MARY GUNNUBRARY

0000017882

South flfri«n Nul‘on^

Biodiversity Ins

Digitized by the Internet Archive

in 2016

https://archive.org/details/bothaliavolume404unse

JBotbalia

A RECORD OF

CONTRIBUTIONS

FROM THE

NATIONAL HERBARIUM

UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA

PRETORIA

EDITED BY

R. A. DYER, M.Sc., D.Sc., F.R.S.S.Af.,

CHIEF, DIVISION OF BOTANY AND PLANT PATHOLOGY, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

PRETORIA ; AND

DIRECTOR OF THE BOTANICAL SURVEY OF THE UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA

The Government Printer, Pretoria,

1951

Published 1941-1948

G.P.-S.1418— 1951-2— 1,200.

CONTENTS.

Part I. Published August, 1941. page

Descriptions of the South African Pythia-

ceae with Records of their Occurrence,

by Vincent A. Wager 3

Newly Described Species and New Com-

binations 37

A Note on N. E. Brown’s Sub-division of

the Genus Antholyza Linn., by E. P.

Phillips 43

Joseph Burtt Davy, by M. D. Gunn 45

Some South African Valsaceae, by Ethel

M. Doidge 47

An Account of the South African Material

of Aristida Linn, in Certain European and

South African Herbaria, by H. G.

Schweickerdt 91

The Genus Plinthus, by I. C. Verdoorn. ... 177

Otto Kuntze Type Specimens of South Afri-

can Plants, by R. A. Dyer 181

South African Ascomycetes in the National

Herbarium, by Ethel M. Doidge (Part V) 193

The South African Species of Erythrina, by

D. G. Collett 219

South African Rust Fungi IV, by Ethel

M. Doidge 229

A Fungus of the Family Entomophthoraceae

found on Sugar Ants (Campanotus sp.),

by E. E. Schaefer 237

Part II. Published September, 1942.

South African Xylariaceae, by Julian H.

Miller 251

A Revision of the South African Micro-

thyriaceae, by Ethel M. Doidge 273

PAGE

Revised Descriptions of South African

species of Phyllachora and Related Gen-

era, by Ethel M. Doidge 421

The Genus Eriomycopsis Speg., by C. G.

Hansford... 464

Part III. Published March, 1948.

Gasteromycetes of South Africa, by A. M.

Bottomley 473

Part IV. Published October, 1948.

The Method of Parasitism of Some South

African Microthyriales, by C. G. Hansford 81 1

Some South African Pestalotia Species, by

Elaine M. Laughton 821

South African Ascomycetes in the National

Herbarium, by Ethel M. Doidge (Part VI) 837

Cercospora Species Recorded from South-

ern Africa, by Charles Chupp and Ethel

M. Doidge 881

South African Rust Fungi, by Ethel M.

Doidge (Part V) 895

South African Rust Fungi Part VI. The

Species of Uromyces on Iridaceae, by

Ethel M. Doidge 919

Descriptions of Some New Hymenomycetes,

by E. M. Wakefield and P. H. B. Talbot . 939

A Revision of the ScAith African Species of

the Genus Tephrosia Pers. (ii) The

Segregation therefrom of the Genus

Ophrestia Forbes, by Helena M. I. Forbes 951

A New Species of Ficus from the Borders

of Mocambique and Nyasaland, by

A. J. W. Hornby 1007

3

INDEX TO VOLUME IV.

PAGE

Aberia caffra 452

Abstoma G. H. Gunn 482

Acacia 907

Acacia abyssinica 898

amentacea 444

ataxacantha D.C 50, 73

benthami Roxbr 444

decurrens 252

farnesiana 444

gerrardi Benth 444

gillettae Burtt Davy 907

karroo Hayne 898, 906

latibracteata O. Kze 181

mollissima 255, 948

robusta Burch 444, 840

stolonifera Burch 907

verrucosa 444

Acalypha angustata Sond 839

ciliata Forsk 844

decumbens Thunb 309

depressinervius (O.Kze.) K. Schum. 190

petiolaris Hochst 893

ACANTHACEAE 331, 848

Acidanthera exscapa 925

Acidanthera pallida (Ker.) Pax 924

Acokanthera 213

Acokanthera Schimperi 213

spectabilis Hk 322

venenata G.Don 322

Acridocarpus natalitius Jnss 195, 196

Actinopeltella nitida 297

Actinothyrium 275

Aecidium 914

Aecidium acanthacearum Cooke 903

atro-album P. Henn 895, 896

barleriae Doidge 895

benguellense Lagerh 895

diospyri A.L. Sm 895

dipcadi Har. & Pat 896

dipcadi-viridis Doidge 896

dolichi Cooke 912

heliotropicolum Talbot 896

immersum P. Henn 898

incertum Syd 896

kakalense P. Henn.. 897

nestlerae Doidge 897

pentziae-globosae Doidge 897

rhynchosiae Cooke 912

spinicolum Doidge 897, 898

vignae Cooke 916

Agapanthus africanus Hoffm 860

Agaricus ocreatus Delil 508

Agave americana L 60

Agropyrum repens 421

Albizzia 468

Albizzia fastigiata Oliv 457

gummifera (Gmel.) C. A. Smith. . . 457

Alboffiella Speg 513

Alboffiella argent ina Speg 513

PAGE

Alchemilla capensis Thunb 183

woodii O. Kuntze 183

Alepida aquatica O. Kze 181, 184

Alepidea amatymbica E. & Z 184

Allamanda cathartica L 882

Allium 900

Allium dregeanum 900

sativum Linn 900

Alloteropsis semialata Hitch 432

Aloe 325, 821

Aloe cascadensis O. Kze 191

lineata Haw 203

striatula Haw 191

transvaalensis O. Kze 191

variegata..., 5, 33

virens 821

Alovsiella ruwenzorensis Mattir. & Sacc. . . 206

A M ARYLLID ACEAE 190

Amauroderma fuscoporia Wakef 948

Amazonia asterinoides (Wint.) Theiss 325

AMPELIDACEAE 182

AN AC ARDIACE AE 331

Anaclanthe N. E. Br 43

Anapalina N. E. Br 43

Anapalina revoluta N. E. Br 934

Andradia arborea Sim 445

Andropogon amplectens Nees 855

ceresiaeforme Nees 424

nardus L. var. validus 212

ANDROPOGONEAE 423

Anila kuntzei 181

pertoriana O. Kuntze 183

Anisanthus saccatus Klatt 44

splendens Sweet 44

Anisothrix kuntzei O. Kze 181

ANNONACEAE 331, 916, 917

Annona senegalensis Pers 888, 892

Anomalesia N. E. Br 43, 44

Anomalesia cunonia (L.) N.E. Br 44

splendens (Sweet) N. E. Br. . . . 44

Ansellia africana Lindl 295

Antennularia ( Coleroa ) Engleriana (P. Henn.)

v. Hohn 206

Anthericum 910

Anthistiria imberbis 427

Antholyza, Linn. A Note on N. E. Brown's

subdivision of the Genus 43

Antholyza abyssinica Bkr 934

abyssinica Brong 934

aethiopica L 44, 929

bicolor Gasp 44

caffra Bkr 44

cunonia L 44

duftii Schinz 44

floribunda Salisb 44

intermedia Bkr 44

quadrangularis Bkr 44

revoluta 934

spectabilis Schinz 44

steingroveri Pax 44

4

PAGE

Antholyza vittigera Salisb 44

Anthostoma cereidicolum (B. & C. ex Pk.)

Sacc 258

exutans Sacc 255

Anthostomella capensis Doidge 863

cassinopsidis (Kalch. & Cke.)

Petr. &Syd 202, 203

cassinopsidis (Kalch. & Cke.)

Rehm 202

salaciae Doidge 864

Anthurus Kalchbr. & MacOwan.. .520, 521, 522,

524

archeri (Berk.) Ed. Fisch 522

aseroeformis (Ed. Fisch.) McAlp. 522

australiensis (Cke. & Mass.) Ed.

Fisch 524

borealis Burt 524

macowani Marloth 522

muellerianus Kalchbr 522

muellerianus f. aseroeformis Ed.

Fisch 522

sepioides McAlp 522

surinamensis Ed. Fisch 522

woodii MacOwan 524

Antirrhinum majus L 23, 33, 230

Aphysa lebeckiae (Verw. & Dipp.) Doidge. 460

senniana (Sacc.) Doidge 213, 461

Apium graveolens Linn. var. dulce D.C.. . 881

APOCYNACEAE 331

Apodynomene E. Mey 953

Apodynomene aemula (E. Mey) 1000

diffusa E. Mey 1000

grandiflora E. Mey 991

macropoda E. Mey 998

Apodytes dimidiata E. Mey 847

Aporophallus Moell 481, 510

AQUIFOLIACEAE 331

Arachis hypogaea Linn 33, 881, 890

ARACHNIACEAE Coker & Couch. . . .482, 545

Arachnion Schvvein 482, 545

Arachnion alborosella Verwoerd 545, 546

album Schw 545, 546

bovista Mont * 546

drummondii Berk 546, 547

firmoderma Verw 545

giganteum Lloyd 545, 546

scleroderma Lloyd 545, 547

ARALIACEAE 331

Araucaria cuhninghamii Sweet 825

Arcangeliella Cav 490, 496, 497

Arcangeliella africana (Lloyd) Zell . & Doidge 495

Areolaria Kalchbr 622

Areolaria strobilina Kalchbr 624

Argylium Wallr 489

Argyrolobium wilmsii Harms 881

Aristida, An account of the South African

Material of Aristida Linn, in certain Euro-

pean and South African Herbaria 91

Aristida, section Arthratherum 92, 93, 100,

section Chaetaria

169

92, 93, 97, 106,

147

section Pseudarthratherum.92, 93, 99

section Pseudochaetaria 93, 147

section Schistachne....92, 93, 102, 106

section Stipagrostis 92, 93, 95

Aristida adscensionis Linn.... 141, 149, 152, 157

adscensionis L. var coerulescens

(Trin. & Rupr.) Dur. & Schinz. 149

adscensionis L. subsp. guineensis

(Trin. & Rupr.) Henr 99, 152

adscensionis L. var pygmaea 149

adscensionis L. var s tried flora. ... 149

aequiglumis Hack. . .98, 136, 144, 145.

146

alopecuroides Hack 99, 155

andoniensis Henrard 98, 147

angustata Stapf.. . . . 141, 143, 149, 165,

167

atroviolacea Hack 148

barbicollis Trin. & Rupr... .92, 99, 153,

157, 160

barbicollis T. & R. var. conglomer-

ata Henr 153

bipartita (Nees) Trin. & Rupr.. . .92, 98.

136

brevifolia (Nees) Steud. . . .97, 125, 127,

128

burkei Stapf.. 141 , 167, 169

caerulescens Desf. var. breviseta

^Hacki 1 49

canescens Henrard 98, 99, 139

capensis Thunb 92, 105, 106, 113,

115

capensis Thunb. var. barbata

Stapf. 95, 114

capensis Thunb. var. canescens

T. & R 95, 115, 116

capensis var. dieterleniana H.G.

Schweickerdt 92, 95, 114, 135

capensis Thunb. var. fulviberbis

T. &R 113

capensis Thunb. var. genuina

Henrard 95, 113, 114

capensis Thunb. var. macropus

(Nees) T. & R 95, 113

capensis Thunb. var. Zevheri (Nees)

Walp 115

capensis Thunb. var. Zeyheri Trin.

& Rupr 113, 116

centrifuga Burchell 106

ciliata Desf. . .125, 106, 108, 109, 110

ciliata Desf. var. capensis Trin.

& Rupr. X. A? 106

ciliata Desf. var. capensis Trin.

& Rupr 94, 105, 106, 109, 111

ciliata Desf. var. pectinata Henr... 94, 109

ciliata Desf. var. tricholaena Hack. 94,

109

ciliata Desf. var. villosa Hack. . .94, 108

coarctata Licht 157, 159, 160

coerulescens Desf. var. breviseta

Hack.. 149

coma-ardeae Mez Ill

confusa Trin. & Rupr 149

congesta Roem. & Schult 100, 155

157, 160

congesta Roem. & Schult. var.

genuina Chiov 157

curvata (Nees) T. & R 99, 149, 152

curvata (Nees) T. & R. var. nana

(Nees) Henr 149

5

PAGE

Aristida damarensis Mez 95, 116

dasydesmis Mez 100, 165, 163

diffusa Trin 162, 166, 167, 169

diffusa Trin. var. brevistipitata

(T. & R.) Steud 169

diffusa Trin. var. burkei (Stapf)

Schweickerdt 100, 161, 167

diffusa Trin. var. densa (T. & R.)

Henrard 166

diffusa Trin. var. Eckloniana (T.

& R.) Henrard 166

diffusa Trin. var. genuina Henrard 100,

166

diffusa Trin. var. Pseudo-hystrix

(T. & R.) Henrard 100, 169

diffusa Trin. var. schraderiara

(T. & R.) Henrard 166

dinteri Hack 94, 111

dregeana (Nees) Trin. & Rupr...97, 103.

125, 131, 133, 134, 169

effusa Henrard 98, 138

elliptica (Nees) Kunth 147

elymoides Mez 170

engleri Mez 100, 163, 165

fastigiata Hack apud Schinz 96, 122

flocciculmis Mez 162

forskohlii Tausch 153

fruticans Burchell 103

galpini Stapf. 99, 148

garubensis Pilger 97, 134

geminifolia (Nees) Trin. & Rupr.... 92,

96, 121, 122, 127

gonatostachys Pilger . .92, 97, 132, 133

gossweileri Pilger 142

graciliflora Pilger 101, 171

gracilior Pilger 96, 123

gracilior Pilger var. intermedia

Schweickerdt 96, 124

gracilior Pilger var. pearsonii

Henrard 96, 124

gracillima Oliv 161

guineensis Trin. & Rupr 152

hermanni Mez 92, 96, 120

hermanni Mez. var. hereroensis

Henrard 120

hirtigluma Steud. ex Trin. &

Rupr 96, 123

hirtigluma Steud. var. pa tula Hack. 123

hochstetteriana Beck ex Hack. . .93, 101,

102, 123

Hocki de Wild 148

hordeacea Kunth.. . 101, 102, 147, 172

hordeacea Kunth. var. longiaristata

Henrard 172

hubbardiana Schweickerdt 98, 147

huillensis 145, 146

hybrida naturalis 94, 97

hystrix Thunb 166

junciformis Trin. & Rupr.. .98, 99, 139,

141, 143, 149

lanipes Mez 92, 97, 132

lanuginosa Burchell 162

longicauda Hack 100, 156

lutescens Steud. sec. Hack 117

lutescens (Nees) Trin. & Rupr 96, 97,

103, 117, 118

PAGE

Aristida lutescens var. marlothii Stapf 117

marlothii Hack 96, 97, 117, 169

meridionalis Henrard 100, 163

mollissima Pilger 100, 170

monticola Henrard 98 , 140

namaquensis (Nees) Trin. & Rupr. 94,

103, 117

namaquensis (Nees) Trin. & Rupr.

var. vagans (Nees) Walp 103

obtusa Del 96, 106, 125, 127, 133

pilgeri Henrard 99, 156

piligera Burchell ex Schult 106

plumosa Linn Ill

prodigiosa Welw. . . .95, 108, 110, 112

prodigiosa Welw. var. calva Hen-

rard 95, 112

proxima Steud 94, 1 03

pseudohystrix (Trin. & Rupr.)

schlechteri Henrard 94, 95, 105

sciurus Stapf. 97, 135

secalina Henrard 93, 102

sericans Hack. apud. Schinz 92, 97,

106, 114, 134, 135

sieberiana Trin 171

spectabilis Hack 92, 100, 160

steudeliana Trin. & Rupr 172

stipitata Hack. apud. Schinz. . . 101, 171

stipoides Lam 100, 161, 163

stipoides Lam. var. meridionalis

Stapf. 161, 163, 165

strictiflora Trin. & Rupr 149

subacaulis (Nees) Steud 92, 96,106,

119, 120

submucronata Schumach 99, 152

thonningii Trin. & Rupr 152

transvaalensis Henrard. .. .98, 143, 144

uniplumis Licht 97, 123, 124, 125,

128, 130, 131

uniplumis Licht. var. Neesi Trin.

& Rupr 97, 130, 131

uniplumis Licht. var. Neesii Walp.

sec. Garabedian 128

uniolumis Licht. var. pearsonii

Henr 97, 131

vestita Thunb 100, 162, 165, 166,

167, 169

vestita Thunb. forma amplior

Hack 162

vestita Thunb. var. brevistipitata

Trin. & Rupr

169

6

PAGE

Aristida vestita Thunb. var. densa Trin.

& Rupr 166

vestita Thunb. var. diffusa (Trin.)

Walp 166

vestita Thunb. var. Eckloniana

Trin. & Rupr 166

vestita Thunb. var. parvi flora

Trin. & Rupr 165

vestita Thunb. var. pseudohystrix

Trin. & Rupr 169

vestita Thunb. var. schraderiana

Trin. & Rupr 166

waibeliana Henrard 138

welwitschii Rendle 141, 143

welwitschii Rendle var. minor

Rendle 143

zeyheri (Nees) Steud 115

Armeria 33

Arruda 465

Artabotrys monteiroae Oliv 232

Arthratherum brevifolium Nees 127

■capense Nees var. macropus Nees . 113

•ciliatum Nees 106, 123

lutescens Nees 118

namaquense Nees 103

abtusum (Del.) Nees 125

schimperi Nees 106

subacaule Nees 119

uniplume Nees 128

vestitum (Thunb.) Nees 165

Zeyheri Nees 115

Arthrosolen phaeotrichus (Gilg.) C. H.

Wright 190

polycephalus (E. Mey.) Mez 190

sericocephalus Meisn 190

Arthrosporium parasiticum Wint 466

Arundinaria tesselata Munro 429

Arundinella ecklonii Nees 427, 428

ARUND1NELLEAE 427

ASCLEPIADACEAE 331

ASCOMYCETES, South African ascomy-

cetes in the National Herbarium.

Part V 193

Part VI 837

Aseroe La Bill, ex Fr 520, 526

Aseroe actinobola Corda 526

arachnoidea Ed. Fisch 526

ceylanica Berk 526

corrugata Col 526

hookeri Berk 526

lysuroides Ed. Fisch 526

muelleriana (Fisch.) Lloyd 526

multiradiata Zoll 526

pallida Lloyd 526

pentactina Endl 526

poculiforma Bailey 526

rubra La Bill, ex Fr 526

rubra f. ceylanica (Berk.) Ed.

Fisch 526

rubra f. muelleriana Ed. Fisch. . . . 526

viridis Berk. & Hook 526

Aseroephallus Lepr. & Mont 523

Asparagus 56

Asparagus plumosus Bkr 838

spinosissimus O. Kze 191

striatus Thunb 870

PAGE

Asparagus suaveolens Burch 191

Aspergillus 947

Asterella infuscans (Wint.) Sacc 325

rehmii P. Henn 325

AsterinaLev 273, 276, 280, 464, 465,466,

467, 813, 815, 820

Asterina acalyphae 309

africana (v.d. Byl) Doidge 282, 310,

330, 333

africana (v.d. Byl) Doidge var.

kiggelariae Doidge 282, 310

balansae Speg 306

balansae Speg. var. africana Sacc. 305

bosmanae Doidge 281, 291, 333

bottomleyae Doidge 273, 280,286,

290, 333

brachystoma 285

capensis Kalchbr. & Cooke 325

capparidicola Doidge .... 282, 311, 327,

330, 333

capparidis Syd 327

celtidicola P. Henn 310

celtidicola P. Henn. var. micro-

spora Doidge 310

clausenicola Doidge 281, 303, 329

combreti Syd 281, 301, 330

combreti Syd. var. kutuensis (P.

Henn.) v. Hohn 301

confluens Kalchbr. & Cooke 325

crotonicola Doidge 293

crotoniensis (Doidge) Ryan 293, 281,

329

delicata Doidge. .. .281, 292, 293, 329

diplocarpa Cooke.. .281, 305, 329, 466

diplocarpa Cooke, var. hibisci

Doidge 281, 306, 334

dissiliens (Syd.) Doidge. . . .273, 280, 287,

328, 812, 871

dissiliens (Syd.) Doidge var. sene-

galensis Doidge 280, 288, 334

Asterina ( Dimerosporium ) kutuensis (P.

Henn.) v. Hohn 301

Asterina ditricha Kalch. & Cooke 325

elegans Doidge. .. .282, 311, 327, 329,

334

erysiphoides Kalch. & Cooke. . . . 281,

304, 305, 339

excoecariae Doidge 281, 306, 329,

330

ferruginosa Doidge 281, 291

fimbriata Kalch. & Cooke 281, 300

fleuryae Doidge. .. .281, 307, 330, 334

gerbericola Doidge 281, 297

gibbosa Gaill 315

gibbosa Gaill. var. megathyria

Doidge 314

grewiae Cooke 281, 292, 293, 329

grewiae Cooke var. zonata Doidge 281,

293, 330, 335

hendersoni Doidge..281, 286, 290, 330

inconspicua Doidge 280, 287, 320, 814

infuscans Wint 325

interrupt a Wint 326

knysnae Doidge 280, 285, 335

kutuensis (P. Henn.) v. Hohn 301

laxa 284

7

PAGE

Asterina loranthicola Syd 281, 302, 330

macowaniana Kalch. & Cooke 326, 328

myriadea Cooke 326

natalensis Doidge 309

natalitia Doidge 280. 283, 324, 335,

874

nodosa Doidge 280, 285, 290, 335

oncinotidis Doidge 280, 282, 853

opaca Syd 281, 289

oxyanthi Doidge 280. 284

pavoniae Werd 281, 295, 329

peglerae Doidge 281, 301

pemphidioides Cooke. . . .280, 282, 285

peraffinis Speg 282, 308, 329

phaeostroma Cooke 326

polythyria Doidge. ...,. .281, 303, 330

pseudopelliculosa Speg. var. peraf-

finis (Speg.) Th 308

punctiformis Lev. var. fimbriata

Theiss 300

radio-fissilis (Sacc.) Theiss 282, 309,

312, 327

radio-fissilis var. macrospora 309

raripoda Doidge 281, 294

reticulata Kalch. & Cooke emend.

Doidge 281, 288, 298, 330

rhamnicola Doidge 314

rigida Doidge 282

rinoreae Doidge. .. .282, 312, 330, 335

robusta Doidge 281, 288

saniculae Doidge 281, 300, 336

scolopiae Doidge 281, 299, 329

secamonicola Doidge 280, 286, 287,

320, 815

similis Cooke 305

Solaris Kalch. & Cooke 326, 871

sphaerasca Theum 273, 311, 326

spissa 275

sponiae Rac 327

streptocarpi Doidge 281, 296

stylospora Cooke 327

syzygii Doidge 280, 282, 284, 336

tenuis Wint 309, 312, 315, 327

tertia Rac. var. africana Doidge. . 281,

305, 329

toruligena Cooke 327

tremae 468

trichiliae Doidge 281, 293

trichocladi Doidge 281, 294, 336

uncinata Doidge 281, 298

undulata Doidge . . : 281, 296

vagans Speg 312

vagans Speg. var. subreticulata

Theiss 312

van der bylii Werd 282, 307, 330

vepridis Doidge 281, 289, 337

woodiana Doidge 281, 297, 329

woodii Doidge 282, 297, 309,312,

327, 337

xumenensis Doidge. .337, 281, 295, 330

zeyheri Doidge 280, 283, 337

Asterinella Theiss 316, 466, 814

Asterinella acokantherae Doidge 322

burchelliae Doidge 315

dissiliens Syd 287, 871

inconspicua (Doidge) Hansf 815

PAGE

Asterinella lembosioides Doidge 321

mimusopsidis Doidge 316,. 317

pterocelastri Doidge 316, 317

tecleae Doidge 316, 338

woodiana Doidge 297

Asterodothis Theiss 871

Asterodothis Solaris (Kalch. & Cooke)

Theiss 320, 326, 871

Asterolibertia Arnaud 314

Asterolibertia burchelliae Doidge 314, 315

megathyria Doidge. .309, 314, 327

megathyria Doidge var. ran-

diae Doidge 314, 315, 338

Asteroma pullum Kalchbr 884

Asteromyxa inconspicua Doidge 287

AsterostomelJa 274, 329

Asterostomella eugenicola Doidge 330, 338

reticulata (Kalch. & Cooke)

v. Hohn 298

visci Doidge 330, 338

Asterostromella 939

Asterostromella rumpiana Talbot 939

Astraeus Morgan 586, 604

Astraeus hygrometricus (Pers.) Morgan. . . . 603

stellatus (Scop.) Fischer 603

Atalaya natalensis R. A. Dyer 847

Aulostephanus natalensis Schlecht 38

Axonopus semialatus 432

Babiana 925

Babiana disticha Ker 926

stricta Ker 926

villosa Ker. & Gaul 925

Balansia 855

Balansia trachypogonis Doidge 854

Balladyna 467

Balladyna magnifica 465

tenue 465

velutina (B. & C.) v. Hohn. .321, 322,

326, 331

BAMBUSEAE 428

Barleria crassa C. B. CL 895

obtusa Nees 305

Barosma scoparia 304

Batarrea Pers 476, 483, 607, 608, 619

Batarrea arenicola Copel 509

attenuata Peck 626

digueti Pat. & Har 619, 620, 621

gaudichaudii Mont 620

griffithsii Underw 621

Guiccardiniana Ces 620

laciniata Underw 620

levispora Mass 620

muelleri Kalchbr 620

phalloides (Dicks.) Pers. .619, 620, 621

stevenii (Liboschitz) Fr.. .619, 620, 621

tepperiana Ludw 620, 62 1

BATARREAE G. H. Cunn 483

Battareopsis P. Henn 626

Battareopsis artini P. Henn 626

Battarraea Pers 619

Bauhinia 890

Bauhinia galpini N. E. Br 882

petersiana 1007

thonningii Schum 890

Baumiella caespitosa P. Henn 204

Berkheya amplexicaulis O. Hoffm. ex O. Kze. 185

8

PAGE

Berkheva arctiifolia O. HofTm. ex O. Kze. 185

kuntzei O. Hoffm. ex O. Kze. .181, 185

microcephala (D.C.) R. A. Dyer. 181,

185

montana Wood & Evans 185

Berkheyopsis echinus (Less.) O. Hoffm. ... 184

kuntzei O. Hoffm. ex O. Kze. 184

Bersama lucens Szysz 449

swinnyi Phill 449

tysoniana Oliver 449

Beta vulgaris L 882

vulgaris L. var. cicla L 882

Bewsia biflora Goosens 856

Blepharanthera dinteri Schlecht 38

Blumenavia Moell 520, 521

BORRAGINACEAE 188, 456

Boscia caffra 302

Bosquiea phoberos 466

Bottomley, A. M. Gasteromycetes of South

Africa 473

Bovista Bill, ex Pers 549, 578, 579, 580

Bovista anomala Cooke & Massee 569

aspera Lev 561

bicolor Lev 578

brunnea Berk 579, 581

Candida Schw 570

Castanea Lev 568

cervina Berk 570

citrina (B. & Br.) Bottomley 580

circumseissa Berk. & Curt 570

gig ante a Nees 573

hypogaea Cooke & Massee 568

juglandiformis Berk 567

lepidophora de Toni 575

lilacina Berk. & Mont 573

oblongispora (Lloyd) Bottomley. . . 580

olivacea Cooke & Massee 575

plumbea Pers 579, 581

purpurea Lloyd 581

pusilla Pers 558

spinulosa Peck 582

suberosa Fr 582

tunicata Bon 575

umbrina Bottomley 580

zeyheri Berk 569

Bovistella Morgan 579, 580

Bo via tel la aspera (Lev.) Lloyd 561

bovistoides (Cooke & Mass.) Lloyd 579

citrina (Berk. & Br.) Lloyd 580

gunnii (Berk.) Lloyd 561

oblongispora Lloyd 580

Bovistoides Lloyd 566

Bovistoides simplex Lloyd 605

Brachiaria 1008

Brachiaria brizantha Stapf. 432

serrata Stapf 432, 886

Brachypodium flexum Nees 432

pinnatum 432

Brachystegia 270, 445, 1007

Brachvstegia randii Bak 445, 838

spicaeformis 1007

Brachystelma dinteri (Schltr.) Phill 38

inandensis Phill 38

Brassica oleracea L 32

Bridelia 467

Broomeia Berk 478, 482, 549, 583

PAGE

Broomeia congregata Berk 473, 583, 585

ellipsospora v. Hohn. . .583, 584, 585

guadeloupensis Lev 583

BRUNIACEAE 183

Bulbine tenuifolia Baker ex O. Kze 191

Bulgariastrum 878

Bulgariastrum africanum Syd. . . 875, 876, 878, 879

bullatum Doidge. . .875, 876,877,

878, 880

caespitosum Syd 878

Bullardia Jungh 489

Bulliardella 875

Bulliardella capensis Doidge 875

nitida (Ellis) Lehman 875

sphaeroides 875

Burchellia bubalina (Linn, f.) Sims 821, 822

capensis R. Br 316

Burkea africana Hook 842

Byliana Dipp 871

Byliana halleriae Dippenaar 871

Byrsocarpus tomentosus 1008

Caeoma lichtensteiniae 229

Caesalpinia sepiaria Roxb 857, 858

Cajanus cajan (L.) Druce 234

indicus Spreng 234

Calathiscus Mont 526

Callistephus chinensis Nees 32

Calonectria 466, 468

Calonectria melioloides Speg 468

ugandae 468

Calopeltis Syd 276, 277

Calopeltis jasmini Doidge 277, 339

Calosphaeria Tul 48, 49

Calosphaeria cylindrica (K. & Cooke) Sacc. 63

princeps Tul 48, 74, 75

Calospora Sacc 48, 69, 212

Calospora aurasiaca (Fahr.) Sacc 70

bottomleyae Doidge 69, 70

longipes (Tul.) Berlese 211

Calostoma Desv 482

CALOSTOMATACEAE Ed. Fischer 482

Calothyrium psychotriae Doidge 313

Calpurnia intrusa E. Mey 183

mucronulata Harms, ex O. Kze. 183

Calvatia Fr 476, 482, 549, 571

Calvatia bovista (Pers.) McBride 574

Calvatia bovista (Pers.) Kambly & Lee. . . . 572

Calvatia caelata (Bull.) Morgan 571, 572

Candida (Rostk.) Hollos. ..566, 572, 575

craniiformis (Schw.) Fr 571

fontanesii (Dur. & Mont.) Lloyd 572

gigantea (Batsch & Pers.) Lloyd. . 571,

573, 575

incerta Bottomley 572, 575

lepidophora (Ellis) Lloyd 571, 574

lilacina (Berk.) P. Henn. .564, 565, 566,

571, 572

macrogemmae Lloyd 572, 575, 577

maxima (Schaeff.) Morg 574

olivacea Lloyd 575 .

pachyderma (Peck) Morgan. . . .572, 575,

577

primitiva Lloyd 574

saccata (Vahl. & Fr.) Morg.. . .566. 571,

574

sinclairii (Berk.) Lloyd 572

9

PAGE PAGE

10

PAGE

Cercospora leoni Saval. & Rayss 887

leonotidis Cke 887

liebenbergii H. Syd 887

malayensis Stev. & Solh 888

melaena H. Syd 888

melanochaeta Ell. & Everh.. . . 888

melongenae Welles 892

momordicae Me. Rae 888

momordicae Mendoza 888

mucunae-ferrugineae Yam 893

musae Zimmerman 888

musae Massee 888

myrti Eriks 888

myrticola Speg 888

nicotianae Ell. & Everh 888

oblecta H. Syd 888

occidentalis Cooke 889

oliniae Verw. & Dipp 881, 889

omphacodes Ell. & Holw 889

pachycarpi Chupp. & Doidge . . 889

panici Davis 886

panici-miliacei Sawada 886

pareirae Speg 889

paulensis P. Henn 889

persicariae Yam 889

personata (Berk. & Curt.)

Ellis 890

personata (B. & C.) Ellis var.

occidentalis Berk. & Cke. . 889

phaeocarpa Mitter 890

phlogina Peck 889

pouzolziae H. Syd 890

pretoriensis Chupp. & Doidge. 890

protearum Cke 885, 890

protearum var. leucadendri Cke. 890

protearum var. leucospermi Cke. 890

psychotriaecola Chupp. & Doidge 891

punctiformis Sacc. & Roum.. . . 891

resedae Fuck 891

rhoicissi H. & P. Syd 891

richardiaecola Atk 891

ricinella Sacc. Berk 892

roesleri (Cattan) Saccardo 887

rubro-tincta Ell. & Everh 892

scitula H. Syd 892

sesami Zimm 892

solani-melongenae Chupp 892

solani-melongenae Hori. nom.

nud 892

somalensis Curazi 889

sorghi Ell. & Everh 892

sphaeroidea Speg 893

spinaciae Oud 882

spinacicola Sacc 882

staticis Lobik 886

stizolobii H. & P. Syd 893

stuhlmanni P. Henn 883

transvaalensis H. Syd 893

tremae (Stev. & Solh.) Chupp. 893

xincetoxici Ell. & Everh 891

violae Sacc 893

viticola (Ces.) Sacc 893

vitiphylla (Speschnew) Barbar-

ine 887

vitis (Lev.) Sacc 893

withaniae Syd 893

PAGE

Cercospora zizyphi Petch 893

Cercosporella 884

Cercosporella delicatissima (Kalchbr. &

Cke.) Chupp 884

Cercosporina fukushiana Matsuura 885

insulana Sacc 886

occidentalis (Cke.) Sacc 889

spinacicola Sacc 882

Chaetacme aristata 321

Chaetaria biparta Nees 136

capensis (Thunb.) Beauv 113

congesta (Roem. & Schult.) Nees. 157

curvata Nees 149

curvata Nees f. minor Nees 149

forskohlii Nees 153

hystrix P. de Beauv 166

mauritiana (Kunth) Nees var. b.

nana Nees 149

vestita (Thunb.) Beauv 162

Chainoderma Mass. & Cooke 627

drunvnondii Mass. & Cooke.. 628

Chasmanthe N. E. Br 43, 44

aethiopica (L.) N. E. Br 44

bicolor (Gasp.) N. E. Br 44

caffra (Bkr.) N. E. Br 44

floribunda (Salisb.) N. E. Br. . . 44

fucata (Herb.) N. E. Br 44

intermedia (Bkr.) N. E. Br. ... 44

peglerae N. E. Br 44

spectabilis (Schinz) N. E. Br. . 44

vittigera (Salisb.) N. E. Br. ... 44

Chasmatophyllum musculinum (Haw.) Schw. 184

Chilianthus arboreus A. DC 287, 814

Chiro calyx Meisn 220

mollissimus Meisn 222

Chlamydopus Speg 483, 607, 608, 625

Chlamydopus amblaiensis Speg 625

Chlamydopus clavatus Speg 625

mevenianus (Klotsch.) Lloyd. 618,

625

CHLOR1DEAE 429

Chloris 430

Chloris gayana 430

pycnothrix 430

Chlorophytum elatum 37

longipedunculatum H. Forbes 37

Chrysophyllum magalismontanum Sond.215, 292

natalensis Sond 289

Chrysopogon montanus Trin. var. tremu-

lus Stapf. 423

Chupp, Charles and Doidge, Ethel M.

Cercospora species recorded from South-

ern Africa 881

Cinnamomum camphora Nees & Eberm.... 866.

867

Cissampelos inucronata A. Rich 889

Cissus 891

Cissus dolichopus C.A. Sm 182

humilis (N. E. Br.) Planch 182

quinata Ait 182

Citrus 24, 66

Citrus grandis Os 32

maxima Merr 867

nobilis Lour 61, 72, 865

sinensis Osbeck 32, 53, 865, 866

sinensis var. sekkar 26

11

PAGE

Citrus tanka 26

Cladosporiam personatum Berk. & Curt . . . 889

Claoxylon 309

Claoxylm ? sphaerocarpum O. Kuntze 190

Clarkia elegans 23

CL ATHRACEAE Ed. Fischer 509, 520

Clathrella Fischer 520, 527, 530

Clathrella baumii (P. Heim.) Ed. Fisch.. 531

pseudocancellata Ed. Fisch. . . 531

Clathrus Mich, ex Pers 520, 527, 529

Clathrus albidus Lothar. ex. Fisch 529

angolensis (Welw. & Curr.) Fisch. 521

(< Clathrella ) baumii P. Henn 531

camerunensis P. Henn 530, 531

cancellatus Tourn 530

cancellatus f. columnatus Ed. Fisch. 52 1

chrysomycelinus A. Moell 531

cibarius (Tul.) Ed. Fisch 528

colonnarius Leman 521

columnatus Bose 521

fischeri Pat. & Har . 531

gracilis (Berk.) Schlecht 528, 529

higginsii Bailey 528

intermedius Fisch 529

preussi (Henn.) Ed. Fisch 530

pseudocancellata Ed. Fisch 531

ruber 527

tepperianus Ludw 527, 528

trilobatus Cobb 521

Clausena anisata ( Willd.) Hk 304

inaequalis Bth. var. abyssinica Engl. 304

Claustula Curt 481, 520

CLAUSTULACEAE G. H. Cunn 481, 509

Clautriavia (Pat.) Lloyd 518

Clavaria cornuta Bull 267

digitata Bull 270

hirta Batsch 267

hypoxylon L 267

Clerodendron myricoides R. Br. var. cun-

eatum 883

Clerodendrum triplinerve 1008

Cluytia pulchella L 883

Clypeolaster 276, 280, 281

Clypeolella v. Hohn 275, 313

Clypeolella anisophyllae Syd 313

psychotriae Doidge 313

rhamnicola Doidge 313, 314

Coccochora lebeckiae Verw. & Dipp 460

Cocconia parinarii P. Henn 456

Cocos nucifera Linn 827

Coffea 883

Cola natalen sis 310

Colinel Adans 951, 953

Collett, D. G. “ South African species of

Erythrina” 219

Colonnaria Raf. ex Ed. Fisch 520, 521

Colus Cav. & Sech 520, 521

Colus gardneri (Berk.) Ed. Fisch 524

COMBRETACEAE 331

Combretum baumii Engl. & Gilg 301

glomeruliflorum Sond 301

krausii Hochst 301

tavatense 301

zeyheri Sond 841, 844

Commelina 883

Commelina africana 988

PAGE

Commelina benghalensis Linn,. ... 883

COMPOSITAE 184, 186, 331

Conidiobolus villosus Martin 241

CONIFER AE 46

Coniophora papillosa Talbot 939, 940

Coniothyrium occultum Syd 206, 424, 435

Corallodendron Mill 220

Corchorus tridens Linn 884

Cordia caffra Sond 456

Corticium gloeosporum Talbot — 940

laeve Pers 941

luteocystidiatum Talbot 941, 942

portentosum B. & C 939

tumulosum Talbot. 941, 943

Coryneum 211, 887

Corvneum cammelliae Massee 824

kunzei Corda 211, 212

vitiphyllum Speschneut 887

Corynites Berk. & Curt 511

Corynites curtisii Berk 511, 512

Cotula radiata O. Hoffm. ex O. Kuntze.. . . 185

Cotyledon. 23, 33

Cracca L 951, 953

Cracca acaciaefolia O. Kuntze 954

aemula (E. Mey.) O. Kuntze ... 1000

capensis (Thbg.) O. Ktz. 985

diffusa (E. Mey.) O. Kuntze- ..... 1000

longipes O. Ktz.. 980

lupinifolia O. Ktz. 958

lurida (Sond.) O. Ktz.. 979

macropoda (E. Mey.) O. Kuntze . . . 998

purpurea Linn 974

radicans (Welw.) O. Kuntze - ■ 997

semiglabra O. Ktze 982

triphylla O. Ktze.. • 183

villosa Hiem 972

villosa L. var. incana Hiem. 972

Crafordia Rak 953

Crassula cogmansensis (O. Ktze.) K. Schum. 1 83

crassiflora (O. Ktze.) K. Schum.. 183

subaphylla (E. & Z.) Harv 183

transvaalensis (O. Ktze.) K. Schum. 183

vaginata E. & Z. — 183

CRASSUL ACEAE J 83

Crataegus 267

Crocodilodes amplexicaule O. Kuntze.. . . 181, 185

arctiifolium O. Kuntze 185

kuntzei O. Kuntze 185-

Cronartium zizyphi Syd. & Bull. 890, 898:

Crotalaria comosa 100S

intermedia K1 884, 1008

juncea Linn 884

natalitia. 1008

Croton 252, 449

Croton rivularis Muell 293

sylvaticus Hoehst. ex Krauss.. . . 190, 449

Crucibulum Tul 483, 631

crucibuliforme (Scop.) White- . 632

juglandicolum (Schw.) de Toni. 632

levis (DC) Kambly 632

simile Mass 632

vulgare Tul 631, 632

Cryptocarya woodii Engl 298

Cryptodidymosphaeria 206

clandestina Syd.. . .205, 206.

424, 429, 435, 460, 461

12

PAGE

Cryptogams 423

Cryptophallus Peck 514

Cryptosporella Sacc 48, 65

umbrina (Jenkins) Wehm. . 66

Ctenium concinnum Nees. — 856

Ctenomeria capensis (Thunb.) Harv.. ..... 309

Cucurbita pepo 6, 32, 33

Cupressus arizonica Greene. 823

torulosa Don 823

Curtisia faginea Ait 872, 873, 884

Curtonus, N. E. Br 43

Cussonia spicata Thunb 291

umbellifera Sonl. 291

Cyanophallus Corda 511, 516

Cyathia P. Browne 633

Cyathea dregei O. Kze 423

Cyathus Hall, ex Pers 483, 631, 633

Cyathus affinis Pat.. 638

baileyi Mass 637

berkeleyanus Tul. — 633, 635, 640

campanulatus Schw. 637

centifera (L.) White - 637

critcibulum Pers. 632

dasypus Nees 633, 634

dimorphus Cobb 637

fimicola Berk 632

hookeri Berk 633, 636

microsporus Tul. 633, 635, 636

tnicrosporus var. berkleyanus Tul.. 640

minutosporus Lloyd emend Verw. 633,

634

montagnei Tul... 633, 640

olla Pers 633, 634, 636

olla var. vernicosus-- 634

pallidus Berk, et Curt 633, 634

pezizoides Berk 632

plicatulus Poepp. 639

poeppigii Tul. 633, 639

pusio Berk 632

rufipes (Ell. et Ev.) White 638

similis Cooke 637

stercoria (Schw.) White 638

stercoreus (Schweinitz) de Toni. . . 633,

637, 639

stercoreus (Schweinitz) de Toni

forma leseurii Tul. • ■ 638

striatus Pers 640

sulcatus Kalchbr 639

vernicosus (Bull.) DC 636

wrightii (Berk.) White 637, 638

Cycloderma Klotzsch 586

Cycloderma ohiensis Cooke & Morgan .... 599

Cyclotheca bosciae Doidge 302, 869

Cymbopogon 1008

Cymbopogon atronardus Stapf. 892

excavatus 424, 893

marginatus (Steud.) Stapf. .206, 424

validus Stapf. 212

Cynanchum natalitium Schlecht. 891

Cynodon dactylon L 206, 429

hirsutus 429

incompletus 429

plectostachyum 429

Cypellomyces Speg 622

Cyperus 901

Cyperus esculentus Linn 900, 901

PAGE

Cytospora leucostoma (Pers.) Sacc 65

Dahlia pinnata Cav 886

variabilis Des 32

Dalbergia armata E. Mey 446

Daldinia Ces. & de Not. 251, 252

Daldinia concentrica (Bolt, ex Fr.) Ces. &

de Not 252

eschscholzii (Ehr. ex Fr.) Rehm. . . 252

Daldinia placentiformis (B. & C.) Theiss. ■ . 257

vernicosa f. microspora Starb 252

Dalechampia capensis Spreng 309

Darluca filum. 209, 907, 930

Davy, Joseph Burtt, by M. D. Gunn 45, 46

Delacroxia coronata (Cost.) Sacc. & Syd. . 241

Delphinium ajacis Linn 840

cultorum Voss 840

Delphinium 32

Delosperma 5, 35

Dendrogaster Buch 498

Dendrogaster radiatus (Lloyd) Zell. & Doidge 499

Dendromyces Libr 619

Dendromyces stevenii Lib. 620

Diachora J. Mull, emend. Petrak. 422, 459

Diachora lessertiae (Doidge) Petr. 459

Dianthus caryophyllus L 32

crenatus 980

Plumarius 33

Diaporthe Nitschke emend. Wehm ... .48, 66

citri (Fawc.) Wolf. 66

eres Nits 66

medusaea Nits 66

pemiciosa March. 66

umbrina Jenkins 66

Diatrype Fr. emend. Wehm.. 53, 48

auristroma Doidge 54, 55, 70, 74, 76, 85

albopruinosa 51

bona-spei Berl 56, 57, 74, 84

caminata Kalchbr. et Cke. 54, 58,

59, 74, 86

cangesta K. et Cke 57

capensis Kalchbr. et Cke 56, 57

caulina Syd 54, 56, 74, 77, 83

cercidicola B. & C 258

clypeus Berk . . .. 255

conferta Doidge. ... 54, 59, 71, 74, 87

doryalidis Doidge 54, 71, 74, 83

durieui Mont... 51

exutans Cke 255

leonotidis Doidge. ...54, 58, 71, 74, 83

macowaniana Thum. . . 54, 56, 57, 74, 84

xumenensis Doidge.. .54, 71, 74, 76, 83

Diatrypella Ces. et de Not. emend. Wehm.. .48, 59,

61

Diatrypella agaves Syd.. 60, 74, 77, 88

morganae Doidge 60, 61, 72,

74, 87, 865

natalensis Doidge 60, 72, 74,

88, 865

oligostroma Syd 60, 62, 74, 88

pretoriensis Doidge.. 60, 61, 72, 74, 89

Dichondra repens Forsk 901, 902

Dichrostachys glomerata (Forsk.) Chiov.. . 458

Dicliptera chnopodia Nees 305

heterostegia Nees 305

Dictyocephalos Underwood 483, 607, 608, 626

13

PAGE

Dictyocephalos attenuatus (Peck.) Long. &

Plunkett , 626

curvatus Underw 626

Dicliptera heterostegia Nees 305

Dictyochorella andropogonis Doidge 212, 460

Dictyophallus C orda 514

Dictyophora Desv .All, 481, 510, 518

Dictyophora baileyi Ulbr 519

bicampanulata Mont 518

callichora Moell 519

campanulata Nees 518

clautriavia Pat 518

farlowii Ed. Fisch 519

indusiata (Pers.) Ed. Fisch. . . 519

indusiata (Vent, ex Pers.) Desv. 473 ,

518

lilloi Speg 519

nana Berk, ex Cooke 519

phalloidea Desv 518, 519

radicata Mont 519

Didymella maculiformis Wint. 460

zuluensis Doidge 859

Dierama 930

Dierama pendula Bkr- • • 919, 929, 930

pulcherrima Bkr 930

Digitaria brazzae Stapf 434, 856

diagonalis Stapf 856

eriantha Steud 433

eriantha var. stolonifera 433

longifera Pers 434

monodactyla Stapf. 434

pentzii Stent 433

sanguinalis Scop 434

seriata Stapf. 433

smutsii Stent 433

Dimerium englerianum Sacc. et D. Sacc.. . . 206

gymnosporiae (P. Henn.) Syd. . . 328

intermedium 297

myriadeum (Cke.) Theiss — ... 326

radio-fissilis Sacc- 309

Dimerosporiopsis engleriana P. Henn. . .206, 207

Dimerosporium Fuckel 280, 326

Dimerosporium acocantherae P. Henn 213, 322

englerianum P. Henn- 206

gymnosporiae P. Henn 328

Dinieracanthus asper C.B.C1 41

marlothii (Engl.) C. B. Cl. . 41

veluntinus C. B. Cl 41

Dinteranthus microspermus 5, 33

Diorchidium 918

Diorchidium steudneri P. Magnus 917, 918

Diospyros mespiliformis Hochst 896

Dipcadi ndellansis 896

viridis Moench 896

Diplocystis Berk. & Curt 482, 549

Diplocystis junodii Pole Evans 584, 585

wrightii Berk. & Curt — . . .583, 585

Diploderma Link 587

Diplodia cassinopsidis Kalchbr. et Cke 202

DIPS ACE AE 184

Disciseda anomala (Cke. & Mass.) G. H.

Cunn 567, 569

Disciseda Candida (Schweinitz) Lloyd. . . . 567, 570

castanea (Lev.) Bottomley 566, 568

cervina (Berk.) Hollos 567, 570

PAGE

Disciseda circumscissa Hollos 570

collabescens Czern 566

hypogaea (Cke. & Mass.) G. H.

Cunn. 567, 568

Disciseda juglandiformis (Berk.) Hollos. . . 566

pedicellata (Morgan) Hollos. ■ - . 566, 567

verrucosa G. H. Cunn 567, 568

zeyheri (Berk.) Hollos 567, 569

Dissotis 884

Doidge, Ethel M. “ South African Asco-

mycetes in the National Herbarium ” . . 193, 837

Doidge, Ethel M. “ South African Rust

Fungi” 229, 895, 919

Doidge, Ethel M. “A Revision of the South

African MICROTHYRIACEAE ” 273

Doidge, Ethel M. “ Revised Descriptions

of South African Species of Phyllachora

and related Genera ” 421

Doidge, Ethel M. “ Some South African

VALSACEAE” 47

Doidge, Ethel M. & Chupp. C. “ Cercos-

pora species recorded from Southern Af-

Dyer, R. A. “ Otto Kuntze Type Specimens

of South African Plants ” 181

EBENACEAE 187, 331

Echidnodella Th. et Syd 321

14

PAGE

Echidnodella hypolepidis Doidge 324

Echidnodes Theiss. et Syd. 275, 321, 873

Echidnodes acokantherae Doidge 275, 321,

322, 323

africana Doidge 275, 321, 324

curtisiae Doidge 872

durbana (van der Byl) Hansf... 820

hypolepidis Doidge. . .275, 321, 324

lembosioides Doidge 321

natalensis Doidge 321, 323

rhoina Doidge 321, 323

transvaalensis Doidge 873

Echinopliallus P. Henn 514

Ehrharta calycina 907, 908

gigantea 908

Ekebergia pterophylla Hofmeyr 193, 194

Elaeodendron 871

Elaeodendron kraussianum 328

Elasmomyces Cav 500

Eleocharis 901

Elyonurus argenteus Nees 425

glaber Phillips var. villosus

Phill 424, 425

Encephalartos villosus (Gaertn.) Lem 823

Endodothella Theiss. et Syd 422, 457

Endodothella albizziae 458

deightonii Syd 457

natalensis Doidge 458

strelitziae (Cke.) Theiss. et Syd. 439

Endoneuron Czern 581

Endoneuron suberosum Czern 582

Endoptychum Czern 500

Englera popowiae (Doidge) Stev 279

Englerula macarangae P. Henn 858

Englerulaster v. Hohn 275, 280

Englerulaster continuus Syd 291

gymnosporiae (P. Henn.)

Theiss 328

macowaniana (Thunb.) Arn. . 326,

328

orbicularis (B. et C.) v. Hohn. 286

popowiae Doidge 279

Engysiphon exscapus (Thunb.) Lewis 925

Entomophthora coronata (Cost.) Kev 241

ENTOMOPHTHORACEAE. “ A fungus

of the family Entomophthoraceae found

on Sugar Ants (Campanotus sp.).” by

E. E. Schaefer 237

Entopeltis interrupta (Wint.) v. Hohn .... 326

Ephelis viridans (Kalchbr. & Cooke) Sacc. 876

Epichloe cinerea Berk. & Br 855, 856, 857

eragrostidis Pole Evans 855, 857

volkensii P. Henn 855

zahlbruckneriana P. Henn 855, 856,

857

Epilobium 903

Epilobium hirsutum (DC.) Wint 903

ERAGROSTEAE 430

Eragrostis 206, 209, 431, 856

Eragrostis chloromelas Steud 856

curvula Nees 430, 431, 856, 865

divaricata 209

gangetica Steud 431

lehmanniana Nees 431

nutans 856

plana Nees 856, 857

robusta Stent 856

PAGE

Eragrostis sclerantha Nees 856

superba Peyr 209, 431, 444

Erebinthus Mitch ♦ 953

Erica 207

Erica cristaeflora Salisb 207

imbricata L 207

leucopelta Tausch 207

peltata Andr 207

Ericinella manii 207

Erikssonia carissae Doidge 837

Eriomycopsis Speg. emend Hansf 464

Eriomycopsis, The Genus, by C. G. Hansford. 464

Eriomycopsis africana Hansf. .. .464, 466, 469

angustispora Hansf 464, 466,

469

asterinae Hansf 464, 466, 469

bomplandi Speg. . . .464, 465, 468,

469

bosquieae Hansf 466

chorleyi Hansf 465, 468, 469

flagellata Hansf.. . . .464, 465, 466,

469

hamata Hansf 464, 465, 466,

469

meliolae Hansf 465, 468, 469

minima Hansf. 464, 465, 469

robusta Hansf 465, 468, 469

schiffnerulae Hansf.. 465, 467, 469

sclerochitonis Hansf 464, 466,

469

tenuis Syd. .. .464, 465, 467, 469

trichiliae Hansf 465, 467, 469

ugandae Hansf 465, 467, 469

Eriosema 911

Eriosema cajanoides Benth 911

salignum E. Mey 911, 912

cordatum E. Mey 911

Erostella (Sacc.) Trav 48, 49

quaternarioides (Berl.) Sacc 49, 74,

78

Erysiphe brachystegiae Doidge 838

communis (Wallr.) Link 839

jatrophae Doidge 839

nitida (Wallr.) Rabenh 839

polygoni DC 839

umbelliferarum de Bary 840

Erythrina Linn 219, 220

Erythrina, South African Species of, by

D. G. Collett 219

Erythrina abyssinica Lam 222

acanthocarpa E. Mey 219, 221, 225

breviflora DC 219

caffra Thunb 219, 220, 221,223,

225, 841, 842

constantia Micheli 219

corallodendron Linn 219

crist a-galli Linn 219, 221, 228

fasciculata Benth 228

hastifolia Bertol 225

humeana Spreng 220, 221, 225

humei E. Mey 225

insignis Todarv 223

latissima E. Mey 219, 221, 222

laurifolia Jacq 228

lysistemon Hutch 219, 221, 223

micropteryx Poepp i 219

raja Meisn 225

15

PAGE

Erythrina satulersoni Harv 222

foment osa R. Br 222

viarum Todarv 223

zeyheri Harv 220, 221, 227

Erythrococca berberidea Prain 309

Eucalyptus 318, 823, 861

Eucalyptus coriacea A. Cunn 318

corynocalyx F. Muell 861

diversicolor F. Muell 823

gigantea Dehnh 318, 319, 861

elobulus Lab 67, 318, 319,861,

862, 867

hemiphloia F. v. M 318

lehmanni Preiss 823

maculata Hook 861

maidenii F. Muell 861

obliqua L’Her 318

regnens F. v. M 318

saligna Sm 861

stuartiana F. Muell 861

tereticornis Sm 861

Euclea 871

Euclea lanceolata E. Mey 870

macrophylla E. Mey 870

natalensis A. DC 870

racemosa Murr 871

undulatae Thunb 326

Eudarluca australis Speg 208

Eugenia capensis Harv 454

cordata Laws 831

grandis 867

jambolana 831

natalitia Sond.284, 330, 453, 873, 874

zeyheri Harv 216, 283, 453

zuluensis Dummer..284, 324, 453, 859

Euonymus japonica Linn 826, 829

Eupelte amicta Syd 328

EUPHORB1ACEAE 190, 331, 448

Euphorbia 897

Euphorbia bubalina Boiss 190

cyparissioides Pax 897

inaequilatera Sond 909

laxiflora O . Kuntze 181, 190

natalensis Bernh 897

prostrata Ait 909

striata Thunb 897

triangularis Desf 214, 863

Eutypa transvaalensis 80

Eutypella Nits 48, 49

acaciae Doidge 50, 73, 74

citricola Syd 50, 52, 74, 81

doidgeae Syd 50, 53, 62, 74, 82

lycii Doidge 50, 73, 74, 81

macowani Doidge 50, 51, 74, 82

stellulata Fr. (Sacc.).. . . 50, 52, 74, 81

Exotheca abyssinica 855

Fagara capensis Thunb 211

Falkia repens 902

Faurea speciosa 885

Felicia australis (Alston) Phill 41

Fenesturia aurantiaco 5, 33

Ferraria 931, 932

Ferrarisia Sacc. emend Petrak 276, 278

Ferrarisia jasmini Doidge 278, 339

FESTUCEAE 431

FICOIDEAE 184

Ficus 421, 440

PAGE

Ficus. A new species of Ficus from the bor-

ders of Mocambique and Nyasaland. . . 1007

Ficus burkei Miq 442

Ficus burtt-davyi Hutch 442

capensis Thunb 440, 441, 442

carica L 442

hochstetteri var. glabrior 442

howardiana 441

infectoria 441

ingens Miq 443

kiloneura A. J. W. Hornby 1007

natalensis Hochst 442

petersii Warb 843

populifoliae Vahl 1007

pretoriae Burtt-Davy 443

religiosa 443

stuhlmannii 1007

sycomorus L 441, 885

trachyphyllus Fenzl 443

FLACOURTIACEAE 332, 452

Flemingia 912

Flemingia grahamiana W. & A 888, 911

Fleurya 307

Floccomutinus P. Henn 481, 510

Fomes zuluensis Wakef 948

Forbes H.

1. A Revision of the South African

Species of the genus Tephrosia Pers. 95 1

2. The genus Ophrestia Forbes 1003

Freesia 922, 935, 936

Freesia odorata 922, 936

refracta 936

Fungoides Vaill 633

Fungus of the family Entomophthoraceae

found on sugar ants (Campanotus sp.) . . 237

Fungus phalloides Baukin 515

Fusarium 3, 9

Fusarium ciliatum 857

Galega capensis Jacz 985

grandiflora Ait 991, 992

humilis Thunb 967

lupinifolia Burch 958

mucronata Thunb 963

pollens Ait 967

pulchella Scopol 963

purpurea Linn 974

rosea Lam 991

stricta Ait 963

villosa L 973

Galpinia paviflora H. Forbes 38

transvaalica N. E. Br 38

Gautieria Vitt 481, 485

Gazania burchellii DC 184

Geaster Micheli & Fries 586, 605

af finis Colenso 605

archeri Berk 595

asper (Mich.) Lloyd 590

caespitosus Lloyd 599

c alee us Lloyd 593

calyculatus Fuckel 588

capensis Thumen 595, 597

cesatii Rabenh 593

coliformis Dickson 605

columnatus Lev 605

coriaeeus Colenso 6O4

coronatus (Schaeff.) Schroet 59 1

delicatus Morg 60

16

PAGE PAGE

Geaster drummondii Berk 591

fornicatus (Huds.) Fr 592

fornicatus (Huds.) Fr. forma Mac

Owani Kalchbr 593

granulosus Fuck 593

hungaricus Hollos 602

involutus Mass 591

kunzei Wint 589

lageniformis Vitt 595

lignicola Berk 599

lilacinus Mass 603

limbatus var. ellipsostoma N. J. G.

Smith 594

lloydii Bres. & Pat 597, 599

Mac Owani Kalchbr 604

marginatus Vitt 593

michelianus W. G. Sm 595

morgani Lloyd 595

orientalis Haszl 589

papyraceus Berk. & Curt 599

pazschkeanus P. Henn 588

plicatus Berk 588

pseudomammosus P. Henn 590

rabenhorstii Kunze 589

schmedelii Vitt 589

schmideli Massee 588

schweinfurthii P. Henn 591

squamosus Lloyd 596

st riot ulus Kalchbr 591

stria t us Kalchbr 589

tenuipes Berk 588

triplex Jungh 595

velutinus Morgan 597

velutinus var. caespitosus Lloyd . . 597

vittatus Kalchbr. & Cooke 595

vulgaris Corda 603

Geasteroides W. H. Long 606

Geasteropsis Hollos 483, 549, 606

Geasteropsis conrathii Hollos 606

stahelli Ed. Fischer 606

texensis (Long) Ed. Fischer... 606

GEASTREAE 477, 483, 549, 587

Geastrum Persoon 483, 549, 586, 587, 604,

605

Geastrum ambiguum Montagne 587, 591

archeri (Berk.) Boedijn 596

arenarum Lloyd 587, 600

bryantii Berk 587, 589

campestre Morgan 587, 590

clelandii (Lloyd) Cunn 590

coliforme Dickson 605

dissimile Bottomley 587, 592

drummondii Berk 591

fenestriatum (Pers.) Fischer. . 592, 601,

602

fibrillosum Schw 603

fimbriatum (Fr.) Ed. Fisch.. .597, 602

floriforme Vitt 587, 602

fornicatum (Hudson) Fries. . . 587, 592

601

hieronyme P. Henn 587, 602

hygrometricum Pers 587, 603

lageniformis Vitt 596

limbatum Fries 587, 594

mammosum Chevallier 587, 600

minimum Schw 587, 593

Geastrum mirabile Montagne 587, 598, 600

nanum Persoon 587, 589

pectinatum Persoon 587, 588,

589, 590

plicatum Berk 588

quadrifidum Persoon. . .587, 591, 592

quadrifidum var. fenestriatum

(Batsch) Pers 601

saccatum Fries. .. 587, 596, 597, 598

striatulus Kalchbr 591

triplex Junghuhn 587, 595, 596, 597,

598

velutinum Morgan 587, 598, 599,

600

Geissorhiza 928

Geissorhiza rupestris Schlecht 928

secunda (Berg.) Ker 926, 927

GERANIACEAE 182

Geranium robustum O. Kuntze 181, 182

Gerbera cordata Less 297

piloselloides Cass 297

GESNERIACEAE 332

Gibbera 207

Gibbera engleriana (P. Henn.) van der Byl. 206

tinctoria Mass 204

Gilia rubra Heil 32

Gladiolus 232, 927, 928, 937

Gladiolus angustus L 927

ludwigii Poppe 231

blandus Ait 927

crassifolius Baker ....190, 926

cuspidatus Jacz 926

ecklonii Lehm 926, 927

formosus Klett 926

hirsutus Jacz 927

orchidiflorus Andr 927

pretoriensis O. Kuntze 190

psittacinus Hk 937

quartinianus 927

recurvus L 927

saundersii Hk 937

tritoniaeformis O. Kuntze 190

Globaria Quelet 571, 579

Globaria samoense Bres 558

Gloniella multiseptata Doidge 214

natalensis Doidge 214

Glycine 1003

Glycine wilmsii Harms 1003, 1004

oblongifolia (E. Mey.) B. Davy.. . . 1003

Gnaphalium amplum O. Kuntze 185

athrixifolium O. Kuntze 185

kuntzei O. Kuntze 185

mixtum O. Kuntze 185

plantaginifolum O. Kuntze 185

pulviniforme O. Kuntze 185

ihapsus O. Kuntze 186

Gnidia gymnostachya (C. A. Mey) Gilg.

var. phaeotricha M . Moss 181, 190

kuntzei Gilg. ex O. Kuntze 189

phaeotricha Gilg ex O. Kuntze. ..181, 190

polyclada Gilg. ex O. Kuntze 190

pretoriae Gilg. ex O. Kuntze 181, 190

sericocephala (Meisn.) M. Moss. 181, 190

Godetia 23, 32

Gomphrena decumbentis Jacz. var. genui-

nae Stuchl 890'

Gonoima kamassi

Gossypium

GRAMINEAE

Grandinia bicolor Talbot

Grewia caffra

flam Harv

krebsiana O. Kuntze

kwebensis N. E. Br

lasiocarpa E. Mey

monticola Sond

occidentals L 292, 450,

robusta Burch

Gunn M. D., “ Joseph Burtt Davy ”

Gymnoglossum Massee 476, 481, 485,

Gymnoglossum radiatum (Lloyd) Bottom-

ley

stipitatum Mass

Gymnomyces Mass. & Rodw 494,

Gymnomyces flams Rodw

Gymnosporia

Gymnosporia acuminata Szysz

buxifolia Szysz. .288. 328, 326,

harveyana Loesen

nemorosa E. & Z

procumbens Loes

senegalensis

Gyrophragmium Mont.. . .479, 481, 500, 504,

Gyrophragmium argentinum Speg

decipiens Lloyd

delilei Mont 507,

inquinans (Berk.) Lloyd. . .

texense (B. & C.)Mass . . .

Haemanthus magnificus Herb

natalensis Papper

puniceus Linn

Halleria lucida L 53, 59, 62, 871,

HAMAMELIDACEAE

Hansford, C. G. “ The Method of Parasi-

tism of some South African Microthy-

riales ”

Hansford, C. G. “ The Genus Eriomycopsis

Speg”

Haplocarpha scaposa

Harpephyllum caffrum Burch

Harvey a cathcartensis O. Kuntze

speciosa Bernh. ex Krauss

Helianthus annuus Linn

Helichrysum

Helichrysum amplum O. Hoffm. ex O.

Kuntze

Helichrysum athrixiifolium O. Hoffmn. ex

O. Kuntze

capitellatum Less

coriaceiim Sond

kuntzei O. Hoffm. ex O. Kuntze

laneum S. Moore

longifolium DC

lucilioides Less

mixtum O. Hoffm. ex O. Ktze.

plantaginifolium O. Hoffm. ex

Kuntze

platypterum DC

polycladum Klatt

pulviniforme O. Hoffm. ex O.

Kuntze

pumilum Hook

Helichrysum rosum Less 185

rugulosum Less 185

simillimum DC 185

sutherlandi Harv 185

thapsusO. Hoffm. ex O. Kuntze 186

Heliotr opium kuntzei Guerke ex O. Kuntze. . 1 88

lineare (E. Mey) C. H. Wright 188

nelsoni Wright 896

Helminthosporium 890

Henderson ia 212

Hertia kuntzei O. Hoffm. ex O. Kuntze. .181, 186

natalensis O. Hoffm. ex O. Kuntze. 181, 186

Hessea sehlechteri O. Kuntze 190

Heteromorpha trifoliata 252

HETEROPYX ID ACEAE 332

Heteropyxis natalensis Harv 308

ruto-rhamnoides 308

Hibiscus 450, 888

Hibiscus pedunculatus Cav 306

tiliaceus L 450

Hippobromus alata E. & Z 325

Hippocratea sehlechteri Loes 849, 850

Hippoperdon Mont 571

Holstiella P. Henn 48, 68

Holstiella usambarensis P. Henn. -forma. . . 69

Homoglossum Salisb 43

Homoglossum guthriei (Bolus) Phill 44

Homostgia albizziae (Cke.) Berl. & Vogl. 457

Hornby A. J. W. “A New Species of Ficus

from the borders of Mocambique and

Nyasaland” 1007

HYDNANGIACEAE Dodge 484

Hydnangium Wallroth 481, 485, 490, 496

Hydnangium archeri (Berk.) Zell. Sc Doidge 497

carneum Wallr 496, 497

nigricans Kalchbr 498

soderstromii Lagerh 497

Hymenangium Corda 490

Hymenochaete corrugata 943

fasciculata Talbot 943

fuliginosa 943

lictor Petch 943

ochromarginata Talbot. . . . 944

rigidula B. & C 944

rubiginosa 944

tabacina 944

Hymenogaster Vitt 481, 485, 490

Hymenogaster albellus Mass. & Rodw. . .491, 492

493

arenarius Tul 493

aureus Rod way 491

bulliardi Vitt 490

citrinus Vitt 490

fuligineus G. H. Cunn 491

fusisporus (Mass. & Rodw.)

Cunn 491

levisporus Mass. Sc Roa.491, 492

lilacinus Tul 492

luteus Hark 492

macrosporus G. H. Cunn... 491

maideni Rodw 492

nanus Mass. Sc Rodw 491

pusillus Berk. & Broome. . . 494

radiatus Lloyd 499

reticulatus Zell. & Dodge... 491

susukianus Henn 494

260

824

423

947

906

182

906

292

906

182

45

498

499

498

495

496

288

872

888

288

875

288

507

508

506

508

886

332

811

464

983

201

188

902

461

185

186

185

186

185

186

18

PACE

Hymenogaster tasmanicus G. H. Cunn. . . 491

viscidus (Mass. & Rodw.)

Dodge & Zell 491

zeylanicus Petch 491, 493

HYMENOGASTRACEAE de Toni ... .481, 484

HYMENOGASTRALES 480, 484

HYMENOGASTREAE 485

HYMENOGASTROIDEAE G. H. Cunn. 481,

485

Hymenomycetes, Descriptions of some new,

E. M. Wakefield &P.H.B. Talbot 939

Hymenophallus Nees 514, 518

Hymenophalhts hadriani Nees 515

Hypaphorus Hass Karl 220

Hyparrhenia 1008

Hyparrhenia cymbaria Stapf 424

hirta Stapf 424

Hvphaster kutuensis P. Henn 301

Hypoblema Lloyd 571

Hypoblema lepidophora Lloyd 575

pachy derma Lloyd 575

Hypochanum Kalch 502, 503

Hypodiscus placentiformis (B. & C.) Rick. . 257

Hypoestes 902, 903

Hypoestes aristata R. Br 301, 305

verticillaris R. Br 305, 902

Hypolepis sparsisora (Schrad.) Kuhn 324

Hyponectria sutherlandiae (Kalch. & Cke.)

Theiss 202

Hypoxylon Bull 251, 253

Hypoxylon africanum van der Byl 254

amorphum Ell. & Ev. nom. nud. 257

annulatum Mont 253, 254

annuliforme Rehm 253

anthochroum B. & Br 258

anthracodenna Speg 256

argillaceum Fr 259

bakeri Earle 256

berkeleyi Sacc 256

bogoriense v. Hohn 253

botrys Nits 258

catalpae (Schw.) Sacc 258

cetrarioides Curr. & Welw 259

chalyboeum Berk. & Br 254

citrinum Shear 261

clypeus 255

coelatum Ces 256

cohaerens Pers 256

colliculosum Nits 259

concentricum Fr 252

concentricum Grev 252

concurrens B. & C 258

cornutum Hoffm 259

cubensis Mont 264

cupricolor Petch 256

decorticatum (Schw.) Curt 258

deustum (Hoffm. ex Fr.) Grev. 253,

255

discolor B. & Br 261

durissimum (Schw.) Sacc 258

exutans Cke 253, 255, 259

fendleri Berk. & Cke 257

ferrugineum Otth 258

fiorideum B. & C 258

fragile Nits 258

fuscopurpureum (Schw.) Curt. . . 258

PAGE

Hypoxylon fuscum Pers 251, 254, 259

gilletianum Sacc 253, 254, 259

glomeratum Cke 253, 256

glomiforme Berk. & Curt 254

guarapiense Speg 258

haemantites Lev. ex Cke 257

haematostroma Mont. ..251, 253, 257

hypomiltum Mont. .251, 253, 257, 258

ianthinum Cke 258

ianthino-velutina Mint. . 266, 267, 270

investiens (Schw.) Curt 258

kalchbrenneri Sacc 260

laschii Nits 258

lepidum van der Byl 260

lianincolum Rehm 258

luridum Nits 258

malleolus B. & R 254, 259

marginatum Berk 253, 254

mascariensis Berk, ex Cke 256

mediterraneum (De Not.) Mill. 253,

254, 255

mercidum B. & Br 258

merrillii Syd 256

microcarpum Penz. & Sacc. . . 253

micropus (Fr.) Sacc 260

multiforme 251, 254, 256

murraii Berk. & Curt 254

natalense Lloyd 259

nummularium Bull, ex Fr 255

ochraceum P. Henn 257

oedipus Mont 261

onnii Karst 258

perforatum Schw 258

piceum Ell 258

pilgerianum P. Henn 258

placenta Kalch 260

placenti forme Berk. & Curt ... 256

platystomum Ell. & Ev 253

puiggarii Speg 253

punctatum Petch 253

punctilatum B. & Br 259

punctulatum 255

purpureum Nits 258

quisquilliarum Mont 261

regium De Not 255

repandoides Fckl 255

rubigineo-aerolatum Rehm. var.

bakeri (Earle) Mill 256

rubigineo-aerolatum Rehm. var.,

microspora Theiss 256

rubiginosum 251, 253, 256, 257,

258

st.jo.nianum Ferd. & Wege.. . . 257

sclerophaeum Berk. & Curt. . . 253,

256

serpens 256

stygium (Lev.) Sacc 253

subchlorinum Ell. & Calk 258

subgilvum Berk. & Br 257

subluteum Ell. & Ev 258

suborbiculare Pk 258

suborbiculare Pk. var. cooke-

anum Sacc 257

suboricularis Welw. & Curr... . 256

subrubiginosum P. Henn 258

subrutilum Starb 257

19

PAGE

Hypoxylon tabacina Kickx 264

trugodes B. & Br 258

truncatum (Schw. ex Fr.) Mill. 253,

254

ustuatum Bull 255

uslulatum Bull, ex Fr 255

vera-crucis B. & Cke 257

verrucosum Theiss 261

vinosa-purpureum Ell. & Ev 256

vividum B. & Br 257

wrightii Berk. & Curt 256

Hypsobromus elatus 848

HYSTERANGIACEAE Fischer 484

HYSTERANGIOIDEAE G. H. Cunn. .481, 485

Hysterangium Vitt 481, 485

Hysterangium niger Lloyd 487

rubescens Tul 487

Hysterogaster Zeller & Dodge 490

Hysteromyces Vitt 485

Hysterostoma acocantherae (P. Henn.)

Theiss. & Syd 213

Hysterostomella bosciae Doidge 869

opaca (Syd.) Doidge 870

oxyanthae Doidge 870

tenella Syd 870

tetracera 466

Hysterostomina 869

Hysterostomina eucleae (Doidge) v.d. Byl. 870

opaca Syd 870

oxyanthae Doidge 328, 870

tenella Syd 870

Ileodictyon Tul 520, 527

Ileodictyon cibarius Tul 528

giganteum Col 528

gracile Berk 529

Ilex capensis Sond. & Harv 290

mitis (L.) Radik 286, 290, 850, 851

Impatiens balsamina Linn 885

capensis Meerb 196, 197

Indigofera pretoriana Harms, ex O. Kuntze. 1 83

stricta L. f. 963

Inga marginata 467

Ipomoea batatas Poir 33

Irene 468

Irene atra 284, 468

ditricha (K. & Cke.) Doidge 325

ekebergiae Doidge 193, 194

natalensis 468

nuxiae 465, 468

podocarpi 465

rinoreae 313

scabra 320, 468

strophanthi 465

Irenina 465

Irenina ditricha (Doidge) Stevens 325

glabra 465

hansfordii 465

tremae 468

Irenopsis caloncobae 468

macarangae 465

tortuosa 465

IRIDACEAE 190

IRIDACEAE. The species of Uromyces on 919

Isariopsis griseola Sacc 883

Ischaemum arcuatum Stapf 425

Isipinga contorta 320

PAGE

lsoglossa 903

Isoglossa ovata Nees 902

woodii C. B. Cl 902

Isothea rhytismoides Fr 443

ltajahya Alfr. Moller 481, 510, 513

Itajahya galericulata Moller 513

Ithyphallus (Fr.) Ed. Fisch 514

Ithyphallus atrominiatus Bailey 517

awantiacus (Mont.) Ed. Fisch.. 516

balansiae Pat 516

campanulatus (Berk.) Schlecht. . 518

celebicus (P. Henn.) Ed. Fisch.. 516

coralloides Cobb 517

discolor (Kalch.) Sacc. et Trav. . 517

impudicus (Linn.) Ed. Fisch. . . . 515

muellerianus (Kalch.) Ed. Fisch. 516

operculatus Bailey 517

retusus (Kalch.) Ed. Fisch 516

rubicundus (Basch.) Ed. Fisch.. 516

rugulosus Ed. Fisch 516

lxia 925

Ixia coerulescens 925

conica Salisb 925

erect a Berg 925

erecta Jacq 925

furcata Ker 925

leucantha Jacq 925

lutea Bkr 925

maculata Thunb 925

paniculata Del 925

patens Ait 925

« polystachya L 925

scariosa v. longifolia Bkr 925

scillaris 919, 923, 924

splendida Lewis 925

Jansia Penz 511

Jasminum angulare Vahl 304, 278

multipartitum Hochst 304

streptopus E. Mey 198, 200,

201, 277

tortuosum Willd 304

Jatropha natalensis Miill 839

woodii O. Kuntze 190, 839

zeyheri Sond 839

Joseph Burtt-Davy, by M. D. Gunn 45

Juncus oxycarpus E. Mey 230

Juniperus 823

Juniperus virginiana Linn 823

Jussieua suffruticosa L. var. angustifolia

Lam 877

Justicia 466

Justicia anagalloides Nees 848

Kalanchoe albiflora H. Forbes 37

thyrsiflora Harv 37

Kalchbrennera Berk 520, 521, 532

Kalchbrennera corallocephala (Welw. &

Curr.) Kalchbr 473, 532

Kalchbrennera tuckii (Kalch. & MacOwan)

Berk 532

Kalchbrennera tuckii var. clathroides P.

Henn 532, 534

tuckii var. microcephala Pole

Evans 532, 534

Kentrosiphon N. E. Br 43, 44

Kentrosiphon duftii (Schinz.) N. E. Br 44

gracilis N. E. Br 44

20

PAGE

Kentrosiphon propinquus N. E. Br 44

saccatus (Klatt.) N. E. Br.. . . 44

steingroveri (Pax) N. E. Br. . . 44

Kiesera Rienw 953

Kiggelaria africana Linn 310, 887

Kinepetalum schultzei Schltr 41

Kirchbaumia Schultz 514

Kniphofia aloides Monch 461

Knowltonia glabricarpellata Huth 840

Kraussia coriacea 309, 327

lanceolata Sond 315, 326

Kretzschmaria Fries 251, 259

Kretzschmaria cetrarioides (Curr. & Welw.)

Sacc 259, 260

Kretzschmaria knysnana v.d. Byl 259

lichenoides (B.) Sacc 259

micropus (Fr.) Sacc 259, 260

Kuntze, “ Otto Kuntze Type Specimens of

South African Plants”, by R. A. Dyer. . 181

Kupsura sphaerocephala Lloyd 517

LABIATEAE 188, 848

Longer mannia Candida Rostk 575

Lannea discolor Sond 908

Lanopila Fr 482, 549, 577

Lanopila bicolor (Lev.) Pat 578

capensis Lloyd 578, 579

radloffiana Verwoerd 578

wahlbergii Fr 578

Lantana 904

Lantana salvifolia 904

Lapeyrousia 933

Lapeyrousia subgenus Anomatheca 933

subgenus Ovieda 933

corymbosa Ker 924, 925, 933

cruenta Bkr 933

delagoensis Bkr 925, 926, 933

grandiflora Bkr 933

Lasiosphaeria capensis Kalch. et Cke 209

hispida (Tode) Fuck 209

Lasiosiphon microphyllus Meisn 189

Laternea Turpin 520, 521

Laternea angolensis Welw. & Curr 521

columnata Nees. & Henry 521

Lathy rus odoratus 33

Laughton E. M., Some South African Pes-

talotia species 821

LAURACEAE 332

Laurophyllus capensis Thunb 825

Lebeckia candolleana 460

Lecanora 875

LEGUMINOSAE. . . .46, 182, 328, 332, 444, 951

Lembosia Lev 275, 319, 820

Lembosia albersii P. Henn 871

congesta Wint 328

durbana van der Byl. . . .275, 287, 319,

320, 321, 819, 873

natalensis Doidge 323

phillipsii Doidge 319

piriensis Doidge.. .275, 287, 319,320,

817

radiata Doidge 328

wageri Doidge 319, 320, 874

Lembosina Theiss 276, 279

Lembosina rawsoniae Doidge 279, 339

Lembosiopsis Theiss 318

Lembosiopsis eucalyptina Pet. & Syd... .275, 318

PAGE

Leonotis 58, 71

Leonitis R. Br 887

Leontonvx pumilio O. Hoffm. ex O. Kuntze. 186

ramosissimus O. Hoffm. ex O.

Kuntze 186

Leptocarydion vulpiastrum Stapf 430

Leptosphaeria caffra Thumen 328

pterocelastri Doidge 829, 859

sacchari van Breda 210

LEPTOSTROMATACEAE 275

Lessertia depressa Harv 460

perennans D.C 460

stricta Bolus 460

tenuifolia 460

Leucadendron 326

Leucadendron argenteum R. Br 890

grandiflorum R. Br 189

salignum B. Br 189

uliginosum R. Br 189

venosum R. Br 189

xanthoconus (O. Kuntze) K.

Schum 189

Leucas martinicensis 887

Leucogaster Hesse 490

Leucospermum conocarpum R. Br. ..... 326, 890

Leucostoma 65

Lichtensteinia 229

Lightfootia corymbosa O. Kuntze- 187

huttoni Sond 187

LILIACEAE 191, 332, 909, 910, 914

Lilium phillippinense 23

Limeum glaberrimum. 181

Limnanthemum thunbergianum Griseb. . . . 205

Limonium sinuatum Mill. 886

Li mo sella aquatica auctorum non Linn. • • • . 188

aquatica var. tenuifolia auctorum

nec Wolff., nec Hoffm 188

lineata Glk... 188

longiflora O. Kuntze 188

tenuifolia auctorum non Nuttall 188

Linderia G. H. Cunn 521

Linderia columnata (Bose.) G. H. Cunn 521

Linderiella G. H. Cunningham. 520, 521

Linderiella columnata (Bose.) G. H. Cunn... 521

Lippia 904

Lobelia erinus Linn 187

erinus Linn. var. bellidifolia Sond. 187

patulaL.f... 187

stellarioides Bth. & Hk 296

LORANTHACEAE-. 332

Loranthus 302, 466

Loranthus dregei Eckl. & Zeyh.. 302

Loudetia simplex (Nees.) Hubb 428

Lycium 51

Lycium echinatum Dun 51, 73

LYCOPERDACEAE Corda 482, 548

LYCOPERDALES. 480, 548

LYCOPERDEAE.. 482, 548, 549

Lycoperdon Tournefort ex Persoon . .476, 482, 549

571, 605

Lycoperdon asperrimum Welw. & Curr. 562

asperum (Leveille) de Toni. 550, 561

atropurpureum Vitt 560

atro-violaceum Kalchbr. 563, 564, 566

australe Berk 561

bicolor Welw. & Curr 562

21

PAGE

Lycoperdon bovista Fr 573

caelatum Bull 565, 572

caespitosum Welw. & Currey 550,

556, 557

caffrorum Kalchbr. & Cooke 550, 556

candidum (Rostk.) Bon 575

capense Fries. ■ ■ 563

carcinomalis Linn - ■ ■ 473

cepaeforme (Bull.) Mass... .557, 566

cervinum Bolton 539

citrinum Berk. & Broome - • . . 580

colensoi Cooke & Massee. . . . 554

coliforme Dickson 605

co lor at um Peck. 557

corium Guers. • ■ 581, 582

cupricum Bon 565

curreyi Massee 563 , 566

curtisii Berk.- 551, 552, 566

cyathifonne Bose. ... .564, 566, 573

depressum Bonorden.. . .551, 552, 565

566

dermatoxanthum Vitt. ..... 558, 566

djurense P. Henn. . . .550, 552, 553

duthiei Bottomley. 550, 555

endotephrum Pat - ■ • 552, 553

excipuliforme (Scop.) Vitt . • 554, 566

excoriatum Lloyd 554

eylesii Verwoerd. 551, 566

favosum (Rosth.) Bon. 572

flavum Massee 550, 556, 557

fontanesii Dur. & Mont 572

fornicatum Huds 601

furfuraceum SchaefF 557, 566

gardneri Berk 556, 564

gemmation Batsch.. . . .554, 556, 563,

566

gemmatum hirtum Batsch. . . 560

giganteum Batsch. & Pers 573

glabellum Peck 560, 564, 566

gunnii Berk 550, 561

hirtum Martius 560

hungaricum Hollos - • 507

hyemale (Bulliard ex Persoon)

Vitt. 550, 551, 552, 553, 565, 566

kalchbr enneri de Toni.... 551, 552

laetum Berk 565

laxum Bonordon 560

lilacinum Mass 573

macowani nom mud 564, 566

macrogemmatum Lloyd. ..... 554

montanum Quel 554

multiseptum Lloyd 551, 566

mundula Kalchbr 559

natalense Cooke & Massee.. 551, 552

553, 565, 566

natalense Fries. 565

nigrum Lloyd 557

novae-zelaniae Lev 573

oblongisporum. 566

pachy derma Peck 577

perlatum Persoon. . . . 549, 550, 554,

566, 602

polymorphum Vitt- . .550, 557, 566

pratense Pers- ■ • 551, 552, 566

pseudopusillum Hollos. 559

pusillum Batsch. ex Pers. . .550, 558,

563, 566

PAGE

Lycoperdon pyriforme Bull 550, 560

qudenii Bottomley 550, 559

radicatum Welw. & Curr. . . 563, 564,

566

reticulatum Berk. ■ • 559

retis Lloyd 566, 575

rhodesianum Verwoerd. ... 550, 554

saccatum Vahl. 566, 574

semi-immersum Lloyd 559

sinclairii Berk 572

spadiceum Pers 550

subincarnatum Peck 550, 553

sylvaticum Wittstein 560

tasmanicum Mass.. 554

tephrum Berk 553

umbrinum Pers.. .550, 560, 565, 566

violascens Cooke & Massee . . 573

welwitschii de Toni 563, 566

welwitschii Mass 563

Lycopersicum esculentum Mill 34

Lysurus Fr 520, 521, 523, 524

Lysurus archeri Berk. 522

australiensis Cke. & Mass 524

borealis (Burt.) P. Henn 524

borealis var. klitzingii P. Henn. .... 524

cor alio cephala Welw. & Curr. .... 532

cruciatus (Lepr. & Mont.) Ed.

Fischer 524

gardneri Berk 473, 524, 525

mokusii (Linn.) Fr. 523

pentactinus Berk 522

sulcatus (Cke. & Mass.) G. H.

Cunn 524

tenuis Bailey 524

texensis Ellis • 524

woodii (Maco.) Lloyd .473, 524, 525

LYTHRACEAE 184

Macaranga capensis Benth. ■ ■ 858

Maccagnia Mass 496

Macowania Kalchbr 502

Macowania Oliver 502

Macowania agaricinus Kalchbr 503

Macowaniella congesta (Wint.) Doidge 328, 848

Maco wanites Kalchbr. 481, 500 , 502

Macowanites agaricinus Kalchbr. 473, 502, 503

echinosporus Zell. & Dodge . 504

magnus Parks 504

Macrocymbium Walp 220

Maerua. 302

Maerua legatii Burtt Davy 869

pedunculosa Hochst 302

MALPIGIACEAE 182

MALVACEAE 332, 450

Mangifera indica Linn 825

Marattia fraxinea 329

Martellia Matt 494, 495

Matricaria nigelliflora D.C 185

Melanconis longipes Tul 211

Melanogaster Corda 481, 485, 489

Melanogaster ambiguus (Vitt.) Tul 489

berkeleyianus Broome 487

Owanianum 486

variegatus (Vitt.) Tul. ...... 489

wilsonii Lloyd 486

Melasphaerula graminea Ker 925, 926

MELIACEAE 332

MELIANTHACEAE 449

22

PAGE

Melianthus eomosus Burtt Davy.. 182

dregeana Sond 182

dregeana Sond. var. insignis

Phill. & Hofmeyer. 182

insignis O. Kze- ■ ■ 182

major Linn 449, 450

Melinus minutiflora Beauv. var. mutica 434

tenuinervis Stapf. 434

Meliola 464, 465, 466, 468, 469

Meliola acridocarpi Doidge 194, 195

amphitricha Fr 848

artabortrydis- • - 465

atalayae Doidge. 846

bicornis 468

borneensis. 465

bosciae--. 302

campylotricha Syd 847

capensis(K. & Cooke) Theiss 325, 465,

848

capnodioides Theum 847, 848

carissae 848

chorleyi 468

claviculata Doidge. 196

comata 465

congoensis Beeli- • 198

cylindripoda 284

ditricha (K. & Cooke) Doidge. .... 325

ganglifera Kalchbr 465, 468, 873

gemellipoda 201

goniomae 468

hippocrateae Doidge. 849

impatientis Doidge 196

jasmini 198

jasminicola P. Henn 197, 198

knysnae Doidge 850, 85 1

littoralis Syd. 313, 321, 322, 331

maitlandii 468

microspora Pat. & Gaill 848

microspora Pat. & Gaill. var. afri-

cana Doidge 848

microthecia Theum 304

oleicola Doidge var. jasmini 198

oliniae Kalchbr 298, 299

oncinotidis Doidge 851, 852

peddieicola Hansf. • ■ 853

perpusilla Syd 198

perpusilla Syd. var. congoensis

Beeli 198

psychotriae Earle 848

ptaeroxyli Doidge 199

rhoina Doidge 201, 202

rhois 465

sclerochitonis Kalchbr. 300, 466

soroceae 466

tecleae 469

xumenensis Doidge 200, 201

Meliolaster mackenzii Doidge 276, 325

Melogramma cinnamomi Ces 867

eucalypti Klach. & Cooke. . . 66, 867

Mesembryanthemum 5, 33

Mesembryanthemum cradockense O. Kze- . 184

pulvinatum O. Kze. ... 184

subspinosum O. Kze. . . 184

Metasphaeria caffra (Thum.) Petr 329

Microchloa caffra Nees 856

Microcyclus kentaniensis Doidge 837

Microdiplodia rikatliensis Petr 445

PAGE

Microlaena stipoides R. Br 908

Micropeltis marattiae P. Henn. . ■ 328

trichomanes P. Henn 329

Micropteryx Walp 220

MICROTHYRIACEAE, A revision of the

South African 273

MICROTHYRIALES, Method of parasi-

tism of some South African 811

Microthyrium Desm 274, 276, 277

annuliforme Syd. 278

maculicolum Doidge 278

ranulisporum Doidge 277

Mikania 309

Miller, Julian H., South African Xylaria-

ceae 251

Milletia 826

Millettia 468

Millettia sutherlandi Harv 269, 826

Mimusops caffra E. Mey 426, 822

obovata Sond 317

zeyheri Sond 56, 259

Miscanthidium capense Stapf 426

sorghum (Nees) Phill 426

Momordica foetida Schum. & Thom 888

Monocymbium ceresiiforme Stapf 424

Monotes dasycantha Gilg 204

glaber Sprague 204

Montagnea delilei Fr 508

Montagnites dunalii Fr 508

MORACEAE 440

Moraea ramosa Ker 928

spathulata Klatt 921, 928

Morenoella mollinediae 275

oxyanthae Doidge 328, 870

phillipsii Doidge 319

quercina 275

Morenoina africana Doidge 324

dracaenae Doidge 874

Mouricou Adans 220

Musa 888

MUSACEAE 439

Mutinus Fr 481, 510, 511

Mutinus bambusinus (Zoll.) Ed. Fischer. . .511,513

borneensis Ces 511

bovinus Morg 511

caninus (Huds. ex Pers.) Fr 511

curtisii (Berk.) Ed. Fisch 511

curtus (Berk.) Ed. Fisch 511

elegans (Mont.) Ed. Fisch 511, 512

fleicheri Penz 511

pentzigii 511

proximus Berk 511

simplex Lloyd 511, 512

sulcatus Cooke & Massee 524

xylogenus Mont 511

Myceliostroma P. Henn 586

Mycenastrum Desv 482, 549, 581

Mycenastrum bcccarii Pass 582

chilense Mont 582

clausum Schulz 582

corium (Guers.) Desv 577, 581,

582

lejospermum Mont 541

leptodermeum Dur 582

olivaceum Cooke & Massee. 582

phaeotrichum Berk 582

radicatum Dur 582

23

PAGE

Mycenastrum spinulosum Peck 582

Mycopharus Petch 520, 523

Mycopharus gar drier i (Berk.) Petch 524

Mycosphaerella agapanthi (Kalch. & Cke.)

Lindau 860

Mycosphaerella aloes Syd 203

moelleriana (Theum.) Lin-

dau 861

moelleriana var. megalos-

pora da Camara 861

plectranthi Doidge 862

Myriostoma Desvaux 483, 549, 587, 605

Myriostoma angelicum Desv 605

coliforme (Dicks, ex Pers.)

Corda 605

Myrmaecium cannae Dearn. & Barth.. . .209, 208

MYRSINACEAE 455

Myrsine africana L 216, 217

melanophleos R. Br 455

MYRTACEAE 332, 452

Myrtus communis Linn 888

Myxasterina v. Hohn 280

Nasturtium riparium O. Kze 181

Nasutitermes 241

Needhamia Scop 951, 953

Neobarclaya congesta (B. & Br.) Petch — 831

natalensis Syd 831

Neopeckia caesalpiniae Doidge 857

Nepotatus Lloyd 536

Nerine pancratioides Baker 190

schlechteri Baker 190

Nesaea Kuntzei Koehne ex O. Kze 184

Nestlera conferta D. C 897

Newly described species and new combina-

tions 37

Nicotiana tabacum Linn 7, 23, 34, 888

Nidula White 483, 631

Nidularia Fr 483, 631

Nidularia crucibulum (Pers.) Fr 632

dasypus Fr 634

fascicularia Schw 636

juglandicola Schw 632

olla Link 636

plumbea Pers 636

stercorea Schw 637

vernicosa Bull 636

N1DULARIACEAE Fr 477, 483, 631

NIDULARIALES 478, 480, 631

Nigredo vignae (Barcl.) Fromme 915

Note on N. E. Brown’s Sub-division of the

Genus Atholyza Linn 43

Nummularia Tul 251, 255, 260

Nummidaria australis Cooke 255

baileyi Cooke 260

bulliardi Tul 255

clypeus Cooke 255

cookeana (Sacc.) Rehm 257

discreta 260

exutans Cooke 255

Kalchbrenneri (Sacc.) Mill. . . 260

lateritia Ell. & Everh 258

lepida Syd 260

mediterranea Sacc 255

nicaraguerense Ell. & Everh. . 256

placenta Cooke 260

placentiformis Sacc 256

punctulatum 255

PAGE

Nummularia regia Sacc 255

repandoides Sacc 255

suborbicularis Sacc 256

suborbicularis Sacc. var.

Cookeanum Sacc 256

wrightii Sacc 256

Nycterina microsiphon O. Kze 188

Oenostachys abyssinica N. E. Br 934

OCHNACEAE 452

Ochna holstii Engl 452

pulchra Hook 459

Ocotea bullata E. Mey 270, 319, 826, 827

Octaviana Vitt 481, 485, 494, 496

Octaviana africana Lloyd 495, 496

ambigua Vitt 489

archeri Berk 497

asterosperma Vitt 494

cornea (Wallr.) Corda 495, 497

columellifera Kobayasi 497

flava (Rodway) G. H. Cunn.. . . 496

levispora Rodw 492

Octavianina Kze 494, 495

Odontotermes badius 269

Olea 264, 468

OLEACEAE 332

Olea foveolata E. Mey 252, 870

laurifolia 328

verrucosa 871

Oligostroma maculiformis (Wint.) Doidge. 460

proteae Syd 460

OLINIACEAE 332

Olinia 299

Olinia cymosa Thunb 299, 889

emarginata Burtt Davy 299

radiata Hofmeyer & Phill 299

Omphallophallus Kalchbr 514

muellerianus Kalchbr 516

ret us us Kalchbr 516

Oncinotis inandensis Wood & Evans 283, 852,

853

Oncoba 310, 468

Oncoba kraussiana 310

Oncospora bullata Kalchbr. & Cooke.. 877, 878

viridans Kalchbr. & Cooke... . 876

Oothecium consimile Syd 327

macarangae Petr 858

stylosporum (Cooke) Doidge.. 327, 859

Ophiobolus stipae Doidge 212

Ophiodothella v. Hohn 422, 458

Ophiodothella edax (B. & Br.) v. Hohn. 458

liebenbergii Doidge 459

Ophiodothis edax Sacc 458

volkensii (P. Henn.) Sacc 855

Ophrestia, the genus 951, 1003

Ophrestia H. M. Forbes 1003

Ophrestia nervosa H. M. Forbes. .. 1004, 1006

oblongifolia (E. Mey.) Forbes. . 1004.

1005

oblongifolia var. velutinosa

H. M. Forbes 1004

retusa H. M. Forbes 1004, 1005

swazicaH. M. Forbes 1004, 1005,

1006

ORCHID ACE AE 332

Ormocarpum bibrachiatum Bkr 918

trichocarpum (Taub.) Harms. 917,

918

24

PAGE PAGE

25

PAGE

Pentamenes fucata (Herb.) Phill 44

gracilis (N. E. Br.) Phill 44

guthriei Bolus 44

intermedia (Bkr.) Phill 44

latifolia N. E. Br 934

peglerae (N. E. Br.) Phill 44

propinquus (N. E. Br.) Phill.. . . 44

saccatus (Klatt.) Phill 44

spectabilis (Schinz) Phill 44

splendens (Sweet) Phill 44

steingroveri (Pax) Phill 44

vittigera (Salisb.) Phill 44

Peziza punctata L 262

Phaeochora neowashingtoniae (Shear) Th.

& Syd 422

Phaeochorella Theiss. & Syd 456

Phaeochorella parinarii (P. Henn.) Theiss.

& Syd 422, 456

Phaeodothis 206

Phaeodothis stenostoma (Ell. & Tr.) Th. &

Syd 460

tristachyae Syd 205, 206, 460

Phaeosphaerella 205

Phaeosphaerella congregata (Syd.) Doidge 205

senniana Sacc 213

Phalangium lenuifolium O. Kze 191

PHALLACEAE Corda 481, 509, 510

PHALLALES 480, 508

Phalloidastrum bononiense alpinum bassii

Battarra 515

Phallus sect. Cyanophallus Fr 511

Phallus sect. Hymenophallus Fr 518

Phallus sect. Hymenophallus subiculatus

Mont 518

Phallus sect. Ithyphallus Fr 514

Phallus sect. Leiophallus Fr 514

Phallus Linn, ex Pers 418, 510. 514

Phallus aurantiacus Mont 516

aurantiacus var. discolor Kalchbr.

ex Cooke 516

aurantiacus var. gracilis 517

bambusinus Zoll 513

brasiliensis Schlecht 519

callichrous (Moell.) Lloyd 519

campanulatus Berk 517, 518

canariensis Mont 516

celebicus P. Henn 516

collaris Cragin 519

costatus Penz 515

(Cyanophallus) bambusinus Zol'. ... 513

diplopora Mont, ex Ed. Fisch 519

discolor (Kalchbr.) Lloyd 517

favosus Penz 515

foetidus Sow 515

glutinolens (Moell.) Kze 515

gracilis (Fisch.) Lloyd 517

hollandicus vel batavicus Lugd 515

imperialis Schulzer 515

impudicus Linn, ex Pers 514, 515

( impudicus ) volvatus Linn 515

indusiatus Vent, ex Pers 518

iosmos Berk 515

libidinosus Cayley ex Cooke 516

moelleri Lloyd 519

novae-hollandiae Corda 516

Ravenelii Berk. & Curt 515

PAGE

Phallus rochesterensis Lloyd 519

rose us Delile 513, 515

- rubicundus (Bose.) Fr 515, 516

sanguineus P. Henn 517

tahitiensis Schlech 519

tenuis Ed. Fisch 515

truncatus Berk 516

tunicatus Schlech 519

vitellinus Muell 516

volvatus Rothm 515

0 impudicus ) volvatus Linn 515

vulgaris Mich 515

Pharus Petch 523

Pharus gardneri (Berk.) Petch 524

Phaseolus 448, 915

Phaseolus vulgaris Linn 32, 882, 883, 884

Phellorina Berk 476, 483, 607, 608. 622

Phellorina argentensis (Speg.) Fr 623

australis (Berk.) Lloyd 623

californica Peck 623

delastrei (Mont.) Fisch 623

inquinans Berk 622, 623. 625

leptoderma Pat 623

macrospora Lloyd 623

sahariae Pat 623

Jl 1VU1V11U1

strobilina Kalchbr. .623, 624, 625, 626

PHELLORINEAE G. H. Cunn. 483

Phillips, E. P., “A note on N. E. Brown’s

sub-division of the genus Antholyza Linn.” 43

Phlox drummondi Hk 889

Phoenix dactylifera Linn 864

Phomopsis 66

Phomopsis citri Fawc 66

Phragmocauma viventis (Cooke) Th. & Syd. 457

Phragmosperma marattiae (P. Henn.) Theiss.

& Syd 329

Phragmothyrium marattiae (P. Henn.) v.

Hohn 328

Phragmothyrium trichomanis (P. Henn.) v.

Hohn 329

Phylica brevifolia E. & Z 182

glabrifolia O. Kze 182

Phyllachora, Revised descriptions of South

African species and related genera 421

Phyllachora 206, 212, 421, 422, 423

Phyllachora aberiae P. Henn 452

acaciae P. Henn 444

afra Syd 206

albizziae Cooke 457

amaniensis P. Henn 440

anthistiriicola Syd 427

arundinellae Doidge 427

baumii P. Henn 455

bottomleyae Doidge 425

brachypodii Roum 431

brachystegiae Doidge 445

burgessiae Doidge 450

caffra Syd 456

capensis Doidge 452

chloridicola P. Henn 430

chrysopogonis Syd 423

circinata (Kalchbr. & Cooke)

Theiss. & Syd 448

crotonicola Pat 448

crotonis (Cooke) Sacc 448

26

PAGE

Phyllachora cynodontis (Sacc.) Niessl.. .206, 429

cynodontis (Sacc.) Niessl. var.

chloridis P. Henn 430

dalbergiicola P. Henn 446

digitariae Syd 433

digitaricola Doidge 433

doidgeae Syd 206, 212, 423, 460

dombeyae Syd 451

elyonuri Doidge 424

eragrostidicola Doidge 865

eragrostidis Doidge 430, 865

evansii Syd 436

ficuum Niessl 441

gentilis Speg 454

goyazensis P. Henn 453

graminis 421

grammica P. Henn 441, 443

grewiae (Kalchbr.) Theiss. &

Syd 450

halsei Doidge 444

heterospora P. Henn 434, 460

hieronymi P. Henn 423

howardiana Petr 441

julocrotonis Bres 448

kniphofiae (Kalchbr. & Cke.)

Phyllachora transvaalensis Doidge 436

tricholaenae P. Henn 206, 437

winkleri Syd 435

woodiana Doidge 454

PH YLLACHORACEAE Theiss. & Syd.. .421, 422

Phyllachorella rikatliensis Doidge 445

PHY LL ACHOR1NEAE 421

Phyllactinia acaciae Syd 840

combreti Doidge 841

corylea (Pers.) Karst 841

erythrinae Doidge 841

evansii Doidge 842

rhoina Doidge 842

sphenostylidis Doidge 843

Physalospora caffra Syd 456

dombeyae Syd 451

placida Syd 455

sapii Doidge 862

Physalosporina 421

Physalosporina astragali 421

sutherlandiae (Kalch. &

Cke.) Petr 202

Phytophthora cactorum (L. & C.) Schroet.,24, 25,

26, 31, 32, 34

cambivora 28

Sacc 46I

leptocarydii Syd 430

lessertiae Doidge 459

loudetiae Doidge 428

lucens (Cooke) Sacc 449

melianthi (Theum.) Sacc. . .449, 450

melinicola Syd 434

microstegia Syd 452

minuta P. Henn 450

miscanthidii Doidge 425

morganae Doidge 438

myrsinicola Doidge 455

nervisequens (Lingelsh.) Petr. 442

peglerae Doidge 453

peltophori Syd 446

penniseti Syd 435, 436

permutata Petr 428

perotidis Doidge 439

placida (Syd.) Theiss 455

pretoriae Doidge 442

proteae Wakef. 443

pterocarpi Syd 446

puncta (Cooke) Doidge.. . .445, 446

repens (Corda) Sacc 443

rikatliensis (Doidge) Petr 445

sanguinolenta Theiss. & Syd.. 432

sanguinolenta var. microspora

Theiss. & Syd 433

schizachyrii Doidge 426

schotiae Doidge 447

schweinfurthii P. Henn. var.

nervisequens Lingelsh 442

setariaecola Speg 437

sporoboli Pat 439

sporobolicola Petr. & Cif. . . . 439

strelitziae Sacc. emend. Doidge 439

striatula Theiss. & Syd 432

sudanensis Petr 444

superba Doidge 431, 444

tecleae Doidge 448

tephrosiae Syd 447

cinnamomi Rands. .26, 27, 28, 31,

32

citricola Sawada 24, 25, 26

citrophthora... 3, 23, 24, 31,32

cryptogea Pethybr. & Laff. .28, 29,

31, 32

hibernalis Carne 30, 31, 32

infestans de Bary . . .3, 20, 33, 34

parasitica Dast 3, 5, 21,22,

31, 32, 33, 34

parasitica var. rhei 22

syringae Kleb 30. 31, 32

Pinus 33, 825

Pinus caribaea Morelet 825

halipensis Mill 823

patula Schiede 825

pinaster Ait 825

P1PERACEAE 332

Piper capensis L. f 325

Pisocarpium Link 542

Pisocarpium clavatum Nees 543

Pisolithus Alb. & Schwein 482, 542

Pisolithus arenarius Alb. & Schwein 543

australe (Lev.) Fisch 543

boudieri (Lloyd) G. H. Cunn.. . . 543

kisslingii Fisch 543

microcarpus (Cooke & Massee)

G. H. Cunn 543

tinctorius (Mont.) Fisch. 542, 543, 544

Pisum sativum L 33

Placoasterella rehmii (P. Henn.) Theiss. &

Syd 325

Placostroma 422

Plecostroma Desv 586

Plectranthus 848

Plectranthus ciliatus E. Mey 847, 848

fruticosus L’Herit 862

kuntzei Guerke ex O. Kze.. . . 188

parviflorus Guerke ex O. Kze. 189

petiolaris E. Mey 188, 189

strigosus Benth. ex E. Mey.. . 189

27

PAGE

Plectronia chamaedendrum O. Kze 184

ciliata 301, 325

Pleospora 212

Pleospora doidgeae Petr 212, 424, 460

dyeri Doidge 863

herbarum Rabenh 860

Pleurostylia capensis Oliv 217, 288

Plinthus, The Genus 177

Plinthus cryptocarpus Fenzl 177, 179

karooicus Verdoorn 177, 179

laxifolius Verdoorn 177, 178

rehmannii 177

sericeus 177, 178

PODAX1NEAE 483

Podaxis Desv 476, 483, 607, 608, 627

Podaxis axata (Bose.) Mass 628

carcinomalis (Linn, ex Pers.) Doidge 628

emeriti Berk, ex Mass 628

farlowii Mass 628

pistillaris (Linn, ex Pers.) Morse. . 627,

628, 630

senegalensis Desv 628

Podaxon Fr 627

Podaxon aegypticus Mont 628

algericus Pat 628

anomalum Lloyd 628

arabicus Pat 628

calyptratus Fr 628

carcinomalis (L. ex Pers.) Fr. . .473, 628,

630

deflersii Pat 628

elatus Welw. & Curr 628

ghattasensis P. Henn 628

glaziouii P. Henn 628

gollanii P. Henn 628

indicus Spreng 628

loandensis Welw. & Curr 628

macrosporus Speg 628

mexicanum Ellis 628

massamadensis Welw. & Curr. . . . 628

Muelleri P. Henn 628

perraldieri Pat 628

pistillaris (L. ex Pers.) Fr 473, 628

schweinfurthii Pat 628

squamosus Pat 628

strobilaceus Copeland 508

termitophilus Jun. & Perr 628

PODAXONOIDEAE 483

Podocarpus latifolius R. Br 827, 828

thunbergii 264

POLYGON ACEAE 189

Polygonum tomentosum Willd 889

Polyplocium Berk 479, 481, 500, 504, 505

Polyplocium inquinans Berk. 473, 505, 506, 507

Polyporus doidgeae Wakef 948

virgatus Berk 949

Polyrhizon bewsii Doidge 872

celastri 872

pterocelastri Doidge 871

Polvsaccum D.C. & Desp 542

acaule D.C 543

album Cooke & Massee 543

arenarium (Alb. & Schw.) Corda. 543

australe Lev 543

boreale Karst 543

conglomeratum Fr 543

PAGE

Polvsaccum crassipes D.C. & Desp 543, 544

herculeum (Pers.) Fr 543

leptothecum Reich 543

marmoratum Berk 543

olivaceum Fr 543

pisocarpium Fr 543

pisocarpium var. novo-zelandica

P. Henn 543

pusillum Pat. & Har 543

pygmaeum Lloyd, 543

tinctorium Mont 543

tuberosum (Mich.) Fr 543

turgidum Fr 543

umbrinum (Cooke & Mass.)

Lloyd 543

Polystigma 421

POLYSTOMELLACEAE 275

POLYSTOMELLINEAE 870

Popowia caffra (Sond.) Hook 279

Populus 62, 73

Poronia Willd. ex Fr 251, 261

Poronia doumetii Pat 264

fimetaria Pers 262

gleditschii Willd 262

macropoda var. cladonioides Ces. 261

macropus Kalchbr 261

oedipus Mont 261, 262

punctata L. ex Fr 262

Pouzolzia hypoleuca Wedd 890

Pretrea 892

Pretrea zanguebarica J. Gay 892

Prilleuxina Arnaud 275, 316

Prilleuxina acokantherae (Doidge) Ryan... . 322

burchelliae (Doidge) Ryan 315

mimusopsidis (Doidge) Ryan 317

pterocelastri (Doidge) Ryan... 317

woodiana (Doidge) Ryan 297

Priva dentata Juss 884

meyeri Jaub 884

PROTEACEAE 189, 332, 443

Protea 214, 460

Protea abyssinica 214

acaulis Thunb 214

caffra Meisn 214

conchiformis O. Kze 189

flanagani Phil 460

grandiflora Thunb 460

lepidocarpodendron Linn 214

melaleuca 214

mellifera Thunb 444

rouppelliae Meisn 189

scabra 461

xanthoconus O. Kze 189

Protoglossum Mass 490

Protothyrium tricalysiae Doidge 868

Protubera africana Lloyd 499

Prunus armeniaca L 49, 867

avium L 883

communis Fritsch 886

domestica L 65

persica Sieb. & Yuss 892

persica Stokes 49

Psednotricha australis Alston 41

Pseudocolus Lloyd 520

Pseudocolus archeri (Berk.) Lloyd 522

mauritianus Lloyd 522

28

PAGE

Pseudographis chrysophylli Doidge 214

Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia 1007

Pseudothis Theiss. & Syd 48, 68

Pseudothis pterocarpi Syd 68, 74, 89

Pseudothyridaria moroides Syd 207

Pseudovalsa 212

Pseudovalsa longipes (Tul.) Sacc 70, 211, 212

Psidium guajava Linn 828

Psoralea polystictae Benth 233

Psychotria 848

Psychotria capensis V atke 313, 891

Ptaeroxylon obliquum (Thunb.) Radkb.. . 199, 200

Pteridium aquilinum 7, 32

PTERIDOPHYTA 331

Pterocarpus angolensis D.C 447

erinaceus Lam 447

melliferus Welw 845

rotundifolius (Sond.) Druce.,68, 447,

845

sericeus Benth 447, 845

Pterocelastrus galpini Loes 872

tricuspidatus Sond. . 317, 823,824,

828, 829, 859, 860

variabilis Sond 317

Ptycholobium plicatum (Oliv.) Harms 960

Ptyxostoma quadrifidum O. Kze 183

Ptrccinia allii (D.C.) Rud 899, 900

antirrhini Diet. & Holw 229

blasdalei Diet. & Holw 900

canaliculata (Schw.) Lagerh 901

canaliculata (Schw.) Lagerh. var.

tenuis Doidge 900

cannae 209

dichondrae Mont 901, 902

duthiei v.d. Byl 901, 902

epilobii-tetragoni 903

eragrostidis-superbae 209

exhauriens Thum 304

gladioli Cast 231, 232, 926

gladioli-crassifolii 232

helianthi Schw 902

isoglossae Doidge 902, 903

junci (Strauss) Wint. var. africana

Doidge 230

junci-oxycarpi Doidge 230

krookii P. Henn 903

kuhnii (Krug.) Butl 230

letestui Maubl 903, 904

leucadis ; 887

lippiivora Syd 904

mcCIeanii 231

natalensis Diet. & Syd. var. Evansii

Doidge 904

rhynchosiae Kalchbr. & Cooke. . . 911,

912

steudneri (P. Magn.) Diet 917

tetragoniae McAlp 904, 905, 906

tetragoniae McAlp. var. austro-

africana Doidge 904, 905

Putterlickia pyracantha Endl 288

verrucosa Szysz 288

PYCNOTHYRIAE 275

Pygmaeothamnus chamaedendrum (O. Kze.)

Robyns 184

Pyrenopolyporus hunter i Lloyd 257

Pyrus malus L 52, 65, 66

PAGE

PYTHIACEAE, Descriptions of the South

African, with records of their Occurrence. 3

Pythium acanthicum Drechsler — 13, 14, 20, 32, 33

aphanidermatum (Eds.) Fitz.. .3, 5, 6, 9,

11, 20, 32, 33, 34

artotrogus 16

complectens 9

debaryanum Hesse.. .5, 16, 17, 18, 19, 32,

33

debaryanum var. pelargonii Braun . 1 8, 19,

32

fabae Cheney 16, 17, 18, 19, 33

irregulare Buisman. . .7, 8, 13, 20, 32, 33

myriotylum Drechsler 10, 20, 33

oligandrum Drechsler. .. 15, 16, 20, 32, 33

spinosum Sawada 12, 13, 20, 33

splendens Braun 11, 12, 20, 33

ultimum Trow 3, 4, 5, 6, 12, 15, 19,

20, 32, 33, 34

vexans de By 8, 9, 11, 20, 33

Quercus 212, 255, 829

Raganhildiana tremae Ster. & Solh 893

Ramularia cassiaecola Heald & Wolf. 889

Randia dumetoruj Dam 315

Rapanea melanophleos Mez 455, 829

Rauwolfia caffra Sond 887

Ravenelia atrides Syd 906

baumiana P. Henn 906

macowaniana Pazschke 906

modesta Doidge 907

Rawsonia lucida Harv. & Sond 279

Requienia sphaerosperma D.C 955

Reseda odorata Linn 891

RESTIACEAE 191

Re tiger us Raddi 518

RHAMNACEAE 182, 332

Rhamnus prinoides L’Herit 298, 314

Rheum raponticum 23, 33

Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn 3, 5

Rhizopogon Fr 481, 484, 485

Rhizopogon capensis Lloyd 485, 488

coxii Mueller 486

induratus Cooke 486

lapponicus Karst 487

luteolus Fr 485, 486

niger (Lloyd) Zell. & Dodge .485, 487

pachyphloeus Zell. & Dodge. 486

provincialis Tul 488

radicans Lloyd 488

rubescens Tul 485, 487

RH1ZOPOG ONACEAE Dodge 484

Rhoicissus erythrodes (Fres.) Planch 891

Rhopalopsis cetrarioides (C. & W.) Cooke.. 259

lichenoides (B.) Cooke 259

Rhus discolor E. Mey 843

glaucescens 469

lucida E. Mey 323

macowani Schonl 202

mucronata Thunb 323

natalensis Bernh 202

pyroides Burch, var. transvaalensis

Schon 842, 843

schlechteri Deels 323

Rhynchelytrum repens (Willd.) Hubb. . . .206, 438

Rhynchosia 912

Rhynchosia adenodes E. & Z 911

29

PAGE

Rhynchosia caribaea DC 911

(Polytropia) cienkowski 958

harmsiana Linn 911

memnonia DC. var. prostrata

Harv 911

orthodanum Benth 911

secunda E. & Z 912

totta DC 912

Rhynchosphaeria fagarae Doidge 211

Rhytisma eugeniacearum nom. nud 453

Rhytisma grewiae Kalchbr 450

Rhytisma melianthi Theum 449

Richoniella Cost. & Duf. 481, 485

Ricinocarpus depressinervus O. Kze 190

Ricinus communis Linn 892

Rinorea natalensis Engl 313

Romulea rosea Ecklon -. 927

Rosa 66

ROSACEAE 183

Rosellinia De Not 251, 253, 262

Rosellinia aquila (Fr.) De Not 262

nitens Ces 254

Royena ambigua Hiern 187

guerkei O. Kze 187

lucida 270

pallens Thunb 188

simii O. Kze 188

RUBIACEAE 184, 332, 848

Rubus 57

Rubus pinnatus Willd 208, 262

rigidus 306

rosaefolius Sm 886

Ruellia asper (C. B. Cl.) Phill 41

marlothii Engl 41

velutina (C. B. Cl.) Phill 41

Rust Fungi, South African, IV 229

Rust Fungi, South African, V 895

Rust Fungi, South African, VI 919

RUTACEAE 332, 448

Saccharum officinarum L 210, 231

spontaneum L 230, 231

Salacia gerrardi Harv 864. 865

Salix 65, 255

Sanicula europaea L 300

SANTALACEAE 332

SAPINDACEAE 332

Sapium reticulatum (Hochst.) Pax 862, 863

simii O. Kze 181, 190

SAPOTACEAE 332, 455

Saracophagophilus winklerianus Dint 41

Satyr us rubicundus Bose 516

Schaefer, E. E., “A fungus of the family

Entomophthoraceae found on sugar ants

(Campanotus sp.) ” 237

Schiffnerula 467

Schiffnerula bridelia 467

mirabilis 465, 467

Schizachyrium semiberbe Nees 426, 427

Schizostoma Ehrenb 483, 607, 608

Schneepia radiata 328

Schotia speciosa Jacq 447

Schrebera 1007

Schweickerdt, H. G., “An account of the

South African material of Aristida Linn,

in certain European and South African

Herbaria” 91

PAGE

Schweinitzia Grev 627

Scirpus maratimus L 233

SCIRRHINEAE 421

Sclerangium Lev 536

Sclerocarya caffra Sond 882

Sclerochiton harveyanus Nees 300

Scleroderma Pers 482, 581

Scleroderma areolatum Ehrenb 537

aurantium Pers 536, 539, 540

beccarii (Pass.) de Toni. . . . 582

bovista Fr 536, 540

bresadoliae Schultz 537

caespitosum Lloyd 538

capensis Lloyd 540

carcinomale (L.) Pers 628

cepa Pers 536

chilense (Mont.) de Toni... 582

citrinum Pers 539

columnare Lloyd 540

flavidum Ell. & Everh...536, 538

flavidum var. fenestriatum Clel.

& Cheel 538

geaster Fr 536

laeve (Lev. nom. nud.) Lloyd 541

leptodermum (Dur. & Mont.)

deToni 582

lejos permum (Mont.) de Toni 541

olivaceum (Cooke & Mass.) de

Toni 582

pandanaceum F. v. Muell 537

pistillare (L.) Pers 628

phaeotrichum (Berk.) de Toni. 528

pyramidatum Kalchbr 541

radicatum (Dur.) de Toni. .. . 582

rhodesica Verwoerd 538

spinulosum (Peck.) de Toni. . . 582

squamosum Chev 539

stellenbossiensis Verwoerd . . . 542

strobilina Kalchbr 624

tenerum Berk. & Curt 542

texense Berk 508, 540

tinctorium (Mich.) Pers 542

torrendii Bres 537

umbrinum Cooke & Mass 543

verrucosum (Bull, ex Pers.)

Pers 536, 537

vulgare Hornem 539

SCLERODERMALES 480

SCLERODERMATACEAE Ed. Fisch. ... 482

Sclerogaster Hesse 481, 485, 490

Sclerogaster africanus Lloyd 495

lanatus Hesse 490

salisburiensis Verw 490

Sclerotium rolfsii 3

Scoleciocarpus Berk 545

Scoleciocarpus bovista Mont 546

tener Berk 546

Scolecopeltis eugeniae Doidge 215

Scolecopeltis morganae Doidge 216, 217

mysinis Doidge 216

strauchii Doidge 217

Scoledothis capensis Doidge 452

Scolopia mundtii Presl 211, 298, 300

zeyheri (Szysz.) Nees 300

zeyheri var. spinosa 300

Scolymocephalus lamtginosus O. Kze 189

30

PAGE

Scoptria Nits 63

SCROPHULARIACEAE 188

Scyphogene inconspicua Brogn 207

Secamone alpini Schultes 287

frutescens Decne 198

Sechium edule 6, 32

SECOTIACEAE Tul 481, 484, 499

Secotium G. Kunze 481, 500

Secotium agaricoides (Czern.) Hollos 500, 502

decipiens Peck 508

gueinzii Kunze 473 , 500, 501

obtusum Lloyd 500, 501, 502

texense B. & C 508

Sedum ( Crassula ) cogmanense O. Kze 183

crassiflonim O. Kze 183

( Crassula ) transvalense O. Kze 183

Senecio albanensis DC 186

albanensis var. leiophyllus Harv.186, 187

arabidifolius O. Hoffm 186, 187

cathcartensis O. Hoffm. ex O. Kze. 186

colensoensis O. Hoffm. ex O. Kze. 187

erubescens Ait 186

erucifolius Linn 896

fibrosus O. Hoffm. ex O. Kze 187

glaberrimus DC 187

hastulatus Linn 896

kuntzei O. Hoffm. ex O. Kze. . . 186, 187

launaeifolius O. Hoffm 187

lunayaefolius O. Hoffm. ex O. Kze. 1 87

napifolius Schrad 896

natalensis 186

pachythelis Phill. & Smith 187

paucicalyculatus Klatt 187

paucicephalus R. A. Dyer 181, 186

pentactinus Klatt 187

pseudorhyncholaenus Thell 186, 187

rhyncholaenus DC 187

subrubriflorusO. Hoffm. ex O.Kze. 187

Verdoorniae R. A. Dyer 186, 181

viscidus N. E. Br 187

Septosporium heterosporum Ellis & Gallo-

way 887

Sesamum 892

Setaria 436

Setaria aurea 856

chevalieri Stapf 436

flabellata Stapf 437

glauca 236

intermedia 236

italica 236

italica var. germanica 236

lindenbergiana Stapf 436

nigrirostris Dur. & Schinz. . . . 437, 856, 857

pallidifusca Stapf & Hubb 236

sphacelata Stapf & Hubb 437

sulcata Raddi 436

verticillata Beauv 236

viridis 236

Seynesia halansae Speg. var. africana Sacc.305, 306

microthyrioides (Wint.) Theiss 305

nobilis 276

orbiculata Syd 329, 870

Sida cordifolia L 306

hisolpii Burtt Davy 295

rhombifolia L 306

Sideroxylon 455

PAGE

Sideroxylon inerme L 289

Simblum Klotz 520, 521

Solanum auriculatum Ait 63, 68, 74

melongena Hori 892

melongenaL.var.esculentumNees 32, 892

panduraeforme E. Mey 885

tuberosum L 33

Some South African Valsaceae 47

South African Ascomycetes in the National

Herbarium Part V 193

South African Rust Fungi, Part IV 229

South African Rust Fungi, Part V 895

South African Rust Fungi, Part VI 919

South African Xylariaceae 251

Sparaxis bulbifera Ker 925

grandiflora 925

liniata 919, 930

pendula 919

Sphaerella agapanthi Kalchbr. & Cooke. . . 860

Sphaeria anisoplewa Mont 269

amulata Schw 254

atinulata var. depressa Fr 254

aquila Fr 262

bulbosa Pers 266

bysseda Tode 262

caffra Kalchbr. & Cooke 328

catalpae Schw 258

( Ceratostoma ) crinigera Cooke.. . 208

clypeus Schw 254

ceolata Fr 256

concentrica Bolt 252

concentrica Fr 252

Concentrica Fr. b. Eschscholzii

Ehr. ex Fr 252

corniformis Fr 266

comma Hoff 267

decorticata Schw 258

deusta Hoffm 255

digitata Bolt 267

digitata Ehrh 271

durissima Schw 258

eschscholzii Ehr 252

fraxinea With 252

fuscopurpurea Schw 258

granulosa Pers 258

hypoxylon Fr 267

incrassata Jungh 261

investiens Schw 258

lichenoides Berk 259

marginata Schw 254

maxima Hall 255

mediterranea De Not 254

micropus Fr 260

multiplex Kze. ex Fr 265

nigripes Klotzsch 269

nivea Haller 262

perforata Schw 258

polymorpha Pers 270

poronia Pers 262

punctata Fr 262

punctata var. oedipoda Mont 261

ramosa Dicks 267

repens Corda 443

rubiginosa Pers 258

stygia Lev 253

truncata Fr 254

31

PAGE

Sphaeria truncata Schw 254

truncatula Schw 254

tunicata Tode 252

versipellis Tode 255

xanthostroma Schw 258

SPHAERIACEAE 421

Sphaericeps Welw. & Curr 619

Sphaericeps lignipes Welw. & Curr 620

Sphaeritis 183

SPHAEROBOLACEAE Schroet 483, 641

Sphaerobolus Tode. ex Pers 483, 641

Sphaerobolus iowensis Walker 641

stellatus Tode ex Pers 641

stercorarius Fr 642

tabulosus Fr 642

Sphaerodothis 422

Sphaerodothis arengae (Rac.) Shear 422

Sphaerophragmium artabotrydis Doidge. . . 232

chevalieri Har. & Pat. 233

Sphaeropsis abnormis Berk. & Theum 876

cassinopsidis (Kalchbr. & Cke.)

Pazsch 202

e nor mis Sacc 876

Sphedamnocarpus transvaalicus (O. Kze.)

Burtt. Davy 182

Sphenostylis angustifolia Sond 843

Sponia guineensis Planch 327

SPOROBOLACEAE 438

Sporobolus 439

Sporobolus capensis Kunth 856

pyramidalis Beauv. . 206, 438, 439, 856

Sporormia ambigua Niessl 210

intermedia Auers w 210

pascua Niessl 210

transvaalensis Doidge 210

Stachys 848

Stachys aethiopica Linn 848

galpini Briq 28

kuntzei Guerke ex O. Kze 189

villosissima H. Forbes 38

Staganospora cryptogea Syd 424

Staheliomyces Ed. Fisch 481, 510

Stangeria eriopus Nash 823

Stapelia 5, 33

Steganopycnis oncospermatis 276

Stella Massee 536

Stenoptropis Hass Karl 220

Stephanospora Pat 494

Stephanostigma fuchsoides Welw 895

STERCULIACEAE 450

Stereum duriusculum B. & Br 939

rimosum Berk. var. africanum Tal-

bot 945, 946, 947

rugosum 947

Sterrebeckia geaster Fr 582

Stigmatea 214

Stigmatea sutherlandiae Kalchbr. & Cooke 202

Stigmatula sutherlandiae (Kalchbr. &

Cooke) Syd 202

Stipa dregeana Steud 213

parvula Nees 144

Stipagrostis 169

Stipagrostis capensis Nees 125

dregeana Nees 133

geminifolia Nees 121

obtusa Nees 125

PAGE

Stizolobium deeringianum Bort 893

Stobaea microcephala DC 181, 185

Strelitzia augusta Thunb 440

parvifolia Dryand 830

Streptocarpus 297

Streptocarpus rexii Lindl 297

Striga lutea 34

Strychnos 268, 270

Strychnos gerrardi 267

spinosa 1007

Sutherlandia frutescens R. Br 202

Sylitra 960, 961

Sylitra contorta (N. E. Br.) Bak 960

Synchitrium dolichi (Cooke) Gaumann. ... 912

Syringa vulgaris 31

Syzygium cordatum Hochst 830, 831

gerrardi (Harv.) Hochst 282, 285

Talbot P. H. B., and Wakefield E. M. Des-

criptions of some new Hymenomycetes . . 939

Tarenna pavettoides Benth. & Hook 316

Tavaresia 5, 33

Teclea natalensis Engl 316, 321, 448

Telimena arundinariae Doidge 428

Telimena corticicola Doidge 461

Temnocalyx fuchsoides (Welw.) Robyns. . . 895

obovatus Robyns 895, 1008

Tenaris schultzei (Schlech.) Phill 41

Tephrosia Pers., A revision of the South

African species of the genus 951

Tephrosia acaciaefolia Welw. ex Baker.. .953, 954

aemula (E. Mry.) Han 990, 999

albissimaH. M. Forbes. 989, 995, 996

amoena E. Mey 961, 968

angulata E. Mey 967

angustissima Engl 962, 979

apiculata H. M. Forbes 962, 989

apollinea (Del.) DC 972, 973

aurantiaca R. G. N. Young. . 977, 979

bachmannii Harms 989, 990

balboa Liebn 953

brachyloba E. Men 966

burchellii Burtt Davy 962, 983

canescens E. Mey 961, 962

capensis (Jacq.) Pers. 962. 984, 987, 988

capensis var. b. angustifolia Harv. 987

capensis var. a. hirsuta Harv. . . . 986

capensis var. a. Jacquini Harv. . . . 985

capensis var. y. longipetiolata

Forbes 987

contorta N. E. Br 958 , 960, 961

cordata Hutch. & Burtt Davy. 989, 995

damarensis Engl 966

delagoensis H. M. Forbes.. . .961, 968

diffusa Harv 990, 1000

dinteri Schinz 966

discolor E. Mey 961, 969

dregeana E. Mey 961, 966, 968

ehrenbergiana Schweinf..961, 972, 973

elongataE. Mey. 458, 953, 954, 962, 977

elongata E. Mey. var. pubescens

E. Mey 978

euchroa Verdoorn 961, 969, 970

evansii Hutch. & Burtt Davy.. 961, 975

galpinii Forbes 990, 996

glomeruliflora Meisn 989, 993

32

PAGE

Tephrosia gracilenta Forbes 954, 958

grandiflora (Ait.) Pers. .976, 989, 991

griseola Forbes 953, 961, 974

inandensis Forbes 962, 976

incana Bak 972, 973

kraussiana Meisn 961, 970

lactea Schinz 962, 976

longipes Meisn 962, 980

longipes var. uncinata Harv 981

lupinifolia (Burch.) D.C 958

1 urida Sond 962, 979

macropoda E. Mey..l83, 952, 958, 988,

990, 995, 997,

998, 999, 1000

macropoda E. Mey. var. A. lati-

folia Mey 999

macropoda E. Mey. var. B.

angustifolia Mey 999

marginella H. M. Forbes 953, 954

medleyi H. M. Forbes 961, 968

meisneri Hutch. & Burtt Davy.. 994

monophylla Schinz 954, 957

multijuga R. G. N. Young. . .962, 981

natalensis H. M. Forbes 962, 988,

989

noctiflora Bojer 961, 965, 970

nyassae Baker 448

oblongifolia E. Mey 1003, 1004

otaviensis Dint 962, 976

oxygona Welw 961, 973

pallens (Ait.) Pers 961, 967

pallida H. M. Forbes 961, 970

pietersii H. M. Forbes.. 954, 957, 958

piscatoria 951

plicata Oliv 958, 959, 960

polystachya E. Mey. . . .961. 963, 964,

965

polystachya E. Mey. var. hirta

Harv 964

polystachya E. Mey. var. lati-

folia Harv 965

polystachya E. Mey. var. long-

idens Forbes 964

polystachyoides Bak 961, 971

pseudocapitata Forbes 962, 988

pseudosphaerosperma Schinz.953, 956

purpurea (L.) Pers 961, 971, 974

radicans Welw 990, 996, 997

radicans Welw. var. rhodesica

Bak 997

retusa Burtt Davy 962, 984

rhodesica Bak 972, 973

salicifolia Schinz 954. 956

semiglabra Sond 962, 982, 983

shiluwanensis Schinz 989, 994

sparsiflora Forbes 961, 971

spathacea Hutch. & Burtt Davy 989,

994, 995

sphaerosperma (D.C.) Baker. 953, 955

stricta (L. f.) Pers 961, 963

subulata Hutch. & Burtt Davy . . 989,

994

ternatifolia R. G. N. Young. .985, 987,

988

toxicaria 951

transvaalensis Hutch. & Burtt

PAGE

Davy 961, 975

Tephrosia triphylla Harms, ex O. Kze. . . 183, 998,

999

tzaneenensis Forbes 962, 977

unifolia Forbes 990, 996

villosa Bak 972. 973

virgata Forbes 954, 956

vogelii H. K 952, 990

woodii Burtt Davy. 981

wyliei Forbes 989, 991

zombensis Baker 989, 990

zoutpansbergensis Bremekamp.. 961,

973, 974

zuluensis Forbes 990, 997

Tetragonia expansa Murr 905

implexicoma 905

trigyna 905

Thamnochordus maximus O. Kze 191

spicigerus (Thunb.) R. Br.. 191

Themeda triandra Forsk 427

Thespesia populnea 450

Thunbergia 301

Thyrinula eucalyptina 275

Thyriopsis proteae v.d. Byl 461

TILIACEAE 182, 332, 450

Togninia 49

Togninia quaternarioides Berl 49

Trabutia 422

Trabutia crotonicola Rehm 448

evansii Theiss. & Syd 441

ficuum (Niessl.) Theiss. & Syd.. . 441

nervisequens (Lingelsh.) Th. &

Syd 442

nervisequens var. robusta Doidge. . 442

quercina 421

TRABUT1INEAE 421

Trachymene 840

Trachymene caerulea Graham 840

Trachypogon 855

Trachypogon plumosus Nees 854, 855

Tragia bolusii O. Kze 190, 181

durbanensis O. Kze 190

meyeriana Mull 190

Trema 465

Trema guineensis (Schum.) Ficalho 327, 893

Triaspis transvalica O. Kze 182

Triblidiella rufula (Sprengl.) Sacc 215

Tricalysia lanceolata (Sond.) Burtt Davy.. . 315

lanceolata Schum 868, 869

sonderiana Hiern 315

Trichasterina Arnaud 279, 276

Trichasterina popowiae Doidge 279

styracis (Th.) Am 276, 280

Trichilia 467, 468

Trichilia dregeana Mey 294

emetica Vahl 294

Trichocaulon 23, 33

Trichocladus crinitus Pers 294, 829, 830

ellipticus E. & Z 320

Tricholaena mo lachme Trin 438

rosea Nees 438

Trichomanes pyxidifera 329

Trichopteryx 856

Trimeria aim folia Planch 292, 293

grandifolia (Hochst.) Warb 293

trinervis Harv 293

33

PA '.£

Tristachya 461

Tristachya hispida Schum 460

leucothrix Trin 206

rehmanni Hack 856

Tritonia 936, 937

Tritonia fucata Herb 44

liniata Kar 937

scillaris Bkr 919, 923, 924

securigera Ker 937

Triumfetta sonderi Ficalho & Hiern 839

Tropaeolum majus L 32

Tulasnodea Fr 608

Tulasnodea leprosa Kalchbr 613

Tulostoma Pers 483, 607, 608

Tulostoma adherens Lloyd 609, 618

albicans White. .. 609, 610, 611, 612

album Massee 609, 610

angolense Welw. & Curr 618

australianum Lloyd 609, 617

bonianum Pat 609, 612

brumale Pers 608, 609, 613

cyclophorum Lloyd 609, 615

exasperatum Mont 612

fimbriatum Fr 617

granulosum Lev 617

laticeps Bres 609, 6 1 4

lesliei v.d. Byl 609, 610

lloydii Bres 616

macowani Bres 609, 617

mcAlpinianum lloyd 610

mammosum Fr 612, 613

mammosum Fr. var. squamosum

(Gmel. ex Pers.) Fr 614

meyenianum Klotsch 618

obesum Cooke & Ellis 609, 616

pedunculatum Linn. var. B.

longipes Czern 614

purpusii P. Henn 609, 611

readeri Lloyd 617

rickii Lloyd 615

squamosum (Gmel.) Pers. . . .609, 613

transvaalii Lloyd 609, 615

TULOSTOMATACEAE Fisch 483, 607

Tylophora flanagani Schlecht 309

Tylostoma Spreng 608

Tylostoma harlae Quel 614

floridianum Lloyd 613

gracile White 616

imbricatum Pers 613

kansense Peck & White 616

leprosum Kalchbr 613

lloydii Bres 616

mcAlpinianum Lloyd 610

mammosum (Mich.) Fr 613

maxima Cooke & Mass, ex Cooke 625

meyenianum Klotsch 625

mohavei Lloyd 611

pallidum Lloyd 611

pedunculatum (L.) Schroet 613

poculatum White 616

pygmaeum Lloyd 613

rufum Lloyd 613

simulans Lloyd 613

volvulatum Borsch 616

Tympanopsis euophala (B. & C.) Starb. . . 259

ULMACEAE 332

PAGE

1J MBELLIFER AE 184

Uncinula 838

Uncinula aspera Doidge 843

combreticola Doidge 844

eylesii Doidge 844

incrassata Salm 844, 845

polychaeta (B. & C.) ex Ellis. . . 845

pterocarpi Doidge 844, 845

Upahiza Bose 489

Uredo 209

Uredo cajani Syd 234

cassiae-mimosoidis Doidge 233, 908

dolichi Arth 233

0 dolichi B. & Br 912

dombeyae Doidge 907

ehrhartae-calycinae Doidge 907, 908

gladioli Req 926

hypoestis Cooke 903

iridis 925

ixiae Lev 924, 925

ixiae Rud 924, 925

kuhnii Wakker. & Went 230, 231

pamparum Speg 233

psoraleae-polystictae Doidge 233

rhoina Syd 908

( Trichobasis ) rhynchosiae Kalchbr.911, 912

scirpi-corymbosi 233

scirpi-maritimi Doidge 233

scirpi-nodosi McAlp 233

transversalis Theum 936

zizyphi Pat 898

Urelytrum squarrosum Hack 855

Urginea altissima Bkr 913

exuviata Steinh 914

Urochloa helopus Stapf. 433

mosambicensis (Hack.) Dandy.. . 433

pullulans Stapf 433

Uromyces, Species on Iridaceae 919

Uromyces 919

Uromyces aloes (Cooke) P. Magn 908

anomathecae Cooke.. . .920, 926, 932,

933

antholyzae Syd 920, 933, 934

appendiculatus 915, 916

babianae Doidge 926, 928

bona-spei Bubak 919, 923, 924

bulbinis Theum 914

cassiae-mimosoides Doidge.. .908, 909

delagoensis Bujbak 924, 925, 926

dieramatis Doidge 929, 930

dieramae Doidge 919, 929, 930

dolichi Cooke 911, 912, 914

dolichi Syd 912, 911

dolicholi Arth 233

drimiopsidis Doidge 234

ecklonii Bubak 920, 921, 922

ehrhartae McAlp 908

ehrhartae-giganteae Doidge .... 908

erythronii (D.C.) Pass 235

erythronii var. drimiopsidis nom.

nud 234, 235

euphorbiicola (B. & C.)

Tranzsch 909

ferrariae Doidge 920, 931

freesiae Bubak 920, 935

geissorhizae P. Henn 926, 928

1418-2.

34

PAGE

Uromyces gladioli P. Henn. . . .920, 926, 927, 928

holubii Doidge 235, 914

ixiae (Lev.) Wint 920, 924, 925,

926, 933

kentaniensis Doidge 920, 928

krantzbergensis Doidge 909, 910

kuhnii W. Krug 230, 231

liliacearum Ung 235

maireanus Syd 910, 914

melasphaerulae Syd 919, 924, 926

moraeae Syd 920, 921, 928

phaseolorum forma 912

polemanniae Kalchbr. & Cooke. 910

proeminens (D.C.) Lev 909

purpureus Lagerh 235

rhynchosiae Cooke emend Doidge 911,

912

romuleae Doidge 926

romouleae v.d. Byl & Werd...926, 927,

928

saginatus Syd 912, 913

setariae-italicae (Diet.) Yosh... 235

sparaxidis Syd 919, 929, 930

stellenbossiensis v.d. Byl 914

transversalis (Theum.) Wint. . . . 232,

920, 928, 936, 937

vignae Barcl 912, 914, 915

vignae-luteolae P. Henn 915

watsoniae Syd 936, 937

zeyheri Bubak 919, 920, 923, 924

Uropyxis gerstneri Doidge 916, 917

steudneri P. Magn 917

steudneri P. Magn. var. rhodes-

ica Doidge 917, 918

URTICACEAE 332

Ustulina deusta Hoffm. ex Petr 255

vulgaris Tul 255

Utraria Quel 571

Valsa Fr. emend Sacc 48, 64

clavata Scop 270

digitata Scop 267

infinitissima Kalchbr. & Cooke. . . .64, 865

leucostoma (Pers.) Fr 64, 74, 78

salicina (Pers.) Fr 64, 65

stellulata Fr 52

tuberosa Scop 252

VALSACEAE, Some South African 47

Valsaria Ces. & de Not 48, 66

batesii Doidge 866

cinnamomi (Ces.) Sacc 867

eucalypti (Kalchbr. & Cooke)

Sacc 66, 74, 89, 867, 879

hypoxyloides Rehm 867

natalensis Doidge. .. 66, 67, 73, 74, 89

Venturia cephalariae Kalchbr. & Cooke . . 204

Verbena hybrida Voss 34

VERBENACEAE 183

Vepris lanceolata Don 290

Verdoorn 1. C., The genus Plinthus 177

Vernonia 904

Vernonia glabra Vatke 904

Vigna 915, 916

Vigna stenophylla Burtt Davy 915

unguiculata (Linn.) Walp 915

Viola abyssinica Steud 296

odorata Linn 893

PAGE

Viola tricolor Linn 893

VIOLACEAE 332

Viscum obscurum 331

VITACEAE 182

Vitex buchananii 1007

Vitis (Cissus) cradockensis O. Kze 182

Vitis ( Cissus ) repandospinulosa O. Kze 182

Vitis vinifera Linn 887, 893

Voacanga lutescens 1007

Wager, V. A., Descriptions of the South

African Pythiaceae with records of their

oppiirprirp i

Wakefield, E.‘ M.j and Talbot,' P. H. B„

Descriptions of some new Hymenomy-

cetes 939

Watsonia 937

Watsonia angusta Ker 937

densiflora Bkr 937

meriana Mull 937

rosea Ker. var. alba 830

Whetstonia Lloyd 626

Whetstonia strobiliformis Lloyd 626

Withania somnifera Dun 893

Xiphocarpus C. Presl 953

Xylaria Hill ex Fr 251, 262

allantoidea Berk 264, 270

anisopleura Mont.. . .260, 261, 263, 269

apiculata Cooke 265, 266

appendiculata 268

arbuscula Sacc 263, 265, 266

aristata Mont 263, 268

bulbosa (Pers. ex Fr.) B. & Br.263, 266,

269, 271

capensis (Lev.) Sacc 270

carpophila Pers. ex Fr 267, 270

castorea Berk 263, 269, 271, 266

corniformis Fr 266, 269, 271

cornu-damae (Schw.) Berk 271

cristata Speg 265

cubensis Mont 263, 264, 265, 266

digitata (L. ex Fr.) Grev 271

doumetii (Pat.) Mill 262, 264

filiformis 268

fistulosa (Lev.) Fr 271

fuckelii Nits 267

fusca Lloyd 264

gramica Mont 265

guyanensis 265

haemorrhoidalis B. & Br 270

heloidea Penz. & Sacc 263, 268, 270

Hippoglossa Speg 269, 271

hy poxy Ion 263, 266, 267

iantho-velutina Mont 263, 266

multiplex (Kze. ex Fr.) Berk. &

Curt 263, 265, 267

myosurus Mont 271

nigripes (Klotzsch) Cooke 263, 269

oocephala Penz. & Sacc 268

oxyacanthae Tul 267, 263

pedunculata Dicks 268

persicaria 267

pistil laris 270

polymorpha (Pers. ex Fr.) Grev. 263, 269,

270, 271

reticulata Lloyd 263, 265, 271

rhopaloides Mont 265, 271

35

PAGE

Xylaria schreuderiana v.d. Byl 263, 268

Schweinitzii B. & C 271

Stilboides Kalchbr. & Cooke 271

tabacina (Kickx) Berk 263, 264, 265,

271

vaporaria B. & C 263, 268

variabilis Welw. & Curr 263, 265

XYLARIACEAE Hill ex Fr 251, 262

Xylariaceae, South African 251

Xylopodium Mont 622

Xylopodium aitchisonii Cooke & Mass 623

australe Berk 623

bonaciniae Speg 623

PAGE

Xylopodium delastrei Mont 623

ochroleucum Cooke & Mass. . . 624

Xylotheca kraussiana Hochst 310

Xymalos monospora Baill 56, 70

Xyphanthus Rafin 220

Zaluzianskya microsiphon K. Schum 188

Zantedeschia 891

Zantedeschia aethiopica (L.) Spreng 891

angustiloba (Schott.) Engl. . . 891

rehmanni Engl 891

Zizyphus mucronata Willd 893, 899

ZOYSIEAE 439

...

■

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN PYTHIACEAE

WITH RECORDS OF THEIR OCCURRENCE.

By Vincent A. Wager.

INTRODUCTION.

The fungi belonging to the Pythiaceae had received little attention from plant patho * *

logists in South Africa before the writer (25) became interested in this group. Until them

only three species had been recorded, namely, Phytophthora infestans on potatoes

(late blight), Ph. parasitica on rhubarb (crown rot), and Ph. citrophthora on citrus

(brown rot). During the writer’s investigation of root-rot diseases of vegetable and

garden plants, Pythiaceae species were encountered more and more frequently, showing

that this group of fungi is fairly common, and widely distributed in South Africa.

They have been isolated on more than one hundred occasions from forty-four different host

plants. They have been isolated from roots and stems of wilting plants, from bark or

trunk lesions, from rotting fruits and from many dying and rotting succulent plants. More

often than not they were associated with other wilt-producing fungi, more especially species

of Fusarium, Rhizoctonia solani, or Sclerotium rolfsii'. In large numbers of instances, these

latter fungi were probably responsible for the disease in the affected plants, the Pythiaceae

being secondary, or living saprophytically in the decaying tissues. Some of them, however,

are solely responsible for serious diseases, for instance, Pythium ultimum or P. aphanider-

matum for the foot-rot of papaws (26), and the latter fungus for “ leak ” disease of potatoes

(27). That these fungi have a wide distribution may be shown by the fact that in 1925

the first record of Ph. citrophthora was made by Doidge (10) when the fungus appeared in

epidemic form causing a brown-rot of oranges in most areas where oranges were grown.

Also in 1934 Ph. parasitica was recorded by the writer (29) for the first time as a serious

disease of tomato fruits, when the trouble occurred in epidemic form over a large area in

the eastern Transvaal.

All the Pythiaceae fungi collected have been allotted to 10 known species of Pythium

and seven known species of Phytophthora* In some cases there are slight differences

between these fungi and the original descriptions, but such differences have not been

considered sufficiently great to justify making new species.

In the following pages all the fungi mentioned were isolated by the writer unless where

otherwise stated, and when localities are not mentioned, they should be understood as

meaning the Transvaal.

The writer wishes to thank Mr. S. F. Ashby and his staff at the Imperial Mycological

Institute, and Dr. C. M. Tucker of the University of Missouri, for their kind assistance in

determining the identity of these organisms. He was also fortunate in meeting Dr. J. T.

Middleton at the University of California who is monographing the genus Pythium, and is

greatly indebted to him for examining the cultures and confirming their identity, and for

reading the manuscript. As Dr. Middleton is also including all known, records of the host

plants and distribution of the species of Pythium in his monograph, information on this

point is not included in this paper.

For the sake of convenience the words Pythium and Phytophthora have, in this paper, been

abbreviated to P. and Ph. respectively.

* All the cultures have been lodged in the American Type Culture Collection, Washington, D.C.

4

Pythium ultimum Trow.

Hyphae are from 3 to 9 p in diameter, much branched, and septate in old cultures.

Oogonia are smooth, terminal or rarely intercalar, spherical, or slightly irregular in

shape. The diameter ranges from 13-5 to 29-3 p, the average diameter from different

strains being from 18-9 to 23-2 p.

Oospores are spherical with a smooth, thick wall. The diameter ranges from 11*3 to

23-4 p, the average diameter from different strains being from 16-0 to 18-9 p. They

germinate after a period of rest, producing one or more germ tubes.

Antheridia are generally one to each oogonium, rarely two ; the antheridium has a

very short, or practically no stalk ; it arises immediately below the oogonium, very rarely

from a neighbouring hypha ; is more or less liorn-shaped, and curves around sharply so

that its tip is applied to the oogonium.

Sporangia are mainly terminal and spherical, sometimes intercalar and lemon-shaped ;

they vary in diameter from 12 to 31 p, the average diameter in different strains being from

206 to 24-2 p\ they germinate by the production of from one to three germ tubes.

Strains of this fungus isolated from various hosts may differ to a slight extent from

one another. In culture media, some produce more aerial mycelium than others ; some

produce sporangia sparsely and oogonia in abundance, while in others the opposite is the

case. There is also some variation in the average size of the oospores, oogonia, and

sporangia in the different strains. In all, however, the antheridium is typical and

characteristic. The fungus grows well on prune and oatmeal agars. The optimum

temperature for the growth varies from 25 to 30°C. in most of the strains, but 35°C. for

a few. The maximum temperature is above 37°C. and the minimum is from 4 to 7°C.

The fungus differs very little from that originally described by Trow (22). His average

measurements for the oogonia and oospores are 20-6 and 16-3 g in diameter respectively.

A distinctive character of the fungus is the fact that the production of zoospores has never

been observed. One difference is that Trow states his fungus to be saprophytic, while here

it is parasitic and responsible for numerous diseases.

Fig. 1. — P. ultimum. (a) and (b) Terminal, and (c) intercalar oogonia and antheridia,

( d ) intercalar and (e) terminal sporangia.

5

A culture labelled P. debaryanum Hesse was obtained from the Centraalbureau,

Holland, and grown in parallel series with a typical culture of P. ultimum. The two fungi

were found to be similar in all respects, both having the same type of antheridium, and

neither producing zoospores when grown in suitable water cultures, including insects. This

fungus from Holland was undoubtedly a typical culture of P. ultimum and it is quite likely

that this same mistake in identity has been made before by other writers. Drechsler (11)

also drew attention to this fact and mentioned the difference between the two species.

Hosts.

P. ultimum appears to be the commonest species of the Pythiaceae encountered in South

Africa and has been isolated from a large number of plants. It may cause a disease of papaws

known as “ foot-rot ”, where the base of the trunk becomes soft and rotten, and the plant

collapses (26). It has been isolated from this host on 11 occasions from the eastern,

northern and western Transvaal, from Natal and the Cape.

It has also been isolated from the following plants, often along with Rkizoctonia solani

Kuhn, or species of Fusaria, and all from the Transvaal except where otherwise stated :

From wilted bean, peanut, tomato, pea (six occasions), tobacco collar-rot and wilt

(E. S. Moore), sweet potato infected with soft-rot, rhubarb infected with crown-rot

and associated with Pin. parasitica from Balfour, Cape, from cabbage infected with

soft heart-rot from Port Elizabeth, Cape, and from the navel-end of young Washington

navel oranges. From wilted asters (twice), delphiniums (twice), gillias from Natal,

nasturtium, pink, sweet peas (four times), witchweed ( Striga lutea), Iceland poppies (twice)

and from damped-off seedlings of Iceland poppy, dahlia, and pine trees.

From the following succulents all infected with a soft-rot, Dinteranthus mierospermus,

Fenesturia aurantiaco, Duvalia parvifolia, Delosperma sp., Stapelia sp. Tavaresia sp., Aloe

varieyata and M esembryanthemum sp.

Hopkins (15) from Rhodesia reports P. ultimum on damping-off seedlings of Clarkia

elegans, Cupressus sp., Coleus sp., Pinus sp., Carica papaya, and Nicotiana tabacum.

In inoculation experiments P . ultimum has been found capable of producing a foot-rot

of papaws, soft-rots of potatoes, sweet-potatoes and oranges, and also a rapid wilting of

asters when the plants were inoculated through wounds. It caused only the slow wilting

and death of a small percentage of Iceland poppies inoculated with it. It is probable that

in some cases the fungus is only a weak parasite, but may hasten the wilting when

associated with more virulent pathogens, or if the host is weakened through some cultural

fault. An interesting case of the longevity of the fungus in the soil was observed. In

an experiment, papaws were inoculated with P. ultimum, and one plant partially wilted but

recovered. It continued growing in the tin in the greenhouse for eight years. At the end

of one year a few particles of the soil were removed from the tin and plated, and cultures

of P. ultimum were obtained. This was repeated after the fifth year, and again after the

eighth year, and in each case the fungus was recovered, showing that it was capable of living

in the soil without being in the tissue of a plant during this period of time.

