltatum (L.) L’Her.,

Secamone alpini Schultes

Ityibo, Dombeya tiliacea (Endl.) Planch.

Itywabotywabo, Physalis angulata L.

Itywina, Pterocelastrus rostratus Walp., P. tricuspidatus (Lam.) Sond.,

Pycnostachys reticulata (E.Mey.) Benth.

Ivane, Asparagus qfricanus Lam., A. rucemosus Willd

Ivatali, Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Hayek

Ivendrit, Ruta graveolens L.

Ivenetyela, Sutherlandia frutescens (L.) R.Br.

Ivetirati, Boscia oleoides (Burch, ex DC.) Toelken

Ivicks, Vtcia sp.

Ivimbampunzi, Allium sativum L., Tulbaghia alliacea L.f.

Ivincent, Vicia sp.

Iviriga, Monanthotaxis cqffra (Sond.) Verde.

Ivumbangwe, Datura stramonium L.

Iwatile, Acacia cyclops A.Cunn. ex G.Don

Iwatlisi, Acacia mearnsii De Wild.

Iwintili, Acacia cyclops A.Cunn. ex G.Don

Ixabelo, Trimeria grandifolia (Hochst.) Warb.

Bothalia 29,2 (1999)

285

Ixalanxa, Hypoxis argentea Harv. ex Baker, H. sp.

Ixhalanxa, Hypoxis hemerocallidea Fisch. & C.A.Mey., H multiceps

Buchinger ex Baker

Ixolo lamatye, Barbula crinita Schultz

Ixonya, Cyperus sp., Kniphofia sp.

Ixonye, Kniphofia drepanophylla Baker

Ixonyi, Kniphofia sp.

Iyeza elimhlope, Xysmalobium undulation (L.) W.T.Aiton

lyeza elimnyama. Anemone caffra Eckl. & Zeyh.

Iyeza lamadoda, Conyza sp.

Iyeza lamaqakuva, Selago corymbosa L.

Iyeza Iamaqhakuva, Walafrida densiflora (Rolfe) Rolfe

Iyeza Iamasi, Gerbera piloselloides (L.) Cass., Hibiscus aethiopicus L.,

Nidorella sp., Senecio coronatus (Thunb.) Harv.

Iyeza lamehlo, Scabiosa columbaria L., Sutera laxiflora (Benth.)

Kuntze, S. racemosa (Benth.) Kuntze

Iyeza lamoya, Senecio sp.

Iyeza lasekaya. Ranunculus sp.

Iyeza lasekhaya, Senecio latifolius DC.

Iyeza ledliso, Cheilanthes viridis (Forssk.) Sw.

Iyeza leduma. Ranunculus multifidus Forssk.

Iyeza lehashe, Bulbine asphodeloides (L.) Willd., Silene burchellii

Otth, Thunbergia capensis Retz.

Iyeza lehlaba, Euryops spathaceus DC., Lithospermum sp., Sonchus

dregeanus DC., Taraxacum officinale Weber (sens, lat.)

Iyeza lemimoya emibi, Eriosema parviflorum E.Mey.

Iyeza lempambano, Heteromorpha arborescens (Spreng.) Cham. &

Schltdl. var. abyssinica (A. Rich.) H. Wolff

Iyeza lencukuthu, Chenopodium ambrosioides L.

Iyeza lendlebe, Pelargonium zonale (L.) L’ Her., Polygonum aviculare

L., P. sp.

Iyeza lenkomo, Myrsine ufricana L.

Iyeza lentloko, Secamone alpini Schultes

Iyeza lentshulube, Acalypha peduncularis E.Mey. ex Meisn., Aster

bakeranus Burtt Davy ex C.A.Sm., Hibiscus trionum L.

Iyeza lesidiya, Noltea ufricana (L.) Rchb.f.

Iyeza lesikhali. Pelargonium reniforme Curtis

Iyeza lesilonda, Rutnex steudelii Hochst. ex A. Rich.

Iyeza lesisu, Cephalaria oblongifolia (Kuntze) Szabo, Cyanotis spe-

ciosa (L.f.) Hassk., Rhynchosia minima (L.) DC., Senecio coro-

natus (Thunb.) Harv.

Iyeza lesisu segazi, Rhynchosia harveyi Eckl. & Zeyh.

Iyeza lesisu xa umfazi ekhulelwe, Berkheya setifera DC.

Iyeza lethaba, Sonchus asper (L.) Hill

Iyeza lezilonda, Phytolacca americana L., P. heptandra Retz., Thun-

bergia capensis Retz.

Iyeza lipulayiti, Bulbine abyssinica A. Rich.

Iyeza logezo, Athrixia heterophylla (Thunb.) Less.

Iyeza lokugabha, Cassine aethiopica Thunb.

Iyeza lokukhupha isisu. Verbena venosa Gillies & Hook.

Iyeza lokuxaxuzisa, Euclea crispa (Thunb.) Guerke

Iyeza lomgqwaliso, Agrimonia procera Wallr.

Iyeza lomkhondo, Crabbea nana Nees, Indigofera stricta L.f.

Iyeza lomoya, Chenopodium ambrosioides L., Conyza scabrida DC.,

C. sp., Osteospermum junceum P.J.Bergius, O. sp., Ruta grave-

olens L., Senecio coronatus (Thunb.) Harv.

Iyeza lomqala. Ranunculus multifidus Forssk.

Iyoli, Physalis angulata L.

Iyongwe lehlathi, Indigofera declinata E.Mey.

Iyuzu, Ficus natalensis Hochst.

Izambhalo zokugqubhuza, Cyanella lutea L.f.

Izicwe, Haplocarpha sp.

Izihlwele, Behnia reticulata (Thunb.) Didr.

Izimba, Sorghum sp.

Izintlwa, Protorhus longifolia (Bemh.) Engl., Psychotria capensis

(Eckl. ) Vatke

Izotho, Oxalis smithiana Eckl. & Zeyh.

Izuba, Senecio elegans L.

Lihobe, Chenopodium murale L.

Omzambeet, Millettia grandis (E.Mey.) Skeels

Ubaza, Laportea peduncularis (Wedd.) Chew

Ubazi, Laportea peduncularis (Wedd.) Chew

Ubece, Cucurbitaceae

Ubende, Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn

Ubendle, Gazania linearis (Thunb.) Druce

Ubendlela, Plantago lanceolata L.

Ubhelabhela, Huernia pendula E. A. Bruce

Ubhobheyani, Opuntia sp.

Ubhoqo, Convolvulus sp., Ipomoea crassipes Hook., I. crispa (Thunb.)

Hallier f., /. oblongata E.Mey. ex Choisy

Ubhoqom, Convolvulus sp.

Ubhubhubhu, Ilex mitis (L.) Radik.

Ubobo, Caesalpinia decapetala (Roth) Alston, C. pulcherrima (L.)

Schwartz, Dalbergia armata E.Mey., Scutia myrtina (Burin. f.)

Kurz

Ubokwe, Convolvulus sagitattus Thunb.

Ubombonemfene, Psydrax obovata (Eckl. & Zeyh ) Bridson

Uboqo, Convolvulus farinosus L., C. natalensis Bemh. apud Krauss

Uboqo wabadlezana. Convolvulus farinosus L.

Uboqo wabadlezana. Convolvulus sagitattus Thunb.

Uboya bemithi, Usnea sp.

Ububasa, Laportea peduncularis (Wedd. ) Chew

Ububazi, Laportea peduncularis (Wedd.) Chew

Ubuchopho, Canthium ciliatum (Klotzch) Kuntze, C. kuntzeanum

Bridson

Ubuhlunga, Rumex crispus L.

Ubuhlungu, Acokanthera oblongifolia (Hochst.) Codd, A. oppositifolia

(Lam.) Codd. Galinsoga parviflora Cav., Teucrium qfricanum

Thunb., T. kraussii Codd, T. trifidum Retz.

Ubuhlungu bamalawu, Lessertia perennans (Jacq.) DC.

Ubuhlungu bebhokhwe, Teucrium trifidum Retz.

Ubuhlungu bechanti, Eucomis autumnalis (Mill.) Chitt.

Ubuhlungu bedila, Clutia heterophylla Thunb.

Ubuhlungu begamba, Rorippa fluviatilis (E.Mey. ex Sond.) Thell.

Ubuhlungu begusha, Teucrium sp.

Ubuhlungu belifa, Teucrium trifidum Retz.

Ubuhlungu benamba, Acokanthera oppositifolia (Lam.) Codd, Melian-

thus major L., M. comosus Vahl

Ubuhlungu benyoka, Acokanthera oblongifolia (Hochst.) Codd, A.

oppositifolia (Lam.) Codd, Burchellia bubalina (L.f.) Sims,

Galinsoga parviflora Cav.

Ubuhlungu benyushu, Teucrium qfricanum Thunb.

Ubuhlungu beramba, Conyza obscura DC., C. pinnata (L.f.) Kuntze

Ubuhlungu besigcawu, Blepharis capensis (L.f.) Pers , Crabbea nana Nees

Ubuhlungu bethafa, Teucrium trifidum Retz.

Ubuhlungu bezikhali, Thunbergia capensis Retz.

Ubuhlungu bomlambo, Blumea alata (D.Don) DC., Chlorophytum como-

sum (Thunb.) Jacq., Helichrysum sp., Pulicaria scabra (Thunb.)

Druce

Ubuhlungu bomThwa, Acokanthera oppositifolia (Lam.) Codd

Ubuhlungubedile, Lachnostylis hirta (L.f.) Miill.Arg.

Ubuka, Oncinotis inandensis J.M.Wood & M.S. Evans, Secamone fili-

formis (L.f.) J.H.Ross

Ubukhubele, Geranium canescens L’Her.

Ubukhubelo, Ranunculus multifidus Forssk., Sanicula elata Buch.-

Ham. ex D.Don

Ubulawo, Rubia petiolaris DC., Vepris lanceolata (Lam.) G.Don

Ubulawo bamandungane, Vepris lanceolata (Lam.) G.Don

Ubulawu, Alepidea serrata Eckl. & Zeyh., Asparagus falcatus L.,

Asteraceae (as a family), Dianthus thunbergii Hooper, Gerbera

piloselloides (L.) Cass., Helinus integrifolius (Lam.) Kuntze,

Lobelia caerulea Sims, Selaginella kraussiana (Kunze) A.Br.

ex Kuhn, Silene undulata Aiton

Ubulawu bamagqira, Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn

Ubulawu obubomvu, Rubia petiolaris DC.

Ubulawu obude, Helinus integrifolius (Lam.) Kuntze

Ubulawu obumhlope. Asparagus africanus Lam., Dianthus thunbergii

Hooper, Silene undulata Aiton

Ubulembu, Bryophyta

Ubulembu belitye, Parmelia sp

Ubungashe, Lichtensteinia interrupta (Thunb.) Sond.

Ubungxani, Asclepiadaceae (family)

Ubushwa, Aiz.oon glinoides L.f., Arctotis arctotoides (L.f.) O.Hoffm.,

Lasiospermum bipinnatum (Thunb.) Druce, Plumbago auricu-

lata Lam., Witliania somnifera (L.) Dun.

Ubushwa bamehlo, Clutia pulchella L.

Ubutyayi, Melianthus comosus Vahl

Ubuvimba, Witliania somnifera (L.) Dun.

Ubuvumba, Withania somnifera (L.) Dun.

