ISSN 0006 8241 = Bothaiia

Bothaiia

A JOURNAL OF BOTANICAL RESEARCH

Vol. 35,2 Oct. 2005

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL

BIODIVERSITY INSTITUTE, PRETORIA

Obtainable from the South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag XI 01, Pretoria

0001, Republic of South Africa. A catalogue of all available publications will be issued on request.

BOTHALIA

Bothalio is named in honour of General Louis Botha, first Premier and Minister of Agriculture of

the Union of South Africa. This house journal of the South African National Biodiversity Institute,

Pretoria, is devoted to the furtherance of botanical science. The main fields covered are taxonomy,

ecology, anatomy and cytology. Two parts of the journal and an index to contents, authors and sub-

jects are published annually.

Three booklets of the contents (a) to Vols 1-20, (b) to Vols 21-25 and (c) to Vols 26-30, are available.

STRELITZIA

A series of occasional publications on southern African Bora and vegetation, replacing Memoirs of

the Botanical Survey of South Africa and Annals of Kirstenhosch Botanic Gardens.

MEMOIRS OF THE BOTANICAL SURVEY OF SOUTH AFRICA

The memoirs are individual treatises usually of an ecological nature, but sometimes dealing with

taxonomy or economic botany. Published: Nos 1-63 (many out of print). Discontinued after No. 63.

ANNALS OF KIRSTENBOSCH BOTANIC GARDENS

A series devoted to the publication of monographs and major works on southern African flora.

Published: Vols 14-19 (earlier volumes published as Supplementary volumes to the Journal of

South African Botany). Discontinued after Vol. 19.

FLOWERING PLANTS OF AFRICA (FPA)

This serial presents colour plates of African plants with accompanying text. The plates are prepared

mainly by the artists at the South African National Biodiversity Institute. Many botanical artists

have contributed to the series, such as Fay Anderson, Peter Bally, Auriol Batten, Gillian Condy,

Betty Connell, Stella Gower, Rosemary Holcroft, Kathleen Lansdell, Cythna Petty (over 700

plates), Claire Linder-Smith and Ellaphie Ward-Hilhorst. The Editor is pleased to receive living

plants of general interest or of economic value for illustration.

From Vol. 55, twenty plates are published at irregular intervals.

An index to Vols 1^9 is available.

FLORA OF SOUTHERN AFRICA (FSA)

A taxonomic treatise on the Bora of the Republic of South Africa, Lesotho, Swaziland, Namibia

and Botswana. The FSA contains descriptions of families, genera, species, infraspecific taxa, keys

to genera and species, synonymy, literature and limited specimen citations, as well as taxonomic

and ecological notes.

Contributions to the FSA also appear in Bothalia.

PALAEOFLORA OF SOUTHERN AFRICA

A palaeoBora on a pattern comparable to that of the Flora of southern Africa. Much of the informa-

tion is presented in the form of tables and photographic plates depicting fossil populations. Now

available:

Molteno Formation (Triassic) Vol. I. Introduction. Dicroidiiun, 1983, by J.M. & H.M.

Anderson.

Molteno Formation (Triassic) Vol. 2. Gymnosperms (excluding Dicroidiiun), 1989, by J.M.

& H.M. Anderson.

Prodromus of South African MegaBoras. Devonian to Lower Cretaceous, 1985, by J.M. &

H.M. Anderson. Obtainable from: A. A. Balkema Marketing, Box 317, Claremont 7735,

R.SA.

Towards Gondwana Alive. Promoting biodiversity and stemming the Sixth Extinction, 1999,

by J.M. Anderson (ed.).

BOTHALIA

A JOURNAL OF BOTANICAL RESEARCH

Volume 35,2

Scientific Editor: G. Germishuizen

Technical Editor: B.A. Momberg

national

biodiversity

institute

S A N B I

2 Cussonia Avenue, Brummeria, Pretoria

Private Bag XlOl, Pretoria 0001

ISSN 0006 8241

Oct. 2005

Editorial Board

D.F. Cutler

B.J. Huntley

P.H. Raven

M.J.A. Werger

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK

National Botanical Institute, Cape Town, RSA

Missouri Botanical Garden, St Louis, USA

University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands

Acknowledgements to referees

Archer, Dr R.H. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, RSA.

Burgoyne, Ms P. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, RSA.

Hartmann, Dr H.E.K. Institut fiir Allgemeine Botanik, Hamburg, Germany.

Klopper, Ms R. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, RSA.

Meerow, Dr A.W. National Germplasm Repository, Miami, USA.

Nelson, Dr E.C. Tippitiwitchet Cottage, Hall Rd, Outwell, Wisbech, UK.

Paton, Dr A. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, England, UK.

Retief, Ms E. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, RSA.

Robbertse, Prof. PJ. University of Pretoria, RSA.

Ronse De Craene, Prof. Dr L. Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium.

Ross, Dr J. Royal Botanic Gardens, Victoria, Australia.

Ryding, Dr O. The Botanical Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark.

Scott, Ms G. University of Cape Town, RSA.

Timberlake, Dr J.R. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, England, UK.

Van Jaarsveld, E.J. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Cape Town, RSA.

Williamson, Dr G. 26 Starke Rd, Bergvliet, Cape Town, RSA.

CONTENTS

Volume 35,2

1. Eremiolirion, a new genus of southern African Tecophilaeaceae, and taxonomic notes on Cyanella

alba. J.C. MANNING, F. FOREST and C.A. MANNHEIMER 115

2. The genus Erica (Ericaceae) in southern Africa; taxonomic notes 2. E.G.H. OLIVER and I.M.

OLIVER 121

3. Two new Plectranthus species (Lamiaceae) and new distribution records from the Pondoland Centre

of Plant Endemism, South Africa. TJ. EDWARDS 149

4. A new species of Namaquanula (Amaryllidaceae: Amaryllideae) from Namibia with notes on the

genus. D.A. SNIJMAN 153

5. Notes on African plants:

History of the Association for the Promotion of Scientific Botanical Research. D.J.B. KILLICK

and O.A. LEISTNER 163

Asphodelaceae. Gasteria tukhelensis, a new species from KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. E.J.

VAN I AARS VELD and A.E. VAN WYK 164

Boraginaceae. Ehretia namibiensis subsp. namibiensis: a new distribution record in the Elora

of southern Africa (ESA) region. S.P. BESTER and E. RETIEF 163

Eabaceae. Acacia ormocarpoides (Mimosoideae), a new species from Sekhukhuneland, South

Africa. P.J.H. HURTER and A.E. VAN WYK 166

Lamiaceae. Aeollanthus rydingianus, a new species from northern Namibia and southern

Angola.E.J. VAN JAARSVELD and A.E. VAN WYK 157

Lamiaceae. Plectranthus porcatus, a new species endemic to the Sekhukhuneland Centre of

Plant Endemism, Limpopo Province, South Africa. P.J.D. WINTER and E.J. VAN JAARS-

VELD 169

Mesembryanthemaceae. Oscularia cremnophila, a rare new species from Western Cape, South

Africa. E.J. VAN JAARSVELD, P. DESMET and A.E. VAN WYK 160

6. Ovule and seed structure in Scolopia zeyheri (Scolopieae), with notes on the embryology of Salica-

ceae. E.M.A. STEYN, A.E. VAN WYK and G.F SMITH 175

7. Book reviews 185

8. South African National Biodiversity Institute: administration and research staff 31 March 2005, publi-

cations 1 April 2004—31 March 2005. Compiler: B.A. MOMBERG 187

9. Guide for authors to Bothalia 207

New subfamily, genus, species, combinations, status and varieties

in Bothalia 35,2 (2005)

Acacia ormocarpoides P.J.H. Harter, sp. nov., 167

Aeoilanthus rydingianus Van Jaarsv. & A.E.van Wyk, sp. nov., 157

Cyanella alba L f. subsp. flavescens J.C. Manning, subsp. nov., 119

Cyanella alba L.f. subsp. minor J.C. Manning, subsp. nov., 119

Eremiolirion J.C. Manning & F.Forest, gen. nov., 117

Eremiolirion amboense (Schinz) J.C. Manning & C.A.Mannheinier, comb, nov., 117

Erica ceraria F.G.H.Oliv. & JM.Oliv., sp. nov., 125

Erica conspicua Sol. subsp. roseoflora F.G.H.Oliv. & JM.Oliv., subsp. nov., 130

Erica croceovirens F.G.H.Oliv. & I.M.Oliv., sp. nov., 141

Erica ioXmcoa Andrews subsp. fulgens (Klotzsch) F.G.H.Oliv. & JM.Oliv., stat. et comb, nov., 124

Erica gerhardii F.G.H.Oliv. & JM.Oliv., sp. nov., 123

Erica glandulosa Thimb. subsp. bondiae (Compton) F.G.H.Oliv. & JM.Oliv., stat. et comb, nov., 144

Erica glandulosa Thimb. subsp. breviflora (Bolus) F.G.H.Oliv. & JM.Oliv., stat. et comb, nov., 144

Erica glandulosa Thimb. subsp. fourcadei (L.Bolus) F.G.H.Oliv. & I.M.Oliv., stat. et comb, nov., 144

Erica leucotrachela H.A. Baker subsp. monicae F.G.H.Oliv. & JM.Oliv., subsp. nov., 131

Erica macowanii Ciifino subsp. lanceolata (Bolus) F.G.H.Oliv. & JM.Oliv., stat. et comb, nov., 131

Erica perspicua J.C.Wendl. subsp. latifolia (Benth.) F.G.H.Oliv. & I.M.Oliv., stat. et comb, nov., 134

Erica pillansii Bolus subsp. fervida (F.Boliis) F.G.H.Oliv. & JM.Oliv., stat. et comb, nov., 136

Erica prolata F.G.H.Oliv. & JM.Oliv., sp. nov., 142

Erica stagnalis Salisb. subsp. minor F.G.H.Oliv. & I.M.Oliv., subsp. nov., 130

Erica unicoXor J.C.Wendl. subsp. georgensis F.G.H.Oliv. & JM.Oliv., subsp. nov., 140

Erica unicolor 7. subsp. mutica F.G.H.Oliv. & JM.Oliv., stat. et nom. nov., 139

Erica viridimontana F.G.H.Oliv. & JM.Oliv., sp. nov., 131

Erica viridimontana F.G.H.Oliv. & JM.Oliv. subsp. nivicola F.G.H.Oliv. & I.M.Oliv., subsp. nov., 133

Gasteria tukhelensis Van Jaarsv., sp. nov., 164

Namaquanula bruynsii Snijman, sp. nov., 153

Oscularia cremnophila Van Jaarsv., P.Desmet & A.F.van Wyk, sp. nov., 160

Plectranthus brevimentum T.J.Fdwards, sp. nov., 149

Plectranthus porcatus Van Jaarsv. & PJ.D.Winter, sp. nov., 170

Plectranthus stylesii T.J.Fdwards, sp. nov., 149

IV

Bothalia 35,2: 115-120 (2005)

Eremiolirion^ a new genus of southern African Tecophilaeaceae, and

taxonomic notes on Cyanella alba

J.C. MANNING*, F. FOREST** and C.A. MANNHEIMER***

Keywords: biogeography, Cyanella alba L.f., Cyanella L., Eremiolirion amboense (Schinz) J.C. Manning & C.Mannheimer, Eremiolirion

J.C. Manning & F.Forest, gen. nov., Namibia, South Africa, Tecophilaeaceae

ABSTRACT

The generic affiliation of Cyanella amboensis Schinz has been uncertain since the species was excluded from the genus

Cyanella L. in 1991. The species has two leaves, a divaricately branching inflorescence, ebracteolate pedicels, and acti-

nomorphic flowers with monomorphic anthers. It is endemic to the western parts of central and northern Namibia. Other

species of Cyanella have several leaves, racemose inflorescences, bracteolate pedicels, zygomorphic flowers with dimor-

phic anthers, and are endemic or near-endemic to the winter rainfall region in southwestern South Africa and southern

Namibia. These differences are consistent with the recognition of the species as a distinct genus within the family.

Phylogenetic analysis of plastid DNA sequences indicates that C. amboensis Schinz is sister to the other species of

Cyanella, a relationship that also supports its independent generic status. The monotypic genus Eremiolirion is according-

ly erected to accommodate the species. Minor differences in flower colour and vegetative morphology in Cyanella alba L.f

are shown to correlate with the three disjunct groups of populations in which the species occurs, and these populations are

recognized at the level of subspecies.

Tecophilaeaceae are a small family of geophytic peren-

nials well circumscribed by their cormous rootstock, porici-

dal anthers and semi-inferior ovary (Simpson & Rudall

1998). The flowers of all species are attractive, brightly

coloured and often fragrant (Manning et al. 2002). The fam-

ily comprises 24 species, currently distributed among eight

small genera, three of which are monotypic. The genus

Odontostomiim Torr. (1 sp.) is endemic to California,

Conanthera Ruiz & Pav. (5 spp.), Tecophilaea Bertero ex

Colla (2 spp.) and Zephyra D.Don (1 sp.) are restricted to

Chile, and the remaining four, Cyanastrum Oliv. (3 spp.),

Cyanella L. (7 or 8 spp.), Kabuyea Brummitt (1 sp.) and

Walleria J.Kirk (3 spp.), occur in sub-Saharan Africa

(Simpson & Rudall 1998). An analysis of plastid

sequence data for the rbcC gene and the trnL-F region for

all genera and most species ( 1 8), places the three Chilean

genera as sister to the Califomian-African clade and

retrieves all genera as monophyletic (Forest & Manning

2005 in prep.).

The African genera have been thoroughly mono-

graphed (Carter 1962; Scott 1991; Brummitt e/ a/. 1998).

Among them, Cyanastrum and Kabuyea are found only

in the tropics, Walleria is widely dispersed through sub-

tropical Africa, and Cyanella is almost restricted to the

winter rainfall region of South Africa in the extreme

southwest of the continent. A single species of Cyanella,

C. amboensis Schinz is found further north, in central

Namibia. This species is morphologically anomalous

among the rest of the species of Cyanella and was

excluded from the genus by Scott (1991) pending a reap-

* Compton Herbarium, South African National Biodiversity Institute,

Private Bag X7, 7735 Claremont. Cape Town.

** Leslie Hill Molecular Systematics Laboratory, South African

National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X7, 7735 Claremont, Cape

Town & Department of Botany, University of Cape Town, Private Bag,

7701 Rondebosch. Cape Town.

*** National Herbarium of Namibia, National Botanical Research

Institute, Private Bag 13184, Windhoek.

MS. received: 2005-04-05.

praisal of its relationships within the family. A label

appended to the specimen Bean, Vlok & Viviers 1824

(BOE) indicates that at the time she had considered that

the species might be best transferred to the Chilean genus

Conanthera, with which it shares a branched inflores-

cence and symmetrical anthers, but the similarity is not

actually that close. Conanthera has numerous leaves and

a zygomorphic, blue to purple perianth, in contrast to the

bifoliate condition and actinomorphic, white perianth of

C. amboensis. Currently, therefore, the species is of

uncertain generic affinity. Molecular evidence places C.

amboensis as sister to a monophyletic clade comprising

the remaining species in the genus (six of the seven

remaining species are included in this study). This topol-

ogy offers two options for resolving the generic position

of C. amboensis'. the species can either be incorporated

within an expanded circumscription of the genus

Cyanella', or a new genus should be erected to accom-

modate it. The morphological differences between

Cyanella s. str. and C. amboensis are substantial, includ-

ing leaf number, inflorescence structure, floral symme-

try, and arrangement of the androecium. Genera in

Tecophilaeaceae as currently circumscribed are homoge-

neous assemblages of closely related species in which

floral symmetry in particular plays a defining role.

Including C. amboensis within Cyanella would not only

enlarge the circumscription of the genus to the extent that

it is no longer morphologically coherent but would ren-

der it uniquely heterogeneous in comparison to the other

genera in the family.

Cyanella s. str is circumscribed on the basis of its

tunicated corm, several to numerous leaves, zygomor-

phic flowers with dimorphic anthers, and bracteolate

pedicels. All of the species are endemic to or centred in

the winter rainfall region of southern Africa. Cyanella

amboensis, in contrast, has just two leaves, the flowers

are truly actinomorphic with monomorphic anthers, the

pedicels are ebracteolate, and the species is distributed in

summer rainfall Namibia. On the basis of these several

116

Bothalia 35,2 (2005)

FIGURE 1 . — EremioHrion amhoense, Mannheimer 2510 (NBG). A, whole plant; B, llower, front view; C, inner tepal; D, outer tepal; E, androe-

cium; F, single anther, adaxial surface; G, half flower detail; H, tip of anther; I, detail of mouth of floral tube showing corona; J, capsule;

K, seed. Scale bar: A-D, .1, 10 mm; E~G, 2.5 mm; H, 3.75 mm; I, 1 mm; K, 2 mm. Artist: J.C. Manning.

Bothalia 35,2 (2005)

117

morphological and ecological differences, the species is

most appropriately accommodated in a separate genus

closely allied to but distinct from Cyanella s. sir., for

which we propose the name Eremiolirion.

1. Eremiolirion J.C. Manning & FForest, gen. nov.

Species unica, a speciebus Cyanellae duobusfoliis,

pedicellis sine bracteolis, floribus actinomorphis,

antheris monomorphis distinguenda.

TYPE. — Eremiolirion arnboense (Schinz) J.C. Manning

& C.A. Mannheimer (= Cyanella arnboensis Schinz).

Deciduous geophyte with deep-seated, subglobose to

oblate tunicated corm; tunics decaying into finn-leath-

ery, coarsely netted fibres extending into neck. Cataphyll

pale membranous. Leaves 2, basal, narrowly lanceolate,

canaliculate with prominent midrib abaxially, leathery.

Inflorescence divaricately branching, paniculate cyme;

bracts subtending branches and pedicels only; pedicels

cemuous at tip, elongating slightly in fruit and straight-

ening. Flowers actinomorphic, nodding, campanulate,

white flushed abaxially with pink or maroon; tepals 6 in

two whorls, connate below into short tube with minute,

fringed corona present at mouth of tube; tepals dimor-

phic, outer oblong, inner pandurate. Stamens 6,

monomorphic, symmetrical, attached to perianth near

mouth of tube; anthers basifixed, erect and connivent

around style, narrowly lanceolate, dehiscing by oblong

apical pores. Ovaiy half inferior, trilocular; ovules sever-

al per locule; style terete, erect, straight, slightly taper-

ing; stigma minute. Capsules ovoid to globose. Seeds

ellipsoid-pyriform, blackish brown, testa surface rugose.

Distribution: a single species in central and north-

western Namibia.

Etymology^: the name is a compound of the Greek

eremios (desert or wilderness) and lirion (white lily).

Eremiolirion arnboense (Schinz) J.C. Manning &

C .A. Mannheimer , comb. nov.

Cyanella arnboensis Schinz in Bulletin de I'Herbier Boissier, ser. 2,

2: 943 (1902). Type: South West Africa [Namibia], Amboland

[Ovamboland], Ondonga. [Ondongwa], Rautenen 544 (Z. holo.!).

Plants (60-) 100-250 mm high. Conns deep-seated,

30 mm diam; tunics decaying into fimr-leathery, coarse-

ly netted fibres extending into neck. 10-60 mm long,

pale whitish brown. Cataphyll extending to ground level,

pale membranous. Leaves 2, basal, suberect, narrowly

lanceolate, (10-) 15-25 x (8-) 10-20 mm, attenuate,

canaliculate with prominent midrib abaxially, leathery.

Inflorescence divaricately branching, paniculate cyme,

(l-)3-7 -branched, up to 30-flowered; bracts subtending

branches and pedicels only, lowermost linear-attenuate,

conduplicate, up to 80 x 2 mm, becoming progressively

shorter, uppermost lanceolate, attenuate to aristate, 3 x 1

mm; pedicels cemuous at tip, 15-25 mm long, elongat-

ing slightly in fruit and straightening, ultimately 20-40

mm long. Flowers nodding, campanulate, white flushed

abaxially with pink or maroon at base of outer tepals, fra-

grant; perianth tube ±4x5 mm with fringed corona,

0. 5-1.0 mm high, at mouth of tube and forming collar

extending over ovary to surround base of style; outer

tepals spreading from base, oblong, obtuse, margins rev-

olute, 15-20 X 5-7 mm; inner tepals at first suberect but

spreading in upper half, pandurate, shortly clawed, claw

± 2 mm long, blade ovate, 13-18 x 7-10 mm, margins

crisped, apex slightly cucullate. Stamens attached to

perianth near mouth of tube; filaments terete, ± 0.25 mm

long, anthers narrowly lanceolate, 9-10 mm long; yel-

low, dehiscing by oblong apical pore, 1.5 mm long.

Ovary half inferior; ovules ± 6 per locule; style extend-

ing ± 1 mm beyond anthers, white, 10-12 mm long.

Capsules ovoid to globose, 10-12 x 8-12 mm. Seeds

ellipsoid-pyriform, 4. 0^.5 x 3. 0-3. 5 mm, blackish

brown; testa surface rugose. Figure 1.

Distribution and ecology: locally common through the

higher-lying parts of west-central and northwestern

Namibia, occurring along the better watered, western edge

of the escarpment from west of Mariental in the south to

Kaokoland in the north (Figure 2). The species typically

occurs in colonies, often numbering many individuals, in

sandy loam or heavy clay soils, especially in stony or grav-

elly situations. The flowers close up at night around 21:00,

re-opening in the morning around 09:00. They are fragrant

during the day, with a jasmine-like fragrance at first but

later smelling of stale urine, and are visited by bees and the

occasional moth {Ward, War'd & War'd 10518). The dor-

mant corms sprout only in response to good summer rains,

flowering mainly in February and March, sometimes as

early as mid-January and rarely into early April, depending

on the timing of the rains. In drier years when rainfall is

below the average annual of ± 175 mm, the species flow-

ers poorly or not at all. The extent of flowering is also

dependant on the amount of rain received. In addition, if

the rains are patchy, migratory herds of springbok and

zebra move into the areas very quickly and consume both

the leaves and the inflorescences eagerly. The conns com-

prise part of the traditional diet of the San around Etosha

(Giess, Volk & Bleissner 6039).

History: the species was first collected by Rev. Martti

Rautanen of the Finnish Missionary Society, who arrived in

Cape Town in late December 1868 with his colleagues on

their way to establish mission stations in Ovamboland in

northern South West Africa, now Namibia (Gunn & Codd

1981). Rautanen’s interest in natural history was stimula-

ted by the visit of the German botanist. Dr Hans Schinz,

118

Bothalia 35,2 (2005)

who spent seven months of his botanical tour of South

West Africa [Namibia] from 1884—1887 in the vicinity of

the Olukondo Mission Station where Rautanen was based.

Schinz was greatly assisted by Rautanen and returned the

favour by naming several plant species for him. Since then

the species has been collected from numerous localities to

the south and is well known enough among locals to have

received the charming sobriquet, desert snowdrop.

Additional material examined

NAMIBIA. — 1713 (Swartbooisdrif): W of Ombazu, (-DD), 9 April

1973 (fruiting), W. Giess 12658 (WfND), fV. Giess & Van der Walt 12658

(WIND). 1813 (Ohopoho): near Ohopoho, (-BB), May 1961 (fruiting), G.

Gibson 201 (WfND); Onduvi, Orumana, (-BB), 20 February 1969 (fruit-

ing), BJ. Grobbelaar 82 (WIND). 1913 (Sesfontein): Kunene, Barab

River, (-DB), 23 March 2001, zl. Burke 7020 (WIND). 1914 (Kamanjab):

40 km E of Otjovasandu, (-BB), 3 May 1 973 (fruiting), Le Rota 52 7 (PRE,

WIND); Etendeka Mountain Camp, 1 058 m, (-DD), 28 February 2004, C.

Mannheimer 2510 (NBG, WIND). 1915 (Okaukuejo): Etosha, Adamax,

(-BB), 16 January 1974, Le Roux 597 (PRE, WIND); Etosha Pan, ± 11

miles NW of Okaukuejo, (-BB), 27 March 1963, W. Giess, O.H. Volk & B.

Bleissner 6039 (WfND); ± 1 km E of Leeubron, (-BB), 15 Eebmary 1985,

S. Brown & H. Kolberg 302 (PRE, WfND). 2013 (Unjab Mouth): Farm

Driefontein OU. 716, (-BD), 25 March 1977, M Miiller & W Giess 381

(WIND). 2014 (Welwitschia): S side of watershed Ugab/FIuab Rivers NW

of Brandberg, (-CA), 10 April 1989, CJ. Ward, J.D. Ward & M.C. Ward

10518 (PRE, WIND); Twyfelfontein area, at gate to Petrified Forest,

(-CB), 17 Febmary 1978, R Craven 633 (WIND); between Gaiais-Doros

road and Huab River ± in line with Krone, (-CC), 31 March 1984 (fruit-

ing), R. Craven 1504 (WIND); Doros, Rhinowasser, (-CD), 22 March

1984, J. Knowles 6 (PRE, WIND). 2114 (Uis): 16 miles W of Brandberg,

West Mine on road to Uis, (-AA), 20 March 1967, W, Giess 9715 (PRE,

WIND); Omaruru, S of Brandberg, (-BA), 20 March 1967, W. Giess 9708

(PRE, WIND). 2315 (Rostock): Swakopmund, W of Kuiseb Canyon,

(-BD), 10 February 1966, W. Giess 9131 (PRE, WIND); W of Kuiseb,

(-BD), 27 January 1972, W Giess & H. Hiibsch 11612 (PRE, WIND);

between Solitaire and Rostock in deep red sand, (-BD), 1 9 April 1 987, RA.

Bean. Vlok & Viviers 1824 (BOL); 30 miles W of Solitaire near Kuiseb

Canyon, (-BD), 3 April 1973, M.F Thompson 1569 (NBG, PRE); Farm

Greylingshof SW 107, (-BD), 16 February 1963 (fhiiting), W. Giess, O.H.

Volk & B. Bleissner 5158 (PRE. WIND); 1 0 miles W of Klein Tinkas along

road to Salem, (-CD), 17 March 1967, W. Giess 9642 (WIND).

Uncertain locality

NAMIBIA.— Goabis, 25 December 1908, Dinter 664 (SAM);

Grootfontein District, 19 January 1912, Dinter s.n. (SAM).

Key to the southern African genera of Tecophilaeaceae

la Corm lacking a tunic; leaves cauline, grading into floral

bracts, flowers thus axillary; seeds deeply lobed or pa-

pillate with tuft of hairs on each lobe or papilla Walleria

lb Corm with fibrous tunic; leaves basal, sharply differentiated from

bracts, tlowers thus racemose or cymose; seeds rugose:

2a Leaves (3-)5-8; inflorescence racemose, sometimes

sparsely branched; pedicels bearing a dorsal

bracteole in upper half; IJowers zygomorphic;

stamens dimorphic, in two groups (either 3+3 or

5+ 1 ) Cyanella

2b Leaves 2; inflorescence a divaricate panicle; pedicels

without bracteoles; tlowers actinomorphic; sta-

mens monomorphic, connivcnt Eremiolirion

2. Cyanella alba L.f.

The genus Cyanella comprises seven species of deci-

duous geophytes concentrated in the winter rainfall region

at the southwestern tip of southern Africa (Scott 1991).

Among them, Cyanella alha is easily the most distinctive,

distinguished from all others by its linear-filiform leaves

and contracted inflorescence axis. In this species the indi-

16° 18° 20° 22° 24°

_J I I I I

EIGURE 3. — Distribution of Cyanella alba subsp. alba, O; subsp.

jlavescens, •; subsp. minor, A.

vidual flowers are borne on elongated pedicels up to 200

mm long, and because of the highly condensed inflores-

cence axis, appear to arise singly from among the leaves.

The leaves in the remaining species are lanceolate to nar-

rowly lanceolate and the inflorescence is distinctly race-

mose, with individual flowers borne on short pedicels.

There is significant variation in flower colour within C.

alba, with the tepals varying from white to yellow, or rarely

pale pink. Scott (1991) referred to minor morphological

differences between the colour forms and suggested that

further investigation might provide a clearer picture of the

‘distribution... and infraspecific variation’ of the species.

Examination of the species in the field and in the herbari-

um indicates that the geographical distribution of the

species is strongly correlated with differences in flower

colour and some other morphological traits.

Cyanella alba is restricted to mountain renosterveld,

a sclerophyllous, evergreen shrubland dominated by the

asteraceous shrub Elytropappus rhinocerotis (L.f) Less.,

occupying fine-grained clay soils of the Bokkeveld

Series that receive moderate amounts of winter rainfall,

from 250 to 450 mm per year (Low & Rebelo 1 996). The

species has a discontinuous distribution along the moun-

tain ranges of the west coast of Western Cape, from

Nieuwoudtville in the north to Karoo Poort, east of Ceres

in the south, a distance of some 200 km. Within this arc,

the species occurs in three disjunct groups of populations

(Figure 3). The northern populations, distributed along

the Bokkeveld Escarpment, are characterized by their

white or rarely pale pink flowers flushed with darker

pink on the reverse of the tepals. The anthers are uni-

formly yellow and the upper five are either coherent or

free from one another. The plants are often well grown,

producing more than three and up to nine flowers on long

pedicels, (80-) 100-200 mm in length. Each pedicel

bears a well-developed bracteole arising at a point

between one third and three-quarters along its length.

A second group of populations occurs just south of the

Bokkeveld, in the northern Cederberg Mountains around

Bothalia 35,2 (2005)

119

Clanwilliam and the Biedouw Valley. They are separated

from the Bokkeveld populations by the arid expanse of

the Doom River Valley, which supports a succulent

karoo vegetation in which C. alba does not grow. The

Cederberg populations resemble the Bokkeveld popula-

tions in stature but are distinguished from them by their

flower colour. In these plants the tepals (sometimes only

the inner whorl but usually both whorls) are pale yellow

rather than white, and the upper five anthers are invari-

ably coherent and marked on their outer (upper) face

with a prominent dark maroon or blackish blotch near the

base. Like the Bokkeveld plants, the pedicels are bracte-

olate.

A third group of populations occurs well to the south

at Karoopoort. in small patches of renosterveld that fringe

the arid Tanqua River Basin. These plants are typically

smaller in stature with fewer, up to three and often just

one flower per plant, borne on pedicels that are mostly

less than 100 mm long, rarely up to 150 mm. The flowers

are white or pale pink, flushed darker pink on the reverse,

and the upper five anthers are coherent and unifonuly yel-

low. Superficially the plants resemble small forms of the

Bokkeveld genotype, and it could be argued that they rep-

resent nothing more than depauperate fornis from mar-

ginal habitats at the edge of the distribution. However,

closer examination reveals that the bracteoles on the

pedicels have been completely suppressed and are thus

lacking. In this respect the plants are unique in the genus.

The three disjunct groups of populations of Cyanella

alba are thus morphologically distinct from one another.

These morphological distinctions point to long-standing

separation, sufficient to allow genetic drift, suggesting

that the disjunctions are interpreted to be the result of

isolation due to the intervening areas of aridity rather

than the alternative hypothesis of recent fragmentation

through farming activities also offered by Scott (1991).

Since each of the groups of populations is geographical-

ly isolated from the other, and is morphologically distin-

guishable, it is appropriate to recognize them at the level

of subspecies. The homogeneous nature of each of the

groups of populations points to genetic continuity within

each group, while the differences between them indicate

significant levels of genetic discontinuity. This is highly

significant in the context of the high levels of microgeo-

graphic speciation that characterize much of the Cape

flora (Goldblatt & Manning 2000).

Cyanella alba I,/.': 201 (1781). Type: Sheet 430/4,

Thunberg collection in herb. Linn. (LINN, lecto.; NBG,

microfiche!).

subsp. alba

Plants (80-) 100-200 mm high. Leaves linear, 1-3

mm wide. Pedicels bracteolate. Flowers 3-9, white to

pale pink. Anthers uniformly yellow.

Distribution: Northern Cape, Bokkeveld Escarpment

from just north of Nieuwoudtville southwards to Menzies-

kraal (Figure 3). The collection Stokoe SAM55591 from the

Nardouwsberg north of Clanwilliam, while certainly this

form, is doubtfully correctly localized. The Nardouwsberg

is a sandstone range that provides no suitable habitats for

the species and although it is well explored, the species

has never been collected there again. There are other

instances of mislabelling by Stokoe (Goldblatt & Manning

2000: 507).

Additional material examined

NORTHERN CAPE. — 3119 (Calvinia): N of Nieuwoudtville,

Grasberg, (-AC), 16 September 1961, W.F. Barker 9457 (NBG); top of

Van Rhyn’s Pass, (-AC), 29 November 1974, W. Wisura 2991 (NBG);

Van Rhyn’s Pass, S side, (-AC), 4 October 1962, G.J. Lewis 6126

(NBG); Nieuwoudtville Reserve, (-AC), 8 September 1983, PL. Perry

& D. Snijman 2351 (NBG); Nieuwoudtville Reserve, (-AC), 12

October 1983, PL. Peny & D. Snijman 2383 (NBG); Nieuwoudtville,

(-AC), January 1931. J.W. Mathews NBG2270/30 (BOL); near

Nieuwoudtville, (-AC), September 1941, TP Stokoe 8693 (BOL); 11

km from Nieuwoudtville in direction of Calvinia, Van Wyk’s Farm,

September 1930, (-AC), L. Bolus 19587 (BOL); ± 15 km S of

Nieuwoudtville, Matjiesfontein, (-AC). 13 September 1976, M.F.

Thompson 2902 (NBG); 15 km SSW of Nieuwoudtville. Oorlogskloof

Nature Reserve, Farm Driefontein, (-CA), 10 October 1996, W.A.J.

Pretorius 360 (NBG); Farm Lokenberg, (-CA), 4 September 1985, D.

Snijman 905 (NBG); Lokenburg, (-CA), 29 August 1941, E.

Esterhuysen 5751 (BOL); Menzieskraal, (-CA), 29 September 1933,

Markotter s.n. (NBG).

Doubtful locality’

WESTERN CAPE. — 31 18 (Vanryhnsdorp): Nardouw Pass, (-DD),

September \94\,T.P. Stokoe SAM55591 (SAM).

subsp. i\a\escens J.C. Manning, subsp. nov.

A ceteris subspeciebus habitu 120-200 mm elato, foliis

lineari-filiformibus et 1-2 mm latis, pedicellis bracteolatis,

floribus 1^ et dilute flavis vel tepalis extemis albis,

antheris superis ad basim maculatis differt.

TYPE. — Western Cape, 3218 (Clanwilliam): Biedouw-

berg, (-AA), 26 August 1896, R. Schlechter 8686 (NBG,

holo.i; BOL, PRE, iso.!).

Plants 120-200 mm high. Leaves linear-filifonu, 1-2

mm wide. Pedicels bracteolate. Flowers 1^, pale yellow

or outer tepals white. Anthers yellow, upper five macu-

late, marked with dark blotch near base.

Distribution: Western Cape, northern Cederberg,

between Clanwilliam and Wuppertal, especially common

in the Biedouw River Valley (Figure 3).

Additional material examined

WESTERN CAPE.— 3218 (Clanwilliam): Clanwilliam, (-BB), 4

August 1896, R. Schlechter 8405 (BOL); Clanwilliam, (-BB), no date,

C.L. Leipolcit 254 (SAM); Clanwilliam, (-BB), 30 August 1930 (cult.), E.

Strassbiirger s.n. (NBG); 10 km S of Clanwilliam, (-BB), 12 September

1997, P. Goldblatt & J. Manning 10741 (MO, NBG). 3219 (Wuppertal):

Biedouwberg, (-AA), 3 September 1933, FM. Leighton s.n. (BOL);

Biedouw Hill, (-AA), 1984, G. Scott 2 (NBG); Biedouw Mountain,

(-AA), 20 September 1937, G.J. Lewis s.n. (NBG); bottom of pass into

Biedouw Valley, (-AA), 24 August 1967, M.F. Thompson 352 (NBG);

bottom of hill to Biedouw Valley, (-AA), 9 August 1984, PL. Peny 3145

04BG); Welbedacht, (-AA), 20 September 1937, W.F. Barker 283 (NBG);

Koudeberg near Wuppertal, (-AA), 4 October 1897, H. Bolus 9095

(NBG); Citadel Kop, (-AA), 7 September 1953, R.H. Compton 24237

(NBG); Wuppertal, (-AA), 18 August 1938, B. Martin NBG1794/37

(NBG); near Wuppertal, (-AA), 28 August 1951, 5.£'. Martin 811 (NBG).

subsp. minor J.C. Manning, subsp. nov.

A ceteris subspeciebus habitu 80-150 mm elato, foli-

is filiformibus et 0. 5-1.5 mm latis, pedicellis ebracteo-

120

Bothalia 35,2 (2005)

latis, floribus 1-3 et albis vel dilute roseis, antheris uni-

formiter flavis differt.

TYPE. — Western Cape, 3319 (Worcester): Karoopoort,

(-BA), 27 September 1944, ITE Barker 3024 (NBG, holo.!).

Plants 80-150 mm high. Leaves filiform, 0.5-1. 5 mm

wide. Pedicels ebracteolate. Flowers 1-3, white to pale pink

with darker pink on reverse. Anthers uniformly yellow.

Distribution-. Western Cape, east of Ceres at Karoo-

poort (Figure 3). Curiously, although Scott (1991: 46) did

not cite any specimens corresponding to subsp. minor, she

did provide dots indicating its distribution. The solitary^,

disjunct dot to the west of the main range of the subspecies

is an error.

Additional material examined

WESTERN CAPE.— 3319 (Worcester): Ceres, (-BA), October

1929, H. Neilson NBG 1794/29 (BOL); Hottentots’ Kloof, (-BA), 25

September 1945, Kirstenbosch Expedition NBG4 13/44 (NBG);

Karoopoort, (-BA), 19 September 1938, M.R. Levyns 6236 (BOL); 10

miles N of Karoopoort, (-BA), 19 September 1954, H. Hall 949 (NBG).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Dr Peter Bmyns very kindly provided the Latin diagnoses.

REFERENCES

BRUMMITT, R.K., BANKS, H., JOHNSON, M.A.T., DOCHERTY, K.A.,

JONES, K., CHASE, M.W. & RUDALL, P.J. 1998. Taxonomy of

Cynastroideae (Tecophilaeaceae): a multidisciplinary approach.

Kew Bulletin 53: 769^m.

CARTER, S. 1962. Revision of Walleria and Cyanastnim (Tecophilae-

aece&e). Kew Bulletin 16: 185-195.

FOREST, F. & MANNING, J.C. 2005. Systematics and biogeography of

Tecophilaeaceae: insights from plastid DNA sequences. In prepara-

tion.

GOLDBLATT, P. & MANNING, J.C. 2000. Cape plants. A conspectus of

the Cape flora of South Africa. Strelitzia 9. National Botanical

Institute, Cape Town & Missouri Botanical Garden.

GUNN, M. & CODD, L.E. 1981. Botanical exploration of southern Africa.

Balkema, Cape Town.

LINNAEUS, C. (fd.) 1782 (1781). Supplementum plantanim. Orphano-

tropheus, Brunswick.

LOW, A.B. & REBELO, A.G. 1996. Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho

and Swaziland. Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism,

Pretoria.

MANNING, J.C., GOLDBLATT, P. & SNIJMAN, D.A. 2002. The color

encyclopedia of Cape bulbs. Timber Press, Oregon.

SCHINZ, H. 1902. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Afnkanischen Flora.

Haeomodoraceae. Bulletin de I 'Herbier Boissier, ser. 2, 2: 943, 944.

SCOTT, G. 1991. A revision of Cyanella (Tecophilaeaceae) excluding C.

amboensis. South African Journal of Botany 57: 34—54.

SIMPSON, M.G. & RUDALL, P.J. 1998. Tecophilaeaceae. In K. Kubitzki,

The families and genera of vascular plants: 429-436. Springer,

Hamburg.

Bothalia 35,2: 121-148 (2005)

The genus Erica (Ericaceae) in southern Africa: taxonomic notes 2

E.G.H. OLIVER* and I.M. OLIVER*t

Keywords: Erica L., new species, nomenclature, southern Africa, taxonomy

ABSTRACT

This is a continuation in the series of notes from Bothalia 32 (2002) reflecting the status of species of Erica L. recog-

nized in the Compton Herbarium. These notes cover the 43 species currently included in the section Evanthe of Flora

capensis. Five new species, E. ceraria. E. croceovirens, E. gerhardii. E. prolata and E. viridimontana and six new sub-

species are described.

INTRODUCTION

The first paper in this series (Oliver & Oliver 2002a)

dealt with the large-flowered species with tubular corol-

las that are home near the ends of extremely reduced

(almost invisible), non-leafy lateral branchlets which are

then aggregated into dense, spike-like synflorescences.

The term ‘axillary’ was applied by previous workers to

these inflorescences. The next set of species with long

tubular corollas has the flowers also borne near the ends

FIGURE 1 . — Flowers of species in the Erica patersonii/nana complex.

A. E. patersonii, Albertyn STE321I0', B, E. galpinii, Williams

1650; C, E. gerhardii, type; D, E. sacciflora. Stehle 286; E, E.

vallis-araneanim, Boucher 1249; F, E. nana. Oliver STE30I28;

G, E. foliacea subsp. yb//acea, Middelmann NBG80661; H, E.

ceraria, type. Scale bar: 4 mm. Artist: I.M. Oliver.

* Compton Herbarium, South African National Biodiversity Institute,

Private Bag X7, 7735 Claremont, Cape Town; tobiit 06-07-2003.

MS. received: 2003-08-15.

of lateral branchlets but these are leafy and usually clearly

visible. These were termed ‘terminal’ inflorescences. They

may be aggregated into dense, spike-like synflorescences

or are rather loose on main branches, or scattered over the

whole plant. These species were included in ^Evanthe

according to Flora capensis (Guthrie & Bolus 1905).

We have found this grouping very unsatisfactory due

to the relationship, in our opinion sometimes very close,

between these long-tubed species and much smaller-

flowered species included in ^Ephebus, e.g. E. stagnalis

Salisb. and E. chrysocodon Guthrie & Bolus.

ERICA PATERSONll-NANA COMPFEX

This complex is characterized by 4-nate leaves, flow-

ers 4-nate on short, lateral, leafy branchlets, a relatively

short pedicel (very long in E. vallis-araneanim), a corol-

la some shade of yellow but occasionally reddish, and

usually rather hard and wax-like in texture with erect-

spreading lobes (Figure 1), anthers with long, thin

appendages, an ovary markedly emarginate and with a

bulbous placenta at the apex of the columella, and a cap-

sule of the same type with a distinctive shape and con-

struction (see Figure 2K).

The group comprises eight species (numbers

36-39) — E. patersonii (36), E. sacciflora (37), E. ger-

hardii (37.1), E. foliacea (38), E. vallis-aranearum

(38.1), E. galpinii (38.2), E. ceraria (38.3) and E. nana

(39). These are illustrated in Figure 1.

Key to species in the Erica patersonii-nana complex

la Pedicel long (± 8 mm), red E. vallis-aranearum (38.1 )

lb Pedicel short (< 2 mm), greenish/yellowish:

2a Sepals ovate with very long-attenuated apex E. patersonii (36)

2b Sepals without long-attenuated apex:

3a Sepals broad. ± as broad as long:

4a Sepals ± as long as bract and bracteoles and imbricat-

ing them E. galpinii (38.2)

4b Sepals much longer than bract and bracteoles not

imbricating E. sacciflora (37)

3b Sepals long and narrow, equal to more than twice their

width:

5a Bract and bracteoles ovate, much shorter than sepals (±

1 .5 mm long) E. gerhardii (37.1 )

5b Bract and bracteoles lanceolate, as long as sepals:

6a Corolla mouth open, lobes ± rounded E. nana (39)

6b Corolla mouth constricted, lobes rounded but with

acute tip:

7a Corolla very hard, greenish yellow; stem gla-

brous E. ceraria (38.3)

122

Bothalia 35,2 (2005)

2mm

1mm

FIGURE 2. — Erica gerhardii. A,

flowering branch, x 1; B,

stem with leaves removed;

C, leaf; D, flower; E, bract;

F, bracteole; G, sepal; H,

anther, side, back and front

views; I, gynoecium; J,

ovary, Es to show placenta-

tion; K, capsule with one

valve removed; L, seed; M,

testa cells. Scale bars: B, C,

E-K, 2 mm; D, 4 mm; L, 1

mm; M, 100 pm. A-J, drawn

from the type; K-M, Kirsten

644. Artist: I.M. Oliver.

7b Corolla not very hard, yellow to yellowish orange;

stem hairy:

8a Flowers 2^-nate at ends of scattered side bran-

ches E. foliacea suhsp.foliacea (38a)

8b Flowers 4-nate in dense spike-like synflorescen-

ces E. foliacea subsp./w/gera (38b)

36. E. patersonii Andrews, Coloured engravings

of heaths: t. 43 (1795) [as pattersonia], non L. Bolus

(1928); Salter: 635 (1950); Dulfer: 41 (1965). Iconotype:

l.c. t. 43.

Note 1 : Andrews used the spelling ‘pattersonia’ on the plate and text

in 1795 but altered it to ‘patersonia’ in the Index he published in 1802

and all his subsequent publications. He did not give the etymology in the

protologue but the species is undoubtedly named after William Paterson,

horticulturist, later soldier and administrator, who mentioned seeing the

species at Cape Hangklip in October 1777 (Paterson 1789: 9) — ‘Here 1

found a species of Erica, which was quite new, with a spike of long tube-

lar [sic] flowers, the most beautiful 1 had ever seen’.

Note 2: Andrews’ specific epithets commemorating persons with

the -ia ending have been amended to the genitive -ii/-iae format. They

were originally thought to be the use of generic names in apposition but

investigations have shown that some do not reflect any known generic

name, and some were described before the corresponding genus

(Nelson & Oliver 2004).

E. patersonia Andrews var. major Andrews: t, 195 (1809). Icono-

type: l.c. t. 195.

E. ahietina sensu Benth.: 630 (1839) quoad specmn, non E. abieti-

na L.; Guthrie & Bolus: 67 (1905).

Illustrations: Andrews: t. 43 (1795); Baker & Oliver: t. 21 (1967);

Schumann & Kirsten: 53, t. 1, 2 (1992); I.M. Oliver & Oliver: t. 6 (2000).

Diagnostic features: oense compact and elongate

spike-like synflorescences; flowers 4-nate on short,

leafy, lateral branchlets; sepals long, narrow from broad

base; corolla clear yellow; capsule dehiscence sideways.

This well-known and distinctive species, the Mealie

heath, is becoming rare in the wild due to the destruction

of its habitat on the coastal flats in the Betty’s Bay-

Kleinmond-Hermanus area. Some small populations sur-

vive in the Cape of Good Hope Nature Reserve. A well-

known, chance hybrid with E. nana is known as

‘Gengold’ (see 39).

Vouchers: Albertvn STE321I0 (NBG!); Kirsten 1368 (NBGl); Parker

4498 (BOL!, NBG!); Schlecker 9551 (BMl, BOLl, NBGl, PI, PREI, W);

Thode 9359 (NBGl); Zeyher 3179 (BOLl, K!, NBGl, PI, PRE, W).

37. E. sacciflora Salisb. in Transactions of the

Linnean Society 6: 355 (1802); Benth.: 630 (1839);

Guthrie & Bolus: 67 (1905); Dulfer: 42 (1965). Type:

Hottentots Holland, Masson s.n. (BM!).

Illustrations: Schumann & Kirsten: 53, t. 3, 4 (1992).

Diagnostic features: loose to compact spike-like syn-

florescences; flowers single on ends of short, leafy, lateral

branchlets; bract and bracteoles small; sepals broadly

ovate; corolla yellow to yellow-orange with green tips;

anther appendages with a few short upward-pointing hairs.

This species is confined to the mountains around

Bothalia 35,2 (2005)

123

Franschhoek. It is most closely related to the new species,

E. gerhardii under which the differences are discussed.

A small flowered collection, Esterhuysen 9614, from

Winterberg in the Wemmershoek/Du Toitskloof area is

placed here with some uncertainty. It needs further inves-

tigation before any definite taxonomic position can be

assigned to it.