Pythium aphanidermatum (Eds.) Fitz.

Hyphae are much branched and non-septate except in fructifications ; vary in diameter

from 2 to 10 p, commonly about 6 p.

Oogonia are smooth, spherical and terminal, sometimes intercalary ; range in diameter

from 18 to 31-5 p with an average of 25-3 p.

Oospores are spherical with smooth, thick walls, and do not fill the oogonia ; range in

size from 15-8 to 22-5 p with an average of 21-3 p in diameter.

Antheridia are sub-orbicular and broadly clavate, being closely appressed to the

oogonium ; generally one to each oogonium, sometimes two ; may arise from the oogonial

hypha, more usually from another ; may be terminal or intercalary and about 1 1 p in size.

6

Sporangia. — A terminal hypha becomes swollen and usually produces lobulate out-

growths ; a septum is formed cutting off this portion which may be up to 150 g in length,

from the rest of the hypha. Usually from the tip, more rarely from one of the lobulate

outgrowths, the vesicle is produced, and may be up to 50 g or more in diameter. From

8 to 40 zoospores are produced in the vesicle depending on its size. The zoospores are

9 X 12 /x in average size, and are bi-ciliate.

The fungus grows well on prune and oatmeal agars forming profuse white, cottony,

aerial mycelium. The optimum temperature for growth is approximately 34°C., maximum

is above 37°C. and no growth takes place at 7°C. The average size, both of the oogonia

and oospores, varies only slightly in different cultures from different hosts. The zoospores

have been noticed to conjugate, usually in pairs, but as many as 11 have become fused to

form a spherical body, which subsequently germinated in a similar manner to a single

zoospore. This occurrence does not appear to have been observed by other writers.

Fig. 2.- — P. aphanidermatum. (a) Intercalar and (6) terminal antheridium and oogonium,

(c) lobulate sporangium, and (d) the vesicle and developing zoospores produced

at the tip of (c).

Hosts.

P. aphanidermatum is responsible for a serious disease of potatoes known as “ Soft-rot ”

or “ Leak ”, which was described in a previous paper (27). It was also found on two

occasions to cause a foot-rot disease of papaws in the same manner as does P. ultimum.

It was isolated from rotting tomato fruits from the northern Transvaal, and from the stems

of wilted tomatoes sent from Windhoek, S.W. Africa, and also from wilted squash (Cucurbita

pepo) from the same locality. It was isolated from the rotting fruits of the chou-chou

( Sechium edule) and brinjal or egg-plant (twice). It was obtained from damping-off tobacco

7

seedlings from Balfour, Cape, and from a wilted tobacco plant from the western Transvaal

(E. S. Moore). It was isolated from a wilting brachen plant ( Pteridium aquilenum ) and

also caused serious destruction in young transplanted tomatoes by rotting away the stems

(28).

Hopkins (15) reports it on Nicotiana tabacum in Rhodesia.

Pythium irregulare Buisman.

Hyjphae are commonly 4-5 /x in diameter, seldom more but may be less ; much branched,

and non-septate except in older cultures.

Fig. 3 — P. irregulare. (a), (b), (c) and (d) Antheridia and oogonia, (e) an intercalar sporangium, (f), (g)>

(h) and (j) a terminal sporangium showing stages in the production of zoospores.

8

Oogonia are mostly intercalar, but sometimes terminal on short lateral branches ;

may be spherical or irregularly lobed or sometimes with definite narrow processes ; vary

somewhat in size, but are commonly 22 g in diameter.

Oospores are spherical with a smooth, thick wall, not filling the oogonium, 13 to 20 g

in diameter.

Antheridia are club-shaped to cylindrical, straight or curved ; usually one, sometimes

two and rarely three to an oogonium ; the antheridial stalk is fairly long and usually arises

from the same hypha that bears the oogonium.

Sporangia may be terminal or intercalar, more often the latter ; they are spherical,

or lemon- or barrel-shaped, and from 13 to 28 g in diameter. They may germinate by one

or more germ tubes, or may produce zoospores. In the latter case, an evacuation tube

about 4-5 g in diameter, and from 15 to 22-5 g in length is produced ; the tip of the tube

swells out into a vesicle which is spherical and thin-walled.

Zoospores. — From three to nine zoospores have been observed in a vesicle ; they are

approximately 13-5 X 9 g in size and vigorously motile at first, later becoming spherical,

about 10 g in size, and germinate, sending out one germ tube.

The fungus grows well on prune and oatmeal agar, and conidia and sexual organs are

readily produced in large numbers. The fungus could only be induced with difficulty to

form its zoospores. This was accomplished by growing it on sterilised locusts in water

incubated at 27°C., frequent changes of water being made. The optimum temperature for

growth was 22°C. for one strain and 28°C. for the other, with maximum 37°C. and minimum

4°C.

The above description agrees fairly closely with that of Buisman (6).

Hosts.

P. irregulare has bee.n isolated from a young papaw plant infected with foot-rot in the

northern Transvaal, and from a rotting citrus fruit (E. M. Doidge) from the western Trans-

vaal.

In inoculation experiments it was found that the fungus was unable to produce a rot

of citrus fruits when introduced through wounds.

Pythium vexans de Bary.

Hyphae are much branched, most of the branches being very fine, the main branches

commonly 4-5 g in diameter.

Oogonia are smooth and spherical, often with a widened base, usually terminal,

occasionally intercalary; range in size from 15-8 to 22-5 u, in diameter, with an average

(of 50) of 19-4 /*.

Oospores are spherical, with a smooth, thick wall which is generally yellow in colour ;

range from 13 to 18 g in diameter with an average of 16-2 g.

Antheridium is broad and clasping, about 5 g in thickness, and covering about one-third

of the surface of the oogonium ; may arise from a separate hypha, or from just below the

oogonium on the oogonial stalk.

Sporangia are commonly spherical and terminal, but may be pear-shaped and intercalar ;

vary in size from 13 ’5 to 22-5 g in diameter, with an average of 17-3 g. They may

germinate by producing one germ tube, or may produce zoospores. In the latter case the

contents of the sporangium pass through an evacuation tube into a vesicle ; the evacuation

tube is most commonly about 7 g in length and 4-5 g in diameter. When the zoospores

emerge, the vesicle wall disappears, but the evacuation tube persists.

Zoospores. In different cases under examination, the numbers of zoospores produced

were 11, 7, 10, 11, 10. They are elongate and about 11-5 X 9 g in size ; they round off

to about 9 g in diameter, and germinate by one germ tube.

9

The appearance of the culture on Petri dishes poured with agar is distinctive, the fungus

making a fine radial growth, and, as Braun (4) suggests in his description of P. complectens,

having the appearance of combed silk. Sporangia are produced abundantly on most media,

but oogonia are at first very scarce. They may be obtained fairly readily in the aerial

fluffy mycelium of a culture on oatmeal agar three to four weeks old. Zoospores were

obtained in large numbers when portions of a three-week culture on oatmeal agar were

transferred to watchglasses containing Petri’s solution, or dilute bean broth, and left in the

dark for 15 to 20 minutes. The whole process of zoospore formation is extremely rapid ;

in one case only 14 minutes elapsed from the moment the vesicle was produced until the

zoospores escaped. The temperatures for growth are optimum 28 to 31°C., maximum 37

and minimum 13°C.

Fig. 4. — P. vexans. (a), (b) and (c) Antheridium and oogonium, (d) sporangium and evacuation tub®,

(e) formation of vesicle, and (f) after the escape of the zoospores.

The above description of the fungus agrees very closely with that of P. complectens and

P. vexans. The sporangia, however, are somewhat smaller, the average diameter being

about 4 j u less than those described for both these species. Middleton (17) suggests

dropping the name P. complectens in favour of the earlier P. vexans , stating that in his

opinion the differences between the two species are not sufficiently great to justify the

retention of the two species.

Hosts.

P. vexans has been isolated from two different plants ; in the first instance, along with

P. aphanidermatum from a papaw infected with foot-rot, and secondly, along with species

of Fusarium, from a perennial statice plant infected with wilt or crown-rot.

10

Pythium myriotylum Drechsler.

Hyphae are much branched, the main branches being up to 9 g in diameter ; the side

branches are variable in thickness, sometimes being thin, 2 to 3 ft, or are swollen

out into clavate, lobulate-like processes often in groups and usually in contact with the glass

of the culture vessel — the appressoria.

Oogonia are smooth and spherical, usually terminal on short thin branches but may be

intercalar ; range in size from 22-5 to 28-9 p, with an average of 25 • 5 p in diameter.

Oospores are smooth and spherical with a thick wall ; occasionally two in one oogonium ;

range in size from 13-5 to 22-5 /x with an average of 18-5 p in diameter.

Antheridia commonly three to six to each oogonium, but may be more ; appear like

undifferentiated hyphae about 4-5 p in thickness ; may clasp the oogonium closely or only

at the tip ; the hypha bearing the antheridium may arise from the oogonial branch, or from

a neighbouring hypha ; the antheridial branch may divide, producing two or more anthe-

ridia.

Fig. 5. — P. myriolylum. (a) and (b) Oogonia and antheridia, (• ) a lobufate sporangium and vesicle.

Sporangia are irregular in shape, usually being formed of the end portion of a hypha

with lobulate and rounded outgrowths, very variable in shape and size ; the vesicle is

produced from one of the lobulate outgrowths, or from the tip of the hypha, and is up to

40 p in diameter, depending on the size of the sporangium ; up to 40 zoospores are produced

in the vesicle.

Zoospores are vigorously motile, 9 to 11 p in size before they round off and germinate.

11

The fungus grows well on various agars, forming abundant aerial mycelium. Oogonia

are readily produced on oatmeal agar after three weeks, and sporangia are produced when

portions of a culture on plain water agar are placed in Petri’s solution and left in the dark

for a number of hours. The above description agrees closely with that of Drechsler (12).

The temperatures for growth are optimum 34, maximum about 37, and minimum 7°C.

Hosts.

P. myriotylum has been isolated only once, and that, along with P. aphanidermatum and

P. vexans from papaw plants infected with “foot-rot ”.

Pythium splendens Braun.

Hyphae are very much branched, the main branches being commonly 6 p in diameter,

but may be as much as 9 p ; sickle-shaped bodies or appressoria, often in chains, may

develop on the medium in contact with the glass.

FIG. 6. — P. splendens. (a), (b) and (c) Antheridia and oogonia, (d) and (e) sporangia..

12

Oogonia are smooth, spherical, and terminal ; from 27-2 to 35 g, commonly 33 g in

diameter.

Oospores were not seen by the writer, the contents of the oogonium remaining undif-

ferentiated.

Antheridia one to three to each oogonium, clavate, 8 to 15 g, usually 10 g long by

5 to 6 g wide, the blunt end being applied to the oogonial wall ; produced on a hypha

adjacent to that producing the oogonium.

Sporangia spherical, smooth, thin-walled, and terminal; vary from 19*8 to 49-5,

commonly 33 g in diameter. Germinate readily producing one or more germ tubes.

The fungus forms profuse aerial mycelium on most culture media. Sporangia are

produced after two days and appear in very large numbers. It was some years before the

writer was able to obtain any oogonia. They were finally discovered on a potato dextrose

culture some three months old, and about a dozen were seen. The contents of the oogonium

remained undifferentiated, and oospores were not produced. Braun (5) had a similar

difficulty in obtaining oogonia; his figures are, oogonia 25-5 to 34-7, average 31-7 g in

diameter, and oospores, spherical, with thick walls, 21 -3 to 29-8, average 26-6 g ; antheridia

were three to eight to each oogonium, and he also stated that the fungus does not produce

zoospores. The S. African fungus thus agrees fairly closely with the description by Braun

except in the matter of the number of antheridia produced.

Temperatures for growth are optimum 31, maximum 37 and minimum 7°C.

This fungus was mentioned in a previous publication Wager (25) under the name of

P. cf. splendens.

Hosts.

P. splendens was isolated only once, and that, along with P. ultimum, from a papaw

tree infected with “ foot-rot ” from the eastern Transvaal.

Pythium spinosum Sawada.

Hyphae may range from 2 to 8 g in diameter, much branched, and septate in old

cultures.

Fig. 7. — P. spinosum. (a) and (h) Antheridium and oogonium, (o) intercalar and (d) terminal sporan-

gium.

13

Oogonia are spherical and covered with spines ; they are commonly produced terminally

on short lateral branches, but may be intercalar ; range from 13-5 to 23-4 p in diameter,

with an average (of 50) of 17-2 p.

Spines are blunt, narrow, finger-like processes ; they are about 4 to 8 /x long by 1 • 5 p

wide ; from 10 to 21 spines being visible laterally on the oogonium.

Oospores are spherical and smooth, and practically fill the oogonial cavity.

Antheridia are usually one to each oogonium, sometimes two or even three ; each is

borne on a fairly long, slender branch from the same hypha that produced the oogonial

branch, or from a neighbouring hypha ; it is cut off by a septum from the antheridial branch,

and is sub-cylindrical or club-shaped.

Sporangia are produced abundantly in water cultures ; they may be terminal and

spherical, or intercalary and lemon-shaped or cylindrical ; they are smooth but occasionally

may have a few spines ; they vary greatly in size from 9 to 27 p in diameter, and germinate,

producing one to three germ tubes.

Temperatures for growth are optimum 25 to 28, maximum 37 and minimum 4°C.

This fungus differs from Sawada’s description (19, 20) in the fact that multiple

antheridia are common whereas he described only single. In correspondence with the

writer, E. J. Butler stated that he had examined a culture of P. spinosum from the Centraal-

bureau, Holland, and found that it also had multiple antheridia, a fact that Sawada had

evidently overlooked. In the original description the oogonia are given as ranging from 17

to 24 p in diameter, with 1 9 • 7 p the average, being thus somewhat larger than those described

above. According to the original description this fungus does not produce zoospores, and

none has been observed.

Hosts.

P. spinosum has been isolated only once from a young papaw plant infected with foot-

rot. The plant had been sent in from a plantation which had just been badly frosted, and

as a result nearly all the plants died ; the fungus was thus probably not responsible.

P. irregulare was isolated from an adjacent plant.

Pythium acanthicum Drechsler.

Hyphae are generally very slender, wavy and branched. The mycelium develops

successive ridges or scalloped frills as the culture in a tube of oatmeal agar gets old, in a

very characteristic manner.

Oogonia are spherical and covered with spines ; terminal on short slender branches,

occasionally intercalar ; vary in size from 18 to 27 p with an average of 22*3 p in diameter,

exclusive of spines.

Spines are conical with blunt points, slightly longer than broad at the base, and about

2p in length.

Oospores are smooth and spherical, nearly filling the oogonium, and thin-walled ; vary

from 15-8 to 22-5 with an average of 19 p in diameter ; may germinate, producing one or

numerous germ tubes, or may develop immediately into a sporangium.

Antheridia are commonly one to each oogonium, sometimes two, rarely three ; sub-

spherical or clavate, 7 to 10 p in size, making a broad contact at the tip with the oogonial

wall ; borne on a short branch usually arising from the same hypha as the oogonium, or

from a neighbouring hypha.

14

Sporangia are smooth, thin-walled, spherical, ovoid, or irregular in shape ; terminal

or intercalar ; range in diameter up to 31-5, but commonly 22 p ; germinate with the

production of numerous, slender germ tubes, or may produce an evacuation tube 30 to 85 p

in length, and from 2-5 to 4 p in diameter; the vesicle is produced at the end of the

evacuation tube, is spherical and its contents are rapidly divided up into zoospores.

Zoospores. From 8 to 30 zoospores have been observed in a vesicle ; they are about

11 X 7 p in size and vigorously motile at first.

Fig. 8. — P. acanthicum. (a), (b) and (c) Antheridia and oogonia, (d) and (e) sporangium, evacuation

tube, and vesicle produced directly from the oospore.

The fungus grows well on prune or oatmeal agars. Oogonia are produced readily but

sporangia are scarce. They were formed when portions of a Pe tri-dish culture eight weeks

old were transferred to Petri’s solution. In liquid cultures it was noticed that oospores

often germinated, producing a single tube from 10 to 90 p in length, the tip of which swelled

out to form a sporangium. This sporangium might be up to twice the size of the oospore,

and spherical, ovoid or irregular in shape ; it produced an evacuation tube and vesicle in

the manner described above. Drechsler (12) mentions this fact in his description of this

fungus.

15

Temperatures for growth -are optimum 25, maximum 37, and minimum 10°C.

Hosts.

P. acanthicum has been isolated twice ; from wilted peas, and from damping-off dahlia

seedlings. In each case P. ultimum was isolated at the same time.

Pythium oligandrum Drechsler.

Hyphae are generally slender, but up to 7 g in diameter, much branched ; the fungus

produces little aerial mycelium on culture media.

Fio. 9.— P. oligandrum. (a) Oogonium and antheridium, (b) parthenogenetic oogonium, (c) sporangium

and vesicle produced directly from oospore, and (d) ditto produced in ordinary manner on a

hypha.

Oogonia are spherical and covered with spines ; terminal on short slender branches,

rarely intercalar ; size exclusive of spines varies from 18 to 27-4 g in diameter, with an

average of 23- 4 g, on oatmeal agar.

Spines are sharp-pointed, conical, about twice as long as broad at the base, vary from

3-4 to 7-7 g, commonly 5-0 g in length.

16

Oospores are smooth, spherical, and thin- walled ; range from 15 -8 to 22-5 g in diameter,

with an average of 205 g on oatmeal agar ; germinate readily, producing either numerous

slender germ tubes or sporangia.

A ntheridia are rare ; when present are closely pressed to the oogonium ; are semi-

circular or clavate, about 9 g wide, borne on a slender branch which arises from the same

branch as the oogonium, or a neighbouring one, the branch twining around the oogonium ;

usually one, very seldom two to one oogonium ; most oospores appear to develop partheno-

genetically.

Sporangia are readily produced on plain water agar ; large, ellipsoid, spherical, elongate

or irregular in shape, sometimes with lobulate processes ; usually terminal, but may be

intercalar ; range in size up to 90 g in length, but commonly about 50 g ; may germinate

producing numerous germ tubes, or may form zoospores, in which case the evacuation tube

is usually 4-5 g thick, wavy, and from 36 to 72 /x long ; the vesicle is spherical at first,

later irregular in shape, and from 27 g in diameter to 67 • 5 by 36 /x ; the number of zoospores

produced in four cases observed were 5, 5, 6, and 19.

Zoospores vary in size from 12 to 14 X 9 g, vigorously motile at first, later become

spherical and germinate.

The four cultures obtained behave in the same manner and differ only slightly from

each other in their measurements. In two of them, however, antheridia have not been

observed, and are rare in the other two ; the oospores appear to develop parthenogenetically.

On oatmeal agar, oogonia are produced in profusion, but very few sporangia. On plain

water agar, both oogonia and sporangia are numerous. Zoospores are not readily obtained ;

they were observed in one case where a portion of a culture on plain agar was placed in

Petri’s solution for four days, and then transferred to tap water for a few hours. Sometimes

the contents of a sporangium pass along the evacuation tube into a vesicle, and no further

change takes place. This vesicle may later act as a secondary sporangium and produce

another evacuation tube and vesicle in a normal manner.

Temperatures for growth are optimum 25 in one strain and 31 in another, maximum

37 and minimum 10°C.

It was also observed that when placed in water culture, the oogonia germinate and

their contents develop immediately into a sporangium which in turn gives rise to an

evacuation tube and vesicle as shown in figure 9. This phenomenon is not mentioned

by Drechsler (12). The above description of this fungus agrees fairly well with that of

Drechsler except that his oogonia are some 3 g larger in average diameter.

Hosts.

P. oligandrum has been isolated from shirley poppy, antirrhinum, marrow and cabbage

plants, all suffering from wilt. In a previous paper (Wager, 25) this fungus was mentioned

under the name of Pythium sp. of. artotrogus, as isolated from the first two host plants

mentioned above. In inoculation experiments with iceland poppies and asters, the fungus

was unable to produce any wilt symptoms. It is probably a weak parasite attacking plants

weakened through faulty cultural practices, or plants already wilting due to the attack of

some other more virulent pathogen.

Pythium debaryanum Hesse ( = P. fabae Cheney).

Hyphae are usually slender, up to 6 g thick, commonly 3 g, much branched.

Oogonia are commonly intercalar and sub-globose to lemon-shaped, or terminal and

spherical, variable in size from 12 to 25 g, commonly 16 g in diameter.

Oospores are spherical, thick-walled, and practically fill the oogonia.

17

Antheridia are tubular, making contact at narrowed tip of enlarged apical portion;

fairly long antheridial branch which is usually curved or crook- necked ; one to three to each

oogonium, frequently two, especially on intercalar oogonium when one arises from each side

of it ; the antheridial branch may arise near the base of the oogonium or some way back

along the oogonial branch, or occasionally from a separate hypha.

Fio. 10. — P. debaryanum (=P. fabae.) (a), (b) and (c) Variable-shaped intercalar sporangia, (d) terminal

sporangium, evacuation tube, vesicle, and developing zoospores, (e) sporangium, old evacua-

tion tube and new evacuation tube and developing vesicle, (f) sporangium and vesicle and

zoospores produced in sporangium, (g), (h) and (i) oogonia and antheridia.

Sporangia may be terminal and spherical and from 10 to 30, commonly 21 • 5 g. in size ;

they are more generally intercalar and irregular in shape, from barrel-shaped, ovoid,

elongate or sausage-shaped, and may be very small — like fragments of a hypha — or up to

60 X 20, commonly about 20 g in size ; all have a large and pronounced vacuole within.

They germinate rarely, usually with the production of one germ tube. Zoospores may be

18

produced in liquid cultures ; the evacuation tube is produced laterally, is thick, and is one

to three times the length of the sporangium, commonly 30 p long, and is quite commonly

curved or bent ; an evacuation tube may be produced but not used, and later another one

may be formed or the old one may produce a branch ; the contents of the sporangium pass

very rapidly into the forming vesicle ; sometimes not all the contents of the sporangium

pass into the vesicle and thus a few spores may develop within the sporangium as well as

in the vesicle ; zoospores are 7 to 8 p in size, and 12 and 14 were seen produced in various

vesicles.

Sporangia are produced in abundance on all media, but oogonia are very scarce, only a

few being seen on an old culture. Temperatures for growth are optimum 22, maximum 28,

minimum 7°C.

In correspondence with the writer, S. F. Ashby suggested that this fungus might

possibly be P. fahae. Cheney’s (8) description of her fungus, P.fabae, isolated from wilting

broad bean plants, is very similar to the above, although there is no mention of any

production of zoospores ; her details are — cotiidia sparse, 13 to 26, average 21-5 /x in size,

oogonia 13 to 23, average 19-7 p in diameter. Middleton (17) is of the opinion that the

differences between this species and P. debaryanum are not sufficient to justify retaining

a separate species, and would rather consider it a strain of P. debaryanum.

Hosts.

This fungus has been isolated only once, and that from a succulent (Stapelia sp.) that

was infected with a soft-rot.

Pythium debaryanum Hesse. ( = P. debaryanum var. pelargonii Braun.)

Hyphae are slender, 3 to 4 but sometimes up to 6-5 /x in thickness, and much branched.

Oogonia are smooth-walled, spherical when terminal, or somewhat oval when

intercalar ; vary in size from 18 to 33, commonly 21 p in diameter.

Oospores are smooth and spherical, and range from 16 to 26, commonly 19 /x in diameter.

Antheridia are one to two to each oogonium ; the antheridial branch commonly coils

around the oogonium for as much as half its circumference ; the antheridium usually

arises from a different hypha from that of the oogonium, but both have been seen on the

same.

Sporangia are very variable in size, ranging from 9 to 30-6, commonly 20 to 23 p in

diameter, usually terminal and spherical, but often intercalar and oval shaped ; germinate

by the production of 1 to 8 germ tubes.

Sporangia are produced in abundance, but only rarc-ly were oogonia seen. Although

a variety of culture solutions was tried, and at different temperatures, it was not possible

to induce the formation of zoospores.

The temperatures for growth are optimum 25, maximum 28 and minimum 10°C.

Both this fungus and the previous one listed under the name of P. debaryanum ( = P.fabae),

after having been kept for a few years in culture tubes, suddenly developed a growth rate

of less than half of that which they used to have. They are thus both omitted from Table 1.

19

The above description agrees very closely with that of P. debaryanum var. pelargonii.

Braun (5) states that oogonia were 17-4 to 21-9, average 20-1 g. in size, antheridia 1 to 4,

often adhering to the oogonium along the entire length, sporangia 12-8 to 27*7, average

20-1 p. in size. Sporangia were also produced in abundance, and sexual organs were very

scarce. He also states that his fungus is characterised by its minimum growth temperature

of 6° C.

Fig. 11. — P. debaryanum ( =P . debaryanum var. pelargonii.) (&,) and (b) Oogonia and

antheridia, (c) (d) and (e) sporangia.

Middleton (17) suggests that the name P. debaryanum var. pelargonii should not be

retained as he regards this fungus as a minor variant of the somewhat variable species

P. debaryanum.

Hosts.

This fungus was isolated once only, along with P. ultimum, from a wilting bean plant.

20

Table 1.— TEMPERATURE RELATIONS OF THE PYTHIUMS.

Showing the average amount of growth in mm. made by cultures of the various fungi which

had been allowed to grow for two days at room temperature, and then placed in the various controlled

temperature chambers for a further period of two days.

Degrees Centigrade.

Phytophthora infestans de Bary.

Hypliae in plant tissues are 3 to 5 p in thickness, and much branched. The sporangio-

phores are from 200 to 500, or even up to 1000 p in length, and 5 to 10 p thick, and often

have three or more side branches.

Sporangia are ovoid in shape, and range from 25 to 45 X 15 to 26, with an average of

30 X 17-5 p in size. They readily become detached from the sporangiophores. Four to

eight spores are produced in a sporangium ; they are 8 to 10 p in size, vigorously motile

before rounding off and germinating.

21

Cultures from fresh material were made only with great difficulty. No sexual organs

were seen by the writer. Tucker (23) gives the size, as reported by various workers, as

oogonia ranging in average size from 27-9 to 38 /z, and oospores 23 • 6 to 35 y. ; antheridia

are amphigynous.

Late Blight was first recorded by E. M. Doidge on potatoes in South Africa in 1913.

Since then it has occurred sporadically in certain areas of the northern Transvaal, Natal and

Cape, when wet seasons occur and the temperature is low. Under such conditions,

infection may be severe, and heavy losses result. It was recorded on tomatoes (9) in

Natal in 1922.

Phytophthora parasitica Dast.

Hyphue are commonly about 5 /z in diameter, much branched, and with numerous,

short, thin side branches and projections ; very much septate in old cultures ; large, coiled,

lobulate processes are sometimes formed.

Oogonia are spherical and terminal, range from 21-6 to 32 y, average 24 to 27 • 7 yu. in

diameter in various strains.

Oospores are spherical, thick-walled and yellow to brown in colour in old cultures ;

range from 17-1 to 29-5 y, average 21 • 5 to 24 • 8 /z in diameter in various strains.

Antheridia are invariably amphigynous, and commonly 13-5 y in size.

Chlamydospores are spherical, terminal; very seldom intercalary, 16-2 to45/z, commonly

30 y in diameter ; thick-walled and yellow-brown in colour in old cultures where they are

produced abundantly.

Sporangia are produced on the ordinary mycelium, not on special sporangiophores ;

terminal, seldom intercalary ; normally ovate and prominently papillate ; vary greatly in

size from 31 X 27 to 64 X 46, in water were commonly 50 X 38 y, but the average size

40m

Fig. 12. — Ph. infestans. Sporangiophore and sporangia.

22

was much less when produced on solid media being about 40 X 30 /x ; ratio of length to

breadth 1 • 3 to 1 • 4 ; zoospores are produced in the sporangia and escape through the papilla,

being 8 to 11 /x in size ; germinate usually with one germ tube.

All the isolations mentioned below were grown in parallel series on various culture

media. Variations were noted in the form of aerial mycelium produced, rate of growth,

development of certain reproductive bodies readily in some and reluctantly in others, size

of reproductive bodies, etc., but these variations were considered not of significant difference.

Sporangia are produced abundantly, especially in water culture ; chlamydospores on solid

media and usually in old tubes. The sexual organs are often restricted to a few opaque

white patches in which they are abundant. The optimum temperature for growth was 25°C.

for the rhubarb strain, and 28°C. for the tomato strain, with a maximum of 37°C. and

minimum of 13°C.

Fig. 13. — Ph. parasitica, (a) Thick-walled chlamvdospore, (b) and (c) oogonia and amphigynous

antheridia, ( d ) papillate sporangium, (e) sporangium and escaping zoospores.

Hosts.

(a) Abroad. — Ph. parasitica has a wide host range and world-wide distribution. Tucker

(24) has listed the published records of its occurrence, and from this it is seen that the

fungus has been found on most vegetable and field crops associated with the wilting of the

plants, on the roots and trunk lesions or in rotting fruits of a wide range of fruit and other

trees, and in connection with root and stem rots of a large variety of garden, ornamental and

greenhouse plants.

(b) In South Africa. — Under the name of Ph. parasitica var. rhei, which Tucker (23)

suggests should be eliminated in favour of Ph. parasitica, the fungus has been known for

many years as the cause of crown-rot of rhubarb. It has recently been isolated from

infected rhubarb plants from all areas where this crop is grown in the Cape and Transvaal.

Inoculation experiments on rhubarb have shown that the fungus is a virulent parasite.

In 1934 a serious outbreak of brown-rot in tomato fruits occurred in widely-

separated localities in the eastern Transvaal, causing considerable damage. The respon-

sible pathogen was identified as Ph. parasitica and the trouble was described by Wager (29).

23

This fungus has been found as the cause of a “ purple-rot ” of a succulent plant

{Cotyledon sp.) in which the thick, fleshy leaves successively turned purple and rotten, Wager

(25). It was also identified as being the cause of the rotting of another succulent ( Triclno -

caulon sp.)

It was isolated (A. M. Bottomley) from a Delphinium plant which wilted suddenly.

Hopkins (15) in Rhodesia reports this fungus on Antirrhinum majus, Clarkia elegans,

Nicotiana tahacum. Cotyledon sp., Godetia sp., Rheum rhaponticum and Lilium

phillippinense.

Phytophthora citrophthora (Sm.) Leon.

Hyphae are much branched, with numerous irregular-shaped projections ; commonly

5 g in diameter ; may become septate in old cultures ; sterile in fruit, but may form

sporangia readily in cultures and moist soil.

Oogonia are not known to occur for this fungus.

Sporangia are usually ovate but may sometimes be rounded or irregular in shape ;

usually one pronounced papilla, sometimes two or three ; on oatmeal agar the size ranged

from 22-5 to 56-2 X 20-2 to 40-5 g with an average of 40-6 X 31-3 g, giving a ratio of

length to breadth of 1-3. On plain water agar the average was slightly greater, and the

ratio was 1 -55. Smith (21) gives the size as 30 to 90 X 20 to 60 g with an average of

50 X 35 g, giving a ratio of 1-43. The sporangia produce zoospores, usually about 20,

which are discharged through the papilla. They are vigorously motile, become spherical

when at rest and commonly 9 g in diameter, and germinate by one germ tube.

.50"-

Fig. 14. — Ph. citrophthora. Sporangia and zoospores.

The fungus grows well on culture media. It is difficult to isolate from trunk lesions

unless very fresh infections are obtained, and the inoculum taken from the junction of

discoloured and healthy tissue. The isolations obtained from time to time from infected

fruits or bark lesions differed only slightly from one another. The fungus isolated from

grapefruit trunk made optimum growth at 25 to 28, while that from orange brown-rot was

at 22 to 25, and the maximum and minimum temperatures for growth were 34 and 10°C.

respectively.

24

Hosts.

(a) Abroad. — As a disease of citrus the fungus has a world-wide distribution. Tucker

(24) records that it has been isolated from bark cankers and trunk lesions, and dying

seedlings from walnut varieties, avocado, apricot, sweet cherry, almond, peach, pear,

spruce and pine trees. It has also been recorded from watermelon, honey-dew melon,

squash and pumpkin.

(b) South Africa. — Ph. citrophthora, as the brown-rot disease of citrus fruits, first

appeared in epidemic form in the western, eastern, and- northern Transvaal, and two

localities in the Cape, in 1925, being induced by an exceptionally wet season, and

caused severe losses, Doidge (10). Since then it has appeared sporadically in the citrus

areas during wet periods, especially if weeds are left standing close to the trees, thus

reducing ventilation and increasing the humidity. In severe storms, the spores may splash

quite high up in the tree and produce infections.

In 1930 the fungus was isolated from a grape-fruit tree infected with gummosis and

collar-rot, Wager (25). This trouble occurs frequently in grape-fruit and orange trees in

areas where there is a tendency for water-logging of the soil to occur. Experiments in.

treatment of infected trees by injecting with methylene blue were carried out by Hector

and Loest (14).

It has also been recorded by Hopkins (15) and Bates (2) on citrus in Rhodesia.

Phytophthora cactorum (L. & C.) Schroet. ( = Ph. citricola Sawada).

Hyphae are 4 to 5 g in thickness, much branched, with numerous, short, side branches;

or projections.

Oogonia are terminal and spherical, or may have a bulbous or tubular base ; vary in

size from 18 to 29 g, with an average of 23 g in diameter.

Oospores are spherical and practically fill the oogonium ; they have a thick, yellow wall.

Antheridia are 6 to 8 g in size, and paragynous ; usually one to each oogonium, rarely

two.

Chlamydospores are terminal and spherical and have thin hyaline walls ; vary from

14 to 31 g, commonly 26 g in size.

Sporangia are ovoid ; in some the papilla is inconspicuous, generally it is prominent ;

range in size from 28-8 to 48 X 12-8 to 25-6 g, average 32 X 19 g ; are smaller when

produced on solid media ; may germinate directly with one or more germ tubes, or even

forming other sporangia, or may produce zoospores which are actively motile and 8 to 12 g

in size.

The fungus grows well on solid media and oogonia are rapidly produced in abundance.

Chlamydospores occur in old cultures. Sporangia are rare on solid media, but develop

abundantly in liquid cultures.

The above description is of a fungus isolated from a wilted antirrhinum. Ph. cactorum

was also isolated in South Africa by Mes (16) from the same host, and by Wijers (30) from

carnation, verbena and sweet sultan. Mes gives oogonia ranging from 18 to 28 with an

average of 23 g, and sporangia of 26-88 X 18-37, commonly 42-49 X 25-33 g ; Wijers

states that the average diameter of oogonia of her various cultures ranged from 20*7 to

25-3 g, and gives sporangia considerably smaller than those of Mes. It is evident that

there can be a variation of the size of the reproductive organs in different

strains of the fungus. Tucker (23) lists a considerable range in the size of oogonia as

recorded by various workers, from 24 to 36 g in diameter, commonly 26 to 28 g ; and of

sporangia as ranging from 15 to 120 g in length, commonly 50 to 60, and an average for

10 strains of 30 X 23 g.

25

A fungus referable to Ph. citricola was isolated by E. M. Doidge from a rotting grape-fruit.

Its hyphae do not have so many short side branches or projections as that described above.

Its oogonia are consistently some 6 p larger, averaging 29 • 3 p, with a range of 27 • 7 to 32 • 6 p.

Chlamydospores range from 16 to 33, commonly 28 p. Sporangia in liquid culture were very

irregular in shape, elongated, and prominently papillate, and ranged in size from 42-9-

72-6 X 19-8-36 p, with an average of 58-4 X 30-7 p. On solid media, sporangia were

smaller, ranging from 26-49-5 X 18-36, with an average of 39 X 28 p. When grown in

parallel series with Ph. cactorum from antirrhinum, both show approximately the same rate

of growth, and both develop sexual organs rapidly and abundantly. The latter does not

produce sporangia so readily as the former. Ashby in correspondence with the writer

suggests that, although it does not fully agree with Sawada’s isolation, it is a strain of

Ph. citricola. Tucker (23) however, is of opinion that there are no significant differences

between Ph. citricola and Ph. cactorum, so that the former name should be dropped. This

strain from grape-fruit is thus included as Ph. cactorum.

Fig. 15. — Ph. cactorum (= Ph. citricola.) (a) and (b) Sporangia from antirrhinum

strain, (c) ditto from grape-fruit strain, (d) and (e) oogonia and paragynous

antheridium from antirrhinum strain, and (/) ditto from grape-fruit strain.

26

Both cultures were grown in a series of controlled temperature incubators, and the

antirrhinum strain gave minimum 4°, optimum 22°, maximum 34°, while the grapefruit

fungus gave minimum 7°, optimum 19°, and maximum between 31° and 34°, which agrees

with Sawada’s findings of maximum of 33°C.

Hosts.

(a) Abroad. — From Tucker’s (24) list of records of this fungus it is seen that it has a

large range of host plants. It has been obtained from stem rots of a large variety of garden

and ornamental plants, from vegetable roots and fruits, and from numerous rotting

succulents. It has also been obtained frequently from roots and trunk cankers of a large

variety of trees, and from wilting seedlings of a number of forest trees. Sawada (20) records

his strain (=Ph. citricola) on fruits of Citrus sinensis var. SekJcar and Citrus tanka in

Formosa.

(b) South Africa. — As mentioned above, Ph.cactorum was isolated by the writer and Mes

from whiting antirrhinum plants, and by Wijers from carnation, verbena and sweet sultan.

Doidge isolated a strain of Ph. cactorum (= Ph . citricola) from a grapefruit affected with a

kind of brown-rot from the Cape, and reported that the fungus reproduced the rot when

inoculated into grapefruit.

Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands.

Hijphae are up to 10 p, commonly 6-5 p in thickness, and much branched ; often

irregular-shaped protrusions are formed on the hyphae in masses ; older hyphae may

become brown in colour and septate ; the aerial mycelium, especially in older cultures,

becomes very tough and wiry.

Oogonia are terminal and spherical, each with a broad, funnel-shaped base within the

antheridium, varying in size from 30 to 52, being commonly 42 p in diameter, (average

size of 50 was 41-4 p) ; are a brilliant brown in colour.

Oospores are spherical and thick-walled, and fill the oogonia completely.

Antheridia are amphigynous, one to each oogonium, somewhat spherical in shape being

about 15 p in size, or may be oblong and 24 X 12 p in size ; may be transparent or opaque,

and also stained the same brilliant brown colour as the oogonium.

Chlamydospores are spherical, thin-walled, may be borne singly, more usually in groups

or bunches of 3 to 12 ; they range from 26 to 43, commonly 32 p in diameter.

Sporangia are borne on very thin hyphae ; are oval or elongate in shape, and have no

papilla ; range in size from 39 to 66 by 26 to 40, commonly 50 by. 32 p : may germinate

by one or more germ tubes, and may proliferate, the contents of one sporangium passing up

a tube to form another ; zoospores may also be produced.

The fungus is characterised by its peculiar irregular or knobby hyphae, the fact that

chlamydospores are produced abundantly, usually in grape-like clusters, and by the com-

plete absence of oogonia in ordinary cultures. The fungus was grown for many years on

all varieties of culture media without any oogonia ever being produced. They were finally

obtained in large numbers in a few oatmeal agar and watermelon-seed agar tubes that were

left standing during autumn on a shelf in the laboratory. The oogonia were numerous in

some areas on the cultures, especially at the top end of the tube, both in the aerial

mycelium and in the agar where it was about |-inch thick.

Sporangia were obtained when portions of a culture were placed either in Petii’s

solution, or soil-extract solution.

The fungus has minimum 10, optimum 25, and maximum 34°C. temperatures for

growth.

27

40 -u.

Fig. 16.— PA. cinnamorrd. (a) Sporangia, (b) proliferating sporangium, (c) showing the knobby nature of

the mycelium, (d) a bunch of chlamydospores, (e), (f) and (g) oogonia and amphigynous

antheridia.

28

Rands (18) in the original description of this fungus gives the chlamydospores as being

somewhat larger than those described above, namely 26 to 60, commonly 31 to 50, average

41 p in diameter, but sporangia more or less the same as above, being 38 to 84 X 27 to 39,

average 57 X 33 p. He was unable to find oogonia. Ashby (1) obtained oogonia on an

old culture of cornmeal agar, average 32 p in diameter. Tucker (23) induced the develop-

ment of oogonia, 28*1 p in diameter, when mycelium was placed in M/100 potassium

nitrate.

This fungus was mentioned by Wager (25) under the name of Ph. cambivora as isolated

from rotting roots of the avocado. More recently Ashby is of opinion that the fungus goes

better into Ph. cinnamomi than Ph. cambivora, and Tucker confirms this.

Hosts.

(a) Abroad. — From Tucker’s list (24), Ph. cinnamomi is noted to have been reported

from pineapple stems and leaves, erica, rhododendron, and from the bark cankers and

rotting roots of numerous species of chestnut, walnut, cinnamon, and on the blackened

feeding roots of avocado.

(b) South Africa. — Ph. cinnamomi has been isolated once only (E. M. Doidge) from

decaying avocado roots. *

Phytophthora cryptogea Pethyb. and Laff.

Hyphae are branched, commonly 5 p thick ; may develop circular or irregular-shaped

vesicles, often in groups.

Oogonia are pherical and terminal, with a narrow, funnel-shaped base within the

antheridium ; vary in size from 24 to 54 p in diameter, commonly 40 (average of 50 being

38 ■ 4 p) ; they are light-brown in colour.

Oospore s are spherical and thick-walled, and some 3 to 4 p less in diameter than the

oogonia.

Antheridia are amphigynous, one to each oogonium, somewhat spherical or oblong in

shape, commonly 12 to 15 p in size.

Sporangia are usually oval in shape, may be irregular or elongate, and are non-papillate ;

they range from 22-8 to 68-5 by 16-3 to 35-8, commonly 35 by 23 g in size ; the sporangia

may germinate directly with the production of a germ tube, or the contents of one may

pass out to form another, or a sporangiophore may grow up through the old sporangium ;

zoospores may be produced, they are large, 13 to 15 p in size, and from 3 to 15 are produced

in each ; they are vigorously motile at first, then round off to about 12 p and germinate.

The fungus makes profuse mycelial growth, filling the aerial portion of the Petri dish

or tube, and is characterised by the absence of all types of reproductive organs in ordinary

cultures.

Sporangia were formed in abundance after six days in Petri’s solution, or in non-sterile

soil extract. Tucker (23) states that his culture of this fungus produced sporangia 25 to

49 by 16 to 29, average 36-7 by 21 -9 p in size.

Oogonia and antheridia were at last found in a tube of oatmeal agar which had been

subjected to varying temperatures, such as a few months in an ice-box, then room tempera-

ture, the ice-box again, and finally three months on a shelf in the laboratory. In the

* Foot note. — -Since going to press, Ph. cinnamomi has been found by the writer on avocado roots

both from the western Transvaal and Natal, where the trees were suffering from die-back or decline.

Experiments have shown that where excessive water was present, the fungus was rapidly able to kill

off the plants-

29

original description of this fungus, oogonia averaging 30 /x in diameter were found in an

old culture of oatmeal agar. Tucker obtained oogonia averaging 25-8 /x in diameter in an

old oatmeal culture subjected to winter temperatures.

The fungus makes good growth at 4°C., not below, optimum 22, and good growth up

to 34, but none at 37° C.

Fig. 17. — Ph. cryptogea. (a) Sporangia, (b) irregular-shaped processes occurring on the hvphae, (c), (d)

and (e) oogonia and amphigynous antheridia.

Hosts.

(a) Abroad. — According to Tucker’s list (24), Ph. crytogea is a fairly common parasite

in decayed or discoloured roots and stems of garden and ornamental flowers, and of a few

vegetables, namely, aster, cineraria, wallflower, lupine, iceland poppy, gilia, antirrhinum,

petunia, gladiolus, tulip, turnip, strawberry, tomato and celery.

(b) South Africa. — This fungus has been obtained once only (A. M. Bottomley) from a

wilting godetia plant.

30

Phytophthora syringae Kleb (= Ph. hibernalis Carne).

Hyphae are much branched, commonly 4-5 g in thickness or less, and septate i n old

cultures.

Oogonia are terminal and spherical ; commonly 35 • 2, ranging from 26 to 40 g in diameter.

Oospores are spherical and almost fill the oogonium ; are slightly tinged with a yellow

or brown colour.

Antheridia are both amphigynous and paragynous, although the former type pre-

dominates.

3o~

Fio. IS. — Ph. syringae (= Ph. hibernal is) (a) Paragynous and (b) amphigynous antheridium and

oogonium, (c) and (d) sporangia with persistent pedicels.

Sporangia are formed on very slender branches of the mycelium ; they are elliptical

and vary from 26 to 57 by 15 to 25, commonly 37-5 by 20 g in size. The sporangium

has a broad and pronounced papilla ; the sporangium readily becomes detached from the

mycelium, but retains a portion of the pedicel which may be from 20 to 50p,in length, more

conlmonly about the same length as the sporangium ; the sporangium may germinate with

the production of a germ tube, or zoospores may be formed ; these are approximately 10 g

in length, and after moving vigorously for a time come to rest and germinate.

The fungus grows very slowly on culture media ; oogonia are formed readily on most

agars, and sporangia were produced on Petri’s agar. The optimum temperature for growth

was 13 to 16, minimum 7 and maximum 19°C.

The above description agrees fairly closely with that of Ph. hibernalis by Carne (7),

except that the oogonia are on the average somewhat smaller. Carne’s figures are

sporangia average 34-6 by 16-1, range of 17 to 56 by 10 to 21 g, and oogonia average

40-8, ranging from 22-4 to 56 g in diameter. Bensaude (3) gives the following figures:

sporangia 41 by 19, range of 25-2 to 54 by 12-6 to 27 (smaller when grown on solid

media), oogonia 35-17, range of 19-8 to 44 g in diameter; he also states that the

optimum temperature is 18 to 20, minimum 12, and maximum 24°C.

31

Tucker (23) includes Ph. hibernalis in the species Ph. syringae, but the former name

appears to be the one commonly used by citrus pathologists.

Hosts.

(a) Abroad. — Ph. syringae has been isolated from common lilac ( Syringa vulgaris) and

and pear and apple fruits in Europe ; under the name of Ph. hibernalis it has been recorded

as a serious fruit-rot, leaf-blight and twig die-back of citrus in Australia, Portugal and

California, Tucker (24).

(b) South Africa. — This fungus has been isolated only once (Doidge), from oranges

showing brown-rot symptoms from the Fish River Valley in the eastern Cape.

Table 2.— TEMPERATURE RELATIONS OF THE PHYTOPHTHORAS.

Showing the average amount of growth in mm. made by cultures of the various fungi which had

been allowed to grow for four days at room temperature and then placed in the various controlled

temperature chambers for a further period of four days.

Degrees Centigrade.

32

ANNOTATED HOST INDEX.

Aster (Callistephus chinensis Nees.)

WILT. P. uUimum.

Avocado (Persea americana Mill.)

DECAYED ROOTS. Ph. cinnamomi.

Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

WILT. P. uUimum.

P. debaryanum (= P. debaryanurn var. pelargonii.)

Brachen (Pteridium aquilenum)

WILT. P. aphanidermatum.

Brinjal (Solanum melongena L. var. esculentum Nees.)

FRUIT ROT. P. aphanidermatum.

Cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.)

WILT. P. oligandrum.

HEART ROT. P. ultimum.

Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.)

WILT. Ph. cactorum.

Chou -Chou (Sechium edule Sw.)

FRUIT ROT. P. aphanidermatum.

Dahlia (D. variabilis Des.)

DAMPING-OFF. P. acanthicum.

P. ultimum.

Delphinium (D. sp.)

WILT. P. uUimum.

Ph. parasitica.

Gilia (G. rubra Heil).

WILT. P. uUimum.

Godetia (G. sj..)

WILT. Ph. cryptogea.

Grapefruit (Citrus grandis Os.)

FRUIT ROT. Ph. cactorum. (= Ph. citricola.)

TRUNK GUMMOSIS. Ph. citrophthora.

Iceland Poppy (Papaver nudicaule L.)

WILT. P. uUimum.

DAMPING-OFF. P. uUimum.

Marrow (Cucurbita peppo L.)

WILT. P. oligandrum.

Nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus L.)

WILT. P. uUimum.

Orange (Citrus sinensis Os.)

FRUIT ROT. P. irregulare.

Ph. citrophthora.

Ph. syringae (= Ph. hibernalis).

TRUNK GUMMOSIS. Ph. citrophthora.

WITHIN NAVEL-END OF YOUNG FRUIT. P. ultimum.

33

Papaw (Carica papaya L.)

FOOT ROT. P. uliimum.

P. aphanidermatum.

P. -splendens.

P. myriotylum.

P. vexans.

P. irregulare.

P. spinosum.

Pea (Pisum sativum L.)

WILT. P. ultimum.

P. acanthicum.

Peanut (Arachis hypogea L.)

WILT. P. ultimum.

Pine (Pinus sp.)

DAMPING-OFF. P. ultimum.

Pink (Dianthus plumarius).

WILT. P. ultimum.

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)

LEAF BLIGHT AND TUBER ROT. Ph. infestgns.

TUBER SOFT-ROT OR “ LEAK ”. P. aphanidermatum.

Rhubarb (Rheum rhaponticum L.)

CROWN ROT. Ph. parasitica.

P. ultimum.

Shirley Poppy (Papaver Rhoeas L.)

WILT. P. oligandrum.

Snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus).

WILT. Ph. cactorum.

P. oligandrum.

Squash (Cucurbita pepo).

WILT. P. aphanidermatum.

Statice (Armeria sp.)

WILT. P. vexans.

Succulents— producing rots of

Aloe variegata. P. ultimum.

Cotyledon sp. Ph. parasitica.

Delosperma sp. P. ultimum.

Dinteranthus microspermus. P. ultimum.

Duvalia parvifolia. P. ultimum.

Fenesturia aurantiaco. P. ultimum.

Mesembryanthemum sp. P. ultimum.

Stapelia sp. P. ultimum.

P. debaryanum (= P. fahae).

Tavaresia sp. P. ultimum.

Trichocaulon sp. Ph. parasitica.

Sweet Pea (Lathyrus odoratus L.)

WILT. P. ultimum.

Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas Poir.)

TUBER ROT. P. ultimum.

2

34

Sweet Sultan (Centaurea moschata).

WILT. Ph. cactorum.

Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.)

WILT. P. ultimum.

P. aphanidermatum.

DAMPING-OFF. P. aphanidermatum.

Tomato (Lycopersicum escnlentum Mill.)

LEAF BLIGHT. Ph. infestans.

WILT. P. aphanidermatum.

P. ultimum.

WILTING TRANSPLANTS. P. aphanidermatum.

FRUIT ROT. Ph. parasitica.

P. aphanidermatum.

Verbena (V. hybrida Foss.)

WILT. Ph. cactorum.

Witchweed (Striga lutea.)

WILT. P. ultimum.

LIST OF REFERENCES.

1. Ashby, S. F-.

2. Bates, G. R

3. Bensaude, M

4. Braun, H

5. Braun, H

6. Buisman, 0. J

7. Carne, W. M

8. Cheney, G. M

9. Doidge, E. M. and Bottomley,

A. M.

10. Doidge, E. M

11. Drechsler, C

12. Drechsler, 0

13. Fawcett, H. S

14. Hector, J. M. and Loest, F. C.

15. Hopkins, J. C

The Production of Sexual Organs in Pure Cultures of Phytophthora

cinnamomi Rands and Tilepharaspora cambivora Petri. Trans.

Brit. My col. Sec. 14 : 260-263, 1929.

Diseases of Citrus Fruits in Southern Rhodesia. Ann. Rep. Mazoe

Citrus Exp. St. for 1936-37 : 173-207, 1937.

Note Sur le Phytophthora Parasite des Citrus au Portugal-

Comptes rendus Soc. de Biol. 24 : 982-4 : 1929.

Geranium Stem -rot caused by Pythium ccmplectens N. Sp. Jour.

Agric. Res. 29, 399-419 : 1924.

Comparative Studies of Pythium debaryanum and Two Related

Species from Geranium. Jour. Agr. Res. 30, 1043-1062 : 1925.

Root Rots Caused by Phycomycetes . Thesis Univ., Utrecht, 1927.

A Brown Rot of Citrus in Australia (Phytophthora hibernalis, N.Sp.)

Jour. Roy. Sue., W. Australia, 12, 13—41 : 1925.

Pythium Root-rot of Broad Beans in Victoria. Aus. Jour. Exper.

Biol. & Med. Sci. 10, 3, 143 -155 : 1932.

A Revised List of Plant Diseases Occurring in South Africa. Bet.

Sur. of S.A. Mem. 11, 1-78 : 1931.

Brown Rot in Citrus Fruits. U.S. Africa Jour. Dept. Agric. 10,

499-503: 1925.

Pythium ultimum and Pythium debaryanum. Phytopath, 17,

54-5: 1927.

Some New Species of Pythium. Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 20, 398-

418: 1930.

Citrus Diseases and Their Control. McGraw-Hill Co., 1-656 : 1 936.

Preliminary Note on Brown Rot Gummosis of Citrus in the Eastern

Cape. S. Afr. Journ. Sc. Vol. 33, 1937.

Diseases of Tobacco in Southern Rhodesia. Rhod. Agric. Jour. 36 :

1939.

35

... ' .•

37

NEWLY DESCRIBED SPECIES AND NEW

COMBINATIONS.

Chlorophytum longipedunculatum H. Forbes sp. nov. Affine C. elato sed scapo longiore et

robustiore foliis longioribus et latioribus differt.

Folia viridia, usque 1 -36 m. longa et 6-5 cm. lata, lanceolata, prope 50 costis distinct is,

glabra, marginibus angustis membranaceis albidis. Pedunculus ramosus, usque 1 • 6 m.

longus ; bracteae inferiores usque 17 cm. longae ad 3-3 cm. latae, sensirn cUminuatae ;

superiores 2 cm. longae. Flores 4-6-nati in axilis bracteae. Pediceli graciles, 1*5 cm. longi,

supra medium articulati. Perianthum album ; segmenta 1 -6-1 -7 cm. longa, 6-7 mm. lata ;

3 exteriora apice extus virida. Filamenta 5 mm. longa ; antherae 6 mm. longae, lineares,

erectae, interlobos basales dorso affixae. Ovarium sessile, triquetrum.

Transvaal.

Nelspruit distr. : Sabie, Pole Evans in Nat. Herb. 4247 (type). Rustenburg distr. :

Rustenburg, Pole Evans in Nat. Herb. 10026.

This is a strikingly conspicuous plant when in bloom as its long peduncle bears panicles

of pure white starry flowers, only the three outer perianth-lobes being tipped with green.

Its nearest affinity appears to be Chlorophytum datum ■ R. Br., but it has a much longer and

more robust flowering scape than that species, also its leaves are much longer and broader.

The description is based on specimens collected byT Dr. I. B. Pole Evans and which flowered

at Irene, near Pretoria, in December, 1939.

Two specimens in the Transvaal Museum appear to be very close to this species, namely,

Steivart (T.M. 9640), collected in Swaziland, and Obermeyer 2166, collected on Mt. Silinda,

on the outskirts of Ckirinda Forest, S. Rhodesia, but in both cases the material is

insufficient for a definite determination.

Kalanchoe albiflora H. Forbes sp. nov. K. thyrsiflorae Havr. ajflnis sed colore et forma

floris et inflorescentia differt.

Herba succulenta, biennis. Caulis erectus, crassus, 1-1 ■ 5 m. altus, leviter 4- angularis.

Folia decussata, usque 18 cm. longa et 15 cm. lata (juniora gradatim reducta), supra leviter

concava, infra leviter convexa, basi connata et decurrentia, glaberrima : seniora marginibus

distincte rubris. Inflorescentia paniculata, multiflora. Penduncidus simplex vel seme! vel

bis dimidiatus. Bracteae alternae ; inferiores usque 7 mm. longae et 2-5 mm. latae, ovatae,

sensirn diminuatae. Flores in scorpiodi-cymis. Pedicellus usque 1 cm. longus. Calyx

4 mm. longus, 2-5 mm. latus ; lobi ovato-obtusi. Corolla 1-2 cm. longa, 8 mm. lata,

urceolata, leviter 4- angularis ; lobi albidi, 5-6 mm. longi, 2-5-3 mm. lati, ovati, obtusi.

Stamina 8, biseriata, ad medium corollae inserta ; filamenta applanata, 5-6 mm. longa.

Carpella 4, 1-15 cm. longa; stylus simplex. Squamae 1-5 mm. longae, 2 mm. latae.

Semina parva, fusca.

Zululand.

Ubombo, Gerstner in Nat. Herb. Pretoria, 26434, (type) and Natal Herb. Durban.

Natal : — Ngotshe distr. : Mooiklip near Louwsberg, Verdoorn 1696, 1720.

Transvaal.

Barberton distr. : Rocky ridges, Barberton, Galpin 1353. Lydenburg distr. : Suku-

kunie, Barnard 328.

38

A tall handsome plant very similar in appearance to K. thyrsiflora Harv. from which

it differs in the scorpioid cymose inflorescence and pure white or creamery white urceolate

corolla. The whole plant is covered with a white pow'dery bloom, often less dense on the

lower leaves.

Galpinia paviflora H. Forbes sp. nov. affinis G. transvaalica N.E. Br. paniculo laxiore

floribus minoribus foliis differt.

Arbor parva, ramulis tetragonis. Folia supra viridia, infra pallidiora, breviter petiolata,

2 -5-8 -5 cm. longa, 1-3 cm. lata, oblonga vel obovata vel elliptico-obovata, obtusa, apice

recurva, costa subtus infra apicem glandulifera, basi cuneata vel cuneato-rotundata.

Paniculae terminales et axillares, multiflorae, bracteae foliiformae, O’ 5-1 -5 cm. longae,

0-1-1 -4 cm. latae, majores foliis similes. Pediceli tetragoni, 2 mm. longi. Calycis tubus

campanulatus, 5-6-dentatus, persistens ; dentibus triangularibus acutis apicem versus

breviter ciliatis, sinubus dentatis. Petala 5-6, fauci calycis inserta, lanceolata, 2-3 mm.

longa, 1 mm. lata. Stamina 5-6, 4 mm. longa, infra medium tubi calycis inserta, filamentis

exsertis, antherae didymae. Ovarium sessile, imperfecte 2- loculare, apud 1 mm. longum

et latum ; stylus 3mm. longus, filiformis.

Zululand.

Hluhluwe Game Reserve. Gerstner 3182, in Nat. Herb. Pretoria and Natal Herb.

Durban (type).

In Kew Bulletin 1894, p. 345, N. B. Brown described a new genus, Galpinia, which

he named in honour of Dr. E. E. Galpin who collected the type material. For many years

only the one species, G. transvaalica N.E.Br. was known, then a second species, described

here, was collected in Zululand by the Rev. Father J. Gertsner. This species is distinguished

from G. transvaalica by its looser panicle, smaller flowers and by its leaves, which are not so

thick or opaque as those of G. transvaalica. The native name for this tree is ,, umPisama-

kasa ” and Father Gerstner states that “ the leaves are liked by the black rhino ”.

Stachys villosissima H. Forbes sp. nov. Affinis S. Galpini Briq., inflorescentia laxiore et

calycis laciniis longioribus et acutoribus differt.

Herba villosissima, basi ramosa, rarnis decumbentibus vel ascendentibus, simplicibus

vel interdum ramulosis. Folia subsessilia vel breviter petiolata, 0-6-2 cm. longa, 0-7-1 -8

cm. lata, ovata vel ovato-cordata, marginibus dentatis, villosissima. Inflorescentia laxa,

verticillastri 2-flori. Bracteae inferiores foliis similes ; superiores maxime reductae, lance-

latae, dense villosae. Flores brevissime pedicellati. Calyx 7-9 mm. longus, 6-8 mm. latus ;

tubus campanulatus, 10- nervatus, dense villosus ; laciniae 2 -5-3 mm. iongae, lanceolatae,

acutae, setaceae. Corollae tubus cylindraceus, 6 mm. longus ; limbus 2- labiatus, labio

postico erecto, ovato, 3 mm. longo, antico patente 3- fido, lobo medio maximo, 3 mm. longo.

Stamina 4, didynama. Stylus apice 2- fidus, 8 mm. longus. Nuculae parvae, fuscae.

Zululand.

Eshowe, Forbes, 722 in Natal Herbarium, Durban ; Entumeni : Forbes 783 (type) in

Natal Herbarium, Durban and National Herbarium, Pretoria.

A small plant generally growing among grass. All parts, except the flowers, are densely

villous. The flowers are white or very pale lilac and are arranged in lax 2-flowered verticels.

Brachystelma Dinteri (Schltr.) Phill. comb. nov.

(Blephar anther a Dinteri Schltr.).

Brachystelma Inandensis Phill. comb. nov.

( Aulostephanus natalensis Schltr.).

Kalanchoe albiflora H. Forbes.

41

Caralluma Winkleriana (Dinter) Phill. comb. nov.

(Saraeopharjophilus Winklerianus Dinter).

Tenaris Schultzei (Schltr.) Phill. comb. nov.

(Kinepetalum Schultzei Schltr.)

Ruellia velutina (C.B.C1.) Phill. comb. nov.

{Dinteracanthus veluntinus C.B.C1.)

Ruellia asper (C.B.C1.) Phill. comb. nov.

( Dinteracanthus asper C.B.C1.)

Ruellia Marlothii Engl.

[. Dinteracanthus Marlothii (Engl.) C.B.C1.]

Felicia australis (Alston) Phill. comb. nov.

( Psednotrichia australis Alston.)

43

A NOTE ON N. E. BROWN’S SUB-DIVISION OF THE

GENUS ANTHOLYZA LINN.

By E. P. Phillips.

In the Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa [vol. 20, p. 265 (1932)], Dr.

N. B. Brown contributed an interesting paper on the genus Antholyza Linn. He pointed

out the confusion that had resulted from a wrong conception of Linne’s genus, and that

many very different plants had been placed in this genus that could not legitimately find

a home there. In place of the one commonly recognised genus, Brown proposed nine

separate genera for all the species hitherto included in the genus Antholyza. Two of his

nine genera are genera proposed by Salisbury over one hundred years ago ; six genera

are described by Brown for the first time ; the ninth genus being Antholyza Linn.

In looking through the specimens in the National Herbarium named by Dr. Brown, the

writer considers that Brown has succeeded in clearing up much of the prevailing confusion

though he has gone too far in proposing so many genera. In the writer’s opinion the genera

Pentamenes Salisb., Kentrosiphon N.E.Br., Chasmanthe N.E. Br., and Anomalesia N.E. Br.,

should be grouped together under the oldest name Pentamenes Salisb. All these genera are

characterised by the elongated upper perianth-lobe which is differently shaped to the other

five lobes and are concave or hooded. This appears to be a very natural grouping but the

subsidiary characters used by Brown to separate the genera e.g., the saccate perianth-tube

of Kentrosiphon, the reflexed perianth-lobes of Anomalesia, and the slight differences he

gives between Petamenes and Chasmanthe do not warrant generic status.

The genera as now proposed may be keyed out as follows : — -

1 . Stem bearing one dense sessile lateral spike near its base and

continued beyond it as a naked stem with some barren

bracts or with one flower at its apex Antholyza Linn.

Stem simple or branched, with the stem or branches ending in

a lax or dense spike of flowers 2

2. Stem branched so that whole inflorescence is a panicle of spikes Curtonus N.E. Br.

Stem simple or branched, but whole inflorescence not

paniculately arranged 3

3. Stem with 2-4 dense sessile lateral spikes and one terminal spike Anadanthe N.E.Br.

Stem usually unbranched, sometimes branched in Pentamenes 4

4. Upper lobe of flower much longer than the other five,

differently shaped and concave or hooded, with the

stamens under the hood and about equalling or exceeding it Pentamenes Salisb.

All lobes of the flower either sub-equal and similar in form

and flat, or unequal with the five lower lobes gradually

smaller but all similar in form and the upper not hooded 5

5. Flower-spike dense, 10-30-flowered ; bracts hard, rigid, with

the inner longer than the outer Anapalina N.E.Br.

Flower-spike lax, 1-7-flowered ; bracts herbaceous, with the

outer longer than the inner Homoglossurri Salisb.

44

PETAMENES Salisb. ex N.E. Br. emend.

( Kentrosiphon N.E.Br. ; Chasmanthe N.E.Br. ; Anomalesia N.E.Br.)

Perianth-tube curved, contracted below into a slender basal part, with or without a

short spur or sac ; lobes unequal ; upper lobe much longer than the other five, spathulate,

concave or hooded. Stamens nearly as long as and seated under the upper lobe, arising from

the same or different levels on the perianth-tube. Capsule ellipsoid, shorter than the bracts,

sometimes angular and winged. Seeds many, flat, broadly winged.

Corm small, globose or sub-globose, sometimes producing stolons that end in a corm ;

leaves basal or cauline, linear or ensiform ; stem simple or branched ; spikes solitary or

sometimes up to four ; flowers 3-25 in a spike ; bracts firm or somewhat herbaceous, equal

or unequal.

An African genus of 23 species ; 16 species occur in South Africa extending from South

West Africa through the coastal belt to the Kentani district.

(Type : — P. abbreviatus N.E.Br. = Antholyza quadrangularis Bkr. non Burm.)

The above rearrangement of the genera necessitates certain name changes which are

given below : —

Petamenes cunonia (L.) Phill. — Antholyza cunonia L.

= Anomalesia cunonia (L.) N.E.Br.

P. splendens (Sweet) Phill. = Anisanthus splendens Sweet

= Anomalesia splendens (Sweet) N.E.Br.

P. saccatus (Klatt) Phill. = Anisanthus saccatus Klatt

= Kentrosiphon saccatus (Klatt) N.E.Br.

P. Steingroveri (Pax) Phill. = Antholyza Steingroveri Pax

— Kentrosiphon Steingroveri (Pax) N.E.Br.

P. propinquus (N.E.Br.) Phill. = Kentrosiphon propinquus N.E.Br.

P. gracilis (N.E.Br.) Phill. = Kentrosiphon gracilis N.E.Br.

P. Duftii (Schinz) Phill. = Antholyza Duftii Schinz

= Kentrosiphon Duftii (Schinz) N.E.Br.

P. caffra (Bkr.) Phill. = Antholyza caffra Bkr. non Ker

= Chasmanthe caffra (Bkr.) N.E. Br.

P. bicolor (Gasp.) Phill. = Antholyza bicolor Gasp.

= Chasmanthe bicolor (Gasp.) N.E.Br.

P. intermedia (Bkr.) Phill. = Antholyza intermedia Bkr.

= Chasmanthe intermedia (Bkr.) N.E.Br.

P. aethiopica (L.) Phill. = Antholyza aethiopica L.

= Chasmanthe aethiopica (L.) N.E.Br.

P. Peglerae (N.E.Br.) Phill. = Chasmanthe Peglerae N.E.Br.

P. floribunda (Salisb.) Phill. == Antholyza floribunda Salisb.

= Chasmanthe floribunda (Salisb.) N.E.Br.

P. fucata (Herb.) Phill. = Tritonia fucata Herb.

= Chasmanthe fucata (Herb.) N.E.Br.

P. vittigera (Salisb.) Phill. — Antholyza vittigera Salisb.

= Chasmanthe vitttigera (Salisb.) N.E.Br.

P. spectabilis (Schinz) Phill. = Antholyza spectabilis Schinz

— Chasmanthe spectabilis (Schinz) N.E.Br.

The plant named Petamenes Guthriei by N. E. Brown is a species of Homoglossum and

the new combination is Homoglossum Guthriei (Bolus) Phill.

45

JOSEPH BURTT DAVY.

By M. D. Gunn.

Joseph Burtt Davy, M.A. (Oxon.), Dr. Phil. (Oxon.), Ph.D. (Cantab.), F.R.G.S., F.L.S.,

whose death occurred at Oxford on the 20th August, 1940, was born on the 17th March,

1870, at Findern in Derbyshire. His name will always be associated with the foundation

of the Transvaal Colonial Herbarium that has since developed into the present National

Herbarium.

During the year 1891-92 Burtt Davy was an assistant in the office of the Director of

the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, but resigned owing to ill-health and went to California.

He worked at Berkeley University as a research student and held various botanical posts.

For a short period he was assistant curator in the U.S. Department of Agriculture at

Washington, D.C. During his stay in the States, Burtt Davy wrote several papers on the

vegetation of various parts of the country. These included “ The Stock Ranges of North-

western California ”, “ The Native Vegetation and Crops of the Colorado Delta in the

Salton Basin He wrote the section on the Grarnineae for Jepson’s “ Flora of the Western

Middle California ”.

His connection with South Africa began in May, 1903, when he was appointed Agros-

tologist and Botanist in the newly formed Transvaal Department of Agriculture. Under

the South African Republic there was no Department of Agriculture, nor, with the exception

of a few agricultural societies, was there any agricultural organization whatever, so that

the establishment of a Department of Agriculture represented an entirely new venture in

the history of the agriculture of the Colony. In his first annual report he records having

placed over 3,300 species in the newly formed Herbarium during his year. Burtt Davy

was very interested in the subject of plant introduction and devoted much time to the

introduction of seed and plants from various parts of the world. These were tested out at

the various experiment stations. An outstanding success was the introduction of teff as

a forage crop. His interest in plants was wide and many of his publications deal with

various branches of botany.

In 1905, His Excellency the Lieutenant-Governor appointed Burtt Davy an expert

member of the Committee of the Transvaal Musuem and Zoological Gardens to assist in

the development of the Herbarium in the Museum and to help with the laying out and

planting of the Zoological Gardens.

In 1907 he took charge of the South African Productions Exhibition in London, and

while overseas took the opportunity of visiting southern Europe and northern Africa to

study methods of growing certain warm temperate crops and also to obtain seed of crops

that he considered particularly adaptable to Transvaal conditions. He also paid a visit to

America to study methods of plant breeding with particular reference to maize. While in

England he spent some time at the herbarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew,

studying the types and naming specimens of Transvaal trees. This resulted in the publi-

cation of his “ Geographical Distribution of the Native Trees of the Transvaal ”. He gave

an illustrated lecture on “ The Agricultural and Pastoral possibilities of the Transvaal ” at

the Royal Colonial Institute. This lecture was published in the proceedings of the Society.

46

In 1908 he was instrumental in establishing a large maize breeding station at Yereeniging.

His interest in maize resulted in a comprehensive work published in 1913 under the title

“ Maize, its History, Cultivation, Handling and Uses ”, which remained until recently the

standard work in South Africa on this subject.

At the time of Union, the Transvaal was the only province that had an organised

Division of Botany, and Burtt Davy, as its Chief continued to hold office as Government

Agrostologist and Chief of the Union’s Division of Botany. He resigned this post in 1913

in order to engage in the breeding of farm seeds on his own account at Yereeniging.

After the last war he left South Africa for England and settled at Kew where he began

his work on “ The Flora of the Transvaal and Swaziland ”. Two volumes of this work

have already been published and his loss will be felt the more by South African botanists

as this work at the time of his death was still uncompleted. In 1925 he was appointed

Lecturer in Tropical Forest Botany at the Imperial Forestry Institute, Oxford and retained

the post up to his death.

During the tenure of his lectureship he was responsible for the training of many students

who later filled forestry posts in the Colonial Service. With the help of these students he

built up a large forestry herbarium at Oxford, comprising material from all over the British

Empire. While at Oxford he was one of the co-editors of a series of publications entitled

The Forest Trees and Timbers of the British Empire ”, of which the following

are of particular interest to South African botanists and foresters : —

Some East African Coniferae and Leguminosae.

Fifteen South African High Forest Trees.

Fifteen Uganda Timbers.

Burtt Davy visited the Union in 1929 as a delegate of the Forestry Section of the

British Association for the Advancement of Science. On this occasion he took the oppor-

tunity by personal collection of enriching still further the Forest Herbarium at Oxford.

No account of Burtt Davy’s career would be complete without a reference to his wife,

Mrs. Alice Burtt Davy. This able and gifted American woman whom he married in

California, illustrated many of his contributions and reports on botany.

Burtt Davy was a Council Member of the South African Association for the Advance-

ment of Science as far back as 1908 ; he was elected a Member of the Linnean Society in

1903, a Fellow of the Royal Society of South Africa in 1905, and a Fellow of the Royal

Geographical Society.

Dr. Burtt Davy has without doubt left his mark on South African botany and

agriculture, and during his residence in the country gave loyal and devoted service. A former

Secretary for Agriculture in one of his annual reports, wrote :

“ During the time he was in the Government Service, Mr. Burtt Davy performed

an immense amount of most valuable scientific and educational work, and the services

he rendered the country, particularly in connection with the popularisation of teff

grass, and the assistance and impetus he gave to mealie growing, will always be regarded

as landmarks in the history of South African agriculture ”.

47

SOME SOUTH AFRICAN VALSACEAE.

By Ethel M. Doidge.

Very little is known of fungi, on South African hosts, belonging to the genus Diatrype

and related genera, except for a small number of species collected in the later years of the

19th century by MacOwan and Medley Wood ; most of these were named and described by

Kalchbrenner and Cooke (6).

Part of the type collections of some of these fungi is to be found in the Cryptogamic

Herbarium at Pretoria or in the South African Museum in Cape Town. The type material

of other species appears to consist of small fragments in the Kew Herbarium or in the Berlin

Herbarium.

As opportunity offered, a search has been made for fresh material of MacOwan’s fungi

and those of Medley Wood ; in one or two cases the search was successful, and amongst

the specimens examined there were a number of species apparently undescribed. Some

of these were recently described by Sydow (8) and further species are described in the

present paper, in which are included descriptions of all fungi of this group recorded from

South Africa.

Some of the type collections made by MacOwan and Medley Wood are in excellent

condition, but others are fragmentary and confused, more than a single fungus beihg included

under a single collector’s number. A careful study has been made of the material available,

and it has been possible in most cases to write a detailed description of the older species.

Berlese’s drawings (1) have proved very helpful, and three of them are reproduced. I am

indebted to the Director of the Imperial Mycological Institute for photographs of the original

plates.

During recent years a number of workers, including von Hohnel, Sydow, Theissen,

Petrak and others, have studied the morphology and taxonomy of the stromatic Sphaeriales.

Several systems of classification have been proposed, based in some cases on the imperfect

forms associated with the ascus stage. In particular may be mentioned von Hohnel’s

classification of the Allantosphaeriaceae and Diaportheae (9) and the cultural studies of

Wehmeyer (10).

Except in the case of parasites of cultivated plants, some of which occur only in the

conidial stage in South Africa, information is lacking with regard to the imperfect forms of

the South African species. There has been no opportunity for making cultural studies, an

no conidial forms have been found occurring naturally in association with the ascus forms.

In this preliminary study, therefore, no attempt could be made at a natural classification

and an artificial key to the genera is given. The genera included are those classified in the

family Valsaceae in Volume XXIV of Saccardo’s Sylloge Fungorum.

I am indebted to Miss E. M. Wakefield, to Mr. E. W. Mason and to Dr. H. Sydow for

help and advice in connection with some of the species, and to Mr. A. H. V. King for the

excellent photographs illustrating the paper.

A note seems necessary about the interpretation of the term “ ostiole ” ; there seems

to be no general agreement among mycologists as to the definition of this term. In the

recent description published by Sydow, it is applied to the whole papilla or neck of the

perithecium, and it is used in that sense in this paper.

48

VALSACEAE.

KEY TO GENERA RECORDED PROM SOUTH AFRICA.

A. — Spores allantoid, hyaline or sub-hyaline.

(a) Perithecia caespitose, without distinct stroma.

1. Perithecia beaked Calosphaeria .

2. Perithecia not beaked Erostella.

(b) Perithecia in a stroma.

1. Asci with tapering, persistent stalks, forming a definite, persistent layer ;

ostioles sulcate.

(aa) Stroma formed from the changed matrix, asci 8-spored Eutypella.

(bb) Stroma different from the matrix.

(i) Asci 8-spored Diatrype.

(ii) Asci many-spored Diatrypella.

2. Asci with evanescent stalks, soluble in water, often almost filling the peri-

thecial cavity,

(aa) Ostioles fasciculate, long, protruding, entire or sulcate Peroneutypella .

(bb) Ostioles converging, not protruding or slightly so, entire Valsa.

B. — Spores 1-celled, hyaline, not allantoid, stroma valsiform, perithecia circinate Cryptosporella.

C. — Spores hyaline, 1-septate Diaporthe.

D. — Spores brown, 1-septate.

(a) Stroma phyllogenous Pseudothis.

(b) Stroma not phyllogenous Valsaria.

E. — Spores hyaline, 2- or more-septate.

(a) Stroma superficial Holstiella.

(b) Stroma immersed ' Calospora.

CALOSPHAERIA Tul.

Select. Fung. Carp. (1861-1865).

Stroma none, perithecia free or seated on the inner bark, scattered, or more frequently

collected in more or less distinctly circinate groups. Ostioles more or less elongated. Asci

clavate, generally racemose-fasciculate, sessile or stipitate, 8-spored. Paraphyses usually

much longer than the asci, stout, evanescent. Spores allantoid.

Calosophaeria princeps Tul.

Sel. Fung. Carp. II. p. 109 ; Sacc. Syll. Fung. I. p. 95 ; Ellis and Everhart, North.

Amer. Pyren. (1892) p. 507.

Plate 1.

Stroma none. Perithecia lying on the surface of the inner bark, and attached to it in

groups which are round to elliptic in outline, scattered and mostly up to 5 mm. diam.

Perithecia densely crowded, black, smooth, shining, globose, circinate, 450-600/x diam.,

narrowing suddenly above into the ostioles. Ostioles prolonged into long necks, which are

centripetal, converging towards a crack in the outer bark which is slightly raised, very long.

49

fiexous, cylindrical, about 150 p thick ; becoming fasciculate, ascending and finally erect

near the apex in the centre of the group. Perithecial wall blackish-brown, sub-opaque,

firm, membranous, 30-50 p thick, composed of roundish-angular, rather thin-walled cells

4-7 -5 p diam. ; at the point of attachment to the inner bark, the wall is continuous with

a short foot of smaller-celled tissue (cells 2-2 '5 p diam.) which penetrates into the tissue

of the host, and resolves itself into light brown, tortuous, branching hyphae 2-2-5 p thick,

which penetrate more deeply into the host tissues.

Asci very numerous, 8-spored, clavate, rounded above, tapering below into a slender

hyaline stalk, sp. part 18-26 X 3-5-5 p. Paraphyses very numerous, simple, hyaline,

rather thick, far exceeding the asci. Spores loosely conglobate, hyaline, allantoid, rounded

at the ends, 4-6 X 1-25-1 -5 p.

on Prunus armeniaca L., on dead branches, Swinburne near Harrismith, Petty, 2237 ;

Dundee, Doidge, 15499.

Prunus persica Stokes, Marianthall, Ixopo, Pole Evans, 5609 ; Parys, Town Cleric,

14107.

Erostella (Sacc.) Trav.

FI. ital. Crypt. Fung. Pyren. fasc. I (1906) p. 155.

Syn. Togninia Berl. Icon. Fung. Ill (1900) p. 9.

Calosphaeria, sub-gen. Erostella Sacc. Syll. Fung. I (1882) p. 101.

Like Calosphaeria, but perithecia not beaked.

Erostella quatemarioides (Berl.) Sacc.

Syll. Fung. XXII (1913) p. 353.

Syn. Togninia quatemarioides Berl. leones Fung. Ill (1900) Tab. XIV fig. 1.

Plate 4 a.

Perithecia developed in the cortex, in valsiform acervulae, in groups of 4-5, covered

by the raised periderm, ovoid, or, not infrequently, angular through compression, black,

500 p diam., constricted above into a thick ostiole traversed by a pore.

Asci clavulate, 30-40 X 6-7 p, tapering below into a long, slender stalk. Spores

allantoid, pale greenish yellow, 8-12 X 3-4 p.

on branches, South Africa ; associated with Peroneutypella cylindrica (Kalch. et Cke.)

Berl. 8

This fungus was not detected on the type material of P. cylindrica in Kew Herbarium

nor was it found in recent collections of this fungus. The above description is after Berlese

and his drawing is reproduced.

Eutypella Nits, (ut sub-gen.)

Pyren. Germ. 2 (1870) p. 163 ; Sacc. Consp. Gen. Pyr. (1876) p. 4.

Stroma usually well developed, effuse or isolated, bounded by a dark marginal zone,

formed from fungus hyphae permeating the host tissues which are more or less altered.

Perithecia usually erumpent in groups ; ostioles not protruding or slightly so, sulcate. Asci

8-spored. Spores allantoid, 1-celled, yellowish to brownish.

50

KEY TO SPECIES.

A. — Stroma effuse, spores 8-15 X 2-2-5 y.... Eu. Acaciae.

B. — Stroma limited.

(ft) Ostioles 400 y long or more, usually longer than the perithecia.

1. Spores 5-6-5 X 1 ft, on Lycium Eu. Lycii.

2. Spores 4-9 X 1 • 5-2 y.

(i) on deciduous trees Eu. stelMata.

(ii) on Citrus j Eu. citricola.

( b ) Ostioles up to 350 y long, usually shorter than the perithecia.

(i) Perithecia 500-700 y diam Eu. MacOwani.

(ii) Perithecia 200-400 y diam Eu. Doidgeae.

Eutypella Acaciae Doidge nov. sp.

Plate 6 c.

Stromata widely effuse, developing in the cortex, ca. 2-8 cm. long and up to 2 cm.,

broad, irregular, the limits being indicated by black lines in the outer layers of the wood ;

consisting of a pale to dark fungous tissue amongst the cells of the host, which are unaltered

or only slightly so.

Perithecia monostichous, scattered or in irregular series, sometimes solitary, but

usually in groups of 2-5, rarely up to 8, completely immersed, globose to ovate, occasionally

flat-sided through mutual pressure, 330-550 /a diam., 400-529 /x high, narrowing suddenly

above into rather thick, cylindrical ostioles. Ostioles more or less convergent, rather

closely connate and fused with the tissue of the stroma, seldom single, usually in groups,

300-350 fj. long, protuding slightly but definitely through cracks in the periderm, delicately

3-5-sulcate, traversed by a pore which is lined with copious fine, hyaline, spreading peri-

physes. Perithecial wall firm, membranous, blackish-brown, composed of several layers of

compressed cells, about 20 /x thick at the base and sides, giving place within to a rather

loosely woven, hyaline, filamentous, concentric layer about equal in thickness. Asci very

numerous, clavate, 8-spOred, sp. part ellipsoid to fusoid, rounded above, 35-40 X 6-6-5 q.

tapering below into a long slender stalk. Spores distichous to tristichous, pale olivaceous,

allantoid, continuous, rounded at the ends, more or less curved, outer wall often semi-

circular, 8-15 X 2-2-5 /x.

on dead branches of Acacia ataxacantha D.C., Kromxivier, Rustenburg Distr., Doidge

and Bottomley, 30476.

Eutypella Lycii Doidge, nov. sp.

Stromata scattered, or in irregular rows paraded with the axis of the stem, discrete,

rather distant from one another, black, carbonaceous, up to 1-5 mm. diam,, conical truncate

on a circular or broadly elliptic base, grossly verrucose at the surface, immersed in the cortex

from which the ostioles only are erumpent.

Lower part of the stroma consisting of a hyaline or sub-hyaline, filamentous, more or

less closely interwoven fungous tissue, interrupted by the golden yellow, slightly altered

remnants of the tissue of the host ; becoming more closely interwoven and brown above,

where it is traversed by the ostioles, and at the sides, where the periderm of the host is

firmly adherent ; at the surface, from which the ostioles protude, there is a carbonaceous

crust consisting of blackish-brown, opaque, round to angular, parenchymatous cells, 4-6 /x

diam.

Perithecia monostichous, usually 1-7, rarely 8-13 in each stroma, arranged in a circle

or somewhat irregularly, globose to ovate, or flat-sided through mutual pressure, 350-450 y

diam., 400-475 /x high, narrowing suddenly above into the ostioles. Ostioles more or less

51

curved, 500-550 p long, convergent, cylindrical below, broadening somewhat towards the

apex, which is rather deeply 3-5-sulcate and which protrudes slightly from the stroma ;

traversed by a narrow funnel-shaped pore, which is about 60 p broad at the base and widens

upwards and is lined with numerous, fine, hyaline, ascending periphyses. Perithecial wall

firm, membranous, about 25 p thick, composed of several layers of rather thin-walled,

blackish -brown, compressed cells, which give place internally to a concentric, hyaline,

filamentous layer of about equal thickness ; in the ostioles, the cells are light yellow-brown,

translucent, elongated, in more or less regular rows following the course of the ostioles,

becoming darker and shorter upwards and terminating in a blackish-brown, opaque tissue

similar to that of the stromatic crust. Asci very numerous, 8-spored, clavate, less frequently

sub-fusiform, total length 35-40 p, rounded above, tapering below into a slender stalk of

varying length, sp. part 25-28 X 3-75-5 p. Spores distichous, continuous, allantoid,

rounded at the ends, more or less curved, rarely almost straight, sub-hyaline, pale olivaceous

in mass, 5-6-5 X 1 p. Paraphyses not seen.

on branches of Lycium echinatum Dun., Aliwal North, Pienaar , 2094.

Spegazzini has described Eutypella andicola (Syll. Fung. 24 p. 723) on Lycium spp.

from the Argentine. No specimen of this species has been available for comparison, but

judging from the description, it differs considerably from the fungus described above.

Eutypella MacOwani Doidge nov. sp.

Plate 8 a.

Stromata single, scattered irregularly or somewhat crowded over large areas of the

branch, usually discrete, rarely becoming confluent, more or less circular in outline,

occasionally elliptic, broadly truncate conoid, 1-2 mm. diam., pushing up the periderm

into raised pustules which split in more or less stellate fashion ; the surface of the stroma

becomes more or less erumpent, often remaining partly veiled by the torn periderm.

The lower part of the stroma consists of a filamentous, more or less closely interwoven

fungous tissue among the golden yellow to brown elements of the host, which are not altered

or only slightly so. At the surface there is a brittle, black, opaque, carbonaceous crust,

45-80 p thick, traversed by the ostioles and consisting of blackish-brown, irregularly angular

cells 4-6 p diam. With age, the outer crust often breaks away, leaving the ostioles and

the upper part of the perithecia exposed.

Perithecia monostichous, 3-6, rarely up to 10 in a single stroma, globose or broadly

ovate, rarely flat sided through lateral pressure, 500-700 p diam., 600-800 p high, narrowing

suddenly above into thick, cylindrical ostioles. Ostioles 200-300 p long, 200-300 p thick,

usually separately erumpent, not protruding or very slightly so, 3-5-sulcate, traversed by a

broad pore which is lined with numerous hyaline periphyses. Perithecial wall rather thick,

membranous, blackish-brown, opaque, 20-25 p thick, less frequently up to 30 p thick,

giving place internally to a pale yellowish concentric, filamentous layer 8-10 p thick. Asci

very numerous, 8-spored, clavate, rounded above, tapering below into a long, slender stalk,

sp. part 20-30 X 5-6 p. Spores distichous, allantoid, more or less curved, rarely almost

straight, sub-hyaline, light yellow brown in mass, 7-5-10 X 1-75-2-5 p Paraphyses not

seen.

on branches of unknown tree' (? Somerset East), MacOuan 13346, 22005. In Herb.

Kew sub Diatrype Durieui Mont. [Grevillea X (1882) p. 146].

According to Ellis and Everhart (3, p. 570) D. Durieui is a synonym for D. albopruinosa,

which is a true Diatrype with 10-30 perithecia in a stroma and spores 12-16 X 2-5-4 p.

MacOwan 1344b differs in external appearance from the type of Diatrype Durieui in Kew

Herbarium and the host is different ; the type is on oak branches from Algeria.

It is difficult to obtain accurate measurements of the asci, as they disintegrate very

readily in the old material.

52

Eutypella stellulata Fr. (Sacc.).

Syll. Fung. I (1882) p. 149 ; Ell. and Ev., North Ainer. Pyren. (1892) p. 489 ; Hopkins,

Trans. Rhod. Sc. Ass, 35 (1938) p. 101.

Syn. : Valsa stellulata Fr. Summ. Yeg. Scand. p. 311 ; Medley Wood, Rept. Natal Bot,

Grdns. (1898) p. 19.

Plate 7 b, c.

Stromata scattered over large areas of the stem, minute, round to elliptic in outline,

1-2 mm. diam., sometimes becoming confluent in small groups, black, carbonaceous, verru-

cose ; developing in the cortex, pushing up the periderm into raised pustules which soon

crack irregularly or in stellate fashion ; the periderm remains partly veiling the stroma,

from which only the groups of black sulcate ostioles are erumpent.

The inner part of the stroma consists of a fungous tissue formed of more or less closely

interwoven, sub-hyaline to dark brown hyphae, interrupted by the unaltered or slightly

altered cells of the host. At the surface this becomes more closely compacted, and forms

an irregular, carbonaceous, opaque, black crust, 20-35 p thick, interrupted by the groups

of ostioles.

Perithecia usually 2-12 in a single stroma, ovate to oblong, closely crowded, often

flat-sided through mutual pressure, 200-375 p diam., 500-600 p high, narrowing above

suddenly or rather gradually into rather long, cylindrical ostioles. Ostioles cylindrical,

convergent, fasciculate, 400-700 p long, erumpent in groups, connate — at least below-

protruding up to 500 p from the stroma, traversed by an irregular pore, 15-25 p diam.,

which is rather sparsely lined with short, hyaline periphyses. Perithecial wall firm, mem-

branous, opaque, blackish-brown, 20-30 p thick, formed of several layers of compressed,

angular, dark brown cells ca. 4-5 p diam. ; giving place internally to a sub-hyaline,

concentric, filamentous layer ca. 10 p thick. Asci numerous, 8-spored, clavate, rounded

above, tapering below into a long, slender stalk, sp. part 35-50 X 5-6 p. Spores distichous,

allantoid, tapering somewhat to rounded ends, slightly curved, rarely almost straight,

sub-hyaline, light yellowish brown in mass, 4-8 X 1-5-2 p, rarely up to 11 x 2 p.

on dry sticks, Inanda, Medley Wood 574, 9493, 11109.

on branch of Pyrus malus L., Concession, S. Rhodesia, Hopkins 3646.

This fungus seems to agree well with Eu. stellulata, which occurs commonly on limbs

of deciduous trees in the United States and in Europe. The spore measurements agree with

those given by Ellis and Everhart (loc. cit.) rather than with those in Saccardo’s description.

I am indebted to Dr. J. C. Hopkins for a portion of his material of Eu. stellulata on Pyrus.

Eutypella citricola Syd.

Hedwigia XLIX (1909) p. 80 ; Sacc. Syll. Fung. XXII, p. 357.

Plate 7 d, e.

Stromata crowded, round to elliptic in outline, 0-75-2 mm. diam., black, pulvinate,

often becoming confluent and fused into larger, compound bodies ; developing in the cortex

and pushing up the periderm, which becomes raised, pustuliform and finally raptures

irregularly, exposing the 3-5-sulcate ostioles. The stroma remains veiled by torn fragments

of the periderm.

The lower part of the stroma consists of a pale to dark brown fungous tissue, formed of

more or less closely interwoven hyphae, 3-4 p thick, interrupted by the slightly altered or

unaltered cells of the host. This becomes more firmly compacted above and at the sides,

forming a blackish-brown, opaque, carbonaceous crust, 50-75 p thick.

Perithecia monostichous, 6-12 in a single stroma, ovate to oblong, closely crowded and

usually flat-sided through lateral pressure, 250-400 p diam., 550-600 p high, narrowing

suddenly, or rather gradually above into the cylindrical ostioles. Ostioles fasciculate,

connate, 400-450 p long, erumpent in groups and protruding 200-400 p from the stroma ;

usually ca 200 p broad ; Traversed by a pore 40-60 p broad lined with numerous,

53

hyaline periphyse. Perithecial wall firm, membranous, blackish-brown, sub-opaque,

15-25 p thick ; composed of several layers of closely interwoven, rather thin- walled

hyphae 3-4 p thick, giving place rather gradually within to a hyaline or sub -hyaline,

filamentous, concentric layer about half its thickness. Asci 8-spored, very numerous,

clavate, rounded above, tapering below into a long, slender stalk, sp. part ellipsoid to

clavate, 30-40 X 4-5 p. Spores distichous, allantoid, broadly rounded at the ends, slightly

curved, rarely almost straight, fuscous, yellow brown in massa, 6-9 X 1-75-2 p.

on dead wood of Citrus sinensis Osbeck, Maritzburg, Natal, Ackerman (Rump 150)

28468a.

Compared with a specimen from the Philippines identified by Rehm (Baker’s Fungi

Malayana 137). The South African fungus agrees very well with this collection.

Eutypella Doidgeae Syd.

Ann. Myc. 37 (1939) 189-190.

Plate 8 b, c.

Stromata single, scattered irregularly ; or in irregular groups of varying size, and then

often closely crowded, and not infrequently confluent or fused in groups of two or more ;

more or less circular in outline, broadly truncate-conoid, 0-5-1 5 mm. diam., pushing up

the periderm into raised pustules, which split irregularly or in stellate fashion ; usually

only the groups of ostioles are erumpent.

The lower part of the stroma consists of a filamentous, small-celled, more or less closely

woven fungous tissue, interrupted by vestiges of the substratum, which are not altered or

only slightly ; above there is a rather brittle, carbonaceous crust, traversed by the ostioles,

and consisting of an almost opaque, blackish-brown, parenchymatous tissue of irregularly

angular, rather thick-walled cells, 4-8 p diam.

Perithecia monostichous, usually 2-6, seldom more, completely immersed in the

stroma, globose or broadly ovate, often flat-sided through lateral pressure, 200-400 p diam.,

400-500 p high, narrowing suddenly above into the thick, cylindrical ostioles ; ostioles

somewhat elongated, usually definitely protruding, 150-200 p thick, up to 350 p long, seldom

single, usually erumpent in groups and rather closely connate below, delicately or rather

deeply 3-5-sulcate. Perithecial wall rather thick, membranous, mostly about 20 p thick,

composed of closely compressed, rather thick-walled, translucent, blackish-brown cells,

which give place internally to a hyaline, concentric, filamentous layer of about equal

thickness. Asci very numerous, 8-spored, clavate, less frequently sub-fusiform, broadly

rounded above, tapering gradually downwards into a stalk which varies in length, sp. part

28-45 X 5-7 p. Spores distichous or imperfectly tristichous, obtusely rounded at the ends

not tapering or very slightly so, weakly allantoid, seldom straight, 1 -celled, fight yellow-

brown, rather dark reddish brown in mass, 7-10-5 X 2-2-5 p. Paraphyses comparatively

numerous, but early collapsing and becoming unrecognisable.

on dead branches of Halleria lucida L., Trigaartspoort, Pretoria distr., Doidge and

Bottomley, 30378 ; Boschfontein, Rustenburg distr., Doidge and Bottomley, 30897.

Diatrype Fr. emend. Wehm.

Amer. Jour. Bot. XIII (1926) p. 637.

Stroma usually well developed, effuse or isolated. Ectostroma strongly developed and

deciduous. Entostroma forming a widely erumpent disk, dark marginal zone present.

Perithecia immersed in the stroma, ostioles parallel or scarcely converging, sulcate. Asci

8-pored, with more or less elongated, persistent stalks, resulting in a definite, persistent

layer of ascifining the walls of the perithecium. Ascospores allantoid, 1-celled, yellowish-

hyaline.

54

KEY TO SOUTH AFRICAN SPECIES.

A. — Ostioles long, protruding 200-250 p from the stroma.

(a) Ostioles 300-400 n long ; spores 6-8 X 1 -75-2 p D. Doryalidis.

(b) Ostioles 450-550 p long ; Spores 6-10 X 2-2-5 p D. xumenensis.

B. — Ostioles 150-300 p long, protruding slightly ; spores 10-15 X 2-5-3 p D. conferta.

C. — Ostioles comparatively short, not protruding or barely so.

(а) Inner stroma yellow to orange D. auristroma.

(б) Inner stroma sub-hyaline to brown.

(1) Perithecia 300-600 p diam. ; spores 7-11 - 5X1 -75-2 -5 p D. caulina.

(2) Perithecia 180-300 p diam. ; spores 7 • 5-10 X 2-2-75p D. MacOwaniana

(3) Perithecia 300-400 p diam. ; spores 10-12-5 X 2-2 -5 p D. Leonotidis.

(4) Perithecia 300-450 p diam. ; spores 10-15 X 2 -5-3 p D. caminata.

Diatrype Doryalidis Doidge, nov. sp.

Plate 9 a.

Stromata at first scattered, then more or less closely crowded in groups of varying size ;

immersed in the cortex and pushing up the periderm into raised pustules, which finally

rupture irregularly or instellate fashion, exposing the deeply 3-5-sulcate ostioles ; the stroma

remains partly veiled by the closely adhering periderm. Stromata small, round to elliptic,

0-5-1 mm. diam., discrete, or confluent in groups of 2-3 or more and becoming fused.

The ground tissue of the stroma is hyaline to light yellowish brown, without definitely

recognisable structure ; at the surface and sides, this gives place to a dark brown, sub-

opaque outer crust, 30-75 [x thick, composed of golden brown to dark brown, round to

angular cells 2.5-5 /x diam. ; at the sides it forms a line of demarcation between individual

stromata ; on the surface it is partly veiled by torn remnants of the periderm, which adhere

to it.

Perithecia 2-6 in a single stroma, arranged in a circle or line, ovate to oblong, often

flat-sided through mutual pressure, 300-450 p. diam., 450-500 /x high ; narrowed suddenly

or rather gradually above into long, cylindrical ostioles. Ostioles parallel or converging

slightly, traversing the outer crust of the stroma and fused with it, 300-400 /x long, of which

ca. 250 [x protrudes from the stroma, broadening somewhat at the sulcate apex which is

200-250 /x diam. ; traversed by a pore ca. 100 /x diam. and lined with numerous, fine

hyaline periphyses. Perithecial wall firm, membranous, dark brown, sub-opaque, 20-35 /x

thick, composed of golden brown to blackish-brown, thin-walled, angular cells 2.5-5 /x

diam. ; giving place gradually within to a sub-hyaline, concentric, filamentous layer of

about equal thickness. Asci very numerous, 8-spored, clavate, rounded above, tapering

below into a very long, slender, hyaline stalk, 30-40 X 5-6 /x. Spores distichous, allantoid,

sub-hyaline, yellow brown in mass, rounded at the ends, not tapering, more or less curved,

rarely almost straight, 6-8 X 1-75-2 /x.

on stems of Doryalis rhamnoides (Burch.) Harv., Knysna, Bottomley, 231060.

Diatrype xumenensis Doidge, nov. sp.

Plates 2 b. and 9 b.

Stromata scattered widely and irregularly, sometimes quite discrete, but usually more

or less closely massed together and forming parallel rows or series oi varying length, following

the direction of the fibres of the host ; at first covered, erumpent only at the apex through

irregular fissures in the periderm ; finally becoming more or less free, but still covered by

adhering shreds of the tissues of the host. Stromata round or elliptic in outline,- verrucose

or pulvinate, about 1 mm. diam. ; when closely crowded, becoming more or less completely

fused, and forming compound, linear stromata up to 1 cm. long ; these often occur in closely

crowded groups, and finally form larger stromatal cushions up to 3 cm. long and 5 mm.

wide.

55

Outer crust of the stroma carbonaceous, rather brittle when old, consisting of round

or angular, thick-walled, translucent, blackish-brown cells about 5-8 p diam. ; ground tissue

light to dark brown, at the sides composed of cells elongated in a vertical direction ; structure

between the perithecia not readily recognisable.

Perithecia completely immersed in the stroma, 2-8 in each individual stroma, arranged

more or less in a circle or in a row, monostichous, closely crowded, becoming more or less

flat-sided and irregular through lateral pressure, 200-450 p diam., 450-550 p high, often

somewhat flattened at the base, where they are seated on the woody elements of the host ;

narrowing suddenly or rather gradually above into the cylindrical ostioles. Ostioles parallel

or somewhat convergent, connate below and fused to the stromatal crust, 450-550 /a long,

protruding ca. 200 p from the stroma, 150-300 p thick, entire or delicately sulcate, traversed

by a pore 70-90 p broad and lined with fine hyaline periphyses. Perithecial wall firm

membranous, variable in thickness, mostly 16-25 /x thick at the base and sides, composed

of several layers of blackish-brown, compressed, sub-opaque cells, becoming paler and less

definite in structure internally and gradually giving place to a hyaline, filamentous,

concentric layer. Asci very numerous, 8-spored, clavate, sp. part ellipsoid or somewhat

fusoid, 40-45 X 5-5-6-5 /x, rounded above, tapering below into a long, slender stalk.

Spores distichous or imperfectly tristichous, cylindrical, rounded at the ends, allantoid, more

or less curved, sub-hyaline, light yellow-brown in mass, 6-10 X 2-2-5 p.

on dead branches, Xumeni Forest near Donnybrook, Morgan and Doidge, 28919.

Diatrype auristroma Doidge nov. sp.

Plates 2 a and 11 a, b.

Stromata usually in groups, less frequently more or less scattered ; at first immersed in

the cortex with only the black-shining ostioles visible ; finally becoming more or less free.

The bark breaks away, leaving the stromata exposed, but with shreds of the hoist tissues

adhering to them and partly veiling the surface. Stromata round to elliptic, or elongated

in the direction of the fibres of the host, 1-6 mm. long, 1-1-5 mm. broad, pulvinate, up

to 1 - 5 mm. high ; usually crowded together in groups up to ca. 2 cm. long and 5 mm. broad.

Stroma seated on the wood or the inner layers of the cortex, attached all along the base,

or base more or less contracted ; in the latter case the basal part is sterile and is traversed

by remnants of the host tissues ; the ground tissue between the perithecia consists of cells

elongated in a vertical direction. The stroma is bounded by a dark brown layer, 12-15 /x

thick, composed of small parenchymatous cells 3-5 /x diam. ; this is sharply defined at the

sides, but at the upper surface, where it is interrupted by the ostioles of tbe perithecia, it

goes over gradually into the ground tissue of the stroma. The ground tissue is golden to

orange brown (in Ridgway, Colour Standards and Nomencalture, raw siena shading in

places, especially at the base to xanthine orange) ; the outer stromatal crust often becomes

brittle with age and breaks away, revealing the yellow inner stroma.

Perithecia 5-30, closely crowded, monostichous or sub-distichous (the latter more

frequent in stromata with contracted base), ovate, oblong or irregular in shape through

mutual pressure, 450-900 /a high, 220-450 /x diam. ; narrowing above, suddenly or rather

gradually into a very short, thick ostiole. Ostioles usually broadly funnel-shaped, less

frequently cylindrical, 120-180 p long, barely protruding, 100-150 /x broad at the base and

broadening upwards to about 200 /x at the 3-5-sulcate apex ; traversed by a broad pore,

lined with numerous hyaline periphyses. Perithecial wall equal in thickness throughout,

even in the ostioles, 10-12 p thick, dark brown, sub-opaque, composed of several layers of

thin-walled, slightly compressed, parenchymatous cells ca. 10-12 p diam., giving place

suddenly within to a pale golden layer of equal thickness. Asci very numerous, 8-spored,

clavate, rounded and somewhat thickened at the apex, sp. part 30-36 X 5-6 /x, tapering

below into a very long, slender stalk. Spores distichous, sub-hyaline or yellowish, olive

ochre in mass, allantoid, curved, rarely almost straight, rounded at the ends, not tapering

6-8-5 X 1-5-1-75 p.

56

on dead branches of Xymalos monos fora Baill., Marwaqa Forest, near Bulwer, Morgan

and Doidge, 31073 ; Xumeni Forest, near Donnybrook, Morgan and Doidge, 28929.

on dead branches of Mimusofs Zeyheri Sond., Boschfontein, Rustenburg Distr., Doidge

and Bottornley, 30171.

Diatrype caulina Syd.

Ann. Myc. 37 (1939) pp. 184-186.

Plates 3 b and 9 c.

Stromata in dark spots on the stems, rarely solitary, usually more or less crowded in

groups of two or more ; these groups are usually irregular, but elongated in the direction

of the stem axis, often combining to form irregularly undulating stromatal ribbons of

varying breadth. Stromata round to broadly elliptic in outline, rather strongly convex,

verrucose or pulvinate, folded or grooved at the surface, 0-7-1 -5 mm. diam., or up to 2 rum.

long and 1-1 • 5 mm. broad ; sometimes they are placed in short parallel rows, become

confluent and fused and form larger compound stromata.

Outer crust of stroma brittle, carbonaceous, 25-80 /x thick, parenthymatous in structure,

composed of cells which are almost opaque, blackish-brown, rather thick-walled, irregularly

angular, 6-14 p. diam. The ground tissue between the perithecia is almost hyaline, without

definitely recognisable structure.

Perithecia few, usually 1-6 in a single stroma, monostichous, rather distant from one

another, hence globose, rarely flattened by lateral pressure, 300-600 /x diam., seldom

somewhat larger. Ostioles rather short, broadly cylindrical, not protruding from the

stroma or very slightly so, entire or very delicately sulcate, traversed by a pore ca. 50-70 /x

broad and lined with copious, hyaline, short, spreading periphyses. Perithecial wall

membranous, becoming brittle with age, of varying thickness, usually 20-30 /x thick, com-

posed of more or less numerous layers of strongly compressed cells ; these are translucent,

blackish-brown, irregularly angular, up to 15 /x diam., giving place suddenly within to a

sub-hyaline, concentric, filamentous layer. Asci very numerous, clavate or sub-fusiform,

broadly rounded above, tapering gradually below into a rather long, delicate stalk, sp.

part 26-38 X 4-5-6-2/x. Spores distichous or incompletely tristichous, cylindrical,

rounded at both ends, allantoid, only slightly curved, seldom almost straight, continuous

sub-hyaline, light yellowish-brown in mass, 7-11-5 X 1 -7-2-5 /a. Paraphyses rather

numerous, but breaking down early and becoming unrecognisable.

on dead stems of Asparagus sp., Dooley, near Mont-aux-Sources, Doidge, 13792.

Diatrype MacOwaniana Thiim.

Fungi austro-africani V No. 117, in Flora (1877) p. 4; Sacc. Syll. Fung. I. p. 196.

Syn : Diatrype capensis Kalch. et Cke. (not as figured by Berlese) Grevillea IX (1880)

p. 28 ; Sacc. Syll. Fung. I. p. 195.;

Diatrype Bona-spei Berl. Icon. Fung. Ill (1900) p. 87 ; t. 106, f. 2 ; Sacc. Syll. Fung.

XVII (1905) p. 571 ; “ in herb. Berol, sub nomine err. ‘ Diatrype capensis ’

Plate 10.

Stromata scattered over the surface of the stem, often numerous, more or less crowded

and becoming coalsecent in small groups of 2-3, round to irregular in outline, minute, rarely

exceeding 1 mm. in diam., sometimes up to 1-5 mm. ; at first completely immersed in the

cortex, pushing up the periderm into raised pustules ; the periderm finally ruptures,

remaining adherent to the sides of the stroma, but exposing its black, pulvinate or somewhat

verrucose surface.

Outer crust of stroma rather brittle, opaque, brownish-black, carbonaceous ; ground

tissue between the perithecia sub-hyaline to pale yellowish-brown and without recognisable

structure.

57

Perithecia 2-8 in a single stroma, arranged in a circle or more or less irregularly,

monostichous, sub-globose to ovate, often becoming ellipsoid to oblong through mutual

lateral pressure, 180-300 p diam., 300-400 p high, narrowing suddenly above into rather

short, thick, cylindrical ostioles. Ostioles parallel or somewhat convergent, 150-200 p long,

not protruding from the stroma or very slightly so, fused at the apex with the black outer

crust of the stroma ; traversed by a pore 50-60 p diam., which is lined with numerous, fine,

hyaline periphyses. Perithecial wall firm, dark brown, sub-opaque, about 10 p thick. Asci

numerous, lining the perithecial cavity, clavate, 8-spored, sp. part 35-40 X 5-6-5 p,

tapering below into a long, slender stalk. Spores distichous or imperfectly tristichous,

very pale, olivaceous, light yellow brown in mass, continuous, allantoid, rounded at the

ends, only very slightly curved, 7-5-10 X 2-27-5 p.

on stems of Cassinopsis capensis Sond., Boschberg, Somerset East, MacOwan 1264,

20951a.

Diatrype MacOwaniana was described by von Thiimen (loc. cit.) in 1876 ; the type

collection was MacOwan 1264, the host being given as Cassine capensis. It seems evident

that a clerical error was made in transcribing the name of the host, which is Cassinopsis

capensis Sond. Cassine capensis L. is a shrub limited ‘to the south-western Cape, and it is

unlikely that it would be found growing in the Boschberg, near Somerset East.

In Grevillea X (1882) the same collection, MacOwan 1264, was quoted by Kalchbrenner

and Cooke as the type of Diatrype capensis, the host being correctly given as Cassinopsis

cape'nsis.

Berlese (leones III, p. 95) quoted the original description of D. MacOwaniana, which

he said he had not seen. He found two different fungi included in the type collection of

D. capensis, and described and figured under this name a fungus with spores 4-5 X 1 -5 p

(In the original description of D. capensis, the spores are said to be 10 X 2 p.

Berlese also described and figured as a new species Diatrype Bona-spei, “ Ex specim.

Diatrype capensis a cl. MacOwan lectis in Herb. Musaei Berol. servatis et mihi a cl. Prof.

J. Urban benevole communicatis ”. This fungus has spores 9-11 X 2-2-5 p that is to say,,

they agree in measurement with those of D. capensis as described by Kalchbrenner and

Cooke.

In a recent letter Dr. Sydow stated that the portions of MacOwan’s collections in the

Berlin Herbarium were very small and in poor condition, and an examination of these

failed to clear up the species described by Berlese.

The material in Kew Herbarium is also somewhat fragmentary. The portion of the

collection MacOwan 1264 in the cryptogamic herbarium at Pretoria consists of a small

branch of Cassinopsis capensis and two small pieces of bark from a different tree. The former

has been given the number 20951a, and is obvionsly part of the collection from which both

D. MacOwaniana and D. Capensis were described. The latter (20951b) is identical with

a specimen at Kew under the name “ Diatrype cangesta K. et Cke, Cape, Kalchbrenner

It 23 I am unable to find any description of this species, and as the material is in very

poor condition, being too old to show either spores or asci, it must be disregarded.

The fungus on Rubus, MacOwan 1350, 1344 (Herb. Kew and Pretoria Nos. 21998,

22005) quoted under the name Diatrype capensis in Grevillea (l.c.) differs from that on

Cassinopsis capensis ; the material is all too old for detailed study, lacking both asci and

spores, and must be disregarded until it can be found again in better condition.

The name Diatrype MacOwaniana Thiirn. must therefore be adopted for the collection

MacOwan 1264, which is on Cassinopsis capensis ; D. capensis K. et Cke. is the same fungus.

Berlese’s species D. Bona-spei agrees in spore measurements with those given in the

original description of D. capensis, and his other details and drawings conform with the

general structure of that species ; the name D. Bona-spei must also be regarded as a

synonym for D. MacOwaniana. Berlese’s drawing is reproduced, for comparison with a

photograph of a section made from MacOwan 1264.;

It is impossible to say what Berlese described and figured as Diatrype capensis, with

spores 4-5 x 1-5 p.

58

Diatrype Leonotidis Doidge nov. sp.

Plate 9 d.

Stromata usually scattered fairly evenly over the surface of the stem, usually discrete,

round or somewhat elongated, minute up to 2-5 p. diam. ; occasionally, when numerous

and crowded, 2 or more become fused and form larger, irregular compound stromata.

Stromata at first completely immersed in the cortex, pushing up the periderm into raised

pustules ; the periderm finally ruptures in stellate fashion or irregularly, remaining closely

adherent at the sides, but exposing more or less the black, pulvinate or verrucose surface

of the stroma, which often remains partially veiled by torn fragments of the periderm.

The stroma consists of a rather brittle, sub-opaque, carbonaceous outer crust, about

50 /x thick, composed of roundish-angular, blackish-brown cells 3-5-5 /x diam.; within

the ground tissue between the perithecia is sub-hyaline to pale yellowish brown, compact,

but without recognisable structure.

Perithecia usually 3-5, rarely up to 8 in a single stroma, arranged in a circle or more

or less irregularly, monostichous, globose to ovate, often flattened laterally by mutual

pressure, 300-400 /x diam., narrowing suddenly above into the rather short, thick, cylindrical

ostioles. Ostioles parallel or somewhat convergent, 100-150 fi long, not protruding from

the stroma, or protruding shghtly, and then rather shining black and deeply 3-5 sulcate ;

traversed by a pore about 50-75 /x broad, which is cylindrical, or broadens upwards to ca.

85-87 -5 /x ; it is lined with comparatively coarse, spreading hyaline periphyses. Perithecial

wall firm, membranous, mostly 12-15 /x thick, composed of several layers of compressed,

angular, blackish-brown, rather thin-walled, translucent cells ; giving place internally to a

hyaline, concentric, filamentous layer of about equal thickness. Asci numerous, clavate,

8-spored, sp. part fusiform, 35-45 X 6-8 /x, rounded above, tapering below into a long

slender stalk. Spores distichous, continuous, allantoid, light yellow brown, slightly curved,

10-12-5 X 2-2-5 /x. Paraphyses hyaline, filiform, about 1 /x thick.

on dying stems of Leonotis sp., Hlabini, Polela Distr., Doidge, 29821.

Diatrype caminata Kalch. et Cke.

Grevillea IX (1880) p. 28 ; Sacc. Syll. Fung. I, p. 197 ; Berlese, Icon. Fung. Ill (1900)

p. 92, t. CXIII, fig. 2.

Plate 12 a, b.

Stromata scattered or in groups, discrete or becoming confluent in small groups or

series, irregularly round, up to 1 mm. diam., or broadly elliptic and up to 2 mm. long ; at

first completely immersed in the cortex, rupturing the periderm and exposing the surface

of the stroma, which is black, carbonaceous, pulvinate or verrucose, with dull black, 3-5-

sulcate, ostioles barely protruding ; finally the bark breaks away, leaving the stromata

exposed, attached to the wood or to the inner layers of the cortex.

Ground tissue of stroma hyaline or sub-hyaline, without definitely recognisable

structure. Outer crust black, carbonaceous, irregular in thickness,. 50-130 /x thick, formed

of thin-walled, blackish-brown, globose to angular, parenchymatous cells, 3-5 /lx diam.

The Torn periderm of the host adheres closely to the sides of the stroma.

Perithecia 4-12 in a single stroma, rather large, oblong to ovate, not laterally com-

pressed or very shghtly so, 300-450 /tx diam., 450-600 /x high, narrowed above into short

broad ostioles. Ostioles parallel, narrow funnel-shaped, 200-250 /x long, 150 /x broad at

the base, broadening to about 200 /lx at the sulcate apex which is fused to the outer crust of

the stroma and protrudes only slightly ; traversed by a pore lined with numerous, fine,

hyaline periphyses. Perithecial wall opaque, blackish-brown, 15-20 /x thick, composed of

a number of layers of compressed cells, which are thin-wallcd, blackish-brown and up to 15 /u.

diam. ; giving place suddenly within to a sub-hyaline, concentric, filamentous layer. Asci

numerous, 8-spored, clavate, rounded and somewhat thickened at the apex, tapering below

into a slender stalk, sp. part 40-50 X 6-8 /lx. Spores distichous or sub-tristichous, allantoid

59

slightly curved, rarely almost straight, rounded at ends, not tapering or very slightly so,

sub-hyaline, pale olivaceous in mass, 10-14 X 2-5-3 /a. Paraphyses sparse, disappearing

early.

on branches, Cape, MacOwan 1263, Type in Herb. Kew.

on branch of Halleria lucida L., Knysna, Bottornley, 31059.

The type collection, MacOwan 1263, is missing from the Cryptogamic Herbarium at

Pretoria, and I am indebted to the Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens for a fragment

of the type specimen in Kew Herbarium. This material is unfortunately old and no asci

or spores could be found, but after studying the stroma and perithecia in section and com-

paring with Berlese’s description and illustrations, little doubt remains that the Knysna

collection No. 31059 is Diatrype caminata- Berlese’s drawing is reproduced for comparison

with a photograph of a section through the stroma of No. 31059.

Diatrype conferta Doidge, nov. sp.

Plate 13 a, b.

Stromata in irregular groups or more or less scattered, developing in the cortex but

soon becoming erumpent, black, carbonaceous, pulvinate, 1-3 mm. diam., round to elliptic,

frequently crowded together and becoming coalescent in small groups. The torn periderm

adheres closely to the sides of the stroma, and fragments remain adhering to the surface,

which is dull black and rugulose with slightly protruding ostioles.

Stromata seated on the wood, sometimes narrowing somewhat towards the base ; inner

part light brown at the base, consisting of a fungous tissue composed of rather closely inter-

woven, thin- walled, yellow brown hyphae, 2-5-3 p thick; above and between the

perithecia it is white, hyaline, and its structure not easily recognisable. At the surface

there is an opaque crust, which is firm, black, carbonaceous, irregular in thickness, 30-90 p

thick, composed of blackish-brown, rather thin- walled, angular cells, ca. 2-5-4 p diam.

Perithecia numerous, up to 30 in a single stroma, crowded, distichous to monostichous,

ovate, oblong or irregular through mutual pressure, 250-400 p diam., up to 550 p high,

narrowed rather gradually above into cylindrical or narrow funnel-shaped ostioles. Ostioles

150-300 p long, fused at the apex with the outer crust of the stroma from which they

protrude very slightly, or more decidedly (up to 120 p) ; in the latter case the ostioles are

dilated and sub-spherical at the apex and up to 200 or 250 p diam. ; traversed by a pore

50-100 p broad, which is lined with rather coarse, hyaline periphyses. Perithecial wall

firm, membranous, blackish-brown, 18-30 p thick, composed of several layers of compressed

cells, giving place inwardly to a sub-hyaline, concentric, filamentous layer 7-10 p thick.

Asci very numerous, clavate, 8-spored, rounded and thickened at the apex, tapering below

into a long, slender stalk, sp. part 40-50 X 7-5-8 p. Spores distichous, pale olive yellow,

allantoid, more or less curved, rounded at the ends, 10-15 X 2-5-3 p ; light yellow brown

in mass.

on dead branches of tree undet., Xumeni Forest, Donnybrook, Morgan and Doidge,

30420.

Diatrypella Ces. et de Not. emend Wehm.

Amer. Jour. Bot. 13 (1926) p. 637.

Stroma effuse or isolated. Entostroma well developed, often pustulate, but not

usually widely erumpent, bounded by a dark marginal zone. Perithecia immersed in the

stroma, clustered or separately erumpent. Ostioles sulcate. Asci with long stalks, poly-

sporous. Spores allantoid, 1-celled, yellow-hyaline.

60

KEY TO SOUTH AFRICAN SPECIES.

Spores 10-16 X 2-5-4/* D. Morganae.

Spores 9-12 x 2-3 p. D. oligostroma.

Spores 4-5-8 X 1 -5-2 -3 p, Perithecia 400-750 p diam D. Agaves.

Spores 5-7 -5 X 1-1 '2 p, Perithecia 250-400 p diam D. natalensis.

Spores 2-5-5 X lp D. pretoriensis.

Diatrypella Agaves Syd.

Ann. Myc. 37 (1939) pp. 186-187.

Plates 3 a and 14 b.

Stromata widely and irregularly scattered, sometimes quite discrete, sometimes more

or less closely massed together and forming parallel, longitudinal rows or series of varying

length, following the direction of the fibres of the host ; usually remaining covered,

erumpent only at the apex through fissures in the periderm, finally becoming more or less

free, but still covered by adhering shreds of the tissues of the host ; less frequently the

covering layer of the host tissues fall away completely, and the stromata are apparently

superficial. Stromata round, elliptic or irregular in outline, finely verrucose or pulvinate,

convex, dull black or blackish-brown, 0-75 to 1-5 mm. diam., or up to 2 mm. long and

1 • 5 mm. broad ; when closely crowded, becoming confluent and more or less completely

fused and forming larger, composite stromata.

Parenchymatous tissue of the stroma rather brittle and carbonaceous when old, consisting

of round or angular, thick-walled, translucent, blackish-brown cells, 3-6 p diam. ; the

ground tissue between the perithecia is often very light yellowish-brown.

Perithecia immersed in the stroma, monostichous, globose or broadly ovate, often

somewhat irregular through lateral pressure, very variable in size, usually 400-750 p diam.,

narrowing above into comparatively short, thick ostioles. Ostioles not protruding, or

protruding slightly from the surface of the stroma, truncate or stellately 5-sulcate, tra-

versed by a pore which is lined with numerous, short, filamentous periphyses. Perithecial

wall membranous, usually 20-40 p thick, composed of a number of layers of rather closely

compressed cells ; cells thick-walled, translucent, blackish-brown, up to 8 p diam. ; giving

place suddenly within to a sub-hyaline, indefinitely concentric, filamentous layer. Asci

very numerous, many-spored, clavate, broadly rounded above, tapering below into a

delicate, rather long stalk, sp. part 68-85 X 8-12 p. Spores conglobate, cylindrical, broadly

rounded at the ends, not tapering or very slightly so, allantoid, slightly curved, less fre-

quently almost straight, 1-celled, hyaline, honey yellow in mass, 4-5-8 X 1-5-2 -3 p.

Paraphyses sparse, very broadly filamentous, early collapsing and becoming mucilaginous.

on dying peduncles of Agave americana L., The Willows, Pretoria Distr., Doidge and

Bottomley, 28899.

Diatrypella natalensis Doidge nov. sp.

Plate 14 c.

Stromata scattered irregularly, sometimes quite discrete, sometimes more or less closely

massed together in irregular groups or in short series ; more or less circular in outline, up

to 1 mm. diam., or elongated and up to 3 mm. long and 1mm. broad ; at first covered, then

more or less free, black, convex, pulvinate, the surface roughened by clinging fragments

of the ruptured periderm.

At the surface, the stroma is firm, black, opaque, carbonaceous and rather brittle,

composed of more or less angular, translucent, blackish-brown, parenchymatous cells ca.

6-8 p diam. ; within it becomes gradually paler and less closely compacted, and the ground

tissue between the perithecia is sub-hyaline and more or less filamentous in structure. The

unaltered, or somewhat altered elements of the host tissues are in places included in the

stroma, especially just under the outer crust.

61

Perithecia 7-15 in each single stroma, arranged more or less in circles in the round

stromata, or in two. lines in the elongated stromata ; completely immersed, monostichous,

globose or ovate, but usually more or less flat-sided and irregular through mutual pressure,

250-400 p diam., 300-500 p high, narrowing suddenly above into the short, thick, more or

less cylindrical ostioles. Ostioles 150-220 p long, 100-150 p broad at the base, usually

broadening upwards to 150-200 p where they protrude slightly from the stroma, shining

black, delicately 3-5-sulcate at the apex ; traversed by a funnel-shaped pore, which is lined

with numerous, hyaline or yellowish, filamentous periphyses. Perithecial wall firm,

membranous, 12 -5-25 p thick, composed of several layers of very much flattened, blackish-

brown cells measuring up to 15 p diam. ; giving place internally to a concentric, hyaline,

filamentous layer of about equal thickness. Asci numerous, closely packed with very

numerous, minute spores, clavate, straight or curved, rounded at the apex, tapering down-

wards into a slender hyaline stalk, sp. part 80-100 X 12-5-15 p. Spores allantoid,

continuous, more or less curved, rounded at the ends, sub-hyaline, light yellow-brown in

mass, 5-7 -5 X 1-1 *2 p. Paraphyses not seen.

on stems of Citrus nobilis Lour., Glen Echo, Umtwalumi, Natal, Wayne, 21006.

Diatrypella Morganae Doidge nov. sp.

Plate 13 c.

Stromata scattered over the whole surface of the branch, usually discrete, sometimes

more or less crowded, circular or sub-circular in outline, 1-2-5 mm. diam. ; pushing up

the periderm into raised pustules, but usually remaining covered with only the black shining

ostioles erumpent ; rarely the bark breaks away irregularly and leaves the stroma exposed.

Intramatrical stroma very poorly developed, consisting of the more or less altered

elements of the tissues of the host, between which a fungous tissue can be detected ; this

is firm and dark at the surface, where there is a poorly developed outer crust, which varies

greatly in thickness and is not continuous ; within, the fungous tissue is hyaline or light

yellow-brown, small celled and indefinitely filamentous.

Perithecia in more or less regular circles, 3-7 in a stroma, often rather irregularly

spaced, completely immersed, sub-globose to ovate, either rather distant from one another,

or crowded and flat-sided through mutual pressure, 250-500 p diam., narrowed suddenly

above into the thick, cylindrical ostioles. Ostioles mostly 150-200 p thick, convergent,

protruding slightly from the stroma, slightly broader above with delicately sulcate margin,

lined internally with numerous, very fine, hyaline periphyses. Perithecial wall firm,

membranous, uneven in thickness, mostly 20-30 p thick at the base and sides, formed of

several layers of blackish-brown, translucent, rather thin-walled, compressed cells, which are

mostly 10-15 p diam. ; giving place internally to a concentric, hyaline, filamentous layer.

Asci numerous, many spored, cylindrical or clavate, rounded above, subsessile or briefly

pedicellate, 100-125 X 12-15 p, at length disappearing and leaving the spores free in the

perithecium. Spores allantoid, continuous, rounded at the ends, pale yellow-brown, almost

red-brown in mass, 10-16 X 2-5-4 p. Paraphyses hyaline, filamentous, disappearing

early.

on dry branches of undet. tree, Hlabini, Polela Distr., Natal, Morgan and Doidge, 29820.

In old stromata, the perithecial cavity is invaded by a second ascomycete, apparently

parasitic on the Diatrypella. This has 8-spored asci with brown, 3-septate spores, which are

sub-cylindrical but tapering somewhat to the rounded ends, slightly constricted at the

septa, and about 22-28 X 6-7 p.

Diatrypella pretoriensis Doidge, nov. sp.

Plate 15 a, b.

Stromata rather closely crowded, in large irregular groups, usually discrete, more or

less circular in outline and up to 1 mm. diam. ; at first immersed, then rupturing the

blistered periderm and becoming more or less free, convex, pulvinate, the surface being

roughened by clinging fragments of the periderm from which only the black, sulcate ostioles

protrude ; the tom periderm adheres closely to the sides of the stroma.

62

Ground tissue of stroma hyaline to yellowish-brown, without definitely recognisable

structure ; some of the less destructible elements of the host tissue are included in places

in the stroma ; outer crust black, carbonaceous, opaque, varying in thickness, mostly

50-60 p thick, occasionally up to 75 p.

Perithecia 2-12 in each stroma, arranged irregularly and usually remote from one

another, not crowded, globose to ovate, 400-500 /a diam., narrowed suddenly above into

short, cylindrical ostioles. Ostioles 150-220 fx long, about 100 fx broad, expanding at the

hemispherical apex to ca. 150 p, fused with the outer crust of the stroma and barely

protruding from it ; traversed by a broad pore lined with very numerous, hyaline periphyses.

Perithecial wall firm, membranous, 10-12-5 p thick, blackish-brown, sub-opaque, composed

of several layers of angular, thin-walled, compressed cells, ca. 4-6 fx diam. ; giving place

internally to a rather loosely woven, filamentous, hyaline or pale yellow layer, ca. 15 p thick.

Asci numerous, packed with numerous minute spores, straight or curved, rounded at the

apex, tapering downwards into a slender stalk, sp. part 40-60 X 10-12-5 fx. Paraphyses

not seen. Spores allantoid, more or less curved, rarely almost straight, sub-hyaline, light

yellow-brown in mass, 2 • 5-4 X 1 ix ; less frequently up to 5 p long.

on roots of Populus sp., lie Beersrust, Pretoria Distr., Doidge, 31072.

Diatrypella oligostroma Syd.

Ann. Myc. 37 (1939) pp. 187-189.

Plate 14 a.

Stromata minute, round, broadly elliptic or rather irregular, flat and verrucose or

thick and pulvinate, 1-2 mm. diam. ; or more or less effuse, diatrypoid, up to 8 mm. diam.,

and irregular in outline. Intramatrical stroma poorly developed, consisting of the altered

elements of the substratum, between which a fungous tissue can be detected ; this is

hyaline or light yellow-brown, small-celled and indefinitely filamentous.

Perithecia rather irregularly spaced, monostichous, completely immersed in the stroma,

sub-globose, broadly ovate, or becoming flat-sided through lateral pressure, irregular in size,

usually 300-600 p diam. Ostioles broadly cylindrical, single, not fasciculate, protruding

slightly but definitely, usually with a narrow funnel-shaped pore and a thickened ring-like

margin, sometimes delicately and irregularly sulcate. Perithecial wall rather thick,

membranous, 30-50 p thick, consisting of several layers of very closely compressed cells,

5-8 p diam. ; these are irregularly angular, rather thin-walled, light greyish-brown, and

give place internally to a hyaline, concentric, filamentous layer ; in the ostiole the tissue

is erect, filamentous, and consists of parallel, short-celled, thick-walled hyphae, 2-3 fx thick.

Asci very numerous, clavate, broadly rounded above, tapering gradually downwards into a

very delicate stalk, thin-walled, many-spored, sp. part 60-85 X 12—15 /x. Spores conglobate,

cylindrical, broadly rounded at the ends, not tapering or slightly so, weakly allantoid,

seldom almost straight, light yellow or greyish brown, dark honey yellow in mass, 9-12-5

X 2-3 fx. Paraphyses very sparse, early collapsing and becoming mucilaginous.

on dead branches of Halleria lucida L., Trigaartspoort, Pretoria distr., Doidge and

Bottomley, 30379 ; Boschfontein, Rustenburg distr., Doidge and Bottomley, 30896.

associated with Eutypella Doidgeae Syd., on the same branches.

Peroneutypella Berk

leones Fung. Ill (1900) p. 82.

Stroma effuse, black, covered by the periderm or the epidermis. Acervuli more or less

pustuliform and erumpent. Perithecia more or less numerous in each group, monostichous

to polystichous, prolonged into long protruding ostioles. Ostioles entire or sulcate. Asci

clavate, filling the perithecial cavity. Spores continuous, allantoid, hyaline or sub-hyaline,

often yellowish-brown in mass.

63

Y. Hohnel (9 : pp. 130, 132) includes this genus in his sub-family Valseae, but regards

Peroneutypella Berl. as a synonym for Scoptria Nits.

KEY TO SOUTH AFRICAN SPECIES.

Ostioles entire, sterile emergences present P. cylindrica.

Ostioles sulcate, no sterile emergences P. infinitissimar

Pereneutype a cylindrica (K. et Cke.) Berl.

leones Fung. Ill (1900) p. 82, Tab. C (ex specimen origin, a cl. Cooke).

Syn : Ceratostoma cylindrica K. et Cke., G-rev. IX. (1880) p. 29, t. 137, f. 28.

CalospTiearia cylindrica (K. et Cke.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. I, p. 98.

Plates 3 b and 5 a, b.

Stromata widely effuse, developing in the cortex and spreading over large areas of the

branch ; acervuli numerous, scattered, irregularly round and ca. 0 -5 mm. diam., or some-

what elongated and up to 1 mm. long ; sometimes crowded in short, irregular series parallel

with the axis of the branch. The long ostioles, surrounded by sterile, setal-like emergences,

become erumpent through longitudinal cracks in the bark and give the appearance of tufts

of short, stiff, black hairs, visible to the naked eye.

The lower part of the stroma consists of a more or less closely interwoven tissue of

fine hyphae, sub-hyaline to light yellowish-brown, permeating the cells of the host which

are unaltered or only slightly altered. The fungous tissue becomes more compact near

the upper surface, and forms, above the perithecia, a dark brown, sub-opaque, parenchy-

matous layer, composed of cells which are rather thin- walled and ca. 4-5 /a diam.

Frequently this outer crust gives rise to erect, brown, turf-like tufts of stromatal tissue,

100-150 p high, which remain covered by the periderm. In the immediatele vicinity of

the fasciculate ostioles, the stromatal tissue is prolonged into spreading or erect plates, which

taper from a rather broad base ; these are composed of olive brown, parallel, rather thick-

walled hyphae, 2 • 5-3 p thick, irregularly and rather distantly septate and fused by their

lateral walls. These sterile emergences are almost equal in length to the protruding ostioles.

Perithecia monostichous, rarely sub-distichous, deeply immersed in the stroma, usually

in groups of 2-7, rarely up to 9, globose to ovate, sometimes becoming ellipsoid through

lateral pressure, 350-650 p diam., 550-750 p high, narrowing suddenly above into long,

cylindrical ostioles. Perithecial wall blackish-brown, opaque, firm membranous, mostly

45-50 p thick ; giving place within to a sub-hyaline layer, 10-12 p thick, composed of several

layers of thin-walled, strongly compressed cells ; in the ostioles the wall consists of oblong-

cells, arranged in ascending, more or less vertical rows. Ostioles fasciculate, converging

to the outer surface of the stroma, where they are more or less connate, then erumpent,

erect or more or less divergent; 1*5-1 -7 mm. long, of which ca. 1 mm. protrudes from

the stroma, readily breaking off just above the surface of the branch and becoming truncate,

irregularly cylindrical, 100-150 p thick, entire and rounded at the apex ; traversed by a

pore, 50-75p broad, which is fined with fine, hyaline periphyses. Asci extremely numerous,

almost filling the perithecial cavity, 8-spored, clavate, rounded above, tapering below into

a slender stalk which is of varying length, sp. part 15-18 X 4-5 p. Spores distichous,

allantoid, sub-hyaline, pale olivaceous in mass, curved, minute, 3-4 X 1-1 • 25 p.

on dead branches of ISolanum auriculatum Ait., Xumeni Forest, Donnybrook, Natal,

Morgan and Doidge, 28918, 31061, 31064 ; Woodbush, K. M. Putterill, 30753.

Compared with a fragment of the co-type in Herb. Kew sub Calosphaeria cylindrica

(K. et Cke.) Sacc., “ Cap. B.Sp. et P. Natal, comm. MacOwan.” The type collection is.

missing from the Cryptogamic Herbarium in Pretoria.

64

Peroneutypella infinitissima (K. et Cke.) Doidge n. comb.

Syn. Valsa infinitissima Kalch. et Cke., Grevillea IX (1880) p. 28 ; Sacc. Syll. Fung. I. p. 144.

Plate 4 a, b.

Stromata scattered over the surface of the branch, usually remote, discrete, very rarely

-close together and becoming confluent, developing in the cortex ; acervuli pustuliform,

round to irregular, minute, up to 0 ’5 mm. diam., remaining covered by the periderm of the

host, from which only the ostioles protrude.

The inner part of the stroma consists of a fungous tissue composed of very fine, hyaline

to yellowish-brown hyphae which are more or less closely interwoven and permeate the

cells of the host which are not altered, or very slightly so. Above, covered by the periderm,

the stroma is defined by a dark brown line, consisting of very closely interwoven dark brown

hyphae about 2 /x thick, amongst which the outline of the cells of the host is plainly visible.

This dark line is also evident irregularly at the base. Apex of stroma pulvinate, consisting

of light brown, thin-walled hyphae 2-5 /a thick, much branched and closely interwoven, but

more or less vertical ; becoming more closely compact above, and forming a close, brown

parenchyma of thin-walled cells 3-5 /x diam. ; this apical tissue is traversed by the ostioles.

Perithecia usually 2-8 in each stroma, rarely up to 15, deeply immersed in the stroma,

sub-globose to ovate, usually slightly separated and not compressed, 300-450 fx diam.,

400-550 ft high, narrowing suddenly above into long, cylindrical ostioles. Perithecial wall

dark brown, firm, membranous, sub-opaque, 20-25 jx thick, composed of several layers of

•dark brown, somewhat compressed cells ca. 5 /x diam. ; giving place suddenly within to a

hyaline layer ca. 10 /x thick. Ostioles long, cylindrical, straight or converging to the apex

of the stroma, then diverging slightly or remaining parallel, 900-1200 /x long, only about

200-250 ix being erumpent, slender, ca. 100 /x thick, slightly dilated and delicately 3-5-

sulcate at the apex ; wall similar to that of the perithecial cavity ; traversed by a pore,

which is lined with numerous, fine, hyaline periphyses. Asci very numerous, filling the

perithecial cavity, clavate, 8-spored, sp. part 10-12-5 X 4-5 jx. Spores allantoid, sub-

hyaline, light yellow-brown in mass, rounded at ends, usually strongly curved with the

outer wall almost semi-circular, 2-5-4 X 1-1-25 [x .

on dead branches of undet. tree, Somerset East, MacOwan 1344a, 22006.

The long protruding, sulcate ostioles separate this fungus from the genus Valsa.

Valsa Fr. emend. Sacc.

Consp. Gen. Pyr. p. 4.

Stromata isolated or confluent, formed from more or less closely interwoven hyphae

traversing the tissues of the cortex, which are not altered or only slightly so. Perithecia

arranged in a circle, with convergent ostioles ; ostioles entire, not sulcate. Asci sessile or

:sub-sessile, filling the perithecial cavity. Spores hyaline, allantoid. Pycnidial stage

■Cytospora.

KEY TO SOUTH AFRICAN SPECIES.

Spores 9-12 X 2-2-5 /x V. leucostoma.

Spores 12-18 X 2-5-4 p V. salicina.

Valsa leucostoma (Pers.) Fr.

Summ. Veg. Scand. p. 411 ; Sacc. Syll. Fung. I (1882) p. 139 ; Ell. and Ev., N. Amer.

Pyren. (1892) p. 485 ; Hopkins, Trans. Rhod. Sc. Ass. 35 (1938) p. 102.

Plate 4 b.

Stromata scattered irregularly, sometimes confluent, convex, pustuliform, 2-3 mm.

diam., finally rupturing the periderm and becoming more or less erumpent, with only the

disc protruding ; disc whitish, round to elliptic, traversed by the ostioles which appear

black-shining, punctiform on the surface ; elsewhere the stroma is veiled by the closely

adherent periderm.

65

Stroma not well developed, composed of more or less closely interwoven, branched

hyphae 5-6 /x thick, sub-hyaline to fuscous, traversing the tissues of the cortex ; more

closely interwoven above, forming a pale, compact, erumpent disc which is traversed by

the ostioles.

Perithecia 3-10 rarely up to 20 in a single stroma, globose or flattened-globose, 250-

500 /x diam., narrowing suddenly above into the ostioles ; ostioles more or less curved,

convergent, pale yellow-brown, up to 750 p. long, not protruding or very slightly so ; traversed

by a pore which is lined with fine, hyaline periphyses. Perithecial wall rather light brown,

15-20 /x thick, composed of several layers of slightly compressed, thin-walled cells ; becoming

gradually paler within and finally giving place to a hyaline filamentous layer. Asci very

numerous, filling the perithecial cavity, 8-spored, fusoid-clavate, 35-45 X 7-8 /x, sub-sessile.

Spores distichous, allantoid, hyaline, slightly curved, 9-12 X 2-2*5 p.

on branches of Prunus domestica L., Henley on Klip, Higginson, 21585.

on Pyrus malus L., Salisbury, Rh. 973.

The sub-genus Leucostoma to which this species belongs, is treated as a separate genus

by von Hohnel (9) and Wehmeyer (10). The conidial form, Cytospora leucostoma (Pers.)

Sacc. occurs generally throughout the Union, especially in the south-west Cape, the Orange

Free State and the Transvaal. It is common on branches of Pyrus malus, causing “Apple

Die Back ” (2), and is occasionally found on plum, peach and apricot branches. The ascus

stage is rarely found.

I am indebted to Dr. J. C. Hopkins for a portion of the specimen in the Rhodesian

Herbarium at Salisbury.

Valsa salicina (Pers.) Fr.

Summ. Veg. Scand. p. 412 ; Sacc. Syll. Fung. I p. 131 ; Ell. and Ev., N. Amer. Pyr„

(1892) p. 477 ; Kalchbrenner, Grevillea X (1882) p. 146.

Stromata thickly scattered, conical-truncate on a round base, slightly prominent,

pustuliform, remaining covered by the adherent periderm, except the small, whitish disc.

Perithecia 6-12 in each stroma, arranged in a circle in the inner bark, of which the

elements remain unchanged ; with very short, slender ostioles emerging through the disc,

round the margin or scattered through it, the entire apex barely protruding ; traversed by

a very narrow pore. Asci narrow-oblong or clavate, 4-8-spored, sub-sessile, 40-65 X 7-8 /a.

Spores allantoid, hyaline, slightly curved, 12-18 X 2*5-4 /a in the 8-spored asci, 20-30 X

5-7 p in the 4-spored asci.

on branch of Salix sp., Somerset East, MacOwan 1283.

This specimen is missing from the Cryptogamic Herbarium, Pretoria, and has not been

found in the Kew Herbarium or in the South African Museum, Cape Town. The description

given above is taken from Ellis and Everhart (l.c.)

Cryptosporella Sacc.

Syll. Fung. I (1882) p. 466.

Stromata isolated. Ectostroma forming a small conical disc. Entostroma not

developed. Perithecia immersed in the unaltered bark, no marginal line present. Asco-

spores elliptical to fusoid, hyaline, 1 -celled.

The ascus stage of Cryptosporella has not been observed, and only one conidial form

of this genus has been recorded in South Africa.

66

Cryptosporella umbrina (Jenkins) Wehm.

The Genus Diaporthe (1933) p. 270.

Syn. Diaporthe umbrina Jenkins, Jour. Agric. Res. 15 (1918) pp. 593-599.

The Phomopsis form of this fungus, causing a stem canker of Rosa spp., has been

recorded from Johannesburg, 30444, and from Kokstad, 30445.

Diaporthe Nitschke emend. Wehm.

Amer. Jour. Bot. 13 (1926) p. 638.

Stromata effuse or isolated. Entostromatic areas more or less differentiated and light

In colour ; a blackening of the sub-stratum always present, either on the surface of the

substratum as a marginal zone, or as a marginal zone about the entostromatic areas. Para-

physes few and evanescent. Ascospores ellipsoid or fusoid, hyaline, 2-celled, sometimes

apiculate. Imperfect stage belonging to the genus Phomopsis.

Certain plant diseases caused by fungi of the form genus Phomopsis occur in South

Africa, but no ascus stage of the genus Diaporthe has been found.

Diaporthe citri (Fawc.) Wolf.

Jour. Agric. Res. (1926) 621-625.

is regarded by Wehmeyer (12, p. 102) as a host form of Diaporthe Medusaea Nits. The

•conidial form, Phomopsis Citri Fawc., occurs fairly commonly in the Union and in Rhodesia

on fruit and twigs of Citrus spp. (2 pp. 44, 45).

Diaporthe perniciosa March.

Bull. Soc. roy. de bot. Belg. 54 (1921) is regarded by Wehmeyer (12 p. 89) as a host

form of Diaporthe eres Nits. The Phomopsis stage has been observed in Rhodesia (4 p. 101)

■on twigs of Pyrus malus.

Valsaria Ces. et de Not. pro parte.

Schema sferiacei ital. (1863) p. 205 ; emend Wehm.

Amer. Jour. Bot. 13 (1926) p. 640.

Stromata isolated or confluent. Entostroma very strongly developed, often erumpent,

bounded by a dark, marginal zone, usually coloured. Paraphyses numerous and persistent.

Ascospores uniseriate, elliptic-fusoid, 2-celled, brown.

KEY TO SOUTH AFRICAN SPECIES.

Spores cylindrical, not constricted V. Eucalypti.

Spores fusoid, constricted V. natalensis.

Valsaria Eucalypti (Kalch. et. Cke.) Sacc.

Syll. Fung. I (1882) p. 746.

Syn. Melogramma Eucalypti Kalch. et Cke., Grevillea IX (1880) p. 31.

Plate 15 c.

Stromata developing in the bark, erumpent and early becoming superficial, attached

only at the base, pulvinate, cinnamon brown ; at first small, round to elliptic, up to 2 mm.

diam. ; developing in groups, becoming confluent and fusing to form large irregular stromatic

cushions up to 2 cm. long and 5 mm. broad ; surface of stroma somewhat rugulose, and

seamed with irregular fissures.

67

Stroma diatrypoid ; ground tissue consisting of a pale to light brown fungous tissue,

formed of more or less closely interwoven hyphae 2 • 5-3 • 5 yx thick. This becomes gradually

more compact towards the surface, where it is dark cinnamon brown, sub-opaque,

parenchymatous, composed of rather thin-walled, angular cells, 3-5 /x diam.

Perithecia 2-6 in each individual stroma, monostichous, often rather distant from one

another, globose to ovate, only slightly flat-sided through mutual pressure ; or arranged

irregularly, closely crowded and irregular in shape ; 170-275 yx diam., narrowing suddenly

or rather gradually above into cylindrical ostioles ca. 150 yx long (total height of perithecia

including ostiole 350-500 /x) ; ostioles not sharply differentiated from the tissue of the

stroma, not protruding ; traversed by a pore ca. 55 yx broad, lined with hyaline periphyses.

Perithecial wall dark brown, membranous, ca. 10-12 yx thick, composed of a few layers of

somewhat compressed cells ; not very sharply defined, more or less continuous outwardly

with the tissue of the stroma, and giving place within to a sub-hyaline, concentric, fila-

mentous layer. Asci fairly numerous, 8-spored, cylindrical, rounded above, tapering

slightly at the base to a short club-shaped or peg-like foot, 80-100 X 11-12-5 yx.

Paraphyses rather numerous, hyaline, filamentous. Spores obliquely monostichous, dark

brown, oblong, ellipsoid, broadly rounded at both ends, 1-septate, not constricted, 12-5-18

X 6-8 /x, mostly 15 x7-7-5yx; loculi about equal ; epispore minutely verrucose at maturity.

on bark from trunks of Eucalyptus globulus Lab., Somerset East, MacOwan 1179,

(S.A.M. 33848).

I am indebted to the Director of the South African Museum for the loan of this specimen.

Valsaria natalensis Doidge nov. sp.

Plate 15 e.

Stromata scattered unevenly over the whole surface of the stem, sometimes single, more

frequently more or less confluent, or fused in small or larger groups, quite immersed in the

cortex with only the ostioles punctiform-erumpent, or pushing up the periderm into raised

pustules and rupturing it irregularly ; single stromata irregularly circular in outline, up to

1 mm. diam.

The lower part of the stroma consists of a filamentous fungous tissue, formed of tortuous,

moie or less closely interwoven, sub-hyaline to pale yellow-brown hyphae, up to 2-5 yx

thic k, amongst which the unaltered or slightly altered cells of the host can be seen ; this is

bou nded below and at the sides by a thin blackish-brown line ; above there is a firm, pale

yellow-brown, more closely compact tissue, forming a disc traversed by the ostioles :

becoming dark brown, parenchymatous at the surface, where it is composed of irregularly

round, more or less angular cells ca. 5-6 yx diam. ; the torn periderm adheres firmly to the

sides of the stroma.

Perithecia sometimes single, sometimes 2-4 or more in a single stroma, placed in an

irregular circle or quite irregularly, monostichous, globose to ovate, or becoming irregular

through lateral pressure, 200-450 /x diam., rather deeply immersed, narrowing suddenly

above into the ostioles. Ostioles mostly straight, parallel, rarely more or less convergent,

sub-cylindrical or tapering somewhat upwards, 250-350 yx long, 75-100 yx broad, with entire

margin, not protruding from the stroma ; traversed by a pore, which is sometimes more

or less cylindrical, but more frequently narrow-conical, lined with rather sparse, very fine,

hyaline, ascending periphyses. Perithecial wall mostly about 25-30 yx thick, composed of

several layers of compressed cells, which are usually yellow-brown at the base and sides,

becoming darker above, and opaque, blackish-brown in the ostioles ; not sharply defined

outwardly, where it is continuous with the tissue of the stroma : giving place suddenly

within to a concentric, hyaline, filamentous layer. Asci very numerous, 8-spored, clavate,

rounded above, tapering below into a long, slender, hyaline stalk, which is quite filamentous

at the base, total length 100-150yx sp. part 50-72 -5 x 11-12 -5yx. Spores distichous, brown,

fusoid or ellipsoid, 1-septate, constricted, usually 1 apering more or less to the bluntly conical

3

68

or rounded ends, 12-5-16 X 5 -5-6 -5 /x ; cells usually equal or sub-equal, but sometimes

the upper is slightly shorter and broader than the lower. Paraphyses numerous, hyaline,

filiform, about 1 fi thick.

on dead branches of Solatium auriculatum Ait., Xumeni Forest, near Donnybrook,

Natal, Morgan and Doidge, 28931, 30373.

Pseudothis Theiss. et Syd.

Ann. Myc. 12 (1914) p. 274, and 16 (1918) p. 180.

Stromata foliicolous, seated on the unaltered palisade cells, at first covered by a black-

shining, epidermal clypeus, later rupturing and thro wing, off the epidermis, and becoming

rough, brown, conspicuous and apparently superficial. Stroma reddish brown, verruciform.

Perithecia immersed, globulose, with light brown to pale walls and periphysate ostioles.

Asci paraphysate, cylindrical-clavate, 8-spored. Spores brown, unequally 2-celled.

Pseudothis Pterocarpi Syd.

Ann. Myc. 13 (1915) p. 339 ; Petrak, Ann. Myc, 27 (1929) p. 330.

Syn. Systremma Pterocarpi Doidge, Bothalia 1 (1922) p. 70.

Dothidea Pterocarpi Syd., Phil. Jour. Sci. VIII (1913) p. 280.

Plate 15 c.

Stromata epiphyllous, rarely hypophyllous, on yellowish leaf spots, developing under

the epidermis and becoming erumpent, scattered, round, pulvinate, black, rugulose, 0 -5-1 -5

mm. diam. ; usually with a concentric zone of secondary stromata surrounding the primary

stroma. Stromata may also occur on twigs and midribs ; these are similar to those on the

leaves but are usually oval to ellipsoid and solitary.

Tissue of stroma rather loosely parenchymatous in structure, composed of light brown

to blackish-brown, round to angular, thin-walled cells, mostly 5-10 y diam. ; ground tissue

between the perithecia paler ; often becoming more firmly compacted at the surface, and

forming a darker, sub-opaque crust, which is interrupted by the paler ostioles of the

perithecia.

Perithecia 1-5 in a single stroma, flattened globose or ovate, deeply immersed, 120-250

/x diam., narrowing suddenly above into the ostioles. Ostioles up to 150 /x long, cylindrical

to narrow funnel-shaped, not sharply differentiated from the stroma but ca. 45-50 p. broad,

widening at the apex to 75 p, not protruding or very slightly so, apex of ostiole pale, almost

sub-hyaline ; traversed by a pore lined with hyaline periphyses ; Perithecial wall consisting

of several layers of pale, rather thin-walled, somewhat compressed cells. Asci numerous,

8-spored, cylindrical-clavate, broadly rounded above, 48-70 X 10-16 /x. Spores distichous,

brown, oblong, 10-13 X 5-7 /x. unequally 1-septate ; upper loculus 6-8-6, lower 3-3-5 /x

long.

on leaves and stems of Pterocarpus rotundifolius (Solid.) Druce, Khami Euins, S.

Rhodesia, Bottomley, 14101.

Petrak (l.c.) pointed out that the South African fungus is identical with the species

originally described by Sydow as Dothidea Pterocarpi from the Philippines.

Holstiella P. Henn.

Pilze Ostafrikas (1895) p. 33.

Stromata superficial, pulvinate or hemispherical ; ostioles at first conical, acute, then

depressed or concave ; perithecia numerous, immersed. Asci clavate, pedicellate, 8-spored,

paraphysate. Spores fusoid or clavate, multi-septate, more or less constricted at the septa,

hyaline, with a mucous sheath.

69

Holstiella usambarensis P. Henn.-forma.

Pilz. Ostafr. p. 33 ; Sacc. Syll. Fung. XIV, p. 594 ; Syd., Ann. Myc. 24 (1926) p. 271.