Ucakuse, Plectranthus sp.

Ucaphazana, Berula erecta (Hudson) Coville subsp. thunbergii (DC.)

B L. Burtt

Ucawuza, Maesa alnifolia Harv.

Ucawuzi, Maesa alnifolia Harv.

Uchantikhulu, Senecio quinquelobus (Thunb.) DC.

286

Bothalia 29,2 (1999)

Uchithibhunga, Rhoicissus digitata (L.f.) Gilg & Brandt, R. tomentosa

(Lam.) Wild & R.B.Drumm., R. tridentata (L.f.) Wild &

R.B.Drumm. subsp. tridentata

Uchole, Mimusops caffra E.Mey. ex A. DC.

Ucwethekazi, Aizoon glinoides L.f., Galenia pubescens (Eekl. & Zeyh.)

Druce.

Ucwethikazi, Wifhania somnifera (L.) Dun.

Udatyaza, Hypochoeris radicata L.

Udlambalala, Strychnos decussata (Pappe) Gilg, S. henningsii Gilg

Udomo, Vernonia mespilifolia Less.

Uduli, Thamnocalamus tessellatus (Nees) Soderstr. & R.P.Ellis

Udumo olubomvu, Rapanea melanophloeos (L.) Mez

Udunyana, Vernonia mespilifolia Less.

Udywangudywangu, Portulaca oleracea L.

Ufokwe, Coccinia quinqueloba (Thunb.) Cogn.

Ugasgom, Opuntia sp.

Ugazina, Opuntia sp

Ugazini obomva, Roella glomerata A. DC.

Ugcadolo, Bidens bipinnata L., B pilosa L.

Ugobeleweni. Clivia sp.

Ugoboloweni, Hypoxis sp.

Ugontsana, Scilla sp.

Ugqumgqum, Physalis sp.

Ugqwangugqangu, Nicandra physalodes (L.) Gaertn.

Ugqwangxe, Olea capensis L. subsp. capensis

Ugqwanxa oluncinci, Olea capensis L. subsp. macrocarpa (C.H. Wright)

I.Verd.

Ugqwanxe, Olea capensis L. subsp. macrocarpa (C.H. Wright) I.Verd.

Ugudlatnfene, Rinorea angustifolia (Thouars) Baill.

Uguwe, Crassula spathulata Thunb.

Uhlalane, Hypoestes sp.

Uhlambalala, Strychnos henningsii Gilg

Uhlokhulu, Grewia lasiocarpa E.Mey. ex Harv.

Uhlolo, Grewia occidentalis L.. G. sp.

Uhlolo olukhulu, Grewia lasiocarpa E.Mey. ex Harv.

Uhlolo oluncinci, Grewia occidentalis L.

Uhlololwana, Hypoestes aristata (Vahl) Soland. ex Roem. & Schult.

Uhlolwane, Hypoestes aristata (Vahl) Soland. ex Roem. & Schult.

Uhlotshane, Commelina benghalensis L.

Uhlubi, Gazania linearis (Thunb.) Druce

Uhlunguhlungu, Vernonia mespilifolia Less., V. sp.

Ujejane, Chlorophytum comosum (Thunb.) Jacq.

Ujikenxaniwe, Amaranthus hybridus L., A. sp., A. thunbergii Moq.

Ujiyane, Chlorophytum comosum (Thunb.) Jacq.

Ujodo, Cucurbitaceae

Ujongila, Malva verticillata L.

Ujongilanga, Malva verticillata L.

Ukakayi, Acrotome inflata Benth.

Ukakhayi, Asclepias fruticosa L.

Ukalimela, Zehneria scabra (L.f.) Sond.

Ukhakhayo, Leucas sp.

Ukhovothi, Cassinopsis ilicifolia (Hochst.) Kuntze

Ukrakrayo, Leucas martinicensis (Jacq.) R.Br.

Ukronxina, Moraea polystachya (Thunb.) Ker Gawl.

Ukudlivva ngumlambo, Matricaria nigellifolia DC.

Ukukhubela, Ranunculus multifidus Forssk.

Ukukhukhumeza, Strophanthus gerrardii Stapf

Ukumbuqwekwe, Helinus integrifolius (Lain.) Kuntze

Ukusibitsa, Lepidium bonariense L.

Ukutya kwentaka, Phytolacca americana L., P. heptandra Retz.

Ukutya kwemfene, Rinorea angustifolia (Thouars) Baill.

Ukutyakwebentaka, Phytolacca heptandra Retz.

Ukutyakwentlaka, Fagopyrum esculentum Moench

Ukuxeka, Buxus natalensis (Oliv.) Hutch

Ulabateka, Hippobromus pauciflorus (L.f.) Radik.

Uladolo, Bidens pilosa L.

Ulandile, Combretum kraussii Hochst.

Ulapesi, Polygala myrtifolia L.

Ulatile, Hippobromus pauciflorus (L.f.) Radik., Rhamnus prinoides

L'Her., Rhoicissus tridentata (L.f.) Wild & R.B.Drumm. subsp.

cuneifolia (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Urton

Ulonwabo, Commiphora woodii Engl.

Ulopesi, Polygala myrtifolia L.

Uluhlaza, Cassinopsis tinifolia Harv.

Ulunyenye, Rhamnus prinoides L’Her.

Uluvethe, Cleroclendrum glabrum E.Mey.

Uluza, Cynanchum obtusifolium L.f., Ficus bizanae Hutch. & Burtt

Davy, F natalensis Hochst., F. sur Forssk., Obetia tenax

(N.E.Br.) Friis, Peddiea africana Harv.

Ulwamfithi, Chrysanthemoides monilifera (L.) Norl.

Ulwapesi, Euryops sp., E. spathaceus DC.

Ulwatile, Hippobromus pauciflorus (L.f.) Radik.

Umabalabala, Polygala myrtifolia L.

Umabophe, Acridocarpus natalitius Juss., Boscia oleoides (Burch, ex

DC.) Toelken, Ipomoea sp.. Plumbago auriculata Lam.

Umadebeza, Viola sp.

Umadliwa kuhlinzwa, Cucurbitaceae

Umadolwana, Chloris virgata Sw., Commelina erecta L., Cyanotis spe-

ciosa (L.f.) Hassk.. Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.,

Pennisetum clandestinum Chiov.

Umadotyeni, Sutera sp.

Umagangeni, Eucomis sp.

Umagaqana, Bowiea volubilis Harv. ex Hook.f., Scilla nervosa (Burch.)

Jessop

Umagcengenene, Maytenus heterophylla (Eckl. & Zeyh.) N. Robson

Umagengenene, Scutia myrtina (Burnt. f.) Kurz

Umagoswana, Cyanotis speciosa (L.f.) Hassk.

Umagwaqane, Croton sylvaticus Hochst.

Umajikanelanga, Malva parviflora L.

Umakhunkula, Thymelaceae (Family)

Untakope, Melolobium candicans (E.Mey.) Eckl. & Zeyh.

Umakutula, Noltea africana (L.) Rchb.f.

Umalala, Bulbine narcissifolia Salm-Dyck

Umambomba, Amaranthus hybridus L.

Umambumbu, Amaranthus hybridus L., A. thunbergii Moq.

Umamfobe, Rhamnus prinoides L’Her.

Umamtola, Diclis reptans Benth

Umamtolo, Hypochoeris radicata L.

Umanaye, Ekebergia capensis Sparrm.

Umangalisa, Chenopodium ambrosioides L.

Umanxasana, Crabbea hirsuta Harv.

Umanzambomvu, Bulbine alooides (L.) Willd.

Umanzamnyama, Acalypha sp.

Umanzani, Syzygium gerrardii (Harv. ex Hook.f.) Burtt Davy

Umaphipha, Schotia latifolia Jacq., Rapanea melanophloeos (L.) Mez

Umaqana, Bowiea volubilis Harv. ex Hook.f.

Umarhobobo, Sonchus asper ( L. ) Hill

Umasendenja, Cryptocarya woodii Engl.

Umaseti, Taraxacum officinale Weber (sens, lat.)

Umasibele, Deinbollia oblongifolia (E.Mey.ex Arn.) Radik.

Umasikeyi, Hieracium sp.

Umasixabane, Scilla sp.

Umatapile, Behnia reticulata (Thunb.) Didr., Zantedeschia albomacu-

lata (Hook.) Baill. subsp. albomaculata , Z. sp.

Umathamnandi, Kiggelaria africana L., Vernonia mespilifolia Less.

Umathola, Tarchonanthus camphoratus L

Umathuma, Haemanthus albiflos Jacq., Solarium sp.

Umathunga, Asparagus africanus Lam., Haemanthus albiflos Jacq , H.

sp.

Umatshinintshina, Plumbago auriculata Lam.

Umavumbuka, Ganoderma sp., Sarcophyte sanguinea Sparrm.

Umaweni, Haemanthus sp.

Umayibuye, Osteospermum caleiululaceum L.f.

Umayisake, Cissampelos capensis L.f , C. torulosa E.Mey. ex Harv.

Umazolwane entlwathi, Lichtensteinia sp.

Umbaba, Calodendrum capense (L.f.) Thunb.

Umbabazane, Urtica dioica L., U. sp., U. urens L.

Umbandi, Garcinia gerrardii Harv. ex Sim, Memecylon bachmannii

Engl.

Umbandlala, Heteromorphu arborescens (Spreng.) Cham. & Schltdl.

var. abyssinica (A. Rich.) H. Wolff

Umbangabanga, Deinbollia oblongifolia (E.Mey. ex Arn.) Radik.,

Solatium mauritianum Scop.

Umbangalala, Eriosema squarrosum (Thunb.) Walp.

Umbangandlala, Heteromorphu arborescens (Spreng.) Cham. & Schltdl.

var. arborescens

Umbangandlela, Heteromorphu arborescens (Spreng.) Cham. & Schltdl.

var. arborescens

Umbangaza, Diospyros sp., Heteromorphu arborescens (Spreng.)

Cham. & Schltdl. var. abyssinica (A. Rich.) H. Wolff

Umbangeza, Heteromorphu arborescens (Spreng.) Cham. & Schltdl

var. abyssinica (A. Rich.) H. Wolff

Umbatha, Calodendrum capense (L.f.) Thunb.

Utnbelebele, Sarcostemma viminale (L.) R.Br.

Umbelwane, Eugenia zeyheri Harv.

Umbenele, Sarcostemma viminale (L.) R.Br.

Umbengele, Macaranga capensis (Baill.) Benth. ex Sim, Sapium ellip-

ticum (Krauss) Pax, Trema orientalis (L.) Blume

Bothalia 29,2 (1999)

287

Umbethe, Calpurnia aurea (Aiton) Benth. subsp. sylvatica (Burch.)

Brummitt, C. glabrata Brummitt. C. sp., Commelina africana

L., Cymbopogon plurinodis (Stapf) Stapf ex Burtt Davy

Umbethe wethafa, Schkuhria pinnata (Lam.) Cabrera

Umbethu, Clutia sp.

Umbezo, Andrachne ovalis (Sond.) Mtill.Arg., Clutia sp.

Umbhenya, Salix capensis Thunb.

Umbheso, Clutia pulchella L.

Umbhovu, Lycium sp.

Umbikicane, Chenopodium ambrosioides L , C. murale L.