Vouchers: Krie! sub Bolus 6333 (BM!, BOL!, K!, NBG!, PRE!);

Haynes 653 (NBG!, PRE!); Lewis 5280 (MO!, NBG!, NY!); MacOwan

Herb. Norm. 958 (BM!, K!, PRE!, SAM!); Siehle 286 (NBG!, PRE);

Winter 31 (NBG!, PRE).

37.1. E. gerhardii E.G.H.Oliv. & I.M.OIiv., sp.

nov., affmitate E. sacciflorae sed synflorescentibus

nonullis vel sparsissimis floribus 1- vel 2-natis erectis ad

suberectis, bractea bracteolisque parva ovata, sepalis

lanceolatis, corolla viridiflava parum quadrangular!,

antherae calcaribus pilis reflexis dignoscenda. Figura 2.

TYPE. — Western Cape, 3419 (Caledon): Klein River

Mtns WNW of Stanford, ridge just W of Boskop on

Morning Star 630, 620 m, (-AD), 14 August 1999,

E.G.H. & I.M.Oliver 11277 (NBG, holo.; K, PRE).

Shrubs sparsely branched, erect, 1.0-1. 5 m tall, sin-

gle-stemmed reseeder. Branches: few main branches

normally with continuous apical growth, rarely ending in

a florescence, secondary branches occasional (not every

node), ± 3-30 mm long, intemodes ±1.5 mm long with

inffafoliar ridges; stems glabrous with very occasionally,

a few short gland-tipped hairs in grooves. Leaves 4-nate,

suberect incurved, imbricate, very narrowly lanceolate,

8-10 X 0.8 mm, triangular in section, margins acute, flat

adaxially, with distinct small acute tip, glabrous, sulcus

narrow, closed at base; petiole ± 1 mm long, glabrous,

with occasional marginal hairs. Inflorescence: flowers

l(2)-nate at ends of side branches, rarely main branches,

mostly suberect, occasionally spreading to slightly pen-

dulous, not in spike-like synflorescence; pedicel ± 3 mm

long, glabrous; bract partially recaulescent near base of

pedicel, ovate-triangular, 1. 5-2.0 x 0.7 mm, glabrous,

acute, pale yellow-green, margin with or without short,

gland-tipped hairs, sulcus present or absent; bracteoles 2,

± in middle of pedicel, ovate to obovate, acute, 2-3 x 1 .2

mm, glabrous, pale yellow-green, glabrous margin

entire, sulcus in upper 'A narrow. Calyx 4-partite, ovate-

lanceolate, ±7x2 mm, slightly imbricate laterally, mar-

gins entire, sulcus narrow ± A3 length of segment, slight-

ly keeled, pale green, darker around sulcus. Corolla 4-

lobed, broadly tubular, 16-17 x 5 mm, slightly 4-angled

in t/s, slightly curved, slightly contracted below mouth,

greenish yellow, hard when fresh, glabrous; lobes ± 2 x

2.5 mm, rounded, entire, erect to slightly spreading.

Stamens 8, free, included; filaments ± 12 mm long with

apical sigmoid curve, glabrous, white; anthers bilobed,

appendiculate, dorsally attached ± 'A way up, narrowly

ovate in adaxial view, thecae erect, adpressed, slightly

curved-oblong, ± 1.2 x 0.6 in lateral view, strigose api-

cally, dark brown, appendages narrowly lanceolate, ± 1 .4

X 0.15 mm, subpendulous, covered with short upwardly

pointing strigae; pore ± 'A length of theca; pollen shed in

tetrads. Ovary 4-locular, oblate, ± 2.5 x 3.0 mm, deeply

emarginate, glabrous, nectaries apparently absent, ovules

± 12 per locule spreading from small bulbous placenta in

upper half of columella; style included, ± 12 mm long,

slightly curved, glabrous; stigma capitate. Fruit a dehis-

cent capsule, broadly obovoid, ±4x5 mm, hard and

woody, valves laterally splitting to base, septa remaining

attached to columella. Seeds ellipsoid, ± 1 x 0.7 mm,

shallowly alveolate, brown; testa cells rectangular to

somewhat square, ± 100 x 100 pm, anticlinal walls jig-

sawed, inner periclinal wall with numerous small pits.

Figure 2.

Diagnostic features: no noticeably spike-like synflor-

escence, inflorescences more scattered; flowers 1- or 2-

nate at ends of short to long, leafy lateral branches, most-

ly erect to suberect; bract and bracteoles small ovate;

sepals relatively long lanceolate; corolla greenish yellow,

slightly 4-angled; anther appendages long with numer-

ous upward-pointing short hairs.

This new species falls within the E. patersonii-sacci-

flora-nana alliance with its 4-nate leaves, hard yellow-

green corolla, long anther appendages and similar ovary

and fruit (Figure 1). It appears to be most similar to E.

sacciflora due to the few-flowered inflorescences, and

the small and more remote bract and bracteoles. The lat-

ter differs in having spike-like synflorescences with

flowers spreading to pendulous, shorter, broader sepals,

± 3.5 X 3.5 mm (not 5x2 mm), and shorter leaves, 4-5

mm long (not 8-10 mm) and hairy stems. E. sacciflora

occurs some 60 km to the northwest in the Franschhoek

Mountains.

Erica gerhardii is very localized on the mountains

above Stanford; we saw only 24 plants in one population

(Figure 3). These grew on a steep southeast-facing slope

in very old, moist fynbos vegetation. The mountain was

subsequently burnt in the summer of 2001. The most

noticeable feature of the plants in the wild was the

growth form — tall, erect, very sparsely branched, with

the leaves confined to the uppennost parts and the erect

to suberect, greenish yellow flowers.

The species was first collected by Niven two hundred

years ago and then turned up again by Gerhard Kirsten

h 93 1-2000), the co-author of the finely illustrated book.

Ericas of South Africa (Schumann & Kirsten 1992), who

was unable to be with us when the type material was col-

lected due to illness, but gave us directions to find the

population. We name this species in honour of his dedi-

cation to the collection and study of Erica over a period

of 25 years. He is also commemorated in E. kirstenii

E.G.H.Oliv. (Oliver & Oliver 2000a).

FIGURE 3. — Known distribution of Erica gerhardii, O; and E. cer-

aria, •.

124

Bothalia 35,2 (2005)

Paratype material: WESTERN CAPE. — 3419 (Caledon): Klein

River Mtns. Glenhart, (-AD), 3-12-1977 (fruiting), Kirsten 644

(NBG); ibid,, 26-08-1978, Kirsten 675 (BM, NBG); ibid., 11-08-1995,

Kirsten 1379 (NBG); ibid., overlooking Stanford-Hermanus, 500 m,

28-07-1989. Schumann 692 (NBG); Kleinrivierberg, Morning Star,

1600 ft [490 m], (-AD), 4-09-1978, Vogelpoel NBG 1 1 6862 (NBG);

Klein River (without precise locality), alpine places, Niven 263 (BM).

38. E. foliacea Andrews, Coloured engravings of

heaths: t. 235 (post 1822-pre 1825); Andrews: t. 263 (±

1828). Iconotype: l.c.: t. 235.

Note: the larger plate in Andrews’ Coloured engravings of heaths,

t. 235, must have been published later than 1822 since in the text

accompanying the plate he cites plants he had seen in 1822, but the vol-

ume is dated 1805 — the publication cannot be dated accurately

(Cleevely & Oliver 2002). See discussion under E. colorans (63)

regarding dating these works.

Diagnostic features-, synflorescence loose to dense,

flowers 2^-nate on short, leafy side branches; bract and

bracteoles long; sepals relatively short, lanceolate; corol-

la yellow and orange-red, appendages long. The intern-

odes are longer than in the related species, ± 1 .5—4.0 mm

long and are finely hairy.

The plate of Andrews clearly does not depict the plant

that was until now known as E. foliacea — it is now being

described as E. ceraria. His protologue notes — ‘flowers

nearly an inch long (=E 25 mm), yellow, and transparent’.

The many collections currently recognized under this

name have flowers which are ± 18 mm long, yellowish

green and very hard, smooth and wax-like in texture, not

the pure yellow with longitudinal stripes/ridges and do

not have the ovary with bulbous upper lobes, as illustrat-

ed by Andrews. Guthrie & Bolus (1905) had only one of

these collections. Bolus 6870, to which Andrews’ name

was applied thus setting the identification of all subse-

quent collections. All this material is here described as E.

ceraria (38.3).

Andrews’ iconotype matches reasonably well the few

collections that, until now, have been identified as E.

foliacea \ax fitlgens. This latter name in fact refers to a

distinct variant based solely on the density of the synflor-

escences, the flowers being identical in all the collections

of the species. These variants are recognized here at sub-

specific level.

38a. subsp. foliacea

Benth.: 630 (1839); Guthrie & Bolus: 68 (1905) p.p.; Dulfer: 42

(1965) p.p.

Illustrations: Andrews: t. 235 (post 1822-pre 1825); Schumann &

Kirsten: 54, t. 5 (1992).

Diagnostic features', loose synflorescence with 2^

flowers on occasional leafy side branches; corolla entire-

ly yellow or yellow below and orange-red above where

facing the sun (in wild-collected material).

The typical subspecies is known only from a few col-

lections on the Paardeberg west of Houwhoek/Bot River.

This material has flowers shorter than Andrews’ 25 mm

in the range 1 5-20 mm, all of them do not have the sin-

gle colour of the iconotype. Andrews (± 1 824) shows the

ovary with exaggerated thickened apical processes and

these are present in the Middelmann collections from

floningklip. These are very similar to the bulges occur-

ring in E. curviflora (45).

Vouchers: Bolus s.n. (BOL!, PREl); Micldelmann NBG69881 ,

NBG8066I (NBG!).

38b. subsp. fulgens (Klotzsch) E.G.H.Oliv. &

I.M.Oliv., stat. et comb. nov.

E. foliacea war. fulgens Klotzsch, Linnaea 12: 507 (1838b); Guthrie

& Bolus: 68 (1905); Dulfer: 42 (1965). Type: Prom. b. sp. in montibus

altit. IV-V ad flumen ’Palmietrivier’ prope villain 'Grietjiesgat' inter

ttumina 'Palmiet- et Steenbrassensrivier’ (Prov. Stellenbosch), Jun.,

[Mtns at Palmiet River near house/farm Grietjiesgat between Palmiet

and Steenbrass Rivers, June], Ecklon & Zeyher s.n. (Bt. holo.; NBGI,

SAM!; TCD!); as 46 (MEL!). Lectotype selected here: locality as cited

above (56.6), Ecklon & Zeyher s.n. (SAM!).

Note 1 : Klotzsch quoted 'E. fulgens Klotzsch’ in synonymy as a manu-

script name that he must have written on his type specimen in B prior

to deciding to describe it as the variety of E. foliacea.

Note 2: there is among the other collections of this species, a con-

siderable mix-up as to who the collectors were. Guthrie gives his No.

3551 to a collection in NBG ‘made for C.Grisbrook’, i.e. Charles

Southey Grisbrook, his brother-in-law, on 9/1895. He gave a sheet to

SAM, but said he had not yet assigned a collecting number to ‘a few

good specimens’. Bolus sent a collection of the same date to Medley

Wood in NH (now in NBG) attributing the collection to ‘C.H.G’ who

would be the father of the above, Charles Hewson Grisbrook, but who

died in 1876! A specimen at Kew and another BOL specimen are

labelled as 'Grisbrook sub Guthrie 3766' and the BM material as

'Guthrie sub Bolus s.n.' — all collected 9/1895.

Diagnostic features-, long, dense, spike-like synflores-

cences on long main stems; flowers 4-nate on short lat-

eral branchlets borne at eveiy node; corolla red-orange

and yellow. The main branches appear to be fewer and

much longer with longer intemodes (2-A mm).

This subspecies is apparently extinct, having been last

collected by Guthrie/Grisbrook/Bolus and Schlechter in

the 1 890s and never again despite searches in the area by

ourselves. It must have been a very striking plant with its

‘very pronounced red-orange and yellow flowers’ (noted

by Guthrie). Klotzsch gave the diagnostic character as

'-corollis lateritis' (with corollas brick red like roof tiles)

that he must have seen on the recently collected Ecklon

material since Ecklon never recorded colour on his col-

lections.

The locality must have been on the moist southern side

of Sir Lowry’s Pass (Gantouws Pass) where Grietjiesgat

was a known stop-off point for hungry, thirsty travellers

after the arduous ascent up the pass. This whole area has

been under alien pine plantations for many years.

Guthrie must have travelled that route many times to and

from his family home at Caledon to which he had retired

from Cape Town and Bolus went many times to the

Houw Hoek estate which was owned by Guthrie’s broth-

er-in-law, C.S. Grisbrook, where they met and discussed

plants, especially Erica (L. Bolus pers. comm. 1963).

The collection by Schlechter as ‘Koue Bokkeveld’

and the excellent one by MacOwan as ‘Zwartebergen,

Caledon’ are certainly incoiTect localities. MacOwan

collected several species from that locality which we

have found to be incorrect (see E. inacowanii No. 57).

Vouchers: Guthrie 3551 (BOL!, NBGI, PRE, SAM!); MacOwan

sub Herb. Norm. 1720 (BM!, K!, SAM!); Schlechter 8925 (BM!,

BOL!, K!, P!, PRE!, SAM!).

38.1. E. vallis-aranearum E.G.H.Oliv. in The

Flowering Plants of Africa 42: t. 1680 (1973). Type:

3418 (Simonstown): head of Spinnekopsneskloof,

Kogelberg area, south-facing slopes, 1 066 m, (-BB), 21

April 1970, Oliver 3112 (STE [NBG], holo.; BOL, K,

MO, NY, PRE, S, W).

Illustrations: Oliver l.c.: t. 1680 (1973); Schumann & Kirsten: 54,

t. 8,9(1992).

Bothalia 35,2 (2005)

125

Diagnostic features: sparse or very reduced synflores-

cence; flowers pendulous 1 or 2 on very short lateral

branchlets; pedicel 10-13 mm long, red; sepals relative-

ly long, narrow, lanceolate; corolla quadrangular, yellow;

anthers distinctly prognathous at base.

This very distinct species is allied to E. ceraria and to

E. nana — all three occurring in the Kogelberg area but

with this one being highly restricted and very rare.

Vouchers: Boucher 1249 (NBG!, PRE); Oliver 3112 (BOL!, K!,

MO!, NBGI, NY!, PRE!, S!, W!).

38.2. E. galpinii TM.Salter in Journal of South

African Botany 1: 35 (1935). E. foliacea Andrews var.

galpinii (T.M. Salter) Dulfer; 42 (1965). Type: Caledon

Dist.; Maanschyn Kop, Hermanns, on moist slope near

summit, alt. 2900 ft [884 m], April 1934, Galpin 12661

(BOL!, holo.; BMl, Ki, PRE).

Illustrations: Schumann & Kirsten: 55, t. 10, 11 (1992).

Diagnostic features: short to long, dense, spike-like

synflorescence; flowers 3- or 4-nate on short, leafy, lateral

branchlets; bract and bracteoles large and broad like sepals;

sepals short and broadly ovate; corolla bright yellow.

This species has sepals similar to those of E. sacci-

flora but has a very dense, longer synflorescence and the

plants are taller and sparsely branched and the bract and

bracteoles lanceolate. It is confined to the mountains

above Hermanns. The pale sepals are very noticeable on

the dried material.

Vouchers: Rourke 1345 (BOL!, NBG!); Vogelpoel sub Baker 3045

(BOL!, NBG!); Williams 1650 (NBG!).

38.3. E. ceraria E.G.H.Oliv. & I.M.OIiv., sp. nov.,

sine synflorescentibus distinctis, floribus (3)4(5)-natis in

extremis ramulis lateralibus foliferibus, bractea bracteo-

lis sepalisque longa, corolla dura ceraria flavovirenti,

antheris base parum prognathis, ramis glabris dignoscen-

da. Figura 4.

TYPE. — Western Cape, 3418 (Simonstown),

Kogelberg, ridge east of peak, 1 100 m, (-BB), 25 May

1989, Oliver 9138 (NBG, holo.).

£■. /o/;acca Andrews, sec. Guthrie & Bolus: 68 (1905), p.p., quoad

Bolus 6870.

Illustrations: Baker & Oliver: t. 23 (1967); Schumann & Kirsten:

54. t. 6, 7 (1992) [all as E. foliacea].

LIGURE 4. — Erica ceraria. A. flowering branch, x 1; B, stem with leaves removed; C, leaf; D, flower, E, bract; L, bracteole; G, sepal; H, anther,

side, front and back views. I, J, ovary: J, 1/s to show placentation. K, L, capsule: L, one valve removed to show placenta. M, seed; N, testa

cells. Scale bars: B, C, E-L, 2 mm; D. 4 mm; M, 1 mm; N, 100 pm. A-J, drawn from the type; K-N, Maguire 2657. Artist: I.M. Oliver.

126

Bothalia 35,2 (2005)

Woody, somewhat sparse, erect shrub, 0.25-1.0 m

tall, single-stemmed. Branches: main branches 100-300

mm long with continuous apical growth with ± 2-6 sec-

ondary branches, ± 10-30 mm long, recurving, ending in

a florescence; stems with infrafoliar ridges, intemodes ±

1.5 mm long, glabrous; bark on old stems noticeably

scarred with tightly packed, old leaf scars. Leaves 4- or

5-nate, imbricate, ± 10 x 1 mm, linear-oblong, acute,

incurved, erect, flattened on both sides with entire acute

hyaline margins, glabrous, sulcus narrow, open at base;

petiole ± 1 mm long, ciliate. Inflorescence: flowers (3)4-

or 5-nate in 1 whorl at ends of secondary branches, pen-

dulous; pedicel 1. 5-2.0 mm long, glabrous; bract partial-

ly recaulescent in middle of pedicel, narrowly lanceolate,

± 9 X 1.3 mm, glabrous green, margins entire with a few,

short, pendulous, gland-tipped hairs, sulcus ± 'h length

of bract; bracteoles 2, placed just below sepals, ±8x1

mm, otherwise like bract. Calyx 4-partite, segments not

imbricate, narrowly ovate, ± 8.0 x 2.5 mm, acute,

glabrous, yellow along edges, green towards sulcus, mar-

gins straight or slightly serrated with or without a few

small hairs and glands, sulcus ± V3 length of segment,

closed. Corolla 4-lobed, ±18x8 mm, broadly tubular,

sometimes slightly arcuate, mouth slightly contracted,

glabrous, greenish yellow, thick and wax-like; lobes ± 2

X 3.5 mm, broad and rounded, entire. Stamens 8, includ-

ed; filaments ± 12 mm long, linear-oblong, with small

apical S-bend, white, glabrous; anthers bilobed, dorsally

attached just above base, oblong-lanceolate in adaxial

view, appendiculate; thecae erect adpressed, ± 1.6 x 0.8

mm, ovate in lateral view, with slight basal adaxial nose,

dark brown, smooth, appendages ± 2 mm long, narrow,

straight or slightly undulate, projecting out abaxially,

pore length of theca; pollen in tetrads. Ovary 4-

locular, broadly obovoid, ± 3.5 x 3.5 mm, very deeply

emarginate, glabrous, green, with small basal nectaries;

ovules ± 25 per locule spreading from a central to apical

placenta; style included, ± 13 mm long, cylindrical,

glabrous white; stigma capitate. Fri/it a dehiscent cap-

sule, ±4x5 mm, valves splitting free to the base later-

ally, septa remaining attached to columella and 100% on

valves; placenta small, rounded, ± 1 mm long. Seeds

ellipsoid, ± 1 x 0.6 mm long, brown, testa reticulate, cells

± 100 X 76 pm, with slightly undulate anticlinal walls,

periclinal walls densely pitted. Figure 4.

Diagnostic features: no marked spike-like synflores-

cence, flowers (3)4- or 5-nate on ends of leafy lateral

branches; bract, bracteoles and sepals relatively long,

lanceolate; corolla hard and wax-like in texture, yellow-

ish green; anthers slightly prognathous at base; ovary

broadly obovoid; stems glabrous.

This species is the taxon currently well known as "E. foli-

acea\ It is closely allied to E. foliacea, E. nana and E.

galpinii but is the only one with 5-nate flowers (3-5-nate),

slightly prognathous anthers and glabrous stems. The calyx

is also hidden by the imbricate leaves and the greenish yel-

low corolla is very hard and wax-like in texture and not

transparent nor ridged. E. foliacea has hairy stems. In E. foli-

acea subsp. fulgens, nearly every node on the main branch-

es bears a short, secondary branchlet, terminating in a flor-

escence and is therefore very spike-like, as in E. galpinii.

Guthrie & Bolus (1905) had a single unlocalized spec-

imen of this species which they placed under E. foliacea

{Bolus 6H70). This was the first collection of E. ceraria.

The name is derived from cerarius, of wax, waxy

(Latin), in allusion to the hard, wax-like texture of the

flowers.

This species is confined to the rocky peaks and ridges

around Kogelberg Peak down the west side of the

Biosphere Reserve to above Betty’s Bay (Figure 3).

Paratype material (selection from numerous specimens): WEST-

ERN CAPE. — 3418 (Simonstown): summit of Steenbraskop NW of 5

Beacon Ridge, 1 060 m, (-BB), 13-04-1983, Le Maitre 371 (NBG!,

PRE); slopes of Kogelberg, 09-1953, (-BB), 09-1953, Stokoe

SAM57872 (NBG! SAMI); Voorberg, 1500 ft [457 m], (-BD), 19-09-

1959, Baker 1429 (BMI, NBGI); Porter Reserve, 06-1960, (-BD), Baker

in PRE30134 (PRE) [voucher for Baker & Oliver: t. 23]; Hangklip, 1000

ft [304 m], (-BD), 5-09-1942, Compton 13528 (BOLI, NBGI); Pringle

East Peak, 2000 ft [609 m], (-BD), 16-09-1951, Etiterhuysen 18849

(BOLI, NBGI, PRE); Platberg, top of ridge, 2800 ft [853 m], (-BD), 16-

09-1967, Taylor 7147 (NBGI, PRE). Without precise locality: Hottentots

Holland, Stokoe 6397 (BOLI, Kl, SAM!). Without locality: Bolus 6870

(BOLI, K!, PRE); Pillans 8283 (BOL!).

39. E. nana Salisb. in Transactions of the Linnean

Society 6: 355 (1802); Benth.: 631 (1839); Guthrie &

Bolus: 68 (1905); Dulfer: 42 (1965). Type: Hottentots

Holland, Masson s.n. (BM!).

Illustrations: Baker & Oliver: t. 24 (1967); Schumann & Kirsten:

55, t. 12, 13 (1992),

Diagnostic features: loose grouping of inflorescences

not arranged into a synflorescence; flowers (3)4-nate at

ends of leafy side branches; sepals long, broadish lan-

ceolate; corolla bright yellow; intemodes almost absent.

The plants are low, compact, much-branched, spreading

shmblets, covered with numerous inflorescences. They

grow hanging over rocks. This habit is the most distinctive

in this group of species. The flowers when young are

greenish yellow but soon turn bright yellow at anthesis.

A chance hybrid E. nana x E. patersonii occurred in

the Harold Porter National Botanical Garden at Betty’s

Bay and has been subsequently propagated and given the

cultivar name ‘Gengold’. It has slightly larger flowers

than E. nana and is more floriferous. Subsequent back-

crosses onto E. nana have been made in Germany (H.

Kramer pers. comm.) and these have even longer flowers.

Vouchers: Oliver in STE30I28 (BOL!, NBG!, NY!, PRE!); same

collection, as Oliver sub Baker 2595 (BM!, K!, NBG!),

NOTE ON ORDER OF REMAINING SPECIES

The numbering order given by Guthrie & Bolus

(1905) and added to by Dulfer (1965) does not reflect the

correct relationships between the remainder of the

species in this paper. We have deviated here from this

order and placed the species in what we postulate are

their more natural alliances. The original numbers have

been retained for cross-referencing, only the order is

changed here.

ERICA CURVIFLORA-PERSPICUA GROUP

This group of species is characterized by 4-nate

leaves, loose to dense, leafy synflorescences, a long,

tubular, hairy corolla (except E. ignita) with spreading

recurved lobes, short pedicel (except in E. conspicua),

anthers lacking appendages or sometimes possessing the

remnants of appendages, ovary 4-8-locular, mostly

obovoid and a capsule opening widely (Figure 5).

Bothalia 35,2 (2005)

127

The group contains the following species: E. xanthina

(40), E. ignita (40.1), E. bibax (44), E. kogelbergensis

(44.1) , E. curviflora (45), E. stagnalis (45.1), E. con-

spiciia (48), E. densifolia (49), E. wendlandiana (50), E.

macowanii (57), E. leucotrachela (57.1), E. cremea

(57.2) , E. viridimontana (57.3), E. latitiiba (57.4), E.

perspicua (62) and E. diilcis (62.1) (Figure 6). These

species are, in our opinion, not the only ones in this

alliance, since there are numerous small-flowered

species in the section Ephebus which are clearly closely

related to several of the above species.

Erica curviflora is by far the most widespread species

occurring from the Gifberg in the north to the Cape

Peninsula and eastwards as far as Grahamstown. All the

other species have much more limited ranges and in

some cases are very localized in the region between the

Hottentots Holland Mtns and Klein River Mtns.

Several species were described by Andrews in his

Coloured engravings of heaths (1794- ± 1830) using

cultivated material that bore flowers on short, lateral,

leafy branches arranged in loose to dense, spike-like

synflorescences and had tubular, hairy corollas that were

pink and white. These look similar to the form and

arrangement in currently recognized species such as E.

perspicua^ E. macowanii, E. leucotrachela and E. latitu-

ba known from the wild. With the specific differences

based among others on microcharacters of ovary com-

plement and seed structure that are not shown in

Andrews’ drawings, it is not possible to identify them

with any certainty. Also, with numerous cultivated vari-

ants and hybrids being raised in England at the time

(Nelson & Oliver 2004), we are very hesitant to ascribe

these names to currently known wild populations. We

have therefore decided to regard them as cultivars or arti-

ficially raised hybrids. Among these are Andrews’ E. lin-

naea, l.c.: t. 106 (1801), E. linnaea siiperba, l.c.: t. 243

(post 1828) and £. linnaeoides, l.c.: t. 107 (1803).

40. E. xanthina Guthrie & Bolus in Flora capensis

4: 69 (1905); Dulfer: 43 (1965). Type: Caledon Div.;

Genadendal, Alexander 5 (K, holo.!; BOL, fragm.!; sub

s.n. PRE!).

E. parviilisepala H. A. Baker: 31 (1969). Type: Caledon and

Robertson Districts, Riviersondereinde Mtns above Greyton between

Kanonberg and Galgeberg, marshy places at 4000 ft [1 220 m] and

above, Baker 2801 (NBG, holo.!; BOLI).

Illustrations: Baker l.c.: t. 3 (1969); Schumann & Kirsten: 67, t. 63

(1992).

Diagnostic features: dense, short to long synflores-

cence; flowers 1- or 2-nate on ends of short, leafy side

branchlets; bract and bracteoles minute; sepals small,

ovate; corolla very finely hairy, cream to salmoifpeach

pink; ovary 4-locular (Figure 6C).

The species is confined to small seepage areas at the

heads of kloofs along the western end of the

Riviersonderend Mountains. Baker overlooked E. xan-

thina when describing his species.

Vouchers: Baker 2801 (BOLI, NBGI); Oliver 10745 (NBGI);

A.S.Schelpe 739 (BOLI, NBG!).

40.1 E. ignita E.G.H.Oliv. in Yearbook of the

Heather Society 2000: 67 (2000). Type: 3419BB,

Riviersonderend Mtns, Pilaarkop, moist S-slopes below

ridge WNW of peak, ± 4800 ft [1 460 m], 28 October

1997, Oliver 10944 (NBG, holo.; BM, BOL, K, MO, NY,

P, PRE, S).

Illustrations: Oliver l.c.: t, 1,2, 3.

Diagnostic features: a very dense, long, spike-like

synflorescence; flowers mostly 4-nate on ends of short,

leafy side branchlets; sepals short, ovate with elongate,

acute apex; corolla glabrous, dull brick-red flushed with

orange; ovary (5)6(7)-locular (Figures 5B; 6A).

This striking species is highly restricted in its distri-

bution, being confined to a few steep slopes near the

summit of the Riviersonderend Mountains above the

town.

Vouchers: Oliver 10944 (BM!, BOL!, K!, MO!, NBG!, NY!, P!,

PRE!, S!).

42. E. xpallens Andrews, Coloured engravings of

heaths: t. 194 (1806); Benth.: 635 (1839); Guthrie &

Bolus: 70 (1905); Dulfer: 43 (1965). Type: l.c.: t. 194.

This taxon is regarded as a hybrid of garden origin in

England. No material matching Andrews’ plate has been

located in the wild in South Africa.

43. E. xdubia Rach in Linnaea 26: 776 (1853);

Guthrie & Bolus: 70 (1905); Dulfer: 43 (1965). E. cylin-

drica J.C.Wendl.: f 11, t. 7 (1802) non Thunb. 24 (1785).

Type: l.c.: t. 7.

This taxon is regarded as a hybrid of garden origin in

Germany. No material matching Wendland’s plate has

been located in the wild in South Africa.

44. E. bibax Salisb. in Transactions of the Linnean

Society 6: 358 (1802); Benth.: 633 (1839); Guthrie &

Bolus: 70 (1905); Dulfer: 43 (1965). Type: growing nat-

urally beside Palmiet Rivier, Masson s.n. (holo.?).

Neotype: Sir Lowry’s Pass, 1300 ft, 5. v. 1896, Schlechter

7813 (NBG; isotypes, BM!, BOL, Ki, PRE, W, Zi).

, Note: there are no collections annotated by Salisbury in either BM

or K.

E. citrx’iflora sensu Thunb.: sp. 30 (1785) non L. Type: Thimberg

s.n. (UPS, holo.; microfiche!).

Illustrations: Schumann & Kirsten: 56, t. 16, 17 (1992).

Diagnostic features: loose to dense, long, spike-like

synflorescences; flowers 1-nate on very short, non-leafy

side branchlets; bract smaller than bracteoles; sepals

elongate, lanceolate; corolla very finely hairy, pale yel-

low with white tips; anther base running into filament

even though subbasally attached, no appendages; ovary

4-locular, slightly stipitate (Figures 5 A; 6H).

Erica bibax occurs in the area between Kogelberg and

Sir Lowry’s Pass on streambanks and in seeps.

Vouchers: Kirsten 943 (NBG!, NY!); MacOwan Herb. Norm. 712

(BM!, K!, NBG!, W); Schlechter 7813 (BM!, K!, NBG!, PRE, W).

44.1. E. kogelbergensis E.G.H.Oliv. in Yearbook

of the Heather Society 1996: 3 (1996). E. serratifolia

Andrews var. subnuda Bolus: 158 (1910); Dulfer: 47

(1965). Syntypes: Caledon Div., mountains between

Caledon and Hermanns, fl. May, Sept., N.S.Pillans 228

8c 1334 (BOLI). Lectotype selected here: Cape Colony,

Caledon Division, mountains between Caledon and

Hermanns, May, [near Hermanuspetersfontein, bought

fresh in Cape Town, 2 May 1908], Pillans 1334 (BOL,

lecto.; NBGI, PRE!, SAM!).

128

Bothalia 35,2 (2005)

FIGURE 5. — Capsules of some species in the Erica ciirviflora-perspiciia group. A, E. bihax, whole and with one valve removed, drawn from

Kogelberg, Grisbwok 3552; B. E. ignita, drawn from Pilaarkop, the type; C, E. ciirvifJora, with front and back valves removed, drawn

from Ruitersberg, Vlok 1731; D, E. perspiciia whole and with one valve removed, drawn from Hermanns, Walters 1148; E, E. stagnalis

with one valve and whole, drawn from F. Kruger 36. Scale bar: A-E, 2 mm. Artist: I.M. Oliver.

Illustrations: Schumann & Kirsten: 61, t. 38, 39, 40 (1992), as E.

xserratifolia; Oliver l.c.: t. 1, 2, 4 (1996).

Diagnostic features', flowers 1^-nate at ends of short,

lateral branchlets arranged in a dense, spike-like inflores-

cence, 40-100 mm long; corolla veiy finely hairy, plain

yellow or bicoloured (red with yellow apex); sepals elon-

gate, lanceolate; anthers dorsally attached near base, with

small decurrent appendages on apex of filament; ovary

4(-6)-locular; leaves hard in texture (Figure 6G).

The localities given for the syn types are clearly emo-

neous information derived from the flower sellers. It is pos-

tulated that this was done purposely to protect their sources.

Vouchers: lectotype and Oliver 9/37 (BM!, K!, MO!, NBGI, PREI).

45. E. curviflora L., Species plantarum, edn 1, 1:

354 (1753); Benth.: 633 (1839); Guthrie & Bolus: 71

(1905); Dulfer: 43 (1965). Syntypes; L., Hort. Cliff.: 148

(1737); Seba, thesaurus: t. 19, f 5 (1735); Plukenet, man-

tissa: t. 346, f 9 (1700). Lectotype selected here by Oliver

& Cafferty: Herb. Clifford: 148, Erica sheet no. 10 (BM!).

E. .sulcata Benth.: 632 ( 1 839); Guthrie & Bolus: 72 ( 1 905). E. ciin’i-

flora var. sulcata (Benth.) Dulfer: 45 (1965). Type: in colonia Capensi,

Niven s.n. (Kl). Note: specimen in K is labelled — Devil’s Head,

George, Niven 190.

E. biirchellii Benth.: 632 (1839). E. curviflora var. biirchellii

(Benth.) Bolus: 71 (1905); Dulfer: 44 (1965). Type: in Prov. George et

Albany?, Burchell 6023 as a glahriflora (Kl).

E. curviflora var. versatilis Bolus: 71 (1905); Dulfer: 44 (1965).

Syntypes: Worcester Div., Goudini, Schlechter 9948 (BOLI); Caledon

Div., mtns near the Zondercinde River, 4500 ft [1 400 m]. Bolus in

Herb. Guthrie 4595 (BOLI).

E. curviflora var. diffusa Bolus: 72 (1905); Dulfer: 44 (1965).

Syntypes: Paarl Div., mtns around French I lock, MacOwan Herb.

Norm. 957 (BOLI); ibid., Schlechter 9264 (BOLI); Caledon Div., Klein

Houw Hoek, Niven 10 (?K).

Illustrations: Baker & Oliver: t. 28 (1967); Schumann & Kirsten:

56, t. 18. 19 (1992).

Diagnostic features', flowers 1-nate on leafy lateral

branches in a loose arrangement up main branches;

corolla mostly hairy with long, distinct hairs or glabrous,

pink to orange to red, spreading to slightly recurved;

sepals varying from 0.4-1. 2 mm long; anthers manifest

to just exserted, dorsally attached, with appendages dis-

tinct and short or just visible as remnants on apex of fila-

ment; ovary 4-[8]-locular, emarginate, with apical part

having distinctive enlarged callous-like bosses (Figures

5C; 6N).

This is the most widespread and variable of the

species in this group, occurring from the Gifberg near

Vanrhynsdorp, throughout the Cape Floral Region as far

east as Grahamstown. There is much variation in the

size, colour and indumentum of the flowers and in the

size of the leaves. In corolla indumentum there are some

distinct variants confined to certain localities but also

variable within a locality. We have found no reliable

characters that can be used to subdivide the species. The

most distinctive variant is one with very long leaves (up

to 18 mm) which are covered with very long simple

hairs. It occurs in the Kogelberg area and surprisingly

also in the mountains above George.

Vouchers: Bolus 8668 (BOLI, NBGI, PRE); Brusse 4890 (NBGI,

PRE); Gillett 3357 (NBGI, NY!); Goldblatt 1785 (MO, NBGI, PRE);

Hanekoin 2984 (NBGI); Kerr STE30086 (NBGI, NY!, PRE) [voucher

for Baker & Oliver, l.c.]; Oliver 567 (BMl, NBG!), 346. 3058 (NBGI,

PRE!), 5863, 73 9 7 (NF3G!), 8462 (NBG!, PRE!), 11846 (NBG!);

Oliver & Falser /-/ (K!, NBG!); Parker 3853 (NBG!); Rourke 299

(NBG!, NY!); Schlechter 4810 (NBG!, PRE), 10223 (NBG!), 10379

(BM!, K!, NBG!, P!, PRE, W); Sieber 76 (NBG!, PRE, W).

45.1. E. stagnalis Salish. in Transactions of the

Linnaean Society 6: 359 (1802). Type: without locality,

(l)Roxhitrgh s.n. (K!).

Bothalia 35,2 (2005)

129

E. sulphurea Andrews, Coloured engravings of heaths: t. 278 (post

1 8 1 6-pre 1 825); Benth.: 634 (1839) as "sidfwea . E. cwviflora L. var. sul-

phurea (Andrews) Bolus: 71 (1905); Dulfer: 44 (1965). Type: l.c.: t. 278.

Note: the larger, fuller (quano) painting by Andrews in Coloured engrav-

ings of heaths appeared only in vol. IV with an unknown date which

makes precise dating impossible (Cleevely & Oliver 2002). However,

investigations of the octavo edition. The Heathery, indicate that the vol-

umes were likely published complete and that vol. V, containing t. 241,

was published as a unit not before 1816 and probably around 1828

(Cleevely et a!. 2003). See under E. colorans (63).

45.1a. subsp. stagnalis

Illustration: Andrews l.c.: t. 278.

Diagnostic features: corolla tubular, 20-24 mm long

(Figure 6L).

The typical subspecies occurs in the mountains from

the Houw Hoek Mtns, the Hottentots Holland to the

Fransehhoek Pass area.

Diagnostic features: similar to E. curviflora but corolla vouchers: Compton 22928 (BOL!, NBG!); Esterhuvsen 9724,

bright yellow and more sparsely hairy with shaggy hairs; 33932 (BOL!); Kruger 298 (NBGI); Oliver 10274, 10765 (NBGI);

ovary 8-locular, broadly obovoid with no apical bosses. Salter 2835 (BOLl); Schlechter 9264 (NBGI, pre, W).

FIGURE 6. — Erica curvifloral-perspicua group showing a flower, anther and ovary. A, E. ignita, 5-8 locules, Oliver 10944', B, E. colorans, 4-6

locules, Oliver 5880', C, E. xanthina, 4 locules, Schelpe 739', D, E. cremea, 4 locules, Esterhuysen 30774', E, E. viridimontana, 4 locules,

type; F. E. leucotrachela subsp. leucotrachela, 4—7 locules, Taylor 7062', G, E. kogelbergensis, 4-6 locules, Oliver 9137', H, E. bibax, 4

locules, Schlechter 7813', I, E. verticillata, (4), 7, 8 locules. Bolus 2965', J, E. perspicua suhsp. perspicua, 8 locules, Oliver 95', K, E. macow-

anii subsp. maco'wanii, 8 locules, Oliver 8604', L, E. stagnalis subsp. stagnalis, 8 locules, Oliver 10274', M, E. chrysocodon, 4 locules. Pool

76; N, E. curviflora, 4(8) locules, Brusse 4890; O, E. conspicua subsp. conspicua, 4 locules, Hanekom 2988; P, E. conspicua subsp. roseo-

flora, 4 locules, Esterhuysen 34307. Scale bars: flowers, 4 mm; ovaries and anthers, 2 mm. Artist: I.M. Oliver.

130

Bothalia 35,2 (2005)

45.1b. subsp. minor E.G.H.Oliv. & l.M.Oliv.,

subsp. nov., corolla 12 ad 15 mm longa dignoscenda.

TYPE. — Western Cape: 3419 (Caledon), Lebanon

Forest Reserve near Elgin, steep south-facing slopes in

moist patches, 3500 ft [1 065 m], (-AA), 31 October

1969, Oliver 3010 (NBG, holo.; PRE).

Diagnostic features: corolla tubular-infundibulifonn,

12-15 mm long.

This new subspecies is restricted to the Groenlandberge

which are just east of Viljoen’s Pass and the populations of

the typical subspecies. A single collection, Stehle 272, from

just east of Sir Lowry’s Pass is west of the ranges of both

subspecies. The subspecies is very similar to E.

chysocodon (141), a highly restricted endemic near

Franschhoek Pass, but that has 4-celled ovaries. Further

investigations, including molecular analyses need to be

done to assess their relationship.

Paratype material: WESTERN CAPE. — 3418 (Simonstown):

Rooskraal Nature Reserve, 2600 ft [790 m], (-BB), 11-09-1969, Stehle

272 (NBG). 3419 (Caledon): Houw Hoek Mtn towards Mt Lebanon,

(-AA), 28-09-1975, Esterhiiysen 33982 (BOL!); Lebanon,

Jakkalsrivier Catchment lb, 3700 ft [1 127 m], (-AA), 19-09-1969,

Haynes 212 (NBG); Grabouw area. Groenlandberg, S side of neck E of

Graskop, 1 030 m. (-AA), November 1994, fruiting, Oliver 10597

(NBG); Mt Lebanon, (-AA), 2-11-1975, Wisiira 3563 (NBG). Without

locality: Caledon Wildflower Show, 9-09-1939, Compton 7716 (NBG).

46. E. sulcata Benth. — see E. curviflora (45).

47. E. macropus Guthrie & Bolus — see E. haema-

tosiphon (68).

48. E. conspicua Sol. in Hortus kewensis 2, edn 1 :

22 (1789); Benth.: 633 (1839); Guthrie & Bolus: 73

(1905). Type: Cape of Good Hope, Masson s.n. (BM!).

E. splendens J.C.Wendl.: 5 (1800). E. cnrx’iflora L. var. splendens

(J.C.Wendl.) Dulfer: 44 (1965). Iconotype: l.c.: 5 (1800).

Diagnostic features: flowers l(^)-nate on occasional

short, lateral branches; sepals always glabrous, hard and

cartilaginous, broadly ovate; corolla with loose, long,

sparse hairs; anthers prognathous at base (chin and nose).

Two subspecies are recognized based on the corolla length

and colour. Both share the distinctive sepals of the species.

48a. subsp. conspicua

Illustrations: Schumann & Kirsten: 58, t. 20, 21 (1992).

Diagnostic features: corolla 24-36 mm long, orange

(Figure 60).

Subsp. conspicua has the longest flowers among the tubular-

flowered species — up to 36 mm long, and is second only to E.

junonia var. junonia in the genus with its flowers 40-50 mm

long. In the Cold Bokkeveld where this subspecies grows in

seeps with the similar looking E. curviflora, a few plants of

obvious hybrid origin have been recorded, Oliver 11518 (NBG).

The subspecies occurs in the Franschhoek Mtns, near

Wolesley and in the Cold Bokkeveld.

Vouchers: Barker 8874 (NBG, NY); Bolus 5169 (BM); Compton

8177 (NBG); llanekom 2988, 2989 (NBG); Hardy 1640 (NBG, PRE);

Oliver 629 (NBG), 639 (BM, NBG); Schlechter 9320 {BM, K, NBG).

48b. subsp. roseoflora E.G.H.Oliv. & l.M.Oliv.,

subsp. nov., a subspecie typica corolla 8-15 mm longa

pallide rosea differt. Figura 6R

TYPE. — Western Cape, 3319 (Worcester); Keerom,

at NE base of the Keeromsberg, in marshes and on

stream-bank along stream flowing from E end of

Keeromsberg, 3500^000 ft [1 060-1 220 m], (-DA), 30

May 1976, Esterhuvsen 34307 (BOL, holo.; BM, K, MO,

NBG, NY, PRE).

Diagnostic features: corolla 8-15 mm long, pale pink

(Figure 6P).

At first investigation, the material cited below seemed

to be an obvious new species, but in the process of writing

up the taxa for these notes it was decided to regard it as a

subspecies of E. conspicua, the sepals and prognathous

anthers having the distinctive features of the species.

The subspecies is known only from two small areas,

the Keeromsberg, with shorter flowers (8-10 mm) and

the Langeberg above Robertson, with longer flowers

(13-15 mm).

Paratype material: subsp. roseoflora. WESTERN CAPE. — 3319

(Worcester): Keeromsberg, E slopes, 4000 ft [1 220 m]. (-DA), 5-09-

1965, fmiting, Esterhuysen 31131 (BOL, NBG); ibid., ex hort

Kirstenbosch, Hitchcock 603/87 (NBG); western Langeberg above

Koo, headwaters of Dieprivier above Farm Versameling, 4900 ft [1 490

m], (-DB), 1-03-1997, Helme 1248 (NBG).

57. E. macowanii Cufino in Bullettino della Societa

Botanica Italiano 1903: 290 (1903); Guthrie & Bolus: 77

(1905); Dulfer: 48 (1965). Type: Caput Bonae Spei: In

montibus Zwarsbergen [Swartberg] pone Caledon; floret

maio. s.n. {MacOwan} (FI, holo.; BOL!, fragm.).

Diagnostic features: flowers erect-spreading; corolla

with broad tube, ± 22-25 mm long, with no subapical

bulge and large, more spreading lobes, yellow or red, with

yellow or white apical portion; bract, bracteoles and sep-

als relatively large and broad; ovary 8-locular, seeds al-

veolate, finely pitted, without small scales; leaves large, ±

1 mm broad, no scale-like leaves below the flowers.

E. macowanii var. latifolia Benth. is transferred to E.

perspicua subsp. latifolia (62b).

This forms a complex with the following six species

and their subspecies and only careful examination and

dissection will provide correct identifications. This

species complex should be re-evaluated when molecular

studies have been undertaken of all the relevant popula-

tions in order to ascertain the true relationships of all the

taxa. The delimitation provided here is the best we can

find in the currently available material based solely on

morphological grounds.

57a. subsp. macowanii

Illustrations: Schumann & Kirsten: 62, t. 41, 42, 43 (1992).

Diagnostic features: hairs on corolla fine; sepals ellip-

tic-ovate, ± 9 mm long (Figure 6K).

The typical subspecies occurs at higher altitudes on

most of the mountains in the Kogelberg Biosphere

Reserve.

Vouchers: Baker 1407 (BMI, NBG!); Esterhuysen 18848 (BOLI,

PRE); Herb Bolus 6899 (BOLI, Kl, NBG!, PRE); Oliver 23. 8604

(NBG!); Rveroft 1447 (BOL!, NBG!, PRE); Schumann 165 (NBG!);

Tavhr 7234 (NBG!).

Bothalia 35,2 (2005)

131

57b. subsp. lanceolata (Bolus) E.G.H.Oliv. &

I.M.Oliv., stat. et comb. nov.

E. perspicua J.C.Wendl. var. lanceolata Bolus, Flora capensis 4: 80

(1905). Type: Caledon Div., Zwartberg, Miss Borcherds in Herb Bolus

6286 (BOU, K!, SAM!).

Diagnostic features: hairs on corolla longer and shag-

gy; sepals narrow-lanceolate, ± 5 mm long.

This taxon is confined to the upper reaches of the

Klein River Mtns above Hermanus where two closely

related taxa also occur, E. latituba at higher altitudes and

E. perspicua subsp. latifolia on the flats.

Vouchers: Oliver 11290 (NBGI); Stokoe SAM55341 (SAMI);

Williams 2724. 2920. 3860 (NBGI).

The types of both subspecies are reported to have come

from the Swartberg at Caledon where the species has never

been recorded. These localities are therefore suspect.

57.1. E, leucotrachela H.A. Baker in Journal of

South African Botany 26: 75 (1960); Dulfer: 48 (1965).

Type: Caledon Div., in large colonies usually above 2000

ft. on steep, marshy slopes on the seaward side of all major

peaks from Rooiels to Palmiet River. Not found below the

mist of cloud belt characteristic of this district. Baker 1415

(BOL, holo.!; BM!, NBGI, PRE!, W).

Note: no precise locality was cited for the holotype, only general dis-

tributional details for the holotype and the five paratypes given above.

Diagnostic features: flowers 16-18 mm long with

bulbous subapical zone; bract-like leaves usually on the

flowering branchlet just below the flower; seeds with

scale-like flaps and with the normal small pits coalescing

into long, snake-like pits; corolla dark purplish/cerise

pink with white apical portion, hairy (Figure 6F).