Stromata rather closely and evenly scattered over large areas of the bark, discrete, or

in short uneven rows and then becoming more or less confluent and fused ; round, elong-

ated or irregular in outline and apparently quite superficial, about 1-2 mm. diam., convex,

pulvinate, with grey-brown or blackish-brown surface roughened by the punctiform-

erumpent ostioles. Stroma developing in the outer layers of the cortex, which is normally

about 30 p thick and becomes thickened to about 800 p.

Stroma flat at the base and not sharply defined ; ground tissue parenchymatous, includ-

ing in places shrunken vestiges of the host tissues, composed of rather small, thick-walled,

angular cells ; the cells are sometimes translucent, light yellowish-brown, and sometimes,

especially at the surface, darker, blackish-brown or olive brown.

Perithecia numerous, monostichous, closely crowded or comparatively distant, broadly

ovate or ellipsoid, 200-400 p diam., up to 800 p high, including the ostioles, gradually

narrowed above into the ostioles. Ostioles broadly conical and truncate, about 200 p long

and 150 p broad, punctiform erumpent, but not protruding ; lined with copious periphyses.

Perithecial wall carbonaceous, very variable in thickness, sometimes only 10-15 p thick,

sometimes up to 40 p, opaque, blackish-brown, composed of small cells ; at the tips of the

ostioles, the cells are yellow-brown or sometimes quite hyaline. Asci numerous, broadly

clavate, broadly rounded above, tapering more or less downwards, sessile or with a short

thick foot, 8-spored, sp. part 95-100 X 18-22 p, thick-walled, slightly thickened at the apex.

Spores distichous or incompletely trictichous, fusiform, tapering to blunt ends, straight or

slightly bent, hyaline, 7-9-septate, not constricted, 35-42 p long, 8-10 p broad, not including

the mucilaginous envelope which is about 2 • 5 p thick ; central cells narrow ellipsoid, 3 • 5-5 p

long, becoming shorter towards the ends ; terminal cells short, conical. Paraphyses very

numerous, coarsely filamentous, freely branched, about 1 p thick.

on bark, Lourenco Marques, Junod, 12206.

The type was described by Hennings on branches of a tropical African tree. The

fungus described above is considered by Sydow (loc. cit.) to be a form of Holstiella

usambarensis, from which it differs in the size of the spores ; they are smaller and have

fewer septations ; no other differences were observed. In Hennings’ type, spores are seen

with 11-14 septa and up to 55 p long.

Calospora Sacc.

Syll. Fung. II (1883) p. 231.

Stromata immersed in the cortex, valsoid, pustulate. Asci typically 8-spored, para-

physate. Spores oblong or fusoid, 2-pluri-septate, hyaline.

Calospora Bottomleyae Doidge, nov. sp.

Stromata scattered, or in irregular, elongated groups, developing in the cortex, pushing-

up the periderm and becoming erumpent, dull black, only slightly convex, elliptic, up to

1 • 5 mm. long. The cortical tissues finally break away, leaving the stroma exposed and

attached at the base to the wood of the host.

Inner part of stroma consisting of more or less closely interwoven hyphae, permeating

the cortical cells of the host ; fungous tissue sub-hyaline to pale yellow-brown, formed of

hyphae 3-4 p thick ; the cells of the host are not altered or very slightly so. The fungous

tissue is darker and more closely interwoven near the surface, forming a dark brown, sub-

opaque crust 25- 35 p thick ; the dark zone is somewhat thinner and less dense at the sides

and at the base where it rests on the wood.

Perithecia 1-5 in a single stroma, distant, solitary, or arranged in a line or irregular

circle, globose or globose-depressed, 180-280 p diam., 150-200 p high, narrowing suddenly

70

above into the ostioles. Perithecial wall, firm, membranous, 12-20 /x thick ; dark brown

and well defined at the base where it is about 15 /x thick ; elsewhere more or less continuous

with the stroma outwardly, and going over gradually into a hyaline, filamentous layer within ;

composed of rather thin-walled, angular, slightly compressed cells up to 15 /x long and ca.

5 /x thick. Ostioles cylindrical or narrow funnel-shaped, straight in the solitary perithecia,

converging when the perithecia are in groups, 100-150 /x long, 70-100 /x broad, paleyellow-

brown, protruding very slightly from the stroma, entire ; traversed by a pore which is lined

with hyaline periphyses. Asci 8-spored, oblong-clavate to oblong, rounded above, narrowing

gradually or rather suddenly below into a short foot, 35-50 X 8-10 /x. Spores distichous,

hyaline, 3-septate, oblong to sub-fusoid, usually tapering somewhat to the rounded’ ends,

10-12 X 2-5-3 fi ; constricted more or less at the middle septum and separating readily into

two segments.

on stems of plant undet., Trigaartspoort, Pretoria Distr., Botlomley and Doidge, 31074.

Calospora aurasiaca (Fahr.) Sacc.

The fungus recorded as this species on oak branches, (2, p. 41) is Psexdovalsa longipes

(Tul.) Sacc., see Bothalia 4 (1941) p.

LATIN DIAGNOSES OF NEW SPECIES.

Calospora Bottomleyae Doidge nov. sp.

Stromata sparsa v. in greges elongatos irregulares laxe disposita, primitus in corticem

immersa, dein erumpentia atra, leniter convexa, ambitu elliptica, usque 1-5 mm. longa ;

inferne pro maxima parte tantum e reliquis substrati parum mutatis constantia, superne

crusta atro-brunnea sat carbonacea ostiolis pertusa praedita. Perithecia 1-5 in quoque

stromate, solitaria v. laxe lineare v. circinatim ordinata, globosa, plus minus depressa,

180-280 /x diam., 150-200 /x alta, superne in ostiola vix prominula subito attenuata ; pariete

ca. 12-20 n crasso, e pluribus stratis cellularum leniter compressarum usque 15 /x long, et

5 p. lat. pellucide brmmearum composito. Asci octospori, oblongo-clavati, antice rotundati.

breviter pedicellati, 35-50 X 8-10 /x. Sporae distichae, hyalinae, 3-septatae, oblongae v.

sub-fusoidae, ad septum primarium medium constrictae, utrinque obtusae, 10-12 X 2-5-3 /a.

Hab. in caulibus ignotis, Trigaartspoort, leg. Bottomley et Doidge, 31074.

Diatrype auristroma Doidge nov. sp.

Stromata plerumque aggregata, primitus peridermio tecta deinde peridermio deciduo

plus minus libera, ambitu orbicularia vel elliptica, pulvinata, 1-6 mm. longa, 1-1-5 mm.

lata, ad superficiem atro-brunnea parenchymatice e cellulis 3-5 /x metientibus composita,

intus aurea ad auranteo-brunnea. Perithecia omnino immersa, 5-30 in quoque stromate,

conferta, monosticha v. irregulariter sub-disticha, ovata v. e mutua pressione irregularia,

450-900 /x alta, 220-450 /x lata, superne in ostiola crassa vix prominula 120-180 /x longa

attenuata ; pariete 10-12 /x crasso, obscure brunneo, e pluribus stratis cellularum 10-12 /x

metientibus composito. Asci numerosi, octospori, clavati, antice rotundati et leniter

incrassati, postice in stipitem tenuem longum hyalinum gracilem attenuati, p. sp. 30-36 X

5-6 /x. Sporae distichae, allantoideae, utrinque rotundati, sub-hyalinae, in cumulo

ochraceae, 6-8-5 X 1 -5-1 -75 /x.

Hab. in ramulis emortuis Xymalos monosporae Bail!., in silvis Marwaqa prope Bulwer,

leg. Morgan et Doidge, 31073,

71

Diatrype conferta Doidge nov. sp.

Stromata sparsa v. aggregata, primitus peridermio tecta, mox erumpentia, atra, car-

bonacea, crasse verruciformia vel pulvinata, ambitu rotundata v. elliptica, 1-3 mm. diam.,

tunc baud raro in greges parvos connata et confluentia ; crusta exteriore 30-90 /x crassa

atra opaca, e cellulis atro-brunneis ca. 2-5-4 /x metientibus composita, intus sub crustam

strato albo praedita, sub peritheciis luteo-brunnea. Perithecia numerosa (usque 30) in

quoque stromate, conferta, disticha v. monosticha, ovata v. e mutua pressione irregularia,

250-400 [m diam., usque 550 /x alta, superne in ostiola vix vel distincte prominula 150-300 /x

longa attenuata ; pariete sub-opace atro-brunneo, 18-30 jx crasso, e pluribus stratis cellu-

larum compressarum composito. Asci numerosissimi clavati octospori, antice rotundati et

leniter incrassati, postice in stipitem longum gracilem attenuati, p. sp. 40-50 X 7-5-8 p.

Sporae distichae, allantoideae, sub-hyalinae in cumulo pallide flavo-brunneolae, 10-15 X

2- 5-3 jx.

Hab. in ramis emortuis ignotis, in silvis Xumeni prope Donnybrook, leg. Morgan et

Doidge, 30420.

Diatrype Doryalidis Doidge nov. sp.

Stromata sparsa vel plus minus aggregata, primitus in cortice immersa dein plus minus

erumpentia, strata exteriore elevantia et disrumpentia laciniis ejus pro parte tecta, ambitu

rotundata vel elliptica, 0-5-1 mm. diam.; crusta exteriore 30-75 [x crassa, atro-brunnea

subopaca, carbonacea, e cellulis 2 -5-5 jx diam. composita. Perithecia plerumque 2-6 in

quoque stromate, monosticha, saepe circulariter disposita, ovata v. oblonga, e mutua

pressione saepe applanata, 300-450 fx diam., 450-500 jx alta, superne in ostiola cylindracea

prominula 300-400 fx longa attenuata ; pariete 20-35 jx crasso atro-brunneo, e pluribus

stratis cellularum 2-5-5 /x metientibus composito. Asci numerosi octospori clavati, p. sp.

30-40 X 5-6 jx, antice rotundati. postice in stipitem longum gracilem attenuati. Sporae

distichae allantoideae continuae singulae sub-hyalinae. in cumulo flavo-brunneolae, 6-8 X

1-75-2 /x.

Hab. in ramulis Doryalidis rhamnoidis (Burch.) Harv. in silvis. Knysna. leg. Bottomley.

31060.

Diatrype Leonotidis Doidge nov. sp.

Stromata sat equaliter per caulem sparsa, subinde gregaria, primitus in cortice immersa,

dein plus minus erumpentia, strata exteriore elevantia et disrumpentia laciniis ejus pro

parte tecta, lateraliter firme cum peridermio connata, atra, pulvinata vel verruciformis,

ambitu rotundata vel leniter elongata, 1-2-5 mm. diam. ; crusta exteriore ca. 50 fx crassa,

carbonacea, e cellulis atro-brunneis 3-5-5 /x metientibus composita. Perithecia plerumque

3- 5 vel usque 8 in quoque stromate, circulariter v. plus minus irregulariter disposita,

globosa v. ovata, e mutua pressione saepe applanata, 300-400 fx diam., superne subito in

ostiola crasse cylindracea baud vel vix prominula attenuata ; pariete ca. 12-15 /x crasso e

pluribus stratis cellularum compressarum composito. Asci numerosissimi 8-spori, clavati,

p. sp. fusiformi 35-45 X 6-8 /x, antice rotundati, postice in stipitem longum gracilem

attenuati. Sporae distichae, allantoideae, continuae, pallide flavo-brunneolae, leniter

curvatae, 10-12-5 X 2-2-5 fx. Paraphyses hyalinae, filiformes.

Hab. in caulibus Leonotidis sp., Hlabini, Polela distr., leg. Doidge, 29821.

Diatrype xumenensis Doidge nov. sp.

Stromata longe lateque irregulariter sparsa, interdum solitaria sed plerumque plus

minus aggregata, saepe lineas breviores vel longiores parallelas formantia, primitus peri-

dermio tecta et tantum ad verticem per rimas erumpentia, deinde peridermio deciduo fere

omnino libera, ambitu orbicularia vel elliptica, crasse verruciformia vel pulvinata, ca. 1 mm.

diam., subinde omnino confluentia et tunc majora ; ad superficiem opace atra vel atro-

72

brunnea carbonacea, parenchymatice e cellulis atro-brunneis ca. 5-8 /x metientibus

composita. Perithecia omnino immersa, 2-8 in quoque stromate, monosticha, ovata, e

mutua pressione saepe applanata et irregularia, 200-450 p, diam., 450-550 fx alta, superne

in ostiola cylindracea plerumque leniter prominula fasciculatim conjuncta, indivisa vel

tenuiter sulcata, attenuata ; pariete ca. 16-25 /x crasso, e pluribus stratis cellularum fere

opace atro-brunnearum composito. Asci numerosissimi octospori, clavati, p. sp. ellipsoidei

v. parum fusoidei, 40-45 x 5-5-6-5 /x, antice rotundati, postice in stipitem tenuem

longiusculum attenuati. Sporae disticliae vel incomplete trictichae cylindraceae utrinque

rotundatae, allantoideae curvatae continuae. sub-hyalinae in cumulo luteo-brunneolae,

6-10 X 2-2 -5 jtx.

Hab. in ramis emortuis in silvis Xumeni, prope Donnybrook. leg. Morgan et Doidge,

28919.

Diatrypella Morganae Doidge nov. sp.

Stromata longe lateque irregulariter sparsa, plerumque solitaria, interdum in greges

minutos crescentia, ambitu plus minus rotundata, pulvinata, 1-2 -5 mm. diam., semper

peridermio tecta et tantum cum ostiolis erumpentia ; contextu stromati intramatricali

parcissime evoluto, pro maxima parte e substrati partibus plus minus mutatis et cellulis

minutis sub-hyalinis vel dilute flavo-brunneolis constante. Perithecia monosticha 3-7 in

quoque stromate, omnino immersa, globosa v. ovata, sive laxe stipata sive plus minus

dense aggregata e mutua pressione applanata, 250-500 //. diam., superne subito in ostiola

crasse cylindracea convergentia, 150-200 /x crassa, plerumque leniter prominula. ad marginem

subinde tenuiter sulcata et nitidula attenuata ; pariete inferne et ad latera 20-30 p, crasso,

e pluribus stratis cellularum compressarum pellucide atro-brunnearum ca. 10-15 /x metienti-

bus composito. Asci numerosi polyspori, cylindracei vel clavati, subsessiles v. breviter

stipitati, 100-125 X 12-15 /x. Sporae allantoideae continuae, utrinque rotundatae, pallide

luteo-brunneolae, in cumulo fere rufo-brunneae, 10-16 X 2-5-4 p.

Hab. in ramis emortuis, Hlabini, Polela distr., leg. Morgan et Doidge, 29820.

Diatrypella natalensis Doidge nov. sp.

Stromata sive irregulariter sparsa, sive in greges minutos v. majores vel in lineas

breviores saepe densos crescentia, ambitu plus minus rotundata, usque 1 mm. diam., vel

elliptici ca. 3x1 mm., primitus peridermio tecta, cleinde plus minus libera, atra, convexa,

pulvinata ; ad superficiem opace atra, carbonacea, parenchymatice e cellulis pellucide

atro-brunneis 6-8 /x metientibus composita. Perithecia 7-15 in quoque stromate, omnino

immersa, globosa v. ovata, e mutua pressione saepe irregularia, 250-400 /x diam., 300-500

p. alta, superne in ostiola breviuscula crasse cylindracea leniter prominula ad marginem

3-5-sulcata et nitidula attenuata; pariete obscure brunneo 12-5-25 fx crasso, e pluribus

stratis cellularum fortiter compressarum composito. Asci numerosi, polyspori, clavati, recti

v. curvati, ad apicem rotundati, postice in stipitem gracilem hyalinem attenuati, p. sp.

80-100 x 12-5-15 /x. Sporae allantoideae continuae, plus minus curvatae, utrinque

rotundatae, sub-hyalinae, in cumulo luteo-brunneolae, 5-7-5 X 1-1 -2 p. Paraphyses non

visae.

in caulibus Citri nobilis Lour., Umtwalumi, Natal, leg. Wayne, 21006.

Diatrypella pretoriensis Doidge nov. sp.

Stromata in greges majores irregulares densiore crescentia, plerumque discreta, ambitu

plus minus rotundata, usque 1 mm. diam., primitus peridermio tecta deinde erumpentia,

plus minus convexa pulvinata ; crusta exteriore 50-60 /x crassa, nonnunquam usque 75 /x,

atra, carbonacea. Perithecia 2-12 in quoque stromate. monosticha, per ratione laxe stipata,

ideoque sat regulariter globosa v. ovata, 400-500 p diam., superne in ostiola breviter

cylindracea vix prominula subito attentuata ; pariete atro-brunneo sub-opaco, e stratis

73

pluribus cellularum compressarum ca. 4-6 /x metientium composito. Asci numerosi, poly-

spori, sporis minutis dense stipati, antice rotundati, postice in stipitem gracilem attenuati,

p. sp. 40-60 X 10-12-5 /x. Sporae allantoideae, sub-hyalinae, in cumnlo pallide luteo-

brunneolae, 2-5-4 X 1 /x, rarius usque 5 p. longae.

Hab. in radicibus Populi sp., Dc Beers Rust, prope Pretoria, leg. Doidge, 31072.

Eutypella Acaciae Doidge nov. sp.

Stromata in cortice late effusa, usque ad 8 cm. longa et 2 cm. lata, circa acervulos vix

elevata, fere tantum cum ostiolis fasciculatim coalitis per corticis rimas erumpentia ; inferne

pro maxima parte tantum e reliquis substrati parum vel leniter mutatis constantia, superne

crusta carbonacea opace atro-brunnea ostiolis pertusa praedita. Perithecia monosticha,

plerumque 1-5 aggregata, globosa v. ovata, e mutua pressione saepe leniter applanata,

330-550 /x diam., 400-520 /x alta, superne subito in ostiola crasse cylindracea pierumque

fasciculatim conjuncta et connata sulcis 3-5 tenuibus praedita attenuata ; pariete opace

atro-brunneo, inferne et ad latera ca. 20 /x crasso, e pluribus stratis cellularum composito.

Asci numerosissimi, clavati, 8-spori, p. sp. ellipsoidea vel fusoidea 35-40 X 6-6-5 /x, antice

rotundati, postice in stipitem longum gracilem attenuati. Sporae distichae v. sub-tristichae,

pallide olivaceae, continuae allantoideae utrinque rotundatae, plus minus curvatae, 8-15 X

2-2-5 fj..

Hab. in ramis emortuis Acaciae ataxacanthae D.C., Kromrivier, Rustenburg distr., leg.

Doidge et Bottomley, 30476.

Eutypella Lycii Doidge nov. sp.

Stromata sparsa vel in series irregulares disposita, minuta, atra, e basi circulari conico-

truncata, in cortice immersa ostiolis tantum prominulis, lateraliter firme cum peridermio

connata, usque ad 1-5 mm. diam. ; inferne pro maxima parte tantum e reliquis substrati

parum mutatis constantia, superne crusta sat carbonacea ostiolis pertusa, parenchymatice

e cellulis fere opace atro-brunneis 4r-6 /x metientibus praedita. Perithecia monosticha, 1-7

raro 8-13 in quoque stromate, circulariter disposita, globosa v. ovata e mutua pressione

interdum leniter applanata, 350-450 /x diam. 400-475 /x alta, superne subito in ostiola

sub-cylindracea curvata sidcis 3-5 praedita attenuata ; pariete inferne et ad latera ca. 25 /u.

crasso, e pluribus stratis cellularum compressarum pellucide atro-brunnea rum composito.

Asci numerosissimi, 8-spori, clavati v. sub-fusiformi, 35-40 /x longi, p. sp. 25-28 X 3-75-5 /x,

antice rotundati postice in stipitem gracilem attenuati. Sporae distichae allantoideae

continuae utrinque rotundatae, sub-hyalinae in cumulo pallide olivaceae, 5-6-5 X 1 /x.

Hab. in ramulis Lycii echinati Dun., Aliwal North, leg. Pienaar, 2094.

Valsaria natalensis Doidge nov. sp.

Stromata longe lateque irregulariter sparsa, numerosissima et maguam ramorum

partem obtegentia, solitaria irregulariter circularia usque 1 mm. diam. vel in greges

irregulares crescentia, tunc haud raro connata et confluentia, immersa v. pustulatim

erumpentia, lateriliter firme cum laciniis peridermii connata ; inferne et ad latera pro

maxima parte tantum e reliquis substrati parum vel leniter mutatis constantia, superne

parenchymatice e cellulis pellucide brunneis 5-6 /x metientibus composita. Perithecia

monosticha, in stromate omnino immersa plerumque 1-4 in quoque stromate, globosa vel

late ovata vel e mutua pressione irregularia, 200-450 /x diam., superne in ostiola cylindracea

v. anguste conica 75-100 /x lata attenuata ; pariete inferne et ad latera ca. 25-30 p crasso,

e pluribus stratis cellularum valde compressarum pellucide brunnearum composito, intus

subito in stratum hyalinum concentrice fibrosum transeunte. Asci numerosi clavati, antice

rotundati, postice in stipitem longum gracilem ad basirn filamentosum attenuati, in toto

100-150 jix longi, p. sp. 50-72-5 X 11-12-5 /x. Sporae distichae, brunneae, 1-septatae,

74

fusoideae vel ellipsoitleae, ad septum constrictae utrinque obtuse conicae v. rotundatae,

12-5-16 X 5 -5-6 -6 /a, cellulis ut plurimum aequalibus vel subaequalibus, subinde autem

superiore paullo breviore sed latiore. Paraphyses numerosae, hyalinae, filiformes, ca. 1 /x

crasso.

Hab. in ramis emortuis Solani auriculati Ait., in silvis Xumeni, prope Donnybrook.

leg. Morgan et Doidge 28931, 30373.

LITERATURE CITED.

1. Berlese, A. N. Incones Fungorum ad usum Sylloges Saccardianae, Vol. Ill (1900).

2. Doidge, E. M. and A. M. Bottomley. A revised list of plant diseases occurring in South Africa

Botanical Survey of South Africa, Memoir No. 11 (1931).

3. Ellis, J. B. and B. M. Everhart. The North American Pyrenomycetes (1892).

4. Hopkins, J. C. F. A preliminary list of Rhodesian Fungi. Trans. Rhod. Sc. Ass. 35 (1938) pp.

87-127.

5. Jenkins, Anna E. Brown. Canker of roses caused by Diaporthe umbrina. Jour. Agric. Res.

15 (1918) pp. 593-599.

6. Kalchbrenner, C. and M. C. Cooke. South African Fungi. Grevillea IX (1880) pp. 17-34 and

45-56.

7. Theissen, F. Mykologischo Mittheilungen, III. Kurze Darstellung der Gattung Pseudothis.

Arm. Myc. 16 (1918) pp. 179-183.

8. Sydow, H. Beschreibungen neuer siidafrikanischer Pilze VII. Ann. Myc. 37 (1939) 181-196.

9. von Hohnel, F. Mykologische Fragmente CCLXII. Uber die allantoidsporigen Sphaeriaeeen.

Ann. Myc. 16 (1918) pp. 127-132.

10. Wehmeyer, Lewis E. A biologic and phylogenetic study of the stromatic Sphaeriales. Amer.

Jour. Bot. 13 (1926) pp. 575-643.

11. Wehmeyer, Lewis E. The genus Diaporthe Nitschkc and its segregates. Univ. of Michigan

Studies, Science Series, Vol. IX (1933) 349 pp.

12. Wolf, Frederick A. The perfect stage of the fungus which causes melanose of Citrus. Jour.

Agric. Res. 33 (1926) pp. 621-625.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

Except the reproduction of Berlese’s drawings, Plates 4-15 are photographs of sections through the

t romata of the species indicated ; the magnification is the same in each case, X 224.

Plate 1. — Calosphaer. a princeps Tul. a. Peritliecia on bark of Prunus armeniaca a. (X 7) ; b. detail from

a. (X 14).

Plate 2. — a. Diatrype auristroma, stromata on bark; b. Dialrype xumenensis. Both (X 7).

Plate 3. — a. Diatrypella Agaves, stromata on stem ; b. Diatrype caulina ; c. Peroneutypella cylindrica,

the ostioles of the perithecia and the sterile emergences can be detected; all (X 7).

Plate 4. — a. Erostella quaternarioides from Berlese’s drawing ; b. Valsa leucostoma.

Plate 5. — Peroneutypella cylindrica, a. from collection 28918 ; b. from 30164.

Plate 6. — a, b. Peroneutypella infinitissima, from type collection ; c. Eutypella Acaciae.

Plate 7. — a. Eutypella Lycii ; b, c. Eutypella stellulata, b. Medley Wood’s collection ; c. from Rhodesian

material ; d, e. Eutypella citricola ; d. material from Philippines ; e. from Natal collection.

Plate 8. — a. Eutypella MacOwani ; b. c. Eu. Doidgeae ; b. from type collection 30378.

Plate 9. — a. Diatrype Doryalidis ; b. D. xumenensis ; c. D. caulina ; d. 1). Leonotidis.

Plate 10. — Dialrype MacOwaniana, a. from Berlese’s drawing of D. Bona-spei ; b. from MacOwan 1264.

Plate 11. — Diatrype auristroma, a. stroma with contracted, sterile base ; b. stroma with extended base.

Plate 12. — Diatrype caminala, a. from Berlese’s drawing ; b. from recent collection.

Plate 13. — a, b. Diatrype conferla ; c. Diatrypella Morganae.

Plate 14. — a. Diatrypella oligostroma ; b. D. Agaves ; c. D. natalensis.

Plate 15. — a, b. Diatrypella pretoriensis ; c. Pseudothis Pterocarpi ; d. Yalsaria Eucalypti ; e. Valsaria

natalensis.

75

Plate 1.

Ca^osphaeria princeps.

A

76

Plate 2.

A. Diatrype aurristroma.

B. Diatrype xumenensis.

77

Plate 3.

A. Diatrypdla Agaves. B. Dialrype caulina. C. Peroneutypella cylindrica.

Plate 4.

A. Eroslella qualerioides.

B. Valsa leucosloma.

79

Plate 5. — Peroneutypella cylindrica.

80

Plate 6.

A., B. Peronentypella infin itissima.

G., D. Eutyjpa transvaalensis.

? *

81

Plate 7.

A. Eutypella L-ycii. B.. C. Eutypella stellulaia. I)., E. Eutypella citricola.

82

Plate 8.

A. Eutypella McicOwani. B., C. Eutypella Doidgeae.

83

Plate 9.

A. Diatnjse Doryalidis.

C., D. caulina.

B. Diatrype Xumenensis >

])., D. Leonotidis.

84

Plate 10.

A. Berlese’s Drawings. J). Bona Spei.

B., C.' — D. MacOwaniana.

85

Plate 1 1 .

Diatrype a uristroma,

8G

Plate 12.

D. Caminata.

87

Plate 13.

A., B. Diatrype conferla.

C. Diatrypella Morganae.

88

A . — Diairypdla oligoslroma.

Plate 14.

B. — D. Agaves.

C;, D. — D. Natalensis.

89

(Plate 15.

A., B. — -Diatrypella pretoriensis. C. — Pseudothus Pterocarpi.

D.—Valsaria Eucalypti. E.—Valsaria natalensis.

91

AN ACCOUNT OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MATERIAL

OF AR1STIDA LINN: IN CERTAIN EUROPEAN

AND SOUTH AFRICAN HERBARIA.

By

H. G. Schweickerdt.

Scope of the Present Paper.

Until the time of publication of Henrard’s classical Revision and Monograph of the

genus Aristida L., great difficulty was experienced in naming critically any South African

material of this genus. As Henrard was in a position to examine only a limited number

of South African specimens owing to the great amount of time which the examination

of such a large genus necessarily involved, the author of the present paper undertook to

align and name up critically all the material in the South African Herbaria. He, furthermore,

extended his original intention and later on included the South African material deposited

in most of the Herbaria enumerated below. In the course of these investigations several

difficulties were encountered. Several doubtful points however have also been settled.

Where necessary and desirable the specific descriptions as given by Henrard have been

modified to include the very wide range of material (about 6,000 sheets) studied. The

sequence of the enumerated species is not strictly according to the plan as adopted by

Henrard ; his work, however, has formed a basis which the present author has merely

attempted to enlarge upon.

Acknowledgments.

My sincere thanks are due to the Directors of the various Herbaria mentioned below

for the many facilities afforded in the carrying out of these investigations. Special thanks

are due to Mr. C. E. Hubbard of Kew and Prof. Dr. R. Pilger of Berlin-Dahlem, for their

kind assistance and suggestions.

Herbaria Consulted.

The various Herbaria in which the numerous specimens cited are deposited, have

been indicated by the bracketed abbreviations following such specimens. These indices

refer to the respective Herbaria enumerated below.

A Albany Museum, Grahamstown.

B Botanisches Museum, Berlin-Dahlem.

BH. ..... Bolus Herbarium, Cape Town.

BM British Museum (Natural History), London.

D ..:... . Natal Herbarium, Durban.

G Conservatoire Botanique, Geneve.

GU Grey University College, Bloemfontein.

K Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

L Rijksherbarium, Leiden.

5

92

LG Herb. Trinius, Leningrad.

Me McGregor Museum, Kimberley.

N National Herbarium, Pretoria.

0 Fielding Herbarium, Oxford.

P Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris.

S South African Museum, Capetown.

Sreg Regional Herbarium, University, Stellenbosch.

St University of Stellenbosch.

T Transvaal Museum, Pretoria.

U University of Cape Town.

V Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien.

W U.S. National Herbarium, Smiths. Inst., Washington.

WR University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.

Z Botanisches Museum, Zurich.

In addition to the above, the following abbreviations are used throughout

Henrard Crit. Rev ... A Critical Revision of the Genus Aristida by J. Th. Henrard

in Mededeelingen van ’s Rijksherbarium Leiden Nos. 54

(1926), 54A (1927), 54B (1928), 54C (1933).

Henrard Monogr A Monograph of the Genus Aristida by J. Th. Henrard in

Mededeelingen van ’s Rijksherbarium Leiden Nos. 58

(1929), 58A (1932), 58B (1933).

The Subdivisions of the Genus.

Henrard’s brilliant Revision and Monograph of the genus has shown that the species

readily fall into seven sections. The species of any one particular section form with but

a few exceptions, a fairly homogeneous group. These sections are based solely on

organographic characters of the inflorescence, i.e. the spikelet. So far the existing sections

of the genus have proved to be quite adequate.

Theron in Fedde, Rep. 40. I. ff. (1936) has published the results of an anatomical study

of the leaves of many South African species of Aristida. He has drawn up four anatomical

groups and cites the species constituting these groups. His first group consists of species

typical of § Stipagrostis and § Schistachne. The second group consists of species belonging

to §§ Stipagrostis, Chaetaria and Arthraiherum. The third group is formed by elements

belonging to §§ Stipagrostis, Arthraiherum , Chaetaria and Pseudarthratherum. The fourth

group consists of members belonging to the § Stipagrostis.

All the anatomical groups except the fourth are thus composed of elements taken

from two or more organographic sections and thus if considered from an organographic

point of view these groups are extremely heterogeneous in constitution. If the leaf anatomy

leads one to place together in one group such diverse elements as A. gemini folia, A. bipartita,

A. barbicollis and A. spectabilis, all of which are organographically very distinct from each

other, a classification based on leaf anatomy is highly artificial and shows no advantages

over a natural classification based solely on organographic characters. Theron’s fourth

anatomical group consisting of A. lanipes, A. gonatostachys, A. subacaulis and A. Hermanni

is the only one acceptable since its constituents form a fairly homogeneous unit both from

an anatomical and organographic point of view. It is interesting to note that the anatomical

structure of the leaves in A. capensis and A. sericans bear very great resemblance to each

other. These species organographically likewise show a great deal of convergence. The

recently described A. capensis Thunb. var. Dieterleniana mihi superficially resembles A.

sericans Hack, so closely that these plants could readily be confused. Theron’s argument

93

that an anatomical key to the species (South Airican) of Aristida is of economic importance

is justified up to a degree. It is only after one is able to distinguish the various S. African

genera of Gramineae solely on basis of their vegetative characters that the results of Theron’s

researches will fully be made use of.

Key to the Sections and the South African Species.

1. Central awn, or central and both lateral awns of the lemma

distinctly plumose 2

Central awn, or central and lateral awns never plumose .... 3

2. Body of the lemma with an articulation situated at or just

above its middle ; at maturity the awns and column break

off together with the conical hollow upper part of the

lemma

Body of the lemma not articulated at or slightly above its

middle, but moreover the column of the awns is articulated

at its point of insertion near or at the apex of the lemma ;

column together with the awns disarticulating upon

maturity without a part of the lemma

Body of the lemma, column and awns show no signs of an

articulation

3. Body of the lemma, column and awns show no signs of an

articulation ; column present or totally wanting ; callus

never bifid

An articulation is present, very rarely absent, but if so then

callus always bifid

4. The articulation is situated at the summit of the column just

below the branching point of the awns ; column usually

well developed ; callus never bifid

The articulation is situated between the summit of the

lemma and the foot of the column ; if the column is absent

then the callus is distinctly bifid or rounded

5. Callus bifid, emarginate, truncate or long-acute ; column of

awns usually well-developed ; if absent, then the callus

distinctly bifid. The articulation is situated between the

apex of the lemma and the foot of the column V. § Arthratherum.

Callus rounded ; column is totally wanting, the articulation

is situated between the lemma and the branching-point

of the awns ; margins of the lemma involute VI. § Pseudochaetaria.

I. § Schistachne (Fig. et Denot.) Henr.

1. Panicle very dense and spikelike ; spikelets nearly sessile ;

position of the glumes usually inverse, the lower usually

distinctly longer than the upper 2

Panicle not dense and spikelike, but loose, or more or less

contracted ; spikelets pedicelled ; position of the glumes

not inverse, the lower shorter or much shorter than the

upper 3

2. Lower glume long hairy Hochstetteriana (1).

Lower glume never hairy secalina (2).

IV. § Pseudarthratherum.

5

III. § Chaetaria.

4

I. § Schistachne.

II. § Stipagrostis.

III. § Chaetaria.

94

3. All the awns of the lemma plumose, usually equally strongly

so, or the lateral awns not as densely plumose as the central

awn

Only the central awn of the lemma plumose and densely

feathery upwards, the lateral awns never plumose

4. Internodes woolly or pubescent just below the nodes ;

panicle-branches woolly-pubescent

Internodes glabrous or scaberulous but never woolly-pube-

scent ; panicle-branches scabrous or glabrous

5. Suffrutescent and rigid perennial ; innovations and branches

fascicled ; culms 4-5-noded ; nodes perfectly glabrous . .

Caespitose perennial ; culms never branched ; nodes con-

spicuously bearded with a ring of spreading white hairs . .

6. Glumes acutish, 14-16 mm. long, plumose awns obtuse in

outline

Glumes obtuse, about 10 mm. long, piumose awns acute in

outline with naked exserted tips

7. Glumes of a very firm texture, cartilaginous, glabrous or

rigidly ciliate, subequal, linear-oblong, obtuse, with

emarginate and slightly ciliolate tips

Glumes thin, hyaline or papery in texture, glabrous or softly

hairy, unequal, lanceolate, acuminate

8. Nodes conspicuously bearded with a ring of spreading white

hairs

Nodes perfectly glabrous and smooth

9. Leaf-sheaths and leaf -blades of culm and innovations densely

lanate or villous

Leaf-sheaths and leaf-blades of culm and innovations never

woolly or villous, sometimes slightly hairy on the margin

10. Glumes glabrous, not ciliate with spreading hyaline hairs . .

Glumes or at least the upper glume ciliate with spreading

hyaline hairs

11. Both glumes ciliate with spreading hyaline hairs

Only the upper glume with spreading hyaline hairs

12. Glumes 8-5-12-5 mm. long, usually glabrous, rarely both

rigidly ciliate

Glumes 8-9 mm. long, only the upper ciliate with rigid long

hyaline hairs

13. Panicle erect, linear, very narrow and contracted, but some-

what interrupted near the base ; glumes 12-16 mm. long

Panicle open, rather loose ; glumes 6-8 mm. long

4

7

proxima (3).

5

namaquensis (4).

6

Schlechteri (5).

hybrida naturalis (6).

8

13

9

12

ciliata Desf. var. villosa

(7a).

10

ciliata Desf. var. capensis

(7).

.11

ciliata Desf. var. pecti-

nata (7b).

ciliata Desf. var. tricho-

laena (7c).

Schaeferi (8).

Schaeferi Mez var.

biseriata (8a).

Dinteri (9).

14

95

14. Glumes covered with soft spreading hairs prodigiosa (10).

Glumes quite glabrous prodigiosa Wei w. var.

calva (10a).

II. § Stipagrostis (Nees) Trin. et Rupr.

1. All the awns plumose with long spreading hairs, or the lateral

awns at times very scantily plumose (almost naked) . . 2

Only the central awn plumose with long spreading hairs, the

lateral awns quite naked or very rarely scantily adpressedly

ciliate-pubescent 11

2. Column of awns well developed (1 -5-12 mm. long) and more

or less twisted 3

Column of awns wanting, or sometimes only very short or

minute, not twisted into a beak 8

3. Nodes glabrous ; tip of the central awn always very acute

in outline 4

Nodes distinctly bearded with a ring of hyaline spreading

white hairs ; central awn plumose to the very tip, obtuse

in outline Schlechteri (5).

4. Column of awns quite glabrous 5

Column of awns distinctly hairy 6

5. Column of awns much exceeding the glumes ; feathers of

awns usually bright yellow capensis Thunb. var.

macropus (lib).

Column of awns shorter than or slightly exceeding (by 1-2

mm.) the glumes, feathers of awns white or canescent. . . capensis Thunb. var.

genuina (11a).

6. Glumes glabrous 7

Glumes distinctly softly hairy capensis Thunb. var.

Dieterleniana (11c).

7. Panicle usually overtopped by the leaves ; glumes subequal ;

column of awns up to 4 mm. long capensis Thunb. var.

barbata (lid).

Panicle not overtopped by the leaves ; glumes slightly

unequal; column of awns 6-12 mm. long capensis Thunb. var.

canescens (lie).

8. Lower glume exceeding the upper in length ; axils of the

panicle-branches glabrous damarensis (12).

Lower glume shorter than the upper ; axils of the panicle-

branches glabrous or bearded 9

9. Panicle dense and spike-like ; axils of the panicle-branches

glabrous ; the branching-point of the awn produced into

two thin, hairy appendages ; awns about equal, up to

10 mm. long, equally strongly plumose sabulicola (13).

Panicle effuse, pyramidal ; the branching-point of the awns

not produced into appendages ; awns unequal, the central

awn densely plumose, the lateral awns almost naked (at

most very scantily plumose) 10

96

10. Axils of the panicle-branches distinctly bearded ; central awn

obtuse in outline

Axils of the panicle-branches quite glabrous ; central awn

subacute in outline

11. Dwarf annuals, not exceeding 10 cm. in height; inflore-

scences much congested and almost spike-like

Perennial species, or if annual then taller than 10 cm

12. Plants compactly caespitose with the inflorescences almost

hidden among the leaf -blades ; branching-point of the

awns not conspicuously hairy

Plants more diffuse with the culms geniculately ascending ;

lower nodes usually well-exserted ; branching-point of the

awns conspicuously hairy

13. Glumes hirsute or pilose over their whole surface, sometimes

glabrous only at the tips

Glumes glabrous and smooth over their whole surface, rarely

with a few marginal hairs, or scaberulous on their whole

surface

14. Column of the awns glabrous below their branching-point or

without a pencil of hairs at their branching-point ; central

awn obtuse in outline, plumose to the very tip ; panicles

short, spike-like, congested, often sheathed by the upper-

most leaf

Column of the awns hairy below their branching-point, or

with a pencil of hairs at their branching-point ; central

awn with a naked exserted tip ; glumes shortly hairy or

pubescent

15. Culms with very unequal internodes, short near the base,

longer upwards and short again towards the top ; leaf-

blades of culm-sheaths not well-developed

Culms with very nearly equal internodes ; leaf -blades of

culm-sheaths well-developed

16. Annual plants ; lower glume up to 6 mm. long, the upper up

to 10 mm. long

Erect perennial plants ; lower glume i 10 mm. long, the

upper i 13 mm. long

17. Central awn equally plumose from the base to very near the

tip

Central awn naked below, with a pencil of hairs at the

branching-point of the awns

Central awn naked in the lower part, not bearded at the

branching-point of the awns

18. Lower glume exceeding the upper in length ; lower glume

with many longitudinal rows of minute scabrous hairs on

the outer surface

Lower glume shorter than the upper ; lower glume not

conspicuously minutely scaberulous

Marlothii (14).

lutescens (15).

12

13

subacaulis (16).

Hermanni (17).

14

18

15

16

geminifolia (18).

fastigiata (19).

hirtigluma (20).

17

gracilior (21)

gracilior Pilger var.

intermedia (21a).

gracilior Pilger var.

Pearsonii (21b).

obtusa (22).

19

97

19. Vegetative parts covered with tubercular prominent glands ;

suffrutescent rigid perennial

Vegetative parts devoid of tubercular glands ; suffrutescent

or caespitose perennials, rarely annuals

20. Column with a pencil of hairs at the branching-point of the

awns

Column without a pencil of hairs at the branching-point of

the awns

21. Central awn naked at least in its lower third

Central awn plumose to the base

22. Glumes about 14 mm. long ; central awn somewhat rigid and

bristle-like

Glumes 8-10 mm. long ; central awn not as above

23. Sheaths of the innovations densely white woolly or at least

the margins villous ; dwarf caespitose plants

Sheaths of the innovations never densely white-woolly ;

plants usually from a suffrutescent much-branched base

24. Leaves long-hairy between the longitudinal ridges. Axis of

inflorescence scaberulous. Nodes and apices of pedicels

hairy

Leaves glabrous. Axis of inflorescence glabrous. Nodes

and apices of pedicels not long-hairy

25. Axils of panicle-branches with conspicuous pencils of hairs

Axils of panicle-branches glabrous

26. Central awn plumose, acute in outline ; glumes glabrous,

unequal

Central awn plumose, obtuse in outline ; glumes subequal,

usually purple, the lower in the young state dor sally often

somewhat shortly hairy, scaberulous on the keel upwards

27. Column 8-10 mm. long

Column 2-5 mm. long

III. § Chaetaria (Beauv.) Trin.

1. Awns and column of the lemma densely plumose and hairy

as in § Stipagrostis

Awns and column of the lemma never plumose or hairy, at

most scabrid or glabrous only

2. Glumes densely villous ; nodes perfectly glabrous

Glumes quite glabrous ; nodes with a ring of long spreading

white hairs

3. Internodes covered with a fugacious adpressed wool below

the nodes, or lanate-woolly all over, sometimes the lower

internodes only woolly or pubescent-lanate and the upper

glabrous

Internodes glabrous or scabrous, rarely with some short hairs

below the nodes

brevifolia (23).

20

21

23

uniplumis (24).

22

uniplumis Licht. var.

Neesii (24a).

uniplumis Licht. var.

Pearsonii (24b).

24

25

gonatostachys (25).

lanipes (26).

Marlothii (14).

26

27

Dregeana (27).

garubensis (28).

lutescens (15).

2

3

sericans (29).

hybrida naturalis (6).

Sciurus (30).

4

98

4. Panicles dense and spike-like or laxly contracted and more

or less interrupted 8

Panicles effuse and open, with the branches remote and

divaricate 5

5. Position of the glumes inverse, the lower glume exceeding the

upper in length bipartita (31).

Position of the glumes not inverse, but subequal or the

lower much shorter than the upper 6

6. Annual plants, often somewhat delicate 7

Perennial plants, usually somewhat robust ; the lemma

shorter than or as long as the glumes ; the tips of the

glumes reaching up to or surpassing the branching-point

of the awns canescens (34).

7. Glumes very acute, prominently awned, exceeding the

lemmas scabrivalvis (32).

Glumes acute or obtuse, not awned, or the upper glume at

most bifid with a mucro from the sinus ; lemmas as long

as or longer than the glumes effusa (33).

8. Column well-developed, very variable in length, distinctly

twisted 9

Column wanting or lemma is produced into a short scarcely-

twisted beak 12

9. Lower glume exceeding the upper in length, position of

glumes “ inverse ” monticola (35).

Lower glume always shorter than the upper 10

10. Glumes unequal, the lower about \ to f as long as the upper ;

internodes distinctly compressed junciformis (36).

Glumes about equal or slightly unequal, the upper only

1-1 • 5 mm. longer than the lower ; internodes not com-

pressed 11

11. Spikelets small ; glumes shorter than 10 mm. ; lateral awns

almost absent or at least much more weakly developed

than the central awn ; culms usually much-branched

from the nodes transvaalensis (37).

Spikelets larger ; glumes about 10 mm. long or longer, the

lower frequently slightly recurved from the apex and either

smooth, scaberulous to minutely hairy especially towards

the tip ; culms rarely branched from the nodes aequiglumis (38).

12. Lower glume exceeding the upper in length 13

Lower glume always shorter than the upper.... 14

13. Lemmas with longitudinal rows of spiny hairs rhiniochloa (39).

Lemmas smooth, the midrib scabrous only andoniensis (40).

14. Panicles very dense and spike-like, obovate in outline, up to

6 cm. long ; body of lemma very scabrous with longi-

tudinal rows of spiny hairs and furrowed ventrally Hubbardiana (41).

Panicles not densely spike-like ; body of lemma not very

scabrous and not furrowed ventrally 15

99

15. Perennial plants

Annual plants

16. Glumes very unequal, the lower about half the length of the

upper ; spikelets usually small and dark purple

Glumes equal or unequal, the lower more than two-thirds

as long as the upper

17. Culms markedly compressed below the nodes especially

towards the base

Culms terete

18. Culms 1-noded ; blades very narrow, setaceous ; panicles

short, about 2-2-5 cm. long, lax

Culms more-noded ; blades fiat ; panicles not short, usually

long or very long

19. Glumes very obtuse and rather broad, both erosebifid and

with a mucro from the sinus

Glumes acute or subacute and minutely awned, at least the

lower, the upper commonly obtuse and bifid, with a mucro

from the sinus

20. Awns of the lemma triquetrous above, very flat over a long

distance, with a pronounced midnerve and hyaline rather

broadly winged margins ; panicle erect and rather compact

and spike-like, now and again somewhat interrupted . . .

Awns of the lemma terete or mostly subtriquetrous, some-

times slightly winged only at the very base, without broad

hyaline margins ; panicle somewhat lax at times even

flexuous, not very dense and spikelike

IV. § Pseudarthratherum Chiov.

1. Panicles lax and open or composed of more or less peduncled

false spikes, sometimes loosely contracted, the long

branches erect and appressed, but always naked below and

never dense and spike -like

Panicles densely contracted, spike-like, the branches very

short, spikelet-bearing from the base, sometimes inter-

rupted or with 1-2 peduncled additional false spikes at

the base, rarely not dense and spike-like, but narrowly

linear and more or less interrupted, with flexuous sub-

secund branches nearly always spikelet-bearing from the

base

2. Lemma granular, densely tubercled in its upper part, quite

smooth only in its lower quarter-part

Lemma smooth, or scabrous only under a strong lens, never

densely tubercled

3. Panicles contracted and much-branched, the branches erect

or slightly spreading, never spike-like, glumes not very

unequal, panicle up to 20 cm. long

Panicles spike-like, densely contracted, if branched or inter-

rupted at the base, then branches usually spreading,

glumes unequal

16

19

recta (42).

17

junciformis (36).

18

Gal/pinii (43).

canescens (34).

curvata (44).

20

submucronata (45).

adscensionis L. subsp

guineensis (46).

barbicollis (47).

2

alopecuroidea (48).

3

Pilgeri (49).

4

100

4. Rigid perennials, inflorescence up to 20 cm. long

Annual or perennial, inflorescence rarely up to 15 cm. long,

the whole plant usually not exceeding 60 cm. in height. .

V. § Arthratherum (Beauv.) Reichb.

1. Callus bifid or more rarely almost truncate, rounded or

slightly emarginate

Callus conical, long acute, never bifid

2. Glumes equal or nearly so

Glumes very unequal

3. Foot of awns more than 2 cm. long, usually 2 • 5-3 cm. long

Foot of awns shorter than 2 cm., usually only about 1 cm.

long

4. Ligule a more or less woolly fringe, or a dense line of long soft

hairs surrounding the mouth of the sheaths like a flake of

wool ; if flake of wool absent then the lowermost inter-

nodes densely lanate

Ligule a line of very short hairs, no flake of wool present . .

5. Lower internodes densely woolly, the upper glabrous ;

column of awns rather short, about 6 • 5 mm. long

Lower and other internodes glabrous ; column of awns

usually rather long, up to 15 mm. long

6. Culms usually fascicled from a much-branched base and

lower nodes

Culms never fascicled but usually one- to several-noded. .

7. Callus truncate, obliquely truncate, rounded or even slightly

emarginate ; lemma dorsally glabrous, very rarely

minutely scaberulous

Callus distinctly bifid ; lemma dorsally distinctly scaberulous

8. Culms several-noded ; lower glume dr 6 mm. long, the upper

d^ 12 mm. long

Culms 1-2-noded ; lower glume dr 8-9 mm. long, the upper

dr 15-18 mm. long, if both shorter then the column very

short or almost absent

9. Column very short or absent

Column well developed dr 7 mm. long

10. Internodes densely woolly or lanate-tomentose

Internodes quite glabrous or minutely scaberulous only,

never pubescent

longicauda (50).

congesta (51).

2

10

spectabilis (52)

3

stipoides (53).

4

5

6

vestita (54).

meridionalis (55).

7

8

dasydesmis (56).

Engleri (57).

diffusa Trin. var.

Burkei (58a).

9

diffusa Trin. var.

pseudohystrix (58b).

diffusa Trin. var.

genuina (58).

mollissima (59).

11

101

11. Inflorescence dense, more or less elongate and spike-like ;

column of awns more than 3 '5 cm. long stipitaia (60).

Inflorescence fairly lax, never dense and spike-like ; column

of awns about 2 cm. long or somewhat longer graciliflora (61).

VI. § Pseudochaetaria Henr.

Only South African species hordeacea (62).

ENUMERATION OF THE SPECIES.

1. A. Hochstetteriana Beck ex Hack, in Verh. Bot. Ver. Prov. Brandenb. 30. 144 (1888) ;

Dur. et Schinz, Consp. 5. 803 (1894) ; Hack, in Bull. Herb. Boiss. 4. Append, iii. 18

(1896) ; Stapf in Dyer, FI. Cap. 7. 571 (1899) ; Bolus in Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 9. iv. 234

(1915) pro parte ; Dinter in Fedde, Rep. 15. 342 (1918) ; Garabedian in Ann. S. Afr.

Mus. 16. ii. 402 (1925) pro parte ; Henrard Crit. Rev. 2. 234 (1927) ; Henrard Monogr.

1. 37 cum ic. tab. 1 (1929) ; Range in Fedde, Rep. 33. 9 (1933).

Perennial, densely caespitose, branched from near the base, forming dense tufts.

Culms simple, up to about 50 cm. high, erect or somewhat geniculately ascending, 2-A-noded ;

internodes terete, substriate, minutely scaberulous or glabrous ; nodes glabrous, often

swollen, exserted. Lower leaf-sheaths reduced and scale-like, with very short blades, striate,

scaberulous, often more or less woolly at the base ; upper leaf-sheaths tight, striate,

scaberulous or with scattered long tubercle-based hairs, shorter than the internodes ;

ligule a short ciliate rim ; auricles shortly ciliate more rarely long-bearded ; collar smooth ;

blades convolute or setaceous, those of the innovations up to 14 cm. long, the culm-blades

up to 25 cm. long, ending in a setaceous point, glabrous or with scattered long tubercle-

based hairs beneath, hirtellous on the upper surface, striate. Panicle excluding the awns

up to 9 cm. long, usually much shorter, dense, spike-like, up to 1 cm. broad ; axis scaberu-

lous, the lowermost axils of the branches sometimes with a tuft of hairs ; branches solitary,

divided nearly from the base ; branchlets very short, scabrous ; pedicels scabrous, about

1-2 mm. long, clavate. Spikelets congested, yellowish or greenish. Glumes narrowly

linear or lanceolate, acuminate, 3-nerved with a stronger midnerve ; the lower glume very

scabrous and with long spreading hairs especially dorsally, 13-18 mm. long, not always

exceeding the upper glume in length ; the upper glume about 12-17 mm. long, glabrous or

scaberulous only. Lemma spindle-shaped, together with the callus and up to the arti-

culation 5-7 mm. long, below the articulation densely punctulate-scabrous, above the

articulation smooth, from the articulation to the branching-point of the awns 8-10 mm.

long ; column slightly scaberulous, twisted ; central awn plumose and long-feathery above

the middle, the feathery part obtuse in outline, naked in lower quarter, with a naked

excurrent tip, 5 -5-7 -5 cm. long; lateral awns fine, scaberulous or smooth, 2 -2-2 -4 cm.

long. Callus very acute, adpressedly hairy below, long-hairy above, 2 • 0-2 • 5 mm. long.

Anthers 6 • 0-7 • 0 mm. long.

South-West Africa.

Onguati, lichte Buschsteppe, IV. 1913, Engler 6187 (B, K) ; Spitzkopje, V. 1936,

Boss TM 36138 pro parte (T) ; Spitzkopje, I. 1937, Boss TM 36359 and 36378 (T) ;

Usakos, V. 1936, Wilson NH 21388 (N) ; do., XII. 1938, Volk 133 (D) ; Aukas, V. 1930,

Bradfield 571 (N) ; Kubas-Habis, IV. 1913, Dinter 2820 (B) ; Kubas-Ababis, IV. 1913,

Engler 6134 (B) ; Haikamchab, I. 1907, Galpin et Pearson 7594 (K, N, V) ; Otjimbingue,

1897, Fischer 68 (B) ; Walfish Bay, 100 KM east of, Wyley s.n. (V) ; Quartel near Rehoboth,

IV. 1911, Dinter 2172 (B) ; along the Gamgam River, III. 1905, Von Trotha 15a (B) ;

Gamkamas, III. 1911, Dinter 1990 (B, W) ; Gelwater near Gibeon, IV. 1912, Range 1328

IB, W) ; Kammachas, Range 1415 (B) ; Mount Brukkaros, IV. 1927, Sordahl 37 (BM, W)

102

et Sordahl 38 pro parte (BM) ; Am Loweufiuss bei Gawachab, II. 1910, Schafer 444 (B) ;

12 KM west of Sandverhaar, II. 1909, Pearson 4605 (K) ; Inachab, Sandrivier, Dinter 1107

(B, Z) ; Haobes (Hoabes?), Dinter 1473 (B) ; without precise locality, Pearson 7798

(BH, K) and Luderitz 66 (B, Z).

Type Specimen.

The type-gathering ( Wyley s.n.) consists of 7 sheets deposited in the Naturhistorisches

Museum, Wien. Beck’s manuscript description and dissections are still attached to one

of the sheets, and this has consequently been selected by Henrard (Crit. Rev. 235) as the

type.

Economic Notes.

This species is considered an especially valuable grass. Several collectors state in

their field notes that it is much relished by stock.

2. A. secalina Henrard Crit. Rev. 3. 552 (1928) ; Henrard Monogr. 1. 36 cum ic. tab. 1 (1929).

A. Hochstetteriana Beck ex Hack. sec. Garabedian in Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 16. ii. 402 (1925) pro parte,

non Beck ex Hack. Aristida nov. spec, ex aff. A. hordeaceae sec. Hack, in Bull. Herb. Boiss. 4

Append, iii. 20 (1896).

Since this species is very closely related to A. Hochstetteriana and may only be dis-

tinguished from this in having a glabrous lower glume, it was thought superfluous to draw

up a separate description. The description of A. Hochstetteriana thus covers the following

specimens except for the point of difference mentioned above.

South West Africa.

Northern districts (no definite locality indicated), I. 1930, Drinkuth 4 (B, K, N, W) ;

Out jo, V. 1933, Ter Horst TM. 31844 (T) ; Spitzkopje, I. 1937, Boss TM. 36401 (K, N, T) ;

Karibib, IV. 1913, Engler 6163 (B, K) ; Haikamchab, I. 1907, Galpin et Pearson 7435

(K, N, S) ; Awas mountains, Y. 1936, Boss TM. 36237 (T) ; Reise von Walfishbay nach

Okahandja, XI. 1885, Luderitz 72 (B, Z) ; Hereroland, anno 1885/1886, Luderitz 43 (B).

Type Specimens.

The two sheets Luderitz 72 et 43 are deposited in the Botanisches Museum, Berlin-

Dahlem.

Remarks.

Henrard (Crit. Rev. 552) states that the specimens on which he based his description

are in a very imperfect condition. Owing to the very overmature and damaged condition

of Luderitz 72, the present author has found it somewhat difficult to align and identify

modern material with this species. After much deliberation and careful examination of

the type specimen, he has decided that A. secalina Henrard is a close ally of A. Hochstet-

teriana Beck ex Hack. It differs from the latter species by having glabrous glumes. The

inverse length of the glumes is not a constant difference, since this character is also met

with in A. Hochstetteriana.

Henrard’s type shows the presence of spikelets in which the column of the lemma

is not twisted. This may be explained by the fact that these lemmas are not well-developed.

Otherwise they would have disarticulated, since most of the other columns were shed.

The more recent gathering Galpin & Pearson 7435 also shows the presence of spikelets

in which the column of the lemmas is either twisted or not twisted, a character which is

thus not reliable. The type specimen has naked central awns. Careful examination has

revealed the presence of many “ tubercles ” in the upper part of these awns. These

“ tubercles ” undoubtedly represent the points of attachment of hairs, and thus the awns

at one time or other were plumose. The opinion voiced by Henrard that this species is

an “ anomalous ” [Monogr. Gen. Aristida 1. 24 (1929)] member of the § S chistachne can

thus no longer receive' any support.

103

3. A. proxima Steud. Syn. PI. Glum. 1. 145 (1854) ; Dur. et Schinz, Consp. 5. 807 (1894) ;

Stapf in Dyer, FI. Cap. 7. 566 (1899) ; Henrard Crit. Rev. 3. 468 (1928) ; Henrard

Monogr. 1. 38 cum ic. tab. 4 (1929) ; Theron in Fedde, Rep. 40. 14 (1936).

Elegant, erect or ascending glaucous perennial. Culms simple or more rarely branched

near the base which appears to be a creeping rhizome, 15-35 cm. high, densely woolly at

and just below the nodes, otherwise pubescent, terete or subcompressed, 2-6-noded ; inter-

nodes usually shortly exserted. Sheaths striate, tight, pubescent with adpressed hairs,

the sheath -nodes with a ring or tuft of long white hairs, densely tomentose or woolly ;

ligules a ciliate rim ; auricles densely bearded, the hairs united into a ring at the junction

of the blade and the sheath ; blades convolute, filiform, rigid and subpungent, glaucous,

adpressedly pubescent in lines or becoming glabrous beneath, more or less scabrous-hirtellous

on the upper surface, curved, gradually narrowed but not setaceously pointed, up to 10 cm.

long, but usually much shorter. Panicle narrow, but rather loose, up to 15 cm. long, but

usually shorter, well- or shortly-exserted or sheathed by the uppermost leaf at the base ;

peduncle pubescent or hairy, angular or subterete ; axis of panicle subterete and grooved,

somewhat contorted, adpressedly hairy, the axils densely woolly ; branches binate, erect,

simple or the lower branched above the middle, naked in lower part, up to 5 cm. long, few-

flowered, usually only 2-5-spiculate, pubescent ; pedicels erect or more or less curved, up

to 8 mm. long or sometimes as long as the glumes, subclavate, densely woolly towards

their tips. Spikelets yellowish and pallid. Glumes unequal, glabrous and smooth, 3-nerved,

the lateral nerves shorter than the midnerve and anastomosing with it ; the lower 6 • 5-

10 mm. long, the upper 8-11-5 mm. long, both acuminate and mucronate from a slightly

bifid apex, both scaberulous only on the keel above. Lemma glabrous, lanceolate-oblong,

rounded at the base, abruptly narrowed into the 1-5-2 mm. long callus, body of lemma

including the callus 5-25-7-0 mm. long; callus very acute and narrow, long-pointed,

densely hairy ; articulation of the lemma about 3 • 5-5 mm. from the base of callus. Awns

deciduous with upper part of the lemma, subequal or usually the central awn longer,

plumose all along, the lateral from 5 -5-9-0 mm. long, the central awn 6-0-11-5 mm., tips

not exserted, feathery part very obtuse in outline. Pale broader than long, truncate,

nerveless. Lodicules very obtuse. Anthers 4 mm. long.

Cape Province.

Lady Grey distr. — Between Kraai River and Wittebergen, Zeyher 194 (B, K, P, V, Z).

Aliwal North distr. — Aliwal North, XII. 1892, Flanagan 1657 (A, BH, N, K) ; Sister

Stephanie 212 (A, BH, D, K, N).

Type Specimen.

Zeyher 194 is deposited in Herb. Steudel, Museum National d’ Histoire Naturelle,

Paris.

4. A. namaquensis ( Nees ) Trin. et Rupr. Spec. Gram. Stip. 174 (1842) ; Walp. Ann. Bot.

3.750 (1852) ; Steud. Syn. PI. Glum. 1. 145 (1854); Dur. et Schinz, Consp. 5.805

(1894) ; Hack, in Bull. Herb. Boiss. 4 Append, iii. 19 (1896) ; Bolus in Ann. S. Afr.

Mus. 9. IV. 233 (1915) ; Binter in Fedde, Rep. 15. 342 (1918) ; Garabedian in Ann.

S. Afr. Mus. 16. II. 403 (1925) pro parte ; Henrard Crit. Rev. 2. 369 (1927) ; Henrard

Monogr. 1. 39 cum ic. tab. 3 (1929) ; Range in Fedde, Rep. 33. 8 (1933) pro parte.

A. dregeana Trin. et Rupr. sec. F. Bolus in Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 9. IV. 234 (1915) pro parte, non Trin.

et Rupr. A. fruticans Burchell, Travels 1. 492 (1822) nomen tantum. A. lutescens Trin. et Rupr.

sec. F. Bolus in Ann . S. Afr. Mus. 9. IV. 233 (1915), non Trin. et Rupr. A. namaquensis Trin. ex

Steud. Nomencl. ed. 2. 1. 131 (1842) ; Stapf in Dyer, FI. Cap. 7. 566 (1899). A. namaquensis (Nees)

Trin. et Rupr. var. vagans (Nees) Walp. Ann. Bot. 3. 750 (1852). A. pungens Desf. sec. Hack, in

Bull. Herb. Boiss. 4 Append. III. 19 (1896) ; sec. Garabedian in Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 16. II. 404 (1925),

omnes non Desf. Arthratherum namaquense Nees, FI. Afr. Austr. 1. 185 (1841) ; Presl. Bot. Bemerk

121 (1844) ; Linnaea 20. 253 (1847).

Sujfrutescent with a long creeping rhizome, stoloniferous, innovation-buds covered

with densely imbricate scale-like sheaths, the latter striate and glabrous except for the

104

woolly lower margins, and bearing reduced deciduous spinelike blades. Culms fascicled,

ascending or prostrate, woody below, simple or usually with fascicles of erect branches

from the lowTer or the middle nodes, at times very long and reaching a height of 2 meters

{Bryant), glabrous and smooth. Sheaths very tight, firm, pallid, glabrous, striate or smooth,

more rarely more or less hairy, longer or slightly shorter than the internodes ; ligules and

auricles minutely ciliate only ; collar smooth ; blades setaceous or subulate, convolute,

the lower very short, very rigid and pungent, the upper longer, up to 25 cm. long, glaucous,

glabrous, smooth on the lower surface, hispidulous on the upper surface. Panicle more

Or less exserted, narrow, linear, more or less contracted but rather loose, up to 30 cm. long

or usually shorter ; rhachis straight or subflexuous, nearly smooth, branches solitary,

nearly sessile, erect or suberect, bipartite nearly from the base, or the branchlets fascicled,

the lower ones up to 7 - 5 cm. long, scabrous and filiform like the branchlets, lateral spikelets

with branches much shorter than the glumes. Spikelets yellowish, pallid, erect. Glumes

rather firm, unequal, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, acuminate, tips minutely truncate

or slightly bifid, 3-nerved, glabrous, involute, the lower 8-13 mm. long, the upper 9-5-

15 mm. long. Lemma subcylindric, glabrous, produced into a straight or somewhat twisted

short beak, the body articulated 2-5-5 mm. below the branching-point of the awns, total

length of lemma and column 8-11 mm ; callus conical 1 -5-2 mm. long, acute and pointed,

hairy. Awns somewhat unequal and variable in length; the central from 11-25 mm.

long, the lateral from 8-18 mm. long, all the awns plumose to the very tips, the central

subobtuse and the lateral subacute in outline, the side bristles finer than the central awn

and scantily adpressedly plumose at the base, more densely so above. Pale broad, about

1-5 mm. long, nerveless. Lodicules 1 mm. long, few-nerved. Anthers 4-5 mm. long.

South-West Africa.

Omuvaruma river, XII. 1938, Volk 403 (D) ; below Ababes, Tsondab River, XII.

1915, Pearson 9155 (K, S) ; Haikamchab, I. 1907, Galpin et Pearson 7426 (BH, K, N, P, S) ;

Awas mountains, I. 1916, Pearson 9646 (S) ; between Choaberib and Gurumanes, I. 1916,

Pearson 9416 (K) ; Rehoboth, XII. 1890, Fleck 21a (Z) ; between Zendlingsgrab and Kub,

III. 1905, Von Trotha 22 (B) ; Orab, Dinter 2027 (B; W) ; Griindoorn, VI. 1931, Oertendahl

334b (K, N) ; Khamis, Riverbed of Konkip, Schultze 471 (B) ; Beersheba, I. 1931,

Sordahl 44 (BM, W) ; Kunguibgebirge, Range 1062 (B) ; Liideritzbucht, Schafer 377 (B) ;

Rotkuppe Station, II. 1909, Pearson 4189 (A, D, K, S) ; 18 KM west of Aus, II. 1909,

Pearson 4203 (BH, K) ; Aus, Schenclc 171 (Z) ; West of Aus, II. 1909, Pearson 4206 (K)

et 4208 (K) et 4217 (A, K) ; Buchholzbrunn, riverbed, II. 1909, Pearson 3644 (K) et 3645

(BH, K) ; Sandverhaar, II. 1909, Pearson 3710 (K, Z) et 3713 (BH, D, K, N) et 4343

(BH, K, N) ; Sandverhaar, I. 1910, Schafer 284 (B) ; Inachab, XII. 1897, Dinter 1108

(Z) ; Great Karasberg, XII. 1912, Pearson 8078 (B, K) et I. 1913, Pearson 8497 (BH,

BM, K, S, Z) ; Holoog, I. 1916, Pearson 9714 (B, K, S) et 9745 (BH, K, S) ; Kanus, I.

1910, Range 899 (B) ; Khanibes, Horos, X. 1907, Hartmann 14 (B) ; Gabis, I. 1909, Pearson

4324 (K) ; 20 KM north of Raman’s Drift, I. 1909, Pearson 4532 (K, S) ; Warmbad, 1888,

Wandres 28 (Z) ; without precise locality : Wyley s.n. (V) ; Dinter 6413 (G) ; Range 748

(B) et 96 (B).

Cape Province.

Little Namaqualand distr. : Between Arris Drift and Arnisfontein, X. 1926, Pillans

5322 (K) ; Lekkersing, IX. 1935, Taylor 1083 (N) ; Eenriet, I. 1909, Pearson 3082 (K) ;

South of Brakfontein, X. 1926, Pillans 5565 (BH) ; Aggenys, I. 1909, Pearson 2947 (K, N) ;

between Arkoep and Mesklip, XII. 1910, Pillans 5898 (BM, K, N, S) ; Kamabies, XII.

1908, Pearson 3953 (BH, K) ; Kamiesberg, Zeyher 74 (B, G, V, W, Z) ; Alewynsfontein,

XII. 1908, Pearson 3335 (K) ; between Plaatklip and Bitterfontein, I. 1908, Pearson 3298

(A, D, K, S). Calvinia distr. : At Kamos, Komseep, Springbokkuil and Lospers Plaats,

Zeyher 1814 (A, BH, BM, G, K, N, P, S, V, Z) ; Brakrivier, XII. 1908, Pearson 3901 (K) ;

Doornriver, XII. 1908, Pearson 3883 (BM, N, T) ; near Schurkraal, XII. 1908, Pearson

105

3080 (BM, K) ; between Grouwater and Klipplaat, XII. 1908, Pearson 3282 (A, BM, K, S);

Schurkraal, XII. 1908, Pearson 4999 (A, K, N). Van Rhynsdorp distr. : Between

Kamiesberg and Nieuwfontein, Drege (2545) (B, BM, G, K, N, W). Clanwilliam distr. :

Between Builshoek and Doom River, XI. 1910, Pearson 5400 (K) ; Olifants River valley,

XII. 1936, Adamson 1556 (N). Ceres distr. : Papekuil, XI. 1908, Pearson 3991 (A, BH,

BM, K, N, S). Sutherland distr. : Roggeveld, Korhaan’s Kloof, Rehmann 3187 (B, Z).

Laingsburg distr. : At Matjesfontein, Rehmann 2910 (BM, K, V, Z). Prince Albert distr. :

Fraserburg Road, I. 1903, Marloth 3056 (N) ; by the Gamka River, Mundt et Maire s.n.

(K). Jansen ville distr. : Jansenville, . Joseph 8639 (N) ; Klipplaatrivier, Drege 3924 (B,

G, P). Graaff-Reinet distr. : Near Riviertjie, III. 1869, Bolus 1981 (BH, K, Z). Murrays-

burg distr. : Murraysburg, VII. 1878, Tyson 558 (D) et XII. 1878, Tyson 258 (BH)

Middelburg distr. : Grootfontein, IV. 1911, Pillans 1854 (K). Fraserburg distr. : Williston,

XI. 1921, Foley 189 (N) et II. 1926, Smith 2457 (N). Carnarvon distr. : Nieuweveld,

between Brakrivier and Uitvlugt, Drege (B, G, O, P, S, V). Prieska distr. : Prieska, III.

1931, Bryant 604 (B, K, W) et II. 1932, Bryant 650 (K, N) et Bryant 4147 (Me). Hay

distr. : Griquatown, XII. 1811, Burchell 1885 (G, K, P) et XII. 1894, Marloth 2093 (N, St) ;

Krom Aar, III. 1921, Wilman 2457 (K, Me) ; Black Ridge, III. 1934, Wilman 3059 (BH,

Me) ; Niekerks Hoop, X. 1936, Hafstrom 1335 (K, Me). Gordonia distr. : Upington,

IV. 1923, Borcherds H. 21456 (N) et V. 1923, Borcherds H. 21495 (K) et H. 21455 (W) ;

do., VII. 1925, Barnard 36143 (S) ; Witkop, X. 1937, Webb 17 (N) ; Zwart Puts, X. 1911

Wilman s.n. (K). Without precise locality: Ecklon et Zeyher (A, K, N). ; Mundt s.n.,

(B) ; Pappe s.n. (BM) ; Burke et Zeyher (O) ; Buchanan s.n. (S).

Type Specimen.

The type is deposited in the Botanisches Museum, Berlin-Dahlem.

Common Names.

Bamboo Aristida. Bamboo grass. Hay grass. Heidegras. Hooigras. Stechgras.

Steekgras. Steekriet. Steekkweek.

Economic Notes.

This species is reported to be of value as a sandstay and thus may prove useful in

combating erosion. Although the foliage is very coarse and prickly, Pearson states that

it is “ much eaten by stock ” whereas Pillans states that it “ does not provide grazing ”.

It is furthermore occasionally used for thatching.

5. A. Schlechteri Henrard Crit. Rev. 3. 541 (1928) ; Henrard Monogr. 1. 40 et 51 cum ic.

tab. 1 (1929).

A hybrid between A. capensis Thunb. and A. ciliata Desf. var. capensis Trin. et Rupr.

and agreeing in vegetative characters with the former. Caespitose perennial. Culms up

to 40 cm. high, but sometimes much shorter, 2-noded. Internodes exserted, terete,

somewhat striate, glabrous ; nodes ciliate with spreading white hairs. Leaf- sheaths tight,

striate, glabrous. Ligule a ciliolate rim ; auricles bearded, collar glabrous. Leaves mostly

basal, rather short, up to 14 cm. long, but usually about 6 cm. long, flexuous and curved,

subrigid, setaceous, convolute, striate and glabrous below, hairy above. Panicle exserted,

strictly erect, few-flowered ; branches erect or ascending, scaberulous or smooth ; pedicels

slightly scabrous, spikelets lanceolate. Glumes firm and chartaceous, 3-nerved, yellowish,

purple-flushed at the base, subequal to unequal, acute or subobtuse with minutely ciliolate

tips ; the lower 11-13-5 mm. long ; the upper 13-16 mm. long. Articulation of the lemma

7-7-5 mm. from the base of the callus. Lemma smooth. Callus very acute, hairy, about

2-2-25 mm. long. Column of awns slightly to strongly twisted, about 7-9 mm. long,

glabrous. Central awn 3-5-4 cm. long, feathery all along to the very tip, obtuse in outline ;

lateral awns 1 • 8-2 6 cm. long, naked or sparingly plumose, often one of these plumose

and the other naked, tips long-exserted, rather fine.

106

Cape Province.

Little Namaqualand distr. : Windhoek, VII., 1896, Schlechter 8338 (A, B, BH, G,

K, N, P, T, V, W, Z).

Remarks.

Henrard states the position of the articulation to be variable, but I have made many

measurements and found this variation negligible. The articulation is situated 7-7 5 mm.

from the end of the callus. It is moreover the length of the column of the lemma which

shows some variation (7-9 mm.), and this is probably due to the discrepancies which

Henrard mentions in regard to the position of the articulation. The length of the column

of the lemma is usually fairly variable even in spikelets of one and the same panicle. See

also A. subacaulis where the length of the column is extremely variable.

6. A. ciliata Desf. var. capensis Trin. et Rupr. x A. ?

The number cited below consists of two sheets which undoubtedly represents a hybrid.

The plants superficially resemble A. ciliata Desf. var. capensis Trin. et Rupr. as the

nodes are strongly ciliate with rtflexed or spreading white hairs, the glumes are subequal,

obtuse or truncate, and minutely ciliate at their apices, and they are furthermore slightly

discoloured (purple ?) at the base. The lemmas however disagree with the aforementioned

species as the callus shows a great deal of variation in its degree of hairiness. It shows

all intermediates from being densely bearded to being perfectly glabrous. The body of

the lemma may show the presence of an articulation as in typical members of § Schistachne.

The majority of lemmas however show no signs of an articulation and in this respect they

agree with members placed in § Chaetaria. All three awns of the lemma are plumose and

acute in outline. The awns are fairly rigid and have almost naked exserted tips, and in

this respeot are not unlike those of A. capensis Thunb. There are, however, no other-

characters which would suggest a relationship with the last-menticned species. Owing

to the plumose awns this hybrid bears some resemblance to A. sericans Hack, but differs

from the, latter in a number of important characters, viz. bearded nodes, obtuse and glabrous

glumes, etc. To suggest A. sericans Hack, as the other parent is unwarranted since the

former appears to be restricted to the High Veld area of the Transvaal and therefore almost

certainly does not occur in the dry arid regions of the Kenhardt District.

Cape Province.

Kenhardt distr. : Loog Kolk, X. 1928, Pole Evans 43 (N).

7. A. ciliata Desf. var. capensis Trin. et Rupr. Spec. Gram. Stip. 164 (1842) ; Walp. Ann.

Bot. 3. 748 (1852) ; Dur. et Schinz, Consp. 5. 802 (1894) ; Dinter in Fedde, Rep. 15.

341 (1918) ; Henrard Crit. Rev. 1. 93 (1926) ; Henrard Monogr. 1. 43 cum ic. tab.

2 (1929).

A. ciliata Desf. sec. Kunth, Enum. 1. 195 (1833); Steud. Syn. PI. Glum. 1. 143 (1854) pro parte;

Dur. et Schinz, Consp. 5. 802 (1894) pro parte; Hack, in Bull. Herb. Boiss. 4. Append. III. 17

(1896); Stapf in Dyer, FI. Cap. 7. 563 (1899) pro parte; F. Bolus in Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 9. IV. 232

(1915) pro parte ; Garabedian in Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 16. II. 401 (1925); Range in Fedde, Rep. 33. 8

(1933) pro parte, omnes non Desf.

A. centrifuga Burchell, Travels 1. 266 (1822) nomen tantum. A. obtusa Del. sec. F. Bolus in Ann.

S. Afr. Mus. 9. IV. 233 (1915) pro parte, non Del. A. piligera Burchell ex Schult. Mant. 2. 478

(1824) ; Kunth, Enum. 1. 197 (1833). A. pubigenu Burchell, Travels 1. 288 (1822). Arthratherum

ciliatum Nees in Linnaea 7. 289 (1832). Arthratherum Schimperi Nees, FI. Afr. Austr. 178 (1841) ;

Presl, Bot. Bemerk. 121 (1844).

Perennial , compactly caespitose, branched from near the base. Innovations forming

dense tufts. Culms up to 85 cm. high but usually much shorter, densely tufted, fascicled,

erect or somewhat geniculately ascending from a well-developed rootstock, simple, 2-3-

noded ; internodes terete, nearly smooth, with a viscous ring below the nodes, slightly

107

striate, somewhat swollen near the nodes, exserted ; nodes long-bearded with spreading

hairs, the hairs often deciduous in old culms. Lower leaf-sheaths crowded at the base, very

broad, pallid or whitish, firm and persistent, striate, glabrous or more or less woolly along

the margins ; upper leaf-sheaths tight, shorter than the internodes, striate, glabrous or

slightly pubescent ; ligule a short ciliate rim, auricles shortly ciliate, those of the innovations

conspicuously bearded ; collar glabrous ; blades striate, glabrous and smooth beneath,

minutely hairy or hirtellous on the upper surface, convolute throughout, coarsely setaceous

to pungent (when short) more or less recurved, variable in length, up to 25 cm. long but

usually very much shorter. Panicle exserted, up to 30 cm. long, narrow but oqien and

sometimes very loose, usually contracted and erect ; axis terete or subcompressed, at

times striate, glabrous ; branches filiform, erect or sub-erect, solitary or usually 2-3-nate,

up to about 8 cm. long exclusive of the awns, often branched from near the base ; pedicels

glabrous, shorter to longer than the glumes, clavate at the apex. Spikelets linear-oblong,

pale or straw-coloured, often suffused with purple at the base. Glumes subequal, linear-

oblong, 3-nerved, glabrous, obtuse or subacute, very firm, emarginate and usually minutely

ciliolate at the apex ; the lower from 8-5-11 mm. long, the upper 9-12 mm. long. Lemma

tubulous, glabrous, smooth, gradually narrowed into a slender, twisted column of a

somewhat variable length, articulated 5-7 mm. from the base of the callus, 10-5-14 mm.

long up to the branching-point of the awn ; callus long-hairy, very acute, from 1 -5-2 -5 mm.

long ; central awn 4-5 cm. long, naked in lower quarter, feathery part obtuse in outline,

with a short naked or minutely plumose exserted tip ; lateral awns very fine, usually sub-

erect, 1-5-2 -5 cm. long, sometimes slightly but inconspicuously plumose in their upper

part. Anthers 5-5-5 mm. long.

South West Africa.

Witvley, III. 1911, Dinter 1972 (B) ; Walfishbay, Nachtigal 7 (B) ; Salzbrunn, IV.

1913, Bugler 6560 (B) ; between Dabaigabis and Griindoorn, II. 1909, Pearson 3159 (BM, S) ;

between Ausis and Khuias, III. 1885, Schenck 218 (N, V, Z) ; Kunguibgebirge, Range

1064 (B) ; Haalenberg, IV. 1929, Dinter 6302 (B, BH) ; Keetmanshoop, 1897, Seidel 1

(B) ; Mount Brukkaros, IV. 1927, Sordahl 38 pro parte (B, BM, W) ; Angra Pequena, I.

1907, Galpin et Pearson 7522 pro parte (N) ; Angra Pequena, VII. 1925, Moss 11516 (W)

et 11517 (K, WR) ; do., X. 1884, Schenck la (Z) ; do., 1884, Schinz 668 (Z) et 669 (Z) ;

do., IV. 1886, Marloth 1158 (B) et 4742 (N) ; Rotkuppe, II. 1909, Pearson 4183 (K) ;

Garub, X. 1910, Marloth 5001 (N, St) ; do., X. 1907, Range 522 (B) ; prope Aus, 1885,

Schinz 667 (Z, V) ; Kubub, II. 1907, Range 222 (B) ; Kuibis, Range 890 (B) ; do., I. 1909,

Range 654 (B) ; Buchholzbrunn, II. 1909, Pearson 3638 (BH) ; Sandverhaar, II. 1909,

Pearson 4663 pro parte (BH) ; Inachab, XII. 1897, Dinter 1104 (B, Z) ; Klein Karas,

IV. 1931, Ortendahl 120 (B, K, N) ; do., IX. 1923, Dinter 5000 pro parte (N) ; Holoog,

I. 1916, Pearson 9811 (K) ; Anibebene, 1895, Schinz 326 (Z) ; Klinghardtgebirge, VIII.

1913, Schafer 548 (B) et 513 (B) ; Great Karasberg, 1918, Blank 63 (B) ; do., Kraaikluft,

I. 1913, Pearson 8496 (N) ; near Sendlingsdrift, Range 1556 (B) ; 25 Km. north of Warmbad,

II. 1909, Pearson 4301 (BH, N) ; north of Ganus, II. 1909, Pearson 4495 (K, T) ; Viols

Drift, IX. 1931, Pillans 6395 (BH) ; without precise locality : Namib, Boss TM. 36281

(T) et Morgenstern 31 (B, W) ; Walfishbay-Otyitambi, Luderitz 34 (B) ; Range 1423 (B).

Cape Province.

Little Xamaqualand distr. : Near mouth of Orange River, Drege 2548 (B, BM, G,

K, N, 0, P, S, V) ; Groot Derm, X. 1926, Pillans 5230 (BH) ; between Arris Drift and

Anisfontein, X. 1926, Pillans 5247 (BH) ; near Bethany Drift, XII. 1910, Pearson 6952

(K) ; Richtersveld, IX. 1925, Marloth 12414 (N) ; do., VIII. 1925, Marloth 12309 (N) ;

near Oograbies, I. 1909, Pearson 3564 (A, K, T) ; between Wolftoon and Henkriesfontein,

I. 1909, Pearson 3107 (A) ; Goodhouse, IX. 1930, Henrici 2221 (N) ; Henkries, XI. 1897,

Schlechter 10 (B. BH, BM, G, K, N, P, T. W) ; Lekkersing, IX. 1936, Taylor 1096 (N) ;

Buffelrivier, IX. 1897, Schlechter 11257 (A, B, BH, BM, G, K, N, P, V, W, Z) ; Kamiesberg,

Zeyher 74 (V). Calvinia distr. : between Losper’s Plaats and Springbokkuil, Zeyher 1812

108

(A, BH, G, K, N, P, S, Z) ; between Plaatklip and Bitterfontein, XII. 1908, Pearson 3293

(K, N) ; south of Klipplaat, XII. 1908, Pearson 3395 (BM, N, S) ; between Pappekuil and

Stompiesfontein, XII. 1908, Pearson 4967 (A, BM). Clanwilliam distr. : Klaver, III.

1926, Smith 2600 (N) ; Ceres distr. : Gansfontein, XII. 1908, Pearson 3983 (BH, K).

Beaufort West distr. : Between Dweka and Zwart bullet je, Drege (B, G, P, S). Fraserburg

distr. : Between Patrysfontein and Great Brakriver, IX. 1811, Burchell 1521 (K). Prince

Albert distr. : Prince Albert, XII. 1906, Bolus 12432 (B, BH, BM, K, N) ; Prince Albert

Road, V. 1920, Pillans 7060 (BH) ; Jakalsfontein, Burke 22 (K) ; Gamka River, Mundt

(et Maire) (B, G, K). Murraysburg distr. : Murraysburg, Tyson 280 (BH). Uitenhage

distr. : Uitenhage ?, Prior s.n. (K, S, V). Somerset East distr. : Somerset, Bowker s.n.

(K). Middelburg distr. : Grootfontein, IV. 1911, Pillans 1855 (K). Victoria West distr. :

Victoria West, Schweitzer s.n. (A). Prieska distr. : Between Modderfontein and Keikams-

poort, Burchell 1612-4 (K) ; Prieska, III. 1931, Bryant 607 (B, K, W) ; do., VIII. 1918,

Pole Evans H. 18800 (N). Kimberley distr. : Kudusberg, VI. 1936, Wilman 3532 (K, Me).

Hay distr. : Niekerk’s Hoop, X. 1936, Hafstrom 1332 (Me) ; Griquatown, anno 1928,

Conradie 1 (St). Mafeking distr. : Mafeking, IV. 1929, Pole Evans 2404 (N). Gordonia

distr. : Upington, VIII. 1912, McDonald H. 8132 (K, N, T) ; do., IV. 1923, Borcherds

H. 21455 (K, N) ; Springboksvlei, XI. 1936, Webb 22 (N) ; Narougas, VII. 1925, Barnard

36145 (S). Without precise locality : Pappe s.n. (BM) ; Zeyher 1809 (BM) ; Wyley s.n.

(V) ; Marloth 3718 (K, N) et 3727 (N).

Orange Free State.

Bloemfontein distr. : Near Bloemfontein, IV. 1928, Pole Evans 2190 (N).

Type Specimen.

Drege from Dweka and Zwartbulletje is deposited in the Botanisches Museum, Berlin-

Dahlem.

Common Names.

Bushman Grass. Dwa-gras. Groot Boesmangras. Grosses Toagras. Habugras.

Kortbeen Twaa. Langbeen Twaa. Ochsengras. Tall Bushman Grass. Toagras.

Economic Notes.

This species is considered a very good stock food, it is eagerly grazed by both sheep

and cattle. It is said to be very drought-resistant, persists many months without rain

and flowers readily after a minimum of rain.

7a. A. ciliata Desf. var. villosa Hack, in Bull. Herb. Boiss. 4 Append. III. 18 (1896) ; Stapf

in Dyer, FI. Cap. 7. 564 (1899) ; Dinter in Fedde, Rep. 15. 341 (1918) ; Henrard Crit.

Rev. 1. 95 (1926) ; Henrard Monogr. 1. 42 (1929) ; Theron in Fedde, Rep. 40. 10

(1936).

A. ciliata Desf. sec. F. Bolus in Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 9. IV. 232 (1915) pro parte ; Range in Fedde,

Rep. 33. 8 (1933) pro parte, non Desf. A. prodigiosa Welw. sec. Garabedian in Ann. S. Afr. Mus.

16. II. 404 (1925) pro parte, non Welw.

This variety may be readily recognised by the possession of densely lanate or villous

leaf-sheaths and leaf-blades. It appears to occur only in the very arid regions of South

West Africa.

South West Africa.

Olukonda, XII. 1885, Schinz 649 (Z) ; Haikamchab, I. 1907, Galpin et Pearson 7413 (K,

N, S) ; Marienthal-Orab, III. 1911, Dinter 2013 (B) ; Bei Liideritzbucht, IX. 1913, Range

1883 (B) ; Angra Pequena, 1884, Schinz 663 (Z) ; do., I. 1907, Galpin et Pearson 7522 pro

parte (K, S) ; Klinghardtgebirge, VIII. 1913, Schafer 546 (B) ; Schakalskuppe, II. 1909,

Pearson 4800 (K) ; between Aos and the Orange River, III. 1885, Schenck 327 (N, V, Z) ;

Buntfeldschuh, IX. 1922, Dinter 3922 (B, N) ; North of Warmbad, II. 1909, Pearson 4301

(D, K).

]09

Type Specimen.

Schenck 327 both in the Botanisches Museum, Zurich and in the Naturhistorisches

Museum, Wien.

Economic Notes.

This variety is considered a good fodder grass for cattle and horses.

7b. A. ciliata Desf. var. peetinata Henr. Crit. Rev. 1. 95 (1926) ; Henrard Monogr. 1. 42

(1929) ; Theron in Fedde, Rep. 40. 10 (1936).

This variety may be distinguished by the glumes both of which are always markedly

ciliate with spreading hyaline hairs.

South West Africa.

Windhuk, 1906, Bohr 13 (B) ; Zwartbankberge (Kalkberge), IV. 1886, Stapff 9 [B

(typus !), Z] ; Aus, Lewis H. 19007 (N) ; Karubeam (Karabeam Mts. ?), VII. 1931, Pillans

6562 (BH).

Cape Province.

Little Namaqualand distr : Near Orange River mouth, VII. 1926, Pillans 5610 pro

parte (BH, K) ; Clanwilliam distr. : Zoutrivier, VII. 1896, Schlechter 8138 (A, B, BH) ;

Herbert distr. : Read’s Drift, III. 1937, Acock 4321 (Me).

Type Specimen.

Stapff 9 is deposited in the Botanisches Museum, Berlin — Dahlem.

Common Names.

Common Groot Boesmangras. Pferdegras.

Economic Note.

Stapff states it to be a meagre foddergrass after rain.

7c. A. ciliata Desf. var. tricholaena Hack, in Bull. Herb. Boiss. 4 Append. III. 18 (1896) ;

Stapf in Dyer, FI. Cap. 7. 564 (1899) ; Dinter in Fedde, Rep. 15. 341 (1918) ; Henrard

Crit. Rev. 1. 95 (1926) ; Henrard Monogr. 1. 42 (1929) ; Range in Fedde, Rep. 33

8 (1933).

A. ciliata Desf. sec. F. Bolus in Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 9. IV. 232 (1915) ; Stapf in Dyer FI. Cap. 7. 563

(1899); Range in Fedde, Rep. 33. 8 (1933) omnes pro parte non Desf.

This variety may be distinguished by the upper glume which is always markedly

ciliate with spreading hyaline hairs. It is often found growing side by side with A. ciliata

Desf. var. capensis Trin. et Rupr., the prevalent variety of this species in South Africa.

South West Africa.

Rossingberge, XI. 1938, Volk 23 (D) ; Ababis, IV. 1913, Engler 6134 (K) ; near

Welwitsch, III. 1909, Pearson 4472 (BH, K) ; Windhuk, 1906, Bohr 13 (B) ; Haikamchab,

I. 1907, Galpin et Pearson 7413 (BH, K, N, P) ; do., 7412 (V) ; between Achterfontein

and Gelwater, XII. 1912, Pearson 9235 (K) ; Liideritzbucht, I. 1907, Range 204 (B) ;

Haalenberg, IV. 1929, Dinter 6302 (D, K, St) ; Angra Pequena, XI. 1884, Schenck 26 (N) ;

do., 1894, Schinz 672 (BH, K, Z) ; near Tsirub, VII. 1885, Schenck 10, [V, (typus !), Z] ;

Klinghardtgebirge, VIII. 1913, Schafer 529 (B) ; Tsirub, Range 1132 (B) ; Great Karasberg,

I. 1913, Pearson 8496 (BH, BM, K) ; Sendlingsdrift, VII. 1912, Range 1564 (B) ; 25 Km

north of Warmbad, II. 1909, Pearson 4293 (K).

Cape Province.

Little Namaqualand distr. : Doornpoort, X. 1926, Pillans 5455 (BH) ; between

Witbank and Orange River, X. 1926, Pillans 5131 (BH) ; Henkries, XI. 1897, Schlechter

110

10 pro parte (A). Prince Albert distr. : Swarts, Y. 1920, Pillans 7059 (Bid). Prieska

distr. : Prieska, IV. 1935, Bryant 607 (K, Me). Gordonia distr. : Upington, Pole Evans

2175 (N). Mafeking distr. : Mafeking, IV. 1929, Pole Evans 2404 (K).

Orange Free State.

Fauresmith distr. : Jagersfontein, IV. 1920, Van der Walt H. 19805 (N, W) et van

Breda 31 (N).

Type Specimen.

Schenck 10 is deposited in the Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien. A duplicate is

deposited in the Botanisches Museum, Zurich.

Common Names.

Beesgras. Groot Twaagras. Tall Bushman Grass.

Economic Notes.

This variety is considered to be a good foddergrass.

8. A. Schaeferi Mez in Fedde, Rep. 17. 152 (1921) ; Garabedian in Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 16.

404 (1925) > Henrard Crit. Rev. 3. 535 (1928) ; Henrard Monogr. 1. 41 cum. ic. tab.

2 (1929) ; Theron in Fedde, Rep. 40. 11 (1936).

A. ciliata, Desf. var. sec. F. Bolus in Ann. S. Afr. Mus, 9. IV. 232 (1915). A. prodigiosa Welw. sec.

Hack, in Bull. Herb. Boiss. 4. Append. III. 19 (1896) ; Garabedian in Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 16. II. 404

(1925) pro parte ; Dinter in Fedde, Rep. 15. 342 (1918) ; omnes non Welw.

Perennial, compactly caespitose, branched from the base. Innovations forming rather

short and dense tufts. Culms up to 65 cm. high but usually much smaller, densely tufted,

fascicled, erect or somewhat geniculately ascending from a robust almost suffrutescent

rootstock, simple, 2-3-noded ; internodes terete, smooth, slightly striate, swollen and

often viscous just below the nodes, usually exserted ; nodes perfectly smooth and glabrous.

Lower leaf-sheaths short, densely lanate, striate, at length becoming glabrous and shiny,

with well-developed hyaline margins ; the upper shorter than or as long as the internodes,

scabrous or shortly pubescent especially along the margins, striate ; ligule a short hairy rim;

auricles pubescent or very shortly ciliate, collar glabrous ; blades striate, nearly glabrous

beneath, densely shortly villous-pubescent on the upper surface, terminating in a pungent

apex ; those of innovations 1-2 cm., or up to 8 cm. long, recurved, firm subulate ; those

of the culm leaves up to 12 cm. long. Panicle exserted, or at first sheathed by the upper-

most leaf, up to 26 cm. long, somewhat contracted but loose ; axis terete or sub-compressed,

striate or grooved upwards, almost smooth ; branches filiform, erect or sub-erect, solitary

or 2-3-nate, up to 8 cm. long exclusive of the awns, often branched from near the base ;

pedicels nearly glabrous, at times almost as long as the glumes, swollen towards the apex

(clavate). Spikelets straw-coloured, usually flushed with purple near the base. Glumes

about equal, boat-shaped, 3-nerved, glabrous or sometimes rigidly ciliate, very firm, both

8-5-12-5 mm. long. Lemma tubulous, glabrous, smooth, 9-10-5 mm. long, articulated

6-6-5 mm. from the base of the callus ; callus long-hairy, acute from 1-75-2 mm. long ;

central awn 4-4-5 cm. long, naked in lower third, plumose above nearly to the tip, the latter

short, naked and exserted, the feathery part subacute in outline ; lateral awns naked,

from 1-3-2 -2 cm. long. Anthers 5 -5-6-0 mm. long.

South West Africa.

Lower Swakop, IV. 1886, Marloth 1203 pro parte (N) ; Rossingberge, XI. 1938, Volk

19 (D) et 26 (D) ; Tsauchab, II. 1909, Pearson 4949 (K) ; Luderitzbucht (Angra Pequena),

I. 1907, Galpin et Pearson 7583 (K) ; do., XI. 1908, Marloth 4667 (K) et IV. 1909, Marloth

4742 pro parte (N) ; do., Schinz 664 (Z) et Schinz s.n. (V) ; do., Peyer s.n. (Z) ; do., IV.

1929, Dinter in Hb. Stell. 10790 (St) ; Pomona, VI. 1929, Dinter 6421 (B, BH, D, G, K,

St) ; do., X. 1913, Schafer 549 (B, N).

Ill

Type Specimen.

Schafer 549 is deposited in the Botanisch.es Museum, Berlin-Dahlem.

Remarks.

This species superficially resembles A. ciliata Desf. var. capensis Trin. et Rupr. but

can be readily recognised by the beardless nodes and the firm subulate leaf-blades.

8a. A. Schaeferi Mez var. biseriata Henrard Monogr. 1. 41 (1929) ; Henrard Crit. Rev.

Suppl. 739 (1933).

In general appearance this variety resembles the species but may readily be distinguished

by having shorter glumes, of which the upper (gluma II) is dorsally rigidly ciliate with

long hyaline hairs.

South West Africa.

Welwitsch, I. 1907, Galpin et Pearson 7590 (N, K, S, V).

Type Specimen.

The type specimen is deposited in the Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien.

Remarks.

This variety is only known so far from the type gathering. It is apparently not at

all a common plant.

9. A. Dinteri Hack, in Bull. Herb. Boiss. Ser. II. 1. 767 (1901) ; Dinter in Fedde, Rep.

15. 341 (1918) ; Garabedian in Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 16. II. 401 (1925) ; Henrard Crit.

Rev. 1. 143 (1926) ; Henrard Monogr. 1. 45 cum ic. tab. 4 (1929) ; Theron in Fedde,

Rep. 40. 8 (1936).

A. coma-ardeae Mez in Fedde, Rep. 17. 152 (1921) ; Garabedian in Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 16. II. 401

(1925) ; Henrard Crit. Rev. 1. 106 (1926). Aristida sp. nearest A. plumosa Linn. sec. F. Bolus in

Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 9. IV. 235 (1915).

Densely caespitose erect glaucous perennial with intravaginal innovation shoots.

Culms erect, often somewhat geniculate at the nodes, elegant, up to 40 cm. high, simple,

2-4-noded, the glabrous nodes equally distributed ; internodes terete, scarcely striate,

slightly thickened and grooved below the nodes and with depressed crateriform glands

(which are more readily visible on old culms), smooth or scaberulous. Sheaths of the lower

blades more or less reduced, 1-3 cm. long, rather thin, sometimes papery, densely striate,

scabrous, pallid with broad hyaline margins ; the upper tight, terete, scaberulous or scabrous

especially along the margins, striate, at times slightly keeled, shorter than the internodes ;

ligule a ciliolate rim ; auricles densely ciliate and more or less bearded or the long hairs

wanting ; collar glabrous ; blades erect or very laxly curled, linear not very rigid, setaceously

convolute throughout, about 1 mm. wide when expanded, acuminate, about 12-15 cm.

long, very scabrous on both surfaces and hirtellous on the upper surface, terminating in

a setaceous point. Panicle erect, linear, rather narrow, but very lax and interrupted at

the base, up to 20 cm. long including the spikelets and awns, just exserted or more or less

sheathed by the uppermost leaf ; axis terete and nearly smooth below, like the lower branches

usually with depressed crateriform glands, upwards more or less angular and scabrous,

striate ; branches solitary or binate, scaberulous or nearly smooth, up to 10 mm. long, each

bearing 1-3 erect adpressed spikelets on secondary branchlets (pedicels) ; pedicels very short,

nearly sessile or up to 3 mm. long, always shorter than the glumes, scabrous, laterally

grooved and slightly thickened. Spikelets strictly erect, whitish, glumes linear -lanceolate,

about equal or slightly unequal, the lower 12-15 mm. long, 3-nerved or sub-5-nerved, acute,

shortly awned, more or less hairy with soft spreading hairs, the upper glume 12-16 mm.

long, narrower than the lower, 3- or 5-nerved, acute or with an inrolled subobtuse apex,

less hairy than the lower glume. Lemma glabrous, linear-tubular, body of the lemma

112

from base of callus up to the branching-point of the awn 16-18 mm. long, the articulation

5-5-5 mm. from the base of the callus, the body gradually narrowed into a smooth

distinctly twisted column about 4 mm. long ; callus 1-5 mm. long, very acute ; central

awn spreading, from 5 -5-7-0 cm. long, naked in the lower quarter part, densely plumose

above, with a shortly excurrent naked tip, the feathery part acute to sub-acute in outline ;

lateral awns very delicate and thin, suberect, naked, from 14-18 mm. long. Anthers

5 -5-6-0 mm. long.

South West Africa.

Haigamkhab, I. 1904, Pearson 503 (K) ; do., I. 1907, Galpin et Pearson 7434 (K, N)

et 7436 (K, N, S) ; Khan River, III. 1900, Pinter 1485 (N, Z) ; Welwitsch, I. 1907, Galpin

et Pearson 7416 (B, K, N, S) et 7419 (B, K, N, S) ; do., III. 1909, Pearson 4416 (BH, K)

et 4418 (BH, K).

Type Specimen.

Dinter 1485 is deposited in the Botanisches Museum, Zurich.

10. A. prodigiosa Welw. in Trans. Linn. Soc. 27. 80 cum tab. 25 (1869) ; Dur. et Schinz,

Consp. 5. 807 (1894) ; Welw. Cat. Afr. PI. 2. I. 205 (1899) pro parte ; Henrard Crit.

Rev. 2. 464 (1927) ; Henrard Monogr. 1. 44 cum ic. tab. 3 (1929).

Perennial, densely caespitose. Culms up to 50 cm. high, erect, simple, 2-4-noded ;

nodes constricted, glabrous ; internodes terete and somewhat striate. Leaf-sheaths glaucous,

glabrous or puberulous ; ligule a ciliate rim, the auricles bearded, collar glabrous ; blades up

to 10 cm. long, curved or suberect, convolute, sulcate-striate, puberulous on both surfaces.

Panicle erect, rather loose, linear-oblong in outline, up to 30 cm. long ; axis compressed or

angulate, glabrous ; branches usually solitary, branched from near the base. Spilcelets pale,

yellow or greenish, purple at the base. Glumes subequal, keeled and acute, hairy all over, or

glabrous at the margins and the apex, the hairs very soft and spreading ; the lower 7 mm.,

the upper 8 mm. long. Lemma including callus and column up to branching-point of the

awn 6-7 mm. long ; callus very acute, densely hairy, about 2 mm. long ; central awn naked

at the base, up to 2 cm. long, scantily feathery at the tip ; lateral awns naked, spreading,

di 1 cm. long.

Angola.

Cabo negro, IX. 1859, Welwitsch 2000a (K, N) ; Mossamedes, IV. 1909, Pearson 2276

(K, N).

Type Specimen.

Welwitsch 2000a is deposited in the British Museum (Natural History), London.

Remarks.

Although this species has so far not been found to occur in South West Africa, it is

within the bounds of likelihood that it does actually grow in the extreme north-western

coastal part of that region, which from a botanical point of view is as yet almost unexplored.

10a. A. prodigiosa Welw. var. calva Henrard Crit. Rev. 3. 467 (1928) ; Henrard Monogr.

1. 44 (1929) ;

A. prodigiosa Welw. Cat. Afr. PI. 2.1. 205 (1899) pro parte.

The variety resembles the species very closely but may be easily distinguished by

possessing glabrous glumes. The same general remarks with regard to the species apply-

to this variety.

113

Angola.

Near Mossamedes, IV. 1909, Pearson 2247 (K) ; between Mossamedes and R. Coroca,

IV. 1909, Pearson 2248 (K) ; along Mossamedes railway, IV. 1909, Pearson 2881 (K).

Type Specimen.

Pearson 2881 is deposited in The Herbarium, Royal Bot. Gardens, Kew.

11. A. capensis Thunb. (sensu lato).

Perennial, compactly caespitose, glabrous. Culms simple, very rarely branched from

the base, erect, up to 75 cm. high, wiry, smooth or scaberulous, 1-2-noded. Leaf-sheaths

firm, glabrous, scaberulous or with a few scattered hairs, striate, shorter than the inter-

nodes ; ligule a ciliate membrane ; auricles glabrous or bearded ; collar glabrous ; blades

filiform, convolute, up to 40 cm. long, at times overtopping the panicle, firm, at times

flexuous, lower surface smooth, upper surface scaberulous to hispid. Panicle erect or

more or less nodding, contracted, loose or effuse, somewhat secund, up to 30 cm. or more

long ; branches solitary, often branched from the base, branchlets ultimately capillary

or filiform. Pedicels clavate. SpiJcelets erect or nodding, pale brown to purple. Glumes

glabrous or hairy, unequal to subequal, linear-lanceolate ; the lower 10-19 mm. long, the

upper 11-20 mm. long. Lemma including the callus 5-8-5 mm. long, tubulous, dorsally

smooth or pustulate ; callus very acute, densely hairy, about 2 • 5 mm. long ; column

1-14 mm. long, glabrous or hairy, usually twisted, shorter than or exceeding the glumes ;

awns unequal, the central 16-40 mm. long, the lateral 13-35 mm. long.

The above description has been drawn up so as to include the material enumerated

under the following varieties. The salient points characterising each variety are enumerated

separately under each of these varieties.

11a. A. capensis Thunb. var. genuina Henrard Crit. Rev. 1. 77 (1926) ; Henrard Monogr.

1. 50 cum ic. tab. 6 (1929).

A. capensis Thunb. Prodr. 19 (1794) ; Kunth Enum. 1. 95 (1833). Chaetaria capensis (Thunb.)

Beauv. Agrostogr. 30 (1812) ; Roem. et Schult. Syst. Veg. 2. 395 (1817).

This variety may be distinguished by the glabrous column of the awns which is usually

shorter than the glumes ; at times however it exceeds the glumes by 1-2 mm. The

feathers of the awns are white or canescent.

Cape Province.

Malmesbury distr. : Darling, IX. 1905, Bolus 12910 (BH, N). Worcester distr. :

Hex River Valley, X. 1881, Tyson 610 (A, K).

Type Specimen.

Specimen /3 of Thunberg in Herb. Thunberg, Upsala, Sweden.

lib. A. capensis Thunb. var. macropus (Nees) Trin. et Rupr. Spec. Gram. Stip. 179 (1842) ;

Walp. Ann. Bot. 3. 751 (1852) ; Dur. et Schinz, Consp. 5. 801 (1894) ; Stapf in Dyer,

FI. Cap. 7. 565 (1899) ; F. Bolus in Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 9. IV. 233 (1915) ; Henrard Crit.

Rev. 1. 78 (1926) ; Henrard Monogr. 1. 50 cum ic. tab. 7 (1929) ; Theron in Fedde,

Rep. 40. 16 (1936).

A. capensis Thunb. var. fulviberbis Trin. et Rupr. Spec. Gram. Stip. 179 (1842) ; Walp. Ann. Bot.

3. 751 (1852) ; Dur. et Schinz, Consp. 5. 801 (1894) ; Henrard Crit. Rev. 1. 78 (1926). A. capensis

Thunb. var. Zeyheri Trin. et Rupr. sec. Stapf in Dyer, FI. Cap. 7. 565 (1899) pro parte, excl. syn.,

non Trin. et Rupr. Arthratherum capense Nees var. macropus Nees, FI. Afr. Austr. 176 (1841).

In this variety the column of the awns is glabrous and usually much exceeds the glumes.

The feathers of the awns are bright yellow.

114

Cape Province.

Little Namaqualand distr. : Kamiesberg, Drege 2544 (B) ; do., IX. 1911, Pearson

6499 (BH, K) ; Hondeklip Bay, X. 1924, Pillans 18266 (BH) ; between Goedemanskraal

and Kaus, Drege (N) ; between Kuil and Modderfontein, Drege (G, S). Van Bhynsdorp

distr. : near Ebenezer, Drege (B, K, P) ; Van Bhynsdorp, XI. 1923, Rood 789 (N) ;

do., IX. 1900, Diels 527 (B). Clanwilliam distr. : Karreebergen, VII, 1896, ScMechter 8213

(A, B, BH, BM, G, K, N, P, T, V, W, Z) ; Haasdrift, IX. 1925, Levyns 1278 (U) ; without exact

locality, Leipoldt 336 (S) ; Drege (B, 0) ; Morris BH. 21792 (BH) ; Thunberg (BM).

Type Specimen.

Several sheets (leg. Drege, et Ecklon ) together constituting the type are deposited in

the Botanisches Museum, Berlin-Dahlem.

Kemarks.

Thunberg’s gathering in the British Museum consists of a specimen in which the

spikelets show the presence of a well-exserted naked column. Furthermore the awns

are yellow-plumose. This sheet may thus not be considered a duplicate of the type of

A. capensis var. genuina Henrard.

11c. A. capensis Thunb. var. Dieterleniana H. G. Schweickerdt in Kew Bull. 1939. p. 653.

a typo glumis subaequalibus extra pubescentisbusque valde distincta.

The softly hairy glumes readily distinguish this variety from any of the others.

Basutoland.

Leribe distr. : Maluti Mountains, Staples 146 (N). Quthing distr. : Leloaleng, I.

1916, Dieterlen 1205 (K, X, P).

Orange Free State.

Ladybrand distr. : Westminster, III. 1934, Celliers 11 (K, N).

Type Specimen.

Celliers 11 is deposited in the National Herbarium, Pretoria.

Economic Notes.

This variety is reported to be unpalatable.

Bemarks.

This variety superficially bears great resemblance to A. sericans Hack, with which

species it might easily be confused. The lemma of the latter however is not articulated

and it is thus that one may readily distinguish between these two plants.

lid. A. capensis Thunb. var. barbata Stapf in Dyer, FI. Cap. 7. 565 (1899) ; Henrard Crit.

Bev. 1. 77 (1926) ; Henrard Monogr. 1. 50 cum ic. tab. 6 (1929) ; Theron in Fedde,

Bep. 40. 16 (1936).

This variety is characterised by possessing a hairy column of the awns, furthermore

by well developed leaves which usually overtop the panicle.

Cape Province.

Uitenhage distr. : Near mouth of Zwartkops Bivier, Zeyher 4501 (B, K, N, P, V) ;

between Kouga and Zwartkops Bivier, Zeyher 4501 (A, K, S, St, Z). Port Elizabeth distr. :

Humewood, XI. 1907, Rosenbrock 671 (B) ; Schoenmakerskop, III. 1910, Paterson 989

(A) ; do., XI. 1907, Rosenbrock 627 (B) ; near Port Elizabeth, Ecklon et Zeyher 502 (BH,

BM,' K, O, S, V, Z) ; do., V. 1896, Kemsley 317 (A). Alexandria distr. : VIII. 1912,

Burtt Davy 14196 (N). Bathurst distr. : Port Alfred, Hutton 11 (A) et 11a (A, B, BH,

115

D, N, S, T, Z) ; do, X. 1916, Tyson BH 14877 (D, K, N, T) ; do, XI. 1922, Britten 2994

(A) ; do, VII. 1914, Salisbury 109 (WR, Z). East London distr. : East London, IV.

1903, Galpin 6557 (A, BH). Kentani distr. : Kei-mouth, V. 1893, Flanagan 1782 (BH,

N, S) ; Gogwana River mouth. Peqler 265 (A, BH, N, Z). Without precise locality :

Pappe s.n. (BM).

Type Specimen.

The syn-types are all deposited in The Herbarium, Royal Bot. Gardens, Kew.

Remarks.

This variety appears to have a well-defined geographic distribution, being restricted

(or almost so) to the coastal areas of the Eastern Cape.

•

lie. A. capensis Thunb. var. canescens Trin. et Rupr. Spec. Gram. Stip. 178 (1842) ; Walp.

Ann. Bot. 3. 751 (1852) ; Dur. et Schinz, Consp. 5. 801 (1894) ; Henrard Crit. Rev.

1. 77 (1926) ; Henrard Monogr. 1. 51 cum ic. tab. 6 (1929).

A. capensis Thunb. sec. F. Bolus in Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 9. IV. 233 (1915). A. capensis Thunb. var.

Zeyheri (Nees) Walp. Ann. Bot. 3. 751 (1852) ; Dur. et Schinz, Consp. 5. 801 (1894) ; Stapf in Dyer,

FI. Cap. 7. 565 (1899) ; Henrard Crit. Rev. 1. 79 (1926) ; Henrard Monogr. 1. 51 cum ic. tab. 7

(1929). A. Zeyheri (Nees) Steud. Nomencl. Bot. ed. 2. 1. 132 (1841) ; Henrard Crit. Rev. 3. 686

(1928). Arthratherum Zeyheri Nees, FI. Afr. Austr. 177 (1841).

This variety is distinguished by the hairy column up to 12 mm. long, glabrous glumes,

and a panicle which is not overtopped by the leaves.

Cape Province.

Clanwilliam distr. : Kardouw Krantz, XI. 1910, Pearson 5304 (BH, K) ; Malmesbury

distr. : Moorreesburg, XI. 1885, Bachmann 870 (B, V, Z) ; Darling, VIII. 1883, Bachmann

597 (B, Z) ; Malmesbury, VIII. 1883, Bachmann 873 (B). Tulbagh distr. : Tulbagh,

Ecklon (B) ; Tulbaghkloof, Ecklon et Zeyher 71 (77 ?) (A, N, V) ; Witzenberg, Zeyher (B).

Worcester distr. : Worcester, Rehmann 2583 (K, Z) et 2669 (B, K, Z) et 2670 (B, V) ;

Winterhoek, Drege (B) ; Worcester, Zeyher 77 (B, G) ; do, II. 1935, Breda 3 (N). Paarl

distr. : Paarlberg, IV. 1830, Drege 8103 (B) ; Bain’s Kloof, XI. 1896, Schlechter 9105 (A,

B, BM, G, K, N, P, V, W, WR, Z). Hercules Pillar, VIII. 1931, Levyns 3175 (U). Cape

distr. : Cape Town, Burchell 890 (K) ; do, VII. 1929, Hitchcock 24086 (W) ; do, XII.

1810, Burchell 272 (K) ; do, XII. 1881, Tyson 2392 (A) ; Rondebosch, II. 1816, Bergius

209 (B) ; Constantia, Ecklon et Zeyher 85 (G, N, V) ; do, XII. 1896, Wolley Dod 2235

(BM) ; Claremont, III. 1892, Schlechter 557 (B, P, Z) ; Wynberg, Zeyher 4502 (S) et Zeyher

s.n. (A, S) ; Table Mountain, Ecklon 977 (K, 0) et Hitchcock 24083 (K, N, W) ; Doorn-

hoogte, Ecklon 72 (B, S) ; Camps Bay, III. 1936, Adamson 812 (U) ; Simons Bay, XII.

1852, Milne 255 (K) et McGillivray 391 (K) ; Eerste Rivier, XI. 1838, Krauss s.n. (V).

Stellenbosch distr. : Somerset West, X. 1929, Sandwith 153 (K) ; Stellenbosch, Dwthie

1646 (Sreg) et 1646a (Sreg). Caledon distr. : Houwhoek, II. 1896, Schlechter 7366 (A,

B, BH, G, K, S, W, Z) ; Genadendal, XII. 1896, Schlechter 9843 (A, B, BH, G, K, N, P,

T, W, Z) ; do, I. 1885, Bolus 7432 (B, K). Riverzondereinde, XI. 1828, Drkge 8104(B).

Riversdale distr. : Riversdale, Rust 362 (B) et 363 (B) et 490 (B) ; do, II. 1893, Schlechter

2173 (B, Z) ; do, Muir 2133 (W). Uitenhage distr. : Uitenhage, Bowie s.n. (K) ; Port

Elizabeth distr. : Humewood, V. 1914, Patterson 1095 (A). Without precise locality :

Bergius (K) ; Belanger 153 (G) ; Sieber 129 (G) ; Harvey 298 (BM, K) et 324 (BM, K).

Type Specimen.

Bergius s.n. is deposited in the Trinius Herbarium, Leningrad.

Remarks.

The sheets enumerated under this variety by no means form a homogeneous unit.

There is a great deal of variation in the length of the glumes and column of the awns.

116

There appears to be a gradual transition from var. Zeyheri to var. canescens and I have

not been successful in distinguishing clearly between the two “ varieties For this reason

a broader conception of the variety has been taken, and var. Zeyheri has been sunk in

synonymy.

The specimens enumerated here are the more common form of the species and appear

to be centred around the Cape Peninsula or in the coastal areas south-east from there.

12. A. damarensis Mez in Fedde, Rep. 17. 152 (1921) ; Garabedian in Ann. S. Afr. Mus.

16. II. 401 (1925) ; Henrard Crit. Rev. 1. 130 (1926) ; Henrard Monogr. 1. 53 cum ic.

tab. 8 (1929) ; Theron in Fedde, Rep. 40. 14 (1936).

Perennial, laxly caespitose, robust, up to 1*2 metres high, branched from near the

base. Innovations intravaginal. Culms simple, erect, 2 mm. in diam. at the base, 3-4-

noded ; nodes equally distributed, slightly constricted ; internodes terete, glabrous and

smooth, minutely striate, exserted. Lower leaf-sheaths distichous and flabellate, gaping,

yellow, striate, glabrous, rounded on the back, up to 6 cm. long, margins hyaline sometimes

hairy ; the upper leaf-sheaths much longer, up to 15 cm. long, tight, terete, striate, glabrous,

minutely pubescent along the margins, scaberulous between the nerves, shorter than the

internodes ; ligule a minutely but densely ciliolate rim ; auricles thickened, pubescent,

those of the innovations long-bearded ; blades of the culm-leaves very firm, almost j unciform,

the lower fairly short (^ 8 cm. long), the upper up to 40 cm. long, narrowly convolute,

glaucous, glabrous, striate, scaberulous along the furrows beneath, upper surface scabrous,

up to 3 mm. wide, narrowed into a pungent tip ; blades of the innovations shorter, the margins

more conspicuously pubescent above. Panicle sheathed at the base by the uppermost leaf,

about 45 cm. long, rather narrow, contracted but not very dense or spike-like ; axis

subterete, deeply striate (grooved), glabrous, angular upwards ; branches solitary to 3-nate,

the longer ones 6-8 cm., 10-12-flowered, naked at the base, erect and adpressed, scaberulous ;

pedicels subclavate, shorter or slightly longer than the glumes. SpiJcelets erect, pallid or

yellow. Glumes with an inverse position, almost glabrous, scabrous or minutely pilose

towards the apex and margins ; the lower 3-5-nerved, abruptly narrowed into the short

mucro, 12-17 mm. long ; the upper 3-nerved, the keel scabrous upwards, 12-14 mm. long,

tip subacute or truncate with a short mucro. Lemma glabrous, including the callus about

5-6 -5 mm. long ; callus rather blunt, 1 mm. long, hairy ; column of awns 5-7 mm. long ;

central awn densely long-plumose, obtuse in outline, without an exserted tip, 15-22 mm.

long; lateral awns plumose, 9-15 mm. long. Anthers 5-6-5 mm. long.

South West Africa.

Khan-Schlucht, II. 1936, Boss TM. 35640 et NH. 21076 (K, N, T) ; Haigamkhab,

I. 1907, Galjpin et Pearson 7577 (B, K, N, S) ; about 30 miles from Swakopmund, XII.

1929, Moss 17837 (N, WR).

Type Specimen.

Galpin et Pearson 7577 is deposited in the Botanisches Museum, Berlin-Dahlem.

13. A. sabulicola Pilger in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 40. 81 (1908) ; F. Bolus in Ann. S. Afr. Mus.

9. IV. 235 (1915) ; Dinter in Fedde, Rep. 15. 342 (1918) ; Garabedian in Ann. S. Afr.

Mus. 16. II. 404 (1925) ; Henrard Crit. Rev. 3. 526 (1928) ; Henrard Monogr. 1. 53

cum. ic. tab. 11 (1929) ; Range in Fedde, Rep. 33. 9 (1933) ; Theron in Fedde, Rep.

40. 17 (1936).

Perennial, very robust, tall and stiff, up to 2 metres high, from a much-branched vigorous

rhizome. Subterranean branches developing in all directions, with scale-like leaves and

fibrous roots at the nodes. Culms rigid, strictly erect, glabrous, fasciculately branched,

with the branches erect ; internodes included or exserted, glabrous or somewhat viscose

just below or above the nodes (at the mouth of the leaf-sheaths ?), sometimes with minute

depressed cateriform glands ? ; nodes glabrous. Leaf-sheaths long, longer or shorter than

117

the internodes, tight, striate, glabrous, often with minute gland-like depressions between

the nerves, the lower merely short scales ; ligule a shortly ciliolate rim ; auricles pubescent

or almost glabrous ; collar glabrous ; blades very rigid, thick, stiffly erect, 25-40 cm. long,

often much longer, involute or complicate, junciform, very acute and pungent, terete,

smooth on lower surface, hirtellous or scabrous on the upper surface, many-nerved, the

margins not thickened (when flattened out) up to 5 mm. broad at the base. Panicle shorter

than the blades, narrow, densely spiciform, 10-30 cm. long, about 1-2 cm. broad at the base ;

branches short, divided and spikelet-bearing nearly from the base ; the lower branches

up to 5 cm. long, adpressed and more or less naked at the base. Spikelets densely congested,

yellowish. Glumes quite smooth, slightly unequal, subobtuse or acute ; the lower 3-nerved,

8-11 mm. long ; the upper 1-nerved, 9-12 mm. long. Lemma punctulate or smooth,

including the callus 4-75-6 mm. long ; callus pungent, very acute, curved, about 1-5 mm.

long, densely bearded, especially above; column very short, 1-1-5 mm. long. Awns

subequal, densely plumose to the tips, 5-5-10 mm. long, acutish in outline, the central

usually somewhat longer than the lateral ; branching point of awns produced into 2 thin,

hairy appendages, bearing a pencil of hairs at the subobtuse tips. Caryopsis 4 mm. long,

1 mm. broad, spindle-shaped, anteriorily compressed ; scutellum about one-third as long

as the fruit.

South West Africa.

Rotkop, II. 1929, Pinter 6009 (B, BH, D, G, K, St) ; north of Rotkuppe Station,

II. 1909, Pearson 4185 (BH, K) ; Haris, I. 1907, Range 174 (B) et 179 (B) ; Kuisebthal,

IV. 1886, Stapff 10 et 11 (B) ; in the Kuiseb River at Walfishbay, VII. 1888, Gurich 122

(B); Rooibank near Walfishbay, Schultze 379 (B) ; Schwarzbank along Kuiseb River,

VII. 1888, Gurich 119 (B) ; Anichab, II. 1907, Range 209 (B, K) ; Anichab, III. 1907,

Peyer 248 ( Schafer 248) (B, N, V) ; Lfideritzbucht, Peyer s.n. (Z) ; Gun-Anichab, Peyer

s.n. (Z) ; Liideritzbucht, IV. 1907, Marloth 4741 (K) ; do., IV. 1907, Range 209a (B, N) ;

Garub, Schafer 1269 (B).

Type Specimen.

The syn-types are deposited in the Botanisches Museum, Berlin-Dahlem. They are

Schultze 379, Gurich 119 et 122.

Economic Notes.

Used by the natives for plaiting mats. These are used to cover their huts. The

mats easily imbibe moisture and thus become impervious to rain.

14. A. Marlothii Hack, in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 11. 400 (1889) ; Dur. et Schinz, Consp. 5. 804

(1894) ; Hack, in Bull. Herb. Boiss. 4 Append. III. 19 (1896) ; Stapf in Dyer, FI.

Cap. 7. 567 (1899) ; Henrard Crit. Rev. 2. 334 (1927) ; Henrard Monogr. 1. 82 cum

ic. tab. 21 (1929) ; Theron in Fedde, Rep. 40. 19 (1936).

A. lutescens Steud. var. Marlothii Stapf in Dyer, FI. Cap. 7. 567 (1899) ; Dinter in Fedde, Rep. 15.

342 (1918) ; Garabedian in Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 16. II. 403 (1925). A. lutescens Steud. sec. Hack,

in Bull. Herb. Boiss. 4. Append. III. 18 (1896) pro parte ; Dinter in Fedde, Rep. 15. 342 (1918)

non Steud. A. lutescens Trin. et Rupr. sec. Engler in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 19. 129 (1894). A nama-

quensis (Nees) Trin. et Rupr. sec. Garabedian in Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 16. II. 403 (1925) ; Range in

Fedde, Rep. 33. 8 (1933) pro parte, non (Nees) Trin. et Rupr.

Perennial, strictly erect, almost suffrutescent, with a thick rhizome. Innovations

intravaginal, densely sheathed at the base by firm, reduced mucronate (blades !) scales.

Culms erect (or somewhat ascending), simple, terete, glabrous, many-noded ; internodes

all included, or usually the upper 1 or 2 exserted, grooved or somewhat angular just below

the nodes, glabrous ; nodes bearded with conspicuous white hairs. Leaves congested at

the base of the culms, glaucous ; sheaths tight, terete, the lower longer and the upper

usually shorter than the internodes, somewhat striate, glabrous ; ligule a short ciliate rim ;

auricles glabrous or minutely cilioln+a ; collar glabrous ; blades linear, acuminate, pungent,

118

3-7-5 cm. long, very rigid, spreading, often somewhat recurved, convolute and junciform,

1 • 5 mm. in diameter, glabrous and somewhat grooved beneath, puberulous on the upper

surface, prominently equally 5-7-nerved. Panicle effuse, pyramidal, up to 25 cm. long,

very lax and open ; axis glabrous, angular and somewhat grooved upwards ; branches

filiform, glabrous, with distinct pencils of hairs in their axils, lower branches semi-whorled

or subfascicled, often solitary, the longer branchlet in each branch 5-6-flowered, the others

2-3-flowered ; pedicels glabrous, filiform, slightly thickened upwards, often flexuous or

curved, as long as or longer than the glumes. Spikelets linear-lanceolate, yellowish or

greenish. Glumes lanceolate, acuminate, shortly awned, glabrous, 3-nerved ; the lower

10-12 mm. long, slightly scaberulous or hirtellous on the keel above ; the upper from 12-14

mm. long, scaberulous upwards on the keel. Lemma linear-oblong, including the callus

6-8 mm. long ; callus oblique, densely hairy, very acute, 2 mm. long ; awns somewhat

unequal, all plumose ; column very short, about 0-5-1 -5 mm. long, not twisted ; central

awn up to 20 mm. long, feathery to the very tip, obtuse in outline ; lateral awns apparently

naked, but seen under a strong lens distinctly plumose, or conspicuously so, from 12-15 mm.

long. Anthers 4 -5-5 -5 mm. long.

South West Africa.

Near Haris, I. 1907, Range 181 (B) ; Sandfontein near Walfisbay, IV. 1886, Marloth

1176 (A, B, BH, K, S) ; Walfishbay, IV. 1905, Schultze 380 (B) ; Scheppmannsdorf, Stapjf

13 (B) ; Schwarzbank along Kuiseb River, VII. 1888, Curich 117 (B) ; Tsaukaib, XI.

1909, Marloth 4665 (K, N) ; Aus — Namib, X. 1910, Marloth 5002 (N) ; 50 Km. west of

Kuibis, I. 1913, Range 1830 (B) ; Garub, III. 1908, Kolonialamt s.n. (B).

Type Specimen.

Marloth 1176 is deposited in the Botanisches Museum, Berlin-Dahlem.

Common Names.

Goa-gras. Stechgras. Lowengras.

Economic Notes.

A good but scanty foddergrass as long as the shoots are green.

15. A. lutescens (Nees) Trin. et Rupr. Spec. Gram. Stip. 173 (1842) ; Walp. Ann. Bot.

3. 750 (1852) ; Steud. Syn. PI. Glum. 1. 145 (1854) ; Dur. et Schinz, consp. 5. 804

(1894) ; Hack, in Bull. Herb. Boiss. 4 Append. III. 18 (1896) pro parte ; Stapf in

Dyer, FI. Cap. 7. 567 (1899) excl. syn. pro parte ; Garabedian in Ann. S. Afr. Mus.

16. II. 403 (1925) ; Henrard Crit. Rev. 2. 316 (1927) ; Henrard Monogr. 1. 84 cum

ic. tab. 22 (1929) ; Range in Fedde, Rep. 33. 9 (1933) ; Theron in Fedde, Rep. 40.

18 (1936).

Arthratherum lutescens Nees, FI. Afr. Austr. 179 (1841) ; Presl, Bot. Bemerk. 121 (1844).

Perennial, with a creeping rhizome, covered like the base of the culms and the innovation-

buds with scale-like pallid sheaths, usually much-branched. Culms erect, slender, fascicled,

terete, glabrous and smooth, many-noded, up to 70 cm. long ; internodes glabrous, terete,

the upper usually exserted ; nodes glabrous. Lowermost leaf-sheaths pallid, striate, glabrous

or more or less hairy, with much-reduced blades ; leaf-sheaths of the culms tight, glabrous,

somewhat striate, the upper usually somewhat shorter than the internodes ; ligule a ciliolate

short rim ; auricles minutely pubescent ; collar glabrous ; blades subulate, convolute and

pungent, up to 12 cm. long but usually shorter, rigid, curved, spreading, glabrous and

smooth beneath, puberulous and hirtellous on the upper surface. Panicle ovate or pyramidal,

very lax and open, in depauperated specimens somewhat contracted, erect, up to 25 cm.

long; rhachis smooth ; branches 2-3-nate or solitary and divided nearly from the base,

remotely and sparsely branched, filiform, flexuous and smooth, the axils swollen and glabrous,

lower branches up to 8 cm. long, few-flowered. Pedicels smooth, curved or flexuous, rather

119

long, those of the lateral spikelets shorter or more rarely as long as the glumes. Spikelets

scattered, often nodding, light green or yellowish. Glumes lanceolate, unequal, gradually

narrowed, not awned, with an obtuse, truncate or toothed apex, glabrous, 3-nerved, the

lateral nerves not or scarcely anastomosing; the lower 9-11 mm. long; the upper 1 1 • 5 —

14 mm. long. Lemma subcylindric, rounded at the base, suddenly narrowed into the callus,

including the latter 6-7 mm. long ; callus 2-2 • 5 mm. long, shortly hairy, very acute ;

column of awns 2-5 mm. long, twisted ; central awn up to 2-7 cm. long, scantily hairy

at the base, densely plumose to the very tip, the feathery part acutish in outline ; lateral

awns 9-23 mm. long, very fine, apparently glabrous but scantily and adpressedly ciliate.

South West Africa.

Omuramba and Omatoke, VI. 1911, Seiner 700 (50) (B) ; Scheppmannsdorf, 1885,

Stapjf s.n. (Z) ; Rheinpfalz, VI. 1929, Dinter 6413 (B, BH, D, K, N, S, St) ; Klinghardt-

gebirge, IX. 1922, Dinter 3944 (BH, N) ; do., VIII. 1913, Schafer 530 (B) ; Obib, VIII.

1908, Range 589 (B).

Cape Province.

Little Namaqualand distr. : At the mouth of the Orange River, X. 1830, Drege (727)

(B, BM, G, K, N, 0, P, S, V) ; Groot Derm, X. 1926, Pillans 5274 (BH, K) ; between Arris

Drift and Anisfontein, X. 1926, Pillans 5245 (BH, N) ; Zilverfontein, Drege 2040 (B).

Type Specimen.

Drege 2040 is deposited in the Botaniscbes Museum, Berlin-Dahlem.

16. A. subacaulis ( Nees ) Steud. Nomencl. Bot. ed. 2. 1. 132 (1842) ; Trim et Rupr. Spec.

Gram. Stip. 171 (1842) ; Walp. Ann. Bot. 3. 750 (1852) ; Steud. Syn. PI. Glum. 1.

144 (1854) ; Dur. et Schinz, Consp. 5. 809 (1894) ; Hack, in Bull. Herb. Boiss. 4.

Append. III. 19 (1896) pro parte ; Stapf in Dyer, FI. Cap. 7. 568 (1899) pro parte ;

Dinter in Fedde, Rep. 15. 343 (1918) pro parte ; Garabedian in Ann. S. Afr. Mus.

16. II. 405 (1925) pro parte ; Henrard Crit. Rev. 3. 601 (1928) ; Henrard Monogr.

1. 71 cum ic. tab. 18 (1929) ; Range in Fedde, Rep. 33. 10 (1933) ; Theron in Fedde,.

Rep. 40. 29 (1936).

Arthratherum subacaule Nees, FI. Afr. Austr. 180 (1841).

Annual, in small compact tufts, including the culms and awns up to 10-0 cm. high,

but usually very much smaller. Culms minutely hairy, sheathed all along. Sheaths loose,

the lowermost bladeless and resembling striate membranous scales, the upper markedly

striate, scabrid above and with broad membranous margins ; ligule a small ciliolate rim,

auricles bearded, collar smooth ; blades fairly short, setaceously convolute, up to 3 cm.

long, about 1 mm. wide when expanded, strongly striate, asperulous on both surfaces,

acute, sub-rigid, more or less curved. Panicle few-flowered, much reduced, contracted,

almost hidden by the radical leaves, usually somewhat sheathed by the uppermost leaf and

sub-exserted ; rhachis and branches hispidulous ; pedicels short, hispidulous or more

or less pilose at the clavate tip. Spikelets whitish, erect. Glumes linear-lanceolate,

acuminate, both 3-nerved, membranous, lateral nerves about half the length of the

midrib, the latter slightly scabrous towards the apex ; the lower 10-13 mm. long ;

the upper 8-10 mm. long. Lemma including the callus 3-4 mm. long, lanceolate-

ovate, smooth and glabrous ; callus very acute, about ^ 1 mm. long, long-hairy ; length

of column of awn extremely variable (even in one and the same plant), 1-13 mm. long

(spikelets near the base of the panicle have shorter columns than those situated nearer the

apex), twisted ; central awn plumose, slightly hairy at the base, scaberulous in lower part,

plumose above the middle to the very tip, up to 4-3 cm. long ; lateral awns very fine, up

to 1 - 8 cm. long. Anthers 4 mm. long.

South West Africa

Spitzkopje, I. 1937, Boss TM. 36368 (N, T) ; Richthofen, IV. 1913, Engler 6072 (B, K) ;

Swakopmund, V. 1937, Boss TM. 36316 et 36317 (T) ; Arandis, I. 1937, Boss TM. 36395

120

pro parte (N, T) ; Welwitsch, I. 1907, Galpin et Pearson 7466 (BH, K, N, P, S) ; Walfishbay,

Nachtigal 6 (B) ; Haalenberg, IV. 1929, Pinter 6301 (B, BH, D, G, K, N, S, St) ; Liideritz-

bucht (Angra Pequena), X. 1884, Schinz 666 pro parte (Z) ; do. Schinz s.n. (V) ; do., XI.

1884, Schenck 32 (N) ; Klinghardtgebirge, VIII. 1913, Schafer 528 (B) ; Namib, Range

1131 (B, W).

Cape Province.

Little Namaqualand distr. : Near the mouth of the Orange River, X. 1926, Pillans

5607 (BH, K, N) ; Verleptpram, IX. 1830, Drege (2541) (B, BM, G, K, N, O, P, S, V) ;

Richtersveld, near Arris Drift, IX. 1925, Marlotli 12394 (N, St) et VIII. 1925, Marloth

12394a (N) ; do., VII. 1925, Meyer in Hb. Stell. 9056 (St).

Type Specimen.

Drege from Verleptpram is deposited in the Botanisches Museum, Berlin-Dahlem.

Common Name.

Muis-gras.

Remarks.

The length of the column of the awn varies considerably, even in one and the same

gathering. In Dinter 4104 it may be 4-13 mm., in Dinter 6301 from 5-10-5 mm., whereas

in Schenck 32 it is only about 1 mm. long. In this species the length of the column is thus

hardly of any taxonomic value.

17. A. Hermann! Mez in Fedde, Rep. 17. 153 (1921) ; Garabedian in Ann. S. Afr. Mus

16. II. 402 (1925) ; Henrard Crit. Rev. 2. 225 (1927) ; Henrard Monogr. 1. 73 cum ic

tab. 18 (1929) ; Theron in Fedde, Rep. 40. 31 (1936).

A. Hermanni Mez var. hereroensis Henrard Crit. Rev. 2. 226 (1927) ; Henrard Monogr. 1. 73 (1929).

A. subacaulis (Nees) Steud. sec. Stapf in Dyer, FI. Cap. 7. 568 (1899) ; Hack, in Bull. Herb. Boiss.

4. Append. III. 19 (1896) ; Dinter in Fedde, Rep. 15. 343 (1918); omnes pro parte, non (Nees) Steud.

Annual, laxly caespitose, up to 15 cm. high including the awns. Sterile innovations

absent. Culms geniculately-ascending, 2-4-noded. Internodes subterete or angular,

striate, densely but minutely pubescent, exserted, the upper included. Lower leaf-sheaths

densely aggregated, loose, white and papery, about 1 cm. long, keeled, densely striate and

hirtellous, especially on the nerves, margins shortly pilose or ciliolate, broad and hyaline ;

upper leaf-sheaths much longer, up to 5 cm. long, very broad, inflated, loosely enveloping

the internodes or part of the inflorescence, margins less ciliate, hyaline, striate and minutely

scaberulous ; ligule a ciliolate rim ; auricles bearded ; collar constricted ; blades of ail

the leaves much reduced ; the lower spirally curved and twisted, scabrous-hirtellous on

both surfaces, 1-2 cm. long, about 1 mm. wide at the base or somewhat broader, apex

subobtuse ; the upper curved or straight and scarcely 1 • 5 cm. long, convolute, much

narrower than the sheaths. Panicle scarcely exserted, partly sheathed by the uppermost

sheath, ovate-oblong, dense, up to 8 cm. long including the awns ; axis striate, subterete,

scabrous-hirtellous ; branches short, solitary, divided nearly from the base ; branchlets

fascicled, short ; pedicels scabrous, axils pubescent, thickened towards the apex, shorter

than the glumes. Spikelets pallid. Glumes narrowly lanceolate, acute, shortly awned

3-nerved, almost hyaline ; the lower 9-11-5 mm. long, densely but minutely scaberulous

on the outer surface ; the upper 8-10 mm. long, glabrous at the base but minutely

scaberulous towards the apex. Lemma punctulate-scabrous under a strong lens, including

the callus 3-5-4 mm. long, linear-tubulous with a somewhat oblique articulation, apex

minutely bi-lobed ; callus acute, densely hairy, about 1-1-25 mm. long ; column of awns

very scabrous, twisted, pubescent at and below the branching point, extremely variable

in length, from 1-10-5 mm. long even on the same specimens ; central awn scabrous in

the lower third, plumose above, the tip sometimes slightly exserted but more usually not

acute to subobtuse in outline, 2-4-0 cm. long ; lateral awns naked, very fine, 1-1-5 cm.

long. Anthers i 2 mm. long.

121

Angola.

Between Mossamedes and R. Coroca, IY. 1909, Pearson 2265 (K, N, P, Z) ; Mossamedes,

behind the town, IV. 1909, Pearson 2286 (K, N).

South West Africa.

Arandis, I. 1937, Boss TM. 36395 pro parte (T) ; between Swakopmund and Walfishbay,

Boss TM. 36439 (N, T) ; Liideritzbucht (Angra Pequena), X. 1884, Schinz 665 et 666 (Z) ;

do., XI. 1884, SchencJc 32 (N, Z) ; do., Schenck s.n. (V) ; do., XI. 1889, Hermann 42 (B) ;

Pomona, V. 1929, Dinter 6344 (BH, N) et Dinter 6396 (B, BH, D, G, K, N, S, St) ; Herero-

]and, Nets s.n. (V).

Type Specimen.

Hermann 42 is deposited in the Botanisches Museum, Berlin-Dahlem.

Remarks.

In this species the column of the awn is extremely variable as to its length. Dinter

6344 has spikelets in which the column is only 1 mm. long, whereas in Pearson 2265 the

column varies from 3-10-5 mm. in length.

18. A. geminifolia (Nees) Trin. et Rupr. Spec. Gram. Stip. 169 (1842) ; Walp. Ann. Bot.

3. 749 (1852) ; Steud. Syn. PI. Glum. 1. 144 (1854) [sphalm. geminiflora] ; Dur. et

Schinz, Consp. 5. 803 (1894) ; Stapf in Dyer, FI. Cap. 7. 570 (1899) ; Dinter in Fedde,

Rep. 15. 341 (1918) ; Garabedian in Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 16. II. 402 (1925) pro parte ;

Henrard Crit. Rev. 1. 194 (1926) ; Henrard Monogr. 1. 66 cum ic. tab. 16 (1929) ;

Range in Fedde, Rep. 33. 8 (1933) ; Theron in Fedde, Rep. 40. 26 (1936) [sphalm.

geminiflora].

Stipagrostis geminifolia Nees, FI. Afr. Austr. 173 (1841) ; Presl, Bot. Bemerk. 121 (1844).

Perennial, densely caespitose, branched from the base, almost suffrutescent, up to

25 cm. high including the awns. Culms erect or ascending, slender, glabrous or hairy

below the panicle, rather few-noded, simple, terete, striate ; internodes very unequal,

markedly striate ; the lower short, sheathed, included ; the following long exserted, up

to 12 cm. long ; the next short to very short, 5-20 mm. long, enclosed or exserted : the

last slightly longer or equalling the former in length and usually shortly exserted, often

geniculate. Innovations intravaginal with a similar alternation of short and long internodes ;

nodes bearded or becoming glabrous with age. Leaves crowded near the base, the upper-

most again approximate, sometimes subopposite ; sheaths short, striate with much reduced

leaf -blades, the lower tight and parched, glabrous, with woolly or ciliate margins, the upper

less tight and almost spathelike, sometimes slightly hirsute with tubercle-based hairs ;

ligule a eiliolate rim ; auricles bearded ; collar glabrous ; blades short, almost rudimentary,

subulate, involute, subpungent, 3-10 mm. long, rarely longer, very rigid and divaricately

spreading, striate and glabrous below, pubescent on the upper surface. Panicle sub-erect

or somewhat nodding, very short, spike-like and often secund, including the awns up to

4 cm. long and 2-5 cm. broad ; rhachis glabrous or hairy, branched from near the base ;

branches hairy ; pedicels hairy, very short, almost sessile. Spikelets crowded and congested

yellowish-brown and tinged with purple. Glumes unequal, linear-lanceolate, acuminate,

long-awned, the tips of both convolute and slightly bifid, but the setulae inconspicuous;

the lower 8-12 mm. long, hirsute all over, manifestly 3-nerved ; the upper 10-12 mm.

long, narrower, more or less glabrous at the base, hirsute above, 1-3-nerved. Lemma

ncluding the callus 4-6 mm. long, linear-oblong, smooth, pale or purplish, minutely bilobed ;

callus about 1 -5 mm. long, very acute, densely hairy ; column of awn 1-2 mm. long, slightly

twisted ; central awn spreading, 18-30 mm. long, plumose, lower part shortly hairy, upper

part long feathery to the very tip, obtuse in outline ; lateral awns naked, up to 15 mm.

1 ong. Pale emarginate, 2-nerved, 1 mm. long. Anthers 3-4 mm. long.

122

South West Africa.

Namib, Kuos, IX. 1913, Range 1874 (B) ; Haalenberg, X. 1922, Dinter 4099 (B, BH,

N, Z) ; Liideritzbucht, VII. 1922, Dinter 3829 (BH, N) ; Pomona, V. 1927, Dinter 6365

(B, BH, D, G, K, N, S, St) ; Zwischen Prinzenbucht und Bogenfels, IX. 1912, S chafer 587

(B) ; near Bogenfels, VIII. 1911, Marloth 12987 (N) ; Buntfeldschuh, VII. 1913, Schafer

524 (B) ; Obib, VIII. 1908, Range 586 (B) ; without precise locality, Kuhn s.n. (B).

Cape Province.

Little Namaqualand distr. : At the mouth of the Orange River, Drege (B, BM, G,

N, 0, S) ; between Kaus, Natvoet and Doornpoort, Drege (B, P, V) ; near Orange River

mouth, X. 1926, Pillans 5606 (BH, K, N) ; Richtersveld, IX. 1925, Marloth 12415 (N, St).

Type Specimen.

Drege 2561 is deposited in the Botanisches Museum, Berlin-Dahlem.

19. A. fastigiata Hack, apud Schinz in Bull. Herb. Boiss. Ser.II. 1.768 (1901) ; Dinter

in Fedde, Rep. 15. 341 (1918) ; Henxard Crit. Rev. 1. 175 (1926) ; Henrard Monogr.

1. 67 cum ic. tab. 15 (1929) ; Theron in Fedde, Rep. 40. 27 (1936).

A. geminifolia (Nees) Trin. et Rupr. sec. F. Bolus in Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 9. IV. 234 (1915) ; Garabedian

in Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 16. II. 402 (1925) omnes pro parte, non (Nees) Trin. et Rupr.

Perennial, fairly densely caespitose, with a much-branched thick rhizome. Culms

arising in fascicles at intervals from the rhizome, elegant, erect or somewhat geniculately

ascending, 4-5-noded, up to 35 cm. high, sheathed all along, simple, terete ; internodes

more or less equal in length, exserted, only slightly striate, laterally sulcate, somewhat

scaberulous ; nodes annular, densely bearded with long spreading white hairs. Leaf-sheaths

(except the lowermost) much shorter than the internodes, terete, tight, striate, only slightly

scabrous, with ciliate margins ; ligule a shortly ciliate rim ; auricles densely divaricately

bearded ; collar glabrous ; blades linear-lanceolate, acute, gradually narrowed into a seta-

ceous point, more or less curved, flat at the base and 2-3 mm. wide, convolute upwards,

up to 12 cm. long, but usually much shorter, many-nerved, margins not thickened, scaberu-

lous beneath, pubescent or densely hirtellous on the upper surface. Panicle well-exserted,

more rarely sheathed by the uppermost leaf, slightly nodding or erect, more or less obovate,

dense, few to many-flowered, subsecund and subfastigiate, including the awns up to 8 cm.

long ; axis striate, scaberulous ; branches scabrous, solitary, scarcely 5 mm. long, bearded

in the axils ; pedicels very short, hairy. Spikelets congested, greenish-white, often darker

(brown) at the base. Glumes unequal, 3-nerved, hairy all over, the tips more or less glabre-

scent ; the lower 10-14 mm. long, acute ; the upper 14-18 mm. long, acuminate, with a

minutely bifid apex and inrolled tips. Lemma oblong, smooth, bilobed at the apex, 5-5*5

mm. long including the callus ; callus 1*5-2 mm. long, densely hairy, very acute ; central

awn 3-3*5 cm. long, feathery all over, obtuse in outline ; lateral awns naked, 1-2 cm.

long. Anthers 5 mm. long.

South West Africa.

Namib, VI. 1936, Boss TM. 36148 (K, N, T) ; 12 km. west of Sandverhaar, II. 1909,

Pearson 4600 (A, BH, BM, D, K, N, S) ; Inachab, XI. 1898, Dint&r 1102 (B, N, V, W, Z) ;

between Kalkfontein and Nakob, I. 1916, Pearson 9709 (BH, K, S).

Type Specimen.

Dinter 1102 is deposited in the Botanisches Museum, Zurich.

Remarks.

This species is closely related to A. geminifolia but is characterised by having the

internodes more uniform in length and well-developed leaf-blades. In A. geminifolia the

upper two leaf-sheaths are approximate and leaf-blades are almost totally wanting ; the

spikelets are more robust and larger than in A. fastigiata.

123

20. A. hirtigluma Steud. ex Trin. et Rupr. Spec. Gram. Stip. 171 (1842) ; Steud. Nomencl.

Bot. ed. 2. 131 (1841) nomen tantum ; Hack, in Bull. Herb. Boiss. 4. Append. III.

18 (1896) ; Henrard Monogr. 1. 68 cum ic. tab. 15 (1929).

Arthratherum ciliatum Nees, FI. Air. Austr. 182 (1841) excl. syn.

Delicate annual, caespitose. Culms up to 40 cm. long, 2-4-noded, glabrous ; inter-

nodes terete and striate, usually scaberulous ; nodes glabrous. Leaf-sheaths shorter than

the internodes, striate, scabrous, somewhat compressed ; ligule shortly ciliate ; auricles

long-bearded ; collar glabrous ; blades 6-15 cm. long, setaceous, convolute, scaberulous

on the lower surface, upper surface somewhat hairy, especially towards the ligule. Spikelets

pale, hirtellous. Glumes unequal to subequal ; the lower up to 6 mm. long, ciliate dorsally ;

the upper up to 10 mm. long, dorsally ciliate. Lemma including the callus up to 4 mm.

long or slightly longer, tuberculate ; callus long and sharp, somewhat oblique ; column

of awns up to 10 mm. long, hairy or glabrous ; central awn very long (up to 5-7 cm.),

feathery with a naked excurrent tip; lateral awns about 1-1-5 cm. long.

Angola.

Loanda, Gossweiler 4943 (K, N).

South West Africa.

Rehoboth, VI. 1889, Fleck 802 (Y, Z). Bethanie, IY. 1933, Van Son TM. 31827 (T) ;

Usakos, XII. 1938, VoU- L50 (D).

Type Specimen.

Schimper 165 is deposited in the Botanisches Museum, Berlin-Dahlem.

21. A. gracilior Pilger in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 40. 80 (1907) ; Dinter in Fedde,. Rep. 15. 341

(1918) ; Henrard Crit. Rev. 1. 208 (1926) ; Henrard Monogr. 1. 69 cum ic. tab. 15

(1929).

A. hirtigluma Steud. var. patula Hack, in Denkschr. Kais. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math. — Naturw. Kl.

78. 401 (1906). A. hochstetteriana Beck ex. Hack. sec. F. Bolus in Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 9. IV. 234

(1915) pro parte, non Beck. A. uniplumis Licht. sec. F. Bolus in Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 9. IV. 234 (1915)

pro parte, non Licht.

Perennial, erect, caespitose. Culms up to 100 cm. high including the panicle, frequently

much smaller, 4-5-noded, at times branched upwards. Internodes terete, striate, glabrous

but scaberulous along the nerves, exserted ; nodes glabrous, somewhat swollen. Leaf-

sheaths shorter than the internodes, tight or somewhat lax upwards, subcompressed, striate

and asperulous ; ligule a short ciliate rim ; auricles densely bearded ; blades erect or more

or less flexuous or curved, narrow, convolute, filiform, acuminate, asperulous and grooved

below, upper surface scaberulous to hirtellous, up to 20 cm. long or more. Panicle lax,

ovate in outline, up to 30 cm. long and 20 cm. wide ; axis terete, angular and asperulous

upwards ; branches thin, elongate, solitary, often divided from near the base, scabrous ;

pedicels capillary, much thickened towards the apex. Spikelets pale yellow to green or

purple-brown. Glumes unequal, subacute, more or less shortly awned, hirtellous ; the

lower 9-11 mm. long ; the upper 10-13 mm. long. Lemma including the callus about

3-5 mm. long, becoming very dark at maturity, tuberculate-asperulous upwards; callus

0-5-0-75 mm. long, curved, acute, densely bearded; column of awns 7-11 mm. long,

hairy upwards ; central awn up to 5-5 cm. long, plumose except for the naked tip ; lateral

awns up to 25 mm. long. Anthers 4-5 mm. long.

South West Africa.

Onolongo, Barnard 42 (S) ; Klein Namutoni, I. 1919, Breyer TM. 20614 (T) ; between

Klein Otavi and Okorosawe, III. 1926, Barnard (S) ; Grootfontein, IV. 1916, Waibel 100

(B) ; do., I. 1936, Boss TM. 35691 (T) ; Otavi, I. 1936, Von Malzahn TM. 35560 (T) ;

Outjo, Y. 1933, ter Horst TM. 31843 (T) ; Waterberg, 1. 1937, Boss TM. 36456 (T) ; Omaruru,

6

124

XII. 1935, Boss TM. 35670 (T) ; Okahandja, II. 1928, Bradfield 268 pro parte (T) ;

Granitbank bei Ebony, Y. 1936, Boss TM. 36191 (T, K) ; Welwitsch, Khan Kiver basin,

III. 1909, Pearson 4468 (K) ; Walfishbay, IX. 1925, de Wildenian (K) ; Mount Brukkaros,

III. 1931, Sordahl 26 (W) ; Sandverhaar, II. 1909, Pearson 4673 (K) ; between Keetmans-

hoop and Seeheim, II. 1909, Pearson 4673 (BH, K) ; Tsirub, V. 1936, Boss TM. 36229 (T) ;

Klein Karas, IV. 1931; Oertendahl 140 (N) ; Karas Mountains, Boss TM. 36126 (T) ; without

precise locality, Empire Exhibition 29 (K, W) ; Bumbo, im Walde, IV. 1903, Fritzsche 16

(B, G, X, Y) ; Hairabib, IV. 1939, Volk 485 (D) ; Ossa, III. 1939, Volk 1531 (D).

Bechuanaland Protectorate.

Makarikari Lake, IV. 1931, Pole Evans 3274 et 3284 (K, N) ; Francistown, V. 1929.

Gordon 146 (N) ; between Francistown and Shashi, IV. 1931, Pole Evans 3224 (K, X),

Cape Province.

Little Xamaqualand, Koa Vallei, Aggeneys, I. 1909, Pearson 4953 (K).