Umbinda, Garcinia gerrardii Harv. ex Sim

Umbindi, Oxyanthus speciosus DC. subsp. gerrardii (Sond.) Bridson

Umbinza, Halleria lucida L.

Umbiza, Thesium sp.

Umbomvane, Cassine aethiopica Thunb., C. peragua L. subsp. peragua ,

Elaeodendran croceum (Thunb.) DC., Olinia radiata J Hof-

meyr & E. Phillips

Umbona wemfene, Zantedeschia albomaculata (Hook.) Baill. subsp.

albomaculata , Z. aethiopica (L.) Spreng.

Umbone. Zea mays L.

Umbongisa, Diospyros austro-africana De Winter, D. dichrophylla

(Gand.) De Winter, D. lycioides Desf., D. pollens (Thunb.)

F.White, D. simii (Kuntze) De Winter, D. whyteana (Hiern)

F.White

Umbongolo, Sapium ellipticum (Krauss) Pax

Umbotshane, Ehretia rigida (Thunb.) Druce

Umbotshani, Eliretia rigida (Thunb.) Druce

Umbovini, Myrsine africana L.

Umbovu, Cassine aethiopica Thunb., Hermannia coccocarpa (Eckl. &

Zeyh.) Kuntze, Lycium ferocissimum Miers

Umbuhlungu, Peucedanum sp

Umbulunyate, Osyris lanceolata Hochst. & Steud.

Umbulunyathi, Colpoon compression P.J Bergius

Umbumbu, Clutia pulchella L.

Umbumbu omncinci, Clutia heterophylla Thunb.

Umbumbulu, Vitellariopsis marginata (N.E.Br.) Aubrev.

Umbuyabatwa, Chenopodium sp.

Umcacabane, Premna mooiensis (H. Pearson) G.Piep.

Umcandathambo, Allophyllus decipiens (Sond.) Radik

Umchakuva, Ricinus communis L.

Umchane, Rhus lucida L

Umcheya, Podocarpus latifolius (Thunb.) R Br. ex Mirb.

Umconci, Schotia afro (L.) Thunb.

Umdakana, Apodytes dimidiata E.Mey. ex Arn., Canthium ciliatum

(Klotzch) Kuntze

Umdakane, Apodytes dimidiata E.Mey. ex Am.

Umdambiso, Senecio speciosus Willd.

Umdenze, Senecio deltoideus Less.

Umdiliya, Vitis vinifera L.

Umdiza wethafa, Sida dregei Burtt Davy

Umdlavuza, Lauridia tetragonia (L.f.) R H. Archer

Umdlebe, Chionanthus foveolatus (E.Mey.) Steam, Curtisia dentata

(Burm.f.) C.A.Sm.

Umdlesa, Pavetta lanceolata Eckl., Tricalysia lanceolata (Sond.) Burtt

Davy

Umdloli, Calpurnia aurea (Aiton) Benth. subsp. sylvatica (Burch.)

Brummitt

Umdoni, Syzygium cordatum Hochst.

Umdono, Commiphora mossambicensis (Oliv.) Engl.

Umdubi, Combretum sp.

Umdubo, Combretum erythrophyllum (Burch.) Sond.

Umdubu, Combretum caffrum (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Kuntze, C. erythrophyl-

lum (Burch.) Sond.

Umdubu wehlathi, Combretum kraussii Hochst.

Umduduma, Phytolacca dodecandra L’Her.

Umduma, Kiggelaria africana L.

Umdumizulu ibangana. Asparagus africanus Lam.

Umemezi, Calodendrum capense (L.f.) Thunb., Cassipourea flana-

ganii (Schinz) Alston., Rapanea melanophloeos (L.) Mez

Umfanathenkqi, Chenopodium sp.

Umfanoqinile, Chenopodium murale L.

Umfanothenkqi, Aizoon glinoides L.f.

Umfanujacile, Argyrolobium sp.

Umfanuthenkqi, Chenopodium murale L.

Umfanuthinqi, Galenia secunda (L.f.) Sond.

Umfayenkomo, Kiggelaria africana L.

Umfayisele wehlathi, Portulacaria afra Jacq.

Umfayisele yasehlatini, Kalanchoe rotundifolia (Haw.) Haw.

Umfazi onengxolo, Hippobromus pauciflorus (L.f.) Radik.

Umfazi unengxolo, Conyz.a scabrida DC.

Umfazi, Streptocarpus rexii (Hook.) Lindl.

Umfeze, Croton sylvaticus Hochst.

Umhncafincane, Burchellia bubalina (L.f.) Sims, Leonotis leonurus

(L.) R Br., L. ocymifolia (Burm.f.) Iwarsson, Leucas martini-

censis (Jacq.) R Br.

Umfincafincane wehlathi, Burchellia bubalina (L.f.) Sims

Umfincane, Leonotis ocymifolia (Burm.f.) Iwarsson

Umfincane wehlati, Burchellia bubalina (L.f.) Sims

Umfingo ubuhlungu benyoka, Raphionacme sp.

Umfingwani, umncuma, Stangeria eriopus (Kunze) Baill.

Umfiyo, Clutia pulchella L.

Umfofofo, Schotia brachypetala Sond

Umfuto, Clausena anisata (Willd.) Hook.f. ex Benth.

Umgalagala, Buxus macowanii Oliv., B. natalensis (Oliv.) Hutch.

Umgana, Chamaecrista capensis (Thunb.) E.Mey.

Umgcebha, Rhoicissus digitata (L.f.) Gilg & Brandt, R. sp.

Umgcunube, Rubus rigidus Sm., Salix capensis Thunb

Umgeya, Podocarpus falcatus (Thunb.) R.Br. ex Mirb., P. latifolius

(Thunb.) R Br ex Mirb.

Umgezisa, Cussonia spicata Thunb., Schefflera umbellifera (Sond.)

Baill.

Umgilane, Pseudognaphalium luteo-album (L.) Hilliard & B.L. Burtt

Umglindi, Noltea africana (L.) Rchb.f.

Umgobeleweni, Agapanthus praecox Willd.

Umgobogobo, Plectrantlius barbatus Andr.

Umgogoni, Aristida junciformis Trin. & Rupr

Umgonge, Schotia afra (L.) Thunb.

Umgonogono, Psychotria capensis (Eckl.) Vatke

Umgqalagquzu, Allophyllus natalensis (Sond.) De Winter

Umgqamagqama, Boscia oleoides (Burch, ex DC.) Toelken

Umgqeba, Brachylaena ilicifolia (Lam.) E. Phillips & Schweick.

Umgqomagqoma. Nicotiana glauca Graham

Umgqomogqomo, Boscia albitrunca (Burch.) Gilg & Benedict

Umgqukunqa, Olea woodiana Knobl.

Umgqukunqa uzintlu, Ozoroa sp.

Umgube, Rothmannia globosa (Hochst.) Keay

Umgugunga, Diospyros whyteana (Hiern) F.White

Umgulugula, Strychnos madagascariensis Poir.

Umgumabela, Rhus discolor E.Mey. ex Sond.

Umgupa, Rothmannia globosa (Hochst.) Keay

Umguza, Encephalartos altensteinii Lehm., E. villosus Lehm.

Umguzane, Hibiscus trionum L.

Umguzani, Encephalartos sp.

Umgwali, Euclea crispa (Thunb.) Guerke, E. lancea Thunb., E. natal-

ensis A. DC., E. undulata Thunb.

Umgwane, Erythrina latissima E.Mey.

Umgwaqane, Croton sylvaticus Hochst.

Umgwari, Euclea crispa (Thunb.) Guerke, E. undulata Thunb.

Umgwashu, Gerbera piloselloides (L.) Cass.

Umgwebeleweni, Agapanthus comptonii Leighton, A. campanulatus

Leighton, A. sp.

Umgwele, Cliffortia strobilifera Murray

Umgwenye, Ekebergia capensis Sparrm., Harpephyllum caffrum Bernh

ex Krauss

Umgwenye wezinja, Ekebergia capensis Sparrm.

Umgwenyehlangula, Schrebera alata (Hochst.) Welw.

Umgwenyezinja, Ficus natalensis Hochst.

Umgwenyobomvu, Ekebergia capensis Sparrm., Harpephyllum caf-

frum Bemh. ex Krauss

Umgwigwi, Sporobolus pyramidalis P.Beauv.

Umgxam, Schotia afra (L ) Thunb., S. latifolia Jacq.

Umgxama, Schotia latifolia Jacq.

Umgxina, Curtisia dentata (Burm.f.) C.A.Sm.

Umgxobhozo, wetland

Umgxube, Cassine aethiopica Thunb., Coddia rudis (E.Mey. ex Harv.)

Verde.

Umhlaba, Alepidea pilifera Weim., Aloe ferox Mill., A. sp.

Umhlabangubo, Bidens pilosa L.. Buddleja dysophylla (Benth.) Radik.

Umhlabelo, Talinum sp.

Umhlabelo puntsu, Talinum sp.

Umhlabelo ncolo, Talinum sp.

Umhlagela, Drypetes arguta (Mtill.Arg.) Hutch.

Umhlahlapethu, Chenopodium ambrosioides L.

Umhlakothi, Rhus laevigata L., R. rehmanniana Engl.

Umhlakothi omkhulu, Rhus chirindensis Baker f.

Umhlakuva, Ricinus communis L.

Umhlalamakwaba, Bridelia micrantha (Hochst.) Baill.

Umhlamalala, Strychnos decussata (Pappe) Gilg

288

Bothalia 29,2 (1999)

Umhlamba arnasi. Rauvolfla caffra Sond.

Umhlambamase, Rauvolfla caffra Sond.

Umhlambamasi, Tabernaemontana ventricosa Hochst. ex A. DC.

Umhlandela, Kiggelaria africana L.

Umhlandothi, Albizia adianthifolia (Schumach.) W.Wight

Umhlangela, Drypetes arguta (Mull.Arg.) Hutch.

Umhlanghoti, Rhus rehmanniana Engl.

Umhlangothi, Rhus laevigata L.

Umhlangwe, Maytenus heterophylla (Eckl. & Zeyh.) N. Robson, M.

nemo rasa (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Marais

Umhlavuthwa, Datura stramonium L., Ricinus communis L.

Umhlawuvuthwa, Ricinus communis L.

Umhlebe, Olea capensis L. subsp. capensis, O. capensis L. subsp.

macrocarpa (C.H. Wright) I.Verd.

Umhleli, Ehretia rigida (Thunb.) Druce

Umhleza, Pavetta lanceolata Eckl.

Umhlinzinyati, Kiggelaria africana L.

Umhlokotshane, Rhus crenata Thunb.

Umhlolo, Grewia lasiocarpa E.Mey. ex Harv.

Umhlolowane, Peristrophe cernua Nees

Umhlonitshwa, Indigastrum fastigiatum (E.Mey.) Schrire, Psoralea

pinnata L.

Umhlontio, Euphorbia sp.. Euphorbia tetragona Haw., E. tirucalli L.,

E. triangularis Desf.

Umhlonyana, Artemisia afra Jacq. ex Willd., Marrubium vulgare L.,

Rumex acetosella L.

Umhlonyane, Cotula anthemoides L., Polygala sp., Schistostephium

hippiifolium (DC.) Hutch.

Umhlonyane omhlophe, Artemisia afra Jacq. ex Willd.

Umhlonyane omncinane, Matricaria nigellifolia DC.