57.1a. subsp leucotrachela

Illustrations: Baker l.c.: t. 1 ( 1960); Schumann & Kirsten: 62, t. 44,

45. 46(1992).

The typical subspecies occurs at higher altitudes on

the mountains west of the Palmiet River in the Kogelberg

Biosphere Reserve.

Vouchers: Andreae 861 (NBGI, PRE); Boucher 132 (NBG);

Compton 7702 (NBGI); Esterhirysen 18857 (BOLI, NBGI, W); Rycroft

2111 (NBGI, Ki); Wood sub Baker 1342 (BMI, BOLI).

57.1b. subsp. monicae E.G.H.Oliv. & I.M.Oliv.,

subsp. nov., a subspecie typica foliis minoribus ± 4-5 x

1 mm corolla pilis longioribus hirsutis differt.

TYPE. — Western Cape, 3419 (Caledon): Kleinmond,

Honey Rock Kloof, 4 June 1951, Monica Cloete

SAM60960 (NBG, holo.).

Diagnostic features: leaves mostly shorter, ±5x1

mm; corolla with longer, more shaggy hairs.

This subspecies is confined to the upper reaches of the

Paardeberg Mtn northeast of Kleinmond where it grows

alongside streams or in seeps.

Paratype material: WESTERN CAPE. — 3419 (Caledon): Bot

River Mtns, (-AA/AC), 04-1909, Marloth 4725 (NBG) [as Palmiet

River Mouth in PRE]; Perdeberg on Isaacs Rivier 548, 500 m, (-AC),

Feb. 2004, Oliver 12229 (NBG); Highlands Forest Reserve, E of hik-

ing trail above Kleinmond, 500 m, (-AC), J July 1984, Schumann 228

(NBG); Paardeberg Mtns, (-AC), 03-1950, Stokoe SAM65398 (SAM).

Without precise locality ex Caledon: 05-1900, Tyson 3359 (SAM).

57.2. E. crcmca Dulfer in Annalen des Natur-

historisches Museums, Wien 66: 21 (1963). Type: Paarl-

Worcester Div., Upper Wellington Sneeukop above

Tijgerkloof, 5500 ft. [1 676 m], 11-11-1956, Esterlmysen

26486 (W, holo.; BOL!, KI, NBG!, PRE!).

Illustration: Schumann & Kirsten: 63, t. 47 (1992).

Diagnostic features: flowers on very short, lateral

branchlets arranged in loose, long, spike-like synflores-

cences; corolla short, ± 12 mm long, pale cream, with

very fine short hairs; bract, bracteoles and sepals small,

broad-ovate; ovary 4-locular (Figure 6D).

This species is known only from the Bain’s Kloof

Mtns where it is rather far removed from the other close-

ly related species in the group.

Vouchers: type collection & Schumann 579 (NBG!) [voucher for

illustration, l.c. (1992)].

57.3. E. viridimontana E.G.H.Oliv. & I.M.Oliv.,

sp. nov., floribus 1-natis dispersis, foliis parvis bracteo-

sis sub inflorescentibus, bractea bracteoleis sepalisque

ovatis vel ellipticis, corolla pilis brevissimis, ovario 4-

loculato, seminibus squamis lacunis elongatis dignoscen-

da. Figura 7.

TYPE. — Western Cape, 3419 (Caledon): Grabouw

area, Groenlandberg, collected for Caledon Wildflower

Show, (-AA), 3 September 1998, Pitte sub Oliver 11114

(NBG, holo.; BM, BOL, K, MO, NY, PRE, S).

Shrubs erect to semi-decumbent, bushy, ± 750 x 750

mm, single-stemmed reseeders. Branches: numerous

main branches (50-) 100-200 mm long with vegetative

apices and a few scattered secondary branchlets, 3-10

mm long, tenninating in a florescence, occasional to rare

tertiary branchlets, 2-5 mm long, with terminal flores-

cence; stems downy, sometimes with long, spreading,

simple hairs, becoming glabrous; intemodes on main

branches ± 100 long, on secondary branchlets, 2-8 mm

long. Leaves 4-nate, linear, 5. 0-0. 9 x 0.9 mm, spreading

to subspreading, flattened, adaxially glabrous to a few

hairs, abaxially sparsely hirsute, sulcus narrow, closed

basally; petiole adpressed, ± 0.9 mm long, ciliate.

Inflorescence: flowers 1-nate at ends of secondary and

tertiary branchlets with 1 or 2 whorls of minute, bract-

like leaflets on stem below the flower; pedicel ± 0.5 mm

long, pubescent; bract partially recaulescent, median in

position but appearing approximate to calyx, ovate to

broadly elliptic, ± 1 x 0.8 mm, glabrous, ciliate, orange;

bracteoles 2, same as bract. Calyx 4-partite, lobes imbri-

cate, broadly elliptic, ± 2.8 x 2.5 mm, acute, glabrous,

ciliate, orange. Corolla 4-lobed, curved tubular-

infundibuliform, 18-30 mm long, 4 mm wide in middle

up to 6 mm wide below apex, with slight bulbous apex,

finely puberulous, yellow-orange to red-orange or bright

crimson especially at apex; lobes spreading to slightly

recurved, broadly triangular, entire. Stamens 8, free,

included; filaments narrowly linear, ± 1 6 mm long, with

slight apical bend otherwise straight, white to orange,

glabrous; anthers bilobed, dorsifixed near base, slightly

inclined adaxially, oblong in adaxial view, appendicu-

late; thecae narrowly ovate-oblong and ± 1.5 x 0.6 mm

in lateral view, glabrous, dark brown, pore ± 'A length of

theca, appendages minute decurrent along upper portion

of filament; pollen shed as tetrads. Ovaiy 4-locular, 8-

lobed/ridged, broadly and shortly cylindrical, ± 2 x 2.8

132

Bothalia 35,2 (2005)

FIGURE 7, — Erica viridimontana subsp. viridimontana. A, flowering branch, x 1 ; B, stem; C, leaf; D, flower; E, bract; F, bracteole; G, sepal; H, sta-

men, side, front and back views; I, gynoecium; J, ovary opened laterally to show placenta and ovules; K, upper part of style and stigma; L,

capsule; M, seed; N, testa cells. Scale bars: B, C, E-Fl, K.-M, 1 mm; D, 1, J, 2 mm; N, 100 pm. All drawn from the type by I.M. Oliver.

mm, emarginate, with basal nectaries, glabrous, orange;

ovules ± 50 per locule, lateral from a complete placenta;

style included, becoming exserted, straight glabrous

except for small stiff hairs below apex, orange; stigma

simple truncate, sometimes appearing subcapitellate.

FruU a dehiscent capsule, valves splitting open halfway

and remaining ± vertical, septa on valves only, placenta

broadly ellipsoid. Seeds angled-ellipsoid, ± 0.6 x 0.4

mm, grey-white or pink-brown, deeply alveolate, cells

elongate hexagonal, ± 70-100 x 50 |dm, anticlinal walls

slightly undulate, inner periclinal walls with large slit-

like or round pits. Figures 6E; 7.

Diagnostic features: flowers 1-nate on short, leafy, lat-

eral branchlets sometimes one per node, arranged in very

loose, spike-like system; bract-like leaves on stem below

Bothalia 35,2 (2005)

133

FIGURE 8. — Known distribution of Erica viridimontana: subsp.

viridimoiitana, •; subsp. nivicola. O; and E. latitiiba, □.

florescence; bract, bracteoles and sepals short and broadly

ovate; corolla very finely and shortly hairy, yellow-orange;

ovary 4-locular; seeds with targe scales and slit-like pits.

E. viridimontana belongs in the E. ciirviflora-per-

spicua complex on the grounds of the 4-nate leaves, hairy

tubular corolla, similar anthers and ovary (but 4-celled).

The peculiar seeds clearly ally it to E. lencotrachela and

E. latitiiba. Superficially the flowers look similar to those

of E. cremea and E. xanthina due to the similar, short,

broad, adpressed sepals and very finely hairy corollas, but

these species have dense, spike-like synflorescences.

The species is divided into two subspecies based on

differences in the corolla and seed.

57.3a. subsp. viridimontana

Diagnostic features: corolla yellow-orange, 1 8-24 x 4

mm; seeds with large slit-like pits and large scales, grey-

white.

The typical subspecies was first recorded at the

Caledon Wildflower Show in 1991 with no reliable local-

ity details. Then it appeared at the Flora 93 Wildflower

Show in Cape Town with details provided to us by the

supplier, Mr B. Morkel of Vyeboom and again at the

Caledon Show due to the collecting of Mr Pitte who

informed us of the exact locality.

It is confined to the summit regions of the Groen-

landberg east of Grabouw (Figure 8), hence the specific

epithet — viridis, green, montanus, of mountains (Latin);

Groenlandberg (Afrikaans), green-land-mountain.

Unfortunately all the range was burnt off in December

1999 and we will have to wait a few more years for the

plants to grow to full maturity.

Paratype material. WESTERN CAPE. — 3419 (Caledon):

Groenlandberg. ex Flora 93 Wildflower Show, Villiersdorp exhibit,

(-AA), 7-09-1993, B. Morkel STE321II (NBG); without locality, said

to be Riviersonderend Mtns. ex Caledon Wildflower Show, 12-09-

1991. Oliver 9890 (NBG).

57.3b. subsp. nivicola E.G.H.Oliv. & l.M.Oliv.,

subsp. nov., a subspecie typica corolla vivido-carminea

22-30 X 5 mm, seminibus lacunis grandis rotundatis sine

squamis, roseobrunneis differt.

TYPE. — Western Cape, 3418 (Simonstown):

Somerset Sneeukop, 5000 ft [1 524 m], (-BB),

November 1934, Stokoe 4023 (BOL, holo.; NBG).

Diagnostic features: corolla bright crimson, 22-30 x

5 mm; seeds with large, round pits and no scales, shiny,

pink-brown.

This taxon was last collected in 1948 by Thomas

Stokoe. Several attempts to re-collect it have not been

successful despite the reasonably small but rugged area

of Somerset Sneeukop. Unfortunately several fires in

rather close succession have ravaged the Hottentots

Holland Mtns during the last 10 years.

In the Cape herbaria the material cited below was

identified as E. bibax, E. macowanii and E. leucotra-

chela. It has the flower colour of E. lencotrachela and

general facies of that species but does not have the very

characteristic seeds with their scales and slit-like pits

which are also found in subsp. viridimontana. We have

thus placed this material as a subspecies of E. viridimon-

tana rather than in E. lencotrachela.

It is confined to the highest reaches of the Hottentots

Holland Mtns, mainly on Somerset Sneeukop (Figure 8),

hence the epithet, nix/nivis, snow, -cola, dweller (Latin).

Paratype material. WESTERN CAPE. — 3418 (Simonstown);

Hottentots Holland Mtns. Somerset Sneeukop, 5000 ft [1 524 m],

(-BB), 11-1938, Stokoe 6683 (BOL, NBG); ibid., 5000 ft [1 524 m],

11-1039. Stokoe SAM55189A (SAM); between Somerset Sneeukop &

Landrostkop, (-BB), 1-6-11-1938, Stokoe SAM53958 (SAM);

Landdrostkop, (-BB), Stokoe 6303 (BOL, NBG). Without precise

locality: Hottentots Holland Mtns, 12-1948, Stokoe SAM55189B

(SAM).

57.4. E. latituba L.Bolns in Annals of the Bolus

Herbarium 4: 16 (1925). E. viridescens var. latitiiba

(L. Bolus) Dulfer: 47 (1965). Type: Cape Province:

South-Western Region; Caledon Div.?; obtained at the

Caledon Wildflower Show, Sept. 1908, N.S.Pillans 1451

(BOL!).

Diagnostic features: flowers (l)2^-nate at ends of

short, leafy, lateral branches, spreading to subpendulous,

± 16 mm long, without small, bract-like leaves below the

inflorescence; sepals long and narrow, leaf-like, from a

dilated, pinkish, semitransparent, small basal portion

hardly visible; corolla with stiffish scattered hairs, lobes

erect, mouth not widened; ovary 5-8-locular; seeds with

slight scales, pits small not coalescing; no bract-like

leaves below the flowers (Figure 9).

This species belongs in the E. cnrx’ifora/perspicna

complex due to the 4-nate leaves, hairy corolla, anther

shape and ovary details of shape and variable number of

locules. Unlike most of the group with 1-nate flowers,

this has (l)2^-nate flowers. The shape of the sepals is

similar to E. cnnnfora which, however, always has cal-

losities on the ovary, and to E. perspicna subsp. latifolia

which has a corolla with an open mouth. Both of these

species have the 1-nate flowers. The seeds with small

scales are similar to those of E. lencotrachela but the pits

do not coalesce as in the species. E. lencotrachela also

differs in having small, bract-like leaves on the stems just

below the inflorescence.

The species was known only from the unlocalized

type collection until our studies and was misunderstood

by both L. Bolus and Dulfer — the former likened it to E.

colorans and E. glandnlosa. We therefore include here

detailed drawings of the species (Figure 9). The material

collected in the latter half of the last century clearly con-

stituted a distinct species that we were planning to

describe, until examination of the type and only codec-

134

Bothalia 35,2 (2005)

FIGURE 9. — Erica latitiiba, Kirsten

1398b. A, flowering branch,

X 1 ; B, stem with leaves

removed; C, leaf; D, flower;

E, bract; F, bracteole; G,

sepal; H, stamen, side, front

and back views; I, gynoeci-

um; J, capsule; K, seed; L,

testa cells. Scale bars; B, C,

E-J, 2 mm; D, 4 mm; K, 1

mm. Artist: I.M. Oliver.

tion of E. latitiiha revealed its true identity. Fortunately,

a seed found in the flower dissected, showed the charac-

teristic testa cells. A figure is published here to highlight

the existence of this taxon that was otherwise very poor-

ly understood.

The material figured by Andrews and named by him

as E. litmaeoides {Coloured engravings of heaths: t. 107,

1 805) looks very much like this species in general facies.

However, the sepals are shown as lanceolate, not the dis-

tinctive linear from a small dilated base, and the distinc-

tive seeds are not illustrated. Bentham (1839) suggested

this was a hybrid of garden origin.

Materia! examined'. WESTERN CAPE. — 3419 (Caledon):

Hermanus. in mtn stream, 500 ft [150 m], (-AD), 26-04-1955, Baker

686 (NBG); top of hill above Stanford, (-AD), 12-1976, Baker 1801

(NBG); Hermanus area, Glenhart, S slopes towards Maanskynkop,

3000 ft [914 m], (-AD), 25-08-1996, Kirsten 1398b (NBG); Klein

River Mtns WNW of Stanford, ridge just W of Boskop on Morning Star

630, 620 m, (-AD), 14-08-1999, Oliver 11298 (NBG); Klein River

Mtns near Stanford, 3000 ft [914 m], (-AD), 14-4-1952, Stokoe

SAM66699 (NBG, SAM); Hermanus, Vogelgat near Peter’s Pass,

Beacon Head, 500 m, (-AD), 4 August 1993, Williams 3869 (NBG).

62. E. perspicua J.C. Wendl., Ericarum icones: f 1,

7 (1798). Benth.: 634 (1839); Guthrie & Bolus: 79:fl,

(1905); Dulfer; 50 (1965). Iconotype: l.c.: 7.

Diagnostic features: corolla finely but perceptibly hairy

with narrow tube, ± 22 mm long, having no distinct sub-

apical bulge, white to pink with white tips; flowers erect-

spreading; leaves small, ± 4.5 x 0.5 mm (Figure 5D).

The species forms a variable complex with E. inacow-

anii (57) and E. leucotrachela (57.1 ). All three occur in

the Betty’s Bay/Kleinmond area with the latter two on

the mountains. Only careful examination of the flowers

can provide the distinguishing characters with corolla

colour being a problem — easily noticed in fresh materi-

al, but not always recorded in dried herbarium material.

The species is commonly known as the Prince of

Wales heath.

62a. subsp. perspicua

Illustrations: Wendland l.c.: t. 7 (1798); Schumann & Kirsten: 66, t.

57, 58 (1992).

Diagnostic features: flowers mostly 1 -nate, occasion-

ally 2-nate, on short, lateral branches; anthers with hairs

(Figure 6J).

The typical subspecies occurs abundantly in marshy

places on the coastal flats from Rooiels to Kleinmond.

However, one collection in BOL, Bunn an 978, is record-

ed from Onrust Mtn.

Vouchers: Goldblatt 1594 (MO, NBG!, PRE); Oliver 31 (NBG!,

PRE), 7421 (NBG!); Oliver & Falser 58 (NBG!, PRE); Parker 4521

(K!, NBG!); Sclilechter 9426 (BM!, BOL!, K!, NBG!, P!, PRE, W).

62b. subsp. latifolia (Benth.) E.G.H.OIiv. &

l.M.Oliv., stat. et comb. nov.

E. perspicua J.C.Wendl. var. latifolia Benth. in DC., Prodromus 7:

634 (1839); Guthrie & Bolus: 80 (1905). Type: Swellcndam, Masson

[Niven] s.n. (Kl). Note: Bentham incorrectly labelled and quoted sev-

eral numbered specimens as Masson collections when they were actu-

ally made by Niven with the labels in his own hand. The type is ‘marsh

plains near mouth of Klein River, Niven 50’.

Diagnostic features: flowers l(-3)-nate on short later-

al branches; anthers glabrous.

This subspecies is confined to the lowland flats

between Hermanus and Stanford.

Bothalia 35.2 (2005)

135

Vouchers: Maguire 1258 (NBG!, NY!, PRE); Martin 320 (BMI,

NBG!); Oliver 3793 (NBGI); Williams 3545 (Kl, NBGI, PRE).

62.1. E. dulcis L. Bolus in Annals of Bolus

Herbarium 2: 154, t. lOD (1918); Dulfer: 50 (1965).

Type: South-Western Region, bought fresh in Cape

Town, Oct., H. Bolus 13407 (BOL!).

Illustrations: Bolus l.c.: t. lOD (1918); Schumann & Kirsten: 66, t.

60 (1992).

Diagnostic features', corolla funnel-shaped, 8-13 mm

long, pink with white mouth; filaments length of

corolla; ovary 8-locular.

This species has sometimes been regarded as a short-

tubed variant of E. perspiciia. It also has, in our opinion,

close relationships with E. octonaria (62.2), E. tri-

chophora Benth. (142) and E. propendens Andrews

(139) — all have 8-locular ovaries. We are unable at this

stage to take any decisions on their relative statuses.

Further research including DNA analyses may help

unravel this complex.

Most herbarium collections of this species have been

derived from flower shows or flower sellers with no

locality details being provided which complicates the

assessment of diversity of regional populations in this

species complex.

Voucher: Rourke 1627 (NBGI).

62.2. E. octonaria L. Bolus in Journal of Botany

72: 45 (1934); Dulfer: 50 (1965). Type: Caledon Div.,

exact locality uncertain, [Hermanns area]. Sept. 1933, W.

Paterson in BOL20850 (BOL!).

Diagnostic features: corolla broadly funnel-shaped to

obconical, ± 6 mm long, dark to pale pink; filaments V3

length of corolla; ovary 8-locular; stems pilose; leaves

rather flat.

This species is clearly very closely allied to E.

propendens (139) and E. trichophora (142). See discus-

sion above under 62.1. It is known only from the Klein

River Mtns.

Vouchers: type; Kirsten 674 (NBG!); Oliver 11281 (NBG!).

63. E. colorans Andrews, Coloured engravings of

heaths 4: t. 223 (post 1814-pre 1825); The Heathery 5: t.

209 (± 1816); Benth.: 634 (1839); Guthrie & Bolus: 80

(1905); Dulfer: 51 (1965). Iconotype: l.c.: t. 209.

Note: the larger format plate was published by Andrews in vol. IV

of Coloured engravings of heaths which is impossible to date accurate-

ly: it is unfortunately one of those undated plates in the last two vol-

umes. The date of The Heathery plate is also uncertain. Following the

researches of Cleevely et al. (2003) — ‘As a consequence, it can be con-

cluded that most, if not all, of H.C. Andrews’ new names for Erica

species were first published in Coloured engravings of heaths', we ty-

pify the name with t. 223.

Illustrations: Andrews l.c.: t. 223; Schumann & Kirsten: 67, t. 61,

62 (1992).

Diagnostic features: flowers 1-nate on short, leafy,

side branches arranged in long, sometimes dense synflor-

escences on main branches; corolla long, delicate, trans-

parent with expanded, bulbous apex below spreading

lobes; glabrous or hairy, white turning pink or totally

deep pink; sepals broadly lanceolate; anther with

appendages minute decurrent or muticous; ovary (4— )6-

locular, with slight stipe; bract and bracteoles not

approximate, narrow and leaf-like (Figure 6B).

The species occurs in the area from Stanford to Elim

and is not sympatric with E. perspiciia.

E. colorans var. breviflora H. A. Baker is transferred to

E. plena L. Bolus (265.3). We regard this as a species dis-

tinct from, but close to, E. colorans and not just as a

short-tubed variant, since the flowers have a different

shape and the anthers a different position.

Vouchers: Baker 1155 (BM!, NBG!); Bolus 6760 (BOL!, NBG!,

PRE); Oliver 4239 (BM!, K!, NBG!, PRE!); Oliver & Falser 82 (K!,

NBG!, PRE!); Schlechter 7693 (BM!. BOL!, K!, NBG!, P!, PRE, W).

64. E. verticillata P.J.Bergius, Descriptiones plan-

tarum ex Capite bonae spei: 99 (1767); Guthrie & Bolus:

81 (1905); Dulfer: 51 (1965). Neotype: Caput bonae

spei, Grubb s.n. (SBT!).

Note: in the protologue Bergius cites only ‘HERM. Afi\ 8’, pre-

sumably a collection by Hermann which we have not been able to

locate. There is, however, a good specimen in his own herbarium com-

municated to him by Michael Grubb, a director in the Swedish East

India Company. This is determined by himself and undoubtedly pro-

vided all the details for his full description in the protologue. It is

selected here as the neotype.

E. concinna Sol.: 23 (1789); Benth.: 636 (1839). Type: Masson s.n.

(BM!).

Illustrations: Schumann & Kirsten: 68, t. 64, 65 (1992); I.M. Oliver

& Oliver: 7 (2000).

Diagnostic features: flowers 2^-nate on leafy side

branches arranged in bunches along main stems often

with long, almost naked areas in between and long eon-

tinuous growth; corolla finely hairy, rosy purple; anthers

dorsally attached in midregion, filaments with distinct

cobra-like stance; ovary (4-)7 or 8-celled, obconical,

with erect apical calluses (not bulging laterally as in E.

curviflora) (Figure 61).

This species is extinct in the wild having formerly

been collected only on the sandy Cape Flats (I.M. Oliver

& Oliver 2000). It is still cultivated in several botanical

gardens, in South Africa and Europe, and from nurseries

in Australia and western USA. It can be grown very eas-

ily (Hitchcock 2003).

Vouchers: Bolus 2965 (BM!, BOL!, K!, NBG!, PRE); Bolus Herb.

Norm. 14 (BM!, BOL!, K!, NBG!, P!); Dimmer 210 (NBG!); Thode

7973 (NBG!).

66.1. E. pillansii Bolus in Transactions of the

Royal Society of South Africa 1: 158 (1909); Dulfer; 52

(1965). Type: Cape Colony, Caledon Div., fl. May-Jan.,

Pillans 585 (BOL!).

Diagnostic features: flowers l-3(4)-nate on short, lat-

eral, leafy branches, densely aggregated along main

branches; corolla finely hairy, bright scarlet, narrow tube

6-16 mm long; anthers with small basal appendages;

ovary 4-locular, with erect hairs on upper half.

There is considerable variation in the length of the

corolla with most of the long-tubed variants flowering in

late summer/autumn and the short-tubed variants flower-

ing in spring/early summer.

66.1a. subsp. pillansii

Illustrations: Baker & Oliver: t. 27 (1967); Schumann & Kirsten:

68, t. 68, t. 69; 69, t. 70(1992).

136

Bothalia 35,2 (2005)

Diagnostic features: flowers in a spike-like synflores-

cence, 120-260 mm long; corolla 12-16 mm long, tube

not narrowed below the mouth.

Pillans said (pers. comm.) that he had never seen this

species in the wild, only in flower sellers’ buckets in

Cape Town and was told that the material came from the

Caledon District.

The typical subspecies occurs in the Kogelberg Bio-

sphere Reserve from low to middle altitudes from the Plat-

berg area to near Kleinmond and flowers mainly in autumn.

Vouchers: Baker 1297 (BM!, NBG!); Boucher 310 (NBG!, PRE);

Compton 13506 (NBG!); Kirsten 1193 (NBGI); Oliver 10604 (NBGI),

STE30043 (NBGI, PRE!) [voucher for Baker & Oliver l.c.].

66.1b. subsp. fervida (L. Bolus) E.G.H.Oliv. &

l.M.Oliv., stat. et comb. nov.

E. fervida L. Bolus in Annals of the Bolus Herbarium 3: 173, t. 9A

(1923); Dulfer: 52 (1965). Type: ?Caledon Div., sold in Cape Town, fl.

Oct., Bolus 13408 (BOL!, K!).

E. pyrantha Bolus: 157 (1909); Dulfer 49 (1965). Type: Cape

Colony, South-western Region, reported to come from the Caledon

Div., and sold fresh in the streets of Cape Town, fl. Aug. (1908), Miss

A.M. Krige sub BOL13023 (BOL!).

Illustrations: L.Bolus: t. 9A(1923); Oliver: t. 1C (1986); Schumann

& Kirsten: 69: t. 71, 72 (1992).

Diagnostic features: flowers in a spike-like synflores-

cence, 60-120 mm long; corolla 6-8(-10) mm long, con-

stricted below the mouth.

The protologue of E. pyrantha gives the corolla

length in the Latin diagnosis as 5 mm [0.5 cm] long but

in the description, as 10 mm [1 cm] long. Bolus referred

to this species as ‘unlike any known to me’ and surpris-

ingly did not refer to E. pillansii which he described in

the same paper. It is known only from the type collection.

There is a possibility that E. pyrantha may be a ehance

hybrid between subsp. pillansii or sxibs'p. fervida and the

yellow-flowered E. campanularis, since the corolla is

described as ‘orange with a red base’ and the anthers are

much lower down in the corolla tube as in that species,

with several other floral characters being similar in both

species. It is tentatively placed in synonymy under this

subspecies. The types of all three taxa were ‘collected’ in

flower-sellers’ buckets in Cape Town.

This subspecies also occurs in the Kogelberg

Biosphere Reserve but mainly at middle altitudes from

Kogelberg to above Betty’s Bay. It flowers mainly in

spring. In two well-separated populations, hybrids have

been recorded between this subspecies and E. fastigiata

and were described under the name, E. Xvinacea L.Bolus

(L.Bolus 1928; Oliver 1986).

Vouchers: Haynes 695 (NBG!, PRE); Kirsten 894 (NBG!); Oliver

8610 (BM!, NBG!), 8798 (NBG!, PRE!); Schumann 168 (NBG!)

[voucher for Schumann & Kirsten l.c.].

66.2. E. fervida L.Bolus — see E. pillansii (66.1).

66.3. E. humidicola E.G.H.Oliv. in Bothalia 30:

149 (2000c). Type: Western Cape, 3418 (Simonstown):

Kogelberg Reserve, Spinnekopsneskloof, west-facing

lower slopes below Dwarsrivierberg, 180 m, (-BD), 22

September 1999, Oliver 11353 (NBG, holo.; BM, K,

MO, NY, PRE, S).

Illustration: l.c.: t. 150.

Diagnostic features: corolla ± 4.5 x 3 mm, broadly

campanulate, finely and shortly hairy, dark pink; flowers

1-3-nate on short, leafy, side branehes crowded along

main branches into loose spike-like synflorescences;

anthers with distinct large basal appendages.

This species occurs in the central part of the Kogel-

berg Biosphere Reserve, in Spinnekopsneskloof. In one

population of mixed plants of E. humidicola and E. cam-

panularis, a single undoubted hybrid plant was reeorded.

Voucher: type collection.

49. E. densifolia Willd., Carol! a Linne species

plantarum 2: 359 (1799); Guthrie & Bolus: 73 (1905);

Dulfer: 45 (1965). Type: Herb. Willdenow (B!).

E. iihria Andrews: t. 141 (1802); Benth.: 628 (1839). Iconotype:

l.c.: t. 141.

Illustrations: Andrews l.c.: t. 141 (1802); Baker & Oliver: t. 19

(1967); Schumann & Kirsten: 58, t. 22, 23 (1992).

Diagnostic features: flowers mostly single on ends of

short, lateral, leafy branchlets, aggregated into short,

spike-like synflorescenees below ends of main branehes;

sepals with sessile glands on adaxial surface; corolla

shortly hairy, pink to red with green tips; anthers with

long appendages; ovary 4-locular, long, narrow and not

emarginate; the style slightly swollen at base.

There is considerable variation in a number of ehar-

acters — length of the pedicel (0.8-10 mm), position of

the braet and braeteoles, sepal shape, texture and indu-

mentum (narrow to broadly lanceolate, glabrous to

lanate, simple to gland-tipped hairs, leaf-like to very hard

and rigid). Some nine variants (Figure lOA-I) have been

noted, but not named, since additional research, includ-

ing DNA analyses, needs to be done on the species.

The species ranges from the Grootvadersbosch area on

the Langeberg, eastwards to Humansdorp and inland on

the Kammanassie and eastern Groot Swartberg ranges.

Vouchers: Acocks 21749 (K!, NBG!, PRE); Bolus 8669 (BOL!, K!,

NBG!, PRE); Compton 23339 (MO!, NBG!), 23498 (BM!, NBG!,

NY!); Fourcade 3843 (NBG!, PRE); Kerr STE30041 (K!, NBG!,

PRE); McDonald 1257 (NBG!, PRE); Oliver 11809, 11887 (NBG!);

Rourke 1337 (NBG!, NY!, PRE); Schlechter 5837 (BM!, BOL!, K!,

NBG!, PRE, W); ThodeA2412 (NBG!, PRE).

50. E. xerophila Bolus — see E. wendlandiana

(below).

50. E. wendlandiana Klotzsch in Linnaea 9: 652

(1835); Benth.: 629 (1839); Guthrie & Bolus: 82 (1905);

Dulfer: 52 (1965). Type: Prom. b. sp., Mundt & Maire

s.n. (B|, holo.; K!). Lectotype selected here: Mund &

Maire s.n. [ex B, det. Klotzsch] (K!).

E. xerophila Bolus: 74 (1905); Dulfer: 45 (1965). Type: Ladismith

Div.; slopes of the Klein Zwartberg Range, near Ladismith, about 2000

ft [610 m], Marloth 2935 (BOL!).

Illustrations: Schumann & Kirsten: 58, t. 24, 25 [as E. xerophila]

(1992).

Diagnostic features: flowers 1 or 2(3)-nate on ends of

leafy, lateral branchlets, scattered over plant or sometimes

aggregated into loose, spike-like synflorescences; corolla

sparsely and finely hairy, pale orange; ovary 4-locular, long

and narrow, not emarginate, with very distinctive large

bulge at base of style, sometimes wider than ovary.

The identity of E. wendlandiana was formerly uncer-

tain and it was regarded as a possible variant of E. cur-

viflora until we examined the lectotype at Kew. The dis-

Bothalia 35.2 (2005)

137

FIGURE 10. — Erica demifolia variants. A-I, variations in pedicel, bract, bracteoles and calyx; A, Grootvadersbos, McDonald I642\ B,

Grootvadersbos, Van der Merwe 91\ C, Garcia’s Pass, Bohnen 8426; D, Robinson Pass, Paterson-Jones 797; E, Outeniqua Pass, Compton

23498; F, Coldstream. Humansdorp, Compton 23339; G. Prince Alfred’s Pass. Middlemost 2007; H, Kammanassie, Viviers & Vlok 20; I,

Eastern Swartberg, Hagas, Vlok 2535. J, flower; K. leaf; L, sepal, adaxial view showing patch of sessile glands; M, ovary; N, anther, side,

back and front views. J-N, drawn from Doomrivier, Outeniqua Mtns, Oliver 11887. Scale bars; A-J, 4 mm; K-N, 2 mm. Artist: l.M. Oliver.

tinctive base of the style pointed straight to the known E.

xerophila.

The species occurs in dry areas, often rocky habitats,

on the mountains of the western Little Karoo from near

Laingsburg and Touwsrivier to the eastern Swartberg and

Baviaanskloof Mtns.

Vouchers: Esterhuysen 29539 (BOL!, K!, NBG!, PRE, W); Marloth

11334 (NBG!. PRE); Oliver 9729, 10079, 10342 (NBGI); Schumann

547 (NBG!) (voucher for Schumann & Kirsten l.c.); Steyn 274 (BM!,

BOL!, NBG!, NY!); Wurls 1257 (BOL!, K!, NBG!).

50.1. E. annalis E.G.H.Oliv. & l.M.Oliv. in Bothalia

32: 178 (2002b). Type: Western Cape. 3322 (Oudtshoom):

Kammanassie Mountains, Perdekloof, northern foothills of

Mannetjiesberg above Buffelsklip, 820 m, 3 September

2001, E.G.H. & l.M. Oliver 11929 (NBG, holo.; BOL, K,

NY, PRE).

Illustration: l.c.: t. 12 (2002b).

Diagnostic features; leaves 4-nate; corolla hairy with

distinct swelling at base; bract and bracteoles small and

remote; anthers well exserted, muticous, long and nar-

row; sparse hairs on filaments and style; pedicel relative-

ly long (10-15 mm) with small, sticky red glands; ovary

densely hairy, cylindrical.

Vouchers: type and De Jaar 508 (NBG! ).

41. E. maximilianii Guthrie & Bolus in Botanische

Jahrbiicher 27: 173 (1900); Guthrie & Bolus: 69 (1905);

Dulfer: 43 (1965). Type: Koudeberg, near Wupperthal,

Clanwilliam, 3700 ft [1 127 m], fl. Aug., Schlechter 8739

(B|, BM!, BOL!, K!, NBG!, P!, W). Lectotype selected

here: Schlechter 8739 (BOL).

Illustrations: Schumann & Kirsten: 56, t. 14, 15 (1992).

138

Bothalia 35,2 (2005)

Diagnostic features: open groupings of flowers to

long, rather open, spike-like synflorescences; flowers 1-

nate on short, leafy, side branchlets or 3-nate on ends of

main to long side branches; leaves and sepals glabrous to

woolly; corolla glabrous, pale yellow to greenish yellow;

anthers included to exserted, long and narrow with long,

thin appendages; ovary 4-locular, hairy.

This species is widespread on the inland mountains

from the Cederberg to the Klein Swartberg.

Vouchers: Bolus 8683 (BOL!, K!, NBG!); Oliver 5344, 5443 (K!,

NBG!, PRE!), 10380a (NBG!); Schlechter 8739 (BMI, BOLI, Kl,

NBGI, PI, W).

ERICA DISCOLOR-VERSICOLOR-UNICOLOR GROUP

There is a group of long, narrowly tubed species that

has proven very problematic to identify, due to the con-

siderable variation in most organs. They all have similar

ovules and seeds flattened laterally in the vertical plane,

and the testa has a similar warty structure on the outer

periclinal walls. They occur mainly in the southern part

of the Cape Floral Region particularly the southern

coastal mountain ranges of the Langeberg-Outeniqua-

Tsitsikamma and the adjacent foothills and coastal plain.

They were introduced into horticulture in Europe in

the late 1700s from which several plants were described

by Andrews as distinct species. The oldest name in the

complex is his E. discolor of 15 October 1794.

There has been much confusion among the taxa in this

group. We have found considerable variation to the extent

that we retain four common and widespread species, E.

discolor, E. versicolor, E. unicolor and E. diaphana, note

several variants under the first one, and describe two new

species, E. croceovirens and E. prolata.

Key to species in the Erica discolor-versicolor group

la Leaves 4-nate:

2a Leaves, bract, bracteoles and sepals covered with nu-

merous stalked glands on margins and abaxial sur-

face E. croceovirens (55.1)

2b Leaves, bract, bracteoles and sepals not covered on adaxi-

al surface with stalked glands;

3a Filaments distinctly widened and usually spoon-

shaped at base E. versicolor (58)

3b Filaments not distinctly widened at base:

4a Corolla green; sepals long (± 1 1 mm), ± ‘A length

of corolla, narrow; anther appendages long

E. unicolor suhs'p. unicolor (55a)

4b Corolla bicoloured; sepals 5-1 1 mm long:

5a Leaves 5-6 mm long; sepals 5-7 mm long; anther

appendages absent E. unicolor subsp. mutica (55b)

5b Leaves 7-1 1 mm long; sepals ± 1 1 mm long; anthers witlt

or without appendages . . .E. imicolor subsp. georgensis (55c)

lb Leaves 3-nate:

6a Anther appendages long, narrow, ± V3 as long as theca,

rarely only ‘A or as long as theca

E. discolor complex [discolor/speciosa/hebecalyx] (53)

6b Anther appendages absent or very short:

7a Ovary finely and densely hairy E. prolala (59.1)

7b Ovary glabrous:

8a Sessile glands scattered over adaxial surface of sep-

als; filaments spoon-shaped at base versicolor (58)

8b Sessile glands packed densely together on adaxial sur-

face of sepals; filaments not expanded at base:

9a Leaves broad and short (± 3 mm long); sepal sulcus

short, ± 'A length of sepal E. herzelioides (59)

9b Leaves elongated (± 7 mm long); sepal sulcus long,

± V3 length of sepal E. diaphana (60)

5\.E. spcciosa Andrews — see E. discolor complex (53).

52. E. hebecalyx Benth. — E. discolor complex (53)

53. E. discolor complex

Diagnostic features: shrubs single-stemmed or multi-

stemmed; leaves 3-nate; main branches with usually every

node producing lateral branches in the flowering zone;

flowers (l-)3-nate on ends of leafy side branches in short

to long, spike-like synflorescences; sepals from ovate to

lanceolate-acuminate, glabrous to hairy all over; corolla

glabrous, often viscid, pink to red with greenish or yel-

lowish tips, occasionally totally green; anthers with long,

thin, pendulous appendages ± V3 length of theca, rarely

only V2 as long or as long as theca, often kinked, thecae

sometimes prognathous at base either bluntly or sharply

so; ovary 4-locular, slightly emarginate, glabrous.

This is a very common, widespread and highly variable

complex. It used to consist of two very well-known and

widespread species, E. discolor and E. speciosa, both

Andrewsian names and the more localized E. hebecalyx.

Despite their apparently well-known status as species,

many persons had difficulty in assigning a name to plants

from this complex, even finding it problematic to separate

them from E. versicolor or E. unicolor (viridescens) and

its variants. With the large amount of collections at our

disposal we have found no satisfactory morphological

characters to separate the variants at species level and felt

that they all belonged to one large, widespread and com-

mon species with E. discolor being the oldest name and

having three, rather indistinct variants. A, B & C, that need

further investigation in the field and DNA studies to assess

correctly for subspecific status. We are not prepared at this

stage to give them any formal taxonomic ranking with

new combinations or new names. This should be done

when the above studies have been completed.

The structure of the main branches in the flowering

region seemed to be a useful character to subdivide this

complex — lateral flowering branches at every node with

no intervening leafy nodes versus lateral flowering

branches not at every node with few to many leafy nodes

in-between. Many specimens fitted these characters in

conjunction with the other one of elongated vegetative

growth or not, but there were exceptions — the iconotype

of E. discolor being one of these.

We hope that collectors will take note of all these

problems when accurately noting population and plant

details in the field.

VARIANT A: E. discolor Andrews, Coloured

engravings of heaths 1: 20 (1794); Benth.: 629 (1839);

Guthrie & Bolus: 75 (1905); Dulfer: 46 (1965).

Iconotype: l.c.: t. 20 (15 Oct. 1794).

E. cupressiformis Salisb.: 354 (1802), nom. illeg. Type: as above.

Illustrations: Schumann & Kirsten: 59, t. 30, 3 1 (1992) as E. discolor.

Plants that were associated with this name have main-

ly a bushy growth coming from a multi-stemmed base

and the main branches not usually continuing with long

vegetative growth beyond the flowering zone. This is

seen in wild populations in the region from Betty’s Bay

to Agulhas. We surmise that the occasional elongated

vegetative growth with a more floriferous flowering

zone would attract a collector more readily than the more

sparsely flowering, short branches, hence the presence of

this feature in a number of herbarium collections.

Bothalia 35,2 (2005)

139

The iconotype of this name has the main branches

continuing with vegetative growth beyond the inflores-

cence zone, several whorls of leaves between the lateral

flowering branches (i.e. flowering branches not at every

node), both of which can be found in some collections.

We feel that this condition may have arisen due to very

favourable growing conditions of unbumt young plants

in England. The other variants, B & C, listed below, all

have this clear growth. The ovate, glabrous sepals with a

short sulcus, ± V3 the length of the sepal and paler

coloured flowers of the iconotype, match those of mate-

rial from the western part of the distribution from Betty’s

Bay to Agulhas.

The leaves also tend to be shorter in this variant, 2-4

mm long.

This variant is widespread, occurring from Betty’s

Bay along the southern coastal lowlands to Humansdorp.

It is more common in the west.

Vouchers: Baker 211 (NBG!, NY!); Barker 8896 (Kl, NBGI); Bolus

6761 (BOLI, NBGI, PRE); Ecklou & Zeyher locality 56.6 (NIBGI, Pi,

W); Esterhuysen 28769 (BOLI, NBGI); Goldblatt 3786 (MO, NBGI);

Lewis SAM65395 (BMI, SAMI); Oliver 3353, 4191, 8474 (NBGI,

PRE!); Oliver & Falser 80 (NBG!, PRE!); Zeyher 3159 (NBG!, P!,

PRE, W).

VARIANT B: ‘speciosa’

E. Andrews, Coloured engravings of heaths: t. 133 ( 1804)

non Scheenv.: 1, t. 3 (1792); Benth.: 630 (1839); Guthrie & Bolus: 75

(1905); Duller: 45 (1965). Iconotype: l.c.: t. 133. Note: the plate is

dated ‘Dec. 1st 1804’.

£. Ah'ta Andrews: t. 101 (1804) non Thunb. (1785). £. s-pec/oja var.

hirta (Andrews) Duller: 46 (1965). Iconotype: Andrews l.c.: t.lOl.

Note: the plate is dated ‘Feb, 1st 1804’.

Illustrations: Andrews l.c.: t. 133; Schumann & Kirsten: 59, t. 26,

27 (1992).

This variant is usually a single-stemmed reseeder and

has the main branches continuing with elongated vegeta-

tive growth beyond the flowering zone on every plant.

The leaves are 6-10 mm long and the sepals narrower,

4-8 X 1-2 mm, with an attenuate apex. The corolla is

always bicoloured, from dark pink to orange-red with

green or yellowish tips. We have seen only single-

stemmed plants, but have had reports of multistemmed

resprouters in some inland populations.

A minor variation of this variant has slightly longer

leaves and sepals which are either hairy or glabrous.

Superficially it looks rather like E. unicolor subsp. geor-

gensis (55c), which, however, has 4-nate leaves. It

occurs along the coastal plains east of George from

Knysna to Humansdorp.

Variant B is also common and widespread, mainly

along the coastal mountain ranges from George to

Humansdorp, but extends onto the much drier inland

mountains of the Little Karoo from Laingsburg to

Willowmore.

Vouchers: Acocks 20392 (NBG!, PRE); Baker 325, 2449 (BM!,

NBG!); Oliver 3065, 3134, 10033 (NBG!, PRE!); Rycroft 2977 (NBG!,

NY!).

VARIANT C; E. hebecalyx Benth. in DC.,

Prodromus 7; 630 (1839); Guthrie & Bolus: 75 (1905);

Dulfer: 46 (1965). E. speciosa Andrews var. tomentosa

Klotzsch; 656 (1835). Type: Prom. b. sp. [Cape of Good

Hope], Miind & Maine s.n.. (Bf, holo.; K!, W).

Illustrations: Schumann & Kirsten: 59, t. 28, 29 (1992).

The tomentose sepals were regarded by Guthrie &

Bolus (1905) as giving this variant ‘a distinct appear-

ance’ and referred to those plants occurring in the moun-

tains above George. Subsequent collections have shown

populations with tomentose sepals in the Kammanassie

Mtns and as far afield as the northern side of

Seweweekspoort. It forms single-stemmed plants with

the main branches producing elongated vegetative

growth in the George area where the flowers are a pale

yellow-green, occasionally reddish pink with green tips.

We have not studied the other populations in the field.

Vouchers: Barker 8192 (NBG!, NY!); Marsh 1414 (K!, NBG!);

Middlemost 2117 (NBG!, PRE!); Oliver 9247, 11834 (NBG!);

Schlechter 2268 (BM!, BOL!, K!, NBG!; P!, W).

54. E. dichrus Spreng. — see E. iinicolor subsp.

miitica (55b).

55. E. unicolor J.C.Wendl., Ericarum icones et

descriptiones: f 25, 7, t. 3 (1819); Guthrie & Bolus: 76

(1905). Iconotype: l.c.: t. 233 (1818).

E. viridescens Lodd.: 3, t. 233 (1818); Dulfer: 47 (1965), nom.

nudum. Iconotype: l.c.: t. 233. Note: in most cases Loddiges’s plates

were not accompanied by either a diagnosis nor a description and are

therefore invalid according to Art. 32.1 of the International Code of

Botanical Nomenclature (2000) (Nelson & Oliver in prep.).

E. hirta Andrews var. viridiflora Andrews: t. 173 (post 1805-pre

1809); Andrews: t. 166(± 1807). Iconotype: l.c.: t. 173. See under typi-

fication of E. colorans (63) for a discussion on dates.

Diagnostic features: leaves 4-nate; no glandular hairs

on the vegetative parts; flowering lateral branches not at

every node, sometimes arranged in clusters on main

branches; filaments not widened and spoon-like at base.

55a. subsp. unicoior

Illustrations: Schumann & Kirsten: 60, t. 36, 37 (1992).

Diagnostic features: leaves 6-10 mm long, villous;

sepals ± 1 1 mm long, ± V3 length of corolla; corolla uni-

coloured, yellow-green; anther appendages 1.3-1. 7 mm

long, usually slightly kinked.

This subspecies occurs on the southern slopes of the

Outeniqua Mtns between Robinson Pass and George.

Vouchers: Acocks 20580 (K!, NBG!, PRE); Compton 19602

(NBG!); Esterhuysen 22804 (BOL!, PRE); Goldblatt 1782 (MO,

NBG!, PRE); Oliver 10427 (NBG!); Schumann 344 (NBG! voucher for

Schumann & Kirsten l.c.); Taylor 9395 (NBG!, NY!).

55b. subsp. mutica E.G.EI.Oliv. & l.M.Oliv., stat.

et nom. nov.

E. bicolor Andrews, Coloured engravings of heaths: t. 79 (1804)

non Thunb, (1785), E. dichrus Spreng.: 179 (1825); Benth.: 631

(1839); Guthrie & Bolus: 76 (1905). Iconotype: l.c.: t. 79.

Illustrations: Schumann & Kirsten: 60, t. 32. 33 (1992).

Diagnostic features: leaves 5-6 mm long, glabrous to

sparsely hirsute; sepals 5-7 mm long, ± 'A length of

corolla; corolla bicoloured, red with green tips; anthers

muticous or occasionally with very short appendages.

Subsp. mutica occurs on the lowlands south of the

Outeniqua Mtns in the Herbertsdale/Mossel Bay area

and lower southern and northern slopes of the mountains

from Herbertsdale to George.

Vouchers: Barker 7942 (NBG!); Compton 23507 (NBG!, NY!);

Galpin 3579 (NBG); Killick 3467 (NBG!, PRE); Middlemost 2020 (K!,

140

Bothalia 35,2 (2005)

FIGURE 1 1 . — Erica croceovirens . A, flowering branch, x 1 ; B, stem with leaves removed; C, leaf; D, flower; E, bract; F, bracteole; G, sepal, abax-

ial view on left and adaxial view on right showing small patch of sessile glands; H, anther, side, front and back views. 1, J, ovary: J, opened

laterally to show ovules and placenta. K, capsule with one valve removed; L, seed; M, testa cells. Scale bars: B, C, E-K, 2 mm; D, 4 mm;

L, 1 mm; M, 100 pm. All drawn from the type collection by l.M. Oliver.