Type Specimen.

Fritzsche 16 is deposited in the Botanisches Museum, Berlin-Dahlem.

Economic Xote.

Collectors from South West Africa state that this species is a good fodder for stock.

21a. A. gracilior Pilger var. intermedia mihi,

a typo columna apice penicillata et arista media basin versus nuda differt.

South West Africa.

Keetmanshoop, IV. 1931, Oertendahl 158 (K, X) ; Damaraland, I. 1907, Galpin et

Pearson 7402 (K, X).

Type Specimen.

Galpin et Pearson 7402 is deposited in the Herbarium, Royal Bot. Gardens, Kew.

The facies of this variety is identical with that of the species but may be distinguished

by the penicillate branching point of the awn (as in A. uniplumis Licht.) and the naked

column.

21b. A. gracilior Pilger var. Pearsonii Henrard Crit. Rev. 3. 695 (1938) ; Henrard Monogr.

1. 69 (1929).

Angola.

Between Mossamedes and R. Coroca, IV. 1909, Pearson 2249 (K, X) ; about 100 km.

from Mossamedes, IV. 1909, Pearson 2395 (K) ; Cautas on Mossamedes Railway, IV. 1909,

Pearson 2361 (K).

South West Africa.

Grootfontein, II. 1933, Schoenfelder 70 (K, X) ; Xarebis, Barnard SAM. 16479-80

(K, S) ; Spitzkopje, I. 1937, Boss TM. 36357 (T) et 36371 (T) et 36374 (T) ; Arandis,

I. 1937, Boss TM. 36396 (T).

Type Specimen.

Pearson 2249 is deposited in The Herbarium, Royal Bot. Gardens, Kew.

The facies of this variety resembles that of the species but may be recognised by the

naked column and the absence of a pencil of hairs at the branching-point of the awns.

125

22. A. obtusa Del. FI. Aegypt. 31 tab. 13 fig. 3 (1813) ; Trin. Spec. Gram. Stip. 167 (1842) ;

Walp. Ann. Bot. 3. 749 (1852) excl. syn. pro parte ; Steud. Syn. PI. Glum. 1. 144 (1854) ;

Dur. et Schinz, Consp. 5. 805 (1894) ; Stapf in Dyer, FI. Cap. 7. 567 (1899) excl. syn.

pro parte ; F. Bolus in Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 9. IY. 233 (1915) pro parte ; Marloth, FI.

S. Africa 4. 22 tab. 7 fig. A 1-4 (1915) ; Dinter in Fedde, Rep. 15. 342 (1918) ; Garabedian

in Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 16. II. 403 (1925) pro parte ; Henrard Crit. Rev. 2. 387 (1927) ;

Henrard Monogr. 1. 72 cum ic. tab. 17 (1929) ; Range in Fedde, Rep. 33. 9 (1933).

A. brevifolia Steud. sec. F. Bolus in Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 9. IV. 234 (1915) pro parte, non Steud. A.

ciliata Desf. sec. Stapf in Dyer, FI. Cap. 7. 564 (1899) pro parte, non Desf. A. Dregeana (Nees)

Trin. et Rupr. sec. Hack, in Bull. Herb. Boiss. 4. Append. III. 18 (1896) ; Stapf in Dyer. FI. Cap.

7. 570 (1899) ; Dinter in Fedde, Rep. 15. 341 (1918) ; Garabedian in Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 16. II. 401

(1925) omnes pro parte, non (Nees) Trin. et Rupr. A. uniplumis Licht. sec. Hack, in Bull. Herb.

Boiss. 4. Append. III. 19 (1896) pro parte, non Licht. A. sp. sec. Bolus in Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 9.

IV. 235 (1915). Artliratherum obtusum (Del.) Nees, FI. Afr. Austr. 179 (1841) ; Presl, Bot. Bemerk.

121 (1844). Stipagrostis capensis Nees in Linnaea 7. 291 (1832) ; Kunth Enum. 1. 197 (1833) ;

Nees, FI. Afr. Austr. 171 (1841). Stipagrostis obtusa Nees in Linnaea 7. 293 (1832) ; Kunth Enum.

1. 198 (1833).

Perennial, compactly caespitose. Innovations numerous. Culms from a few centi-

metres up to 50 cm. high, very slender, 1-noded, glabrous, smooth, erect or geniculate

at the nodes ; internodes exserted. Lower leaf-sheaths short, firm and persistent, glabrous

or woolly near the margin, with more or less reduced blades ; the upper much shorter

than the internode, tight, striate, often somewhat compressed, with hyaline margins, some

times lightly villous ; ligule a short ciliolate rim ; auricles densely and often very long-

bearded ; collar smooth ; blades very variable with regard to length, 1 • 5-20 cm. long,

setaceous, convolute, rigid or subrigid, curved or flexuous, glaucous, striate, glabrous or

lightly villous or scaberulous beneath, minutely villous or hirtellous on the upper surface,

scarcely 0-5 mm. wide when expanded, terminating in a callus-like obtuse tip. Panicle

very narrow, erect, contracted, but rather loose and interrupted at the base, 2-5-20 cm.

long ; axis terete or striate, glabrous or scaberulous upwards ; branches solitary, bipartite

nearly from the base, filiform, erect or somewhat spreading ; branchlets scaberulous, axils

glabrous ; lateral pedicels short, always shorter than the glumes. Spikelets yellow, often

flushed with purple at the base. Glumes sub-equal, scaberulous dorsally with numerous

rows of fine protuberances ; the lower lanceolate, obtuse, 3-nerved, scabrous on the keel,

usually exceeding the upper glume in length, 8-5-12 mm. long; the upper narrowly -

lanceolate, subacute, 1-3-nerved, smooth on the keel, 8-11 mm. long. Lemma oblong,

about 3 mm. long including the callus, smooth ; callus nearly 1 mm. long, acute, densely

hairy ; column of awns variable in length, 4-10 mm. long, straight or twisted ; central

awn scaberulous in lower half, densely plumose in upper part up to the very tip, about

2-3-2 cm. long; lateral awns naked, very fine, divaricate, 0-75-1-75 cm. long. Pale

nerveless, broad, + 1 mm. long. Anthers 4-5 mm. long.

South West Africa.

Spitzkopje, I. 1937, Boss TM. 36376 (T) ; Arandis, I. 1937, Boss TM. 36397 (T) ;

Welwitsch, I. 1907, Galpin et Pearson 7415 (BH, K, N, P, S) ; Haigamkhab, I. 1907, Galpin

et Pearson 7424 (K, N, S) ; Usakos, anno 1938, Volk 73 (D) ; Rossingberge, XI. 1938,

Volk 23a (D) ; Witvley, Range 1422 (B) ; between Choaberib and Gurumanas, I. 1916,

Pearson 9598 (BH, K, S) ; Kwartel, IY. 1911, Dinter 2166 et 2171 (B) ; Narib, IV. 1913,

Engler 6533 (B) ; Tsumis, III. 1905, Von Trotha 15b (B) ; Sendlingsgrab, I. 1908, Hartmann

17a (B) ; Gamkanas, III. 1911, Dinter 2001 (B) ; Lidfontein, III. 1911, Dinter 1999 (B) ;

Bullsporter Flache, Dinter 2137 (B, W) ; between Gamis and Bull’s Mouth Pass, XII.

1915, Pearson 8939 (K, S) ; Chamisflache, IX. 1905, Schultze 414 (B) ; Gelwater, X. 1907,

Hartmann 17 (B) ; between Achterfontein and Gelwater, XII. 1915, Pearson 9229 (K) ;

20 km. south of Grundoorn, II. 1909, Pearson 3158 (K) ; between Ausis and Khuias, III.

1885, Schenck 219 (Z) ; Haalenberg, IV. 1929, Dinter 6303 (B, BH, K, St) ; Keetmanshoop,

Seidel 2 (B) ; Liideritzbucht (Angra Pequena), Marloth 5084b (N) ; do., VII. 1925, Moss

11516 pro parte (WR) ; Garub, I. 1910, Dinter 1056 (B) ; do., Range 523 (B) ; do., II.

126

1909, Pearson 4197 (K, S) ; Aus, III, 1885, Schinz 659 (B, K, Z) ; do., Peyer 26 (Z) ; do.,

Marloth 5084 (N, St) ; near Kubib, I. 1916, Pearson 9472 [an 9492 ?] (K, S) et 9476 (K) >

Kubub, Range 234 (B) ; Schakalskuppe, Range 1780 (B) ; do., II. 1909, Pearson 4804

(BH, K, X) et 4778 (A, BM, K, S) ; Buchholzbrunn, II. 1909, Pearson 3639 (K, Me) •

Feldschuhhorn, IV. 1909, Schafer 105 (B) ; Sandverbaar, II. 1909, Pearson 4663 (K) ;

do., Pearson 4676 (D, K, N) ; do., Pearson 4688 (A, K) ; Kaukausib, Range 1133 et 1897

(B) ; Inachab, XII. 1897, Pinter 1109 (B, V, Z) ; Klein Karas, IV. 1931, Oertendahl 119

(N) ; do., VII. 1931, Oertendahl 563 (B) ; do., IX. 1923, Pinter 4952 (B, BH, G, K, Me,

X, S, Z) ; Pomona, Marloth 6595 (N) ; Holoog, I. 1916, Pearson 9725 (BH, K, S) ; Kraaikluft,

XII. 1912, Pearson 8494 (A,[BII, BM, K, X, S) ; Klinghardtgebirge, VIII. 1913, Schafer 542-

545 et 547 [omnes B] ; Witputz, Range 587 et 713 (B) ; Narudas Siid, XII. 1912, Pearson 8146

(BH, K) ; Ganus, II. 1909, Pearson 4504 (K) ; Aiais-plateau, V. 1919, Waibel 203 (B) ; Gabis, I.

1909, Pearson 4322 (K, X) ; 25 km. north, of Warmbad, II. 1909, Pearson 4292 (K, W, Z) ;

Dabaigabis, 1. 1909, Pearson 4382 (D, K, X) ; Hohenfels, Pfeil 184 (B) ; near Raman’s Drift, I.

1909, Pearson 4009 (A, BH, BM, K, N, S) ; do., Pearson 4053 (A, BH, K, S) ; north of Viols

Drift, IX. 1931, Pillans 6396 (BH) ; without precise locality : Hereroland, Liideritz 64 et

68 (B, Z) ; Namib, Morgenstern s.n. (B).

Cape Province.

Little Namaqualand distr. : South of Orange River mouth, IX. 1926, Pillans 5707

(BH, K) ; south of Viols Drift, III. 1935, Thorne SAM. 51590 (S) ; Richtersveld, VIII.

1925, Marloth 12223 (N) ; between Holgat River and Orange River, Prege 2542 (B, K,

X, S) ; Goodhouse, IX. 1930, Henrici 2195 (N) ; Lekkersing, IX. 1935, Taylor 1095 (X) ;

Steinkopf, V. 1926, Krapohl H. 21862 (B, X) et Marloth 11222 (N) et Marloth 3719 (N) ;

Kraaiwater, II. 1898, Schlechter 64 (A, B, BH, G, K, N, P, T, V, W, Z) ; Windhoek, VII.

1896, Schlechter 8343 (A, B, BH, BM, G, K, X, P, T, V, W, Z) ; Koeris Camp, X. 1928,

Pole Evans 2238 (X) ; between Klipfontein and Abbevlakte, Bolus 9468 (BH) ; Buffels-

river, IX. 1897, Schlechter 11254 (A, B, BH, BM, G, K, X, P, T, V, W, Z) ; near Kamabies,

XII. 1908, Pearson 3777 (K) ; near Bitterfontein, XII. 1908, Pearson 3866 (K) ; Ius, IX.

1897, Schlechter 11405 (A, B, BH, BM, G, K, X, P, Z) ; south of Daunabis, XII. 1910, Pearson

6006 (A, K, S) ; Alewynsfontein, XII. 1908, Pearson 3334 (BM). Van Rhynsdorp distr :

Bitterfonteiu, XII. 1908, Pearson 3406 (X, T). Calvinia distr. : Between Lospers Plaats

and Springbokkuil River, Zeylier 1815 (A, B, BH, BM, G, K, P, S, V, Z) ; Brakrivier, XII.

1908, Pearson 3902 (BH, K) ; between Pappekuil and Stompiesfontein, XII. 1908, Pearson

4965 (K). Ceres distr. : Rietpoort, Relimann 3266 (Z) ; Gansfontein, XII. 1908, Pearson

3987 (K). Sutherland distr. : Tanqua Karroo, IX. 1935, Levyns 5087 (U). Laingsburg

distr. : Xgaap Kop, IX. 1926, Compton 3140 (BH). Prince Albert distr. : Prince Albert

Road, I. 1903, Marloth 3055 (X) ; do., V. 1920, Pillans BH. 21798 (BH) ; Boter kraal,

XI. 1905, Bolus 12431 (A, B, BH, BM, K, X) ; Beaufort West distr. : Xieuweveld, Bok-

poort, Prege (B, G, K, X, P, S, V). Murraysburg distr. : Murraysburg, VIII. 1879, Tyson

526 (D). Graaff-Reinet distr. : Graaff-Reinet, IV. 1911, Pillans 1812 (K). Victoria West

distr. : Victoria West, XI. 1923, Marloth 3075 (X). Carnarvon distr. : Carnarvon, IX.

1925, Gill 215 (St) ; Karreebergen Poort, IX. 1811, Burchell 1556 (G, K). Fraserburg

distr. : Williston, XI. 1921, Foley 188 (X) ; between Patrysfontein and Great Brak River,

Burchell 1520 (K, P) ; between Great Riet River and Stinkfontein, VIII. 1811, Burchell

1392 (G, K, X, P) ; Fraserburg, II. 1930, Nel in Hb. Stell. 15842 (St). Kenhardt distr. :

Loog Kolk, X. 1928, Pole Evans 2237 (X) ; Louisvale, II. 1930, Mennell s.n. (W). Prieska

distr. : Prieska, III. 1931, Bryant 608 (B, K, V, W) ; Redlands Siding, IV. 1913, Crews

GH. 9071 (X). Philipstown distr. : Potfontein, III. 1933, Schweickerdt 1205 (X). Herbert

distr. : Honeynestkloof, III. 1920, Wilman K. 2 (B, K) ; do., V. 1921, Wilman 2153 (Me)

do., XI. 1929, Phillips 3466 (K, X, W). Kimberley distr. : Modderriver Station, II. 1904

Kuntze s.n. (K) ; Riverton, IV. 1928, Wilman 2923 (Me) ; Kimberley, Rehmann 3469

(Z) et Tuck s.n. (K, S). Hay distr. : Xiekerk’s Hoop, X. 1936, Hafstrom 1150 (Me) ; Griqua-

town, II. 1937, Wilman s.n. (K, Me). Gordonia distr. : Upington, IX. 1919, Shantz 184

(K, W) ; Brak River, VII. 1925, Barnard SAM. 36144 (S). Kuruman distr. : Kuruman ,

127

III. 1928, Pole Evans 2089 (N). Vryburg distr. : Armadillo Creek, V. 1912, Burtt Davy

13862 (N). Mafeking distr. : Inkruip, IV. 1929, Pole Evans 2422 (K, N) ; Kameelboom

Camp, IV. 1929, Pole Evans 2405 (K, N).

Orange Free State.

Fauresmith distr. : Jagersfontein, VI. 1927, Smith 4114 (K) ; Fauresmith, I. 1925,

Pole Evans 1572 (N) ; Luckhoff, I. 1917, Pole Evans H. 135711 (N). Bloemfontein distr. :

Pont 948 (Z) ; without precise locality : Olifantsfontein, Rehmann 3525 (B, K, V, Z).

Type Specimen.

The type is deposited in the Institut de Botanique, University of Montpellier, France.

Common Names.

Beesgras. Bushman Grass. Fyne Twaagras. Gemsbokgras. Klein Twaagras. Klip

Toagras. Small Bushman grass. Toagras(s). Twaagras.

Economic Notes.

Many collectors report that this species is a good fodder for all kinds of stock and in

some parts of South West Africa is one of the most important pasture grasses. It is very

tough and lasts well (persists).

23. A. brevifolia ( Nees ) Steud. Nomencl. Bot. ed. 2. 130 (1842) ; Trin et Rupr. Spec. Gram;

Stip. 170 (1842) ; Walp. Ann. Bot. 3. 749 (1852) ; Steud. Syn. PI. Glum. 1. 144 (1854) ;

Hack, in Bull. Herb. Boiss. 4. Append. III. 17 (1896) ; Stapf in Dyer, FI. Cap. 7. 570

(1899) ; F. Bolus in Ami. S. Afr. Mus. 9. IV. 234 (1915) pro parte ; Dinter in Fedde,

Rep. 15. 341 (1918) ; Garabedian in Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 16. II. 401 (1925) ; Henrard

Crit. Rev. 1. 58 (1926) ; Henrard Monogr. 1. 74 cum ic. tab. 17 (1929) ; Range in

Fedde, Rep. 33. 8 (1933) ; Theron in Fedde, Rep. 40. 12 (1936).

A. geminifolia Trin. et Rupr. sec. F. Bolus in Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 9. IV. 234 (1915) pro parte, non

Trin. et Rupr. A. obtusa Del. sec. F. Bolus in Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 9. IV. 233 (1915) pro parte, non

Del. Arthratherum brevifolium Nees, FI. Afr. Austr. 183 (1841).

Perennial, suffrutescent, with a much-branched woody rootstock. Culms up to 100 cm.

high, but usually much shorter, many-noded, erect or ascending, terete, striate, slender,

minutely puberulous and covered with many glands ; lower internodes short, more or

less aggregated, the upper gradually longer and exserted ; nodes with an evanescent flake

of wool. Leaf-sheaths tight ; the lower longer or slightly shorter than the internodes,

terete, striate, gland-dotted, covered with evanescent wool at the mouth and along the

margins, those of the short cylindric innovations very broad and with rudimentary spiny

blades ; the upper sheaths much longer, shorter than the internodes, glandular or becoming

more or less glabrescent ; ligule a short ciliate rim ; auricles bearded with a flake of wool ;

collar a more or less pubescent villous line, eventually becoming glabrous ; blades densely

striate, convolute or flat, subpungent, subrigid to very rigid, spreading, glaucous, asperulous

beneath, glandular hispidulous or pubescent on the upper surface, up to 12 cm. long but

usually much shorter, up to 3 mm. broad. Inflorescence exserted ; peduncle terete, striate,

puberulous and glandular. Panicle contracted, linear, somewhat spike-like but loose and

interrupted at the base, up to 20 cm. long including the awns but usually much shorter ;

rhachis striate, angular, glabrous, here and there dotted with glands ; branches short,

divided from the base, usually few-flowered, smooth ; pedicels shorter or longer than the

glumes. Spikelets green or yellowish, often tinged with purple. Glumes lanceolate, acumi-

nate, minutely truncate, glabrous or puberulous or ciliate near the margins and glandular,

unequal ; the lower 8-11 (15) mm. long ; the upper 11-5-15 (17) mm. long, 3-5-nerved.

Lemma linear-oblong, smooth, with an obtusely slightly bilobed tip, including the callus

5-5-7 mm. long ; callus very acute, pungent, up to 2-2-5 mm. long, long-hairy ; column

twisted, 4—9 mm. long ; central awn glabrous or scantily plumose at the base, densely

plumose above to the very tip, obtuse in outline, 2 -3-4-0 cm. long ; lateral awns naked,

1-0-1 -8 cm. long. Anthers up to 7 mm. long.

128

South West Africa.

Between Keetmanshoop and Seeheim, II. 1909, Pearson 4590 (B, BM, BH, K, N) ;

Klein Karas, IX. 1923, Dinter 4970 (BH, G, Me, X, S, St, Z) ; Klein Karas to Aiais, VII.

1931, Oertendahl 575 (K, X) ; between Fish River and Orange River, XII. 1911, Range

1233 (B) ; Aiais-plateau, V. 1919, Waibel 202 (B) ; between Sjambok River and Aussenkehr,

IX. 1931, Pillans 6469 (BH) ; between Modder Drift and Sjambok River, IX. 1931, Pillans

6444 (BH) ; 25 km. north of Warmbad, II. 1909, Pearson 4287 (K, WR, Z) ; 30 km. north

of Raman’s Drift, I. 1909, Pearson 4051 (BH, K, S) et 4010 (A, BH, D, K) et 4535 (K) ;

without precise locality, Fleck 290a (V, Z).

Cape Province.

Little Namaqualand distr. : Goodhouse, Orange River, IX. 1930, Henrici 2152 (N) ;

between Dabainoris and Abbases, I. 1909, Pearson 3011 (K, D) ; Wortel, I. 1909, Pearson

3601 (A, BM, K, X, T, S) et 3626 (K) et 3632 (K, N) et 3634 (BM, N) ; 10 miles north-east

of Bitterfontein, XII. 1908, Pearson 3405 (A, BM, BH, K, N, S) ; Silverfontein near Ookiep,

X. 1830, Drege [2040] (B, G, K, N, 0, P, V) ; near Springbok, XII. 1936, Adamson 1538

(K) ; Buffel Rivier, IX. 1897, Schlechter 11255 (A, B, BH, BM, G, K, N, P, T, V, W, Z) ;

near Tweefontein, XII. 1908, Pearson 3781 (Iv) ; between Klipplaat and Bitterfontein,

XII. 1908, Pearson 3869 (K) ; Zabies, XII. 1897, Schlechter 47 (A, BH, BM, G, K, N, P,

T, V, W, Z) ; Kamiesberg to mouth of the Orange River, Zeyher 73 (A, B, G, K, X, S, Z).

Calvinia distr. : Between Lospers Plaats and Springbokkuil River, Zeyher 1813 (A, B,

BH, BM, G, K, N, P, St, Z). Prince Albert distr. : Between Dwyka River and Zwart-

bulletje, Drege (BM, G, K, X, 0, P, S, V). Without precise locality : Prom. bon. Spei,

1862, Pappe (BM).

Type Specimen.

Drege (lectotype !) is deposited in the Botanisches Museum, Berlin-Dahlem.

Common Xames.

Bosjes-gras. Twa-gras. T’waagras.

Economic Xotes.

Drege states that “ die Korner dieses Grases werden als Griitze von den Hottentotten

sehr geschatzt.”

Remarks.

Pearson 4590 appears to be a large-flowered form of this species. The glumes are

fairly large (1 = 15 mm., II = 17 mm.) and pubescent towards the margins : the lemma

and central awn are longer than in most other specimens seen. In general characters

however this gathering agrees well with A. brevifolia.

24. A. uniplumis Licht. in Roem. et Schult., Syst. Veg. 2. 401 (1817) ; Trin. Gram.Unifl..

et Sesquifl. 180 (1824) ; Trin. in Mem. Acad. Imp. Sc. Petersb. 6. I. 89 (1829) ; Kunth,

Enum. 1. 195 (1833) ; Trin. et Rupr. Spec. Gram. Stip. 172 (1842) ; Walp. Ann. Bot.

3. 750 (1852) ; Steud. Syn. PI. Glum. 1. 144 (1854) ; Hack, in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 11.

400 (1889) ; Dur. et Schinz, Consp. 5. 809 (1894) ; Hack, in Bull. Herb. Boiss. 4.

Append. III. 19 (1896) pro parte ; Stapf in Dyer, FI. Cap. 7. 569 (1899) pro parte ;

F. Bolus in Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 9. IV. 234 (1915) pro parte ; Dinter in Fedde, Rep. 15.343

(1918) ; Garabedian in Ann. S. Afr. Mus, 16. II. 405 (1925) pro parte ; Henrard Crit.

Rev. 3. 643 (1928) ; Henrard Monogr. 1. 77 cum ic. tab. 19 (1929) ; Range in Fedde,

Rep. 33. 10 (1933) ; Obermeijer, Schweickerdt et Verdoorn in Bothalia, 3. II. 227 (1937).

A. uniplumis Licht. var. Neesii Walp. sec. Garabedian in Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 16. II. 406 (1925), non

Walp. Arlhratherum uniplume Nees, FI. Afr. Austr. 181 (1841).

Perennial, densely caespitose. Culms including the inflorescence up to 75 cm. high

or more, erect, 3-4-noded, simple or branched upwards ; internodes striate and terete,

129

smooth or scaberulous ; nodes glabrous. Leaf-sheaths reduced to leafless scales, or the

upper tight, terete, striate, smooth or scaberulous upwards, shorter than the internodes ;

ligule a ciliate rim ; auricles densely bearded ; collar glabrous ; blades setaceous, convolute,

curved or flexuous, up to 10 cm. long, glabrous and striate on the lower surface, scaberulous

on the upper surface with usually a few long hairs towards the ligule. Panicle long-exserted,

fairly compact to diffuse ; axis terete in lower part, angular and scaberulous upwards ;

branches spreading or suberect, usually solitary but branched near the base, almost smooth ;

pedicels capillary, often sinuate, scaberulous, much thickened upwards. Spikelets pale

yellow to purplish or purplish-brown. Glumes glabrous or with scattered marginal hairs,

almost papery, unequal ; the lower 8-9 mm. long ; the upper 9-11 mm. long. Lemma

cylindric, including the callus about 4 mm. long, smooth, slightly tuberculate upwards ;

callus about 1 mm. long, acute, densely bearded ; column of awns about 5 mm. long, densely

penicillate at the apex, otherwise glabrous ; central awn up to 2-5 cm. long, naked in its

lower part, densely plumose upwards ; lateral awns up to 12 mm. long, very fine.

South West Africa.

Hoarusib River, west of Klein Otavi, III. 1926, Barnard SAM. 33278 (S) ; Ombombo

to Kaoko Otavi, II. 1926, Barnard SAM. 33310 (S) ; Omaheke, IV. 1913, Dinter 2883 (B) ;

Andoni, Barnard 812 (S) et 817 (S) ; Otjitambi, Schlettivein 42a (B) ; Orootfontein, Bail

7 (B) ; Otjituo, II. 1906, Seiner 21 [671] (B, W) ; Otjiwarongo, III. 1928, Bradfield 268

pro parte (N) ; Ozondjache, XII. 1938, Volk 542 (D) ; Usakos, IV. 1939, Volk 74 (D) ;

Fockshof, IV. 1938, Volk A. 158 (D) ; between Okatambeke and Owinauanaua, IV. 1911,

Seiner 443 (B) ; Okatambeke, II. 1911, Seiner 168 (B) ; Omaruru, VI. 1916, Waibel 122

(B) ; Ameib, II. 1885, Belck 53 (B, Z) ; Okahandja, XII. 1910, Dinter 1638 (B) et 1530

(B) et Grossarth 40 (B) et Bertling 5 (B) ; between Windhuk and Karibib, III. 1910, Mucke

66 (N) ; Ababes, XII. 1915, Pearson 9174 (K, S) et 9182 (K) ; between Kubas and Ababes,

IV. 1913, Engler 6133 (B, K) ; Otjimbingue, V. 1886, Marloth 1330 (A, O) ; Windhuk,

III. 1905, Trotha 116 (B) et Bohr 14 (B) et I. 1916, Pearson 9628 (K, S) ; Awas Mountains,

I. 1916, Pearson 9649 (BH, K, S) ; 100 km. east of Walfishbay, Wyley s.n. (V) ; Rehoboth

to Aub, IV. 1911, Dinter 2221 (B) ; between Nauchas and Areb, I. 1916, Pearson 9023

(BH, K, S, WR) ; Areb, III. 1908, Hartmann 10c (B) ; Sendlingsgrab, I. 1908, Hartmann

10b et lOd (B) ; Oas, Polizeistation 31 (B) ; between Gamis and Bull’s Mouth Pass,

Pearson 8940 (K) ; Gamis, XII. 1915, Pearson 8973 (K) ; Zeskameelboom, Dinter 2066

(B) ; between Voigtsgrund and Breckhorn, XII. 1915, Pearson 9350 (BH, K, S) ; between

Voigtsgrund and Ganaams, XII. 1915, Pearson 9364 (K) et 9390 (K) ; Griindoorn, II.

1909, Pearson 4555 (A, D, K, N, S, Z) ; Awasab, Hartmann 10a (B) ; Horas, Hartmann

10 (B) ; Mount Brukkaros, II. 1931, Sordahl 15 (B, W) et IV. 1931, Sordahl 43 (B, W) ;

Kunyas, V. 1907, Range 354 (B) ; between Ausis and Khuias, Schenck s.n. (V) ; Byzonder-

maid, I. 1885, Schinz 660 (Z) ; Kunub, IV. 1911, Range 1015 (B) ; between Gellap and

Great Fish River, XII. 1915, Pearson 9285 (K) ; Garinais, Eichler 35 (B) ; Liideritzbucht

(Angra Pequena), Schinz 662 (Z) et VII. 1903, Schultze 46 (B) ; Kuibis, V. 1909, Range

656 (B) ; Buchholzbrunn, II. 1909, Pearson 3655 (BH, K) ; Sandverhaar, Pearson 3704

(N) et 4620 (K) et 4603 (K) ; Seeheim to Kalkfontein, II. 1909, Schafer 58 (B) ; Inachab,

XI. 1897, Dinter 1089 (Z) ; Wasserfall, I. 1913, Pearson 8606 (BH, N) ; Little Karas

Mountains, I. 1916, Pearson 9724 (BH, K, S) ; Sabiesis, II. 1909, Pearson 4117 (BH, D,

K, N, S) ; Great Karas Mountains, I. 1913, Pearson 8499 (BH, D, G, K, W) et 8500 (BH,

K, S) et Blank 61 (B) ; Naossonabis, XI. 1909, Range 802 (B) ; Dabaigabis, 1. 1909, Pearson

4381 (A, K, N, S) ; Warmbad, I. 1909, Pearson 4027 (K, S, T).

Bechuanaland Protectorate.

Makarikari Lake, IV. 1931, Pole Evans 3283 (B, K, N) ; Artesia, IV. 1931, Pole Evans

3167 (K, N) et 3172 (N) ; Pitsani, IV. 1929, Pole Evans 2344 (K, N) ; Kutje, V. 1928,

Nobbs 60 (U) ; Letlaking, V. 1928, Nobbs 23 (U) ; Kaotwe, IV. 1930, van Son TM. 28608

(T); between Malopo and Kaotwe, V. 1928, Nobbs 74 (U) ; Kauke, III. 1930, van Son

TM 28610 (T) ; between Sekuma and Kooa, I. 1905, Schultze 342b (B).

130

Cape Province.

Gordonia distr. : Upington, VII. 1925, Barnard SAM. 36146 (S) ; do., VIII. 1923,

Borcherds H. 21524 (N) ; near Spitzkop, IY. 1928, Pole Evans 2178 (N). Kenhardt distr. :

Aughrabies Falls, IV. 1936, Leipoldt BH. 21754 (BH). Hay distr. : Eitalersfontein,

Rehmann 3346 (B, K, Z) ; Griquatown, anno 1928, Conradie 4 (St) ; near Griquatown,

III. 1920, Pole Evans 26 (K). Herbert distr. : Witkoplaagte, IV. 1937, Wilman 4198

(B, K, N, V, Z). Kimberley distr. : Modderrivier, II. 1894, Kuntze s.n. (B) ; Kenilworth,

IX. 1901, Galpin 6319 (N) ; Riverton, IV. 1914, Wilman 690 (Me). Barkly West distr. :

Barkly West, II. 1921, Wilman 2142 (Me). Kuruman distr. : Kuruman, III. 1928, Pole

Evans 2062 (N) et 2094 (N, W) ; do., Dedman in Hb. Stell. 10052 (St) ; without precise

locality : Lichtenstein 50 (60 ?), C. b. Sp., (B) ; L. Bushmanland, Marloth 3721 (N).

Orange Free State.

Boshof distr. : Smitskraal, IV. 1911, Burtt Davy 10123 (N) ; Kroonstad distr. : Botha-

ville, I. 1933, Goossens 1172 (B, N).

Transvaal Province.

Pretoria distr. : Between Blandsrivier and Klippan, Relimann 5113 (B, K). Lydenburg

distr. : Near Lydenburg, Atherstone s.n. (A, K, S). Waterberg distr. : Warmbaths, II.

1936, Irvine 41 (N). Zoutpansberg distr. : Zoutpan, IV. 1934, Schweickerdt et Verdoorn

630 (B, N) ; Messina, Pole Evans 1906 (N).

Type Specimen.

Lichtenstein 50 (60 ? ) is deposited in the Botanisches Museum, Berlin-Dahlem.

Common Names.

Blinkaar. Bushman grass. Buschmanngras. Langbeen Twaa. Large Bushman

grass. Silwergras. Soetgras. T’waagras.

Economic Notes.

This species constitutes one of the main fodder-grasses of the Namib where it remains

green only for a very short period ; it is also eaten in the dried state by stock and game.

In the Griqualand West area it is also considered an excellent fodder and as it does not

produce stools, it may be cut and stored as hay or silage. In the pre-flowering and flowering

stage this grass is sweet, but gradually becomes less so after frost and winter rain. In

the wilted condition this species has been found to contain prussic acid.

24a. A. uniplumis Licht. var. Neesii Trin. et Rupr. Gram. Stip. 173 (1842) : Walp. Ann.

Bot. 3. 750 (1852) ; Dur. et Schinz, Consp. 5. 809 (1894) ; Dinter in Fedde, Rep. 15.

343 (1918) ; Henrard Crit. Rev. 3. 646 (1928) ; Henrard Monogr. 1. 77 (1929).

A. uniplumis Licht. sec. Stapf in Dyer, FI. Cap. 7. 569 (1899) pro parte ; Stent in Bothalia 1. IV.

278 (1924), non Licht.

The facies of this variety greatly resembles that of the species. The glumes however

are longer and the lemma is somewhat larger than in the species. Furthermore the central

awn is fairly robust, usually dark in colour and plumose to the base, the column however

is glabrous.

Cape Province.

Colesberg distr. : Near Colesberg, Drege 901 (B). Kimberley distr. : Rietpan, III.

1917, Potgieter TM. 19179 (T) ; Warrenton, IV. 1917, Pole Evans H. 11623 (K) ; Warrenton,

II. 1926, Smith 2347a (N). Barkly West distr. : Driefontein, XII. 1936, Acocks 1468 (Me).

Hay distr. : Near Postmasburg, VI. 1929, Uys G. 3 (N). Vryburg distr. : Vryburg, III.

1920, Stent H. 21515 et H. 21449 (N) ; do., II. 1923, Rodger BH.^21801 (BH,‘ Mc) ; do.,

II. 1916, Viljoen H. 12044 (K) ; Armoedsvlakte, IV. 1912, Sharpe H. 7473 (N) ; do., III.

131

1924, Henrici 89 (N) ; do., XII. 1920, Mogg in Hb. Stell. 12543 (St). Mafeking distr. :

Mafeking, IY. 1929, Pole Evans 2426 (K, N) et 2441 (K, N) et IV. 1929, Pole Evans 2397

(K, N, W). Kuruman distr. : Witdraai, III. 1917, Pole Evans 2096 (N).

Bechuanaland Protectorate.

Nkate, IV. 1931, Pole Evans 3297 (K) et 3298 (N) et 3302 (K) ; Metsematluko, IV.

1928, Nobbs 25 (U) ; Mocbudi, I. 1914, Rogers 6315 (BH, K, N, T) ; do., IV. 1914, Harbor

BH. 21800 (BH).

Orange Free State.

Bloemfontein distr. : Bloemfontein, Rehmann 3722 (B, BM, K, Z) ; Glen, IV. 1926,

School of Agriculture NH. 3446 (N). Hoopstad distr. : Wesselsbron, I. 1933, Goosssns

1248 (B, N) ; Hoopstad, III. 1909, Potts 1149 (GU). Kroonstad distr. : Bothaville, IV.

1931, Boshoff 2 (N). Boshoff distr. : Betbel-Pella, IV. 1931, Wolff 12 (N). Between

Kimberley and Bloemfontein, Buchanan 291 (K, S).

Transvaal Province.

Bloemhof distr. : Christiana, III. 1912, Burtt Davy 12975 (N) ; Smitskraal, IV. 1911,

Burtt Davy 10123 pro parte (N) ; Schweizer Reneke, II. 1904, Burtt Davy 1627 (N). Wol-

maransstad distr. : Wolmaransstad, IV. 1931, Liebenberg 2437 (N, W) ; Maquassi, II. 1918,

Rogers 20654 (G, Z). Zoutpansberg distr.: Messina, X. 1929, Turner 23 (N) ; do., II.

1919, Rogers 22545 (T, Z).

Type Specimen.

Drege from Colesberg deposited in the Botanisches Museum, Berlin-Dahlem ? Perhaps

there is a specimen in the Trinius Herbarium, Leningrad which should be regarded as the

type. I have not seen this sheet.

24b. A. uniplumis Licht. var. Pearsonii Henr. Crit. Rev. 3. 647 (1928) ; Henrard Monogr.

1. 77 (1929).

« A. Dregeana Trin. et Rupr. sec. Dinter in Fedde, Rep. 15. 341 (1918) pro parte, non Trin. et Rupr.

A. uniplumis Licht. sec. Hack, in Bull. Herb. Boiss. 4. Append. III. 19 (1896) ; Stapf in Dyer, FI.

Cap. 7. 569 (1899) ; Garabedian in Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 16. II. 405 (1925) omnes pro parte, non Licht.

This variety greatly resembles the species but may be recognised by the column of

the awns which is plumose in its upper part (at times so almost from the base). The

central awn is not as rigid and bristlelike as in the var. Neesii, furthermore the latter has

larger glumes.

Angola.

Between Gambos and Cabama, V. 1909, Pearson 2487 (K).

South West Africa.

Ondongo, Barnard SAM. 32241 (S) ; Grootfontein, II. 1933, Schoenfelder 98 (K, N) ;

Oinatope, II. 1886, Schinz 659 (V, Z) ; Blockfontein, V. 1939, Volk 1694 (D) ; Otjiwarongo,

XII. 1938, Volk 394 (D) ; Otjiputo, II. 1939, Volk 1230 (D) ; Otjimbingue, Marloth 1330

(B, V) ; Gobabis, II. 1906, Kujpjper 60 (B) ; without precise locality, Wembley Exhibition

29 (B, BH, S).

Bechuanaland Protectorate.

Makarikari Lake, IV. 1931, Pole Evans 3287 (K, N). Mochudi, I. 1914, Rogers 6596

(A, K, T, Z).

Cape Province.

Kimberley distr. : Kimberley, Rehmann 3470 (K, Z).

132

Orange Free State.

Without precise locality, Buchanan 69 (D, K, S).

Type Specimen.

Pearson 2487 is deposited in The Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

25. A. gonatostachys Pilger in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 48. 343 (1912) ; Dinter in Fedde, Rep.

15. 341 (1918) ; Garabedian in Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 16. II. 402 (1925) ; Henrard Crit.

Rev. 1. 205 (1926) ; Henrard Monogr. 1. 81 cum ic. tab. 20 (1929) ; Range in Fedde,

Rep. 33. 8 (1933) ; Theron in Fedde, Rep. 40. 30 (1936) [sphalm. gonostachys].

Perennial, densely caespitose, tufts 2-3-5 cm. high. Culms up to 10 cm. long, exserted

beyond the small tussocks, somewhat geniculate, 1-noded ; lower internode exserted,

5-6 cm. long, slender, terete, thickened upwards towards the node ; upper node hairy.

Lower leaf-sheaths reduced to yellowish broad scales, sulcate-striate, glabrous or scantily

woolly along the margins, the upper sheath partly embracing the inflorescence, scaberulous

and leafless ; ligule a ciliate rim ; auricles densely long-bearded ; blades up to 2 cm. long,

involute, obtuse, striate and sulcate, scaberulous on the lower surface, with fairly long

hairs arising dorsally between the longitudinal ridges, upper surface hirtellous, curved,

glaucous. Peduncle very short. Panicle almost sessile, sheathed by the uppermost sheath,

3-4 cm. long, spike-like ; axis striate and pubescent ; lower branches binate, the upper

solitary. Pedicels clavate and hairy near the apex. Spikelets pallid, somewhat secund.

Glumes subequal, 7-9 mm. long, lanceolate, acuminate, the lower distinctly scaberulous.

Lemma including the callus about 4 mm. long ; callus 1 mm. or somewhat longer, acute,

shortly bearded, but long-bearded at the base of the lemma ; column of awns up to 4 mm.

long ; central awn about 1 cm. long, glabrous at the base, densely plumose in its upper

part up to the tip ; lateral awns about 7 mm. long.

South West Africa.

Rotekuppe, I. 1907, Range 188 (B) ; do., I. 1910, Dinter 1022 (B) ; Guos, Kiistenwiiste,

IX. 1911, Range 1177 (B, N).

Type Specimen.

The Syn-types are deposited in the Botanisches Museum, Berlin-Dahlem.

Common Name.

Kleines Buschmanngras.

26. A. lanipes Mez in Fedde, Rep. 17. 153 (1921) ; Garabedian in Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 16.

II. 403 (1925) ; Henrard Crit. Rev. 2. 285 (1927) ; Henrard Monogr. 1. 81 (1929) ; Theron

in Fedde, Rep. 40. 30 (1936).

Perennial, densely caespitose, dwarf, including inflorescence up to 10 cm. high. Lower

leaf-sheaths pallid, striate, dorsally glabrous but densely woolly lanate towards and on the

margins with white hairs, margins of leaf-sheaths upwards hyaline, upper leaf-sheaths

densely woolly all over the dorsal surface, only the stout midrib clearly visible ; ligule a

fringe of woolly hairs ; blades about 0- 5-1-0 cm. long, somewhat recurved, linear, obtuse,

glabrous and striate, glaucous, apparently terete but the margins conduplicate and some-

what involute. Culm 1-noded (the lowermost node sheathed but not exserted.) Axis

terete, glabrous somewhat thickened towards the node. Sheath arising at the upper node

in the axil of which the inflorescence appears to arise, narrowly lanceolate, glaucous, glabrous,

striate, with a much-reduced blade. Inflorescence ^ 4-flowered, a lax sub-simple panicle,

with the branchlets at the base of the inflorescence bearing 1-2 spikelets. Rhachis sub-

compressed, striate, flexuous, minutely scaberulous. Pedicels likewise, somewhat thickened

towards the apex. Glumes subequal, three-nerved ; the lower slightly shorter than the

upper, about 9-9-5 mm. long, with minutely scaberulous lines on the outer surface not

133

unlike those found in A. obtusa Del. ; the upper smooth and glabrous, margins hyaline.

Lemma Jr 6 mm. long including the callus ; callus acute, densely hairy, about 2 mm. long ;

column of awn 2-0 mm. long, twisted, glabrous. Central awn plumose towards the apex,

naked and glabrous below and at the point of insertion of the lateral filiform glabrous 9 mm.

long awns. Anthers 3 mm. long.

South West Africa.

Near Liideritzbucht, west of Kuibis, Range 1822 (B).

Type Specimen.

Range 1822 (unicum ?) is deposited in the Botanisches Museum, Berlin-Dahlem.

This species is very closely related to A. gonatostachys Pilger and differs from it in several

minor points. The facies of the two species concerned, is very similar. A wider range

of material of these two species may prove them to be conspecific.

27. A. Dregeana ( Nees ) Trin. et Rupr. Spec. Gram. Stip. 169 (1842) ; Walp. Ann. Bot.

3. 749 (1852) ; Steud. Syn. PI. Glum. 1. 144 (1854) ; Dur. et Schinz, Consp. 5. 802

(1894) ; Stapf in Dyer, FI. Cap. 7. 569 (1899) excl. syn. pro parte ; Dinter in Fedde,

Rep. 15. 341 (1918) ; Garabedian in Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 16. II. 401 (1925) pro parte ;

Henrard Crit. Rev. 1. 154 (1926) ; Henrard Monogr. 1. 83 cum ic. tab. 22 (1929) ;

Range in Fedde, Rep. 33. 8 (1933) ; Theron in Fedde, Rep. 40. 20 (1936).

A. obtusa Del. sec. Hack, in Bull. Herb. Boiss. 4. Append. III. 19 (1896) non Del. ; Garabedian in

Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 16. II. 403 (1925) pro parte, non Del. Stipagrostis Dregeana Nees, FI. Afr. Austr.

172 (1841) ; Presl, Bot. Bemerk. 121 (1844).

Perennial, densely caespitose, much-branched at the base. Culms slender, erect or

geniculately ascending, simple, 1-3-noded, the lowermost node basal or almost so, up to

25 cm. high including the awns ; internodes terete or somewhat compressed, smooth and

glabrous, usually exserted ; nodes glabrous. Leaf-sheaths very tight, distinctly striate,

slightly scaberulous, shorter than the internodes ; the lower broad, pallid, firm and persis-

tent, much-reduced and scale-like, bearing very short blades ; ligule a short ciliolate rim ;

auricles pubescent ; collar glabrous ; blades setaceous, convolute, subacute, up to 12-5 cm.

long, fairly rigid, glabrous and smooth beneath, more or less hirtellous or pubescent on

the upper surface. Panicle erect, or somewhat nodding at the summit, lax and loose, up

to 12 cm. long including the awns ; rhachis smooth, grooved ; branches usually binate,

smooth ; branchlets 1-2-flowered ; the branches, branchlets and pedicels rather capillary

and often flexuous. Spikelets yellowish and purple. Glumes linear-lanceolate, subacu-

minate, subequal, 3-nerved ; the lower 11-13 mm. long, acuminate, purple towards the

base, minutely scaberulous on the keel towards the apex, towards the apex often a few

scattered minute hairs, in the young state dorsally often somewhat shortly hairy, hairs

deciduous ; the upper 11-13 mm. long, obtuse, emarginate or distinctly bifid, mucronate

from the sinus, minutely scaberulous towards the apex, otherwise glabrous, purple towards

the base. Lemma oblong-cylindric, glabrous, purplish, including the callus about 4 mm.

long; callus acute, densely hairy, 1-1-5 mm. long; column of awns about 4 mm. long,

twisted, glabrous ; central awn 3-4 cm. long, feathery above the middle to the very tip,

plumose region obtuse in outline ; lateral awns naked or very nearly so, up to 17 mm.

long. Anthers 5-5-6 mm. long.

South West Africa.

North of Liideritzbucht, X. 1906, Range 8 (B) ; Liideritzbucht (Angra Pequena),

Hermann 49 (B) ; do., 1907, Range 491 (B) ; do., IV. 1909, Marloth 4664 (K, N) ; do.,

Galpin et Pearson 7395 (K) ; do., VII. 1925, Moss 11518 (K) ; do., Peyer 4 (Z) ; Pomona,

V. 1929, Dinter 6344 (B, D, G, K, St) ; do., VI. 1929, Dinter BH. 21797 (BH) ; Kling-

hardtgebirge, VIII. 1913, Schafer 512 (B) ; Buchuberge, VIII. 1929, Dinter 6602 (B, BH,

K, St) ; Hereroland, 1887, Nels 72 (Z).

m

Cape Province.

Little Namaqualand distr. : Near mouth of Orange River, X. 1830, Drege (2543)

(B, BM, G, K, N, 0, P, V) ; Groot Derm, X. 1926, Pillans 5615 (BH, K, N) ; Witbank,

X. 1926, Pillans 5217 (BH, N).

Type Specimen.

Drege 2543 is deposited in the Botanisches Museum, Berlin-Dahlem.

28. A. garubensis Pilger in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 48. 344 (1912) ; Dinter in Fedde, Rep. 15.

341 (1918) ; Garabedian in Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 16. II. 402 (1925) ; Henrard Crit. Rev.

1. 192 (1926) ; Henrard Monogr. 1. 80 cum ic. tab. 21 (1929) ; Range in Fedde, Rep.

33. 8 (1933) ; Theron in Fedde, Rep. 40. 8 (1936).

A. dregeana Trin. et Rupr. sec. F. Bolus in Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 9. IV. 234 (1915) pro parte, non Trin.

et Rupr.

Perennial, laxly caespitose, from a much-branched almost woody rootstock. Innova-

tions erect or irregularly ascending, intra- or extravaginal. Culms erect or somewhat

ascending, rather thin and elegant if compared with the robustly-branched rootsystem,

terete, smooth, 2-3-noded ; internodes terete, glabrous, exserted ; nodes glabrous. Lower

leaf-sheaths reduced to pale striate glabrous scales, bearing much-reduced leaf-blades ;

the upper tight, shorter than the internodes, glabrous and terete below, striate upwards ;

ligule a minute ciliate rim ; auricles minutely pubescent or glabrous ; collar glabrous ;

blades very narrow, linear, convolute, setaceous, acute and subpungent, rather rigid and

curved (almost wiry), up to 12 cm. long, glabrous and striate beneath, hirtellous on the

upper surface, glaucous, gradually tapering to a point. Panicle shortly exserted, up to

20 cm. long including the awns, somewhat depauperate, very lax and open ; rhachis terete

and smooth below, rather angular and scaberulous upwards ; axils glabrous ; lower branches

solitary or 2-3-nate from the base, the upper solitary, all few-flowered and scaberulous ;

pedicels minutely scaberulous, subclavate, as long as or shorter than the glumes. Spikelets

erect, pallid but purplish towards their base. Glumes lanceolate, glabrous ; the lower

up to 12 mm. long, shortly bidentate at the subobtuse apex; the upper subacute, 12-5-

15 mm. long. Lemma smooth, including the callus about 5-5 mm. long ; callus 1-5 mm.

long, hairy, acute ; column of awns 8-10 mm. long, twisted ; central awn up to 40 mm.

long, naked in the lower third or plumose almost to the base, plumose to the very tip,

slender and acute in outline ; lateral awns naked, very thin, up to 15 mm. long.

South West Africa.

Kunguibgebixge, X. 1912, Range 1069 (B) ; 18 km. west of Aus, II. 1909, Pearson

4213 (BH, K) ; Garub, X. 1907, Range 508 (B, BM, K, N) ; do, X. 1907, Range 536 (B).

Type Specimen.

Range 508 and 536 are deposited in the Botanisches Museum, Berlin-Dahlem.

29. A. sericans Hack, apud Schinz in Bull. Herb. Boiss. 3. 381 (1895) ; Stapf in Dyer, FI.

Cap. 7. 563 (1899) ; Henrard Crit. Rev. 3. 554 (1928) ; Henrard Monogr. 2. 158 cum

ic. tab. 61 (1932) ; Theron in Fedde, Rep. 40. 17 (1936).

Perennial, densely caespitose. Culms simple, erect, terete, up to 75 cm. high, very

slender, 1-noded. Leaf-sheaths very tight, striate, glabrous or hairy all over except in

the region just above the nodes, shorter than or exceeding the internodes ; ligule ciliate ;

auricles bearded ; blades finely filiform, setaceous, strictly erect, convolute, acute, up to

30 cm. long or even almost as long as the culms, glaucous, glabrous or hairy below, glabrous

or hispidulous above, 0-5-1 -0 mm. wide, strongly nerved. Panicle erect, dense, up to

20 cm. long, the base of the panicle sheathed by a submembranous thinly villous light-brown

bract, the upper branches sparingly branched ; branchlets and pedicels hairy or glabrous,

the latter much shorter than the glumes. Glumes subequal, villous, linear-lanceolate,

135

acuminate, 3-nerved, with sparingly hairy or hyaline tips ; the lower 10-15 mm. long ;

the upper 12-16*5 mm. long. Lemma purple, smooth, slightly scaberulous towards the

apex, linear-lanceolate, including the callus up to 7 mm. long, produced without an articula-

tion into the column ; callus about 1-1 -5 mm. long, acute, densely hairy ; column 2-3-5 mm.

long, twisted, hairy ; central awn divergent or spreading, up to 24 mm. long, densely

but shortly plumose except for the scabrid apex ; lateral awns resembling the central,

but only up to 18 mm. long. Pale 2-5 mm. long, obtuse, nerveless. Anthers about 5 mm.

long. Stigmas pale yellow, up to 2-5 mm. long. Caryopsis linear, 4 mm. long, 0-3 mm.

wide, pale brown.

Transvaal Province.

Standerton distr. : Standerton, Rehmann 6793 (B, BH, BM, K, Y, Z). Vereeniging

distr. : Leeuwkuil Pasture Research Station, III. 1937, Bunting 137 (K, N, WR) ; do.,

IX. 1937, R. Story in NH. 24574 (B, BM, K, N, V, W, Z) ; do., III. 1939, R. Foster in NH.

24575 (B, BM, K, N, Y, W, Z).

Type Specimen.

Rehmann 6793 is deposited in the Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna.

Remarks.

A very rare species apparently with a limited geographic distribution. Until the

very welcome recent rediscovery of this plant by Mr. R. Story ( Bunting 137) the author

of the present paper believed this plant to have been of hybrid origin. Rehmann 4046

from Pretoria cited by Stapf in Dyer, FI. Cap. 7. 563 (1899) under this species very

probably does not belong here. I do not remember seeing this number and possibly the

locality indicated on the sheet is incorrect, as A. ssricans is so far only known to occur in

the true Highveld area of the Transvaal.

The species bears a strong resemblance to A. capensis Thunb. var. Dieterleniana mihi

with which it may readily be confused. Dissection of the spikelets however immediately

reveals that the species in question belong to different sections of the genus.

30. A. Sciurus Stapf in Dyer, FI. Cap. 7. 557 (1899) ; Stent in Bothalia 1. IV. 277 (1924) ;

Henrard Crit. Rev. 3. 548 (1928) ; Henrard Monogr. 2. 164 cum ic. tab. 65 (1932).

Robust erect perennial, up to 140 cm. high. Culms arising from a short rhizome, about

4-5-noded, simple ; internodes included or exserted, up to 25 cm. long but often much

shorter, almost glabrous to densely adpressedly woolly just below the nodes, terete, smooth

or somewhat striate towards the nodes ; nodes glabrous, not very conspicuous. Leaf-

sheaths crowded near the base, striate, glabrous or more or less fugaciously woolly, tight ;

ligule a line of very short hairs obscured by the dense aggregation of wool at the mouth

of the leaf-sheath, more rarely the mouth of older leaf-sheaths almost glabrous ; blades

linear, acute, setaceously convolute, up to 60 cm. long or even longer, smooth on the lower

surface, markedly striate and finely asperulous on the upper surface, about 5 mm. wide

or less at the base. Panicle dense, contracted, at times almost spike-like, up to 45 cm.

long but often shorter, erect ; rhachis stout, smooth ; branches fascicled, the lowest up

to 20 cm. long, remotely and repeatedly branched ; branchlets filiform to capillary,

scaberulous. Spikelets pallid or tinged with purple, glabrous. Glumes 1-nerved, very

unequal, fairly thin ; the lower lanceolate oblong, acute, 5-7 mm. long, minutely scaberulous

towards the apex ; keel prominent and minutely scabrous ; the upper linear-oblong, 11-

13 mm. long, shortly mucronate from a bifid apex. Lemma linear, up to 12 mm. long,

smooth, obscurely beaked; callus 1-1-5 mm. long, rounded and obtuse, densely hairy;

awns subequal, the central up to 23 mm. long, the lateral up to 20 mm. long. Pale 1-5 mm.

long. Lodicules few-nerved, about 1-5 mm. long. Anthers 6 mm. long, anther-cells

minutely apiculate.

136

Natal Province.

Estcourt distr. : Colenso, III. 1894, Kuntze s.n. (K, N) ; without precise locality,

Gerrard 471 (BM, K, N) and Gerrard et McKen 161 (D, N).

Transvaal Province.

Carolina distr. : Waterval Boven, II. 1904, Burtt Davy 1449 (N) ; Badplaats, II.

1926, Pole Evans 1967 (N) ; between Machadodorp and Carolina, II. 1908, Mundy H. 4292a

(N). Lydenburg distr. : Machadodorp, III. 1934, Pole Evans 3688 (N). Waterberg distr. :

Zebediela’s Kraal, Nelson 26 (K, N).

Type Specimen.

Nelson 26 is deposited in The Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Remarks.

The amount of wool (pubescence) on the internodes is variable. Some specimens

{Burtt Davy 1449) have almost glabrous internodes. The elongated obtuse callus and the

absence of an articulation in the lemma however, provide a good means of distinguishing

the species.

31. A. bipartita ( Nees ) Trin. et Rupr. Spec. Gram. Stip. 144 (1842) ; Walp. Ann. Bot. 3.

745 (1852) ; Steud. Syn. PI. Glum. 1. 140 (1854) ; Dur. et Schinz, Consp. 5. 801 (1894) ;

Medley-Wood, Natal Plants 5. IY. tab. 483 cum descr. (1908) ; Phillips in Ann. S.

Afr. Mus. 16. 347 (1917) ; Stent in Bothalia 1. IV. 277 (1924) ; Henrard Crit. Rev.

1. 54 (1926) ; Henrard Monogr. 2. 194 cum ic. tab. 89 (1932).

A. aequiglumis Hack. sec. Medley-Wood, Natal Plants 2. tab. 197 cum descr. (1904), non Hack.

Ghaetaria bipartita Nees, PI. Afr. Austr. 187 (1841).

Perennial, densely caespitose, with a short erect or oblique rhizome. Culms erect

or ascending, including the inflorescence up to 65 cm. high, but usually much smaller,

simple, terete or compressed below, glabrous or puberulous, few-noded ; internodes exserted,

striate ; nodes glabrous. Leaf-sheaths shorter than the internodes, compressed, firm,

striate, persistent, glabrous or minutely puberulous between the nerves, the upper ,lax and

smooth. Ligule a densely ciliolate rim ; auricles long-bearded ; collar more or less scaberu-

lous ; blades narrow, linear, acute, up to 20 cm. long, usually very much shorter, up to

2 mm. wide when expanded, glaucous, rigid, curved and folded, smooth or scaberulous

on the lower surface, scabrous on the upper surface, strongly nerved, margin minutely

scabrous. Panicle effuse, up to 30 cm. long (though usually much smaller), and about

as broad, very lax ; rhachis straight or somewhat flexuous, angular, striate, very scabrous

upwards ; branches spreading, solitary and distant, often branched again into 2 to

several branches just above the base, axils pubescent only, naked over a long distance,

scantly and remotely branched upwards ; branchlets filiform and straight, scabrous, with

1-3 spikelets at the tips ; pedicels long, adpressed, the lateral ones usually very much

shorter than the glumes, scabrous. Spikelets pallid to purplish in colour. Glumes unequal,

the lower exceeding the upper in length, 1-nerved, linear-lanceolate, mucronate or shortly

awned ; the lower smooth with a somewhat scabrous keel upwards, up to 11 mm. long ;

the upper smooth, at times slightly emarginate, up to 9 mm. long. Lemma tubulous,

not beaked, usually somewhat shorter than the glumes, about up to 8 mm. long, smooth

and punctulate above only ; callus shortly bearded ; awns subequal or the central slightly

longer, scabrous, 7-13 mm. long, divergent.

Cape Province.

Somerset East distr. : Somerset East, Bowker 166 (K). Fort Beaufort distr. ; Km

rivier, Drege 3878 (B, BM, G, K, N, O, P, S, V). Kingwilliamstown distr. : Kingwiliiam-

town, XII. 1894, Schlechter 6126 (A, B, BM, G, K, N, V, Z) ; do., Sim 31 (Z). East

London distr. : East London, III. 1933, Langenegger s.n. (N). Komgha distr. : Komgha,

Flanagan 1775 (A, BH, N). Queenstown distr. : Queenstown, Everett 58 (N) ; do., II.

1899, Galpin 2578 (A, K, N).

137

Natal Province.

Pietermaritzburg clistr. : Near Pietermaritzburg, XII. 1898, Medley Wood 7232 (K).

Inanda distr. : Yerulam, VII. 1893, Schlechter (A, B, BH, BM, G, K, N, V, Z). Estcourt distr. :

Winterton, I. 1933, King 385 (N). Klip River, Rehmann 7102 (BM, K, N, V, Z). Without

precise locality : XII. 1898, Medley Wood 7358 (D, K). Zululand, Mtunzini distr. : V.

1919, Mogg H. 20043 (N, W) and XI. 1919, Mogg 5921 (N).

Basutoland.

Mob ale’s Hoek distr. : Maphutseng, I. 1916, Dieterlen 1208 (N, K, P, S). Leribe

distr. : Leribe, II. 1877, Buchanan 125 (K).

Orange Free State.

Bloemfontein distr. : Bloemfontein, Rehmann 3736 (B, BM, K, V, Z) ; Senekal distr. :

Doornkop, XII. 1931, Goossens 930 (B, K, N, W). Bethlehem distr. : Bethlehem, I. 1932,

Goossens 1123 (N). Kroonstad distr. : Kroonstad, Pont 100 (Z) ; do., II. 1928, Pont 5

(N) ; do., Chennells 86 (BH). Heilbron distr. : Maccauvlei, X. 1924, Brandmuller 108 (N).

Without precise locality : Buchanan 63 (BH) ; Burke 430 (K, S, Z) ; Burke and Zeyher

1810 (O, V) ; Zeyher 1810 (BM, K, N).

Transvaal Province.

Vereeniging distr. : Vereeniging, XII. 1935, Story 11 (N). Heidelberg distr. : Uit-

gevallen, XII. 1909, Burtt Davy 9125 (N). Wakkerstroom distr. : Amersfoort, III. 1917,

Burtt Davy 17349 (K, N). Johannesburg distr. : Johannesburg, English 21788 (BH).

Pretoria distr. : Pretoria, II. 1924, Dickson 17 (N) ; do., IV. 1933, Smith 6553 (N) ; do.

Appleton 91 (K) ; do., II. 1936, Mogg 13727 (N) ; do., XII. 1933, Barrie in Hb. Stell

19669 (St). Lydenburg distr. : Waterval Boven, IV. 1904, Burtt Davy 1443 b (N).

Middelburg distr. : Klein Olifants Rivier, XI. 1893, Schlechter 3820 (A, B, BM, D, G, K,

N, T, V, Z). Potchefstroom distr. : Klerksdorp, III. 1932, Moses 9 (N).

Type Specimen.

Drege 3878 is deposited in the Botanisches Museum, Berlin-Dahlem.

Common Names.

Krulgras. Steekgras.

Economic Notes.

This species is readily eaten by stock.

32. A. scabrivalvis Hack, in Bull. Herb. Boiss. Ser. 2. 6. 708 (1906) ; Dinter in Fedde,

Rep. 15. 343 (1918) ; Stent in Bothalia 1. IV. 277 (1924) ; Henrard Crit. Rev. 3. 534

(1928) ; Henrard Monogr. 2. 202 cum ic. tab. 91 (1932).

Annual , slender, erect or somewhat ascending, including the inflorescence up to 85 cm.

high, often very much smaller, usually branched from or very near the base. Culms elegant,

slender, branched from nearly all nodes, about 3-4-noded ; nodes usually conspicuous,

glabrous ; internodes glabrous, up to 12 cm. long, exserted, more or less terete. Leaf-

sheaths lax, the lower slipping from the culms, keeled, striate, minutely scaberulous or

glabrous ; ligules densely and shortly ciliolate ; auricles densely ciliolate or glabrous ;

collar glabrous ; blades linear, gradually narrowed, up to 30 cm. long and 3-5 mm. wide,

often much shorter and narrower, rigid or somewhat flaccid, glabrous beneath, scaberulous

and hirtellous on the upper surface, margins scabrous and thickened. Panicles terminal

and lateral, lax and open, up to 30 cm. or more long, often very much shorter and smaller,

ovate in outline. Axis smooth or very minutely scaberulous ; branches filiform, straight

or somewhat flexuous, scaberulous, solitary or binate, elongate, the lower sometimes more

than half as long as the panicle, naked in their lower part, the spikelets more or less scattered

or at times congested towards the ends of the branches ; pedicels scaberulous, longer to

138

shorter than the glumes. Spikelets usually purple or purplish-brown in colour. Glumes

linear-lanceolate, acute, prominently awned, slightly unequal to unequal, scaberulous,

with a very markedly scabrous keel ; the lower up to 9 mm. long, including the awn but

often much shorter, awn 2 • 5 mm. long arising from the slightly bifid apex of the glume ;

the upper also up to 9 mm. long including the 1 -5 mm. long awn, lateral setae well-developed.

Lemma linear, tubular or somewhat compressed and keeled, about 7-8 mm. long, often

much shorter, usually aculeolate-scabrous except near the base but always markedly

scabrous on the keel, purplish to greenish in colour and usually mottled, somewhat narrowed

towards the apex; callus ± 0-5 mm., rounded, densely bearded; awns up to Id mm.

long, scabrous, erect or spreading, the lateral slightly shorter than the central.

South West Africa.

Otavi, II. 1925, Dinter 5752 (BH, G, GU, N, S, Z) ; Otjenga, III. 1939, Volk 1396b

(D) ; Ossa, III. 1939, Volk 1538 (D) et 1539 (D) ; Otjiputo, II. 1939, Volk 1239 (D).

Cape Province.

Barkly West distr. : Newlands, III. '1934, Paton 3158 (K, Me) ; Shalen, II. 1937, Acock

1859 (Me) ; near Spitzkop, II. 1937, Acock 1809 (K, Me).

Transvaal Province.

Potchefstroom distr. : Oudeplaats, IY. 1937, Bunting 157 (N). Yereeniging distr. :

Vereeniging, I. 1915, Burtt Davy 15175 (BH) et III. 1917, Burtt Davy 17214 (N). Boksburg

distr : Vogelfontein, V. 1918, Rogers 22675 (Z). Johannesburg distr. : Frankenwald, I.

1933, Frankenwald Herb. 229 (WR). Pretoria distr. : Pretoria, II. 1924, Dickson 15 (N) ;

do., III. 1925, McClean 11 (N) ; do., III. 1914, Mogg 10432 (N) ; do., I. 1926, Smith 2264

(N) ; do., VI. 1912, Theiler 12015 (T) ; do., IV. 1932, Smith 6198 (K) ; do., II. 1939,

Schweickerdt 1325 (B, K, N, W) ; Pienaars River, I. 1894, Schlechter 4217 (A, BM, G, K,

N, P, T, V, Z) ; do., I. 1926, Smith 2170a (N) ; Saltpan, II. 1937, Bunting 76 (N) et 80

(N) ; do., III. 1937, Bunting 117 (N). Waterberg distr. : Warmbaths, I. 1936, Irvine

20 (N) ; Naboomspruit, I. 1919, Galpin 427 (N, W) et IIR 1923, Galpin 566 (N) ; Potgieters-

rust, II. 1921, Galpin 8891 (K, N, W) ; Makapan’s Poort, III. 1894, Schlechter 4689 (A,

BH, BM, G, K, N, T, V, W, Z) ; Crecy, Carver 12 (N). Petersburg distr. : Sand Rivier,

III. 1895, Schlechter 6909 (A, BH, G, K, N, V, Z) ; Tzaneen, Sampson H. 4429 (N). Zout-

pansberg distr. : Mara, II. 1935, de Klerk 10 (N).

Bechuanaland Protectorate.

Francistown, IV. 1929, Gordon 55 (N) ; Mahalapye, IV. 1931, Pole Evans 3205 (K, N).

Type Specimen.

The Syn-types Schlechter 4217 et 4689 are deposited in the Botanisches Museum,

Zurich.

33. A. effusa Henrard Grit. Rev. 1. 155 (1926) ; Henrard Monogr. 2. 204 cum ic. tab. 92

(1932).

A. Waibeliana Henrard Crit. Rev. 3. 679 (1928) ; Henrard Monogr. 2. 204 cum ic. tab. 92 (1932).

Annual, slender, erect, including the inflorescence up to 90 cm. high (2-3 ft. fide

Barnard !). Culms elegant, branched from nearly all nodes, about 3-4-noded ; nodes

conspicuous, glabrous, somewhat swollen ; internodes glabrous, up to 15 cm. long, exserted,

more or less terete. Leaf-sheaths lax, the lower slipping from the stems, keeled, striate,

minutely scaberulous : ligules densely and shortly ciliate ; auricles glabrous to densely

ciliate ; collar smooth ; blades linear, gradually narrowed, up to 30 cm. long and up to

3 mm. wide, glabrous or minutely scaberulous on the lower surface, more or less scaberulous

and hirtellous on the upper surface, striate, margins thickened. Panicles terminal and

lateral, very diffuse and open ; the terminal 20-30 cm. long or shorter, about 15 cm. wide ;

139

the lateral panicles usually much shorter ; axis glabrous ; branches solitary or biuate,

elongate, subcapillary, scaberulous, straight or flexuous, naked in their lower part. Spikelets

more or less congested towards the end of the branches ; pedicels long or somewhat short,

scaberulous. Glumes about equal or slightly unequal ; lower glume lanceolate, purplish,

about up to 8-5 mm. long, acute or with an inconspicuous mucro, glabrous in the lower

part, scaberulous towards the apex, keel very scabrous especially upwards, 1 -nerved ;

the upper about up to 8 mm. long, purplish or not so, linear lanceolate, of a thinner and

more papery texture than the lower glume, truncate or very obtuse at the apex, glabrous,

1-nerved, keel glabrous and smooth. Lemma narrowly linear, up to 11-5 mm. long but

often very much shorter, tubulous or compressed, hardly narrowed above, pallid or brown,

at times mottled, extremely scabrous on the keel upwards and more or less so over the

surface in the upper two-thirds ; apex of callus rounded, obtuse, conspicuous ; awns erect

straight, or somewhat spreading, scabrous ; the central awn about 16 mm. long, the lateral

shorter and up to 13 mm. long.

Southern Angola.

Between Gambos Fort and Mission Station, V. 1909, Pearson 2445 (K, N).

South West Africa.

Kunene River Banks, Barnard 41 (N, S) ; Grootfontein, II. 1933, Schoenfelder 99

(K, N) ; Otjiwarongo, III. 1928, Bradfield 378 (N) ; Waterberg, V. 1928, Bradjield 378

(A, N) ; Oweipiitz, V. 1886, Marloth 1379 (N, W) ; Karibib, IV. 1913, Engler 6162 (B) ;

Tsumebpad, IV. 1939, Volk 1672 (D) ; Ozondjache, XII. 1938, Volk 538 (D) ; Asis, III.

1939, Volk 770 (D).

Type Specimen.

Engler 6162 is deposited in the Botanisches Museum, Berlin-Dahlem.

34. A. canescens Henrard Crit. Rev. Supplem. 708 (1933) ; Henrard Monogr. 2. 210 et 309

et cum ic. tab. 95 (1932).

A. junciformis Trin. et Rupr. sec. Stent in Bothalia 1. IV. 277 (1924) pro parte, non Trin. etRupr.

Perennial, densely caespitose, with several innovations. Culms erect, elegant, simple

(very rarely branched), up to 1 m. high, about 4-noded ; internodes terete, striate,

glabrous or slightly scaberulous below the nodes, exserted ; nodes glabrous. Leaf-sheaths

shorter than the internodes, tight, striate, glabrous or scaberulous, the lower somewhat

compressed ; ligule a ciliolate rim ; auricles pubescent, at times bearded with long hairs ;

collar minutely pubescent ; blades narrow, linear, coarse, 20 cm. long or much longer,

involute, flat only near the base, in robust specimens up to 2-2-5 mm. wide, glabrous or

scaberulous on the lower surface, scaberulous on the upper surface, margins thickened and

scabrid. Panicle erect, lax or contracted but often interrupted and then the spikelets

congested, up to 20 cm. long ; rhachis striate, angular, scabrous ; branches somewhat

remote, binate or ternate, or solitary upwards, naked at the base over some distance or

in some cases shortly peduncled and spikelets densely congested ; pedicels short, scaberulous.

Spikelets erect, pallid or yellowish-green, or tinged with purple. Glumes unequal, 1-nerved ;

the lower 5-5-8 mm. long, laterally compressed, keeled, scaberulous on the keel and

minutely so on the flanks, emarginate at the apex or sometimes with a short mucro from

the bilobed apex ; the upper 8-11 mm. long, truncate at the apex or shortly mucronate

from a subbifid apex ; smooth on flanks and keel. Lemma 7-11 mm. long, somewhat

laterally compressed, smooth or sometimes scaberulous on the keel, narrowed upwards

but not forming a column ; callus i 1 mm. long, obtuse, densely or shortly bearded ;

awns flattened, scabrous, erect or slightly spreading, subequal, the central 9-15 mm. long,

the lateral 7-13 mm. long.

Cape Province.

Vryburg distr. : Vryburg, Armoedsvlakte, III. 1920, Theiler H. 20182 (N) et H. 20240

(N). Taungs distr. : Dryharts, I. 1923, Henrici 39 (N).

140

Orange Free State.

Bloemfontein distr. : Bloemfontein, III. 1917, Potts 2407 (K, N, W) et 2894 (K) ;

Glen, III. 1926, Agricult. School 3447 (N). Kroonstad distr. : Yals Rivier, II. 1929, Pont

149 (GU, N, Z). Heilbron distr.: Heilbron, I. 1931, Goossens 425a (GU, N, W) et 566

(GU, N, W). Yredefort distr. : Reitzburg, II. 1937, Bunting 113 (N) ; Schoemans drift,

II. 1937, Bunting 108 (N).

Transvaal Province.

Bloemhof distr. : Christiana, III. 1912, Burtt Davy 13057 (N) ; Kameelpan, I.

1934, Theron 548 (N) et 550 (N). Wolmaransstad distr. : Wolmaransstad, Cronje 7643

(K, N). Potchefstroom distr. : Ventersdorp, III. 1931, Pole Evans 3143 (B, N) ; Machavie,

III. 1927, Lane 9 et 9b et 14 et 18 (omnes N) ; Klerksdorp, IV. 1937, Rose Innes 964 (N)

et 965 (N) ; Rhenosterfontein, IV. 1937, Rose Innes 966 (N). Vereeniging distr. : Leeuw-

kuil, Bunting 136 (N). Krugersdorp distr. : Hekpoort, IV. 1936, Bunting 44 (N) et 30

(N) et VIII. 1936, Bunting 47 (N). Pretoria distr. : Pretoria, II. 1933, Phillips 3625 (N) ;

do., XII. 1933, Barrie in Hb. Stell. 19671 (St). Waterberg distr. : Warmbaths, II. 1921,

Stent H. 21573 (N, W) ; do., I. 1936, Irvine 15 (N) ; Nylstroom, IV. 1927, Straker 11 (K,

N) ; Naboomspruit, III. 1919, Galpin M. 426 (N).

Type Specimen.

Cronje 7643 is deposited in The Herbarium, Royal Bot. Gardens, Kew.

Common Names.

Steekgras(s).

Economic Notes.

This species is very wiry and thus unpalatable.

35. A. monticola Henrard Grit. Rev. 2. 355 (1927) ; Henrard Monogr. 2. 220 cum ic. tab.

101 (1932).

Perennial, usually caespitose, but sometimes assuming an almost creeping habit,

rooting at the lowermost nodes. Culms erect or geniculately ascending, including the

panicle up to 80 cm. high, many-noded, usually giving rise to branches at the nodes ;

internodes elegant, terete, wiry, scarcely 1 mm. thick, glabrous, striate, exserted. Leaf-

sheaths short or about one half the length of the internodes, terete, tight, glabrous and

striate. Ligule a thickened shortly ciliolate rim ; auricles long-bearded ; collar glabrous ;

blades narrow linear, flat or convolute at the base, glaucous, up to 12 cm. long and 2 mm.

wide, glabrous on the lower surface, upper surface scaberulous and at times with some

scattered long hairs, margins markedly thickened, acute, curved or flexuous. Panicle

erect, lanceolate in outline, up to 14 cm. long ; rhachis scaberulous and striate ; branches

usually binate, scaberulous, striate, ascending or almost adpressed ; pedicels longer or

shorter than the glumes. Spikelets erect, dull purplish-brown. Glumes linear-lanceolate,

1 -nerved ; the lower 6-8-5 mm. long, shortly awned, glabrous except for the scabrous

keel ; the upper glabrous, 5-6 mm. long, bidentate at the apex with a very short mucro

from the sinus. Lemma tubulous, purple, smooth, 6-6-5 mm. long, produced into a

distinctly twisted short scabrous column ; callus very short, rounded, obtuse, long-bearded ;

awns unequal, sub-erect or divergent, the central up to 18 mm. long, the lateral branches

up to 13 mm. long.

Natal Province.

Ipolela distr. : Underberg, III. 1938, McClean 683 (N). Bergville distr. : Mt. Aux

Sources, IV. 1919, Mogg 5282 (N) et H. 20634 (K, N) ; do., II. 1926, Bayer et McClean

154 (K, N) et 157 (K, N). Champagne Castle, X. 1933, Meebold NH. 15728 (N).

Type Specimen.

Mogg H. 20634 is deposited in The Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

141

Economic Notes.

This species has a very restricted geographic distribution. It has so far only been

recorded from the Drakensberg area in Natal. The plants often form a dense tangle along

the banks of streams and are also commonly met with in the more open parts of the bush

along the mountain gulleys.

36. A. junciformis Trim, et Rupr. Spec. Gram. Stip. 143 (1842) ; Walp. Ann. Bot. 3. 745

(1852) ; Steud. Syn. PI. Glum. 1. 140 (1854) ; Dur. et Schinz, Consp. 5. 804 (1894) ;

Stapf in Dyer, FI. Cap. 7. 556 (1899) ; Stent in Bothalia 1. IV. 277 (1924) pro parte ;

Henrard Crit. Rev. 2. 273 (1927) ; Henrard Monogr. 2. 287 cum ic. tab. 140 (1932) ;

Obermeijer, Schweickerdt et Verdoorn in Bothalia 3. II. 227 (1937).

A. Adscensionis Linn. sec. Phillips in Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 16. 346 (1917) pro parte, non Linn. A.

angustata Stapf in Dyer, FI. Cap. 7. 556 (1899) ; Phillips in Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 16. 346 (1917) ;

Henrard Crit. Rev. 1. 26 (1926). A. Burked Stapf sec. Phillips in Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 16. 347 (1917)

pro parte, non Stapf. A. Welwitschii Rendle, Cat. Afr. PI. Welw. 2. I. 202 (1899) ; Henrard Crit.

Rev. 3. 682 (1928) ; Henrard Monogr. 2. 228 cum ic. tab. 107 (1932) ; Theron in Fedde, Rep. 40.

21 (1936) [sphalm. Welwitschia ].

Perennial, loosely to densely caespitose. Culms fascicled, erect, simple or scantily

branched, wiry, 3-4-noded, up to 60 cm. high ; internodes exserted, glabrous, compressed

below the nodes ; nodes slightly swollen, glabrous. Leaf-sheaths tight, the lower often

keeled, glabrous or woolly, at times slipping from the internodes ; ligule a short ciliate

rim ; auricles bearded or even glabrous ; collar glabrous ; blades very narrow, gradually

passing into the sheaths, subsetaceous, convolute or folded below, fairly rigid or curved

or flexuous, up to 30 cm. long and 1 mm. wide, smooth on the lower surface, scaberulous

to densely pubescent above. Panicle narrow, up to 20 cm. long and 1-3 cm. broad, erect

or somewhat nodding, rhachis straight or flexuous, angular ; branches solitary, up to 5 cm.

long, usually scantily branched from the base ; branchlets scaberulous ; pedicels short

or almost 0. Spikelets purplish to green or pallid, 7-11 mm. long, congested at the tips

of the branches. Glumes unequal, linear-lanceolate, thin, glabrous or minutely pubescent,

subacute to acute and awned ; the lower 4-9 mm. long, scabrous dorsally and on the keel ;

the upper 8-12 mm. long, awned. Lemma linear, tubular, up to 9 mm. long including the

column, smooth or scaberulous below the column; callus about 0-5 mm. long, obtuse ;

column of awns present and well-developed or almost 0 ; central awn 12-35 mm. long ;

lateral awns 9-28 mm. long.

South West Africa.

Otjisongombe, II. 1939, Volk 1175 (D) ; Okavango river, anno 1939, Volk 2146 (D).

Cape Province.

Ceres distr. : Koudebokkeveld, Schurfdeberg, I. 1897, Schlechter 10184 (A, B, BH,

BM, G, N, P, T, W, Z) ; Matroosberg, I. 1917, Phillips 2108 (S). Tulbagh distr. : Tulbagh,

II. 1896, Schlechter 7509 (A, B, BH, BM, K, P, T, Y, W, Z). Worcester distr. : Worcester,

Rehmann 2582 (BM, Z) et 2587 (K, BM, Z) et 2667 (K, BM, Z). Paarl distr. : Bainskloof,

II. 1897, Schlechter 10258 (A, B, BH, BM, G, N, P, Y, W, Z) ; do., IV. 1915, Bolus 14742

(BH, Z). Stellenbosch distr. : Stellenbosch, anno 1925, Duthie 1658 et 1658a (Sreg) ;

do., anno 1926, Duthie in Hb. Stell. 1476 (Sreg). Cape distr. : Cape Peninsula, II. 1897,

Wolley-Dod 2387 (BH, BM) et 2388 (BH, BM) ; do., Hitchcock 24059 (K, N, W) ; do.,

Bolus 14703 (A, BH, K, N, T, Z) et 21785 (BH) ; do., VIII. 1936, Acock 679 (Me) ; do.,

IV. 1936, Adamson 897 (U) ; do., III. 1922, Pole Evans 492 (N). Caledon distr. : Palmiet.

Rivier, II. 1932, Levyns 3841 (U) ; Rivierzondereinde, I. 1896, Schlechter 9896 (A, B, BH,

BM, G, N, P, T, V, W, Z). Swellendam distr. : Grootvaderbosch, Marloth 3706 (B, N) ;

Buffeljagtrivier, I. 1893, Schlechter 2073 (A, B, BM, G, K, P, V, Z) ; Zuurbraak, I. 1893,

Schlechter 2121 (A, B, BH, BM, G, K, P, V, Z). Riversdale distr. : Riversdale, IV. 1926,

Muir 3616 (N) et 3910 (N). George distr. : George, III. 1893, Schlechter 2403 (A, B, BH,

BM, G, K, P, V, Z) ; do., VIII. 1935, Baker 19 (N). Humansdorp distr. : Between

142

Essenboscli and Two Streams, Y. 1923, Fourcade 2543 (K, N). Uitenhage distr. : Thornhill,

III. 1911, Pillans 1788 (X, N). Port Elizabeth distr. : Port Elizabeth, V. 1902, Galpin

6385 (A, N). Albany distr. : Albany, Bowie 23 (BM). East London distr. : Near East

London, III. 1890, Sim 29 (Z). Xingwilliamstown distr. : Xei Road, II. 1928, Ranger

51 (N) ; Perie, XI. 1901, Sim 2835 (A, BM). Cathcart distr. : Windvogelsberg, Baur

1115 (A, X). Queenstown distr. : Sterkstroom, XI. 1901, Sim 2734 \A) et 2735 (A).

Xomgha distr. : Komgha, III. 1893, Flanagan 1777 (A, BH, N) et II. 1894, Flanagan

2218 (A, N). Xentani distr. : Kentani, Pegler 238 (A, BH, N). Engcobo distr. : Near

Engcobo, I. 1896, Flanagan 2799 (BH, X, N). Lusikisiki distr. : Port St. Johns, IV. 1899,

Galpin 2875 (A, K, N). Maclear distr. : Maclear, III. 1904, Galpin 6901 (A, B, BH, D,

K, N, S) ; do., I. 1923, Britten 4542 (A) et 4607 (A). Without precise locality : Carmichael

s.n. (BM) ; Pondoland, Bachmann 168 (B) et 169 (B) et 170 (B).

Natal Province.

Richmond distr. : Richmond, III. 1934, Lynes 650a (BM). Durban distr. : Port

Natal, Drege (B, LG, N, Y) ; Durban, Williamson 34 (K) ; do., Kuntze s.n. (K) ; do., Plant

61 (BM, X, O, P, V) ; do., Grant s.n. (X) ; do., Schweiclcerdt 1349 et 1351-1353 (B, D,

X, L, P, V, W, Z). Inanda distr. : Inanda, Rehmann 8251 (V, Z). Camperdown distr. :

Yarkkop (Vaalkop ?), Rehmann 7665 (A, BH, BM, V, Z). Pietermaritzburg distr. : Pieter-

maritzburg, III. 1926, McClean 198 (K, W) ; do., Fort Napier, Steinbart s.n. (B). Lions

River distr. : Karkloof, IV. 1896, Wylie 7691 (D) ; Balgowan, IV. 1919, Mogg 3877 (N)

et 3878 (N). Lidgetton, IV. 1917, Mogg 544 (N). Estcourt distr. : Mooi River, V. 1917,

Mogg 126 (N) et III. 1920, Mogg 7249 (N) ; do., XII. 1928, Mason 4 (D, X) ; do., Rehmann

7342 (B, BM, X, Z) ; Giant’s Castle, XII. 1914, Symons 279 (T). Bergville distr. : Mt.

Aux Sources, IV. 1919, Mogg 5310 (N) ; do., II. 1926, Bayer et McClean 219 (X, N).

Dundee distr. : Near Dundee, Medley Wood 7449 (X). Newcastle distr. : Mount Prospect,

Bunting 177 et 181 (N). Zululand : Entonjaneni distr. : Melmoth, V. 1919, Mogg H.

20041 (N, W). Lower Umfolozi distr. : Mtunzini, V. 1919, Mogg H. 20040 (N). Without

precise locality : Hutton 327 (A, V) ; Buchanan 1 (X) ; Sutherland s.n. (X) ; Plant 11

(G) ; Jenkinson 64 (D, X).

Basutoland.

Leribe distr. : Leribe, Dieterlen 199b (X, N, P, V, W) ; do., II. 1913, Phillips 638

(X, S) et 692 (S) et 734 (S) et 741 (S) et 790 (S) et 919 (S).

Orange Free State.

Senekal distr. : Doornkop, XII. 1931, Goossens 889 (B, X, N, W) ; Wonderkop, XII.

1931, Goossens 834 (X, N) et 841 (X, N). Bethlehem distr. : Bethlehem, II. 1919, Potts

4517 (GU, N) ; do., Richardson s.n. (B, X, P, V, W, Z). Xroonstad distr. : Bothaville,

I. 1933, Goossens 1179 (B, N). Heilbron distr. : Viljoensdrift, I. 1912, Rogers 4824 (A,

X, T). Vrede distr. : Vrede, V. 1937, Bunting 185 (N). Without precise locality : Buch-

anan 55 (D) et 64 (D) et 67 (BH, D, X) et 289 (D, X).

Transvaal Province.

Wakkerstroom distr. : Amersfoort, III. 1917, Burtt Davy 17362 (X). Ermelo distr. :

Ermelo, III. 1917, Burtt Davy 17426 (W) et 17467 (X) ; do., II. 1910, Burtt Davy 9267

(N) et 9320 (N) et I. 1904, Burtt Davy 950 (N) ; do., XII. 1926, Henrici 1217 (N) ; do.,

I. 1936, Norval 102 (N) ; Lake Chrissie, III. 1904, Hamilton H. 994 (N) et IV. 1910,

Hamilton 5913 (N). Standerton distr. : Standerton, V. 1937, Bunting 123 (N). Heidelberg

distr. : Henley-on-Xlip, II. 1922, Stent H. 21135 (N) ; Uitgevallen, XII. 1909, Burtt Davy

9185 (N). Vereeniging distr. : Vereeniging, II. 1917, Burtt Davy 17093 (BH, X) et III.

1917, Burtt Davy 17206 (BH, X). Leeuwkuil, XII. 1935, Story 5 (N). Johannesburg

distr. : Johannesburg, XI. 1902, Rand 1044 (BM) ; Frankenwald, I. 1937, Bunting 90

(N). Pretoria distr. : Pretoria, XII. 1917, Burtt Davy 7494 (N) ; Xoedoespoort, Rehmann

4640 (B, V) ; do., XI. 1915, Mogg 11798 (N). Zilikaatsnek, IV. 1918, Pole Evans H. 17587

143

(N) ; Irene, I. 1922, Pole Evans 359 (N). Bustenburg distr. : Holfontein, Nelson 79 (K).

Waterberg distr. : Elandspruitbergen, XII. 1893, Schlechter 3998 (A, B, BH, BM, G, K,

T, Y, Z) ; Warmbaths, II. 1921, Stent H. 21450 (N) ; Naboomspruit, IV. 1924, Galpin

H. 712 (N) et II. 1919, Galpin M. 423 (K, N) ; Pietpotgietersrust, III. 1921, Galpin 8889

(K) ; Pongola Kiver, XII. 1919, Burtt Davy 18264 (K). Petersburg distr. : Houtboscb,

Rehmann 5665 (Z) et 6567 (K, V, Z). Zoutpansberg distr. : Zoutpan, IV. 1934, Schweickerdt

et Verdoorn 572 (N, B).

Bechuanaland Protectorate.

Kanye, III. 1937, Bunting 132 (N).

Type Specimen.

Drege (Port Natal ?) is deposited in the Trinius Herbarium, Leningrad.

■Common Names.

Heigras. Koperdraat. Wire-grass.

Economic Notes.

This species is tough and wiry and thus from a forage point of view, useless.

Bemarks.

The spikelets of this species show a great deal of variation. One and the same specimen

( Flanagan 2218) shows the following ranges : Lower glume 7-9 mm., upper glume 8-12 mm.,

lemma 6-9 mm., central awn 12-34 mm., and lateral awns 9-28 mm. long. The length

of the column likewise is extremely variable. Galpin 6901 shows the presence of spikelets

in which the column is well-developed and exserted beyond the glumes, whereas in others

of the same gathering the column is only weakly developed and thus not exserted beyond

the glumes.

From the foregoing synonymy it is evident that I do not consider A. angustata Stapf

to be specifically distinct from A. junciformis. The reason is that Wolley-Dod 2387 and

Rehmann 2582, syn-lectotypes of Henrard, have culms which are distinctly compressed

below the nodes, furthermore the lemmas are not always exserted beyond the shortly

mucronate glumes. The most important characters of distinction thus break down.

Examination of Eendle’s types of A. Welwitschii in the British Museum have also

revealed the presence of culms which are compressed below the nodes. This also holds

good for the var. minor of Kendle. These specimens are not distinguishable from A. junci-

formis on the character just mentioned.

Since Henrard considers A. Welwitschii to be synonymous with A. angustata and on

which point I fully agree, I have not been able to arrive at a view other than that expressed

in the synonymy cited above for this species.

37. A. transvaalensis Henrard Crit. Kev. Suppl. 742 (1933) ; Henrard Monogr. 2. 235 cum

ic. tab. Ill (1932).

Densely caespitose perennial. Culms erect, simple below, branched from most of the

nodes, more rarely simple, erect, elegant, few to many-noded, including the panicles up

to 70 cm. high ; internodes glaucous, striate, terete, smooth or very minutely scaberulous,

exserted from the leaf sheaths, lowermost internode usually long (up to 30 cm. !) ; nodes

inconspicuous, glabrous. Basal leaves pallid, slipping from the stems ; lower sheaths

striate, somewhat compressed or subterete, glabrous, with somewhat hyaline margins ;

the upper sheaths lax and slipping from the internodes or fairly tight and not slipping

from the internodes ; ligule minute and shortly ciliolate ; auricles minutely bearded ;

collar glabrous ; .the basal blades soon dying off, linear, acute, recurved or flexuous, striate,

lower surface glabrous, scabrous on the upper surface, convolute ; the upper narrow convolute

about 1 mm. wide (when opened out), setaceous, acute, flexuous or somewhat curved,

144

up to 15 cm. long, striate, glabrous beneath, scaberulous and with prominently thickened

marginal veins above, margins minutely serrate. Panicle narrow, somewhat lax, up to

8 cm. long, scarcely or well-exserted ; axis more or less terete or subangular, scaberulous

or smooth ; branches solitary, bipartite from the base, up to 2 • 5 cm. long, erect- and adpressed,

bearing spikelets to the base or shortly peduncled and with erect branchlets ; pedicels

scabrous. Spikelets congested, shortly pedicelled, pallid or dull-purplish or greenish, small,

erect. Glumes lanceolate, unequal, 1-nerved, acute ; the lower 5-9 mm. long, shortly

awned, upwards scabrous on the keel ; the upper 6-5-10 mm. long, minutely subtruncate

at the apex and awned, glabrous on the keel. Lemma smooth, minutely granular upwards,

tubulous, together with the column up to 11-5 mm. long, narrowed above and stipitate

or with a well-developed column ; callus very short (0-3 mm.), very obtuse, almost truncate,

densely hairy; column 1-5-5 mm. long, scabrous, twisted; awns unequal, scabrous ; the

central divergent (almost geniculately so) and 6-13 mm. long ; the lateral at times absent,

more usually present and up to 8 mm. long.

Natal Province.

Newcastle distr. : Mount Prospect, V. 1937, Bunting 177 (N).

Transvaal Province.

Potchefstroom distr. : Klerksdorp, XI. 1937, Bunting 158 (N). Krugersdorp distr. :

Krugersdorp, II. 1937, Bunting 139 (N) et 141 (N). Johannesburg distr. : Johannesburg,

III. "1920, Burtt Davy 18880 (K, N) ; do., V. 1915, Burtt Davy 15255 (BH, N) ; do., VII.

1929, Hitchcock 24116 (K, N, W) ; do., I. 1919, Bryant A. 25 (N, W) ; do., IV. 1927, Moss

14258 (WR) ; do., I. 1922, Moss 6337 (WR) ; do., III. 1920, Moss 3575 (K, WR, W) ;

Frankenwald, II. 1937, Bunting 95 et 97 et 164 et 188 (omnes N). Pretoria distr. : Pretoria,

IX. 1905, Engler 2761 (B) ; Wonderboom, IV. 1932, Smith 6113 (N) et 6198 (K, N) ; do.,

II. 1933, Phillips 3524 (N). Koedoespoort, Rehmann 4620 (Z) ; do., II. 1939, Schweickerdt

1327 et 1331 et 1332 (omnes B, K, N, W) ; Baviaanspoort, IV. 1927, Moss 14259 (K, N,

WR). Barberton distr. : Barberton, V. 1930, Thorncroft 21 (B, K, N).

Bechuanaland Protectorate.

Kanye, III. 1937, Bunting 132 (N).

Type Specimen.

Moss 14259 is deposited in The Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Economic Notes.

Owing to the wiry nature of the culms and the scantiness of leaf, this species most

probably is unpalatable.

Remarks.

In this species the lateral awns are not always well-developed. Thorncroft 21 has

several inflorescences in which they are absent or merely weakly developed, so that the

spikelets superficially resemble those of Stipa parvula Nees. The same gathering also

shows inflorescences with lemmas in which the lateral awns are well-developed, thus

proving that the length of the lateral awns is extremely variable. The length of the column

of the awns is likewise extremely variable even in one and the same individual.

This species grows in close proximity to A. aequiglumis Hack, but may be distinguished

from this by the comparatively more-contracted inflorescence and smaller spikelets. The

branching of the culms is not a critical character since it also occurs in A. aequiglumis

though far less frequently so. A. transvaalensis is very commonly met with on the northern

slopes of the Magaliesberg where it grows in the crevices on quartzite and forms dense

tussocks.

145

38. A. aequiglumis Hack, in Bull. Herb. Boiss. 3. 381 (1895) ; Stapf in Dyer, FI. Cap. 7.

555 (1899) ; Henrard Crit. Rev. 1. 18 (1926) ; Henrard Monogr. 2. 236 cum ic. tab.

112 (1932) ; Theron in Fedde, Rep. 40. 21 (1936).

Perennial, densely caespitose, up to 70 cm. high, but usually much smaller. Culms

slender, simple, erect, terete, 3-4-noded, rarely branched from the nodes ; internodes

glabrous, striate, exserted. Leaf-sheaths persistent, shorter than the internodes, striate

glabrous, the lower pallid ; ligule a minutely ciliolate rim ; auricles minutely pubescent,

more rarely bearded with a few long white hairs ; blades setaceous, convolute, rather firm,

recurved or flexuous, up to 15 cm. long but often much shorter, finely striate and glabrous

on the lower surface, minutely pubescent and striate on the upper surface, margins scabrous.

Panicle linear-oblong, contracted or lax and open but never spike-like, about 10 cm. long,

rarely somewhat longer ; rhachis filiform ; branches remotely 2-3-nate or the upper solitary,

erect and almost adpressed to the rhachis, the longest up to 6 cm. long, usually branched

from near the middle and bearing 1-3 spikelets on short scaberulous pedicels. Glumes

linear-lanceolate, 1 -nerved ; the lower rather broad at the base, 7-11 mm. long, with a

prominent and scabrous or glabrous midrib, acute or shortly mucronate from a minutely

2-lobed apex, dorsally minutely scaberulous to conspicuously scabrid-hairy on the flanks,

usually somewhat recurved near the apex ; the upper 7-11-5 mm. long, midrib conspicuous

and glabrous, scaberulous dorsally and often scabrid-hairy on the flanks, shortly mucronate

from a minutely 2-lobed apex, often recurved at the apex. Lemma linear-convolute,

including the callus and twisted scaberulous column from 8-16 mm. long, dorsally minutely

scaberulous upwards ; column 2-8 mm. long ; awns capillary, suberect or slightly spreading,

scaberulous ; the central 15-30 mm. long ; the lateral awns somewhat shorter, 14-28 mm.,

long. Anthers 4 mm. long, pale yellow to purple. Stigmas an intense purple, 2-5 mm.

long.

Transvaal Province.

Potchefstroom distr. : Losberg, XII. 1934, Theron 941 (T) ; do., IV. 1937, Bunting

166 (N) ; do., Rhenosterfontein, IV. 1937, Bunting 167 (N). Krugersdorp distr. : Hek-

poort, V. 1936, Bunting 68 (N) et III. 1937, Bunting 610 et 148 (N) ; near Robinson, III.

1928, Moss 16501 (K, WR, W). Johannesburg distr. : Johannesburg, XII. 1908, Leen-

dertz 1823 (T) ; do., VII. 1929, Hitchcock 24124 (K, N, W) ; do., II. 1928, Moss 16250

(K, X, WIJ) ; do., IV. 1911, Pillans 1814 (K) ; do., III. 1920, Burtt Davy 18907 (K) ;

Frankenwald, II. 1937, Bunting 96 (N) et 99 (N) ; Witwatersrand, IV. 1895, Hutton 883

(A). Pretoria distr. : Pretoria, Pont 958 (Z) et 1076 (Z) ; do., IV. 1930, Mogg 8440 (K, N) ;

do., I. 1894, Schlechter 4150 (Z) ; Koedoespoort, Rehmann 4696 (B, K, N, V, Z) ; do., II.

1929, Stent et Mogg 8099 (N) ; do., III. 1939, Schweickerdt 1342-1344 (K, N, B, V, W) ;

Saartjiesnek off Pelindaba Road, II. 1939, Schweickerdt 1328 et 1329 et 1330 (omnes B,

K, N, W). Middelburg distr. : Wilge Rivier, I. 1894, Schlechter 4129 (A, BH, BM, K, N,

T, V) et 4129a (Z) ; Balmoral, IV. 1917, Pole Evans H. 11638 (K). Waterberg distr. :

Nylstroom, IV. 1932, Skead 30 (N) ; Naboomspruit, IV. 1924, Galpin M. 713 (N).

Type Specimen.

Rehmann 4696 is deposited in the Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien.

Remarks.

Henrard in his Monogr. 2. 236 states the lower glume to be “ glabrous and smooth,

minutely pubescent only at the tip ”. He uses this as a diagnostic character to distinguish

between A. aequiglumis and A. huillensis. Careful examination of Hackel’s type has

shown that the lower glume is often scaberulous on both the keel and the flanks and also

from the base upwards. A drawing made by Stapf of some of the type gathering in Herb.

Kew. also shows the glumes to be scaberulous. In the various sheets enumerated above

I have found the lower glume to be scaberulous or even shortly hairy dorsally to a greater

or lesser degree. Some spikelets may be almost glabrous and smooth ( Hutton 883) whereas

in the same gathering others again are markedly hairy. It thus appears that the degree

146

of indumentum of tlie glumes is of relatively little taxonomic importance. As some

specimens of A. aequiglumis have branched culms and this is always met with in A. huillensis,

it is extremely doubtful whether these plants really represent distinct species.

A wide range of material from the type locality and another locality has been collected

recently by the author of this paper. These specimens clearly show the range in variation

of the species.

39. A. rhiniochloa Hochst. in Flora 38. 200 (1855) ; Dur. et Schinz, Consp. 5. 808 (1894)

[sphalm. rhinochloa ] ; Dinter in Fedde, Rep. 15. 342 (1918) [sphalm. rhinochloa] ;

Henrard Crit. Rev. 3. 510 (1928) ; Henrard Monogr. 2. 242 cum ic. tab. 115 (1932) :

Range in Fedde, Rep. 33. 9 (1933).

A. rigidiseta Pilger in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 51. 413 (1914) ; Garabedian in Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 16. II.

404 (1925) ; Henrard Crit. Rev. 3. 516 (1928).

1

Erect annual, branched from the base and not infrequently from the lower and middle

nodes. Culms usually erect, very rarely geniculately ascending, 3 to many-noded ; inter-

nodes, terete, exceeding the lower leaf-sheaths, retrorsely scabrous, striate ; nodes minutely

pubescent. Lower leaf-sheaths usually slipping off the stem, compressed, keeled, striate,

scabrous, the upper likewise but usually exceeding the internodes ; ligule long-ciliate ;

auricles long-bearded ; blades flat, up to 20 cm. long and 4 mm. wide, glaucous, rnany-

nerved, very scabrous on both surfaces, acute but not pungent. Panicle effuse or contracted,

up to 30 cm. long ; axis very scabrous, striate ; branches scabrous, the axils densely shortly

hairy, binate, more or less peduncled with 1 or 2 few-flowered short branchlets at the base,

upper branches shortly peduncled mostly solitary, bearing clustered spikelets on subsessile

pedicels or some of them with well-developed pedicels. Spikelets coarse, pallid or purplish-

brown, flushed with purple towards the base of the glumes. Glumes broad, very acute,

shortly hairy on the back, 1-nerved, keels somewhat scabrous, awned ; the lower broadly

lanceolate, acuminate, including the awn up to 17 mm. long, but usually about 13 mm.

long ; the upper broadly-lanceolate, with two lateral teeth at the apex below the awn, up

to 15 mm. long or somewhat shorter. Lemma including the densely hairy subobtuse callus

up to 13-5 mm. long, usually somewhat shorter (11 mm.), strongly nerved, the nerves

with rows of aculeolate antrorsely curved hyaline sharp hairs, keeled dorsally and deeply

grooved ventrally with inrolled margins ; awns very scabrous, rigid, triquetrous, almost

winged at the base, erect or spreading, subequal or the central somewhat longer, 18-30 mm.

long or at times up to 40 mm. long.

South West Africa.

Otjikuara-Okaharui, III. 1913, Dinter 3292 (B) ; Otavi, III. 1925, Dinter 5754 (BH,

G, GU, N, S, Z) ; Omuramba und Omatako, III. 1912, Seiner 691 a (41 a) (B) ; Okahandja,

Dinter 1551 (B) ; do., II. 1928, Bradfield 393 (N) et V. 1928, Bradfield 393 a (K, N) ,

Okahandja-Otjisara, III. 1912, Dinter 2535 (B) ; Okawaka, I. 1939, Volk 598 (D) ; Otjiputo;

II. 1939, Volk 1251 (D) ; Otjenga, III. 1939, Volk 1395 (D).

Transvaal Province.

Waterberg distr. : Crecy, Carver 20 (N) et 24 (N). Zoutpansberg distr. : Messina,

X. 1929, Turner 16 (N).

Bechuanaland Protectorate.

Francistown, IV. 1929, Gordon 66 (N).

Type Specimen.

The whereabouts of the actual type, Buchinger 1229 leg. Schimper, is not known,

although duplicates of the type are deposited in several herbaria (B, P ?).

147

40. A. andoniensis Henrard Grit. Rev. 3. 691 (1928) ; Henrard Monogr. 2. 243 (1932).

The habit of this interesting species is not known since it has been described from

incomplete material. Panicle up 'to 28 cm. long and 2 cm. wide. Culms puberulous and

striate below the panicle ; rhachis puberulous, striate and angular ; branches binate,

erect, naked at the base for 1-5-2 cm., axils minutely pubescent; pedicels scabrous, the

lateral very short, the terminal up to as long as the glumes. Spikelets purple. Glumes

subequal ; the lower 15-16 mm. long, dorsally pubescent, acute, shortly awned ; upper

glume 14 mm. long, with a 1 mm. long awn from the bifid apex. Lemma including the

callus up to 12 mm. long, margins inrolled, furrowed ventrally, slightly keeled, glabrous

and smooth, minutely scaberulous on the keel ; callus obtuse, about 1 mm. long ; awns

erect, triquetrous, winged, very scabrous, up to 30 mm. long.

South West Africa.

Andoni, anno 1921, Barnard 814 (K, 1ST, S).

Type Specimen.

Barnard 814 is deposited in The Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Remarks.

This species is only known from the above type gathering which consists of rather

incomplete material.

41. A. Hubbardiana Schweickerdt in Notizbl. Bot. Garten u. Mus. Berlin— -Dahlem. 14.

nr. 122. 196 (1938).

A slender annual. Culms erect or somewhat geniculately ascending, up to 50 cm.

high, not very rigid, about 7-noded, markedly branched from the nodes ; internodes up

to 10 cm. long, always exserted, subterete or compressed, striate and glabrous ; nodes

glabrous and always exserted. Leaf -sheaths about 2-5-3 cm. long, glabrous, striate, com-

pressed, slightly keeled, lax, scaberulous towards the margin, always shorter than the

respective internode and smooth. Licjule reduced to a ring of short hairs ; auricles glabrous

more rarely somewhat bearded. Leaf-blades up to 12 cm. long but often much shorter,

flat or conduplicate, about 2 mm. wide, the margins minutely scaberulous and involute

upwards, glabrous and striate on the lower surface, upper surface striate, minutely

scaberulous and bearing a few long hairs towards the ligule. Panicle well-exserted, up to

6 cm. long, densely glomerate and spike-like, obovate in outline ; rhachis striate, angular ;

branches very short and scaberulous. Spikelets densely congested, subsessile, lanceolate.

Glumes about 7 mm. long, subequal, linear-lanceolate ; the lower awned often from a bifid

apex, awn and keel scaberulous, minutely scaberulous upwards towards the margin ; the

upper emarginate and shortly awned, keel glabrous, slightly scaberulous upwards towards

the margin. Lemma lanceolate, up to 7 mm. long, 3-nerved, markedly scabrous in its

upper two-thirds, glabrous towards the base, the margins more or less involute. Callus

very short, rounded, densely bearded. Awns scabrous, up to 30 mm. long, the lateral

often much shorter.

South West Africa.

Tsumeb, IV: 1934, Dinter 7600 (B) : Ossa, III. 1939, Volk 1557 (D).

Type Specimen.

Dinter 7600 is deposited in the Botanisches Museum, Berlin-Daklem. This species

bears a superficial resemblance to A. hordeacea Kunth which, however, belongs to § Pseudo-

chaetaria whereas A. Hubbardiana rnihi must be placed in § Chaetaria owing to the absence

of an articulation in the lemma. The nearest ally to our species is A. elliptica (Nees) Kunth

from which it differs in several minor characters. This is another of the rather remarkable

cases where two closely allied species are foimd in South America and Western Africa,

respectively !

148

42. A. recta Franchet in Bull. Soc. d’ Autun 8. 365 (1896) ; Henrard Crit. Rev. 3. 500 (1928) ;

Henrard Monogr. 2. 261 cum ic. tab. 125 (1932) ; Theron in Fedde, Rep. 40. 22 (1936).

A. atroviolacea Hack, apud Schinz in Bull. Herb. Boiss. Ser. 2. 6. 707 (1906) ; Henrard Crit. Rev.

1. 45 (1926). A. Gossweileri Pilger in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 39. 598 (1907) ; Henrard Crit. Rev. 1. 206

(1926). A. Hochi De Wildeman in Bull. Jard. Bot. Brux. 6. 39 et tab. 35 fig. 1-6 (1919) ; Henrard

Crit. Rev. 2. 237 (1927).

Perennial, densely caespitose, erect ; innovations intravaginal. Culms erect, exserted,

elegant, 10-30 cm. high, simple, glabrous, striate, subcompressed, l-(2)-noded ; internodes

included. Leaf-sheaths subterete, glabrous, striate ; the lower somewhat lax and eventually

breaking up into fibres ; the upper somewhat tighter and with a submembranous margin ;

ligule a ciliolate rim ; auricles bearded ; collar smooth ; blades basal, setaceously involute,

about up to 20 cm. long (often much shorter) and up to 1 mm. wide, striate, smooth on

the lower surface, upper surface scaberulous, subobtuse or acute, often somewhat curved

or flexuous. Panicle ovate-lanceolate in outline, up to 8 cm. long and 4 cm. wide, lax

but not very diffuse ; axis filiform, smooth, scaberulous upwards, straight or more usually

somewhat flexuous ; branches capillary, scaberulous, flexuous, ascending, binate or 3-5-

partite, naked in their lower half to one-third, the lower branches up to 3 cm. long, the

upper much shorter ; pedicels much longer to shorter than the glumes. Spikelets aggregated

towards the end of the branches, brownish-purple to dark-purple. Glumes subequal to

unequal ; the lower lanceolate-ovate, shortly awned, 1-nerved, 3-keeled, scabrous along

the keels, 2-5-6 mm. long ; the upper linear-lanceolate, shortly awned, 1-nerved, glabrous,

5-7-5 mm. long. Lemma tubulous, somewhat narrowed upwards into a short column,

smooth, pallid or grey in colour, scaberulous below the awns, 4-5 mm. long ; callus about

0-25 mm. long, rounded and obtuse, shortly bearded; awns subequal, scabrous, curved

or flexuous, purple.

Southern Rhodesia.

Salisbury, IX. 1919, Eyles 1795 (BH, N, S).

Transvaal Province.

Ermelo distr. : Amsterdam, X. 1935, Norval 24 (N). Pretoria distr. : Premier Mine,

X. 1917-, Moss 3165 (N, WR, W).

Natal Province.

Newcastle distr. : Newcastle, X. 1893, Schlechter 3414 (A, B, BH, BM, G, K, N, P,

V, Z).

Type Specimen.

Brazza 226 is deposited in the Museum d’ Histoire Naturelle, Paris.

43. A. Galpinii Stapf in Kew Bull. 1910 p. 130 ; Phillips in Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 16. 347 (1917) ;

Henrard Crit. Rev. 1. 190 (1926) ; Henrard Monogr. 2. 305 cum ic. tab. 148 (1932).

Perennial, densely caespitose, leafy, with many innovations. Culms erect, simple, up

to 45 or 50 cm. high but usually somewhat smaller, very elegant, glabrous, 1-2-noded, more

usually one-noded ; internodes compressed, striate. Leaf-sheaths tight ; the lower pallid

or often tinged with purple, persistent, striate, glabrous ; ligule a ciliolate rim ; auricees

bearded with hairs up to 4 mm. long ; collar glabrous ; blades setaceous, convolute, up

to 30 cm. long, acute, somewhat rigid and flexuous, often plicate, glabrous on the lower

surface, scaberulous on the upper surface. Panicle somewrhat contracted, oblong, lax and

flexuous ; peduncle and axis subterete and striate, scabrous ; branches distant, filiform,

scaberulous, solitary, about 2-flowered ; pedicels scaberulous, unequal, subcompressed and

clavate at the apex. Spikelets yellowish -brown to purple, suberect. Glumes 1-nerved,

unequal, lanceolate, more or less abruptly acuminate and mucronate ; the lower scabrous

on the keel and usually so on the back, 6-10 mm. long ; the tipper glabrous on the keel

149

but usually scabrous on the back, 9-11 mm. long. Zewmatubulous or lanceolate, narrowed

upwards into the short beak, purplish, glabrous or minutely scaberulous dorsally upwards,

7-9 mm. long ; callus zL 1 mm. long, shortly and densely bearded, obtuse ; awns setaceous,

spreading, subequal, the central up to 25 mm. long, the lateral up to 20 mm. long.

Cape Province.

Kingwilliamstown distr. : Keiskama Hoek, XII. 1925, Dyer 257 (A, N, W) ; do.,

II. 1924, Schonland 4459 (A) ; Hogs Back, I. 1920, Rattray 440 (A). Stutterheim distr. :

Glencairn, IV. 1928, Galpin 2417 (A, K, N). Barkly East distr. : Ben McDhui, III. 1904,

Galpin 6900 (A, B, D, K, N, S). Mount Currie distr. : Kokstad, IV. 1918, Mogg 5013 (N).

Natal Province.

Bergville distr. : Mt. Aux Sources, II. 1926, Bayer et McClean 24 (K, N, W).

Basutoland.

Maluti mountains, Staples 112 (N).

Type Specimen.

Galpin 6900 is deposited in The Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Economic Notes.

This species is considered unpalatable even in the young condition.

44. A. curvata ( Nees ) Trin. et Rupr. Spec. Gram. Stip. 133 (1842) ; Walp. Ann. Bot. 3.

743 (1852) ; Steud. Syn. PI. Glum. 1, 138 (1854) ; Dur. et Schinz, Consp. 5. 802 (1894);

Henrard Crit. Rev. 1. 124 (1926) ; Henrard Monogr. 2. 318 cum ic. tab. 156 (1932) ;

Range in Fedde, Rep. 33. 8 (1933).

A. curvata (Nees) Trin. et Rupr. i tar. nana (Nees) Henrard Crit. Rev. 3. 487 (1928) ; Henrard

Monogr. 2. 318 (1932) ; Range in Fedde, Rep. 33. 8 (1933). A. adscensionis L. sec. Stapf in Dyer,

FI. Cap. 7. 554 (1899) excl. syn. pro parte ; F. Bolus in Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 9. IV. 231 (1915) pro

parte; Phillips in Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 16. 346 (1917) pro parte; Garabedian in Ann. S. Afr. Mus.

16. II. 400 (1925) ; Stent in Bothalia 1. IV. 277 (1924), omnes non Linn. A. adscensionis L. var.

coerulescens (Trin. et Rupr.) Dur. et Schinz, Consp. 5. 799 (1894) pro parte ; Hack, in Bull. Herb.

Boiss. 4. Append. III. 19 (1896) ; Garabedian in Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 16. II. 400 (1925), omnes non

(Tri . et Rupr.) Dur. et Schinz. A. adscensionis L. var. pygmaea (Trin. et Rupr.) Dur. et Schinz,

Consp. 5. 800 (1894). A. adscensionis L. var. strictiflora (Trin. et Rupr.) Dur. et Schinz, Consp. 5.

800 (1894). A. angustata Stapf sec. Potts et Tidmarsh in Journ. S. Afr. Bot. 3. III. 88 (1937), non

Stapf. A. caerulescens Desf. var. breviseta Hack, in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 11. 400 (1889) ; Henrard

Crit. Rev. 3. 694 (1928). A. confusa Trin. et Rupr. Spec. Gram. Stip. 134 (1842) ; Henrard Crit.

1. 112 (1926). A. junciformis Trin. et Rupr. sec. Stent in Bothalia 1. IV. 277 (1924) pro parte, non

Trin. et Rupr. A. pusilla Trin. et Rupr. Spec. Gram. Stip. 140 (1842) ; Steud. Syn. PI. Glum. 1.

139 (1854) ; Presl, Bot. Bemerk. 121 (1844) ; Dur. et Schinz, Consp. 5. 807 (1894) ; Henrard Crit.

Rev. 3. 487 (1928). A. pygmaea Trin. et Rupr. Spec. Gram. Stip. 133 (1842) ; Walp. Ann. Bot.

3. 743 (1852) ; Steud. Syn. PL Glum. 1. 138 (1854) ; Henrard Crit. Rev. 3. 488 (1928). A. strictiflora

Trin. et Rupr. Spec. Gram. Stip. 134 (1842) ; Walp. Ann. Bot. 3. 743 (1852) ; Steud. Syn. PL Glum.

1.138 (1854); Henrard Crit. Rev. 3. 600 (1928). Chaetaria curvata Nees, FI. Afr. Austr. 186 (1841).

Chaetaria curvata Nees /? minor Nees, FI. Afr. Austr. 187 (1841) ; Presl, Bot. Bemerk. 121 (1844).

Chaetari i mauritiana ( Kunth) Nees var. ft Nana Nees, FI. Afr. Austr. 188 (1841); Presl, Bot.

Bemerk. 121 (1844).

A tufted annual, including the inflorescence up to 60 cm. high or even taller, at times

very much smaller and dwarfed. Culms erect or somewhat geniculately ascending, more

or less branched from the base and from the lower nodes, terete, striate, smooth, the upper

nodes well-exserted. Leaf- sheaths more or less shorter than the internodes, tight, often

slipping from the culms, compressed and keeled, smooth to scaberulous, striate, margins

hyaline ; ligule a ciliolate rim ; auricles pubescent ; collar glabrous ; blades narrowly

linear, tapering to a fine point, flat at the base or more usually folded throughout their

length, up to 15 cm. long and 1-2 mm. wide, glabrous and striate on the lower surface,

scabrous hirtellous on the upper surface, margins thickened. Panicle exserted, dense,

150

rather narrow, up to 20 cm. long, 1-2 cm. broad, more or less interrupted at the base,,

axis scabrous, terete below, angular upwards ; branches scabrous, binate or branched

almost from the base, the longer branches often peduncled, the shorter subsessile ; pedicels

scabrous, fairly short. Spikelets yellowish, greenish or tinged with purple. Glumes unequal,

linear-lanceolate to lanceolate-oblong ; the lower 4-7 mm. long, emarginate and shortly

mucronate at the apex, scabrous on the keel and strigose on the flanks, laterally compressed ;

the upper up to 8 mm. long, smooth on the keel below, scaberulous upwards, bifid and with

a short apical mucro from the sinus. Lemma usually purple-mottled, compressed, punctulate

all over, scabrous on the keel, at times scabrous on the flanks upwards, up to 10 mm. long ;

callus rounded, densely bearded, 0-5-0-75 mm. long; awns erect or spreading, scabrous,

unequal ; the central about 20 mm. long, the lateral about 15 mm. long.

South West Africa.

Otjinga, III. 1939, Volk 1396 a (D) ; Hollywood, II. 1939, Volk 1229 (D) ; Otjikongo,

II. 1939, Volk 1294 (D) ; Asis, anno 1939, Volk 652 (D) et 653 (D) et 722 (D) ; Fockshof,

anno 1939, Volk A. 157 (D) ; Ossa, III. 1939, Volk 1558 (D) ; Tsumeb, IV. 1934, Dinter

7444 a pro parte (G) ; Waterberg, V. 1928, Bradfield 377 (N) ; Spitzkopje, I. 1937, Boss

TM. 36410 (T) ; Okahandja, II. 1903, Dinter s.n. (B, N) ; do., Bertling 14 (B) ; Otjim-

bingue, V. 1886, Marloth 1379 (B) ; Windhuk, Bohr 40 (B) ; do., III. 1910, Mucke 47 (N) ;

between Mariental and Gibeon, III. 1913, Engler 6596 (B) ; Griindoorn, II. 1909,

Pearson 3118 (K, T) et 3129 (A, BH, K, N, S) et 3160 (K) ; Sabiesis, II. 1909, Pearson

4118 (K) ; Kunab, IV. 1911, Ra'nge 1007 (B) ; Kuibis, V. 1909, Range 652(B) ; Schakals-

kuppe, VII. 1913, Range 1771 (B) ; Sandverhaar, II. 1909, Pearson 4625 (BH, K) et 4674

(K, N) ; Akam River basin, II. 1909, Pearson 4745 (G, K) ; Chamis, IX. 1905, Schultze

418 (B) ; Seeheim, II. 1909, Schafer 44 (B) ; Gawachab, II. 1909, Pearson 4332 (BM, N) ;

Klein Karas, IV. 1931, Oertendahl 118 (B, K, N) ; Noachabeb, Blank 53 (B) ; Great

Karasberg, I. 1913, Pearson 8493 (BH, BM, K, N, S) ; Ganus, II. 1909, Pearson 4490

(K, X) ; Kanuchas, IV. 1912, Range 1399 (B).

Cape Province.

Little Xamaqualand distr. : Between Natvoet and Orange River, Drege (B, BM, K,

N, 0, P, S) ; Pella, I. 1909, Pearson 3557 (K) ; Iaus, IX. 1897, Schlechter 11226 (A, B,

X, W) ; Khamiesberg, XII. 1936, Adamson 1547 (N). Upington distr. : Upington, Vlll.

1923, Borchards H. 21519 (X) ; Riemvastmaak, VII. 1925, Barnard 36147 (S) ; Louisvale,

II. 1930, Mennell s.n. (W). Calvinia distr. : Springbokkuil, Zeyher 42 (B, S) ; between

Losper’s Plaats and Springbokkuil River, Zeyher 1817 (BM, G, K, V, Z). Ceres distr.

Yuk Rivier, VII. 1811, Burchett 1266 (BM, K). Prince Albert distr. : Prince Albert, XII.

1904, Bolus 11670 (BH) ; Prince Albert Road, V. 1920, Pillans 21783 (BH). Victoria

West distr. : Xobelsfontein, IT. 1931, Thorne 49453 (S). Murraysburg distr. : Murraysburg,

Thorne 10635 (A, T). Graaff-Reinet distr. : Graaff-Reinet, Sunday River, Drege (B, BM,

G, K, X, 0, P) ; Graaff-Reinet, III. 1868, Bolus 678 (A, BH, BM, K, V). Somerset East

distr. : Somerset East, McOwan s.n. (S. 17873) ; Klein Visch Rivier, McOwan s.n. (S. 19379) ;

Uitenhage distr. : Uitenhage, Zeyher 103-4 (A, G, K, V, Z) ; Steenbokvlakte north of

Winterhoeksberg, Eclclon et Zeyher (B, N, S). Queenstown distr. : Everett 39 (N). Barkly

East distr. : Barkly East, II. 1934, Greyvenstein 8 (N). Albert distr. : Burghersdorp,

Cooper 778 (D, K, Z) ; do., Cooper 1364 (BM, D, G, K, X, V, Z). Middelburg distr. : Middel-

burg, IV. 1922, Gill 44 (A, N, W) ; Rosmead Junction, III. 1911, Pillans 1804 (K).

Philipstown distr. : Potfontein, III. 1933, Schvceickerdt 1187 (N). Britstown distr. : Brits-

town, III. 1917, Wilman (B. 15149) ; 21 miles west of De Aar, X. 1928, Pole Evans 2230 (X).

Prieska distr. : Prieska, IV. 1931, Bryant 606 (B, K, W) ; Spitzkop, III. 1920, Bryant

K. 28 (X, W) ; Stofbakkies, III. 1934, Wilman 3131 (K, Me). Herbert distr. : Campbell

Kloof, II. 1937, Wilman s.n. (K) ; St. Clair, III. 1898, Orpen 254 (A, X) ; Honeynestkloof,

III. 1920, Wilman s.n. (K) ; do., XI. 1929, Phillips 3469 (K, N) et 3468 (W). Kimberley

distr. : Kimberley, II. 1913, Wilman 687 (Me) ; do., VII. 1929, Hitchcock 24097 (K, W) ;

Warrenton, IV. 1904, Adams 197 (T, V, Z) ; do., III. 1920, Adams s.n. (N). Mauritzfontein,

151

I. 1934, Pococlc s.n. (U). Hay distr. : Wittewater, II. 1812, Burchell 2006 (G, K) et 2083

(A, B, K, P, V) ; Vaalwater, III. 1921, Wilman 1428 (K, Me) ; Postmasburg, I. 1925,

Wilman s.n. (U) ; near Griquatown, II. 1937, Wilman s.n. (K). Taungs distr. : Taungs,

Squire H. 118 (N). Vryburg distr. : Vryburg, IY. 1912, Sharpe H. 7475 (N) ; do., III.

1920, Theiler H. 20239 (N) ; do., III. 1921, Mogg in Hb. Stell. 12541 (St). Without precise

locality : Carmichael 51 (BM) ; Burke et Zeyher 1817 (O, P).

Natal Province.

Estcourt distr. : Colenso, Rehmann 7182 (Z).

Basutoland.

Leribe distr. : Leribe, Dielerlen 199 b (D, K, P pro parte, S) ; do., Buchanan 231 (S) ;

Quthing distr. : Leloaleng, I. 1916, Dieterlen 1190 (N, P).

Orange Free State.

Jacobsdal distr. : Jacobsdal, Schweickerdt 1151 (N). Fauresmith distr. : Fauresmith,

XII. 1927, Smith 5178 (K) et I. 1928, Smith 5571 (K, N) ; Luckhoff, III. 1917, Pole Evans

H. 11603 (N). Bloemfontein distr. : Bloemfontein, III. 1933, Tidmarsh 4931 (K) et 4933

(GU) et 4935 (GU). Senekal distr. : Senekal, XII. 1931, Goossens 942 (B, N). Kroonstad

distr. : Kroonstad, II. 1928, Pont 9 (Z) et 58 (N, Z) et 60 (Z) ; do., III. 1931, Guldenpfennig

81 (N). Without precise locality : Buchanan 62 (D) et 66 (D) et 283 (BH, K) et 289 (D) ;

Rehmann 3599 (Z).

Transvaal Province.

Bloemhof distr. : Christiana, III. 1912, Burtt Davy 14146 (N) ; do., I. 1934, Theron

563 (N). Potchefstroom distr. : Machavie, III. 1927, Lane 9 a (N) et 14 a (N). Johan-

nesburg distr. : Johannesburg, IX. 1925, Robinson s.n. (N). Pretoria distr. : Pretoria,

III. 1905, Burtt Davy 185 (BH, K) ; do., III. 1929, Skea 63 (N) ; do., YI. 1912, Theiler

12022 (T) ; do., Appleton 42 (K). Rustenburg distr. : Rustenburg, II. 1933, van Nouhuys

TM. 31894 (T). Marico distr. : Groot Marico, IV. 1927, Liebenberg S. 41 (N) et S. 45 (N).

Waterberg distr. : Naboomspruit, III. 1923, Galpin M. 567 (N) ; Potgietersrust, IV. 1906,

Burtt Davy 2246 (N) ; do., III. 1921, Galpin 8892 (K, N). Pietersburg distr. : Petersburg,

IV. 1927, Briggs 10 (N) ; Duivelskloof, V. 1929, Galpin 11346 (N). Zoutpansberg distr. :

Palmaryville, VI. 1930, Koker 10 (N) ; Messina, XII. 1917, Moss et Rogers 218 (Z).

Barberton distr. : Barberton, V. 1930, Thorncrojt 43 (N). Ermelo distr. : Nooitgedacht,

I. 1927, Henrici 1473 (N).

BECHUAN ALAND PROTECTORATE.

Francistown, IV. 1929, Gordon 52 (N). Moc-hudi, V. 1914, Harbor s.n. (BH, D).

Type Specimen.

Ecklon (et Zeyher) from Uitenhage is deposited in the Botanisches Museum, Berlin-

Dahlem.

Common Names.

Bruine-gras. Steekgras. Stickgrass.

Economic Notes.

This species, while young, is excellent for feeding cattle and sheep. In the mature

state it is no longer palatable. The mature florets are very troublesome in wool and the

awns often penetrate the skins of animals. The florets furthermore cause lameness in

animals by penetrating the regions between their claws.

152

45. A. submucronata Schumach. in Sel. phys. og Mathem. Skr. 3. 67 (1827) ; Henrard

Crit. Rev. 3. 609 (1928) ; Henrard Monogr. 2. 321 cum ic. tab. 157 (1932).

A. Thonningii Trin. et Rupr. Spec. Gram. Stip. 137 (1842) ; Henrard Crit. Rev. 3. 632 (1928).

Annual, tufted. Culms erect, or somewhat geniculately ascending, branched from

near the base and the lower nodes, including the panicle up to 75 cm. high ; internodes

terete, striate, exserted ; nodes rather swollen, glabrous. Leaf- sheaths tight and terete,

at length fairly lax, keeled and slipping from the culms, striate, smooth to slightly scaberulous,

shorter than the internodes ; ligule a ciliate rim ; auricles ciliate ; collar glabrous ; blades

narrowly linear, up to 40 cm. long and 1-2 mm. wide, flat or involute, scaberulous on both

surfaces, margins thickened. Panicle erect, subspiciform, interrupted ; branches fairly

shortly peduncled and subsessile, especially the upper, fascicled ; pedicels fairly short.

Spikelets greenish suffused with purple, yellowish at maturity, erect, congested. Glumes

unequal, linear-lanceolate ; the lower scabrous along the keel and more or less so on the

flanks, up to 6 mm. long, gradually tapering into the short awn ; the upper somewhat

scabrous along the keel, bilobed with a short awn from the sinus, up to 7 mm. long. Lemma

compressed, exceeding the glumes, about 9 mm. long, purple-mottled, scabrid along the

keel upwards, or even scabrous in the upper half, punctulate ; callus rounded, densely

bearded, about 0 ■ 5 mm. long ; awns subequal to unequal, very scabrous, winged, up to

15 mm. long.

South West Africa.

Grootfontein, II. 1933, Schoenfelder 74 (K, N) ; Waterberg, IV. 1928, Bradfield 377

(N) ; Omane, II. 1939, Volk 1148 (D) ; Gross Otavi, IY. 1939, Volk 581 b (D) ; Runtu,

Y. 1939, Volk 1714 (D) ; Kwartel near Rehoboth, IV. 1911, Pinter 2169 (B).

Orange Free State.

Mudrivierdrift, Relimann 3599 (B).

Transvaal Province.

Pretoria distr. : Onderstepoort, II. 1936, Mogg 13797 (N).

Bechuanaland Protectorate.

Francistown, V. 1929, Francis 109 (N) ; Selika near Palapye, IV. 1928, Nobbs 97 (U) ;

Mochudi, I. 1914, Rogers 6575 (A, G, K, N, W, WR, Z) ; do., III. 1915, Rogers 6598 (G).

Type Specimen.

The type “ Guin. Dr. Thon. 356 ” is deposited in the Schumacher Herbarium,

Copenhagen.

Economic Notes.

This species is only eaten in the pre-flowering condition by bovines.

46. A. adscensionis L. subsp. guineensis (Trin. et Rupr.) Henrard Crit. Rev. 1. 216 (1926) ;

Henrard Monogr. 2. 325 cum ic. tab. 159 (1932).

A. adscensionis Linn., sec. Obermeijer, Schweickerdt et Verdoorn in Bothalia 3. II. 227 (1937), non

Linn. A. guineensis Trin. et Rupr. Spec. Gram. Stip. 137 (1842) ; Walp. Ann. Bot. 3. 744 (1852) ;

Steud. Syn. PI. Glum. 1. 139 (1854).

Plants placed under this subspecies superficially greatly resemble slender specimens

of A. curvata (Nees) Trin. et Rupr., but may be distinguished from this species by the

following characters : Panicle long and many-flowered, branches thin and spreading,

naked at the base, the whole thus being lax and interrupted. The glumes and lemmas

are usually shorter than those of typical A. curvata (Nees) Trin. et Rupr.

153

Transvaal Province.

Kruger National Park : Hippopool on Sabi River, III. 1937, Obermeijer TM. 36088

(K, T). Waterberg distr. : Crecy, Carver 8 (N). Zoutpansberg distr. : Zoutpan, IV.

1934, Schweickerdt et Verdoorn 472 (N) ; Messina, III. 1929, Staples 858 (K, N) ; do., III.

1933, du Plessis s.n. (K, N).

Type Specimen.

The type Thonnig s.n. is deposited in the Imperial Herbarium, Leningrad.

47. A. barbicollis Trin. et Rupr. Spec. Gram. Stip. 135 (1842) ; Walp. Ann. Bot. 3. 746

(1852) ; Steud. Syn. PI. Glum. 1. 141 (1854) ; Dur. et Schinz, Consp. 5. 800 (1894) ;

Stapf in Dyer, FI. Cap. 7. 559 (1899) ; Medley-Wood, Natal Plants 5. tab. 401 cum.

descr. (1905) ; Stent in Bothalia 1. IV. 278 (1924) ; Henrard Crit. Rev. 1. 48 (1926) ;

Henrard Monogr. 1. 132 cum ic. tab. 50 (1929) ; Obermeijer, Schweickerdt et Verdoorn

in Bothalia 3. II. 227 (1937) ; Potts et Tidmarsh in Journ. S. Afr. Bot. 3. III. 88 (1937).

A. barbicollis Trin. et Rupr. var. conglomerata Henr. Crit. Rev. Supplem. 705 (1933). Chaetaria

Forskohlii Nees, FI. Afr. Austr. 188 (1841), non A. Forskohlii Tausch (1836).

Perennial, densely tufted, somewhat glaucous, with innovations usually present.

Culms simple or branched from the lower nodes, several-noded, erect or geniculately

ascending, slender, wiry, up to 60 cm. tall or somewhat taller ; internodes distinctly com-

pressed, glabrous or slightly scabrous ; nodes glabrous exserted. Leaf-sheaths glabrous or

somewhat scaberulous upwards, the lower strongly compressed and keeled, the upper less

so, tight or at length slipping from the culms, shorter than the internodes ; ligule a ciliolate

rim ; auricles glabrous or densely-long-bearded ; collar bearded or glabrous ; blades narrow

linear, the apex rather obtuse, up to 20 cm. long but often much shorter, folded or convolute,

curved or flexuous, the lower surface striate and glabrous, the upper scaberulous to hispi-

dulous. Panicle composed of many peduncled spreading and divaricate false spikes, rather

open, up to 15 cm. long and 5-10 cm. broad, variable in shape and size ; axis erect, at

length somewhat flexuous, angular, scaberulous ; branches solitary or binate, distant,

suberect or spreading, straight or flexuous, scaberulous, usually naked at the base for

several centimetres ; branchlets and pedicels congested to form false secondary spikes,

scabrous. Spikelets usually brownish, often suffused with purple, congested. Glumes

subhyaline, keeled, glabrous ; the lower lanceolate, up to 6 mm. long, scaberulous on the

keel and on the flanks near the apex, shortly awned ; the upper linear, somewhat scaberulous

on the keel and on the flanks upwards, shortly awned up to 8 mm. long. Lemma tubulous,

glabrous below, distinctly scabrous upwards, including the callus and awns about 7-8 mm.

long ; callus 1 mm. long, densely bearded ; colum of awns about 2-5 mm. long, twisted,

scaberulous; awns subequal, spreading, fine, scaberulous, about 1-5-2 cm. long.

South West Africa.

Okahandja, V. 1928, Bradfield 277 a (N).

Cape Province.

Prince Albert distr. : Weltevreden, Drege (K). Graaff-Reinet distr. : Sundays

River, Drege [3879] (B, K, N, O, P, S) ; Graaff-Reinet, Bolus 677 (A, BH, D,

K, V) et 679 (A, BM). Somerset East distr. : Somerset East, McOwan 1789

(BM, S) et 1657 (S). Uitenhage distr. : Between Koega and Sunday River, Ecklon

et Zeyher 76 (N, S) et Ecklon s.n. (K) ; Enon, Drege 3881 (B, O) ; Albany distr. : Grahams-

town, II. 1904, Black 23 (B, T) ; Botha’s Hill, XII. 1894, Schlechter 6097 (A, B, BM, G, K) ;

do., XII. 1926, Britten 5513 (A) ; do., V. 1928, Dyer 1439 (A, K, N) ; Carlisle Bridge, V.

1921, Bowker 6 (A) ; Peddie Road, IV. 1928, Dyer 1365 (A, K). Bathurst distr. : Kowie;

Hutton 5 (A). Fort Beaufort distr. : Between Kunap and Kat Rivers, Drege 3881 (B) ,

Adelaide, Marloth 3683 (B, N) ; Koonap Heights, IV. 1920, Britten 2041 (A). East London

distr. : Nahoon Causeway, Rattray 1361 (N). Komgha distr. : Komgha, Flanagan 100,

154

(N) et 1010 (BH, S) ; Kei Bridge, III. 1909, Rogers 4513 (A). Kentani distr. : Kentani,

III. 1909, Pegler 238 (BH). Queenstown distr. : Queenstown, Everett 49 (N) ; Shiloh,

Baur 55 (N) ; Sterkstroom, II. 1917, Burtt Davy 17059 (BH) ; Klaas Smits R. Bridge,

III. 1928, Galpin 2355 (K, N). Xalanga distr. : Tsomo River, Pegler 1708 (BH). Wode-

house distr. : Sterkstroom, XI. 1901, Sim 2810 (A). Qumbu distr. : Tsitsa River, I.

1895, Schlechter 6374 (A, B, BH, BM, G, K, P, V). Colesberg distr. : Colesberg, Drege (K).

Herbert distr. : Campbell, III. 1920, Pole Evans 11 (K). Prieska distr. : Prieska, III.

1931, Bryant 605 (K). Kimberley distr. : Kimberley, VII. 1929, Hitchcock 24099 (K,

N, W) ; Rooipoort, III. 1923, Wilman 2222 (K, Me) ; Kareeboom, III. 1921, Wilman 1425

(K, Me, U) ; Du Toitspan, Tuck s.n. (K) ; near Vaalrivier, IV. 1886, Schenck 794 (N, Z).

Kuruman distr : III. 1931, Lawson 15031 (BH).

Natal Province.

Umzinto distr. : Dumisa, I. 1915, Rudatis 2190 (St.) Ixopo distr. : Ixopo, III. 1935,

Otto 1 a (N). Pietermaritzburg distr. : Pietermaritzburg, XI. 1930, Goossens 153 (N, W)

et II. 1934, Howes 9 (K, W). Estcourt distr. : Winterton, I. 1933, King 386 (N) ; Colenso,

II. 1891, Medley Wood 4418 (D, K) ; do., III. 1894, Kuntze s.n. (B). Helpmakaar distr. :

Umsinga, Buchanan 90 (K). Bergville distr. : Acton Homes, I. 1920, Doidge H. 19837

(N) et H. 19839 (N). Zululand : XII. 1898, Jenkinson 40 (D, N). Without precise

locality : Gerrard et McKen 167 (D) ; Buchanan 290 (B, D, K) ; Medley Wood 3588 (D, K).

Basutoland.

Quthing distr. : Leloaleng, I. 1916, Dieterlen 1191 (N, P, S) et 1193 (N, P, S). Leribe

distr. : Leribe, Buchanan 148 (BH).

Orange Free State.

Fauresmith distr. : Fauresmith, I. 1928, Smith 5240 a (K) et 5503 (K) et 5572 (N).

Bloemfontein distr. : Bloemfontein, II. 1934, Tidmarsh 4934 (GU) et II. 1915, Potts 1904

(T). Boshof distr. : Neth-el-Pella, IV. 1931, Wolff 11 (N). Hoopstad distr. : Hoopstad,

II. 1933, Goossens 1277 (N) ; Great Vetrivier, Burke 210 (K, S) et Burke et Zeyher 1816 (O,

P, V) et Zeyher 1816 (BM, S). Without precise locality: Buchanan 57 (D, K).

Transvaal Province.

Bloemhof distr. : Christiana, III. 1912, Burtt Davy 13031 et 13105 et 14102

et 14143 (omnes N) et II. 1904, Burtt Davy 1609 (N). Potchefstroom distr. :

Potchefstroom, XI. 1927, Liebenbcrq 1067 (N). Johannesburg distr. : Johannesburg,

III. 1924, Moss 9840 (WR) ; do., VII. 1929, Hitchcock 24102 (K, N, W) et 24134

(K, W). Pretoria distr. : Pretoria, III. 1920, Burtt Davy 18811 (K) ; do., Smith

81 (N) et 2288 (N) ; do., XI. 1934, Liebenberg 3210 (N) ; do., Appleton 22 (B, Iv) ; do.,

Leendertz 1095 (T) ; do., X. 1929, Sandwith 94 (K) et 95 (K) ; Premier Mine, II. 1924,

Rogers 25323 (St) ; Hartebeestpoort, XI. 1925, Moss 12014 (K, WR) ; Baviaanspoort,

IV. 1927, Moss 14161 (WR). Rustenburg distr. : I. 1909, Collins 6865 (T). Waterberg

distr. : Warmbaths, I. 1936, Irvine 23 (N) ; Naboomspruit, II. 1919, Galpin M. 422 (N, W)

Pongola River, XII. 1919, Burtt Davy 18265 (K). Pietersburg distr. : Petersburg, IV.

1927, Briggs 11 (N) ; do., II. 1904, Bolus 10901 (A, BH, K, N) ; Daviesville, II. 1932,

Markotter in Hb. Stell. 16277 (St) ; Tzaneen, XI. 1913, Rogers 12511 (A, BH, K, N, W) ;

The Downs, XI. 1917, Moss et Rogers 447 (K) et II. 1919, Junod 4078 (N, T) ; Modjadjes,

XII. 1915, Rogers 18055 (BH). Zoutpansberg distr. : Mara, I. 1929, Archer 16 (N) ;

Zoutpan, IV. 1934, Scliweickerdt et Verdoorn 461 (N) ; Messina, X. 1929, Turner 20 (N) ;

Pafuri River, Nelson 54 x (T). Lydenburg distr. : Lydenburg, XII. 1873, Atherstone

s.n. (A) ; do., XII. 1893, Schlechter 3961 (A, B, BH, BM, G, K, P). Barberton distr. :

Nelspruit, XII. .1930, Liebenberg 2733 (N) ; Barberton, I. 1931, Matthews 15 (N) ; Kaap-

muiden, XII. 1921, Rogers 25083 (T). Swaziland : Black Umbuluzi, V. 1932, Pole Evans

3446 (B, K, N, W).

155

Bechuanaland Protectorate.

Gaberones, III. 1930, Van Son TM. 28609 (BM, N, T) ; do., IV. 1928, Nobbs 6 (U).

Mochudi, III. 1914, Rogers 6578 pro parte (K). Mahalapye, IV. 1931, Pole Evans 3206

(N). Francistown, IV. 1929, Gordon 90 (N) et 105 (N).

Portuguese East Africa.

Lourenco Marques, IX. 1919, Shantz 336 (K, W) ; do., XII. 1897, Schlechter 11569

(A, B, BH, N).

Type Specimen. *

Drege 3881 is deposited in the Botanisches Museum, Berlin-Dahlem.

Common Names.

Duin-steekgras. Los-steekgras.

Economic Notes.

This species is abundant in disturbed areas. In the young condition it is eaten by

cattle and game, but in the more mature condition it forms indifferent grazing. On the

whole it is not considered to be of much value as a fodder grass. It stands drought well.

In the mature condition it is a pest to sheep farmers and thus is a troublesome weed. The

natives use the culms for making brushes.

Remarks.

This species in its typical form may readily be distinguished from A. congesta Roem.

et Schult. by the open inflorescence. There are, however, very many intermediates which

link up the two species, and such specimens can only be named arbitrarily. It is very

probable that much natural hydridisation occurs among these species, since they frequently

grow in association and also flower during the same period.

48. A. alopecuroides Hack, in Verh. Bot. Ver. Prov. Brandenb. 30. 114 (1888) ; Dur. et

Schinz, Consp. 5. 800 (1894) ; Hack, in Bull. Herb. Boiss. 4. Append. III. 17 (1896) ;

Garabedian in Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 16. II. 400 (1925) ; Henrard Crit. Rev. 1. 22 (1926) ;

Henrard Monogr. 1. 121 cum ic. tab. 43 (1929).

Robust caespitose perennial. Culms erect, simple, up to 90 cm. high, 3-4-noded ;

internodes somewhat compressed, glabrous, smooth and striate ; nodes exserted. Leaf-

sheaths glabrous, smooth or slightly scaberulous, striate, compressed, tight; ligule a densely

ciliolate rim ; auricles pubescent or bearded ; collar pubescent or bearded ; blades linear,

acuminate, up to 20 cm. long and 3 mm. wide, flat at the base, convolute upwards, glabrous

and smooth beneath, scabrous and hirtellous on the upper surface. Panicle exserted,

contracted, linear, elongate, spike-like, dense, up to 20 cm. long and 3 cm. broad, interrupted

only at the very base ; axis terete, scaberulous below ; branches solitary, much-branched

from near the base ; branchlets and pedicels scabrous, short, fascicled, axils pubescent or

glabrous. Spikelets erect, linear, scaberulous, congested. Glumes subequal ; the lower

very scabrous on the keel, including the 4 mm. long awn about 9-10 mm. long ; the upper

scabrous on the keel upwards, up to 12 mm. long including the 3 mm. long awn, apex bifid.

Lemma about 6 mm. long, tubulous, narrowed into the column, granular and finally densely

tubercled upwards ; callus 1 mm. long, acute, densely hairy ; column 4-6 mm. long, twisted,

scabrous ; awns subequal, 20-25 mm. long, scabrous, spreading.

South West Africa.

Olukonda, I. 1886, Schinz 656 (K, N, V, Z).

Type Specimen.

Schinz 656 is deposited in the Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna.

7

156

49. A. Pilgeri Henrard Crit. Rev. 2. 443 (1927) ; Henrard Monogr. 1. 123 cum ic. tab. 45

(1929).

Robust caespitose perennial. Culms erect, including tbe inflorescence up to 150 cm.

high, simple, glabrous, glaucous, striate, terete, 3-6-noded ; internodes exserted ; nodes

glabrous. Leaf-sheaths shorter than the internodes, usually pallid, margins finely ciliolate ;

ligule minutely ciliolate ; auricles glabrous or bearded ; collar glabrous or bearded with

reflexed hairs ; blades from a flat base, gradually acuminate, laxly convolute upwards,

upper leaves involute, up to 35 cm. long, fairly rigid, glabrous on the lower surface, scabrous

on the upper surface and along the margins, finely but ?jot prominently nerved. Panicle

dense, more or less contracted, at times subspicate, up to 40 cm. long and 5 cm. wide ;

axis terete or subangular, striate ; branches solitary, up to 11 cm. long, erect or almost

adpressed, much-branched from the base ; branchlets adpressed. Spikelets densely imbri-

cate, shortly pedicelled, pallid. Glumes somewhat unequal, awned ; the lower 7-5-9 mm.

long including the 1 • 5-2 mm. long awn, scaberulous in the upper half, keel and nerves

scabrous, abruptly narrowed into the short awn ; the upper 10-12 mm. long including the

2 mm. long awn, linear-lanceolate, keel smooth, bidentate at the apex. Lemma 6-7 mm.

long including the column, linear or subfusiform, finely punctulate, finely scaberulous

towards the apex; callus 0-75-1 mm. long, subobtuse, bearded; column of the awns

about 1 • 5 mm. long, scaberulous, twisted ; awns almost equal, somewhat spreading,

scabrous, 10-20 mm. long.

‘South West Africa.

Omaheke, IV. 1911, Seiner 473 (B, W) ; Grootfontein, IV. 1916, Hornig 165 (B, N) ;

Otjiwarongo, III. 1928, Bradfield 278 (K, N) ; Okahandja, Dinter 1523 (B) ; Otjitjika,

IV. 1913, Dinter 2938 (B, L, N) ; Bahero, III. 1913, Dinter 3281 (B) ; Namutoni-Tsinabis,

VIII. 1919, Pole Evans 19380 (K, N) ; Asispforte, anno 1939, Voile A. 2 (D) ; Ossa, III.

1939, Volk 1831 (D) ; Neitsas, IV. 1939, Volk 380 (D) ; Blochfontein, V. 1939, Volk 1696

(D) ; Andara, V. 1939, Volk 2156 (D) ; Hollywood, II. 1939, Volk 1277 (D).

Bechuanaland Protectorate.

Raukaboom’s Well, IV. 1931, Pole Evans 3309 (K, N).

Transvaal Province.

Pretoria distr. : Aapies River Station, IV. 1939, de Wit, 794 (D).

Northern Rhodesia.

Near Namwala, VII. 1932, Trapnell 1115 (K).

Type Specimen.

Dinter 2938 is deposited in the Rijksherbarium, Leiden.

Economic Notes.

Several collectors state this species to be of little or no value as a fodder plant as it

is too tough and hard.

50. A. longicauda Hack, in Boll. Soc. Brot. 6. 143 (1888) ; Dur. et Schinz, Consp. 5. 804

(1894) ; Henrard Crit. Rev. 2. 305 (1927) ; Henrard Monogr. 1. 122 cum ic. tab. 44

(1929).

Perennial, caespitose, with several innovations. Culms erect, simple or somewhat

branched from the upper nodes, up to 80 cm. high ; internodes more or less terete or slighty

compressed, glabrous and smooth ; nodes glabrous, exserted. Leaf-sheaths shorter than

the internodes, terete or somewhat keeled upwards, glabrous, striate ; ligule a short ciliolate

rim ; auricles long-bearded but hairs deciduous ; collar bearded or glabrous ; blades con-

volute, filiform, up to 30 cm. long and 2 mm. wide, glabrous and striate on the lower surface,

157

scaberulous on the upper surface. Panicle long-exserted, densely spike-like, contracted,

up to 20 cm. long but often very much shorter, somewhat interrupted at the base ; branches

solitary, scaberulous, the lower naked at the base, the upper almost sessile, much-branched,

adpressed ; branchlets and pedicels short, scaberulous, densely fascicled. Sjoikelets congested,

shortly pedicelled or subsessile, greenish or tinged with purple. Glumes unequal, shortly

awned ; the lower about 4 • 5 mm. long, scaberulous on the keel and on the flanks upwards,

awn about 2 mm. long ; the upper about 6 mm. long, keel glabrous, flanks very minutely

strigose upwards, awn about 3 mm. long. Lemma tubulous, narrowed into the column,

finely granular and somewhat scaberulous dorsally upwards, about 5-6 mm. long including

the 1-5 mm. long densely bearded acute callus; column about 5 mm. long, twisted,

scaberulous; awns fine, spreading, scaberulous, subequal, up to 2-5 cm. long.

Transvaal Province.

Barberton distr. : Komatipoort, XI. 1917, Moss et Rogers 608 (D, WR).

Portuguese East Africa.

Lourenco Marques, X. 1919, Shantz 338 (K, W) ; do., IY. 1927, Vaughan s.n. (K) ;

Mocambique, Carvalho 35 (X, Y).

Type Specimen.

Carvalho 35 is deposited in the Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien.

51. A. congesta Roem. et Schult., Syst. Veg. 2. 401 (1817) ; Kunth, Enum. 1. 195 (1833) ;

Trin. et Rupr. Spec. Gram. Stip. 153 (1842) ; Walp. Ann. Bot. 3. 746 (1852) ; Steud.

Syn. PI. Glum 1. 142 (1854) ; Dur. et Schinz, Consp. 5. 802 (1894) ; Hack, in Bull.

Herb. Boiss. 4. Append. III. 18 (1896) ; Stapf in Dyer, FI. Cap. 7. 558 (1899) ; Medley-

Wood, Natal Plants 5. tab. 484 cum descr. (1908) ; Marloth, FI. S. Afr. 4. 21 tab.

6 fig. F 1-4 (1915) ; Phillips in Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 16. 347 (1917) ; Dinter in Fedde,

Rep. 15. 341 (1918) pro parte ; Stent in Bothalia 1. IY. 277 (1924) ; Garabedian in

Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 16. II. 401 (1925) ; Henrard Crit. Rev. 1. 113 (1926) ; Henrard

Monogr. 1. 126 cum ic. tab. 47 (1929) ; Range in Fedde, Rep. 33. 8 (1933) ; Mogg in

S.A. Journ. Science 31. 394 (1934) ; Potts et Tidmarsh in Journ. S. Afr. Bot. 3. III.

88 (1937).

A. barbicoUis Trin. et Rupr. sec. Range in Fedde, Rep. 33. 8 (1933), non Trin. et Rupr. A.

adscensionis L. sec. F. Bolus in Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 9. IV. 231 (1915) pro parte, non Linn. A.

coarctata Licht. ex Roem. et Schult., Syst. Veg. 2. 401 (1817) in syn., non H. B. K. ; Henrard Crit.

Rev. 3. 699 (1928). A conge.sta Roem. et Schult. var. genuina Ghiov., FI. Eritr. 383 (1899) ; Henrard

Crit. Rev. 1. 115 (1926). A. Rangei Pilger in Engl. Bet. Jahrb. 48. 344 (1912) ; Dinter iD Fedde,

Rep. 15. 342 (1918) ; Garabedian in Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 16. II. 404 (1925) ; Henrard Crit. Rev. 3.

498 (1928) ; Henrard Monogr. 1. 121 cum ic. tab. 44 (1929) ; Range in Fedde, Rep. 33. 9 (1933).

Chaetaria congesta (Roem. et Schult.) Nees, FI. Afr. Austr. 189 (1841).