Umhlonyane oinnyama, Schistostephium crataegifolium (DC.) Fenzl

ex Harv., S. flabelliforme Less.

Umhlonyane wamalawu, Marrubium vulgare L., Matricaria nigellifo-

lia DC., Schistostephium flabelliforme Less.

Umhlonyane wetafa, Sutera aurantiaca (Burch.) Hiem

Umhlonyane wethafa, Sutera sp.

Umhlonyane womlambo, Artemisia afra Jacq. ex Willd., Matricaria

nigellifolia DC.

Umhlope, Mimusops caffra E.Mey. ex A. DC.

Umhluma, Rhizophora mucronata Lam.

Umhlungulu, Ocotea bullata (Burch.) Baill

Umhlunguthi, Commiphora woodii Engl., C. Iiarveyi (Engl.) Engl., C.

sp.

Umhlwazi, Catha edulis (Vahl) Forssk. ex Endl.

Umilolo, Hibiscus tiliaceus L.

Umindi, Mondia whitei (Hook.f.) Skeels

Umini, Berchemia zeylteri (Sond.) Grubov

Umintsane, Erythrina humeana Spreng.

Umjela, Rauvolfla caffra Sond.

Umjelo, Rauvolfla caffra Sond.

Umjinqa, Aloe tenuior Haw.

Umjome wehlati, Syzygium gerrardii (Harv. ex Hook.f.) Burtt Davy

Umjomi bomva, Syzygium gerrardii (Harv. ex Hook.f.) Burtt Davy

Umkakase, Prunus africana (Hook.f.) Kalkman

Umkakuva, Ricinus communis L.

Umkancaza, Gardenia thunbergia Thunb.

Umkangana, Gardenia thunbergia Thunb.

Umkangazi, Gardenia thunbergia Thunb.

Umkaza, Euclea natalensis A. DC., E. schimperi (A. DC.) Dandy

Umkhaba, Podocarpus latifolius (Thunb.) R.Br. ex Mirb.

Umkhamelo, Chenopodium sp.

Umkhangele, Strychnos decussata (Pappe) Gilg

Umkhanzi, Haplocarpha scaposa Harv., Schoenoplectus littoralis (Schrad.)

Palla, Typlut domingensis Pers., T. capensis (Rohrb.) N.E.Br.

Umkhaphalanga, Maytenus acuminata (L.f.) Loes.

Umkhaza, Diospyros whyteana (Hiem) F.White

Umkhiwane, Ficus ingens (Miq.) Miq., F. sur Forssk.

Umkhoba, Podocarpus falcatus (Thunb.) R.Br. ex Mirb., P. latifolius

(Thunb.) R.Br. ex Mirb.

Umkhobeza, Nuxia congesta R.Br. ex Fresen.

Umkhokhokho, Kiggelaria africana L.

Umkholeya, Podocarpus falcatus (Thunb.) R.Br. ex Mirb.

Umkhomokhomo, Dryopteris athamantica (Kuntze) Kuntze

Umkhondo, Agapanthus praecox Willd., A. sp., Clutia pulchella L.,

Cyrtunthus obliquus (L.f.) Aiton

Umkhothane, Hypochoeris radicata L.

Umkhuhlu, Trichilia dregeana Sond., T. emetica Vahl

Umkhwenkwe, Pittosporum viridiflorum Sims

Umkhwinli, Clutia pulchella L.

Umkisiso, Schefflera umbellifera (Sond.) Baill.

Umkiwane, Drypetes natalensis (Harv.) Hutch.

Umkloka, Erythrina lysistemon Hutch.

Umkoboti, Chaetacme aristata Planch.

Umkombota, Chaetacme sp.

Umkoiniso, Protorhus longifolia (Bemh.) Engl.

Umkovoti, Chaetacme aristata Planch.

Umkrakrane', Aloe tenuior Haw.

Umkulu, Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Hayek

Umkumbati, Protorhus longifolia (Bemh.) Engl.

Umkumiso, Pelargonium reniforme Curtis

Umkunye, Millettia grandis (E.Mey.) Skeels, M. sutherlandii Harv.,

Olinia ventosa (L.) Cufod.

Umkupati, Protorhus longifolia (Bernh.) Engl.

Umkuwane, Erythrina latissima E.Mey.

Umkwane, Ficus sur Forssk.

Umkwinde, Gazania linearis (Thunb.) Druce

Umkwinti, Gazania linearis (Thunb.) Druce, G. pectinata (Thunb.)

Spreng.

■Umlahleni, Curtisia dentata (Burm.f.) C.A.Sm.

Umlahleni seletile, Curtisia dentata (Burm.f.) C.A.Sm., Ekebergia

capensis Sparrm.

Umlanjeni, Plumbago auriculata Lam.

Umledina, Ledebouria sp.

Umleya, Podocarpus falcatus (Thunb.) R.Br. ex Mirb.

Umlindi, Rhamnus prinoides L’Her.

Umlolwa, Hibiscus tiliaceus L.

Umlongo, Rawsonia lucida Harv. & Sond.

Umlonhtlo, Euphorbia grandidens Haw.

Umlovulovu, Cordia caffra Sond.

Umlunge, Dicoma zeylteri Sond.

Umlungumabele, Adenopodia spicata (E.Mey.) C.Presl, Zanthoxylum

capense (Thunb.) Harv., Z. clavyi (I.Verd.) P.G. Waterman

Umluvuluvu, Cordia caffra Sond., Kiggelaria africana L.

Ummuncwane, Oxalis corniculata L., O. purpurata Jacq.

Umnake, Striga elegans Benth.

Umnambane, Adiantaceae (family)

Umnana, Maytenus acuminata (L.f.) Loes.

Umnanja, Phytolacca octandra L.

Umncele, Hyparrhenia dregeana (Nees) Stapf, H sp.

Umnculuba, Salix mucronata Thunb.

Umncwane, Oxalis sp., Rumex lanceolatus Thunb.

Umnebelele, Albiz.ia adianthifolia (Schumach.) W.Wight, Heywoodia

lucens Sim

Umnewana, Pelargonium peltatum (L.) L’Her.

Umnga, Acacia karroo Hayne

Umngamanzi, Acacia caffra (Thunb.) Willd.

Umngampunzi, Acacia karroo Hayne, A. robusta Burch.

Umngana, Chamaecrista mimosoides (L.) Greene

Umngcele, Hyparrhenia hirta (L.) Stapf

Umngcondo, Podocarpus falcatus (Thunb.) R.Br. ex Mirb.

Umngcumube, Salix mucronata Thunb.

Umngcunube, Salix babylonica L., S. capensis Thunb, S. mucronata

Thunb., Schinus molle L.

Umngqangqa, Ficus natalensis Hochst., Pleurostylia capensis (Turcz.)

Loes.

Umngqege, Ficus natalensis Hochst.

Umngqi, Maytenus peduncularis (Sond.) Loes.

Umngqunquti, Strychnos mitis S. Moore

Umngumaswile, Vepris lanceolata (Lam.) G.Don

Umnguni, Scolopia mundii (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Warb.

Umngwavu, Encephalartos sp.

Umngxam, Ficus sp.

Umnikandiba, Zanthoxylum capense (Thunb.) Harv.

Umninawa, Salvia sp.

Umnofunofu, Cordia caffra Sond.

Umnono, Strychnos henningsii Gilg

Umnonono, Celtis africana Burm.f., Strychnos henningsii Gilg, S.

spinosa Lam., Xymalos monospora (Harv.) Baill. ex Warb.

Umnovunovu, Cordia caffra Sond., Kiggelaria africana L.

Umnqabane, Trimeria grandifolia (Hochst.) Warb.

Umnqabaza, Grewia occidentalis L., G. robusta Burch

Umnqanga, Pleurostylia capensis (Turcz.) Loes.

Umnqanqa, Scolopia mundii (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Warb.

Umnqathe, Xysmalobium orbiculare (E.Mey.) D.Dietr.

Umnqayi, Cassine aethiopica Thunb., Maytenus peduncularis (Sond.)

Loes.

Umnqayi masende, Rawsonia lucida Harv. & Sond.

Umnqayi weputi, Rawsonia lucida Harv. & Sond

Bothalia 29,2 (1999)

289

Umnqayimasende, Cryptocarya woodii Engl.

Umnqayinqayi, Maytenus peduncularis (Sond.) Loes.

Umnqaza, Grewia occidentalis L.

Uinnquma, Cryptocarya woodii Engl., Euclea crispa (Thunb.) Guerke,

Olca europaea L. subsp. africana (Mill.) PS. Green

Umnquma isiwili, Olea capensis L. subsp. capensis

Umnqumaswile, Vepris lanceolata (Lam.) G.Don

Umnqumaswili, Olea capensis L. subsp. capensis

Umnqundu wenyathi, Exomis microphylla (Thunb.) Aellen

Umnqwane, Erythrina latissima E.Mey., Protea sp.

Umntla, northern aspect

Umntunzi, Mimusops caffra E.Mey. ex A. DC., M. obovata Sond.

Umntunzi wehlathi, Mimusops obovata Sond

Umnukambiba, Clausena anisata (Willd.) Hook.f. ex Benth.,

Hippobromits pauciflorus (L.f.) Radik.

Umnukambile, Clausena anisata (Willd.) Hook.f. ex Benth.

Urnnukane, Ocotea bullata (Burch.) Baill.

Umnumbithi, Ocotea bullata (Burch.) Baill.

Umnunge, Gladiolus sp.

Umnungumabele, Rhus discolor E.Mey. ex Sond., Zanthoxylum davyi

(I.Verd.) P.G. Waterman

Umnungwamabele, Zanthoxylum capense (Thunb.) Harv.

Umnweba, Mimusops caffra E.Mey. ex A. DC., Sideroxylon inerme L.

Umnwele, Cliffortia sp., C. strobilifera Murray, Passerina sp..

Sutherlandia frutescens (L.) R.Br.

Umnxeba, Mikania natalensis DC.. Rhoicissus rhomboidea (E.Mey. ex

Harv.) Planch., R tridentata (L.f.) Wild & R B.Drumm. subsp.

cuneifolia (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Urton, R. tridentata (L.f.) Wild &

R. B.Drumm. subsp tridentata

Umnyamanzi, Acacia caffra (Thunb.) Willd.

Umnyafnati, Ekebergia capensis Sparrm.

Umnyana, Chamaecrista mimosoides (L.) Greene

Umnyanja, Phytolacca heptandra Retz.

Umnyenye, Rhamnus prinoides L'Her.

Umnyushulube, Canthium (generic), C. ciliatum (Klotzsch) Kuntze, C.

inerme (L.f.) Kuntze

Umofunofu, Kiggelaria africana L.

Umoto, Clutia heterophylla Thunb

Umpafa, Ptaeroxylon obliquum (Thunb.) Radik.

Umpahla, Brachylaena discolor DC.

Umpanzi, Olinia radiata J.Hofmeyr & E. Phillips, O. ventosa (L.)

Cufod.

Umpapane, Trachyandra revoluta (L.) Kunth

Umpatha, Brachylaena discolor DC.

Umphafa, Melia azedarach L., Ziziphus mucronata Willd.

Umphanga, Encephalartos sp., E. villosus Lehm

Umphazite, Margaritaria discoidea (Baill.) Webster

Umphemba, Oz.oroa mucronata (Bemh. ex Krauss) R. & A. Fern.