NBG!); Murray sub Baker 1220 (BM!, NBG!); Oliver 9111, 10835

(NBG!); Van Wijk 863 (NBG!); Wells 2822 (NBGI, PRE).

55c. subsp. georgensis E.G.H.Oliv. & I.M.Oliv.,

subsp. nov., foliis longis 7 ad 1 1 mm, sepalis plusmi-

nusve 1 1 mm longis antheris calcaribus ad 2 mm longis

vel sine calcaribus dignoscenda.

TYPE. — Western Cape: 3322 (Oudtshoorn), George

District, Outcniqua Pass, S side near summit, 790 m,

(-CD), .January 1979, Oliver 7402 (NBG).

Diagnostic features: leaves 7-11 mm long, glabrous

and sparsely ciliate; sepals ± 11 mm long; corolla

bicoloured, shades of pink-red with green/yellow tips;

anthers muticous or with thin straight appendages up to

2 mm long.

This subspecies is confined to the mountains above

George where it can be sympatric with E. discolor vari-

ant C {E. hehecalyx). Hybrids have been noted by us on

the northern side of the Montagu Pass. Some collections

exhibit ciliate corolla lobes.

Bothalia 35,2 (2005)

141

Paratype material (selection from numerous specimens): WEST-

ERN CAPE. — 3322 (Oudtshoom): George District, Montagu Pass,

(-CD), 14-01-1897, Bolus 4353 (NBG!); ibid., 29-09-1939, Compton

7536 (NBG!); ibid., 06-1927, Fourcade 3251 (NBG!); ibid., 09-1932,

Fourcade 4747 (NBG!); ibid., 24-06-1943, Fourcade 6016 (NBG!);

Outeniqua Pass, (-CD), 14-07-1964, Baker 2322 (NBG!); ibid., 15-04-

1952, Barker 7935 (NBG!); ibid., 15-04-1952, Lewis SAM66702

(NBG!, SAM!); Klein Swart River, (-CD), 8-10-1928, Gillett 1220

(NBG!); George, near the town, (-CD), 13-01-1897, Guthrie 4352

(NBG!); Blanco, (-CD), 04-1930, Meyer STE 10963 (NBG!); Gwyon

[Gwaing] River, (-CD), 1880, Young BOL5519 (NBG!).

55.1. E. croceovirens E.G.H.Oliv. & I.M.Oliv., sp.

nov., Ericae imicolori affinis sed indumento pilorum

crassorum glandulosorum cum pills simplicibus bre-

vioribus in ramis, folds, pedicellis, bracteis, bracteolis

sepalibusque differt. Figura 11.

TYPE. — Western Cape, 3322 (Oudtshoom): Outeni-

qua Mtns, north side; Groot Doringrivierkloof Wilder-

ness area, Modderaas Kloof 133, 600 m, (-CD), 8 March

2000, E.G.H & I.M. Oliver 11889 (NBG, holo.; BM,

BOL, K, MO, NBG, NY, PRE).

Shrubs scraggy, sparse, up to 1.5 m tall with a few

long, upright, main branches and bushy, twiggy, lower

growth, multistemmed resprouters or sometimes single-

stemmed reseeders. Branches-, few main erect branches

varying considerably in length, 200-500 mm, with or

without continuing vegetative terminal growth, sec-

ondary branches 20-30 mm long in groups of 4-8 at

every 5-10 nodes; intemodes on main branches 2-6 mm

long, on secondary branches ± 2 mm long; stems with

short, dense, spreading, simple hairs and scattered, long,

mainly reflexed, gland-tipped hairs. Leaves 4-nate,

spreading-recurved, broadly oblong, 4-10 mm long,

rounded on both sides with rounded margins but acute

towards base, abaxially covered with very short simple

hairs and scattered, longer, gland-tipped hairs, adaxially

with eglandular hairs, margin with long, relatively stout,

gland-tipped hairs, sulcus slightly open, open at base;

petiole ± 0.7 mm long, short, simple, longer, stouter,

gland-tipped hairs. Inflorescence', flowers 4-nate in a sin-

gle whorl at ends of secondary branches; pedicel 2. 8-3. 2

mm long, covered with short, simple, longer, stouter,

gland-tipped hairs; bract partially recaulescent approxi-

mate to calyx, broadly lanceolate, ± 4.5 x 1.7 mm, green

and leaf-like; bracteoles 2, approximate to calyx, lanceo-

late, ± 5.7 X 1.2 mm, otherwise like bract. Calyx 4-par-

tite, segments lanceolate, ±7x1.3 mm, with adaxially at

base a triangular patch of sessile viscid glands, ± V3

length of segment, otherwise like bract. Corolla 4-lobed,

tubular, 23-28 x 5 mm, straight to very slightly curved

when young, more so when older, glabrous, viscid,

bright orange in lower V3 apically yellow-green, slightly

narrowed towards mouth; lobes erect to slightly spread-

ing, ± 2.5 X 3 mm, broadly rounded, erose. Stamens 8,

free, included to subexserted; filaments linear, ± 2 1 mm,

with slight sigmoid bend near apex, glabrous, white;

anthers bilobed, erect, oblong in adaxial view, muticous,

orange, smooth; thecae oblong, ± 2.6 x 0.5 mm in later-

al view, adpressed with apices slightly spreading; pore

elongate, ± 1.5 mm long, Y3 length of theca; pollen shed

in tetrads. Ovary 4-locular, broadly cylindrical to ellip-

soid, 2 X 1. 5-2.0 mm, apically rounded and emarginate,

glabrous, green, with distinct large nectaries around

base; ovules 35-60 per locule from a placenta the com-

plete length of columella, laterally flattened; style exsert-

ed, from 1-3 mm long, white; stigma simple, truncate to

minutely widened, dark green. Fruit a dehiscent capsule,

± 4.3 X 4.3 mm, hard and woody, valves splitting ± V5

their length to 30°, septa variable with basal portion

mostly on valve to upper portion equally on valve and

columella, placenta convoluted and warty, elongate,

lobed towards base. Seeds ± obovoid but subangular and

laterally flattened, alveolate, brown, testa cells ± hex-

agonal, anticlinal walls thick, straight, outer periclinal

walls with numerous bumps, inner periclinal walls with

numerous small pits. Figure 11.

Diagnostic features', leaves 4-nate; stout, gland-tipped

hairs on stems, leaves, pedicel, bract, bracteoles and

sepals together with much shorter, finer indumentum of

simple hairs; corolla bicoloured, orange with upper third

yellow-green; anthers muticous.

This new species is related to the group of tubular-

flowered species (E. unicolor, E. discolor complex, E.

versicolor, E. diaphana, E. berzelioides) which all have

the same seed structure and arrangement of bract, bracte-

oles and sepals and viscid corollas caused by sessile

glands on the inner, adaxial surface of the sepals. It is

most closely related to E. unicolor m the 4-nate leaves,

narrow sepals and muticous to appendiculate anthers.

The flowers are yellow-green to green in subsp. unicolor

to bicoloured, orange-red and green/yellow in subsp.

mutica and subsp. georgensis. The latter differs in having

only simple hairs when these are present. The other

species listed above all have 3-nate leaves.

E. croceovirens has distinctively orange flowers with

the upper third of the tube being yellow-green, hence the

epithet: croceus, saffron orange; virens, green (Latin).

There is little variation in this colour combination other

than in the intensity of the orange.

The species is confined to the Doringrivier

Wilderness Area on the northern slopes of the Outeniqua

Mountains (Figure 12) where it grows on sandy, dry flats

or rocky, north-facing slopes with short fynbos vegeta-

tion. In the area, scattered plants of the glandular E. glan-

dulosa occur, as well as plants of E. discolor with its

flowers being more pink. The species could well be over-

looked as being another form of E. glandulosa but it is

easily distinguished on closer examination and assess-

ment of the characters mentioned above. This probably

explains its somewhat recent discovery by Jan Vlok.

Paratype material. WESTERN CAPE — 3322 (Oudtshoom):

Doringrivier Wilderness Area, N slopes of Outeniqua Mtns, 1500 ft

[460 m], (-CC), 28-08-1989, Kirsten 1207 (NBG); ibid., 2000 ft [610

m], 9-02-1989. Vlok 2129 (NBG); Groot Doringrivierkloof Wilderness

area, Modderaas Kloof 132, SE of Brookesbosberg, 660 m, (-CC), 8-

03-2000, E G. FI & I.M. Oliver 11893 (NBG); Groot Doringrivier

Valley, N slopes of Outeniqua Mtns, 1950 ft [595 m], (-CD), 27-08-

1989, Oliver 9249 (K, NBG, PRE); Doringrivier West, (-CD), 23-07-

1994, Van Wijk 827 (NBG).

56. E. xserratifolia hndxQSNS, Coloured engravings

of heaths: t. 58 (1798); Benth.: 631 (1839); Guthrie &

Bolus: 77 (1905); Dulfer: 47 (1965). Iconotype: l.c.: t.

58.

Andrews described the plants as having 4-nate leaves

with flowers 2- or 3-nate but shows in the drawing, five as

2-nate, 13 as 3-nate and two as 4-nate. He says the flow-

ers are ‘orange yellow’ but shows in his painting the open

flowers with a distinct, red base (V4-V3) and clear yellow

upper portion, therefore bicoloured, and the buds all dis-

142

Bothalia 35,2 (2005)

FIGURE 12. — Known distribution

of Erica croceovirens, •;

and E. prolata, O.

tinctly green-tipped (V4), tricoloured. This material we

regard as a hybrid of garden origin in England with E. uni-

color subsp. mutica (55b) possibly as one of the parents.

E. serratifolia var. subnuda Bolus has been deseribed as E. kogel-

hergensis (44.1). The figures and text in Schumann & Kirsten (1992:

66) refer to this species.

58. E. versicolor Andrews, Coloured engravings

of heaths, t. 67 (1796). Benth.: 631 (1839); Guthrie &

Bolus: 78 (1905); Dulfer: 48 (1965). Iconotype: l.c. t. 67.

Note: the plate is dated ‘June 1st 1796’.

E. versicolor var. ciliata J.C.Wendl.; 115, t. 43 (1809); Dulfer: 49

(1965). Iconotype: l.c.: t. 43.

E. versicolor var. longiflora Andrews: t. 249 (± 1816); Dulfer: 48

(1965). Iconotype: l.c.: t. 249.

E. versicolor var. monticola Bolus: 78 (1905); Dulfer: 49 (1965).

Syntypes: Worcester Div.; Matroosberg, 3500 ft. Bolus in Herb.

Guthrie 3951 (BOL!); Swellendam Div.; Shand in Herb. Bolus (BOL!).

Illustrations: Schumann & Kirsten: 63, t, 48, 49 (1992).

Diagnostic features: lateral branchlets not at every

node; leaves 3- occasionally 4-nate; sepals with nar-

rowed leafy apex, often slightly spreading; filaments

spoon-shaped at base; anthers often with sharp project-

ing point at base, muticous.

This is a variable species especially in the habit and

habitat, the indumentum, the leaf arrangement, colour of

the corolla and in the base of the anthers. Bolus’ var.

monticola, although growing in inland, rocky, dry areas

from Matroosberg to near Citrusdal, has no morphologi-

cal features to distinguish it from typical E. versicolor

from the moist Langeberg range. The Shand collection,

syntype of var. monticola, is clearly the Langeberg vari-

ant and not the gnarled inland variant. Detailed work is

required to ascertain whether these variants should

receive taxonomic status.

The species occurs from Citrusdal to the Anysberg

(Laingsburg) and along the Langeberg and western

Outeniqua Mtns and the coastal plains from Swellendam

to Gouritz River.

Vouchers: Bohnen 8063 (K!, NBG!, PRE!); Galpin 3574 (NBG!,

PRE!), 3581 (BOL!, Kl, NBG!, PRE!); Oliver 4149, 7602, 7606, 8648,

10545 (NBG!); Schlechter 1981 (BM!, BOL!, K!, NBG!, PRE!);

Taylor 5924 (NBG!); Van Zyl 3393 (NBG!).

59. E. berzelioides Guthrie & Bolus in Flora capen-

sis 4; 78 (1905); Dulfer: 49 (1965). Type: Bredasdorp Div.;

Mierkraal, 200 ft, Schlechter 10530 (BOL!).

Illustration: Schumann & Kirsten: 63, t. 50 (1992).

Diagnostic features: lateral branchlets not at every

node; leaves 3-nate, elliptic/ellipsoid, short, ± 3 mm

long; flowers 1-3-nate, scattered; corolla red-pink in

lower half with white upper half; sepals with sessile

glands on adaxial surface densely packed; anther

appendages small; ovary 4 locular, emarginate, glabrous.

This species is restricted to flats and calcareous ridges

south of Bredasdorp. Indications are that it could be a

resprouter.

Vouchers: Kirsten 852 (NBG!); Oliver 8823 (NBG!); Schumann

225 (NBG!).

59.1. E. prolata E.G.H.Oliv. & I.M.Oliv., sp. nov.,

habitu ramorum principalium perlongorum prolato-

rumque flores ferentibus ex parte basali fruticosaque,

ovario pubescent! dignoscenda. Figura 13.

TYPE. — Western Cape, 3420 (Bredasdorp): Heidel-

berg Dist., Rondekop above Melkhoutkraal, NW of

Duivenhoks River mouth, 200 m, (-BD), 4 September

2001, E.G.H. c6 l.M. Oliver 11935 (NBG, holo.; BM,

BOL, K, MO, NY, P, PRE, S).

Very sparse, slender, erect shrub up to 3(^) m tall

with 3-5 erect main branches arising from bushy, ± 0.5

m tall base, single-stemmed. Branches: main branches

leafy for upper 100-500 mm, with continuous apical

growth, secondary branches few, 10-200 mm long,

either vegetative or ending in a florescence; tertiary

branchlets occasional, very short, 10-20 mm long, end-

ing in a florescence; stems covered with very short,

dense, retrorse hairs and a few very short-stalked glands;

intemodes 1-5 mm long. Leaves 3-nate, oblong to occa-

sionally narrowly ovate, ± 4.2 x 1.2 mm, erect to

suberect, abaxially rounded, adaxial ly flattened with

margins acute, glabrous, margins of young leaves with

sessile glands, sulcus narrow, open at base; petiole ± 1

mm long, glabrous margins with short hairs and glands.

Inflorescence: 3 flowers in 1 whorl at ends of secondary

branches and occasionally tertiary branchlets, suberect to

pendulous; pedicel 4-6 mm long with same indumentum

as stem; bract partially recaulescent, approximate to

calyx, ovate, ±2.5x2 mm, glabrous, green, margin with

sessile glands, sulcus narrow, ± V2 length of bract;

bracteoles 2, approximate to calyx, ± 2.8 x 1.2-1. 8 mm,

otherwise like bract. Calyx 4-partite, segments ovate, ±

3.5 X 2.2 mm, apex suddenly tapering into subacute

point, green glabrous, margins with sessile glands, adax-

Bothalia 35,2 (2005)

143

ially most of basal area covered with very sticky, sessile

glands, suleus narrow, ± V3 length of segment. Corolla 4-

lobed, tubular with slight bulge near mouth, very slight-

ly contracted below lobes, 25-35 mm long, glabrous,

very viscid and shiny, purplish pink, lobes ±1.5x2 mm,

rounded, erose, erect to suberect. Stamens 8, included

near the mouth, free; filaments ± 24 mm long, narrow

with slight sigmoid bend below anthers, glabrous white;

anthers bilobed, dorsally attached, muticous; thecae

adpressed, narrowly oblong in adaxial view, ± 2.2 x 0.6

mm, oblong in lateral view with slight basal adaxial

nose, smooth, brown, pore ± V4 length of theca, narrow;

pollen in tetrads. Ovary’ 4-locular, broadly oblong, ± 2.5

X 3 mm, emarginate, 8-lobed, covered with dense, short

hairs, with small nectaries around base, ovules ± 100 per

locule, spreading to pendulous, arranged in perpendicu-

lar rows, flattened laterally, placenta large, covering

upper half of columella; style ± 28 mm long, narrow, just

exserted, white glabrous; stigma simple truncate. Fruit a

dehiscent capsule, ±5x6 mm, hard and woody, valves

opening to 30° for V4 their length; septa totally on valves,

placenta length of columella. Seeds ellipsoid, ± 1 . 1 x

0.7 mm, slightly flattened, cells slightly sunken, anticli-

nal walls straight, thick, periclinal walls with dense pits

and bladder-like protuberances. Figure 13.

Diagnostic features: habit of a few, very long, erect,

subnaked stems, bearing the flowers and arising from a

bushy, leafy base; main stems with occasional side

branches (not every node); leaves 3-nate; anthers muti-

cous; ovary densely and finely hairy.

The species is most similar to E. diaphana and E.

berzelioides but differs mainly in the marked dimor-

phism of the branching system — the other species having

rounded, open to closed, bushy habits. It is the only

species in this complex with a hairy ovary.

E. prolata has an unusual and distinctive growth form

which is similar to that found in E. banydalensis (285.1)

from the northern slopes of the Langeberg near

Barrydale. The single-stemmed shrub forms a rounded.

(pTnTmy

FIGURE 13. — Erica prolata. A, flowering branch, x 1; B, stem with leaves; C, flower; D, bract; E, bracteole. F, G, sepal: F. abaxial view; G. adax-

ial view showing sessile glands. H, anther, side, front and back views; I, gynoecium; J, ovary opened laterally to show ovules and placen-

ta; K, capsule with one valve removed; L, seed; M, testa cells. Scale bars: B. D-K. 2 mm; C, 4 mm; L, 1 mm. All drawn from the type col-

lection by I.M. Oliver.

144

Bothalia 35,2 (2005)

much-branched, leafy, bushy base up to about 0.5 m

high. From this ‘bush’ there arise 3-5 vigorous, erect

main branches growing up to 4 m tall in old plants. These

branches are almost devoid of leaves in their lower

regions and bear the short, lateral, leafy, flowering side

branches. No flowers occur on the bushy basal part of the

plant. The name, derived from prolatus, extended, elon-

gated (Latin), refers to the remarkable, very long, main

flowering branches.

Material of this species has been variously identified

as E. versicolor or E. diaphana.

The species is known from the coastal lowlands from

near Swellendam to the mouths of the Breede and

Duivenhoks Rivers and eastwards to the region south of

Riversdale (Figure 12). In this range it occurs on various soil

types from sandy gravel inland near Swellendam to sand

associated with calcareous deposits near the coast. Plants in

the type locality were visited by sunbirds; the stout main

branches providing an ideal perch for the foraging birds.

Paratype material. WESTERN CAPE. — 3420 (Bredasdorp):

Swellendam, Bontebok National Park, 100 m, (-AB), 09-1962,

Liebenberg 6476 (NBG, PRE); ibid., 16-11-1966, Grobler 583 (NBG);

ibid., 25-09-1961, Oliver 1514 (NBG, PRE); ibid., 26-09-1961, Rvo-o/r

2303 (NBG, NY); between Kenko [Kinko] and Buffeljagts Rivier,

(-BA), 10-183?, Zeyher 3156 (K, PRE, SAM, W); Breede River

mouth, (-BD), 21-05-1928, Marloth 13185 (NBG, PRE); lower Breede

River, (-BD), 05-1928, Mrs A. A. Tomlinson sub Marloth 13185 (BOL,

NBG); Rondekop, NW of Duivenhoks River mouth, 1 80 m, (-BD), 20-

03-1985, 3421 (Riversdale): 12 miles [19 km] S of Riversdale, (-AC),

22-09-1959, Lewis 5626 (NBG).

60. E. diaphana Sprang., Systema vegetabilium 2:

178 (1825); Guthrie & Bolus: 79 (1905); Dulfer: 49

(1965). Type: Andrews l.c.: t. 283 [as E. transparens].

E. transparens Lodd.: t. 177 (1818), nomen nudum, non P.J.Bergius

(1767); Benth.: 631 (1839); Andrews: t, 283 (post 1820, pre 1828).

Iconotype: l.c.: t. 177.

Illustrations: Dyer: t. 1042 (1948); Schumann & Kirsten: 64, t. 51,

52 (1992).

Diagnostic features: leaves 3-nate; main stems with

occasional secondary branches; flowers scattered or

occasionally in spike-like clusters; bract and bracteoles

approximate; sepals thick with a deep-set, long sulcus;

corolla viscid, shades of purple to pink sometimes with

paler lobes; anthers muticous or with short appendages;

ovary glabrous.

This species occurs from George to Uitenhage at low

and high altitudes. Plants can be robust, up to 1.5 m tall

and very floriferous at low altitudes to small and gnarled

shrublets in rock crevices near the summit of peaks.

Vouchers: Acocks 13724 (NBG!, PRE); Compton 23340 (NBG!,

NY!), 23899 (BM!, NBG!, S!); Esterhuysen 6739 (BOL!, BOL!, K!,

PRE); Oliver 3436, 9958 (NBG!); Schlechter 5993 (BOL!, NBG!,

PRE); Taylor 9839 (BM!, NBG!, PRE); Thode A925 (K!, NBG!);

Wistira 963 (NBG!, P!).

61. E. glandulosa Tlninh., Dissertatio botanica de

Erica: 25 (1785); Guthrie & Bolus: 79 (1905); Dulfer: 49

(1965). Type: without locality, Thitnherg s.n. (UPS,

microfiche!).

Diagnostic features: leaves (3)4-nate; long, gland-

tipped hairs on all parts except corolla and internal floral

organs; flowers 4-nate on short to longish, leafy, side

branches, bunched into loose spike-like groups on main

branches; bract and bracteoles approximate; sepals nar-

row linear; corolla ± 20-30 mm long, semi-transparent,

mostly glabrous, rarely hairy, with marked red veins and

often longitudinal ridges.

This widespread species displays much variation in

the length of side branches, leaf shape and corolla size

(Figure 14). This variation range warrants the reduction

of several formerly described species to synonymy and

the recognition of subspecific categories.

61a. subsp. glandulosa

Illustrations: Baker & Oliver: t. 20 (1967); Schumann & Kirsten:

64, t. 53, 54 (1992).

Diagnostic features: leaves narrowly sulcate, ± 5-7 mm

long; corolla ± 20-30 mm long; shrubs single- or multi-

stemmed, erect, bushy, up to 1.5 m tall (Figure 14D).

This is the most widespread subspecies occurring

from the eastern Langeberg as far east as Port Elizabeth

and inland to the eastern Great Swartberg.

Vouchers: Acocks 19910 (GRA, NBG!, PRE); Fourcade 2726 (K!,

NBG!, NY!), 3882 (K!, NBG!); Galpin 3591 (BOL!, GRA, NBG!,

PRE!); Keet 876 (NBG!); Kerr STE30085 (K!, NBG!, PRE); Oliver

4626, 10811 (NBG!); Schlechter 5858 (BM!, BOL!, GRA, K!, NBG!).

61b. subsp. fourcadei (L.Bolus) E.G.H.Oliv. &

I.M.Oliv., stat. et comb. nov.

E. fourcadei L.Bolus in Kew Bulletin 1933: 185 (1933); Dulfer: 50

( 1 965). Type: Humansdorp Dist., near Witte Els Bosch, Fourcade 2975

(BOL!, NBG!).

Illustrations: Schumann & Kirsten: 64, t. 55, 56 (1992).

Diagnostic features: leaves widely to narrowly open-

backed, ± 7-10 mm long; corolla ± 20-30 mm long;

shrubs laxly branched (Figure 14C).

This subspecies occurs along the coast from

Sedgefield to Kareedouw.

Vouchers: Chater s.n. (NBG!); Fourcade 3005 (NBG!, PRE); Gillett

1324 (BOL!, NBG!); O’Callaghan, Fellingham & Van W\’k 119 (NBG!).

61c. subsp. bondiae (Compton) E.G.H.Oliv. &

I.M.Oliv., stat. et comb. nov.

E. bondiae Compton in Journal of South African Botany 9: 153

(1943). E. glandulosa var. bondiae (Compton) Dulfer: 49 (1965). Type:

Uniondale Div.: Mannetjeberg [Mannetjiesberg] (Kamanassie Mts),

1000 m, 1 Feb. 1941, Bond 925 (NBG!, holo.).

Illustration: Compton l.c.: t. 6 (1943).

Diagnostic features: leaves narrowly sulcate; corolla

± 10 mm long, glabrous (Figure 14A).

This subspecies occurs at low altitudes on the

Kammanassie Mtns and western Langkloof near

Haarlem.

Vouchers: Oliver 9395 (NBG!); Rourke 371 (BM!, NBG!); Wells

2529 (NBG!, PRE!).

6 Id. subsp. breviflora (Bolus) E.G.H.Oliv. &

I.M.Oliv., stat. et comb. nov.

E. glandulosa var. breviflora Bolus in Flora capensis 4: 79 (1905);

Dulfer: 49 (1965). Type: Humansdorp Div.; between Gamtoos River

and Leuwenbosch River, Burchell 4803 (BOL!, K!).

Diagnostic features: leaves narrowly sulcate; corolla

± 10 mm long, glandular hairy (Figure 14B).

This subspecies occurs NW of Humansdorp and we

feel must be regarded as distinct from the glabrous-flow-

Bothalia 35,2 (2005)

145

FIGURE 14. — Erica glandiilosa. A, subsp. bondiae. Roiirke 371. flower, leaf and anther; B, subsp. breviflora. Oliver 9376. flower, leaf and anther.

C, suhs'p. fourcadei: O'Callaghan 564. flower, sulcate leaf and anther; Geldenlntys 1066. open-backed leaf D, subsp. glandidosa. Oliver

7953, leaf, flower, sepal, anther and ovary. Scale bars; flowers, 4 mm; leaves, sepals and anthers, 2 mm. Artist: l.M. Oliver.

ered subsp. bondiae. We postulate that it evolved as a

short-tubed variant from a local glandular-flowered

subsp. glandidosa independently from subsp. bondiae.

Vouchers; type and Oliver 9376 (NBG!; PRE!).

6 1 . 1 . £■. pyrantha Bolus — see E. pillansii (66. 1 ).

61.2. E. etheliae L. Bolus in Annals of the Bolus

Herbarium 2: 154, t. IOC (1918); Dulfer: 49 (1965).

Type; South-Eastern Region, near Port Elizabeth, Ethel

West 295 (BOL!).

Illustration: l.c.: t. IOC.

Diagnostic features: like E. glandidosa but anthers

differently shaped and subbasally attached, with longer

decurrent appendages; flowers borne more terminally on

main branches.

This is known only from the type collection, the local-

ity of which is rather vague. No additional collections

have been made. With the areas of unspoiled indigenous

vegetation now virtually absent on the sandy flats west of

Port Elizabeth due to the spread of housing, farming and

alien plants (Australian Acacia spp.) the likelihood of

finding material to match the type is very small.

We postulate that this material could have been of

hybrid origin with the parent species being E. glandidosa

and E. chloroloma both of which have been recorded in

the Port Elizabeth area.

61.3. E. fourcadei E. Bolus — see E. glandidosa

fourcadei (61b).

65. E. xmertensiana J.C.Wendl. ex Klotzsch in

Linnaea 9: 659 (1835); Benth.: 635 (1839); Guthrie &

Bolus: 81 (1905); Dulfer: 51 (1965). Type: ex hort. angli-

canis. Herb Wendland s.n. (?). This taxon is regarded as

a hybrid of garden origin in England.

66. E. cruenta Sol. in Aiton, Hortus kewensis, edn

1, 2; 16 (1789); Benth.; 629 (1839); Guthrie & Bolus: 82

(1905); Dulfer: 51 1965). Type: Cape of Good Hope,

Masson s.n. (BM!).

E. cruenta var. miitica Bolus; 82 (1905); Dulfer; 51 (1965). Type;

Caledon Div., Houw Hoek, 1000 ft. [300 m], Guthrie 4590 (BOL!).

E. cruenta var. buccimda Bolus: 82 (1905); Dulfer; 51 (1965).

Syntypes: Caledon Div., Palmiet River, 800 ft [244 m], Guthrie 2297

(?), 3553 (BOLI), & 4163 (BOL!).

Illustrations; Schumann & Kirsten; 68, t. 66, 67 (1992).

Diagnostic features: leaves 3-nate; flowers 1-3-nate

on short, leafy branchlets at each node, often aggregated

into loose to dense, spike-like synflorescences; corolla

glabrous, dark red; anthers with high dorsal attachment,

muticous with long appendages; ovary 4-locular, with

slight stipe, not emarginate.

This species is variable in corolla length, 10-24 mm,

with collections at the lower end having been described

as var. buccimda. There is no clear-cut distinction in this

range to warrant taxonomic recognition.

E. cruenta occurs on heavy shale soils at low altitudes

where it is often found in renosterveld or such-like arid

vegetation and as such is the only species of Erica with

this habitat preference. It grows from Grabouw to

Riversdale.

E. cruenta var. campanulata Bolus is transferred to E.

elimensis L. Bolus (261.2).

Vouchers; Oliver 3259 (K!, NBG!, PRE!); Schlechter 7783 (BM!,

BOL!, K!. NBG!, P!, PRE!); Zeyher 3155 (K!; NBG!, P!, PRE!),

67. E. wendlandiana Klotzsch — this species has

been moved to No. 50, p. 136.

68. E. haematosiphon Guthrie & Bolus in Flora

capensis 4: 83 (1905); Dulfer: 52 (1965). Syntypes; coast

region, from 1700-5500 ft [520-1 680 m]: Clanwilliam

Div.; without precise locality, Leipoldt 622 (BOE!);

Ceres Div., near Ceres, Guthrie 3182 (BOL!); Gydouw

Mountain, Schlechter 10045 (BMI, BOL!, W); Wor-

146

Bothalia 35,2 (2005)

cester Div., Matroosberg, Bolus in Herb. Guthrie 3946

(BOL!). Lectotype (selected by Dulfer): Schlechter

10045 (W).

Note: the lectotype was not seen by the authors.

E. macropiis Guthrie & Bolus: 72 (1905); Dulfer: 45 (1965). Type:

Clanwilliam Div.; near Clanwilliam, Mader 2180 (BOL!) [Mader

SAM40600 (ShM\)].

E. coralliflora Compton: t. 551 (1934); Dulfer: 52 as ‘corallifera’

(1965). Type: Ceres Division, in Mitchell’s Pass among boulders and in

rock crevices at the top of the Pass, about a mile from Ceres, at 1 600 ft

[488 m] altitude, 24th February, 1932, Compton & Archer sub Compton

3950 (BOL, holo; Kl, PRE).

Note: Esterhuysen (1963) suggested that the above two species

were synonymous with E. haematosiphon.

Illustrations: Compton l.c.: t. 551 (1934); Baker & Oliver: t. 26

(1967); Schumann & Kirsten: 69, t. 73, 74 (1992).

Diagnostic features: leaves 4-nate; flowers 1^-nate

on ends of very short to longer lateral branchlets, some-

times aggregated at ends of main branches but not spike-

like; pedicel hairy; bract and bracteoles small, remote;

corolla glabrous, dark red, shiny; anthers with very small

appendages; ovary emarginate, with slight stipe,

glabrous.

This species occurs in rocky areas or on rocks in the

Cold Bokkeveld and Cederberg.

Vouchers: Beyers 124 (NBGI); Esterhuysen 2457 (BOLI, Kl,

NBGI, PRE); Oliver 671 (BMi, NBGI), 10618 (NBGI); Schlechter

10045 (BMI, BOLI, Kl, NBGI, PRE); Vogelpoel sub Baker 2439 (BMI,

NBGI); Williams 1985 (NBGI, PRE).

68.1. E. coralliflora Compton — see E. haema-

tosiphon (68).

69. E. chloroloma Lindl. in Botanical Register

1838: t. 17 (1838); Benth.: 629 (1839); Guthrie & Bolus:

83 (1905); Dulfer: 52 (1965). Iconotype: l.c.: t. 17.

Illustrations: Lindley: t. 17 (1838); Baker & Oliver: t. 22 (1967);

Schumann & Kirsten: 70, t. 75, 76 (1992).

Diagnostic features: leaves 4-nate; flowers 1-4 on

ends of scattered, leafy side branches; pedicel hairy;

bract and bracteoles small, median to approximate;

corolla glabrous, red with green-tipped lobes; anther

appendages long; ovary 4-locular, not emarginate,

glabrous, with naked area on placenta.

This is an eastern species occurring on coastal dunes

and limestone from Wilderness to the Fish River mouth.

Vouchers: Acocks 18326 (NBGI, Kl, PRE); Booysen STE30042

(voucher for Baker & Oliver l.c.) (BOLI, Kl, MOI, NBGI, NYI, PRE);

Fourcade 2161 (BOLI, Kl, NBGI, NYI); Williams 1780 (BMI, NBGI,

PRE).

69.1. E. abelii E.G.H.Oliv. in South African

Journal of Botany 3: 268 (1984). Type: Cape Province:

Uitenhage District, Perdekloof in the Elandsrivier Forest

Reserve, 1600 ft [487 m], Oliver 8407 [NBG(STE),

holo.; BOL, GRA, K, NY, PRE].

Illustrations: Oliver l.c.: t. 1 (1984); Schumann & Kirsten: 60, t. 34,

35 (1992).

Diagnostic features: corolla lime-green, very finely

hairy; ovary narrow, cylindrical, seated on large nectarif-

erous basal disc, style with slightly swollen base.

The species is a very localized endemic to the moun-

tains just NW of Uitenhage.

Vouchers: type and Abel 9 (NBGI).

70. E. brachialis Salisb. in Transactions of the

Linnean Society 6: 367 (1802); Benth.: 635 (1839);

Guthrie & Bolus: 84 (1905); Dulfer: 52 (1965). Type:

Hottentots Holland, Masson s.n. (?). Lectotype selected

here: Herb. Salisb., determined as "brachialis' by

Salisbury (K!).

Illustrations: Baker & Oliver: t. 25 (1967); Schumann & Kirsten:

70, t. 77-79 (1992); Oliver I.M. & Oliver: t. 15 (2000).

Diagnostic features: shrubs very woody; corolla hairy

internally and externally, yellowish green; bract and

bracteoles approximate; sepals with adaxial central patch

of sessile glands; anthers relatively large with or without

very small, upward-pointing appendages.

This is a very distinctive species with possible

alliances in the E. discolor complex. It is restricted to

rocky areas close to the sea near Cape Point and across

False Bay from Rooi Els to Hangklip. The shrubs are low

but very woody with trunks as much as 100 mm in diam.

and in some cases growing just above the spray zone of

the waves.

Vouchers: Bolus Herb. Norm. 347 (BMI, BOLI, Kl, NBGI, PI,

SAMI); Oliver STE30026 (BOLI, NBGI, Kl, PREI); Parker 4455

(BOLI, KI.NBGI).

70.1. E. inordinata H.A.Baker in Journal of South

African Botany 35: 25 (1969). Type: Cape Province.

Uniondale Dist., Mannetjiesberg, southern slopes to

West of main peak ± 4500 ft [1 370 m], 18 Sept. 1967,

J.P.Rourke 859 (NBG!, holo.; BOL!, PRE!).

Illustrations: Baker l.c.: pi. 1, t. 1 (1969); Schumarm & Kirsten: 70,

t. 80, 81 (1992).

Diagnostic features: sepals broad, thick and hard in

texture with adaxial sessile glands; corolla subterminally

and basally inflated and slightly flattened laterally,

extremely viscid, bright orange-red.

This is a very distinctive species with unclear rela-

tionships. It was placed next to E. brachialis by Dulfer,

but is in our opinion totally unrelated to that species and

very far removed geographically — occurring at high alti-

tudes from the Kammanassie Mtns to the central Kouga

Mtns. We suggest a possible relationship with E. nubige-

na Bolus (No. 277) which has small, purple-pink, viscid

flowers.

Vouchers: Esterhuysen 6476 (BOLI, Kl, PRE); Oliver 9934, 11825

(NBGI); Williams 1075 (NBGI, PRE).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This paper was written before my wife died in July

2003. Since then I have had to change and add a few

things. I have also incorporated many valuable sugges-

tions received from one of the referees. Dr E. Charles

Nelson, Cultivar Registrar for the Heather Society in

Britain for which I am most grateful.

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African Botany 1: 33-39.

SALTER, T.M. 1950. Ericaceae. In R.S. Adamson &. T.M. Salter, Flora

of the Cape Peninsula: 626—662. Juta, Cape Town.

SEBA, A. 1735. Locupletissimi rerum naturalium thesauri.

Wetstenium, Amsterdam.

SCETNEEVOOGT, G.V 1 792. leones plantarum rariorum, fasc. 1 : t. 3.

SCHUMANN, D, & KIRSTEN, G. 1992. Ericas of South Africa.

Femwood Press, Vlaeberg, South Africa,

SOLANDER. D.C. 1789. In W. Aiton, Hortus kewensis vol. 2, edn 1.

Nicol, London.

SPRENGEL, K. 1825. Systema vegetabilium, vol. 2. Gottingen.

THUNBERG, C.P. 1785, Dissertatio botanica de Erica (J.B. Struve):

1-62. Edman, Uppsala.

WENDLAND, J.C. 1798. Botanische Beobachtungen. Gebriidem

Hahn. Hannover.

WENDLAND, J.C. 1798-1823. Ericarum icones et descriptiones.

Gebriidem Hahn, Hannover.

WILLDENOW, C.L. 1799. Caroli a Linne species plantarum, vol. 2.

Nauk, Berlin.

INDEX TO SPECIES

Numbers in brackets according to Guthrie & Bolus (1905)

and Dulfer (1965)

Erica L., 121

abelii E.G.H.Oliv., (69.1), 146

abietina sensu Benth., 122

armalis £'.G.//.(9//v. & I.M.Oliv.,(50.\), 137

berzelioides Guthrie & Bolus, (59), 142

bibax Salisb., (44), 127

6;co/or Andrews, 139

bonc/iae Compton, 144

brachialis Salisb., (70), 146

burchellii Benth., 128

ceraria E.G.H.Oliv. & I.M.Oliv, sp. nov., (38.3), 125

chloroloma Lindi, (69), 146

co\oxBlUS Andrews, (63). 135

concinna Sol., 135

conspicua Sol., (48), 130

subsp. conspicua, (48a), 130

subsp. roseoflora E.G.H.Oliv. & I.M.Oliv., subsp. nov., (48b), 130

coralliflora Compton, (68.1), 146

ctsmstL Dulfer, (57.2), 131

croceovirens E.G.H.Oliv. & I.M.Oliv, sp. nov., (55.1), 141

cmenta Sol, (66), 145

var. buccinula Bolus, 145

var. mutica Bolus, 145

cupressiformis Salisb., 138

148

Bothalia 35,2 (2005)

Erica L. (cont.)

curviflora L., (45), 128

var. burchellii (Benth.) Bolus, 128

var. diffusa Bolus, 128

var. splendens (J.C.Wendl.) Dulfer, 130

var. sulcata (Benth.) Dulfer, 128

var. sulphurea (Andrews) Bolus, 129

var. versatilis Bolus, 1 28

curviflora L. var. sulphurea (Andrews) Bolus, 129

curviflora sensu Thunb., 127

c//tWn'ca J.C.Wendl., 127

densifolia Willd., (49), 136

diaphana Spreng., (60), 144

dichrus Spreng., (54), 139

discolor 138

discolor complex, (53), 138

var. A, disco\oT Andrews, 138

var. B, ‘speciosa’ E.G.H.Oliv. & I.M.Oliv., 138, 139

var. C, hebecalyx Benth., 138, 139

xdubia Rach. (43), 127

dulcis L. Bolus, (62. 1 ), 135

etheliae L. Bolus, (61. 2), 145

fervida L. Bolus, (66.2), 136

foliacea Andrews p.p., 125

{o\iace^ Andrews, (38), 124

subsp. foliacea, (38a), 124

subsp. fulgens (Klotzsch) E.G.H.Oliv. & I.M.Oliv.,

stat. et comb, nov., (38b), 124

var. fulgens Klotzsch, 124

var. galpinii (T.M. Salter) Dulfer, 125

fourcadei L. Bolus, (61.3), 144, 145

galpinii T.M.Salter, (38.2), 125

gerhardii E.G.H.Oliv. & I.M.Oliv., sp. nov., (37.1), 123

glandulosa Thunb., (61), 144

subsp. bondiae (Compton) E.G.H.Oliv. & I.M.Oliv., stat. et comb,

nov., (61c), 144

subsp. breviflora (Bolus) E.G.H.Oliv. & I.M.Oliv., stat. et comb,

nov., (6 Id), 144

subsp. fourcadei (L. Bolus) E.G.H.Oliv. c& I.M.Oliv., stat. et comb.

nov., (61b), 144

subsp. glandulosa, (61a), 144

var. bondiae (Compton) Dulfer, 144

var. breviflora Bolus, 144

haematosiphon Guthrie & Bolus, (68), 145

hebecalyx Benth., (52), 138, 139

Andrews, 139

var. viridiflora Andrews, 1 39

humidicola £'.G.//.0//v., (66.3), 136

ignita £'.G.//.0/)v., (40.1), 127

mordmaVa H. A. Baker, (1Q.\), 146

kogelbergensis £.G.//.0//v., (44.1), 127

latituba L. Bolus, (57.4), 133

leucotrachela (57.1), 131

subsp. leucotrachela, (57.1a), 131

subsp. monicae E.G.H.Oliv. & I.M.Oliv., subsp. nov., (57.1b), 131

macowanii Cufino, (57) 130

subsp. lanceolata (Bolus) E.G.H.Oliv. & I.M.Oliv., stat. et comb,

nov., (57b), 131

subsp. macowanii, (57a), 130

macropus Guthrie & Bolus, (47), 130, 146

xmertensiana J.C.Wendl. ex Klotzsch, (65), 145

maximilianii Guthrie & Bolus, (41), 137

nana Salisb., (39), 126

octonaria L. Bolus, (62.2), 135

xpallens Andrews, (42), 127

paiwidisepalaW.K.Haksr, 127

patersonia Andrews var. major Andrews, 1 22

patersonii Andrews, (36), 122

perspicua J. C. (Fent//. , (62), 134

subsp. latifolia (Benth.) E.G.H.Oliv. & I.M.Oliv., stat. et comb.

nov., (62b), 134

subsp. perspicua, (62a), 134

var. lanceolata Bolus, 1 3 1

var. latifolia Benth., 134

pillansii Bolus, (66.1), 135

subsp. fervida (L. Bolus) E.G.H.Oliv. & I.M.Oliv, stat. et comb.

nov., (66.1b), 136

subsp. pillansii, (66.1a), 135

prolata E.G.H.Oliv. & I.M.Oliv, sp. nov., (59.1), 142

pyrantha Bolus, (61.1), 136. 145

sacciflora (37), 122

xserrari/b/za Andrews, (56), 141

serratifolia Andrews var. subnuda Bolus, 127, 142

5/7ec/05£7 Andrews, (51), 138, 139

var. hirta (Andrews) Dulfer, 139

var. tomentosa Klotzsch, 139

splendens i.C.'I^end)., 130

stagnalis Salisb., (45.1), 128

subsp. minor E.G.H.Oliv. (& I.M.Oliv, subsp. nov., (45.1b), 130

subsp. stagnalis, (45.1a), 129

sulcata Benth., (46), 128, 130

sulfurea Benth., 129

sulphurea Andrews, 1 29

transparens Lodd., 144

7//?na Andrews, 136

nnicoior J.C.Wendl, (55), 139

subsp. georgensis E.G.H.Oliv. <6 I.M.Oliv, subsp. nov., (55c), 140

subsp. mutica E.G.H.Oliv. & I.M.Oliv, stat. et nom. nov., (55b),

139

subsp. unicolor, (55a), 139

vallis-aranearum E.G.H.Oliv, (38.1), 124

versicoior Andrews, (58), 142

var. ciliata J.C.Wendl., 142

var. longiflora Andrews, 142

var. monticola Bolus, 142

verticillata P.J.Bergius, (64), 135

viridescens Codd., 139

var. latituba (L. Bolus) Dulfer, 133

viridimontana E.G.H.Oliv. & I.M.Oliv, sp. nov., (57.3), 131

subsp. nivicola ^.G.^/.O/Zv. & I.M.Oliv, subsp. nov., (57.3b), 133

subsp. viridimontana, (57.3a), 133

wendlandiana Klotzsch, (50), 136; (67), 145

xanthina Guthrie & Bolus, (40), 127

xerophila Bolus, (50), 136

Bothalia 35,2: 149-152 (2005)

Two new Plectranthus species (Lamiaceae) and new distribution

records from the Pondoland Centre of Plant Endemism, South Africa

TJ. EDWARDS*

Keywords: Lamiaceae, new species, Plectranthus L’Her., Pondoland Centre of Plant Endemism, South Africa

ABSTRACT

Two newly discovered species of Plectranthus L’Her. are described from the Pondoland Centre of Plant Endemism, on

the eastern seaboard of South Africa. P. brevimentum and P. stylesii are exceedingly narrow endemics known only from

their type localities. The known distribution ranges of two other narrow endemics of the region. P. emstii and P. praeter-

missus, are expanded with new distribution records.

INTRODUCTION

The genus Plectranthus L’Her. shows high levels of

diversity along the eastern seaboard of South Africa.

Speciation in the Pondoland Centre of plant diversity is espe-

cially pronounced and is probably the product of stable for-

est refugia which existed in the deep gorges that shce

through the weather-resistant sandstones of the Msikaba

Group [South African Committee for Stratigraphy (SACS)

1980]. Their stability is probably mediated by the maritime

cUmate. These gorges are flanked by seasonal sourveld

grasslands of high productivity (and the correlated incidence

of seasonal Are). Part of the diversity of herbaceous forest

species is driven by the tmncation of forest habitat and ensu-

ing allopatric speciation which contributes to one of the most

important centres of plant diversity and endemism in Africa

(Davis et al. 1994). The inabihty of many Plectranthus

species to escape these enclaves is the product of desiccation

intolerance, susceptibility to fire and the lack of long dis-

tance dispersal. This suite of Limitations makes the subgenus

Plectranthus a prime candidate for allopatric speciation and

consequently the concentration of neo-endemic species in

the Pondoland Centre is not surprising (Van Jaarsveld &

Edwards 1991, 1997; Van Wyk & Smith 2001).

Plectranthus brevimentum TJ. Edwards, sp. nov.,

accedit Plectrantho hilliardiae labio corollae brevi postico

et labio corollae antico obtmllato, tubo corollae moderate

elongate, compresso lateraliter. Differt glandibus plurimis

multicellulosis mbropunctatis in partibus omnibus, tubo

corollae multo breviore, floribus bicoloribus, albis et

magenteis.

TYPE. — ^Eastern Cape, 3129 (Port St Johns): Lupatana

River Gorge, ±1.5 km from mouth, ex hort Edwards, Styles,

Crouch, Belstedt & Potgieter 3210 (NU holo.; PRE, iso.).

Semi-succulent, erect, decumbent or scandent herb,

0. 1-0.5 m tall. Stems purple to dark green, sparsely

branched, densely strigose; trichomes purple; capitate

glands red or colourless, sessile. Leaves semisucculent,

obovate, 30-65 x 10-30 mm, dark green; midrib densely

strigose, rubro-punctate, colourless glands near midrib and

margins; apex round to notched; base cuneate; margin

* School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of

KwaZulu-Natal; Private Bag XOl, 3209 Scottsville, South Africa.