Perennial, densely tufted, somewhat glaucous, with a few innovations nearly always

present, at times a dwarf annual. Culms simple or branched from the lower nodes, wiry,

slender, erect or somewhat geniculately ascending, several-noded, up to 75 cm. high, but

frequently much smaller ; internodes usually somewhat compressed especially below,

glabrous, exserted ; nodes glabrous. Leaf-sheaths compressed, striate, glabrous or slightly

scaberulous towards the ligule, the lower pallid and strongly keeled, the upper at times

somewhat keeled ; ligule a ciliolate rim ; auricles glabrous or densely long-bearded ; collar

glabrous or minutely pubescent ; blades linear, terminating in a subobtuse tip, up to 20 cm. long,

folded or convolute, usually somewhat curved or flexuous, glabrous and striate on the lower

surface, scaberulous on the upper surface. Panicle dense, spike-like but frequently inter-

rupted at the base by 1-several shortly peduncled spreading or adpressed false spikes,

up to 15 cm. long, finally well-exserted ; axis subterete to angular ; branches short, almost

sessile, scaberulous, branched from the base ; pedicels scaberulous, angular, very short.

Spikelets pallid or somewhat greenish-purple, densely congested. Glumes unequal, sub-

hyaline ; the lower lanceolate, scaberulous on the keel, often minutely so on the flanks

158

upwards, up to 8 mm. long, passing into the 1 mm. long scaberulous awn ; the upper up

to 10 mm. long, glabrous, scaberulous on the keel upwards, passing into the short awn.

Lemma tubulous, up to 10 mm. long including the callus and the column, dintinctly scabrous

upwards ; callus 1 mm. long, densely bearded ; column of awns up to 5 mm. long, twisted ;

awns somewhat unequal, spreading, fine, scabrous, up to 20 mm. long or somewhat longer.

South West Africa.

Otjiwarongo, I. 1939, Voile 472 (D) ; do., I. 1939, Volk 843 (D) ; Omane, II. 1939,

Volk 1144 (D) ; Ossa, IV. 1939, Volk 1541 (D) ; between Tsumeb and Nosib, IV. 1934,

Dinter 7444 A (B, G, N) ; Grootfontein, IV. 1913, Engler 6230 (K) ; Waterberg, V. 1928,

Bradfield 277 b. (N) ; between Hoffnungsfelde and Harris, I. 1916, Pearson 9542 (BH,

K, S) ; between Haris and Aub, I. 1916, Pearson 9669 (BH, S) ; Okahandja, III. 1928,

Bradfield 277 (N, T) ; Klein Karas, V. 1931, Oertendahl 236 (B) ; do., IV. 1931, Oertendahl

116 (N) ; Kuibis, V. 1909, Range 647 (B, N) ; Aris, Range 1270 (K, N) ; Kubub, II. 1885,

Schinz 657 (Z) ; Warmbad, IV. 1890, Wandres 19 (Z) ; without precise locality : Grossarth

42 (B) et Blank 39 (B).

Cape Province.

Gordonia distr. : Upington, IX. 1919, Shantz 185 (W) et 182 (W) ; do., IV. 1928,

Pole Evans 2173 (N). Kenhart distr. : Louisvale, II. 1930, Mennell s.n. (W). Little

Namaqualand distr. : Springbokkuil, Zeyher 1818 (G, K, S, V) ; Dabeep, I. 1911, Pearson

6226 (K) ; Pella, I. 1909, Pearson 3590 (K). Fraserburg distr. : Williston, XI. 1921,

Foley 187 (N). Cape distr. : Houtbay, VI. 1892, Schlechter 1015 (A, B, BH, V, Z). Prince

Albert distr. : Fraserburg Road, I. 1903, Marloth 3054 (N). Uitenhage distr. : Steenbok-

vlakte, Ecklon (et Zeyher ) s.n. (A, B, N, S) ; Uitenhage, IV. 1893, Schlechter 2458 (A, BH,

BM, G, K, Z) ; Brakkloof, III. 1901, White 3 (A, B, V) ; Kariega, I. 1904, White 108 (A).

Somerset East distr. : Somerset East, VIII. 1871, McOwan 1788 (A, BM, S) ; do., Bowker

134 (K) et 148 (K). Queenstown distr. : Shiloh, Baur 55 (K). Klaas Smit’s Bridge, III.

1928, Galpin 2355 (A). East London distr. : East London, III. 1917, Wood TM. 23228

(T). Komgha distr. : Along Kei River, III. 1894, Flanagan 2317 (A, BH, K, N). Xalanga

distr. : Cala, Pegler 1708 (K). Wodehouse distr. : Indwe, Baur 71 (K). Aliwal North

distr. : Aliwal North, Stephanie 15080 (BH). Albert distr. : Cooper 778 pro parte (K, N).

Cradock distr. : Cradock, IX. 1919, Shantz 151 (W). Graaff-Reinet distr. : Graaff-Reinet,

XI. 1866, Bolus 550 (A) ; do., III. 1868, Bolus 679 (BH, D, K, V) ; do., III. 1930, Galpin

10588 (N). Middelburg distr. : Middelburg, IV. 1922, Gill 43 (A, N, W). Victoria West

distr. : Nobelsfontein, II. 1931, Thorne SAM. 49454 (S). Colesberg distr. : Colesberg,

Drege 4349 (B, BM, G, K, V) ; do., Shaw 16 (K, V). Philipstown distr. : Potfontein,

III. 1933, Schweickerdt 1204 (N) ; Petrusville, II. 1934, du Plessis in Hb. Stell. 19713 (St).

Britstown distr. : Giesen’s Kraal, III. 1917, Wilman s.n. (BH). Prieska distr. : Between

Modderfontein and Keikam’s Poort, IX. 1811, Burchell 1612-5 (K) ; Prieska, III. 1931,

Bryant 605 (B, K, W). Hay distr. : Between Griquatown and Wittewater, II. 1812,

Burchell 1983 (K) ; between Kloof Village and Wittewater, Burchell 2084 (K) ; near Post-

masburg, VI. 1929, TJys G. 18 (N). Herbert distr. : Douglas, III. 1898, Orpen 254 (K).

Kimberley distr. : Modderriver, II. 1894, Kuntze s.n. (B. K) ; Kimberley, Rehmann 3472

(B) et 3475 (B) ; do., Moran BH. 13910 (BH) ; do., IV. 1914, Wilman 688 (Me) ; do.,

VII. 1919, Shantz 198 (K, W). Barkly West distr. : Waldeck’s Plant, V. 1936, Cooke

3533 (Me) ; Madipelessa, II. 1937, Acock 1825 (B, K, L, V, Z). Vryburg distr.: Armoeds-

vlakte, Theiler H. 19218 (N) et H. 20195 (N) ; Vryburg, I. 1923, Kaplan TM. 26077 (T).

Mafeking distr. : Mafeking, X. 1919, Shantz 233 (K, W) et 236 (K, W) ; do., IV. 1929,

Pole Evans 3061 (N). Kuruman distr. : Kuruman, II. 1886, Marloth 996 (B, W) ; do.,

III. 1928, Pole Evans 2063 (B, BM, N) ; do., I. 1929, Dedman in Hb. Stell. 10054 (St).

Without precise locality : Lichtenstein (B) ; Shantz 209 (K, W).

Natal Province.

Estcourt distr. : Winterton, I. 1933, King 389 (N). Dundee distr. : VII. 1899, Green

39 (D). Without precise locality : Buchanan 124 (K).

159

Basutoland.

Mafeteng distr. : Likhoele, XI. 1914, Dieterlen 1069 (N, P). Leribe distr. : Leribe,

Buchanan 149 (K) ; do., Dieterlen 383 (B, D, K, N, P, W) ; do., Phillips 655 (S) et 898

(K, S) ; Maluti mountains, XII. 1937, Staples 142 (N).

Orange Free State.

Fauresmith distr. : Fauresmith, V. 1927, Smith 3984 (K) et I. 1928, Smith 5241 (K).

Edenburg distr. : Trompsburg, Potts 4539 (GU, N). Bloemfontein distr. : Besters, XII.

1911, Burtt Davy 11789 (N) ; Bloemfontein, II. 1915, Potts 1904 (D, K) ; do., XII. 1933,

Tidmarsh 4923-4925 (K) ; do., Snoek 4927 (GU) et 4928 (GU) ; Brandfort, XII. 1934,

Schonken in Hb. Stell. 23305 (St). Bosbof distr. : Beth-el-Pella, Wolff 10 (N). Winburg

distr. : Steynskloof, II. 1928, de Wet 4570 (GU). Ficksburg distr. : Riven bill Farm, I.

1927, Potts 3676 (N, GU) et 3724 (N, GU). Fouriesburg, Dixon 4591 (GU). Senekal

distr. : Doornkop, XII. 1931, Goossens 870 (N, K, W) et 933 (N, K, W). Ferrara, XII.

1931, Goossens 1004 (K, N). Betblehem distr. : Bethlehem, X. 1901, Richardson (K, W).

Hoopstad distr. : Wesselsbron, I. 1933, Goossens 1249 (N). Kroonstad distr. : Kroonstad,

XI. 1928, Pont 96 (N) et 97 (GU) ; do., XII. 1933, Lauhscher 4926 (GU) ; Bothaville, I.

1933, Goossens 1174 (B, N) et 1178 (N) ; do., IV. 1931, Boshoff 2 (N) ; do., III. 1933, Schweic-

kerdt 1088 (N). Vredefort distr. : Viljoensdrift, I. 1912, Rogers 4819 (T). Heilbron distr. :

Heilbron, I. 1934, Goossens 425 (N). Without precise locality : Buchanan 58 (B) et 59

(B) et 276 (B) ; Rehmann 3668 (A, Z).

Transvaal Province.

Bloemhof distr. : Christiana, II. 1904, Burtt Davy 1654 (N) ; Kameelpan, I. 1934,

Theron 549 (N) ; Fourteen Streams, II. 1904, Burtt Davy 1577 (N). Wolmaransstad,

XII. 1928, Sutton 69 (N). Lichtenburg distr. : Grasfontein, V. 1930, Sutton 425 (N).

Potchefstroom distr. : Potchefstroom, II. 1927, Lane 15 (N, W) et 17 (N). Vereeniging

distr. : Vereeniging, II. 1917, Burtt Davy 17162 (BH, K). Standerton distr. : Standerton,

III. 1918, Stent H. 21833 (N). Ermelo distr. : Ermelo, XII. 1926, Henrici 1361

(N, W) ; do., II. 1936, Norval 136 (N) ; Lake Chrissie, IV. 1910, Hamilton H. 5914

(N). Barberton distr. : Barberton, XII. 1916, Pott 5527 (T) ; do., I. 1931,

Matthews 8 (N). Middelburg distr. : Middelburg, III. 1910, Hewitt s.n. . (T). Johan-

nesburg distr. : Johannesburg, V. 1919, Bryant D. 47 (N, W) ; do., XII. 1908, Leendertz

1837 (T) ; do., III. 1919, Moss 3810 (W, WR) ; do., I. 1915, Edwards s.n. (A, BH, K) ;

do., III. 1937, Lintner 28130 (D, K) ; do., VII. 1929, Hitchcock 24102 (S). Germiston

distr. : Germiston, I. 1913, Fenn H. 8703 (N). Pretoria distr. : Pretoria, Nelson 64 (K) ;

do., III. 1920, Skea 68 (N) ; do., I. 1930, Ohermeijer 29140 (T) ; do., I. 1926, Smith 2285

(N) ; Premier Mine, II. 1921, Menzies 6 (N) ; Elandsrivier, Rehmann 4999 (B, K) ; Pienaars

River, I. 1894, Schlechter 4140 (A, B, BH, BM, G, K, N, P, T, V, Z). Rustenburg distr. :

Rustenburg, III. 1910, Burtt Davy 9302 (N). Waterberg distr. : Warmbaths, I. 1936,

Irvine 19 (N) et 19 a (N) ; Twenty-four Rivers, I. 1916, Rogers 24908 (WR) ; Naboomspruit,

II. 1919, Galpin M. 421 (N) ; Potgietersrust, I. 1909, Leendertz 1990 (T) ; Crecy, Carver

11 (N). Petersburg distr. : Shilouvane, Junod 2155 (G). Zoutpansberg distr.: Zoutpans-

berg, V. 1905, Junod H. 4662 (N). Lydenburg distr. : Lydenburg, Atherstone s.n. (A, K,

S) ; do., XII. 1893, Schlechter 3961 (BM, T) ; Zwagershoek, I. 1930 , Ohermeijer 377 (T).

Bechuanaland Protectorate.

Gaberones, IV. 1928, Nobbs 11 (U) ; Metsematluko, IV. 1928, Nobbs 34 (U) ; Mochudi,

V. 1914, Harbor 21789 (BH).

Portuguese East Africa.

Lourenco Marques, VTI. 1922, Moss 6906 (WR).

Type Specimen.

There are four sheets collected by Lichtenstein which are deposited in the Botanisches

Museum, Berlin-Dahlem. The original labels on the sheets say “ Aristida coarctata ”.

160

The specimens are overmature. There is another sheet in the Willdenow Herbarium,

Berlin, which is an excellent match of Lichtenstein’s gatherings. Although this sheet

does not state the collector, it bears the name “ A. coarctata Licht.” and from its perfect

match I do not hesitate to say that it is part of the original gathering. This sheet has

been named up by Henrard as A. congesta Roem. et Schult.

The above-mentioned five sheets undoubtedly represent the type gathering, and the

part of this in the Willd. Herbarium has actually been studied by Henrard.

Common Names.

Buffalo grass. Duin-steekgras. Klossaad. Rotstert-steekgras. Steekgras.

Economic Notes.

This species is considered to be poor grazing, but quite a good hay if it is cut early.

When mature it is a pest to the sheep farmer and is supposed to have no fodder value to

speak of. It is, however, an important annual in overgrazed and tramped-out areas. In

the wilted condition this species has been found to contain large amounts of prussic acid.

Remarks.

Examination of Lichtenstein’s gatherings and the type of A. barbicollis has revealed

the fact that the auricles of the leaves are bearded. Owing to the overmature condition

of the Lichtenstein specimens most of the hairs have disappeared, and it is only on some

leaves that the beards are still present. Stapf in Dyer, El. Cap. 7. 552 (1899) has used the

presence or absence of the bearded auricles as a key-character to distinguish between A.

barbicollis and A. congesta. Although some specimens actually have glabrous auricles,

this character does not appear to be coupled with the contracted inflorescence. I have

seen several specimens with open panicles typical of A. barbicollis in which the auricles are

perfectly glabrous. This distinguishing character must thus be discarded as it is of no

taxonomic value. In my opinion the shape of the panicle, viz., contracted, or lax and

open, appears to be the only character upon which the two species in question may be

distinguished. There are, however, many intermediates which can only be named arbitrarily.

Having furthermore examined a fair number of “ dwarfed specimens ” I have come to the

conclusion that A. Rangei is most probably nothing else but a first year flowering condition

of A. congesta. Eield study and breeding experiments will probably support the opinion

expressed above.

52. A. spectabilis Hack, in Bull. Herb. Boiss. 3. VIII. 380 (1895) ; Stapf in Dyer, FI. Cap.

7. 562 (1899) ; Stent in Bothalia 1. IV. 278 (1924) ; Henrard Crit. Rev. 3. 577 (1928) ;

Henrard Monogr. 1. 93 cum ic. tab. 25 (1929) ; Theron in Fedde, Rep. 40. 26

(1936).

Densely caespitose rather robust 'perennial. Culms erect, stout, up to 1-5 m. high,

simple, terete, sheathed nearly all along. Sheaths exceeding the internodes, glabrous,

smooth, often with a flake of wool at the mouth and from there somewhat woolly along the

margins downwards,, the upper inconspicuously striate ; auricles of lowermost sheaths

usually bearded, those of the uppermost sheaths usually glabrous. Leaf-blades linear,

involute, firm, tapering to a setaceous apex, smooth on the lower surface, prominently

nerved and minutely scaberulous on the upper surface, up to 60 cm. long, 4-5 mm. wide

at the base, somewhat glaucous. Panicle oblong to ovate, lax and open, nodding, 30-40 cm.

long, the axis smooth, with distant binate or solitary branches up to 20 cm. long, which

in turn are again branched from near their base, the secondary, tertiary, etc., branchlets

and pedicels minutely scaberulous, the latter as long as or much longer than the glumes.

Spikelets glabrous, yellowish or greenish. Glumes linear-lanceolate, acute, rather firm, with

hyaline erosely dentate tips and narrow margins, 1-nerved, smooth, subequal, about 10-12

mm. long. Lemma linear, about 6 ■ 5-7 • 5 mm. long inclusive of the callus, smooth or dorsally

161

minutely scaberulous upwards. Callus up to 1 mm. long, densely bearded, bifid. Column

of awns strongly twisted, nearly glabrous, 5-6 mm. long ; awns scaberulous, erect or

spreading, unequal, the central up to 44 mm. long, the lateral awns up to 28 mm. long.

Anthers 5 mm. long.

Transvaal Province.

Potchefstroom distr. : Oudeplaats, IV. 1937, Bunting 156 (N) et 161 (N). Krugers-

dorpdistr. : Hekpoort, III. 1937, Bunting 126 (N) et 145 (N). Pretoria distr. : Kuduspoort,

Rehmann 4695 (B, V, Z) : Saartjiesnek off Pelindaba Road, III. 1939, Schweickerdt 1333-

1341 (B, K, N, W, V). Brits distr. : Jackson’s Tuin, III. 1934, Mogg 14985 (N).

Bechuanaland Protectorate.

Kanye, III. 1937, Bunting 133 (N).

Type Specimen.

Rehmann 4695 in the Botanisches Museum, Zurich, and the Naturhistorisches Museum,

Wien are both in Hackel’s own hand and thus together constitute the type.

Economic Notes.

Owing to the very wiry nature of the culms and the stiff leaves, this species is

unpalatable.

Remarks.

The author of the present paper has repeatedly searched for this species at the type

locality, Koedoespoort, near Silverton, but so far has not been successful in finding it in

that locality. The species, however, is comparatively frequent but local in some parts of

the Pretoria district and a wide series of specimens has recently been collected. The plants

usually occur in large dense tussocks in sandy depressions on the northern slopes of the

Magaliesberg. They are readily recognisable by their strictly erect habit and the half-

nodding panicles which give them a very characteristic appearance. The plant may easily

be confused with A. diffusa Trin. var. Burkei, but differs from this variety by having

subequal glumes, the tips of which are hyaline.

53. A. stipoides Lam. Encycl. Method. 157 (1791) ; Henrard Crit. Rev. 3. 591 (1928) ;

Henrard Monogr. 1. 93 cum ic. tab. 26 (1929).

A. stipoides Lam. var. meridionalis Stapf sec. Garabedian in Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 16. II. 405 (1925) pro

parte, non Stapf. A. gracillima Oliv. in Trans. Linn. Soc. 29. 173 (1875) cum ic. 114 fig. 1 ; Dur.

et Schinz, Consp. 5. 803 (1895) ; Hack, in Bull. Herb. Boiss. 4. Append. III. 18 (1896).

Robust perennial, loosely tufted. Culms simple or branched from the upper nodes, up

to 100 cm. high ; internodes glabrous, slightly striate ; nodes glabrous, exserted. Leaf-

sheaths shorter than the internodes, glabrous, striate ; ligule a short ciliate rim ; auricles

woolly ; blades narrow, flat or involute, up to 20 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, smooth on the

lower surface, striate and scaberulous on the upper surface. Panicle effuse, very lax and

open, up to 30 cm. long, scantily flowered ; branches bi- or tri-nate, glabrous or scaberulous ;

pedicels capillary, flexuous or curved or straight, scaberulous, wifh subclavate tips. Glumes

pallid, or tinged with purple especially at the base, very unequal, glabrous ; the lower up

to 7 mm. long, ovate-lanceolate ; the upper narrowly linear, 15-20 mm. long, mucronate

from a bifid apex. Lemma terete, including the callus up to 9 mm. long, smooth but

punctulate upwards ; callus slender, about 2 mm. long, bifid, densely hairy ; column of

awns scabrous, twisted, 2*5-3 cm. long ; awns subequal, scabrous, up to 5*5 cm. long.

South West Africa.

Olukonda, II. 1886, Schinz 671 (Z) ; Onolongo, Barnard 42 (S) ; Mafa, Barnard 815 (S).

Type Specimen.

The type is deposited in the Lamark Herbarium, Museum d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris.

162

54. A. vestita Thunb. Prodr. 19 (1794) ; Thunb. FI. Cap. 1. 394 (1813) ; Thunb. FI. Cap.,

ed. Schult. 104 (1823) ; Hack, in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. XI. 400 (1889) ; Dur. et Schinz,

Consp. 5. 810 (1894) excl. syn. pro parte ; Stapf in Dyer, FI. Cap. 7. 561 (1899) pro

parte et excl. syn. pro parte ; F. Bolus in Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 9. IV. 232 (1915) pro parte ;

Phillips in Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 16. 347 (1917) ; Stent in Bothalia 1. IV. 278 (1924) pro

parte ; Henrard Crit. Rev. 3. 663 (1928) ; Henrard Monogr. 1. 94 cum ic. tab. 27 (1929).

A. vestita Thunb. forma amplior Hack, in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 11. 400 (1889) ; Henrard Crit. Rev.

3. 664 (1928). A. diffusa Trin. sec. Steud. Syn. PI. Glum. 1. 142 (1854) pro parte, non Trim A.

flocciculmis Mez in Fedde, Rep. 17. 147 (1921) ; Henrard Crit. Rev. 1. 182 (1926). A. lanuginosa

Burchell, Travels 2. 226 (1824) ; Henrard Crit. Rev. 287 (1926). Chaetaria vestita (Thunb.) Beauv.

Agrostogr. 30 et 152 et 158 (1812) ; Roem. et Schult. Syst. Veg. 2. 392 (1817).

Perennial, robust, densely caespitose, up to 85 cm. high, branched from the base only,

often also from some of the culm-nodes. Culms about 3-4-noded, erect, rigid, not rarely

somewhat wiry ; internodes up to 25 cm. long, exserted, the lower densely (sometimes

scantily) adpressedly woolly, the upper villous or at length becoming glabrous ; nodes

glabrous. Lower leaf-sheaths broad and papery, straw-coloured and somewhat brittle,

adpressedly lanate dorsally and along the margins, eventually becoming glabrous, striate,

shorter than the internodes ; ligule a short ciliate rim, passing into a flake of wool at the

auricles ; blades linear, up to 24 cm. long and 3 mm. wide, either flat or more usually

convolute, striate-, lower surface glabrous, scabrous, shortly hairy on the upper surface,

apex subpungent. Panicle pyramidal to subpyramidal, more .or less effuse or laxly

contracted, up to 20 cm. long and 12 cm. wide ; axis striate, glabrous or with scattered

white hairs, axillary beards present or absent ; rhachis of the inflorescence usually scabrous

upwards ; branches suberect or more usually spreading, scabrous ; pedicels longer or

shorter than the glumes, scabrous, subclavate at the tips. Spikelets pallid or light-brown

owing to the colour of the glumes. Glumes glabrous, 1-nerved ; the lower broadly lanceolate,

4-5 to 7 mm. long, rounded and ciliolate at the tip ; the upper glume narrowly-lanceolate,

slightly emarginate, 9-13 mm. long. Lemma glabrous, 7-11 mm. long from base of callus

to articulation, usually mottled ; callus up to 1-5 mm. long ; column variable in length,

2-7 mm. long, strongly twisted ; awns unequal, spreading, the central up to 35 mm. long,

the lateral however much shorter.

South West Africa.

Schakalskuppe, II. 1909, Pearson 4801 (BH, K).

Cape Province.

Gordonia distr. : Upington, IV. 1928, Pole Evans 2182 (N). Hay distr. : Griquatown,

XII. 1811, Burchell 1917 (K) ; do., XII. 1811, Burchell 1842 (K, P) ; do., Wilman s.n,

(K, Me, N) ; Niekerk’s Hope, X. 1936, Lindeberg 1331 (Me) ; Kloof Village, Asbestos Mts..

II. 1812, Burchell 2038 (K) ; Riidesheim, IV. 1920, Louw 2670 (Me). Kuruman distr. :

Kuruman, III. 1928, Pole Evans 2097 (N) ; do., I. 1929, Dedman in Hb. Stell. 10049 (St).

Barkly West distr. : Barkly West, IV. 1929, Herram 10 (N) ; Newlands, Baton 691 (Me).

Kimberley distr. : Warrenton, II. 1926, Smith 2347 (N) ; do., III. 1920, Adams 2671 (BH) ;

Kimberley, I. 1886, Marloth 940 (B, W) et 847 (B, V, W). Mauritzfontein, I. 1934, PococJc

s.n. (U) ; du Toits Pan, Tuck SAM. 19406 (S) ; Modderrivier, II. 1894, Kuntze s.n. (B).

Herbert distr. : Honeynestkloof, III. 1920, Wilman 2537 (K, Me, U) et 1297 (K, Me).

Hopetown distr. : Hopetown, Rehmann 3294 (V). Hanover distr. : Hanover, I. 1902,

Galpin 6260 (N). Prieska distr. : Prieska, Bryant 611 (B, K, W).

Orange Free State.

Fauresmith distr. : Fauresmith, 1. 1928, Smith 5242 (N). Bloemfontein distr. : Bloem-

fontein, Tidmarsh 4936-4939 (GU) ; Bestersput, Welti 183 (Z). Boshof distr : Boshof,

IV. 1931, Wolff 17 (N). Wepener distr. : Wepener, XII. 1934, Schonken in Hb. Stell.

23330 (St).

163

Transvaal Province.

Bloemhof distr. : Bloemliof, Burtl Davy 13030 (N) ; Kameelpan, I. 1934, Theron

599 (N).

Without Precise Locality.

Burke et Zeyher 1810 (0).

Type Specimen.

Thunberg’s gathering is deposited in the Thunberg Herbarium, Upsala.

Common Names.

Beesgras. Bushmangrass. Hardegras. Teesuikergras.

Economic Notes.

This species prefers shallow rocky soil where it is often abundant. It stands drought

well but is of little value as a fodder.

Remarks.

Buchanan 124 (BH, K) from Leribe, Burtt Davy 9375 (N) from Ermelo, and Atherstone

s.n. from near Lydenburg also belong to this species, but I very much doubt whether the

localities indicated by these gatherings are correct.

Gatherings such as Burchett 1842 and Wolff 17 differ from typical A. vestita in that

their culms are somewhat fascicled. This give them an appearance akin to species such as

A. Enqleri and 4. dasydesmis. They may however be distinguished from the latter species

by the adpressedly woolly internodes.

55. A. meridionalis Henrard Crit. Rev. 2. 344 (1927) ; Henrard Monogr. 3. 95 cum ic. tab.

27 (1929) ; Obermeijer, SchweicEerdt et Yerdoorn in Bothalia 3. II. 227 (1937).

A. stipoides Lam. sec. Stent in Bothalia 1. IV. 278 (1924), non Lam. A. stipoiies Lam. var.

meridionalis Stapf in Dyer, FI. Cap. 7. 562 (189 j) ; Dinter in Fedde, Rep. 15. 342 (1918) ; Henrard!

Crit. Rev. 3. 592 (1928).

Perennial, compactly caespitose. Culms erect, simple or somewhat branched, up to

2 m. high, 2-3-noded ; internodes glabrous, striate, fairly thick in robust specimens : nodes

usually dark in colour, glabrous, exserted. Leaf-sheaths striate ; the lower usually densely

woolly especially those of the innovations ; the upper usually glabrous and smooth ; ligule

a short ciliolate rim ; auricles with a dense flake of wool, long hairy ; collar glabrous ;

blades narrow, usually involute, up to 50 cm. long and 5 mm. wide, striate and glabrous on

the lower surface, scabrous on the upper surface. Panicle large, very lax and effuse, up to

50 cm. long and over 20 cm. wide, many-flowered ; rhachis smooth ; branches 2-3-nate,

repeatedly branched, smooth or scaberulous ; pedicels capillary, flexuous, scaberulous, with

sub-clavate tips, shorter to much longer than the glumes. Glumes unequal, glabrous ; the

lower 5-7 mm. long ; the upper 10-15 mm. long. Lemma terete, 7-9 mm. long, mottled

with purple, smooth or slightly punctulate, scaberulous upwards ; callus 1*5-2 mm. long,

slender, densely hairy, bifid ; column of awns slender, twisted, np to 2 cm. long ; awns

subequal, up to 5 cm. long.

South West Africa.

Ondonga, IV. 1905, Rautanen 588 (Z) et 9 (K, V) ; Tsumeb, I. 1912, Dinter 2476 (L) ;

Grootfontein, IV. 1913, Engler 6235 (K) ; Otjiwarongo, III. 1928, Bradfield 288 a (N) et

V. 1928, Bradfield 288 (N) ; Awas mountains, I. 1916, Pearson 9661 (BH, K, S, W) ;

Namutoni to Tsinabis, VIII. 1919. Pole Evans H. 19378 (N) ; Runtu, V. 1939, Volk 1716'

(D) ; Nudsas, anno 1939, Volk A. 152 (D) ; Okos, III. 1939, Volk 970 (D) ; Small Waterberg5

XII. 1939, Volk 565 (D) ; Asispforte, anno 1939, Volk A. 2 (D).

164

Without Precise Locality.

Dinter 3271 (B) ; Empire Exhibition 28 (B, BH, BM, K, P, S, W, Z) ; Seiner 453 (W) ;

Nets s.n. (Z) ; Boss TM. 36214 (T).

Cape Province.

Hay distr. : Dunmurray, II. 1923, Wilman 2215 (Me) et VII. 1923, Coote 2521 (Me).

Herbert distr. : Honeynestkloof, Rehmann 3386 (BM, K, Z). Kimberley distr. : Kimberley,

IX. 1919, Shantz 202 (W) ; Picardi, III. 1937, Wilman 4091 (Me, K, X) ; Modderrivier, II.

1894, Kuntze s.n. (K). Barkly West distr. : Barkly West, II. 1921, Wilman 2142 (Me).

Kuruman distr. : Kuruman, III. 1928, Pole Evans 2064 (K, N) ; do., I. 1929, Dedman in

Hb. Stell. 10057 (St) ; between Kuruman and Matlareen River, VII. 1812, Burchell 2188 (K) ;

near Dikgatlon, III. 1928, Pole Evans 2054 (N). Taungs distr. : Taungs, IX. , Pole Evans

H. 15834 (N). Vryburg distr. : Vryburg, V. 1912, Burtt Davy 13726 (N) et 14018 (N) ;

Armoedsvlakte, IV. 1912, Sharpe H. 7445 (N) ; do., VIII. 1920, Tlieiler XH. 20244 (X) ;

do., III. 1924, Henrici 92 (N) ; do., Stent H. 21505 (N) et IV. 1912, Rogers 21796 (BH).

Mafeking distr. : Mafeking, IV. 1929, Pole Evans 2390 (N) et 2440 (K, X).

Orange Free State.

Boskof distr. : Beth-el-Pella , IV. 1931, Wolff 25 (N). Bloemfontein distr. : Bloem-

fontein, V. 1909, Potts 5139 (N) ; do., Pont 1152 (Z) et 1153 (Z) ; between Kimberley and

Bloemfontein, II. 1877, Buchanan 281 (BH, K, S).

Without Precise Locality.

Buchanan 56 (K, D) et 68 (K, D).

Transvaal Province.

Pretoria distr. : Pretoria, IX. 1930, Goossens 115 (N) ; do., III. 1929, Shea 54 (X) ;

do., I. 1922, Gower 19 (N) ; Lichtenburg distr. : Bnselberg Camp, V. 1928, Pole Evans 2212

(X) ; Waterberg distr. : Potgietersrust, III. 1921, Galpin 8890 (K, X, W) ; Zoutpansberg

distr. : Zoutpan, IV. 1934, SchweicJcerdt et Verdoorn 604 (X).

BECHUAN ALAND PROTECTORATE.

Makarikari Lake, IV. 1931, Pole Evans 3275 (K, X) ; Xkate, IV. 1931, Pole Evans

3297 (X) et 3307 (X, K) ; between Kaotwe and Malopo, IV. 1928, Nobbs 73 (U) ; 30 miles

south of Cwiaing Pan, VI. 1937, Pole Evans 4026 (X) ; between Xaga Tatollo and Henry’s

Pan, Holub s.n. (K) ; Gaberones, III. 1930, Van Son TM. 28626 (X, T) ; do., IV. 1928,

Nobbs 12 (U) ; Bakhatla Reserve, IV. 1931, Pole Evans 3157 (K, X).

Type Specimen.

Dinter 2476 is deposited in the Rijksherbarium, Leiden.

Common Xames.

Haygrass. Klossaad.

Economic Xotes.

This species is said to be used as a hay-grass during bad seasons. Owing to its coarse-

ness it is not readily eaten by stock.

Remarks.

Henrard in Crit. Rev. 1. 345 (1927) states that the species was described by Dr. Stapf

as a variety of Aristida stipoides in Flora Capensis Vol. 7. p. 562 . . . ”. Henrard,

however, has selected Dinter 2476 in Herb. Leiden as the type and does not use the double

citation for his species. It is therefore obvious that he has not based his species on Stapf’s

variety and that the use of the same epithet “ meridionalis ” does not indicate the raising

of the variety to specific rank. It is a pity that Henrard did not select a different epithet

to designate his species ; it would have precluded any doubt as to whether he has based

his species on Stapf’s variety or not.

165

56. A dasydesmis Mez in Fedde, Rep. 17. 143 (1921) ; Henrard Crit. Rev. 1. 131 (1926) ;

Henrard Monogr. 1. 95 cum ic. tab. 26 (1929) ; Theron in Fedde, Rep. 40. 23 (1936).

A. angustata Stapf sec. F. Bolus in Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 9. IV. 232 (1915), non Stapf. A. vestita Thunb.

sec. Steud. Syn. PI. Glum. 1. 142 (1854) pro parte ; F. Bolus in Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 9. IV. 232 (1915)

pro parte, non Thunb. A. vestita Thunb. var. parviflora Trin. et Rupr. Spec. Gram. Stip. 158

(1842) ; Walp. Ann. Bot. 3. 747 (1852) ; Stapf in Dyer, FI. Cap. 7. 561 (1899) ; F. Bolus in Ann.

S. Afr. Mus. 9. IV. 232 (1915) ; Henrard Crit. Rev. 3. 668 (1928). Arthratherum vestitum. (Thunb.)

Nees, FI. Afr. Austr. 174 (1841) ; Drfege, Zwei Pflanzengeogr. Doc. 90 (1843), non Aristiia vestita

Thunb.

Perennial, caespitose. Culms many-noded, erect, much-branched from the lower nodes,

the fascicled branches culm-bearing, giving the whole plant a very characteristic appearance,

glabrous. Leaf-sheaths glabrous, the lower soon deciduous, the upper at length slipping

from the culms ; ligule a ciliate rim ; auricles minutely pubescent ; blades more or less

erect and stiff, smooth and subpungent, involute, about 1 mm. wide. Panicle somewhat

contracted, at times fairly dense, up to 10 cm. long and 3 cm. wide ; branches binate, the

upper usually simple, adpressed to the rhachis ; branchlets and pedicels slightly scaberulous ;

the latter shorter than or as long as the glumes. Glumes unequal, glabrous ; the lower about

5 mm. long, the upper up to 8 mm. long. Lemma tubulous, glabrous, including the callus

up to 8 mm. long ; callus 1 mm. long, bearded, truncate, obliquely truncate, rounded or

slightly emarginate ; column of awns twisted, about 5 mm. long ; awns slightly unequal,

the central up to 25 mm. long, the lateral up to 20 mm. long.

Cape Province.

Little Namaqualand distr. : Iaus, IX. 1897, Schlechter 11228 (A, B, K, N) ; Ratel

Poort, XII. 1909, Pearson 2952 (A, BM, K, N, S) ; Zilverfontein. Drege (B, BM, G, K, LG,

N, 0, P, S, V) ; Rietfontein, XII. 1908, Pearson 3768 (BH, K) ; Rietkloof mountain, II.

1910, Pearson 5719 (BH, K) ; Alewynsfontein, XII. 1908, Pearson 3487 (A, BH, BM, D,

K, N, S) ; Kweekfontein, I. 1909, Pearson 3803 (A, BM, S). Aberdeen distr. : Camdeboos-

berg, Dr&ge s.n. (LG). Gordonia distr. : Twinkoppies, III. 1937, Acock 2053 (K).

Type Specimen.

Schlechter 11228 is deposited in the Botanisches Museum, Berlin-Dahlem.

Remarks.

The articulation at the apex of the lemma is not always well-developed, in fact Pearson

3487 shows the presence of lemmas which are very inconspicuously articulated. As the

specimens constituting this gathering are over-mature, the normally developed lemmas have

probably already been shed and only the imperfectly developed lemmas have not yet

disarticulated.

57. A. Engleri Mez in Fedde, Rep. 17. 147 (1921) ; Garabedian in Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 16.

II. 402 (1925) ; Henrard Crit. Rev. 1. 170 (1926) ; Henrard Monogr. 1. 96 cum ic. tab. 29

(1929) ; Range in Fedde, Rep. 33. 8 (1933).

Aristida stipoides Lam. var. meridionalis Stapf sec. Garabedian in Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 16. II. 405

(1925) pro parte, non Stapf. Aristida vestita Thunb. sec. F. Bolus in Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 9. IV. 232

(1915) pro parte ; Garabedian in Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 16. II. 406 (1925) ; Range in Fedde, Rep. 33.

10 (1933) ; omnes non Thunb.

The facies of this species so closely resembles that of A. dasydemis Mez that unless the

spikelets are dissected these two species are not to be distinguished with any degree of

certainty. A. Engleri has a lemma which is dorsally distinctly scaberuLous, furthermore

the callus is distinctly bifid whereas in A. dasydesmis the callus is truncate or slightly

emarginate and the lemma is dorsally glabrous.

South West Africa.

Griindoorn, II. 1909, Pearson 4554 (A, BH, BM, D, K, N, S) ; Bethanie, IV. 1911,

Range 1013 (B) ; Aus, III. 1929, Dinler 6128 (B, BH, K) ; do., X. 1922, Dinter 4161 (Z) ;

166

Kuibis, Engler 6717 (B) ; do., Range 891 (871?) (B) ; Akarn River, II. 1909, Pearson 4765

(BH, BM, K, S) ; Sandverhaar, II. 1909, Pearson 4612 (A, D, K) ; Kleine Karasbeige, V.

1931, Oertendahl 232 (B) ; Great Karasberg, I. 1913, Pearson 8495 (BH, BM, K, S) ; Naruda

Slid, I. 1913, Pearson 8307 (A, BM, D, N, S) ; Noachabeb, Blank 38 (B) ; Kraaikluft, YI.

1931, Oertendahl 483 (B) ; Lord Hills, 1. 1913, Pearson 8494 (A, BH, K, N) ; Dabaigabis, I.

1909, Pearson 4406 (BH, BM, K, S) ; Raman’s Drift, I. 1909, Pearson 4533 (K).

Cape Province.

Little Namaqualand distr. : Copperberg, X. 1926, Pillans 5648 (BH, K) ; Alewyns-

fontein, XII. 1908, Pearson 3487 (N). Hay distr. : Postmasburg, III. 1920, Pole Evans

72 (K) ; Dunmurray, III. 1920, Pole Evans 80 (K, N) ; do., II. 1923, Wilman 2216 (BH, K,

Me, N). Without precise locality, Drege s.n. (LG, 0, P).

Type Specimen.

Engler 6717 is deposited in the Botanisches Museum, Berlin-Dahlem.

Economic. Notes.

This species mainly grows in mountain gorges. It is eaten by horses and cattle.

Considered a good fodder-grass.

58. A. diffusa Trin. var. genuina Henrard Monogr. 1. 97 (1929).

A. diffusa Trin. var. densa (Trin. et Rupr.) Henrard Crit. Rev. 3. 665 (1928) ; Henrard Monogr. 1.

97 (1929). A. diffusa Trin. var. Eckloniana (Trin. et Rupr.) Henrard Crit. Rev. 3. 666 (1928).

Henrard Monogr. 1. 97 cum ic. tab. 29 (1929). A. diffusa Trin. var. Schraderiana (Trin. et Rupr.)

Henrard Crit. Rev. 3. 668 (1928) ; Henrard Monogr. 1. 97 (1929). A. Hystrix Thunb. Prodr. 19

(1794), non Linn. fil. (1781) ; Henrard Crit. Rev. 2. 252 (1927). A. vestita Thunb. sec. Steud.

Syn. PI. Glum. 1. 142 (1854) ; F. Bolus in Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 9. IV. 232 (1915) ; sec. Stanpf in

Dyer, FI. Cap. 7. 561 (1899) omnos pro parte, non Thunb. A. vestita Thunb. var. densa Trin.

et Rupr. Spec. Gram. Stip. 158 (1842) ; Walp. Ann. Bot. 3. 747 (1852) ; Henrard Crit. Rev. 3.

666 (1928). A. vestita Thunb. a diffusa (Trin.) Walp. Ann. Bot. 3. 747 (1852). A. vestita Thunb.

var. Eckloniana Trin. et Rupr. Spec. Gram. Stip. 158 (1842) ; Walp. Ann. Bot. 3. 747 (1852) ;

Dur. et Schinz, Consp. 5. 810 (1894). A. vestita Thunb. var. Schraderiana Trin. et Rupr. Spec.

Gram. Stip. 158 (1842) ; Walp. Ann. Bot. 3. 747 (1852) ; Stapf in Dyer, FI. Cap. 7. 561 (1899).

Chaetaria Hystrix P. de Beauv. sec. Roem. et Schult. Syst. Veg. 2. 390 (1817) pro parte.

A diffusa Trin. Tain. Gran. Gen. in Mem. Acad. Imp. Sc. Petrop. Ser. 6. 1. 86 (1830); Kunth,

Enum. 1. 193 (1833); Steud. Syn. PI. Glum. 1. 142 (1854) pjo parte. Henrard Crit. Rev. t. 142

(1926); Henrard Monogr- 1. 96 cum ic. tab. 28 (1929.

Perennial, densely caespitose. Culms simple, erect, 1-2-noded, up to 75 cm. high,

firm, glabrous and smooth ; internodes terete ; nodes exserted. Leaf-sheaths tight, glabrous

or the lower covered with a fugacious woolly indumentum ; ligule a ciliate rim ; auricles

pubescent ; blades convolute, up to 30 cm. long, 2-5 mm. wide, curved or flexuous, lower

surface smooth, upper surface scaberulous or hispidulous. Panicle effuse, up to 15 cm. long

and nearly as broad ; rhachis straight or somewhat flexuous ; branches at length spreading.

Spikelets suberect or nodding, purple, purplish-brown or brown. Glumes unequal, glabrous ;

the lower obtuse, 4-10 mm. long ; the upper up to 18 mm. long. Lemma including the

callus up to 14 mm. long, almost smooth but usually dorsally scaberulous upwards ; callus

about 1 mm. long, distinctly bifid, densely bearded ; co]umn about 6 mm. long, twisted,

scabrous ; awns scaberulous, subequal, the central up to 35 mm. long, the lateral up to 30

mm. long.

Cape Province.

Clanwilliam distr. : Het Kruis, IX. 1912, Glover et Stephens 14722 (BH) ; Boschkloof,

Drhge (891) (B, K, LG, N). Piquetberg distr. : Above Piekeniers Pass, XI. 1910, Pillans

5185 (K) ; Moutons Valley, XI. 1934, Pillans 7356 (BH). Malmesbury distr. : Hopefield,

XI. 1885, Bachmann 871 (B, V, Z) et 872 (B, Z) et 677 (B). Ceres distr. : Elandskloof, XII.

1935, Levyns 5098 (U). Paarl distr. : Bains Kloof, XI. 1896, Schlechter 9138 (A, B, BH,

BM, G, K, N, P, V, W, Z). Stellenbosch distr. : Stellenbosch, XII. 1915, Bolus 14921

167

(BH, D, K, T) ; do., XII. 1916, Duthie 88 (A, K, Sreg) ; Firgrove, X. 1929, Sandwith 154

(K). Cape distr. : Table Mountain, Ecklon 976 (B, G, K, N, 0) ; Cape Town, Harvey 158

(K) ; do., Prior s.n. (K, S) ; do., VII. 1928, Hitchcock 24088 'K, N, W). Caledon distr. :

Caledon, de Villiers 16 (N). Swellendam distr. : Between Breede Rivier and Zonder Einde

Rivier, Burchell 7491 (K). Riversdale distr. : Riversdale, XI. 1892, Schlechter 1764 (A, B,

G; K, Z) ; Oakdale, II. 1929, Levyns 2714 (U) et 2873 (U). Prince Albert distr. : Tyger-

berg, V. 1907, Marloth 4452 b (N). Laingsburg distr. : Whitehill, XI. 1924, Compton

2928 (BH). Uitenhage disti. : Above Koega River, Zeyher 4505 (S). Zwartkopsriver,

Zeyher 4504 (N, K, P, V) ; do., Zeyher 447 (A) ; between Koega andSunday Rivers, Drbge

(B, N).

Without Precise Locality.

Krauss s.n. (B) ; Pickstone 51 (B) ; Bergius 236 (B) ; Boivin (B). Thunberg (BM,

LG); Masson (BM, G, P) ; Carmichael (BM) ; Pappe 9722 (BM) ; Zeyher 4405 (K).

Type Specimen.

Tbe type is deposited in the Trinius Herbarium, Leningrad. The sheet does not bear

a collector’s name or a number, but merely “ C. B. Sp., Thunberg mis. absqe nom.” Trinius

first named the sheet A. diffusa but later ? substituted the epithet “ vestita ”.

58a. A. diffusa Trin. var. Burkei ( Stapf ) Schweickerdt in Notizbl. Bot. Garten u. Mus.

Berlin-Dahlem 14. 122 p. 195 (1938).

A. Burkei Stapf in Dyer, FI. Cap. 7. 557 (1899) ; Phillips in Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 16. 347 (1917)

pro parte ; Stent in Bothalia 1. IV. 277 (1924) ; Henrard Grit. Rev. 1. 64 (1926) ; Henrard Monogr.

2. 183 cum ie. tab. 81 (1932) ; Theron in Fedde, Rep. 40. 20 (1936) ; Potts et Tidmarsh in Journ.

S. Afr. Bot. 3. II. 88 (1937). A. vestita Thunb. sec. Stapf in Dyer, FI. Cap. 7. 561 (1899) pro parte ;

Medley Wood, Natal Plants 5. tab. 402 cum descr. (1905) ; Stent in Bothalia 1. IV. 278 (1924) pro

parte, omnes non Thunb. A. angustata Stapf sec. Medley Wood, Natal Plants 2. tab. 198 cum.

descr. (1904), non Stapf.

Perennial, densely caespitose. Culms slender, erect, wiry, smooth, up to 75 cm. high,

usually 3-more-noded ; internodes, terete, glabrous ; nodes glabrous. Leaf-sheaths firm and

tight, glabrous, usually shorter than the internodes ; ligule a line of short hairs ; auricles

and collar glabrous ; blades setaceously convolute, curved or flexuous, up to 30 cm. long or

longer, about 3 mm. wide near the base, lower surface striate and glabrous, upper surface

scaberulous. Panicle up to 30 cm. long or more, diffuse and open, at times scantily developed

and much smaller ; rhachis striate, smooth ; branches 2-3-nate, up to 15 cm. long or

longer, filiform, branched, smooth or scaberulous ; branchlets capillary, flexuous ; pedicels

as long as or longer than the spikelets. Spikelets yellow-brown to pallid, nodding. Glumes

unequal, glabrous ; the lower up to 6 mm. long ; the upper about 12 mm. long. Lemma

about 12 mm. long, smooth and glabrous, at times dorsally scaberulous upwards ; callus

bifid, bearded, about 1 -0 mm. long ; column 2-5 mm. long, twisted ; awns somewhat

unequal ; the central up to 25 mm. long, the lateral up to 20 mm. long.

Cape Province.

Ladismith distr. : Ladismith, VII. 1929, Levyns 4199 (U). Prince Albert distr. :

Prince Albert, XII. 1904, Bolus 11671 (BH, D, N)) ; Fraserburg Road, I. 1923, Marloth

3058 (N) ; Zwartbulletje, Drege (K). Aberdeen Distr. : Aberdeen Road, IX. 1929, Pole

Evans 2545 (N). Somerset East distr. : Somerset East, McOwan 1658 (A, U) ; Blyde

River, V. 1813, Burchell 2978 (G, K). Albany distr. : Carlisle Bridge, V. 1921, Bowker 16

(A). Komgha distr. : Komgha, III. 1893, Flanagan 1780 (BH, N, S). Graaff-Reinet

distr. : Graaff-Reinet, IV. 1866, Bolus 459 (A, BH, K). Cradock distr. : Mortimer, I. 1902,

Kensit 21794 (BH). Middelburg distr. : Middelburg, IV. 1922, Gill 41 (A, N) ; do Selschop

H. 15163 (N) ; do., IV. 1911, Pillans 1846 (K) ; Middelburg Road Station, Flanagan 1644

(BH, N) ; Rosmead Junction, III. 1911, Pillans 1805 (K). Queenstown distr. : Queens-

town, Everett 50 (N) ; Shiloh, Baur 964 (K) ; Fincham’s Nek, IV. 1898, Galpin 2383 (A, K,

168

N, W). Wodehouse distr. : Indwe, XI. 1901, Sim 2758 (A). Albert distr. : Burgher sdorp,

Cooper 3372 (K). Aliwal North distr. : Aliwal North, Sister Stephanie 289 (A, BH) ; do.,

anno 1934, Truter 7 et 47 et 64 (omnes St). Barkly East distr. : Barkly East, II. 1934,

Greyvenstein 13 (N). Colesberg distr. : Achtertang Station, Y. 1930, Bennett 21401 (N).

Aliwal North distr. : Eland’s Hoek, I. 1904, Bolus 10506 (BH, N). Barkly West distr. :

Barkly West, XII. 1893, Bennie 588 (A). Mafeking distr. : Bultfontein, IV. 1929, Pole

Evans 2452 (N).

Without Precise Locality.

Burke et Zeyher 1808 (O) ; Zeyher 1811 (K). Matatiele distr. : Matatiele, III. 1914,

Jacottet 806 (Z).

Natal Province.

Klip River distr. : Ladysmith, Medley Wood 9100 (D). Dundee distr. : near Dundee,

III. 1899, Medley Wood 7449 (D) et 7450 (D, K). Zululand, II. 1899, Jenkinson 79 (BH,

D, K). Coldstream, Drakensberg, Rehmann 6929 (V, Z).

Basutoland.

Leribe distr. : Leribe, Dieterlen 199 a (B, D, K, N, P, S, Z) ; do., II. 1913, Phillips

948 (S). Maluti Mountains, Staples 29 et 131 (N). Cana, III. 1905, Moreillon 10 (Z).

Without Precise Locality.

Dieterlen 199 (K, V).

Orange Free State.

Fauresmith distr. : Fauresmith, V. 1927, Smith 3967 (K) et 4014 (K) ; do., VI. 1927,

Smith 4168 (K) ; do., I. 1925, Pole Evans 1573 (N). Edenburg distr. : Trompsburg, I.

1925, Potts 4533 (GU, N). Bloemfontein distr. : Bloemfontein, II. 1929, Tidmarsh 4561

(GU) ; do., III. 1933, Roller 4922 (GU) ; dt ., Kuntze s.n. (K) ; do., Potts 2395 (B, K) et

2442 (B, K) ; Gkn, III. 1926, Wrger 3727 (K). Sere! al dislr. : Wonderkop, XII. 1931,

Goossens 84S(K, N) ; Dooml-op, XII 1931, Gcossens 888 (K, N, W) ; Ferrara, XII. 1931,

Goossens 958 (K, N, V). BethleUm ditli. : lethleltm 11. 1919. Potts 4519 (K, N) ;

do., X. 1901, Richardson s. n. (B. P, V, W). Hei b oi distr. : Beilb:or, I. 1931, Goossens

418 (N) et 547 (N). Kro< nstad distr.: Krconstad, Pont 4 (N) et 99 (GU) et 100 (Z).

Hoopstad distr. : Near Hoopstad, Grindon s.n. (K, N). Near the Vaalrivier : Burke 165

(BM, K, N, S).

Transvaal Province.

Potchefstroom distr. : Klerksdorp, I. 1910, Weeher H. 5648 (N). Yereeniging distr. :

Vereeniging, II. 1917, Burtt Davy 17163 (B, N) ; do., III. 1917, Burtt Davy 17496

(K, W) ; do., XII. 1914, Burtt Davy 15091 (BH) ; do., IV. 1936, Story 57 (N). Heidelberg

distr. : Henley-on-Klip, II. 1922, Stent H. 21585 (N) et IV. 1925, Stent H. 21788 (N) ;

Uitgevallen, XII. 1909, Burtt Davy 9161 (N). Wakkerstrocm distr. : Amersfoort, III.

1917, Burtt Davy 17363 (K). Volksrust, V. 1920, Mogg 7526 (N). Ermelo distr. : Nooit-

gedacht, I. 1917, Henrici 1524 (N, W). Johannesburg distr. : Johannesburg, II. 1925, Moss

16255 (W, WR) ; do., III. 1927, Moss 16964 (K) ; do., II. 1928, Blenkiron 765 (K) et 1084

(K) ; Witpoortje, I. 1898, Conrath 879 (V, Z). Pretoria distr. : Pretoria, II. 1929, Mogg

16143 (N) ; do., III. 1905, Burtt Davy 4514 (N) ; do., Nelson 5 (K) ; Saltpan, II. 1929,

Ijeemann TM. 27302 (T) ; Hamanskraal, I. 1894, Schlechter 4197 (A, B, BM, G, K, V, W) ;

Between Elandsrivier and Klippan, Rehmann 5124 (B, BM, K, Z). Waterberg distr. :

Makapanspoort, I. 1894, Schlechter 4324 (A, B, BM, G, K, T, V) ; Potgietersrust, Nelson

55 (K) ; Petersburg distr. : Sand Rivier, II. 1895, Schlechter 6908 (B, BM, G, K, V, Z).

Type Specimen.

Burke 165 is deposited in The Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

169

Common Names.

Besemgras. Koperdraadgras. Steekgras. Teesuikergras.

Economic Notes.

Opinion differs as to the value of this species. It is said in one case that cattle relish

this species, whereas in other cases it is said to be particularly unpalatable even in the

young condition. It is supposed to be one of the least palatable grasses in the mountain

area. The fruits penetrate the skins of animals and so are injurious to stock.

Remarks.

Careful examination of the type (Kew) and isotypes (British Museum, South Afr.

Museum) has shown that the lemmas of many spikelets are more or less articulated. This

articulation may at times be rudimentary or even absent in many spikelets, but its position

and nature is similar to that typical of the well-defined § Arthratherum. The degree of

development of the articulation in any particular specimen appears to be more or less

correlated with the age of that specimen. The presence of a distinctly bifid callus and

the very unequal glumes are furthermore important characters in support of my view that

A. Burkei Stapf has been placed incorrectly by earlier authors in the § Chaetaria. The

species must moreover be removed from that section to find its natural position in

§ Arthratherum. Because of its close affinity to A. diffusa Trin. I have placed it as a variety

under that species.

Theron in Fedde, Rep. 14. 7 (1936) places A. Burkei in the same category as A. Marlothii

Hack, and A. Dregeana (Nees) Trin. et Rupr. The two last-named species are typical

representatives of the § Stipagrostis, and members belonging to this section form a morpho-

logically well-defined group. In my opinion it is taxonomically impossible to class together

a typical representative of the § Arthratherum with members of the § Stipagrostis. For this

reason I am unable to accept Theron’s suggested classification. It may however be possible

to subdivide the existing organographic sections more satisfactorily on basis of a combined

consideration of the organographic and anatomical characters. Such an investigation (to

which cytological investigation could be coupled) would certainly yield interesting results.

This work however lies wholly beyond the scope of the present paper.

58b. A. diffusa Trin. var. Pseudo-Hystrix ( Trin. et Rupr.) Henrard Crit. Rev. 3. 471

(1928) ; Henrard Monogr. 1. 97 (1929).

A. diffusa Trin. var. brevestipitata (Trin. et Rupr.) Henrard Crit. Rev. 3. 665 (1928) ; Henrard

Monogr. 1. 97 (1929). A. pseudohystrix (Trin. et Rupr.) Steud. Syn. PI. Glum. 1. 142 (1854). A.

vestita Thunb. sec. Steud. Syn. PI. Glum. 1. 142 (1854) pro parte, non Tbunb. A. vestita Thunb.

var. brevestipitata Trin. et Rupr. Spec. Gram. Stip. 158 (1842) ; Walp. Ann. Bot. 3. 747 (1852).

A. vestita Thunb. var. Pseudo-Hystrix Trin. et Rupr. Spec. Gram. Stip. 158 (1842) ; Walp. Ann.

Bot. 3. 747 (1852) ; Dur. et Schinz, Consp. 5. 810 (1894).

The facies of this variety closely resembles that of the species but differs from it by

the very short column of the awns. The length of the column is somewhat variable, it may

be almost completely absent or reach a length of up to 4 mm. This variation at first led

the author of this paper to place one and the same gathering viz. Zeyher 447 under both

the vars. brevestipitata and pseudohystrix. Ecklon and Zeyher s.n. from Uitenhage at one

time shared the same lot. Study of more comprehensive material however has shown that

the forms of A. diffusa having short columns (up to 4 mm.) should all be placed under the

var. Pseudo-Hystrix.

Cape Province.

Cape distr. : Little Lion’s Head, III. 1936, Adamson 808 (U). Tulbagh distr. : Winter-

hoek, Zeyher NH. 8685 (N). Riversdale distr. : Near Riversdale, XI. 1892, Schlechter 1764

(BH, G). Laingsburg distr. : Whitehill, VIII. 1923, Compton 2881 (BH). Uitenhage

distr. : On fields near Zwartkopsrivier, Zeyher 447 (A, BH, K, N, 0, Z) ; do., ZeyJter

849 (B) ; between Koega and Sundays Rivers, Ecklon et Zeyher (A, BH, N) ; Redhouse,

170

X. 1908, Paterson 263 (A, BH) ; Zwartkopsrivier, Drege (LG) ; Olifantshoek along Bushman

River, Drege (B). Port Elizabeth distr. : Port Elizabeth, E.S.C.A. Herb. 121 (K).

Murraysburg distr. : Murraysburg, III. 1879, T yson 1697 (D). Somerset East distr. :

Between Little and Great Fish Rivers, Drege (LG).

Without Precise Locality.

Rohlmeyer s.n. (B) ; Verreaux s.n. (G) ; Poivin s.n. (K) : Zeyher s.n. (LG).

Type Specimen.

The specimen on which Trinius et Ruprecht based their description is deposited in the

Trinius Herbarium, Leningrad. It bears no data as to collector or precise locality but

“ Ar. vestita var. A. Pseudohystrix Cap. b. sp. 1837 ”.

59. A. mollissima Pilger in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 40. 80 (1908) ; Schultze, Namaland et Kala-

hari 581 (1907) nomen tantum ; Henrard Grit. Rev. 2. 354 (1927) ; Henrard Monogr.

1. 99 cum ic. tab. 30 (1929).

A. elymoides Mez in Fedde, Rep. 17. 148 (1921) ; Henrard Crit. Rev. 1. 166 (1926).

A densely caespitcse erect fairly robust perennial, including the culms up to 80 cm. high.

Culms strictly erect, manv-noded, simple, or more rarely scantily branched from the upper

nodes ; nodes glabrous ; internodes exserted, up to 20 cm. long, densely woolly or lanate-

tomentose, more or less terete, greenish. Teat sheaths pallid; the lower lax and slipping

off the culms, striate, almost glabrous or fairly densely woolly tomentose ; the upper sheaths

glabrous, striate, smooth, terete and tight ; li/nle a short hairy rim, auricles with a flake

of wool or merely ciliate ; collar glabrous or minutely pubescent ; blades linear (the lower)

to filiform (the upper), up to 30 cm. long and 3mm. wide, but usually much shorter, and

narrower, involute, erect or somewhat spreading, acute, lower surfa<e glabrous, smooth and

striate, the upper surface scaberulous, tip acute but not pungent. Panicle usually sheathed

by the uppermost leaf or shortly exserted, narrc-w, very dense and spike-like, up to 20 cm.

long ; axis densely lanate ; branches numerous and very short, adpressed, somewhat lanate.

Syikelets almost sessile, narrow, glabrous, pallid, erect. Glumes very unequal, shortly awned

narrowlv-lanceolate, 1 -nerved, scabrous on the keel, and minutely scaberulous upwards;

the lower from 10-14 mm. long ; the upper from 17-5-24 mm. long. Lemma including the

callus and up to the articulation 8-5-10 mm. long, tubulc.us, smooth and very minutely

granular; callus 2-2-5 mm. long, acute, densely but shortly hairy; column of the awns

17-26 mm. long, strongly twisted, scabrous ; awns more or less equal, scabrous, spreading,

2 -8-5 -5 cm. long.

South West Africa.

Okavango area, Runtu, V. 1939, Volk 1741 (D).

Bechuanalanp Protectorate.

Between Senuma (Sekoma ?) and Kooa (Kooi ?), I. 1905, Schultze 342 i (B, N) ; Severe-

lela (Sevrelela ?), X. 1904, Schultze 241 a (B).

Cape Province.

Mafeking distr. : Mafeking, IV. 1929, Pole Evans 2435 (K, N). Kimberley distr. :

Picardi, III. 1936, Wilman 4089 (B, K, L, Me, N, V, Z).

Orance Free State.

Kroonstad distr. : Bothaville, YI. 1931, Boshoff 8 pro parte (N) ; do., I. 1933, Goossens

1175 (B, N).

Type Specimen.

Schultze 342 i is deposited in the Botanisches Museum, Berlin-Dahlem. The specimen

is overmature and thus poor.

171

60. A. stipitata Hack. ap. Schinz in Verh. Bot. Ver. Prov. Brandenb. 30. 143 (1888) ;

Dur. et Schinz, Consp. 5. 809 (1894) ; Hack, in Bull. Herb. Boiss. 4. Append. III. 19

(1896) ; Stapf in Dyer, FI. Pap. 7. 560 (1899) sub. A. sieberiana Trin. var. ; Dinter

in Fedde, Rep. 15. 342 (1918) ; Garabedian in Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 16. II. 405 (1925) ;

Henrard Crit. Rev. 3. 590 (1928) ; Henrard Monogr. 1. 106 cum ic. tab. 35 (1929) ;

Range in Fedde, Rep. 33. 9 (1933) ; Theron in Fedde, Rep. 40. 28 (1936) [sphalm.

stipatita].

Densely caespitose erect perennial. Culms up to 100 cm. high, robust, glaucous, simple

below, usually branched from the upper nodes ; internodes compressed (?), glabrous ; nodes

exserted, glabrous. Leaf -sheaths, broad, slipping from the culms, glabrous ; liyule a ciliolate

rim ; blades flat or at length involute, up to 20 cm. long and 2-3 mm. wide, glabrous on the

lower surface, scaberulous on the upper surface, glaucous. Panicle almost spicate, narrow,

dense, contracted, up to 25 cm. long ; branches binate, branched from near the base ;

branchlets and pedicels short. Glumes unequal, glabrous ; the lower about 10-13 mm.

long, scabrous on the keel, acuminate, shortly awned ; the upper 20-22 mm. long.

Lemma 9 10 mm. long including the callus, tubulous, finely punctulate ; callus + 3 mm.

long, very acute, densely hairy ; column of awns up to 40 mm. long, strongly twisted ;

awns subequal, capillary, up to 60 mm. long.

South West Africa.

Omatope, II. 1886, Schinz 658 (K, N, V, Z) ; Onumakunde, Rantanen 8 (P) ; Okahandja,

II. 1928, Bradfield 278 (T) ; Gobabis, XII. 1921, Wilman s.n. (BH, S).

Tyre Speoimf,n.

Schinz 658 in the Botanisches Museum, Zurich and the Naturhistorisches Museum,

Wien are to be regarded as the type.

61. A. gracilitlora Pilyer in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 33. 599 (1907) ; Henrard Crit. Rev. 1. 211

(1926) : Henrard Monogr. 1. 112 cum ic. tab. 40 (1929).

A. ramifera Pilger in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 33. 59 (1907) ; Henrard Crit. Rev. 3. 492 (1928) ; Henrard

Monogr. 1. 114 cum ic. tab. 40 (1929). A. Sieberiana Trin. sec. Stapf in Dyer, FI. Cap. 7. 560

(1899) ; Stent in Bothalia 1. IV. 278 (1924) ; Garabedian in Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 16. II. 404 (1925),

omnes non Trin. A. stipitata Hack. sec. Eyles in Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Afr. 5. IV. 304 (1916) excl.

syn., non Hack.

Robust erect caespitose perennial. Cidms simple below but usually branched from the

upper nodes, up to 120 cm. high, about 5-noded ; internodes more or less equal, terete,

obscurely striate, glabrous, somewhat glaucous ; nodes glabrous, exserted. T^eaf -sheaths

glabrous, striate ; the lower more or less rigid, lax, the upper fairly lax, glaucous and at

length slipping from the culms ; liyule a ciliate rim ; auricles densely long-bearded or only

pubescent ; collar pubescent or glabrous ; blades variable in length, up to 30 cm. long,

linear, usually convolute, erect or spreading, glabrous and striate on the lower surface,

scaberulous on the upper surface. Panicles erect, sub-spicate to fairly lax and interrupted,

about 20 cm. long, branches adpressed to the rhachis or eventually spreading on maturity,

solitary to 3-nate, angular, scaberulous on the angles ; pedicels slightly scaberulous, usually

shorter than the glumes. Glumes unequal, acute, awned ; the lower about 10 mm. long,

scaberulous on the keel ; the upper up to 20 mm. long, minutely scaberulous upwards.

Lemma tubular, somewhat mottled with purple, glabrous, finely punctulate, including the

callus up to 11 mm. long ; callus very acute, densely hairy, 2 mm. long ; column of awns

very variable in length, up to 25 mm. long, strongly twisted ; awns subequal, capillary,

spreading, up to 60 cm. long.

South West Africa.

Onamakur.de, III. 1905, Rantanen 8 (Z) ; Waterberg, Y. 1928, Bradfield. 388 (K, N) ;

do., I. 1939, Volk 1002 (D) ; Neidsas, IV. 1939, Volk A. 155 (D) ; Olamakaris ?, II. 1939,

Volk 1191 (D).

172

Cape Province.

Hay distr. : Near Postmasburg, VI. 1929, Uys G. 17 (N). Kimberley distr. : Kimber-

ley, I. 1937, Acock 1626 (K, Me) ; Carter’s Ridge, I. 1937, Acock 1605 (K, Me) ; Riverton,

III. 1918, Wilman 2522 (BH, Me). Barkly West distr. : Droogveld, II. 1934, Cooke 3235

(K) ; Waldeck’s Plant, V. 1936, Cooke s.n. (K) et XII. 1936, Acock 1432 (Me). Kuruman

distr. : Cowley, VI. 1936, Acock 458 (Me). Vryburg distr. : Armoedsvlakte, III. 1921,

Mogg in Herb. Stell. 12610 (St).

Orange Free State.

Bosbof distr. : Smitskraal, VI. 1911, Burtt Davy 10319 (N) et 10366 (N). Hoopstad

distr. : Wesselsbron, I. 1933, Goossens 1250 (N) ; De Rots, II. 1933, Goossens 1283 (N).

Kroonstad distr. : Bothaville, I. 1933, Goossens 1152 (B, N) et 1176 (B, N) ; do., IV. 1931,

Boshoff 8 (N). Heilbron distr. : Maceanvlei, II. 1926, Brandmuller 118 (N).

Transvaal Province.

Bloemhof distr. : Christiana, III. 1912, Burtt Davy 13030 a (N) et 13113 (N) ; Cawrood’s

Hope, III. 1912, Burtt Davy 12984 (N) ; Kameelpan, I. 1934, Theron 527 (N). Wolmarans-

stad distr. : Bosknil, V. 1929, Sutton 112 (N) ; Vaalbank, IV. 1931, Liebenbenj 2355 (N, W).

Potchefstrocm distr. : Ventersdorp, III. 1931, Pole Evans 3144 (B, N) et without locality

Theron 4 (N). Rustenburg distr. : De Put, II. 1933, Van Nouhuys 22 (T). Pretoria distr. :

Pretoria, XII. 1929 ,Liebenberg 8330 (B, K, N, W) ; do., IV. 1933, Smith 6567 (N) ; De Wildt,

II. 1933, Irvine s.n. (N) ; Klipfontein, VIII. 1880, Nelson 103 (K) ; between Klippan and

Elandsrivier, Rehwann 5111 (BM, K, V, Z). Waterberg distr. : Twentv-four Rivers, XII.

1919, Burtt Davy 18259 (K) et 18260 (K) ; Naboomspruit, I. 1919, Galpin M. 425 (N, W) ;

Potgietersrust, I. 1909, Leendertz 1983 (T). Zoutpansberg distr. : Messina, II. 1919,

Rogers 22576 (T). Barberton distr. : Komatipoort, XII. 1897, Schlechter 11744 (A,

BH, N).

Be CHUAN ALAND PROTECTORATE.

Mahalapye, IV. 1931, Pole Evans 3204 (K, N) et 3207 (N).

Portuguese East Africa.

Ressano Garcia, XII. 1897, Schlecjiter 11934 (A, B, BH, BM, G, K, P, V, Z) ; Lourenco

Marques, XII. 1897, Schlechter 11966 (BH, BM, G, K, N, P, Z) ; do., I. 1898, Schlechter

11984 (A, B, BH, BM, G, K, N, P, Z) ; do., Monteiro s.n. (K) ; do., Junod 23 (T) ; do., X.

1919, Shantz 337 (K, W) ; do., VII. 1922, Moss 6907 (WR). Chibuto, X. 1935, Lea 135

(N) ; Maputaland Expedition, VI. 1914, T.M. 14338 (BH, T).

Type Specimen.

Schlechter 11984 is deposited in the Botanisches Museum, Berlin-Dahlem.

Common Name.

Steekgras.

Economic Notes.

Opinion differs as to the value of this species as a fodder for stock. It is stated to be

eaten in South West Africa whereas in the Western Transvaal and the Orange Free State

it is reported to be very coarse and thus unpalatable.

62. A. hordeacea Kunth Rev. Gram. 2. tab. 173 (1830) ; Kunth, Enum. 1. 196 (1833) ;

Walp. Ann. Bot. 3. 746 (1852) ; Steud. Syn. PI. Glum. 1. 142 (1854) ; Dinter in Fedde,

Rep. 15. 342 (1918) [spalm. hordacea ] ; Garabedian in Ann. S. Air. Mus. 16. II. 402

(1925) ; Henrard Grit. Rev. 2. 241 (1927) ; Henrard Monogr. 1. 140 cum ic. tab. 54

(1929) ; Range in Fedde, Rep. 33. 9 (1933).

A. hordeacea Kunth var. longiaristata Henrard Crit. Rev. 2. 244 (1927) ; Henrard Monogr. 1. 140

(1929). A. Steudeliana Trin. et Rupr. Spec. Gram. Stip. 155 (1842) ; Henrard Crit. Rev. 3. 588

(1928).

173

Annual, usually fairly robust and much-branched from the base and lower nodes.

Culms up to 85 cm. high including the inflorescence, or in weak specimens 20-30 cms.

high, erect or somewhat geniculately ascending, several-noded ; internodes fairly rigid,

compressed, striate, densely pubescent with spreading or reflexed short hairs, sometimes

becoming almost glabrous, usually exserted ; nodes constricted, more or less densely pube-

scent. Leaf-sheaths striate, compressed, keeled, pubescent, with narrow hyaline margins,

usually shorter than the internodes ; ligvle shortly ciliate ; auricles shortly bearded ; collar

smooth ; blades linear-lanceolate, more or less glaucous, flat or folded lengthwise, keeled,

acute, scabrous on both surfaces or hirtellous above, many-nerved, up to 30 cm. long and

0-9 cm. wide. Panicle linear-oblong or subovate, exserted, in robust plants up to 24 cm.

long, but usually much shorter, densely contracted, compact and spike-like, usually only

somewhat interrupted at the base ; peduncle and axis densely pubescent ; branches solitary

much-divided from the base ; branchlets and spikelets fascicled ; pedicels short and

pubescent. S/rikdets congested, linear-lanceolate, greenish or pallid in colour. Glumes

lanceolate, manifestly awned, 1-nerved, keeled, bifid near the apex, scaberulous dorsally ;

the lower scabrous on the keel, from 6-11 mm. long excluding the 2-5-5 mm. long awn ;

the upper smooth on the keel, 7-12 mm. long excluding the 1-4 mm. long awn. Lemma

narrowly linear, fusiform, with many longitudinal lines of characteristic spiny hairs from

the base to the summit, ventrally somewhat furrowed, narrowed towards the apex, up to

7 • 5 mm. long including the callus, articulation evident ; callus rounded, short, densely

bearded, about 0-5 mm. long ; awns subequal, scabrous, erect or somewhat spreading, from

35-50 mm. long.

Angola.

Between Gambos and Cabama, Y. 1909, Pearson 2481 (Y) et 2482 (V) ; without precise

jocality, VI. 1936, Marlins 33 (N).

South West Africa.

Andoni, Barnard 813 (K, N, S) ; Ossa, III. 1939, Volk 1564 (D) ; Fockshof, IV. 1939

Volk A. 156 (D). Tsumeb, III. 1934, Dinter 7444 (B, N) ; do., IV. 1913, Engler 6105 (B,

K, N) ; Otavi, III. 1925, Dinter 5751 (BH, G, GU, N, S, Z) ; Okatj ongeama, Dinter 1587

(B) ; do., Seiner 527 (B) ; Duwib, Boss TM. 36022 et 36166 (T) ; between Okahandja and

Waterberg, Kolon. Witzenhausen s.n. (B) ; Hoachanas, III. 1911, Dinter 1933 (B).

Without Precise Locality.

Luderitz 41 (B, Z) et 65 (B, Z) ; Bumbo, IV. 1903, Fritzsche 17 (B).

Bechuanaland Protectorate.

Francistown, IV. 1929, Gordon 49 (N).

Tpye Specimen.

The type is deposited in the Botanisches Museum, Berlin -Dahlem.

Common Names.

Sauergras. Wilde Gerste.

Economic Notes.

This species is not readily eaten by stock. In the young condition however it is eaten

to some extent, whereas in the mature condition it is injurious on account of the awns which

penetrate the palates of stock.

174

INDEX TO THE SOUTH AFRICAN SPECIES.

Species No,

A. adscensionis subsp. guineensis 46

A. aequiglumis 38

A. alopecuroides 48

A. andoniensis 40

A. barbicollis 47

A. bipartita 31

A. brevifolia 23

A. canescens 34

A. capensis var. barbata lid

A. „ var. canescens lie

A. ,, var. Dieterleniana 11c

A. „ var. genuina 11a

A. „ var. macropus lib

A. ciliata var. capensis 7

A. „ var. capensis X A. ? 6

A. ,, var. pectinata 7 b

A. „ var. tricholaena 7c

A. ,, var. villosa 7a

A. congesta 51

A. curvata 44

A. damarensis 12

A. dasydesmis 56

A. diffusa var. Burkei 58a

A. „ var. genuina 58

A. „ var. pseudohystrix 58b

A. Dinteri 9

A. Dregeana 27

A. effusa 33

A. Engleri 57

A. fastigiata 19

A. Galpinii 43

A. garubensis 28

A. geminifolia 18

A. gonatostachys 25

A. graciliflora 61

A. gracilior 21

A. „ var. intermedia 21a

A. „ var. Pearsonii 21b

A. Hermanni 17

A. hirtigluma 20

A. Hocbstetteriana 1

A. bordeacea 62

A. Hubbardiana • 41

A. junciformis 36

A. lanipes 26

A. longicauda 50

A. lutescens 15

A. Marlothii 14

A. meridionalis 55

A. mollissima 59

A. monticola 35

175

Species No.

A. namaquensis 4

A. obtusa 22

A. Pilgeri : 49

A. prodigiosa 10

A. „ var. calva 10a

A. proxima 3

A. recta 42

A. rhiniochloa ' 39

A. sabulicola 13

A. scabrivalvis , 32

A. Schaeferi 8

A. „ var. biseriata 8a

A. Schlechteri 5

A. Sciurus 30

A. secalina 2

A. sericans 29

A. spectabilis 52

A. stipitata 60

A. stipoides 53

A. subacaulis 16

A. submucronata 45

A. transvaalensis 37

A. uniplumis 24

A. „ var. Neesii 24a

A. „ var. Pearsonii 24b

A. vestita 54

177

THE GENUS PLINTHUS.

By I. C. Verdoorn.

The genus Plinthus was described by Fenzl. in “Nov. Stirp. Mus. Vindob. Dec. VII n

60 in 1839 with the single species P. cryptocarpus. It was founded on a plant collected by

Drege near Rietpoort Nieuweveld. In 1913 (Engl. Bot. Jahrb. vol. 48, p. 499) two further

species were described, P. sericeus Pax and P. Rehmannii Schellenb. They differed from

the type species in vegetative characters, the leaves all being alternate and not closely

imbricate.

One of the species described for the first time in this paper, Plinthus karooicus, differs

from all the described species in the number of the ovary chambers, styles and perianth

lobes. While these differences might be considered sufficient to justify the species being

placed in a distinct genus, a study of all the available herbarium material shows many

characters in common which bind them together into a natural group. It has therefore

been decided to amplify the description of the genus Plinthus Fenzl. to include this species.

The second species described here agrees with the original generic description as far as

the gynoecium is concerned but differs in the leaves being alternate and loosely arranged,

that is each leaf usually shorter than the internode.

Plinthus Fenzl. descr. ampl.

Suffrutex humifusus pilis diaphanis biacuminatis adpressis sericeus. Folia minima

opposita vel alterna, imbricata, pilis biacuminatis sericea. Flores 1-3, axillares, sessiles vel

sub-sessiles. Calyx T-5-lobatus, extus pilis biacuminatis sericeus. Corolla nulla. Stamina

4-5, tubo inserta, cum sepalis alternantia. Ovarium 2-3-(rarius 4-) loculare, papillosum vel

pubescente, loculis monospermis. Stylus 2-3-(rarius 4-) partitus.

KEY TO SPECIES.

Ultimate shoots and most of the leaves opposite ; the opposite leaves joined by a ridge

giving the twigs a jointed appearance ; leaves on terminal shoots imbricate :

Perianth o-lobed ; ovary 3 (rarely 4-)-chambered ; styles 3 (4-)-partite ; leaves

4-6 mm. long P. cryptocarpus.

Perianth 4-lobed ; ovary 2-chambered ; styles 2 -parti te ; leaves 2-4 mm. long P. karooicus.

Ultimate shoots and all leaves alternate ; leaves not imbricate :

Leaves when fully developed ovate-elliptic, petioled P. Rehmannii.

Leaves linear to narrowly lanceolate, subsessile, usually longer than the inter-

nodes P. sericeus.

Leaves triquetrous, sessile, usually shorter than the intemodes P. laxifolius.

Plinthus karooicus Verdoorn sp. nov. ; P. cryptocarpo Fenzl. affinis sed perianthio 4-

lobato ovario 2- loculare, stylo 2- partita differt.

Suffrutex humifusus, ramosus, basi valde lignosus, ramulis tenuibus ultimis oppositis

pilis biacuminatis pubescentibus appresse. Folia sessila, opposita alterna-que (opposita

base transverse connata), imbricata, sub-carnosa, 2^4 mm. longa 0-5-1 mm. lata, dorso

convexa, ventro concava, obtuse acuminata, pilis appressis retrorsis bi-acuminatis diaphanis

178

strigosa. Flores axillares, 2-3-nati, 2-3-bracteolati. Perianthium 4- lobatum ^1-75 mm.

longum ; tubus 0-75 mm. longus ; lobi 1 mm. longi, 0-75 mm. lati. Stamina 4 ; filamenta

perianthio longiora. Ovarium 2-loculare, O’ 75 mm. longum, apice pilis erectis, diaphanis

pilosum. Stylus 2- partitus, ramis ± divaricatis, 1 mm. longis.

A low growing much branched shrublet with a thick woody base and comparatively

slender branchlets, the ultimate branchlets opposite, appressed pubescent with bi-acuminate

transparent hairs. Leaves opposite and alternate, the opposite ones connected at the base

by a ridge giving the twig a jointed appearance, imbricate on ultimate shoots, somewhat

fleshy, rounded dorsally and concave on the face, bluntly pointed, about 2-4 mm. long,

0-5-1 mm. wide, pubescent with appressed bi-acuminate transparent hairs. Flowers

axillary, 2-3-nate, 2-3-bracteolate ; perianth ±1-75 mm. long, 4-lobed ; tube -75 mm.

long ; lobes 1 mm. long, 0-75 mm. broad, ovate. Stamens 4, inserted near the base of the

tube and alternating with the lobes ; filaments as long as or longer than the perianth.

Ovary crowned with erect transparent hairs, 2-chambered, about 0-75 mm. long and 0-75

mm. diameter. Style 2- partite to the base, the branches diverging, about 1 mm. long.

Orange Free State.

Fauresmith Dist., Heenenweerskop, Smith 5286 (Type) Cult, in Plots Fauresmith Veld

Reserve, Verdoorn 1106, 2287.

Cape Province.

Middelburg Dist., open veld College of Agriculture, Grootfontein, Verdoorn 1527, du Toit

29. Kimberley near Schmidts Drift Road. Acocks in Herb. Hafstrom H 1248 ; along

Boshof Road, Esterhuysen 818. Prieska Dist. Bryant 343 ; Brakbosch, between Prieska

and Kenhardt Pole Evans 2246 and 2247.

South West Africa.

Aus. Dinter 4131.

Note. — This plant is browsed by sheep in the Karroo and is considered to be a good

fodder plant. It is known in the Fauresmith District as “ Karoo Ganna ”.

Plinthus laxifolius Verdoorn sp. nov ; P. sericeo Pax affinis sed foliis laxis internodiis

brevioribus differt.

Suffrutex (caulem non vidi) diffusus, ramosus, ramulis tenuibus alternis. Folia sessila,

alterna, sub-carnosa, 3-7 mm. longa, 1 mm. lata, dorso convexa, ventro leviter canaliculata,

obtuse acuminata, pilis appressis bi-acuminatis diaphanis pubescentia. Flores 2-3- brac-

teolati, axillares, 1-3- nati, in ramulis ultimis brevissimis pseudo glomerati. Perianthium

5- lobatum i 1-75 mm. longum; tubus 0-75 mm. longus; lobi 1 mm. longi, 0-5 mm.

lati, dorse pilis biacuminatis diaphanis sericei. Stamina 5 ; filamenta perianthio breviora,

0-75 mm. longa. Ovarium 3- loculare, papillosum, 0-5 mm. longum. Stylus 3- partitus,

ramis ^divaricatis, 0-5 mm. longis.

A much branched shrublet with slender branches, but basal part not seen ; the younger

oppressed pubescent with bi-acuminate, transparent hairs. Leaves all alternate, rather lax,

mostly shorter than the internodes, somewhat fleshy, 3-7 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, rounded

on the back and slightly canaliculate on the face, bluntly pointed, oppressed pubescent with

bi-acuminate transparent hairs. Flowers 2-3-bracteolate in the axils of the leaves 1-3-

nate, appearing glomerate in the upper leaves where they are clustered on very much

abbreviated axillary shoots, not longer than the subtending leaf. Calyx 5-lobed ; tube 0-75

mm. long; lobes 1 mm. long, 0-5 mm. wide, dorsally oppressed pubescent with bi-

acuminate transparent hairs which project above the apex of the lobe. Stamens 5 ;

filaments shorter than the calyx, 0-75 mm. long. Ovary 3-chambered, papillose, 0-5 mm.

long ; style 3-parti te, branches diverging, 0-5 mm. long.

“ Kalahari Sand Dunes ”, exact locality unknown, probably Kenhardt district, Kotze

824.

179

I. — Plinthus cryptocarpus Fenzl. Flower from Drege specimen ex Stockholm.

(а) Perianth slit one side, shewing attachment of stamens.

(б) Ovary and styles.

(c) Transverse section of ovary.

( d ) Bract, dorsal view.

(e) Bract, shewing inner surface.

II. — Plinthus Icarooicus Verdoom. Flower from I. C. Verdoorn 1106.

(a) Perinth slit one side, showing attachment of stamens.

(b) Ovary and styles.

(c) Transverse section of ovary.

(d) Bract, showing inner surface.

(e) Bract, dorsal view.

181

OTTO KUNTZE TYPE SPECIMENS OF SOUTH

AFRICAN PLANTS.

By R. A. Dyer.

In 1898 Otto Kuntze published his “ Revisio Generum Plantarum vol. 3 pt. 2 ”. In

this he included an enumeration of specimens collected during his travels in South America

(1891-2) and in South Africa (1894). An examination by American botanists of Otto

Kuntze’s type specimens of South American plants housed in the Herbarium of the New

York Botanical Garden, revealed a large percentage of errors of identification. The

suggestion was then made by the Head Curator of the Herbarium that an examination of

the South African types would yield equally interesting results and that the types would

be forwarded on loan to the National Herbarium, Pretoria, if it was desired to undertake

the work. The offer was gratefully accepted and the present paper is the outcome.

As a general rule the types were found to be in a poor state of preservation due mainly

to faulty preparation in the first place. Many of the specimens show marked evidence of

mould. Not all the types cited by Kuntze were located in the New York Herbarium and

it was suggested that some of those outstanding might have been misfiled. The following

types were not seen by me, the page numbers being those of Kuntze’s work cited above : —

Nasturtium riparium, p. 6.

Geranium robustum, p. 32.

Acacia latibracteata, p. 48.

Alepida aquatica, p. 110.

Anisothrix Kuntzei, p. 129.

Crocodilodes ( Berkheya ) amplexicaule, p. 143.

Euphorbia laxiflora, p. 286.

Sapium Simii, p. 293.

Tragia Bolusii, p. 293.

Some of these have been cited by later workers and in such cases their identifications

are given with the reference to the respective publications. Indigofera Kuntzei ( Anila

Kuntzei) from Mosambique and Limeum glaberrimum from Delagoa Bay have been omitted.

In most other cases the types have been matched with specimens in the National Herbarium,

Pretoria. The examination of types of new varieties was not undertaken. It has been

found necessary to establish the following new names and new combinations : —

Berkheya microcephala comb. nov. (Stobaea microcephala DC.) in a note under Berkheya

Kuntzei.

Senecio Verdoorniae nom. nov. (Hertia Kuntzei).

Senecio paucicephalus nom. nov. (Hertia natalensis).

Gnidia gymnostachya (C. A. Mey.) Gilg. var. phaeotricha M. Moss comb. nov. (Gnidia

phaeotricha).

Gnidia sericocephala (Meisn.) M. Moss comb. nov. (Gnidia pretoriae).

The identifications of the types are given in the order in which the descriptions

appear in Kuntze’s Revision. Where necessary the revised name follows that of Kuntze

and the present accepted name is given in heavy type. I wish to express my appre-

ciation of assitance with some of the indentificiatons by specialists in certain groups.

The names of such workers appear under the respective species or family.

182

TILIACEAE.

Grewia Krebsiana 0. Kuntze, p. 26. — Cape Province ; Beaufort West.

G. robusta Burch. Trav. 2, 133 (1824) ; Burret in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 45, 195 (1911).

G.flava Harv. in FI. Cap. I, 225 (1859-1860) not of DC.

MALPIGI ACE AE .

Triaspis transvalica 0. Kuntze, p. 29. — Transvaal ; Pretoria.

Sphedamnocarpus transvaalicus (0. Kuntze) Burtt Davy FI. Transvaal I, 284 (1932) : (S.

transvaalica in error).

As in several other instances Kuntze omits one a from vaal in forming the specific

epithet from Transvaal.

GERANIACEAE.

Geranium robustrun 0. Kuntze, p. 32 ; R. Knuthin Das Pflanzenr. 4, 129. 166 (1912) — Natal >

Charlestown.

RHAMNACEAE.

Phylica glabriflora 0. Kuntze, p. 39. — Cape Province ; Caledon.

P. brevifolia E. & Z. Enum. 133 (1834).

Identification by N. S. Pillans.

(Ampelidaceae) VITACEAE.

Vitis ( Cissus ) cradockensis 0. Kuntze, p. 40. — Cape Province ; Cradock.

Cissus quinata Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, I. 260 (1810) ; Gilg & Brandt in Engl. Bot. Jahrb.

46, 521 (1912).

Vitis ( Cissus ) repandospinulosa 0. Kuntze, p. 41. — Natal ; Ladysmith.

Cissus humilis ( N.E.Br .) Planch, in DC. Mon. Phan. 5, 2, 463 (1887) ; Gilg & Brandt 1. c.

488.

The Kuntze type is very mouldy and under this unnatural covering can be seen

scattered hairs on the stem and inflorescence. The term glaberrima used by Kuntze in the

description is therefore inaccurate.

Authenticated material of Cissus dolichopus C.A.Sm. in the Nat. Herb. Pretoria,

exhibits a variable pubescence and it is considered that this name should also be referred

to the synonymy of C. humilis (N.E.Br.) Planch.

MELIANTHACE AE .

Melianthus insignis 0. Kuntze, p. 43.- — Natal ; Charlestown.

M. Dregeana var. insignis Phill. & Hofmeyr in Bothalia 2, lb. 352 (1927).

M. comosus Burtt Davy in FI. Transvaal I, 490 (1932), not of Vahl.

The type consists of two sheets, one each of flowers and fruits. Although closely

allied to M. Dregeana the Kuntze species is sufficiently distinct to justify specific separation.

In addition to its more robust habit, larger flowers and more densely pilose appearance,

the fruits are considerably larger (1*5 cm. long) sub-oblong, with the valves strongly inflexed

at the apex forming a depression, and not developed into a strong point as done by the

inflexed valves of M. Dregeana Sond.

183

LEGUMIN OSAE.

Anila pretoriana 0. Kuntze, p. 52. — Transvaal ; Pretoria.

Indigofera pretoriana Harms ex 0. Kuntze 1. c.

Calpurnia mucronulata Harms ex 0. Kuntze, p. 54.- — Natal ; Van Reenen’s Pass.

C. intrusa E. Mey. Comm. PI. 2 (1835).

Cracca triphylla 0. Kuntze, p. 57. — Natal ; Krantzkloof.

Tephrosia macropoda E. Mey. Comm. PI. 112 (1835).

T. triphylla Harms ex 0. Kuntze 1. c.

Identification by H. M. L. Forbes.

ROSACEAE.

Alchemilla Woodii 0. Kuntze, p. 75. — Natal ; Charlestown.

This species is very closely allied to A. capensis Thunbg. and is distinguished from it by

the shortly pedicellate flowers somewhat exserted from small leaf -like bracts, and the

much shorter outer calyx-lobes.

CRASSULACEAE.

Sedum ( Crassula ) cogmansense 0. Kuntze, p. 83. — Cape Province ; Cogmanskloof.

Crassula cogmansensis (0. Kuntze) K. Schum. in Just. Jahresb. 26, I. 347 (1900).

The type has not been matched with any specimen in the Nat. Herb. Pretoria. It

belongs tc the section Sphaeritis Harv. and is evidently closely allied to C. subaphylla

(E. & Z.) Harv., but differs in the short glabrous, ovate-acute leaves. The plant is

apparently somewhat laxly branched. Schonland in Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Afr. 1930 omits

mention of C. cogmansensis.

Sedum crassiflorum 0. Kuntze, p. 84. — Natal ; Glencoe.

Crassula vaginata E. & Z. Enum. 298 (1836).

C. crassiflora (0. Kuntze) K. Schum. 1. c.

Schonland, l.c. 226, gives the name as “ Cr. crassifolia O.K.n.sp.” possibly taking it

incorrectly from a herbarium sheet of the type number. The type sheet has written on it

“ Sedum crassiflora ”.

Sedum ( Crassula ) transvalense 0. Kuntze, p. 85. — Transvaal ; Johannesburg.

Crassula transvaalensis (0. Kuntze) K. Schum., l.c.

Schumann, it will be noted, corrected the spelling of the specific epithet. The label of

the type specimen is written up as “ Crassula transvaaliensis O.K.” and Schonland, l.c. 188,

has used this form.

(Bruniaceae) YERBENACEAE.

Ptyxostoma quadrifldum 0. Kuntze, p. 86. (Bruniaceae) ; Cape Province ; Caledon.

Campylostachys cernua Kunth in Abh. Akad. Berlin 1831, 207 (Verbenaceae).-

Kuntze went completely astray in the identification of this plant. Drawings of dis-

sections on the type sheet are inaccurate. The type matches several authentically named

specimens of Campylostachys cernua in the Nat. Herb. Pretoria, including duplicates of

the Burchell and Zevher gatherings.

184

LYTHRACEAE.

Nesaea Kuntzei Koehne ex 0. Kuntze, p. 97.— Natal ; Ladysmith.

The type is not matched in the Nat. Herb. Pretoria.

FICOIDEAE.

(Identifications by Dr. L. Bolus.)

Mesembryanthemum cradockense 0. Kuntze , p. 109. — Cape ; Cradock.

There are two mounted specimens of this in the New York Herbarium.

Mesembryanthemum pulvinatum 0. Kuntze, p. 109 — Cape Province ; Beaufort West.

Chasmatophyllum musculinum (Haw.) Schw. in Zeitschr. Sukkulentenk. 3, 30 (1927).

There are four sheets of this in the New York Herbarium.

Mesembryanthemum subspinosum 0. Kuntze, p. 109. — Cape Province ; Cradock.

Drosanthemum obliquum (Willd.) Schw., l.c. 18.

“ As far as the material goes the Kuntze type agrees with this species ” L. Bolus.

UMBELLIFERAE.

Alepida aquatica 0. Kuntze, p. 110. — Cape Province ; Toise River Station.

Alepidea amatymbica Ecklon & Zeyher Enum. 1836, 339 ; Diimmer in Trans. Roy. Soc.

S. Afr. 3, 5 (1913).

RUBIACEAE.

Plectronia Chamaedendrum 0. Kuntze, p. 122. — Natal.

Pygmaeothamnus Chamaedendrum ( 0 . Kuntze) Robyns Monog. Yangueriae 1928, 35.

DIPSACEAE.

Cephalaria natalensis 0. Kuntze, p. 126. — Natal ; Van Reenen’s Pass.

Except that it is somewhat more densely pubescent the type is well matched by several

specimens in the Nat. Herb. Pretoria.

COMPOSITAE.

Berlcheyopsis Kuntzei 0. Hoffm. ex 0. Kuntze, p. 136.- — Cape ; Modderriver Station.

B. Echinus (Less.) 0. Hoff7n. in Engl. Prantl. Natur. Pflanz. Fam. 4, 5. 311 (1894).

Gazania Burchellii DC. Prod. 6, 514 (1837) ; Harv. in FI. Cap. 3. 479 (1864-1865) in part.

Harvey, 1. c., cites several specimens under Gazania Burchellii. Judging by the

description of the type and by an examination of a duplicate of Zeyher 976, one of the cited

specimens, it appears likely that Harvey included two distinct species under the one name.

The specimen of Zeyher 976, in the Nat. Herb. Pretoria, is a small plant agreeing with

Harvey’s description as far as it goes. Further, it has obtuse lacerate outer pappus scales,

and those of the inner row are glabrous, whereas, in the majority of specimens in the Nat.

Herb., which agree better with De Candolle’s description of G. Burchellii, the outer pappus

scales are linear-lanceolate, occasionally slightly lacerate in the upper half : the inner row

are lancelolate and pubescent. These specimens agree also with the type of Berkheyopsis

Kuntzei. On the assumption, however, that Harvey was correct in associating Hirpicium

Echinus Less. (1832) with Gazania Burchellii DC. (1837), the Kuntze type of Berkheyopsis

Kuntzei O. Hoffm. is identified as B. Echinus (Less.) 0. Hoffm.

185

Cotula radiata 0. Hoffm. ex 0. Kuntze, p. 142.- — Cape Province ; Toise River Station.

Matricaria nigelliflora DC. Prodr. 6, 50 (1837).

The type specimen of Cotula radiata 0. Hoffm. was not well prepared and during drying

the leaves shrivelled and lost the characteristic glaucous appearance.

Crocodilodes amplexicaule 0. Kuntze, p. 143. — Natal ; Krantzkloof.

Berkheya amplexicaulis 0. Hoffm. ex 0. Kuntze l.c.

No specimen seen.

Crocodilodes arctiifolium 0. Kuntze, p. 143. — Natal ; Van Reenen’s Pass.

Berkheya montana Wood & Evans in Journ. Bot. 1897, 351.

B. arctiifolia 0. Hoffm. ex 0. Kuntze l.c.

The Kuntze specimen is covered with an unnatural “ cobweb ” which makes the

indumentum appear denser than it is in reality.

Crocodilodes Kuntzei 0. Kuntze, p. 143.- — Cape ; Modder River Station.

Berkheya Kuntzei 0. Hoffm. ex 0. Kuntze l.c.

There are two specimens of this in the New York Herbarium, the type from Modder

River Station and the other from Aliwal North. They show a close relationship to Berkheya

microcephala comb. nov. (Stobaea microcephala DC.)

Gnaphalium amplum 0. Kuntze, p. 150.— Natal ; Krantzkloof.

Helichrysum platypterum DC. Prodr. 6, 201 (1837).

H. amplum 0. Hoffm. ex 0. Kuntze l.c.

Moeser in Bot. Jahrb. 44. 341 (1910) suggests the above identification and this seems

justified.

Gnaphalium athrixifolium 0. Kuntze, p. 150. — Natal ; Colenso.

Helichrysum athrixiifolium 0. Hoffm. ex 0. Kuntze l.c.

Moeser 1, c. 221, upholds this species. It is very closely allied to H.rugulosum, Less,

and H. polycladum Klatt, being about intermediate between these in the size of the

capitulum : the involucre bracts are light straw coloured as in H. rosum Less., another

closely allied species.

Gnaphalium Kuntzei 0. Kuntze, p. 152. — Natal ; Charlestown.

Helichrysum Kuntzei 0. Hoffm. ex 0. Kuntze, l.c.

Moeser, l.c., 279, upholds this species. It is closely allied to H. simillimum DC. and

H. capitellatum Less.

Gnaphalium mixtum 0. Kuntze, p. 152. — Cape Province ; Cathcart.

Helichrysum mixtum 0. Hoffm. ex 0. Kuntze, l.c.

Moeser, l.c., upholds this species but mentions that it is difficult to justify this owing

to the close similarity to H. longifolium DC. and the apparent polymorphism in species of

this group.

Gnaphalium plantagini folum 0. Kuntze, p. 153. — Cape Province ; Cathcart.

Helichrysum coriaceum Sond. in Linnaea 23, 65 (1850) not of Harv. ; Moeser, l.c. 264.

H. plantaginifolium 0. Hoffm. ex Kuntze, l.c.

Gnaphalium pulviniforme 0. Kuntze, p. 153. — Natal ; Van Reenen’s Pass.

Helichrysum Sutherland Harv. in FI. Cap. 3, 218 (1864-1865) ; Moeser, l.c. 306.

H. pulviniforme 0. Hoffm. ex 0. Kuntze, l.c.

186

Gnaphalium Thapsus 0. Kuntze, p. 154. — Natal ; Highlands Station.

Helichrysum Thapsus 0. Hoffm. ex 0. Kuntze, l.c. ; Moeser, l.c. 263.

Hertia Kuntzei 0. Hoffm. ex 0. Kuntze, p. 157. — Transvaal ; Pretoria.

Senecio Verdoorniae nom. nov.

The Kuntze type is almost identical with Verdoorn Nos. 635, 636, 663 and other

specimens in the Nat. Herb. Pretoria collected in the Fountains Valley, Pretoria, which is

as likely as not where Kuntze collected his type.

S. Verdoorniae is closely allied to S. albanensis DC. and one was inclined to regard it

as a variety of that species, but S. albanensis, already credited with a multitude of forms,

and a somewhat unwieldy species in consequence, would have been “ streched ” to break-

ing point to accommodate it. Some of the so called forms of S. albanensis may later be

segregated as specifically distinct.

The existence of the name Senecio Kuntzei necessitates the application of a new name

for Kuntze’s species, Hertia Kuntzei.

Hertia natalensis 0. Hoffm. ex 0. Kuntze, p. 157. — Natal ; Mooi River Station.

Senecio paucicephalus nom. nov.

The Kuntze type is very closely allied to Senecio albanensis var. leiophyllus Harv.

The capitula are solitary on the scapes and a very close match is present in Mogg 7061,

which has two capitula on the scape. This was collected in the same area as the type.

The base of two capitula on the type are enlarged in a manner suggesting some “ fly ”

infestation which is not an unusual occurrence in the Compositae. The author overlooked

the abnormality and described the involucre “ involucro fructifera basi suberoso-incrassato”.

Only a single short narrow ray-flower was observed in a capsule on the sheet. Assuming

that Kuntze’s specimen is specifically distinct from S. albanensis, it requires a new name

as the specific epithet natalensis is already occupied in the genus Senecio.

Leontonyx Pumilio 0. Hoffm. ex 0. Kuntze, p. 162. — Cape Province ; Beaufort West.

Helichrysum laneum S. Moore in Journ. Bot. 1918, 6.

The name Helichrysum pumilum Hook. f. is applied to a distinct species and to avoid

ambiguity the Hoffm. epithet should not be used.

Leontonyx ramosissimus 0. Hoffm. ex 0. Kuntze, p. 162. — Cape Province ; Cradock.

Helichrysum lucilioides, Less. Syn. Comp. 290 (1832).

The type of Leontonyx ramosissimus 0. Hoffm. shows obvious signs of having been grazed

and is consequently unnaturally dwarfed.

Osteospermum glaberrimum 0. Hoffm. ex 0. Kuntze, p. 165.— Natal ; Krantzkloof.

The type has not been matched exactly but it is possibly a form of 0. imbricatum L.,

a species which, according to the view of T. Norlindh, is extremely variable. The type

differs from all other specimens examined by the absence of the characteristic glandular

hairs on the peduncle and pedicels.

Senecio arabidifolius 0. Hoffm. ex 0. Kuntze, p. 171. — Cape Province ; Molteno.

The type agrees well with Flanagan 2726 (collected between Cala and Encobo) and

Dieterlen 1073 (Basutoland) but is slightly more glandular-pubescent than these and in this

respect differs from the closely allied species S. pseudorhyncholaenus Thell. 1923, which,

however, might, with reason, be considered as only a form of S. arabidifolius.

•

Senecio cathcartensis 0. Hoffm. ex 0. Kuntze, p. 172.— Cape Province ; Cathcart.

The type was not matched exactly, but approaches closely to S. erubescens Ait. F eatures

of importance are the long-petioled basal leaves and the glabrous leaves and achenes.

187

Senecio colensoensis 0. Hoffm. ex 0. Kuntze, p. 172. — Natal ; Colenso.

This appears most nearly allied to S. pentactinus Klatt. It is matched closely in the

Natal Herbarium, Durban, but not in the Nat. Herb. Pretoria.

Senecio flbrosus 0. Hoffm. ex 0. Kuntze, p. 174. — Cape Province ; East London.

S. pachythelis Phil! . & Smith in Rep. Yet. Serv. & Anim. Ind. S. Afr. 1931, 640.

This is another species extracted from the S. albanensis complex.

Senecio Kuntzei 0. Hoffm. ex 0. Kuntze, p. 175. — Natal ; Van Reenen’s Pass.

S. glaberrimus DC. Prod. 6, 403 (1837).

The Kuntze type agrees with several authentically named specimens in the Nat. Herb.

Pretoria.

Senecio lunayaefolius 0. Hoffm. ex 0. Kuntze, p. 175. — Natal ; Highlands Station.

S. paucicalyculatus Klatt in Bull. Herb. Boiss. 4, 468 (1896).

The label on the type bears the name S. launaeifolius 0. Hoffm.

Senecio subrubrifiovus 0. Hoffm. ex. 0. Kuntze, p. 178. — Nata1 : Van Reenen's Pass.

S. viscidus N.E. Br. in Kew Bull. 1901. p. 125.

This species is closely allied to S. rhyncholaenus DC.. S. arabidifolius 0. Hoffm. and

S. pseudo-rhyncholaenus Thell. mentioned above. It differs from all these in the slightly

larger capitula with more exserted florets. It has not been matched exactly in the Nat.

Herb. Pretoria, but there is a number of specimens, including Wood 5221, from Mooi River,

which are considered equal to it. There is no doubt that the species mentioned above and

their allies require very careful study with a view to a revision. The value of characters

such as colour of flower, habit, etc., for species delimination must be given special attention.

CAMPANULACEAE.

Dortmannia decurrentifolia 0. Kuntze, p. 187. — Cape Province ; East London.

Lobelia Erinus Linn. var.

L. Erinus Linn. var. bellidifolia Sond. in FI. Cap. 3, 544 (1864—1865) in part at least.

A decision whether to recognise several closely allied species to L. Erinus, or to regard

the latter as a composite species with several varieties is left for a monographer to decide.

There are several older epithets than decurrentifolia to be taken into account in this complex.

Dortmannia vanreenensis 0. Kuntze, p. 188.- — Natal ; Van Reenen’s Pass.

Lobelia patula L.f. Suppl. 1781, 395.

The Kuntze type agrees with several specimens in the Nat. Herb. Pretoria, which are

apparently correctly named.

Lightfootia corymbosa 0. Kuntze, p. 188. — Natal ; Krantzkloof.

L. Huttoni Sond. in FI. Cap. 3, 556 (1864-1865).

The Kuntze type is evidently only a slightly more robust form than the typical form

of L. Huttoni.

EBENACEAE.

Royena Guerkei 0. Kuntze. p. 196. — Natal; Charlestown.

The type specimen is somewhat defoliated but the leaves that are present, and the fruit

preserved in a capsule are matched very closely by several specimens in the Nat. Herb.

Pretoria. They are probably not specificially distinct from specimens referred to R. amhigua

8

188

by Hiern in FI. Cap. 4, 1. 457 (1906), not of Vent. It might be contended that these represent

forms of R. fallens Thunbg., but in the present uncertain state of our knowledge of this

group it seems advisable to retain R. GuerJcei with specific rank.

Royena Simii 0. Kuntze, p. 196. p. — Cape Province ; Kingwilliamstown.

BORAGINACEAE.

Heliotropium Kuntzei Guerke ex. 0. Kuntze, p. 20^. — Cape Province ; Modder River

Station.

H. lineare (E. Mey.) C. H. Wright in FI. Cap. 4, 2.9 (1904).

Although Wright did not include the name H. Kuntzei in his account of the genus,

l.c.7., the Kuntze type agrees very closely with specimens named H. lineare by him.

SCROPHULARIACEAE.

Harveya cathcartensis 0. Kuntze, p. 234. — Cape Province ; Cathcart.

H. speciosa Bernh. ex Krauss in Flora 1844, 831.

The anthers of the type specimen of H. cathcartensis have only one developed anther

theca, which is a characteristic feature of H. speciosa. Although the type of H. cath-

cartensis has a more congested inflorescence than is usual for H. speciosa it is not considered

specifically distinct from it.

Limosella longiflora 0. Kuntze, p. 235. — Natal ; Van Reenen’s Pass.

L. lineata Glk. in Bot. Jahrb. 66, 555 (1934).

L. aquatica auctorum non Linn.

L. tenuijolia auctorum non Nuttall.

L. aquatica var. tenuijolia auctorum nec Wolff nec Hoffm.

Gluck, l.c., 556, retained L. longiflora 0. Kuntze as distinct from his L. lineata,

apparently basing his conclusion on Kuntze’s description. The distinction drawn is the

strongly 5-nerved calyx of the former. The nervation is certainly more pronounced in tbe

Kuntze type than in most specimens of L. lineata in the Nat. Herb. Pretoria, but even on

the Kuntze type the nervation is not uniformly conspicuous and in some flowers it is

no more so than in some specimens of L. lineata. For this reason the name L. longiflora

is adopted.

Nycterina Microsiphon 0. Kuntze, p. 238. — Natal ; Van Reenen’s Pass.

Zaluzianskya Microsiphon K. Schum. in Just. Jahresb. 24, I. 395, Hierni in FI. Cap. 4, 2.344

(1904).

The type specimen consists of a stout perennial herbaceous plant broken into two pieces,

the basal portion having been detached from the rootstock. The terminal portion was

evidently damaged during or prior to the flowering period, resulting in the production of

ten or more lateral branches, each bearing flowers in the axils of the upper bracts. Three

flowers were dissected, two of which were found to have been damaged by insects, the other

however, contained two stamens and two staminodes. The specimen was not matched in

the Nat. Herb. Pretoria.

LABIATAE.

Plectranthus Kuntzei Guerke ex 0. Kuntze, p. 260.— Natal ; Clairmont.

The type specimen appears to be specifically equal to a specimen of Wood 3390 named at

Kew as P. petiolaris E. Mey. and cited in FI. Cap. 5, I. 272 (1910). Wood 3390, however,

is much more rlender than a duplicate of Rudatis 339 (identified as P. petiolaris E. Mey.)

189

from Alexandra County, Natal, which is much nearer to the type locality of P. petiolaris

in Pondoland. There is some measure of doubt, therefore, whether P. Kuntzei is conspecific

with P. 'petiolaris and it is not deemed profitable to make a dogmatic statement on the issue

in the light of inadequate records.

P. parviflorus Guerke ex. 0. Kuntze, p. 261. — Cape Province ; East London.

P. strigosus Benth. ex E. Mey. Comm. 229 (1837).

As suggested in a note under P. parviflorus in FI. Cap. 5, I. 281 (1910), the above

synonymy appears well justified.

Stachys Kuntzei Guerke ex 0. Kuntze, p. 262. — Natal ; Van Reenen’s Pass.

This species is retained by Skan in FI. Cap. l.c. 344.

POLYGONACEAE.

Oxygonum delagoense 0. Kuntze, ' p. 268. — Delagoa Bay.

This species is retained by Wright in FI. Cap. 5, I. 461 (1912). The classification of

specimens in this genus is largely dependent on fruiting material and this is rarely satis-

factorily preserved. The Kuntze type specimen is now without fruits and the type of his

variety robustum is without either flowers or fruits.

PROTEACEAE.

Protea conchiformis 0. Kuntze, p. 278. — Cape Province ; Caledon.

Leucadendron venosum R. Br. in Trans. Linn. Soc. 10, 59 (1811) ; Phill. & Hutch,

in FI. Cap. 5, I. 720 (1912).

There are two specimens in the Kuntze collection named Protea conchiformis, the type

from Sir Lowry’s Pass, 200 m. alt., 20-1-1894, and the other from 350 m. alt. 22-1-1894.

The latter appears to be Leucadendron grandiflorum R. Br. but no fruit is available to

confirm this suggestion.

Protea xanthoconus O. Kuntze, p. 278. — Cape Province ; Caledon.

Leucadendron salignum B. Br. in Trans. Linn. Soc. 10, 62 (1811).

L. xanthoconus (O. Kuntze), K. Schum. in Just. Jahresb. 26, I. 364.

It is suggested in FI. Cap. 5, I. 721, that the Kuntze specimen is equal to either L.

uliginosum R. Br. or L. salignum R. Br. No male flowers are present on the Kuntze type

and it is difficult to decide to which of these two species it should be referred. It agrees

well, however, with a specimen collected in the same district, namely Caledon, by T. J.

Stokoe, which has a glabrous male perianth-tube and which agrees closely in other essential

respects with L. salignum.

Scolymocephalus lanuginosus O. Kuntze, p. 279. — Natal ; Van Reenen’s Pass.

Protea Rouppelliae Meisn. in DC. Prod. 14, 237 (1856) ; Phill. & Stapf in FI. Cap. 1. c.

573 (1912).

THYMELAEACEAE.

(With the assistance of M. Moss.)

Gnidia Kuntzei Gilg ex 0. Kuntze, p. 280. — Cape Province ; Middelburg Road.

C. H. Wright in FI. Cap. 5, 2. 70 (1915) cites G. Kuntzei Gilg as a synonym of Lasio-

siphon microphyllus Meisn., but the type of the latter, a Drege specimen, was collected near

the mouth of the Orange River in the Richtersveld and is now considered specifically distinct

from the Kuntze specimen and others cited by Wright, 1. c., from the Middelburg and

adjacent districts.

190

Gnidia phaeotricha Gilg ex 0. Kuntze, p. 281. — Natal ; Van Reenen’s Pass.

G. gymnostachya (C. A. Mey.) Gilg var. phaeotricha M. Moss comb. nov.

Arthrosolen phaeotrichus (Gilg) C. H. Wright, 1. c. 8.

The type of Gnidia phaeotricha is without flowers but a comparison of it with several

authentically named specimens supports the above classification.

Gnidia polyclada Gilg ex 0. Kuntze, p. 281. — Cape Province ; Aliwal North.

Arthrosolen polycephalus (E. Mey.) C. A. Mey. in Bull. Phys. Math. Acad. Petersb. I.

359 (1845) ; Wright, l.c.4.

Gnidia pretoriae Gilg ex 0. Kuntze, p. 281. — Transvaal ; Pretoria.

Gnidia sericocephala (Meisn.) M. Moss, comb. nov.

Arthrosolen sericooephalus Meisn. in DC. Prod. 14, 561 (1857) ; Wright, 1. c. 5.

EUPHORBIACEAE.

Claoxylum ? sphaerocarpum 0. Kuntze, p. 284. — Natal ; Clairmont.

Croton sylvaticus Hochst. ex Krauss in Flora 1845, 82 ; Prain in FI. Cap. 5, 2. 413 (1920).

Euphorbia laxiflora 0. Kuntze, p. 286. — Cape Province ; East London.

E. bubalina Boiss. Cent. Euphorb. 26, and in DC. Prodr. 15, 2. 90 (1862) ; N.E.Br. in

FI. Cap. 5, 2. 335 (1915).

Jatropha Woodii 0. Kuntze, p. 287 ; Prain l.c. 425 — Natal ; Ladysmith.

Ricinocarpus depressinervius 0. Kuntze, p. 291. — Natal ; Mooi River Station.

Acalypha depressinervius ( 0 . Kuntze) K. Schum. in Just. Jaresbr. 26, I. 348 ; Prain l.c. 479.

Sapium Simii 0. Kuntze, p. 293 ; Prain l.c. 514. — Cape Province ; Pirie.

Tragia Bolusii 0. Kuntze, p. 293. — East Griqualand ; Clydesdale.

T. Meyeriana Mull. Arg. in DC. Prodr. 15, 2. 938 (1866) ; Prain l.c. 508.

Tragia durbanensis 0. Kuntze, p. 293 ; Prain l.c. 510 — Natal ; Durban, Bluff.

IRIDACEAE.

Gladiolus pretoriensis 0. Kuntze, p. 308. — Transvaal ; Pretoria.

Gladiolus tritoniaeformis 0. Kuntze, p. 308. — Natal ; Howick.

G. crassifolius Baker in Journ. Bot. 1876, 334.

Identification by G. J. Lewis.

AMARYLLIDACEAE.

Hessea Schlechteri 0. Kuntze, p. 310. — Natal ; Mooi River.

Nerine pancratioides Baker in Gard. Chron. 1891, 576.

N. Schlechteri Baker sp. nov. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. ser. 2, 3. 665 (1903).

Identification by W. F. Barker.

191

LILIACEAE.

Aloe cascadensis 0. Kuntze, p. 313. — Cape Province ; East London.

A. striatula Haw. in Phil. Mag. 1825, 281.

This identification is suggested by Berger in Das Pflanzenf . 1908, 261 . (1. W. Reynolds

who examined the type (which is very poor) qualified his agreement by stating that he did

not know A. striatula from near East London but only in the mountains further inland.

Aloe trausvaalensis 0. Kuntze ( transvalensis ) p. 314 ; Berger l.c., ; Transvaal ; Pretoria.

Asparagus spinosissimus 0. Kuntze, p. 315. — Cape Province ; Cathcart.

This is matched by Galpin 2095 from near Queenstown. It is closely allied to A.

suaveolens Burch.

Phalangium tenuifolium 0. Kuntze, p. 317. — Cape Province ; Caledon.

Bulbine tenuifolia Baker ex 0. Kuntze l.c.

The type specimen is very poor ; the inflorescence has been reduced to a few young

buds. It was not matched in the Nat. Herb. Pretoria.

RESTIACEAE.

Thamnochordus maximus 0. Kuntze, p. 330. — Cape Province ; near Cape Town.

Thamnochortus spicigerus ( Thunb .) R.Br. Prod. 224 (1810) ; N. S. Pillansin Trans. Roy.

Soc. 16, 383 (1928).

193

SOUTH AFRICAN ASCOMYCETES IN THE NATIONAL

HERBARIUM.

By Ethel M. Doidge.

PART V.

During recent years, a number of South African fungi have been studied critically by

workers in Europe, and detailed descriptions published in the Annales Mycologici and

elsewhere ; in many cases changes in nomenclature have been made. It seems desirable

that this work should be readily available to South African mycologists, and an indication

given of the material of such fungi which is available for study.

In the present paper, descriptions are given of a number of fungi which have been

studied in this way, the descriptions being translated freely and adapted from the work

quoted in each case. A number of original descriptions of fungi apparently undescribed

or hitherto unrecorded from South Africa, are also included. I am indebted to Dr. H.

Sydow for help with some of the critical species, and especially for comparing South African

material with types available in Europe.

The last paper of this series was Part IV, published in Bothalia Vol. 2 (1927) pp. 229-

241 ; it included descriptions of ascomycetes numbered 136-159.

160. Irene Ekebergiae Doidge nov. sp.

Plagulae amphigenae, sparsae, orbiculares v. irregulares, 1-2 mm. diam. ; mycelium

reticulatum ex hyphis undulatis, fuscis usque brunneis, 7 • 5-10 /x latis, septatis (articulis

12-35 /x longis) opposite ramosis compositum ; hyphopodiacapitataalternata, recta, curvata

v. uncinata, 15-35 p, longa, cellula basali cylindracea v. gibbosa, 5-12-5 /x longa, cellula

superiore clavata, cylindracea v. irregulare, saepe sublobata, 10-17-5 fx lata ; hyphopodia

mucronata numerosa, plerumque opposita, haud pallidiores, 20-25 /x longa, ampullacea, e

basi ventricoso-dilatata, 8-10 /x lata, subito in collum longiusculum rectum, obliquum v.

curvatum 3-4 /x latum attenuata ; perithecia sparsa, globosa, atra, 120-160 /x diam., cellulis

parietis convexis ; asci non visi ; sporae ellipsoideae, 4-septatae, brunneae, utrinque rotun-

datae, constrictae, 47-58 X 22-27-5 /x.

Hab. in foliis Ekebergiae pterophyllae Hofmeyr, Lydenburg, leg. Keet, 28909.

Colonies amphigenous, scattered, isolated or subconfluent, often more numerous on the

lower surface of the leaf, dense, black, small, round to irregular in outline, 1-2 mm. diam.

Mycelium reticulate, often forming a dense network, especially near the centre of the colony.

Hyphae undulating to tortuous, at first pale fuscous, soon becoming fuscous, and older

hyphae are dark reddish brown [Natal brown (*Ridgway)] ; hyphae 7 • 5-10 /x thick, usually

rather densely branched, cells 12-35 /x long ; branches mostly opposite, less frequently

irregular, anastomosing freely. Capitate hyphodia alternate or unilateral, fairly numerous,

straight, curved or uncinate, 15-35 /x long ; basal cell cylindrical or gibbous, straight or

curved, 5-12-5 /x long, 6-10 /x thick ; apical cell very variable in form, clavate, cylindrical

or irregular, often sublobed, rounded or flattened at the apex, 10-17 -5 /x broad. Mucronate

Ridgway colour standards and nomenclature, Washington, 1912.

194

hyphopodia very numerous, especially near the centre of the colony, on separate branches or

interspersed with the capitate hyphopodia, usually opposite, not paler than the hyphae,

flask-shaped, 20-25 /x long, 8-10 /x thick at the swollen base, narrowing suddenly into a

rather long neck, which is straight, oblique or curved and 3-4 /x thick. Perithecia (not

mature) scattered, black, globose, 120-160 /lx diam., outer wall composed of convex cells;

the perithecia would probably be larger when mature. Asci not seen. Spores ellipsoid,

4-septate, broadly rounded at both ends, constricted at the septa, 47-58 /u. long ; central

cell 22-27 -5 /x broad, tapering slightly towards the ends.

Fif. 1. — Irene Elsebergiae. Spores, and hyphae with capitate hyhopodia and muoronate hyphopodia.

On leaves of Ekebergia pterophylla Hofmeyr, Lydenburg, Transvaal, Keel, 28909.

161. Meliola Acridocarpi Doidge nov. sp.

Plagulae semper epiphyllae, irregulariter sparsae, atrae, orbiculares v. plus

minus irregulares, usque 4 mm. diam. Mycelium ex hyphis plus minus dense

reticulato-ramosis, rectiusculis, septatis, pellucide brunneis, 7 • 5-8 /x crassis compositum.

Hyphopodia capitata numerosa, alternantia, rarius unilateralia, 18-5-24 /x alta ;

195

cellula basali cylindracea, 3 • 7 5—6 p longa et7-5— 10 lata; cellula apicali integra, ovata

v. globulosa, 12 -5-15 /a diam. Hyphopodia mucronata numerosa, opposita v. alternantia,

lageniformia, 16-23 /a longa, in parte inferiore 8-5-10 p lata, sursum sensim vel e medio

abrupte in collum attenuata. Setae myceliales nullae. Perithecia in centro plagularum

aggregata, globosa, verrucosa, atra 150-200 /a diam., pariete membranaceo e cellulis 13-18

fi diam. irregulariter angulosis extus conico-prominulis composito. Setae perithecia les

paucae (5-12) sat rigidae, septatae, 75-100 p longa, inferne brunneae, subopacae, 10-12 p

crassae, sursum sensim leniterque attenuatate et dilutiores, ad apicem scabrae, rectae v.

uncinatae, 5-6-5 p crassae. Asci 2-3-spori ovati v. ellipsoideae. 60-65 X 17 -5-25 p,

sacile diffluentes. Sporae oblongae, utrinque haud vel leniter tantum attenuatae, late

rotundatae, leniter constrictae, pellucide brunneae, 40-45 X 15-16 p.

Hab. in foliis Acridocarpi natalitii Juss., Oribi Gorge, prope Port Shepstone, leg. McClean,

31054.

Fig. 2. — M. Acridocarpi. Spores, tips of perithecial setae, and hyphae with capitate and mueronate hyphopodia.

Colonies epiphyllous, scattered, more or less circular or irregular, up to 4 mm. diam.,

dense, dull black. Mycelium more or less closely reticulate, brown (tawny olive to sayal

brown or snuff brown, Ridgwav) pellucid. Hyphae usually straight, mostly 7 -5-8 p thick,

rarely up to 10 p, with cells 15-20 p long, branching freely ; branches opposite or irregular.

Capitate hyphodia alternate or unilateral ; often rather regularly alternate, one to each

cell of the hypha, but more or less irregular where the mycelium is closely reticulate ; mostly

inclined forward at an angle of ca. 45° with the hyphae, 18-5-24 p long ; basal cell short,

cylindrical, 3-75-6 p long and 7*5-10 p broad : apical cell sub-globose to ovate, entire,

196

12- 5-15 p diam., rarely flattened or irregular through contact with neighbouring hyphopodia

orhyphae. Mucronate hyphopodia numerous, on separate short branches or interspersed with

the capitate hyphopodia, not paler than the hyphae, opposite or alternate, lageniform, 16— 23/l x

long, 8-5-10 p broad at the base, narrowing suddenly or rather gradually into a neck which

is more or less curved, rarely straight, about half the total length of the hyphopodium and

3 -5- 4p thick. Mycelial setae none. Perithecia closely crowded in the centre of the colony,

black, carbonaceous, globose, verrucose, 150-200 p diam. ; wall membranous, formed of cells

13- 18 p diam., more or less angular, convex or conical at the surface. Perithecial setae

5-12, rigid, septate, 3-4-celled, 75-100 p long, dark brown, sub-opaque, 10-12 p thick at

the base, tapering somewhat to the apex which is lighter brown, pellucid, obtusely rounded,

5-6-5 /x thick, straight, bent or uncinate ; apical cell scabrous. Asci 2-3-spored, ellipsoid

or ovate, rounded above, sessile or sub-pedicellate, 60-65 X 17 -5-25 /x, evanescent. Spores

4-septate, oblong, more or less constricted at the septa, not tapering, or tapering very

slightly to broadly rounded ends, mostly 40-45 X 15-16 /x, rarely up to 47 -5 p long and

17 • 5 /x broad.

on leaves of Acridocarpus natalitius Juss., Oribi Gorge, near Port Shepstone, Natal,

McClean, 31054 ; Inanda, Natal, Medley Wood 575, 9514, 10357.

Closely related to Meliola claviculata Doidge, from which it differs in habit, the opaque

perithecia, the septate perithecial setae and longer spores.

162. Meliola Impatientis Doidge nov. sp.

Plagulae amphigenae, plerumque epiphyllae, atrae, minutae, irregulares v. orbiculares,

usque 2-5 p diam. ; mycelium ex hyphis fuscis, undulatis, 6-8 p latis, septatis (articulis

15-25 p longis) laxe ramosis compositum; hyphopodia capitata numerosa, alternantia, 17-23

p longa, cellula basali cylindracea, 4-6 p longa, superiore subglobosa, plus minus lobata v.

truncata, latiore quam longa, 12-17-5 p lata; hyphopodia mucronata sat numerosa,

plerumque in centro plagularum evoluta, opposita v. alternata, ampullacea, collo brevi recto

v. curvato, 20-25 p longa, basi 6-8 p lata ; setae myceliales sat numerosae, praecipue juxta

perithecia evolutae, simplices, ad basim geniculatae, rectae v. leniter incurvae, 250-350 p

longae, basi atro-brunneae, subopacae, 8-9 p crassae, sursum ad apicem obtusum v. sub-

acutum subpellucidem sensim attenuatae ; perithecia sparsa, atra, subglobosa, 160-220 p,

daim., celluhs parietis convexis ; asci 2-4 spori, fugaces ; sporae brunneae, cylindraceae

utrinque rotundatae, 4-septatae, ad septa leniter constrictae, 35-40 X 12-15 p.

Hab. in foliis Impatientis capensis Meerb., Woodbush, leg. Morgan et Doidge, 28348.

Colonies amphigenous, mostly epiphyllous, discrete or subconfluent, minute, rather

thin, black, round to irregular in outline and up to 2 - 5 mm. in diameter. Mycelium radiating

or loosely reticulate. Hyphae pale fuscous to olive brown, more or less undulating, 6-8 p

thick, cells 15-25 p long ; branches distant, usually alternate. Capitate hyphopodia

numerous, alternate or unilateral, 17-23 p long, mostly at an angle of about 45° with the

hyphae ; basal cell cylindrical 6-8 p thick, usually 4-6 p long, very rarely up to 15 p long ;

apical cell subglobose to irregular, often bluntly angular, truncate or with 2-3 shallow,

rounded lobes, often broader than long, 12-17-5 p broad. Mucronate hyphopodia numerous

in the older part of the colony, produced on special hyphal branches, opposite or alternate,

paler than the hyphae, ampulliform, 20-25 p long, 6-8 p diameter at the base, tapering

rather gradually into a short neck which is straight or curved. Mycelial setae produced

mostly in the neighbourhood of the perithecia, fairly numerous, simple, geniculate near

the base, straight or slightly incurved, 250-300 p long ; dark brown, subopaque and 8-9 p

thick at the base, tapering gradually towards the apex which is somewhat paler, pellucid,

obtuse or occasionally subacute. Perithecia scattered, black, globose, 160-220 p diam.,

cells of the outer wall convex. Asci 2-4-spored, disappearing early. Spores olive brown,

cylindrical, 4-septate, slightly constricted, broadly rounded at both ends.

197

D

Fig. 3. — Spores, tips of mycelial setae, and hyphae with capitate and mucronate hyphopodia.

On leaves of Impariens capensis Meerb., Woodbush, Pietersburg District, Transvaal,

Morgan and Doidge, 28348.

163. Meliola jasminicola P. Henn.

Hedwigia 34 (1895) p. 11 ; Stevens, Ann. Myc. 26 (1928) p. 257.

Colonies amphigenous, mostly epiphyllous, also on tbe petioles, not causing leaf spots,

irregularly scattered, dull black, more or less round, 1-3 mm. diam. ; when numerous

becoming confluent and forming larger, irregular blotches. Mycelium more or less reticulate,

rather densely so in the older part of the colony, composed of cinnamon brown hyphae

which are straight or somewhat undulating, mostly 7-8 / u thick, in places up tolO/x ; cells

mostly 20-30 p long ; branches fairly numerous, mostly opposite and at an acute angle

with the main hyphae. Capitate hyphopodia numerous, alternate, unilateral or opposite.

198

2-celled, broadly clavate, rarely cylindrical, straight or slightly curved, mostly inclined

forward towards the hypha, 17-23 /x long ; basal cell cylindrical, 5-8 /x long, 7-8 /x broad ;

apical cell ovate to cylindrical, entire, broadly rounded above, 9-10 /x broad. Mucronate

hyphopodia numerous in the older parts of the colony, on separate hyphal branches or inter-

spersed. with the capitate hyphopodia, usually opposite, not paler than the hyphae, flask-

shaped, 17-20 j u long, 7-8 /x broad at the base, narrowing suddenly or rather gradually into

a curved or oblique neck, about equal in length to the swollen base and 2 -5-3 -5 /x thick.

Mycelial setae not very numerous, scattered, but more numerous in the neighbourhood of

the perithecia, simple, straight, 400-600 /x long ; opaque, black, 8-12 /x thick at the base,

tapering gradually upwards to the dark brown, somewhat translucent apex. Perithecia

not numerous, grouped in the centre of the colony, black, globose, carbonaceous, surface

cells slightly convex, 240-300 p. diam., Asci 2-spored, evanescent. Spores 4-septate, cylin-

drical, not tapering, or tapering slightly to broadly rounded ends, constricted at the septa,

35-50 X 12*5-17-5 /x ; central cell usually slightly longer.

On leaves of Jasminum streptopus B. Mey., Springfield, Natal. Medley Wood, 31050.

This fungus was compared with a specimen of M. jasminicola collected by Merrill in

the Philippines (Flora Philip. No. 7469) and identified by Sydow ; it appears to be identical.

The spores are very variable in size ; in the original description the measurements

given are 30-36 X 10-15 fx, and Stevens’ group number (l.c.) 3111-3233 indicates that

spores are 40 ;x long or less. In the Philippine specimen examined, as well as in the South

African collection they were frequently 40-45 X 15 /x, and in the South African material

spores up to 50 /x long were not uncommon.

164. Meliola oleicola Doidge var. Jasmini n. var.

Bothalia 2 (1928) p. 458.

A typo recedit hyphodiis (usque 25 fx longis) et sporidiis (35-40 X 15-18 /x raro usque

42-5 /j. longis) minoribus.

Hab. in foliis Jasmini streptopi E. Mey., Durban, leg. Bottomley 11379.

165. Meliola perpusilla Syd. var. congoensis Beeli.

Bull. Jard. Bot. Etat Bruxelles 7 (1920) p. 97 ; Sacc. Syll. Fung. XXIV (1926) pp.

271, 272.

Colonies mostly epiphyllous, less frequently hypophyllous or caulicolous, scattered,

small, up to 2 mm. diam., black, more or less circular, or when crowded becoming confluent.

Mycelium radiating, tawny olive (Ridgway) ; hyphae 7 • 5-10 /x thick, straight or very

slightly undulating ; branching remote, usually opposite, cells 20-30 p. long. Capitate

hyphopodia alternate or unilateral, cylindrical to sub-clavate, inclined forwards towards

the hypha, mostly at an angle of ca. 45°, 17-25 p. long ; basal cell short, cylindrical, 2-6 /x

long, 7-9 /x broad ; apical cell ovate, rounded above, 15-17 /x long and 9-10 /x broad.

Mucronate hyphopodia not numerous, usually opposite, lageniform, 12-15 jx long, 7-8 fx

broad at the base, narrowed above into a short neck ca. 4 /x thick. Mycelial setae not very

numerous, straight or slightly curved, simple, 200-400 /x long, dark brown, sub-opaque,

8-10 fx thick at the base, tapering gradually upwards to the paler, translucent, subacute

apex. Perithecia scattered, black, globose, 150-200 /x diam., surface cells slightly convex,

Asci ovate, 2-4-spored, 40-50 X 25-30 /x. Spores oblong, broadly rounded at both ends,

4-septate, slightly constricted at the septa, olive brown, 35-40 X 12-5-16 /x.

on leaves of Secamone fmtescens Decne., Karkloof, near Maritzburg, Natal, Doidge,

14958.

On comparison with a specimen of Meliola perpusilla Std. (No. 11423 in Baker’s Fungi

Malayana, det. Saccardo) the South African fungus was found to differ in the size of the

perithecia and spores ; these agreed in measurement with those of Beeli’s var. congoensis.

199

166. Meliola Ptaeroxyli Doidge, nov. sp.

Plagulae amphigenae, irregulariter sparsae, orbiculares v. plus minus irregulares, atrae,

usque 4 mm. diam. ; mycelium ex hyphis fuscis rectiusculis ramosis, 7 -5-12 -5 p crassis,

breviter articulatis, torulosis compositum. Hyphopodia capitata numerosa, unilateralia v.

alternantia, irregularia, 20-40 p longa ; cellula basali plerumque cylindracea, 5-12-5 p

longa et 6-9 p lata ; apicali cylindracea, ovata, clavata vel irregulariter 2-3-lobata, recta v.

curvata, 10-18 /x lata. Hyphopodia mucronata saepe numerosa, variabilia, 20-27 -5 /x longa,

in parte infera 7-5-10 p lata, e medio plerumque subito in collum cylindraceum, rectum

obliquum v. curvatum transeuntia. Setae myceliales sat numerosae, rectae vel subrectae,

usque 750 p longae, ad basim 8-10 p latae opace atrobrunneae, apicem versus sensim

attenuatae et dilutiores, ad apicem obtusae, sub-acutae v. nonnunquam minute bi-denticu-

latae. Perithecia sparsa vel pauca aggregata, globosa, atra, 180-300 p diam., verrucosa.

Asci ovati, facile diffluentes, 2-3-spori. Sporae oblongae, 4-septatae, utrinque leniter

attenuatae, late rotundatae, 50-60 X 20-23 p.

Hab. in foliis Ptaeroxyli obliqui (Thun.) Radkb., in silvis Marwaqa, prope Bulwer,

Natal, leg. Morgan et Doidge 30899.

Fig. 4. — Meliola Ptaeroxyli. Spores, tips of mycelial setae, and hyphae with capitate and mucronate hyphopopia.

Colonies amphigenous, scattered, on indefinite brownish leaf spots, up to 4 mm. diam.

Mycelium radiating, formed of tawny olive (Ridgway) hyphae, which are -usually straight,

torulose, 7-5-12-5 p thick, with very short cells 7-5-12-5 p long, often constricted at the

septa; freely branched, branches often opposite. Capitate hyphopodia unilateral or

200

alternate, irregular in form and size, straight or sinuous, 20- 40 p long ; near the centre of

the colony often closely crowded, with series of 3-5 or more on one side of the hypha ; nearer

the margin often more regularly alternate, and on some branches distant ; usually inclined

forward, forming an acute angle with the hypha ; basal cell usually more or less cylindrical,

straight or bent, rarely irregular, 5-12-5 p long, usually 6-9 p broad, rarely ventricose

and up to 12-5 p; apical cell cylindrical, ovate, clavate, or sub-lobed and irregular in

outline, rounded or truncate at the apex, straight, curved or bent, entire or with 2-3 obtuse

shallow lobes, 10-18 p broad. Mucronate hyphopodia numerous in some colonies, inter-

spersed with the capitate hyphopodia, mostly opposite, but occasionally alternate or

unilateral, not paler than the hyphae, lageniform, straight, gibbous or curved, 20-27 • 5 p

long, 7-5-10 p broad at the more or less swollen base, constricted into a neck about half

the entire length of the hyphopodium and ca. 3-5 p thick, direct or oblique, more or less

curved. Setae fairly numerous, straight, up to 750 p long ; blackish brown, opaque, 8-10 p

thick at the base ; tapering upwards to the apex, which is brown, more or less pellucid,

2 • 5-4 p thick, simple, rounded or sub-acute, frequently constricted or sub-torulose near the

tip and occasionally minutely bidentate. Perithecia not very numerous, scattered or more

or less grouped, black, globose, 180-300 p diam. ; surface cells strongly convex, 15-25 p

diam. Asci 2-3-spored, ovate. Spores 4-septate, oblong, constricted at the septa, tapering

slightly to broadly rounded ends, 50-60 X 20-23 p.

on leaves of Ptaeroxylon obliquum (Thunb.) Radkl., Marwaqa Forest near Bulwer,

Natal, Morgan and Doidge, 30899 ; Buccleuch, near Maritzburg, Natal, Doidge, 9715.

167. Meliola xumenensis Doidge nov. sp.

Plagulae epiphyllae, dispersae, tenues, atro-griseae, irregulares v. orbiculares usque

3 mm. diam. Mycelium laxe reticulatim ex hyphis ramosis, plus minus undulatis, septatis,

olivaceo-brunneis, plerumque 6-8 p latis compositum. Hyphopodia capitata modice

copiosa, alternantia v. unilateralia, 27 • 5-45 p alta ; cellula basali cylindracea, variae longi-

tudinis, 6-12 p longa et 7-7 -5 p lata ; cellula apicali. cylindracea, uncinata v. sinuosa, raris-

sime recta, 10-12-5 p lata, vel irregulariter 2-3-lobata, 20-23 p lata. Hyphopodia

mucronata plerumque opposita, haud pallidiores, 20-25 p longa, parte inf era 6-9 p lata, e

medio sensim, raro subito in collum tenuiorem transeuntia. Setae myceliales simplices,

rectae, v. sub-rectae, 300-600 p longae ; ad basim 6-9 p crassae, atrae opacae, apicem

brunneum sub-pellucidem versus sensim attenuatae. Perithecia laxe aggregata, globosa,

atra, scabra, 180-200 p diam. Asci 2-spori. Sporae 4-septatae, cylindraceae utrinque late

rotundatae, ad septa leniter constrictae, 45-50 X 17-19 p.

Hab. in foliis Jasmini streptopi E. Mey., in silvis Xumeni, prope Donnybrook, Natal,

leg. Morgan et Doidge, 29897.

Colonies epiphyllous. not on leaf spots, scattered, thin, greyish black, round to irregular

in outline, poorly defined, up to about 3 mm. diam. Mycelium loosely reticulate ; hyphae

light brownish olive (Ridgway) more or less undulating, uneven in thickness, mostly 6-8 p

thick but up to 10 p thick in places ; cells mostly 25-40 p long ; branching rather remote

Opposite or alternate. Capitate hyphopodia fairly numerous, rather remote, alternate or

unilateral, inclined forward towards the hypha or erect, 2-celled, 27 • 5-45 p bigh ; basal

cell more or less cylindrical, 6-12-5p long, 7-7-5 p broad ; apical cell cylindrical to clavate

with broadly rounded or truncate apex, curved, more or less uncinate or sinuous, abruptly

bent, or rarely almost straight, 10-12-5 p broad, or irregular with 2-3 rounded, rather

shallow lobes and 20-23 p broad. Mucronate hyphopodia fairly numerous in the older parts

of the colony, on separate short branches or interspersed with the capitate hyphopodia,

usually opposite, not paler than the hyphae, straight or slightly curved, 20-25 p high 6-9 p

broad at the base, tapering gradually into a neck which is 3-4 p thick at the apex, rarely

constricted abruptly at the centre. Mycelial setae not very plentiful, more numerous round

the base of the perithecia, simple, straight or slightly curved, 300-600 p long ; black, opaque,

7 • 5-9 p thick at the base ; tapering gradually upwards to the brown, more or less translucent

201

apex, which is rounded and usually ca. 3- 5-t n thick. Perithecia fairly numerous, more or

less grouped near the centre of the colony, black, globose, scabrous, 180-200 /a diam. Asci

2-spored, evanescent. Spores 4-septate, cylindrical, concolorous with the mycelium, broadly

rounded at the ends, slightly constricted at the septa, 45-50 X 17-19 j u.

on leaves of Jasminum streplopus E. Mey., Xumeni Forest, near Donnybrook, Morgan

and Doidge, 29897 ; Karkloof, near Maritzburg, Doidge 14942.

In collection 29897, associated with Meliola gemellipoda, the latter occurring mostly on

the stems.

168. Meliola rhoina Doidge.

Bothalia 2 (1928) p. 454.

on leaves of Harpephyllum caffrum Burch., East London, Doidge, 10926 ; Howieson’s

Poort, near Grahamstown, Doidge, 10958 ; Pirie Forest, Kingwilliamstown, Doidge, 12269,

22396 ; Marwaqa Forest near Bulwer, Morgan and Doidge 31899.

The Meliola sp. on Harpephyllum caffrum was not mentioned in the revision of the genus

in Bothalia (loc. cit.) as its identity was doubtful. A careful study has now been made of

a number of collections, and this fungus cannot be distinguished from Meliola rhoina, which

is a very variable species.

202

In addition to the occurrences of Meliola rhoina on Rhus spp. previously recorded, it

has been found on : —

Rhus MacOwani Schonl., Alexandria Forest, Doidge 22372 ;

Rhus natalensis Bernh., East London, Doidge, 22389.

169. Physalosporina Sutherlandiae (Kalch. et Cke.) Petrak

in Ann. Myc. 32 (1934) p. 411.

Syn. Stigmatea Sutherlandiae Kalch. et Cke. in Grevillea 9 (1880) 32 ; Syll. Fung. 1 (1882)

543.

Stigmatula Sutherlandiae (Kalch. et Cke.) Syd. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. 2, ser. 1 (1901) 78 ;

Syll. Fung. 16 (1902) 454.

H yponectria Sutherlandiae (Kalch. et Cke.) Theiss.

in Verhandl. Zool. Bot..Ges. 69 (1920) 23.

Stroma extensive, usually spreading from the margins or the tips of the leaves, which

show a yellowish or light yellowish-brown discoloration, and permeating the entire mesophyll

at the leaf. Ground tissue of the stroma almost sclerotial in character, consisting of loose

plectenchyma, formed of tortuous and interwoven hyphae which are very freely branched,

rather closely septate, 3-6 p, thick, hyaline and comparatively thick-walled. Stromatal tissue

developed most freely in the palisade cells, often interrupted by small irregular spaces and

including shrunken vestiges of the substratum. Perithecia irregularly scattered, usually

single ; sometimes 2 or more, which are in close proximity become more or less confluent

and form small, irregular groups ; deeply immersed in the mesophyll, with a flat or slightly

convex base seated on the flattened spongy parenchyma or slightly immersed in it ; sub

globose, ovate, slightly compressed, 200-300 p, diam. Ostioles short, thick, conical, puncti-

form-erumpent, about 80 p. high, traversed by a pore 20-30 p. broad, lined within with

filamentous periphyses. Perithecial wall membranous to fleshy, usually 12-20 p, thick,

composed of numerous layers of very strongly compressed cells, which are irregularly angular,

thin- walled, 5-12 p. diam., hyaline or subhyaline in mass, becoming darker from the base of

the ostiole to dark olive brown round the pore ; fused outwardly with the tissue of the

stroma and not sharply defined. Asci numerous, at first cylindrical, later more or less

clavate or fusiform, broadly rounded above, tapering downwards into a short stalk, 8-spored,

60-75 X 10-18 p, with a thin delicate wall. Spores at first monostichous, then incompletely

distichous, often transverse, broadly ellipsoid or ovate, broadly rounded at both ends, not

tapering, straight, 1-celled, hyaline, 10-15 x 7-9 p. Paraphyses rather sparse, broadly

filamentous, ca. 2-4 p broad, very thin-walled, collapsing early and becoming mucilaginous

and unrecognisable.

on dying leaves of Sutherlandia frutescens R. Br., Boschberg, near Somerset East,

MacOwan 1415, 3684, 20846, 21978 (Rabh. Fung. Eur. 3344).

Petrak (loc. cit.) discusses at length the systematic position and synonymy of this

fungus.

170. Anthostomella Cassinopsidis (K. et Cke.) Rehm.

Ann. Myc. 4 (1906) p. 341 and 5 (1907) p. 545, (erronee A. Cassionopsidis) ; Sacc. Syll.

Fung. XXII (1913), p. 94.

Syn. Diplodia cassinopsidis Kalch. et Cke., Grevillea IX (1880), p. 19.

Sphaeropsis Cassinopsidis (Kalch. et Cke.) Pazsch., Rabh. Fung. Eur. 4488.

Anthostomella Cassinopsidis (Kalch. et Cke.) Petr, et Syd., Ann. Myc. 23 (1925) p. 216.

Perithecia more or less scattered, sometimes distant, sometimes close to one another,

occasionally crowded ; developing under the epidermis, which becomes raised, pustuliform,

203

with only the ostiole punctiform-erumpent ; globose, black, very variable in size, usually

ca. 300-500 p diam., seldom somewhat larger ; ostiole truncate-conical, traversed by a

round pore. Perithecial wall mostly about 12-15 p thick below ; above it is fused with the

outer wall of the epidermis, forming an epidermal clypeus which extends over and beyond

the perithecium, and round its sides almost to the base ; in this way the membrane at the

sides becomes up to 75p thick, and when the perithecia are close together, these become

fused and the single perithecia have the appearance of loculi sunk in a stroma. Asci

cylindrical, thin-walled, broadly rounded above, tapering below into a rather short stalk,

8-spored, sp. part 100-120 X 12-15 p. Spores obliquely monostichous, elongate-ellipsoid or

ovate, not tapering towards the broadly rounded ends or only slightly so, straight, rarely

slightly curved, 1-celled, dark brown, almost opaque, 15-25 X 8-12 p. Paraphyses

numerous, filamentous.

on stems of Cassinopsis sp., Cape, MacOwan, Rabenhorst-Pazschke, Fung. Europ. et

extra-Europ. nr. 4488.

Rehm’s species Anthostomella Cass mop Adis was described from a specimen collected by

MacOwan and handed to him by Pazschke ; his description agrees fairly well with that given

by Petrak and Sydow of the fungus distributed by Pazschke as nr. 4488 of the Fungi europ.

et extra-europ., and I think there is little doubt that it was part of the same collection.

In the Annales Mycologici 4 (1906) the name of the fungus was given as An. Cassinop-

sidis and the host Cassionopsis sp. So far as I am aware there is no such genus as Cassion-

opsis, and this was obviously a clerical error. The name of the host and the specific name

of the fungus were given correctly in the Sylloge Fungorum (loc. cit.).

171. Mycosphaerella Aloes Syd.

in Ann. Myc. 37 (1939) 181.

Stromata amphigenous, but mostly epiphyllous, round to elliptic or irregular in outline

in groups 2-4 mm. diam., appearing first near the tip of the leaf, later spreading gradually’

and evenly downwards and becoming ever more numerous ; the areas of the leaf which are

invaded become dead and dark brown in colour. Stromata developing chiefly in the

epidermis, sometimes consisting of a single, very thick -walled perithecium on a short, broadly

truncate, inverted-conical basal stroma ; but usually the stroma is tuberculate, irregularly

circular or elliptic in outline, formed by the fusion of 2-3 perithecia, of which the more or

less flattened apices break through cracks in the epidermis ; they are more or less convex

below and sunk into the mesophyll, usually 150-250 p diam., seldom somewhat larger. At

the base the stroma attains to a thickness of 80 p ; it becomes gradually thinner at the sides

and is often only 18-25 /x thick at the apex ; it is parenchymatous and consists of cells which

are irregularly polyhedral, thin-walled, translucent, blackish-brown, 6-12 /x diam., running

out at the base and at the sides into rather short-celled tortuous hyphae 3-5 p thick, which

penetrate more deeply into the substratum.

Perithecia globose, broadly ovate or rather irregular, 120-180 p diam., seldom somewhat

larger, provided with a papilla, which is traversed by a rather indefinite irregular pore.

Asci few, seldom more than six in a perithecium, 8-spored, broadly clavate, broadly rounded

above, saccate below and then suddenly constricted, almost sessile, or with a very short,

thick knob-like foot, 46-60 X 14-22 p. Spores more or less distichous, cylindrical, clavate

or somewhat fusiform, obtusely rounded at both ends, not attenuate above or very slightly

so, tapering gradually and more definitely below, straight or slightly bent, 1 -septate, not

constricted, hyaline, with thick epispore, 17-23 X 3-5-5 p; loculi equal or sub-equal.

Paraphysoids rather numerous, indefinitely filamentous, erect, arising from the hyaline

inner tissue of the perithecia, tardily becoming mucilaginous.

on dying apices of leaves of Aloe lineata Harv., Port Elizabeth, Doid<je, 2293.

204

172. Baumiella caespitosa P. Henn.

in Bot. Brgebnisse der Kunene-Sambesi Exped. (1903) 165 ; Syll. Fung. 17, p. 708 ;

v. Hobnel, Fragmente zur Mykologie no. 618.

Syn. Gibbera tinctoria Mass., in Bull. Bot. Gard. Kew (1911) 226 ; Syll. Fung. 24, p. 923 ;

Eyles in Rhod. Agr. Jour. 23 (1926) 642 ; Hopkins in Trans. Rbod. Sc. Ass. 35

(1938) 101.

Stromata epiphyllous, erumpent, closely crowded and covering the greater part of the

leaf surface ; (in Henning’s type the stromata are in scattered, orbicular groups and the

individual stromata not so closely crowded), black, round to irregular in outline, up to

1 mm. diam., verrucose or pulvinate, usually rough externally with irregular projections.

The hypostroma consists of a parenchymatous tissue of very thin-walled, hyaline or yellow

cells, very variable in form and size, often 3-10 /x diam., rounded, angular, cylindrical or

quite irregular, becoming almost hyaline and filamentous below, and becoming resolved into

numerous hyphae which penetrate more deeply into the mesophyll of the leaf. After

breaking out from the tissues of the host, the ground tissue of the stroma consists of thin-

walled, translucent blackish-brown or greyish-brown, rounded or angular cells, mostly

10-15 /A diam. ; below and at the sides, the cells are often orientated in more or less vertical

rows. The stroma is homogeneous without a firm outer crust, the outer layers of cells being

very irregular and loosely compacted ; it is rather more compact and smaller celled in the

somewhat convex processes over the ostioles of the perithecia.

Loculi monostichous, on? or few in each stroma, globose to ovate, 120-160 /x diam.,

with very short truncate-conical ostioles, traversed by an indefinite pore ; locular wall

consisting of several layers of hyaline, much compressed cells, but not clearly defined. Asci

briefly pedicellate, fusiform, straight or curved, 112 -5-135 X 30-42-5 /x ; sp. part 85-100 /x

long, narrowed above into an apical beak traversed by a pore, apices of the asci converging

towards the ostiole. Spores distichous or conglobate, hyaline, cylindrical, rarely sub-clavate,

1 -septate, not constricted, rounded at both ends, mostly 40-42-5 X 10-11-5 /x, rarely 35

or 47 /x long. Paraphysoids well developed, consisting of plates of cells almost entirely

separating the asci.

on leaves of Monotes glaber Sprague, Salisbury, Eyles 1967 , 14006.

Apart from the grouping of the stromata, the greatest difference between the fungus

examined and the type, lies in the size of the spores. Hennings states that they are 26-33

X 9-13 jx ; Sydow in his study of a portion of the type specimen found this length to be

correct, they were not longer than 35 /x, but they were a little narrower. Von Hohnel,

however, (loc. cit.) after re-examining the type gives the following spore measurements : —

24-42 X 7-9 -5 p. ; it is possible that he examined a more mature piece of the material, and

that the specimen described above is still better developed. Both Hennings and Yon

Hohnel speak of 1- or 3-septate spores ; 3-septate spores were not observed by Sydow in

the type material nor in the specimen collected by Eyles. The latter must be regarded as

a form of Baumiella caespitosa Plenn. until further collections can be examined. The type

was collected by Baum on leaves of Monotes dasycantha Gilg. near Quiriri, South West

Africa ( Baum 727, 1900).