Umphompho, Eucomis comosa (Houtt.) Wehrh.

Umphompho wezinja, Scadoxus puniceus (L.) Fms & Nordal

Umphunzisa, Boscia oleoides (Burch, ex DC.) Toelken, Maerua

racemulosa (A. DC.) Gilg & Benedict

Umphunzito, Margaritaria discoidea (Baill.) Webster

Umpitshi wehlati, Rawsonia lucida Harv. & Sond

Umpofu, Agapanthus praecox Willd.

Umponyane, Pavetta lanceolata Eckl.

Umpoqoza, Rabdosiella calycina (Benth.) Codd

Umpungempu, Nicandra physalodes (L.) Gaertn.

Umpunzisa, Maerua cafra (DC.) Pax

Umpunziso, Maerua cafra (DC.) Pax, M. racemulosa (A. DC.) Gilg &

Benedict

Umqagula, Capparis sepiaria L. var. citrifolia (Lam.) Toelken

Umqalothi, Strychnos henningsii Gilg

Umqangazani, Clerodendrum glabrum E.Mey.

Umqaphula, Scutia myrtina (Burm.f.) Kurz

Umqapuna, Scutia myrtina (Burm.f.) Kurz

Umqaqoba, Maytenus heterophylla (Eckl. & Zeyh.) N. Robson,

Putterlickia pyracantha (L.) Szyszyl., Schotia afra (L.) Thunb.,

Scolopia zeyheri (Nees) Harv.

Umqcwimbe, Salix mucronata Thunb

Umqele, Dicoma zeyheri Sond.

Umqhaphu, Asclepias gibba (E.Mey.) Schltr., Scaevola plumieri (L.) Vahl

Umqokolo, Dalbergia armata E.Mey., Dovyalis caffra (Hook.f. &

Harv.) Hook.f., D. lucida Sim, D. rhamnoides (Burch, ex DC.)

Harv., D. rotundifolia (Thunb.) Thunb. & Harv., D. zeyheri

(Sond.) Warb., Scolopia zeyheri (Nees) Harv.

Umqokwane, Scutia myrtina (Burm.f.) Kurz

Umqonci, Schotia afra (L.) Thunb.

Umqongci, Trichocladus ellipticus Eckl. & Zeyh.

Umqumaswele, Chionanthus foveolatus (E.Mey.) Steam

Umqungu, Cymbopogon excavatus (Hochst.) Stapf ex Burtt Davy, C.

marginatus (Steud.) Stapf ex Burtt Davy, C. validus (Stapf)

Stapf ex Burtt Davy

Umqunye, Millettia grandis (E.Mey.) Skeels

Umquqoba, Schotia afra (L.) Thunb., S. zeyheri (Nees) Harv.

Untqwabaqwaba, Pelargonium sp.

Untqwaqu, Clerodendrum glabrum E.Mey.

Umqwaqwanam, Clerodendrum glabrum E.Mey.

Umqwashu, Sideroxylon inerme L.

Umqwashube, Cunonia capensis L.

Umrateni omhlophe. Allium sp.

Umredeni omhlophe, Ledebouria cooperi (Hook.f.) Jessop, L. undula-

ta (Jacq.) Jessop, Ornithogalum conicum Jacq., O longibrac-

teutum Jacq., O. tenuifolium F.Delaroche, O thyrsoides Jacq.

Umrhwaxube, Cunonia capensis L

Umrithi, Tliemeda triandra Forssk.

Umsa, Gerbera piloselloides (L.) Cass.

Umsalinge, Melia azedarach L.

Umsalingwe, Melia azedarach L.

Umsange, Cussonia spicata Thunb.

Umsangela, Pelargonium sidoides DC.

Umsangelo, Hibiscus malacospermus (Turcz.) E.Mey. ex Harv.

Umsantsana, Anthospermum aethiopicum L.

Umsenge, Cussonia paniculata Eckl. & Zeyh., C. spicata Thunb.,

Schefflera umbellifera (Sond.) Baill.

Umsengilazane, Sporobolus pyramidalis P.Beauv.

Umserinyeni, Melia azedarach L.

Umshala wesandla, Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn. subsp. africana

(K.-O'Byme) Hilu & De Wet

Umshwaqa, Scolopia mundii (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Warb.

Umsila wengwe, Gnidia capitata L.f., G. sp.

Umsilingi, Tecomaria capensis (Thunb.) Spach

Uinsimbithi, Millettia grandis (E.Mey.) Skeels

Umsimbiti, Millettia grandis (E.Mey.) Skeels

Umsinde, Tliemeda triandra Forssk.

Umsingilizane, Sporobolus pyramidalis P.Beauv.

Umsingizane, Sporobolus africanus (Poir.) Robyns & Toumay

Umsingozane, Tec la natalensis (Sond.) Engl.

Umsintsi, Erythrina caffra Thunb., E. humeana Spreng., E. latissima

E.Mey., E. lysistemon Hutch., E. sp.

Umsiphane, Calpurnia sp., Clutia pulchella L.

Umsitshana, Culodendrum capense (L.f.) Thunb.

Umsobo, Nicandra physalodes (L.) Gaertn., Solatium burbankii Bitter,

S. chenopodioides Lam., S. nigrum L., S. retroflexum Dun.

Umsobo wamanixwa. Solatium nigrum L.

Umsobo wegusha, Crabliea hirsuta Harv., C. nana Nees

Umsobo wehlathi. Solatium nigrum L„ Vernonia mespilifolia Less.

Umsobo wezinja. Solatium burbankii Bitter, S. chenopodioides Lam.,

S. nigrum L., S. sp.

Uinsobosobo, Phytolacca americana L., Solatium nigrum L., S. retro-

flexum Dun.

Umsola, Euryops munitus (L.f.) B.Nord., Gomphostigma virgatum (L.f.)

Batik

Umsolo, Anagallis arvensis L., Centella coriacea Nannfd., Chaetacan-

thus setiger (Pers.) Lindk, Clutia heterophylla Thunb., Falkia

repens L.f., Matricaria nigellifolia DC., Sebaea sp.

Umsolo omkulu, Samolus valerandi L.

Umsolo uwukhubele umlambo. Ranunculus multifldus Forssk.

Umsolo webele, Walqfrida geniculata (L.f.) Rolfe

Umsolo wetafa, Hermannia flammea Jacq.

Umsolo womlambo, Matricaria nigellifolia DC., Samolus valerandi L.

Umsombutyu, Burchellia bubalina (L.f.) Sims

Umsondezo, Scutia myrtina (Burm.f.) Kurz

Umsongelo, Pelargonium reniforme Curtis, P. sidoides DC., P. sp., P.

zonule (L.) L’ Her.

Umsonti, Podocarpus falcatus (Thunb.) R.Br. ex Mirb., P. henkelii

Stapf ex Dallim. & Jacks., P. latifolius (Thunb.) R.Br. ex Mirb.

Umsu, Syzygium cordatum Hochst.

Umsugusu, Rothmannia globosa (Hochst.) Keay

Umsulusulu, Euphorbia (generic)

Umswi, Salix capensis Thunb., S. mucronata Thunb., Syzygium corda-

tum Hochst.

Uintala, Miscanthus capensis (Nees) Anderss.

Umtane, Dioscorea cotinifolia Kunth

Umtekwane, Leucas sp.

Umtelele, Ochna arborea Burch, ex DC.

Umtenatene, Diospyros whyteana (Hiem) F.White

Umtenenenda, Cola natalensis Oliv.

290

Bothalia 29,2 (1999)

Umtetebu, Cyrtanthus contractus N.E.Br , Pelargonium alchemilloides

(L.) L’Her.

Umthafathafa, Parmelia sp., Usnea species and coriaceous lichens

Umthathi, Ptaeroxylon obliquum (Thunb.) Radik,

Umthentsema, Ochna arborea Burch, ex DC., Salix capensis Thunb.

Umthi, Eriosema kraussiana Meisn.

Umthi kamaqo. Plumbago auriculata Lam.

Umthi kamlanjeni, Plumbago auriculata Lam.

Umthi kanomyayi, Bulbine asphodeloides (L.) Willd.

Umthi omnandi, Scabiosa sp.

Umthi wamadoda. Plumbago auriculata Lam.

Umthi wamahihhili, Senecio macrocephalus DC.

Umthi wamakhosi. Schotia latifolia Jacq.

Umthi wamaqhakuva, Anthospermum aethiopicum L.

Umthi wechanti, Helichrysum calocephalum Klatt

Umthi wekhokhonathi ioyili, Aloysia triphylla (L’Her.) Britton

Umthi wemibane. Plumbago auriculata Lam.

Umthi wenduma. Hibiscus pedunculatus L.f.

Umthi wengqele, Streptocarpus rexii (Hook.) Lindl.

Umthi wentaka, Crotalaria agatiflora Schweinf.

Umthi wetyiphu, Helichrysum miconiifolium DC.

Umthi wezulu, Vernonia natalensis Sch.Bip. ex Walp

Umthi wochwane, Scabiosa africana L.

Umthimbiti, Millettia grandis (E.Mey.) Skeels

Umthole, Acacia caffra (Thunb ) Willd.

Umthombe, Ficus natalensis Hochst.

Umthombothi, Acalypha glabrata Thunb., Spirostachys africana Sond.

Umthongothi, Hyperacanthus amoenus (Sims) Bridson

Umthothe, Ptaeroxylon obliquum (Thunb.) Radik.

Umthuma, Solatium aculeastrum Dun., Solatium aculeatissimum Jacq.,

S. capense L , S. coccineum Jacq., S. incanum L., S. pseudo-

capsicum L., S. rigescens Jacq., S. sp., S. tomentosum L.

Umthuma omkulu, Solatium aculeastrum Dun.

Umthuma omncinci, Solatium incanum L., S. rigescens Jacq.

Umthumawezinja, Solatium pseudocapsicum L.

Umthungulu, Carissa haematocarpa (Eckl.) A. DC., C. macrocarpa

(Eckl.) A. DC.

Umthungwa, Clutia pulchella L., Cryptocarya latifolia Sond., C. myr-

tifolia Stapf, C. woodii Engl.

Umthungwane, Englerophytum natalense (Sond.) T.D.Penn.

Umthunyelwa, Pleurostylia capensis (Turcz.) Loes.

Umthunzi, Asparagus africanus Lam.

Umtiza, Millettia grandis (E.Mey.) Skeels, Umtiza listeriana Sim

Umtomvane, Smodingium argutum E.Mey. ex Sond

Umtomvi, Viscum sp., Voacanga thouarsii Roem. & Schult.

Umtongwani, Englerophytum natalense (Sond.) T.D.Penn.

Umtotova, Cephalaria decurrens (Thunb.) Roem. & Schult.

Umtshayelo, Calopsis paniculata (Rottb.) Desv.

Umtshekesane, Euclea natalensis A. DC.

Umtshekisana, Aster bakeranus Burtt Davy ex C.A.Sm., Euclea natal-

ensis A. DC.

Umtshekisane, Asclepias crispa P.J.Bergius, Euclea divinorum Hiern,

E. natalensis A. DC., Euclea sp.

Umtshiki. Eragrostis plana Nees, Sporobolus africanus (Poir.) Robyns

& Tournay

Umtuma, Solatium sodomaeodes Kuntze

Umtundisa, Rauvolfiu caffra Sond.

Umtungwa, Ocotea bullata (Burch.) Baill.