MS. received: 2005-05-13.

rubro-strigose, serrate in upper two thirds, teeth in 6 or 7

pairs; petiole purple, 8-12 mm long. Synflorescence termi-

nal, 100-170 mm long, paniculate to secund; cymes 3-

flowered; verticels often alternately 3- and 6-flowered;

rhachis rubro-strigose; lower bracts persistent, elliptical,

8-12 X 4-6 mm, upper bracts lanceolate, 3^ x 0.5-1. 0

mm, mbro-punctate above, mbro-strigose and mbro-punc-

tate below; margins entire, rubro-ciliate; pedicels purple,

4—5 mm long. Calyx green to purple, sparsely mbro-

strigose and mbro-punctate; upper sepal ovate, 4.0-4.5 x

2.5-3. 0 mm; lower sepals fused, 5 mm long, lobes lanceo-

late, 3 mm long; tube 2-3 mm long. Corolla 25-30 mm

long; tube laterally compressed, 10-12 x 3. 5^.0 mm,

white with dense erect glandular trichomes; upper lip 4-

lobed, obtmllate 9-10 x 11-12 mm, white with 2 deep

magenta central nectar guides, sparsely glandular-strigose

outside, lateral auricles 4 mm long; lower lip navicular, 4

mm long, dark pink, sparsely glandular. Stamens 4; fila-

ments free, 2-3 mm long, adnate to corolla throat. Style

white, fiUform, 13 mm long; stigma purple, shortly bifid,

upper lobe 1.0- 1.5 mm long, lower lobe 0.5 mm long.

Nutlets glabrous. Elowering time: January to March. Figure 1.

This species is only known from material collected by

David Styles during a joint botanical expedition to the

Lupatana River Gorge in the Eastern Cape (Figure 2).

Vegetative material was grown at the University of

KwaZulu-Natal Botanical Gardens from which the flow-

ering type specimens were derived.

Plants occur in steep sandstone gorges and flower in

late summer. The short lower lip, from which the specif-

ic epithet is derived, and the broadly obtmllate upper lip

are distinctive characteristics (Figure 1) seen also in

Plectranthus hilliardiae Codd.

Plectranthus stylesii TJ. Edwards, sp. nov., simi-

laris P. verticillato sed plantae erectae caulibus rigidis

crassis, foliis multo maioribus, et corolla ad faucem man-

ifesto contracta.

TYPE. — Eastern Cape, 3129 (Port St Johns): Msikaba

River Gorge, ± 4 km from the mouth, (-BA), initially

collected by D. Styles, ex hort. Edwards 3259 (NU,

holo.; E, GRA, K, NH, PRE, iso.).

Semisucculent, erect, decumbent or scandent herb,

0.4-0.6 m tall. Stems rigid, 10-15 mm thick below, ini-

150

Bothalia 35,2 (2005)

FIGURE 1. — Plectranthiis hrevimen-

tiiin. A, flowering stem, x 1; B,

lateral view of a single flower,

X 3.4. Artist: Linda Davis.

tially pale green becoming dark purple; sericeous, rubro-

punctate; nodes prominently ciliate. Leaves semisuccu-

lent, round to ovate, 50-80 x 40-80 mm, base obtuse to

cordate, adaxial surface sparsely rubro-punctate, sessile

colourless glands dense, filiform trichomes erect; abaxi-

al surface densely rubro-punctate, filiform trichomes

erect; midrib purple; margin serrate in upper two thirds,

teeth in 5-8 pairs; petiole purple, 1 5-25 mm long, rubro-

punctate. Synflorescence terminal, 150-250 mm long;

cymes 3-flowered; basal branches 2-4, verticels often

secund, alternately 3- and 6-flowered; rhachis strigose,

rubro-punctate; bracts persistent, lanceolate, 4-5 x 1-2

mm, glabrescent above, sparsely strigose and rubro-

punctate below; margins entire, ciliate; pedicels purple,

3^ mm long. Calyx green to purple, rubro-punctate;

upper sepal ovate, 3-4 x 3-5 mm; lower sepals partially

fused, 4 mm long, lateral lobes subulate, 1 mm long, pos-

ticous lobes 2-3 mm long; tube 1-2 mm long. Corolla

9-11 mm long, white, with dense, erect, glandular tri-

chomes outside; tube laterally compressed, 8-9 x 3. 5^.0

mm, broadest in the proximal third, throat constricted, 2

mm wide; upper lip 4-lobed, obovate 8-9 x 7-8 mm,

white with pale mauve nectar guides, sparsely rubro-

punctate outside, lateral auricles 4 mm long; lower lip

navicular with inrolled sides, 4-5 x 2 mm, white, dense-

ly rubro-punctate outside. Stamens 4; filaments free,

2. 5-3.0 mm long, adnate to corolla throat; anthers 1 mm

long, purple, connective rubro-punctate. Ovary 4-lobed,

glabrous; style white, filiform, 8-9 mm long; stigma

shortly bifid. Nutlets ovoid, 1.0-1.25 x 0. 8-1.0 mm,

glossy, pale to dark brown. Flowering time: March to

May. Figure 3.

Plectranthiis stylesii strongly resembles P. verticilla-

tiis but is distinguished from this procumbent species by

its thick, rigid, erect stems and bushy habit; plants grow

up to 0.6 m tall without support from adjacent vegeta-

tion. The leaves of P. stylesii are much larger (50-80 x

40-80 mm) than those of P. verticillatus (16^0 x 12^0

mm). The corolla of the new species is distinctly con-

stricted at the throat, whereas that of P. verticillatus is

only slightly narrowed.

Plectranthiis stylesii is known only from the Msikaba River

Gorge (Figure 2) where it grows in rocky forested habitats.

FIGURE 2. — Known distribution of Plectranthiis Ivevimentiim. ■; and

P. stylesii, M.

Bothalia 35,2 (2005)

151

L5Dav/5 - 'oj

FIGURE 3. — Plectranthus stylesii.

A, flowering stem, x 0.6; B,

lateral view of a single

flower, X 3.3. Artist: Linda

Davis.

Plectranthus ernstii

Plectranthus ernstii Codd was described in 1982 from

material collected at Oribi Gorge (Van Jaarsveld 3812) and

the species was presumed to be an endemic to that gorge

system, rather like P. oribiensis Codd. This assumption

seemed plausible due to the succulent, aerial stems of the

species which appear to be susceptible to burning. Recent

collections, however, extend the known distribution of P

ernstii to Umtamvuna Gorge (Potgieter 85) and to Msikaba

River (Edwards 3221). It seems probable that the species

occurs in the intervening gorge systems as well (Figure 4).

Material examined

KWAZULU-NATAL. — 3030 (Port Shepstone): Mtamvuna Nature

Reserve, (-CC), ex hort. T. Edwards s.n. Potgieter 85 (NU). Oribi

Gorge, view site at Fairacres Farm, (-CA), Potgieter 84 (NU); Van

Jaarsveld 3876 (PRE).

EASTERN CAPE. — 3129 (Port St Johns): Msikaba River, ± 1 km

upstream from the mouth in peripheral forest, (-BA), Edwards 3221

(NU).

Plectranthus praetermissus

Plectranthus praetermissus Codd was described in

1979 after a number of localized collections had been

made in the moist subtropical forests which surround

Port St Johns. Recently, large populations of P. prater-

missus were recorded from the Sakombe Forest near

Mbotyi (Edwards & Potgieter 3248) (Figure 4). Here the

species occurs in shallow lithosols in south-facing scarp

forest in seasonally dry niches.

152

Bothalia 35,2 (2005)

FIGURE 4. — Known distribution of Plectrcmthus ernstii, ■; and P.

praetermissus, •.

Material examined

EASTERN CAPE. — 3129 (Port St Johns): Bulowe River, (-DA),

Edwards 1556 (NU); Van Jaarsveld 3812 (PRE); Mbotyi, Sakombe

Forest, (-BD), Edwards & Potgieter 3248 (NU).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Thanks go to Dirk Belstedt and Neil Crouch for co-

funding parts of this fieldwork and for their indefatigable

interest in the flora of the eastern seaboard of South

Africa. Many other people assisted in joint expeditions du-

ring which these discoveries were made, including

Hildegard Crous, Trish Hutton-Squire, Christina Potgieter,

Edna van den Berg and Liesel van der Walt. Thanks to Alan

Paton and Ernst van Jaarsveld for their suggestions. The

line drawings were done by Linda Davis. Mike Lambert is

thanked for his continued assistance with the Latin transla-

tions.

REFERENCES

CODD, L.E. 1979, Plectranthus praetermissus. The Elowering Plants

of A frica 45 : t. 1791.

CODD, L.E. 1982. Plectranthus ernstii. The Elowering Plants of Africa

47; t. 1855.

CODD, L.E. 1985. Lamiaceae. In O.A. Leistner, Elora of southern Africa

28,4: 113-116. Botanical Research Institute, Pretoria.

DAVIS, S.D., HEYWOOD, V.H. & HAMILTON, A.C. (eds). 1994.

Centres of plant diversity. A guide and strategy for their conser-

vation, vol. 1 : Europe, Africa, South West Asia and the Middle East.

SOUTH AERICAN COMMITTEE FOR STRATIGRAPHY (SACS)

1980. Stratigraphy of South Africa Part 1 (comp. L.E. Kent),

Lithostratigraphy of the Republic of South Africa, South West

Africa/Namibia and the Republics of Bophuthatswana, Transkei

and Venda, Handbook of the Geological Sun’ey of South Africa

8. Government Printer, Pretoria.

VAN JAARSVELD, E.J. & EDWARDS, T.J, 1991. Plectranthus re-

fle.xiis. The Elowering Plants of Africa 5 1 : t. 2034.

VAN JAARSVELD, E.J. & EDWARDS. T.J. 1997. Notes on Plec-

trantlms (Lamiaceae) from southern Africa. Bothalia 27: 1-6,

VAN WYK, A.E. & SMITH, G.F. 2001. Regions of floristic endemism

in southern Africa: a review with empha.sis on succulents.

Umdaus Press, Pretoria.

Bothalia 35,2: 153-156 (2005)

A new species of Namaquanula (Amaryllidaceae: Amaryllideae) from

Namibia with notes on the genus

D.A. SNIJMAN*

Keywords: Amaryllidaceae, Amaryllideae, key to genera of Strumariinae, Namaquanula, D. Mtill.-Doblies & U.Miill.-Doblies, new species,

southern Namibia

ABSTRACT

Namaquanula bruynsii Snijman, a rare species of Amaryllidaceae from the Landsberg in southern Namibia described

here, is separated from N. bruce-bayeri by plane leaves, the absence of a perigone tube and the lack of a short adaxial hook

at the base of each filament. Shared specialized characters are brittle, tan-coloured bulb tunics and short papillae at the base

of each filament. A revised description of Namaquanula D.Miill.-Doblies & U.Miill.-Doblies is given and a key to the gen-

era of Amaryllideae subtribe Strumariinae is provided.

INTRODUCTION

Namaquanula D.Miill.-Doblies & U.Miill.-Doblies,

endemic to southern Namibia and the Richtersveld,

South Africa, is a genus of small, summer and autumn-

flowering plants in the family Amaryllidaceae. The genus

belongs to the southern African subtribe Strumariinae

sensii Meerow & Snijman (2001), in the tribe Amarylli-

deae. Other genera in the subtribe are Brunsvigia Heist.,

Crossyne Salisb., Hessea Herb., Nerine Herb., and

Strumaria Jacq. (which includes Carpolyza Salisb.), all

of which have specialized seeds containing a well-devel-

oped, chlorophyllous integument and a stomatose testa.

Namaquanula was first described as a monotypic

genus in 1985. The type species is N. bruce-bayeri

D.Miill.-Doblies & U.Miill.-Doblies, an inhabitant of

alluvial gravel on flats and low hills in southern Namibia

and northern Richtersveld (Miiller-Doblies & Miiller-

Doblies 1985). A second species, N. etesionamibensis

D.Miill.-Doblies & U.Miill.-Doblies from the same habi-

tat in southern Namibia was described in 1994 (Miiller-

Doblies & Miiller-Doblies 1994) being distinguished

from N. bruce-bayeri on small, quantitative, floral dif-

ferences. However, the existence of intermediate speci-

mens {Williamson 3405 at NBG and Ward & Seely 10271

at PRE) led subsequent authors to recognize only one

variable species, N. bruce-bayeri (Snijman 1999;

Snijman & Archer 2003).

In 2001, while exploring several inselbergs in arid

southwestern Africa, Dr P.V. Bruyns found an isolated

population of Namaquanula in full flower on Lands-

berg, a mountain in southern Namibia. This distinct,

rare species is described and illustrated here for the first

time.

Namaquanula bruynsii Snijman, sp. nov., ex

affmitate N. bruce-bayeri D.Miill.-Doblies & U.Miill.-

Doblies sed foliis planis, tepalis liberis, absque filamen-

tis hamatis differt. Figura 1.

* Compton Herbarium, South African National Biodiversity Institute,

Private Bag X7, 7735 Claremont, Cape Town.

MS. received: 2005-01-18.

TYPE. — Namibia, 2516 (Helmeringhausen); Lands-

berg, on flattish granite and quartz gravel patches on top

of plateau, (-CD), 4-1-2001, Bruyns 8105 (NBG, holo.;

PRE, WIND).

Deciduous, bulbous herb, 80-130 mm tall in flower,

up to 180 mm tall in leaf. Bulb solitary, ovoidal, ± 30

mm diam., covered by several thick, tan-coloured, brit-

tle tunics; neck slender, up to 30 mm long. Leaves

appearing shortly after flowering, 3 or 4, suberect in

lower half, spreading to recurved above, narrowly

lorate, 120-280 x 2. 5-4. 5 mm, plane, green, glabrous,

dying back from apex after maturity, both surfaces

alike, outer leaves sheathing at base; cataphyll absent.

Inflorescence 12-18-flowered, ultimately subhemi-

spherical, 40-70 mm across; scape erect, 30-65 x

1. 5-3.0 mm, strongly compressed in cross section, pale

green, glabrous, remaining attached to bulb when dry;

spathe valves 2, lanceolate, 20-25 x 4-5 mm, membra-

nous; bracteoles linear, up to 5 mm long; pedicels radi-

ating, somewhat downwardly curved near ovary at

anthesis, becoming straight thereafter, 18-30 x 1 mm,

obscurely triangular in cross section, pale green.

Perigone actinomorphic, star-shaped, 10-20 mm

across, without a tube, pale pink, somewhat hyaline and

glistening with a darker pink or greenish median stripe

on each tepal, unscented, remaining outspread and turn-

ing brown when old; tepals 6, free to base, oblong-lance-

olate, 9-12 X 2 mm, spreading to recurved. Stamens 6,

prominent; filaments free to base, 9-10 mm long, close

set at base for 2. 5-3.0 mm, otherwise spreading, delicate

pink, covered with minute papillae for up to 3 mm on

adaxial surface; anthers dorsifixed, ± 2 mm long before

opening, maroon; pollen whitish. Ovary 3 mm across,

trilocular, each locule filled with 1 large ovule; style up

to 1 1 mm long, more or less equalling stamens, slender

throughout; nectar collecting around style base; stigma

very shortly trifid. Capsule papery, dehiscent, containing

3 seeds at most; seeds ovate, 5 mm across, fleshy, pink-

ish; embryo green.

Phenology. Namaquanula bruynsii flowers briefly in

January, while the leaves are still dormant. The foliage

emerges a few weeks after flowering and becomes fully

developed during favourable conditions in autumn. In

154

Bothalia 35,2 (2005)

FIGURE I . — Namaquamdti hmynsii. Bruyns 8105. A, bulb and mature leaves, B, intlorescence. C-E, flower: C, viewed from above; D, viewed

from side; E, with one tepal and stamen removed. F-H, anther: F, dorsal view; G, lateral view; H, ventral view. I, capsule containing mature

seeds. .Scale bar: A, B, 20 mm: C-E. 5 inm; F-H. I mm; I. 10 mm. Artist; J.C. Manning.

cultivation the leaves remain green throughout winter

but die off from the tips as soon as water is withheld at

the end of spring. In nature they probably remain green

only as long as conditions remain suitable.

Diagno.stic features', in comparison with other species

in the subtribe Strumariinae, the floral morphology of

this new species is unspecialized. The flowers are star-

shaped, regular, and lack a perigone tube, whereas the

filaments are free to the base and the anthers are dorsi-

fixed. The only specialized feature is the presence at the

base of the filaments of distinct papillae on the adaxial

surface. Thus on floral morphology alone the taxonomic

position of this new species is not readily apparent.

Bothalia 35,2 (2005)

155

When first described, Namaquanula was recognized

as having flowers with a perigone tube, filaments cov-

ered with papillae and each bearing a short incurved

hook near the base of the adaxial surface. Superficially,

the star-shaped flowers of Namaquanula resemble those

of Hessea and on this basis Snijman (1994) treated

Namaquanula as a subgenus of Hessea. However, in a

recent molecular phylogenetic analysis using internal tran-

scribed spacer (ITS) sequences, Hessea and Namaquanula

resolved as sister to each other (Weichhardt-Kulessa et al.

2000). Moreover, in an extended phylogenetic analysis of

the entire tribe Amaryllideae using morphology and ITS

sequences (Meerow & Snijman 2001), Namaquanula

resolved as sister to Brunsvigia with Hessea sister to them

both.

In assessing the taxonomic position of N. bruynsii, the

open, star-shaped flowers, and the absence of both a

perigone tube and the inwardly curved hooks at the base

of the filaments suggested its possible inclusion in

Hessea. The dorsifixed anther attachment, rather than

centrifixed to subcentrifixed anthers as in Hessea, and

the conspicuous papillae at the base of the filaments,

however, also indicated that the species might belong to

Namaquanula. Nevertheless, when the bulbs produced

leaves, the vegetative characters (the presence of spe-

cialized, brittle, tan-coloured bulb tunics, 3 or 4 foliage

leaves, and the absence of a cataphyll) were typical of

Namaquanula. Hessea, in contrast, always has parch-

ment-like bulb tunics, 2 foliage leaves and a subter-

ranean cataphyll. Although plants of A. bruce-bayeri that

have been cultivated in Europe have occasionally pro-

duced only 1 or 2 leaves per season (Miiller-Doblies &

Miiller-Doblies 1985; Weichhardt-Kulessa et al. 2000)

the absence of a cataphyll remains constant.

Further support for the placement of this new species

in Namaquanula has also come from the molecular phy-

logenetic analysis of Amaryllideae by Meerow &

Snijman (2001). In the results of this study, N. bruynsii

(Bruyns 8105) resolved as sister to N. bruce-bayeri

{Williamson 3405 NBG), suggesting their shared ances-

try.

Morphologically N. bruynsii is distinguished from N.

bruce-bayeri mainly by its leaves, which are flat in cross

section, the absence of a perigone tube, and the lack of

short, adaxial hooks at the base of the filaments. In con-

trast, N. bruce-bayeri has somewhat succulent leaves

that are elliptical in cross section, the flower has a

1.8-2. 2 mm long perigone tube, and each filament bears

a short, adaxial hook near the base.

Distribution and habitat, the species is known from a

highly localized, small population on the high plateau of

Landsberg, southern Namibia (P.V. Bruyns pers. comm.)

(Figure 2). The plants grow in somewhat flat patches of

granite and quartz gravel in association with winter-

growing succulent plants of the families Aizoaceae,

Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae, Crassulaceae, and

Euphorbiaceae. The specimen Hall 1967 (NBG), com-

prising a bulb and leaves, collected from Gamochas, ± 60

miles [ 96 km] north of Aus in the quarter-degree grid

2616BA, may represent another population of N. bruyn-

sii. But until flowering specimens from this locality

become available this cannot be confirmed.

FIGURE 2. — Known distribution of Namaquanula bniytisii, •, in south-

ern Namibia; and N. bruce-bayeri, ■, in southern Namibia and

Richtersveld, South Africa.

Etymology: the specific epithet honours Dr P.V.

Bruyns whose tireless botanical exploration in southern

Africa’s arid areas has led to the discovery of this and

three other species of Hessea and Strumaria over the past

10 years (Snijman 1999, 2005).

Namaquanula re-circumscribed

To augment the description of Namaquanula published

by Miiller-Doblies & Muller-Doblies (1985) with the new

morphological data derived from the discovery of N.

bniynsii, an amplified description of the genus is provided.

Furthermore, to assist the identification of Namaquanula

from other genera in Amaryllideae subtribe Strumariinae,

as currently circumscribed by Meerow & Snijman (2001),

a key is given below.

Namaquanula D.Mull.-Doblies & U.Mull.-Doblies,

Botanische Jahrbiicher 107: 20 (1985). Type: Namaquanula

bruce-bayeri D.Mull.-Doblies & U.Miill.-Dobhes.

Perennial, deciduous, bulbous herbs, ranging from

150-180 mm high. Bulb 15-40 mm diam., solitary or

occasionally forming bulblets, ovoidal, covered by sev-

eral, brittle, tan-coloured, cartilaginous tunics; neck up to

80 mm long. Leaves (l-)3 or 4, distichous, absent at

flowering, all but innermost sheathing at base, suberect

to spreading, narrowly lorate, plane or elliptical in cross

section, glabrous, curved or recurved distally; cataphyll

absent. Inflorescence a 6-18-flowered, umbel-like cluster,

up to 70 mm diam.; scape erect, glabrous, solid; spathe

valves 2, narrowly lanceolate, membranous; bracteoles

filiform. Flowers actinomorphic, spreading, stellate, pale

pink, remaining open and turning brown with age;

pedicels stiff, distinctly longer than perigone. Tepals

shortly connate into a basal tube or free to base, oblong-

lanceolate, spreading to recurved, plane or with slightly

undulate edges. Stamens 6, free from style; filaments

connate proximally into a short tube or free to base,

adaxial surface covered with short papillae for a short

distance above base, sometimes each bearing a small,

adaxial hook shortly above base, spreading above;

anthers oblong, dorsifixed, latrorse, opening by longitu-

dinal slits. Ovary trilocular with 1 bitegmic ovule per

156

Bothalia 35,2 (2005)

locule, placentation axile, nectaries septal; style slender;

stigma minutely trifid. Infnictescence rapidly drying off,

sometimes detaching and tumbling away from bulb.

Capsule small, loculicidal, walls thin and membranous.

Seeds ovoidal, 2. 5-5.0 mm diam., fleshy, reddish green.

rapidly outgrowing capsule; testa stomatose; embryo

green. Chromosome number: x = 1 1 .

Species two, endemic to southwestern Africa: south-

ern Namibia and the Richtersveld, Northern Cape.

Key to the genera of Amaryllideae subtribe Strumariinae

la Flowers zygomorphic (sometimes only by the deflexed style):

2a Leaves narrow, usually less than 25 mm wide, and subsucculent; pedicels slender, rarely longer than perigone;

tepal margins usually ± undulate; capsules subglobose and membranous, without conspicuous, transversal

veins Nerine

2b Leaves broad, usually more than 25 mm wide, and leathery; pedicels stout, usually much longer than perigone;

tepal margins rarely crisped; capsules trigonous to subfusiform and papery, with conspicuous, transversal

veins:

3a Leaves immaculate; margins smooth or shortly fringed with branched cilia; pedicels obscurely

3-angled in cross section; filaments tightly clustered; capsules prominently ribbed, often tardily

dehiscent Bninsvigia

3b Leaves speckled with red; margins fringed with long, straight bristles; pedicels sharply triangular in cross sec-

tion; filaments ± separate; capsules not ribbed, readily dehiscent Crossyne

lb Flowers actinomorphic:

4a Leaves 2-6. glabrous or softly hairy; perigone collapsing after anthesis; filaments free or if fused then filament

tube trilocular; usually at least one filament whorl adnate to style base; anthers subcentrifixed to dorsi-

fixed; style columnar, winged or swollen ba.sally Stnimaria

4b Leaves 2^, glabrous or rarely minutely pilose; perigone drying and remaining open after anthesis; filaments

free or connate into a short to long tube, never trilocular, free from style; anthers centrifixed to subcen-

trifixed or dorsifixed; style slender throughout:

5a Outer tunics of bulb soft and parchment-like, greyish to pale brown; leaves 2, glabrous or rarely minutely

pilose; cataphyll present, mostly subterranean but sometimes exposed; filaments smooth at base;

anthers centrifixed to subcentrifixed Hessea

5b Outer tunics of bulb firm and brittle, tan-coloured; leaves (l-)3 or 4, glabrous; cataphyll absent; filaments

papillate basally on adaxial surface; anthers dorsifixed Namaquamda

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I am most grateful to Dr P.V. Bruyns for bringing this

new species to my attention, to Mr G. Duncan for growing

the bulbs at Kirstenbosch Botanical Garden for further

study, and to Dr J.C. Manning for his skillful line drawing.

REFERENCES

MEEROW, A. & SNIJMAN, D.A. 2001 . Phylogeny of Amaryllidaceae

tribe Amaryllideae based on nrDNA ITS sequences and mor-

phology. American Journal of Botany 88: 2321-2330.

MULLER-DOBLIES, D. & MULLER-DOBLIES, U. 1985. De

Liliifloris notulae 2. De taxonomia subtribus Strumariinae

(Amaryllidaceae). Botanische Jahrbucher 107: 17—47.

MULLER-DOBLIES, D. & MULLER-DOBLIES, U. 1994. De

Liliifloris notulae 5. Some new taxa and combinations in the

Amaryllidaceae tribe Amaryllideae from arid southern Africa.

Feddes Repertorium 105: 331-363.

SNIJMAN, D.A. 1994. Systematics of Hessea. Stnimaria and

Carpolyza (Amaryllideae: Amaryllidaceae). Contributions from

the Bolus Herbarium 16: 1-162.

SNIJMAN. D.A. 1999. A new species, notes on subgeneric taxa, and

new synonyms in Hessea (Amaryllidaceae: Amaryllideae).

Novon 9: 107-1 10.

SNIJMAN, D.A. 2005. Three new species and a new synonym in

Stnimaria (Amaryllidaceae: Amaryllideae) from southern

Africa. Bothalia 35: 21-27.

SNIJMAN, D.A. & ARCHER, R.H. 2003. Amaryllidaceae. In G.

Germishuizen & N.L. Meyer, Plants of southern Africa: an annotated

checklist. Strelitzia 14; 957-967. National Botanical Institute. Pretoria.

WEICHHARDT-KULESSA, K.. BORNER, T, SCHMITZ, J., MULLER-

DOBLIES, U. & MULLER-DOBLIES, D. 2000. Controversial taxon-

omy of Strumariinae (Amaryllidaceae) investigated by nuclear rDNA

(ITS) sequences. 1. Hessea, Namaquamda, Kamiesbergia, and

Dewinterella. Plant Sy.stematics and Evolution 223: 1-13.

Bothalia 35,2: 157-173 (2005)

Notes on African plants

VARIOUS AUTHORS

LAMIACEAE

AEOLLANTHUS RYDINGIANUS, A NEW SPECIES FROM NORTHERN NAMIBIA AND SOUTHERN ANGOLA

INTRODUCTION

The genus AeoUanthus Mart, ex Spreng. ranges from

tropical to southern Africa. It belongs to the Lamiaceae,

subfamily Nepetoideae, tribe Ocimeae, and comprises ±

43 species. Members of AeoUanthus are succulent or

semisucculent subshrubs or annual or perennial herbs. In

a comprehensive taxonomic revision of the group, Ryding

(1981, 1982, 1986) provided seven examples of pairs of

closely related systematic entities, each consisting of a

perennial and an annual. Two of these pairs, the pre-

dominantly East African A. repens Oliv. and the more

widespread v4. siiaveolens Mart, ex Spreng., the Angolan

A. candelabrum Briq. and the more widespread A.

neglectus (Dinter) Launert, consist of distinct species.

The Angolan perennial A. caudatus Ryding also appears

to be distinct but is related to two annual species, the

Angolan A. lobatus N.E.Br. and the Namibian A. nami-

biensis Ryding. The predominantly south-tropical

African A. setpiciiloides Baker and A. ukamensis Giirke

were retained as separate species, although they differ

only slightly from one another. The same applies to the

Ethiopian A. abyssinicus Hochst. ex Benth. and^. pinnati-

fidus Hochst. ex Benth. In one case, the perennial and

annual forms are even less distinct and are included in

the same species, A. buchnerianus Briq.

The annual A. elsholzioides Briq. is considered to be

endemic to the Huila Plateau in the vicinity of Lubango,

southern Angola. It has a perennial relative represented

by a single collection from the same area. Ryding (1986)

indicated that this collection most probably represents a

separate species, but due to shortage of material, he hesi-

tated to provide a formal name and described and illus-

trated it under the provisional name AeoUanthus sp. A. In

July 2002, plants of this perennial taxon were discovered

on the Baynes Mountains in northern Namibia by a botani-

cal expedition led by the first author; this material was

cultivated at Kirstenbosch. The cuttings rooted rapidly

and flowered a year later in June and July. A comparative

study of the available live material confirmed its status as

a distinct new species. The purpose of this paper is to

describe the new species formally and to discuss its rela-

tionships, especially with A. elsholzioides. We take plea-

sure in naming this new species for Dr Per Olof Ryding

of the Botanical Museum, University of Copenhagen,

Denmark, in recognition of the considerable contribution

he has made to the classification of the genus AeoUanthus.

AeoUanthus rydingianus Van Jaarsv. & A.E.van

Wyk, sp. nov., A. elsholzioidi Briq. similis sed habitu

perenni valde maiori usque ad 600 mm alto, indumento

plus dense glandular!, foliis maioribus 70-140(-200) x

40-80 (-100) mm, inflorescentia in fonna paniculi laxi

terminal! usque ad 125 x 60 mm, spicis breve peduncu-

latis, bracteis fertilibus maioribus latioribus 5. 5-8.0 x

4. 0-5. 5 mm, corolla maiori (1 2-) 18-1 9 mm longa, differt.

TYPE. — Namibia, 1713 (Omavanda): Kaokoveld,

Baynes Mountains, Omavanda, growing on ledge of

sheer south-facing cliff, 1 800 m, (-AD), Van Jaarsveld,

Voigt & Cilliers 17481 (WIND, holo.).

AeoUanthus sp. A: Ryding (1986: 124).

leones: Ryding (1986: 125. fig. 48E-G).

Softly semisucculent, herbaceous, branched, erect

subshrubs up to 600 mm tall, most parts covered with

glandular hairs and sharply aromatic. Roots fibrous.

Branches terete, main branch up to 20 mm diam., with

brown, peeling bark at base, younger branches 7-8 mm

diam., green and sparsely covered with translucent glan-

dular hairs up to 2 mm long, nodes 20-30 mm long,

intemodes covered in short, axillary, crowded, leafy

branches, each with 3 pairs of leaves overtopped by nor-

mal leaves. Leaves decussate; those on axillary branches

20-40 X 15-20 mm (occasionally much shorter), very

shortly petiolate; normal leaves spreading, long-petio-

late, 70-140(-200) x 40-80(-100) mm, becoming

drooping, often exposing suppressed, axillary branches;

lamina broadly ovate to broadly triangular-ovate, fleshy,

tomentose, slightly viscous due to glandular translucent

hairs; adaxial surface channelled, slightly mgose, dense-

ly covered in soft translucent glandular hairs 0. 5-2.0 mm

long; abaxial surface reticulate; veins prominent, dense-

ly beset with glandular hairs, elsewhere hairy; margin

dentate with 7-10 pairs of teeth, 5-7 mm long, and each

with a secondary tooth at base, decurrent on petiole; apex

acute to subacute; base cuneate to attenuate; petiole

15^0 X 5 mm, subterete. Inflorescence a tenninal, lax,

pyramid-shaped panicle, 100-125(-200) mm high, 60

mm wide at base; spikes becoming gradually smaller

towards tip, those of main axis with opposite flowers,

other spikes bearing alternately 1 or 2 flowers at each

node; lower spikes up to 30 mm long, short-stalked, each

with a pair of short side branches at base; rachis 4 mm

diam. at base, gradually becoming thinner distally; bracts

concave, broadly ovate, densely imbricate, 5. 5-8.0 x

4. 0-5. 5 mm, surface with 3 obscure veins, covered with

short glandular hairs, apex acute, sterile bracts slightly

smaller. Calyx green, 1.75-2.5 mm long, bell-shaped, basal

part circular, 1 mm diam., widening towards apex; upper

lip 3-lobed; lower lip infolded. Corolla white (Angola)

or mauve (Namibia), 12-19 mm long, 2-lipped; tube

8-10 mm long, 1 mm diam. at base, widening to 3.5 mm

at throat; upper lip erect, 4-lobed, 8 mm high, bearing

158

Bothalia 35,2 (2005)

FIGURE 1. — Aeollanthus lydin-

gianns. A, flowering branch,

X 0.7; B, flower, x 2, scale

bar: 15 min. Artist: Vicki

Thomas.

dark purple spots; lower lip 5-9 mm long, horizontal,

cymbiform, obtuse at apex. Stamens 8-9 mm long, mauve;

anthers 1 mm diam.; pollen yellow. Style (9-) 15-1 6 mm

long, lengthening to up to (11-)17-18 mm long when

ripe. Nutlets 1.3 x 1 mm, black, smooth. Figure 1.

Diagnostic features and relationships'. Aeollanthus

rydingianiis belongs to section Rotimdobasis Ryding, a

group that also includes A. elsholzioides (Angola), A.

rehmannii Giirke (Namibia and South Africa) and A.

parvifolius Benth. (South Africa). It is most closely relat-

ed to the annual A. elsholzioides, from which it differs in

being a perennial, semisucculent subshrub up to 600 mm

high. It furthermore differs from A. elsholzioides in hav-

ing an indumentum that is more densely glandular, long-

petioled, ovate leaves that are larger, 70-140(-200) x

40-80(-100) mm; an inflorescence that is a lax, pyrami-

dal, terminal panicle up to 125 x 60 mm; short-stalked,

dense spikes, larger and broader; subacute, imbricate,

fertile bracts, 5. 5-8.0 x 4. 0-5. 5 mm; and a larger corolla

(1 2-) 18- 19 mm long. The 4-lobed upper lip of the

mauve corolla (white in the Angolan specimen), is

densely purple-spotted. In the annual A. elsholzioides,

the leaves are smaller, up to 28-80 x 10-40 mm; the fer-

tile bracts are up to 4-7 x 2. 5-3. 5 mm, with the apex

acuminate; the corolla is violet and smaller, 8-11 mm

long. The short, condensed axillary side branches are

overtopped by the foliage leaves, the latter becoming

drooping and often exposing the upper condensed axil-

lary branches, each with three pairs of leaves.

Aeollanthus lydingianus should not be confused with

A. buchnerianus and A. neglectus which also occur in

northern Namibia. The latter two species belong to sec-

tion Cucculilabium Ryding and are at once distinguished

by their flowers which have the lower lip hooded and

lobed at the base. However, the lobes are relatively small

or sometimes indistinct in plants of A. buchnerianus from

the South African provinces of Gauteng and Eastern Cape.

The two other members of section Rotimdobasis, A.

rehmannii and A. parvifolius, lack the distinctive over-

lapping bracts. The remaining Namibian species, A.

namibiensis, is also easily distinguished by its pinnatifid

leaves (section Cyathobasis Ryding). The only remain-

ing species in the Flora of southern Africa region, A.

suaveolens (section Aeollanthus), is a pleasantly aroma-

tic annual from the province of Limpopo, South Africa.

Because of their close affinity, A. elsholzioides and A.

lydingianus can be referred to as the 4. elsholzioides group.

As in many other members of Aeollanthus, these two

species have one-sided spikes with alternately one or two

flowers at each node, or an all-sided spike with opposite

flowers on the main axis. However, the one-sided spikes

of the A. elsholzioides group differ from the one-sided

spikes of the rest of the genus in having a decussate

arrangement of the bracts and flowers, apart from the

reduction of a flower at each second node (Ryding 1986;

fig. 6G). In other Aeollanthus species, the flowers and

bracts of the 2-flowered nodes are displaced towards one

Bothalia 35,2 (2005)

159

side of the spikes (Ryding 1986: fig. 6H-K), or the flow-

ers are quite differently arranged. Superficially, the spikes

of the A. elsholzioides group have an all-sided appear-

ance, as the ordinary bracts are large and broad and the

sterile bracts at the back (that do not subtend flowers) are

almost as large as the ordinary bracts. Spikes of A. biich-

neriamts have a similar appearance, but those of other

Aeollanthus species have a clearly one-sided appearance,

as their sterile bracts are much smaller, narrower or absent.

Distribution and ecology, at present A. ry’dingianus is

known only from two localities ± 300 km apart, one in

northern Namibia, the other in southern Angola. At both

localities conditions are relatively moist and the soils are

suspected to be somewhat acidic due to the presence of

quartzitic rocks. The Angolan collection dates from 1968

(Teixeira et al. 12533 in LlSC, non vidi) and comes from

a locality between Tundavala and Lubango on the Huila

Plateau, where it was collected among rocks at an alti-

tude of ± 1 800 m. The Huila Plateau has a high average

annual rainfall of up to 1 300 mm and the lush vegetation

of the area contains relict enclaves of Afromontane

grassland and forest. These climatic conditions are in

seemingly stark contrast to the locality of the Namibian

record, which is from the arid Kaokoveld in the north-

western comer of the country (Figure 2). Here the taxon

is confined to the upper quartzite cliffs of the southeast-

ern part of the Baynes Mountains. This mgged range

consists of a flat-topped quartzite massif which rises to ±

2 000 m and is bordered by sheer cliffs. The mountain

can only be reached on foot, after several hours of walk-

ing and climbing. Plants of A. lydingianus occur in a

restricted area on a narrow south-facing ledge at ± 1 800

m. The particular site is considerably wetter than what

would be expected under the prevailing climate due to

the presence of seepage water. Only a small population

was found in full flower. Associated species include the

trees Cussonia angolensis. Ficus bubu, F. glumosa, F.

ilicina and Niixia congesta, as well as the pendent

cremnophyte Aloe omavandae. Although the plants grow

in the shade of cliffs in winter, they receive some sun-

light for part of the day in summer. The Baynes Moun-

tains are not well explored, and the two first-mentioned

associated tree species were new records for Namibia;

Aloe omavandae turned out to be a new species

described in Van Jaarsveld & Van Wyk (2004).

A noteworthy feature observed in cultivated plants of

A. rydingianus is the development of vegetative propag-

ules at the end of old flowering spikes. After the flowers,

fmits and bracts have been shed, the main axis remains

alive until the following autumn when small vegetative

shoots or propagules appear. Each propagule consists of

a leafy shoot. 20-50 mm long (2-7 leaf pairs), and is

shed during late autumn. The fallen propagules root

below the mother plant, a vegetative reproduction strate-

gy often observed in cliff-dwelling succulents and bulbs

(Van Jaarsveld & Van Wyk 2003).

Average annual rainfall in the Kaokoveld varies from

less than 50 mm along the coast to 350 mm in the high-

lands (Mendelsohn et al. 2002). Precipitation is erratic

and occurs mainly in the form of thundershowers in sum-

mer. At Omavanda, where the average annual rainfall is

an estimated 250-350 mm, A. rydingianus receives sub-

FIGURE 2. — Known distribution of Aeollanthus tydingianus.

stantial additional moisture in the fonn of water that

seeps from zones of weakness in the quartzitic rocks. Its

habitat clearly represents a restricted, relatively moist

refuge in a generally arid area. The habitat preference of

A. rydingianus in the Kaokoveld reflects an Afromontane

affinity rather than an adaptation to the arid semidesert

conditions prevailing in the region. Its presence in the

Kaokoveld may be an outlier occurrence and this would

also support its treatment as a taxon conspecific with

Aeollanthus sp. A of the Huila Plateau. It is likely that

more records of the new species would come from the

wetter and botanically still poorly explored Serra da

Chella Mountain Range which extends from the Huila

Plateau southwards towards the Kaokoveld.

The lower foothills of the Baynes Mountains are cov-

ered by arid Colophospermwn mopane-Cominiphora

savanna. Other characteristic trees in this savanna

include Adansonia digitata, Berchemia discolor, Boscia

albitrunca, Commiphora crenato-serrata, Diospyros

mespiliformis, Philenoptera nelsii, Ptaeroxylon obliqu-

um, Sterculia africana and Terminalia prunioides. The

Kaokoveld forms part of the Kaokoveld Centre of

Endemism (Van Wyk & Smith 2001 ), a biogeographical

region that includes northwestern Namibia and south-

western Angola. This local centre of endemism is rich in

endemic plants, nearly all of which show adaptation to

desert and semidesert conditions. Among the endemics

are at least three species Aeollanthus, namely^, cauda-

tus, A. lobatus and A. namibiensis. Other endemic Lami-

aceae include Tetradenia kaokoensis and Plectranthus

unguentarius. A. rydingianus, however, is not a Kaoko-

veld Centre endemic but, as suggested above, most prob-

ably an Afromontane element that managed to establish

160

Bothalia 35,2 (2005)

itself in an isolated, moist refuge in the Baynes Moun-

tains. Dispersal was most probably facilitated by birds

that frequent the local puddles of water that seep from

the sandstone rock, a possibility supported by the fact

that the seed of most of the associated trees {Ciissonia,

Ficus) are bird-dispersed.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Our sincere thanks to Dr Olof Ryding of the University

of Copenhagen, Denmark, for valuable information on the

taxonomy of AeoUanthus and for his constructive com-

ments on earlier drafts of this manuscript. We thank

Gerrit Germishuizen and Emsie du Plessis for editing the

text. Dr Hugh Glen for translating the diagnosis into

Latin and Vicky Thomas for illustrating the plant. The

Department of Nature Conservation in Namibia is thanked

for providing the necessary plant collecting permits.

REFERENCES

MENDELSOHN, J., JARVIS, A., ROBERTS, C. & ROBERTSON, T.

2002. Atlas of Namibia. David Philip, Cape Town.

RYDING, O. 1981. The AeoUanthus buchnerianus group (Labiatae).

Nordic Journal of Botany 1: 154—164.

RYDING, O. 1982. The AeoUanthus abyssinicus group (Labiatae).

Nordic Journal of Botany 2: 219-229.

RYDING, O. 1986. The gsnus AeoUanthus s. lat. (Labiatae). Symbolae

Botanicae Upsalienses 26: 1-152.

VAN JAARSVELD, E.J. & VAN WYK, A.E. (Braam). 2003.

Adaptations without barriers: succulent plants shaped by cliffs.

Aloe 40: 98-103.

VAN JAARSVELD, E.J. & VAN WYK, A.E. (Braam). 2004. Aloe

omavandae (Asphodelaceae), a new species from the

Kaokoveld, northwestern Namibia. Haseltonia 10: 41^3.

VAN WYK, A.E. & SMITH, G.F. 2001. Regions of floristic endemism

in southern Africa: a review with emphasis on succulents.

Umdaus Press, Hatfield, Pretoria.

E.J. VAN JAARSVELD*! and A.E. VAN WYK**

* South African National Biodiversity Institute, Kirstenbosch, Private

Bag X7, 7735 Claremont.

t Student affiliation: Department of Botany, University of Pretoria,

Pretoria.

** H.G.W.J. Schweickerdt Herbarium, Department of Botany,

University of Pretoria, 0002 Pretoria.

MS. received: 2004-10-26.

MESEMBRYANTHEMACEAE

OSCULARIA CREMNOPHILA, A RARE NEW SPECIES FROM WESTERN CAPE, SOUTH AFRICA

Oscularia cremnophila Van Jaarsv., PDesmet &

A.E.van Wyk, sp. nov., differ! foliis luteoviridibus subglau-

cis turgide trigonis ad subclavatis, cortice suberoso-alato,

et inflorescentia laterali cymosa statim distinguitur.

TYPE. — Western Cape, 3218 (Clanwilliam): Steenboks-

fontein, sandstone inselberg, sheer south-facing cliff,

(-AB), Van Jaarsveld 18404 (PRE, holo.!).

Pendent, densely branched, glabrescent, succulent shrub

600-750(-1000) mm tall; old stems woody, up to 30 mm

diam., bark of basal portion rough, very corky, and becom-

ing distinctly winged with age, leafless for up to 250 mm,

becoming distally thinner with leaves; young stems green

at first, soon becoming brown and woody. Leaves crowded

on short branches (almost touching) and rather dense on

longer shoots, sessile, united at base, decussate, entire,

ascending, spreading, with two or three pairs (with persis-

tent withered older pair), thick, trigonous to turgidly trigo-

nous (almost club-shaped) and broadest near the tip,

10-15(-25) X 6-10(-12) mm, 7-9(-15) mm diam., pale

yellowish grey-green, surface minutely papillate (not due

to bladder cells), waxy layer present, apex obtuse,

mucronate, edges of keel and margin sometimes reddish

and falcate along keel. Inflorescences in lax to dense, ter-

minal and laterally spreading cymes (3-flowered and

10-17 mm diam.) forming panicles, 40-50 x 25^0 mm,

with up to 23 flowers on bibracteate peduncles up to 20

mm long; centre flower (of each 3-flowered cyme) opening

first; bracts leaf-like, club-shaped. Flowers diurnal, pleas-

antly scented, pedicellate; pedicels 3-5(-8) mm long.

Sepals 5, unequal, with translucent margins, outer two tri-

angular-club-shaped, 5-7 X 3. 0-3. 5 mm, inner three trian-

gular-lorate, 3. 5-4.0 x 3 mm. Petals pink, in one series.

spreading, linear-lanceolate, 6-7 x 1.4— 2.0 mm, apices

obtuse to subacute. Stamens: staminodes filamentous sur-

rounding stamens in a central cone; filaments ± 3 mm long,

upper third pink, lower two-thirds translucent, white, clasp-

ing ovary; anthers 0.6-0.7 mm long, yellow, not complete-

ly overtopping stigmas. Gynoecium 4 mm diam., with 5

raised obtuse sutures, minutely papillate, pale translucent

green, elevated up to 1.2 mm; nectaries 5, narrow, 2 mm

long, crenulate; placentation parietal; stigmas 5, arising

from centre between sutures or lobes, subulate, erect, 2.5 x

0.6 mm, dark maroon, papillate and not completely con-

cealed by stamens. Capsule 5-locular, hygrochastic, top-

shaped, 5 mm diam., 6-7 miu deep, top rounded, open cap-

sule up to 9 mm diam.; valves 3x2.5 mm, covering mem-

branes complete, valve wings broad, rectangular. Closing

body absent. Seeds pear-shaped, 0.8 x 0.6 mm, brownish,

minutely tuberculate. Flowering time in early spring,

August-September. Figures 3, 4.

The genus Oscularia consists of 23 species confined to

the western part of Western Cape and the coastal regions of

Northern Cape (Hartmann 2001 ). Oscularia species are dis-

tinguished by a combination of vegetative and floral fea-

tures. Their leaves are characteristically trigonous (often fal-

cate) and markedly keeled, bearing a distinctive grey-green

wax layer of densely placed platelets, and a thick crystal

sand layer in the outer epidennis (Hartmann 2001).

Oscularia species are also characterized by their usual rich

terminal and lateral cymes fonning a dense inflorescence.

In some species (including the new species) the inflores-

cence consists of an aggregate of 3-flowered cymes. The

stamens and staminodes are collected into distinct cones.

The five large nectaries are arranged in a ring. The capsules

are not very finu as in the related Lampranthus.

Bothalia 35,2 (2005)

161

B

FIGURE 3. — Oscidaria cremnophi-

la. A, branch showing lateral

cymose infructescence, x 1,

Van Jaarsveld 18404; B,

flowering branch, x 1, Van

Jaarsveld 19003. Artist: Lisa

Strachan.

Oscidaria cremnophila is readily distinguished from

other members of Oscidaria by its distinctive winged cork-

ification of the older and lower branches. It appears to be

closest to O. vredenbiirgensis (L.Bolus) H.E.K.Hartmann,

a coastal species from about 80 km further south. From

this and other Oscularia species it can be further sepa-

rated by its yellowish, grey-green, very turgid, trigonous

leaves (leaf diameter of 6-12 mm in O. cremnophila, 5-6

mm in O. vredenburgensis), abruptly narrowing to the

base (almost club-shaped appearance). The leaf surface

is minutely papillate (not due to bladder cells). The inflor-

escence consists of densely arranged 3 -flowered cymes,

the flowers open in succession, first the centre flower,

then the others, resulting in a long, protracted flowering

season (starting at the beginning of April in cultivation).

The leaves, which are clearly the most succulent in the

genus Oscidaria, are densely arranged on branches and

can be interpreted as an adaptation to its dry cliff face

habitat.