Judging by the description, Gibbera tinctoria Mass, on Monotes glaber from Rhodesia,

differs widely from Baumiella caespitosa ; a portion of the type specimen was examined by

Sydow, and he found this fungus identical with the Baumiella in habit and structure of the

stroma. Unfortunately no ascospores could be found, but he is convinced that the two

fungi are identical. The type of Gibbera tinctoria Mass, was collected on leaves of Monotes

glaber at Hunyani, S. Rhodesia by Allen. {Rhod. Agric. Dept. Herb. 737).

173. Venturia Cephalariae Kalch. et Cke.

South African Fungi in Grevillea IX (1880) p. 31, tab. 137, fig. 36 ; Sacc. Syll. Fung.

I (1882) p. 593.

Leaf spots scattered, round or somewhat irregular in outline, light brown with a purple

margin, up to 4 mm. diam. Perithecia epiphyllous, in groups ; at first veiled by the cuticle

205

in which is developed a thin plate of fungous tissue, composed of pale fuscous to dark brown,

tortuous, branching and anastomosing hyphae ca. 5 p thick, and extending towards the edge

of the leaf spot. Perithecia in small or larger groups, globose, 100-125 p diam., or if

crowded, ovate to ellipsoid through mutual pressure and sometimes 6C-75 p diam., but

uniformly ca. 125 /x high ; ostiole erumpent, flat or broadly conical, traversed by a pore

15-20 /x broad, crowned with 6 to 12 or more numerous setae ; setae erect, rigid, straight

or slightly and irregularly curved, not septate, 25-42-5 /x long, blackish-brown, sub-opaque,

5-7 p thick at the base and tapering upwards to the paler, pellucid, rounded or sub-acute

apex. Perithecial wall membranous, below composed of yellow brown, thin-walled, round

to oval, somewhat angular cells 5-7 p diam. ; cells smaller, 5-7 p diam. and darker brown

above, where the wall is continuous with the hyphal plate in the cuticle. Asci numerous,

8-spored, clavate or clavate-ellipsoid, straight or slightly curved, often narrowing slightly

towards the rounded apex, tapering gradually downwards, sessile or sub-sessile, 55-60 X

11-12 • 5 j ix ; with a firm wall, ca. 1 • 5 /x thick, not thickened at the apex when mature. Spores

distichous, clavate, very unequally 1-septate, pale fuscous, broadly rounded above, tapering

to the base, not constricted at the septum, 20-23 X 9-10/x ; lower cell only 6-6-5 p long,

conical.

on leaves of Cephalaria attenuata (L.f.) R. et Sch., Somerset East, MacOwan 1338, 20813.

174. Phaeosphaerella congregata (Syd.) Doidge n. comb.

Syn. Parodiella congregata Syd., Ann. Myc. 10 (1912) p. 37.

Perithecia epiphyllous, minute, black shining, developing in close, round to irregular

groups 1-5 mm. diam. ; leaf tissues not discoloured ; immersed, sub-cuticular, more or

less closely crowded, globose, 60-100 /x diam. Perithecial wall membranous, at first

olivaceous tinged with dull bluish-green at the apex, then becoming yellowish-brown at the

base, darker brown and sub-opaque at the apex ; at the base formed of several layers of

more or less angular, thin-walled cells, 7-8 /x diam. ; more closely parenchymatous at the

apex, composed of cells 3-6 /a diam. ; traversed by a round pore 15-20 p diam. Asci few,

(2-7) in each perithecium, 8-spored, aparaphysate, sessile or sub-sessile, very variable in

form and size ; sometimes ovate or sub-globose, 30-40 X 20-30 /x, sometimes elongated,

saccate, 50-65 X 15-20 p ; with a firm wall ca. 1 /x thick, more or less thickened at the

apex. Spores distichous to tristichous, ellipsoid-oblong to sub-clavate, 26-30 X 6-7-5 /x,

rounded at both ends or occasionally sub-truncate below, constricted at the septum ; at

first sub-hyaline, then dark (olive-grey to iron grey, Ridgway) ; cells sub-equal or the

upper slightly shorter and broader.

on leaves of Limnanthemum thunbergianum Griseb., Belfast, Doidge, 765.

In the revision of the genus Parodiella by Theissen and Sydow (Ann. Myc. 15, 1917,

p. 112) this species is excluded, and it is suggested that it probably belongs to the genus

Phaeosphaerella.

175. Cryptodidymosphaeria clandestina Syd.

in Ann. Myc. 37 (1939) 192-196.

Syn. Phaeodothis Tristachyae Syd. in Ann. Myc. 10 (1912) 4 ; Doidge in Bothalia 1 (1922) 67.

Perithecia parasitic in the stromata of Phyllachoraceae, entirely filling the cavities of

the perithecia of the host, and conforming with them in shape and size, flattened-globose or

somewhat irregular, 150-250 /x diam. ; ostiole papilliform, usually fused with the ostiole of

the host fungus, rarely erumpent through a small longitudinal crack, traversed by a round,

poorly defined pore about 15 p diam. Wall membranous, almost fleshy, 6-10 p thick,

composed of 2-3 layers of round or irregularly angular cells ; at the sides these are somewhat

elongated and arranged in more or less vertical, ascending rows ; cells rather thick-walled,

light yellow brown or honey yellow, often somewhat darker near the apex of the perithecium,

3-5 j u. diam. ; the outer surface of the perithecial wall is fused and merged with that of the

206

host and. is thus not sharply defined. When the Phyllachora is attacked at an early stage

of its development, its perithecia are not formed and then the perithecia of the parasite

develop in the mesophyll of the leaves, under the phyllachoroid clypeus. Asci rather

numerous, 8-spored, clavate, broadly rounded above, tapering gradually downwards, sub-

sessile or with a rather thick, knob-like foot, wall rather thick, slightly but definitely

thickened round the apex, p. sp. 60-70 X 8-10 p.. Spores more or less distichous, fusiform

or biconical, tapering slightly to both obtusely rounded ends, but often somewhat more

definitely towards the lower end, straight or somewhat asymmetrical, seldom slightly

curved, 1-septate at or near the middle, not constricted or slightly so, rather dark grey-

brown or olive brown, 11-17 + 4-5 p,. Paraphyses typical, filiform, simple or somewhat

branched, about 1-1-5 p. thick, only tardily becoming mucilaginous.

Pycnidia similar to the perithecia in growth and development, but often somewhat

smaller and not completely filling the cavity of the host perithecium, fusing above with the

inner wall of the latter, but not always reaching to the base, so that a small, irregularly

crescent-shaped space is left between the pycnidia! wall and the wall of the host perithecium ;

this space is filled with yellow brown vestiges of the fruiting layer of the host, permeated by

the subhyaline, indistinctly septate, loosely branched hyphae of the parasite. Pycnidial

wall finely and often very delicately membranous, 6-8 p, thick, consisting of 2-3 layers of

cells ; cells very pale yellow or yellow brown, 3-5 p, diam., round or somewhat elongated.

Conidia massive, ellipsoid or ovate, broadly rounded at both ends, straight, rarely somewhat

asymmetrical or very slightly curved, 1-celled, very pale greyish brown, 6 -5-9 -5 X 3-4-5 p,,

borne on somewhat conical or papilla-like conidiophores over the whole inner surface of the

pycnidial cavity.

on Phyllachora Tricholaenae P. Henn., on Rhynchelytrum repens (Willd.) Hubb., Donker-

poort, Pretoria distr., Doidge and Bottomley, 29738.

on Phyllachora Doidgeae Syd., on Cymbopogon marginatas (Steud.) Stapf, Donkerpoort,

Doidge and Bottomley, 29744, 29800.

on Phyllachora Cynodontis (Sacc.) Niessl., on Cynodon Dactylon L., Donkerpoort, Doidge

and Bottomley, 29749.

on Phiyllachora spp. on Tristachya leucothrix, Trim, (Type of Phaeodothis Tristachyae

Syd.) Mooi River. Natal, Burtt Davy, 1470 ; and on Eragrostis sp., Donkerpoort, Doidge and

Bottomley, 29746.

Sydow took as his type a collection on Phyllachora afra Syd. on the leaves of Sporobolus

pyramidalis, made by Deighton in Sierra Leone. He states that probably other Phaeodothis

spp. on grasses, particularly the South African species Ph. Tristachyae Syd. will prove to be

only Phyllachora plus Cryptodymosphaeria, and that this must be decided by an examination

of good material. The size of the spores of Ph. Tristachyae in the original description is

given as 12-13-5 X 3-4-p ; a careful examination of the type collection indicates that spores

up to 15 X 5 p, are not infrequent, and I can find nothing to differentiate this species from

Gryptodidymosphaeria clandestina.

The conidial stage appears to be identical with Coniothyrium occultum Syd. (Ann. Myc.

35 (1937), 281, and loc. cit.).

176. Bimerosporiopsis Engleriana P. Henn.

in Hedwigia XL (1901) p. (173) ; Syll. Fung. XVII (1905) 681 ; Sydow in Ann.

Myc. XVIII (1920) pp. 181-182.

Syn. Dimerosporium Englerianum P. Henn. in Pilz. Ostafr. (1931) p. 31.

Dimerium Englerianum Sacc. et D. Sacc. in Syll. Fung. XVII p. 537.

Aloysiella ruwenzorensis Mattir. et Sacc. in Annali di Botanici VII (1908) p. 143.

Otthia deformans Pat. in Bull. Soc. Myc. France XXXIV (1918) p. 19.

Gibbera Engleriana (P. Henn.) van der Byl in South Afr. Journ. Sci. 25 (1928) p. 182.

? Antennularia ( Coleroa ) Engleriana (P. Henn.) v. Hohn., Fragm. Myk. XI (1909) 5.

207

Fungus caulicolous, causing some thickening and distortion of the affected parts, and

covering them with a dark brown to black mycelial growth, which is often continuous for

several centimetres. Mycelium extending through the cortex, and producing in the tissues

of the host numerous small cushions, cellular in structure and irregular in form and size ;

these are brown, and formed of cells which may be irregularly polygonal and 5-10 / ix diam.,

or, especially towards the periphery, with a tendency to become cubical and to develop in

rows at right angles to the surface of the stem. At the surface, these cushions give rise

to tufts of erect hyphae, which become so numerous as to completely clothe the stem with

a turf-like growth. Erect hyphae brown, thick-walled, 5-6 /x thick, up to 400 p , high,

septate ; cells 20-25 /x long ; sparingly branched and often tortuous and tangled. Peri-

thecia numerous, nestling amongst the erect hyphae and attached to them at the base,

globose or somewhat flattened, not setose, 220-350 fx diam., 250-300 /lx high, collapsing and

becoming cupulate when dry. Perithecial wall rough externally, grossly verrucose, oliva-

ceous, composed of several layers of irregularly polygonal cells 10-15 /x diam. ; without true

ostiole, but with a thin place at the apex which breaks down and forms an irregular pore.

Asci 8-spored, paraphysate, cylindrical, rounded above, up to 100 fx long ; sporiferous part

75-80 X 10-12-5/x; sterile portion below tapering to a wTell-defined foot. Paraphyses not

numerous, hyaline, filiform. Spores distichous, 1-septate, pale olivaceous, clavate-ellipsoid

rounded at ends, very slightly constricted at the septum, pluriguttulate, 16-19 X 6-7 fx.

The spores examined from these South African collections were barely mature ; the dimensions

of the spores are given elsewhere as 18-25 X 7-10 [x.

on Erica cristaeflora Salisb., on stems Tulbagh, Dippenaar (van der Byl, loc. cit).

Erica imbricata L., Klapmuts, Acock, 27668.

Erica leucopelta Tausch., bush behind village, Knysna, Bottomley, 30729.

Erica peltata Andr., Knysna, Bottomley, 30730.

Erica spp., Cape, MacOwan ; Hermanus, Pole Evans, 27697, 27704 ; Tulbagh, Dippe-

naar ( v . d. Byl).

Scyphogene inconspicua Brogn., Hermanus, Pole Evans, 27703, Lomvrens, 30731.

This fungus was first described by Hennings on Ericinella Manii collected by Volkens

in tropical Africa, and it appears to be a very common parasite on various genera of the

Ericaceae in tropical Africa. Its nomenclature has been discussed by Sydow (loc. cit.) and

der Byl (l.c.) ; the latter author puts it into the genus Gibbera. Dr. Sydow states (in litt.)

that “ It is difficult at present to say to what genus it should be assigned, as the genera

Coleroa, Antennularia, Gibbera, Otthia and similar ones need revision. I think, however,

that the fungus can hardly be called a Coleroa or Antennularia. Its relationship is rather

with Gibbera and Otthia. The fungus has twice been put into a separate genus, namely

Dimerosporiopsis (1901) and Aloysiella (1908). It might well prove that the fungus really

represents a distinct genus. Therefore I would propose to name it for the present

Dimerosporiopsis Engleriana Henn.”

177. Pseudo thyridaria moroides Syd.

in Ann. Myc. 37 (1939) 182-184.

Stromata solitary, distant, gall-like, carinate, parallel with the axis of the stem, from

which they become erumpent through longitudinal cracks ; on the smaller twigs these are

up to 13 mm. long, about 4 mm. broad and up to 2 mm. high ; on larger stems they may be up

to 3-5 cm. long, 7-5 mm. broad and 4 mm. high ; on old branches lesions have been seen

up to 7 cm. long and 5 mm. broad, but in these the stromata are old and brittle or broken

down. The hypostroma which seems to originate between the wood and the cortex, either

consists of a parenchymatous tissue of very thin-walled, hyaline or sub-hyaline, rounded-

angular cells, 4 10 /lx diam., which includes discoloured and collapsed remnants of the

substratum, or takes the form of erect plates, 150-200 /lx thick, orientated in the direction

of the longitudinal axis of the host, tapering inwards and pressing like wedges between the

208

cells of the host. After breaking out from the host tissues, the stroma spreads on both

sides of its longitudinal axis, forming irregular stromatal cushions, with a definite fissure

or fold in the centre which remains sterile ; the folded and wrinkled stromatic surface is dull

grey or brownish black, in the fertile parts closely verrucose throughout the formation of

convex processes over the ostioles of the perithecia. Ground tissue of the stroma paren-

chymatous, pale grey or greyish brown within, and composed of round or irregularly

angular, or elongated cells 5-12 p diam. ; at the surface there is an apical crust, 90-140 p

thick, composed of greyish-black, thick-walled opaque cells arranged in more or less definite

vertical rows.

Perithecia monostichous, completely and often deeply immersed, in the stroma, globose

or globose-ovate, often somewhat flattened and irregular through mutual pressure, 200-400

/x diam., rarely larger. Ostioles cylindrical, completely innate in the stroma, punctiform-

erumpent, not emerging or barely so, truncate, not grooved, traversed by a pore 30-40 /x

broad. Perithecial wall membranous, often definitely recognisable only at the base and the

sides, 15-20 /x thick, consisting of several layers of much-compressed subhyaline cells. Asci

numerous, 8-spored, cylindrical-clavate, broadly rounded above, tapering slightly but

decidedly downwards into a short stalk, thin- walled, p. sp. 100-130 X 6-8 p. Spores

obliquely monostichous or incompletely distichous, fusiform, tapering more or less to the

obtusely rounded ends, straight or slightly bent, 3-septate, less frequently 1-2-septate, not

constricted, or very slightly constricted in the middle, light yellow brown or honey yellow,

16-30 X 4—6 p. Paraphyses very numerous, rather coarsely filamentous, usually simple

1 -5-2-5 p thick, exceeding the asci.

on stems of Rubus pinnatus Willd., Xumeni Forest, near Donnybrook, Natal, Morgan

and Doidge, 30374.

178. Ceratosphaeria crinigera (Cke.) Sacc.

Syll. Fung. II (1883) p. 227.

Syn. Sphaeria (Ceratostoma) crinigera Cke. in Grevillea I (1873) p. 156.

Perithecia innate, becoming erumpent and finally superficial, scattered or in small

groups, surrounded at the base by brown hyphae, which are long, flexuous, septate, 2-3 p

thick ; perithecia flask-shaped, rugulose, densely clothed — except in the upper part of the

neck — with dark brown, simple, flexuous, septate setae, which are of varying length and

obtuse at the apex ; basal part of perithecia sub-globose to ovate, 300-450 p diam. ; neck

250-400 p long, 150-180 /x thick, traversed by a pore which is up to 90 p broad and closely

lined with fine, hyaline periphyses. Wall of perithecium dark brown to black, 60-75 p

thick, composed of numerous layers of flattened cells ; inner layers brown, thin-walleu and

up to 12-5 diam., oirter layers black, opaque, and structure not easily seen. Asci very

numerous, 8-spored, cylindrical-clavate, rounded above, tapering towards the base, sessile,

70-75 x 7-5-9 p. Paraphyses hyaline, filiform, disappearing early. Spores obliquely

monostichous, hyaline, cylindrical to ellipsoid, broadly rounded at the ends, 3-septate, not

constricted at the septa, 9-11 -5 X 3-75-4 p.

on rotting wood, Xumeni Forest, near Donnybrook, Natal, Morgan and Doidge, 30368.

On comparison the South African fungus is not found to differ from European specimens

of this species. It was first described on pine wood in Great Britain, and its occurrence in

South Africa is of interest.

179. Eudarluca australis Speg.

in Revista sel Museo de la Plata XV (1908) 22 ; Syd. in Ann. Myc. 24 (1926) 360-362.

Syn. Myrmaecium cannae Dearn. et Barth, in Mycologia 9 (1917) 347 ; Syll. Fung. 24, p.

759 ; Petrak in Ann. Myc. 25 (1927) 301.

Stromata developing in the uredo-sori of rust fungi ; basal stroma growing into the

mesophyll of the leaf, erumpent, more or less parenchymatous, consisting of light-coloured ;

209

thin-walled cells, which, immediately under the loculi, are often in vertical rows. Loculi

single more or less central, often completely immersed ; or 2-3, of which 1 or 2 are lateral

and project from the stromata ; stroma often numerous and crowded, so that a large number

of loculi are observed in close proximity. Loculi broadly ovate or ellipsoid, about 100-1 60 y.

diam., quite closed without a trace of an ostiole, or, less frequently, very obtusely and

broadly conical at the apex, which is traversed by a pore ; the pore is irregularly round to

angular. Walls of the loculi 15-25 /x thick, formed of several layers of round to angular,

rather thin-walled cells ; outer layers translucent, dark brown, 7-12 /x, or rarely up to 15 /x

diam. not compressed or only slightly so ; inner layers much compressed and usually hyaline.

Asci rather numerous, 8-spored, cylindrical-clavate or cylindrical, broadly rounded above,

tapering somewhat towards the base, quite sessile or with a short thick foot, thick-walled,

not thickened at the apex or very slightly so, sporiferous part 65-80 X 7 -5-10 y. Spores

obliquely monostichous or incompletely distichous, fusiform, tapering to both bluntly

rounded ends, straight, rarely slightly bent, usually with three cross walls of which only

the central one is readily distinguishable, not constricted, or slightly constricted at the

central septum, hyaline, 14-21 y (mostly about 17 y) long and 3-5-5 /x (usually 4 /x) broad.

Paraphysoids very sparse. Conidial loculi (Darluca) smaller than the ascigerous loculi, are

usually to be found in an empty or over-ripe condition on the edges of the stroma.

in uredo-sori of Puccinia Eragrostidis-superbae on leaves of Eragrostis happula Nees

var. divaricata, Derdepoort, Pretoria Distr., Doidge and Bottomley, 29813, and

on Eragrostis superba, without locality, 14124.

on Uredo undet. on leaves of Eragrostis sp., Irene, Pretoria Distr., S. Smuts, 17014.

In the first two numbers quoted, the uredo-spores and paraphyses of the Puccinia can

be found beyond the edges of the stroma ; traces of a rust have also been found in 17014.

It was suggested by Spegazzini (loc. cit.) that this is the ascus stage of Darluca jilum,

and in specimens collected at Costa Rica, Sydow actually found the conidial form in the

same uredo-sori as the ascus stage. Petrak (l.c.) also found the conidia associated with the

ascus stage of Myrmaecium Cannae Dearn. et Barth, in the uredo-sori of Puccinia Cannae,

and states that the latter fungus is identical with Budarluca. The South African fungus

is not very well developed, but is definitely identical with the fungus described from the

American collections ; the Darluca stage has been detected associated with the Eudarluca in

these collections also.

180. Lasiosphaeria hispida (Tode) Fuck.

Symb. myc. (1869) p. 147 ; Syll. Fung. II, p. 194 ; Seaver in Mycologia IY (1912) p. 119.

Syn. Lasiosphaeria capensis Kalch et Cke. in Grevillea 9 (1880) p. 28, Syll. Fung. II, p. 195.

Perithecia more or less closely gregarious, surrounded by a weft of black mycelium ;

the mycelium consists of dark brown to blackish brown hyphae, ' rather remotely septate,

sparsely branched, 5-6 y thick. Perithecia ovoid to pyriform, 300-500 /x diam,, 450-600 y

high ; outer wall rough and clothed with numerous, dark brown, remotely septate hairs,

which are very long and flexuous near the base, shorter, straighter and more rigid towards

the apex ; the latter are 50-100 y long, 6-7 • 5 y thick at the base, and tapering somewhat to a

blunt apex. Perithecial wall irregular in thickness ; inner part dark brown, consisting of

several layers of very much flattened cells ; outside this is an irregular layer of rather loosely

compacted pseudoparenchyma. Asci cylindrical-clavate, 8-spored, rounded above, tapering

somewhat to the base and briefly pedicellate, 160-180 X 12-18 y. Spores distichous,

twisted, subclavate or cylindrical, rounded at both ends, often bent near one end, 7-septate,

at first hyaline, then pale fuscous, 50-80 X 6-8 y.

on bark, Somerset East, Cape. MacOwan 1397, 20817.

There is only a small part of the original collection in the Cryptogramic Herbarium ;

no further collections have been made. There appears to be no difference between this

fungus and Lasiosphaeria hispida as defined by Seaver ; for Seaver’s list of synonyms see

Mycologia (loc. cit.)

210

181. Leptosphaeria Sacchari van Breda.

Meded. v. Proefstat. v. Suikerr. in West Java (1892) p. 25 ; Butler, Fungi and Disease

in Plants (1918), p. 381 ; van der Byl, Union Dept. Agric. Sc. Bull. 10 (1918) p. 15.

Perithecia developing in leaf spots, which are often numerous on a single leaf, scattered,

more or less elliptic in outline, visible on both surfaces of the leaf, up to 15 mm. long and

5 mm. broad, dry, straw-coloured in the centre and sharply defined by a narrow, reddish

purple or brownish margin ; this ring is not usually regular, but lobed, or broken by angular

projections ; neighbouring leaf spots often become confluent, and form larger irregular

blotches. The discoloured leaf tissues are permeated by fine, hyaline hyphae about 1 p

thick. Perithecia numerous, epipbyllous, rarely hypophyllous, arranged in rows between

the finer veins of the leaf, remote from one another or more closely placed, but not crowded,

immersed in the mesophyll, globose or sub-globose, 100-155 p diam., narrowed above into

an apical papilla ; papilla up to 75 p long, erumpent, protruding slightly from the epidermis,

traversed by a rather indefinite pore. Peritbecial wall pale to darker yellowish brown,

translucent, composed of rather thin-walled, angular, slightly compressed cells 5-10 p diam.

Asci fairly numerous, 8-spored, cylindrical to clavate, straight or curved, rounded, above,

briefly pedicellate with a short, knob-like foot, 70-80 X 12-12-5 p; wall firm, slightly

thickened at the apex. Spores distichous, 3-septate, fusoid to sub-clavate, tapering to

rounded ends, constricted at the septa, at first hyaline, then fuscous, 20-25 X 5 p.

Paraphyses fairly numerous, hyaline, filamentous, ca. 1 p thick, exceeding the asci.

on leaves of Sacchanim officinarum L., Natal Sugar Estates, McMartin, 31040, 31041.

The so-called “ ring spot ” of sugar cane, caused by Leptosphaeria Sacchari, was first

described in Java, and occurs in many countries where sugar cane is cultivated. It was

recorded by van der Byl (loc. cit.) from Natal and Zululand in 1918.

182. Sporormia transvaalensis Doidge nov. sp.

Perithecia sparsa v. gregaria, immersa, deinde erumpentia et in maturitate partim

denudata, globosa v. ovoidea, 450-500 p diam., 500-700 p alta, rugulosa, coriacea, opace

nigra, pariete ca. 60 p crasso, ostiolo conico-trancato v. sub-cylindraceo, usque 200 p

longa ; asci cylindraceo-ellipsoidei, 8-spori, apice rotundati, breve stipitati, 95-110 X

17-5-20 p, crasse tunicati ; sporae distichae, cylindraceae, 3-septatae, opace brunneae,

profunde constrictae, facile secedentes, 40-45 X 6-7 p, articulis subaequalibus, strato

gelatinoso angusto obvolutae.

Hab. in fimo bovino, Kromrivier, leg. Doidge, 30235.

Perithecia scattered or in groups, immersed, later becoming more or less erumpent and

often partly exposed at maturity, globose-ovoid, 450-500 p diam., 500-700 p high, opaque

black, coriaceous, wall about 60 p thick, outer layers opaque, tuberculate on the surface,

inner layers dark brown to fuscous, composed of somewhat flattened, thin-walled cells ;

ostiole a truncated cone or sub-cylindrical, up to 200 p long. Asci cylindrical to ellipsoid,

8-spored, rounded at the apex, briefly stipitate, 95-110 X 17-5-20 p, thick-walled, wall

1 -5-2 - 5 p thick. Paraphyses not seen (material rather old). Spores distichous, cylindrical,

3-septate, dark brown, opaque, deeply constricted and readily separating at the septa,

surrounded by a thin mucous layer, 40-50 X 6-7 p ; segments sub-equal, medial segments

cylindrical, terminal segments subcylindrical, tapering very slightly to broadly rounded ends.

on cow dung, Kromrivier, Rustenburg District, Transvaal, Doidge, 30235.

Gibbs, in the Journal of the Linnean Society 38 (1909) p. 416, mentions three species

of Sporormia collected by Cheesman in the Matoppo Hills. One of these, Sporormia pascua

Niessl has 7-septate spores, Sp. Ambigua Niessl and Sp. intermedia Auersw. have 3-septate

spores, but differ from the fungus described above in the size of the perithecia, asci and

spores. There appear to be no other records of fungi of this genus occurring in South Africa.

211

183. Rhynchosphaeria Pagarae Doidge nov. sp.

Perithecia sparsa v. pauca sub-aggregata, immersa, globosa, coriaceo-carbonacea,

ostiola cylindracea usque 200 p longa pertusa, 200-220 p diam. Asci numerosi, clavati,

apice rotundati, basim versus attenuati, breviter pedicellati, 8-spori, 45-60 X 6-7-5 p.

Sporae distichae, clavatae, plus minus curvatae v. rectae, utrinque obtusae, 3-septatae, ad

septa, praecipue medium, constrictae, ex hyalino brunneolae, 11—12 - 5 X 3-5-3-75 p.

Hab. in cortice Fagarae capensis Thunb., Boschfontein, Pretoria distr., leg. Doidge et

Bottomley, 31067.

Perithecia scattered or in small groups, immersed in tbe cortex, seated at the base on

the wood, sub-carbonaceous, globose, narrowed above into cylindrical ostioles, which protrude

somewhat from the periderm, 200-220 p, diam. Ostioles cylindrical, up to 200 p long

straight or curved, ca. 60-80 p thick, often dilated somewhat near the entire apex ; traversed

by a pore lined with numerous fine, hyaline periphyses. Perithecial wall firm, 15-25 p

thick, blackish brown, outer layers opaque, inner more or less translucent, mostly 5-10 p

diam. ; giving place within to a hyaline, filamentous layer. Outwardly the wall is connected

with a tangle of loosely interwoven, fuscous hyphae, 2-2 -5 p thick, permeating the cortical

tissues which are more or less broken down. Asci very numerous, lining about seven-

eighths of the perithecial cavity, 8-spored, clavate, straight or slightly curved, rounded

above, tapering at the base to a short stalk, 45-60 X 6-7 - 5 p ; wall very firm, not staining

blue with iodine. Paraphyses very numerous, hyaline, slender, filiform, barely 1 p thick,

exceeding the asci. Spores distichous, clavate, 3-septate, hyaline then light brown, tapering

to blunt ends, slightly constricted, sometimes more deeply at the central septum, 11-12-5

X 3-5-3-75 p ; the second cell from the upper end is the broadest.

on branches of Fagara capensis Thunb., Boschfontein, near Wolhuter’s Kop, Pretoria

distr., Doidge and Bottomley, 31067.

184. Pseudovalsa longipes (Tul.) Sacc.

in Svll. Fung. 2 (1883) p. 136 ; Winter in Rabh. Kryptog. Flora von Deutschland II»

p. 787 ; Petrak in Ann. Myc. XXI (1923) pp. 323-324.

Syn. Melanconis longipes Tul. Carp. II, p. 139.

Calospora longipes (Tul.) Berlese in leones fung. I (1894) p. 117 tab. CXXII fig i.

Coryneum Kunzei Corda Ic. Fung. IV, p. 46 ; Syll. Fung. Ill, p. 778.

Stromata corticolous, seated on the wood, scattered, discrete, black, irregularly round

to elliptic, 1-2-5 mm. diam., rather smooth above, surrounded and partially veiled by the

ruptured cortex. Perithecia 4—12 in each stroma, globose or flattened by mutual pressure,

270-400 p diam., 300-350 p high ; ostioles convergent, oblique and curved on marginal

perithecia, 250-450 p long, not prominent. Asci paraphysate, 8-spored, cylindrical-clavate,

rounded at the apex, briefly pedicellate, 110-155 X 20-22-5 p; wall about 1.5 p thick

thickened at the apex to 5-6 p. Spores distichous or irregular, fusiform-clavate, hyaline,

mostly 3-septate, less frequently 2- or 4-5-septate, tapering at both ends, terminal cells

conical, not constricted, separating rather readily at the septa, 50-70 X 7-5-9 p. The

spores are barely mature in these perithecia ; according to Winter the mature spores are

brown.

Conidial stage is a Coryneum ; acervulae scattered or more or less crowded, sometimes

on the same twigs as the ascigerous stromata, black, disciform, erumpent, surrounded by

the ruptured outer bark, 1-1 -5 p diam., 350-450 p high ; base composed of a loose weft of

brown, thin-walled hyphae, which become erect near the surface and give rise to numerous

conidiophores. Conidiophores pale olivaceous to almost hyaline, more or less flexuous, up

to 150 p long, about 5 p thick at the base and tapering upwards to 2-5-4 p. Conidia

olivaceous brown, 4-7-septate, frequently 5-septate, clavate, more or less curved, rarely

straight, curvature usually more acute near the upper end, tapering somewhat to the apex

which is paler, often sub-oblique, rounded, tapering gradually downwards into the conidio-

phore, 40-75 x 12-14 p.

212

on branches of Quercus sp., Wellington, Doidge, 2163.

The conidial stage has been collected several times on branches of Quercus sp., Welling-

ton, Doidge, 987, 2161, 2162.

The ascospores are barely mature ; Winter states that the mature spores are brown, in

which case the fungus belongs to the genus Pseudovalsa, and not to Calospora as stated by

Berlese who saw only hyaline spores. Petrak is also of the opinion that this species is a

genuine Pseudovalsa. On comparison with European specimens, it was found that the

South African fungus was identical with Pseudovalsa longipes. The species is rare in

Europe.

According to Saccardo, the conidial stage is Coryneum Kunzei, Cda.

185. Pleospora Doidgeae Petr.

in Ann. Myc. 25 (1927) 293-295.

Syn. Dictyochorella andropogonis Doidge in Bothalia I (1922) p. 66.

Perithecia formed in a phyllacboroid stroma, usually scattered, less frequently close

together and then arranged in longitudinal rows, flattened globose or ellipsoid, very variable

in size, 150-320 g diam. and 100-200 g high ; ostiole erumpent on the upper or lower leaf

surface, conical truncate, opening by a round pore. Penthecial wall membranous, usually

about 8-10 g thick, composed of a few layers of rather closely compressed cells ; the cells

are irregular or polygonal, thin-walled, about 5-8 g, rarely up to 10 g diam., they are pale,

translucent, yellow-brown or clove brown, but always darker coloured near the apex. It

sometimes happens that single perithecia occur outside the phyllachoroid stroma, but near

its edge ; such perithecia have usually a stronger wall, up to 25 g thick. Asci clavate or

clavate-cylindrical, broadly rounded at the apex, more or less tapering below, sessile or with

a short, thick foot, becoming greatly distended as they begin to mature, with a firm, thick

wall, 8-spored, about 60-80 g long, later up to 100 g long, 12 15 p. broad. Spores ellipsoid

or ellipsoid-fusiform, tapering considerably to the obtuse ends, straight or slightly curved,

with three or very seldom four cross walls, decidedly and often deeply constricted at the

centre, elsewhere not constricted at the septa or only very slightly so ; the second cell from

the apex often projects slightly, and is sometimes traversed by a longitudinal wall, which

is often oblique and usually very inconspicuous. Spores comparatively light yellow-brown

or olive-brown, 13-18 g long, seldom up to 20 g long, 6-7-5 g broad. Paraphyses very

numerous, coarsely filamentous, branched, 1-1 -5 g thick, coalescing above with the perithe-

cial wall.

In a phyllachoroid stroma on leaves of Cymbopogon validus Stapf. (= Andropogon

nardus L. var. validus), Tugela Valley near Mont-aux-Sources, Natal, Doidge, 14104.

After making a detailed study of this fungus, Petrak came to the conclusion that it is

not a Phyllachoraceae with muriform spores, but a typical Pleospora parasitic in the stroma

of a Phyllachora. He considers it extremely unlikely that there is such a thing as a true

phaeo-dictyosporous phyllachoroid fungus.

It seems likely that the stroma in which this fungus is parasitic is that of Phyllachora

Doidgeae Syd., which it resembles, and which occurs commonly on leaves of Andropogoneae.

As indicated in the original description (Bothalia loc. cit.) the fungus has a true Hender-sonia

pycnidial stage.

186. Ophiobolus Stipae Doidge nov. sp.

Perithecia sparsa vel laxe gregaria, subglobosa, atra, 250-350 g diam., immersa ; ostiolo

truncato, conoideo, 85-90 g alto et 125-135 g lato, tandem erumpentia, glabra, pseudoparen-

chymatice contexta, obscure olivacea, cellulis parietis 12-15 g diam. ; asci fasciculati

cylindraceo-clavati, 8-spori, 100-150 X 7-8 g, breviter stipitati, ad apicem rotundati

membrana in ascis junioribus ad apicem incrassata, usque ad 8 g ; paraphyses copiosae.

213

hyalinae, circiter 1 p crassae, filiformes, ascos quoad longitudinem aequantes vel superantes ,

sporae filiformes, fere ascarum longitudine, pluri-guttulatae, in massa flavo-brunneae;

singulae subhyalinae, utrinque attenuatae, rectae vel flexuosae, 100-125 X 2-2 -5 p.

Hab. in vaginis Stipae dregeanae Steud., in silvis prope Donnybrook, leg. Morgan et

Doidge, 29829.

Peritbecia scattered or loosely grouped, sub-globose, black, 250-350 p diam., immersed,

at length erumpent ; ostiole truncate, conoid, 85-90 p high and 125-235 p broad. Peri-

thecia smooth, wall pseudoparenchymatous in structure, dark olivaceous, composed of cells

12-15 p diam. Asci fasciculate, cylindrical-clavate, 8-spored, 100-150 X 7-8 p, briefly

stipitate, rounded at the apex ; in the younger asci the wall is thickened at the apex, up

to 8 p. Paraphyses copious, hyaline, about 1 p thick, filiform, equalling the asci in length or

longer. Spores filiform, almost as long as the asci, pluriguttulate, yellow-brown in mass,

singly sub-hyaline, tapering to both ends, straight or flexuous, 100-120 X 2-2-5 p.

on dying sheaths of Stipa dregeana Steud., Xumeni Forest near Donnybrook, Natal,

Morgan and Doidge, 29829.

187. Hysterostoma Acocantherae (P. Henn.) Theiss. et Syd. in Ann. Mvc. 13 (1915) pp.

238-239.

Syn. Dimerosporium Acocantherae P. Henn. in Engl. bot. Jahrb. XVII (1893) p. 1 ; Syll.

Fung. XI, p. 259, on living leaves of Acocanthera Schimperi in Erythraea.

Stromata hypophyllous, circular in outline, dull black, 3-5 mm. diam., carbonaceous,

rough in the centre and surrounded by a radiating fringe of hyphae. The hyphae are

brown, irregular, septate, undulating and anastomosing, 4-5 p thick. The central part of

the stroma consists of numerous, closely crowded loculi, which are round to elliptic, irregular,

150-250 p diam., or, if elliptic, up to 350 p long, 100-150 p high ; outer covering rather thick,

carbonaceous, breaking down irregularly at maturity. The hypostroma is epidermal,

colourless, but produces in the air spaces under the stomata an opaque mass of dark brown

plectenchyma, which grows through the stomata and produces the fruiting bodies, the

hypothecium being thus in direct connection with the hypostroma at several points under

each loculus. Hypothecium olive brown, cellular, irregular in thickness. Asci broadly

ellipsoid or ovate, paraphysate, 8 spored, 75-90 X 35-40 p, wall 2 -5-3 -5 p thick, thickened

round the apex, up to 10 p. Paraphyses numerous, hyaline, filiform, 2-2-5 p thick, exceed-

ing the asci. Spores usually distichous, brown, 2-celled, oblong or sub-clavate, rounded at

both ends, more or less constricted at the septum, 30-33 X 12 -5-14 p ; upper cell slightly

larger and more broadly rounded, 15-17-5 X 12*5-14 p, lower 12-5-16 X 10-11 -25 p.

on leaves of Acokanthera sp., Schagen, Nelspruit distr., Transvaal, Liebenberg 29906.

This fungus agrees with the description of Hysterostoma Acocantherae, but it is stated

(Ann. Myc. loc. cit.) that the type specimen is poorly developed. The South African

material shows an older stage, and is better developed. The Acokanthera sp. on which it is

found differs from the common South African species, and may be a variety of A. Schimperi.

188. Aphysa senniana (Sacc.) Doidge n. comb,

Syn. Phaeosphaerella senniana Sacc. in Ann. Mvc. 8(1910)337 ; Doidge in Trans. Roy. Soc.

S. Air. 8 (1920) 118 ; Sydow in Ann. Myc. 24 (1926) 270-271.

Amphigenous, not producing true leaf spots but often causing an indefinite light brown

discolouration. Fruiting bodies in groups, which are more or less sharply defined, irregular

or angular, seldom more or less circular, about 1-3 mm. diam., often coalescent and thus

producing larger, irregular aggregates ; individual fruiting bodies in these groups remote

from each other or fairly close together, subcuticular, circular, more or less angular or

irregular in outline, 100-170 p in diam., and up to 50 p high. In the crowded groups, two

or more individuals may be in close proximity to one another and the edges of the covering

membranes fuse. Basal layer perfectly flat, growing out of the epidermis, about 5-7 p thick

214

filamentous, composed of small cells, sub-hyaline or pale yellow brown. Covering mem-

brane flattened-conical, opening in the centre, or often more or less excentrically, by a round

or irregular pore about 25 g diam. Covering membrane about 5 g thick, composed of 1-2

layers of rounded polyhedral cells ; at the margin these are thin-walled, pellucid olive brown

and about 5-7 -5 g diam. ; in the centre near the pore, they are smaller, rather thick-walled,

about 3-5 p. diam., blackish -brown and almost completely opaque. The covering membrane

is not sharply defined at the margin, where it unites at an acute angle with the basallayer,

often extending somewhat beyond the edges of the latter. Asci clavate, occasionally

slightly distended at the base, tapering slightly to the broadly rounded apex, sessile or with

a short, thick, knob-like foot, 8-spored, thick-walled, 35-45 X 10-12-5 p. Spores more or

less distichous, oblong to sub-clavate, obtusely rounded at both ends, tapering somewhat

to the lower end, straight or somewhat asymmetrical, rarely slightly bent, 1-septate, cells

equal in length or upper slightly shorter, more or less constricted, pellucid, comparatively

light olive brown, 10-13 X 5-6 p. Paraphyses numerous, hyaline or subhyaline, forming

indefinite erect masses between the asci, which converge towards the centre of the covering

membrane.

on leaves of Protea caffra Meisn., Fairy Glen, Pretoria, Doidge, 23421 ; The Willows,

Pretoria distr., van der Byl, 5590.

on Protea lepidocarpodendron Linn., Wellington, Cape, Doidge, 1034, 2062.

on Protea acaulis Thunb., Wellington, Doidge, 1022 ; Klapmuts, van der Byl, 6845.

on Protea sp., Mont-aux-Sources, Natal, Doidge, 23420.

Originally described by Saccardo (loc. cit.) on dying leaves of Protea abyssinica from

Erythraea, this fungus occurs commonly on leaves of Protea spp. in South Africa.

The South African fungus was studied by Sydow (loc. cit.) who expressed the opinion

that it was a Stigmatea sp., but reserved his final opinion until more mature specimens had

been examined. Further material studied was in better condition, but after an examination

of this no amendment seems necessary to the description given by Sydow, from which the

above is adapted.

In a previous publication, one of the hosts mentioned for this fungus was Protea

melaleuca ; this plant is now regarded as a form of Protea lepidocarpodendron.

189. Gloniella natalensis Doidge n. nom.

Syn. Gloniella multiseptata Doidge (not Spegazzini) in Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Africa 8 (1920)

p. 119.

on stems of Euphorbia triangularis Desf., Amanzimtoti, Doidge, 5624.

The name Gloniella multiseptata has been used by Spegazzini (Fungi nonnulli Para-

guariae et Fuegiae in Rev. mycol. XI 1889, p. 93 ; Sacc. Syll. Fung. IX, 1891, p. 1113)

for a fungus on Pernettia mucronata “ in Burnt Island, Fuegia ”. A change of name is

therefore necessary for the South African fungus.

190. Pseudographis Chrysophylfi Doidge nov. sp.

Perithecia dispersa v. laxe aggregata, i n n at o - e r u m p e n ti a , demum sub-libera, primitus

globosa v. ellipsoidea clausa, dein urceolata crasse marginata et discum labiis medio

distantibus denudantia, disco pallido plerumque oblongo rarius orbiculare piano, margine

irregulariter sub-crenulato, ruguloso cincta ; postremo fere sessilia, atra, rugulosa, sub

nitida, usque 1 -5 mm. longa et l.mm lata. Asci numerosi, plerumque 4-spori, clavati, apice

rotundati, basi, sensim attenuati, pedicellati, 175-200 X 17 -5-25 g, densissime paraphysati.

Paraphyses filiformes, septatae, ca. 1 • 5 g crassae, apice clavplatae, incrassatae usque 3-4 g.

Sporae monostichae v. sub-distichae, transverse 7-septatae, rarissime 5-septatae, oblongae

v. ellipsoideae, rectae v. curvatae, hyalinae, haud constrictae, crasse tunicatae, 35-50 X

12-15 g.

215

Hab. in cortice Chrysophylli magalismontanae Sond., Boschfontein, Pretoria distr., leg

Doidge et Bottomley, 31066.

Perithecia scattered or loosely grouped, developing under the periderm which soon

becomes ruptured, becoming erumpent ; at first flattened globose, closed, then urceolate with

a thick margin, up to 1 - 5 mm. long and 1 mm. broad ; the surface fissures longitudinally

or more or less irregularly, exposing the disc which is oblong or irregularly circular, flat,

pale yellowish to flesh colour ; lips fairly distant, irregular, black, carbonaceous, rugulose,

with numerous irregular cracks. The perithecium is attached by a broad foot, which

penetrates the tissues of the host ; the torn periderm is closely adherent to the sides of this

basal portion. Inner part of perithecium sub-hyaline to pale yellowish brown, formed of

closely interwoven hyphae ; the ascus-bearing disc forms in this tissue, about half way

between the foot and the outer crust, at first bowl-shaped, then more or less flat. Outer

crust blackish brown, opaque, carbonaceous, irregular in thickness, 10-20 y thick at the

upper surface, where it fissures and falls away at maturity exposing the disc, 25-50 y thick

at the sides where the lips finally develope. Asci numerous, usually 4-spored, occasionally

2-spored, clavate, rounded at the apex, tapering gradually downwards to an irregular foot,

175-200 X 17-5-25 y ; wall ca. 1 y thick, not thickened at the apex. Paraphyses very

numerous, hyaline, simple, septate, flexuous, filamentous, ca. 1-5 y thick ; clavulate at the

tip and thickened to 3 -4 y, exceeding the asci. Spores monostichous, the two upper spores

oblique the two lower straight, or sub-distichous with the two upper spores parallel to one

another ; at first 1-septate, then 3-septate and finally 7-septate, rarely 5-septate, cylindrical,

not tapering to the rounded ends or only slightly so, straight or curved, not constricted, very

thick walled, 35-50 X 12-5-15 y ; wall 3 -5-4 -5 y thick, cross walls 1 -5-2 y thick, lumen

of cells ellipsoid to conical. The terminal cells occasionally develop germ tubes while still

in the perithecium.

on bark of Chrysophyllum magalismontanum Sond., Boschfontein, near Wolhuter’s Kop,

Pretoria distr., Doidge and Bottomley, 31066.

191. Triblidiella rufula (Sprengl.) Sacc.

Syll. Fung. II (1883) p. 757 ; Kalch. and Cke., Grevillea IX (1880) p. 26 ; Kalch.,

Grevillea X (1882) p. 145 ; Wakefield, Kong. Norske Yidensk. Selsk. Forhandl. 9,

(1936) p. 53.

Perithecia scattered or in groups, erumpent, ellipsoid or oblong, or becoming confluent

and irregular, up to 3 mm. long and 1 mm. broad, smooth, brownish black, corneo-

coriaceous ; disc brick red to reddish brown ; lips swollen, transversely striate, curling

inwards. Asci 8-spored, narrow cylindrical-clavate, rounded above, tapering below to a

short foot, 200-240 X 12-5-15 y ; wall firm, ca. 1-1-5 y thick, slightly thickened above

(2-5 y). Paraphyses numerous, sub-hvaline, 2-2-5 y thick, exceeding the asci ; at the tips,

yellowish, sub-clavulate, 4-5 y .thick, conglutinate. Spores monostichous, oblong or sub-

ellipsoid, broadly rounded at the ends, not- tapering towards the ends or tapering slightly,

slightly constricted at the septa, dark reddish brown, becoming opaque, 30-40 X 10-12 y .

on branches, Somerset Bast, MacOwan 1262, 1264, 1265, 1339; Witte Rivier, Dun-

brody, Uitenhage distr., Hoeg 97 (Wakefield l.c.) ; Woodbush, N. Transvaal, K. M.

Putterill, 31035.

I have not been able to trace MacOwan’s specimens, which are all missing from our

collections.

192. Scolecopeltis Eugeniae Doidge nov. sp.

Perithecia hypophylla, sparse, superficialia , facile secedentia opace atro-coerulea,

rotundato-scutellata, tenuissime albo-marginata, 450-550 y lata, margine in alam mem-

branacearum 100-120 y latam sensim tenuiore et pallidiore ambituque hyalinem abeunte,

ex hyphis tenuibus 1-1-5 y latis reticulatim denseque conjunctis texta, ostiolo distincto

216

rotundata 45-60 jx lato ; asci numerosi, primitus oblongo-clavati, deinde ellipsoidei v.

cylindracei, sub-sessiles, 150-160 X 25-30 jx, ubique crassiuscule tunicati, apice haud

incrassati, 4-8-spori ; sporae paralleles, anguste clavatae, hyalinae, utrinque rotundatae,

90-120 jx longae (? maturae) supra latiores, 6 ■ 5-8 • 5 /x latae, deorsum sensim attenuatae,

infra 3-5 /z latae, valde constrictae et facile secedentes, 4r-6-septatae, cellulis sub-globosis.

Hab. in foliis Eugeniae Zeyheri Harv., Alexandria, leg. Doidge, 22349.

Ascomata hypophyllous, scattered, superficial, readily becoming detached from the

leaf surface, black with a thin white margin, more or less circular in outline, 450-550 jx

diam. Covering membrane scutellate, opaque in the centre near the distinct round pore

which is 45-60 jx diam., pellucid, blue grey or indigo blue near the margin, becoming gradually

paler outwards, and thinning out into a hyaline membranous border 100-120 /z broad ;

covering membrane composed of delicate hyphae 1-1-5 jx thick, which are densely and

closely reticulate and interwoven. Asci numerous, 2-8-spored, at first oblong-clavate, then

ellipsoid or cylindrical, sessile or sub-pedicellate, rounded above, 150-160 X 25-30 fx, rather

thick- walled, wall 1 • 5-2 jx thick, not thickened at the apex. Spores parallel, twisted,

narrow clavate, hyaline, rounded at both ends, 90-120 jx long, 6 -5-8 -5 /z broad near the

upper end, and tapering gradually downwards to 3-5 jx at the lower end; 4-6-septatae,

mostly 5-septate, deeply constricted and falling apart readily ; cells sub-globose. Paraphy-

soids hyaline, poorly developed.

on leaves of Eugenia Zeyheri Harv., Alexandria, Cape, Doidge, 22349.

193 Scolepeltis Morganae Doidge nov. sp.

Perithecia plerumque hypophylla, opace atro-coerulea, sparsa, superficialia, facile

secedentia, 400-450 /z lata, margine in alam membranacearum hyalinem, 50 fx latam ambitu

abeunte, ex hyphis 2-2 -5 [x latis maeandrice denseque coniunctis contenta, ostiolo distincto

nullo, in maturitate centro irregulariter radiatim dehiscentia. Asci numerosi, lanceolati v.

fusiformi, 4^8-spori, recti v. curvati, apice rotundati, haud v. vix incrassati, sessiles, 80-90

X 20-22-5 [x. Sporae primo 2-3-stichae, deinde paralleles, hyalinae, clavatae, 5-septatae,

constrictae, 40-65 jx longae, supra conico-rotundatae, 4-7-5 jx latae, deorsum sensim

attenuatae, infra 2-3 g latae, facile in articulos inaequales secendentes.

Hab. in foliis Myrsinis africanae, Woodbush, leg. Morgan et Doidge, 30487.

Ascomata mostly hypophyllous, opaque, blue-black, scattered, superficial, easily

becoming detached from the leaf, 400-450 fx diam., surrounded by a hyaline zone which is

up to 50 jx broad. Covering membrane scutellate, opaque in the centre, sub-pellucid bluish-

green near the margin, becoming paler and thinning out rather rapidly into a hyaline,

membranous border ; not radiating in structure, composed of 9. close and intricate network

of hyphae 2-2-5 /z thick; there is no central pore, at maturity a number of irregularly

radiating cracks develop from the centre of the covering membrane. Asci numerous,

lanceolate to fusiform, 4-8-spored, straight or curved, rather thin-walled, wall about 1 /z

thick, not thickened at the apex or very slightly so, rounded above, sessile, 80-90 X 20-22-5

jx. Spores at first 2-3-stichous, then parallel, hyaline, clavate, 5-septate, rounded conical

at the apex, tapering gradually towards the base, constricted at the septa, 40-65 jx long ;

4-7 -5 ix broad near the second cell from the upper end, where the spore is broadest, tapering

gradually to the lower end where it is 2-3 jx broad ; readily breaking up into unequal

segments, the lower cells being longer and narrower than the upper. Paraphysoids poorly

developed, hyaline, filiform.

on leaves of Mysine africana L., Woodbush, Petersburg distr., Transvaal, Morgan and

Doidge, 30487.

194. Scolecopeltis Mysinis Doidge, nov. sp.

Ascomata plerumque hypophylla, sparsa, superficialia, facile secedentia, atro-coerulea

600-750 jx diam., margine pallidiore in alam membranacearum usque 375 jx latam statim

abeunte, scutellata, ubique ex hyphis 2-2 • 5 jx crassis maeandrice denseque conjunctis

217

contexta. Asci numerosissimi, 2-4-spori, clavati v. cylindracei, sessiles, recti v. curvati

150-220 X 22-25 p, pariete ca. 1*5 p crasso, apice baud v. leniter incrassato. Sporae

clavatae v. oblongae, utrinque rotundatae, hyalinae, 3-septatae 60-102-5 p longae, supra

7 -5-11 -5 p latae, deorsum sensim attenuatae, infra 5-7 -5 p latae.

Hab. in foliis Myrsinis africanae, Woodbusb, leg. Morgan et Doidge, 30486.

Ascomata mostly hypophyllous, scattered, superficial, easily becoming detached from the

leaf surface, blue-black, 600-750 p diam., surrounded by a conspicuous white margin up to

375 p broad. Covering membrane scutellate, with a distinct, sub-circular, central pore

about 75 p diam., opaque, blue-black almost to the margin, where it is bluish-green, sub-

pellucid ; firmly compacted of closely interwoven hyphae 2-2 - 5 p thick, becoming paler and

thinning out rather rapidly at the margin into a broad, hyaline, membranous border. Asci

extremely numerous, 2-4-spored, clavate to cylindrical, sessile, broadly rounded above,

straight or curved, 150-220 X 22-25 p ; wall usually about 1 p thick, not thickened at the

apex or slightly so, up to 6 p. Spores mostly clavate, less frequently oblong, rounded at

both ends, hyaline, 3-septate, 60-102 • 5 p long ; the second cell from the upper end is usually

the broadest, 7 -5-11 -5 p broad, and the spore tapers gradually towards the lower end

which is 5-7*5 p thick. It is possible that there are sometimes more than four spores in the

ascus ; the number is difficult to estimate in the mature ascus, as the spores fall apart

within the ascus into cylindrical to ellipsoid or clavate segments, when they are barely

mature. Paraphysoids numerous, very fine, hyaline.

on leaves of Myrsine africana L., Woodbusb, Petersburg distr., Transvaal, Morgan and

Doidge, 30486 ; associated with Sc. Morganae and often on the same leaves.

195. Scolecopeltis Strauchii Doidge nov. sp.

Perithecia hvpophylla, sparsa, superficialia, facile secedentia, opace atro-coerulea,

rotundato-scutellata, 450-660 p lata, margine coerulee pellucido et sensim hyalino abeunte ;

ubique ex hvpbis 2-2*5 p latis maeandrice denseque conjunctis contexta, ostiolo distincto

subrotundato 40-45 p lato ; asci pseudoparaphysati, 2-8-spori, ellipsoidei, breviter pedicel-

lati, recti v. curvati, 90-120 X 20-24 p ; sporae in asco paralleles, longitudine fere ascorum,

hyalinae, utrinque attenuatae, apice rotundatae, 10-12-septatae, constrictae, facile in

articulos secedentes, cellulis inaequalibus.

Hab. in foliis Pleurostyliae capensis Oliv., Alexandria, leg. Doidge et Strauch, 22371.

Ascomata hypophyllous, scattered, superficial, easily detached from the leaf surface,

greenish-black, opaque, round to irregular in outline, 450-660 p diam. Covering membrane

scutellate, opaque in the centre, pellucid dull bluish-green near the margin and becoming

gradually hyaline towards the outer edge ; not radiating in structure, but composed of

reticulately and tortuously interwoven hyphae 2-2 • 5 p thick ; with a distinct sub-circular

central pore 40-45 p diam. Asci very numerous, 2-8-spored, ellipsoid, straight or curved,

tapering towards both ends, rounded at the apex, contracted suddenly at the base into a

short foot ; wall firm, about 1 p thick, not thickened at the apex or very slightly so ;

90-120 X 20-24 p. Spores parallel, straight or slightly twisted and almost the length of

the ascus, hyaline, narrow fusiform, 75-100 p long ; 6-8 • 5 p thick in the centre and tapering

to both ends which are rounded or sub-acute, 10-12-septate, constricted, falling apart very

readily at the septa. Paraphysoids numerous, filamentous, hyaline, forming erect masses-

between the asci which partially isolate them.

on leaves of Pleurostylia capensis Oliv., Alexandria, Cape, Doidge and Strauch, 22371.

219

THE SOUTH AFRICAN SPECIES OF ERYTHRINA.

By

D. G. Collett.

The genus Erythrina, as represented in South Africa, comprises plants ranging from

shrubs to tall trees. The species generally have large and trifoliate leaves and showy

flowers, while several have a large rootstock. Their distribution is predominantly eastern

and their occurrence south-west of the Albany district is rare though E. caffra is said to

thrive well in cultivation in the Cape Peninsula. There are, too, records of the genus

from West Africa. A plant which flowered in the Natal Herbarium garden (D. 17675)

is said to have been grown from seed sent from West Africa by Colonel G. Molyneux, while

Galpin collected a specimen near Windhoek (Galpin 14213 in National Herbarium), adding

a note that only one plant was seen.

In the following account one species dealt with is known only in cultivation, viz. :

E. Crista-galli Linn. The flowering shoots of this species die off annually and it requires

a considerable length of time for a plant to attain to the height of a tree. Noteworthy,

too, is the absence of a definite peduncle, the small groups of pedicelled flowers frequently

springing from the axils of the upper leaves. Other cultivated species include E.

constantiana Micheli, E. micropteryx Poepp., E. corallodendron Linn., E. breviflora DC., all

from the Durban Botanic Gardens, but as they are represented in most cases by only a

single specimen they are not included in the present descriptions. Two other specimens

which flowered in the Natal Herbarium grounds and as yet unnamed, are said to have

been grown from seed brought by Colonel Molyneux from East and West Africa.

Of the remaining species the occurrence of E. acanthocarpa E. Mey., the Tambokkie

Thorn, is limited to the Queenstown-Tarkastad-Cathcart area of the eastern Cape Province

where these shrubs are said to form dense thickets. This species is distinguished by its

green-tipped, scarlet flowers, spinous legume, and comparatively small leaflets, and has

a long succulent “root.” According to Marloth the tissue of this underground rhizome is

filled with water as a reserve against prolonged drought.

The species with the tallest trees, sometimes up to 60 feet high, is E. caffra Thunb.,

the Kaffirboom. Although the brilliant scarlet flowers appear before the foliage, the patches

of red form an attractive picture against the background of grassy plains on winch the

trees are often to be found. In the warm, subtropical climate of Natal the flowers appear

earlier than they do further south in the Albany district, sometimes before the end of June

when the foilage of the previous season has not yet entirely disappeared. Pegler states

that natives regard the flowering of this tree as a sign to begin ploughing. Bayer in “ An

Account of the Plant Ecology of the Coastbelt and Midlands of Zululand ” (Annals of the

Natal Museum, Yol. VIII) observes that E. caffra becomes established under the shade

of the palm, Phoenix reclinata. He further cites this species in a list of plants typical of

the forest margin which do not occur within the forest itself, being killed out as a result

of over-shadowing by taller forest trees.

Hutchinson (Kew Bulletin, 1933) has recognised a species E. lysistemon, found in the

Transvaal and formerly included in E. caffra, from which, however, it is distinguished by

the possession of a vexillary stamen quite free from the split staminal-tube. Though this

species may be confined to the Transvaal, E. caffra also occurs within this territory.

E. latissima E. Mey. is a stout branching tree cited by Bayer (An Account of the Plant

Ecology of the Coastbelt and Midlands of Zululand) as a constituent of open tree veld.

9

220

On the grassy hill slopes of Natal these scattered trees, 15-20 feet high, are conspicuous

for their robust appearance. Smaller than this are the shrubby species E. Hnmeana,

Spreng. and E. Zeyheri Harv., easily distinguishable by the coarser appearance of the latter

with its larger and. more prickly leaves and larger stipules. E. Zeyheri has a large, corky

underground stem and extends inland further west than E. Uumeana.

Economically the genus is not important. Because E. cajfra is easily propagated

vegetatively, it is employed in the construction of live fences round kraals, and with other

species is cultivated for ornamental purposes. Burtt-Davy in “ A Manual of the Flowering

Plants and Ferns of the Transvaal with Swaziland ” affirms that the very light underground

stem of E. Zeyheri has been used as a substitute for cork, and dried and smoked as a remedy

for asthma. Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk (The Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Southern

Africa) state that a leaf paste of E. caffra is one of the ingredients of a poultice applied

by the Zulus over the bladder in suspected disease of that organ, the skin being greased

before application. A similar poultice is used in the local treatment of venereal sores.

The same authors declare that a decoction of the root of E. Humeana is used as a fomentation,

and by the mouth in tuberculosis. It is sometimes used for other chest conditions, e.g.

bronchitis, while the Zulus and Swazis use the bark of E. Zeyheri as an ingredient in a

decoction taken by the mouth for rheumatism, boils, and “ blood disorders ”.

According to Watt and Brandwijk, seed of E. Zeyheri yields 28 per cent, of a fixed

oil which is purgative and 4 per cent, of a volatile oil containing an alkaloid now generally

known as zeyherine, previously as erythrine. This alkaloid has been recommended for

tuberculosis. The volatile oil also contains erythrol which has a pungent odour like horse-

radish and is a powerful irritant. It can be used in a liniment for counter-irritation.

The Union Division of Forestry has received enquiries from America concerning the

availability of seeds of Erythrina spp. for which a demand is anticipated if the extraction

of their alkaloids proves successful. The coral red seeds are utilised by Kaffir women in

the 'manufacture of necklaces.

Acknowledgment is made to the following herbaria for the loan of specimens : Transvaal

Museum, Pretoria (T. M.), Natal Herbarium, Durban (D.), Albany Museum. Grahamstown

(&)■

In conclusion I express my gratitude to Dr. E, P. Phillips, Chief of the Division ot

Botany and Plant Pathology, and to Dr. B. A. Dyer for their sympathetic assistance while

I was engaged in this work.

Erythrina Linn. Sp. PI. ed. I. 706 (1753).

Corallodendron Mill. Gard. Diet. Abrdg. ed. 4 (1754).

Mouricou Adans. Fain. II. 323 ( 1763).

XyphanthUS Rafin. FI. Ludov. 103 (1817).

Chirocalyx Meisn. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. II. 97 (1843).

Micropteryx Walp. in Linnaea, XXIII. 739 (1850).

Duchassaingia Walp. 1. c. 741.

Macrocymbium Walp. in Flora, XXXVI. 194 (1853).

Stenoptropis Hasskarl Retzia, I. 183 (1855).

HypaphoruS Hasskarl Hort. Bogor. I. 197 (1858).

Shrubs or trees ranging from 0-3 m. to 17 m. in height. Stem generally woody and

branched, but subterranean and corky in E. Zeyheri ; branches woody, leafy, armed with

prickles, glabrous or tomentose, but then becoming glabrous with age. Leaves pinnately

3-foliolate, alternate, petioled, often arising in clusters at the apex of the stem in E. Zeyheri,

in the other species generally scattered along the branches or sometimes clustered towards

the ends of the branchlets ; leaflets with or without prickles on the veins on one or both

surfaces, eventually glabrous but sometimes tomentose when young ; petiole terete and

without furrows or furrowed, armed or unarmed, tomentose, puberulous or glabrous ;

terminal leaflet ovate, obovate, elliptic or ovate long-ncuminate, sometimes broader than

221

long, obtuse to acute, rarely apiculate, with a pair of basal glands ; petiolule of termina

leaflet frequently armed with prickles, white-tcmentose, puberulous, or glabrous ; lateral

leaflets ovate, obovate, elliptic or ovate long-acuminate, occasionally broader than long,

obtuse to acute, very rarely apiculate, sometimes unequal-sided, with a pair of glands at

the base. Stipules ovate, oblong or linear, white tomentose, pubescent or glabrous.

Peduncle woody, naked, often furrowed, armed or unarmed, tomentose to puberulous, but

becoming glabrous with age. Racemes terminal and densely, or rarely lateral and laxly,

many-flowered except in E. acanlhocarpa where the short racemes are few-flowrered. Flowers

brilliant scarlet to dull crimson, tipped with green in E. acanlhocarpa , showy, frequently

pendulous, appearing before or with the leaves. Bracts ovate, ovate-rotund, oblong or

linear-obovate, densely tomentose to puberulous, deciduous ; braceteoles linear, woolly-

villous to puberulous, frequently deciduous. Calyx tubular to campanulate, 2-lipped or

sub-truncate, frequently obscurely 5-lobed, very rarely as broad as long, in E. latissima

ovate or obovate and with the tube cleft below nearly to the base and the upper side

produced into 5 apical linear or linear -lanceolate lobes, densely woolly- villous to puberulous,

but glabrous in E. Crista-galli. Vexillum ovate, obovate, elliptic, oblong-obovate or elliptic-

oblong, obtuse, frequently emarginate, with a short basal clawr, glabrous, sometimes minutely

velvety ; keel roughly ovate, obovate or oblong, acuminate in E. acanlhocarpa , sometimes

truncate and with a lateral mucro above, in E. Humeana frequently with a lateral lobe,

keel petals sometimes free, shortly narrowed at the base, very rarely not narrowed ; wings

ovate or roughly oblong to obovate, frequently curved and narrowing slightly above,

shortly clawed at the base, longer or shorter than the keel, with a ventro-lateral lobe on

each side in E. acanthocarpa. Stamens diadelphous, with the filaments free above and

united into a split tube below except the vexillary filament which is free to its base in

E. lysistemon but is united to the staminal-tube for varying lengths in the other species ;

anthers linear, 2-thecous, dehiscing by longitudinal slits, dorsi-fixed. Ovary linear, many-

ovuled, densely tomentose, on a gynophore ; style linear, hispid below, glabrous above,

rarely glabrous along its whole length ; stigma small, simple, terminal. Pods (in those

species seen) dark, subligneous, stalked, falcate, armed with prickles only in E. acanthocarpa

constricted between the seeds and with these constrictions frequently elongated. Seed

red, elliptic, with a scar of attachment.-

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

]. Peduncle and calyx whitish woolly-villous ; calyx with 5 apical linear lobes,

cleft nearly to the base on the lower side 1 E. latissima.

Peduncle and calyx not woolly- villous; calyx sub-truncate or 2-lipped, hut

not cleft to the base 2

2. Keel almost as long as the vexillum 7 E. crista-galli.

Keel about ^ to J as long as the vexiflum . . : 3

»

3. Calyx distinctly 2-lipped — 4

Calyx truncate or almost so 5

4. Vexillary stamen free to the base, possibly adhering to, but not adnate to,

the split staminal-tube 2 E. lysistemon.

Vexillary stamen adnate to the split staminal-tube for about 1 cm. below. . 3 E. caffra.

5. Terminal leaflet obovate, less than 5 cm. long ; keel longer than the wings ;

legumes spinous 4 E. acanthocarpa.

Termina] leaflet ovate or elliptic, rarely obovate, usually 5 cm. or more long ;

keel shorter than the wings; legumes unarmed •• 6

6. Filaments free above for at least half the length of the longest stamens ;

leaflets sometimes with a few prickles on the veins beneath 5 E. humeana .

Filaments free for less than half, about 1/3 the length of the longest stamens ;

leaflets well armed with prickles on the veins beneath 6 E. zeyheri.

222

1. E. latissima E. Mey. Comm. PI. Afr. Austr. 151 (1835).

Chirocalyx mollissimus Meisn. in Hook Lond. Joum. Bot. II. 98 (1843).

Erythrina sandersoni Harv. Thes. Cap. I. 39 (1859).

E tomentosa R. Br. sec. Wood Natal Plante, IV. iv. tab. 384-385 (1906), non R. Br.

E abyssinica Lam. fee. Marloth FI. South Afr. II. 1. 81 (1925), non Lam.

A tree, 3-7 m. high. Branches woody, armed with prickles, densely tomentose, becoming

glabrous with age. Leaves with the veins of the leaflets occasionally armed with prickles,

generally unarmed, variously pubescent, sometimes puberulous or at first densely tomentose

above and below but becoming glabrous with age, the upper surface losing its tomentum

first ; petiole woody, 13-30 cm. long, up to 0-9 c.m in diam., shallowly furrowed, unarmed,

densely whitish tomentose to puberulous, becoming glabrous with age ; terminal leaflet

5-5-30 cm. long, 7-5-31-5 cm. broad, broadly ovate, broader than long, obtuse ; petiolule

of terminal leaflet 5-16-5 cm. long, densely whitish-tomentose to puberulous, becoming

glabrous; lateral leaflets 7-21 cm. long, 7-21-5 cm. broad, broadly ovate, frequently

broader than long, obtuse, unequal-sided. Stipules ovate, densely white-tomentose.

Peduncle 12-24 cm. long, not furrowed, unarmed, at first densely wbite-tomentose,

becoming glabrous. Raceme terminal, densely many-flowered, 4-8 cm. long. Flowers

dull crimson, showy, erect when in bud, but becoming pendulous as they mature. Bracts

membranous, 1-2-2 cm. long, linear-obovate, densely white-tomentose; bracteoles up

to 2 cm. long, linear, woolly- villous. Pedicel 0 • 4 cm. long, densely villous. Calyx 3-4 • 1 cm.

long, 0- 8-1-1 cm. diameter across the middle of the tube, ovate or obovate, with the tube

cleft nearly to the base on the lower side and the upper side produced into 5 apical linear

or linear-lanceolate lobes about 1/3 length of the calyx, densely woolly- villous. Vexillum

3-1-6-3 cm. long, 1 -5-2-7 cm. broad across the middle, elliptic or oblong-obovate, obtuse,

emarginate, with a short basal claw, glabrous; keel 1-3-1 -9 cm. long, 1-1-4 cm. broad

across the middle, keel petals free, obovate, shortly narrowed at the base; wings 1-7-

2-8 cm. long, 0-8-1 cm. broad at the middle, obovate-oblong, curved, narrowed at the base,

longer than the keel. Filaments 2 -8-5 -2 cm. long, vexillary filament free to the centre

of the staminal-tube, the rest free above for approximately 1/3 the length of the longest

stamens ; anthers 2-5-4 mm. long. Ovary 1-5-2 cm. long ; style 1-2-2 cm. long, linear,

hispid below, glabrous above ; stigma capitate.

Cape Province : Kentani district, Pegler 235, Sept., 1903, Oct., 1907 (N.H., G.) ;

Umzimkulu district, Clydesdale, Tyson 1053 (N.H.)

Natal : Umzinto district, Ifafa, Lansdell (N.H. 16114) ; Durban district, Port Natal,

Krauss 263 (N.H. 9326) ; unknown collector, N.H. 14466 ; Zululand, Harris (D. 28844).

Swaziland : Mbabane district, Nicholson (N.H. 22996).

Transvaal : Barberton district, Logogotu, Holt 334 (N.H.).

The following specimens consisting of leaves only may belong to this species ; —

Transvaal : Barberton district, Barberton, Smith 7051 (N.H.), Oranjie in Herb.

Burtt-Davy (N.H. 23296), Nelspruit, Mogg 13979 (N.H.) ; Petersburg district, Hout-

boschberg, Nelson 382 (T.M. 11626).

The identity of the following specimens is doubtful. Possibly they should be included

under E. latissima : —

Cape Province : Transkei, Miller (N.H. 23297).

Transvaal : Petersburg district, Woodbush, Hoffmann 143 (T.M. 30424).

The following are cultivated specimens : —

Natal : Durban, in Botanic Gardens, Wood (D. 3579).

223

Cape Province : Kingwilliamstown, grown from seeds from Umtata, Sim 1362

(N.H.). This specimen probably belongs here.

Transvaal : Pretoria, cultivated in Division of Botany and Plant Pathology

gardens, origin unknown, Collett (N.H. 24192).

The species, as here represented, is very variable as regards vegetative features, the

amount of tomentum on the leaves in particular presenting a problem, the solution to which

can probably be found only by an examination of material in the field. It is possible that

two distinct species exist. However, because the floral structure appears uniform and

because the dried herbarium material available does not warrant the creation of an

additional species, the specimens formerly known as E. latissima E. Mey. have been left

under that name.

2. E. lysistemon Hutch, in Kew Bull. 1933, 422.

A tree up to 7 m. high. Stem woody, branched ; branches woody, leafy, covered

with prickles. Leaves scattered or clustered towards the ends of the branchlets, unarmed,

glabrous; petiole about 8-5 cm. long, shallowly furrowed, sometimes armed with one

or two prickles, puberulous when young but becoming glabrous ; terminal leaflet 9-5 cm.

long, 8-5 cm. broad, broadly ovate, long acuminate, narrowing at the base, subobtuse ;

petiolule of terminal leaflet about 4 cm. long, sometimes bearing one or two prickles when

young; lateral leaflets 8-9 cm. long, 6-5-8 cm. broad, broadly ovate, long acuminate,

narrowing at the base, sub-obtuse, unequal-sided, with a pair of basal glands. Stipules

0-3 cm. long, ovate, pubescent when young, becoming glabrous, deciduous. Peduncle

6-24 cm. long, faintly furrowed, unarmed, pubescent at first, becoming glabrous. Racemes

terminal, densely many-flowered, 2-6 cm. long. Flowers red, showy, pendulous, appearing

before the leaves. Bracts ovate, pubescent, deciduous ; bracteoles minute, linear, pubescent.

Pedicel 0-2 cm. long. Calyx 1-1-4 cm. long, 0-7-0 -9 cm. diameter above, campanulate,

2-lipped, upper lip sometimes shallowly 2-fid, tomentose. Vexillum 2 • 4—5 • 9 cm. long,

1 • 1-2 • 1 cm. broad across middle, obovate or elliptic, obtuse, sometimes emarginate, with

a very short basal claw, glabrous; keel 0-7-1 cm. long, 0-3-0 -5 cm. broad across the

middle, oblong to obovate, narrowed at the base; wings 1-1-1 cm. long, 0-3-0 -4 cm.

broad across the middle, roughly oblong, narrowing above, curved, narrowed at the base,

slightly longer than the keel. Filaments 2-3 • 6 cm. long, with the vexillary filament free

to the base, possibly adhering to, but not adnate to, the split staminal-tube, and with the

remaining filaments free for 0-7-1 -1 cm. above ; anthers 0-25 cm. long. Ovary 1-1 -7 cm.

long; style 0-9-1 -7 cm. long, linear, hispid; stigma small, capitate. Pods stalked,

constricted between the seeds, almost glabrous.

Transvaal : Belfast district, Crocodile River, Smuts 66 (N.H. 24193, Type) ; Pretoria

district, Silverton, Leemann (N.H. 22845) ; Zoutpansberg district, Wylies Poort, Taylor

732 (N.H.).

Possibly the following two specimens belong to this species, the vexillary filament

appearing to be not typically adnate and yet not distinctly free as in the above three

cases : —

Swaziland : Stewart (T.M. 8924).

Transvaal : Barberton district, near Barberton, Leqat in Herb. Burtt- Davy (N.H.

26303).

3. E. cafira Thunb. Prodr. PI. Cap. 121 (1800).

E viarum Todaro Nouvi Generi e Nuove Specie di Piante 62 (1861).

E. insignis Todaro 1 c. 66.

A tree 7-17 m. high. Stem woody, branched ; branches woody, leafy, armed with

prickles. Leaves scattered or clustered at the ends of the twigs, unarmed, glabrous-

224

petiole 6-16 cm. long, furrowed, sometimes with one or two small prickles when young

but unarmed when mature, puberulous when young, becoming glabrous ; terminal leaflet

8-16 cm. long, 8-18 cm. broad, broadly ovate, occasionally elliptic, frequently broader

than long, subacute ; petiolule of terminal leaflet 3-8 cm. long, unarmed ; lateral leaflet

7 -5-13 cm. long, 5-12 cm. broad, ovate, subacute, unequal-sided. Stipules minute, ovate,

puberulous, deciduous. Peduncle 9-18 cm. long, terete, unarmed, tomentose when young,

becoming glabrous. Racemes terminal, densely many -flowered, 2-4-5 cm. long, rarely

half the length of the peduncle. Flowers brilliant scarlet, showy, pendulous, appearing

before the leaves. Bracts membranous, ovate, pubescent, early deciduous ; bracteoles

minute, linear, pubescent. Pedicel 0-2-0 -6 cm. long, pubescent. Calyx 1-1-9 cm. long,

0 • 8-1 • 2 cm. diameter above, campanulate, 2-lipped, becoming broader and splitting more

deeply with age, tomentose. Vexillum 3 -5-5 -4 cm. long, 1-4-2 -8 cm. broad across the

middle, obovate or elliptic, obtuse, sometimes emarginate, with a short basal claw, glabrous ;

keel 0- 8-2-1 cm. long, 0-4-1 -4 c.m broad across the middle, roughly oblong, ovate or

obovate, shortly narrowed at the base ; wings 0 -9-2 -4 cm. long, 0-3-1 • 1 cm. broad across

the middle, roughly oblong or obovate, narrowing slightly above, frequently curved,

narrowed at the base, slightly longer than the keel. Filaments 2 -9-5-1 cm. long, with

the vexillary filament adnate for 1-1 • 8 cm. below and the rest free for 0 • 9-1 • 5 cm. above :

anthers 3-4-5 mm. long. Ovary 1 -4-2-7 cm. long ; style 1 -7-3-2 cm. long, hispid below,

sometimes glabrous above ; stigma simple, capitate. Pods black, subligneous, about

12 cm. long, stalked, unarmed, deeply constricted between the seeds and with these

constrictions frequently elongated, densely tomentose when young, becoming glabrous

when old. Seeds bright red, elliptic, with a linear scar of attachment.

Cape Province : Bathurst district, Kleinemund River, MacOwan 1434 (G.) ; Albany

district, Grahainstown, Howieson’s Poort, also Port Alfred, Galpin 67 (N.H., G.) ; King-

williamstown district, Pirie, Sim 2135 (N.PI.) ; Komgha district, near Eomhga, Flanagan

319 (N.H.) ; Kentani district, Pegler 89 (N.H., G., collected various dates), Pegler 1134

(N.H.).

Natal : Durban district, Durban, Thode A1514 (N.H. 18213), Berea, Wood 10016

(N.H. D. 10806), Forbes 350 (D. 18392), Lansdell (N.H. 1455) ; Camperdown district,

Cato Ridge, McClean and Ogilvie (D. 27899) ; Zululand, Eshowe, Rogers 24455 (T.M. 24020),

Mtunzini, Thode A1528 (N.H. 18227), St. Lucia Bay, Pole Evans 3648 (N.H.), Zululand,

Farm Egoa, Curson (N.H. 23016).

Transvaal : Barberton district, Saddleback Range, Galpin 494 (N.H., G.) ; Lydenburg

district, Lydenburg, Barnard 534 (N.H.) ; Pretoria district, Pretoria, Leendertz 217 (G.,

T.M. 8334), Water Tower Hill, Mogg 15157 (N.H.) ; Petersburg district, Woodbush, Jenlcins

(T.M. 7339) ; Zoutpansberg district, Louis Trichardt, Breyer (T.M. 24377).

The following specimen was grown in the garden of the Division of Botany and Plant

Pathology, Pretoria : —

Transvaal : Phillips (N.H. 1648).

In the National Herbarium are records of two forms of this species with pink and yellow

flowers. One was collected at Mbabane in Swaziland ( Nicholson in N.H. 22847) and the

other is a specimen from a plant cultivated in the Native Garden, Willow vale district

(Forest Dept. Herb. 8865).

Pink-flowered specimens are also found growing in the Durban Botanic Gardens and

in the garden of the Natal Herbarium. As it is not certain whether these “ sports ” occur

wild as well, as in cultivation, the creation of a variety is not yet justified. Marloth states

that the occasional occurrence of these pale-coloured flowers is due to the absence of the

red pigment in the epidermal cells. This explanation, of course, does not exclude the

possibility of the “ sport ” being an inheritable mutation.

225

It is impossible to tell whether the following incomplete specimens should be included

included in E. caffra Thunb. or in E. lysistemon Hutch : —

Transvaal : Barberton district, Nelspruit, Pole Evans 3927 (N.H.) ; Pilgrims

Rest district, Bushbuck Ridge, Smuts and Gillett 2344X (N.H.) ; Pretoria district,

Schanskop, Mogg 15742 (N.H.) ; de Wildt, Murray (N.H. 23298), Wonderboompoort,

Leendertz 953 (T.M. 8335) ; Rustenburg district, Rustenburg, Leendertz 3304 (T.M.

9801), Turner 1 b (N.H.) ; Petersburg district, Woodbush, Hoffmann 24 (T.M. 29179) ;

Zoutpansberg district, Bailey in Herb. Burtt-Davy (N.H. 26302), Smuts (N.H. 23299),

Baiandbai, Lang (T.M. 32266).

E. Humeana Spreng. sec. Eckl. & Zeyh. Enum. PI. Afr. Austr. Extratrop. 259 (1835), non Spreng.

A rigid shrub, 1-2 m. high. Root long and succulent, very light when dry. (FI. Cap. II,

237). Stem woody, branched ; branches woody, leafy, covered with recurved prickles.

Leaves scattered along the branches and with or without a prickle at the base of the petiole,

with the mid-rib armed with one or two small prickles beneath, pubescent when young

becoming quite glabrous ; petiole slender, 2-4 cm. long, armed with 2 or 3 recurved prickles,

puberulous ; terminal leaflet 3-3-5 cm. long, 2 -5-3 -5 cm. broad, broadly obovate or

transversely elliptic, very nearly as broad as long, or broader than long, triangular apiculate

or rounded above ; petiolule of terminal leaflet 1 -5-2-5 cm. long, with one or two prickles,

puberulous; lateral leaflets 2 -5-3 -5 c.m long, 2-3 cm. broad, obovate to longitudinally

elliptic, apiculate or sub-acute, frequently unequal-sided. Stipules minute, subulate,

villous, deciduous. Peduncle 1-12 cm. long, sometimes furrowed, unarmed, tomentose

when young, becoming glabrous. Racemes terminal or lateral, comparatively lax, few-

to many-flowered, extending the whole, or nearly the whole, length of the peduncle.

Flowers scarlet, tipped with green, erect or horizontal, appearing with the leaves. Bracts

ovate-rotund ; bracetoles linear, bracts and bracteoles minute, densely pubescent, deciduous.

Pedicel 0-6-0 -8 cm. long, pubescent. Calyx-tube 1-2-1 -7 cm. long, 1-1-7 cm. diameter

above, broadly campanulate, sometimes as broad as long, subtruncate, obscurely 5-lobed,

pubescent. Vexillum 4 -2-5 -5 cm. long, 2-3-2 cm. broad across the middle, elliptic-

oblong, obtuse, emarginate, with a very short basal claw, minutely velvety ; keel 1-1 • 5 cm

long, 0-2-0 -4 cm. broad across the middle, ovate or triangular ovate, acuminate, shortly

narrowed at the base; wings 0-4-0 -6 cm. long, 0-2 cm. broad below, ovate-acuminate,

with a ventro-lateral lobe on each side, narrowed at the base, shorter than the keel.

Filaments 3 -4-5 -2 cm. long, the vexillary filament free nearly to the base and the rest

free above for more than half the length of the split staminal-tube ; anthers 3-4 mm. long

Ovary 1-6-2 -6 cm. long, broadly linear; style 1-8-3 -2 cm. long, linear, hispid below-

glabrous above ; stigma small, capitate. Pods woody, 10-25 cm. long, curved, constricted;

or not between the seeds, covered with numerous small straight, prickles, stalked, at first

tomentose but glabrous when old.

Cape Province : Albany district, Grahamstown, Botanical Gardens, Marsh (G.) ;

Queenstown district, Queenstown, Pole Evans (N.H. 2997), Rogers (G.), grassy plains,

Queenstown, Galpin 1653, Oct.-Nov. 1893 (N.H., G.) ; Cathcart district, north of Cathcart

near Tylden, also near Imvani, and along Queenstown road, plentiful along the Tarkastad

road from Queenstown near Carlsrust Siding and Bowkers Park, in thorn country onl y

Reynolds 1606 (N.H.).

5. E. Humeana Spreng. Syst. Yeg. III. 243 (1826).

E. Humei E. Mey. Comm. PL Afr. Austr. 150 (1835).

E. tiastifolia Bertol. f. in Mem. Aec. Sc. Bolog. II. 568 (1850).

E. Raja Meisn. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. II. 96 (1843).

E. caffra Thunb. sec. Ker-Gawl. Bot. Reg. IX. tab. 736 A, B (1823), non Tbunb.

E. caffra Thunb. sec. Sims Bot. Mag. L. tab. 2431 (1823), non Thunb.

E. caffra Thunb. sec. DC. Prodr. II. 412 (1825), non Thunb.

E. caffra Thunb. sec. Reichb. FI. Exot. V. tab. 312 (1836), non Thunb.

226

A shrub. Branches woody, leafy, armed with prickles. Leaves' scattered along the

branches, with the veins of the leaflets sometimes armed with a few small prickles on both

surfaces or only on the lower, glabrous ; petiole 5-14 cm. long, not prominently furrowed,

bearing recurved prickles, puberulous when young; terminal leaflet 5-13 cm. long, 4-5-

12 cm. broad, broadly ovate to elliptic, or ovate long-acuminate, sometimes broader than

long, obtuse or sub-acute ; petiolule of terminal leaflet 3 • 5-9 cm. long, bearing prickles ;

lateral leaflets 4-5-13 cm. long, 4-8 cm. broad, ovate, elliptic, or ovate long-acuminate,

sub-acute. Stipules 0-5-1 cm. long, ovate or linear, deciduous. Peduncle 20-48 cm.

long, terete, rarely furrowed, sometimes bearing prickles, pubescent when young, becoming

glabrous with age. Racemes terminal, densely flowered above, more laxly below, 6-10 cm.

long, rarely longer, but lengthening as the fruits ripen. Flowers red, showy, pendulous,

appearing with the leaves. Bracts ovate or oblong ; bracteoles linear ; bracts and

bracteoles minute, puberulous, deciduous. Pedicel 0 • 4 cm. long. Calyx-tube 0 • 9-1 • 3 cm.

long, 0-6-0 -8 cm. diameter above, tubular, subtruncate, shortly 5-lobed, puberulous.

Vexillum 3-8-5 cm. long, 1 -4-2 • 1 cm. broad across the middle, obovate or elliptic-obovate,

obtuse, frequently emarginate, with a short basal claw, glabrous ; keel 0-6-0 -8 cm. long,

0-3-0 -4 cm. broad, roughly oblong or ovate, narrowed at the base, frequently with a

median or ventral lateral lobe and tapering above ; wings 0 • 6-1 • 2 cm. long, 0 • 3 cm. broad

across the middle, roughly oblong, narrowing above, curved, clawed at the base, longer

than the keel. Filaments 3-3 • 4 cm. long, with the vexillary filament free almost to the

base of the staminal-tube and the rest free for 1 -7-2-3 cm. above, i.e. for at least half the

length of the longest stamens; anthers 2 mm. long. Ovary 1-2-2 cm. long; style 1-5-

1 -9 cm. long, sparsely hispid ; stigma small, terminal. Pods black, subligneous, 12-16 cm.

long, stalked, unarmed, deeply constricted between the seeds, pubescent when young,

becoming glabrous. Seeds red, elliptic, laterally compressed, with a scar of attachment.

Cape Province : Eastern Cape Province, Drege (N.H. 9325) ; Bathurst district, coast

belt near Fish River Lighthouse, Dyer 2263 (G), Coombs Vale, Bennie (G.) ; Albany district,

Southwell, Schonland (N.H. 22921), Botha’s Hill, MacOivan (G) ; East London district,

East London, Galpin 3388 (N.H.), “ Overton ”, 11 miles west of East London, Hilner 161

(G.), Keiskama mouth, Galpin 7693 (N.H.), Stutterheim district, Fort Cunninghame, Sim

2136 (N.H.) ; Komgha district, near Komgha, Flanagan 125, January, 1890, 1891 (N.H., G.) ;

Kentani district, Pegler 1179 (N.H., G.).

Natal : Durban district, Umgeni, Wood 13078 (D.), Botha’s Hill, McClean 134 (N.H.),

Intshanga, Wood 9776 (D., G.), New Germany, Wood 12652 (N.H.) ; Richmond district,

Byrne, Galpin 11906 (N.H.) ; Greytown district, Wylie (D. 22344, T. M. 34029) ; Vryheid

district, Gobeni Hills, Pole Evans 2637 (N.H.) ; Mount Ashley, Mogg 6360 (N.H.); Zulu-

land, Somkeli district, Wood 9224 (N.H ).

Swaziland : Mbabane district, Mafutane, Bolus 11831 (N.H.).

Transvaal : Ermelo district, Billy’s Vlei, Burtt-Davy 9326 (N.H.) ; Carolina district,

Steynsdorp, DieperinJc 87 (N.H.) ; Petersburg district, Zoekmekaar, Botha (N.H. 23017) ;

Zoutpansberg district, Louis Trichardt, Breyer (T.M. 19416).

Portuguese East Africa : Lourenco Marques district, Rikatla, Junod (T.M. 20185).

The following scanty specimens should probably be included in this species : —

Cape Province : East London district, Southernwood, Smith 3642 (N.H.).

Transvaal : Barberton district, Barberton, Rogers (T.M. 24277).

Possibly the specimen marked “ Bottom of Woest Hill, 466 ” (G) should be included

here.

Cultivated specimens of this species include the following

Cape Province : “ The Hill ”, Claremont, near Cape Town, Marloth 9337 (N.H.) ;

Eastern Cape Province, originally from Port Alfred, flowered in Dr Becker’s garden

(G-).

227

Transvaal : Petersburg district, Petersburg, from the park, Stapleton (N.H.

22854, 22920).

6. E. Zeyheri Harv. in Flor. Cap. II. 236 (1861-62).

A shrub 0-3-0 -5 m. high. Stem subterranean, corky. Leaves arising in clusters at

the apex of the stem or from short terminal branches, with the leaflets prominently veined

beneath and with the veins generally puberulous and armed with prickles on both surfaces

or on the lower only ; petiole. 8-20 cm. long, often prominently furrowed, covered with

recurved prickles, puberulous ; terminal leaflet 10-26 cm. long, 8-21 cm. broad, but

occasionally up to 30 cm. long and 25 cm. broad, broadly ovate or elliptic, rarely obovate,

occasionally as broad as long, obtuse or subacute ; petiolule of terminal leaflet 4-14 cm.

long, bearing prickles; lateral leaflets 10-21 cm. long, 5-12 cm. broad, ovate to elliptic,

obtuse to acute, frequently unequal-sided. Stipules coriaceous, 1-2 cm. long, ovate or

oblong, glabrous, or occasionally puberulous. Peduncle 19-38 cm. long, often furrowed

sometimes bearing a few small prickles, pubescent when young, becoming glabrous with

age. Racemes terminal, densely many-flowered, 2-5-8 cm. long. Flowers red, showy,

pendulous, appearing with the leaves. Bracts ovate or oblong, deciduous ; bracteoles

minute, linear, pubescent. Pedicel 0-4 cm. long. Calyx-tube 1-2-1 -5 cm. long, 0-7 cm.

diameter across the middle, tubular-campanulate, sub-truncate, shortly 5-lobed, puberulous.

Vexillum 3 -4 -4 -4 cm. long, 1 -4-1 -9 cm. broad across the middle, obovate, obtuse, some-

times emarginate, with a short basal cla w, glabrous ; keel 0-7-1 cm. long, 0-4-0 -5 cm.

broad across the middle, roughly oblong or ovate, frequently truncate and with a lateral

mucro above, narrowed at the base ; wings 0-9-1 -5 cm. long, 0-3-0 -5 cm. broad across

the middle, oblong to obovate, frequently curved, clawed at the base, longer than the keel.

Filaments 3-4 cm. long, with the vexillary filament free nearly to the base of the staminal-

tube and the rest free for about 1 cm. above, i.e. for the length of the longest stamens ;

anthers 2 mm. long. Ovary 1-3-1 -5 cm. long; style 1-6-2 cm. long, linear, sparsely

hispid : stigma small, terminal. Pods dark, subligneous, 8-20 cm. long (FI. Cap.), stalked,

unarmed, constricted between the seeds and with these constrictions frequently elongated,

pubescent when young, becoming puberulous. Seeds red, elliptic, with a linear scar.

Natal : Estcourt district, Mooi River, Wood 4076 (D. 4596) ; Weenen district.

Mabelston, Mogg 3085 (N.H.) ; Dundee district, Amanga valley, native collector (N.H,

21765).

Basutoland : Mafeteng district, Dieterlen 547 (N.H.).

Orange Free State : Vrede district, Vrede, Langlnam (D. 12129) ; Senekal district,

Doornkop, Goossens 810 (N.H.) ; between Senekal and Bethlehem, Flanagan 1827 (N.H.) ;

Kroonstad district, Kroonstad, Pont 530 (N.H. 22840), near Valsch River, Pont 530

(N.H. 22841), East Hill, Standard VII DI (N.H. 22842).

Transvaal : Barberton district, Komatipoort, Rogers 12963 (T.M. 13737) ; Wakker-

stroom district, Wakkerstroom, van Dam (T.M. 24352) ; Yolksrust district, Yolksrust,

Jenkins (T.M. 9294) ; Ermelo district, Ermelo, Hoffe 16 (N.H.), Spitskop, Pott (T.M. 15084),

on farm Nooitgedacht, Henrici 1210 (N.H.), Lake Chrissie, Galpin 710 (N.H.) ; Belfast

district, Belfast, Leendertz 2681 (T.M. 8058) ; Bethal district, Bethal, Leendertz 3533 (T.M.

9331) ; Middelburg district, Middelburg, Jenkins (T.M. 9211), Witbank, Zondagsfontein,

Thode A2799 (N.H. 19501, D. 26113), Klein Olifants River, Young A5 (T.M. 32510) ;

Vereeniging district, Vereeniging, Leendertz 3899 (T.M. 10870), Marloth 8106 (N.H.) ; Pretoria

district, on road to Tygerpoort, Verdoorn (N.H. 22839), Irene, Pole Evans (N.H. 22843)

and Leendertz 693 (T.M. 8336), Fountains Valley, Repton 207 (N.H.), Scurfde Bergen,

Swierstra (T.M. 6231) ; Boksburg district, Boksburg, Breyer (T.M. 15005) ; Johannesburg

district, Klipriviersberg, Marloth 3848 (N.H.) ; Potchefstroom district, on the grassy, stony

hills and on the banks of the Mooi River, Zeyher 531 (N.H. 9324, G., Type), Klerksdorp

district, Klerksdorp, Nelson 223 (T.M. 11617).

IO

228

The following specimens almost certainly belong to this species but are too scanty

for precise examination

Natal : Newcastle district, near Newcastle, Saunders (D. 3440).

Basutoland : Leribe district, Dieterlen 547 (D. 13910).

Orange Free State : Heilbron district, Brandmuller 126 (N.H.) ; Sand River

Vais River, valleys of Witte Bergen, Barber 646 (G.).

Transvaal : Wakkerstroom district, Wakkerstroom, Pole Evans (N.H. 26304) ;

Carolina district, Carolina, Rademacher (T.M. 7495, 7503), Galpin 12989 (N.H.),

Standerton district, Standerton, Jenkins (T.M. 9940), New Denmark, Burtt-Bavy 999,

(D. 9685) ; Benoni district, Benoni, Bradfield 296 (N.H.) ; Johannesburg district,

Frankenwald, Burtt-Bavy 2577 (N.H.), Modderfontein, Haagver (G.) ; Ventersdorp

district, Goedgedacht, Stutton 596 (N.H.).

The following are cultivated specimens belonging to this species : —

Cape Province : Somerset East district, Somerset East, cult, e stm. Transgariepinis,

MacOwan (G.) ; Queenstown district, Queenstown, plant collected at Boksburg,

flowered in Botanical Gardens, Galpin 7370 (N.H.).

Galpin 12989 cited above, exhibits the phenomenon of having two lateral leaflets

attached on the same side of the petiole.

7. E. Crista-galli Linn. Mant. I. 99 (1767).

E. fasciculata Benth. in Linnaea XXII. 517 (1849).

E. laurifolia Jacq. Obs. Bot. iii 1 (1768).

A shrub or tree, 1-6 m. high. Stem woody, sometimes robust, somewhat prickly ;

branches woody, leafy, armed with prickles, bright green, glabrous ; the stronger branches

continue perennially but the flowering shoots are annual. Leaves scattered along the

branches, with the midribs of the leaflets sometimes armed with one or two recurved

prickles beneath, armed and unarmed leaflets occurring on the same plant, glabrous ;

petiole slender, 8-12 cm. long, terete, with or without recurved prickles, glabrous ; terminal

leaflet 7-10 cm. long, 3-6 cm. broad, ovate or broadly or narrowly elliptic, obtuse to acute ;

petiolule of terminal leaflet 2 -5-3 -5 cm. long, sometimes with one or two prickles ; lateral

leaflets 6 -5-9 -5 cm. long, 2-5*5 cm. broad, ovate or broadly or narrowly elliptic, obtuse

to acute. Stipules 0-8 cm. long, narrowly lanceolate, glabrous, deciduous. Racemes

lateral, very laxly many-flowered, 11-30 cm. long, occurring on the upper portions of the

foliage shoots. Flowers scarlet, showy, erect or horizontal, arising in clusters of two or

three, appearing with the leaves, sometimes in the axil of a leaf. Bracts either wanting or

early deciduous ; bracteoles linear, glabrous, deciduous. Pedicel 2-2*5 cm. long, glabrous.

Calyx-tube 1*2-1 *5 cm. long, 1*2-1 *5 cm. diameter above, broadly campanulate, distinctly

2-lipped or subtruncate, widening with age, frequently broader than long, glabrous.

Vexillum 3-4*4 cm. long, 2 *1-2 *9 cm. broad across the middle, ovate, obovate. or elliptic,

obtuse, sometimes emarginate, with a short basal claw, glabrous ; keel 2-4-3-S cm. long,

0*9 cm. broad across the middle, ovate, sometimes falcate, shortly or not at all narrowed

at the base ; wings 0*7-1 *8 cm. long, 0 *3-0 *5 cm. broad, ovate or oblong-ovate, scarcely

narrowed at the base, shorter than the keel. Filaments 2 *9-4 *7 cm. long, with the

vexillary filament free to about the middle of the staminal-tube and the rest free for 0*3 cm.

above ; anthers 2*5 mm. long. Ovary 1 *4-2 cm. long, on an extremely long gynophore ;

style 0*5-1 cm. long, linear, glabrous; stigma small, simple, terminal. Pods and seeds

not seen.

Natal : Durban district, Durban Botanic Gardens, Forbes 876 (D. 36468). >

Swaziland : Mbabane district, Nicholson (N.H. 23007, 23010).

Transvaal : Pretoria district, Pretoria, Mogg in Government Herb. 11612 (N.H. 26305)

Petersburg district, Pietersburg, Stapleton (N.H. 23008).

229

SOUTH AFRICAN RUST FUNGI IV.

By

Ethel M. Doidge.

(Part III of this series appeared in Bothalia, Yol. Ill, Part IY, published April, 1939.)

Caeoma Lichtensteiniae nov. sp.

Pycnidiis subepidermalibus, amphigenis v. petiolicolis, inter aecidiis sparsis, lenti-

cularibus, melleis, 100-125 p diameter. Aecidiis hypophyllis v. petiolicolis, singulis saepe

epiphyllis, in epiphyllo maculas fuscas generantibus, praecipue ad nervos evolutis, partibus

matricis leniter tumefactis insidentibus et greges irregulares v. elongatos 2-15 mm. longos

formantibus, dense confertis, 200-300 p diameter., pallide aurantiacis, epidermide diu

tectis, dein nudis epidermide rupta cinctis. Sporis variabilis, ovatis, oblongis, subglobosis

v. angulatis, dense verrucosis, subhyalinis, 25-32 X 15-22-5 p, episporio 2-5-3 p crasso.

Hab. in foliis petiolisque Lichtensteiniae sp., Salisbury, S. Rhodesia, leg. Eyles (1966)

11009.

Puccinia Antirrhini Diet, et Holw.

In Hedwigia 36 (1897) p. 298 ; Syd. Monogr. Ured. I (1904) p. 245.

Uredo-sori hypophyllous, brown, pulverulent ; on the leaves circular to irregular in

outline, scattered, in irregular groups, or in circles round primary sori, often becoming

confluent, up to 1 mm. diameter ; on stems more elongated and often coalescing to form

long lines ; surrounded by the torn epidermis. Uredospores globose to ellipsoid, yellow

brown, briefly and rather closely echinulate, 22-30 x 21-25 p, epispore 1-5-2 p thick,

with 2-3 equatorial germ pores.

Fig. 1. — Puccinia Antirrhini Diet et Holw. Teleutospores, showing 5 spores of the pale,

slender form on the left, and three of the darker, broader form.

Teleutosori amphigenous, mostly hypophyllous, on pale or dry indefinite leaf spots,

similar to the uredo-sori but darker, pulvinate. Teleutospores calvate or oblong-calvate,

of two distinct types. Slender form oblong or oblong-clavate, pale fuscous, 50-70 X

230

16-17 -5 p, apex usually more or less acute, rarely somewhat rounded or truncate, strongly

thickened up to 12 p , occasionally 3-celled and up to 75 p long. Shorter and stouter form

clavate, chestnut brown, 32-52-5 x 17-5-22-5 p ; apex rounded or truncate, rarely

acute, thickened up to 8 /x. Both forms smooth, constricted at the septum, tapering at

the base, rarely somewhat rounded at the base, epispore 1-2 p thick, germ pore in the

upper cell apical, obscure in the lower cell, pedicel subhyaline, up to 75 p long, rarely up

to 125 p long, ca 7-5 p thick. Both forms are to be found in the same sorus.

on leaves and stems of Antirrhinum majus L., Westville, Durban, McClean, 30869 :

Port Elizabeth, Lust, 30816 ; East London, Wilson Thompson , 30865 ; Kidd’s Beach,

East London, Venables, 30866 ; Kirkwood, Hess, 30867 ; Grahamstotvn, N. J. G. Smith,

30868.

The Antirrhinum rust was not recorded as occurring in South Africa until September,

1939, when it occurred in epiphytotic form in the coast districts of Natal and the eastern

Cape. The outbreak was recorded by Miss A. M. Bottomley in the public press at the end

of 1940.

Puccinia Junci-oxycarpi n. nom.

Syn. Puccinia Junci (Strauss) Wint. var. africana Doidge in Bothalia II (1927), p. 116,

on Juncus oxycarpus E. Mey., Hennops River, Doidge, 2039.

European material of Puccinia Junci is now available for comparison. (Sydow.

Uredineen 2169, 2469 on Juncus Gerrardus). The European rust, Puccinia Junci, according

to Sydow (Monogr. Ured. I, p. 643) occurs only in the coastal region of the Baltic and the

North Sea. It has larger sori than the South African rust on Juncus Oxy carpus and the

teleutospores are different. The South African rust has very minute sori and shorter

teleutospores with apex usually rounded and less thickened than in P. Junci ; mesospores

are abundant. It also differs widely from other species of Puccinia on Juncus spp. described

from Europe and North Africa.

I consider that the South African rust on Juncus oxycarpus should be regarded as a

distinct species.

Puccinia Iluhnii (Krug.) Bull.

Ann. Myc. 12 (1914), pp. 81-82, fig. 4 ; Syd., Monogr. Ured. 4 (1924), p. 608.

Syn. Uromyces Kuhnii W. Krug., Bericht der Versuchs-Station fur Zuckerrohr in West

Java, Kagok-Tegal Heft I, Dresden (1890), p. 120 ; N. A. Cobb, Agric. Gazette of

N.S. Wales (1893), p. 799.

Uredo Kuhnii Wakker et Went., De Ziekten van het suikerriet op Java, Leiden

(1898), p. 144.

Uredo-sori hypophyllous, very rarely epiphyllous, on indefinite, elongated, pale yellow

to purplish red leaf spots, arranged in series, oblong to linear, 0-5 to 1 mm. long, often

becoming confluent and forming longer lines, partially veiled by the epidermis which

ruptures early and exposes the powdery spore masses. Paraphyses fairly numerous,

peripheral, clavate or cylindrical, straight or curved, sub-hyaline to brown with a wall

1-2 /x thick. Uredospores very variable in form and size, mostly ovate to pyriform, less

frequently sub-globose, pale yellow to light chestnut brown, 25-42 X 17-25 p ; epispore

remotely echinulate, 1-5-2 -5 p thick, either of equal thickness throughout or thickened,

at the apex up to 5 p ; germ pores 4, equatorial.

Teleuto-sori hypophyllous, black, small, linear, or teleutospores developing in the

uredo-sori. Teleutospores oblong to clavate, rounded or somewhat flattened at the apex,

attenuate at the base, not constricted at the septum or very slightly so, pale yellow (mature

25-40 X 10-18 p ; pedicel short, hyaline. Paraphyses similar to those in the uredo-sori,

on leaves of Saccharum spontaneum L., Mount Edgecombe, Natal, McMartin, 30752.

231

This rust is not known as a disease of sugar cane in Natal, and has only recently been

observed by Dr. McMartin on a variety of Saccharum sfontaneum from Turkestan. Sydow

(l.c.) points out that there are two forms of uredo-spores, which may occur in the same

or in separate sori, one with epispore of even thickness, and one thickened at the apex.

The uredo-spore with thickened apex was apparently taken by Kruger for the teleutospore

of a Uromyces, and the rust described as Uromyces Kuhnii Krug. Wakker and Went

pointed out that this was only a uredo-form, and the sugar cane rust was for many years

known as Uredo Kulmii Wakker et WTent.

Teleutospores are rarely found, and are absent from the South African material

Puccinia Kulmii is known in the uredo-stage in Java, India, Japan, Australia, Ceylon

and the Philippines, occurring on Saccharum officinarum and several wild Saccharum spp. ;

but the teleuto-stage has only been recorded by Butler (l.c.) on Saccharum sfontaneum

collected in Burma.

Cobb illustrates 2-celled paraphyses, which have not been observed in the South

African material; Butler thinks it possible, however, that the 2-celled bcdy figured by

Cobb was an immature teleuto-spore.

Puccinia McCleanii nov. sp.

Soris teleutosporiferis amphigenis, sparsis v. aggregatis, rotundatis v. oblongis

plerumque transversalibus, minutis, usque 0-5 mm. longis, saepe nervis foliis limitatis

atro-brunneis, mox nudis, pulverulentis, epideimide fissa cinctis v. semi-velatis. Teleuto-

sporis oblongo-clavatis v. oblongis, apice plerumque rotundatis, saepe tiuncatis A', conico-

angustatis, saepe oblique attenuatis, medio leniter constrictis, basi attenuatis, dilule flavo

•brunneis, levibus, 35-62-5 x 12-5-20 y, plerumque 50-56 x 14-16 y, episporio 1-1-5

crasso, apice leniter incrassato usque 4 y ; pedicello persistent! brunneolo, usque 45 y longo

Paraphysibus nullis.

Hab. in foliis Gladioli Ludivigii Poppe, Nottingham Road, leg. McClean, 30996.

This species differs in several respects from P. Gladioli Cast., Avhich is recorded from

the Mediterranean region. The teleutospore are more slender and lighter in colour, pale

yellow brown ; the lower cell paler, thinner-walled and concolorous with the pedicel. The

apex is only slightly thickened, and is traversed by a conspicuous germ pore. There are

no paraphyses. The teleutospores of Puccinia Gladioli are illustrated for comparison.

232

Fig. 3. — Puccinia Gladioli Cast. Teleutospores.

Puccinia Gladioli has not been recorded from South Africa, and there appears to be

no record of its causing serious damage to cultivated varieties of Gladiolus. The “ rust ”

which was first reported in commercial plantings of Gladiolus in Natal in 1929 and on

several more recent occasions, mostly from the coast districts of Natal and the eastern

Cape, is Uromyces transversalis . This species which is common on indigenous gladiolus

spp., caused serious damage in commercial plantings of Gladiolus in the eastern Cape,

Natal and the Transvaal during the seasons 1937-1938 and 1938-1939 when the rainfall

was exceptionally heavy.

In Bothalia II (1927), p. 107, a species of Puccinia was described as Puccinia Gladioli-

crassifolii. Unfortunately the host had been wrongly identified, and the material is tco

fragmentary for accurate diagnosis ; the plant is definitely not a Gladiolus sp., but is

probably a member of the family Iridaceae. It may be possible to collect this rust again

and to identify the host correctly.

Sphaerophragmium Artabotrydis nov. sp.

Soris teleutosporiferis hypophyllis, maculis orbicularibus biunneis v. astro-biunneis,

usque 2 mm. diameter indeterminatis insidentibus, sparsis v. subgregaiiis, 0-5-1 -5 mm.,

rarius usque 2 mm. diameter, rotundatis v. irregularibus, obscure biunneis v. atris, mox

nudis en pulberulentis, epidermide fissa cinctis. Teleutosporis lateraliter applanatis

ambitu suborbicularibus, ad septa constrictis, ex cellulis 4 (rarissime 3) compositis, brunneis,

30-35 g v. usque 40 g diameter, superficie appendiculis fuscis v. brunneolis ad apicem

minute stellatim lobatis quasi glochidiatis, rarius simplicibus acutis leniter dilataiis v.

uncinatis, 4-6 g raro usque 10 g longis laxe et irregulariter obsitis ; cellulis singulis

equalibus, episporio ca 1 -5 g crasso ; pedicello hyalino, crasso persistenti, usque £0 g longo,

7-10 g crasso.

Fig. 4. — Sphaerophragmium Artabotrydis Doidge. Teleutospores.

Hab. in foliis Artabotrydis Monteiroae Oliv., Westville, Durban, leg. Howlett, 30761.

233

The teleutospores are very consistently 4-celled, the cross walls being at right angles

to one another and the cells equal in size and similar in form. The surface view of the

spore is a circle with flattened sides, the diameter along the cross walls measuring 30-35 p

and diagonally between them about 40 p. The lateral view resembles the teleutospore

of a Puccinia 30-35 p long and ca 20 p broad. There is apparently one germ pore at the

apex of each cell.

This species differs widely from Sphaerophragmium Chevalieri Har. et Pat. (Buleuto

Myc. Fr. XXV (1909), p. 109) which occurs on Anonaceae in West Africa. The teleuto

spores of this species consist of 5-8 cells irregular in form and arrangement.

Uredo Scirpi-maritimi nov. sp.

Soris amphigenis plerumque hypophyllis, maculis atrobrunneis insidentibus, sparsis v.

laxe seriatim dispositis, usque 1 mm. longis, dilute brunneis, diu.epideimide inflata tectis.

Sporis ellipsoideis v. ovatis, aureo-brunneis. dense minuteque verruculosis, 27-5-37-5 X

15-22-5 p ; episporie 2-2-5 p crasso, poris germinationis 2-3 equatorialibus conspicuis

praeditis.

Hab. in foliis Scirpi maritimi L., Uitenhage, leg. Zeyher (4422) 30904.

This rust was found on Zeyher’s specimen in the phanerogamic herbarium ; I am

indebted to Dr. Dyer for pointing it out to me. It differs from Uredo Scirpi-corymbosi

in the narrower, thicker-walled, verruculose urede-spores. It approaches more nearly

to the description of the Australian rust Uredo Scirpi-nodosi McAlp. I have not seen this

species.

Uredo Cassiae-mimosoidis nov. .sp.

Soris amphigenis, sparsis v. gregariis, rotundatis v. ellipticis, 0-5-0-75 mm. longis

saepe confluendo irregularibus, ferrugineis, pustulifoimibus, diu epideimide pallida tectis,

dein ea fissa cinctis v. semi-velatis, pulverulentis. Sporis ovatis, ellipsoideis, subglobosis

v. irregularibus, 21-27-5 X 16-21 p, densiuscule breviterque echinulatis, flavidis, episporio

1 -75-2-5 / l crasso, poris germinationis 2-4, plerumque 3, equatorialobus conspicuis praeditis.

Hab. in foliis Cassiae mimosoidis L., Donkerpoort, Pretoria dist., leg. Doidge et Bottomley

29741.

Uredo Psoraleae-polystictae nov. sp.

Soris hypophyllis, sine maculis, sparsis v. laxe gregariis, rotundatis v. irregularibus

minutis, ca 0-25 mm. diameter vel in nervos ellipticis usque 0-5 mm. longis, mox nudis,

epidermide fissa cinctis, pulverulentis, ferrugineis. Sporis subglobosis, ovatis v. late

ellipsoideis, tenuiter echinulatis, aureo-brunneis, 24-32-5 x 20-22-5 p ; episporio 2-3 p

crasso, poris germinationis 3 distinctis equatorialibus vel fere equatorialibus praeditis.

Hab. in foliis Psoraleae polystictae Benth., Durban, leg. McClean, 300994.

Uromyces Dolicholi Arth.

in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 33 (1906), p. 27 and in Mycologia 7 (1915), p. 186.

Syn. Uredo Dolichi Arth. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 33 (1906), p. 513.

Uredo pamparum Speg. in Anal. Soc. Cientif. Argent. IX (1880), p. 173 ; Syd. Moncgr.

Ured. IV (1924), p. 585.

Uredo-sori amphigenous but mostly hypophyllous, scattered or crowded, minute,

round to irregular, 0-3-0 -5 mm. diameter; the epidermis ruptures at an early stage and

exposes the cinnamon brown, pulverulent spore masses, which are surrounded by the torn

fragments of the epidermis. Uredospores globose or subglobose, briefly echinulate, brown,

18-24 p diameter, epispore about 1 • 5 p thick, with 2-4, usually 3, equatorial germ pores.

[Teleuto-sori similar to tlie uredo-sori. Teleutospores oblong fusiform or clavulate, tapering

to both ends, slightly thickened at the apex (3-6 y) smooth, pale yellow or very light brown,

25-38 x 8-15 y ; epispore very thin, about 1 y ; pedicel delicate, hyaline or subhyaline,

up to 40 y long.]

on leaves of Cajanus Cajan (L) Druce ( = Cajanus indicus Spreng.) Winkle Spruit,

Pole Evans, 1594, 1919.

Only uredo-sori are to be found on the South African material and according to Arthur

(loc. cit.) all the early West Indian collections on this host show uredinia only. The South

African specimens agree well with material collected in Domenico. (Ciferri.-, Mycoflora

Domingensis exsiccata n. 4). The description of the teleuto-sori is quoted from Sydow’s

Monograph Ured. II., p. 96. According to Arthur (Mycologia loc. cit.) it is probable that

Uredo Cajani Syd. is also identical with the above species.

Uromyces Drimiopsidis nov. sp.

Sub Uromyces Erythronii v. Drimiopsidis nom. nud. in Herb. Kew.

Soris uredosporiferis amphigenis plerumque hypophyllis, sparsis v. laxe gregariis

interdum subcircinatis, minutis, rotundatis v. oblongis, usque 1 mm. longis, epidermid

diu tectis, dein ea fissa cinctis v. semi-velatis, pulverulentis, pallide cinnamomeo-brunneis.

Uredosporis sobglobosis ovatis v. ellipsoideis, echinulatis, 20-25 X 15-19 y ; episporio

15-2 y crasso. poris germinationis obscuris.

Soris teleutosporiferis conformis, obscure brunneis. Teleutosporis plerumque ellip-

soideis, rarius ovatis v. subglobosis, pallide flavo-brunneis, 27-5-42-5 X 15-22 y ; apice

rotandatis, incrassatione papilliformi dilutiore usque 8 //. alta et lata praeditis, lineis subrectis

vel undulatis et subinde anastomosantibus obsitis ; episporio 1-1 • 5 a crasso, pedicello

hyalino brevi.

Fig. 5. — Uromyces Drimiopsidis Doidge. Teleutospores.

Hab. in foliis Drimiopsis maculatae Lindl., Botanical Gardens, Durban, leg. Medley

Wood (688) 11125.

The label on the specimens in Kew Herbarium is apparently in Cooke’s handwriting,

but no author’s name for Uromyces Erythonii var. Drimiopsidis is given, nor can I find

any description of this variety.

235

The rust described above differs considerably from Uromyces Erythronii (DC) Pass.

The latter has darker brown, broader and more frequently globose teleutospores with a

very small, almost hyaline papilla about 3 y and more rarely up to 4 y long. The sculpturing

of the epispore, which is ornamented with raised longitudinal ridges, is similar. An aecidial

form is described for U. Erythronii but no uredo-stage.

Uromyces Holubii nov. sp.

sub Uromyces liliacearum Ung. in Herb. Kew.

Soris teleutosporiferis hypophyllis maculis fuscis ellipticis insidentibus, in greges

ellipticos 9—16 mm. longis et 3-6 mm. latos circinatim dispositis, mediocribus, mox conflueni-

bus, epidermide diu tectis dein ea fissa cinctis v. semivelatis, pulvinatis v. sub-pulverulentis,

brunneis. Teleutosporis castaneo-brunneis, quoad formam variabilis, globosis, late ellip-

soideis v. ovatis, saepe irregularibus, apice rotundatis non incrassatis, basi rotundatis,

levibus, 42-52-5 x 32-5—40 y vel ca. 45 y diameter, episporio crasso, 7-5—10 y pedicello

hyalino apice brunneo, persistent!, usque 25 y longo, 5-7-5 y lato.

Fig. 6. — Uromyces Holubii Doidge. TeleutospdrCs.

Hab. in foliis Liliaceae indet (Dracaenae sp.) Lishumo Valley, Zambesi, leg. Holub

ex herb M. C. Cooke.

This rust somewhat resembles Uromyces prupureus Lagh . , described on an undeter-

mined Liliaceous plant from Angola, but differs in having larger spores and thicker epispore.

It differs in many respects from Uromyces liliacearum Ung.

The type specimen is in Kew herbarium ; a small fragment of the type is filed at Pretoria.

(Cryptogamic herb. no. 30887).

Uromyces Setariae-italicae (Diet.) Yoshino

in Bot. Mag. Tokvo 20 (1906), p. 247 ; Syd. Monogr. Ured. II (1910) 339-340, PI.

XIII, fig. 171.

Uredo-sori amphigenous but mostly hypophyllous, scattered or seriate in longitudinal

rows, minute, oblong, up to 0-5 mm. long, surrounded by the torn epidermis, pulverulent,

cinnamon brown. Uredospores globose, sub-globose or ovate, finely and rather sparsely

echinulate, yellow-brown, 22-34 x 18-26 y ; epispore about 1-5 y thick and with 3i-4

equatorial germ pores.

[Teleuto-sori mostly hypiphyllous, scattered or in groups, minute, round or oblong,

long covered by the epidermis, inconspicuous, greyish black. Teleutospores globose,

ovate or oblong, often angular, rounded or truncate at the apex, not thickened or only

very slightly so, smooth, yellow or yellow-brown, 20,-30 x 16j-24 y ; epispore 2<— 3 y thick ;

pedicel hyaline or subhyaline, about equal to the spore in length.]

236

on leaves of Setaria pallidifusca Stapf et Hubb., Tweedie, Mogg, 11648 ; Nottingham

Road McClean, 31003.

on Setaria verticillata Beauv., Groenkloof, Pretoria, Pole Evans , 9050 ; Muden,

Doidge, 23212.

This species has been recorded on Setaria glauca, S. intermedia, S. italica with its variety

germanica, S. verticillata and S. viridis from Japan and Bast India. The uredo-stage of

the South African collections agrees exactly with the specimens from Poona (Sydow, Uredi

neen 2148-2149) on S. italica and from the Philippines (Fungi Malayana Baker No. 296).

The latter specimen is labelled Uromyces Setariae-italicae (Diet.) Yoshino but no teleuto-

spores can be found on the material. According to Sydow (loc. cit.) this fungus is usually

found in the uredoform and the teleuto-stage is comparatively rare. Only the uredo has

been found in South Africa ; the description of the teleutostage is quoted from Sydow’s

Monograph.

237

A FUNGUS OF THE FAMILY ENTOMOPHTHORACEAE

FOUND ON SUGAR ANTS (CAMPANOTUS SP.).

By E. E. Schaefer.

INTRODUCTION.

During the early months of 1939 when prolonged and soaking rains fell in Pretoria,

Transvaal, several “ Sugar Ants ” — Campanotus sp. — were seen at the Division of Botany

and Plant Pathology running around with short and white furry growths on their abdomens.

Closer examination showed that the growths were of a fungoid nature, and that they

apparently protruded from the soft membranes between the abdominal segments. Their

nature and position gave the abdomens the distinct ringed or banded appearance character-

istic of insects attacked by species of the Entomophthoraceae. Search under stones and logs

later revealed a fairly large number of the same species of ants, both living and dead, with

their entire abdomens coverd with much more conspicuous white fungous growths, which

fastened them to the ground and stones, etc. These growths varied from loose, cottony

masses of long white strands on some insects (Plate I) to compact and more or less solid

creamy masses on others (Plate II). This variation was obviously dependent not only bn

the age of the growths, but also to a large extent on the dampness of the spots in which the

insects were found. Although the growths varied in size, in no case were they ever seen

extending beyond the abdomen or growing on any other parts of the insect’s body. When

the covering stones and logs were removed, many of the live ants on taking fright, were

able to extricate their abdomens from the enclosing loose cottony growths, which were then

left behind as hollow masses. In the structure of these a suggestion at least, of the bands

or rings could still be seen. This characteristic appearance was also present and usually

more obvious, in the denser growths from which the abdomens of the dead ants had been

extracted. The insects which were able to free themselves were, except for a slight

sluggishness, apparently normal in all respects.

When examined under a microscope the growths were seen to consist of masses of larg“

globose fungous spores, and what appeared to be long collapsed and unbranched mycelial

threads. (Plate III, Fig 1.) The denser creamy masses consisted almost entirely of large

spores, whereas in the loose cottony masses there was a fair amount of the apparently

collapsed hyphae. The spores were globose, more or less uniform in size, and averaged

about 30 ijl in diameter. Those from the loose growths had smooth or echinate walls

enclosing coarsely granular contents, while those from the denser masses appeared to be

more or less similar to resting spores found in the Entomophthoraceae in general (Plate III,

Fig. 2). Their outer walls, however, had apparently shrunken giving them a wavy outline.

Under the microscope the dissected abdomens of the ants were seen to contain a number

of pieces of thick coarsely granular and intertwined hyphae (hyphal bodies). These hyphae

differed in length, but were more or less uniform in diameter, although a few of the shortest

pieces were somewhat thicker and more irregular than the rest.

238

THE FUNGUS IN CULTURE.

The fungus grew readily on most of the common artificial media used in the laboratory.

It grew and sporulated especially well on potato agar to which five per cent, dextrose had

been added, and it was therefore from cultures on this medium that most of the following

observations were made.

The cultures increased rapidly in size and soon covered the surface of the medium in

a 9 cms. petri dish. The rapid increase was due primarily to the fact that the ripe spores

were discharged in all directions several centimetres from the sporophores and that they

germinated almost immediately. In the beginning the growing colony was circular, and

appeared as a small, sodden, translucent, and colourless disc, in which the growing hyphae

could be seen radiating from the point of inoculation. As the disc increased in size the

central portion partially lost its sodden appearance, and the radiating hyphae were more

distinct and appeared to be more numerous towards the circumference of the colony. After

about 15 to 20 hours in an incubator at 28°C., sporophores formed in the centre of the

colony and their attached spores appeared as a white powder in a small circular patch,

which gradually increased in size and density (Plate III, Fig. 3). The spores were very soon

discharged from the sporophores and could be seen scattered around the central white

patch inside as well as outside the colony. The spores germinated almost immediately and

soon gave rise to small daughter colonies (Plate III, Fig. 4). As growth continued, the

distinct circular outline of the mother colony, which was about 2 • 5 centimetres in diameter,

was gradually obliterated by the numerous discharged spores and their resultant colonies,

As in the mother colony, formation and discharge of spores took place in the smaller

colonies, and after about four days all suggestion of individual colonies was lost, and the

entire surface of the medium was covered by an even white powdery layer of spores. The

spores that were shot against the lid and sides of the petri dish adhered to the glass, which

consequently became covered with a fine powder, in which, after germination had taken

place, numerous fine hyphal threads could be seen with the naked eye.

At room temerature (i 23°C.) the spores germinated within an hour or two after they

had been placed dn the medium : the time taken apparently depended, to some extent at

least, on the age of the spores. The number of germ-tubes arising from each spore was

usually two or three, although one and four were also fairly common (Plate Y, Fig. 1).

They arose as blunt and hyaline outpushings from the spore-wall and grew very rapidly.

(In some cases they had grown eight to ten times the diameter of the spore two and a half

hours after inoculation). The hyphae were thick and more or less uniform in diameter

(Jr 11 • 5 ju.) ; their contents were coarsely granular except for small portions of the tips,

which remained hyaline throughout their growing period. In the beginning the contents

of each spore gradually flowed into its growing germ-tubes until eventually the spore was

completely emptied. (Plate V, Fig. 2). The protoplasm continued to flow along the

growing hyphae towards the tips and so left the proximal portion of each hypha also empty.

A septum then formed immediately behind the advancing protoplasm, thus cutting it off

from the emptied portion of the hypha and the emptied spore. The distance at which the

first septum was formed varied in the different hyphae. In some it was practically in line

with the spore-wall, whereas in others it was some distance away. The protoplasm con-

tinued flowing with the growing tip and it was again cut off from the emptied portion of

the hyphae by another septum. This process was repeated until eventually each hypha

consisted of a series of empty segments with only the distal or growing end containing

protoplasm. That actual growth took place could readily be seen by the increase in size

of the protoplasm-filled segment. A septum did not arise only behind the protoplasm in

the growing hyphal tip ; at times several were formed in the hypha that was still completely

filled with protoplasm. The protoplasm-filled segments thus formed gradually rounded off

at the ends and so became individual short pieces of hyphae, which were capable of

independent growth (Plate VII, Fig. 22). Instead of several septa arising in the proto-

plasm-filled hypha, there were times when only one was formed, in which case a certain

amount of protoplasm was cut off from that in the tip, which continued growing in the

230

normal manner. In this way a segment containing protoplasm was isolated from the

growing tip by an ever-increasing number of empty segments. The formation of these

isolated and filled segments was commonly repeated a number of times, thus forming a

hypha consisting of several protoplasm-filled segments separated by intervening empty

segments. The protoplasm did not always flow from the germinating spores and along

the hypha as a more or less compact mass. Large irregular spaces were often seen in the

contents, giving the hypha the appearance of being only partly filled, and suggesting that

all the flowing protoplasm could not keep pace with the growing tip. On the formation

of a septum in this partly filled hypha, a segment containing the scattered protoplasm was

also isolated from the growing tip by an increasing number of empty segments. The

protoplasm in the isolated segment however, usually continued flowing in the direction of

the growing tip, and consequently became more compact and accumulated behind the

septum. During its flow towards the septum the accumulating protoplasm was successively

cut off by septa from the portions of the segment that had become emptied, thus

leaving an isolated and protoplasm-filled segment with several very short empty

segments immediately behind it (Plate VII, Fig. 20). This process was commonly

repeated or more than one septum formed at the same time in the hypha

containing the scattered protoplasm, thus eventually giving rise to a hypha consisting of

several protoplasm-filled segments separated from one another by a number of very short

empty segments. The walls of the emptied spores and the emptied hyphal segments, after

remaining in position for some time, usually collapsed gradually and in most cases eventually

disappeared altogether.

When the isolated protoplasm-filled hyphal segments were left in the original medium,

which had become stale, they did not show any further growth, and remained more or less

dormant, but gradually accumulated and assumed various enlarged shapes and often became

almost completely round (Plate VI, Fig. 7). After the culture had been growing for several

days, i.e. when the surface of the medium had become covered by the large globose spores,

the submerged mycelium consisted entirely of these variously shaped pieces of hyphae many

of which were still connected by the empty segments. (Although the mycelium grew

apparently only below the surface of the medium, a fair amount of collapsed hyphae and

a few isolated filled segments could always be seen among the numerous large spores on the

surface).

The sporophores, which developed as soon as the mycelium was well established, were

more or less similar to the ordinary hyphae, but differed mainly in their aerial habit and their

positive photographic reaction (Plate IV, Fig. 2). (Because of this reaction the spores were

discharged towards the light and consequently the rate of increase in size of a young culture

in the laboratory was not the same in all directions). The tips of the sporophores, unlike

those of the growing hyphae, were very blunt and were not hyaline but granular. Although

they were usually very short — about two to three times the diameter of the spore — many

were seen whose length was eight to ten times the spore diameter.

The protoplasm in the sporophore continued flowing towards the tip, which gradually

swelled. After more or less all the protoplasm had entered the swelling tip, the latter was

cut off by a septum as a large globose mass — the mother cell in which the large single spore

was developed. (The walls of the containing cell and of the spore were in close apposition,

but could clearly be seen under high magnification, especially after the spore had been

emptied of its contents). The sporophore remained turgid usually with a slight swelling

on one side suggesting pressure within, and its tip penetrated a short distance into the

spore as a dome-shaped columella. The contents of the spore moved or churned continuously

as the protoplasm was entering from the sporophore. This' churning movement increased

until eventually the protoplasm was in violent commotion. The columella appeared to

become slightly flattened suggesting that the pressure within the spore was increasing. It

was at this stage that the spore was suddenly discharged from the sporophore as a large

spherical body with a prominent hyaline papilla. The maximum distance that the spores

240

were discharged towards the light was about 35 millimetres. The sporophore remained

turgid for a short time after the spore had been discharged, its columella appearing as a

slightly swollen tip with or without a minute apiculus at the top. Within a few minutes

however, it began to collapse gradually and after about a quarter of an hour appeared as a

shrunken and flaccid tube at the end of which the columella was very obvious (Plate Y,

Fig. 6). After the discharge, traces of a broken membrane could usually be seen around

the base of both the columella and the spore papilla. These fragments were obviously

derived from the continuous membrane of the sporophore and the mother-cell. Owing to

increased pressure in the spore and possibly also in the sporophore, this membrane was

eventually ruptured, thus discharging the spore. The force was not always sufficient to

free the spore from the sporophore notwithstanding the fact that the surrounding membrane

had been ruptured. In this case the spore remained attached by its papilla to the columella

as illustrated (Plate Y, Fig. 6). At times the surrounding membrane was not ruptured at

all in which case the spore remained attached to the shrinking and afterwards flaccid

sporophore.

Under favourable conditions the discharged spore germinated almost immediately and

a new mycelium was formed. Under conditions which were apparently not so favourable,

the spore gave rise directly to a sporophore at the tip of which a secondary spore developed

(Plate V, Fig. 4). The latter was commonly discharged in the usual way or else it some-

times gave rise to a tertiary spore, which in its turn was also discharged in the usual way.

(Plate V, Fig. 5). At times two secondary spores developed from the same primary spore,

and in exceptional cases as many as 16 very small secondary spores were seen still attached

to the same primary spore (Plate VI, Fig. 16). In the beginning all the spores were more

or less the same size — about 35 /z in diameter — and all possessed the large papilla. In the

older cultures, however, the spores varied from 13 p. to 56 p. in diameter and most had lost

the papilla. The smaller of these spores were seen developing only as secondary spores and

never directly from the mycelium. Besides the big variations in size of the spores in the

older cultures, many differed from the rest in having numerous, soft hair-like outgrowths

covering the entire surface of the spore (Plate VI, Fig 17). These spores when placed on

fresh medium gave rise to one or more germ-tubes in the usual way. (Plate VI, Fig. 18).

In addition to the above, small almond-shaped spores were occasionally found in the

older cultures (Plate VI, Fig. 11). These measured approximately 10 p X 18 p and were

never seen arising directly from the mycelium. They were in all cases seen to develop from

the very small globose spores (Plate VI, Fig. 12), thus it appears evident that they

were born only as tertiary spores. On germination they gave rise to germ-tubes some-

what thinner than the normal. (Plate VII, Figs. 13 and 14).

PATHOGENICITY OF THE FUNGUS.

The attempts to infect the same species of ants from which the original cultures were

obtained, were unsuccessful, and in no case did any of the live or dead insects develop the

typical growths when placed in a petri dish containing the fungus cultures. The larvae of

these ants, however, all died within two days after having been placed on the cultures.

They were then seen to be full of short pieces of hyphae of various shapes and sizes (hyphal

bodies). (Plate VI, Fig. 8). These hyphal bodies where placed on fresh medium, gave rise

to normal mycelium (Plate VI, Fig. 9). Within a few hours after death the fungus grew

from the larvae and sporulated on the outside. (Plate IV, Fig. 1). Those that were placed

on the medium alone, or on cultures together with the adult insects did not die within the

same period.

The fungus also attacked termites. In all 198 of these insects were placed on

cultures in nine petri dishes and within two days all were dead. Of the 72 placed on the

medium alone only eight died during the same time. Those had been attacked by the fungus

were full of hyphal bodies (Plate IV, Fig. 3), and were soon covered by the sporulating fungus

241

IDENTITY OF THE FUNGUS.

A fungus practically identical with the above was described by Martin,* who found it

in 1923 as a contamination on a plate of nutrient agar inoculated from a piece of very rotten

wood. The fungus which was obviously one of the Entomophthoraceae, was shown to be a

species of Conidiobolus, and because of the villose appendages of some of the older spores,

was named Conidiobolus villosus n. sp. The fungus here described however, possesses certain

characteristics which make its identity with C. villosus somwehat doubtful. Among these

are its parasitism, and the stage in its life-history where several minute secondary spores

arise from a single spore.

In 1933 a fungus very similar to C. villosus was isolated by Kevorkianf from living

termites, of the genus Nasutitermes, which had been placed in damp chambers for observa-

tion. On obtaining sub-cultures of Martin’s C. villosus, Kevorkian found that it was

identical with the one isolated from termites : he demonstrated that it could adapt itself

to a parasitic habit, especially on termites, and also observed the additional stage consisting

of the production of several minute secondary spores arising from a single spore. After

further studies Kevorkian felt justified in making the new combination Entomphihora

coronata (Cost.) ; in this species he included Martin’s C. villosus, the fungus which he himself

had isolated from termites, an undetermined species of Conidiobolus isolated by Derx from

an unknown source, and Delacroixia coronata (Cost.) Sacc. and Syd.

Notwithstanding the fact that the writer has observed certain additional minor

characteristics such as the presence of spores without basal papillae and the small almond-

shaped spores, the fungus described in this article must obviously be regarded as a strain

of the same species, Entomopliihora coronata (Cost.) Kev.

* Martin, G. W.— Morphology af Conidiobolus villosus. Bot. Gaz. 83 : 311-318, pi. 16, 3 fig. 1925.

t Kevorkian, Arthur G.— Studies in the Entomophthoraceae I. Observations on the genus

Conidiobolus. Journ. Agric. Univ. Puerto Rico. Vol. XXI, No. 2, 191-200, 3 pi. 1937.

-

■

.

*

24 2

Plate I.

A sugar ant — Campanolus sp. — with its abdomen covered with, and attached to the ground by the

loose cottony fungous growth. N.B. — The head is olurred on the photograph owing to movement as the

ant was still alive.

1 I

244

Plate TT.

A collection of sugar ants showing various stages of the fungous growths.

215

Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.

Fig. 3.

Fig.

4.

Plate Iff.

Fig. ]. — The loose cottony growth as seen under the microscope.

Fig. 2. — The compact growth as seen under the microscope.

Figs. 3 and 4. — Development of the fungous colony on potato + 5 per cent, dextrose agar,

Fig. 1.

Fig.

2.

Plate IV.

Fig. ]. — The fungus speculating on sugar ant larva.

Fig. 2. — Sporulating culture as seen under the microscope.

Fig. 3. — Hyphad bodies from termites.

217

Fig. 1. — Spores with 0-4 germ-tubes.

Fig. 2. — Protoplasm, flowing out of spore and along germ-tube, emptied spore and hypha collapsed.

Fig. 3. — Spore protoplasm cut off by septum from longer germ-tube and now flowing into new germ-tube.

Fig. 4. — Formation and discharge of secondary spore.

Fig. 5. — Formation of tertiary spore.

Fig. 6. — Formation and discharge of spore : collapsed sporophorc.

248

Fig. 7. — Hyphal bodies from culture ±10 days old.

Fig. 8.— Hyphal 1 jodies from ant larva.

Fig. 9 . — Germinating hyphal bodies from ant larva.

Fig. 10. — Isolated segments of hvphae germinating on fresh medium.

Fig. 11. — Almond-shaped spores.

Fig. 12. — Development of almond-shaped spores.

Mgs. 18 and 14. — Germinating almond-shaped spores.

Fig. 15. — Spores showing relative shapes and sizes.

Fig. 16.- -Numerous small secondary spores borne on single primary spore.

Fig. 17. — Spores with soft hair-like outgrowths.

Fig. 18 . — Germination of spores with soft hair-like outgrowths.

219

Fig. 19. — A liypha withdlowing protoplasm successively cut off by septa.

Fig. 20. — Segment formation in partly filled liypha.

Fig. 21. — Isolated hyphal segments commonly found in culture.

Fig. 22. — Protoplasm-Glled segments without intervening empty segments.

SOUTH AFRICAN XYLARIACEAE.

By Julian H. Miller.

There are very few African records of members of this family to be found in early

mycological literature. The publication by Cooke and. Kalchbrenner (7-8, 12-14) of the

Wood collection from Natal and the MacOwan collection from Somerset East, 1879-1882,

were among the first. Most of the recent descriptions have been by Lloyd (15-31) and

Van der Byl (1-5).

This study was initiated at the request of Dr. E. M. Doidge, Principal Plant Pathologist

in the Division of Botany and Plant Pathology in the Department of Agriculture and

Forestry, Union of South Africa. The species included in the paper are based on collections

that she sent the writer from the Mycological Herbarium at Pretoria and on the South

African specimens in Kew Botanical Gardens Herbarium. In all cases references are cited

to previous South African literature where such exists.

The writer wishes to express his appreciation to Dr. Doidge for very valuable aid in

the study of specimens and the location of South African literature.*

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT.

The family Xylariaceae includes all fungi whose ascomycete stage is borne in perithecia

immersed in a stroma, with definite walls, opening by an ostiole, free paraphyses merging

into short periphyses in the ostiole ; with asci lining the wall, cylindrical, short or long

stalked, with uniseriate spores ; ascospores continuous, elliptical, varying from light to

very dark brown with a narrow longitudinal germ pore.

Very small one-celled conidia are borne on short sterigmata of upright branched coni-

diophores, densely covering the surface of the initial stroma.

The majority of the species are found on woody parts of plants, and only a comparatively

small number occur on dung of various animals.

This is a very large family of many variations, and the environmental variants are

more noticeable than the genetic. Also, there are few gaps that cannot be bridged by many

intermediates. For example, in most species of Hypoxylon the perithecia may be free of

stroma as in Rosellinia or completely immersed in a flat stroma with no visible projections,

and may vary in colour from bright red to brown or black, all depending on humidity

during growth stage and characters of the substrate. The recognition of species then can

be accomplished only by coupling many field studies with descriptions in the literature.

Most of the species are widely distributed over the world, but many follow thermal

zones. Hypoxylon mvltiforme and H. fuscum are apparently confined to the northern

hemisphere, and the bright red series, H. hypomiltum and H. haematostroma, to the tropics,

while H. rubiginosum is found on every continent and in every country.

KEY TO THE GENERA.

Xylariaceae.!

A. — Perithecia single in a superficial stroma 1. Rosellinia.

B. — Perithecia several to many in the stroma.

(a) Perithecia seated in base of stroma, with more or less elongated necks, mono-

stichous or polystichous ; disc cupulate or effuso-convex, carbonous to woody-

leathery 2. Nummularia.

(b) Perithecia always monostichous, seated in periphery of stroma.

1 . Stroma semi -globose to pulvinate, applanate to convex, discrete or effused,

not definitely stalked.

x. Stroma dark inside.

o'. Interior concentrically zoned 3. Daldinia.

oo. Interior not zoned, concolorous. Perithecia globoid to angular-

elongate 4. Hypoxylon.

xx. Stroma bright coloured to white inside as in Xylaria 5. Penzigia.

2. Stroma broadly clavate to filiform or capitate, simple or branched,

definitely stalked.

x. Fertile stroma capitate, forming an expanded disc in which the

perithecia are uniformly distributed.

o. Caespitose, forming a crust on wood 6. Kretzschmaria.

oo. Not caespitose, on dung 7. Poronia.

xx. Fertile region clavate or filiform 8. Xylaria.

* Deur die goedgunstigheid van die trustees van die Van der Byl Herbarium en van die Stellenbosse

IJniversiteitsraad is ’n geleentheid aan Dr. Doidge vir die bestudering van hierdie groep swamme aan-

gebied, wat in die versamelings van wyle Dr. van der Byl te vinde is. Verwysing na hierdie monsters

sal in verband met die verskillende soorte gevind word.

t The above list of genera includes only those involved in this study.

252

DALDINIA Ces. & De Not.

Schema Sferiac. in Comm. Critt. Ital. 1 ; 197. 1863.

1. Daldinia concentrica (Bolt, ex Fr.) Ces. & De Not.

Comm. Critt. Ital. 1 : 198. 1863.

Sphaeria concentrica Bolt., Fung. Halif. append.. p. 180, tab. 180. 1791.

Val-sa tuberosa Scop., Flor. Carniol. 2nd ed. p. 399. 1772.

Sphaeria tunicata Tode, Fung. Meckl. Sel. II p. 59, tab. 17, f. 130. 1791.

Sphaeria fraxinea With., Arrang. Brit. PI. 3rd ed. t. 4, p. 393. 1796.

Sphaeria. concentrica Fr., Syst. Myc. II p. 331. 1823.

Hypoxylon concentricum Grew, Scot. Crypt. Flora, VI, tab. 324. 1828.

Hypoxylon concentricum Fr., Summ. Veg. Scand. p. 384. 1849.

Stroma hemispherical to globose, sessile with wide base to contracted below and plainly

stipitate, 2-6 cm. in diameter and 1-3 cm. thick, solitary or coalescing ; young stroma

rubiginous, erumpent from bark or superficial on decorticated wood, growing into one or

more vertical stromata ; entostroma conspicuously zonate, fibrous-woody, dark brown

with zones broad, 1-2 mm. wide, 10-16 in stroma ; ectostroma dark reddish purple, thin ;

perithecia monostichous, ostiole umbilicate or slightly papillate in old specimens ; asci

cylindric, 70-115 X 8-12 p (p. sp.) with long stalk ; paraphysate ; ascospores 12-17 X

6-9 p ; conidia ovate with greenish tint, continuous, 6-8 X 4-5 p.

The writer (33) has described the English specimens and Hopkins (11), Lloyd (15, 16,

18, 22, 26) and van der Byl (3, 5) have noted this fungus from South Africa. Kalchbrenner

(12) cited it under Hypoxylon concentricum.

Material Examined.

On Acacia decurrens, Cramond, Natal, Pole Evans, 1335.

Gelastrus peduncularis, Deepwalls, Knysna, J. Phillips, 18042.

Olea foveolata, Gxoqxowe Forest, Transkei, District Forest Officer, 9136.

On dead wood or branches of trees undet., Boschberg, Somerset East, MacOwan 1081,

22048 and Herb. Kew ; Northern Transvaal, Doidge, 1712 ; and Wager, 23231 ; near

Mont-aux-Sources, Doidge, 23396 ; Fish Hoek, Cape, Stephens, 24836 ; Xumeni Forest,

near Donnybrook, Natal, Morgan and Doidge, 30265.

2. Daldinia Eschscholzii (Ehr. ex Fr.) Relim.

Ann. Myc. 2 ; 175. 1904.

Sphaeria Eschscholzii Ehr., Fung. Cham. 59, pi. 18, f. 8. 1820.

Sphaeria concentrica Fr. b. Eschscholzii Ehr. ex Fr., Syst. Myc. 2 : 331. 1823.

Daldinia vernicosa f. microspora Starb., Kongl. Svensk. vet. Acad. Handl. III. 279 : 6.

1901.

Stroma hemispherical to semiglobose, sessile to substipitate, solitary or coalescing,

smooth or wrinkled when collected immature, 1-5-5 cm. diameter and 1-4 cm. thick;

entostroma conspicuously zonate, soft but persistent, with zones less than 1 mm. wide,

and 15-26 in stroma ; ectostroma thin, carbonous, reddish-brown to black with age, smooth

from inconspicuous, umbilicate ostiola ; perithecia monostichous, oblong-angular from

compression ; asci cylindrical ; ascospores uniseriate, inequilaterally ellipsoid, light brown

to very dark, 8-14 X 3-6 p.

On deciduous wood, common in tropics or subtropics.

The best specimen in the Pretoria Herbarium is No. 11013. This one has spores* 8-10

X 3-4 p, and very close rings. The wrinkled surface is due to drying out before maturity

has been reached and is not a specific character.

Material Examined.

On Cellis rhamnifolia, Lusikisiki, Cape, District Forest Officer, 6927.

Croton sp. Komatipoort, Pole Evans, 11013.

Heteromorpha trifoliata, Potchefstrooin, J. Phillips, 30717.

On rotten wood, Knysna, van der Byl 1336.

253

HYPOXYLON Bull.

ex Fr. Summa Veg. Scand. p. 383. 1849.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

A. — Ostiola in centre of truncate discs.

1 . Disc minute, less than 100 ft in diameter.

(a) Ascospores 5-7 x 2-5-3 ft 1

2. Disc more tlian 100 ft in diameter.

(a) Ascospores 9 X 3 p 2

(b) Ascospores 17-22 x 4-6 a 3

B. — Ostiolar disc not present.

1 . Stroma rarely showing perithecial projections, black, carbonous, applanate

to convex.

(a) Surface coarsely papillate from projecting ostiola.

Ascospores 15-23 X 6-8 ft 4

( h ) Surface finely papillate to almost smooth.

Ascospores 11 — 16 x 5-8 ft 5

2. Stroma indefinite in form, perithecial projections usually evident.

(a) Ostiola papillate, ectostroma dark at maturity.

x. Initial stroma dirty -white, at maturity thick, easily separating

from substrate.

Perithecia large, ascospores 28-34 X 7-10 p 6

xx. Initial stroma bright red.

Perithecia small, ascospores 8-11 X 4-5 fi 7

C. — Ostiola umbilicate, not. projecting beyond ectostroma.

1. Stroma 4-10 mm. thick, hemispheric to applanate, with trace of 1 or 2

zones, some shade of red to dark purple-brown.

Ascospores 12-17 X 6-7 p 8

2. Stroma not thick as above, some shade of red.

(а) Blood-red particles conspicuous in ectostroma between perithecia.

x. Ascospores 8-11 X 5-6-5 ft • 9

xx. Ascospores 14 — 18 x 7-9 ft 10

(б) Ectostroma not as above.

Ascospores 9-12 x 4— 5 ft 11

1. Hypoxylon Stygium (Lev.) Sacc.

Syll. Fung. 1 : 379. 1882.

Sphaeria Stygia Lev., Ann. Sci. Mat. 5:258. 1846.

Hypoxylon puiggarii Speg., Bol. Acad. Cient. Cordoba 11, no. 257. 1889.

II. annuliforme Rehm., Verh. bot. Yer. Brand, p. 65. 1890.

H. platystomum Ell. & Ev., X. Am. Pyren. p. 649. 1892.

H. microcarpum Penz. & Sacc., Malpighia 11 : 492. 1897.

II. bogoriense v. Hbhn., Sitzb. K. Akad. d. Wiss. Wien, 118, abt. I, it. 341. 1909.

//. punctatum Petch, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Perideniya 8 : 153. 1924.

Stroma pulvinate or effused, originating as a very thin reddish-brown layer under

moist conditions, or a reddish slate colour if exposed, gradually darkening until at maturity

it is shining black, hard and carbonous, smooth with perithecia immersed or almost free.

Perithecia very small, the vertices growing through the ectostroma to form a ring in the

centre of which is the small, conical ostiolum ; asci cylindrical, paraphysate, 46-55 X 4-5 p,

short-stalked ; ascospores uniseriate, oblong to navicular, at maturity dark brown, 5-7 X

2-5—3 /x.

Common on deciduous wood throughout the tropics and subtropics.

This species has the smallest perithecia and spores in the annulate group. The

perithecia may be completely immersed as in II. exutans, or almost as free as in a Rosellinia.

The smaller spores and initial red stroma instead of green, distinguish it from H. truncatum.

Not previously noted from South Africa., The writer (34, 38) has described it from

South America.

Material Examined.

On wood, Town Bush Valley, Pietermaritzburg, Rump 106, 27760.

. H. Stygium.

. H. truncatum.

. H. GiUetianum.

. H. mediterraneum.

. H. exutans.

. H. deustum.

. H. glomeratum.

. H. sclerophaeum.

. II. hypomiltum.

. H. liaematostoma.

. H. rubiginosum.

African Specimens in Kew Herbarium.

As H . annidatum, Uganda. Small 63. Maitland 315 ; Kisubi Forest, Uganda, Maitland

521.

As H. marginatum, Congo, Yanderyst 4170.

As H . microcarpum, Uganda, , Maitland 126.

As H. annuliforme Rehm. n. sp., in Museum botanicum Bcrolense, Africa.

254

2. Hypoxylon truncatum (Schw. ex Fr.) Mill.

Trans. Brit. Myc. Soc. 17 : 130. 1932.

Sphaeria truncata Schw., Syn. Car. no. 174. 1822.

Sphaeria truncata Fr., Syst. Myc. 2 : 442. 1823.

Sphaeria annulata Schw., Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila. 5 : 11. 1825.

Sphaeria annulata v. depressa Fr., Elench. Fung. 2 : 64. 1828.

Sphaeria marginata Schw., Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. II, 4 : 190. 1832.

Sphaeria truncatula Schw., loc. cit. p. 210.

Hypoxylon annulatum Mont., C. Gay, Hist. Chile Bot. 7 : 445. 1850 (Excl. spec.).

Hypoxylon marginatum Berk., Outl. Brit. Fungol. p. 387. 1860.

Rosellinia nitens Ces., Note Bot. p. 13. 1872.

Hypoxylon chalyboeum Berk. & Br., Jour. Linn. Soc. 14 : 121. 1875.

Hypoxylon glomiforme Berk. & Curt., Grevillea 4 : 49. 1875.

Hypoxylon Murraii Berk. & Curt., Grevillea 4 : 49. 1875.

Stroma pulvinate or effused, at first green, later brown and at maturity shining black

and carbonous, indefinite in shape, varying from hemispheric, 2-3 mm. in diameter and

1-2 mm. thick, to applanate and indefinitely efiused, with immersed or almost free peri-

thecia ; perithecia globose to oblong, projecting through ectostroma to form an annulate

disc around each papillate ostiolum ; asci cylindrical, 75-110 X 6-7 p, with attenuated

stalk, paraphysate ; ascospores uniseriate, oblong-navicular, light brown to dark, 7-9 X

3-3-5 /x, chiefly 9 x 3 p.

On deciduous wood in tropics and semitropics.

Most mycologists have followed Ellis and Everhardt in placing the forms with projecting

perithecia under H. annulatum , and those with sunken ones under H. marginatum. These,

however, are environmental Jbrms of the same species.

The writer (39) has added to the list of synonyms, Cheesman (6) and van der Byl (5)

have described it from South Africa and Lloyd (18) determines the No. 31372 below as

II. fuscum.

Material Examined.

On bark and on rotting wood, Knysna, Bottomley, 30745, van der Byl 1340 and 2756 ;

Forest Hall, Knysna, Duthie 148, 31372 (in van der Byl Herb, under H. fuscum) ; Xumeni

Forest, nr. Donnybrook, Doidge, 32148 ; (as Hypoxylon annulatum ) South Africa without

locality, van der Byl 2238, 2247, Herb. Kew.

3. Hypoxylon Gilletianum Sacc.

Ann. Myc. 4:76. 1906.

Hypoxylon africanum van der Byl, S. Afr. Jour. Sci. 25 : 185. 1928„and Ann. Univ.

Stell. 10:6. 1932.

Stroma hemispheric, -5-1 cm. in diameter and 1-3 mm. thick, isolated to confluent

in masses, 2 cm. in diameter, black and shining hard carbonous ectostroma and woody

black entostroma ; perithecia globose, -5-- 6 mm. in diameter, with papillate ostiola in

centre of annulate depression ; asci cylindric, 85-120 X 4-6 p, with tapering stipe, para-

physate ; ascospores elongate, inequilaterally ellipsoid, brown, 17-22 X 4-6 p.

This species is very close to H. malleolus in spore shape and size, but differs in the

smaller stroma. The American species is often nearly globose and 1-2 cm. in diameter,

resembling a Daldinia.