Umtunzi, Mimusops caffra E.Mey. ex A. DC., M. obovata Sond.

Umtuto, Clausend anisata (Willd.) Hook f. ex Benth.

Umtwana womlambo, Samolus valerandi L.

Umtwane womlambo, Plantago major L.

Umtyetyembane, Premna tnooiensis (H. Pearson) G.Piep.

Umtyityi, Leucosidea sericeu Eckl. & Zeyh.

Umtyongi, Antidesma venosum E.Mey. ex Till.

Umtyshone, Diospyros natalensis (Harv.) Brenan

Umtyutyu, Amaranthus hybridus L.

Umula, Limeum aethiopicum Burm.

Umuncamunca, Leonotis ocymifolia (Burm.f.) Iwarsson

Umunchu, Oxalis corniculata L.

Umuncwane, Leonotis ocymifolia (Burm.f.) Iwarsson, Oxalis semiloba

Sond , O. smithiana Eckl. & Zeyh.

Umuncwane wethafa. Pelargonium capitatum (L.) L’Her.

Umunyamunya, Leonotis leonurus (L.) R.Br.

Umva, Cannabis sativa L

Umva womfana, Tagetes minuta L.

Umvaganzi, Trema orientalis (L.) Blume

Umvane, Asparagus sp., A. stipulaceus Lam.

Umvawamadoda, Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronquist, C. canadensis

(L.) Cronquist

Umvawendoda, Hypochoeris glabra L.

Umvawenyathi, Exomis microphylla (Thunb.) Aellen, Trichocladus

ellipticus Eckl. & Zeyh.

Umvenyathi, Exomis microphylla (Thunb.) Aellen

Umvethi, Cymbopogon validus (Stapf) Stapf ex Burtt Davy, Kiggelaria

africana L., Xymalos monospora (Harv.) Baill. ex Warb.

Umveti, Kiggelaria africana L.

Umvila, Pachystigtna venosum Hochst.

Umvilani, Grewia occidentals L.

Umvilo, Vangueria infausta Burch., V7 sp.

Umvilo wehlati, Pachystigtna venosum Hochst.

Umvithi, Asparagus macowani Baker, Ochna arborea Burch, ex DC.

Umvumadoda, Solatium retroflexion Dun.

Umvumbangwe, Datura stramonium L.

Umvumbengwe, Datura stramonium L.

Umvumvu, Celtis africana Burm.f., Trema orientalis (L.) Blume

Umvusankunzi, Hermannia incana Cav.

Umvuthuza, Alepidea amatymbica Eckl. & Zeyh., Clematis brachiata

Thunb., Knowltonia bracteata Harv. ex Zahlbr., Sanicula elata

Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don, Valeriana capensis Thunb.

Umvuthwamimi, Cant/iium inerme (L.f.) Kuntze

Umwelela, Tulbaghia alliacea L.f., T. sp.

Umxamo, Schotia latifolia Jacq.

Umxoxozi, Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai

Umya, Cannabis sativa L

Umzane, Tec la natalensis (Sond.) Engl.

Umzani, Vepris lanceolate (Lam.) G.Don

Umzantsi, southern aspect

Umzekhwa, Rabdosiella calycina (Benth.) Codd

Umzi, Cyperus textilis Thunb.

Umzimbiti, Millettia grandis (E.Mey.) Skeels

Umzitsikama, Virgilia divaricata Adamson

Umzombi, Ficus natalensis Hochst.

Umzongwane, Hibiscus pusillus Thunb.

Umzukuza, Rothmannia globosa (Hochst.) Keay

Umzungulu, Dalbergia obovata E.Mey.

Umzungulwa, Muytenus acuminata (L.f.) Loes.

Undendekwana, Ficus burtt-davyi Hutch.

Undenze, Senecio deltoideus Less.

Undihlabulele, Chenopodiutn ambrosioides L.

Undilambele, Canthium mundianum Cham. & Schltdl.

Undlole, Calpurnia glabrata Brummitt

Undlwabiyela, Cotula heterocarpa DC.

Undoqa, Helichrysum pedunculatum Hilliard & B.L. Burtt

Undunyungu, Pyracantha sp.

Ungcana, Dianthus thunbergii Hooper, Drimia anomala (Baker)

Benth.

Ungcaseko, Massonia sp.

Ungcilikinde, Heliophila subulate Burch, ex DC.

Ungenalahle, Olinia ventosa (L.) Cufod.

Ungobogobana, Ehretia rigida (Thunb.) Druce

Ungqengendlela, Plantago major L.

Ungqengendlelo, Clutia heterophylla Thunb.

Ungqenqendlela, Polygala asbestine Burch.

Ungunoma, Eriospermum sp.

Unobijela, Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth

Unoboyana, Diospyros villosa (L.) De Winter, Motisonia emarginata

(L.f.) L'Her.

Unobuthongwana, Chamaecrista capensis (Thunb ) E.Mey., C. mimo-

soides (L.) Greene

Unochwayi, Cotula anthemoides L., C. heterocarpa DC.

Unocwayi, Lepidium ecklonii Schrad.

Unodlwabiyele, Senecio albanensis DC.

Unofenti, Hieracium sp.

Unogxekana, Aster bakeranus Burtt Davy ex C.A.Sm.

Unojenti, Hypochoeris radicate L.

Unojijwa umangolwane, Drimia sp.

Unolabulele, Cotula anthemoides L.

Unoinabhutyubhutyu, Riduirdia brasiliensis Gomes

Unomadolomade, Phytolacca americana L.

Unomanumbane, Englerodaphne sp.

Unomashwa, Conostomium natalense (Hochst.) Bremek.

Unomatafana, Indigofera stride L.f.

Unomatananga, Canna indica L.

Unomatshinotshmo, Blepharis capensis (L.f.) Pers.

Unomatyumtyum, Carpobrotus edulis (L. ) L. Bolus, Myrsiphyllum asparu-

goides (L.) Willd.

Unoinatyumtyuma, Lampranthus sp.

Bothalia 29,2 ( 1999)

291

Unoinatywabutywabu, Limeum viscosum (Gay) Fenzl

Unomaweni, Aloe arborescens Mill., A. maculata All., A. sp.. Begonia

sutherlandii Hook.f.

Unomayepuyepu, Cotula heterocarpa DC.

Unombija, Cynanchum sp.

Unomcela, Rhynchosia totta (Thunb.) DC.

Unomcwetshwana, Sonchus dregeanus DC., Taraxacum officinale

Weber (sens, lat.)

Unomdlobhoyi, Amaranthus blitoides S. Watson, A. deflexus L., A.

hybridus L.

Unomgushe. Gerbera viridifolia (DC.) Sch.Bip.

Unomlatana, Rubus ludwigii Eckl. & Zeyh.

Unomlindana, Cheilanthes viridis (Forssk.) Sw.

Unomnqwazana, Hibiscus trionum L.

Unomolwana, Malva parviflora L.

Unomonti, Hypochoeris radicata L.

Unompontshane, Galinsoga parviflora Cav., Nemesia melissifolia

Benth.

Unondlabiyele, Cotula heterocarpa DC.

Unondlwabiyele, Coronopus didymus (L.) Sin.

Unongotyozana, Centella coriacea Nannfd.

Unongotyozane, Centella eriantha (Rich.) Drude

Unongqutu, Rhus incisa L.f. var. eff'usa (C.Presl) R.Fern.

Unongwe, Gazania krebsiana Less.

Unonkangana, Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist, C. scabrida DC.

Unonkotyana, Hermannia incana Cav.

Unonyada, Eriospermum sp.

Unonyongwana, Centella coriacea Nannfd.

Unonyongwane, Centella coriacea Nannfd.

Unopeperane, Wahlenbergia undulata (L.f.) A. DC.

Unopepilana, Stachys sp.

Unopepirana, Lobelia erinus L.

Unopilikoko, Drimia sp.

Unoranga, Picris echioides L.

Unosendana, Aster bakeranus Burtt Davy ex C.A.Sm.

Unotabalaza, Ranunculus multifidus Forssk.

Unozidehekana, Aster bakeranus Burtt Davy ex C.A.Sm.

Unozitholana, Silene undulata Aiton

Unozixekana, Aster bakeranus Burtt Davy ex C.A.Sm.

Unqabaza, Grewia occidentalis L.

Unqengendlebe, Plantago major L.

Untandathu, Galinsoga parviflora Cav.

Untozwane wehlati, Peddiea africana Harv.

Unukayo, Chenopodium ambrosioides L., Tagetes minuta L.

Unuwathala, Thalictrum rhynocarpum Dill. & Rich.

Unwele, Cliffortia linearifolia Eckl. & Zeyh.

Unxasana, Hieracium sp

Unyawo lwenkukhu, Asclepias gibba (E.Mey.) Schltr., A. multicaulis

(E.Mey.) Schltr., Pelargonium caffrum (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Hart'.

Unyelambila. Psydrax obovata (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Bridson

Unyenye, Grewia occidentalis L., Rhamnus prinoides L’Her.

Unyinge, Agrimonia procera Wallr.

Unyongwana, Centella coriacea Nannfd.

Unyongwane, Dicoma anomala Sond.

Upaqa, Pelargonium sp.

Upasmani, Capparis sepiaria L. var. citrifolia (Lam.) Toelken

Uphakane, Trema orientalis (L.) Blume

Uphantsikomga, Haplocarpha sp.

Uphiphiyo, Leucas capensis (Benth.) Engl.

Uphuluka bempethe, Talinum caffrum (Thunb.) Eckl. & Zeyh.

Uphuncuka, Talinum caffrum (Thunb.) Eckl. & Zeyh.

Uphuncuka bemphete, Crassula vaginata Eckl. & Zeyh., Talinum caf-

frum (Thunb.) Eckl. & Zeyh.

Uphuncuka bemphethe obomvu, Crassula vaginata Eckl. & Zeyh.

Uphuzana, Gunnera perpensa L.

Upuzana lomfula, Gunnera perpensa L.

Upuzi, Gunnera perpensa L.

Uqadi, Clutia pulchella L.

Uqalo, Thamnocalamus tessellatus (Nees) Soderstr. & R.P.Ellis

Uqangazane, Clerodendrum glabrum E.Mey.

Uqapuia, Capparis sepiaria L. var. citrifolia (Lam.) Toelken, Scutia

myrtina (Burm.f.) Kurz

Uqaqaqa, Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., C. incompletus Nees

Uqenqendlela, Polygala illepida E.Mey. ex Harv.

Uqhobelo, Geranium ornithopodon Eckl. & Zeyh.

Uqobeleweni, Massonia sp.

Uqoboqoba, Osteospermum grandidentatum DC.

Uqonqunga, Olea woodiana Knobl.

Uqota, Combretum bracteosum (Hochst.) Brandis ex Engl.

Uqoto, Combretum bracteosum (Hochst.) Brandis ex Engl.

Uqudalele, Taraxacum officinale Weber (sens, lat.)

Uquntani, Senecio deltoideus Less.

Uqupose, Amaranthus thunbergii Moq.

Uquwe, Kalanchoe crenata (Andr.) Haw.

Uqwangxe, Olea capensis L. subsp macrocarpa (C.H Wright) I.Verd

Uralijane, Urtica lobulata E Mey. ex Blume, U. urens L.

Uralijane wamanxiwa, Urtica dioica L., U. lobulata E Mey. ex Blume,

U. urens L

Urasi, Urtica sp.