Ripe capsules of Oscidaria cremnophila are hygrochas-

tic, their valves opening when wet, only to close again on

162

Bothalia 35,2 (2005)

FIGURE 4. — Basal part of stem of Oscidaria cremnophila. Note distinctive, winged, corky bark.

drying. Seed dispersal is facilitated by rain drops and ger-

mination occurs in crevices on the cliff face. Seeds sown at

Kirstenbosch in the autumn of 2004 gemiinated within

three weeks. Seeds of most mesembs are dispersed by rain-

drops, a mechanism known as ombrohydrochory. Kinetic

energy of the falling raindrops is used to either eject the

seeds sideways, following the impact of the drops on the

covering membranes or simply to splash out the seeds, as

described by Hartmann ( 1 990) and Parolin (200 1 ). Once the

open capsule dries, in most mesembs its expanding keels

contract and the whole structure closes, remaining closed

until the next precipitation event. Unlike O. cremnophila,

most other cliff-dwelling mesembs have capsules that, once

opened, remain open and the seeds are then released and

dispersed by wind (Van Jaarsveld & Van Wyk 2003).

Oscidaria cremnophila occurs on a single quartzitic

sandstone inselberg at an altitude of 122 m on the

Steenboksfontein Fann (Figure 5). The fann, situated on

the Atlantic seaboard and just south of Lambert’s Bay,

has two distinct inselbergs about 500 m apart. The vege-

tation consists of a mosaic of strandveld and succulent

karoo. The northern inselberg (121 m asl) is slightly larg-

er, but with a marked absence of O. cremnophila. Parts

of the southern inselberg have been mined for its quartz

gravel which was used to build the breakwater at

Lambert’s Bay harbour. O. cremnophila occurs on the

sheer southern cliff faces of the southern inselberg in a

small population of ± 24 plants. The drooping shrubs are

up to 0.75 m tall, hanging like bunches of grapes from

crevices in the solid white quartz rock face. They grow in

association with Aloe mitriformis, Adromischus hemi-

sphaericus, species of Matricaria, Crassida and Orni-

thogalum, and Conophytiim alhiflorum. Rainfall of 200-

300 mm per annum is experienced mainly in winter, but

additional precipitation due to regular dew and fog from

the Atlantic Ocean also occurs.

The new species should be regarded as threatened, as

it is known only from this single population of which the

habitat has been mined, with the possibility of further

mining for dimension stone used in the construction

industry in the future.

FIGURE 5. — Known geographical distribution of Oscidaria cremnophila.

Bothalia 35,2 (2005)

163

Oscularia cremnophila was first collected by the sec-

ond author in 1995. Subsequent colleetions from the

same locality were made in February 2004 by the first

author and again in August 2004, with cuttings and seed col-

lected for cultivation at Kirstenbosch National Botanical

Garden.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Mr Herman and Mrs Kitta Burger of the Steenboks-

fontein Farm are thanked for allowing the authors to

study the plant on their property. We are grateful to Dr

Hugh Glen for translating the diagnosis into Latin, to

Gerrit Germishuizen and Emsie du Plessis for editing the

text and to Lisa Strachan for preparing the illustration.

REFERENCES

HARTMANN, H.E.K. 1990. Mesembryanthema. In H.R Linder & A.V.

Hall. Systematics. biology and evolution of some South African

taxa. Contributions from the Bolus Herbarium No. 13.

HARTMANN, H.E.K. 2001. Aizoaceae F-Z. Illustrated handbook of

succulent plants. Springer- Verlag, Berlin.

PAROLIN, P. 2001. Seed expulsion in fruits of Mesembryanthema

(Aizoaceae); a mechanistic approach to study the effect of fruit

morphological structures on seed dispersal. Flora 196;

313-322.

VAN JAARSVELD, E.J. & VAN WYK. A.E. 2003. Adaptations without

barriers; succulent plants shaped by cliffs. Aloe 40; 98-103.

E.J. VAN JAARSVEED*t, P- DESMET** and A.E. VAN WYK***

* South African National Biodiversity Institute, Kirstenbosch, Private

Bag X7, 7735 Claremont, Cape Town.

t Student affiliation; Department of Botany, University of Pretoria,

0002 Pretoria.

** Leslie Hill Institute for Plant Conservation, University of Cape

Town. Private Bag. 7701 Rondebosch, Cape Town.

*** H.G.W.J. Schweickerdt Herbarium. Department of Botany,

University of Pretoria, 0002 Pretoria.

MS. received; 2004-09-17.

BORAGINACEAE

EHRETIA NAMIBIENSIS SUBSP. NAMIBIENSIS: ANEW DISTRIBUTION RECORD IN THE FLORA OF SOUTHERN AFRICA

(FSA) REGION

The genus Ehretia P. Browne is currently represented by

six species and five subspecies in the FSA region (Retief

2003). Ehretia namibiensis Retief & A.E.vanWyk subsp.

namibiensis was previously known only from Namibia and

Botswana, where it occurs in dry riverbeds and riverine

woodland, in shallow soil, calcrete and on rocky outcrops

(Retief & Van Wyk 2001 ). The first record (Bester 4773) of

this species in South Africa was collected on Calmar Ranch,

near Tolwe in the province of Limpopo (2328BA) some 18

months ago. This area had been identified as under-collect-

ed in terms of the number of specimens housed in the

National Herbarium (PRE), and staff of the Herbarium

made use of the opportunity to undertake a collecting trip to

the area when they were invited to the ranch early in March

2004. In general, large areas of the western borders of

Limpopo and the northern and northwestern borders of the

North-West are under-collected according to the PRECIS

database (National Herbarium, Pretoria Computerized

Infonnation System) at PRE. More field work in these areas

is likely to yield more new distribution records.

REFERENCES

RETIEF, E. 2003. Ehretia. In G. Gennishuizen & N.L. Meyer, Plants

of southern Africa; an annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14; 316.

National Botanical Instimte, Pretoria.

RETIEF. E. & VAN WYK, A.E. 2001 . The genus E/ttW/fl (Boraginaceae;

Ehretioideae) in southern Africa. Bothalia 31; 9-23.

S.P. BESTER* and E. RETIEF*

* National Herbarium, South African National Biodiversity Institute,

Private Bag XI 01. 0001 Pretoria.

MS. received; 2005-06-09.

HISTORY OF THE ASSOCIATION FOR THE PROMOTION OF SCIENTIFIC BOTANICAL RESEARCH

The history of the Association dates back to 1960

when Dr R.A. Dyer, then Chief of the Division of

Botany, Department of Agriculture, created a book fund

to enable the book Wild Flowers of the Transvaal to be

published pro bono publico. This was a private, non-

profit-making fund to which sponsors were invited to

contribute. After the book was successfully published, it

was found that there was money left in the fund. Dr Dyer

decided to build up the fund to promote scientific

research by furthering: 1, the official journal of the

Division, The Flowering Plants of Africa and its

Afrikaans counterpart Die Blomplante van Afrika; 2, the

Mary Gunn Library, also of the Division; and 3, any

botanical publication deserving financial support.

On 13 May 1991 the fund was converted into an asso-

ciation as this was considered appropriate. The fund was

renamed the Association for the Promotion of Scientific

Botanical Research. Management of the Association was

entrusted to three trustees, all members of the Division of

Botany (later to become the Botanical Research Institute,

then the National Botanical Institute and presently the

South African National Biodiversity Institute). The

trustees were: Dr B. de Winter as Chairman, Dr D.J.B.

Killick, and Dr O.A. Leistner as Honorary Secretary. The

164

Bothalia 35,2 (2005)

objectives of the Association remained virtually the

same. Regular meetings were held mainly to discuss

investments and disbursement of the Association’s funds.

Money from the Association was chiefly used to pay

free-lance artists for plates executed for The Flowering

Plants of AfricalDie Blomplante van Afrika and incorp-

orated in the Art Archives of the Institute.

No requests for financial support for the publication

of botanical work were received by the Association, and

since 1994 the Mary Gunn Library has not asked for sup-

port. Consequently the Association focused increasingly

on its first and most important objective, namely to sup-

port the Institute in nurturing botanical art in Africa by

means of its publication The Flowering Plants of Africa

(its Afrikaans counterpart Die Blomplante van Afrika was

discontinued). Eventually this became, in effect, the sole

objective of the Association.

In 1996 Dr M.M. Wolfson, Director Research Services

of the Institute, was added as a trustee, as it was consider-

ed necessary to include a current member of the Institute in

the management of the Association.

Gill Condy, since 1983 a resident artist of the then

Botanical Research Institute and now the South African

National Biodiversity Institute, was instrumental in uti-

lizing funds of the Association for the purchase of works

by a wide range of botanical artists, the restoration of art-

works in the possession of the Institute and in the sale of

back numbers of The Flowering Plants of AfricalDie

Blomplante van Afrika for the benefit of the Association.

Emsie du Plessis, a member of the Publication Section of

the Institute, assisted with banking transactions and pay-

ment of artists.

At a meeting of the Association, on 25 November

2004, it was decided to donate the assets of the

Association, including the artworks purchased with its

funds, to the South African National Biodiversity

Institute, as a gift to the Nation and for their exclusive

use for the promotion of botanical art, particularly in

Africa. Dr Wolfson assured the meeting that the financial

assets of the Association would be assigned to an

Institute project fund for the exclusive use by the botan-

ical artist(s). Thus, after 44 years of serving the interests

of South African botany, the Association ceased to exist.

D.J.B. KILLICK* and O.A. LEISTNER**

* Formerly of the Botanical Research Institute, Pretoria. Present

address: 465 Sappers Contour, Lyiuiwood, 0081 Pretoria.

** Formerly of the National Botanical Institute, Pretoria. Present

address: 194 Griselda Rd, Murrayfield, 0184 Pretoria.

MS. received: 2005-04-06.

ASPHODELACEAE

GASTERIA TUKHELENSIS, ANEW SPECIES FROM KWAZULU-NATAL, SOUTH AFRICA

In 1993 a rubber canoe expedition was undertaken to

investigate the vegetation and flora along the Tukhela River

between Ngubevu and Jamieson’s Drift. Gasterias growing

on the south-facing cliffs near the confluence with the

Mzimnyati River (Buffalo River) were collected and proved

to be difficult to relate to any of the species known at the

time. The following year another expedition was arranged

and the population studied in more detail. This led to the

confirmation of a new cremnophilous species of Gasteria

Duval endemic to the lower Tukhela River in central

KwaZulu-Natal, here described as Gasteria tukhelensis.

Gasteria tukhelensis Van Jaarsv., sp. nov., G.

batesianae affinis sed rosulis maioribus foliorum arcua-

torum deltoideo-lanceolatorum vel loratorum 120-250 x

30-50 mm, superficie laevi nitenti sed juventute subtu-

berculata differt; etiam perianthio longiore, minus arcua-

to, 40-43 mm longo, pedicellis 17 mm longis, capsula

gracili, 23-32 mm longa differt.

TYPE. — KwaZulu-Natal, 2830 (Dundee): Ngubevu,

sheer southwest rock face, (-DA), Van Jaarsveld, Voigt,

Xaha & narrower 17996 (NBG, holo.).

Plants acaulescent, decumbent, 250 mm tall, up to

700 mm diam., proliferating from base and cluster-form-

ing (3-8 heads). Roots succulent, up to 5 mm diam.

Leaves rosulate, deltoid-lanceolate, 120-250 mm long,

30-50 mm broad at base, falcate and curving upwards.

sometimes becoming recurved; adaxial surface deeply

canaliculate, plane towards apex, faintly white-spotted;

abaxial surface somewhat convex with a distinct, eccen-

tric keel, faintly spotted, spots arranged in obscure trans-

verse bands; both surfaces shiny, dark green with smooth

epidermis; margin minutely denticulate to almost entire,

apex acute or subacute, sometimes acuminate, mucro-

nate. Juvenile leaves distichous, lorate, patent to ascend-

ing; epidermis tuberculate, densely white-spotted, spots

arranged in transverse bands; apex obtuse, mucronate.

Inflorescence racemose with up to 11 pendent flowers,

secondly arranged and open at the same time, up to 560

mm long, bearing two horizontally spreading side

branches up to 300 mm long. Scape 4-5 mm broad at

base, flattened; portion of floral bracts 7x2 mm, pilifer-

ous; peduncular bracts present, slightly larger; pedicels

slender, 10-17 mm long, pink. Perianth 40^3 mm long,

stipitate for 3-4 mm; segments fused for their greater

length (except the perianth apices and margins of the

inner 3 segments), subcylindrical, curved in the middle

(and with a slight constriction), lower portion of perianth

slightly decurved from narrowed central part; lower and

upper half inflated to ± 6 mm diam., pink, upper half

white with green striations; apices erect, becoming erect-

ly spreading, obtuse; margins of inner segments free and

channelled at base for 10-12 mm, diverging gradually

towards apex. Stamens 34-37 mm long; anthers 3 x 1.5

mm long, included or shortly exserted. Ovary 8x3 mm,

green; style 31 mm long, stigma included or shortly

Bothalia 35,2 (2005)

165

FIGURE 6. — Gasteria tukhelensis,

from the type locality. A, por-

tion of plant, X 0.6; B, juve-

nile plant, side view, x 0.6; C,

inflorescence, x 0.6. D, E,

capsule, X 0.6: D, longitudinal

view; E, viewed from top. F,

seed, X 0.6. Artist: Lisa

Strachan.

exserted, curved upwards, minute. Capsule 23-32 mm

long, narrowly obovate, triangular in cross section, obtuse

at apex, 6-8 mm diam. Seeds 5-7 x 2-3 mm, black.

Figure 6.

In KwaZulu-Natal, the genus Gasteria has a ± contin-

uous to disjunct distribution in the low-altitude parts of

dry river valleys and associated dry mountain slopes.

However, members of the genus Gasteria have never

been recorded from the Tukhela River Valley, the largest

river system in KwaZulu-Natal (Figure 7). This wide

river valley consists of dry savanna, often overgrown

with sueculent thicket, and is flanked by the numerous

eliff faees so typical of Gasteria territory. To the north,

G. batesiana G.D. Rowley occurs along the Pongola

River and the Mzimnyati River and to the south, G. pen-

dulifolia Van Jaarsv. occurs in the Durban region.

Gasteria tukhelensis appears to be confined to the

lower Tukhela Valley near Kranskop, and as yet it is

known only from the type collection, which appears to

be confined to the sheer cliff faces (altitude 440 m). The

rosettes grow in crevices and on humus-rich ledges of

shale rocks in dry savanna in the shade of succulent

thicket consisting of Euphorbia evansii, E. tirucalli,

Portulacaria afra. Aloe rupestris, A. arborescens. Ficus

ingens, Commiphora harveyi, Bulbine natalensis.

Cotyledon orbiculata, Crassula nudicaulis, C. orbicu-

laris, C. perfoliata var. perfoliata, Delosperrna trades-

cantioides, Gerrardanthus macrorrhizus, Plectranthus

hadiensis var. tomentosus and Petopentia natalensis.

Although the vegetation of the KwaZulu-Natal region is

well documented, the flora of the sheer clilT faces in the

Tukhela region is still poorly known and therefore likely

to yield more new species. A number of vascular plant

species are endemic to the Tukhela Valley and the region

comprises a loeal centre of plant endemism within the

larger Maputaland-Pondoland Region (Van Wyk &

Smith 2001). The Tukhela Valley has a dry, subtropical

climate and is situated in a rain shadow. It rains mainly

in the summer months, ranging from 500-700 mm per

annum. Summers are very hot, with temperatures fre-

166

Bothalia 35,2 (2005)

quently above 30°C. Winters are mild and frost is absent

or very light.

Gasteria tukhelensis belongs to section Longiflorae

Haw., series Longifoliae Haw., which includes five species,

G. acinacifolia (J.Jacq.) Haw., G. batesiana, G. croiicheri

(Hook.f ) Baker, G. penduUfolia (Van Jaarsveld 1994) and

the new species. All these species have targe flowers (33^5

mm long) that are gasteriform over half of the perianth

length. G. batesiana, a smaller species occurring to the

north, has shorter, distinctly tuberculate, recurved leaves,

smaller, curved flowers and smaller fhiiting capsules.

However, G. batesiana has been collected on cliffs at Siflila

(tributary of the Mzimnyati River) and ± 1 5 km from the G.

tukhelensis habitat near Ngubevu and has flowers 33 mm

long. G. penduUfolia occurring to the south, has pendent,

linear-lanceolate, entire leaves with a dull to slightly glau-

cous surface. G. croucheri is often solitary, a larger species

with ascending, spreading leaves, 200-360 mm long.

Although the leaves are smooth, the surface is dull, not

shiny, and the leaf margin tuberculate-serrulate. In G.

croucheri the inflorescence is a flat-topped panicle flower-

ing from November to Febmary, whereas in G. tukhelensis

it is racemose. G. croucheri is found from Durban south-

wards to the Msikaba River in Eastern Cape (Transkei

region).

Gasteria tukhelensis grows prolifically from the base,

forming clusters on the sheer southwest-facing cliffs

above the northern bank of the Tukhela River, east of

Ngubevu near Kranskop, and is distinguished from G.

batesiana by its much larger rosettes of falcate, dark

green leaves, often becoming recurved, with a shiny, faint-

ly spotted surface and by its leaf margin which is minute-

ly denticulate to almost entire. Furthermore, the perianth

of G. tukhelensis is 40^3 mm long in contrast to the

shorter, 35^0 mm long perianth found in G. batesiana.

The slender pedicels are 10-17 mm long, compared to

6-12 mm in G. batesiana. The fruiting capsules also dif-

fer from those of G. batesiana, being more slender and

23-32 mm long compared to 16-20 mm in G. batesiana.

The inflorescence may be a simple raceme with up to 11

flowers opening at the same time, but with a pair of side

branches in adult plants. G. tukhelensis is distinguished

from G. penduUfolia by its shiny leaf surface, slightly

tuberculate when young. Its long, slender perianth comes

closest to G. acinacifolia from the coastal Eastern Cape

and the eastern extreme of Western Cape.

Specimen examined

KWAZULU-NATAL. — 2830 (Dundee): Ngubevu, sheer southwest

rock face, (-DA), Van Jaarsveld & Voigt 18354 (NBG).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank Gerrit Germishuizen and Emsie du Plessis

for editing the text, Hugh Glen for translating the diagno-

sis into Latin and Lisa Strachan for illustrating the plant.

Werner Voigt, Phakamani Xaba and Adam Harrower are

thanked for assisting with field work. We are most grate-

ful to farmers Bruce Hopwood (Laureson Estate Farm)

and Pieter van Rooyen (The Gem Farm) for their assis-

tance and hospitality during our expedition.

REFERENCES

VAN JAARSVELD, E.J. 1994. Gasterias of South Africa. A new revi-

sion of a major succulent group. Femwood Press in association

with the National Botanical Institute, Cape Town.

VAN WYK, A.E. & SMITH, G.F. 2001 . Regions offloristic endemism

in southern Africa: a review with emphasis on succulents.

Umdaus Press, Hatfield, Pretoria.

E.J, VAN JAARSVELD*t and A.E. VAN WYK**

* South African National Biodiversity Institute, Kirstenbosch, Private

Bag XI, 7735 Claremont, Cape Town.

t Student affiliation: Department of Botany, University of Pretoria,

Pretoria.

**H.G.W.J. Schweickerdt Herbarium, Department of Botany, University

of Pretoria, 0002 Pretoria.

MS. received: 2004-12-13.

FABACEAE

ACACIA ORMOCARPO/DES {M\MOSO\DEAE), ANEW SPECIES FROM SEKHUKHUNELAND,

SOUTH AFRICA

INTRODUCTION

Botanically poorly explored areas of South Africa con-

tinue to yield unexpected new plant discoveries and

records (Hurter & E. van Wyk 2001; Hurter & A.E. van

Wyk 2004a, b; Hurter 2003). During the course of taxo-

nomic work on the genus Acacia in southern Africa and

field work aimed at investigating biogeographical patterns

in the group, several potentially new species of Acacia

have been collected for the first time, one of which is

Bothalia 35,2 (2005)

167

described in the present paper. The new species is a yel-

low-flowered member of subgenus Acacia section Acacia

subsection Uniseriae (Vassal 1974; Guinet & Vassal 1978;

Chappill & Maslin 1995; Timberlake et al. 1999).

Subgenus Acacia has recently been shown to be mono-

phyletic within the traditional broad generic concept of

Acacia, the latter which is now known to be polyphyletic

(Pedley 1986; Clark et al. 2000; Miller & Bayer 2000,

2003; Luckow et al. 2003).

Acacia ormocarpoides P.J.H.Hiirter, sp. nov., sta-

tim ab omnibus speciebus aliis flavifloris capitatis Acaciae,

foliolis secondariis minutis glabris solum e rhachillis

duobus sulcatis farinaceis constantibus, involucellis per-

foliatis, bracteolis carinatis et lobis corollae brevibus

ligulatis non supra calycem in tubo connatis, distinguitur.

Habet capitulas valde minores (5-8 mm diametro) quam

A. temnspina in pedunculis glabris non glandularibus

9-16 mm longis, et legumina tenuis glabra sine glandulis

sessilis pustularibus.

TYPE. — Limpopo, 2429 (Nylstroom); Zwemkloof

283-KT, 909 m, (-DB), 28 November 2002, P.J.H.

Hurter 1983 (PRE, holo.; NBG, PRU, iso.).

Small tree up to 3.5 m tall, trunk slender. Branches

fastigiate, ascending, striate, blackish brown; new

growth conspicuously striate, ferruginous. Stipules in

pairs, spinescent, 10-30 mm long, white, glabrous, atten-

uate, pungent, antrorse, basally thickened. Bark coarsely

flaking or splitting to reveal a reddish brown inner layer

on young shoots. Leaves dull green, glabrous, bipinnate-

ly compound, pulvinus green at maturity; petiole sulcate,

0.2-10.0 mm long; leaves on juvenile growth (secondary

leaves) with large, raised, brown, craterifonn, petiolar

nectary gland, absent in leaves on mature growth (pri-

mary leaves); rachis up to 12 mm long, sulcate, tenni-

nating in a short, rigid, persistent, deflexed hook or claw,

at least one nectary gland at junction of distal pinna pair;

rachillae 1 pair on primary leaves, 2 or 3 pairs on sec-

ondary leaves, distichous, 6-20 mm long, sulcate, filled

with a farinaceus substance, dotted with small, sunken,

glandular structures between each leaflet pair, terminat-

ing in a short, rigid, persistent, deflexed hook or claw;

leaflets distichous, 5-9 pairs per rachillae, oblong to obo-

vate-oblong, 2. 5-5.0 x 1. 3-3.0 mm, entire, eglandular,

apex mucronulate, terminal pairs largest, asymmetrical,

base oblique, conspicuous on abaxial surface only.

Inflorescences capitate, globose, bright yellow, 5-8 mm

diam., borne on new growth, fascicled on axillary

peduncles; peduncle 9-16 mm long, with scattered,

small yellow glands; involucel perfoliate, 0. 5-2.0 mm

long, 4-7 mm up the peduncle, dotted with small,

whitish yellow glands, androgenous florets always pre-

sent between bracts. Flowers bright yellow, dichlamy-

deous. Bracteole clavate, carinate, sparsely glandular,

apices with sparse, villose hairs. Calyx campanulate,

pentamerous, glabrous, 1. 2-2.1 mm long, ascending,

apices weakly villose, clasping corolla. Corolla cam-

panulate, pentamerous, membranaceous; lobes ± united,

free above calyx, ligulate, 1.5-2. 6 mm, ascending, edges

and apex slightly papillate. Stamens numerous; filaments

6. 0-7. 5 mm long. Ovaty slightly stipitate, ventricose,

septate, 0.8-1. 2 mm long, surface with a few pusticulate

waxy globules; style 2-A mm long. Pods dehiscent, fal-

cate, complanate, valves venous, 50-130 x 6-9 mm,

5-10-seeded, sparsely covered with a few non-pustulate

glands, edges not constricted between seeds at maturity.

Seeds ellipsoid, 6-9 x 4-6 mm, areole elliptic, 4-6 x 2^

mm. Figure 8.

Diagnostic features and affinities: Acacia ormocar-

poides can be distinguished from all other African yel-

low-flowered capitate acacias by the combination of its

diminutive, glabrous, secondary leaflets consisting of

only two sulcate, farinaceus rachillae, perfoliate

involucels, carinate bracteoles and the short ligulate

corolla lobes which are not united above the calyx to

form a tube. In the field it is possible to confuse it with

the sympatric A. tenuispina I.Verd. and to a lesser extent,

with A. exuvialis I.Verd., both members of the group of

Acacia subg. Acacia with glandular, glutinous pods

(Ross 1971, 1979). Although the pods of A. ormocar-

poides are sparsely dotted with non-pustulate glands, it is

not a member of the glandular podded group.

Acacia tenuispina has much larger capitula ( 1 0-20 mm

in diameter) on densely glandular peduncles 8-30 mm

long, florets in which the corolla lobes are fused above the

calyx to form a tube and glutinous pods with abundant ses-

sile pustular glands, the latter often dark-coloured (Ross

1975, 1979). In contrast, A. ormocarpoides has much

smaller capitula (5-8 mm in diameter) on glabrous, eglan-

dular peduncles 9-16 mm long, campanulate florets in

which the corolla lobes are not fused above the calyx to

form a tube and slender glabrous pods without sessile pus-

tular glands. Further differences in habitat preference were

noted in the field: A. ormocarpoides only grows in sandy

or loamy soils between norite boulders, whereas A.

tenuispina is exclusively found on flats of deep, black,

clay soils commonly known as cotton soils.

Acacia exuvialis is easily distinguished from^. ormo-

carpoides by its papery, peeling bark, sticky and glandu-

lar new growth, sticky and glandular upper peduncle

(portion between the involucel and capitulum), an

involucel that is situated just below the capitulum, small-

er sticky and glandular pods and infundibulifonn florets.

Distribution: at present A. ormocarpoides is only

known from a few fanns on the Leolo Mountains in the

upper catchment of the Motse River in Sekhukhuneland,

Limpopo, South Africa (Figure 9). Biogeographically

this locality falls within the Sekhukhuneland Centre, a

region rich in endemic plants (Van Wyk & Smith 2001).

The recently described A. robbertsei RRSwartz (Coates

Palgrave 2002) and A. seklmkhuniensis RJ.H. Hurter

(Hurter & Van Wyk 2004b), as well as several other

undescribed species of Acacia (unpublished data) are

known to be endemic to this local centre of plant

endemism. In view of its restricted geographical distri-

bution, the threat of extreme overgrazing and extensive

mining activities, A. ormocarpoides should be considered

Endangered (World Conservation Union (lUCN) 2001).

Etymology’: the specific epithet refers to the close re-

semblance this Acacia shows in habit and vegetative fea-

tures with members of the genus Ormocarpum (Fabaceae:

Faboideae), and for which plant it was at first mistaken in

the field.

168

Bothalia 35,2 (2005)

FIGURE 8. — Acacia ormocarpoides RJ.H.Hurter. A, primary leaf, x 1.8; B, secondary leaf, x 1.8; C, rachilla, x 9; D, petiole, x 9; E, leaflet, x

2.7; F|, p2, stipules, x 1 .8; G, inflorescence, x 1 .8; H, bracteole, x 9; f, E, floret, x 9; J, calyx, x 9; K, corolla, x 9; L, gynoecium, x 18;

M, pod, X 1 .8; N|, N2, seed, x 1 .8. Artist: Sandie Burrows.

Bothalia 35,2 (2005)

169

FIGURE 9. — Known distribution of A. onnocarpoides.

Other specimens examined

LIMPOPO. — 2429 (Nylstroom): Zwemkioof 283-KT, 909 m,

(-DB), 04-03-2004, T. Mukoma & P.J.H. Hwter 70 (PRE, PRU);

Thornhill 544KS, Sekwati, 985 m. (-DB), 04-03-2004, T. Mukoma &

P.J.H. Hurter 71. 72 (PRE).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We are indebted to Miss Robyn Luyt and Mr Tovowani

Mukoma for technical assistance, Dr Hugh Glen for the

Latin diagnosis, Sandie Burrows for the line drawing,

and SABONET, the South African National Biodiversity

Institute and the University of Pretoria for financial sup-

port.

REFERENCES

CHAPPILL, J.A. & MASLIN, B.R. 1995. A phylogenetic assessment

of tribe Acacieae. In M. Crisp & J.J. Doyle, Advances in

Legume Svstematics 1: 77-99. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

CLARK, H.D., d'oWNIE, S.R. & SIEGLER, D.S. 2000. Implications of

chloroplast DNA restriction site variation for systematics of Acacia

(Fabaceae; Mimosoideae). Systematic Botany 25: 618-632.

COATES PALGAVE, M. 2002. Keith Coates Palgrave Trees of south-

ern Africa, edn 3. Struik, Cape Town.

GUINET, P. & VASSAL, J. 1978. Hypotheses on the differentiation of

the major groups in the genus Acacia (Leguminosae). Kew

Bulletin 32: 509-527.

HURTER. P.J.H. 2003. A new pachycaul Dioscorea species from

Mpumalanga Province, South Africa and its conservation. Aloe

40: 73-75.

HURTER, P.J.H. & VAN WYK, A.E. 2004a. A new species of Acacia

(Mimosoideae) from Mpumalanga, South Africa. Bothalia 34:

42-44.

HURTER, P.J.H. & VAN WYK, A.E. 2004b. A new species of Acacia

(Mimosoideae) from the province of Limpopo, South Africa.

Bothalia 34: 109-1 12.

HURTER, P.J.H. & VAN WYK, E. 2001. First distribution record for

Brachystegia spiciformis (Caesalpinioideae) in South Africa.

Bothalia 31: 43.

LUCKOW, M., MILLER, J.T., MURPHY, D.J. & LIVSHULTZ, T.

2003. A phylogenetic analysis of the Mimosoideae (Legumi-

nosae) based on chloroplast DNA sequence data. In B.B. Klitgaard

& A. Bruneau. Advances in Legume Systematics 10: 197-220.

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

MILLER. J.T. & BAYER, R.J. 2000. Molecular phylogenetics of Acacia

(Fabaceae: Mimosoideae) based on the chloroplast trnK/matK and

nuclear histone H3-D DNA sequences. In PS. Herendeen & A.

Bruneau, Advances in Legume Systematics 9: 1 80-200. London.

MILLER, J.T. & BAYER, R.J. 2003. Molecular phylogenetics of

Acacia subgenera Acacia and Aculeifertim (Fabaceae:

Mimosoideae) based on the chloroplast matK coding sequence

and flanking trnK intron spacer regions. Australian Systematic

Botany 16: 27-33.

PEDLEY, L. 1986. Derivation and dispersal of Acacia (Leguminosae),

with particular reference to Australia, and the recognition of

Senegalia and Racosperma. Botanical Journal of the Linnean

Yoc/ety 92: 219-254.

ROSS, J.H. 1971. Tfie. Acacia species with glandular glutinous pods in

southern Africa. Bothalia 10: 351-354.

ROSS, J.H. 1975. Fabaceae, subfamily 1: Mimosoideae. Flora of

southern Afi-ica 16,1. Botanical Research Institute, Pretoria.

ROSS, J.H. 1979. A conspectus of the African ricac/a species. Memoirs

of the Botanical Sur\>ey of South Africa No. 44. Botanical

Research Institute, Pretoria.

TIMBERLAKE, J., FAGG, C. & BARNES, R. 1999. Field guide to the

acacias of Zimbabwe. CBC Publishing, Harare.

VAN WYK, A.E. & SMITH, G.F. 2001 . Regions offloristic endemism

in southern Africa: a review with emphasis on succulents.

Umdaus Press, Pretoria.

VASSAL, J. 1974. Apport des recherches ontogeniques et semi-

nologiques a Fetude morphologique, taxonomique et phy-

logenique du genre Acacia. Bulletin de la Societe d'histoire

Naturelle de Toulouse 108: 125—247.

WORLD CONSERVATION UNION (lUCN) 2001. lUCN Red List

categories and criteria: version 3.1. lUCN Species Survival

Commission. lUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.

P.J.H. HURTER*t and A.E. VAN WYK**

* Lowveld National Botanical Garden, P.O. Box 1024, 1200 Nelspruit.

t Student affiliation: Department of Botany, University of Pretoria,

0002 Pretoria.

** H.G.W.J. Schweickerdt Herbarium, Department of Botany,

University of Pretoria, 0002 Pretoria.

MS. received: 2004-08-04.

LAMIACEAE

PLECTRANTHUS PORCATUS, A NEW SPECIES ENDEMIC TO THE SEKHUKHUNELAND CENTRE OF PLANT ENDEMISM,

LIMPOPO PROVINCE, SOUTH AFRICA

INTRODUCTION

A new Plectranthus species apparently related to P.

xerophilus is described from the Sekhukhuneland Centre

of Plant Endemism (Van Wyk & Smith 2001) in the

Limpopo Province.

Plectranthus porcatus was collected by the first author

on the northern Leolo Mountain Range, while searching

for more populations of another new species. The plants

were found on lower and mid-slopes of the main ridge of

this range with a southwestern aspect, either in bush

clumps in light shade, or under protection of boulders in

full sun. As no flowers or fruits were present when first

collected, plants were cultivated at Kirstenbosch by the

second author. The cultivated plant flowered in January

2004 and was used for the description and illustration.

170

Bothalia 35,2 (2005)

Plectranthus porcahis Van Jaarsv. & RJ.D.Winter,

sp. nov., P. xerophilo Codd similis sed corolla alba, caulibus

manifeste costatis, perspicue rectangularibus, cum basibus

foliomm prominentibus persistentibusque diffeit.

TYPE. — Limpopo, 2429 (Zebediela): Sekhukhuneland,

northern Leolo Mountain Range, Farm De Kamp 507

KS, 1 200 m, (-BD), P.J.D. Winter 6725 (PRE, holo.).

Perennial, soboliferous, multistemmed, strongly aro-

matic shrub, ± 1 .2 X 1 .5 m; aerial stems sparsely branched.

Roots succulent, up to 14 mm diam. Stems herbaceous,

semisucculent, woody at base, prominently 4-angled, lat-

erally compressed decussately below nodes (distinctly

rectangular, 10x8 mm in t/s), with a pair of longitudinal

ridges from each leaf base, decurrent along angles on

each side, usually continuing on two opposing sides

through gap between next proximal leaf pair, to upper

side of second leaf base; tomentose with translucent,

multicellular hairs, often glandular-capitate, and sessile,

orange, glandular trichomes; older stems somewhat

terete, up to 30 mm diam., becoming scabrous due to fur-

ther growth of verrucose trichome bases, rusty brown,

longitudinally fissured in a reticulate pattern exposing

the green tissue below. Leaves recurved, conduplicate

unless mature and turgid, broadly ovate to ovate-deltoid,

(55-)90-120(-210) X (40-)55-90(-150) mm, older

leaves progressively larger from growing tip; apex

obtuse to acute, base shortly attenuate and decurrent on

petiole, margin serrate-dentate to serrate-crenate with

10-12 pairs of teeth 3-5 mm long, apical and marginal

teeth with a cream-coloured spot visible on adaxial sur-

face, terminating veins that end in each tooth; thick-tex-

tured, semisucculent, drying chartaceous, adaxial surface

moderately glandular-pubescent, abaxial surface promi-

nently reticulate-veined, densely glandular-tomentose,

with sessile, orange-coloured, glandular trichomes, veins

densely glandular-hairy and with similar sessile, glandu-

lar trichomes; petiole ascending, (7-)10(-25 mm) long,

conduplicate wings of decurrent lamina base often form-

ing a short channel, glandular-tomentose; abscission

layer about 4-6 mm from base, resulting in a distinctly

raised leaf scar, adaxially obtusely v-channelled, abaxially

rounded, comers shortly acuminate, with a decurrent ridge

on either side. Inflorescence a terminal racemoid thyrse,

200-400 mm long and with a pair of side branches at base

carried on short peduncles up to 50 mm long; rachis square,

4x4 mm, reddish brown glandular-tomentose; bracts trian-

gular-ovate, acuminate, 5x4 mm, persistent or caducous.

Flowers in 7-flowered cymes forming 14-flowered verticil-

lasters, the latter 20-30 mm apart; pedicels 8-10 mm long,

densely glandular-hairy, apex inclined where attached to

calyx. Calyx 5.4— 8.3 mm long (in fmit), densely glandular-

hairy and covered with sessile, orange, glandular trichomes;

tube 3.0-3.5 mm long, curved, slightly gibbous at base,

with pedicel attached at upper side, mid-tube somewhat

dorsoventrally flattened, 2.0 x 1.5 mm, throat glabrous;

FIGURE 10. — Plectranthus porcatus:

A, flowering branch, x 0.7; B,

flower, .side view, scale bar,

12.5 mm. Illustrated by Vicki

Thomas from type collection.

Bothalia 35,2 (2005)

171

upper lip ascending, broadly ovate or broadly elliptic,

3.2-A.O X 2.7-3.0 mm, obtuse to acute; lower lip 4-toothed,

teeth deltoid, 3 x 0.8-1. 0 mm wide, acuminate; lower pair

of teeth slightly narrower and longer. Corolla 2-lipped,

somewhat sigmoid, 16 mm long, white to slightly mauve

tinged, glandular-hairy and sparsely dotted with sessile,

orange, glandular trichomes; tube 1.8 mm wide for 1 mm

from base, then sharply inclined (diverging 45°-60° from

raceme axis) for 4 mm, mid-tube ± abmptly bent down-

wards (vertically) for 5.5-6.0 mm, expanding towards

mouth; upper hp spreading, unequally 4-lobed, two median

lobes larger and 2 mm high (each with a group of sessile,

orange-glandular trichomes on their adaxial side), lateral

lobes obscure (0.5 mm long) and decurrent on mouth; lower

lip boat-shaped, tilted down ± 20°, 10-12 mm long.

Stamens 4, didynamous; fdaments adnate to anterior side of

tube beyond bend, projecting from throat as a connate sta-

minal furrow for ± 3 mm, free for ± 5 mm, mauve, curved

out- and upward, exserted ± a third of length of lower lip;

anthers versatile, 0.8 mm long, purple, becoming black;

pollen yellow. Style enveloped by staminal furrow, free for

± 5 mm; stigma bifid. Nutlets 1 mm long, smooth, dark

brown. Flowering time: late summer (January-March).

Conservation status: Data deficient (DD). Figure 10.

Diagnostic characters: Plectranthus porcatus is dis-

tinguished from all other southern African Plectranthus

species by its peculiarly ribbed stems. The origin of these

ridges is not clear, but they appear to be associated with

the petiole base. A possible explanation is that they are

protruding bundle sheaths associated with deeper-lying

leaf traces. Its raised leaf scars are quite distinctive.

Etymology: the epithet porcatus alludes to the ridged

nature of most stem intemodes. These ridges are absent

on some internodes during stages of active growth.

Distribution and habitat: this species is known only

from the type locality on the Leolo Mountain Range in

Limpopo Province, South Africa (Figure 11), and we

expect it to be found elsewhere only on the same part of

this range, and doubtfully on dolomite of the Transvaal

Supergroup on mountains to the north and east. The vege-

tation of the northern Leolo Mountain Range consists of

dry Lydenburgia cassinoides-Kirkia wilmsii savanna.

Rainfall is 400-600 mm per annum and occurs mainly

from summer to autumn. The climate is subtropical, with

hot summers and dry, sunny winters with light frost and

cool evenings. The populations of P. porcatus were

encountered in very dark brown loam derived from gab-

bro-norite rocks of the main zone of the Rustenburg lay-

ered suite in the Bushveld Igneous Complex (Viljoen &

Reimold 1999). P venteri Van Jaarsv. & Hankey, another

species endemic to the Limpopo River catchment in south-

ern Africa (Edwards et al. 2000), occurs in the same area.

FIGURE 11. — Geographical distribution of provenances of specimens consulted in this study. Plectranthus porcatus, A; and P. xerophilus, O.

172

Bothalia 35,2 (2005)

TABLE 1. — Main floral differences between Plectranthus xerophiliis

and P. porcatiis

AFFINITIES AND POSTULATES FOR FUTURE RESEARCH

The upper calyx lobe significantly larger than the lower

four is analogous to that of Plectranthus section Coleoides

(subgenus Plectranthus), as are the large hairy leaves. The

resemblance is superficial however, as the corolla tube is

straighter in that section, and filaments are free.

Plectranthus porcatus shows a close, yet apparently

isolated, geographical relationship to P xerophilus, in

semi-arid bushland of the Limpopo catchment (Figure

1 1 ). This situation suggests a close relationship between

the two species, which are, in addition, both strongly aro-

matic. P. xerophilus can easily be distinguished by its

subequal calyx, mauve corolla, and its unribbed, some-

what terete, grey-tomentose stems. The main floral dif-

ferences between these two species are listed in Table 1.

P xerophilus has till now been the sole representative

of Plectranthus subgenus Xerophilus Codd, which was

defined by the combination of subequal calyx lobes, a

hooded upper lip, and filaments shortly connate at the

base. Any formal allocation of the new species to this

group will, however, render the subgenus undefined, as

the only remaining shared trait, namely shortly connate

filaments, is by no means unique in the genus. The sig-

moid shape of the corolla, similar to that of P xerophilus,

is occasionally present in other groups as well.

TABLE 2. — Points of difference between Plectranthus porcatus and

Codd’s (1975) subgenera

Plectranthus xerophilus is not known from the Leolo

Mountains (geologically part of the Bushveld Igneous

Complex), but occurs on neighbouring substrates peripher-

al to the Igneous Complex, as close as within 20 km from

where P. porcatus was collected. As there seems to be no

topographical reason why the two species should not occu-

py the same area, we suspect this may be due to edaphic

specialization, as indicated by Siebert et al. (2001 ) for other

species in the Sekhukhuneland area.

From the differences listed in Table 2, it seems that

Plectranthus porcatus could well belong in subgenus

Coleus, currently comprising P amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng.

and P unguentarius Codd. Codd (1975) noted the existence

of exceptions referable to subgenus Calceolanthus in tropi-

cal Africa, and thus unfortunately appears to have applied

his subgeneric concepts only to southern African species,

rendering his classification of very limited use in other

areas. It is not clear why he did not refer these tropical

species to subgenus Coleus. If these atypical species are

included, there is no reason why P. porcatus could not

belong here as well. It further bears some resemblance to P

harbatus Andrews (subgenus Calceolanthus) in, among

other characters, the soboliferous habit and sigmoid corolla,

and warrants further comparative study with some members

of that group. The relationships among subgenera Coleus,

Calceolanthus and Xerophilus therefore need to be revised

before P. porcatus can be confidently assigned to any one of

them. According to a recent plastid DNA phylogenetic

study (Paton et al. 2004), P. xerophilus is grouped in a much

larger 'Coleus' clade.

The conservation value of this species is considered

relatively high, as it appears to represent a unique lineage

in southern African Plectranthus, whether or not it is

closest to P. xerophilus. It is currently threatened by cli-

mate change, and while nothing is known about its uses

or current exploitation, it may be predicted that its rarity,

remoteness and strong smell are traits that could make it

prized as a medicinal plant in future. Currently there

does not appear to be any threat of harvesting in the part

of the Leolo Mountains where it is known from, as it is

too remote from the nearest settlement.

Further research into the infrageneric relationships

within Plectranthus could verify its conservation value,

and inform the authorities about appropriate conserva-

tion management measures.

The key in Codd’s (1985) treatment can be modified by

inserting the following couplet to accommodate the new

species, and renumbering subsequent couplets 13 to 55:

1 2a Leaf .scar distinctly raised (4-6 inm); stem intemodes often

with a pair of additional longitudinal ridges P. porcatus

12b Leaf .scar not distinctly raised; stem intemodes never with a pair

of additional longitudinal ridges:

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Vicki Thomas is thanked for the line drawing accom-

panying this paper. We thank Hester Steyn, Philip

Desmet and Sandra Turck for production of the map,

Gerrit Germishuizen for comments on the original draft

and Hugh Glen for translating the diagnosis into Latin.

We are grateful to the reviewers for valuable criticism,

and in particular to Dr Alan Paton.

Bothalia 35,2 (2005)

173

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P.J.D. WINTER* and E.J. VAN JAARSVELD**

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X 101, 0001 Pretoria.

** South African National Biodiversity Institute, Kirstenbosch,

Private Bag X7, 7735 Claremont, Cape Town.

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Bothalia 35,2: 175-183 (2005)

Ovule and seed structure in Scolopia zeyheri (Scolopieae), with notes

on the embryology of Salicaceae

E.M.A. STEYN*, A.E. VAN WYK**| and G.F. SMITH*+

Keywords: Achariaceae. embryology, Flacourtiaceae, Salicaceae, Scolopia zeyheri, Scolopieae, seed coat, taxonomy

ABSTRACT

Scolopia zeyheri (Nees) Harv. is a widespread African tree and a member of the largest genus of the tropical Old World

tribe Scolopieae (Salicaceae sensii lato). This light microscopic study is the first report on ovule and seed structure in the

genus and the tribe. Ovules vary from four to six per ovary, are anatropous, crassinucellate, bitegmic and occur in an

epitropous (rarely pleurotropous), median-parietal position in the unilocular, usually bicarpellate ovary. A very extensive

nucellus cap, comprising nucellus epidermal derivatives and parietal tissue, characterizes the young ovule during mega-

sporogenesis and megagametogenesis, but the chalazal nucellus is poorly developed. During meiosis, the micropylar dyad

cell degenerates early. The functional dyad cell forms two megaspores of which the chalazal one usually develops into a

Polygonum-type embryo sac. At maturity, the micropylar end of the embryo sac is covered by the remnants of the nucellus

epidermis, the parietal tissue having degenerated. The globular embryo has a short suspensor and lies in nuclear endosperm

becoming cellular. The seed coat develops from both integuments, is tanniniferous, has a glabrous surface with stomata and

a single layer of exotegmic, longitudinal fibres.

Results are compared with relevant information previously reported for genera in the tribes Flacourtieae, Samydeae,

Saliceae, Scyphostegiae and for Oncoba Forssk. (Salicaceae sensu lato). Embryologically Scolopia shows a number of ple-

siomorphic features compared to other Salicaceae. For example, it lacks an extranucellar embryo sac, an apomorphic fea-

ture in many Salicaceae. A summary of ovule and seed characters in Salicaceae sensu lato is given and contrasted with data

available for Achariaceae sensu lato. Embryological data broadly supports the reclassification of genera, traditionally

referred to Flacourtiaceae, amongst Salicaceae sensu lato and Achariaceae sensu lato.

INTRODUCTION

Scolopia Schreb. is a genus of evergreen shrubs and

small trees with simple, alternate leaves and branches

that are often spinescent. With about 37 species (Sleumer

1972; Chase et al. 2002) in Africa, Madagascar,

Comores, Mascarenes, India and Sri Lanka, SE Asia,

Malesia and Australia (Sleumer 1972), Scolopia is the

largest and most widespread genus of the tribe

Scolopieae, Flacourtiaceae sensu aiict. This tropical Old

World tribe also comprises Hemiscolopia Slooten (1 sp.)

from Indomalesia, Mocquerysia Hua (1 sp,) from tropi-

cal Africa, Phyllobotryon MiilLArg,, including

Phyllocliniitm Baill, (5 spp.) from tropical Africa, and

the rather aberrant Pseudoscolopia Gilg (1 sp.) from

South Africa (Lemke 1988; Chase et al. 2002). Together

with ± 50 other non-cyanogenic genera (and the

cyanogenic Banana Aubl.) traditionally classified in

Flacourtiaceae, the genera of Scolopieae were recently

placed in a drastically redefined Salicaceae sensu lato

(hereafter referred to as Salicaceae), a cosmopolitan family

that also include Populus L., Salix L. and Scyphostegia

Stapf (Chase et al. 2002).

Although representatives of Scolopieae have been

known to science since before the beginning of the 20th

century — Scolopia was first described by Von Schreber

* South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag XlOl,

0001 Pretoria.

** H.G.W.J. Schweickerdt Herbarium, Department of Botany,

University of Pretoria, 0002 Pretoria.