The Saccardo type is from Kisantu, Congo, and apparently the species is confined to

Africa. Lloyd (25) determined No. 31409 as H. multiforme.

Material - Examined .

On bark or wood, Krantzkloof, Natal, Doidge, 9104 ; Umgeni Bush, Durban, Rump

365c, 30173 and Rump 379b, 30185 ; Forest Hall, Knysna, Duthie 221, 31409.

As //. malleolus var., Uganda, Maitland 76 and 130, Herb. Kew.

As //. malleolus forma, Tiko, Cameroon, Dr. Dunlap 61, Herb. Kew.

As H. africanum L., on dead stump, Durban, van der Byl 598.

4. Hypoxylon mediterraneum (De Not.) Mill.

Mycologia 33 : 75. 1941.

? Sphaeria clypeus Schw., Syn. Car. no. 42. 1822..

Sphaeria mediterranea De Not., Microm. Ital. dec. 6, p. 96. 1851.

255

Hypoxylon regium De Not., Sphaer, Ital cent. 1, fasc. 1, no. 12, p. 15. 1863.

Hypoxylon repandoides Fckl., Symp. Mycol. Jahrb. Nassau Yer. Natur. 23 : 236. 1869.

Diatrype clypeus Berk., Grev. 4 : 95. 1876. Non Schw.

Nummularia repandoides Sacc., Syll. Fung. 1 : 397. 1882.

Nummulaha australis Cke., Grev. 11 : 148. 1883.

Nummularia clypeus Cke., Grev. 12 : 6. 1883. Non Sciiw.

Nummularia mediterranea Sacc., Syll. Fung. 1 : 400. 1882.

Nummularia regia Sacc., Syll. Fung. 1 : 400. 1882.

Stroma applanate to convex, 1-1 • 5 mm. thick, indefinitely effused ; ectostroma very

hard carbonous, black ; entostroma black and woody, surface smooth except for coarsely

papillate ostiola ; perithecia in periphery, globose to oblong-angular from crowding ; asei

cylindrical, 97-116 X 9-12 /a. with short stalk and surrounded by rather broad paraphvses ;

ascospores elliptical, brown, 15-23 x 6-8 p.

On wood, apparently more common in America than in either Europe or Africa.

This species is often confused with the European Hypoxylon nummularium Bull, ex

Fr. ( Numm . Bulliardi Tul.) but can easily be distinguished by the more coarsely papillate

ostiola and larger spores. The ascospores of the latter are more broadly elliptic and

9-14 X 7-9 p. Van der Byl (5) describes this under H . clypeus.

Material Examined.

On Quercus sp., Stellenbosch, van der Byl 1303, as H. clypeus. Salix sp., on dry wood,

Lady Grey, R. Nel ( van der Byl 1727 ) as H. clypeus ; on stump, Dordrecht ( van der Byl

2449) as H. clypeus.

On wood, South Nigeria. Farquharson 36, Herb. Kew, as Nummularia sp.

5. Hypoxylon exutans Cke.

Grevillea 8 : 66. 1879.

Diatrype exutans Cke., Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1 : 185. 1879.

Anthostoma exutans Sacc., Syll. Fung. 1 : 296. 1882.

Nummularia exutans Cke., Grev. 12 : 8. 1882.

Stroma applanate to convex, orbicular to indefinitely effused, black inside and outside,

ectostroma hard, carbonous, surface smooth with indistinct ostiola to slightly papillate,

thin, 1-1-5 mm. thick; perithecia closely packed in periphery, -4 — 6 mm. diam. ; asci

cylindrical, short stipitate, 95-120 X 8-11 p, paraphyses broad ; ascospores oblong-elliptic,

brown to almost black, 11-16 X 5-8 p.

Common on wood in tropics and subtropics.

This species differs from 11. mediterraneum in possession of smaller spores and more

finely papillate ostiola and from H. nummularium in larger, more elongate spores. This

fungus thus lies just between these two species.

The writer (38) has described it from Venezuela, and Kalchbrenner (12) from South

Africa.

Material Examined.

On Acacia mollissima, Town Bush Valley, Pietermaritzburg, Rump 119, 27765.

On wood, Bazuja, Kaffraria, Baur 704, Herb. Kew (as Hypoxylon exutans, cited by

Kalchbrenner) ; Xumeni Forest, near Donnybrook, Morgan and Doidge, 27725 ; Knysna,

van der Byl 713 and 2233 (as 11 . punctulatum and Nummularia punctulatum).

6. Hypoxylon deustum (Hoflrn. ex Fr.) Grev.

Scot. Crypt. FI. 6 : tab. 324, fig. 2. 1828.

Sphaeria maxima Hall., Hist. Stirp. Helv. 3 : 122. 1768.

Sphaeria deusta Hoffrn., Veg. Crypt. 1 : 3, tab. 1, fig. 2. 1787.

Sphaeria versipellis Tode, Fung. Meckl. Sel. fas. 2 : 55, tab. 17, fig. 129. 1791.

Hypoxylon ustuatum Bull., Champ. Fr. 1 : 176. t. 487, fig. 1. 1791.

Sphaeria deusta Hoffm. ex. Fr., Syst. Myc. 2 : 345. 1823.

Hypoxylon ustulatum Bull. ex. Fr., Summa Veg. Scand. p. 383. 1849.

Ustulina vulgaris Tub, Sel. Fung. Carp. 2 : 23, tab. 3, figs. 1-6. 1863.

Ustulina deusta Hoffm. ex. Petrak, Ann. Myc. 19:279. 1921.

Stroma indefinite, on rough substratum variously distorted, irregularly effused, following

the inequalities of the bark, undulate repand to subpulvinate, 1 • 5-3 mm. thick ; on smooth

wood applanate, subzonate and much thinner ; the young stroma greyish white, fleshy-

256

leathery, becoming carbonous and black with age, the mature stroma easily separating

along the line of the perithecial bases ; perithecia very large with papillate ostiolar necks,

far apart ; asci cylindrical and tapering, 190-260 X 10-15 y, p. sp., stalk 50-60 p. in length :

ascospores elliptical to inequilateral, opaque at maturity, 28-34 X 7-10 p ; paraphyses

filiform branched; conidia hyaline, smooth, narrowly ovate, 5-6-5 X 2-3 p.

On wood, usually old stumps near ground line, common in every country.

The writer (33) and also van der Byl (5) retain this form in the genus Hypoxylon.

This species approaches Hypoxylon serpens , but differs in larger spores and having the

perithecia less closely packed in the stroma so that the ostiola are farther apart in ths

ectostroma.

Material Examined.

On wood, usually old logs and stumps, Kromrivier, Rustenburg Distr., Doidge and

Bottomley, 32146 ; Eshowe, van der Byl 494, 501, 691, 704 ; Stella Bush, Durban, van der

Byl 1065 ; Woodbush, N. Transvaal, van der Byl 1486.

7. Hypoxylon glomeratum Cke.

Grev. 11 : 134. 1883.

H. mascariensis Berk, ex Cke., Grev. 11 : 131. 1883. Non Mont.

H. anthracoderma Speg., Fung. Guar. Puig. 3 : 28. 1888.

H. Berkeleyi Sacc., Syll. Fung. 9:551. 1891.

H. Bakeri Earle, Torr. Bot. Club Bull. 26 : 633. 1899.

II. vinosa-purpureum Ell. & Ev., FI. Lud. Nom. nud.

II. cohaerens Pers. ex Fr. var. brasiliensis Starb., Ascom. Reg. Exped. 2 : 8. 1901.

H. rubigineo-areolatum Rehm. var. microspora Theiss., Ann. Myc. 6 : 345. 1908.

H. Merrillii Syd., Ann. Myc. 15 : 212. 1917.

H. cupricolor Petch, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Peradeniya 8 : 158. 1924.

H. rubigineo-areolatum Rehm var. Bakeri (Earle) Mill., Mycol. Explor. of Colombia.

Jour. Dept. Agric. P.R. 14 : 273. 1930.

Stroma indefinitely effused, applanate to convex to pulvinate, when in small glomerules

l-2jmm. thick ; perithecia globose to angular, completely immersed or often completely

separated, ectostroma at first bright red, varying to reddish brown with age, and finally

at maturity dark purplish brown with small, black, papillate ostiola ; asci cylindrical,

50-68 p p. sp., plus 40-60 p long stripes ; paraphysate ; ascospores uniseriate, inequilaterally

ellipsoid, brown, 8-11 X 4-5 p.

Common the world over. The writer has seen specimens from Canada to the Argentine,

and from Africa and Asia, but not from Europe.

A reddish brown specimen can be distinguished from II. rubigirtosum by the papillate

ostiola, and later dark stages from II . multiforme by the much smaller perithecia, and from

II. serpens by the spores of the latter being larger, 12-15 p in length.

No. 27682 is exactly like Cooke’s type, while in No. 29821 the perithecia are almost

free as is the type of H. Bakeri. These are environmental differences.

Material Examined.

On wood, Town Bush Valley, Pietermaritzburg, Rump. 27682, and Rump 105, 27794 ;

Xumeni Forest, near Donnybrook, Morgan and Doidge, 28935 and 29821 .

8. Hypoxylon sclerophaeum Berk. & Curt.

Exot. Fung. Schw. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 2nd ser. 2 : 285. 1853.

? Sphaeria codata Fr., Linnaea 5 : 540. 1830.

? 11. suborbicularis Welw. & Curr. Fung. Angol., Trans. Linn. Soc. 26 : 281. tab, 17.

1868.

H. placentiforme Berk. & Curt., Jour. Linn. Soc. 10 : 383. 1869.

H. W right 'd Berk. & Curt., 1. c. 1869.

H. codatum Ces., Fung. Born. Atta Acc. Sci. fisich e-. matim. di Napoli 8 : 19. 1879.

Nummularia suborbicularis Sacc., Syll. Fung. 1 : 399. 1882.

N. suborbicularis Sacc. v. Cookeanum Sacc., 1. c.

N. Wrightii Sacc., Syll. Fung. 1 : 398. 1882.

N. placentiformis Sacc., Syll. Fung. 1 : 399. 1882.

N. nicaraguerense Ell. & Ev., Ia. Univ. Bull. 2 : 394-415. 1893.

Penzigia polyporns Starb. Aaconi. der Schwed. Chaco. -Cordill. Exp. p. 32. Ark. fur

Bot. 5. 1905.

257

Daldinia placentiforrnis (B. & C.) Theiss., Ann. Myc. 7 : 4. 1909.

N. Cookeana (Sacc.) Rehm., Asom. Phil. Leafl. Bot. 6 : 2273. 1914.

Pyrenopolyporus Hunteri Lloyd, Myc. Writ. 5 : 706. f. 1054. 1919.

E. amorphum Ell. & Ev. Nom. nud. Kew Herb.

Hypodiscus placentiforrnis (B. & C.) Rick., Broteria ser. Bot. 25 : 34. 1931.

Stroma hemispheric, suborbicular, 2-3 X 1 -5-2 cm. and 1-1 -5 cm. thick, or indefinitely

effused, often 15-20 cm. in length and 1 cm. thick ; ectostroma smooth reddish-purple,

varying to dark brown in age, entostroma shiny black to brown with one or two very faint

zones ; peritbecia semiglobose to elongate-compressed in periphery of stroma, ostiola.

indistinct to umbilicate ; asci cylindrical, 60-75 p long p. sp. plus stipe 50-60 p in length ;

paraphysate ; ascospores elliptic-oblong, brown, 12-17 X 6-7 p.

Cosmopolitan in tropics and subtropics.

This species is intermediate between Daldinia and Hypoxylon. The texture of the

stroma and occasional faint zones remind one of the former, but the shape, usually almost

flat, is definitely that of the Hypoxylon concept.

The writer (38) describes this species and gives a list of synonyms. The variety

Cookeana is this form, but the species is probably something else. The type of the latter,

Welvnisch no. 137, in woods between Monimo and Ivantala, Huilla, has been lost from Kew.

M aterial Examined.

As H. suborbiculare var. Cookeanum Sacc., South Nigeria, Farquaharson 61. Herb. Kew.

Pyrenopolyporus Hunteri Lloyd, Ashanti, Coomassee, T. Hunter , Kew.

9. Hypoxylon hypomiltum Mont.

Ann. Sci. Nat. 2nd ser. 13 : 356. 1840.

H. subqilvum Berk. & Br., Ceylon Fungi, Jour. Linn. Soc. 14 : 120. 1875.

11. Fendleri Berk, ex Cke., Grev. 11 : 132. 1883.

Stroma convex-applanate, semiorbicular, with completely immersed perith^cia, or

pulvinate with almost free ones, 1-2 mm. thick or indefinitely effused and much thinner ;

ectostroma bright red with deep blood-red particles, with smooth surface with umbilicate

ostiola, with entostroma below the red layer, dark brown ; asci cylindrical, 55-70 p p. sp.,

with stipe 50-60 p long; paraphysate; ascospores elliptic-navicular, 8-11 X 5-6-5 p.

Common in the tropics over the world.

This species and H. haematostroma when developed under the optimum conditions are

brilliant red, but vary from this colour to brown or even black with lack of humidity or

with age. The blood-red particles are, however, always noticeable in the ectostroma and

will separate them from H. rubiginosum. These forms have no definite shape except as

determined by the substrate. The writer (37) has previously described the differences

between members of the red series.

Cooke (8) named No. 10390, H. rubiginosum.

Material Examined.

On wood, Inanda, Natal, Medley Wood 523, 10390 and Herb. Kew ; Winter’s Kloof,

Natal, Rump, 27532 ; Caverns, near Mont-aux-Sources, Bottomley, 28893 ; XumeDi Forest,

near Donnybrook, Morgan and Doidge, 29820 ; Knysna, Cape, Bottomley, 30746.

10. Hypoxylon haematostroma Mont.

Sagra, R. de La, FI. Cuba, p. 344, 1838-1842.

H. vividum B. & Br., Fung, of Ceylon, Jour. Linn. Soc. 14 : 122. 1875.

H. vera-crucis B. & Cke., Grev. 11 : 129. 1883.

H. haematites Lev. ex Cke., Grevillea 11 : 133. 1883.

H. ochraceum P. Henn., Hedwigia 36 : 228. 1897.

H. subrutilum Starb., Ascom. d. I. Rehn. Exped. II. p. 10, fig. 7-8. Bihang. t. K.

Svenska Vet. Acad. Handl. bd. 27, afd. III. 1901.

H. St. Janianum Ferd. & Wge., Bot. Tids. 29 : 14. 1908. ;

Stroma semiorbicular, or indefinitely effused, or in pulvinate glomerules, 1-2 mm.

thick, with ectostroma red with blood-red particles, with lower entostroma black to dark

brown ; perithecia semiglobose to elongate-compressed in a palisade layer with umbilicate

ostiola often inconspicuous ; asci cylindrical, 60-75 p p. sp., and with stipe 40-50 p in length ;

paraphysate ; ascospores 14-18 X 7-9 p, brown, inequilaterally elliptic.

258

Common in tropics over the world.

This has the appearance of a large spored form of H: hypomiltum. The two specimens

listed below are very meagre and old, but have the internal characters of this species.

Material Examined.

On wood, Knysna, Cape, Bottomley, 30748, 31058.

11. Hypoxylon rubiginosum Pers. ex, Fr.

Surnma Yeg. Scand, p. 384. 1849.

Sphaeria rubiginosa Pers., Syn. Meth. F., p. 11. 1801.

Sp>li. granulosa Pers., Syn. Meth. F., p. 11. 1801.

Sph. perforata Schw., Syn. Car. n. 45. 1822.

Sph. durissima Schw., Syn. Car. n. 46. 1822.

Sph. durissima Schw. ex. Fr., Syst. Myc. 2 : 335. 1823.

Sph. rubiginosa Pers. ex Fr., Syst. Myc. 2 : 340. 1823.

Sph. fuscopurpurea Schw., Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 5 : 16. 1825.

Sph. decorticata Schw., Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. Phila. n. ser. 4 : 191. 1832.

Sph. investiens Schw., l.c., p. 193. 1832.

Sph. xanthostroma Schw., l.c., p. 193. 1832.

Sph. Catalpae Schw., l.c., p. 193. 1832.

Hyp. perforatum Schw. ex Fr., Summ. Veg. Scand. p. 384. 1849.

II. luridum Nits., Pyr. Germ. p. 31. 1867.

II. botrys Nits., Pyr. Germ. p. 34. 1867.

II. Laschii Nits., Pyr. Germ. p. 36. 1867.

II. purpureum Nits., Pyr. Germ. p. 37. 1867.

II. fragile Nits., Pyr. Germ., p. 39. 1867.

H . decorticatum (Schw.) Curt., Geol. & Nat. Hist. Survey, N.C., pt. Ill, p. 140, 1867.

II. investiens (Schw.) Curt., l.c., p. 140. 1867.

H. fuscopurpurem (Schw.) Curt., l.c., p. 140. 1867.

II. ferrugineum Otth.. Mittl. nat. Ges. Bern. p. 41. 1868.

Diatrype cercidicola B. & C. ex Pk., 25th Rep. N.Y. State Mus., p. 101. 1873.

H. anthochroum B. & Br., Jour. Linn. Soc. 14 : 122. 1875.

II. trugodes B. & Br., l.c., p. 123. 1875.

II. mercidum B. & Br., l.c.. p. 123. 1875.

II. jlorideum B. & C., Grev. 4 : 50. 1875.

II. concurrens B. & C., Grevillea 4 : 93. 1876.

II. suborbiculare Pk., 30th Rep. N.Y. State Mus., p. 63. 1878.

Anthostoma cercidicolum (B. & C. ex Pk.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 1 : 306. 1882.

II. durissimum (Schw.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 1 : 378. 1882.

H. Catalpae (Schw.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 1 : 392. 1882.

II. ianthinum Cke., Grev. 11 : 132. 1883.

II. piceum Ell., Amer. Nat. 17 : 193. 1883..

II. guarapiense Speg., Fung. Guar. Puig. 1 : 81. 1886.

II. onnn Karst., Symb. et A ly c. benn. p. 143. Hedwigia. 1887.

II. subchlorinum Ell. & Calk., Jour. Myc. 4 : 86. 1888.

II. subluteum Ell. & Ev., N. Amer. Pyr. p. 648. 1892.

Nummularia lateritia Ell. & Ev., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., pt. 1, p. 144. 1893.

H. Pilgerianum P. Henn., Hedwigia, p. 136. 1900.

H. subrubiginosum P. Henn. nom. nud. C. F. Baker n. 335.

H. lianincolum Rekm., Ascom. Phil. IY, Leaf!. Phil. Bot. 6 : 1944. 1913.

Stroma pulvinate to effused, indefinite in extent, continuous for several centimetres

on decorticated wood, or 1-3 mm. thick when erumpent from bark ; young stroma fleshy-

leathery, at maturity woody, very old specimens crumbling, never carbonous ; colour of

stroma varying, when young bright brick-red to purplish red to shades of reddish brown,

becoming black with extreme age ; perithecia variable in size, depending on distance apart

in stroma ; ostiolar necks umbilicate, often containing a white mycelial growth in ostiolum ;

asci cylindrical, tapering to a long stalk, 70-80 X 7 p p. sp., and 65-80 p for the stalk ;

ascospores at maturity dark brown, incquilaterally eliptical, 9-12 X 5-5 p ; conida

minute, elliptical, 4—5 X 3 p.

No. 28569 is a flat, dark reddish-purple type that one often sees on decorticated wood.

This is the most common species anywhere in the world, and therefore has been given more

259

names than any other species. No. 31069 is parasitised by Tympanopsis euophala (B. & C.)

Starb., and the writer has collected that combination in Georgia and even in England.

The parasite does not attack other species, and so its presence is one point in the diagnosis,

Material Examined.

On Mimusops Zeyheri, Boschfontein, near Wolhuter’s Kop, Doidge and Botto alley ,

31068 and 31069 (the latter No. parasitised by Tympanopsis euomphala).

On wood, Town Bush Valley, Pietermaritzburg, Rump 188, 28569 ; Randfontein

Estates, Johannesburg, Lurie, 28746.

Excluded Names.

There are several Hypoxylon names found in the literature of this region that are not

included in the systematic account. These are given below with reasons for their exclusion.

1. Hypoxylon argillaceum Fr. (non Pers.) MacOwc n collection from Somerset Ease,

determined by Kalchbrenner (12). No specimen was found in Kew Herb.

2. H. colliculosum Nits., described by Cheesman (6). No specimen was available

for study. Also the name is not valid. It is a synonym of H. serpens.

3. H. comutum Hoffm., based on Drege No. 9461. No specimen available. Also

name not valid. It is a synonym of X. Hypoxylon.

4. H. fuscum Pers. ex Fr. in Thiim ; Fung. Austro-afric., No. 52 and van der Byl (5).

Specimens not available. The Lloyd (18) citation was based on a H. truncatum

specimen.

5. H. malleolus B. & R., Hopkins (10, 11). No specimens were seen, but this is

probably H. Gilletianum.

6. H. natalense ? Lloyd (29). No specimen available for study.

7. H. punctilatum B. & R., van der Byl (5). Specimen studied is //. exutans.

KRETZSCHMARIA Fries.

Summa Veg. Scand., p. 509. 1849.

1. Kretzckmaria cetrarioides (Curr. & Welw.) Sacc.

Syll. Fung. 2 : XXIX. 1883.

Hypoxylon cetrarioides Curr. & Welw., Angol. Fung. p. 282, tab. 18, ugs. 5-6. Trans.

Linn. Soc. 26 : 282. 1869.

Sphaeria lichenoides Berk., Kew Herb. Nom. nud.

Rhopalopsis lichenoides (B.) Cke., Grev. 11 : 94. 1883.

Rhopalopsis cetrarioides (C. & W.) Cke., Grev. 11:127. 1883.

Kretzschmaria lichenoides (B.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 2 : Add. ad vol. I, XXIX. 1883.

Kretzschmaria lichenoides Rick., Ann. Myc. 7 : 8. 1909.

The stroma consists of a horizontal network of branches with vertical stalks bearing

capitate fertile regions as in Kretz. micropus. The entire system at maturity becomes a

more or less compact crust of free perithecial capitula above a fused mass of coalesced

branches. This is indefinitely effused on wood and about 5-10 mm. high. The capitula

are 3-6 mm. in diameter, semiglobose with convex surface and constricted under the head,

each containing from 10-35 perithecia, with prominent papillate ostiola. The ascospores

are 28-32 X 9-11 p, acutely elliptical and dark brown.

There is a great deal of variation in the shape of the capitula. When closely compacted

they are very flat on top and when separated they are more convex.

There is a specimen in Kew Herb, labelled Sphaeria lichenoides Berk., Port Natal,

which is this species. It has never been formally described. The specimen cited below

is old and not typical, and so is placed here with some hesitation.

Material Examined.

As Sphaeria lichenoides Berk., Port Natal. Kew Herb.

On wood, Xumeni Forest, near Donnybrook, Morgan and Doidge, 27726.

2. Kretzschmaria knysnana van der Byl.

Ann. van die Univ. v. Stellenbosch 10 : 5. 1932.

Stromata separate, not united by a basal system, composed of closely packed, irre-

gularly clavate, expanded fertile regions with peripheral perithecia, and attenuated stipes

about 1 mm. thick and 5-6 mm. long, with clava 4-10 mm. in diameter. Surface of stroma

260

scabrous, brownish black, with very small papillate ostiola surrounded by a whitish ring.

Perithecia irregularly arranged, 14-80 in each head. Fertile part of stroma solid, white

inside, and slightly buff-tihted around perithecia. Ascospores inequilaterally elliptic,

26-33 x 7-9-9 p.

The writer has not seen a specimen, and has taken the above description from that of

van der Byl and notes and illustrations from Dr. Doidge. It very doubtfully belongs in

Ivretzschmaria and appears in no respects different from closely aggregated forms of Xylaria

anisopleura or other tropical Xylarias.

Material Examined.

On rotton wood, “ Tuin van Eden ”, Knysna, van der Byl 2549.

3. Kretzschmaria micropus (Fr.) Sacc.

Syll. Fung. 2.: Add. XXIX. 1883.

& 'phaeria micropus Fr., Linnaea 5 : 542. 1830.

Hypoxylon micropus (Fr.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 1:389. 1882.

Initial stroma consists of a horizontal branching system with upright stalks also bearing

short branches, which finally enlarge at the apices into perithecial capitula. The entire

mass at maturity develops into a widespread crust of fused branches and closely compact

perithecial heads at approximately the same level. The individual branches are about

1-1-5 mm. thick, and are at first tomentose, later becoming glabrous. These give rise to

secondary branches, and the whole mass is then about 5-10 mm. in height. The perithecial

capitula are subglobose to pyriform, 2 -5-3 -5 mm. in diameter, at first brown, later black,

with surface cracking and scaly, each with 1-5 perithecia with strongly papillate ostiola.

The ascospores are inequilaterally elliptical with acute to obtuse ends, 31-35 X 10-12 p.

Saccardo at first listed it as Hyp. micropus (Fr.), but later (Vol. 2 : XXIX) has it Kretz.

micropus (Berk.). The Berkeley citation was a mistake which he acknowledged in Vol. 15.

Petcli (41) says this species would appear to be doubtfully distinct from Kretz.

cetrarioides . The writer feels that while they are similar in possessing the basal horizontal

stroma and similar spores they differ in that in Kretz. cetrarioides the capitula are larger

with an indefinite number of perithecia, and this character seems sufficient to maintain

-separate species.

Van der Byl (5) describes this species from South Africa.

Material Examined.

On wood, Knysna, van der Byl 2249 ; Eshowe, Zululand, van der Byl J 00.

NUMMULARIA Tul.

Sel. Fung. Carp. 2 : 42. 1863.

1. Nummularia Kalchbrenneri (Sacc.) Comb. nov.

Hypoxylon placenta. Kalch., Grev. 9 : 28. 1880. (Non Link & Fr.)

//. Kalchbrenneri Sacc., Syll. Fung. 1 : 364. 1882.

N. placenta Cke., Grev. 12 : 8. 1883.

N. lepida Syd., Ann. Myc. 22 : 425. 1924.

H. lepidum van der Byl, Ann. Univ. Stell. 10 : 7. 1932.

Stroma orbicular, carbonous, 3-4 mm. in diameter, with slightly sunken disc with

raised border, with very indistinct ostiola. Perithecia seated in the base of the stroma,

flask-shaped with fairlv elongate neck. Ascospores dark brown, elliptic-navicular,

9-12 X 4-5 p.

This is the same type of fungus as the common N. discrota on apple in Europe and

America. N. Bdileyi Cke. is a similar form but differs in the larger spores, 14-1 9 x 9-1 1 • 2 p.

M ate rial Exam in ed.

On wood, Somerset East, MacOwan 1304, 20818. The writer has also seen the type in

Kew Herbarium.

On rotten trunk of Gonioma Kamassi, Knysna, van der Byl 1341 (Cotype of N. lepida

Svd.).

Other Nummularia names in South African literature arc found in this paper under

Hypoxylon.

261

PENZIGIA Sacc.

Myc. Male. p. 20. 1888.

Emend. Petch, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Perad. 8:138-141. 1924.

1. Penzigia discolor (B. & Br.) comb. nov.

Hypoxylon discolor B. & Br., Ceylon Fungi. Jour. Linn. Soc. 14 : 123. 1875.

H. citrinum Shear, Survey of P. R., N.Y. Acad. Sci. 8 : 66. 1926.

Stroma pulvinate, convex to irregular by mutual pressure, 1-3 mm. in diameter,

• 5-1 mm. high, attached to the substrate at a central point. Surface dirty- white, scabrous,

later grey and finally black and smooth. Context surrounding perithecia yellow-grumose,

lower white and firm ; asci cylindrical, p. sp. 65-90 p with stipe 40-50 p long ; ascospores

broadly elliptic, brown, 9-12 X 6-9 p.

A similar form that is yellow is Hypoxylon quisquilliarum Mont., but that has much

larger spores, -28-35 X 14-17 p. Penzigia eterio (B. & Br.) Petch has the same shape as

P. discolor, but differs in being pinkish-white inside. The specimen cited below is fully

equal to the Kew type.

Material Examined.

On dead wood, Xumeni Forest, near Donnybrook, Natal, Morgan and Doidge, 31062 ;

Umtali, Eyles 4246 ( van der Byl 2413), as Hypoxylon sp.

2. Penzigia verrucosa sp. nov.

Stroma convexo-rotundatum, ectostroma levi vel undulatum vel mutua pressione

deformum, solum vel caespitosum, basi plana vel concava et plicata, centraliter affixa brevi

stipite in substrato, 2-10 mm. in diam. et 1-5-5 mm. altum. brunneum vel nigrum, minute

granuloso, verrucosum ; entostroma album, suberoso, lingnosum : peritheciis monostichis,

globosis vel angularibus, -3 — 6 mm. in diam., ostiolis emergentibus late papillatis ; ascis

cylindraceis, paraphysatis, 8-spores, ascosporis oblongo-navicularibus, diluto-brunneis vel

nigris, 30-37 X 10-12 p.

Ad ligna.

This species is near Hypoxylon verrucosum Theiss. and Penzigia sessili s Theiss. The

former is semiglobose instead of flat hemispheric, and is probably the hypoxyloid form of

Xyla,ria anisopleura Mont. It differs from P. sessilis in the prominent ostiola and verrucose

surface. The spores of all three are about the same.

Material Examined.

On fallen log, Woodbush, Northern Transvaal, Doidge, 17793, Type.

PORONIA Willd. ex Fr.

Summa Veg. Scand. p. 382. 1849.

1. Poronia Oedipus Mont.

Syll. Crypt, p. 209. 1856.

Sphaeria ( Poronia ) punctata var. oedipoda Mont., Ann. Sci. Nat. 2nd ser. 13 : 333.

1840.

Sphaeria incrassata Jungh., Flor. Javae Crypt, p. 87. 1838.

Hypoxylon oedipus Mont., Cuban FI. p. 346, tab. 13, f. 2. 1838-42.

Poronia macropoda v. cladonioides Ces., Comm. Critt. 1 : 70. 1861.

Stroma erect, usually simple, with light, greying-brown stalk, 2-4 cm. high and 2-3 mm.

thick at the swollen base, abruptly expanded at the apex into a concave then plane disc.

The disc is orbicular, 2-3 mm. in diameter, light grey, with prominent black papillate ostiola.

Perithecia globose to ovate, entirely sunken in the surface of the disc. Asci cylindrical,

short-stipitate, 90-120 X 18-20 p ; with uniseriate ascospores broadty elliptical, black,

surrounded by a thick hyaline sheath, 28-30 X 14-16 p.

Found on animal dung. Kalchbrenner and Cooke (14) and van der Byl (5) cite this

species from South Africa.

Material Examined.

On cow dung, Boschberg, near Somerset East, MacOwan 1300, Herb. Kew ; in Herb.

S. African Museum, Cape Town, No. 33866, sub P. macropus Kalch.

262

2. Poronia punctata L. ex Fr.

Summa Veg. Scand. p. 382. 1849.

Peziza punctata L., Flor. Suec. Ed. II. p. 458. 1745.

Sphaeria nivea Haller, Stirp. Helvet. tom. Ill, p. 121. 1768.

Poronia Gleditschii Willd., Flor. Berol. Prodr. p. 400. 1787.

Sph. Poronia Pers., Syn. Meth. F. p. 15. 1801.

Poronia fimetaria Pers., Champ. Comest. p. 154. 1818.

Sph. punctata Fr., Syst. Myc. 2 : 330. 1823.

Stroma erect, at first clavate, later expanding apically into a flat to cupulate disc,

2-10 mm. in diameter and an attenuated, smooth light brown stipe, 1-2 cm. high ; disc

white to pale grey and dotted with prominent black ostiola with solid white context.

Perithecia sunken in upper surface of disc, with broadly cylindric asci, 120-160 X 16-18 [x,

with short stipes. Ascospores inequilaterally elliptic, dark brown to black, surrounded by

a hyaline sheath, 18-26 X 10-14 [x.

This is the type of the genus. The distinctions between this species and the previous

one lie chiefly in the spore dimensions and in the stipe characters. In P. punctata the stipe

is gradually expanded upwards to the disc, while in P. oedipus it is enlarged near the base

and decreases in diameter upward producing an abrupt contraction under the disc. Also,

the stipe in P. punctata is immersed in the substrate, while that of P. oedipus is usually

free from 1-2 cm. Both occur on cow or horse dung and are widely distributed, but P.

oedipus is more common in the tropics. References are by Cooke (7) and Lloyd (19).

Material Examined.

On horse dung, Inanda, Natal Medley Wood 404, 11131 and Herb Kew ; Mulder’s

Vlei Stellenbosch District, Acocks, 27663.

On dung, Hondjies Kuil, Barkly West, Acocks, 28632.

ROSELLINIA De Not.

(Horn. Bot. Ital. 2 : 334. 1847.

1. Rosellinia aquila (Fr.) De Not.

Sfer. Ital. p. 21, t. 18. 1863.

Sphaeria hysseda b. Tode, Meckl. Fungi 2 : 10. 1791.

Sph. aquila Fr., Syst. Myc. 2 : 442. 1823.

Perithecia superficial, gregarious to closely caespitose, globose, about 1 mm. in diameter,

apex rounded, abruptly papillate, carbonous, dark brown to shining black with age,

developing in a dense brown subiculum which sometimes persists ; asci cylindric with long

stipe, p. sp. 165-195 X 10-12 /a with stipe 27-35 fx in length ; ascospores inequilaterally

elliptic with acute ends, 25-30 X 7-9 [x, brown.

The specimen cited below is typical for the species except for the lack of any subiculum.

However, the perithecia are fully mature and this surface mycelium often disappears with

age.

Material Examined.

On old stems of Rubus pinnatus, Xumeni Forest, near Donnybrook, Morgan and

Doidge, 31065.

On wood, Knysna, van der Byl 2226.

XYLARIA Hill, ex Fr.

Summa Veg. Scand. p. 381. 1849.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

A. — Fertile clava covered with a pellicle, a layer distinct from the one encasing

the perithecia.

1 . Apices fertile, containing perithecia.

(a) Pellicle continuous, noither striate nor splitting in lines.

x. Surface white with black ostiola, clava semi -globose to conic

ovate, 5-7 mm. in diameter, single or several on short branches

coming from apex of long rooting stipe.

Spores 12-18 X 6-10 /<

1. X. Doumetii.

263

xx. Surface light brown, clubs up to 10 cm. high, clavate-cylindric,

hollow at maturity, involute and splitting, perithecia com-

pletely immersed.

Spores 18-24 X 6-8 /x

xxx. Surface dark brown, glabrous, clubs clavate-cylindric, becom-

ing hollow, peritheeial projections evident with prominent

papillate ostiola, 2-6 cm. high.

Spores 10 X 4//

(6) Pellicle splitting in lines.

x. Stroma cylindric to clavated becoming hollow.

o. Pellicle light yellowish brown, surface markedly reti-

culate.

Spores 18-23 x 6-7 p.

oo. Pellicle dark brown, surface chiefly marked with longi-

tudinal lines.

Spores 9-11-5 x 4r-6 fx

2. Apices sterile with acutely pointed tips.

(a) Pellicle splitting in wide anastomosing lines, perithecia in the

depressions.

x. Surface dark umber-brown.

o. Stroma slender, much branched or simple.

Spores 11-16 x 5-7 p

Spores 9-12 x 4—5 p

B. — No persistent pellicle, surface chiefly white to grey at first, later changing to

black with maturity.

1. Apices sterile, pointed.

(а) Clava cylindrical with attenuated stipe.

x. Peritheeial elevations very prominent.

o. Stipe stout, short, enlarged purple-pannose at base,

clava 2-5 mm. in diameter, ' compressed or terete with

short sterile apex.

Spores 8-10 X 4-5 /x

oo. Stipe and clava slender. On fruits.

y. Clava 1-5-3 mm. in diameter, pubescent, simple

with pointed sterile apex, or occasionally dicho-

tomously branched above, stipe villous, perithecia

large, -5-1 mm. in diameter, very prominent at

maturity.

Spores 8-11 x 4-4-5, «

yy. Clava 1 -5-2-5 mm. in diameter, glabrous, usually

simple with very short sterile apex, perithecia

fairly prominent, small -3- -6 mm. in diameter.

Spores 10-12 x 4-5 /x

xx. Peritheeial elevations not. so prominent.

o. Clava compressed, 1-5-3 mm. wide, simple or much

branched from base or above, apex short pointed, stipe

villous. On wood.

Spores 10-14 X 4-5 fi

oo. Clava semiglobose with an elongate filiform stipe.

y. Apices of fertile heads aristate or sharply pointed.

/ On wood or fruit rind.

Spores 14-16 x 4-5-6 fx

Spores 20-28 x 8 ix

// On leaves.

Spores 10-12 x 5-6 /x

yy. Apices obtuse.

/ On dung, spores with hyaline sheath.

Spores 40-50 x 18-23,1/

2. Apices fertile, obtuse.

(as) Clava cylindric, 2-A mm. in diameter, terete, with elongate sub-

terranean stipe and large semiglobose sterile sclerotia, surface

brown varying to very dark with age, perithecia small, prominent,

ostiola papillate ; growing from termite nests.

Spores 4-5 X 2-5-3 fx

(б) Clava stout, rounded, with age black, rugose, stipe abbreviated,

with varying shapes from hypoxyloid to oblong-clavate, single or

branched from the base, white inside, solid not becoming hollow,

usually with purple pannose base.

Spores 8-10 x 4 fx

Spores 25-33 X 7-10 /x.

Fertile stroma roughened fragariform often hypoxyloid . .

Fertile stroma rugose but not fragariform

2. X. tabacina.

3. X. cubensis.

4. X. reticulata.

5. X. variabilis.

6. X. arbuscula.

7. X. multiplex.

8. X. bullosa.

9. X. ianthino-velutina.

10. X. Oxyacanthae.

11. X. Hypoxylon.

12. X. heloidea.

13. X. schreuderiana.

14. X. aristata.

15. X. vaporaria.

16. X. nigripes.

17. X. castorea.

18. X. anisopleura.

19. X. polymorpha.

264

1. Xylaria Doumetii (Pat.) comb. nov.

Poronia Doumetii Pat., Rev. Myc. p. 136. 1893 and Rev. Myc. 17 : tab. 156, figs.

1-2. 1895.

Stroma cylindrical, consisting of a brown, roughened, subterranean stipe, 7-10 cm.

long, and 2-4 mm. in diameter, terete, with upper 5-10 mm. above the ground, with single

clava or with several short thick branches with fertile apical bulbose enlargements, 5-7 mm.

in length and 3-5 mm. in diameter, with white surface, darkening somewhat with age,

with white fleshy-leathery interior ; perithecia black in entire periphery of clava, with

small, black, punctate ostiola ; asci cylindrical, p. sp. 103-110 X 10-11 /a, with brief stipe

18-46 y in length ; paraphysate ; ascospores elliptical, brown to black, 12-18 X 6-10 /a.

On dead roots.

This diagnosis is based on specimens cited below and determined by Lloyd (29) or

Miss. B. M. Wakefield. The transfer to Xylaria is necessary, because it does not occur on

dung, the ascospores do not have the hyaline sheath, and finally the clava is not expanded

into a disc as in Poronia.

Material Examined.

On soil, Armoedsvlakte, Vryburg, det. Lloyd, 15422 ; Hondjieskuil, Barklv West,

Acoclcs, 28631.

On dead roots on ploughed ground, Kuruman, Cape, Acoclcs (Det. Wakefield), 28630.

2. Xylaria tabacina (Kickx.) Berk.

Hook. Jour. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 6 : 225. 1854.

Hypoxylon tabacina Kickx., Bull. Acad. Brux. 8 : 11. 1841.

Stroma simple, cylindrical to clavate with fertile clava, 3-10 cm. high and 4-8 him.

in diameter, terete, then splitting and becoming involute and hollow, with light brown

smooth pellicle with very small inconspicuous dark ostiola ; with stipe 1-3 cm. in length,

smooth, brown ; perithecia semiglobose, completely sunken in periphery of stroma ; asci

cylindrical, p. sp. 100-120 X 8-11 y with stipe 35-45 y long ; paraphysate ; ascospores

inequilaterally elliptic, brown, 18-24 X 6-8 y.

There is a good description of this Xylaria by van der Byl (2), also Lloyd (21) has cited

it from South Africa. No specimens were seen by the writer.

Material in van der ByVs Herbarium.

On Olea sp., Knysna, J. Phillips ( van der Byl 2335), Podocarpus Thunbergii, Knysna,

Duthie (van der Byl 1104).

On dead wood, Knysna, Keet ( van der Byl 710) ; “ Tuin van Eden ”, Knysna, van

der Byl 2256.

3. Xylaria cubensis Mont.

Syll. Crypt, p. 202. 1856.

Hypoxylon cubensis Mont., Cent. 2, n. 29. Ann. Sci. Nat. 2nd ser. 13 : 1840, and

FI. of Cuba, p. 347, t. 13, f. 1. 1842.

Xylaria fusca Lloyd, Myc. Writ. 5 : 770, f. 1155, 1156. 1918.

Stroma cylindric to clavate, apex rounded, usually terete but occasionally compressed,

single or sometimes two,’ united at base, with fertile clava glabrous, fairly smooth, dark

brown pellicle and perithecial projections evident with obtuse dark papillate ostiola, at

first solid white inside but becoming hollow with extreme age, 1-4 X -4- -8 cm. or wider

when compressed ; with smooth brown stipe, 1-4 X -2- -4 cm. ; perithecia in periphrey

with cylindric asci, p. sp. 60-70 X 6-8 y with stipe 45-55 y long ; ascospores inequilaterally

elliptic, brown, 10 x 4 ft.

On wood. Common in the tropics and semitropics of world.

This species is similar to X. allantoidea Berk., but differs in being dark brown rather

than copper colour and in the smaller spores, 10 X 4 y as against 10-14 X 4-6 y.

This has not previously been described from South Africa. Lloyd (21) described the

Cuban type.

Material Examined.

On wood, Eshowe, Zululand, Rump 385a, 30238.

265

4. Xylaria reticulata Lloyd.

Myc. Writ. 7 : 1354, pi. 333, f. 3169, 3170. 1925.

Stroma stout, cylindric to clavate, terete, with obtuse fertile apex and brief stipe r

clava with light yellowish-brown pellicle, splitting in lines, and checked in fine reticulations,

Mabrous, at first white and solid inside, later becoming hollow and involute ; perithecia

immersed, ovate to semiglobose, with small papillate ostiola ; asci cylindric, paraphysate ;

ascospores inequi laterally elliptic, brown, 18-23 X 7-7 p.

This species is very similar in size and shape to X. cubensis, but differs in spore dimensions

and surface reticulations. Then from X tabacina it is distinguished by the surface markings.

Material Examined.

On rotten wood, Knysna, van der Byl 1350, in Lloyd’s Herbarium (Type), and part of

specimen in van der Byl Herb. ; Knysna, van der Byl, 11887 in Lloyd Herb, under A\

rhopaloides .

5. Xylaria variabilis Welw. & Curr.

Fungi angol., Trans. Linn. Soc. 26 : 280, t. 18, fig. 7. 1868.

Stroma cylindrical with obtuse fertile apex and very brief stipe, 3-4 cm. high and

2-4 mm thick ; clava with thin dark brown crust, marked with longitudinal lines with

protruding dark ostiola, white inside, becoming hollow ; stipe black, rugose, glabrous -

asci cylindrical, paraphysate; ascospores navicular, brown, 9-11-5 X 4-6 /z.

The writer has not seen the type, and the above description is drawn from the African

specimens determined by Lloyd. The latter (29) and van der Byl (2) cite this species.

Lloyd, fig. 909, illustrates X. variabilis and thinks it close to X. gramica Mont. However,

the writer finds the Lloyd specimen to be brown rather than the light slate grey of X.

gramica. Also it is much smaller and more fragile. The relationship of this specimen is

entirely with the X. Guyanensis-X . arbuscula group and is very close to X. cristata Speg.

Material Examined.

On burnt stump, Durban, van der Byl 771 ; Lloyd Herb, and Herb, van der Byl,

Stellenbosch.

6. Xylaria arbuscula Sacc.

Michelia 1 : 249. 1878.

Stroma slender, single or often much branched or compressed with abruptly pointed

sterile apices, and slightly expanded fertile region ; clava striate with fine raised bands,

glabrous and even, but becoming black and torulose in old specimens, 2-15 X 1-2 mm

with stipe smooth or villous with long hairs, 4-40 mm. in length and 1-5 mm. in diameter ;

perithecia globose with cylindric asci, p. sp. 75-95 X 6-7-5 p with stalks 50-70 p in length ;

ascospores inequilaterally elliptic, brown, 11-16 X 5-7 p ; paraphysate.

On wood. Common in tropics.

This species has been confused with X. apicnlata Cke. in South African literature.

Van der Byl (1) gives the spores of the latter as 11-15 X 4-6 p, but those of the type at

Kew are much larger, 14-22-4 X 6-9 p. Nos. 11540, 23170 and 28484 show very well the

dark brown striations of the club in Saccardo’s Myc. Ven. 1192. These fines tend to

disappear in old specimens and they become black roughened with projecting perithecia!

forms. The writer (38) has previously separated Xylariae of this type. Van der Byl (1)

describes it under X. apiculata. Hopkins (11) also cites the latter name, but the writer

has not seen his specimens.

Material Examined.

On wood and bark, Natal, Medley Wood 324, 11138 ; Winter’s Kloof, Natal, Doidge,

2166 ; Rikatli, Mozambique, J unod, 11540 ; Xumeni Forest, near Donnybrook, Morgan and

Doidge, 27729, 30475 ; Fountains Valley, Pretoria, Bottomley and Lansdell, 28621 ; Efim,

Northern Transvaal, Watson, 28484 ; Nottingham Road, Natal, van der Byl 541, 31806.

On damp soil, Fountains Valley, Reinecke, 23170.

7. Xylaria multiplex (Kze. ex Fr.) Berk. & Curt.

Jour. Linn. Soc. 10 : 381. 1869.

Sphaeria multiplex Kze. ex Fr., Linnaea 5 : 532. 1830.

Stroma slender, simple or much branched from base or above, branches terete or

flattened with apical sterile points ; with fertile clava, brown with raised fines, smooth,

266

with age almost black and uneven from perithecial projections, 10-30 X 1-2 mm. ; with

stipe slender, glabrous or tomentose, 3-30 mm. high and -5-1 mm. in diameter ; perithecia

globose to ovoid with inconspicuous papillate ostiola ; asci cylindric, p. sp. 65-80 X 6-7 g

with stipe 30-50 g long ; paraphysate ; ascospores inequilaterally elliptic, brown, 9-12 X

4-5 /x.

Lloyd (24) and later van der Byl (1) confused this species with X. ianthino -vel uti na

Mont. However, it grows on wood rather than fruits and has the same general appearance

as X. apiculata and X. arbuscula and differs chiefly in the smaller spores.

Material Examined.

On bark and wood, Buccleuch, Natal, Leighton , 11694 ; Boschfontein, near Wolhuter’s

Hop, Rustenburg District, Doidge and Bottomley, 32151 ; Marwaqa Forest, near Bulwer,

Natal, Doidge, 32152. .

8. Xylaria bulbosa (Pers. ex Fr.) Berk. & Br.

Outl. Brit. Fung. p. 385. 1860.

Sphaeria bulbosa Pers., Obs. Myc. 2 : 63, tab. 1, f. 1, ad. 1799.

Sphaeria bulbosa Pers. ex Fr., Syst. Myc. 2 : 327. 1823.

Sphaeria corniformis Fr., Elench. Fung. 2 : 57. 1828.

Xylaria corniformis Fr., Summa Yeg. Scand. p. 381. 1849.

Stroma cylindric-clavate, somewhat compressed or terete, simple or occasionally

several from a common base ; clava dark brown to black, very moriform from conic peri-

thecial projections, glabrous, with apical sterile point, white inside, solid, 1 -5 cm. high and

2-6 mm. in diameter, with short stalk 2-6 mm. high and 2-3 mm. thick, brown, glabrous

with purple pannose bulbose base ; perithecia small, slosely packed, ovoid, with cylindric

asci, p. sp. 55-67 X 7 g, with stalk 40-50 g long ; paraphysate ; ascospores navicular to

elliptic, brown. 8-10 X 4-5 g.

On wood.

This old Persoon name has priority over the later corniformis of Fries. Many of the

specimens in herbaria named the latter are bulbosa. This form and X. cubensis and X.

castorea usually have an enlarged base, and all three have spores of about the same size.

X. bulbosa differs from X. castorea in possessing the moriform, projecting perithecia and

pointed apex and from X. cubensis in these characters and in the absence of the smooth

surface of the latter.

Van der Byl (2) describes both X. castorea and X. corniformis and it is not possible to

determine from his descriptions the species, but his specimens at Stellenbosch are all

X. castorea.

Material Examined.

On wood, Pillansberg, near Rustenburg, Wager , 23613.

9. Xylaria ianthino-velutina Mont.

Syll. Crypt, p. 204. 1856.

liypoxylon ianthino-velutina Mont., Ann. Sci. Nat. 2nd ser. 13 : 348. 1840.

Stroma slender with acute sterile apex, cylindrical to compressed, single or occasionally

dichotomously branched above, 2-6 cm. high and 1-1-5 mm. in diameter, fertile clava,

dark brown to black, with brown tomentose hairs surrounding perithecia, later glabrous

and strongly moriform from the rather wide perithecial elevations, white inside and solid ;

stipe short, black, villous with long brown hairs, 2-10 mm. high and 1 mm. in diameter ;

perithecia large, globose-flattened with small black papillate ostiola ; asci cylindric, p. sp.

90-92 X 5-6 g, with stipe 23-46 g long ; ascospores brown, straight to inequilaterally

elliptic, 8-11 X 4-4-5 g.

On parts of old fruits, especially legumes. Common in tropics.

The staghorn branching in part of the type, Leprieur No. 574, and also in No. 27727

below, is not typical, as most of the stromata are simple with long pointed apices.

This differs from the arbuscula-mvltiplex group in the lack of the split brown pellicle.

It is more closely related to X. Hypoxylon, from which it is distinguished by the more

prominent perithecia and longer sterile apices as well as differences of substrate.

The South African specimens are identical with those from South America and the

southern United States in all characters except the spores, and they average somewhat

smaller. This is probably sufficient to create a new variety.

267

Lloyd (24, 26) at first named this fungus X. multiplex and placed as synonyms every

species with similar appearance and dichotomous branching irrespective of spore dimensions.

However, the Weigelt specimen of multiplex and the Leprieur specimen are distinct, and

Lloyd (29) later recognised this difference. Van der Byl (1) followed the earlier determina-

tion of Lloyd in naming his specimens X. multiplex.

Material Examined.

On fallen fruits of Strychnos Gerrardi, Stella Bush, Durban, Bottomley, 12315 (Lloyd

as X. multiplex) ; Stella Bush, Durban, van der Byl 665, 31990.

On bark (substrate unrecognisable), Xumeni Forest, near Donnybrook, Morgan and

Doidge, 27727 .

10. Xylaria Oxyacanthae Tul.

Sel. Carp. Fung. 2 : 15, tab. 13, figs. 1-10. 1863.

X. Fuckelii Nits. Pyr. Germ. p. 7. 1867.

Stroma slender, dilated upward with sterile tip, usually simple, with clava terete or

more often flattened, glabrous, with very small evident perithecial elevations, with surface

grey to finally black, white inside, 2-4 cm. high and 1-5-3 mm. wide ; with stipe -5-2 cm.

high, hairy, later glabrous, brown, with enlarged purple pannose base on seeds ; perithecia

small, densely crowded, ovoid, with small papillate ostiola ; asci cylindric, p. sp. 70-80 X

6-7 p, with stipe 35-50 p long ; ascospores inequilaterally elliptic, dark brown, 10-12 X

4-5 p ; paraphysate.

The stroma grows from seeds or old fruits buried in the soil. Common in Europe and

America as well as Africa.

This differs from the other species on fruits in having spores 10-12 X 4-5 p, as against

12-16 X 5 pin X. carpophila and 12-16 X 5-7 p in A”, persicaria. Then from X. ianthino-

velutina it differs in possessing smaller more immersed perithecia, and in lacking the brown

tomentose hairs and the long point to the club. There is no essential distinction between

this species and X. Hypoxylon except that of the substrate.

Nitschke changed the name to X. Fuckelii because he found it on many fruits besides

those of Crataegus. This would not be a valid reason for such action.

Material Examined.

On fruits, Fountains Valley, Pretoria, Bottomley, 20391.

11. Xylaria Hypoxylon (L. ex Fr.) Grev.

Flor. Edin. p. 355. 1824.

Clavaria Hypoxylon L., Sp. PI. p. 1182. 1753.

Valsa digitata Scopoli, Flor. Carniol. 2 : 398. 1772.

Clavaria hirta Batsch, Elench. Cont. 1 : 229. 1783.

Sphaeria cornuta Hoff., Veg. Crypt. 1 : 11. 1787.

Sph. digitata Bolton, Fungi Halif. 3 : 130. 1791.

Clavaria cornuta Bull., Champ. Fr. tom. 1, p. 193, t. CLXXX. 1791.

Sph. ramosa Dicks, Plant. Crypt. Brit. 4 : 27. 1801.

Sph. Hypoxylon Fr., Syst. Myc. 2 : 327. 1823.

Strolna slender with sterile apices, compressed and dilated upward, occasionally terete,

simple or more often divided from the base or above, 3-8 cm. high ; fertile clava with black

surface and white interior, glabrous, even or roughened with fairly prominent perithecial

elevations, 10-40 mm. high and 1-5-3 mm. in width, with stipe short, 1-1 .5 mm. in diameter,

hairy but smooth with age ; perithecia small, ovate, usually closely packed, with small

papillate ostiola ; asci cylindrical, p. sp. 70-80 X 6-8 p with stipe 40-60 p long ; para-

physate ; ascospores inequilaterally elliptic, dark brown, 10-14 X 4-5 p.

The perithecia are not in lines as in X. multiplex and are more deeply immersed in the

stroma than in X. ianthino-velutina or X. Oxyacanthae. The stipe is often covered with

long hairs, but smooth forms are also found that differ in no other respects. The writer

has seen no mature specimens that could be determined accurately from South Africa,

and most of the references have been based on immature forms. Common on sticks and

bark all over the world.

The species has often been cited; for example, Cooke (7), Medley Wood (43) and Lloyd

(28) describe it, but on immature specimens.

268

12. Xylaria heloidea Penz. & Sacc.

Malpighia 11 : 498. 1897 and leones Fung. Javan, p. 30, tab. XXI, f. 3. 1904.

Stroma consisting of a semiglobose fertile bead 1-1 -5 mm. high and 1-2 mm. in diameter;

with an apical aristate prolongation up to 3 mm. in length, and a filiform stipe 7-20 mm-

long and -4 — 7 mm. in diameter ; clava dark brown glabrous, uneven from acute peri-

thecial elevations ; perithecia semiglobose with papillate ostiola ; asci cylindric, p. sp-

70-95 X 7-8-5 p and stipe 30-45 p in length; ascospores navicular-elliptic, brown,

14-16 X 4-5-6 /a.;

The type is on rotted parts of legumes.

Lloyd (26, 27) describes this species from South Africa.

Material Examined.

On Stryehnos sp., on rind of fruit, Rikatli, Mozambique, Junod, 11618. Let. Lloyd.

13. Xylaria schreuderiana van der Byl.

Ann. Univ. Stell. 10 : 3. 1932.

Stroma in rather closely packed groups, consisting of a fertile clava, subgLobose to short

cylindric with a brief sterile pointed apex, dark brown to black, surface glabrous, slightly

uneven from projecting perithecial elevations, white inside, up to 2 mm. in diameter ; with

short nearly filiform stipe, black, rugose, • 5 mm. thick and up to 5 mm. long ; perithecia

globose, black, ostiola not prominent ; asci cylindric, p. sp. 120-180 p with stipe 65 p long

ascospores monostichous, brown, navicular, 20-28 X 8 p.

This species differs from X. heloidea ■ in less prominent ostiola and in larger spores.

On wood. Known only from type locality.

Material Examined.

On dead wood, Knysna, van der Byl 1365.

14. Xylaria aristata Mont.

Ann. Sci. Nat. 4th ser. 3 : p. 107, t. 5, f. 6. 1855.

Stroma with semiglobose to short-cylindric, aristate head, with elongate filiform stipe ;

clava light brown, glabrous, sharply tuberculate with protruding perithecial elevations ;

1-3 mm. long and -5-1 mm. in diameter, with glabrous, brown stipe 8-30 mm. long and

•3-- 5 mm. in diameter, perithecia ovate, not crowded, with prominent papillate ostiola ;

asci cylindric, p. sp. 57-70 X 7 p and stipe 35-47 p long ; paraphysate ; ascospores in-

equilaterally elliptic, brown, 10-12 X 5-6 p.

On dead leaves.

This species differs from other species occurring on leaves as follows. X. filiformis

possesses perithecia more or less scattered on the stem and they are not grouped in a

definite head. X. appendiculata has similar spores and much the same type of head, but

has an appendage at each end of the spore. Petch (41) describes X. oocephala Penz. & Sacc.

from Ceylon, also on leaves, with spores 12-13 X 6-7 p. The spores of the type, however,

are given as 9 X 3-4 p, and so it is possible that Petch had before him X. aristata.

M aterial Examined.

On dead leaves, Fountains Valley, Pretoria, Parkes, 21199.

15. Xylaria vaporaria Berk. & Curr.

Trans. Linn. Soe. 24: 157, t. 25, f. 17. 1863.

Stroma consisting of a semiglobose to conic fertile head with pointed apex, 3-5 mm.

high and 2-4 mm. in diameter, and a long filiform subterranean stipe, 5-7 cm. long and

•5-1-5 mm. in diameter; clava dark brown glabrous but roughened with fragariform

perithecial elevations ; perithecia with faintly papillate ostiola each in centre of a light

truncate ring ; asci broadly cylindrical, 190-210 p long and 20-30 p wide with very brief

stipe ; paraphysate; ascospores dark brown, broadly elliptical, 40-50 X 18-23 p,

surrounded by hyaline sheath.

A connection between the stipe and the subterranean sclerotiom has been demonstrated,

but is not evident in the specimens cited below.

No. 2159 is exactly like the English type at Kew Herb., and both are very near A'.

pedunculata Dicks, ex Fr. Lloyd (30) fig. 2876 is the type of the latter and figs. 2877 and

2878 are from the type of X. vaporaria. No. 30922 is sterile, a much branched sclerotial

mass that may belong here.

269

Material Examined.

In Chrysanthemum beds, Krantzpoort, Ermelo, de Villiers, 2169.

From mushroom beds, Durban, African Mushroom Industries, 30922.

16. Xylaria nigripes (Klotzsch) Cke.

Grev. 11 : 89. 1883 and Sacc. Syll. Fung. 9:527. 1891.

Sphaeria nigripes Klotzsch, Linnaea 7 : 203. 1832.

Stroma slender, cylindrical, with obtuse apex, with long subterranean filiform stipe,

arising from sclerotium ; fertile clava terete, light brown, becoming black with age,

glabrous, sharply tuberculate with perithecial projections, 1-3-5 cm. in length and 2-4 mm.

in diameter, with stipe glabrous, rugose, up to 9 cm. in length and 1-5 mm. in diameter ;

sclerotia globose to fusiform, black, 2-3-5 cm. in diameter, or 2-8 X 5-1-5 cm. ; perithecia

small globose to ovate, about 250 p in diameter, with prominent jmpillate ostiola ; asci

cylindric, p. sp. 28-32 X 4-5-5 p with stipe about 14 p in length : paraphysate ; ascospores

very small, broadly elliptic, dark brown, 4-5 X 2-5-3 p.

From old termite nests. Africa and Asia.

Petch (40) describes the sclerotium and also the perithecial stroma and Lloyd (21)

illustrates the sclerotium and later he (26) cites the fungus from South Africa. No. 8807

below was determined by Lloyd. Cooke (l.c. pi. 163, fig. 23) also gives a good illustration

of the fertile club and spores.

Material Examined.

Among grass, Botanical Gardens, Durban, Medley Wood, 7766 and 9498 (fertile.)

On c,omb of Odontotermes badius, Daspoort, Pretoria, Kresfelder, 20368 ; without

locality, Fuller, 11327 (sclerotia).

In old termite nests, Pretoria, Pole Evans, 8807, det. Lloyd ; Wolhuter’s Kop, Maynard,

15425 (sclerotia); Standerton, Murray, 29712; Pietermaritzburg, Fuller, 1900 (fertile);

Toowoomba, Warmbaths, Irvine, 28646 (fertile).

17. Xylaria castorea Berk.

Flora New Zealand 1 : 204, tab. CJV, f. 10, 1855.

Stroma stout, often compressed-obovate, but more rarely clavate-terete, with obtuse

fertile apex, black, rugose-scaly, and inside white and solid ; with very brief constricted

stipe usually bulbose at base and purple pannose, 2-6 cm. high and • 5-3 cm. wide ; peri-

thecia ovate to semiglobose, not crowded, with obtuse prominent black ostiola ; asci

cylindrical, p. sp. 50-65 X 6-7 p with stipe 30 -45 p long; paraphysate; ascospores

inequilaterally elliptic with rounded ends, dark brown, 8-10 X 4 p.

This species and A', bulbosa have often been named X. corniformis. It differs from

A', bulbosa in possessing a more rounded apex and less prominent perithecia. The general

habit is much like X. polymorpha, and could well be considered a small spored form of that

species. The ostiola are large and quite obtuse and the shape of the stroma varies from

terete to very wide and compressed and often it is fasciculately branched from the base.

South African references to X. castorea are Lloyd (29) van rler Byl (2) and Hopkins (11).

Material Examined.

On Milletia Sutherlandi, on wood, St. Johns, District Forest Officer, 6929.

On wood, Eshowe, Zululand, Rump 385b, 30239.

On wood, Knysna, Duthie (van der Byl 1103) ; “ Tuin van Eden ”, Knysna, van der Byl

2224 ; Knysna, van der Byl 2254, 2260 (all sub X. Corniformis in Herb, van der Byl).

On rotton wood. Knysna. van der Byl 1329 (sub A', liippoglossa in Lloyd Herb. No.

11874).

18. Xylaria anisopleura Mont.

Syll. Crypt, p. 204. 1856.

Sphaeria anisopleura Mont., Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. 13 : 348, 1840.

Stroma stout, with rounded fertile apex, extremely variable in shape, from semiglobose

and always sessile to stipitate, 3-5 cm. high and broadly clavate ; clava black, tuberculate

from broad perithecial elevations, solid and white inside with stipe represented by a brief

central attachment or short and thick, dark brown , at first tomentose then glabrous ;

270

perithecia in periphery, ovate, with small black papillate ostiola, often indistinct ; asci

cylindrical, p. sp. 161-172 X 11-5 ju. with stipe 50 p long; paraphysate ; ascospores

oblong-elliptic, brown, 25-33 X 7-10 /x.

The South African specimen cited below is the small hypoxyloid form of this species

and is closely related to, if not identical with X. haemorrhoidalis B. & Br. from Ceylon.

Semiglobose forms with a flat base as described by Petch (41) when considered alone would

be placed in Penzigia, but as this species is just as often globose-clavate to almost cylindrical

with a distinct stipe, it will have to remain in Xylaria. The tuberculate, fragariform

stromal surface distinguishes it from hypoxyloid forms of X. polymorpha.

Van der Byl (1) describes this species, but no specimen was found in his herbarium.

Lloyd (21) has fisted synonyms and later (29) fig. 2700 illustrated the part of the type at

Kew.

Material Examined.

On log, Winter’s Kloof, Natal, Doidge, 2551.

19. Xylaria polymorpha (Pers. ex Fr.) Grev.

Flor. Edin. p. 355. 1824.

Valsa clavata Scop., Carn. 2 : 398. 1772.

Clavaria digitata Bull., Hist. Cbamp. Fr. 1 : 192. t. 220. 1791.

Sphaeria polymorpha Pers., Obs. Myc. 2 : 64, t. 2, f. 2-5. 1799.

Sphaeria polymorpha Fr., Syst. Myc. 2 : 326. 1823.

Stroma erect, thick-clavate and 2-12 in a fasciculate group from a common base, or

subglobose and variously undulate and deformed, with rounded fertile apices ; fertile

clava rugulose-rougbened, black, glabrous, but with perithecia evident in age, solid, white

inside, 3-10 X -6-1-5 cm. or 2-4 cm. high and 1-3 cm. wide, with thick abbreviated stipe

or almost none, dark brown, -5-4 cm. high and -4-1 cm. thick ; perithecia ovate to globose

in periphery with very obtuse dark ostiola ; asci cylindric, p. sp. 150-175 X 7-9 /x, with

stipe 30-45 a long ; paraphysate ; ascospores subfusiform to elliptic with obtuse ends,

brown, 25-34 X 6-8 /x.

As with the two previous species, there is no definite shape concept that will characterise

this species. The type, Persoon No. 235, at Leiden, is branched from the base and is very

similar to No. 9046 cited below. Lloyd (26) determined this as X. pistillaris. That name

was set up by Nitschke for a variety of X. polymorpha, characterised by upright more or

less terete branches, but it has no merit as it indicates only an environmental form.

Kalchbrenner (12), Lloyd (19) and van der Byl (1) have described the species from South

Africa.

Material Examined.

On stump of stinkwood, Ocotea bullata, Knysna, Laughton {van der Byl 253).

On Royena lucida, Amatola Mts., Cape, Keel, 9046 (Det. Lloyd as X. pistillaris).

On wood, Buccleuch, Natal, Leighton, 11695 ; Eshowe, Zululand, Rump 385b, 30239 ;

Bluff, Durban, Moonsamy ( van der Byl 365 ) 31704 ; Durban, van der Byl 213, 310.

Excluded' Xylaria Names.

There are some other specific names in South African literature that are either based

on indeterminate conidial stages, or on types that have not been studied by the writer.

In any case they are listed below and reasons for their exclusion from the previous systematic

account are given.

1. Xylaria allantoidea Berk.

Described by Hopkins (11) from a specimen found on stem of Brachystegia sp., Umtali-

The writer has not seen this collection.

2. Xylaria capensis (Lev.) Sacc.

No specimen was available for study.

3. Xylaria carpophila Pers. ex Fr.

Cited by Henning (9) on fruits of a Strychnos sp., Tugela River, Natal. The only

specimens examined on such fruits are those determined as X. ianthino-velutina and X.

hel dd,ea

271

4. Xylaria comiformis Fr.

This name is a synonym of X. bulbosa, but the van der Byl (2) specimens belong under

X. castorea.

5. Xylaria digitata (L. ex Fr.) Grev.

Described by Welwitsch and Currey (Trans. Linn. Soc. 26 : 287, 1868) on Welwitsch

No. 136b, Mossamedes, and also by Lloyd (26) from No. 8976, Hennops River, eeg. van

der Byl.

There is some question concerning the proper concept for this species. Lloyd (29)

accepts a fungus with few or many clubs rising from a common Base or even solitary,

glabrous, with quite protruding perithecia, and spores about 18-20 X 5-6 p. Then he

considers this the same as the American X. cornu-damae (Schw.) Berk.

The general habit of X. digitata and X. cornu-damae is the same, but the spores of the

latter average somewhat longer, up to 25 p, and so the writer considers them distinct.

The concept of X. digitata is not that of Persoon as indicated by Lloyd, but comes

from a Berkeley specimen labelled Sphaeria digitata Ehrh., Lavender Hill, W. Pamplins

This one fully equals Lloyd’s description as given above, but the Persoon specimens in

Leiden and most of the Berkeley collections are immature fasciculate forms of A', polymorpha .

The writer has not seen Welwitsch No. 136b, but has studied the van der Byl collection.

No. 8976 in the Pretoria Herbarium, and the same one in the Lloyd Herbarium. The latter

come within the general concept of the species according to the Berkeley specimen, but

differ in the spores, which are too small, 9-11 X 4-5 p. This is sufficient to warrant

another specific name.

6. Xylaria fistulosa (Lev.) Fr.

This was described by Lloyd (17) from Duthie 51, on rotting log, Knysna Forest. No

specimen has been found in the Lloyd Herbarium, and so the writer has not studied it.

Van der Bvl considers it equal to X. tabacina.

7. Xylaria hippoglossa Speg.

Lloyd (30) determined a van der Byl collection from Knysna, No. 11874, as this species.

Van der Byl (3) also describes the specimen. The collection has spores 8-11-5 X 4-5 p

and is a typical A', castorea.

8. Xylaria Myosurus Mont.

Both Lloyd (29) and van der Byl (2) cite this name, but base it on immature material.

The Lloyd specimen, No. 12773, has not formed perithecia, and it is impossible to guess

at its identity.

9. Xylaria rhopaloides Mont.

This name has been cited from South Africa by Cooke (7), Kalchbrenner (14), Wood

(43) and Lloyd (20, 30).

The Medley Wood collection, Medley Wood 346, 11137 in the Pretoria Herbarium, is

eonidial and indeterminable. The Lloyd specimen, No. 11887, from van der Byl, Stellen-

bosch, is identical with Lloyd’s X. reticulata. The writer has not seen the type of this

species.

10. Xylaria Schweinitzii Berk. & Curt.

Cited by Lloyd (23, 28) and van der Byl (2) on rotting wood, Knysna. Van der Byl

had old specimens, and so finding no spores, preferred to wait for a positive identification .

The writer has not found this species among the African collections.

11. Xylaria stilboides Kalch. & Cke.

Described by Kalckbrenner and Cooke (13) on MacOwan 42. The writer has not seen

these specimens.

Department of Plant Pathology,

The University of Georgia,

Athens, Georgia, U.S.A.

272

LITERATURE CITED.

273

A REVISION OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN

MICROTHYRIACEAE.

By Ethel M. Doidge.

The first reference to a fungus belonging to the Microthyriaceae collected in South

Africa appears to be a description of Asterina sphaerasca by von Thumen (44) No. 119 of

his Fungi austro-africani, published in Flora, 1878. This fungus was found by MacOwan

(. MacOwan 1273) at Olifants Hoek in the Uitenhage district. A number of specimens collected

by MacOwan in the eastern Cape and by Medley Wood in Natal were described by

Kalchbrenner and Cooke in numbers of Grevillea published 1880-1882, and later the number

of known South African species was increased by Sydow, who described specimens sent

to him from the Pretoria Herbarium. In 1920 (Doidge 9) a study of the Microthyriaceae

in the Cryptogamic Herbarium at Pretoria was based on Theissen’s papers in the Annales

Mycologici and elsewhere (36-40) and on his monograph of the genus Asterina (41). In

more recent years, fairly extensive collections have been made, and some of the fungi have

been described from time to time (Sydow 34, van der Byl 4-6, Doidge 11-13). It has

long been evident, however, that a more critical study of the South African members of

the Microthyriaceae is desirable. Not only is more abundant material now available, but

great advances have been made in the study of the phanerogamic flora, and it has been

possible to revise the identification and nomenclature of the host plants. This is a matter

of considerable difficulty, as it is unusual to find either flowers or fruit on the plants when

the fungi are mature. In earlier days a number of mistakes were made in identification

of the hosts, and this led to some confusion amongst the species of fungi. I am indebted

to my colleagues in the phanerogamic herbarium for their kind and willing co-operation

in the revision of the hosts, and particularly to Miss I. C. Verdoorn and Miss H. Forbes,

who examined and identified a large number of difficult specimens.*

CHARACTERS OF THE GROUP.

In recent years, the views of mycologists on the value of certain characters for diagnosis

have undergone some modification, and it has been found that some of them, such as the

presence or absence of paraphyses, are untenable as generic distinctions. A brief review

of the characters of the family in the light of recent investigations may be of interest.

Spore germination.

In most of the genera studied, the spores are brown, 2-celled and more or less

constricted at the septum. The spore usually germinates from the upper or lower end or

from both ends (Theissen 41). In some cases, a hyphopodium is first formed, and in close

proximity to this a hypha emerges, which grows out and branches to form the more or

less extensive superficial mycelium ; this method commonly occurs in the species of Asterina.

In other cases, the ‘ primary ’ hyphopodium does not appear, but hyphae grow from either

end of the spore, and on these hyphopodia are formed early, e.g. Asterina Bottomleyae.

Sometimes germination takes place near the septum as in Asterina dissiliens. In many

species, particularly in the genus Asterina, the spore can long be seen unchanged in the

centre of the fungus colony, and mature spore characters can often be studied from this

when spores still in the thyriothecia are more or less immature (41). In a number of species

with node cells and lacking typical hyphopodia on the hyphae, the spores are thin-walled ;

on germination, a single, 1-celled hyphopodium develops near the upper end ; then the

spore collapses, two or more hyphae grow from the base of this primary hyphopodium

and extend to form the superficial mycelium (Plates LXI, LXII). In some species it

frequently happens that the spores germinate in the ascus.

As a rule, the developing mycelium very early assumes its mature characters, especially

the definite colour, breadth and septation of hyphae and the form of branching, but less

frequently there is a distinct difference between old and young hyphae ; colour deepens

with age, and mature hyphae may differ in breadth and septation from those recently

■ developed.

* Deur die goedgunstigheid van die trustees van die van der Byl Herbarium en van die Stellenbosse

Universiteitsraad is ’n geleentheid vir die bestudering van hierdie groep swamme aangebied, wat in die

versamelings van wyle Dr. van der Byl te vinde is. Verwysing na hierdie monsters sal in verband met

die verskillende soorte gevind word.

274

Mycelium.

The Microthyriaceae have been characterised by Theissen and Sydow (43) as fungi

with superficial ascomata and ‘ free mycelium ’ when present, also superficial. Arnaud (3),

however, points out that these fungi are parasites and that the absorbing apparatus of

superficial forms has been incompletely studied. In the genera under consideration, the

absorbing apparatus is much reduced, and is usually represented only by haustoria, which

penetrate the epidermal or palisade cells of the host. The haustoria of the superficial fungi

have been studied by Marshall Ward (45), Maire (24) and Arnaud (1-3). The superficial

mycelium develops centrifugally on the surface of the host, and consists of brown,

cylindrical hyphae which are septate at fairly regular intervals, usually branch and

anastomose freely, and finally become more or less closely reticulate. In colour the hyphae

range from chestnut brown to olive brown and even greyish olive. Colour is often

characteristic, and in this paper an attempt has been made to indicate colour as precisely

as possible by comparison with Ridgway’s colour charts (30). The external mycelium is

in close contact with the host ; cells from which haustoria develop are sometimes ordinary

hyphal cells ; more frequently this role is assumed by special cells of the hyphae, termed

stigmocysts by Arnaud (3), which may be distributed along the hyphae and are then known

as node cells, or on short special branches known as hyphopodia (Theissen 41) or stigmopodia

(Arnaud 3). These special cells are usually more or less distended, but vary greatly in form

in different species and may even have a slender extremity ; their essential character is

a small, paler spot, more or less conspicuous, which marks the point of emergence of the

filament penetrating the cuticle to form the haustorium in the leaf tissues. The form of

the hyphopodia is remarkably constant in the same species of the Microthyriaceae, and

is a good diagnostic character (41).

Thyriothecia.

The thyriothecia develop on the mycelium in at least two ways (Theissen 41, Doidge

9 and Ryan 31). The first and most common method is from an intercalary cell of a hypha

in which cross septa appear, thus forming two or more small, cubical cells — rarely more

than 5 — which give rise to bud -like growths, often lobed on their free margins and

developing centrifugally. In the second method, the thyriothecium arises from the terminal

cell of a short, lateral branch. Ryan mentions also a third method, more common in the

genus Meliola, in which the thyriothecium develops from a hyphopodium. The thyriothecia

are either circular in outline, or more or less elliptical to linear. Intermediate forms are

found, and occasionally all forms, from round to linear can be found in the same species,

or even on the same leaves. In some species (41) the thyriothecium has a distinct basal

membrane, which is pale grey or fuscous, composed of radiating hyphae and a fairly exact

copy of the covering membrane. This is sometimes firm, but often delicate and transient,

so that it is easily destroyed by pressure, or traces of its presence only discernible at the

edge of the ascoma.

The covering membrane is formed of radiating hyphae, which may be straight or more

or less sinuous. It may open by means of a pore (Microthyrium) or, closed at first, break

into triangular segments by the formation of radiating, stellate cracks (Asterina) or, in

the case of linear ascomata, form a longitudinal fissure running almost the length of the

covering membrane. In certain species, the covering membrane becomes strongly convex

through the formation of a quantity of mucilage from the break-down of paraphysoids

and other internal cells ; the central part of the covering membrane then dissolves into

mucilage and disappears almost entirely, leaving the asci embedded in a dirty brown,

mucilaginous mass. Between the typical forms dehiscing by cracks and those in which the

covering membrane is dissolved, there is a series of transition forms (Sydow and Petrak,

35 p. 246).

Typical paraphyses are sometimes found, which are regularly septate, sterile threads

of limited length between the asci, often somewhat clavate at the tips and agglutinated

(41). It is difficult in many cases to establish the presence of true paraphyses and to

distinguish them from other sterile, intrathecial hyphae known as paraphysoids ; in most

genera, even those said to be characterised by the absence of paraphyses, definite, if sparse,

paraphysoids are always present (Petrak 26).

Conidia.

The Astcrostomella fructification, which is the pycnidial form of the genus Asterina,

is well known. It has pycnidia similar in foim to the thyriothecia, but usually smaller,

275

and continuous conidia, in which the brown colouring is continuous or is interrupted by

a lighter or hyaline zone. These conidia vary in form and size and in their method of

germination to a greater extent than indicated by Theissen (41). The pycnidial forms

of other genera are not so well known. It is probable that a number of general classified

with the superficial Leptostromaceae and placed in the group Pycnothyriae by von Hohnel

(16) and Diedecke (8) are conidial forms of Microthyriaceae, but they have not been

connected with the ascus forms. The pycnidial form of Lembosiopsis eucalyptina has been

named by Petrak and Sydow (29) Thyrinula eucalyptina.

In the South African species of Lembosia and Echidnodes a number of conidial forms

were found. The hyaline, ellipsoid conidia of Echidnodes africana resemble those of Peltaster

Syd. (Ann. Myc. 15, 1917, p. 261) ; in Ech. Hypolepidis, the conidia are ovate or ellipsoid

and olive buff, and possibly may be linked with the genus Asteromula Theissen (42), which

is an ahyphopodiate Aster ostomella. The genus Actinothyrium P. Henn. (15) has 3-septate,

hyaline, oblongfusoid conidia like those of Ech. Acokantherae. In Lembosia piriensis the

pycnidial conidia are hyaline, bacillary ; bodies similar to these have recently been described

and figured by Luttrell (23) in Morenoella quercina as ‘ spermogonia ’, but proof of the

nature and function of these bodies is lacking. Marshall Ward (45) described the formation

of spermatia in Asterina spissa, but according to him erect clusters of delicate hyphae are

produced on the mycelium and on the young thyriothecia ; he was in doubt as to the nature

of these structures, because of the difficulty in determining their 'exact relation to the

mycelium. Arnaud (3) figures small hemispherical bodies in Morenoella Mollenidiae , similar

to those found in Lembosia piriensis and L. durbana, but no reference is made to them

in his text. There is no evidence that these have any sexual significance, or that they are

other than pycnidia. In the genus Clypeolella , the conidia are 3-septate, usually brown,

and are borne on the mycelium ; dark mycelial conidia, 6-12-septate, were also observed

in Lembosia piriensis. >

It is possible that the varying conidial forms may be of value in grouping species,

but further studies in this direction are needed.

CLASSIFICATION.

In their Synoptische Tafeln (4), Theissen and Sydow include in the Hemisphaeriales

ascomycetes with flat, shield-shaped, dimidiate ascomata which are superficial or covered

by the cuticle. Within this group, the Microthyriaceae are distinguished by their superficial

ascomata and superficial “ free ” mycelium ; fungi with superficial ascomata attached to

an intramatrical hypostroma are placed in the Polystomellaceae. Arnaud (3), however,

regards the Polystomellaceae as defined by Theissen and Sydow as large Microthyriaceae

with plurilocular stromata and a more extensive intramatrical absorbing apparatus. He

states that one finds intermediate forms which establish a gradual transition between the

two types of stroma. The presence of superficial mycelium is in correlation with the humidity

of the climate of regions where these fungi are found ; they occur almost exclusively in

tropical regions with a high rainfall, or in humid mountainous districts of more temperate

regions. Arnaud contends that the belief in the absence of an intramatrical absorbing

apparatus in the small Microthyriaceae is the result of incomplete investigation.

The present paper is restricted to forms included by Theissen and Sydow in the

Microthyriaceae, and their classification is followed, with some modifications.

Generic Characters.

The largest number of the species found in South Africa belongs to the genus Asterina,

which must now be taken to include the genera Parasterina and Englerulaster. Petrak (26)

has pointed out that the presence or absence of paraphyses or paraphysoids alone cannot

be used as a generic distinction between hemispherical forms. For example, Asterina, a

genus in which paraphyses are said to be wanting, always has definite, if somewhat sparse,

paraphysoids. The fact that these are numerous in Parasterina is therefore without generic

significance and the genus Parasterina cannot be maintained ; but as the species with

definite, typical paraphyses resemble one another in a number of ways Parasterina may be

retained as a section of the genus Asterina. For the same reason, the genus Morenoella

must be united with Lembosia, and Prillieuxina with Asterinella.

The only difference between a typical Asterina and a typical Englerulaster is that

in the latter genus the covering membrane of the thyriothecium becomes strongly convex

through the mucilaginous dissolution of internal hyphae and is itself dissolved. Between

this and the typical Asterina •with stellate dehiscence there is a series of transition forms

which are difficult to place. Englerulaster can probably be maintained as a section of

276

Asterina (Sydow and Petrak 35). The third section of the genus, Clypeolaster, is characterised

by the presence of a basal membrane in the thyriothecium. This is readily recognisable

when it is firm and definite, but it is possible that it may be overlooked in species where

it is delicate or transient (41).

The genus Seynesia cannot be included in the Microthyriaceae, as Petrak (27) has

pointed out that the type species of the genus, Seynesia nobilis, is identical with

Steganopycnis oncospermatis and is a typical Sphaeriaceae. The genus Arnaudiella Petrak

(27) has been established for Microthyriaceae with little or no superficial mycelium, radiating

covering membrane with central pore and 2-celled dark spores, and Ferrarisia Petrak to

include forms with 2-celled dark spores previously known as Seynesia spp.

The genus Amazonia, which is placed in the Synoptische Tafeln between Halbania

and Yatesula, although it has an ascoma with slightly convex, radiating covering membrane,

is not related to these genera but to Meliola, to which it approximates in habit and in

development (Petrak 25). The single South African species of this genus, Amazonia

asterinoides, originally named Meliolaster Mackenzii Doidge (10), has been described in

a paper on the Meliolineae (14).

Mycelial characters are used as generic distinctions in this group. Asterinella, for

instance, resembles Asterina but has no hyphopodia. Theissen includes forms with node

cells, or intercalary stigmocysts, in the genus Asterina, but Arnaud regards this character

as one of generic importance, and established a series of genera with “node cells” and

elongated or round thyriothecia. Of these, Asterolibertia, comprising the species of the

section Nodidosae of Theissen ’s sub-genus Dimer osporium, has been adopted for two South

African species ; these differ from Asterina, not only in the form and position of the

stigmocysts, but in general habit and in spore germination.

Mycelial setae are rare in this group, but Arnaud (3) established the genus Trichasterina

for a species, Trichasterina Styracis, with distinct mycelial setae. One species of this genus

has been found in South Africa.

MICROTHYRIACEAE Sacc.

Syll. Fung. II (1883) p. 658. Theissen and

Sydow, Ann. Myc. ^5 (1917) p. 413.

Superficial mycelium septate, brown, reticulate, often with hyphopodia, or quite

wanting ; intramatrical mycelium much reduced and often only represented by haustoria.

Ascoma ta (thyriothecia) superficial, scutate ; covering membrane radial in structure,

formed under a hypha, consisting of one or more layers of cells, dehiscing from the apex

by an irregular circular pore, or by stellate or longitudinal fissures, sometimes the central

portion becomes mucilaginous and breaks down irregularly (“ mucose diffluent ”, Stevens

and Ryan 32). Hypothecium flat or concave, colourless, thin, filamentous. Basal membrane

thin, formed of a single layer of cells, or wanting. Asci basal, erect, parallel, or somewhat

convergent, with or without paraphyses, broadly clavate or ovate, seldom cylindrical,

without a pore. Epithecium, or agglutinated paraphysal layer, wanting, atypical or typical.

Hymenium jmlyascous, one or more under one covering membrane, seldom monaseous.

KEY TO SOUTH AFRICAN GENERA.

A. — No superficial mycelium Sub-family Microthyriae Sacc. and Syd.

(a) Thyriothecia rounded, spores 2-celled.

1. Spores hyaline, thyriothecia with central pore.

x. Thyriothecia closely crowded and more or less completely fused . . .

xx. Thyriothecia separate, sometimes confluent but not fused

2. Spores brown : .

(b) Thyriothecia linear, spores brown

B. — Superficial mycelium present Sub-family Aslerineae Sacc. and Syd.

(a) Thyriothecia rounded. *

1. Spores 2-celled, brown.

x. Typical hyphopodia present.

o. Mycelial setae present

oo. No mycelial setae.

/. Conidia, when present, pycnidial, 1 -celled

//. Conidia mycelial, 4-celled

xx. No typical hyphopodia.

o. More or less swollen node cells distributed throughout liyphae

oo. Hyphae more or less even in thickness, no specialised node cells

(b) Thyriothecia linear.

1. Spores 2-celled, hyaline, no hyphopodia

2. Spores 2-celled, brown.

x. Hyphopodia present ;

xx. Hyphopodia lacking

1. Calopeltis.

2. Microthyrmm.

3. Ferrarisia.

4. Lembosina.

5. Trichasterina.

6. Asterina.

7. Clypeolella.

8. Asterolibertia.

9. Asterinella.

10. Lembosiopsis.

11. Lembosia.

12. Echidnodes.

277

CALOPELTIS Syd.

Ann. Myc. 23 (1925) p. 393.

No superficial mycelium. Thyriothecia densely crowded and often more or less

completely fused, with a common, hyaline or sub-hyaline basal layer. Covering membrane

radial in structure, composed of a single layer of cells, at first closed, then developing an

irregular central pore. Asci fairly numerous, clavate, thick-walled, sessile, 8-spored. Spores

broadly oblong-clavate, 1-septate, hyaline. Paraphysoids few, fibrose.

Calopeltis Jasmini Doidge nov. spec. [Plate I.]

No superficial mycelium. Thyriothecia epiphyllous, densely crowded, forming more

or less circular black spots up to 5 mm. diam. ; frequently the centre of the spot is very

dense, consisting of a more or less completely fused aggregate of thyriothecia 2-2-5 mm.

diam., surrounded by a ring of younger thyriothecia, which are at first scattered, but early

become fused in irregular groups as they develop. There is no discoloration of the leaf

tissues.

Single thyriothecia more or less circular to angular, 100-150 /x diam. Compound covering

membrane, composed of fused membranes of single thyriothecia ; each individual membrane

slightly convex, about 50 p. high in the centre, at first isabella colour to snuff brownA

becoming blackish brown, subopaque, but remaining paler in the centre and at the margin

when the latter is free ; usually completely fused and continuous with the covering

membranes of adjacent thyriothecia ; formed of radiating, irregularly sinuous hyphae

2-2- 5 p. thick, central cells thin-walled, almost cubical, 2-3 /x long, loosely compacted,

breaking down to form an irregular central pore 15-20 /x diam., cells near margin up to

15 p long ; free margins irregular and sometimes sub-fimbriate. Asci 8-spored, clavate or

ellipsoid, straight or slightly curved, broadly rounded above, tapering more or less towards

the sessile base, with a firm wall slightly thickened round the apex, 40-50 X 12-5 to 15 /x.

Spores more or less distichous, oblong-clavate, broadly rounded above, tapering gradually

downwards, 1-septate, not constricted or very slightly so, smooth, hyaline, 12-5-16 p

long, upper cell ovate, 4-5 /x long and 4-5-5 p broad, lower 7-5-10 fx long, 3-75-4-5 /x

broad at the septum. Paraphysoids sparse, fibrose.

On Jasminum streptopus E. Mey., on leaves, Durban, Medley Wood, 9516.

MICROTHYRIUM Desm.

Ann. Sci. Nat. XY (1841) p. 138.

No superficial mycelium. Thyriothecia superficial, scattered or in groups, brown,

radial in structure with a central pore. Hymenium simple, polyascous. Asci clavate, thick-

walled, 8-spored. Spores 2-celled, hyaline.

KEY TO SPECIES.

A. — Thyriothecia 240-260 p diameter, spores rannliform 1. M. ranulisporum.

B. — Thyriothecia 150-200 u diameter, spores ellipsoid 2. M . murtilicohirn .

1. Microthyrium ranulisporum Doidge.

Bothalia II (1927) p. 235. [Plate Ila.]

No free mycelium. Thyriothecia hypophyllous, scattered or in small irregular groups,

visible to the naked eye as fine black points. Thyriothecia discrete and circular in outline,

240-260 /x diam., or becoming confluent in pairs or small groups. Basal layer hyaline,

structure not evident. Covering membrane pellucid, deep olive buff at the margin to buffy

brown in the centre, slightly convex, about 30 /x high in the centre, with an irregularly

round central pore ca. 20-30 p diam. ; composed of irregularly radiating, undulating and

more or less tortuous hyphae 2-3-5 p thick, margin very irregular, sometimes subfimbriate,

In the young thyriothecia, the central cells which break down to form the pore are almost

cubical ; elsewhere the cells are longer, often 10-15 p long. Asci very numerous, 8-spored,

oblong-clavate, rounded above, tapering slightly or more definitely to a sessile base,

90-100 X 10-14 /x, not staining blue with iodine. Spores distichous, hyaline or flavescent,

clavate, straight or slightly curved, like tadpoles in shape, 1-septate, very slightly constricted,

25-30 /x long; upper cell ovate, 6-5-8-5/x long and 3-5-5 /x broad, lower cuneate, often

curved or bent, 16-5-23-5 /x long, 3 /x broad at the septum and tapering downwards to

ca. 1 /x. Paraphysoids fairly numerous, hyaline, fibrose, sub-persistent.

On Scolopia Mundtii Presl., on leaves, Komgha, E. P. Phillips , 14152.

* For colour names in all descriptions cf. Ridgway (30).

278

2. Microthyrium maculicolum Doidge.

Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Afr. 8 (1920) pp. 241, 280, PI. XVIII, fig. 40.

Sub Microthyrium annuliforme Syd. in Stevens and Ryan The Microthyriaceae (1939)

p. 20. [Plate lib.]

No free mycebum. Thyriothecia epiphyllous, on leaf spots which are 4-8 mm. diam.,

or up to 10 mm., wood brown, becoming avellanous in the centre, slightly raised, blister-like.

Thyriothecia developing in a ring near the edge of the spot, numerous, irregularly placed,

discrete or confluent in small groups, circular in outline, 150-200 p diam., or flattened by

contact and irregular. Covering membrane slightly convex, snuff brown to bister, pellucid,

formed of straight, radiating hyphae 3 • 5-5 /a thick ; central cells almost cubical, 3 • 5-5 /a

long, marginal cells up to 8 /a long or rarely up to 10 /a ; margin entire, smooth or slightly

and irregularly crenate. Asci 6-8-spored, not numerous, usually 3-7 in each thyriothecium,

ellipsoid, 70 X 27 /a, or, more frequently, ovate, broadly rounded above, tapering downwards

to a sterile base, 50-57 X 30-43 / a ; uniformly thinly tunicated, wall ca. 1 p thick. Spores

conglobate, hyaline, ovate-ellipsoid, broadly rounded at both ends, 1-septate, not

constricted, 19-25 p long ; upper cell larger, 10-15 /a long and 10-11*5 /a broad, lower 9-10 /a

long and 7*5-9 p broad. Paraphyses sparse, fibrose.

On Capparis citrifolia Lam., on leaves, Durban, Bottomley, 11668.

Stevens and Ryan (l.c.) consider this species identical with M. annuliforme Syd., an

Indian species occurring on Capparis. Judging by the description the two fungi are very

similar, but there are a number of minor differences. Authentic material of M. annuliforme ,

has not been available for comparison, and it seems preferable to retain the name

M. maculicolum for the South African fungus until a comparison can be made.

FERRARISIA Sacc. emend. Petrak.

Sacc., Atti dell’Accad. Veneto-Trentino-Istriana X (1917) p. 61

Petrak, Ann. Myc. 25 (1927) p. 343.

Superficial mycelium none, or very sparse and transient, consisting of thin-walled,

subhyaline or very light olive brown, obscurely septate hyphae. Thyriothecia in groups

often numerous and closely crowded and then becoming more or less confluent, usually

somewhat angular and irregular in outline or slightly elongated, seldom almost circular ;

basal layer subhyaline, almost structureless ; covering membrane dark brown, small-celled,

radial at the margin, at first quite closed, finally breaking into a few obtuse, triangular

portions through the formation of irregular or stellate cracks. Asci spherical or broadly

ovate, 4-8-spored, with a thick, firm wall, sessile, immersed in a subhyaline or light olive

brown, indefinitely filamentous, paraphysoidal, mucilaginous mass. Spores oblong, 1-septate

long remaining hyaline, finally pellucid olive brown or blackish brown.

Ferrarisia Jasmini Doidge, nov. spec. [Plate Ilia.]

No persistent superficial mycelium. Thyriothecia amphigenous, mostly epiphyllous,

sometimes scattered irregularly, but usually more or less closely crowded in groups. Groups

of thyriothecia irregularly circular, poorly defined and up to 7 mm. diam., often numerous

and becoming confluent, so that the thyriothecia are more or less evenly distributed over

the whole leaf surface. Thyriothecia always more densely crowded in the centre of the

groups, comparatively distant and widely dispersed near the circumference ; quite

superficial and readily becoming detached from the leaf surface.

Single, isolated thyriothecia more or less circular in outline, 120-200 p diam., very

frequently becoming confluent in small or larger groups and then flattened laterally and

obtusely angular. Basal layer flat, thin, hyaline, structure not evident. Covering membrane

convex, ca. 20-25 p high in the centre, black, carbonaceous, opaque, except near the margin,

which is subopaque, snuff brown to bister, structure only evident after bleaching ; formed

of rather sinuously radiating hyphae, 3-4 p thick, closely articulated, cells mostly 5-8 p

long, margin irregular or briefly subfimbriate ; at first, closed, finally splitting by stellate

cracks into ca. 3-5 broadly triangular segments. Asci not very numerous, ca. 10-15 in

each thyriothecium, broadly ellipsoid to ovate, 8-spored, sessile, 35-40 X 25-35 p, often

becoming more elongated at maturity, up to 60 p long, with a firm wall, slightly thickened

(ca. 5 p) round the apex. Spores conglobate or indefinitely tristichous, oblong, rounded

at both ends, 1-septate, rather deeply constricted, snuff brown, smooth, 22-25 p long;

cells ovate, upper 12*5-14 p long and 10-ll*5/x broad, lower 10-1 1 • 5 p long and 7*5-10/t

broad. Paraphysoids indefinitely fibrose, breaking down early to form the light brownish

olive mucilaginous mass in which the asci are embedded.

On Jasminum angulare Yaill., on leaves, Kentani Pegler, 2288.

279

LEMBOSINA Theiss.

Ann. Myc. XI (1913) p. 437.

Like Lembosia, but without superficial mycelium.

Lembosina Rawsoniae Doidge, nov. spec.

No superficial mycelium. Thyriothecia hypophyllous, barely visible to the naked eye,

scattered irregularly ; sometimes 2-4 individual thyriothecia which are in close proximity

to one another become confluent, fuse at the ends and form compound ascomata which

are often Y-, L- or X-shaped. Individual thyriothecia oblong or linear, tapering slightly

to rounded ends, 200-400 p long, 80-100 p broad, most frequently 250-300 p long, straight

or slightly curved. Basal layer subhyaline, without definite structure. Covering membrane

slightly convex, at first snuff browD, becoming darker, almost black and opaque in the

centre, formed of slightly undulating, radiating hyphae, 1-1-5 p thick, with cells 1-5-2 -5 p

long, becoming pellucid and gradually paler near the margin, and fading into a short,

indefinite hyaline zone ; margin irregular but not fringed ; at maturity dehiscing by an

irregular longitudinal fissure running almost the length of the covering membrane. Asci

numerous, ovate or clavate-oblong, broadly rounded above, sessile or with a short, peg-like

foot, 8-spored, ca. 15-20 X 7-10 q. Spores subdistichous or conglobate, oblong or subclavate

broadly rounded above, tapering more or less downwards, 1-septate, not constricted at

the septum or barely so, at first hyaline, becoming deep olive buff, smooth, 7-10 X 2-5-3 p ;

upper cell somewhat broader than the lower.

On Raivsonia lucida Harv. et Sond., on leaves, Hlinza Forest. Eshowe, Gerstner, 32662.

Very few mature spores were seen, although abundant material was examined ; in

mature thyriothecia, asci were either old and empty or immature, both conditions being

found in the same thyriothecium ; a few mature spores were found lying free in the

thyriothecium.

TRICHASTERINA Arnaud.

Ann. de l'ficole Nat. d’Agric. de Montpellier,

nouv. ser. 16 (1918) p. 172.

Thyriothecia and mycelium similar to those of Asterina, but mycelium furnished

with setae.

Trichasterina Popowiae Doidge, nov. nom.

Syn : Englerulaster Popowiae Doidge, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Afr. 8 (1920) pp. 243, 279.

Englera Popowiae (Doidge) Stev., in Steven - and Ryan, The Microthyriaceae (1939)

p. 45. [Plate IV.]

Colonies epiphyllous, scattered, thin, greyish black, more or less circular in outline,

up to 7 mm. diarn., occasionally numerous and confluent.

Mycelium radiating, becoming loosely reticulate. Hyphae at first isabella colour,

becoming light brownish olive to brownish olive, 5-6-5 p thick, straight or nearly so, rather

obscurely septate ; cells 20-35 p long ; branching irregular. Hyphopodia fairly numerous,

alternate, unilateral or opposite, often very irregularly placed, 1-celled, erect, curved or

bent, variable in form, cylindrical, ovate or subglobose, occasionally dilated suddenly near

the base, rarely 2-celled, with a shcrt, cylindrical basal cell, mostly 10-15 p long, rarely

longer, 6-10 p broad. Mycelial setae fairly numerous, scattered, simple, straight, brownish

olive, obscurely septate, becoming subopaque, up to 350 p long, 5-6 p thick at the base,

tapering gradually to a blunt apex, which is 1 • 5-2 p thick.

Thyriothecia numerous, scattered, usually discrete, but occasionally becoming confluent

in small groups, 150-190 p diam. Basal layer subhyaline, structure not evident. Covering

membrane convex, at first light brownish olive, becoming darker and subopaque in the

centre, formed of rather loosely compacted, irregularly radiating hyphae ca, 5 p thick ;

margin coarsely and rather sparsely fimbriate ; at maturity dehiscing by irregular fissures,

which at first may be more or less radiating, the central cells finally falling away and exposing

the developing asci. Asci 8-spored, ovate or subglobose, 40-47 X 30-40 p. Spores

conglobate, obloDg, brownish olive, broadly rounded at both ends, 1-septate, constricted,

minutely verruculose at maturity, 21-27 X 10-13 p, cells subglobose, equal, or the upper

slightly broader.

On Popowia caffra (Sond.) Hook. f. et Thoms, on leaves, Buccleuch near Cramond,

Doidge , 9714 (Type) ; East London, Doidge, 10917 ; Stella Bush, Durban, van der Byl 322,

541, 11364, 32133 and Schilz, 14704 ; Bluff, Durban. Morgan and Doidge, 32166 ; Winter’s

Kloof, Doidge, 12434.

280

The covering membrane of the thyriothecia breaks up irregularly in the centre, but the

cells do not seem to dissolve with free formation of mucilage and this is not a typical

Englerulaster-form. The dehiscence of the thyriothecium resembles that of Trichasterina

Styracis (Th.) Arn., as figured by Arnaud (3, PI. XXXIII) ; it also resembles this fungus

in the presence of setae on the mycelium.

ASTERINA Lev.

Ann. Sc. Nat. Ser. 3, Bd. Ill (1845) p. 59.

Syn : Dimerosyorium Fuckel (1869) in Symb. Myc. p. 89.

Myxasterina v. Hohn. (1909) in Fragm. Myk. No. 33.

Englerulaster v. Hohn. (1910) in Fragm. Myk. No. 520 ; cf. Theissen in Broteria

(1914) p. 78.

Parasterina Theiss. et Syd. (1917) Ann. Myc. 15, p, 246.

Superficial mycelium usually well developed, with hyphopodia. Thyriothecia round,

scutate, dimidiate ; covering membrane radial, dehiscing by radiating cracks, or central

part becoming mucilaginous and falling away. Hypothecium flat or slightly concave,

colourless. Basal membrane present or absent. Hymenium simple, polyascous. Asci

ovate to clavate, with or without typical paraphyses. Spores brown, 2-celled.

KEY TO SECTIONS.

A. — Typical paraphyses present ; they are persistent filamentous, often subclavate

at the tips PARASTERINA

(Species 1-5)

B. — No typical paraphyses ; paraphysoids sparse, or more or less freely developed,

disappearing early or sub-persistent.

(a) Covering membrane of thyriothecium becoming strongly convex at

maturity, cells dissolved with free formation of mucilage ENGLERULASTER.

(Species 8-9)

(b) Covering membrane usually slightly convex, dehiscing by radiating

stellate cracks.

1 . Basal layer of thyriothecium subhyaline, without definite structure,

not membranous DIMEROSPORIU M .

(Species 10-37)

2. Thyriothecia with pale fuscous or greyish basal membrane, radiating

in structure CLYPEOLASTER.

(Species 38-53)

KEY TO SOUTH AFRICAN SPECIES OF ASTERINA.

I. — Typical paraphyses present Section PARASTERINA.

A. — -Hyphopodia 2-celled; spores zoned 1. A. pemphidiodes.

B. — Hyphopodia 1-celled; spores not zoned.

(а) Spores smooth.

1. Hyphopodia very numerous, mostly opposite 2.

2. Hyphopodia less numerous, alternate.

x. Hyphae fringing thyriothecium tortuous 3 .A. Zeyheri.

xx. Hyphae fringing thyriothecia straight or slightly undulating.

o. Spores 30-34 x 12-5-15-5/r 4.

oo. Spores 27-31 X 14-15 y, 5.

(б) Spores verrucu.'ose.

1. Hyphae all bearing hyphopodia 6.

2. Secondary hyphopodia without hyphopodia, paler 7.

II (a). — No typical paraphyses, Thyriothecium dehiscing by dissolution of cells

of covering membrane Section ENGLERULASTER.

A. — Spores 23-28 x 12-15 ^ 8. A. nodosa.

B. — Spores 33-39 x 17-5-20^ 9- Bottomleyae.

II ( b ) 1. — -No typical paraphyses. Thyriothecium dehiscing by stellate cracks.

No basal membrane Section

A. — Hyphopodia continuous.

(a) Hyphopodia entire, or rarely sublobed.

1. Thyriothecia intercalary in origin,

x. Spores smooth.

o. Hyphopodia few, distant.

(i) Hyphopodia briefly cylindrical to subglobose. . .

(ii) Hyphopodia subglobose or conical 11. A. inconspicua.

(iii) Hyphopodia flattened hemispherical or ampulliform.

/ Hyphopodia 3*5 -Ay, long; spores 9—10 p broad 12. A. dissiliens.

// Hyphopodia up to 10 y long; spores 1 1-11 • 5 p

1 1 road 12a. A. dissiliens,

var. senegalensis.

A. Oncinotidis.

A. natalitia.

A. Oxyanthae.

A. Syzygii.

A. Knysnae.

DIMEROSPORIUM.

10. A. secamonicola.

281

oo. Hyphopodia fairly numerous.

(i) Spores 35-42-5/t long 13. A. robuata.

(ii) Spores 25-29 // long.

/ Hyphae 5-7 // thick ; hyphopodia broadly cylin-

drical 14. A. opaca.

// Hyphae 3-5-5// thick; hyphopodia pyriform.. 15. A. Vepridis.

(iii) Spores 20-25// long.

/ Spores 12-5-15// broad 16. A. Hendersoni.

-// 'Spores 10-12-5// broad.

' Hyphopodia subglobose to briefly cylindrical.

y. Immature spores not zoned 17. A. ferruginosa.

yy. Immature spores zoned 18. A. Rosmanae.

" Hyphopodia usually sublobed, irregular, often

curved.

y. Hyphae 3-3-5// thick 19. A. delicata.

yy. Hyphae 3 -5-4-5// thick 20a. A. Orewiae,

var. zonata.

. Hyphopodia usually finger- or flask-shaped. 20. A. Grewiae.

xx. Spores rerruculose.

o. Spores 16-20 x 7-5-11// ....'. 21. A. crotoniensis.

oo. Spores 24-29 x 13-15// 22. A. Trichiliae.

2. Thyriothecia terminal on short hyphal branches.

x. Spores verruculose. 23. A. Trichocladi.

xx. Spores smooth, zoned 24. A. raripoda.

( b ) Hyphopodia lobed.

1. Thyriothecia intercalary in origin,

x. Spores smooth.

o. Hyphopodia with shallow lobes or sublobed.

(i) Spores 14—16 X 8-9 // 25. A. Pavoniae.

(ii) Spores 20-25 x 10-12-5// 20a. A. Grewiae,

var. zonata.

2. Thyriothecia terminal on short hyphal branches,

x. Spores smooth.

o. Spores 11-13// long 26. A. xumenensis.

oo. Spores 13-15// long 27. A. undulata.

ooo. Spores 15-18// long 28. A. Streptocarpi.

xx. Spores verruculose 29. A. gerbericola.

B. Hyphopodia septate.

(a) Spores smooth.

1. Hyphopodia few, 1-5-celled 30. A. woodiana.

2. Hyphopodia fairly numerous, mostly 2 -celled.

x. Spores 29-34 X 16-20// 31. A. uncinata.

xx. Spores 20-25 x 9-11 //.

o. Hyphopodia 6-10 // broad- 32. A. reticulata.

oo. Hyphopodia 3 —4// broad 33. A. Scolopiae.

xxx. Spores 17-5-20 X 8-5-11//, 34. A. Saniculae.

(b) Spores punctate or minutely verruculose.

1. Spores punctate 35. A. fimbriata.

2. Spores minutely verruculose 36. A. Combreti.

(c) Spores grossly echinulate 37. A. Peglerae.

II (6) 2. — No typical paraphyses. Thyriothecia dehiscing by stellate cracks.

Basal membrane present Section CLYPEOL ASTER.

A. — Hyphopodia continuous.

(а) Hyphopodia not lobed 38. A. loranthicola.

(б) Hyphopodia lobed.

1. Spores smooth.

x. Thyriothecia closely crowded; spores 14—18 x 7-5-9// 39. A. polythyria.

xx. Thyriothecia scattered; spores 16-20 x 9-10// 40. A. clausenicola.

2. Spores verruculose.

x. Spores 17-25 x 10-12 //, upper cell broader. Hyphae 3-5-5//

thick 41. A. erysipboides.

xx. Spores 17-20 x 9-10 //, upper cell broader. Hyphae 2 • 5-3 • 5 //

thick 43a. A. diplocarpa,

var. Hibisci.

xxx. Spores 16-18 x 7-5-10 //, cells subequal. Hyphae 3-4// thick 42. A. tertia,

var. africana.

xxxx. Spores 15-16-5 x 7 -5-9 //, upper cell broader. Hyphae 3 • 5—4 //

thick 43. A. diplocarpa.

xxxxx. Spores 25-30 x 12-14 // 44. A. Excoecariae.

B. — Hyphopodia septate.

(a) Spores smooth.

1. Spores 12-15 x 5-6-5// 45. A. Fleuryae.

2

282

2. Spores 17-5-20 X 8-5-11 p.

x. Hyphopodia with, cylindrical basal cell 46. A. van der Bylii.

xx. Hyphopodia with gibbous basal cell 47. A. peraffinis.

( b ) Spores more or less verruculose-echinulate.

1. Spores 16-20 p long.

x. Spores 7-9 p broad, cells subequal 48. A. radio-fissilis.

xx. Spores 8-10 p broad, upper cell broader.

o. Spores conspicuously verruculose-echinulafe 49. A. africana.

oo. Spores minutely verruculose-echinulate 49a. A. africana,

var. Kiggelariae.

2. Spores 22-30 p long.

x. Hyphopodia cylindrical, straight.

o. Hyphopodia slender r 50. A. elegans.

oo. Hyphae broadly cylindrical 51. A. capparidicola.

xx. Hyphopodia uncinate 52. A. Woodii.

(c) Spores grossly verrucose. Hyphopodia lobed 53. A. Rinoreae.

1. Asterina pemphidioides Cke.

Grevillea V (187.6) p. 16 ; Theissen, Die Gattung Asterina (1913) p. 40 (cum icones).

Syn.: Par asterina pemphidioides (Cke.) Theiss., Ann. Myc. XV (1917) p. 246 [Plate V.]

Colonies amphigenous, mostly hypophyllous, thin, greyish black, round to irregular

in outline, not sharply defined, up to 8 mm. diam., scattered or more or less crowded, often

becoming confluent and covering larger, irregular areas of the leaf surface.

Mycelium loosely reticulate, meshes of network usually quadrangular or triangular.

Hyphae isabella colour to light brownish olive or bister, usually straight, sometimes more

or less tortuous, 5-6 p thick, occasionally up to 7 p ; adjacent hyphae sometimes adhere

and run parallel, forming strands of 2 or 3 hyphae ; cells mostly 25-30 p long ; branching

irregular. Hyphopodia distant, not very numerous, alternate or unilateral, 1-septate,

straight or somewhat curved, cylindrical or subclavate, rounded at the apex, 12-17 p long

and 5-8 p broad ; basal cell short, usually cylindrical, rarely gibbous, 3-5-7 p long and

5 p broad ; terminal cell ovate or cylindrical ; 1 -celled hyphopodia occasional, especially

in the neighbourhood of the thyriothecia.

Thyriothecia more or less circular, occasionally broadly elliptic, 200-350 p diam.,

less frequently up to 400 p, scattered or gregarious and becoming confluent in groups of

2-4 and consequently flattened laterally by contact. Basal layer delicate, deep olive buff,

formed of loosely radiating hyphae, not membranous. Covering membrane convex, bister

and pellucid at the margin, becoming almost black and opaque in the centre, formed of

irregularly radiating hyphae 3-5 p thick, cells 7-10 p long in the centre, 15-20 p long near

the margin where the hyphae become tortuous ; margin crenate or more or less fimbriate ;

at maturity 3-5 radiating cracks develop, and the centre of the covering membrane later

breaks away, exposing the developing asci. Asci not very numerous, ca. 10-15 in each

thyriothecium, 8-spored, ovate, broadly rounded above and attenuate to the base, or broadly

ellipsoid and rounded at both ends, 67-5-80 X 45-62-5 p; wall rather thin, thickened

round the apex 5-10 p. Paraphyses fairly numerous, hyaline, filiform, slightly exceeding

the asci, 1 • 5-2 p thick, slightly thickened, 3-4 p, at the club-shaped tips and becoming

conglutinate. Spores conglobate, oblong, rounded at both ends, 1-septate, slightly constricted,

32-40 p long; upper cell broader and more broadly rounded, 16-20 p long and 13-14 p

broad ; lower 15-20 p long and 11-12-5/x broad ; maturing spores are snuff brown with

darker zones at each end and at either side of the septum, they are surrounded by a thin

mucilaginous envelope ca. 1 p thick ; at maturity the spores are bister, and the zoning

becomes very faint or not evident.

On Syzygium Gerrardi (Harv.) Hochst., Woodbush, Doidge, 17755, 28338 ; associated

with Asterina Syzygii, on the same leaves.

The hyphae and spores of this fungus are more slender than described by Theissen for

the species, but agree in measurements with specimens distributed by Sydow under this

name and others identified by him. (Syd. Fung. exot. 270, 271 and Phil. Bur. Sci. 20924,

8378 and 23892.)

2. Asterina Oncinotidis Doidge nov. nom.

Syn. : Parasterina rigida Doidge, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Afr. 8 (1920) pp. 246, 277 ; not

Asterina rigida Doidge. [Plate VI.]

Colonies epiphyllous, black, or more or less circular, scattered, mostly on the primary

veins, up to 7 mm. diam.

283

Mycelium rather closely reticulate. Hyphae sayal brown to verona brown, more or

less sinuous and uneven in thickness, 5-7*5 p thick ; cells mostly 15-20 p long ; branches

usually alternate. Hyphopodia very numerous, opposite or alternate, sometimes 3 arise

from one hyphal cell and are irregularly placed, when there are two to one cell they are

not always exactly opposite ; 1 -celled, ovate or briefly cylindrical, broadly rounded above,

erect and symmetrical or oblique, often flattened through pressure of neighbouring hyphae

or hyphopodia, 6-8 p long, rarely up to 10 /a, 5-7 p broad.

Thyriothecia crowded, circular in outline. 300-400 p diam., often fusing laterally in

groups of 2-4 and forming larger, irregular ascomata. Basal layer delicate, structure not

evident. Covering membrane slightly convex, brownish black, opaque in the centre, more

or less pellucid at the margin ; margin briefly fimbriate, and composed of radiating hyphae

4-5 p thick ; dehiscing at maturity by more or less irregularly radiating cracks and by an

irregular disruption of the central cells. Asci numerous, broadly ellipsoid to ovate, sessile,

60-75 X 30-40 p, somewhat thickened round the apex. Spores conglobate, oblong, broadly

rounded at both ends, 1-septate, constricted, smooth, sayal brown, 27-33 X 13-15 p ;

upper cell somewhat larger than the lower. Paraphyses filiform, somewhat swollen at

the tips, not exceeding the asci or slightly so.

On Oncinotis inandensis Wood and Evans, Buccleuch, Natal, Doidge 9722, Type ;

Inanda, Medley Wood 1009 (Type specimen of host in Natal Herbarium) 32173.

3. Asterina Zeyheri Doidge nov. spec. [Plate VII.]

Colonies epiphyllous, dense black, more or less circular in outline, up to 5 mm. diam-

Mycelium radiating, becoming more or less reticulate. Hyphae dresden brown to

mummy brown, straight or slightly undulating, 5-6 p thick, occasionally up to 7 *5 p thick ;

cells mostly 20-30 p long; branches fairly numerous, irregular. Hyphopodia rather

numerous, unilateral or alternate, briefly cylindrical or ovate, 7* 5-15 p long and 7*5-9p

broad.

Thyriothecia more or less closely crowded, discrete and circular in outline, or fusing

laterally in groups of 2-4 or more and forming larger compound ascomata ; single

thyriothecia 250-350 p diam. Basal layer delicate, subhyaline, structure not evident.

Covering membrane convex, brownish black and opaque in the centre ; radiating hyphae

visible in the rather broad, pellucid margin are paler than the mycelial hyphae, more or

less tortuous, 3-5 p thick ; margin crenate to subfimbriate, groups of hyphae running out

and fusing with the mycelial hyphae ; dehiscing at maturity by irregularly stellate fissures

or quite irregularly. Asci numerous, ovate or broadly ellipsoid, 8-spored, sessile,

67*5-80 X 40-45 p, with a firm, thick wall, 1-1* 25 p thick, thickened round the apex

(5-7*5 p). Spores conglobate, oblong, broadly rounded at both ends, 1-septate, deeply

constricted, smooth, dresden brown to mummy brown, 30-39 p long ; cells subglobose,

upper slightly larger, 15-20 p long and 14-16 p broad, lower 14— 19 p long and 12*5-15 p

broad. Paraphyses numerous, hyaline, filiform, exceeding the asci, about 1 p thick.

On Eugenia Zeyheri Harv., on leaves, Van Staden’s Pass, Doidge 10873 ; Howieson’s

Poort, near Grahamstown, Doidge, 12377 ; Alexandria, Doidge, 22357, Type.

4. Asterina natalitia Doidge nov. spec. [Plate VIII.]

Colonies epiphyllous, thin, greyish black, not sharply defined, round to irregular in

outline, up to 5 mm. diam.

Mycelium radiating, becoming very loosely reticulate. Hyphae dark olive buff to

buffy brown, straight or very slightly undulating mostly 4-5 p thick in places up to 6 p ;

cells mostly 22-30 p long ; branching remote irregular, sometimes opposite. Hyphopodia

alternate or unilateral, occasionally opposite, fairly numerous, usually one to each hyphal

cell, continuous, cylindrical, rarely ovate or irregular, mostly straight, 7 • 5-13 p long, 5-6 • 5 p

broad.

Thyriothecia scattered or confluent in small groups of 2-4, more or less circular in

outline, 200-300 p diam. Basal layer delicate, subhyaline, structure not evident. Covering

membrane convex, opaque blackish brown in the centre, pellucid and deep to dark olive

buff near the fimbriate margin, formed of radiating hyphae 2*5-3p thick, breaking down

irregularly at maturity. Asci fairly numerous, ca. 20 in each thyriothecium, 8-spored,

ovate or ellipsoid, sessile, 50-65 x 35-42* 5 p, with a firm wall. Spores conglobate, buffy

brown, oblong, rounded at both ends, 1-septate, rather deeply constricted, smooth 30-34 p

long ; upper cell broadly ellipsoid, 16-17 *5 p long and 12*5-15 p broad, lower cylindrical

to ovate, 15-16 p long and 10-12* 5 p broad, separating rather readily at the septum.

284

Paraphyses numerous, filiform, 1 -5-2-5 p thick, hyaline or tinged chlorine yellow, exceeding

the asci, slightly swollen and club-shaped at the tips, up to 5 p thick and becoming

conglutinate.

On Eugenia natalitia Sond., on leaves, Woodbush, Doidge, 17751, Type.

On Eugenia zuluensis Diimmer, Xumeni Forest, near Donnybrook, Doidge , 28958,

29837, 29899, 32235 ; Zwartkop, near Pietermaritzburg, Doidge, 12438, 11597 ; Krantzkloof,

Doidge, 8984 ; Umzinto Bush, Wager, 32683.

Material of this fungus is scarce, although abundant collections of Eugenia zuluensis

have been made ; colonies of the Asterina are comparatively few on these leaves, and are

associated with those of several other fungi, including Irene atra and Meliola eylindripoda.

5. Asterina Oxyanthi Doidge nov. nom.

Syn. : Parasterina laxa Doidge, Bothalia I (1924) p. 201 ; not Asterina laxa Wint.

Parasterina braehystoma (Rehm.) Th. var. laxa Doidge, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Afr.

8 (1920) p. 201. [Plate IX.]

Colomes epiphyllous, black, scattered, round to irregular in outline, up to 5 mm. diam.,

more or less crowded and becoming confluent.

Mycelium laxly or more closely reticulate, forming a network with quadrangular or

triangular meshes. Hyphae tawny olive to warm sepia, straight, 6-7 • 5 /x thick, or

occasionally up to 8 p thick ; cells mostly 20-23 p long ; branches irregular, alternate or

opposite. Hyphopodia fairly numerous, alternate or unilateral, 1-celled, briefly cylindrical

or ovate, broadly rounded above, 7-5-9 p long, 7-5^9 p or occasionally up to 10 p broad ;

the majority are erect, at right angles to the hyphae.

Thyriothecia crowded, circular in outline, 250-400 p diam., or fusing laterally in groups

of 2-4 or more and forming larger, irregular, compound ascomata. Basal layer delicate,

hyaline, structure not evident. Covering membrane convex, blackish brown and opaque

in the centre, with a narrow pellucid margin, composed of radiating hyphae 3-4 p thick ;

structure obscure in the centre, which breaks down irregularly at maturity ; margin fimbriate.

Asci numerous, 20-30 in each thyriothecium, 8-spored, ovate or broadly ellipsoid, sessile,

60-75 X 40-50 p, with a firm, thick wall, 1-1 -5 p thick, thickened round the apex, up to

10 p. Spores conglobate, snuff brown, oblong, broadly rounded at both ends, 1 -septate,

deeply constricted, smooth, 27-31 p long ; cells subglobose, upper slightly larger, 14-15 p

long and 14-15 p broad, lower 14-15 p long and 12- 5-14 p broad. Paraphyses hyaline or

with a yellowish tinge, numerous, filiform, 2-5-3 p thick.

On Oxyanthus Gerrardi Sond., on leaves, Woodbush, Doidge, 1758, Type, 28326 and

van der Byl 1534 ; Berea, Durban, van der Byl 111, 741, 11017, 11366.

6. Asterina Syzygii Doidge nov. spec.

Sub Parasterina braehystoma (Rehm.) Th. in Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Afr. 8 (1920) p. 245.

Plate X.

Colonies amphigenous, mostly epiphyllous, black, crustaceous, more or less circular

in outline, usually up to 5 mm. diam., less frequently up to 10 mm.

Mycelium stout, verona brown to warm sepia, irregularly reticulate. Hyphae radiating,

straight or more or less tortuous, 6-8 p thick, closely septate ; cells 10-16 p long, walls

often oblique ; branches numerous, irregular. Hyphopodia fairly numerous, alternate or

unilateral, briefly cylindrical, ovate or subglobose, 7-12-5 p long and 7-10 p broad, at

right angles to the hyphae or more or less oblique.

Thyriothecia rather numerous, scattered or more or less crowded, not infrequently

developing in irregular, concentric rings round the centre of the colony, discrete and circular

in outline, crowded and becoming flattened laterally by contact, or less frequently becoming

completely fused and forming larger, compound ascomata. Single thyriothecia 250-350 p

diam., rarely up to 400 p. Basal layer subhyaline, delicate, structure not evident. Covering

membrane slightly convex, almost black and opaque in the centre, tawny olive, often paler

than the mycelium at the margin, firmly compacted, formed of radiating hyphae 3-5 p

thick, which are usually somewhat tortuous near the margin ; margin irregular, subfimbriate,

a few hyphae, or groups of hyphae running out and fusing with the mycelial hyphae ;

breaking into several triangular segments at maturity, by radiating i tellate fissures. Asci

numerous, more than 30 in each thyriothecium, 6-8-spore d, broadly ellipsoid to ovate,

sessile, 60-75 X 37- 5-45 p, with a firm, stout wall 2-2-5 p thick, slightly thickened round

the apex, 7-9 p. Spores oblong, broadly rounded at both ends, 1-septate, very slightly

285

constricted, warm sepia, finely and very closely verruculose, 27-5-35 X 14-17 /x ; cells

equal in length, upper usually very slightly broader ; roughness of the epispore visible

even in immature, hyab’ne spores in the ascus. Paraphyses numerous, filiform, hyaline or

tinged chlorine yellow, septate, 2-2-5 p thick, swollen or clavate at the tips and 3-5-4 p

thick, slightly exceeding the asci and becoming conglutinate.

On Syzygium Gerrardi (Harv.) Hochst., Woodbush, Gray, 888, Doidge, 1759, 17755,

Type, and 28337, van der Byl 1514, 1523 ; Buccleuch, near Cramond, Natal, Doidge, 9723

and Sim, 10141 ; Entabeni, N. Transvaal, Bosnian, 26113 ; Winter’s Kloof, Natal, Doidge,

12439.

This fungus, which is usually heavily parasitised, appears to be limited to Syzygium

Gerrardi ; it is closely related to Asterina brachystoma, but not identical with that species,

from' which it differs in the larger thyriothecia, verruculose spores and other details. It

is associated with Asterina 'pemphidioides in No. 28337.

7. Asterina Knysnae Doidge nov. spec. [Plate XI.]

Colonies amphigenous, more or less circular in outline, up to 5 mm. diam., or, if on

the under surface, with a tendency to become elongated along veins and leaf margins,

scattered or becoming confluent, thin, greyish black, not sharply defined.

Mycelium loosely reticulate, meshes angular. Main hyphae olive brown, straight or

slightly tortuous, 6-7 • 5 p thick, cells mostly 25-30 p long, branching irregular. Hyphopodia

unilateral or alternate, rarely opposite, numerous, continuous, cylindrical to pyriform,

erect, oblique or appressed to the hyphae, straight, curved or bent, 1 0—1 5 p long and 8-10 p

broad. Branches or secondary hyphae paler, dark olive buff to olive brown, 3-5-5 p thick

and devoid of hyphopodia or almost so.

Thyriothecia scattered or grouped, occasionally becoming confluent, round or somewhat

irregular in outline, 120-150 p diam. Basal layer subhyaline, delicate, structure not evident.

Covering membrane slightly cod vex, formed of radiating hyphae 2-5-4 p thick, opaque

in the centre and structure obscure, pellucid, pale olive brown near the fimbriate margin ;

dehiscing irregularly at maturity, the centre of the covering membrane finally falling away

and leaving only the fimbriate margin ; fringing hyphae 3-4 p thick, radiating, more or

less straight, deep to dark olive buff. Asci few, up to 10 in each thyriothecium, 8-spored,

subglobose to ovate, sessile, 50-57-5 X 40-50 p, with a firm thick wall, 1-1- 5 p thick,

thickened round the apex, up to 7-5 p. Spores conglobate, buffy brown to olive brown,

oblong, rounded at both ends, 1-septate, constricted, minutely and closely verruculose,

30-35 p long; cells subglobose, upper larger, 16-20 p long and 16-17-5 p broad, lower

14—15 p diam. Paraphyses hyaline, filiform, 1-5-2 p thick.

On Canthium ciliatum O.Kze., on leaves, Deepwalls, Knysna, Doidge, 17226.

8. Asterina nodosa Doidge nov. spec. [Plate XII.]

Colonies epiphvllous, scattered, black, more or less circular in outline, up to 5 mm.

diam.

Mycelium reticulate, forming a rather open network with angular meshes. Main hyphae

cinnamon brown to Prout’s browD, irregularly bent and curved, often gnarled and

subtorulose, 3-75-7-5 p thick, mostly 5-6 p thick, secondary hyphae usually paler and not

more than 5 p thick ; rather closely septate, cells mostly 15-20 p long ; branching irregular.

Hyphopodia fairly numerous, alternate or unilateral, continuous, very variable in form,

often more or less cylindrical, rarely straight, bent or variously curved, often irregularly

and obtusely sublobed. 7-12-5 p long, 6-10 p broad ; rarely 2-celled and then up to 17-5 p

long with basal cell cylindrical or tapering downwards and ca. 10 p long.

Thyriothecia numerous, scattered, usually discrete, occasionally confluent in small

groups of 2-3, more or less circular in outline, 100-150 p diam. Basal layer subhyaline,

delicate, structure not evident. Covering membrane becoming strongly convex, blackish

brown and opaque at maturity, composed of irregularly radiating hyphae, 2-,5-4/a thick,

cells mostly 5-10 p long ; surrounded at the margin by a more or less ragged fringe of paler,

tortuous and torulose hyphae, which are cinnamon buff to tawny, 2 • 5-4 p thick ; at maturity

the central cells fall away, exposing the asci, which are embedded in a brownish, mucilaginous

mass, radiating cracks develop towards the margin. Asci not very numerous, 8-spored,

subglobose to broadly ovate, broadly rounded above, sessile, 37-45 X 35—10 p ; wall rather

delicate, readily rupturing and setting the spores free. Spores conglobate, oblong, broadly

rounded at both ends, almost equally 1-septate, rather deeply constricted, snuff brown to

cinnamon brown, finely and rather remotely verruculose-echinulate, 23r28 p long ; cells

subglobose, upper 12-15 p. lower 11-12-5 p broad.

286

On Ilex mitis (L.) Radik., Woodville Forest, George, Doidge, 10943.

This fungus is related to Englerulaster orbicularis (B. et C.) v. Hohn., to which it is

similar in habit, but from which it differs in the size of the spores. It is associated with

Asterina Hendersoni and A. Bottomleyae on the same leaves, and a few colonies have been

observed in other collections of these fungi on Ilex mitis.

9. Asterina Bottomleyae Doidge nov. spec. [Plate XIII.]

Colonies amphigenous, mostly epiphyllous, numerous, scattered, dense black, more or

less circular, up to 5 mm. diam. ; often very numerous and covering a large part of the

upper surface of the leaf.

Mycelium radiating. Hyphae straight or slightly sinuous, buckthorn brown to dresden

brown, 6 -5-7 -5 p thick, closely septate, cells 15-25 p long; branches usually opposite

and emerging at an angle of about 45°. Hyphopodia numerous, mostly opposite, in places

unilateral or alternate, mostly erect and almost at right angles to the hyphae, briefly

cylindrical and broadly rounded above, or more or less pyriform and narrowing rather

suddenly near the apex, continuous, 10-14 p long and 6-5-7 -5 p broad.

Thyriothecia very numerous, more or less circular in outline, 120-160 p or up to 200 p

diam. ; often closely crowded and in many cases forming an irregular circle round the

centre of the colony. Basal layer subhyaline, delicate, structure not evident. Covering

membrane at first buckthorn brown, slightly convex, pellucid, becoming strongly convex

and opaque black as it approaches maturity, composed of radiating hyphae, which, near

the margin are more or less tortuous and ca. 5 p thick ; the margin is more or less fimbriate,

with a fringe of paler tortuous hyphae, but when the thyriothecia are mature, this is more

or less concealed by the swollen central portion which has become subglobose ; walls of

the central cells dissolving at maturity, completely disappearing and exposing the asci.

Asci not very numerous, up to 10 in each thyriothecium, 4-8-spored, ovate to subglobose,

sessile, 65-80 X 58-60 p, with a firm wall slightly thickened round the apex. Spores

conglobate, oblong, broadly rounded at both ends, 1 -septate, deeply constricted, at first

hyaline to buckthorn brown and smooth, when quite mature, dresden brown, minutely and

closely verruculose, 33-39 p long ; cells subglobose, upper 17- 5-20 p diam., lower 15-19 p.

On Ilex mitis (L.) Radik., on leaves, Mont-aux-Sources, Natal, Bottomley, 23406, Type ;

Woodbush, Doidge, 1753, 17780 ; Brander’s High Forest, Victoria East, van der Byl, 9461 ;

Buccleuch, Natal, Doidge, 11563 ; Woodville Forest, George, Doidge, 10943a ; Klein Kruis

Rivier, Riversdale, Muir 3452, 32375 ; between Vryheid and Nongomo, Pole Evans, 32373 ;

Graskop, Galpin, 32370 ; Knysna, Laughton, 32468.

This fungus is often associated with Asterina Hendersoni , which occurs on the same

leaves.

10. Asterina secamonicola Doidge.

Bothalia II (1927) p. 233. [Plate XIV.]

Colonies epiphyllous, thin, greyish black, more or less circular in outline, up to 6 mm.

diam. ; often numerous, becoming confluent and covering the greater part of the leaf surface.

Mycelium closely reticulate, meshes of network angular. Hyphae isabella colour, 3- 5-4 p

thick, straight or slightly sinuous, rather closely septate, cells mostly 15-20 p long ; branching

very freely and irregularly, especially in the vicinity of the hyphopodia and early producing

a close network. Hyphopodia not at all numerous, usually only on the main hyphae and

not readily distinguishable in the older parts of the mycelium ; usually distant, solitary,

unilateral or alternate, occasionally two develop on the same side of the hypha from the same

cell ; hyphopodia continuous, very briefly cylindrical, subglobose or flattened obliquely,

somewhat darker than the hyphae, 6-5-12 p long, 6-5-8 p broad, rarely up to 10 p broad.

Thyriothecia numerous, scattered, more or less circular in outline, 180-240 p diam.,

usually discrete, occasionally becoming confluent. Basal layer hyaline, delicate, structure

not evident. Covering membrane slightly convex, at first isabella colour, rapidly becoming

darker, subopaque, firmly compacted and formed of radiating hyphae 3-3-5 p thick;

pellucid near the margin, which is entire or briefly fimbriate ; at first closed, splitting at

maturity, through stellate fissures, into a few broad, triangular segments, central cells

later breaking down irregularly. Asci rather numerous, 20-30 in each thyriothecium,

8-spored, subglobose, broadly rounded above, sessile, 30-32 X 27-30 p or oblong-ovate,

40-50 X 24-27 p ; with a firm, thick wall, which is slightly thickened, up to 5p, round

the apex. Spores conglobate, oblong, rounded at both ends, 1 -septate, constricted, snuff

287

brown, smooth, 20-23- 5 p long; cells oval, upper 9-10 p broad, lower 6-5-7-5/z broad.

Paraphysoids hyaline, filamentous, breaking down early and producing the yellowish-brown,

mucilaginous mass in which the asci are embedded.

On Secamone alpird Schultes, on leaves, Woodbush, Doidge, 17716.

11. Asterina inconspicua Doidge nov. comb.

Syn. : Asteromyxa inconspicua Doidge, Bothalia I (1924) 199. [Plate XV.]

Colonies epiphyllous, scattered, minute, thin, inconspicuous, brownish black, round

to irregular in outline.

Mycelium radiating, main hyphae often running closely parallel and forming strands

of 2-4 hyphae ; becoming loosely reticulate. Hyphae dark olive buff to buffy brown,

mostly 2-5-4 p thick, in places up to 5 p, almost straight or more or less undulating ; cells

mostly 20-25 p long ; branching irregular. Hyphopodia few, distant, hemispherical to

conoid, sometimes broader than long, 5-9 • 5 p long, 5-7-5 p broad, somewhat darker than

the hyphae.

Thyriothecia fairly numerous ; there is usually a group of 2-5 closely crowded in the

centre of the colony, elsewhere they are scattered ; single thyriothecia more or less circular

in outline or becoming angular through lateral pressure, 150-200 p diam. Basal layer

hyaline, inconspicuous. Covering membrane slightly convex, buffy brown, becoming almost

black and quite opaque, formed of somewhat undulating, radiating hyphae 2-5-4p thick,

cells mostly 4-5 p long, margin somewhat irregular but not fimbriate ; at maturity

developing more or less radiating or irregular cracks, the central cells finally falling apart

and disappearing. Asci 8-spored, at first ovate or oblong-ovate, 30-35 X 22-24 p, when

mature often becoming more elongated ; disappearing early and leaving groups of spores

embedded in dirty brown, mucilaginous matter, probably formed through the early

break-down of paraphysoids. Spores conglobate, oblong, rounded at both ends, 1-septate,

rather deeply constricted, dark olive buff, smooth, 17-22 p long ; upper cell larger, 10-13 p

long and 8-8-5 p broad, lower 8-9 p long and 6-5 -8 p broad.

On CMlianthus arboreus A DC., on leaves, Van Staden’s Pass, Doidge, 17252, Type ;

Belmont Valley, Grahamstown, Britten, 22342.

This species is closely related to Asterina dissiliens, A. secamonicola, Lembosia piriensis

and L. durbana. The five fungi seem to form a natural group, although the two Lembosia

spp. differ in the shape of the thyriothecia. They are similar in habit, have few and distant

hyphopodia, a tendency to mucilage formation and dissolution of central cells of the covering

membrane (in this approaching Englerulaster and Asteromyxa) and spores of similar form

which germinate in the region of the septum.

At the tips of hyphal branches, especially in the younger parts of the colony, ellipsoid

or ovoid swellings are sometimes observed ; these are non-septate. These bodies were

called conidia in the original description (Doidge l.c.) but this is apparently incorrect.

Similar bodies are to be found on the mycelium of Asterina dissiliens and A. secamonicola.

12. Asterina dissiliens (Syd.) Doidge nov. comb.

Syn : Parasterina reticulata Doidge, Bothalia 1 (1924) p. 200, not Asterina reticulata

(Kalch. et Cke.) Doidge.

Asterinella dissiliens Syd., Ann. Myc. 22 (1924) p. 425. [Plate XVI.]

Coloni es amphigenous, chiefly epiphyllous, thin, greyish black, more or less circular

in outline, 4-10 mm. diam. ; frequently numerous, especially on the upper side, becoming

confluent and covering a large part of the leaf surface.

Mycelium more or less closely reticulate ; meshes of network usually irregularly

quadrilateral or triangular. Primary hyphae isabella colour, straight or more or less

undulating, usually radiating from the centre of the colony like the spokes of a wheel, 3-4 p

thick, cells mostly 15-25 p long, branching freely and irregularly ; hyphal branches, early

forming a more or less close network between the main hyphae, are somewhat paler.

Hyphopodia not very numerous, only on the main hyphae, unilateral or alternate, usually

distant, continuous, flattened hemispherical or prostrate ampulliform, occasionally sublobed,

usually broader than long, rarely suberect, usually 3-5-4 p long and 8-13 p broad, somewhat

darker than the hyphae.

Thyriothecia numerous, scattered, often rather crowded near the centre of the colony

and occasionally confluent, circular in outline, 120-250 p diam. Basal layer delicate, hyaline,

structure not evident. Covering membrane slightly convex, opaque and blackish brown in

288

the centre, pellucid at the fimbriate margin ; fringing hyphae ca. 3 p. thick, fusing with the

mycelial network ; at first closed, then breaking into a few triangular segments through

the formation of stellate fissures, the central part finally falling away and exposing the

asci. Asci numerous, 8-spored, at first ovate or oblong-ovate, 40-55 X 25-35 ft, at maturity

often becoming more elongated, cylindrical or clavate, and then up to 75 /x long and 18-22 ft

broad, sessile, slightly thickened round the apex. Spores conglobate in the ovate asci,

obliquely monostichous or distichous in the elongated asci, snuff brown, ellipsoid, rounded

at both ends, 1 -septate, deeply constricted, 20-25 ft long ; cells ovate or subglobose, upper

usually larger, 11-13-5 ft long and 9-10 p, broad, lower 10-11 -5 ft long and 7-5-9 ft broad ;

germinating near the septum. Paraphysoids filiform, numerous, subpersistent, finally

breaking down into the yellowish brown mucilaginous mass in which the asci are embedded.

On Cassine papillosa 0. Kze., on leaves, Knysna, van der Byl 1361, Type ; Kentani,

Pegler, 2253 ; Woodville Forest, George, Doidge, 10941 ; Deepwalls, Knysna, J. Phillips,

(van der Byl 2220), 20383.

Gymnosporia buxifolia Szysz., near Durban, Medley Wood 6452, 337, 9500, 9518 ; East

London, Doidge, 10913 ; Empangeni, van der Byl, 11367 ; Alexandria, Doidge, 22404 ;

Knysna, Bottomley, 31014, 32115, 32242 ; Umhlanga Rocks, Wager 56, 32 82; Zululand,

van der Byl 321 ; Groot Rivier, Knysna, van der Byl 2296 ; East London, Bartel (van der Byl

2430).

Gymnosporia harveyana Loesen, Claridge, Natal, Doidge, 8997 ; Woodbush, Doidge

177)1.

Gymnosporia nemorosa E. & Z., Knysna, Pienaar, 2429 ; Umgeni, near Durban, Medley

Wood, 9023 ; Kentani, Pegler 2336, 9069 ; Port Elizabeth, Bottomley, 9558 ; Lovedale

Institute, Alice, Doidge, 10974 ; Langholm Estates, Bathurst, Doidge, 12370 ; Howieson’s

Poort, Grahamstown, Doidge, 12386 : van Staden’s Pass, Doidge, 17262 ; Empangeni,

McClean, 31077 ; Knysna, van der Byl 2304.

Gymnosporia sp., Groot Rivier. Knysna, van der Byl 1392.

Pleurostylia capensis Oliv., Kentani, Pegler, 2532.

Putterlickia pyracaniha Endl., Amanzi, near Uitenhage, Doidge, 22406.

Putterlickia verrucosa Szysz., Kentani, Pegler, 8782; Winkle Spruit, Doidge, 9007 ;

Umgeni, near Durban, Medley Wood, 9033 ; Pirie Forest, Kingwilliamstown, Doidge, 12286,

12330 ; East London, Doidge, 12407 ; Alexandria, Doidge, 22405.

Asterinella dissiliens Syd. is the same fungus as that described as Parasterina reticulata ;

the type collection, van der Byl 1361. is identical with collections on Celastraceae made

elsewhere. Hyphopodia are present on the mycelium of the type, but are few and

inconspicuous. The type is on Cassine papillosa, not Cassine croceum (= Eleaodendron

croceum) as originally stated.

An unfortunate error was made in indicating No. 11725 on Gymnosporia senegalensis

as the type specimen of Parasterina reticulata (Doidge, loc. cit.). The original description

and drawing were made from No. 9069 on Gymnosporia nemorosa, which must be regarded

as the type. The two collections on G. senegalensis vary decidedly from the type and are

regarded as a distinct variety.

' Asterina dissiliens is a very common and widespread species on a number of plants

belonging to the family Celastraceae ; it should not be confused with Asterina reticulata

(K. & Cke.) Doidge, which occurs on Oliniaceae and has 2-celled hyphopodia. (See Stevens

and Ryan, 32, p. 64.)

12a. Asterina dissiliens (Syd.) Doidge, var. senegalensis Doidge nov. var.

Mycelium closely reticulate, formed of strongly undulating hyphae 4-5 fx thick ;

hyphopodia hemispherical to ovate or ampulliform, more frequently erect than in the type,

up to 10 /x long and 10 /x broad. Spores oblong, 1-septate, deeply constricted, 20-23-5 /x

long; cells subglobose or ovate, upper 11-11 -5 /x diam., lower 9-10 fi.

On Gymnosporia senegalensis Loes., on leaves, Nelspruit, van der Byl, 7076 ; Rikatli,

Mozambique, Junod, 11725 ; Nelspruit, Liebenberg, 29907 ; Sabie, Wager, 32413.

13. Asterina robusta Doidge.

Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Afr. 8 (1920) pp. 256, 277.

Syn. : Parasterina implicata Doidge, loc. cit., pp. 244, 275. [Plate XVII.]

Colonies mostly epiphyllous, a few occasionally on the under side of the leaf, round

to irregular in outline, black, crustaceous, 3 5 mm. diam.. often numerous and confluent ;

leaf tissues under the fungus sometimes discoloured to a light brown.

289

Mycelium radiating, becoming loosely or closely reticulate, meshes of network mostly

angular. Hyphae ochraceous tawny to cinnamon brown, straight or more or less tortuous,

variable in thickness, somewhat torulose in places, 5-7 p thick, sometimes up to 9 or 10 p

thick, briefly articulate, cells 14-25 p long ; branches very numerous, irregular, often

opposite, usually somewhat narrowed at the junction with the main hyphae, tips of branches

often somewhat club-shaped. Hyphopodia not very numerous, unilateral or alternate,

1-celled, hemispherical, briefly cylindrical, ovate or slightly flattened, 6-10 p long, 6-5-7 p

or up to 10 p broad.

Thyriothecia usually crowded near the centre of the colony, round, 300-400 p diam.,

often fused in small groups of 2-4 or more, thus forming larger, irregular, compound ascomata.

Basal layer delicate, subhyaline, structure not evident. Covering membrane convex, opaque,

cinnamon brown to almost black in the centre, clay colour to ochraceous tawny and pellucid

near the margin, very firmly compacted, composed of radiating, somewhat undulating

hyphae, 3 • 5-5 p thick ; cells 15-25 p long near the margin, septation in the centre not readily

discernible ; margin not fimbriate, but radiating hyphae composing the covering membrane

often fuse at the margin with the mycelial network ; rupturing at maturity into a number

of triangular segments by radiating stellate cracks, or breaking down irregularly. Asci

numerous, ca. 20 in each thyriothecium, ovate to subglobose, broadly rounded above,

sessile, 8-spored, with a firm, thick wall, 62-82-5 X 50-70 p. Paraphysoids numerous,

at first hyaline, rather stout, 2-4 p thick, septate, more or less tortuous or torulose,

subpersistent ; becoming tinged pale olive yellow as the asci approach maturity and finally

breaking down into a dirty yellow or ochraceous mucilaginous mass. Spores conglobate,

cinnamon brown, ellipsoid-oblong, broadly rounded at both ends, 1-septate, rather deeply

constricted, smooth, 35-42-5 X 17-20 p; cells ovoid to subglobose, equal, or the upper

slightly broader.

On Sideroxylon inerme L., on leaves, Mossel Bay, Pole Evans, 9066, Type ; East London,

Doidye, 10922 (Type of Parasterina implicata) ; Langholm Estates, Bathurst, Doidge,

12357 ; Kowie, Britten, 14221.

Parasterina implicata was described from material not fully mature, and the host was

wrongly identified ; there can be no doubt that it is the same fungus as Asterina robusta.

14. Asterina opaca Svd.

Ann. Myc. 10 (1912) p. 3 ; Theiss., Die Gattung Asterina (1913) p. 113 ; Doidge, Trans.

Roy. Soc. S. Afr. 8 (1920) p. 255. [Plate XVIII.]

Colonies epiphyllous, round, dense black, 1-3 mm. diam., scattered.

Mycelium more or less closely reticulate, stout. Hyphae straight, snuff brown to

bister, 5-7 p thick, thick-walled, walls ca. 1 p thick ; cells mostly 10-15 p long ; branches

numerous, usually alternate. Hyphopodia numerous, opposite or alternate, 1-celled, briefly

cylindrical or subpvriform, broadly rounded at the apex or more or less attenuate, 8-11 p

long, 5-6 p broad.

Thyriothecia often only 1 or 2 in each colony, but as many as 10 in the larger colonies,

round, 150-250 p diam. Basal layer subhyaline, delicate, structure not evident. Covering

membrane convex, opaque, bister to black, structure only evident after prolonged exposure

to the action of a bleaching agent, composed of irregularly radiating hyphae, mostly 4-5 p

thick but in places up to 7-5 p thick ; central cells 5-7-5 p long, those near the margin

20-25 p long ; somewhat fimbriate at the margin, fringing hyphae straight or nearly so,

at times somewhat torulose, rigid, snuff brown, 4-5 p thick and up to ca. 50 p long ; dehiscing

by irregularly radiating fissures. Asci numerous, ovate to globose, 8-spored, with a firm

wall somewhat thickened at the apex, 50-70 X 35-46 p, embedded in a mass of ochraceous,

mucilaginous matter. Spores conglobate, oblong, broadly rounded at both ends. 1-septate,

deeply constricted, bister, smooth, 26-28 X 13-14 p; cells equal, or the upper slightly

broader.

On Chrysophyllum natalensis Sond., Amanzimtoti, Natal, Doidge, 1664, Type ;

Buccleuch, Natal, Doidge, 11555.

15. Asterina Vepridis Doidge nov. spec. [Plate XIX.]

Colonies, amphigenous, thin, greyish black, effuse, not sharply defined, more or less

circular and up to 3 mm. diam., or spreading somewhat along the veins and leaf margins.

Mycelium loosely reticulate, network with angular meshes. Hyphae radiating, tawny

olive to snuff brown, straight or nearly so, 3 • 5-5 p thick, cells mostly 15-20 p long ; branches

rather distant, usually opposite and emerging at an angle of about 45° with the main hyphae.

290

Hyphopodia numerous, opposite, alternate or unilateral, 1-celled, pyriform or flask-shaped,

straight, slightly curved or gibbous, 7 • 5-1 1 p long, 4-5 p thick at the base, tapering more

or less gradually into a short neck.

Thyriothecia numerous, crowded in the centre of the colony, rarely scattered, frequently

fused in groups of 2-4 or many and forming large or small, irregular, compound ascomata.

Single thyriothecia round, 160-200 p diam. Basal layer delicate, hyaline, structure not

evident. Covering membrane convex, snuff brown, becoming opaque in the centre, formed

of straight, radiating hyphae 3-4 p thick ; central cell almost cubical, 3-5 p long, up to

8 p long near the margin, which is avellanous and briefly fimbriate ; at maturity, splitting

into several triangular segments through radiating stellate cracks. Asci not very numerous,

about 10 in each thyriothecium, 8-spored, subglobose to ovate, sessile, with a thick, firm

wall, 50-52-5 X 45-47- 5 p. Spores .conglobate, oblong, broadly rounded at both ends,

1-sept.ate, constricted, snuff brown, smooth, 25-29 p long ; cells subglobose to ovate, upper

larger, 15-16 p long and 14-15 p broad, lower 11-14 p long and 11-12-5 p broad.

On Vepris lanceolata Don., Xumeni Forest, near Donnybrook, Doidge, 27742.

16. Asterina Hendersoni Doidge.

Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Afr. 8 (1920) pp. 255, 275. [Plate XX.]

Colonies amphigenous, black, irregularly circular in outline, mostly up to 3 mm. diam.,

occasionally up to 5 mm., scattered, sometimes numerous and becoming confluent.

Mycelium very variable in habit, at first loosely reticulate ; with primary hyphae

almost straight, forming angular meshes, or irregularly undulating and forming rounded

meshes ; frequently the spaces between the primary hyphae become completely filled

with paler secondary hyphae and hyphopodia, thus forming a very close network, especially

in the neighbourhood of the thyriothecia.

Hyphae dark olive buff to olive brown, 5-6 p thick, very variable ; sometimes almost

straight to slightly undulating, not varying in width, sometimes more deeply and irregularly

undulating, more or less tortuous and often subtorulose ; both forms are often found on

the same leaves. Hyphae closely septate, cells often 6-8 p long, or up to 15 p long ; branches

numerous, often opposite. Hyphopodia very numerous, unilateral or opposite, rarely

opposite, hemispherical, very briefly cylindrical or obliquely flattened, mostly 5-7-5 p

long and 5-6 p broad.

Thyriothecia numerous, scattered or somewhat crowded, more or less circular in outline,

150-200 p diam. Basal layer delicate, subhyaline, structure not evident. Covering

membrane slightly convex, at first dark olive buff, becoming blackish brown and opaque

or subopaque, formed of rather loosely compacted, irregularly radiating hyphae about

3-5 p thick ; cells mostly 5-6 p long ; margin not fimbriate or rather sparsely so with

fringing hyphae tortuous, 3-5 p thick ; at maturity developing irregularly radiating cracks,

and central cells early falling away. Asci 8-spored, broadly ellipsoid to ovate, sessile or

subsessile, 45-50 X 26-33 p. Spores conglobate, oblong to narrow ovate, broadly rounded

at both ends, 1-septate, deeply constricted, buffy brown, smooth, rather thin-walled ; cells

subglobose, upper definitely larger, 11-15 p long and 12-5-15 p broad, lower 10-12-5 p

long and 10-12 p broad. Paraphysoids fairly well developed, indistinctly fibrose, breaking

down early.

Pycnidia numerous, similar to the thyriothecia but smaller, 120-150 p diam. Conidia

very variable in form and size, ovate, pyriform, ellipsoid or oblong, 20-30 X 10-15 p,

buffy brown with a distinct hyaline, medial band.

On Ilex mitis (L.) Radik. ( =Ilex capensis Sond. & Harv.) on leaves, Hog’s Back,

Alice, J. & M. Henderson 11341, 11342, Type ; Hog’s Back, Rattray, 32372 ; Brander’s

High Forest, Victoria East, van der Byl, 9461 ; van Staden’s Pass, Pole Evans, 11443 and

Doidge, 10884 ; Woodville Forest, George, Doidge, 10943 and Ballenden, 32471 ; Storm’s

River, Humansdorp Distr., Doidge, 17187 ; Assegai Bush, Doidge, 17242 ; Alexandria,

Doidge, 22418 ; Deepwalls, Knysna, Doidge, 17210 ; Caradoc’s Bush, Knysna, Bottomley,

32119 ; Bracken Hill, Knysna, van der Byl 2314 ; Knysna, van der Byl 2289, 2266 and

Laughton, 32469 ; Keiskama Hoek, Stayner 75, 32377 ; Jonkershoek, Stellenbosch, van der

Byl 2199 ; Zwartkop near Maritzburg, T. R. Sim, 10574 ; Buccleuch near Cramond, Doidge,

11563 ; Woodbush, Doidge, 1753, Putterill, 32470 and van der Byl 1516 ; Duivelskantoor,

Kaapschehoop, Pole Evans, 32376 ; Ncaga Mt., Luneberg, Galpin 9869, 32374.

This fungus occurs very commonly on Ilex mitis, in several collections being associated

on the same leaves with Asterina Bottomleyae and in No. 10943 with A. nodosa. Although

291

the thyriothecium dehisces by an extensive break-down of the central part of the covering

membrane, it does not seem to form quantities of mucilage, nor is the covering membrane

strongly convex at maturity ; it is not a typical Englerulaster form, and must be regarded

as a transition form between the typical Englerulaster and Asterina proper. In habit it

closely resembles Englerulaster continuus Syd., which also occurs on Ilex, but the latter is

a much stouter species, with deeply and fairly regularly undulating hyphae.