Uredeni, Urginea sp.

Urhangasi, Felicia filif alia (Vent.) Burtt Davy

Urhododo, Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth

Urhwantsana, Cyperus pulcher Thunb.

Urhwantsi, Cyperus pulcher Thunb., C. sexangularis Nees., C. textilis

Thunb.

Urhwashu, Merxmuellera cincta (Nees) Conert, M. disticha (Nees)

Conert

Urongxeni, Moraea polystachya (Thunb.) Ker Gawl.

Uruba, Myrsiphyllum ramosissimum (Baker) Oberm.

Urwashu, Festuca costata Nees

Usenga, Cucurbita pepo L.

Usihlwabitshi, Amaranthus hybridus L.

Usikhikhi, Salvia scabra L.f.

Usikolipati, Dioscorea rupicola Kunth, D. sylvatica (Kunth) Eckl.

Usilevu, Merxmuellera disticha (Nees) Conert

Usimbene, Zehneria scabra (L.f.) Sond.

Usinga lwamaxhegokazi, Greyia flanaganii Bolus

Usinga lamaxhegwazana. Convolvulus farinosus L.

Usitorhom, Cadaba aphylla (Thunb.) Wild

Usobokhulu, Pltysalis viscosa L.

Usomutyu, Burchellia bubalina (L.f.) Sims

Utabatane, Trimeria grandifolia (Hochst.) Warb.

Utambuki, Erythrina humeana Spreng., Hyparrhenia sp., Miscanthus

sp , Peucedanum caffrum (Meisn.) E. Phillips

Utambuki isintsana, Erythrina acanthocarpa E.Mey.

Utangazana, Zehneria scabra (L.f.) Sond.

Utekaza, Osyris lanceolata Hochst. & Steud.

Uthekwane, Acrotome inflata Benth.

Uthongothi, Hyperacanthus amoenus (Sims) Bridson

Uthulwana, Pinus sp.

Uthulwane, Cupressus sp.

Uthuvana, Kedrostis africana (L.) Cogn.

Uthuvishe, Kedrostis africana (L.) Cogn., K. sp.

Utobankomo, Burchellia bubalina (L.f.) Sims

Utovani, Smodingium argutum E.Mey. ex Sond.

Utseweletswele, Bartsia trixago L.

Utshesi, Solatium pseudocapsicum L.

Utshilo, Trimeria grandifolia (Hochst.) Warb.

Utshintshini, Plumbago auriculata Lam.

Utsolwane, Sonchus dregeanus DC.

Utswelana, Bulbine abyssinica A. Rich., B. asphodeloides (L.) Willd, B

frutescens (L.) Willd., B sp., Tulbaghia violacea Harv.

Utsweleni, Bulbine asphodeloides (L.) Willd.

Utuvishe, Kedrostis foetidissima (Jacq.) Cogn.

Utwyina, Pterocelastrus tricuspidatus (Lam.) Sond.

Utyampentyu, Cucurbitaceae

Utyani, Poaceae

Utyumbembe, Senecio sp.

Utyuthu, Amaranthus caudatus L., A. deflexus L., A. hybridus L., A. sp.,

Pltysalis peruviana L., Rorippa fluviatilis (E.Mey. ex Sond.)

Thell , Tetragonia sp.

Utyuthu obomvu, Amaranthus hybridus L.

Utyuthu umadliwa, Kedrostis africana (L.) Cogn.

Utywala, Pollichia campestris Aiton

Utywala beentaka. Geranium cunescens L’Her.

Utywala behlungulu, Pollichia campestris Aiton

Utywala bengcungcu, Leonotis leonurus (L.) R.Br.

Utywala bentaka, Lantanu catnara L., L. rugosa Thunb., Rubus pinna-

tus Willd.

Uvazo, Polygala sp.

Uvelabahleke, Graderia scabra (L.f.) Benth.

Uvele ludeke, Galinsoga parviflora Cav.

Uvelemonti, Hypochoeris radicata L., Senecio erubescens Aiton

Uvethe, Ficus sp., Teedia lucida Rudolphi, Xymalos monospora (Harv.)

Bail], ex Warb.

Uviluka, Pachystigma venosutn Hochst.

Uvivane, Lippia javanica (Burm.f.) Spreng.

Uvuma, Rhynchosia harveyi Eckl. & Zeyh.

292

Bothalia 29,2 (1999)

Uvuma obomvu, Ipomoea crispa (Thunb.) Hallier f.

Uvuma omhlophe. Convolvulus capensis Burm.f.

Uvumbangwe, Datura stramonium L.

Uwatala, Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Hayek

Uxekana, Aster bakeranus Burtt Davy ex C.A.Sm.

Uxhobakhulu, Anemone tenuifolia (L.f.) DC.

Uxumbukhwekhwe, Helinus integrifolius (Lam.) Kuntze

Uyakayakana, Bulbine abyssinica A. Rich., B. asphodeloides (L.)

Willd., Trachyandra affinis Kunth

Uzabokwe, Urginea altissima (L.f.) Baker

Uzandokwa, Helichrysum oxyphyllum DC.

Uzingathi, Dombeya cymosa Harv.

Uzintlwa, Curtisia dentata (Burm.f.) C.A.Sm., Olea woodiana Knobl.,

Oz.oroa sp.

Yakayakayana, Bulbine asphodeloides (L.) Willd.

Bothalia 29,2: 293-304 (1999)

The floristics of Sand Forest in northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

D. KIRKWOOD* and J.J. MIDGLEY*

Keywords: Cleistanthus schlechteri, DCA, KwaZulu-Natal, Maputaland, Newtonia hildebrundtii, Sand Forest, Tropical Dry Forest, TWINSPAN

ABSTRACT

We use multivariate analyses (ordination and classification) to assess both the floristic uniqueness of the woody vege-

tation of Sand Forest in relation to a range of other forest types in the region, and the range of variation within Sand Forest.

Two broad Sand Forest subtypes and related Ecotonal Forests are described and grouped under the term Tropical Dry Forest,

distinct from all evergreen forests in South Africa. Sand Forest, a dry semi-deciduous type in northeastern KwaZulu-Natal

is defined by the presence of the canopy dominant Cleistanthus schlechteri as well as Hymenocardia ulmoides, Psydrax fra-

grantissima, Croton pseudopulchellus and Drypetes arguta. Sand Forests form a cohesive group in both DCA and

TWINSPAN analyses, with similar composition of canopy dominants at sampled sites. This implies that ecological func-

tioning is similar across the geographical range in northeastern KwaZulu-Natal. However, turnover of subdominant species

between recognisable Sand Forest types emphasizes the need to conserve the full range of extant forests.

INTRODUCTION

Maputaland, the northeastern tip of KwaZulu-Natal

(Figure 1), forms the narrow southern portion of a large

coastal plain extending up the east coast of Africa as far

north as Somalia (Watkeys et al. 1993). Maputaland is

bordered by Mozambique in the north, the Indian Ocean

to the east and the Lebombo Mountains to the west (Moll

1978; Bruton & Cooper 1980). The southern boundary

can be drawn from the southern end of the Lebombo

Range to the mouth of the St Lucia Estuary (Watkeys et

al. 1993). The vegetation is a complex mosaic of forest,

thicket, savanna and grassland, with a high proportion of

endemics (perhaps 40% of woody species) and abrupt

local changes in response to soils and climate (Moll

1980).

Despite this botanical importance, the area has only

recently been scientifically explored. Bayer, in a 1938

study encompassing the coastbelt and midlands of

Zululand, stated : ‘...there is no doubt that throughout the

coastbelt proper, evergreen sub-tropical forest ... is a true

climatic climax.’ However, moist, evergreen forest is

certainly not the only forest type in the region.

References to dry forest with a unique complement of

species first appear in the literature in the mid-1960’s

(e.g. Vahrmeijer 1966; Tinley 1967). Moll (1968, 1978,

1980) and Moll & White (1978) used the local term

‘Sand Forest’ to describe this dry deciduous or semide-

ciduous forest occurring on sandy soils. They list a vari-

ety of common and widespread tree species, including

Newtonia hildebrandtii , Cleistanthus schlechteri, Hyme-

nocardia ulmoides, Balanites maughamii, Ptaeroxylon

obliquum and others. The term Sand Forest has since

passed into general (e.g. Goodman 1990; Midgley et al.

1997) and popular use (e.g. Pooley 1993; Craib 1995). In

South Africa, it refers to dense forests with numerous

trees and shrubs (De Moor et al. 1977; Moll & White

1978; Moll 1978, 1980) with a relatively short canopy

* Department of Botany, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7700

Cape Town.

MS. received: 1998-07-02.

(6 m or higher: De Moor et al. 1977. 10-25 m: Moll &

White 1978; Moll 1978, 1980. 5-13 m with emergents

above 15 m: Ward 1981), occurring in dry conditions

(600-1 000 mm: Tinley 1967. 700-900 mm: Moll &

White 1978) on white to deep red sandy soils (Vahr-

meijer 1966; Tinley 1967; De Moor et al. 1977; Moll &

FIGURE 1 . — Map of northeastern KwaZulu-Natal showing sampled

sites and boundanes of reserves containing Sand Forest. 1 ,

Ndumu Game Reserve; 2, Tembe Elephant Park; 3, Sileza

Forest Reserve; 4, Mkuzi Game Reserve; 5, Phinda Resource

Reserve; 6, False Bay Park; 7, Hell’s Gate.

294

Bothalia 29,2 (1999)

White 1978; Moll 1978, 1980; Ward 1981). These forests

tend to be patchily distributed in characteristic north-

south oriented strips (Vahnueijer 1966; Moll 1978, 1980;

Moll & White 1978; Ward 1981).

Although this forest type is a conspicuous feature in

Maputaland (Moll 1978, 1980; pers. obs.), descriptions

have been cursory (e.g. Vahrmeijer 1966; Tinley 1967;.

Moll 1978, 1980; Moll & White 1978) or very local (e.g.

De Moor et al. 1977; Ward 1981; Goodman 1990).

There is confusion regarding the definition of Sand

Forest and which plant species are representative and

characteristic (e.g. Moll & White 1978 cf. McKenzie

1996). The published literature describing Sand Forest

is confined to a few paragraphs. Species lists associated

with this forest type appear to be derived largely from

casual observation, and feature conspicuous canopy

emergents such as Newtonia hildebrandtii and Balanites

maughamii which may be associated with other vegeta-

tion types (pers. obs.). Only one study, based on a

regional data set and using quantitative methods, defines

Sand Forest types in terms of characteristic tree species

(MacDevette et al. 1989). However, that work is pre-

sented only as a preliminary classification of the

KwaZulu-Natal indigenous forests, and is based on

species checklists of varying reliability, with whole

forests as the basic sample unit.

It is also unclear how closely Sand Forest is related

to other forests in the region. Moll (1978, 1980) simply

treats Sand Forest as one of thirteen or fifteen vegetation

types in Maputaland. Moll & White (1978), in a descrip-

tion of the Indian Ocean Coastal Belt (a floristic zone

stretching from just south of Somalia to the Cape),

include Sand Forest in the Tongaland-Pondoland

Regional Mosaic with four other forest types. Midgley

et al. (1997) follow this approach and that of White

(1983) which emphasizes the separation of the South

African forest flora into the Afromontane types and the

Tongaland-Pondoland Regional Mosaic which includes

Sand Forest. MacDevette et al. (1989), in aTWINSPAN

classification of the KwaZulu-Natal indigenous forests,

group an Eastern and Western Sand Forest type under

the title Tropical Dry Forest with four other Coastal

Forest types. Their main division separates Coastal

Forests from Interior Forests in a similar manner to the

treatments described above. Tinley (1967, 1.977), how-

ever, regards Tropical Dry Semideciduous Forest in

South Africa as part of a much larger Southern Tropical

Sand Forest Domain, completely separate from all moist

evergreen forests (including evergreen coastal forests).