+ Affiliation: Acocks Chair, Department of Botany, University of

Pretoria, 0002 Pretoria.

t Corresponding author, e-mail: braam.vanwyk(3jup.ac.za

MS. received: 2004-12-30.

in 1789 and Phyllobottyon by Muller Argoviensis in

1864 — no account of the tribe’s embryology, except for

a brief description of stamen development by Bernhard

& Endress (1999), has yet been given. In fact, apart from

data on a few Flacourtieae, Casearia Jacq. (Samydeae)

and Oncoba Forssk. (tribal affinities within Salicaceae

uncertain), there is a dearth of embryological infonna-

tion on members of all flacourtiaceous tribes, currently

included in Salicaceae (e.g. Davis 1966; Comer 1976;

Van Heel 1977, 1979; Johri et al. 1992; Nandi et al.

1998). To arrive at a better understanding of the embry-

ology of Salicaceae — an overview of such characters has

not been given for this emended family — and to append

the meagre embryological data on its southern African

representatives in particular, we here report on ovule and

seed characters in Scolopia zeyheri (Nees) Harv.

Commonly known as the thompear or doringpeer

(Afrikaans), Scolopia zeyheri is a variable species as

regards leaf shape and growth fomi (Killick 1976). Of

the five southern African members of the genus (Coates

Palgrave 2002; Bredenkamp 2003), S. zeyheri has the

widest distribution, ranging from Mossel Bay in Western

Cape (Killick 1976) through the eastern and northern

parts of South Africa, to eastern Botswana (Coates

Palgrave 2002), as well as to Swaziland, Mozambique,

Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda. The thompear is also report-

ed from Cameroon, Angola, Zambia and Zimbabwe

(Palmer & Pitman 1972; Sleumer 1972; Lebmn & Stork

2003). It occurs from sea level to about 2 400 m in a

range of vegetation types, including evergreen forest, open

woodland, semi-karroid scmb, as well as inland and coastal

savanna; it is often associated with termite mounds (Coates

Palgrave 2002).

176

Bothalia 35,2 (2005)

FIGURE 1. — Placentation and orientation of ovules in Scolopia zeyheri. A, bicarpellate, unilocular ovary in t/s; B, unilocular ovary in superficial

1/s. a, ovary wall; b, locule; c, fused carpel margins; v, sessile ovule with ventral raphe. Note pleurotropy (micropyle directed horizontal-

ly) in A (left ovule) and epitropy (micropyle directed upwards) in B. Scale bars: 50() pm.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Inflorescences with floral buds, mature flowers,

developing fruit and seeds of Scolopia zeyheri were col-

lected weekly from trees growing in the Walter Sisulu

National Botanical Garden, Roodepoort, South Africa.

Inflorescences were immediately immersed and stored in

O.I M cacodylate buffered solution (pH 7.4) containing

4% formaldehyde and 2.5% glutaraldehyde. Selected

ovaries and developing berries were cut from the inflo-

rescences, sorted according to size and kept in separate,

labelled vials containing freshly made up fixative as

described above. All stages were dehydrated and impreg-

nated with glycol methacrylate (GMA) following the

methods of Feder & O’Brien (1968). Ovules and seeds

were dissected from the ovaries and berries, individually

embedded in GMA and sectioned sagittally at 2-3 pm.

Selected sections were stained with the periodic-

acid/Schiff reaction (PAS) and counterstained with tolu-

idine blue, using the protocols of O’Brien & McCully

(1981).

RESULTS

Placentation, orientation and position of ovules in the

ovary

Scolopia zeyheri bears small, yellowish flowers in

inconspicuous, few-flowered axillary racemes at the

beginning of spring (early September in South Africa).

The flowers are bisexual, epigynous, nectariferous and

sweet-scented. Ovaries are unilocular and bicarpellate

(Figure 1 A), less often tricarpellate and develop into red,

globular and succulent berries, ± 10 mm diam. Four to

six sessile ovules, usually epitropous (micropyle direct-

ed upwards) with a ventral raphe (Figure lA) sensu

McLean & Ivimey-Cook (1956: 1392, fig. 1293A),

develop in pairs on the fused margins (placentae) of the

carpels, ± halfway down the locule. In a few instances

ventral pleurotropous ovules (micropylcs directed hori-

zontally) were found (Figure I A), indicating that the

direction of the micropyle is not a constant character. The

carpel margins extend to some degree into the locule so

that, in superficial longitudinal sections of ovaries, it

seems as if the ovary has more than one locule and the

epitropous ovules are axile (Figure IB).

Structure of ovule and development of emhiyo sac

Mature ovules are small, ovoid (± 600 x 350 pm),

anatropous, crassinucellate and bitegmic (Figure 2A, B).

The chalaza constitutes a small part of the ovule, there is

no funicle and the raphe is unobtrusive. The outer integu-

ment is longer than the inner and comprises four layers

of isodiametric, thin-walled cells (Figure 2A, B). Large

amounts of dark-staining, phenolic substances occur in

the outer epidermis and the mesophyll cells, but the inner

epidermis is usually without tannins. The inner integu-

ment is four-layered at its base and comprises thin-

walled, isodiametric cells without tannins. This integu-

ment becomes thicker in the micropylar region, mostly

by periclinal divisions of the outer epidenual cells

(Figure 2A).

The nucellus cylinder is ovoid with a slightly attenu-

ate apex fonned by a few apical nucellus epidermal cells

lying opposite the inner opening of the endostome and

separating the apex of the embryo sac from the micropy-

le (Figure 2B). The cells are papillate, thin-walled and

vacuolate. The base of the embryo sac is embedded in

chalazal nucellus cells with dark-staining contents and

walls, representing a postament sensu Shamrov (1998:

379; 2002: 135). In Scolopia the first cells of this struc-

ture become visible in the short chalazal nucellus region

when the megaspores are fonned. The postament cells lie

directly below the megaspores and in the same longitu-

dinal row (Figure 3A). It is generally believed that the

primary function of the postament is the transport of

nutrients from the chalaza to the developing megagame-

tophyte (Shamrov 2002).

During meiosis, the micropylar dyad cell does not

divide, but degenerates after the first meiotic division

(Figure 3A). The functional dyad cell undergoes the sec-

Bothalia 35,2 (2005)

177

FIGURE 2. — Ovule structure in Scolopia zeyheri. A, mature ovule in

median sagittal section; B, mature ovule in t/s. d, chalaza; e,

embryo sac; i, inner integument; n, nucellus; ne, nucellus epi-

dermis; o, outer integument; p, postament; s, synergids. Scale

bars: 100 pm.

ond meiotic division, resulting in two megaspores of

unequal size (Figure 3A, B). The chalazal megaspore

usually develops into a monosporic, Polygonum-iype

embryo sac, whereas the micropylar one degenerates

(Figure 3B, C). However, sometimes it is the micropylar

megaspore that enlarges and functions as the megagame-

tophyte (Figure 3D).

During the earliest stages of development, the megas-

pores and young embryo sac (Figures 3A-D; 4A) lie

deep inside the underdeveloped chalazal nucellus and are

covered by a nucellus cap consisting of an extensive

parietal tissue and the derivatives of the apical nucellus

epidermal cells. While the embryo sac matures, the pari-

etal nucellus tissue is gradually being absorbed by the

intrusion of the micropylar part of the embryo sac; the

chalazal nucellus and most of the lateral nucellus tissue

remain intact. In flowers that have shed their pollen and

are on the brink of fertilization, the micropylar part of the

embryo sac has also absorbed most of the cells of the

nucellus epidennis. A few remnants of these papillate

cells can still be seen between the wall of the embryo sac

and the inner opening of the endostomium (Figures 2A;

4B). In S. zeyheri the embryo sac therefore does not

extend beyond the limits of the micropylar nucellus epi-

dennis to become extranucellar.

No antipodal cells were seen in the chalazal part of

mature embryo sacs, the cells possibly degenerate rapid-

ly after fonnation (Figure 4B). The synergids show a dis-

tinctive filifonn apparatus (Figures 2A; 4A) and the egg

cell usually protrudes below the synergids. Two separate

polar nuclei were often seen near the cells of the egg

apparatus.

Seed coat structure

At maturity, the small, succulent berries contain four

to six subovoid, laterally flattened seeds, ± 3.5 x 2 mm

with a dark brown, glabrous surface. Both integuments

take part in the development of the seed coat, but neither

is multiplicative. In the ripe fruit, the testa consists of

four cell layers on the sides of the seed and contains large

amounts of tanniniferous substances (Figure 5A-C). The

outer epidermal cells are large, rectangular and thin-

walled, except for the outer tangential walls that are thick

and, although not lignified, impregnated with tannins

that probably help to protect the seed. Scattered stomata

occur (Figure 5C). The mesophyll cells of the testa are

small and thin-walled and possibly kept from being

crushed by the large amounts of polyphenols that

increase the rigidity of the cells walls (Werker 1997).

The inner epidermis fonns a coherent layer of periclinal-

ly flattened cells without tannins.

The tegmen is four to five cells thick and since the

outer epidennis forms the main mechanical protective

layer, the seed coat can be described as exotegmic. The

outer epidermis develops into a compact layer of thick-

walled, lignified (stains blue-green in toluidine blue),

pitted and fibre-like sclereids of about 200-220 pm long

(Figure 5B), stretched in a longitudinal direction. In

transverse section the sclereids are ± rectangular (Figure

5A) and show, like the tightly packed, thin-walled meso-

phyll cells of the tegmen, no signs of tanniniferous sub-

stances. The inner epidermis consists of small rectangu-

lar tanniniferous cells, separated from the thin-walled

endosperm tissue by shortly periclinally stretched, living

cells of the nucellus epidermis.

The development of the embryo was not studied;

stages found in aborted seeds showed globular embryos

with short suspensors (Figure 5D).

178

Bothalia 35,2 (2005)

FIGURE 3, — Mcgasporc formation in Scolopia zeyheri. A, miccllus with megasporcs and degenerating micropyiar dyad cell; B, nucellus with

functional chalazal megaspore; C, Polygommi-iype embryo sac in binucleate stage; D, binucleate stage of micropyiar megaspore, fm. func-

tional mcgasporc; i. inner integument; k. disintegrating micropyiar dyad cell; I, parietal tissue; m, megasporcs; me, inner opening of

micropyle canal; nc, nucellus epidermis; p, postament. Scale bars; A-C. 25 pm; D, 50 pm.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

On the basis of comparative morphology, wood

anatomy, palynology and phytochemistry, Lcmke ( 1988)

arranged the tribes of Flacoiirtiaceae in three informal

groups. The tribes Homalieae, Scolopieae and Prockieae

were considered to forrn a veiy natural group, the genera

constituting these tribes being scarcely distinguishable in

terms of wood anatomy and pollen morphology (Lemke

1 988 and references cited therein). As far as evolutionary

Bothalia 35,2 (2005)

179

FIGURE 4. — Embryo sac position and structure in Scolopia zeyheri. A, Polygonum-type embryo sac in 4-nucleate stage; B, mature embryo sac.

Note remnants of nucellus epidermis on micropylar side of synergids. d, chalaza of ovule; e, embryo sac; ei, egg cell; i, inner integunut;

1. parietal tissue; ne, nucellus epidermis; o, outer integument; p, postament; s, synergid. Scale bars: A, 100 pm; B, 50 pm.

status is concerned, Lemke (1988) regarded this group as

separate from the least specialized, cyanogenic gluco-

side-containing genera within the family (Berberidop-

sideae, Erythrospermeae, Oncobeae and Pangieae) and

the most highly derived, salicoid genera (Flacourtieae,

Casearieae and Bembicieae). However, subsequent

workers (Nandi et al. 1998; Bernhard & Endress 1999;

Chase et al. 2002) advocated the arrangement of the fla-

courtiaceous tribes in only two broad groups and the

Homalieae-Scolopieae-Prockieae assemblage was even-

tually placed with 3 1 other genera (including Samydeae)

with salicoid leaf dentition, as well as Scyphostegia,

Salix and Populus in a greatly enlarged Salicaceae

(Chase el al. 2002). Lemke’s (1988) cyanogenic genera

(but not Berberidopsideae now raised to a family of its

own, Berberidopsidaceae) were classified with an

expanded Achariaceae sensu stricto Mirbel in Acharia-

ceae sensu lato, hereafter referred to as Achariaceae

(Chase et al. 2002).

On account of their conservative and eonstant nature

(Dahlgren 1991), embryological data have often been

successfully employed to test and indicate phylogenetic

relationships at different levels of the taxonomic hierar-

chy, but most success has prevailed in solving classifica-

tion problems at the generic level and higher (Stuessy

1990). The present study on Scolopia provides the first

detailed information on ovule and seed structure in one

of 21 genera of an assemblage that putatively forms a

natural group among the tribes now included in Salica-

ceae. This new data allows for a better understanding of

embryological characters in this recently enlarged fami-

ly. In combination with published information on ovule

and seed characters in other genera (Table 1 ) now includ-

ed in Salicaceae (Chase et al. 2002), and compared with

findings on Acharia Thunb., Guthriea Bolus, Ceratiosi-

cyos Nees and Kiggelaria L. (Steyn et al. 2003) now

included in Achariaceae (Chase et al. 2002), data collec-

ted during the present study suggest the following:

1. Ovule and seed characters in Salicaceae. Ovules

are bitegmic (unitegmic in Saliceae), crassinucellate,

anatropous (orthotropous in Oncoba, Casearia Jacq.)

and usually sessile or almost so (conspicuous funicles in

Scyphostegia), occurring on median-parietal, lateral-

parietal or basal-parietal (basal in Scyphostegia) placen-

tae in a unilocular, multi-ovular (4-6-ovular in Scolopia)

ovary. Integuments are slender (2-5-layered) at the base,

both become thicker in the micropylar region and form

the straight or slightly skewed micropyle (inner integu-

ment only in Flacourtia, Oncoba). Although the func-

tional behaviour of the megaspores varies, a Polygonum-

type embryo sac is often formed, occupying a usually extra-

nucellar position (clearly intranucellar in Scyphostegia and

TABLE 1 . — Ovule and seed characters in selected genera of Salicaceae. Missing states reflect lack of information

180

Bothalia 35,2 (2005)

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181

FIGURE 5. — Seed coat structure in Scolopia zeyheri. A, B, mature seed coat: A, t/s; B, 1/s. C, stoma in seed coat; D, micropylar region of seed in

1/s showing aborted embryo with short suspensor. i, legmen (inner integument); ii, inner epidermis of legmen; me, inner opening of

micropyle canal; mi, mesophyll of legmen; mo. mesophyll of testa; ne. nucellus epidermis; o, testa (outer integument); oi. outer epidermis

of tegmen; oo, outer epidermis of testa; w, endosperm; x, stoma; y, embryo. Scale bars: 100 pm.

Scolopia) at maturity. A postament develops directly below

the megaspores in the short chalazal nucellus region of

Scolopia. A nucellus cap of 2-5 layers (8-10 in

Scolopia), comprising derivatives of the epidermis and

parietal cell, occurs at sporogenesis and a thin layer of

perisperm persists in the seed, except under the micropy-

le canal (4-layered cap present in seed of Scyphostegia).

Embryogeny is poorly known (Asterad-type in Salix),

the embryo has a short or long uniseriate suspensor, is of

moderate to large size and lies erect in the seed.

Endosperm is oily and copious (absent in ripe seed of

Salix). The testa is tanniniferous and often contains

stomata. A single layer of exotegmic, longitudinal fibres

or fibre-like sclereids forms the main mechanical tissue

of the seed coat (absent in Saliceae) and the endotegmen

usually persists as a pigmented (tanniniferous) layer. An

aril derived from the funicle is often present in capsular-

fruited taxa.

2. Salicaceae versus Achariaceae. Although the two

families have many ovule and seed characters in com-

mon (see Steyn et al. 2005 for characters shared by fam-

ilies in Malpighiales), they can in this regard be delimit-

ed by a few structural differences, including the position

of the embryo sac (clearly intranucellar in Achariaceae,

extranucellar or nearly so in Salicaceae); the structure

and origin of the mechanical seed coat layers (endotestal

sclereids, plus more than one layer of exotegmic, longi-

tudinal fibres in Achariaceae, a single layer of

exotegmic, longitudinal fibres or fibre-like sclereids in

Salicaceae except in Salix and Popitlus); the course of

the micropyle (zigzag in Achariaceae, slightly skewed to

straight in Salicaceae) and possibly, the presence/

absence of a suspensor in the embryo (absent in Acha-

rieae and Kiggelaria E., present in Salicaceae).

3. Evolutionary status of Scolopieae. Some characters

of Scolopia suggest a less advanced position for Scolo-

pieae within the family: (a) At sporogenesis, the megas-

pore mother cell lies in the weakly developed chalazal

nucellus and is covered by a very extensive nucellus cap,

mainly derived of parietal tissue. An extensive apical

nucellar region and weakly structured chalaza, regarded

as representing an early stage in the evolution of the

dicotyledonous ovule (Shamrov 1998), have not been

noted for any other member of Salicaceae, except in the

basal Scyphostegia (Van Heel 1967: 110) and this may

represent a plesiomorphic character within the family,

(b) The mature embryo sac of Scolopia does not attain an

extranucellar position as reported for genera in the more

182

Bothalia 35,2 (2005)

advanced tribes of Salicaceae, namely Flacourtieae

{Arechavaletaia Speg., Johri et al. 1992; Dovyalis, Steyn

et al. 2005; but not Flacourtia, Dathan & Singh 1973),

Samydeae {Casearia, Van Heel 1979) and Saliceae

{Salix, Chamberlain 1897; Popiihis, Nagaraj 1952). (c)

The embryo in Scolopia has a very short suspensor.

Embryos with long, uniseriate suspensors seem to char-

acterize the advanced tribes Flacourtieae (Idesia

Maxim., Johri et al. 1992; Dovyalis, Steyn et al. 2005),

Samydeae {Casearia, Corner 1976) and Saliceae

{Popuhis, Nagaraj 1952). The taxonomic significance of

the postament in the ovule of Scolopia is obscure

because few workers have recognized this tissue in earli-

er studies.

4. Inclusion of Scyphostegia in Salicaceae. This

monotypic endemic from Borneo, sometimes placed in a

family of its own (Scyphostegiaceae; e.g. Mabberley

1997), shows the presumably plesiomorphic feature of a

distally lobed outer integument, also mentioned for

integuments of Caloncoba Gilg and Camptostyliis Gilg

(Van Heel 1967, 1977). The latter two genera were recent-

ly placed in Achariaceae, tribe Lindackerieae (Chase et al.

2002). A nucellus cap of several layers covering the

embryo sac in the mature ovule and persisting in the seed

of Scyphostegia is also reminiscent of Achariaceae.

However, a basal position in Salicaceae (Chase et al.

2002) is supported by the absence of endotestal sclereids

and the presence of a single layer of longitudinal

endotegmic fibres in the seed coat.

5. Position p/'Oncoba in Salicaceae. Presence of sali-

coid leaf teeth, absence of gynocardin-like cyanogenic

glucosides (Nandi et al. 1998) and centrifugal stamen

initiation (Bernhard & Endress 1999) have previously

indicated a position within Salicaceae. Molecular data

strongly support the placement of Oncoba in Salicaceae,

whereas the other genera of erstwhile flacourtiaceous

tribe Oncobeae seem well placed in Achariaceae (Chase

et al. 2002). The single layer of exotegmic, longitudinal

fibres and destruction of the nucellus cap cells by the

embryo sac (Van Heel 1977) indicate a relationship with

salicaceous tribes, but the projecting endostome and

orthotropous ovules are somewhat irregular for the family.

The dismembering of the traditional Flacourtiaceae

and the recognition of two major clades that are more

closely related to other families in Malpighiales than to one

another is one of the great surprises of recent molecular

phylogenetic analyses (Chase et al. 2002). Undoubtedly

many workers familiar with traditional family circumscrip-

tions viewed these proposals with some scepticism.

Subsequently, evidence from embryology provided

strong support for the broad hypothesis of phylogenetic

relationships suggested by Chase et al. (2002), namely

the existence of a Salicaceae sensii lato clade and an

Achariaceae sensii lato clade (summarized in Table 1 and

also in Steyn et al. 2003). On the other hand, within

clades, embryological features also show variation

amongst taxa in at least some cases, most probably

reflecting specific patterns of adaptive radiation, e.g.

wind/water-dispersed seed in the tribe Saliceae (Steyn et

al. 2004) and myrmechorous seed in Achariaceae (Steyn

et al. 2002). How to best translate cladograms into hier-

archical .systems of classification remains a big chal-

lenge, considering the different philosophical views on

the topic amongst systematists. For example, to enhance

the predictive power of a classification, it is inevitable that

so-called paraphyletic groups be reeognized, an approach

vehemently opposed by some phylogeneticists (Brummit

2002). Variation in embryological features within

Salicaceae and Achariaceae displays a heterogeneity not

adequately expressed when broadly described at the family

level. From evidence gathered thus far, it is clear that

embryology has an important role to play in attempts to

arrive at a practical classification for the groups traditionally

assigned to families such as Achariaceae, Salicaceae,

Flacourtiaceae and Kiggelariaceae. For this purpose, infonna-

tion on the embryology of many more taxa is still required.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We are indebted to the South African National Biodi-

versity Institute (SANBI) for providing the infrastructure

to execute this study. We sincerely thank Mr Andrew

Hankey for collecting the material of Scolopia zeyheri

used in the investigation.

REFERENCES

BERNHARD, A. & ENDRESS, RK. 1999. Androecial development

and systematics in Flacourtiaceae. Plant Systematics and

Evolution 2\ 5: 141-155.

BREDENKAMP, C.L. 2003. Flacourtiaceae. In G. Germishuizen &

N.L. Meyer, Plants of southern Africa: an annotated checklist.

Strelitzia 14: 559-561.

BRUMMITT, R.K. 2002. How to chop up a tree. Taxon 51: 31^1.

CHAMBERLAIN, C.J. 1897. Contribution to the life history of Salix.

Botanical Gazette 2?>'. 147-179.

CHASE, M.W., ZMARZTY, S., LLEDO, M.D., WURDACK. K.J.,

SWENSEN, S.M. & FAY, M.F. 2002. When in doubt, put it in

Flacourtiaceae: a molecular phylogenetic analysis based on

plastid rbcG DNA sequences. Kew Bulletin 57: 141-181.

COATES PALGRAVE, M. 2002. Keith Coates Palgrave Trees of

southern Africa, edn 3. Stniik, Cape Town.

CORNER, E.J.H. 1976. The seeds of dicotyledons, vol. 1. Cambridge

University Press, Cambridge.

DAHLGREN, G. 1991. Steps towards a natural system of the dicotyle-

dons: embryological characters. AUso 13: 107-165.

DATHAN, A.S.R. & SINGH, D. 1973. Structure and development of

ovule and seed in Flaconrtia indica (Burm.f.) Merrill.

Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Science 39: 1 72-179.

DAVIS, G.L. 1966. Systematic emhiyology of the angiosperms. Wiley,

London.

FEDER, N. & O’BRIEN, T.P. 1968. Plant microtechnique: some prin-

ciples and new methods. American Journal of Botany 55:

123-142.

.lOHRI, B.M., AMBEGAOKAR, K.B. & SRIVASTAVA, P.S. 1992.

Comparative embryology of angiosperms, vol. 1. Springer, Berlin.

KILLICK, D.J.B. 1976. Scolopia. In J.H. Ross, Flora of southern

Africa 22: 63-84. Botanical Research Institute, Pretoria.

LEBRUN, J.-P. & STORK, A. L. 2003. Tropica! Afiican flowering plants:

ecology and distribution, vol.l: Annonaceae-Balanitaceae.

Editions des Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de

Geneve, Geneve.

LEMKE, D.E. 1988. A synopsis of Flacourtiaceae. Aliso 12: 29-43.

MABBERLEY, D.J. 1997. The plant-book. Cambridge University

Press, Cambridge.

MCLEAN, R.C. & IVIMEY-COOK, W.R. 1956. Textbook of theoreti-

cal botany, vol. 2. Longmans, London.

MULLER, J. 1864. Phyllobotryon. Flora 47: 534.

NAGARAJ, M. 1952. Floral morphology of Populus deltoldes and P.

tremuloides. Botanical Gazette 1 14: 222-243.

NANDI, O.I., CHASE, M. & ENDRESS, P.K, 1998. A combined

cladistic analysis of angiosperms using rhcL and non-molecular

data sets. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 85:

137-212.

O’BRIEN, T.P. & MCCULLY, M.E. 1981. The study of plant structure:

principles and selected methods. Tennacarpi, Melbourne.

PALMER, E. & PITMAN, N. 1972. Trees of southern Africa, vol. 3.

Balkema, Cape Town.

Bothalia 35,2 (2005)

183

SHAMROV, 1. 1. 1998. Ovule classification in flowering plants — new

approaches and concepts. Botanische Jahrbiicher 120:

377^07.

SHAMROV, 1.1. 2002. Postament. In T.B. Batygina. Embryology of

flowering plants, terminology and concepts, vol. 1: generative

organs of flower. 135, 136. Science Publishers, Enfield.

SLEUMER, H. 1972. A taxonomic revision of the genus Scolopia

Schreb. (Flacourtiaceae). Bliimea 20: 23-64.

STEYN, E.M.A., SMITH, G.E. & VAN WYK, A.E. 2004. Functional

and taxonomic significance of seed structure in Sali.x miicrona-

ta (Salicaceae). Bothalia 34: 53-59.

STEYN, E.M.A., VAN WYK. A.E. & SMITH, G.E. 2002. Ovule, seed

and seedling characters in Acharia (Achariaceae) with evidence

of myrmecochory in the family. South African Journal of

Botany 6S: 143-163.

STEYN, E.M.A., VAN WYK, A.E. & SMITH. G.E. 2003. Embryology

and systematic relationships of Kiggelaria (Flacourtiaceae).

Bothalia 3,1-. 199-206.

STEYN, E.M.A., VAN WYK, A.E, & SMITH, G.E. 2005. Ovule-to-

seed development in Dovyalis caffra (Salicaceae: Flacourtieae)

with notes on the taxonomic significance of the extranucellar

embryo sac. Bothalia 35: 101-108.

STUESSY, D.F. 1990. Plant taxonomy, the systematic evaluation of

comparative data. Columbia University Press, New York.

VAN HEEL, W.A. 1967. Anatomical and ontogenetic investigations on

the morphology of the flowers and the fruit of Scyphostegia.

borneensis Siapf (Scyphostegiaceae). Blumea 15: 107-125.

VAN HEEL, W.A. 1977. Flowers and fruits in Flacourtiaceae. 111.

Some Oncobeae. Blumea 23: 349-369.

VAN HEEL, W.A. 1979. Flowers and fruits in Flacourtiaceae. IV.

Hydnocarpus spp., Kiggelaria africana L., Casearia spp.,

Berberidopsis corallina Hook.f. Blumea 25: 513-529.

VON SCHREBER, J.C.D. 1789. Scolopia. Genera plantarum, edn 8,

1: 335.

WERKER, E. 1997. Seed anatomy. Bomtraeger. Berlin.

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Bothalia 35,2: 185-186 (2005)

Book Reviews

PLANTS OF THE NYIKA PLATEAU: AN ACCOUNT OF THE

VEGETATION OF THE NYIKA NATIONAL PARKS OF MALAWI

AND ZAMBIA, edited by JOHN BURROWS & CHRISTOPHER

WILLIS. 2005. Southern African Botanical Diversity Network

[SABONET] Report No. 31, South African National Biodiversity

Institute, Private Bag XlOl, 0001 Pretoria. Pp. xiv + 405. format 295 x

215 mm. Soft cover: ISBN 1-919976-08-6, price R 150.00, US$ 40.00.

One of the results of the SABONET initiative, funded by the Global

Environment Facility/United Nations Development Programme and

the United States Agency for International Development/World

Conservation Union — Regional Office for southern Africa, and admin-

istered by the erstwhile National Botanical Institute of South Africa, is

a series of very valuable publications. This latest title in the series

crowns it all.

The Nyika Plateau in Malawi is a very special place, floristically,

ecologically, and economically. It occupies some 1 800 km^ above the

1 800 m contour line, with the vegetation predominantly short grassland.

There is, however, a tendency for at least some of this grassland to devel-

op into montane forest when carefully protected. Being spatially isolat-

ed. one would expect it to be rich in endemics, yet only 33 of the species

(1.8%) are endemics. On the other hand, it is very species rich, and trop-

ical African highlands in such pristine condition are few and far between.

This book comprises a useful companion to Agnew & Agnew’s (1994)

Upland Kenya wild flowers. Ecologically it is important, not only as a

refugium for this highland vegetation, but also because it comprises the

main catchment area for Lake Malawi, As such, it is of great economical

importance as a large proportion of Malawi’s people rely on the fish in

Lake Malawi as a source of protein. The scene is set by the colour pho-

tograph on the front cover, showing an other-worldly view of Lobelia

mildbraedii on the shore of ‘Lake’ Kaulime.

The treatments of different taxonomic groups were contributed by

various specialists acknowledged in the book, but this does not dimin-

ish the magnitude of the editors’ input. Burrows (with his wife Sandie,

who produced most of the line drawings) is well known for his author-

itative books on Southern African ferns and fern allies ( Burrows 1 990)

and Figs of southern and south-central Africa (Burrows & Burrows

2003), and his involvement inspires confidence in this book.

Christopher Willis played a leading role in getting the SABONET ini-

tiative in motion, co-editing all aspects of the book as well as seeing it

through the press.

The book opens with an introduction to the physical, climatic, and

botanical features of the area, usefully illustrated with monochrome

photographs of the varied landscape, and incidentally the major vege-

tation types. This is followed by a chapter on the history of botanical

exploration of the Nyika Plateau, reminding us how important all mat-

ters historical are to botanists. This chapter tells where the previous col-

lectors’ specimens are housed. There are monochrome photographs of

many of these botanists — how nice to be able to put faces to names

known so well from herbarium labels.

The bulk of the book is taken up by species treatments, and every

one of the 1 817 known species in 684 genera and 160 families is dealt

with by means of a short description and illustrated with a line drawing

showing diagnostic or conspicuous features. There are no literature ref-

erences with the treatments, but for every species, up to two herbarium

specimens are cited. These treatments are in the usual order of

Anthocerotophyta. Hepatophyta, Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, gym-

nosperms, dicotyledons, and monocotyledons. Within each of these

groups the families, genera, and species are placed alphabetically. 1

have long been critical of alphabetical treatments since they make it

difficult to identify an unknown taxon, but in this case it should not

cause too many problems because the plant groups are relatively small.

There are no keys. Of necessity the descriptions are brief, but they pro-

vide diagnostic information not apparent in the illustrations such as

size, growth form, flower colour, associated vegetation type, altitudinal

range, and (sometimes) occurrence elsewhere. The line drawings,

grouped in unnumbered full-page plates, are big enough to fulfil their

purpose. Most of them are by Sandie Burrows and are excellent. Where

drawings by other artists were used, the styles and line thicknesses do

not clash distractingly. In the middle of the book are eight plates of

colour photographs. While I appreciate these, there is no reference to

them in the text but only in the index of names.

The book ends with a comprehensive seven-page glossary, and a bib-

liography. There is a collectors’ index which refers to the chapter on per-

sonalia but this could rather have been placed at the end of the chapter.

There is an index to common names, and an index to scientific names.

This book is very pleasing, yet I would neglect my duty if I don’t

point out some detractions. Firstly, the subtitle proclaims the book to be

an account of the vegetation of the Nyika National Parks. This is

patently wrong. The account of the vegetation takes up a mere four and

a half pages, from p. 4 to p. 8. The bulk of the book is a floristic

account. Secondly, botanists in southern Africa look up to SANBI for

guidance, and SANBI publications do not always provide the same

message. For instance, Leistner (2000) includes Mariscus in Cyperus

on the flimsiest molecular evidence; Goldblatt & Manning (2000) rec-

ognize it as distinct; Germishuizen & Meyer (2003) include it in the

synonymy of Cyperus', and in this book it is again re-instated. Finally,

it would really be unthinkable to visit the Nyika Plateau without this

book. However, its large format and soft cover does not bode well for

its long-term survival under constant usage.

REFERENCES

AGNEW, A.D.O. & AGNEW, S. 1994. Upland Kenya wild flowers,

edn 2. East Africa Namral History Society, Nairobi.

BURROWS, J.E. 1990. Southern African ferns and fern allies.

Frandsen, Sandton.

BURROWS, J.E. & BURROWS, S.M. 2003. Figs of southern and

south-central Afi'ica. Umdaus Press, Hatfield, Pretoria.

GERMISHUIZEN, G. & MEYER, N.L. (eds). 2003. Plants of southern

Africa: an armotated checklist. Strelitzia 14. National Botanical

Institute, Pretoria.

GOLDBLATT, P. & MANNING, J. 2000. Cape plants. A conspectus of

the Cape flora of South Africa. Strelitzia 9. National Botanical

Institute, Cape Town & Missouri Botanical Garden, St Louis.

LEISTNER. O.A. (ed.). 2000. Seed plants of southern Africa: families

and genera. Strelitzia 10. National Botanical Instimte, Pretoria.

P. VORSTER*

* Department of Botany & Zoology, University of Stellenbosch,

Private Bag XI, 7602 Matieland, Stellenbosch.

RICHES OF THE FOREST: FOR HEALTH, LIFE AND SPIRIT IN

AFRICA, edited by CITLALLI LOPEZ & PATRICIA SHANLEY.

2004. Centre for International Forestry Research. P.O. Box 6596

JKPWB, Jakarta 10065, Indonesia. Pp. 115. Soft cover: ISBN 979-

3361-36-0, price $15.00.

Large parts of Africa are still underdeveloped and many people in

the rural areas are dependant upon the veld and forests for their daily

existence. In some cases more is collected than is needed and this is

then sold at roadsides or taken to markets in order to earn some money.

In a few cases, small industries have developed and some products

even reach overseas markets. This booklet concentrates on non-timber

forest products (NTFP), including plants and animals (although only

two animal products are actually discussed in the main text). Some

research has been conducted on the NTFP in order to investigate both

subsistence livelihoods and the potential commercial trade of products.

The results are normally communicated to a small audience of acade-

mics in faraway developed countries. This booklet, as part of a three

volume set, "brings to life the people and products behind the research

results’, in common, easily understandable language with numerous

informative black-and-white illustrations.

The first chapter explains the background to the problems and the rea-

son why, what and by whom research was undertaken in inter alia Africa

on especially NTFP. Each of the chapters was written by different authors

e.g. Anthony Cunningham (Kew Botanical Gardens), CharUe M. & Sheona

E. Shackleton, Michelle Cocks and Tony Dold (Rhodes University),

186

Bothalia 35,2 (2005)

Danielle Lema Ngono (Cameroon) and Phosiso Sola (Zimbabwe), to

name a few.

Although some of the plant species are very versatile and many dif-

ferent parts of the same plant are used, the plants are discussed accord-

ing to their main usage. The chapters are grouped together starting with

two on animals/insects, five on fruits, four on bark and roots for medi-

cinal purposes, five on wood and three on palms used for furniture and

basketry. The descriptive chapters all consist of four pages, each start-

ing with a full page line drawing of the subject in question, the scien-

tific and common name, the area (country) under discussion and the

responsible author. The text is printed in green and black: green for

headings and black for the text. Further line drawings illustrate certain

aspects of how the products are harvested and of the raw and manufac-

tured state thereof. For each plant or animal, the following aspects are

discussed: firstly an introductory paragraph containing general infor-

mation on the habitat, distribution and general u.ses of the general item,

harvesting or collecting, processing of the product, trading, marketing

and control measures, if any. Although some of the species occur over

a wide area, they are mostly under review for a single country.

The following animals and plants are discussed: bush meat (game as

we know it); the giant African land snails; weevil larvae {Rhynchophorus

phoenicis); mamla fruits (Sclewcmya birrea)\ the nuts of bitter cola

[Garcinia kola); dried kernels of Ricinodendron heudelotii, In’ingia gabo-

nensis and 7. wombuht; the edible fruits of the bush plum (Dacryodes

edulis); the kernels of shea butter iVitellaria paradoxa); medicinal bark of

Primus africana. Cassipoiirea flanaganii and Warbiirgia salutaris; the

roots of the devil’s claw (Harpagophytum procumbens subsp. procum-

bens); wood carvings from Azadirachta indica. Afzelia quanzensis and

Pterocarpus angolensis; wooden chewing sticks for oral hygiene from

Garcinia kola and G. epimctata; fuel wood from Acacia seyali; the stems

of rattan palms of Laccospenna secundiflormn, L. robustum and

Eremospatha macrocarpa, used for wickerwork and cane furniture; palm

leaves of Hvphaene petersiana for making baskets and mats.

The concluding chapter deals with lessons learned during the

research done on the various products in different African countries. A

few of the concerns are the direct threat to the species in question and

to habitat destruction. It is realized that much education is needed as

well as research on the commercial cultivation of the species. For many

people, the harvesting and/or manufacturing of products from forests is

their only source of income. Some practices should be introduced to

ascertain future sustainability for these people. Flowever, some interna-

tional organizations are already involved in this process.

The last few chapters contain a list of references, a glossary, a list

of acronyms, authors’ addresses and a list of source material used for

the illustrations.

Although this is not a strict scientific publication, some important

information was left out for the sake of simplification, which could lead

to confusion e.g. the sometimes inaccurate distribution of the species

are shown in the only map on page xii. I think it would have been use-

ful to have a map of Africa for each chapter of the book, showing the

total distribution range of each species, highlighting the country under

discussion.

To conclude, this is a very interesting book and Fm sure will be an

eye opener to persons in affluent countries, when they realize where

their beautiful woodcarvings, baskets and furniture, and ingredients for

certain medicines come from, the pressure nature is exposed to and the

effort people in rural areas put into harvesting and manufacturing these

products. It also emphasizes the need for getting involved in education,

training and research of valuable resources before they are completely

lost to the world.

P.P.J. HERMAN*

* South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag XlOl,

0001 Pretoria.

Bothalia 35,2: 187-206 (2005)

South African National Biodiversity Institute:

administration and research staff 31 March 2005,

publications 1 April 2004-31 March 2005

Compiler: B.A. Momberg

CHIEF DIRECTORATE (ADIR)

CAPE TOWN— PEARSON HOUSE

Huntley, Prof. B.J. M.Sc. Chief Executive Officer

Laidler, Mrs S.A. B.Sc.(Agric.KHons). Senior Provisioning Admin. Officer. Personal Assistant

Finca, Ms N.F. Specialist Cleaner

Woodward, Ms Y.J. Provisioning Admin. Officer. Secretary to SANBI Board

WORKING FOR WETFANDS PROJECT (EDIR/WF)

Dini. J.A. B. Sc. (Hons). Programme Manager. Pretoria (contract worker)

Beetge, A. N. Dip. (Forestry). Regional Co-ordinator. Mpumalanga (contract worker)

Buckle, J.D. B. Sc. (Hons). Technical Advisor, Southern region. Port Elizabeth (contract worker)

Grundling, P. M.Sc. Technical Advisor, Central region. Pretoria (contract worker)

Mangqalaza, Ms S.M. M.Ed. Social Development & Training Co-ordinator. Pretoria (contract worker)

Mokhutsane, T.J. Regional Co-ordinator, Fimpopo. Pretoria (contract worker)

Munzhedzi, T.E. B.A. (Ed.). Regional Co-ordinator, North-West and Free State. Rustenburg (contract worker)

Shenxane, Ms A.N. Dip.(Bookkeep.). Provisioning Admin. Officer

GFOBAF INVASIVE SPECIES PROGRAMME (GISP)

Jackson, Ms L.F. Ph.D. Director (contract worker)

Awad, A. M.Sc. Marine Programme Co-ordinator (contract worker)

Barnard, Ms P.E. Ph.D. Working Group Co-ordinator/Scientific and Technical Co-ordinator (contract worker)

Brand, Ms K. B.A. (Hons). Communications Co-ordinator (contract worker)

Ivey, P. M.Sc. Programme Co-ordinator (contract worker)

Mahlasela. Ms EG. Administrative Assistant/Cleaner (part time contract worker)

Whiting, Ms D.M. Senior Administrator (contract worker)

MARKETING AND COMMUNICATION DIRECTORATE (AMAR)

PRETORIA

Director: vacant

Liebenberg, Mrs E.J.E. M.Sc. Control Agricultural Technician. Acting Manager (North)

Mthembi, Ms C. Dip. (Market. & Pub. Rela.). Senior Communications Officer. Marketing & pub. relations

Tlhothalemaje, Ms E. B.A. (Marketing). Marketing Assistant (contract worker)

CAPE TOWN

Van Aswegen, Ms C.E. HED, B.A. (History & Psych.). Principal Communications Officer. Admin, support

188

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HUMAN RESOURCES DIRECTORATE (APER)

PRETORIA

Netshiombo. M.J. B. Admin. (Hons), DPLR(UNISA), AHR(UNISA). Chief Director

Baloyi, Ms I. N.Dip.(Manag. Assist.). Senior Secretary IV

Leboho, Ms N. B. Com. (Human Res.), Dip. (Personnel Manag.), Dip. (Public Rela.). Senior Personnel Practitioner

Mathiba, Ms J.S. B. Admin. (Indust. Psych.), Cert.Adv.Labour Law. Senior Personnel Practitioner

CAPE TOWN

Kriel, Mrs G.A. Dip. (Sec.). Senior Secretary IV

Haupt, Mrs C.S. Specialist Cleaner. Guest house

PERSONNEL— CAPE TOWN

Van Zyl, J.M. M.Econ. (Indust. Psych.). Assistant Director: Organizational Development & Training

Engelbrecht, B. N.Dip.(Hort.), N.Dip.(PRM), Dip. (Forestry). Deputy Director: Human resources management

and health & safety co-ordination

Staal, P.B. Dip.(Soc. Sci.), Cert.Indust. Relations. Assistant Director. Labour & staff relations

Claassen, Ms G.E. Senior Telkom Operator III. Admin.

Support, front line duties

Crowie, A.C. Senior Registry Clerk II

Dollie, Mrs N.J. Specialist Cleaner

Du Toit, Ms R. HED. Assistant Director. Training

and development

Fredericks, C.H. Driver II. Courier services

Mtyalela, D.M.S. Senior Training Officer. Staff

training

Nicholas, Mrs W.L. Senior Photocopy Machine Operator

Oosthuizen, Ms G. Senior Provisioning Admin. Clerk

III. Recruitment Clerk

Petersen, R.E. Senior Personnel Practitioner. Employment

equity

Sass, Ms D. Senior Provisioning Admin. Clerk II. Leave

& lOD admin.

FINANCE DIRECTORATE (AFIN)

CAPE TOWN

Hughes, W.S.G. B.Com., C.A.(SA). Chief Director. Finance

Matsie, T.J. B.Com. (Hons). Deputy Director. Financial management

Rawoot, N.A. B.Acc.Sc. Deputy Director: Financial management

Maholwana, S. B.Com. (Hons). Assistant Director. Asset management

Neuwirth, Ms E.V. Assistant Director. Staff benefits

Bean, Ms S.E. Dip. (Human Res.). Project Admin, (con-

tract worker)

Cassiem, Ms S. Chief Accounting Clerk. Salaries

Cooper, S.K. Senior Accounting Clerk II. Creditors

Goodman, Mrs I.W. State Accountant. Supervisor:

Creditors

Jacobs, F.H. Senior Accounting Clerk II. Staff benefits

Jacobs, Ms S. Assistant Director. Financial management:

)

general ledger

Njalo, Ms N.A. Secretary. Finance (contract worker)

Mcontsi, Ms N. N.Dip.(Acc.). Senior Accounting Clerk

III. Creditors

Paulse, Mrs D.W.S. Dip.(Bookkeep.), Dip. (Sec.). Chief

Accounting Clerk III. Creditors

Potgieter, Ms G. Salaries Clerk (contract worker)

September, Ms M. Senior Accounting Clerk II. Debtors

ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION DIRECTORATE (EDIR, EENT/GP)

PRETORIA

Qwathekana, Ms N.M. B. A. (Hons), B.A.(Eng., Geog. & Film Studies III), Dip. (Ed.), M.Phil.(Geog. &

Envir. Sci.) Director

Adams, Ms E.M. Cert.IBMDisk.Op. Senior Provisioning Admin. Officer. Outreach greening Horticulturist

Admin. Officer. Centre Manager Jacobus, E.S. (student)

Eyssell, Ms A. B.Sc.(Hons)(Hort.). Senior Provisioning Kutumela, M.S. (student)

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189

Mahasha, Ms P.M. N.T.C.III(Hort.). (student) Novellie, Mrs E. HED, B.Sc.(Hons)(Zoo. & Mammo-

Maphuta, Mrs M.S. Specialist Cleaner, Assistant to centre logy). Principal Environm. Ed. Officer

manager Ramabulane, S.A. N.T.C.III(Hort.). (student)

SikJiauli, Ms N. B.Sc. (student)

FREE STATE NBG— BLOEMFONTEIN (EENT/FS)

Moletsane, M.E. B.Ed.(Hons). Principal Environm. Ed. Officer. Admin, support

GOLD FIELDS CENTRE— CAPE TOWN (EECT)

Fullard, D. B.Sc. Ed., B. Ed. (Hons). Deputy Director. Environm. Ed. Co-ordinator

Ellman, Ms R.S. HED, B.Sc. Senior Environm. Ed. Officer. Resource development

Hey, Ms S.J. HED, B.A.(Geog.). Senior Environm. Ed. Officer. Garden-based programme

Mgodeli, W.M. Driver II

September, Ms M. Senior Provisioning Admin. Clerk II. Admin, support

LOWVELD NBG— NELSPRUIT (EENT/MP)

Hlalu, Ms X. N.Dip.(Hort.). Outreach Horticulturist (contract worker)

Mamatsharaga, L.A. B.Sc. (Hons). Principal Environm. Ed. Officer

Mdluli, Ms J.F. Environm. Ed. Officer (contract worker)

Mokwena, Ms G.S. N. Dip. (Pers. Assist.). Senior Provisioning Admin. Clerk II

Randima, Ms G.D. Specialist Cleaner

WALTER SISULU NBG— ROODEPOORT (EENT/GW)

Dlomu, Ms TF. Outreach Horticulturist (contract worker)

Molefe, Ms K.E. Dip. (Nature Cons.). Senior Environm.

Ed. Officer. Outreach education

Moore, Mrs J.M. N.H.Dip.(Sec.). Senior Provisioning

Admin. Clerk II. Admin, support (part time)

Vatsha, M.L. HED. Principal Environm. Ed. Officer

BIODIVERSITY POLICY AND PLANNING DIRECTORATE (DBIO)

PRETORIA

Maze, Ms K.E. M.Sc. Director. Biodiversity policy and planning

Jacobs, Ms PT Admin, (contract worker)

Roberts, R. B.Sc. (Hons). Chief Information Technology Advisor (contract worker)

Smith, Ms T.J. Ph.D. Bioregional Projects Officer (contract worker)

GIS/CONSERVATION PLANNING— CAPE TOWN

Rouget, M.J.F. Ph.D. GIS Manager (contract worker)

Jonas, Ms Z.R. M.Sc.(Conserv. & GIS). Conservation Planner (contract worker)

Mohamed, Ms B.M. B.Sc. (Hons). Intern

THREATENED SPECIES PROGRAMME— PRETORIA (YDBR7TS)

Foden, Ms W.B. M.Sc. (Cons. Biol.). Programme Manager (contract worker)

Daniels, Ms F. B.Sc.(Hons)(Bot. & Plant Ecok). Red List Officer (contract worker)

Pillay, Ms D. M.Sc.(Biodiv.). Red List Scientist (contract worker)

Potter, Ms L. M.Sc. (Cons. Biol.). Red List Officer (contract worker)

Victor, Ms J.E. M.Sc. (Plant Syst.), H.Dip.(Journ.). Control Agricultural Scientist. Red List Scientist. Taxonomy

of Rutaceae, Asclepiadaceae

190

Bothalia 35,2 (2005)

C.A.P.E. PROJECT— CAPE TOWN

Barnett, M. Ph.D. Programme Developer (contract

worker)

Cadman, M.J. Ph.D. Bioregional Programmes Co-ordi-

nator. Eastern Cape; Port Elizabeth (DBIO/EC)

(contract worker)

Court, Ms S.J. N. Dip. (Computer Admin.). Finance and

Procurement Manager (contract worker)

Heyns, Ms E.A. Office Admin, (contract worker)

Mitchell, Ms L. Admin. Clerk (contract worker)

Sandwith, T. Programme Co-ordinator (contract worker)

GARDENS DIRECTORATE— ADMIN STAFF (GDIR)

PRETORIA

Willis, C.K. M. Sc. (Cons. Biol.) — Chief Director: Gardens and Horticultural Services

Heilgendorff, J.P N.H.Dip.(Hort.). Gardens IT Manager

Els, Ms L. N. Dip. (Sec.). Senior Secretary IV

CAPE FLATS NATURE PROJECT— CAPE TOWN (YAPR/CF)

Goldman, Ms T. B.Soc.Sci. Project Manager (contract worker)

Hathorn, Ms PM. B. A. (Hons), N.Dip.(Hort.). Capacity building Manager

Martin, Ms M. Cert. Masters Business Serv.(CMBS). Admin. Co-ordinator (contract worker)

URBAN CONSERVATION— CAPE TOWN (GDIR/UC)

Davis, G.W. Ph.D. Deputy Director: Communication. Project management and fund raising

Peter, L.M. Dip.(Hort.). Principal Communications Officer. Project management

INTERPRETATION (GINN)

Roff, J. Cert.Envir.Interpr. & Ed. Communication Officer. Interpretation (Pietermaritzburg)

PLANNING, MAINTENANCE & DEVELOPMENT— CAPE TOWN (BPMD)

Linde, D.C. N.T.C.IIRCivil & Structural: Building), N.T.C.III (Inspector of Works: Building), M.S.A.I.D, Cert.

Estate Agency. Control Works Inspector

Abrahams, P. Handyman. Building maintenance

Manasse, S.P Dip. (Masonry). Artisan Foreman. Building maintenance

Peck, W.I. Senior Handyman. Building maintenance

CURATORS

Behr, Ms C.M. Curator: Pretoria NBG

Britz, R.M. Curator: Lowveld NBG (Nelspruit)

Gavhi, M.P Curator: Free State NBG (Bloemfontein)

Le Roux, PH. Deputy Director. Curator: Kirstenbosch NBG (Cape Town)

Oliver, LB. Curator: Karoo Desert NBG (Worcester)

Tarr, B.B. Curator: Natal NBG (Pietermaritzburg)

Turner, Ms S.L. Curator: Witwatersrand NBG (Roodepoort)

Xaba, Ms A.C. Curator: Harold Porter NBG (Betty’s Bay)

HAROLD PORTER NBG— BETTY’S BAY (GHPG)

Xaba, Ms A.C. N.Dip.(Hort.). Control Agricultural Technician. Curator

Abrahamse, S.J. Principal Foreman. Garden Carolus, Ms B.J. N.H.Dip.(Hort.) Agricultural Develop-

Arendse, Ms M. Auxiliary Services Officer II. Access control ment Technician. Horticulture

Bebe, Ms N. Cleaner I Forrester, Ms J.A. N.T.C.IIRHort.). Chief Agricultural

Bezuidenhout, Mrs 11. M. Provisioning Admin. Officer Development Technician. Horticulture

Bothalia 35,2 (2005)

191

October, Ms R.P. Dip. (Ed.). Senior Auxiliary Services Simpson, H.A.S. Auxiliary Services Officer II. Access

Officer. Plant records and asset register control

Qoma, Ms Z. (student) Van Wyk, A.B. Artisan. Index nursery

Samuels, Ms D.C. Cleaner II

KAROO DESERT NBG— WORCESTER (GKAR)

Oliver, I.B. N.Dip.(Hort.), N. Dip. (Public Rela. & Admin). Control Agricultural Technician. Curator

Harris, Ms S. N.Dip.(Hort). Senior Agricultural Develop-

ment Technician. Scientific collections

Kwayimane, P. N.Dip.(Hort.). Senior Agricultural De-

velopment Technician. Garden management

Mtetwa, A.M. Artisan. General maintenance

Makubalo, F.N. Principal Foreman. Nursery

Mpeke, Ms E.N. Specialist Cleaner

Salonika, Ms A.S.D. Senior Provisioning Admin. Clerk

III. Admin, support

Sibozo, N.E. Driver II. Plant sales

Simani, D.K. Principal Foreman. Plant collections

Viljoen, D.M. N.Dip.(Hort.). Chief Agricultural Develop-

ment Technician. Plant records and corporate com-

pliance

KIRSTENBOSCH NBG— CAPE TOWN (GKBC)

Le Roux, PH. Dip. (Forestry), N.Dip.(Hort.), N. Dip. (Parks & Recr.), Cert.Turf Management. Deputy Director:

Garden Management. Curator

Goldschmidt. S.M. B.A.(Soc.)(Hons). Assistant Director. Human Resources Management

Adams, T.D. B.Tech.(Hort.). Senior Agricultural Development Technician. Supervisor: Greenhouse

Hitchcock, A.N. N.H.Dip.(Hort.). Control Agricultural Development Technician. Nursery Manager

Morkel, A.T. N.Dip. (Nature Cons.). Control Agricultural Development Technician. Estate Manager

Notten, Ms A.L. B.Sc., N.Dip.(Hort.). Chief Agricultural Development Technician. Supervisor: Seed room

Trautman, C.E. Artisan. Supervisor: Workshop

Adams, T.D. N.Dip.(Hort.), B.Tech.(Hort.). Senior Agri-

cultural Development Technician. Greenhouse

Supervisor. Tissue culture

Adonis, A. Principal Foreman. Dell & ericas

Adonis, S.J. Senior Foreman. Alien vegetation control

Arends, Ms S.J. Principal Auxiliary Services Officer.

Plant records

Badenhorst, Ms C.L. (student)

Boyana (Magija), Ms N.E. N.Dip.(Hort.). Senior Agricultural

Development Technician. Outreach programme

Brown, B.M. N.Dip.(Hort.). Agricultural Development

Technician. Nursery

Burring, J.H. Kirstenbosch Scholar

Crowie, R.W. Principal Foreman. General garden

Crowie, Mrs U.M. Accounting Clerk II. Seed room

Duncan, G.D. N.Dip.(Hort.). Control Agricultural De-

velopment Technician. Bulbs

Engelbrecht, F. Senior Provisioning Admin. Clerk H. Stores

Engelbrecht, Mrs L.D. Control Auxiliary Services

Officer. Plant records

Grace, T. Senior Provisioning Admin. Clerk III. Stores &

admin, support

narrower, A.D. B.Sc. Ball Agreement. Greenhouse

Supervisor (contract worker)

Hope, C.E. Senior Handyman. Construction

Jacobs, H.C. Principal Foreman. Plant production

Jaftha, Ms D.L. Accounting Clerk II. Seed room

Jodamus, Ms N.L. N.Dip.(Hort.). Senior Agricultural

Development Technician. Annuals, Rutaceae,

alpines and Cape endemics

Kamalie, Ms S. Senior Typist. Receptionist

Kayster, G.J. Principal Foreman. Construction

Kuscus, G.W. Principal Foreman. General maintenance

Leon, J.S. (student)

Manuel, I.P. Senior Foreman. Seed room

Mathys, Mrs S.S.B. Senior Accounting Clerk III.

Revenue and garden statistics

Matthews, I.N. Principal Foreman. Estate & trails

Mbambezeli, N.G. N.Dip.(Hort). Agricultural Develop-

ment Technician. Trees & shrubs

Mitchells, G. Control Specialist Groundsman. Senior Fore-

man. Mowers ; ,

Morris, J.N.M. Senior Foreman. Proteas

Newman, W. Artisan. Mechanical workshop

Nxawe, Ms S. (student)

Picane, Ms S. Auxiliary Services Officer II. Tissue culture

Prins, F.B. Security Officer III

Rudolph, A. Security Officer III

Shanks, G.R. Ball Agreement. Glass House Assistant

(contract worker)

Smith, Mrs A. Senior Provisioning Admin. Clerk II.

Admin, support

Solomons, T.C. Senior Security Officer II

Steeneberg, Ms L. (student)

Tamboer, J.S. Principal Foreman. Nursery services

Tuckledoe, R. (student)

Van Gusling, E.J. Principal Foreman. Mowers

Van der Walt, Mrs L.E. N.Dip.(Hort.). Chief Agricultural

Development Technician. Herbaceous collections

(part time)

Van Jaarsveld, E.J. M.Sc., N.Dip.(Hort.). Control Agri-

cultural Technician. Succulents

Van Rooy, K. Principal Foreman. Annuals

Van Wyk, F. Principal Auxiliary Services Officer II.

Lable Maker

Viljoen, Ms C.C. N.Dip.(Hort.). Chief Agricultural

Development Technician. Plant production

Voigt, W.E. N.Dip.(Hort.). Chief Agricultural Develop-

ment Technician. Dell

Xaba, PA. N.Dip.(Hort.). Overberg Useful Plants Project

(YARP/CF) (contract worker)

192

Bothalia 35,2 (2005)

VISITORS CENTRE— CAPE TOWN (GKBCWC)

Struys, Ms S. B.A.(Hons)(Directing), Postgrad.Dip. (Market. Manag.). Principal Communications Officer.

Centre Manager

Fredericks, Ms N.C.E. Senior Auxiliary Services Officer.

Visitors’ Centre. Information services

Jacobs, A.P Chief Auxiliary Services Officer. Visitors’

Centre. Information services

Malan, Ms C.E. B.Sc.(Hons). Principal Communication

Officer: Tour co-ordinator

Phillips, R. Senior Provisioning Admin. Clerk. Facilities Officer

Williams, G.C. Senior Auxiliary Services Officer. Information

LOWVELD NBG— NELSPRUIT (GLOW)

Britz, R.M. N.Dip.(Forestry). Control Agricultural Technican. Curator

Froneman, W.C.F. N.T.C.III(Hort.), N.Dip. (Nature Cons.

& Man.), N.Dip.(Parks & Rec. Admin.), N.T.C.III

(Hort.). Control Agricultural Technician. Nursery

management & garden development

Hurter, P.J.H. B. Sc. (Hons). Control Agricultural Tech-

nician. Cycad conservation

Khoza, Ms P.E. Specialist Groundsman. Cleaner

Le Roux, Ms L. N.H.Dip.(Nature Cons.). Chief Auxiliary

Services Officer. Interpretation

Maqungo, Ms VL.B. Senior Accounting Clerk II. Front

line Officer

Mathebula, Ms I.N. Senior Auxiliary Services Officer.

Front line Officer

Mathebula, Ms N.R. Accounting Clerk II. Admin. Support

Mlombo, Ms T.C. Foreman. Garden

Mukoma, T. Dip. (Hort.), B.Tech.(Agric. Managem.),

B.Tech.(Hort.). Agricultural Development Techni-

cian. Horticulturist

Musweli, K.J. Principal Foreman. New development

Ngwenya, P.S. Senior Auxiliary Services Officer n. Kiosk

Nyathikazi, Ms T.P. Senior Auxiliary Services Officer.

Front line Officer

Sibanyoni, Ms S.M. Cleaner II

Van der Walt, Mrs G.A.M. Senior Provisioning Admin.

Clerk III

Xozumti, M.M. Principal Foreman. Supervisor

KWAZULU-NATAL NBG— PIETERMARITZBURG (GKZN)

Tarr, B.B. N.Dip.(Parks & Rec. Admin.), Advanced Dip.(Adult Educ.). Control Agricultural Technician. Curator

Bullough, Ms J. (student)

Dlungwane, T.R. Principal Foreman. Garden maintenance

Johnson, Ms I. HED, M.Sc. Control Agricultural De-

velopment Technician

Nonjinge, S.H.B. N.T.C.ni(Hort.). Chief Agricultural De-

velopment Technician

Sibiya, Ms C.P.T. Cleaner II

Van der Merwe, Mrs M.E.H. Senior Provisioning Admin.

Clerk III

Zimu, M.J. Principal Foreman. Garden

FREE STATE NBG— BLOEMFONTEIN (GFSG)

Gavhi, M.P. N.Dip.(Hort.). Control Agricultural Technician. Curator

Barnard, Ms A.D. Admin. Clerk (part time contract worker)

Katise, Ms T.C. (student)

Magodongo, G.S. N.Dip. (Hort). Agricultural Develop-

ment Technician. Nursery

Mbolekwa, L.M. Foreman. Garden

Ngalo, M.S. Senior Auxiliary Services Officer. Inter-

pretation

Nyuleka, Ms N.A. Senior Accounting Clerk I. Nursery

Raditlhare, Mrs E.M. Cleaner II

Rambuwani, L.D. N.Dip. (Hort.). Senior Agricultural

Development Technician

Sebolai, R.P.A.N. Senior Handyman. General maintenance

Thaele, Mrs M.E. Cleaner II

Tshabalala, Ms B.N.W. (student)

PRETORIA NBG (GPTA)

Behr, Ms C.M. B. Sc. (Hons). Control Agricultural Development Technician. Curator

Baloyi, K.J. Senior Auxiliary Services Officer II. Infor-

mation Officer. Garden records

Baloyi, M.S. Dip.(lBM), Dip.(PTM), Dip.(Payroll Admin.).

Senior Provisioning Admin. Clerk I. Leave records

and H.R. support

Bell, Ms F.C. HED, N.Dip. (Hort.). Chief Agricultural

Development Technician.

Creighton, Ms D.D. Senior Provisioning Admin. Clerk

III. Admin, support

Difoloko, J.A. Dip. (Ed.), N.Dip. (Hort.). Senior Agri-

cultural Development Technician.

Ferreira, Ms L. B. A. (Fine Art), N.Dip.(Nature Cons.).

Chief Auxiliary Services Officer. Information

Keyter, B.A. Senior Security Officer II

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193

Kutama, B.T. Principal Foreman. Garden development

Lithudza, E.F. Chief Agricultural Development Technician

Mahange, M.J. B. Tech. (Public Managem. & Admin.).

Senior Provisioning Admin. Officer

Makgobola, Ms M.R. Auxiliary Services Officer II.

Reception & admin. Support

Mahlangu, J.F. Senior Foreman. Garden development

Mariri, Ms M.A. Cleaner II

Modisha, M.D. Cleaner II

Mokgope, C.R. (student)

Mphaka, Ms N.F. Student Horticulturalist

Naidoo, D.A. Control Agricultural Technician.

Solomons, Ms C.V. Principal Auxiliary Services Officer.

Plant records clerk

Venter, W.A. N.T.C.II. Senior Artisan. Workshop and

general maintenance

WALTER SISULU NBG— ROODEPOORT (GSIS)

Turner, Ms S.L. B. Sc. (Hons), N.Dip.(Hort.). Control Agricultural Technician. Curator

Aubrey, Mrs A.E. B.Tech.(Hort.). Chief Agricultural

Development Technician. Plant records, interpreta-

tion, information (part time)

Baloyi, S.J. Handyman. Stores

Dlamini, M.D. N.Dip.(Hort.). Senior Agricultural De-

velopment Technician. Garden, nursery

Hankey, A.J. N.Dip.(Hort.), B.Tech.(Hort.). Control

Agricultural Development Technician. Garden,

estate, collections, nursery

Head, Mrs S.E. Dip. (Shorthand & Typing). Provisioning

Admin. Officer

Ledwaba, Ms D.M. Senior Accounting Clerk III

Mamosebo, M.A. Factotum

Manyikana, TM. Factotum

Mmola, Mrs B.E. Cleaner II

Moodley, Ms K. (horticultural student)

Mtsweni, P. N.Dip. (Hort.). Senior Agricultural Develop-

ment Technician. Support services, estate

Ndzondo, Ms N.L. Senior Provisioning Admin. Clerk I

Ndzondo, Mrs P.G. Cleaner II

Nedambale, M.P Senior Foreman. Garden

Nemalili, M.E. Senior Foreman. Machines and vehicles

Nenungwi, M.S. Senior Foreman. Nursery

RESEARCH DIRECTORATE (RDIR)

PRETORIA

Smith, Prof. G.F. Ph.D., F.L.S. Chief Director; Research & Scientific Services

Arnold, TH. Head: Data Management (Pretoria)

Crouch, N.R. Head; Ethnobotany Unit (Durban)

Donaldson, J.S. Ph.D. (Zoo.) Director: Kirstenbosch Research Centre (Cape Town)

Koekemoer, Ms M. Curator: National Herbarium (Pretoria)

Leistner, O.A. D.Sc. F.L.S. Agricultural Scientist (contract worker)

Marais, Mrs A.C. Senior Provisioning Admin. Officer

Meyer, Mrs N.L. B. Sc. (Hons). Agricultural Development Technician (contract worker)

Roux, J.P. Curator: Compton Herbarium (Cape Town)

Singh, Ms Y. Curator: Natal Herbarium (Durban)

Steenkamp, Ms Y. Regional Project Co-ordinator: SABONET (Pretoria)

Wolfson, Mrs M.M. Ph.D. Director: Research Support Services

KWAZULU-NATAL HERBARIUM— DURBAN (RHED)

Singh, Ms Y. HED, M.Sc. Control Agricultural Development Technician. Taxonomy of Araceae,

Hypoxidaceae. Curator

Apollos, Ms C.E. Senior Provisioning Admin. Clerk II. Mar-

keting

Glen, H.F. Ph.D. Specialist Scientist. Taxonomy of trees,

cultivated plants; botanical history

Glen, Mrs R.P M.Sc. Control Agricultural Technician.

Wetland plants

Hlongwane, Mrs N.C. Cleaner II & messenger

Mbonambi, B.M. Groundsman II. Garden maintenance

Ngwenya, A.M. Senior Agricultural Development

Technician. Herbarium Officer. Plant identification

and information, Zulu Botanical Knowledge Project

Mazibuko, J.V.G. Senior Auxiliary Services Officer.

Herbarium Assistant

Noble, Mrs H-E. Chief Provisioning Admin. Clerk

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Bothalia 35,2 (2005)

ETHNOBOTANY UNIT— DURBAN (RETH)

Crouch, N.R. Ph.D. Deputy Director. Ethnobotany of southern African flora, bioprospecting

Douwes, E. B. Sc. (Hons), (student)

Lukhozi, Ms T. N. Dip. (Office Manag. & Tech.). Project Facilitator (NDDP contract worker)

Qoko, Ms M.M.I. M.Sc.(Biodiv. & Cons. Biol.). Bioprospecting Assistant Investigator (NDDP contract worker)

NATIONAL HERBARIUM— PRETORIA (RHEN)

Koekemoer, Ms M. Ph.D. Deputy Director. Herbarium management.

Taxonomy of Asteraceae: Gnaphalieae

Bredenkamp, Mrs C.L. Ph.D. Control Agricultural Scientist. Assistant Curator: Public relations. Taxonomy of

Vitex, Passerina, Malvaceae, Sterculiaceae, and other related families

Fish, Mrs L. B.Sc. Principal Agricultural Scientist. Assistant Curator: Collections Manager. Taxonomy of Poaceae

Herman, P.P.J. M.Sc. Principal Agricultural Scientist. Assistant Curator: Personnel. Taxonomy of Asteraceae

Mothogoane, M.S. Chief Auxiliary Services Officer. Assistant Curator: Herbarium assistants. Wing C

Sebothoma, P.N. Cert.Sec. Principal Auxiliary Services Officer. Assistant Curator: Service room. Plant

identifications co-ordinator

Van Rooy, J. Ph.D. Control Agricultural Scientist. Assistant Curator: Technical staff. Taxonomy and

biogeography of mosses

Anderson. J.M. Ph.D. Specialist Scientist. Molteno Palaeo-

flora, Gondwana Alive

Archer Mrs C. M.Sc. Principal Agricultural Scientist.

Taxonomy of Cyperaceae, monocotyledons (general)

Archer, R.H. Ph.D. Principal Agricultural Scientist.

Taxonomy of mainly Celastraceae, Euphorbiaceae

Bester, S.P. M.Sc. Senior Agricultural Scientist. Taxon-

omy of Apocynaceae, Ericaceae, Rutaceae

Burgoyne, Ms P.M. M.Sc. Principal Agricultural Scien-

tist. Mesembryanthemaceae

Gotzel, Ms A. Senior Provisioning Admin. Clerk III

Govender, Ms M. B.Sc. Senior Agricultural Develop-

ment Technician. Curation and plant ID in Wing C

Jordaan, Mrs M. M.Sc. Principal Agricultural Scientist.

Taxonomy of Celastraceae: Celastroideae, interactive

key to the trees of southern Africa

Kgaditsi, T.W. Senior Auxiliary Services Officer. Speci-

men mounter, general assistant

Klopper, Ms R.R. M.Sc. Senior Agricultural Scientist.

Pteridophyta and selected monocotyledonous families

Makgakga, M.C. B.Sc. Agricultural Development Tech-

nician. Curation and plant ID in Wing B

Makgakga, K.S. Principal Auxiliary Services Officer.

Herbarium Assistant. Encoding plant specimens,

data capturing, labels typist, curation of Wing D

Manamela, Ms M.T. B.Sc. (Hons). Senior Agricultural

Development Technician. Information Officer

Maserumule, M.K. Principal Auxiliary Services Officer.

Curation of Wing B

Masombuka, Ms A.S. N. Dip. (Nature Cons.). Principal

Auxiliary Services Officer. Herbarium Assistant.

Curation of Wing A

Meyer, J.J. HED. Chief Agricultural Development

Technician. Bioprospecting Project

Mothapo, M.A. Principal Auxiliary Services Officer. Label typist

Mpongo, T. B.Sc. Senior Agricultural Development Tech-

nician. Curation and plant ID in Wing A

Nkoane, Ms G.K. Principal Auxiliary Services Officer.

Loans, exchanges, gifts, parcelling, stores

Phahla, T.J. Senior Auxiliary Services Officer. Specimen

mounter of cryptogams, packer, general assistance

Ready, Mrs J.A. N.Dip.(Hort.). Principal Auxiliary

Services Officer. Plant identifications, Helichrysiim.

Curation of Wing D

Retief, Ms E. M.Sc. Principal Agricultural Scientist.

Taxonomy of Boraginaceae, Verbenaceae, Lami-

aceae, Asteraceae, Rubiaceae, Geraniaceae, Oxali-

daceae, Vitaceae

Smithies, Mrs S.J. M.Sc., Dip.Ed.(Moray House). Chief

Agricultural Development Technician. Taxonomy

of Scrophulariaceae, Pedaliaceae, Bignoniaceae,

Lentibulariaceae, Gesneriaceae, Orobanchaceae

Steyn, Ms C.C. Principal Auxiliary Services Officer.

Scientific support

Swelankomo, Ms N. B.Sc. (Hons). Senior Agricultural

Development Technician. Curation and plant ID in

Wing D

Welman, Ms W.G. M.Sc. Principal Agricultural Scientist.

Taxonomy of Convolvulaceae, Solanaceae, Cucur-

bitaceae, Asteraceae: Senecioneae, Acanthaceae

Winter, P.J.D. M.Sc. Principal Agricultural Scientist.

Taxonomy of mainly Apiaceae

AFRICAN PLANTS INITIATIVE [API] (CEPE)

CAPE TOWN

Arendse, Ms S. Project Co-ordinator (contract worker)

Smith, Ms M. Data Capturer (contract worker)

DURBAN

Majola, S.B. Data Capturer (contract worker)

Marimuhoo, Ms D. Data Capturer (contract worker)

Bothalia 35,2 (2005)

195

PRETORIA

Rampho, Ms E.T. B.Sc. Chief Agricultural Development Technician. Project Co-ordinator (RHEN)

Chiliza, S.B. Senior Herbarium Assistant (contract worker)

Grunyuza, Ms T. N. Dip. (Fine Art). Senior Herbarium

Assistant (contract worker)

Khumalo, Ms A.N. Senior Herbarium Assistant (contract worker)

Madlala, E.N. Senior Herbarium Assistant (contract worker)

Mnengwane, Ms J.J.J. Senior Herbarium Technician (con-

tract worker)

Moeaha, Ms M.J. Senior Herbarium Technician. Poaceae

Project (contract worker)

Montshonyone, Ms E.M. Senior Herbarium Assistant (con-

tract worker)

Mudau, Ms A.C. Senior Herbarium Technician. Poaceae

Project (contract worker)

Munyani, L.S. Senior Herbarium Assistant (contract worker)

Nemdubani, M.T B.Sc. Senior Herbarium Technician.

Poaceae Project (contract worker)

Nthugeni, N. Senior Herbarium Assistant (contract worker)

Tshidada, Ms N.J. Senior Herbarium Assistant (contract

worker)

DATA MANAGEMENT— PRETORIA (RPDC)

Arnold, TH. M.Sc. Principal Data Technologist. Assistant Director. Computer database application

especially in taxonomy

Botha, Mrs A.G. Chief Auxiliary Services Officer. Admin-

istrative Assistant

Chetty, Ms K. B.Com.(Business Info. Syst.). Database Manager

De Wet, Mrs B.C. B.Sc. (Computer Science), B.A.,

H.D.L.S. Principal Agricultural Datametrician

Snyman, Mrs E.E. B.Sc. N. Dip. (Comp. Data Proc.).

Senior Agricultural Development Technician

Steenkamp, Ms Y. B.Sc.(Hons).Assistant Director. Regio-

nal PRECIS Information Co-ordinator. SABONET

Regional Co-ordinator.

Steyn, Ms H.M. Senior Agricultural Scientist. Botanical

Information Officer

RESEARCH SUPPORT SERVICES— PRETORIA (EDIR)

Wolfson, Mrs M.M. Ph.D. Director. Physiology/Ecophysiology of Poaceae, carbon uptake metabolism,

allocation in response to environmental and management stress

Liebenberg, Mrs E.J.L. Head: Research Support Services, Publications

Mapiyeye, P. Project Co-ordinator, SABSP (contract worker)

Naicker, K. Head: Admin., Human Resources and OHASA

Potgieter, Mrs E. Principal Librarian

Sibeko, Ms M.T. Dip. (Human Res. Managem.). Senior Secretary IV

Van Wyk, E. M.Sc. Project manager, Millenium Seed Bank Project

ADMINISTRATION, HUMAN RESOURCES AND OHASA— PRETORIA (RPTA)

Naicker, K. Dip.(Bookkeep.), Cert.(Sales & Market. Managem.), H.Cert.(Prac. Accounting), H. Dip. (Business

Managem.), Dip. (Professional Business Communic.). Assistant Director

Thibela, A. Dip. (Road Transport). Senior Foreman. Super-

visor: Cleaning services

Bosheilo, M.S. Cleaner II

Gule, Ms J.E. Cert.Bookkeep., Dip. (Credit Managem.).

Senior Accounting Clerk II. Creditors

Khumalo, N.P. Cert.Labour Rela. Senior Registry Clerk

II

Magidela. Ms N. Receptionist. Biodiversity Building

Malefo, R.P. Cleaner II

Mamie, P.M. Artisan. General maintenance

Neveling, Mrs V.H. Chief Accounting Clerk

Nkosi, Mrs M.P. Specialist Cleaner

Phaahla, M.C. Cleaner II

Ramsey, Y.K. Handyman. General maintenance

Sithole, A.M. Cleaner II

Tloubatla, J.M. Driver II. Courier services

PUBLICATIONS— PRETORIA (RPUB)

Liebenberg, Mrs E.J.L. M.Sc. Control Agricultural Technician. Cytotaxonomy. Manager

Brink, Mrs S.S. Dip. (Typing). Chief Typesetter. Type-

setting, layout, word processing (contract worker)

Condy, Ms G.S. M.A. Chief Industrial Technician. Bota-

nical artist

Du Plessis, Mrs E. B.Sc. (Hons), S.E.D. Chief Language Prac-

titioner. Technical editor. Editing, translating, layout

Germishuizen, G. M.Sc. Assistant Director. Editor

Mapheza, TP. Senior Provisioning Admin. Clerk III. Book-

shop Manager

Momberg, Mrs B.A. B.Sc.(Entomol. & Zoo.). Principal

196

Bothalia 35,2 (2005)

Language Practitioner. Technical editor. Editing, Nkosi, P.B. Senior Provisioning Admin. Clerk I. Bookstore

layout (part time) Turck, Mrs S. B. A. (Information Design). Control Industrial

Maree, Ms D.J. HED. Senior Computer Operator. Technician. Graphic design

MARY GUNN LIBRARY— PRETORIA (RLBP)

Potgieter, Mrs E. B.Libr. Principal Librarian

Fourie, Mrs A.L. B.A., H.Dip.(Libr.Sci.). Principal Librarian (part time)

Shipalana, Ms K.M. N.Dip.(Libr. Info. Studies). Senior Library Assistant II

MILLENIUM SEED BANK PROJECT

PRETORIA (YRDR/MS)

Van Wyk, E. M.Sc. Principal Agricultural Scientist. Project manager

Nevhutalu, L.S. B. Sc. (Hons). Senior Agricultural Development Technician. Collection Co-ordinator

(contract worker)

Nkuna, L.A. B.Envir.Sc. Senior Agricultural Development Technician. Collection Co-ordinator (contract worker)

KIRSTENBOSCH (YKBG/MS)

Cowell, Ms C.R. B.Tech.(Hort.). Senior Agricultural Development Technician. Cape Co-ordinator (contract worker)

Nurrish, Ms L.M. B.Tech.(Hort.). Auxiliary Services Officer. Research Assistant (contract worker)

Roux, Ms L. B.Tech. (Nature Cons.). Auxiliary Services Officer. Research Assistant (contract worker)

KIRSTENBOSCH RESEARCH CENTRE (RREL)

CAPE TOWN

Donaldson, J.S. Ph.D.(Zoo.). Director

Morkel, Ms L. N. Dip. (Office Admin.). Senior Secretary IV. Personal Assistant to Director

COMPTON HERBARIUM— CAPE TOWN (RHEC)

Roux, J.P. N.TC.III(Hort.), F.L.S., Ph.D. Deputy Director. Collections Manager. Systematics of Pteridophyta

Manning, J.C. Ph.D. Senior Specialist Scientist. Research Leader, Systematics. Systematics of Iridaceae

and Hyacinthaceae; anatomy

Chesselet, Ms P.C.M. M.Sc. Principal Agricultural

Scientist

Cupido, C.N. M.Sc. Principal Agricultural Scientist

Cupido, Mrs C.S. Senior Auxiliary Services Officer II.

Technical Assistant

Davids, Ms N. African plants Initiative. Data Capturer

(contract worker)

Engelbrecht, Ms M. Data Capturer (contract worker)

Foster, Mrs S.E. Senior Secretary IV

Krige, Ms A. Research Intern (contract worker)

Kurzweil, H. Ph.D. Specialist Scientist. Systematics of

southern African terrestrial orchids

Leith, Mrs J. Cert. Primary Sch. Teacher. Senior Provi-

sioning Admin. Clerk III

Marinus, Ms E.D.A. Dip. (Teaching). Control Auxiliary

Services Officer. Herbarium Assistant

Parker-Allie, Ms F. M.Sc. Senior Agricultural Scientist.

Taxonomy of Thymelaeaceae

Paterson-Jones, D.A. (nee Snijman) Ph.D. U.E.D. Spe-

cialist Scientist. Systematics of Hypoxidaceae;

cladistics

Von Wit, Ms G. Protea Atlas Project (student)

Williams, Mrs V.J. Dip.(Pers. Computing). African

Plants Initiative. Data Capturer (contract worker)

CLIMATE CHANGE

Midgley, G.F. Ph.D. Chief Specialist Scientist. Plant ecophysiology, modelling

Hughes, G.O. GIS Researcher (contract worker)

Kgope, B.S. M.Sc. Principal Agricultural Scientist. Plant ecophysiology Scientist

Matlana, K.B. Principal Agricultural Scientist. Plant ecophysiology

Bothalia 35,2 (2005)

197

CONSERVATION BIOLOGY

Donaldson, J.S. Ph.D.(Zoo.). Cycad biology

Bosenberg, J. de Wet. B.Sc.(Hons). Chief Agricultural Develop-

ment Technician. Cycad biology, Conservation farming

Ebrahim. I. N.Dip.(Hort.). Custodians of Rare and Endan-

gered Wildflowers Programme (CREW). Co-ordina-

tor (contract worker)

Marinus, E.M. N.Cert.fBuilding & Structures). Chief Aux-

illiary Services Officer. Conservation farming

Niinni, Ms I. HED, B.Sc. Control Agricultural Develop-

ment Technician. Project Co-ordinator

Petersen, Ms A. B.Sc. (Hons). Senior Agricultural Develop-

ment Technician. Land use and vegetation mapping

Raimondo, Ms D.C. M.Sc. (Cons. Biol.). Manager: Custo-

dians of Rare and Endangered Wildflowers Prog-

ramme (CREW), (contract worker)

INVASIVE SPECIES PROGRAMME (YISP/CT)

Musil, C.F. Ph.D. Senior Specialist Scientist. Ecophysiology, modelling

Arnolds, Ms J.L. Chief Auxiliary Services Officer

Brown, N.A.C. Ph.D. Specialist Scientist. Seed research

Snyders, S.G. Senior Auxiliary Services Officer II. Greenhouse, maintenance

LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY

Rutherford, M.C. Ph.D., Dip.(Datamet.). Chief Specialist Scientist. Modelling, global change

Parenzee, Ms H.A. Dip. (Ed.). Senior Provisioning Admin. Clerk III

Powrie, L.W. M.Sc. Chief Information Technology Advisor. Spatial modelling, databases

Rebelo, A.G. Ph.D. (Zoo.). Control Agricultural Scientist. Protea Atlas Project

HARRY MOLTENO LIBRARY (RRLC)

Reynolds, Ms P.Y B. Bib. (Hons), M. A. (Info. Sci.), B.Proc., Dip.(Datametrics). Chief Librarian.

Jagger, B.W. B.A.(Soc. Sci.), PGDip.Lis. Librarian

SANBI WEBSITES (AMWS)

Reynolds, Ms P.Y. B. Bib. (Hons), M. A. (Info. Sci.), B.Proc., Dip.(Datametrics). Website Manager

LESLIE HILL MOLECULAR SYSTEMATICS LABORATORY

Balele, Ms K. B.Sc. Scientific Officer. DNA bank manager (contract worker)

Conrad, Ms E. M.Sc. Principal Agricultural Scientist. Molecular systematics

Khunoo, Ms A. Agricultural Scientist. AFLP Manager

Mabunda, A. B.Sc. (Hons). SANBI Masters student (contract worker)

Reeves, Ms G. Ph.D. Senior Agricultural Scientist (contract worker)

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (RRIT)

CAPE TOWN

Evans, N. Chief Information Technology Officer. Network Controller.

Pekeur, Ms B.L. Chief Provisioning Admin. Clerk. IT support

PRETORIA

Smit, G.C. A-i- (CTU), NT Workstation 4, NT Server 4. Chief Network Controller

Heyns, J. (contract worker)

SUPPORT SERVICES

Bardien-Overmeyer, Ms S. B.A.(Pharm.). Principal State Admin. Officer. Admin. Manager

Boonzaaier, I. Groundsman II. Maintenance

Bowler, Mrs M. Admin. Aid II. Cleaner. Assistant: teas and functions

De Witt, D.M. Senior Artisan (B-Group). Maintenance

198

Bothalia 35,2 (2005)

PUBLICATIONS BY THE STAFF

1 APRIL 2004-31 MARCH 2005

ADAMS. T. 2004-1 1. Freylinia visseri Van Jaarsv. (Scrophulariaceae).

Internet 4 pp.

http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantefg/freylinvis.htm.

ADAMS, T. & HITCHCOCK, A. 2004-04. Nivenia coiynibosa (Ker

Gawl.) Baker (Iridaceae). Internet 3 pp.

http://www.plantzafrica. com/plantnop/nivencorym.htm.

ADAMS. T. & VAN JAARSVELD. E. 2004-09. Freylinia imdulata (L.f.)

Benth.. (Scrophulariaceae). Internet 2 pp.

http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantefg/ffeylinundulat.htm.

AGENBAG, L., ESLER. K.J.. & MIDGLEY, G.F. 2004. Studies along

an environmental gradient reveal how biome boundaries may

respond to climate change. In M. Arianoutsou & V.P.

Papanastasias, Ecology, conservation and management of

Mediterranean climate ecosystems. Proceedings of the 10th

International Conference on Mediterranean Climate Eco-

systems (MEDECOS). Rhodes, Greece. Millpress, Rotterdam.

AGENBAG, L„ MIDGLEY. G.F., & ESLER. K.J, 2004. An environ-

mental gradient reveals how climate influences phenophases in

fynbos growth forms. In M. Arianoutsou & V.P. Papanastasias,

Ecology, consen’ation and management of Mediterranean cli-

mate ecosystems. Proceedings of the 1 0th International Con-

ference on Mediterranean Climate Ecosystems (MEDECOS),

Rhodes, Greece, Millpress. Rotterdam.

AGENBAG, L„ RUTHERFORD, M.C., MIDGLEY, G. & ESLER,

K.J. 2004. Fundamental and realized niches of fynbos and

karoo seedlings as revealed by reciprocal transplants. In M.

Arianoutsou & V.P. Papanastasias, Ecology, consen’ation and

management of Mediterranean climate ecosystems. Pro-

ceedings of the 1 0th International Conference on Mediterranean

Climate Ecosystems (MEDECOS), Rhodes, Greece. Electronic

edition, Millpress, Rotterdam.

ANDERSON, J.M. 2004a. Biodiversity and the sixth extinction. The

Enviropaedia. Environmental encyclopaedia & networking

directoiy for southern Africa: 23, 24. Eco-logic Publishing,

Simonstown. South Africa.

ANDERSON, J.M. 2004b. Gondwana Alive corridors. The Enviro-

paedia. Environmental encyclopaedia & networking directory

for southern Africa: 110, 111. Eco-logic Publishing, Simons-

town, South Africa.

ANDERSON, J.M. 2005a. Abstract: The insect contribution to the elu-

cidation of Gondwana biodiversity trends: 8. In Fossils x 3,

Programme and abstracts of 3rd International Congress of

Palaeoentomolgy with 2nd International Meeting on

Palaeoarthropodology and 2nd World Congress on Amber and

its inclusions, 7th to 1 1 th February 2005, Pretoria, South Africa.

ANDERSON, J.M. 2005b. Abstract: Towards a monograph on the insects

of the Late Triassic Molteno Formation, South Africa: 8, 9. In

Fossils X 3, Programme and abstracts of 3rd International

Congress of Palaeoentomolgy with 2nd International Meeting on

Palaeoarthropodology and 2nd World Congress on Amber and its

inclusions. 7th to 1 Ith February 2005, Pretoria, South Africa.

ARAUJO. M.B., CABEZA. M„ THUILLER. W„ HANNAH, L. &

WILLIAMS, PH. 2004. Would climate change drive species

out of reserves? An assessment of existing reserve-selection

methods,. Global Change Biology 10: 1618-1626.

ARCHER. C. 2004-05. Cyperus papyrus L. (Cyperaceae). Internet 4

pp. http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantcd/cyperuspap.htm.

ARCHER. C. 2004-05. Cyperus prolifer Lam. (Cyperaceae). Internet 2

pp. http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantcd/cyperusproli.htin.

ARCHER. C. 2004a. Review: Flora of North America north of Mexico,

vol. 23: Magnoliophyta: Commelinidae (in part): Cyperaceae.

edited by the Flora of North America Editorial Committee.

Plant Systematics and Evolution 245: 260-263.

ARCHER. C. 2004b. Abstract: Cyperaceae: Cyperales or Poales?

Paper presented at the 30th Annual Congress of the South

African Association of Botanists at the University of KwaZulu-

Natal. Durban. 19-22 January 2004. South African Journal of

Botany 70: 332.

ARCHER, C. & CRAVEN. P. 2004. Cyperaceae in Namibia. SABONET

News 9: 18-28.

ARCHER, R.H. 2004. Abstract: A new look at Malpighiales? Paper

presented at the 30th Annual Congress of the South African

Association of Botanists at the University of KwaZulu-Natal,

Durban, 19-22 January 2004. South African Journal of Botany

70: 332.

ARCHER, R.H. 2004-06. Elaeodendron croceum (Thunb.) DC.

(Celastraceae). Internet 3 pp.

http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantefg/elaedendcroc.htm.

ARCHER, R.H. 2004-09. Crinum L. (Amaryllidaceae). Internet 7 pp.

http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantcd/crinum.htm.

ARENDSE, S., RAMPHO, T., KOEKEMOER, M., ROUX, K. &

SMITH, G.F. 2005. Abstract: The African Plants Initiative: dis-

seminating information on Aloe fero.x. Proceedings of the

Annual Congress of the South African Association of Botanists

31: 76. University of the Free State, Bloemfontein. 11-13

January. 2005.

AUBREY. A.E. 2004-06. Combretum bracteosum (Hochst.) Brandis

(Combretaceae). Internet 3 pp.

http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantcd/combretbrac.htm.

AUBREY, A.E. 2004-10. Phoenix reclinata Jacq. (Arecaceae). Internet

3 pp. http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantnop/phoenixrec.htm.

BADENHORST. L. 2004-06. Seriphium plumosum L. [= Stoebe plumosa

(L.) Thunb.] (Asteraceae). Internet 3 pp.

http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantqrs/seriphplum.htm.

BADENHORST, L. 2004-11. Psychotria capensis (Eckl.) Vatke

(Rubiaceae). Internet 3 pp.

http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantnop/psychotcap.htm.

BALKWILL, K., BOON. R„ COATES PALGRAVE, M„ GLEN, H.F.,

JORDAAN, M„ LOTTER. M„ SCHMIDT, E. & THOMAS, V.

2004. SAPPI tree spotting — Lifer list. Jacana. Johannesburg.

BALOYI. J.K. & REYNOLDS, Y. 2004-08. Millettia grandis (E.Mey.)

Skeels (Fabaceae). Internet 3 pp,

http://www.plantzafrica.com/ plantklm/milletgrand.htm.

BARNARD, P. 2004. Protecting plants and plant habitats from invasive

alien species — a look at the Global Strategy for Plant

Conservation — implementing Target 10: tackling invasive species

which threaten plant diversity: 1-6. Convention on Biological

Diversity, Global Invasive Species Programme and Global

Partnership for Plant Conservation networks. Cape Town,

BARNARD, P & WAAGE, J.K. 2004. Tackling biological invasions

around the world: regional responses to the invasive alien

species threat: 1^0. Convention on Biological Diversity,

Global Invasive Species Programme and Global Partnership for

Plant Conservation networks. Cape Town.

BARRACLOUGH, T.G. & REEVES, G. 2004. The causes of specia-

tion in flowering plant lineages: species-level DNA trees in the

African genus Protea. In F.T. Bakker, L.W. Chatrou. B.

Gravendeel & P.B. Pelser, Plant species-level systematics: pat-

terns, processes and new applications. Regmim Vegetabile 143.

Koeltz, Konigstein.

BEHR, K. 2004-1 1. Oncoba spinosa Forssk. (Flacourtiaceae). Internet

2 pp. http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantnop/oncobspin.htm.

BEHR, K. 2004-11. Vepris lanceolata (Lam.) G.Don (Rutaceae).

Internet 3 pp.

http://www.plantzafrica.com/planttuv/veprislan.htm.

BESTER, S.P. 2004-05. Ceropegia ampliata E.Mey. (Apocynaceae/

Asclepiadaceae). Internet 4 pp.

http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantcd/ceropegamp.htm.

BESTER, S.R 2004-06. Adenium multiflorum Klotzsch (Apocy-

naceae). Internet 4 pp.

http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantab/adeniummultillor.htm.

BOND, W.J., WOODWARD, F.I., MIDGLEY, G.F. 2005. The global

distribution of ecosystems in a world without fire. New Phyto-

logist 165: 525-538.

BORNMAN, C.H., GRACE, O.M. & VAN STADEN, J. 2004.

Sustainable biotechnology for sub-Saharan Africa: can it be

implemented and maintained? South A frican Journal of Botany

70: 1-11.

BORSCH, T„ MULLER. K„ ORTUNO, T„ BECK, S.G., FLORES, H„

SANCHEZ-DE PINO, L, MOTLEY, T.J., JORDAAN, M„

SMITH. G.F., WONDAFRASH, M„ DEMISSEW, S„ PRATT,

D.B. & BARTHLOTT. 2004. Diversity of Amaranthaceae:

international collaborative research on a plant group of nearly

global distribution. In E. Zippel, W. Greuter & A.-D. Stevens,

Botanic gardens: awareness for biodiversity: 43, 44. Botanic

Garden and Botanical Museum, Berlin-Dahlem.

BRAGG, C.. DONALDSON, J.S. & RYAN, P. 2005. Demsity of Cape

porcupines in a semi-arid environment and their impact on soil

turnover and related ecosystem processes. Journal of Arid

Environments 61: 261-275.

Bothalia 35,2 (2005)

199

BREDENKAMP, C.L. 2004-10. Passerina ericoides L. (Thyme-

laeaceae). Internet 3 pp.

http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantnop/passeric.htm.

BREDENKAMP. C.L. 2004-10. Passerina filifonnis L. subsp. fdi-

fonnis (Thymelaeaceae). Internet 3 pp.

http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantnop/passerfiliform.htm.

BREDENKAMP, C.L. & SMITH, G.F. 2004. Abstract: Botanical

research in South Africa: opinions of botanists assessed by

means of a questionnaire. Paper presented at the 30th Annual

Congress of the South African Association of Botanists at the

University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 19-22 January 2004.

South African Journal of Botany 70: 335.

BREDENKAMP. C.L., VAN BLERK. E. & BREDENKAMP, G. 2005.

The Noorsveld Expedition. Veld & Flora 91: 6.

BREUER, I., STEYN. E.M.A. & SMITH, G.E. 2004. Haworthia Duval

(Asphodelaceae). Alsterworthia International, Special Issue

No. 5: 20-31.

BROWN. N.A.C. & BOTHA, P.A. 2004. Smoke seed germination

studies and a guide to seed propagation of plants from the major

families of the Cape Eloristic Region. South Africa. South

African Journal of Botany 70: 559-581.

BROWN, N.A.C., JAMIESON, H. & BOTHA, P.A. 2004. Grow

restios, edn 2. A guide to the propagation and cultivation of

South African restios. Kirstenbosch Gardening Series. South

African National Biodiversity Institute, Cape Town.

BURGOYNE. PM. 2004a. Succulents in the crosshairs: tips on col-

lecting and pressing really good herbarium specimens. Plantlife

30: 35-37.

BURGOYNE, P.M. 2004b. Reunion: undiscovered jewel of the Indian

Ocean. Plantlife 31: 3-9.

BURGOYNE. P.M. 2004c. Abstract: Molecular advances in the family

Mesembryanthemaceae: implications for our current view of

mesembs. Paper presented at the 30th Annual Congress of the

South African Association of Botanists at the University of

KwaZulu-Natal, Durban. 19-22 January 2004. South African

Journal of Botany 70: 335.

BURGOYNE, P.M. 2004-11. Khadia N.E.Br. (Mesembryanthe-

maceae). Internet 5 pp.

http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantklm/khadia.htm.

BURRING, J.H. 2004-07. Canthium inemie (L.f.) Kuntze (Rubiaceae).

Internet 4 pp.

http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantcd/canthinerm.htm.

BURRING, J.H. 2004-08. Nuxia floribunda Benth. (Loganiaceae).

Internet 4 pp.

http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantnop/nuxiaflor.htm.

BURRING. J.H. 2004-12. Trichilia dregeana Sond. (Meliaceae).

Internet, http://www.plantzafrica.com/planttuv/trichildreg.htm.

BYTEBIER. B.. SAKWA, J. & KURZWEIL, H. 2004. New and inter-

esting orchid records for Tanzania. East African Journal of

Natural History 93: 63-67.

CAROLUS, B. 2004. Threatened Plants Programme: Harold Porter

NBG focuses in fynbos. SABONET News 9: 37.

CAROLUS, B. 2004-09. Syzygium cordatum Hochst. ex C.Krauss.

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