Moll & White (1978) list a variety of Sand Forest

species linking the Pondoland-Tongaland Regional

Mosaic with Dry Forests in the Zanzibar-Inhambane

Regional Mosaic, which would seem to support Tinley’s

approach.

Despite the lack of any comprehensive study of Sand

Forest, its conservation in South Africa is considered

important for a number of reasons. Sand Forest covers a

small total area (McKenzie 1996) and is heavily impact-

ed outside of reserves (Moll 1978; Geldenhuys &

MacDevette 1989; McKenzie 1996; pers. obs.). It is rich

in woody species (Moll & White 1978) and the habitat of

a number of unusual or rare animals, such as the Suni,

Neotragus moschatus (Lawson 1986), the African broad-

bill, Smithornis capensis, and Neergaard’s sunbird,

Nectarinia neergaardi, which is largely confined to the

Sand Forest (Harrison et al. 1997). It is a drawcard for

tourists (Macfarlane 1993; Craib 1995) and an important

local resource, providing a range of building materials,

traditional medicines and some food plants (Cun-

ningham 1985).

At present, there is little information available for

conservation planning, or for the delimitation of sensible

ecological units for management and research into the

dynamics of this little known forest type. Human pres-

sure on the natural environment is increasingly severe as

improved infrastructure leads to a rapidly increasing

rural population. This description is important in ascer-

taining the conservation worthiness of the forest type as

a whole and how well the range of floristic variation is

presently conserved. In addition it serves as a basis for

further ecological work.

Our aims are: to determine how similar Sand Forest in

northern KwaZulu-Natal is to other South African forests,

especially the moist evergreen Coastal Forests of

KwaZulu-Natal; to define Sand Forest in terms of its

woody species composition; and to describe any varia-

tion within the Sand Forest type.

STUDY SITE

Maputaland in South Africa is a low coastal plain cov-

ering approximately 5 700 km2 (Watkeys et al. 1993).

The climate is moist subtropical along the coast where

rainfall is over 1 000 mm per annum becoming dry sub-

tropical inland with less than 600 mm per annum.

Rainfall increases again to over 800 mm per annum

along the crest of the Lebombo Mountains (Maud 1980;

Watkeys et al. 1993). The highest monthly precipitation

falls between September and April resulting in hot,

humid summers and cool, dry winters.

The soils of Maputaland are complex, although most

of the area is covered by infertile, sandy Tertiary and

Quaternary deposits (Watkeys et al. 1993). Marine

transgressions and regressions since the end of the

Cretaceous have formed these deposits into dune ridges

oriented in a north-south direction (Goodman 1990),

parallel to the present-day coastline. These dune cor-

dons decrease in age from west to east, and the oldest,

most westerly dune cordon may date from the Plio-

Pleistocene (Davies 1976, cited by Goodman 1990).

These oldest palaeo-dunes are not well preserved and

are deep red in colour due to advanced mineral diagen-

esis. The soils on younger, more easterly dunes are gen-

erally poorly developed, yellow to orange arenosols.

Sand Forest occurs on the full range of these inland

dunes. The tall coastal dune cordon is composed of dys-

trophic pallid sands, with steep slopes stabilised by dune

forest and scrub. Between the dune ridges, the coastal

plain is flat to gently undulating, and may be covered

with loose dystrophic sands (Goodman 1990; Watkeys

etal. 1993).

Bothalia 29,2 (1999)

295

METHODS

Data collection

Analyses were based on two data sets, a ‘Sand Forest’

data subset, sampled specifically for this study, was com-

bined with a regional Northeastern KwaZulu-Natal data

set, to allow comparisons among a range of forest types.

Sampling was confined to woody vegetation for a num-

ber of reasons. Non-woody understorey vegetation is

temporally and spatially variable in these seasonally dry

forests, and our short-term sampling program could not

adequately assess this component. From a practical point

of view, we are attempting to delimit ecological units,

and it is the trees that most affect the forest environment.

In Sand Forest the non-woody component is particulary

sparse and contributes little to total biomass. Also, trees,

shrubs and lianes are easier to find and identify than

grasses and herbs, and we hope this study will be access-

able to nonspecialists.

'Sand Forest ' Data Set

Forests growing on or near sandy soils in Maputaland

(excluding dune forests) were sampled to represent all the

so-called Sand or Tropical Dry Forest types mentioned by

De Moor et al. (1977), Moll (1978, 1980), Moll & White

(1978), Ward (1981), MacDevette et al. (1989) and

Goodman (1990). Sampled sites include the KwaZulu-

Natal Nature Conservation Services reserves; False Bay

Park, Mkuzi Game Reserve, Tembe Elephant Park,

Ndumu Game Reserve and Sileza Forest Reserve, the pri-

vately owned Phinda Resource Reserve (hereafter

referred to as False Bay, Mkuzi, Tembe, Ndumu, Sileza

and Phinda respectively) and relatively undisturbed near-

by areas which will be referred to by the same locality

names. Protected areas were preferred for this survey as

unprotected forests are usually heavily disturbed, compli-

cating the recognition and definition of sand forest types.

At each locality, areas of forest (closed canopy,

woody communities, > 5 m, MacDevette et al. 1989;

Midgley et al. 1997) were chosen subjectively to repre-

sent the range of variation in structure and species com-

position. Within these areas, quadrats were randomly

located, with the proviso that they be at least 50 m from

any previous quadrats and the forest edge. The number of

quadrats located at each locality was subjectively deter-

mined. Sampling was halted when the variation in

species composition was adequately represented. Due to

the naturally patchy and discontinuous nature of Sand

Forest, which is further fragmented outside of protected

areas, a more structured approach was considered

impractical.

Samples consisted of circular 400 m2 quadrats. This is

a suitable size for short forest communities (Kent &

Coker 1992), representing the approximate point of

inflection of a species/area curve within a homogenous

area of sand forest (Goodman 1990; D. Kirkwood unpubl.

data) and is compatible with samples collected by other

workers in the region. Species abundance values in each

quadrat are total diameter at breast height (DBH), calcu-

lated from the sum of area at breast height of all individ-

uals. DBH of all woody individuals taller than 2 m, root-

ed within the quadrat was measured. Height of trees

shorter than 2 m was measured, and converted to an esti-

mate of diameter from a linear regression of height vs

DBH for all trees between 2 and 3 m high at a site. Shrubs

(largest individuals usually < 2 m), woody lianes and

creepers were assigned an arbitrary total DBH of 2 cm.

Tree species names follow Van Wyk & Van Wyk (1997).

Northeastern KwaZulu-Natal Data Set

Data from circular 400 m2 quadrats sampled in a range

of northeastern KwaZulu-Natal forests (see Figure 1)

were used. Sites were chosen to represent Coastal and

Inland Forest types (sensu MacDevette et al. 1989):

Mapelane (35 quadrats) and Sodwana (34 quadrats) from

the coastal dune cordon and Dukuduku Forest (20 qua-

drats) correspond to Undifferentiated Coastal Forest

(sensu MacDevette et al. 1989) (Undifferentiated Low-

land Forest sensu Moll & White 1978 or Coastal Forest

sensu Lubke & McKenzie 1996) (R. van Wyk, D.R.

MacDevette, D. Everard and I. Gordon, unpubl. data).

Coast Scarp Forest (sensu MacDevette et al. 1989)

(Lebombo Forest sensu Moll 1978, 1980), sampled in

1996 around Hluhluwe Game Reserve Hilltop Camp (21

quadrats: A. West, D. Kirkwood & J.J. Midgley unpubl.

data), represents the Inland Forests.

These quadrats from coastal and inland types were

combined with the 135 quadrats sampled for this study

from as wide a range as possible of ‘Sand Forest’ and

related types in Maputaland. This includes 16 quadrats

sampled in Hell’s Gate, just south of False Bay Park (D.

Kirkwood unpubl. data), an area administered by the

S.A. National Defence Force. The Hell’s Gate quadrats

are only included in the regional data set as the forest

was substantially different floristically from other Sand

Forest/Tropical Dry Forest types.

In this regional data set, abundance values were sim-

plified to presence/absence of species, and small shrub,

liane and creeper species were excluded, in order to

overcome compatibility problems. While this reduces the

information content of the data, it allows the robustness

of results from analysis of the ‘Sand Forest’ data subset

to be assessed.

Multivariate analysis

Our classification and definition of forest types, as

well as the ordinations of samples are derived from indi-

rect gradient analyses, utilising only floristic data. The

most meaningful results were obtained using two well-

known, robust and complementary techniques (Gauch

1982; Kent & Coker 1992): Two-Way Indicator Species

Analysis (TWINSPAN, Hill 1979), a polythetic, divisive

program and the Detrended Correspondence Analysis

(DCA) option in the package CANOCO (Ter Braak

1991). These quantitative multivariate techniques were

used to analyse the two data sets.

For all TWINSPAN analyses the following defaults

were used: 10 indicator species per division and a mini-

mum group size for division of five quadrats. Three lev-

296

Bothalia 29,2 (1999)

els of division were adequate to separate the regional

data set into groups consisting of quadrats largely from

one locality. Four levels of division resulted in meaning-

ful final groups used for the detailed classification of the

Sand Forest data subset, which has a higher information

content. Pseudospecies cut levels for the Sand Forest

analysis were set at 0, 2.5, 10, 20 and 40 cm total DBH.

Analyses of the regional data set utilised all quadrats

and only presence/absence abundance values were

used. For the Sand Forest Data, two outlier plots signif-

icantly changed the relationships amongst the remain-

ing plots. These were found to be quadrats in woodland

clumps on the margin of sand forest patches in Tembe

and Mkuzi and were thus eliminated from the final

analysis. Our final classification of Sand Forest and

related types is based on TWINSPAN analyses of both

the regional and Sand Forest data sets. TWINSPAN,

which is based on a reciprocal averaging algorithm,

successively divides groups of samples utilising the dif-

ferential presence or absence of species (Gauch 1982;

Kent & Coker 1992). The program identifies indicator

species for each division; ‘characteristic species’ are

those which consistently occur in only one of the two

groups of samples under consideration; ‘preferential

species’ occur in a greater proportion of samples in one

group than in the other.

All quadrats were used in the DCA of the regional

data set. Similarly, although the related Hell’s Gate

Forests were not incorporated, all other Sand

Forest/Tropical Dry Forest type quadrats were used in

the DCA analyses of the ‘Sand Forest’ data set. Two sep-

arate DCA analyses of the ‘Sand Forest’ data set were

performed. The first uses species abundance values of

total DBH. The subsequent analysis uses only pres-

ence/absence values to reduce the influence of dominant

species.

Dominance

In order to evaluate the relative influence of dominant

species on the grouping of Sand Forest quadrats by the

DCA, dominance diversity curves were constructed for

the six sites sampled. Importance values for these curves