17. Asterina ferruginosa Doidge.

Trans. Roy. §oc. S. Afr. 8 (1920) p. 254. [Plate XXI.]

Colonies epiphyllous, scattered, more or less circular, up to 8 mm. diam., thin, black,

frequently coalescing and forming larger, irregular, compound colonies.

Mycelium rather closely reticulate, especially in the neighbourhood of the thyriothecia.

Hyphae old gold to isabella colour, slightly undulating, 3-5-5 p thick; parallel hyphae

sometimes fuse and form thicker, radiating strands ; cells mostly 20-27 p long ; branches

numerous, irregular, often opposite. Hyphopodia alternate or unilateral, fairly numerous,

usually 1-celled, subglobose, obovate or briefly cylindrical, rarely hemispherical, 6-10 p

long, 7-5-9 p broad; 2-celled hyphopodia occasional, especially in the neighbourhood of

the thyriothecia, 12-5-19 p long, with a cylindrical basal cell 6-9 p long, and terminal

cell 6-9 p broad, similar in form to the 1-celled hyphopodia.

Thyriothecia numerous, scattered or crowded, rarely remaining discrete, usually fusing

in groups of 2-4 or more and forming larger, irregular, compound ascomata ; single

thyriothecia circular or somewhat oval in outline or flattened by lateral contact, 160-200 p

diam. Basal layer delicate, subhyaline, without recognisable structure. Covering membrane

convex, at first pellucid, ochraceous tawny to isabella colour, becoming darker and opaque

in the centre ; composed of radiating hyphae 3-3 • 5 p thick, central cells almost cubical,

3-5 p long, marginal cells slightly longer, 5-8 p long ; margin copiously fimbriate, fringing

hyphae paler, 2 • 5-3 • 5 p thick, tortuous, septate ; splitting at maturity into a number of

narrow, triangular segments by means of radiating, stellate fissures. Asci fairly numerous,

ca. 15 in each thyriothecium, 8-spored, subglobose to ovate, broadly rounded above, sessile,

35-45 X 30-37-5 p, embedded in a mucilaginous mass which is honey yellow to yellow ochre

in colour. Spores conglobate, oblong, rounded at both ends, 1-septate, constricted, isabella

colour, smooth, 23-26 p long ; upper cell larger, subglobose to ellipsoid, 12-14 p long and

ll-12-5p broad, lower ellipsoid, 11-12-5 p long and 10-11 p broad.

On Cussonia umbellifera Sond., on leaves, Woodbush, Doidge, 1774, Type.

Cussonia spicata Thunb., Sea View, Durban, van der Byl 67, 11360 ; Woodbush, van

der Byl 1521 ; Durban, van der Byl 49.

1 8. Asterina Bosmanae Doidge nov. spec. [Plate XXII.]

Colonies always epiphyllous, scattered, thin, greyish black, more or less circular in

outline, 2-5 mm. diam., occasionally numerous and becoming confluent ; not on leaf spots,

but causing a reddish-brown discoloration of the leaf tissues immediately under the colony.

Mycelium delicate, loosely reticulate, forming an open network with angular meshes.

Hyphae bufiy brown, usually almost straight, slightly undulating in places, mostly 3 • 5-4 p

thick ; cells mostly 20-25 p long ; branches usually opposite. Hyphopodia fairly numerous,

unilateral or alternate, continuous, briefly cylindrical or subglobose, broadly rounded above,

5-7-5 p long, 4-5-5p, rarely up to 6 p broad.

Thyrothecia numerous, scattered, usually single, but sometimes confluent in small

groups of 2-3, more or less circular in outline, 150-180 p diam. Basal layer hyaline, delicate,

structure not evident. Covering membrane slightly convex, opaque, blackish brown in

the centre, more or less pellucid, buffy brown to snuff brown near the margin, composed

of radiating hyphae 2-5-4p thick, cells 4-5 p long in the centre, 7-10 p long nearer the

margin ; margin not fimbriate or very sparsely so ; central cells breaking down at maturity

to form an irregular pore from which a few radiating cracks develop. Asci not numerous,

3-10 in a single thyriothecium, 8-spored, ovate, broadly rounded above, sessile, with a firm,

thick wall, thickened round the apex (ca. 5 p). Spores conglobate, oblong, broadly rounded

at both ends, 1-septate, rather deeply constricted, 21-24 p long ; cells subglobose, almost

equal, or the upper slightly larger, upper cell 11-12-5 p long and 11-11 -5 p broad, lower

10-11 • 5 p long and ca. 10 p broad ; when immature, subhyaline to buffy brown, with a broad

darker zone (mummy brown) at each pole and on either side of the septum, later becoming

mummy brown and zoning not evident ; thick-walled, wall ca. 1 p thick. Paraphysoids

fairly numerous.

292

On Chryso'phyUum magaliesmontanum Sond., Rooiwal, Eastern Transvaal, M. Bosnian,

32808.

19. Asterina delicata Doidge.

Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Afr. 8 (1920) pp. 253, 274. [Plate XXIII.]

Colonies amphigenous, usually epiphyllous, thin, greyish black, up to 8 mm. diam.,

often numerous and covering the whole, or a greater part of the upper surface of the leaf.

Mycelium loosely reticulate, pale, delicate. Hyphae slender,1 vinaceous buff to

avellanous, slightly undulating, 3-3-5 y thick, cells mostly 20-24 y long, branching irregular.

Hyphopodia unilateral or alternate, 1-celled, very rarely 2-celled, 6-10 y long, 6-10 y broad,

often broader than long, asymmetrical, extremely irregular and varied in shape, straight,

curved or hooked, usually obtusely angular or sublobed with 2-3 shallow, blunt irregular

lobes.

Thyriothecia scattered or in small groups of 2-3, round or somewhat irregular in outline,

100-150 y diam. Basal layer hyaline or subhyaline, poorly developed and without

recognisable structure. Covering membrane convex, pellucid, avellanous to wood brown,

composed of irregularly radiating hyphae, 2 -5-3 -5 y thick, with cells, 3-5 y long, rather

loosely compacted ; margin not fimbriate or sparsely so ; at maturity splitting, by means

of radiating fissures, into a number of irregular triangular segments, the central part finally

falling away and leaving the developing asci exposed. Asci numerous, ca. 20-30 in each

thyriothecium, globose or ovate, sessile, 8-spored, with a firm rather thick wall, 33-40 X

26-33 y. Spores conglobate, wood brown, oblong, broadly rounded at both ends, 1-septate,

constricted, smooth. 20-22 X 10-12 y ; cells subglobose, subequal or the upper slightly

broader.

Pycnidia very numerous, similar to the thyriothecia but smaller, 45-100 y diam. Conidia

army brown when mature, without lighter medial band or conspicuous germ spores, ovate,

ellipsoid or subglobose, 19-24 X 13-17-5 y, rather thick-walled, wall about l-5p thick.

On Grewia lasiocarpa E. Mey., on leaves, Mayville, Durban, Medley Wood, 9062, Type ;

Kentani, Pegler 2436, 10993.

Grewia occidentals L., Pirie Forest, Kingwilliamstown, Doidge, 12297.

The host of the type collection was wrongly indentified and originally given (Doidge l.c.

as Trimeria alnifolia ; see also under Asterina Grewiae.

20. Asterina Grewiae Cke.

Grevillea X (1882) 130. Thei'ssen, Ann. Myc. 10 (1912) p. 189 ; Theiss., Die Gattung

Asterina (1913) p. 76 ; Doidge, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Afr. 8 (1920) p. 253.

Plate XXIV.

Colonies amphigenous, mostly epiphyllous, irregularly scattered, very thin, greyish

black, not sharply defined, up to about 5 mm. diam. ; on the upper side of the leaf often

very numerous, confluent and covering a great part of the leaf surface ; on the lower side

often following the course of the larger veins.

Mycelium rather loosely reticulate. Hyphae deep to dark olive buff, almost straight

or slightly undulating, 3 • 5-4 • 5 y thick ; cells mostly 15-20 y long ; branches frequently

opposite and often constricted at the junction with the main hyphae. Hyphopodia numerous,

1-celled, alternate, opposite or unilateral, straight or more or less uncinate, finger- or

flask-shaped, less frequently irregular and sublobed, 7 -5-lOp. long and 3-5-5 y broad.

Thyriothecia fairly numerous, scattered or in small groups, usually discrete, only

occasionally becoming confluent, round, broadly oval or somewhat irregular in outline,

100-150 y diam. Basal layer subhyaline to light greyish olive, consisting of loosely radiating

hyphae, not membranous. Covering membrane slightly convex, buffy brown, pellucid,

becoming subopaque, composed of irregularly radiating, rather loosely compacted hyphae

about 3 y thick, central cells almost cubical, 3-3-5 y long, marginal cells up to 5 y long ;

margin more or less fimbriate, fringing hyphae paler, 2 • 5-3 y thick ; early splitting into a

number of narrow, triangular segments, by stellate fissures which run out almost to the

margin, the central part readily breaks away, exposing the asci. Asci ca. 8-10 in each

thyriothecium, 8-spored, subglobose, sessile, with a firm, rather thick wall, 32-37-5 X

30-33 y. Spores conglobate, buffy brown, oblong, broadly rounded at both ends, 1-septate,

constricted, smooth, 20-25 X 10-12-5 y ; cells subglobose, subequal or the upper slightly

broader (ca. 1 y) than the lower.

293

Pycnidia numerous, scattered, similar to the thyriothecia, 50-100 p, diam. Conidia

ovate or oblong, 15-20 X 9-12-5 p, rather thick-walled, wall ca. 1 p thick, buffy brown,

without hyaline band but with conspicuous germ pores ; germ pores 4, equatorial, or 8

more or less regularly placed in two equatorial bands.

On Trimeria grandifolia (Hochst.) Warb. (= Trimeria alnifolia Planch.), on leaves,

Inanda, Medley Wood 639, 12333 Type ; Pirie Forest, Kingwilliamstown, Doidge, 12289 ;

Goodoo Bush near Mont-aux-Sources, 14131 ; Tugela Valley near Mont-aux-Sources,

Doidge, 14133 ; Keurkloof Forest, George, Doidge, 17128 ; Storm’s River, Humansdorp

Distr., Doidge, 17184; Woodbush, Doidge, 17779; Lundie’s Hill near Bulwer, Doidge,

30478 ; Knysna, Bottomley, 32245 and van der Byl 418 ; Bloukrantz, van der Byl 1394.

There has been some confusion between this fungus and the nearly related species

Asterina delicata ; on examination, this proves to be due to the incorrect indentification

of the hosts in Medley Wood’s collections. The type collection of Asterina Grewiae ( Wood

639) is not on Grewia but on Trimeria ; conversely, the host of A. delicata is not Trimeria

but Grewia. This conclusion is borne out by an examination of more recent collections

in which adequate material of the host plants is available.

20a. Asterina Grewiae Cke. var. zonata Doidge now var.

Hyphopodia more frequently uncinate or sublobed than in the type. Conidia ellipsoid

to subclavate, 16-21-5 X 7-5-9 y, buffy brown, with a conspicuous, hyaline, medial band.

On Trimeria trinervis Harw, on leaves. Howieson’s Poort, near Grahamstown. Doidge.

12382.

21. Asterina crotoniensis (Doidge) Ryan.

Stevens and Ryan, The Microthyriaceae (1939) p. 52.

Syn. : Asterina crotonicola Doidge (not Pat.), Bothalia I (1922) p. 76. [Plate XXV.]

Colonies amphigenous, but predominantly epiphyllous, thickly or sparsely scattered,

thin, black, circular or somewhat irregular in outline, 2-5 mm. diam., or forming larger,

irregular colonies by confluence.

Mycelium rather closely reticulate. Hyphae undulating, 3-5 y thick, pellucid ; older

hyphae brownish olive, young hyphae paler, shading to isabella colour or dark olive buff

at the tips of the branches ; cells 10-25 p long ; branches alternate or unilateral,

anastomosing freely. Hyphopodia fairly numerous, alternate or unilateral, occasionally

opposite, 1 -celled, mostly at right angles to the hyphae, usually more or less pear-shaped,

less frequently uncinate or sublobed and irregular in form, 5-7-5 y long, 3-5-5 y broad.

Thyriothecia fairly evenly and closely distributed, not infrequently in groups of 2-5,

which become more or less confluent, circular or somewhat irregular in outline, 100-140 y

diam. Basal layer indistinct, subhyaline, without recognisable structure. Covering

membrane convex, about 50 y high in the centre, light brownish olive, becoming darker,

subopaque, formed of straight or slightly undulating, radiating hyphae 2- 5-3- 5 y thick,

central cells almost cubical, marginal cells up to 10 y long ; not very firmly compacted and

early splitting into a number of triangular segments by irregular stellate fissures, which

reach almost to the margin ; margin not fimbriate. Asci 8-spored, subglobose or ovate,

sessile, 36-40 X 23-33 y. Spores conglobate, oblong, broadly rounded at both ends,

1-septate, slightly or rather deeply constricted, dark olive buff, becoming light brownish

olive, pellucid, verrucose-elchinulate, 16-20 X 7-5-11 y ; upper cell usually broader, lower

often tapering slightly to the rounded base.

Pycnidia numerous, interspersed with the thyriothecia and similar to them but smaller,

up to 100 y diam. Conidia ovate, pyriform or ellipsoid, light brownish olive to brownish,

continuous, without lighter medial band, 17-20 X 10-13 y ; germinating through a pore

at the base.

On Croton rivularis Muell., on leaves, East London, Doidge, 12427, Type, and 22412 ;

Langholm Estates, Bathurst, Doidge, 12355 ; Donkerbosch, Grahamstown District, Britten

5452, 22340; Alexandria, Doidge, 22359; Woodvilta Forest, George, Doidge, 11018.

22. Asterina Trichiliae Doidge.

Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Afr. 8 (1920) p. 253. [Plate XXVI.]

Colonies epiphyllous, scattered irregularly, usually more or less circular in outline,

up to 6 mm. diam., thin, black.

294

Mycelium more or less reticulate, meshes of network angular. Hyphae dark olive

buff to buffy brown, straight or nearly so, 4-6 p thick ; cells mostly 15-25 p long ; branches

often opposite and frequently at right angles to the hyphae. Hyphopodia numerous,

unilateral, alternate or opposite, 1-celled, often at right angles to the hyphae, more or less

cylindrical, finger-shaped or flask-shaped, mostly straight, less frequently slightly curved,

rarely sublobed, 6-10 p long, 4-5 p broad.

Thyriothecia scattered or in groups, circular or slightly oval in outline or somewhat

irregular, 150-220 p diam. ; often closely crowded in groups of 2-4, becoming confluent,

and forming larger, compound ascomata. Basal layer thin, subhyaline, without recognisable

structure. Covering membrane slightly convex, pellucid, composed of straight, radiating

hyphae 3-4 p thick, central cells olive brown, subopaque, 5-6 p long, marginal cells paler,

7-8 p long; margin fimbriate, fringing hyphae deep to dark olive buff, almost straight,

septate, 2 -5-3 -5 p thick and up to 130 p long ; at maturity splitting into a large number

of narrow, triangular segments by means of radiating fissures, the central part breaking

away readily. Asci few, up to ca. 10 in each thyriothecium, 8-spored, globose or broadly

ovate, sessile, 40-55 X 43-50 p. Spores conglobate, oblong, broadly rounded at both ends,

1- septate, constricted, dark olive buff to olive brown, densely and minutely verruculose,

24-29 p long ; cells subglobose or broadly ovoid, upper broader, 12-5-16 p long and 13-15 p

broad, lower 10-12-5 p long and 10-12-5 p broad.

On Trichilia emetica Vahl. (= Trichilia Dregeana Mey.) on leaves, Winkle Spruit,

Doidge, Type, 9006 ; Louis Trichardt, V. A. Putterill, 11833.

23. Asterina Trichocladi Doidge nov. spec. [Plate XXVII.]

Colonies epiphyllous, widely scattered, very thin, greyish black, more or less circular

in outline and up to 5 mm. diam. ; not sharply defined and, on the leaf, only the thyriothecia

visible to the naked eye as black pin points.

Mycelium delicate, very loosely reticulate. Hyphae pellucid, deep to dark olive buff,

undulating slightly, 2-5-3- 5 p thick, rather obscurely septate, cells mostly 15-20 p long,

branching irregular. Hyphopodia few, remote, solitary, alternate or unilateral, continuous,

subglobose or pulvinate to cylindrical, often flattened, less frequently more or less pyriform,

rarely sublobed, often broader than long, 5-7 • 5 p long, 5-7 p broad.

Thyriothecia numerous, scattered, usually discrete but occasionally confluent, formed

at the tips of lateral branches, which are usually very short, often 1-celled ; at first fan-shaped

but very rapidly becoming circular, 250-380 p diam. Basal layer subhyaline, delicate,

structure not evident. Covering membrane slightly convex, at first olive buff, soon becoming

isabella colour and finally subopaque in the centre, formed of sinuous radiating hyphae

2 - 5-3 -5 p thick, with cells 5-7-5 p long ; margin entire, crenate, not fimbriate ; at first

closed, central cells breaking down early and forming a pore. Asci rather numerous, 8-spored,

oblong to subclavate, rounded above, narrowed below rather abruptly into a short, peg-like

foot, 50-72-5 X 17-18 p. Spores distichous to conglobate, oblong, rounded at both ends,

1-septate, slightly constricted, deep to dark olive buff, smooth, thin-walled, 13-15 X 6-7 p ;

cells subequal or the upper slightly broader. Paraphyses numerous, fibrose, breaking

down as the asci approach maturity, into a yellowish-brown mucilaginous mass.

On Trichocladus crinitus Pers., on leaves, Knysna, Bottomley, 32231 ; Deepwalls,

Knysna, Bottomley, 32211.

24. Asterina raripoda Doidge.

Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Afr. 8 (1920) pp. 254, 276. [Plate XXVIII.]

Colonies epiphyllous, thin, greyish black, more or less circular in outline, 3-5 mm. diam.,

scattered or becoming confluent and forming larger, irregular colonies.

Mycelium deep to dark olive buff, radiating, becoming very loosely reticulate. Hyphae

more or less sinuous, 3-5-5 p thick, rather closely septate, cells mostly 10-15 p long;

branching distant, irregular. Hyphopodia few, alternate or unilateral, rather distant,

1-celled, hemispherical to subglobose, 5-7-5 p diam., or 4— 5p long and 6-7 p broad;

occasionally 2-celled, clavate, with 'subglobose terminal cell, 10-11 p long and 5-6 p broad.

Thyriothecia fairly numerous, scattered or becoming confluent in groups of 2-4 ; arising

at the tips of very short, or longer hyphal branches and often fan-shaped at first, rapidly

becoming more or less circular in outline, 150-220 p diam. Basal layer hyaline, poorly

developed, structure not evident ; covering membrane slightly convex, buffy brown to

snuff brown, pellucid, becoming subopaque in the centre, formed of irregularly radiating,

295

somewhat tortuous hyphae, mostly 2-3 p thick, with cells 5-6 /a long in the centre, 6-10 p

long near the margin ; margin irregular, not fimbriate or very sparsely so ; central cells

breaking down and forming an irregular pore from which radiating fissures finally develop.

Asci fairly numerous, ca. 20-30 in each thyriothecium, usually 8-spored, sometimes

4-6-spored, ellipsoid to subclavate, rounded above, narrowing below gradually or abruptly

into a short peg-like foot, 50-60 X 17-20 /a, with a firm, thick wall. Spores distichous

to conglobate, subclavate, rounded at the ends or lower end subacute, 1-septate, constricted,

smooth, buffy brown with two more or less distinct, transverse, hyaline bands in each cell,

15-21*5 p long ; upper cell broader and more broadly rounded, ovoid to subglobose, 8-10

p long and 7 • 5-10 p broad, lower ellipsoid to cuneate, 7-10 p long and 6-7 p broad ;

occasionally 4-spored asci contain two normal 1-septate spores and two 1-celled spores,

the latter being fusoid or ovoid, tapering to blunt ends or rounded above, 17-5-19 X

10-11 -5 p, with two transverse, hyaline bands.

On Ansellia africana Lindl., on leaves, Zululand, Franks, 6687.

25. Asterina Pavoniae Werd.

Rep. Spec. Nov. Reg. Veg. XIX (1923) p. 50. [Plate XXIX.]

Colonies amphigenous, mostly epiphyllous, only occasional, scattered colonies being

found on the under side of the leaf, scattered, black, round to irregular, 1-2 mm. diam. ;

usually very numerous on the upper side of the leaf, becoming more or less confluent and

covering a great part of the leaf surface.

Mycelium at first radiating, early becoming more or less reticulate, often forming a

rather close network in the neighbourhood of the thyriothecia. Hyphae deep olive buff

near the growing tips, becoming buffy brown, deeply undulating, 3-5 p thick, mostly 4 p,

not infrequently running parallel with one another, becoming fused and forming strands

of 2-3 hyphae : rather indistinctly septate, cells mostly 12-18 p long ; branching irregular,

Hyphopodia fairly numerous, alternate or unilateral, 1-celled, 5-8 p, rarely up to 10 p long,

6-10 p broad, often broader than long, typically 3-lobed, with rather shallow, rounded

lobes, less frequently 2-4-lobed, symmetrical or irregular.

Thyriothecia numerous, closely crowded, especially near the centre of the colony,

75-100 p diam., more or less circular, rarely discrete, becoming fused in groups of 2 to many,

and thus forming larger, irregular, compound ascomata. Basal layer subhyaline, delicate,

without recognisable structure. Covering membrane slightly convex, at first pellucid, dark

olive buff to buffy brown, becoming darker, subopaque, composed of rather loosely

compacted, slightly undulating, radiating hyphae, 3-4 p thick ; central cells 2-4 p long,

marginal cells somewhat longer ; margin not fimbriate ; splitting at maturity into a number

of triangular segments by means of irregularly radiating cracks, the central part finally

falling away and exposing the developing asci. Asci numerous, up to 25 in each

thyriothecium, 8-spored, ovate or subglobose, broadly rounded above, sessile, 35-42 X

25-40 p. Spores conglobate, oblong, rounded at both ends, 1-septate, constricted, smooth,

buffy brown, pellucid, 14—16 p long ; cells about equal in length, subglobose, upper 8-9 p

broad, lower 7-7 • 5 p.

Pycnidia numerous, similar to the thyriothecia and interspersed with them, 50-90 p

diam. Conidia buffy brown to olive brown, without lighter medial band, ovate, oblong

or subglobose, 14-24 X 10-13 p.

On Sida Hislopii Burtt Davy & Or., on leaves, Durban, van der Byl 396, Type ;

Umkomaas, Bottomley, 11894.

Werdermann (l.c.) assigns this species to the sub-genus Clypeolaster, but no definitely

radiating basal membrane can be observed in the thyriothecia. The conidia are not as long

as stated in the original description, where the measurements are given as 18-30 X 10-13 p.

The type is not on Pavonia sp., but on Sida Hislopii.

26. Asterina xumenensis Doidge nov. spec. [Plate XXX.]

Colonies amphigenous and caulicolous, not conspicuous, thin, greyish black, minute,

up to 1 mm. diam., scattered irregularly, discrete or tending to become confluent. Mycelium

loosely reticulate. Hyphae ecru olive to light brownish olive, more or less undulating,

2* 5-3*5 p thick, indistinctly septate, cells about 20 p long; branching rather distant,

irregular. Hyphopodia fairly numerous, solitary, unilateral or alternate, rarely opposite,

1-celled, very rarely 2-celled, very variable in form, erect, curved or appressed to the hyphae,

usually more or less lobed, sometimes palmately lobed, but usually asymmetrical, often

296

broader than long, with 2-4 rounded, shallow or deeper lobes, rarely subcylindrical and

more or less sinuous, 5-11 p, long and 5-10 /x broad, occasional 2-celled hyphopodia up to

12-5 fx. long.

Thyriothecia scattered or crowded ; arising at the tips of short hyphal branches, at

first fan-shaped but rapidly becoming round to irregular in outline, 65-100 /x diam., often

fusing laterally in groups of 2, 3 or more, and then forming compound ascomata which are

elliptic or irregular in outline. Basal layer thin, subhyaline and without recognisable

structure. Covering membrane slightly convex, at first pellucid, light brownish olive,

becoming darker, subopaque, composed of radiating hyphae 2-2-5 p. thick, cells 3-5 p long,

not appreciably longer near the fimbriate margin ; splitting at maturity, by stellate fissures,

into a number of triangular segments. Asci rather numerous, ovate or ovate-globose,

sessile, 8-spored, 18-20 X 11-16 /x. Spores conglobate, deep olive buff, oblong, broadly

rounded at both ends, slightly constricted, smooth, 11-12-5 X 5-6 /x ; upper cell somewhat

broader than the lower, which tapers slightly to the rounded end.

Pycnidia similar to the thyriothecia, but smaller, 37-5-50 /x diam. Conidia oblong,

ellipsoid to subclavate, light brownish olive with a lighter medial band, 10-15 X 4-6 /x.

On Lobelia stellarioides Bth. & Hk., Xumeni Forest, near Donnybrook, Morgan and

Doidge, 30483, Type, and Doidge 32236.

27. Asterina undulata Doidge.

Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Afr. 8 (1920) pp. 258, 278. [Plate XXXI.]

Colonies epiphyllous, black, more or less circular in outline, 0-5 to 3 mm. diam., scattered,

discrete, or very numerous and becoming confluent, often covering the whole leaf surface.

Mycelium loosely reticulate, meshes curved, not angular. Hyphae ecruolive, deeply

undulating in more or less regular waves, 5-6 • 5 /x thick; cells mostly 15-22 /a long;

branching distant, irregular. Hyphopodia fairly numerous, unilateral or alternate, 1-celled,

broader than long, usually 5-6-5 /x long and 7-10 /x broad ; more or less lobed and cut,

sometimes palmately lobed, but often asymmetrical, with 2-5 rounded, shallow or deeper

lobes ; rarely almost entire, and then bolster-shaped or bluntly conical.

Thyriothecia developing at the tips of short hyphal branches, at first fan-shaped,

rapidly becoming more or less circular in outline, 100-150 y. diam. ; occasionally solitary,

but usually developing in small groups and becoming fused in groups of 2-4 or more, thus

forming larger irregular compound ascomata. Basal layer subhyaline, poorly developed,

structure not evident. Covering membrane slightly convex, buffy olive, pellucid, formed

of radiating hyphae 2-5-3 y thick, cells 4-8 y long, not appreciably longer near the margin,

which is not fimbriate ; splitting at maturity into triangular segments, by irregularly

radiating fissures. Asci rather numerous, ovate, 8-spored, broadly rounded above, sessile,

20-24 x 17-20 /x. Spores conglobate, ovate-ellipsoid, olive buff or olive ecru, smooth,

broadly rounded at both ends, 1-septate, constricted, 13-15 X 6—8-5 /x ; upper loculus

slightly broader.

On Viola abyssinica Steud., on leaves, Woodbush, Northern Transvaal, Doidge 1769

Type.

28. Asterina Streptocarpi Doidge.

Bothalia I (1924) p. 203. [Plate XXXII.]

Colonies epiphyllous, black, minute, round to irregular in outline but not sharply

defined, up to 3 mm. diam.

Mycelium radiating, becoming loosely reticulate, or, in the larger colonies, more closely

reticulate. Hyphae ecru olive to buffy olive or isabella colour to snuff brown, undulating,

3-4 y thick, in places up to 5 /x thick, cells mostly 16-20 y long, branching irregular.

Hyphopodia fairly numerous, alternate or unilateral, lobed ; erect, palmately lobed, more

or less symmetrical, or more or less curved and bent, asymmetrical ; deeply 3-5-lobed,

mostly 3-lobed, lobes rounded or bilobulate ; 6-10 y long, usually broader than long, 8-13 • 5 /a

broad.

Thyriothecia formed at the tips of short hyphal branches, at first fan-shaped, rapidly

becoming circular or somewhat irregular in outline, scattered or in groups, 100-160 /x diam.,

often fusing laterally in small groups of 2-4 and forming larger, irregular," compound

ascomata. Basal layer subhyaline, delicate, without recognisable structure. Covering

membrane convex, pellucid, concolorous with the hyphae, composed of rather loosely

compacted, radiating hyphae 2-5-3 y thick, cells 5-6 /x long, not appreciably longer near

297

the margin, which is more or less fimbriate ; splitting at maturity, by means of stellate

fissures, into several triangular segments. Asci 4-spored, globose or broadly ovate, broadly

rounded above, sessile, 20-24 X 23-24 p. Spores conglobate, oblong, rounded at both ends,

1-septate, slightly constricted, smooth, snuff brown, 15-18 p long ; cells subequal, or the

upper slightly broader, upper 7-5-9p broad, lower 7-7 • 5 p.

On Streptocarpus Rexii Lindl., on leaves, Deepwalls, Knysna, Doidge, 17223, Type ;

Deepwalls, Laughton, 30985 and van der Byl 2301.

Streptocarpus sp., Knysna, Laughton, 32078.

In all collections, the material is heavily parasitised by Dimerium intermedium and

Actinopeltella nitida.

29. Asterina gerbericola Doidge.

Bothalia I (1924) p. 202. [Plate XXXIII.]

Colonies epiphyllous, scattered or more or less confluent, round to irregular in outline,

up to 5 mm. diam. Mycelium delicate, radiating, becoming loosely reticulate. Hyphae

ecru olive to light brownish olive, sinuous, 3-3 • 5 p thick ; cells 20-30 p long, mostly 24-27 p ;

branching rather distant, irregular. Hyphopodia not very numerous, alternate or unilateral,

1-celled, erect or hooked, often appressed to the hyphae, often broader than long, 6-10 p

long and 8-15 p broad ; palmately or irregularly lobed, with 3-5 rounded, truncate or

bilobulate lobes, often 5-lobed.

Thyriothecia formed at the tips of short hyphal branches, at first fan-shaped, soon

becoming circular in outline or somewhat irregular, scattered or in groups, 100-130 p diam.,

often fusing in groups of 2-4 and forming larger, irregular, compound ascomata. Basal

layer thin, delicate, subhyaline, structure not evident. Covering membrane slightly convex,

composed of rather loosely compacted, radiating hyphae 2-2 '5 p thick, cells mostly 5-6 p

long, not noticeably longer at the margin ; at first concolorous with the mycelium, later

becoming darker and subopaque in the centre ; splitting at maturity, by means of stellate

radiating cracks, into several triangular segments. Asci 8-spored, ovate to subglobose,

sessile, broadly rounded above, 23-30 X 20-25 p, with a rather thick, firm wall. Spores

conglobate, oblong, broadly rounded at both ends, 1-septate, slightly constricted, brownish

olive, subopaque, conspicuously verruculose, 13-5-17 p long ; upper cell broader, 7-5-9p

broad, lower 6 -5-7 -5 p broad.

On Gerbera cordata Less., on leaves, Storm’s River, Doidge, 17175, Type, Caradoc’s

Bush, Knysna, Bottomley, 32127 ; Deepwalls, Knysna, Bottomley, 32123.

Gerbera piloselloides Cass., Deepwalls, Knysna, •/. Phillips ( van der Byl 2223), 20381.

30. Asterina woodiana Doidge nov. comb.

Syn. : Asterinella woodiana Doidge, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Afr. 8 (1920) p. 266.

Prillieuxina woodiana (Doidge) Ryan in Stevens and Ryan, The Microthyriaceae

(1939) p. 78. [Plate XXXIV.]

Colonies hypophyllous, thin, greyish black, effuse, irregular in outline, not sharply

defined.

Mycelium loosely or more closely reticulate. Hyphae slender, deep olive buff to avel-

lanous and wood brown, more or less undulating, often tortuous, 2-5-4p thick, branching

freely and irregularly, septation obscure and irregular. Hyphopodia not numerous, alternate

or unilateral, 1-celled or with a 1-5-celled stipe ; 1-celled hyphopodia, or terminal cell of

stipitate hyphopodia, clavate, cylindrical or irregular in shape, straight, bent or uncinate,

5-10 p long, 3-6 p broad ; stipe 1-5-celled, slender, sinuous, very variable in length, 2-5-3 p

thick.

Thyriothecia fairly numerous, scattered, usually discrete, occasionally confluent in

small groups of 2-3, rarely more, more or less circular in outline, 140-160 p diam. Basal

layer hyaline, indistinct, structure not evident. Covering membrane slightly convex,

pellucid, buffy brown to snuff brown, becoming darker and subopaque in the centre,

composed of radiating hyphae 2-3 p thick, central cells almost cubical, marginal cells slightly

longer, 3-5 p long ; margin entire, crenate or lobed, not fimbriate ; at maturity breaking

into a few broad triangular segments through the formation of radiating, stellate cracks.

Asci broadly ovate, sessile, 8-spored, 33-37 x 27-30 p. Spores conglobate, oblong,

broadly rounded at both ends, almost equally 1-septate, slightly constricted, snuff brown,

smooth, 20-25 X 10-11 p ; cells equal or the upper slightly larger.

Pycnidia numerous, similar to the thyriothecia but smaller, 60-100 p diam. Conidia

avellanous, without hyaline band, broadly ellipsoid, ovate or broadly fusoid, 14—16 X 8-10 p.

298

On Cryptocarya Woodii Engl., on leaves, Mayville, Durban, Medley Wood, 9025, Type ;

Berea, Durban, van der Byl, 11362.

The hyphopodia, which are not numerous and are rather inconspicuous, were overlooked

when this fungus was described as an Asterinella.

31. Asterina uncinata Doidge.

Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Afr. 8 (1920) pp. 252, 278. [Plate XXXV.]

Colonies hypophyllous, not on leaf spots, black, conspicuous, round, up to 6 mm. diam.,

or, when numerous, becoming confluent and covering larger areas of the leaf surface, especially

near the leaf margins ; sometimes covering the whole lower surface of the leaf.

Mycelium reticulate ; primary hyphae buckthorn brown to cinnamon brown, radiating,

somewhat undulating, rather stout, 5-6 y thick, cells 15-35 y long, often fusing longi-

tudinally with parallel hyphae to form radiating strands ; numerous branches and secondary

hyphae paler, rather more slender, usually 4-5 y thick and more definitely undulating ;

the latter form, with the hyphopodia, a more or less dense network between the primary

hyphae. Hyphopodia alternate, unilateral or opposite, stipitate, 20-40 y long, or rarely

continuous, 13-15 y long, uncinate, in the denser parts of the mycelial network becoming

contorted and fusing with each other, or with adjacent hyphae ; stipe 1-3-celled, 7-30 y

long, cylindrical, equal in thickness to the hyphae, straight, curved, abruptly geniculate or

gibbous and contorted, occasionally bearing two terminal cells ; terminal cell club-shaped

or cylindrical, straight, uncinate or sinuous, occasionally sublobed, 10-15 y long and 5-6-5 y

broad.

Thyriothecia numerous, scattered, large, buckthorn brown, round or somewhat irregular

in outline, 200-250 y diam., rarely up to 280 y diam., usually single, rarely, fusing in groups

of 2 or more to form larger composite thyriothecia ; covered with a network of darker,

mycelial hyphae. Basal layer hyaline or subhyaline, without recognisable structure.

Covering membrane convex, 60-80 y high in the centre, buckthorn brown to cinnamon

brown, composed of radiating hyphae 3-5 y thick, with cells 3-5-7 y long; these are

prolonged at the margin into a short, dense fringe of paler, tortuous hyphae ; at maturity

splitting, by means of stellate fissures, into a number of more or less triangular segments,

then breaking up irregularly. Asci numerous, 20-30 in each thyriothecium, 8-spored,

subglobose to ovate, sessile, 45-55 X 40-50 y, with a firm, stout wall, ca. 1 y thick, thickened

round the apex when immature. Spores conglobate, oblong, rounded at both ends, 1-septate,

deeply constricted, smooth, cinnamon brown, subopaque and almost black when mature,

29-34 X 16-20 y ; cells subglobose to ovoid, the upper larger, 16-20 y long and 16-19 y

broad, the lower 12-5-15 y long and 14-15 y broad; the cells separate rather readily at

the septum ; immature, hyaline spores are apparently surrounded by a colourless,

mucilaginous envelope.

On Scolopia Mundtii Presl., on leaves, Brander’s High Forest, Victoria East, van der Byl,

9463b, Type ; Goodoo Bush, near Mont-aux-Sources, Doidge, 14134 ; Hogsback, Cape,

K. M. Putterill, 30073.

This fungus was originally described (Doidge, loc. cit.) “ on leaves of Rhamnus

prinoides, 9463 ”. Every leaf remaining of this collection has been examined, but this

conspicuous fungus is not evident on this, nor on other collections of Rhamnus prinoides ;

all that remains in connection with the collection numbered 9463, is the slide from which

the species was described. The two collections on Scolopia Mundtii cited above agree with

the fungus on this slide in every detail ; the species is very distinctive. It can only be

concluded that some leaves of Scolopia Mundtii were originally mixed with those of Rhamnus

in collection 9463 ; the fungus has been redescribed from No. 14134.

32. Asterina reticulata Kalch. & Cke. emend. Doidge.

Kalchbrenner and Cooke, Grevillea IX (1880) p. 33 ; Doidge, Trans. Roy. Soc.

S. Afr. 8 (1920) p. 252.

Syn : Meliola Oliniae Kalch. in Herb. MacOwanianum.

Asterostomella reticulata (Kalch. & Cke.) v. Hohn., Fragm. z. Myk. 493 ; Theissen,

Die Gattung Asterina (1913) p. 34. [Plate XXXVI.]

Colonies amphigenous, but more numerous on the upper side of the leaf, thin, black,

round to irregular in outline, often numerous, especially on the veins and leaf margins,

frequently coalescent and covering the greater part of the leaf surface.

299

Mycelium rather closely reticulate, occasionally, in the centre of the colony, very

closely compact, and with hardly any spaces between the hyphae. Hyphae tawny olive,

straight or more or less undulating, 4-5-6 p thick ; branching freely, branches often opposite ;

cells mostly 15-25 p long. Hyphopodia fairly numerous, alternate or unilateral, 2-celled,

straight, curved or hooked, 7-15 p long ; basal cell cylindrical, equal in thickness to the

hyphae, 3-75-5 p long ; terminal cell ovate, cylindrical or irregular and sublobed, 6-10 p

broad.

Thyriothecia comparatively rare, round or somewhat irregular in outline, 160-200 p

diam. Basal layer pale smoke grey, structure not evident. Covering membrane slightly

convex, cinnamon brown, becoming more decidedly convex and subopaque, composed of

radiating hyphae, 3-3-5 p thick, central cells almost cubical, 3-4 p long, marginal cells

up to 7-5 p long ; margin fimbriate ; at maturity splitting, by numerous radiating fissures

into a number of narrow, triangular segments, tbe centre of the covering membrane finally

falling away and exposing the asci, which are embedded in ochraceous mucilaginous matter.

Asci 8-spored, ovate, sessile, 45-50 X 30-33 p. Spores conglobate, oblong, rounded at

both ends, 1-septate, rather deeply constricted, smooth, snuff brown, 20-23 X 9-11 p ;

cells subglobose, subequal, or the upper slightly broader.

Pycnidia very numerous, similar to the thyriothecia but smaller, 100-150 p diam.

Conidia ellipsoid, ovate or pyriform, snuff brown with a hyaline medial band, 16-20 X

7-12- 5 p.

On Olinia cymosa Thunb., Boschberg Mts., near Somerset East, MacOwan 1336, Type,

(Rabb. Wint. Fung. Eur. 3337) 3677, 20800, 21944; Goodoo Bush near Mont-

aux-Sources, Doidge, 14136 ; Deepwalls, Knysna, Doidge, 17199 ; Knysna,

van der Byl 2282, 2284 ; Addo Bush, J. Phillips, 21012.

Olinia emarginata Burtt Davy, Mont-aux-Sources, Natal, Doidge 23402 ; Schurink’s

Kloof, Lydenburg, Obermeyer and Verdoorn, 34, 30477.

Olinia radiata Hofmeyr & Phillips, Ingeli Forest, Natal, Chilvers, 30462.

Olinia sp., Barberton, Galpin 1275, 15497.

The thyriothecia of this fungus were described (Doidge, loc. cit.) from No. 15497 ;

more recently some thyriothecia, mostly immature, have been found on a portion of the

type collection, labelled “ Herbarium MacOwanianum No. 1336 Crypt. Austro-africana,

Meliola Oliniae Kalch. Type ” ; this specimen is No. 20800 in the Cryptogamie Herbarium

at Pretoria. There are also some thyriothecia on No. 17199, but they are comparatively

few.

33. Asterina Scolopiae Doidge.

Bothalia I (1922) p. 77. [Plate XXXVII.]

Colonies amphigenous, mostly hypophyllous, thin, greyish black, round to irregular

in outline, up to 5 mm. diam. ; when numerous coalescing to form larger irregular blotches,

especially along the veins and leaf margins.

Mycelium delicate, loosely reticulate. Hyphae deep to dark olive buff, straight or

slightly undulating, 3-3-75 p thick; cells mostly 20-25 p long; branching irregular.

Hyphopodia fairly numerous, alternate or unilateral, 2-celled, mostly cylindrical, straight,

frequently at right angles to the hyphae ; less frequently clavate, slightly curved or

subuncinate ; 10-19 p long and 3-4 p, rarely up to 5 p, broad, basal cell cylindrical, 3-5-6 p

long.

Thyriothecia fairly numerous, scattered, not infrequently connate in pairs, rarely

in groups of 3-5 units, circular in outline, or becoming somewhat angular when in contact,

130-170 p diam. Basal layer poorly developed, structure not evident. Covering membrane

slightly convex, olive brown, subopaque, composed of radiating hyphae 2-5-3p thick,

cells almost cubical, 3-4 p long near the centre, up to 5 p long near the margin ; margin

more or less fimbriate, fringing hyphae greyish olive to light greyish olive, 2-5-3p thick,

tortuous and up to ca. 75 p long. Asci up to 10 in each thyriothecium, 8-spored, subglobose

to ovate, sessile, 32-40 X 30-35 p, with a firm, thick wall. Spores conglobate, oblong,

rounded at both ends, 1-septate, slightly constricted, buffy brown, smooth, 20-25 X 9-11 p ;

cells subequal or the upper slightly broader.

Pycnidia similar to the thyriothecia but smaller, 70-120 p diam. Conidia olive brown,

without lighter medial band, usually rhomboid, with 4 conspicuous, hyaline, papillate

germ pores at the angles, less frequently ovate to clavate, rarely ellipsoid, with 4 subequatorial

germ pores, 17-25 X 10-13-5 p.

300

On Scolopia Zeyheri (Szysz.) Nees, on leaves, East London, Doidye 12414, Type ; Hog’s

Back, K. M. Putterill, 30084; Alexandria, Doidye, 22422; Kentani, Pegler, 8393a.

Scolopia Zeyheri (Szysz.) Nees var. spinosa, Mossel Bay, Pole Evans, 9067b.

Scolopia Mundtii Presl., Long Ridge, Knysna, Doidye, 17227.

34. Asterina Saniculae Doidge nov. spec. [Plate XXXVIII.]

Colonies amphigenous, black, more or less circular in outline, 1-2-5 mm. diam. ;

sometimes numerous and confluent, and then forming larger irregular blotches.

Mycelium reticulate, meshes of network curved, not sharply angular. Hyphae tawny

olive, paler at the growing tips, deeply undulating, 3-5 p thick, cells mostly 20-25 p long,

branching usually alternate. Hyphopodia 2-celled, very rarely 1- or 3-celled, alternate

or unilateral, at right, angles to the hypha or inclined towards it, straight, curved or uncinate,

10-15 p long; basal cell straight or curved, 2-5-7-5p long, cylindrical, 3-5-4p thick,

rarely gibbous ; terminal cell very irregular, erect, symmetrical, or curved or hooked and

asymmetrical, usually more or less lobed, with 2-5 rounded or truncate lobes, 7 -5-llp

broad.

Thyriothecia very numerous, crowded, 100-130 p diam.. round to irregular in outline,

often fusing laterally and forming large, irregular, compound ascomata, but not infrequently

fused in an irregular circle near the centre of the colony. Basal layer delicate, subhyaline,

structure not evident ; occasionally pale greyish fuscous, with a delicate radiating structure

which readily falls apart under pressure. Covering membrane at first concolorous with the

mycelium, becoming dark brown and subopaque, convex, composed of radiating hyphae

2 -5-3 -5 p thick, with cells 3-5-5p long in the centre, somewhat longer, up to 8 p long

near the margin ; margin not fimbriate, or very briefly and sparsely so ; splitting at maturity

into triangular segments by means of stellate fissures. Asci 8-spo'red, fairly numerous,

up to ca. 20 in each thyriothecium, ovate or subglobose, sessile, 20-25 X 17- 5-20 p, with

a firm, rather thick wall. Spores conglobate, tawny olive, oblong, rounded at both ends,

smooth. 1-septate, slightly constricted, 12-5-15 X 5-6-25p; upper cell slightly broader

than the lower.

On Sanicula europaea L., Woodbush, Doidye 28331, Type.

It is possible that this species should be placed in the section Clypeolaster, but the

basal layer is composed of loosely radiating hyphae, and is not typically membranous.

35. Asterina fimbriata Kalch. et Cke.

Grevillea IX (1880) p. 33. Doidge, Trans. Roy. Soc. S.- Afr. 8 (1920) p. 251.

Syn. : Meliola Sclerochitonis Kalch., Crypt. Austro-afric. Herb. MacOwan 1290.

Asterina punctiformis Lev. var. fimbriata Theissen, Die Gattung Asterina (1913)

p. 67. [Plate XXXIX.]

Colonies epiphyllous, scattered, thin, inconspicuous, 1-2-5 mm. diam., more or less

circular, becoming confluent when numerous, and covering larger areas of the leaf surface.

Mycelium loosely reticulate. Hyphae buffy brown, undulating or almost straight,

4—6 p thick, cells mostly 16-22-5 p long, branching rather remote, irregular. Hyphopodia

numerous, alternate or unilateral, rarely opposite, 2-celled, usually hooked or boot-shaped,

rarely symmetrical, 8-12 p long ; basal cell usually cylindrical, 3-5 p long and 4-5 p broad,

rarely gibbous ; terminal cell 6-10 p broad, irregular in form and usually with 2-3 broad,

shallow lobes.

Thyriothecia numerous, often crowded and becoming fused laterally in groups of two

or more, irregularly circular in outline, 130-170 p diam., or oval, 170-180 X 130-150 p.

Basal layer hyaline or subhyaline, without recognisable structure. Covering membrane

slightly convex, buffy brown to olive brown, becoming subopaque, formed of radiating

hyphae, 3-5-4 p thick, central cells almost cubical, cells near the margin 5-6 p long ; margin

fimbriate, fringing hyphae paler, somewhat tortuous, remotely septate, ca. 3 p thick and

up to 100 p long ; dehiscing by means of a number of radiating fissures, the central part

finally breaking away and exposing the asci. Asci fairly numerous, 8-spored, globose,

28-34 p diam., or ovate, 36-48 X 26-28 p. Spores conglobate, olive brown, oblong, rounded

at both ends, 1-septate, slightly constricted, punctate, 17-5-22 X 8-10 p; cells subequal

or the upper slightly broader.

On Sclerochiton harveyanus Nees, on leaves, “ in silvis ad lat. Mtis Boschberg, C.B.S.,

Nov. LXXVI, Herb. MacOwan No. 1290, Crypt. Austr. Afr.”, Type (Herb. Kew

and Herb. S. Afr. Museum, Capetown, No. 33496) ; East London, Doidye, 10910,

10900; Pirie Forest, Kingwilliamstown, Doidye, 12329.

301

Hyj>oestes aristata R. Br., Inanda, Medley Wood 608, 10189, and Herb. Kew.

Thunbergia sp., East London, Doidqe, 12268 ; Buccleuch, near Cramond, Natal,

Doidge, 11584

In a previous paper (Doidge l.c.) the host of No. 10900 was erroneously given as

Plectronia ciliata.

36. Asterina Combreti Syd.

Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 44 (1910) p. 264 ; Theissen, Die Gattung Asterina (1913) p. 249 ;

Doidge, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Afr. 8 (1920) p. 249.

Syn. : Hyphaster kutuensis P. Henn., Bot. Ergebnisse der Kunene-Sambesi Exped. (1903)

p. 169.

Asterina (Dimerosporium) kutuensis (P. Honn.) v. Hohn., Fragm. z. Myk. 12, No. 599.

Asterina Combreti var. kutuensis (P. Honn.) v. Hohn., Theiss. Die Gattung Asterina

(1913) p. 63. [Plate XL.]

Colonies amphigenous, mostly epiphyllous, not on leaf spots, scattered, thin, black,

round to irregular in outline, often very numerous on the upper side of the leaf and covering

the greater part of its surface.

Mycelium reticulate, forming a fairly close and regular network, of which the meshes

are often almost rectangular. Hyphae buffy brown, sometimes paler, deep colonial buff,

straight or slightly undulating 3-4 • 5 p thick, less frequently up to 5 p thick ; cells usually

15-20 p long ; branches numerous, often opposite. Hyphopodra fairly numerous, alternate

or unilateral, 2-celled, straight or more or less curved, 8-17-5 p long ; basal cell cylindrical,

2-5 p long, 4-5 p broad ; terminal cell very variable, 4-10 p broad, cylindrical, clavate,

hooked or slightly lobed, with 2-4 blunt, shallow lobes.

Thyriothecia fairly numerous, scattered or in irregular groups, circular in outline or

becoming irregular and somewhat angular by mutual contact, 140-180 p diam. Basal

layer indistinct, hyaline or subhyaline without recognisable structure. Covering membrane

slightly convex, buffy brown to olive brown, pellucid, ca. 40 p high in the centre, composed

of radiating hyphae 2 -5-3 -5 p thick, cells 4-5 p long near the centre, up to 7 p long near

the margin ; margin copiously fimbriate, fringing hyphae paler, rather tortuous, remotely

septate, 2 • 5-3 p thick and up to 70 p long ; dehiscing at maturity by stellate fissures running

out almost to the margin and dividing the membrane into triangular segments. Asci fairly

numerous, 8-spored, globose or broadly ovate, sessile, 28-40 X 28-32 p, with a firm, thick

wall. Spores conglobate, oblong, rounded at both ends, 1 -septate, constricted, olive brown,

minutely verrucose at maturity. 18-24 X 8-11 p ; cells subequal, or the upper

somewhat broader.

Pycnidia similar to the thyriothecia but smaller, 60-90 p diam. Conidia ellipsoid,

ovate, subclavate or irregular in shape, buffy brown with a lighter medial band,

18-26 X 9-13 p.

On Combretum Baumii Engl. & Gilg., on leaves, Kutue, Angola, Baum 751.

Combretum Kraussii Hochst., Louis Trichardt, V. A. Putterill, 11829 ; Wood-

bush, Doidge, 1773 ; Buccleuch, near Cramond, Sim, 10152 ; Springfield,

Natal, Medley Wood, 9021.

Combretum glomeruliflorum Sond., Woodbush, Doidge, 17719, 28343 ; Entabeni,

Northern Transvaal, Wager, 26371.

Asterina Combreti Syd. was originally described from material collected at Kibwezi,

British East Africa, on leaves of Combretum tavatense (Herb. Sydow and Berlin). It appears

to be of common occurrence on Combretum spp. in South Africa, and as pointed out

previously (Doidge loc. cit.) is a variable species, the thickness of the hyphae, size of

hyphopodia, spores and conidia varying, even on the same leaf, within the limits indicated.

The description of v. Hohnel’s species Asterina kutuensis conforms with that of the

South African collections of Asterina Combreti except in one particular : the conidia are

said to be 22-32 X 14 p, i.e. slightly larger than those found in the other collections. In

view of the variability of the species, it would appear that the Kutue collection should

be regarded as A. Combreti.

37. Asterina Peglerae Doidge.

Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Afr. 8 (1920) pp. 250, 276. [Plate XLI.]

Colonies amphigenous, more frequently hypophyllous, not on leaf spots, scattered

thin, spreading, greyish black, irregular in outline, up to 5 mm. diam., often more numerous

near the margin and the base of the leaf.

302

Mycelium very loosely reticulate. Hyphae slender, honey yellow to isabella colour,

more or less undulating, 3-5-4 p or up to 5 p thick ; cells mostly 20-30 p long ; branching

distant and rather irregular. Hyphopodia alternate or unilateral, very rarely opposite,

2-celled, curved or hooked, rarely straight, usually inclined towards the hypha, rarely at

right angles to it, 10-18 p long, 5-6-5 p, rarely up to 10 p broad; basal cell usually

cylindrical, sometimes gibbous, 3-10 p long ; apical cell very irregular in form, usually

asymmetrical, more or less lobed, with 2-3 blunt lobes, often boot-shaped, less frequently

uncinate, rarely almost entire and club-shaped.

Thyriothecia scattered, not infrequently in rather close groups of 2-3, round or somewhat

irregular in outline, 150-180 p diam. Basal layer poorly developed, structure not evident.

Covering membrane pellucid, honey yellow to yellow ochre ; at first slightly convex,

composed of irregularly radiating hyphae 3-4 p thick, with cells 3 • 5-5 p long in the centre,

up to 7 • 5 p long near the margin, which is more or less fimbriate ; at maturity becoming

more decidedly convex, owing to the formation of mucilaginous matter round the asci ;

splitting by means of irregular stellate fissures, the central cells falling apart. Asci globose

or subglobose, fairly numerous, 8-spored, sessile, thick -walled, 42-52-5 p diam. ; at first

with numerous colourless paraphysoids, which break down and form a mucilaginous mass,

honey yellow or occasionally orange, in which the asci are embedded at maturity. Spores

conglobate, oblong, rounded at both ends, 1-septate, constricted, at first isabella colour,

then darker, subopaque at maturity, 25-30 X 12 • 5-16- 5 p, coarsely and conspicuously

echinulate, adorned with spinules up to 2-5 p long; cells subglobose, the upper larger.

13-75-17-5p long and 13-75-16-5p broad. Lower cell ll-25-12-5p diam.

On Maerua sp., on leaves, Kentani, Pegler 2354 , 9130, Type.

Maerua pedunculosa Hochst., Stella Bush, Durban, Schilz, 14705 ; The Wilderness,

Cape, Doidge, 17124a.

The host of the type collection, No. 9130, was originally identified as probably a PJius

sp. ; further collections indicate that it is Maerua sp. ; Meliola Bosciae, which occurs only

on Capparidaceae, is present on the leaves of 9130, and in the material from the Wilderness,

Asterina Peglerae is associated on the same leaves with Meliola Bosciae and Cyclotheea

Bosciae ; Maerua pedunculosa was formerly known as Boscia caffra, the latter name being

now regarded as a synonym.

38. Asterina loranthicola Syd.

Ann. Myc. 12 (1914) p. 266 ; Doidge, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Afr. 8 (1920) p. 263.

[Plate XLII.]

Colonies amphigenous, thin, black, conspicuous, round to irregular in outline, up to

6 mm. diam. ; often very numerous, especially on the upper side of the leaf, coalescing to

form large, irregular blotches and covering a large part of the leaf surface.

Mycelium reticulate, meshes of network angular. Hyphae buffy brown, straight or

somewhat undulating, 4-5 p, rarely up to 6 p thick, cells mostly 15-20 p long, branching

irregular. Hyphopodia fairly numerous, alternate or unilateral, mostly 1-celled, usually at

right angles to the hyphae or nearly so, 7-5-11 p long, 5-6 p broad, cylindrical to ovate,

straight to subuncinate ; 2-celled hyphopodia rare, up to 14 p long, with a short, cylindrical

basal cell.

Thyriothecia closely crowded, round to irregular in outline, frequently becoming fused

laterally and forming larger, irregular, compound ascomata ; single thyriothecia 100-160 p

diam. ; basal membrane firm, smoke grey to greyish olive, composed of radiating hyphae

2-5-4p thick. Covering membrane convex, at first buffy brown, becoming darker,

subopaque, composed of radiating hyphae 2 • 5-4 p thick, central cells almost cubical, marginal

cells longer, up to 7-5 p long ; margin more or less fimbriate ; at maturity splitting, by

means of irregular stellate fissures, the central cells falling away and exposing the developing

asci. Asci ca. 12-15 in each thyriothecium, ovate to globose, sessile, 30-38 X 24-30 p.

Spores oblong, rounded at both ends, 1-septate, constricted, buffy brown, closely and

conspicuously echinulate, 20-26 X 8-14 p ; cells subglobose, the upper slightly broader,

Pycnidia numerous, similar to the thyriothecia but smaller, 75-100p diam. Conidia

ovate to pyriform, buffy brown, with an indistinct, paler medial band, 15-22 X 9-11 p.

On Loranthus sp., on leaves, Quelimane, Mozambique, Pole Evans 7385, Type.

Loranthus Dregei Eckl. & Zeyh., Kentani, Pegler 2302, 8863; Bluff, Durban,

Morgan and Doidge, 32156.

303

39. Asterina polythyria Doidge.

Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Afr. 8 (1920) pp. 258, 276. [Plate XLIII.]

Colonies amphigenous and caulicolous, mostly epiphyllous, dense black, more or less

circular in outline, 1-4 mm. diam., often numerous and becoming confluent.

Mycelium reticulate, becoming very closely interwoven and dense in the centre of

the colony, where it is finally almost concealed by the dense groups of thyriothecia and

pycnidia. Hyphae deep or dark olive buff to tawny olive, somewhat sinuous, 3-5-4 y thick,

cells mostly 15-20 ju. long, branches very numerous, opposite or irregular. Hyphopodia

not very numerous, alternate or unilateral, mostly 1 -celled, often broader than long, 5-9 /a

long, 6-10 /a broad, erect or hooked, mostly 2-3-lobed ; many are 3-lobed, symmetrical,

and like a trefoil in shape, others are irregular ; lobes rounded or retuse ; rarely 2-celled,

10-12 -5 y long and 6-7 -5 /a broad, with gibbous basal cell.

Thyriothecia very numerous and closely crowded, more or less circular in outline,

150-200 fj. diam., rarely solitary, usually fused laterally in groups of 2-4 or many, forming

irregular or elongated composite ascomata ; in extreme cases, the centre of the colony is

an almost continuous mass of thyriothecia and pycnidia, surrounded by a fringe of hyphae.

Basal membrane deep olive buff, more or less firmly compacted, radiating in structure,

composed of hyphae 2-5-3-5/x thick. Covering membrane convex, snuff brown, becoming

darker, subopaque, firm, composed of radiating hyphae 2 -5-3 -5 y thick, central cells almost

cubical, 3-5 y long, margin not fimbriate ; splitting at maturity, by stellate fissures, into

several triangular segments. Asci fairly numerous, 8-spored, ovate, broadly rounded above,

se sile, 27-5-35 X 20-25 y, with a firm, rather thick wall, somewhat thickened, 2 -5-3 /a

round the apex ; at maturity becoming more elongated, clavate and without apical thickening

37-5-45 X 15-17-5 /a. Spores conglobate, buffy brown, oblong, rounded at both ends,

1-septate, slightly constricted, smooth, 14-17-5 /a long ; upper cell broader and more broadly

rounded, 7-5-9/x long and 6-7-5 y broad, lower 6-7-5 /a long and 5-5-7 /a broad.

Pycnidia very numerous, in groups or interspersed with the thyriothecia, similar to

the latter but smaller, 65-120 y diam. Conidia ovate to pyriform, more rarely oblong,

buffy brown with a distinct, subhyaline, medial band, 14—19 X 7-5-11 /a.

On Osyridicar'pus natalensis A. DC., Tongaat, van der Byl, 6949, Type ; Langholm

Estates, Bathurst, Doidge, 12345 ; Pirie Forest, Kingwilliamstown, Doidge, 12326a, 22420.

40. Asterina clausenicola Doidge.

Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Air. 8 (1920) pp. 263, 273. [Plate XLIY.]

Colonies amphigenous, mostly epiphyllous, thin, greyish black, not sharply defined,

irregular in outline ; at first small, later spreading, becoming confluent and covering the

greater part of the upper surface of the leaf.

Mycelium delicate, loosely reticulate, hyphae deep to dark olive buff, 2 • 5-3 • 5 y thick,

more or less undulating, rarely straight, cells very variable in length, 15-30 y long ; branches

fairly numerous, irregular, sometimes opposite. Hyphopodia alternate or unilateral, rarely

opposite, elegant and varied in form; usually 1-celled, 7-11 /x long and 10-14 /x broad,

spreading from a narrow base, 3-4-, rarely 5-6 lobed, lobes rounded, truncate, retuse or

bilobulate, erect, more or less symmetrical and palmately lobed, or more or less curved

and asymmetrical; occasionally 2-celled, 10-17- 5 /x long, with basal cell cylindrical and

up to 10 /x long, or with the cross wall more or less oblique between two lobes.

Thyriothecia scattered or in small groups, more or less circular in outline, 120-160 p,

diam., sometimes confluent or fused in groups of 2-4. Basal membrane smoke grey to

greyish olive, firm, composed of radiating hyphae 2-3 /x thick. Covering membrane convex,

buffy brown to olive brown, composed of radiating hyphae 2-3 /x thick, cells almost cubical,

2 • 5-3 ■ 5 y long, or up to 5 /x long ; margin usually copiously fimbriate ; splitting at maturity,

by numerous stellate fissures, into a number of narrow triangular segments. Asci rather

numerous, about 20 in each thyriothecium, broadly ovate to subglobose, 4— 6-spored, sessile,

with a firm, rather thick wall, 27-30 X 22-26 y ; elongating at maturity and becoming

narrow ovate, 35-45 X 22-27 y. Spores conglobate, oblong to subclavate, rounded at

both ends, 1-septate, slightly constricted, buffy brown, smooth, 16-20 y long ; upper cell

broader and more broadly rounded, 9-10 y long and 6-9 y broad, lower 7-5-11 y long,

and 5-7 • 5 y broad.

Pycnidia very numerous, scattered or in groups, often interspersed with the thyriothecia

similar to the latter but smaller, 60-90 y diam. Conidia ovate, ellipsoid, subglobose or

angular and irregular in form, 12-5-17-5 X 9-13 y, without lighter medial band, but with

4, rather conspicuous, equatorial germ pores.

[304

On Clausena anisata (Willd.) Hk. f. (= Clausena inaequalis Bth v. abyssinica Engl.)

on leaves, Hilton Road, Natal, Doidge, 11606, Type ; Buccleuch, near Cramond, Sim,

10149; Woodbush, Doidge, 1754, 17760, 28328.

41. Asterina erysiphoides Kalch. et Cke. emend. Doidge.

Kalch. & Cke., Grevillea IX (1880) p. 32, t. 137, fig, 42 ; Doidge, Trans. Roy. Soc.

S. Afr. 8 (1920) pp. 256-257 ; Theissen Ann. Myc. 10 (1910) p. 16 and Die Gattung

Asterina (1913) p. 25. [Plate XLV.]

Colonies amphigenous, in some collections predominantly hypophyllous, thin, sooty

black, round to irregular, up to 6 mm. diam. ; often numerous, becoming confluent, covering

a large part of the leaf surface, or forming large irregular blotches, which are often along the

veins and leaf margins.

Mycelium delicate, radiating, becoming more or less reticulate, especially near the centre

of the colony, forming a loose network with rounded or angular mesh. Hyphae tawny

olive to snuff brown, slightly undulating or tortuous, 3 • 5-5 y thick, some secondary hyphae

thinner, 2-5 y thick; branches numerous, usually opposite ; cells mostly 15-22-5 y long.

Hyphopodia alternate or unilateral, rarely opposite, usually 1-celled, erect or hooked,

frequently broader than long, 5-10 y long, 5-10 y broad, usually with 2-5, mostly 3, broad,

shallow rounded lobes, asymmetrical and irregular in form ; rarely cylindrical, subglobose

or clavate and entire or subentire ; very rarely 2-3-celled, the septate hyphopodia being

usually near the centre of the colony, 10-15 y long, with 1-2-celled, cylindrical or slightly

gibbous stipe, apical similar in form to the 1-celled hyphopodia and 3-5-7-5 y broad.

Thyriothecia scattered or in small confluent groups, rarely 2-3 become completely

fused, circular in outline or flattened laterally through contact, 100-130 y diam. Basal

membrane delicate, olive buff, fairly firm and composed of radiating hyphae 2-5-3 y thick.

Covering membrane convex, snuff brown, becoming darker and subopaque, firm, composed

of radiating hyphae 2 -5-3 -5 y thick, with cells 4-6 y long ; margin more or less fimbriate,

with a fringe of paler, tortuous hyphae ; rupturing at maturity, by means of stellate fissures,

into a number of narrow, triangular segments. Asci not very numerous, ca. 10-12 in each

thyriothecium, embedded in brownish, mucilaginous matter, 8-spored, subglobose or broadly

ovate, sessile, with a firm, rather thick wall, 30-37-5 X 26-35 y. Spores conglobate, oblong,

snuff brown, rounded at both ends, 1-septate, constricted, minutely verruculose-echinulate

at maturity, 17-25 y long ; cells subglobose to oval, upper usually broader and more broadly

rounded, 11-13/r long and 10-12 y broad, lower 10-11 y long and 7-5-10 y broad.

Pycnidia numerous, similar in form to the thyriothecia but smaller, 60-100 y diam.

Conidia snuff brown, with a somewhat lighter, poorly defined medial band, ovate or pyriform,

16-22 X 10-15 y.

On Jasminum tortuosum Willd., on leaves, Cape, MacOwan 1139, Type.

Jasminum angulare Yahl., Kentani, Pegler 1868, 9161 ; East London, Doidge,

12405 ; Pirie Forest, Kingwilliamstown, Doidge, 12265 ; Langholm Estates,

Bathurst, Doidge, 12352 ; Alexandria, Doidge, 22367.

Jasminum multipartitum Hochst., Alice, Doidge, 10978 ; Springfield, Natal,

Medley Wood, 9018 ; East London, Doidge, 12432 ; Tongaat, van der Byl, 6954.

No. 12432 differs slightly from the other collections, the hyphopodia are more deeply

lobed and the proportion of 2-celled hyphopodia is larger.

Asterina erysiphoides Kalch. & Cke. (not Ell. & Mart) was described in Grevillea IX

(1880) p. 32, the type collection being MacOwan 1139 on Jasminum tortuosum. In the

Annales, Mycologici 10 (1912) p. 16, Theissen states that there are three collections under

this name in the Kew Herbarium : the type collection MacOwan 1139, a second with

the designation Puccinia exhauriens Thiim., and a third on Barosma scoparia, MacOwan 1260,

from Grahamstown, the last being an immature Meliola. The type consists of an immature

Asterina with light brown mycelium, of which the hyphae are 4-5 y thick, and bear alternate

hyphopodia 6-8 y long and mostly 3-lobed. The immature thyriothecia have no asci,

only brown stylospores with hyaline band, 18-22 y long and 10-12 y broad (“ sporidiis

ellipticis, continuis, atro-fuscis, 18-20 X 10 y” in the original diagnosis). Theissen concludes

that the species should be ignored (“ Die art is zu streichen ”).

There has evidently been some confusion in the labelling of MacOwan’s collections.

The collection labelled MacOwan 1139 in the herbarium of the South African Museum,

Capetown is Puccinia exhauriens, and no trace of an Asterina could be found on this material.

MacOwan 1260 is Meliola microthecia Thiim. on Barosma scoparia (Bothalia II, 1928, p. 454).

305

The type collection at Kew, MacOwan 1139, is evidently the Asterostomella-stage of

a species of Asterina which occurs fairly commonly in Natal and the Eastern Cape. A

number of collections agree with the description of the mycelium and pycnidia made by

Th&issen from the Kew specimen and with the original description in Grevillea ; several

numbers show well developed thyriothecia, which were described by Doidge (loc. cit.).

The name Asterina erysiphoides Kalch. & Cke. emend. Doidge should be retained for this

fungus, which is evidently the species collected by MacOwan and described in Grevillea*

In Stevens and Ryan, The Microthyriaceae (1939) p. 24, Asterina erysiphoides K. & Cke.

is given as a synonym for Seynesia microthyrioides (Wint.) Theiss., a fungus with no free

mycelium occurring on Eucalyptus in Australia ; for this there appears to be no

justification.

42. Asterina tertia Rac., var. africana Doidge.

Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Afr. 8 (1920) pp. 264, 277. [Plate XLVI. ]

Colonies epiphyllous, numerous, thin, black, circular, up to 3 mm. diam., often numerous

and tending to become confluent. Mycelium very loosely reticulate. Hyphae isabella

colour to tawny olive, more or less deeply and regularly undulating, 3-4 p thick, rarely up

to 5 p. ; cells mostly 20-30 p long ; branching irregular, sometimes opposite. Hyphopodia

fairly numerous, unilateral or alternate, rarely opposite, mostly 1-celled, irregularly lobed,

5-10 p long, 6-12-5 p broad, erect or hooked, with 2-5 irregular, rounded or refuse lobes,

lobes rarely symmetrical; occasionally 2-celled with gibbous stipe, 10-12- 5 p long and

5-6 • 5 p broad.

Thyriothecia very numerous, crowded, irregularly circular or oval in outline, 100-140 p

diam., rarely solitary, usually fused in groups of 2-5 or many, and forming larger, compound

ascomata. Basal membrane olive buff to deep olive buff, formed of radiating hyphae 2-3 p

thick, delicate, not firmly compacted and readily falling apart under pressure. Covering

membrane at first pellucid, isabella colour, to tawny olive, slightly convex, becoming darker,

subopaque and more definitely convex at maturity, composed of radiating hyphae 2 • 5-3 p

thick, cells 3 • 5-5 p long ; margin not fimbriate or rather sparsely so ; at maturity breaking

into a number of triangular segments through the formation of radiating stellate fissures,

which run out almost to the margin. Asci very numerous, 20-30 or more in each

thyriothecium, 8-spored, broadly ovate,. subsessile, 30-35 X 27-5-30 p, embedded in an

ochraceous mass of mucilaginous matter. Spores oblong, isabella colour to tawny olive,

pellucid, 1-septate, constricted, broadly rounded at both ends, 16-18 X 7- 5-10 p, rarely

exceeding 9 p in breadth ; cells subglobose, equal in size, or the upper very slightly broader ;

minutely but very distinctly verruculose at maturity.

Pycnidia similar to the thyriothecia but smaller, 50-80 p diam., Conidia ovate to

pyriform, tawny olive, without paler medial band, less frequently oblong to globose,

11-18 X 10-13 p.

On Hypoestes aristata R. Br., on leaves, Inanda, Medley Wood 608, 9512 ; East London,

Doidge, 10923.

Hypoestes verticillaris R. Br., Claridge, Doidge, 8998 ; Kentani, Pegler 2317, 9074

Van Staden’s Pass, Doidge, 10856 ; Langholm Estates, Bathurst, Doidge, 12356 ; Entumeni,

Zululand, Haygarth, 14149 ; Caradoc’s Bush, Knysna, Bottomley, 32207.

Barleria obtusa Nees, Winkle Spruit, Franks, 9538.

Dicliptera clinopodia Nees, Lemana, Northern Transvaal, Doidge, 1791, Type ; Pirie

Forest, Kingwilliamstown, Doidge, 12270.

Dicliptera heterostegia Nees, Mayville, Durban, Medley Wood, 9028.

43. Asterina diplocarpa Cke.

Grevillea 10 (1882) p. 129 ; Theissen, Die Gattung Asterina (1913) p. 106 ; Doidge,

Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Afr. 8 (1920) p. 263.

Svn. : Asterina similis Cke., Grevillea 10 (1882) p. 130.

Seynesia Balansae Speg. var. africana Saec., Hedwigia 38 (1899) p. (133) ; Syll.

Fung. XVI, p. 649.

Asterina Balansae (Speg.) Theiss. var. africana (Sacc.) Th., Die Gattung Asterina

(1913) p. 88 ; Doidge, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Afr. 8 (1920) p. 257. [Plate XL VII.]

Colonies amphigenous, mostly epiphyllous, black, more or less circular, up to ca. 2 ■ 5 mm.

diam. ; usually very numerous on the upper side of the leaf, becoming confluent and covering

the whole leaf surface.

306

Mycelium more or less reticulate ; very closely reticulate and interwoven in the

neighbourhood of the thyriothecia ; meshes more or less rounded. Hyphae vinaceous buff

to avellanous or wood brown, deeply and rather regularly undulating, in places giving a

zig-zag effect, 3 • 5-4 y thick, rarely up to 5y; cells mostly 15-25 p. long; branches

numerous, usually alternate. Hyphopodia fairly numerous, 1-celled, alternate or unilateral,

5-7 • 5 p. long and 7-10 y broad, irregularly lobed ; the majority more or less erect and

symmetrical, with 2-3 truncate, rounded or bilobulate lobes ; the remainder hooked, with

2-4 rounded lobes on the convex side.

Thyriothecia very numerous, crowded, rarely discrete, more or less circular in outline,

100-150 /x diam. ; mostly confluent or completely fused in groups of 2-4 or many, and

forming irregular, compound ascomata. Basal membrane subhyaline to pale smoke grey,

delicate, composed of radiating hyphae, which are loosely compacted and not always readily

detected. Covering membrane convex, at first avellanous to wood brown, pellucid, becoming

darker and subopaque, formed of radiating hyphae 2-5-3 y thick, central cells 3-5 y long,

those near the margin longer ; margin not fimbriate or rather sparsely so ; splitting at

maturity, by radiating fissures, into a number of narrow, triangular segments. Asci rather

numerous, 20-30 in each thyTiothecium, 8-spored, ovate or subglobose, subsessile,

34-42 X 25-27-5 /x, with a firm, rather thick wall slightly thickened, 1-5-6 y, round the

apex. Spores conglobate, oblong, broadly rounded at both ends, 1-septate, deeply

constricted, avellanous to wood brown, closely and minutely verruculose, 15-16- 5 /x long ;

upper cell subglobose, slightly broader, 7-5-9 y diam., lower usually 7-5-8 y broad.

Pycnidia numerous, similar to the thyriothecia but smaller, 70-90 y diam. Conidia

continuous, ovate or subglobose, wood brown without lighter medial band, 13-5-19 X

12-14 y.

On Sida rhombifolia L., on leaves, Inanda, Medley Wood 544, 9505, 10192, (Type of

Asterina similis Cke.).

Sida cordifolia L., Inanda, Medley Wood 601,. Type, 9506, 10194 ; Van Staden’s Pass,

Doidge, 10858 ; Natal, Medley Wood 6464, 9507 (Type of Seynesia Balansae Speg. var.

africana Sacc.) ; Durban, van der Byl 739.

The basal membrane of the thyriothecium is delicate in structure or composed of loosely

radiating hyphae ; no very compact membrane could be detected in the type or in the other

collections examined. Medley Wood 6464 is not on Rubus rigidus, as stated by Saccardo

(loc. cit.) but on Sida cordifolia, and agrees in every way with Asterina diplocarpa Cke. ;

in Theissen’s monograph (loc. cit.) this collection is named Asterina Balansae Speg. var.

africana and is included in the section Clypeolaster, ‘‘ without basal membrane ” ; Asterina

di'plocar'pa is placed in the section Clypeolaster, comprising species with basal membrane.

The basal membrane in this species is delicate and loosely compacted, and it may probably

be regarded as a transition form between the two sections.

43a. Asterina diplocarpa Cke. var. Hibisci Doidge nov. var.

Sub Asterina diplocarpa Cke., Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Afr. 8 (1920) p. 263.

Mycelium delicate, radiating irregularly, later becoming loosely reticulate with rounded

meshes. Hyphae 2 -5-3 -5 y thick, rarely up to 4 y, more or less deeply undulating ; cells

mostly 15-20 y long ; branches fairly numerous, alternate or opposite. Hyphopodia few,

distant, alternate or unilateral, 5-11 -5 y long, 7-5-15 y broad. Thyriothecia 100-130 y

diam. Asci not very numerous, ca. 10-12 in each thyriothecium, subglobose or broadly

ovate, 25-33 X 22-5-25 ^x. Spores 17-20 y long ; cells subequal in length, upper slightly

broader, 9-10 y broad, lower 7-5-9 y, minutely verruculose.

Pycnidia numerous, 70-80 y diam. Conidia 16-18 X 13-15 /x. In other respects like

the type.

On Hibiscus pedunculatus Cav., on leaves, Town Bush Valley, Pietermaritzburg, Doidge,

9710 ; East London, Doidge, 10927 ; Duncairn, near Pietermaritzburg, Doidge, 14952 ;

Van Staden’s Pass, Doidge, 17258, Type ; Deepwalls, Knysna, Bottomley, 32126.

44. Asterina Excoecariae Doidge.

Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Afr. 8 (1920) pp. 258, 274. [Plate XLVIII.]

Colonies amphigenous, thin, greyish black, poorly defined and irregular in outline,

up to 8 mm. diam.

Mycelium delicate, reticulate, with angular meshes. Hyphae deep olive buff or

avellanous to wood brown, 3-3-5 y thick, straight or slightly undulating; cells mostly

307

16-20 p long ; branches fairly numerous, usually opposite and at an angle of about 45°

with the main hypha. Hyphopodia fairly numerous, unilateral or alternate, 1-celled, mostly

erect, occasionally hooked, irregular in form, often broader than long, mostly 5-7 p long,

rarely up to 9 /x or 11 /x ; 5-10 p, mostly 6-8 p broad ; mostly 2-3-lobed, with very shallow,

broadly rounded lobes, occasionally more deeply lobed, rarely entire or subentire, obovate

or bolster-shaped.

Thyriothecia scattered or more or less crowded, often confluent in groups of 2-3, round

to irregular in outline, 150-200 p diam. Basal membrane delicate, pale smoke grey, composed

of radiating, loosely compacted hyphae, ca. 3-3-5 p thick. Covering membrane slightly

convex, pellucid, deep to dark olive buff, becoming darker, subopaque, composed of

irregularly radiating hyphae 2 • 5-3 p thick, which become tortuous near the margin ; central

cells almost cubical, 3-4 p long, cells near the margin indistinctly septate and irregular in

length ; margin irregular but not fimbriate ; splitting at maturity, by means of stellate

fissures, into a number of triangular segments. Asci not very numerous, about 10-12 in

each thyriothecium, 4-spored, broadly ovate to subglobose, sessile, with a firm, rather thick

wall, 37-45 X 31-42-5 p.. Spores conglobate, wood brown, oblong, broadly rounded at

both ends, 1-septate, constricted, finely and closely verruculose-echinulate, 25-30 X 12-14 / x ;

cells subequal, or the upper broader and more broadly rounded.

Pycnidia numerous, similar to the thyriothecia but smaller, 60-90 p diam. Conidia

mostly ovate, less frequently subglobose or ellipsoid, buffy brown to olive brown, with or

without an indistinct, lighter, medial band, 17-5-25 X 15-20 /x, thick-walled, wall ca.

1 -5p, thick.

On Drypetes arguta Hutch., on leaves, Winkle Spruit, Natal, Doidge, 9009, Type.

This is another species of which the host plant was incorrectly named.

45. Asterina Fleuryae Doidge nov. spec. [Plate XLIX.]

Colonies epiphyllous, not producing leaf spots, minute, 1-2-5 mm. diam., inconspicuous

and poorly defined, black, often numerous, becoming confluent and forming larger irregular

blotches.

Mycelium loosely reticulate. Hyphae pellucid, olive buff to buffy brown, 3-4 • 5 /x

thick, rather thin-walled, deeply undulating ; cells mostly 20-25 /x long ; branching

irregular. Hyphopodia 2-celled, not numerous, alternate or unilateral, rarely opposite,

straight, curved, hooked or uncinate, 9-19 p long, more frequently erect than inclined

towards the hyphae ; basal cell cylindrical, straight or curved, 1-5-10 p long, 3-4 /x thick,

or gibbous and up to 7 p thick ; apical cell straight, uncinate, hooked or undulating,

cylindrical, 3-4 p thick, or irregularly 2-4-lobed, with rounded, rather shallow lobes, and

up to 10 /x broad.

Thyriothecia fairly numerous, scattered or in groups ; groups of 2-4 or more, which are

in contact, often fuse laterally, forming larger, irregular, compound ascomata ; single

thyriothecia round to irregular in outline, 100-130 p diam. Basal membrane smoke grey,

fairly firm, radiating in structure, composed of radiating hyphae, 2 • 5-3 • 5 /x thick. Covering

membrane at first concolorous with the hyphae, becoming dark olive brown, subopaque,

convex, formed of radiating hyphae 3-3-5 /x thick, with cells 3-5-5 p long near the centre,

longer, up to 8 p, near the margin ; margin more or less fimbriate, fringing hyphae 2 • 5-3 • 5 p

thick, curved, tortuous ; splitting at maturity, by means of stellate fissures, into a number

of triangular segments. Asci fairly numerous, 8-spored, embedded in indistinctly fibrose,

greyish brown, mucilaginous matter, ovate or subglobose, sessile, with a firm, rather thick

wall, 25-35 x 17-20 p. Spores conglobate, oblong, dark olive buff, rounded at both ends,

I- septate, sofnewhat constricted, smooth, 12-15 X 5-6-5 p ; cells subequal or the upper

slightly broader, both cells broadly oval, or the upper subglobose, shorter and broader than

the lower, which is oblong.

Pycnidia numerous, similar to the thyriothecia but smaller, 60-90 p diam. Conidia

olive brown, with a poorly defined, lighter medial band, ovate, ellipsoid or pyriform,

II- 16 X 6-5-9 p.

On Fleurya sp., on leaves, Woodbush, Doidge, 28349, Type.

46. Asterina van der Bylii Werd.

B,ep. sp. nov. regni. veg. 19 (1923) p. 49. [Plate L. ]

Colonies amphigenous, not on leaf spots, more numerous on the upper side of the leaf,

thin, black, scattered, round to irregular in outline, 2-4 mm. diam. ; often numerous,

308

becoming confluent, covering the whole upper surface of the leaf, and becoming continuous

round the margin on the under side.

Mycelium more or less closely reticulate. Hyphae straight or very slightly undulating,

3-5-5 p thick ; younger hyphae drab grey, darkening with age to snuff brown ; cells varying

from 15-45 p in length ; branches opposite or alternate, usually at an acute angle with the

main hyphae. Hyphopodia alternate, unilateral or opposite, 2-celled, rarely 1-celled,

fairly numerous, 10-20 p long ; basal cell cylindrical, 3-10 p long, 4-5 p thick ; apical cell

5-10 p long, 5-9 p broad, cylindrical or clavate, straight, hooked or more or less curved,

entire or sublobed.

Thyriothecia comparatively rare and often absent, round or rather irregular in outline,

130-160 p diam. Basal membrane pale smoke grey to light greyish olive, radiating, delicate

but firmly compacted. Covering membrane slightly convex, at first snuff brown, becoming

darker and subopaque, composed of radiating hyphae 2 • 5-3 p thick, cells 4--5 p long, or

less frequently up to 7-5 p long ; margin briefly fimbriate, fringing hyphae paler, tortuous,

3-4 p thick. Asci 8-spored, ovate, subsessile, 30-35 X 26-28 p. Spores conglobate, dblong,

rounded at both ends, 1-septate, rather deeply constricted, snuff brown, very minutely

verruculose, 17-5-20 X 9-11 p ; cells subglobose, upper slightly larger.

Pycnidia formed in great profusion, 50-75 p diam., similar to the thyriothecia. Conidia

ellipsoid to subclavate, snuff brown with an indistinct, lighter medial band, 17 • 5-20 X 9-10 p

On Heteropyxis natalensis Harv., on leaves, Krantzkloof, Natal, van der Byl 398, Type ;

Umzimkulu Gorge, Oribi Flats, near Port Shepstone, McClean 551, 31288 ; Springfield,

Natal, Medley Wood, 9022 ; Krantzkloof, Doidge, 8254 ; Barclayvale, Liebenberg, 30459 ;

south bank of the Sabie River, Mogg, 32230 ; Zimbabwe, S. Rhodesia, van der Byl 2470.

Werdermann gives the measurements of the ascospores as 15-17-5 X 5-8 p ; it is

possible that the material he examined was immature, as he also states that the spores are

smooth.

Heteropyxis ruto-rhamnoides, stated to be the host of van der Byl 2470, is identical with

H. natalensis ; the latter is a very variable species and the name H. ruto-rhamnoides was

given to one of its numerous forms, but the name was not published.

47. Asterina peraffinis Speg.

Fung. Puigg. 355 (1889) ; Sate. Syll. Fung. IX, p. 392 ; Doidge, Trans. Roy. Soc.

S. Afr. 8 (1920) p. 259.

Syn. : Asterina pseudopelliculosa Speg. var. peraffinis (Speg.) Th. Die Gattung Asterina

(1913) p. 104. [Plate LI.]

Colonies amphigenous, not on leaf spots, thin, greyish black, round to irregular in

outline, up to 7-5 p diam., often becoming confluent; becoming more conspicuous after

the formation of numerous thyriothecia, which appear as a thick powdering of black on

the greyish spots.

Mycelium more or less reticulate. Hyphae deep to dark olive buff, older hyphae

occasionally buffy brown, pellucid, straight or slightly indulating, 3-5 p thick ; branching

irregular. Hyphopodia not very numerous, alternate or unilateral, 2-celled, only

occasionally 1-celled, straight or more or less curved, at various angles with the hypha or

closely appressed towards it, 10-20 X 8-12- 5 p, irregularly, often palmately 3-4-lobed,

lobes rounded or truncate ; often obliquely septate between the first and second lobes

and thus forming a gibbous basal cell; basal cell rarely cylindrical.

Thyriothecia very numerous and thickly scattered, small groups of 2-4 often closely

crowded and becoming more or less connate, round, brown, 120-160 p diam. Basal membrane

firm, olive buff to deep olive buff, composed of radiating hyphae 2-5-4p thick. Covering

membrane convex, up to 75 p high in the centre, at first deep olive buff, then buffy brown

to olive brown, pellucid, rather loosely compacted of straight, radiating hyphae, 2-5-4 p

thick, central cells almost cubical, 2-5-4p long, peripheral cells somewhat longer, 5-8 p

long ; early becoming split into a number of triangular segments by means of irregularly

stellate fissures, which reach almost to the margin ; margin fimbriate, fringing hyphae.

paler, 3-4 p thick, almost straight or more or less tortuous and up to 25 p long. Asci

embedded in olive ochre mucilaginous matter, ovate, subglobose or broadly ellipsoid,

8-spored, sessile, thin-walled, somewhat thickened, up to 3 p, round the apex, 30-40 X

22-5-30 p ; fairly numerous, up to 12, in each thyriothecium. Spores conglobate, pel'und,

buffy brown to olive brown, oblong, broadly rounded at both ends, 1-septate, constricted,

smooth, 1 7 • 5-20 p long; cells subglobose to broadly ellipsoid, upper larger, 10-12-5 p

long and 8-5-10p broad, lower 7-5-8-5p long and 6-7-5p broad.

309

Pycnidia numerous, similar to the thyriothecia but smaller, about 70 p diam. Conidia

ovate to pyriform, dark olive buff, continuous, without a hyaline band, 17-20 X 6-10 p.

On Tylophora Flanagani Schlecht., on leaves, Lemana, Northern Transvaal, Doidge,

1804 ; Brander’s High Forest, Victoria East, van der Byl, 9458 ; Pirie Forest, Kingwilliams,

town, Doidge, 12304 ; Hoek van Helbosch, N. Transvaal, Burtt Davy, 15498 ; West Wood,

Haenertsburg, Doidge, 17721 ; Woodbush, Doidge , 28345 and van der Byl 1653.

48. Asterina radio-fissilis (Sacc.) Theiss.

Ann. Myc. 10 (1912) p. 22 ; Die Gattung Asterina (1913) p. 97.

Syn. : Dimeriurn radio fissilis Sacc., Fungi aliquot afr., Bol. Soc. Brot. 21 (1904) p. 21.

Asterina natalensis Doidge, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Afr. 8 (1920) pp. 248, 275.

Sub Asterina tenuis Wint., in Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Afr. 8 (1920) p. 250. [Plate LII.]

Colonies amphigenous, mostly epiphyllous, not on leaf spots, black, small, circular

to irregular in outline, up to 2 mm. diam., often becoming confluent and forming larger,

irregular blotches.

Mycelium loosely reticulate, composed of undulating hyphae, which are dark olive

buff to buffy brown, 3-5-4/a thick, with cells mostly 15-25 p long ; branching irregular.

Hyphopodia fairly numerous, alternate or unilateral, rarely opposite, mostly 2-celled,

rarely continuous, 10-15 fx long, occasionally up to 20 p, 6-10 p broad, straight, curved or

hooked; basal cell cylindrical or gibbous, 2-5 /x long, 3 -5-4 -5 /x thick, rarely up to 6 p

thick ; apical cell irregular in shape, usually with 2-4 blunt lobes, rarely subentire and

club-shaped.

Thyriothecia numerous, often crowded, round to irregular in outline, or becoming

angular when two or more contiguous thyriothecia become fused, 100-140 p diam. Basal

membrane smoke grey to greyish olive, radiating in structure, formed of hyphae about

2-5 /X thick. Covering membrane slightly convex, buffy brown to olive brown, often

subopaque, formed of radiating hyphae 2-3 /a thick, cells 3-5 /a long ; margin not fimbriate

or sparsely so ; splitting at maturity into a number of triangular segments, by means of

stellate fissures which run out almost to the margin. Asci fairly numerous, ovate, sessile,

8-spored, 27-5-32-5 X 23-25/u. Spores conglobate, buffy brown, oblong, 1-septate, slightly

constricted, minutely verruculose, 15-19 X 7-9 /a ; cells subequal.

Pycnidia similar to the thyriothecia but smaller, 60-80 /x diam. Conidia ellipsoid to

ovate, buffy brown with a lighter medial band, 11-15 X 7-9 /a.

On Erythrococca berberidea Prain, on leaves, near Durban, Medley Wood 6458b, 9524b.

Ctenomeria capensis (Thunb.) Harv., Winkle Spruit, Doidge , 9001 (Type of

Asterina natalensis ) ; van Staden’s Pass, Doidge, 17259.

Dalechampia capensis Spreng., Amanzimtoti, Doidge, 1638 ; Winkle Spruit,

Doidge, 9003.

Acalypha decumbens Thunb., van Staden’s Pass, Doidge, 10862

According to Theissen (loc. cit.) the type of Asterina radio-fissilis is Medley Wood 6452.

on Kraussia coriacea ; it has lobulate hyphopodia and spores 17-19 X 8-10 p ; var.

macrospora, Medley Wood 6458, on leaves of an unknown tree, has spores 25-28 X 11-13 p.

Both these collections of Medley Wood are to be found under the name Asterina tenuis

in various herbaria.

The material distributed under the numbers quoted evidently consists of a mixture

of leaves from different hosts. The portion of Medley Wood 6452 in the herbarium at Pretoria

is certainly Kraussia coriacea, but the fungus on these leaves has node cells and not typical

hyphopodia (see Asterolibertia megathyria), and is certainly not the Asterina described by

Theissen. Under Medley Wood 6458 are included leaves of two entirely different plants ;

one is a Capparis sp. (see Asterina Woodii) and the other is Erythrococca berberidea. The

latter host was erroneously recorded as Claoxylon sp. in a previous paper (Doidge l.c.) and

Theissen’s reference to Medley Wood’s collection was unfortunately overlooked.

There can be no doubt, from Theissen’s description and drawings, that Asterina

radio-fissilis is the fungus on Erythrococca, the fungus on Capparis being an Asterina with

entire, cylindrical and usually uncinate hyphopodia. A. radio-fissilis cannot be distinguished

from A. natalensis Doidge, and the latter must be regarded as a synonym ; the host of the

type collection of the latter fungus is not Mikania sp., as originally stated, but Ctenomeria

capensis. The fungus on Acalypha is identical with collections of A. radio-fissilis on other

hosts, and not with the related species Asterina Acalyphae Syd.

310

49. Asterina africana (van der Byl) Doidge nov. comb.

Syn. : Asterina celtidicola P. Henn. v. microspora Doidge, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Afr. 8 (1920)

p. 260.

Parasterina africana vand er Byl, S. Afr. Jour. Sci. 26 (1929) p. 319. [Plate LIII.]

Amphigenous, forming very numerous, small, indefinite, greyish black spots, which

frequently cover a large part of the leaf surface ; most numerous along the veins and under

the margin of the leaf.

Mycelium more or less closely reticulate. Hyphae straight or more or less undulating,

pellucid, tawny olive to snuff brown, 3-5 /i thick, rather indistinctly septate, bra nching

irregular. Hyphopodia alternate, 2-celled, occasionally 1- or 3-celled, slightly curved,

uncinate or bent abruptly at right angles (boot-shaped), rarely straight and club-shaped,

entire or with 2-3 short, rounded or truncate lobes, 10—17 - 5 /x long and 4-10 p, broad;

basal cell more or less cylindrical, 4-7-5 /z long.

Thyriothecia numerous, thickly scattered, not infrequently in contact with one another

and becoming connate in large or small groups, circular, slightly elongated or somewhat

angular in outline, 100-150 /z diam. Basal membrane not conspicuous, delicate, subhyaline

to dark olive buff, formed of rather loosely compacted, radiating hyphae, ca. 3 /z thick.

Covering membrane convex, tawny olive then snuff brown, beconiing subopaque, composed

of straight, radiating hyphae 2 • 5-3 • 5 p thick, cells 5-7 • 5 p long ; early splitting into narrow

triangular segments through the formation of radiating stellate fissures ; margin not

fimbriate or sparsely so, a few hyphae being prolonged into_paler, tortuous hyphae up to

about 60 ix long. Asci numerous, up to 30 in each thyriothecium, broadly ovate to subglobose,

sessile, 8-spored, 26-33 X 22-30 p. Spores conglobate, tawny olive to snuff brown, oblong,

broadly rounded at both ends, 1-septate, constricted, closely and rather conspicuously

verruculose-echinulate, 16-20 p long ; cells of approximately equal length, subglobose to

broadly ellipsoid, upper usually broader, 8-10 /z broad, lower 7-5-9/z.

Pycnidia closely associated with the thyriothecia and similar in form but smaller,

60-100 p diam. Conidia oblong or ovate, continuous, snuff brown with a hyaline, medial

band, 14-20 x 8-12-5 /x.

On Xylotheca Kraussiana Hochst., Durban, H. Forbes ( van der Byl 2527), Type ; Stella

Bush, Durban, Bottomley, 11376, 11382, 11378 ; Stella Bush, van der Byl 742,

11361 and Schilz 14706 ; Durban, Bottomley 11897, 11898, Pole Evans 11899 and

Franks 8405 ; Durban, van der Byl 110 ; Winkle Spruit, Doidge, 9004, 9012 ;

Amanzimtoti, Doidge, 1683 ; Berea, Durban, Morgan and Doidge, 32157.

Oncoba sp., Rikatli, Mozambique, Junod, 11731, 11732.

In a previous paper (Doidge, loc. cit.) this fungus was described as Asterina celtidicola

var. microspora on Maerua (3 numbers) and Oncoba Kraussiana (2 numbers) ; the host

in each case is Xylotheca Kraussiana Hochst., for which Oncoba Kraussiana is a synonym.

Parasterina africana van der Byl was said to be on Cola natalensis, but the host of the type

specimen is not this plant but Xylotheca Kraussiana.

Asterina africana has a distinct basal membrane to the thyriothecia and differs from

Asterina celtidicola in a number of other particulars.

49 a. Asterina africana (van der Byl) Doidge var. Kiggelariae Doidge nov. var.

Sub Asterina celtidicola P. Henn. var. microspora. Doidge in Bothalia I (1924) p. 204.

Colonies always epiphyllous. Mycelium composed of radiating, irregularly branched

hyphae, which become loosely reticulate ; rather closely reticulate near the centre of the

colony, where there is a tendency for two or more hyphae to run parallel and become connate.

Hyphae and hyphopodia similar to those of the type ; hyphopodia occasionally opposite,

8-20 ix long, 6—9 yu. broad; basal cell more or less cylindrical, rarely gibbous, 3-12-5 /z

long and 3-5 p thick ; terminal cell as in the type.

Basal membrane of thyriothecia subhyaline, delicate, readily breaking down and

difficult to detect ; covering membrane consisting of straight, radiating hyphae 2-3 p thick,

cells ca. 4—5 fx long in the centre, slightly longer near the sparsely fimbriate margin. Asci

not very numerous, 6-12 in each thyriothecium, 27-5-35 X 25-32- 5 /z. Spores slightly

broader than those of the type, upper cell 8-5-11 /z broad, very minutely verruculose at

maturity.

Conidia somewhat smaller than those of the type, 10-17-5 X 8-5-11-5 fx.

On Kiggelaria africana L., on leaves, Keurkloof Forest, George, Doidge, 17111, Type ;

Storm’s River, Humansdorp District, Doidge, 17191 ; Deepwalls, Knysna, Doidge, 17221 ;

Woodbush, Doidge, 17748 ; Montagu Pass Road, George, Doidge, 17104.

311

50. Asterina elegans Doidge nov. spec.

Sub Asterina sphaerasca Thiim., in Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Afr. 8 (1920) p. 262. [Plate LIY.]

Colonies mostly epiphyllous, black, often circular in outline and up to 5 mm. diam.,

sometimes confluent and covering larger areas of the leaf surface.

Mycelium reticulate. Hyphae tawny olive to cinnamon brown, the primary hyphae

finally becoming subopaque, straight or slightly undulating, 3-6 p thick, cells 20-35 p long,

branching irregular. Hyphopodia numerous, opposite, alternate or unilateral, occasionally

three arise from one hyphal cell and are in a whorl or placed irregularly, at right angles to

the hypha or inclined towards it, 2-celled, cylindrical, straight or slightly curved, 12-20 p

long, 4-6 p broad ; basal cell cylindrical, 5-7 • 5 p long ; terminal cell cylindrical, tapering

somewhat to the rounded apex, or constricted near the apex.

Thyriothecia numerous, thickly scattered, more or less circular in outline, 130-170 p

diam. ; basal membrane pale smoke grey to deep olive buff, composed of radiating hyphae

3-5 p diam. ; covering membrane convex, cinnamon brown to russet, becoming opaque

in the centre, composed of straight, radiating hyphae 3-4 p thick, cells 3-5-4 p long in the

centre, somewhat longer near the fimbriate margin ; splitting at maturity, by stellate fissures,

into numerous narrow, triangular segments. Asci not numerous, subglobose to ovate, sessile,

8-spored, thick-walled, especially when immature, 45-50 X 35-42 p. Spores conglobate,

cinnamon brown when mature, oblong, broadly rounded at both ends, 1-septate, constricted,

22-25 p long ; cells approximately equal in length, ellipsoid to subglobose, upper 11-12-5 p

broad, lower 9-10-5 p broad; very coarsely and conspicuously verruculose-echinulate at

maturity, with spinules up to 1 • 5 p long.

Pycnidia similar to the thyriothecia but smaller, 100-120 p diafh. Conidia ovate,

tawny olive to cinnamon, without hyaline band, 20-25 X 12-15 p.

On Capparis citrifolia Lam., on leaves, Winkle Spruit, Doidge, 9010, Type.

Capparis Gueinzii Sond., Bluff, Durban, Morgan and Doidge, 32155.

51. Asterina capparidicola Doidge nov. spec. [Plate LV.]

Colonies amphigenous, but more numerous and better developed on the upper side of

the leaf, numerous, black, at first minute, 1-3 cm. diam., round to irregular, more or less

scattered ; later becoming confluent and forming irregular blotches, which cover a large

part of the leaf surface ; rarely there are discrete, irregularly circular colonies up to 5 mm.

diam. ; occasionally caulicolous.

Mycelium closely reticulate. Hyphae almost straight or somewhat undulating, about

5 p thick, closely articulated, tawny olive to snuff brown, copiously branched, two or more

hyphae often running parallel and becoming connate, frequently forming, with the

hyphopodia, especially near the centre of the colony, an almost continuous, compact mycellial

layer. Hyphopodia very numerous, ususlly opposite, at right angles to the hypha or inclined

towards it, 2-celled, straight, somewhat curved or abruptly bent, ovate or briefly clavate,

10-15 p long and 5 -5-7 -5 p broad ; basal cell cylindrical, ca. 5 p thick, usually 2-3 p long,

but sometimes up to 6 p ; apical cell subglobose or briefly cylindrical, broadly rounded

at the apex.

Thyriothecia thickly scattered and usually associated with numerous pycnidia, more

or less circular in outline, 110-140 p diam., often coalescing in groups of 2-8. Basal membrane

smoke grey to deep olive buff, composed of radiating hyphae 2-3-5 p thick. Covering

membrane convex, up to 40 p high in the centre, composed of straight or slightly undulating,

radiating hyphae 3—4 p thick, with cells 2-4 p long, almost cubical, but near the centre

broader than long ; margin fimbriate with a fringe of tortuous, paler hyphae 3-5-4 p thick

and up to 150 p long, or, in the denser parts of the mycelium, not fimbriate ; pellucid, at

first snuff brown to bistre, later becoming almost black, opaque ; early breaking into rather

broad, irregular, triangular segments, through the formation of stellate cracks, often breaking

away in the centre and exposing the asci. Asci globose or broadly ovate, sessile, 8-spored,

32-43 X 27-5-37-5 p. Spores conglobate, dark olive buff to tawny olive, oblong, broadly

rounded at both ends, constricted at the septum, 22-27 • 5 p long ; upper cell larger, 12 • 5-15 p

long and ll-5-13-5p broad, lower 10-12-5p long and 10-ll-5p broad; minutely and

evenly, or rather conspicuously verruculose-echinulate at maturity.

Pycnidia similar to the thyriothecia but smaller, up to 100 p diam. Conidia tawny

olive to snuff brown, with or without an indistinct, lighter medial band, ovate to oblong,

17-25 X 12-15 p.

312

On Capparis Zeyheri Turcz., on leaves and stems, Alexandria. Doidge, 22360, 22361

Type ; Van Staden’s Pass, Doidge, 17254.

Capparis citrifolia Lam., Ebb and Flow, Wilderness, Doidge, East London,

Doidge, 12416.

Capparis Ivolkameriae, Witklip, Port Elizabeth, van der Byl 2492.

52. Asterina Woodii Doidge nov. spec. [Plate LVI.]

Colonies amphigenous, scattered, thin, black, irregularly circular in outline, rather

more numerous and better developed on the lower than on the upper surface ; single

colonies up to 6 mm. diam., often becoming confluent and covering a large part of the leaf

surface.

Mycelium consisting of hyphae which are rather remotely branched and more or less

reticulate. Hyphae pellucid, ochraceous tawny, straight or slightly undulating, 3-5 p

thick, cells 15-35 p long ; not infrequently two or more hyphae run closely parallel and

become connate. Hyphopodia not very numerous, often rather remote, opposite, alternate

or unilateral, usually inclined towards the hypha, less frequently at right angles to it,

2-celled, 10-17-5 p long, 3-5-5 p broad, cylindrical to subclavate, more or less uncinate or

sinuous, rarely sublobed ; basal cell more or less cylindrical, 2 -5-10p long.

Thyriothecia numerous, thickly scattered, single, or very often in small, closely

crowded groups of 2-8, 120-160 p diam., circular in outline or becoming irregular through

lateral pressure. Basal membrane pale smoke grey to light greyish olive, composed of

radiating hyphae 2-5-3 p thick, which are firmly or rather loosely compacted. Covering

membrane ochraceous tawny to cinnamon brown, convex, composed of almost straight,

radiating hyphae, 2-3 p thick ; cells 4-5 p long in the centre, somewhat longer towards the

margin, which has a fringe of tortuous hyphae 2-5-3 p thick ; at first closed, splitting at

maturity into a number of triangular segments, by means of radiating, stellate fissures,

some of which reach the margin. Asci comparatively numerous, 8-10 in each thyriothecium,

ovate to subglobose, 8-spored, sessile, rather thick-walled, '30-37-5 x 22-5-27-5p,

embedded in a mass of olive ochre mucilaginous matter. Spores conglobate, oblong, rounded

at both ends, 1-septate, deeply constricted, cinnamon brown, subopaque, 22-5-25 X

10-12-5 p; almost black and conspicuously echinulate at maturity; each cell ellipsoid

to ovate, the upper slightly larger.

On Capparis Gueinzii Sond., Natal, Medley Wood 6458a, 9524a, Type.

This is a part of the collection labelled “ Asterina tenuis. Medley Wood 6458 ” ; for

a discussion of this material see Asterina radio-fissilis.

53. Asterina Rinoreae Doidge nov. sp.

Sub Asterina Ivagans Speg., Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Afr. 8 (1920) p. 261.

Sub Asterina vagans Speg. var. subreticulata Theiss., in Stevens and Ryan, The

Microthyriaceae (1939) p. 69. [Plate LVII.]

Colonies amphigenous, minute or more or less effuse, thin, greyish black, not

conspicuous ; more numerous and better developed on the upper side of the leaf.

Mycelium loosely reticulate. Hyphae irregularly branched, tawny olive, ca. 5 p thick,

almost straight or somewhat undulating, cells 25-30 p long. Hyphopodia fairly numerous,

alternate or unilateral, 2-celled, straight and erect, or curved or hooked and inclined towards

the hypha, 9-17-5 p long ; basal cell more or less cylindrical, ca. 5 p thick, straight or bent,

rarely gibbous, 3-6 p long, occasionally up to 12-5 p long; terminal cell asymmetrical,

often irregularly 2-3-lobed, lobes rounded or truncate, 8-11 -5 p broad.

Thyriothecia irregularly scattered, round or somewhat irregular in outline, 100-160 p

diam. Basal layer delicate, olive buff, formed of rather loosely compacted, radiating hyphae.

Covering membrane slightly convex, formed of straight, radiating hyphae 3-3-5 p thick,

cells 5-7-5 p long ; early splitting, by stellate fissures, into numerous, narrow, triangular

segments and breaking away in the centre, leaving the developing asci exposed ; margin

rather sparsely fimbriate, the fringing hyphae being more or less tortuous near the

thyriothecium and then straight, paler 3-5-‘4p thick and up to 250 p long. Asci ovate to

subglobose, sessile, 8-spored, 33-37 X 33-35 p. Spores conglobate, oblong, broadly rounded

at both ends, 1-septate, constricted, at first pellucid, tawny olive, darker when mature,

20-24 X 11-12-5 p, conspicuously verruculose-echinulate at maturity, spinules up to 1 p

long ; cells subglobose, equal or the upper slightly broader.

Pycnidia similar to the thyriothecia but smaller, 50-60 p diam. Conidia brown, with

an obscure, lighter medial band, ovate to pyriform, 15-18 X 10-11 p.

313

On Rinorea natalensis Engl., on leaves, Buccleqch, near Cramond, Doidge , 9704, fungus

Type 11581.

This fungus has now been compared with a specimen of Asterina vagans on Tournefortia

volubilis (Syd. Fung. exot. exsic. 849) and although it is evidently a closely related species,

it is not identical with the American species which occurs on Solanaceae. It is more compact

in habit, with stouter hyphae, the spores more coarsely and conspicuously echinulate and

the radiating hyphae composing the covering membrane of the thyriothecia more slender.

There are also other minor differences.

Abundant material of the host was collected, but colonies of the fungus are not numerous

on the leaves. Asterina Rinoreae is associated with Irene Rinoreae, which occurs on the

same leaves.

CLYPEOLELLA v. Hohn.

Fragm. zur Myk. No. 478 (1910).

cf. Theissen in Centr. Bakt. II Abt. (1912) p. 229.

Superficial mycelium present, with hyphopodia and 4-celled conidia. Thyriothecia

dimidiate, scutate, flat ; covering membrane radial in structure, composed of one layer of

cells, dehiscing from the centre. Hypothecium flat, filamentous. Hymenium simple,

polyascous. Spores 2-celled, usually brown, sometimes almost hyaline.

KEY TO SOUTH AFRICAN SPECIES.

A. — Thyriothecia 320-400 y diam. Spores 23-32 X 11-5-14 y 1. C. Psychotriae.

B. — -Thyriothecia 225-300 y diam. Spores 20-25 X 10-12- 5 /.t 2. C. rhamnicola.

1. Clypeolella Psychotriae Doidge nov. comb.

Svn. : Calothyrium Psychotriae Doidge (not Ryan) Bothalia I (1922) p. 76. [Plate LVIII.]

Colonies hypophyllous, thin, olive brown, scattered, often developing on the veins,

more or less circular in outline, not sharply defined, ca. 8-12 mm. diam., sometimes fairly

numerous and becoming confluent.

Mycelium loosely or more closely reticulate, forming a network with angular meshes.

Hyphae deep to dark olive buff, almost straight or slightly sinuous, 4-5 y thick, obscurely

and rather remotely septate, cells 25-40 /a long, branching irregular. Hyphopodia not

numerous, alternate or unilateral, often distant, 1-celled, pyriform pulvinate or sublobed,

often trilobulate and broader than long, 7 • 5— 12 - 5 yu. long and 9-10 /x broad.

Thyriothecia sometimes scattered, but more frequently rather closely crowded and

often becoming confluent in groups, more or less circular in outline, 320-400 y diam., often

flattened and irregular in shape as a result of mutual lateral pressure. Covering membrane

delicate, pellucid, olive buff, slightly convex, formed of radiating hyphae 4—5 y thick, cells

varying in length from 5-15 y, margin entire, more or less crenate, not fimbriate. Asci

fairly numerous, 8-spored, subglobose to ovate, broadly rounded above, sessile, 40-53 X

35—40 y. Paraphysoids fibrose, hyaline, more or less persistent. Spores conglobate, oblong,

broadly rounded at both ends, 1-septate, not constricted or very slightly so, smooth, rather

thick- walled, hyaline, tardily becoming tinted deep olive buff, 23-32 X 11 • 5-14 y; cells

subequal or the upper slightly shorter and broader.

Conidia borne at the tips of short lateral branches of the hyphae, 3-septate, hyaline

to olive buff, more or less cylindrical, straight, slightly curved or abruptly bent near the

base, broadlv rounded above or subacute, basal cell tapering to a truncate base,

45-55 X 11-5-12-5 y.

On Psycholria capensis Yatke, on leaves, Amanzimtoti, Natal, Doidge, 1575 (associated

with Meliola littoralis Syd., on the same leaves).

The mycelium is hyphopodiate, and not as stated in the original description (Doidge

loc. cit.). Apparently mature spores in the ascus are quite hyaline, but spores lying free

on the leaf surface become tinted and are almost as dark as the hyphae. It seems not

unusual in species of this genus, for spores in the ascus to remain hyaline, probably becoming

'coloured later, e.g. Clypeolella Anisophyllae Syd. (Ann. Myc. 36, 1938, p. 190) and

Cl. Alphitoniae Syd. (Ibid. 35, 1937, p. 42). In the latter species, the conidia are described

as being also hyaline.

314

2. Clypeolella rhamnicola Doidge nov. comb.

Syn. : Asterina rhamnicola Doidge, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Afr. 8 (1920) pp. 255, 277.

Plate LIX.

Colonies epiphyllous, thin, greyish black, more or less circular in outline, up to 7 mm.

diam., scattered, often numerous, becoming confluent and then covering the greater part

of the leaf surface.

Mycelium radiating, becoming loosely reticulate with angular meshes. Hyphae mostly

straight, dark olive buff to buffy brown, 5-7 p thick, cells mostly 20-30 p long ; branches

numerous, irregular, often opposite. Hyphopodia alternate or unilateral, briefly cylindrical

or subglobose, 6-11 p long and 6-10 p broad.

Thyriothecia not very numerous, scattered or confluent in small groups of 2-3, formed

at the tips of short hyphal branches, more or less circular in outline, 225-300 p diam. Basal

layer hyaline, delicate, structure not evident. Covering membrane slightly convex, delicate,

pellucid, deep to dark olive buff, paler than the mycelium, composed of thin-walled,

irregularly radiating, rather sinuous hyphae, 3-5 p thick, septations obscure; margin

entire, more or less crenate but not fimbriate ; central cells breaking down irregularlv

at maturity. Asci very numerous, 20-50 in each thyriothecium, often visible through the

pellucid covering membrane, 8-spored, broadly ellipsoid to ovate, sessile, 45-55 X 23-37 • 5 p.

Spores buffy brown, oblong, broadly rounded at both ends, 1-septate, slightly constricted,

smooth, 20-25 p long; cells subequal in length but upper broader, upper cell 10-12-5 p

broad, lower 8-10 p.

Conidia fairly numerous in some collections (especially in Nos. 14135 and 28343) borne

singly at the tips of short hyphal branches, more or less fusoid to sublunate, 40-45 p long.

12-15 p broad at the centre or nearer the upper end, tapering to both ends, which are obtuse

and 6 -5-7 -5 p thick, more or less curved, the curvature being greatest near the ends;

on germination, mycelial hyphae develop directly from both ends.

On Rhamnus 'prinoid.es L’Herit., on leaves, Woodbush, Doidge, 1752, Type ; Woodbush.

Doidge, 17737, 28341 ; Kentani, Pegler 2315, 2287, 9068 ; Pirie Forest, Kingwilliamstown.

Doidge, 12294 ; Brander’s High Forest, Victoria East, van der Byl, 9463a ; Deepwalls,

Knysna, Doidge, 17214 ; Keurkloof Forest, George, Doidge, 17115 ; Storm’s River, Doidge ,

17.179; near Mont-aux-Sources, Doidge, 14135; Lundie’s Hill, Umkomaas Valley near

Bulwer, Doidge, 30509 ; Marwaqa Forest, near Bulwer, Morgan and Doidge, 30900 ; Knysna,

van der Byl 400, 2274, 2281. '

ASTEROLIBERTIA Arnaud.

Ann, de l’l^cole Nat. d’Agric. de Montpellier, nouv. ser. 16 (1918) p. 165.

Mycelium with node cells or intercalary stigmocysts, without hyphopodia. Thyriothecia

similar to those of Asterina, no definite basal membrane. Typical paraphyses wanting.

Spores 2-celled, brown.

KEY TO SOUTH AFRICAN SPECIES.

A. — Node cells conspicuous.

(a) Node cells alternating regularly with cylindrical hyphal cells, 7 -5-10p

thick 1. A. megathyria.

( b ) Node cells distant and irregular, 5-8 p thick la. H. megathyria,

var. Randiae.

B. — Node cells inconspicuous, only slightly broader than the cylindrical hyphal cells 2. A. Burchelliae.

1. Asterolibertia megathyria Doidge nov. comb.

As Asterina gibbosa Gaill. var. megathyria Doidge, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Afr. 8 (1920)

p. 248. [Plate LX.]

Colonies mostly epiphyllous, but occasionally hypophyllous, scattered, more or less

circular in outline, black, crustaceous, up to 3 mm. diam.

Mycelium radiating. Hyphae isabella colour, more or less undulating, 5-6 p thick,

cells 8-15 p long, or up to 25 p long in the younger parts of the mycelium, branching irregular,

often opposite. Node cells alternating with cylindrical hyphal cells with fair regularity,,

barrel-shaped to subglobose, often asymmetrical, 7 -5-10p broad.

Thyriothecia very numerous, densely crowded in the centre of the colony, rarely discrete :

separate thyriothecia more or less circular in outline, 140-200 p diam. ; thyriothecia usually

crowded, becoming irregular in outline through lateral pressure and fusing in large groups

of 6-20 in small colonies, and over 100 in the larger colonies. The mass of thyriothecia

often covers the whole centre of the colony and is surrounded by a fringe of radiating hyphae •

315

less frequently the thyriothecia form an irregular ring round the more or less open centre.

Basal layer delicate, subhyaline, structure not evident. Covering membrane convex,

Saccardo’s umber, becoming darker and subopaque at maturity, formed of straight, radiating

hyphae, 2-3 p thick, central cells almost cubical, 3-3-5 p long, marginal cells up to 5 p

long ; margin not fimbriate ; dehiscing at maturity by irregular, stellate fissures. Asci

ovate to clavate-cylindrical, 6-8-spored, sessile, with a firm, rather thick wall, which is

slightly thickened round the apex, 27-40 X 15-20 p. Spores conglobate, oblong, rounded

at both ends, 1-septate, slightly constricted, deep olive buff, smooth, thin-walled, 16-20 p

long; upper cell subglobose, 8-9 p diam., lower ellipsoid, 9-12 p long and 8 p broad.

Germinating spores give rise to a single hyphopodium, which is irregularly 3-5-lobed, 12-17 p

long and 10-15 p broad ; thereafter the spore collapses and two or more hyphae develop

from the base of this hyphopodium, growing out to form the mycelium.

On Tricalysia lanceolata (Sond.) Burtt Davy, on leaves, Amanzimtoti, Doidge 1576 ;

Winter’s Kloof, Doidge , 1624, 8987 ; Kentani, Pegler, 8787 ; Claridge, Doidge,

8992 ; Durban, Medley Wood, 9027 ; Town Bush Valley, Doidge, 9707 ; Buc-

cleuch near Cramond, Doidge, 9708 Type, and Sim, 10151 ; Umkomaas, Bot-

tomley, 11887 ; Duncairn, near Maritzburg, Doidge, 14957.

Tricalysia sonderiana Hiern. (= Kraussia lanceolata Sond.) Natal, Medley Wood

6452 (sub Asterina tenuis q.v.) 334, 9522 ; Krantzkloof, Doidge, 8985.

Since describing this fungus as a variety of Asterina gibbosa Gaill., a more careful

comparison has been made with a portion of the type collection of that species (Rabh. Wint.

Fung. Eur. 4054, collected in Brasil). This fragment is immature, but it is sufficient to

show that, although closely related to the South African fungus, Asterina gibbosa differs

very considerably in habit and in a number of details. The thyriothecia are widely scattered,

and the hyphae appear to be more slender than stated by Theissen ; they are ca. 4 p thick.

The spores of Asterina gibbosa germinate in a similar fashion to that described above

in Asterolibertia megathyria, but the primary hyphopodium is clavate or ovate, entire, not

lobed. In the genus Asterina the spore usually produces one hyphopodium from each cell

(usually at each pole) and hyphae develop directly from the spore in close proximity to

these. The spore is persistent and can often be detected, unchanged in form, in the centre

of large colonies. In the species of Asterolibertia examined, the spore is thin-walled and

collapses ; it disappears soon after germination.

The genus Asterolibertia was established by Arnaud for Asterina-like fungi with ‘‘ node

cells ” or intercalary stigmocysts in place of typical hyphopodia. So far as can be judged

from the South African material, these species are sufficiently distinct to warrant their

•separation into another genus.

la. Asterolibertia megathyria Doidge var. Randiae nov. var.

Colonies epiphyllous, rarely hypophyllous, small, up to 2-5 mm. diam. Hyphae 2-4 p

thick, with node cells which are distant and irregular and 5-8 p diam. ; cells 7-5-10 p long

in the neighbourhood of the thyriothecia and the nodes, elsewhere up to 20 p long ; branches

numerous, irregular, often opposite.

Thyriothecia massed in the centre of the colony, as in the type, and similar in colour

and structure, 75-100 p diam. Asci ovate or subclavate, 4-spored, broadly rounded above,

attenuate to a sessile base, 22-28 X 12-15 p. Spores parallel or conglobate, oblong, 15-18 /x

long, upper cell subglobose, 5-7-5 p long and 5-6-5 p broad, lower cell subcylindrical,

9-1 1 p long and 5 p broad. On germination, spores give rise to a single 1-celled hyphopodium,

which is more or less lobed, often palmately 3-lobed, 6-7-5 p long and broad.

On Randia dumetorum Lam., on leaves, Durban, Medley Wood, 9029 ; Amanzimtoti,

Doidge, 1682 ; Umgeni, Medley Wood, 9031 ; Lemana, Northern Transvaal,

Doidge 1792, Type.

Canthium Gueinzii Sond., Hog’s Back, Henderson, 11347.

Canthium capensis Sond., Hog’s Back, Henderson, 11348.

2. Asterolibertia Burchelliae Doidge nov. comb.

Svn. : Asterinella Burchelliae Doidge, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Afr. 8 (1920) pp. 267, 278.

Prillieuxina Burchelliae (Doidge) Ryan, Stevens and Ryan, The Microthyriaceae

(1939) p. 77. [Plate LXI.]

Colonies epiphyllous, minute, black, ca. 1 mm. diam, more or less circular in outline,

scattered.

316

Mycelium rather sparse, radiating. Hyphae dark olive buff to light brownish olive,

undulating, 3-4 y thick ; cells mostly 10-13 y long ; branching irregular. Node cells

alternating with cylindrical hyphal cells with fair regularity, only slightly broader, cylindrical

to barrel-shaped, mostly 5-5 • 5 fx thick.

Thyriothecia grouped in the centre of the colony, more or less circular in outline.

90-120 /x diam., often flattened laterally by contact and becoming confluent in groups.

Basal layer delicate, subhyaline, structure not evident. Covering membrane slightly convex,

snuff brown, composed of straight, radiating hyphae 2-5-3 fx thick, central cells almost

cubical, 3-4: y long, cells nearer the margin up to 5 y long ; margin briefly and rather coarsely

fimbriate, fringing hyphae light brownish olive, often subtorulose ; breaking up at maturity

into several triangular segments, through the formation of stellate fissures. Asci ellipsoid-

* ovate or broadly cylindrical, rounded above, sessile, with a firm -wall slightly thickened

round the apex, 27-37-5 X 16-20 /x. Spores conglobate or subdistichous, oblong, rounded

at both ends, 1-septate, slightly constricted, dark olive buff, thin-walled, smooth,

13-17-5 X 5-6-5 /x ; upper cell somewhat shorter and broader than the lower. On

germination the spore gives rise to a single, firm-walled hyphopodium, which is snuff brown,

ovate or subglobose, 7 • 5-9 y long and 5-7 • 5 [x broad ; from the base of this a hypha develops,

which early branches to form the mycelium.

On Burchellia capensis R. Br. Woodville Forest, George, Doidge 10940, Type ;

Keurkloof Forest, George, Doidge, 17121 ; Storm’s River, Doidge, 17162 ;

Deepwalls, Knysna, Doidge, 17202 ; Knysna, van der Byl 2495, 2285.

Tarenna pavettoide-s Bth. & Hk., Umtentwini, Wager 184, 32674.

ASTERINELLA Theiss.

Ann. Myc. 10 (1912) p. 160 ; Broteria (1912) p. 101.

Syn. : Prillieuxina Arnaud, Ann. licole Nat. Agr. Montp. 16 (1918) p. 161.

Superficial mycelium brown, septate, branched, without hyphopodia. Thyriothecia

dimidiate, scutate, round, radial in structure, dehiscing from the apex. Asci globose to

ovate or cylindrical- ellipsoid, with or without typical paraphyses. Spores 2-celled, brown.

KEY TO SOUTH AFRICAN SPECIES

A. — Spores smooth, 20-26- 5 y long.

(а) Thyriothecia 200-220 y diam

(б) Thyriothecia 120-180 /x diam

B. — Spores minutely scaberulous, 28-33 y long :

1. Asterinella Tecleae Doidge nov. spec. [Plate LXII.]

Colonies hypophyllous, mostly along the leaf margins and veins, thin, greyish black,

irregular in outline and poorly defined.

Mycelium delicate, ahyphopodiate, more or less closely reticulate. Hyphae deep to

dark olive buff, more or less undulating, irregular in thickness, mostly 2-2-5 y thick,

occasionally up to 4 y, sub-nodulose in places, septation obscure, branching freely and

irregularly.

Thyriothecia few, interspersed with the pycnidia, from which they are hardly

distinguishable, scattered or confluent in groups of 2-4, 200-220^ diam. Basal layer

delicate, structure not evident. Covering membrane slightly convex, avellanous to buffv

brown, pellucid, composed of radiating hyphae 2-3 /x thick, central cells 4-6 y long, cells

near margin slightly longer, up to 10 y ; margin briefly fimbriate ; splitting at maturity

into triangular segments by a number of radiating stellate fissures. Asci fairly numerous,

up to ca. 20 in each thyriotliecium, 8-spored, subglobose to ovate, sessile, 22-37-5 X 25 y,

with a firm wall ca. 1 y thick, slightly thickened (2-5 y) round the apex. Spores conglobate,

at first hyaline, becoming buffy brown rather tardily, subclavate, 1-septate, not constricted

or very slightly so, broadly rounded above, tapering to an acutely rounded or subtruncate

base, 20-26- 5 y long ; upper cell ovate, 1 1—14 yu. long and 7- 5-10 y broad, lower more or

less cuneate, 9-12-5 y long and 6-8 y broad near the septum.

Pycnidia numerous, closely resembling the thyriothecia. Conidia cylindrical or

cylindrical-clavate, obtusely rounded to truncate at both ends, hyaline, straight or slightly

curved, 7-septate, 45-50 X 3-5-5 y.

On Teclea natalensis Engl., on leaves, West Wood, Haenertsburg, Doidge , 17783.

1. A. Tecleae.

2. A. Pterocelastri .

3. A. Mimnsopsidis .

317

2. Asterinella Pterocelastri Doidge.

Bothalia I (1924) p. 198.

Syn. : Prillieuxina Pterocelastri (Doidge) Ryan, Stevens and Ryan, The Microthyriaceae

(1939) p. 80. [Plate LXIII.]

Colonies hypophyllous, thin, greyish black, circular to irregular in outline, 4—10 rum.

diam., scattered or more or less crowded, becoming confluent and covering large areas of

the leaf surface.

Mycelium more or less closely reticulate. Hyphae deep to dark olive buff, more or less

undulating or tortuous, 2- 5-4^ thick, subtorulose in places, branching freely and irregularly

and forming a very irregular network ; septation obscure.

Thyriothecia fairly numerous, scattered or in small groups and becoming confluent,

circular in outline, 120-180 p diarn. Basal layer delicate, hyaline, structure not evident.

Covering membrane slightly convex, dark olive buff, pellucid, formed of rather sinuous,

radiating hyphae 2-5-4 p thick, central cells 3-5 p long, margin cells longer ; margin briefly

fimbriate ; dehiscing at maturity by irregularly radiating stellate fissures. Asci fairly

numerous, mostly 8-spored, occasionally 4-spored, ovate or ovate-oblong, broadly rounded

above, sessile, 30 — 37-5 X 20 — 25 p, with a firm wall, ca. 1[X thick, slightly thickened (ca. 5 p)

round the apex. Spores conglobate or subdistichous, ellipsoid-oblong, rounded at both

ends, broadly rounded or tapering slightly above, tapering gradually and more definitely

downwards, 1-septate, slightly constricted, smooth, thin-walled, deep to dark olive buff,

20-25 p long ; upper cell usually shorter and broader, 10-11 • 25 p long and 8-9 p broad,

lower 12- 5-14 p long and 7-7-5 p broad at the septum.

On Plerocelastrus tricuspidaius Sond. (= Pt, variabilis Sond.) on leaves, Storm’s River,

Doidge , 17190 ; Deepwalls, Knysna, Doidge 17222.

The spores are longer than stated in the original description ; it is probable that those

previously examined were not fully mature.

3. Asterinella Mimusopsidis Doidge.

Bothalia I (1922) p. 80.

Syn. : Prillieuxina Mimusopsidis (Doidge) Ryan, Stevens and Ryan, The Microthryiaceae

(1939) p. 81. [Plate LXIV.]^

Colonies hypophyllous, black, more or less circular in outline, up to 5 mm. diam.,

scattered, occasionally numerous and becoming confluent.

Mycelium radiating. Hyphae slightly undulating, often tortuous, especially in the

neighbourhood of the thyriothecia, dark olive buff to isabella colour, irregular in thiekness,

mostly 2 • 5-5 p thick, in places up to 7 p ; cells uneven in length, often 25-35 p long, but

frequently shorter ; branching irregular, branches usually at an acute angle with the hypha,

becoming much interwoven and tangled ; in places 2 or 3 hyphae run closely parallel for

some distance, forming loose strands.

Thyriothecia very numerous, rarely scattered, usually closely crowded near the centre

of the colony and becoming confluent in groups. Single thyriothecia more or less circular

in outline, 350-500 p diam. Basal layer delicate, hyaline, structure not evident. Covering

membrane slightly convex, at first isabella colour to old gold, translucent, rapidly becoming

darker in the centre, brownish olive and subopaque ; finally it is blackish brown and opaque

in the centre, with a broad, translucent margin about 75 p broad; formed of sinuously

radiating hyphae 2 • 5-4 p thick, cells mostly 15-20 p long ; margin at first entire, undulating,

becoming more or less fimbriate at maturity, fringing hyphae deep olive buff, 3-3-5 p

thick, more or less tortuous ; splitting at maturity into a few broad segments, through the

formation of stellate radiating'cracks, the central part finally breaking wawy. Asci numerous,

ovate or ovate-oblong, 8-spored, broadly rounded above, sessile, 60-75 X 25-40 p, with

a firm wall. Paraphysoids sub-persistent, hyaline, filamentous, exceeding the asci, ca.

2-2 • 5 p thick, slightly swollen at the tips. Spores distichous or conglobate, oblong; broadly

rounded at both ends, 1-septate, constricted, huffy olive, at first smooth, very minutely

scabenflous at maturity, 28-33 p long; upper cell slightly larger, 15-17- 5 p long and

14—16-5 p broad, lower 14—16-5 p long and 12-14 p broad. Spores often found germinating

in the ascus.

On Mimusops obovata Sond., on leaves, Pirie Forest, Kingwilliamstown. Doidge , 12267

East London, Doidge, 12409 ; Alexandria, Doidge , 22369.

318

LEMBOSIOPSIS Theiss.

Ann. Myc. 11 (1913) p. 435.

Thyriothecia linear, paraphyses present ; spores hyaline, 2-celled, mycelium

ahyphopodiate.

Lembosiopsis eucalyptina Petr, et Syd.

Ann. Myc. 22 (1924) pp. 372-374. [Plates LXY, LXVI.]

Colonies on leaf spots, which are amphigenous, more or less scattered, not penetrating

to the opposite side of the leaf, rather sharply defined, more or less circular in outline,

4— 8 mm. diam., rarely up to 10 mm., often numerous and becoming confluent, thus forming

larger irregular blotches, snuff brown to verona brown.

Mycelium not visible to the naked eye, reticulate ; in the centre of the colony with

rounded-angular meshes about 25-30 p diam. Hyphae dark olive buff to isabella colour,

undulating, rather obscurely septate, cells often 25-35 p long, often fused by lateral walls

into strands of 2 or more, apparently more or less following the outlines of the epidermal

cells of the host, and entering the leaf through the stomata. On the older spots, the mycelium

becomes denser near the edges, the hyphae running parallel (when closely crowded producing

a palisade-like structure) more or less torulose, darker (snuff brown to warm sepia) and

with more frequent septations, cells 10-13 p long ; a more or less definite margin to the

colony is thus formed.

Thyriothecia scattered, usually in limited numbers near the centre of the colony,

sometimes single, but frequently in groups of 3-4, which fuse at the ends and produce com-

pound Y- or X-shaped ascomata. Individual thyriothecia linear, straight or slightly curved,

not tapering towards the broadly rounded ends or only slightly so 250-400 X 75-100 /x.

Basal layer quite flat, about 10-12 p thick, composed of rather thick- walled cells 4-5-5 p

diam., the outer cells rather light pellucid olive green, the inner almost hyaline. Covering

membrane rather brittle, almost opaque and blackish brown in the centre, composed

of rounded-angular or slightly elongated cells ca. 4-5 p diam. ; near the margin the

hyphae are pellucid, definitely radiating and are prolonged more or less freely into the

mycelial hyphae. Asci 8-spored, broadly clavate or ovate, broadly rounded above,

tapering rather suddenly to a sessile base, thick-walled, thickened round the apex (ca. 5 p)

28-42 X 12-5-15 /x. Spores distichous or imperfectly tristichous, oblong, broadly rounded

at both ends, 1-septate, not constricted or slightly so, 9-12-5 X 4-5 p ; cells approxi-

mately equal in length, or the upper slightly shorter and broader than the lower, which

tapers somewhat. Paraphyses rather numerous, filiform, stout, 1-5-2 n thick, more or less

branched at the apex ; lateral branches thickened (up to 3 p) tinged pale olive green,

exceeding the asci and forming a typical epithecium.

Pycnidia ( Thyrinula eucalyptina Petr, et Syd.) scattered, usually near the edge of the

leaf spots, discrete, rarely fused in groups of 2 or 3, circular in outline, slightly convex,

80-130 /x diam., rarely up to 150 p. Covering membrane brittle, carbonaceous, with a

round, central pore ca. 5 p diam., similar in structure to the membrane of the thyriothecia.

Conidiophores closely crowded, small, conical, ca. 4-5 p long, l-5-2p thick at the base,

sometimes up to 10 p long, and then cylindrical with a bulbous base. Conidia hyaline, thin,

rod-shaped or filiform, more or less curved, seldom quite straight, obtuse at the ends, 1-celled,

5- 22 p long, 0-75 p thick.

On Eucalyptus coriacea A. Cunn., on leaves, Jessievale Plantation, Vosmansbeacon,

District Forest Officer , 17285.

Eucalyptus qigantea Dehnh., Jessievale, District Forest Officer, 17096, 17266

Type, 20458 ; Insizwa, B. Griqualand, District Forest Officer, 20453 ; Ingeli,

Pietermaritzburg District, District Forest Officer, 20455 ; Kubusi, Stutterheim,

District Forest Officer, 20456, 20457 ; Evelyn Valley, Kingwilliamstown,

District Forest Officer, 20619.

Eucalyptus globulus Lab., Woodbush, Doidge, 17753.

Eucalyptus hemiphloia F. v. M., Jessievale, District Forest Officer, 17287.

Eucalyptus obliqua L’Her., Jessievale, District Forest Officer, 17286.

Eucalyptus regnens F. v. M., Jessievale, District Forest Officer., 17265.

Eucalyptus sp., Rosetta, Natal, Sim, 12494.

The connection between the mycelium producing the pycnidial and the ascus stage

seems fairly clear, but Petrak and Sydow (loc. cit.) have described the conidial stage as the

type of a new genus, Thyrinula. “ In Gesellschaft dieses Pilzes fi.e. Lembosiopsis

319

eucalyptina ) wachst in dieselben Flecken eine Nebenfrucht-form, die sich,er dazu gehort

Two collections were studied by Petrak and Sydow, No. 17266 on Eucalyptus gigantea

and No. 17753 on Eu. globulus, the former evidently being taken for the type.

Sections of leaves from these two collections have been examined. In leaves of Etc. gigantea ,

the hyphae of the fungus penetrate into the stomatal cavity, and for a short distance

between the cells of the mesophyll. (Plate LXVII, a, b.). In the leaves of Eu. globulus,

there is a more extensive internal mycelium. The hyphae push between the guard cells,

proliferate in the substomatal cavity, and often push between the cuticle and the epidermis,

forming small patches of subcuticular hypostroma. Separate hyphae grow between the

cells of the mesophyll and penetrate as far as the epidermis on the opposite side of the leaf.

The thyriothecia are quite superficial, but the pycnidia may arise from the superficial

hyphae or from the subcuticular hypostroma ; in the latter case they are at first covered

by the cuticle, which ruptures as they develop ; they are finally superficial.

The parasitism of this fungus and the relation between the ascus and the conidial forms

need further study.

LEMBOSIA Lev.

Ann.- Sc. Nat. Ser. 3. Bd. Ill (1845) p. 58. ; ■

Syn. : Morenoella Speg. Fung. Guaran. I (1883) p. 258.

Superficial mycelium usually well developed, with hyphopodia. Thyriothecia linear,

otherwise like Asterina. Covering membrane developing a longitudinal fissure at maturity.

Hypothecium flat, filamentous. Basal membrane thin or wanting. Asci ofvate to: clavate,

thick-walled, with or without typical paraphyses. Spores 2-celled, brdwn.

. l

KEY TO SOUTH AFRICAN SPECIES. ! f.

A. — Hyphopodia fairly numerous, usually alternate, cylindrical to pyriform 1. L. Phillipsii.

B. — Hyphopodia few, distant.

(а) Hyphae less than 4 p thick.

1. Spores 17-20 p long 2. L. piriensis.

2. Spores 15-17 p long 3. L. Wageri.

(б) . Hyphae 4-6 p thick 4. L. durbana.

1. Lembosia Phillipsii Doidge nov. comb.

Syn. : Morenoella Phillipsii Doidge, Bothalia I (1924) p. 205. [Plate LXVII.]

Colonies hypophyllous or caulicolous ; on the leaves thin, greyish black, scattered,

poorly defined, at first more or less circular and up to 1 cm. diam., often very numerous,

becoming confluent and covering large areas of the leaf surface, especially near the margins

and base of the leaf ; often densely clothing the stems and petioles of young seedlings.

Mycelium on the leaves loosely reticulate, forming a network with angular meshes ;

denser and more closely interwoven on the stems and petioles. Hyphae undulating slightly,

buffy brown, 3-4 p thick, rather obscurely septate, cells mostly 20-25 p long, branching

irregular. Hyphopodia fairly numerous, alternate or unilateral, rarely opposite, 1-celled,

mostly erect and at right angles to the hypha or nearly so, cylindrical to truncate-coDical

or subpyriform, rounded or subacute, at the apex, straight or somewhat curved, 6-15 p

long, mostly 7-9 p long, 3-5-5 p broad ^t the base ; in places complete or incomplete circles

are formed by the proximity of two hyphopodia on a curved hypha, or by the fusion of a

branchlet with a hyphopodium.

Thyriothecia scattered, numerous, discrete, or crowded and becoming confluent in

irregular groups ; at first circular, rapidly becoming elliptic or linear in outline, but

occasionally remaining almost circular, 240-600 p long, 90-160 p broad. Covering membrane

snuff brown to cinnamon brown, becoming subopaque in the centre, formed of radiating

hyphae 3-5 p thick, cells mostly 5-6 p long ; dehiscing at maturity by a longitudinal slit ,

which later becomes widely distended, exposing the asci ; margin raggedly fimbriate.

Asci fairly numerous, 8-spored, ovate, sessile or with a short, peg-like foot, 26-33-5 X 18-20 p,

with a firm wall, slightly thickened round the apex. Spores tristichous or conglobate,

snuff brown, oblong, rounded at both ends, 1-septate, deeply constricted, 14-16-5/x long ;

cells subequal, or the upper rather shorter and broader than the lower, separating readily

at the septum, upper cell 7-5 p long and 5 -5-6 -3 p broad, lower 7-5-9 p long and 5-5-5 p

broad.

On Ocotea bullata E. Mey., on leaves, Montagu Pass, near George, Doiflqe, 17127 ;

Deepwalls, Knysna, Doidge, 17205 Type ; Deepwalls, ,/. Phillips ( van der Byl 2257) ;

Knysna, van der Byl 2279.

320

2. Lembosia piriensis Doidge.

Bothalia I (1922) p. 78. [Plate LXYIII.]

Colonies epiphyllous, scattered, thin, greyish black, more or less circular, up to 1 cm.

diam., sometimes numerous and covering almost the whole of the leaf surface.

Mycelium reticulate, forming a network with angular meshes. Hyphae dark olive

buff to isabella colour, slender, straight or somewhat sinuous, 3-3-5 p thick, obscurely

septate ; brandling irregular and often more or less fasciculate in the neighbourhood of the

hyphopodia. Hyphopodia not numerous, distant, unilateral or alternate, 1-celled, subglobose

or pulvinate, rarely sublobed, often broader than long, 4-6 p long and 6-9 p broad.

Thyriothecia scattered, elliptic in outline, straight, simple or occasionally forked,

200-350 p long, 120-170 p broad. Covering membrane snuff brown near the margin, early

becoming darker in the centre and opaque or subopaque, slightly convex ; near the margin,

distinctly radiating in structure and formed of hyphae 3-4 p thick, cells mostly 8-10 p long ;

copiously and rather briefly fimbriate at the margin ; at first closed, then dehiscing by a

longitudinal crack. Asci fairly numerous, 6-8-spored, ovate, sessile, 37-42-5 x 20-25 p,

with a firm wall slightly thickened round the apex. Spores conglobate, snuff brown, oblong,

rounded at both ends, 1 -septate, constricted, smooth, 17-20 X 6-7 -5 p; upper loculus

slightly broader. Paraphysoids ' more or less persistent, fairly numerous, filamentous,

subhyaline, about 2 p thick.

Pycnidia not very numerous, scattered, hemispherical, 60-100 p diam. ; covering

membrane convex, with a central pore, formed of radiating hyphae 2-5-3 p thick. Conidia

hyaline, bacillary, up to 5 p long and ca. 0-5 p broad.

Mycelial conidia scattered, borne laterally on the hyphae, on short, conical, straight

or curved, 1-celled conidiophores, or at the tips of short lateral branches, cylindrical or

subclavate, snuff brown, 6-12-septate, truncate at the base, rounded or subacute at the

apex, very slightly constricted at the septa, occasionally more deeply constricted, especially

near the apex, often uneven in width, 50-100 p long and 6-9 p broad.

On Trichocladus ellipticus E. & Z., on leaves, Pirie Forest, Kingwilliamstown, Doidge,

12301, Type ; Alexandria, Doidge, 22426.

This fungus is very similar in general habit to Aster ina secamonicola, A. dissiliens and

A. inconspima, the fasciculate branching near the hyphopodia being particularly

characteristic. In some respects these four fungi and Lembosia durbana resemble the

superficial growth of Asterodothis solans, but no internal mycelium could be detected in

the leaf sections examined. The mycelial conidia of Lembosia piriensis are similar in type

to those of Asterodothis Solaris, but are longer and have more septations ; conidia are more

numerous in No. 22406 than in the type collection.

Lembosia piriensis is found associated with Isipinga contorta and Irene scabra, on

the same leaves.

3. Lembosia Wageri Doidge nov. spec. [Plate LXIX.]

Colonies epiphyllous, black, irregular in outline, poorly defined and up to about 3 mm.

diam. ; at first scattered, but usually very numerous, becoming confluent and covering

the whole surface of the leaflet, or at least its lower half.

Mycelium radiating irregularly. Hyphae light .greyish olive or greyish olive to buffy

brown, 2-5-4 p thick, more or less undulating, occasionally running parallel to one another

and forming strands of 2 or 3 hyphae, becoming more or less closely interwoven ; branching

irregular ; septations obscure and rather distant. Hyphopodia few, distant, scattered,

continuous or 2-celled, very irregular in form, usually more or less lobed, mostly 6-10 p

long and 5-8 p broad, sometimes broader than long.

Thyriothecia very numerous, crowded together in large groups, often becoming

confluent or completely fused, forming large, irregular, compound ascomata ; single

thyriothecia linear-oblong, straight, curved or forked, 200-300 p long and 80-120 p broad,

dehiscing by an irregular longitudinal crack running almost the whole length of the covering

membrane, or more or less circular in outline, 120-150 p diam., with stellate dehiscence,

Basal layer delicate, hyaline, structure not evident. Covering membrane slightly convex,

pellucid, buffy brown to warm sepia, becoming subopaque in the centre, formed of radiating

hyphae 2-3 p thick, cells 4-6 p long, marginal cells longer ; margin more or less fimbriate,

fringing hyphae paler, tortuous, 1-5-2 p thick. Asci very numerous, ovate to subglobose,

broadly rounded above, sessile, 6-8-spored, 23-30 X 16-20 p, with a firm wall ca. Ip

thick. Paraphysoids not seen. Spores conglobate, becoming almost parallel, clavate-oblong,

broadly rounded above, tapering more or less to a rounded base, 1-septate, not constricted

321

or very slightly so, smooth, greyish olive, 15-17 p long ; upper cell subglobose, 6-25 p. long

and 5 -5-6 -25 p broad, lower cuneate-oblong, 8-75-11 p long andca. 5 p broad at the septum.

On Teclea natalensis Engl., on leaves, Umhlanga Rocks, Natal, Wager, 32472.

It is very difficult to free mature spores from the ascus ; they become parallel and

germinate in the ascus, a germ tube being formed consistently at the lower end. From this

fact and from an examination of young colonies, it seems likely that the spores are not

released from the ascus, but that the germ tubes grow out through it.

4. Lembosia durbana van der Byl.

South Afr. Jour. Sci. 26 (1929) p. 319. [Plate LXX.]

Colonies epiphyllous, scattered, thin, greyish black, more or less circular in outline,

up to 3 mm. diam.

Mycelium radiating, becoming loosely reticulate. Hyphae buffy brown to olive brown,

main hyphae mostly 4-6 p thick, in places up to 8 p, often running closely parallel, becoming-

fused laterally and forming strands of 2-4 elements; hyphae usually almost straight,

in places more or less undulating, rather obscurely septate, cells often 18-25 [x long ;

branching irregular, secondary hyphae paler, deep to dark olive buff, 2 • 5-4 p thick.

Hyphopodia not numerous, unilateral or alternate, often rather darker brown than the

hyphae, hemispherical to pulvinate, 3-5-5p long, 6-9 p broad.

Thyriothecia not very numerous, scattered or in small groups near the centre of the

colony, oblong to linear, not tapering to the broadly rounded ends, straight, curved or

forked and becoming triangular, 300-500 p long, 140-200 p broad. Basal layer hyaline

or subhyaline, ca. 2-5-4 p thick. Covering membrane slightly convex, at first bufi'y brown,

becoming blackish brown and opaque in the centre, formed of radiating hyphae 2-5-4/x

thick, more or less fimbriate at the margin ; fringing hyphae pellucid, olive buff to buffy

brown, almost straight ; dehiscing at maturity by an irregular longitudinal fissure, running

almost the whole length of the covering membrane. Asci fairly numerous, oblong-clavate,

broadly rounded above, tapering somewhat to the sessile or subsessile base, 8-spored,

50-60 X 12-5-17-5 fx, with a firm wall, thickened round the apex (5-10 /x). Spores more

or less distichous, ellipsoid-oblong, rounded at both ends, 1-septate, rather deeply constricted,

buffy brown, smooth, 17-20 p long ; cells subequal, or the upper somewhat shorter and

broader, 7 • 5-9 /x long and 6-8 p broad, lower 8-10 p long and 5-5-7 p broad. Paraphysoids

fibrose, hyaline or subhyaline, subpersistent, 1 -5-2-5 p thick.

Pycnidia fairly numerous, scattered, circular in outline, 50-75 p diam. ; covering

membrane convex, blackish brown, opaque except at the margin, where it is more or less

translucent, olive brown, formed of straight radiating hyphae, 2-5-3p thick; dehiscing

by a rather indefinite central pore. Conidia not seen.

On Cassine laurifolia (Harv.) Davison, Durban, Forbes (van der Byl 2526).

The host of this fungus is not Chaetacme aristata as stated in the original description ;

it is certainly a Cassine and probably Cassine laurifolia. Unfortunately the type collection

consists of only a few detached leaves, and a more certain identification of the host is not

possible.,

• ECHIDNODES Theiss. et Syd.

Ann. Myc. 15 (1917) p. 422.

Syn. : Echidnodella Th. et Syd., Ann. Myc. 15 (1917) p. 422.

Like Lembosia, but mycelium without hyphopodia.

KEY TO SOUTH AFRICAN SPECIES.

A. — Parasitic on fungus mycelium 1. Ech. lembosioides

B. — Leaf parasites.

(a) Spores 14 — 1 7 • 5 p long.

1. Spores 6-6-5 p broad 2. Ech. Acokantherae.

2. Spores 7-9 p broad 3. Ech. Rhoina.

(b) Spores 17-5-25 X 6-7-5p 4. Ech. natalensis.

(c) Spores 12-15 x 5-6- 5 p 5. Ech. africana.

(d) Spores 10-14 X 4-5 p X 6. Ech. Hypolepidis.

1. Echidnodes lembosioides Doidge nov. comb.

Syn. : Asterinella lembosioides Doidge, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Afr. 8 (1920) pp. 267, 279.

Plate LXXI.

Mycelium pale, more or less densely reticulate and interwoven, and closely investing

the hyphae of Balladyna velutina and Meliola littoralis. Hyphae deep to dark olive buff,

2-4 p thick, undulating or tortuous, obscurely septate, branching freely and irregularly.

322

Thyriothecia fairly numerous, scattered or more or less confluent in small groups,

very variable in form, circular in outline, 200-240 p diam., broadly elliptic, 280-330 X

160-220 p or linear, 350-800 X 120-180 p, linear thyriothecia straight, bent or forked;

all three forms often occur in the same colony. Basal layer delicate, structure not evident.

Covering membrane slightly convex, dark olive buff to buffy brown, Becoming blackish

brown and opaque in the centre, formed of radiating hyphae 2-4 p thick ; margin not

fimbriate or briefly and sparsely so ; dehiscing at maturity by irregular central fissures,

which in the linear thyriothecia axe longitudinal, running almost the whole length of the

covering membrane. Asci numerous, oblong-clavate, 8‘spored, broadly rounded above,

tapering more or less to a sessile base, 35-45 X 17-20 p, with a firm wall, slightly thickened

round the apex. Spores subdistichous or conglobate, oblong, broadly rounded at both ends,

1-septate, slightly constricted, smooth, dark olive buff to buffy brown, 13-5-15 p long;

cells subequal or the upper slightly larger, upper cell 6-7 • 5 fx long and broad, lower 6 • 5-7 ■ 5 p

long and 5-6-5p broad. Paraphyses numerous, persistent, filiform, hyaline, ca. 1 p thick,

somewfiat swollen and clavate at the tips.

Pycnidia similar to the round thyriothecia but smaller, 120-180 p diam. Conidia

numerous, hyaline, continuous, fusoid, curved, lunate or sinuous, tapering to both ends,

15-20 p long, l-5-2p broad in the centre.

On mycelium of Balladyna velulina (B. & C.) v. Holm., and Meliola littoralis Svd.,

on leaves of Canthium Gueinzii Engl., Buccleuch, near Cramond, Doidge, 11574.

2. Echidnodes Acokantherae Doidge now comb.

Syn. : Asterinella Acokantherae Doidge, Trans. Roy. Soc.. S. Afr. 8 (1920) pp. 266, 278.

Prillieuxma Acokantherae (Doidge) Ryan, Stevens and Rvan, The Microthy ria ceae ,

(1939) p. 77. [Plate LXXIL]

Colonies hypophyllous, scattered or crowded, especially numerous near the leaf margins,

thin, greyish black, more or less circular in outline and up to 5 mm. diam. ; often numerous,

becoming confluent, and covering a great part of the leaf surface.

Mycelium delicate, loosely reticulate. Hyphae dark olive buff or ecru olive, more

or less undulating, 2-5-4p thick, obscurely septate, branching irregular.

Thyriothecia not numerous, scattered, or more frequently in close association with

the pycnidia, elliptic to narrow-oblong in outline, straight or curved, occasionally forked,

rarely almost circular in outline, 160-250 p long, 75-100 p broad. Basal membrane delicate,

subhyaline, radiating in structure. Covering membrane slightly convex, dark olive buff

to dresden brown, at first pellucid, becoming subopaque in the centre, formed of radiating

hyphae 2-5-3 p thick, closely septate, cells almost cubical, 3-5 p long, margin fimbriate,

dehiscing by a longitudinal slit almost the length of the thyriothecium. Asci numerous,

ovate to oblong, broadly rounded above, tapering downwards or narrowed suddenly to

a sessile base, 8-spored, 26 -35 X 13-17 p, with a firm wall, slightened (ca. 5 p) round the

apex. Spores subdistichous or conglobate, oblong, rounded at both ends, 1-septate, very

slightly constricted, dark olive buff, smooth, thin-walled, 13-17 • 5 p long ; upper cell 6-7 • 5 p

long and 6-6 • 5 p broad, lower 7-10 p long, ca. 5 p broad at the septum and tapering somewhat

downwards.

Pycnidia extremely numerous, circular in outline, often becoming confluent and

somewhat irregular, 90-120 p diam. ; structure of covering membrane similar to that of

the thyriothecia, but somewhat paler, dehiscence stellate. Conidia hyaline, cylindrical

to fusiform, 3-septat.e, base truncate, apex bluntly conical, straight or slightly curved or

' bent, 20-24 X 3-3-5 p.

On Acokanthera spectahilis Hk. f., on leaves, Medley Wood 6450, 333, 9510 and Medley

Wood 6461, 341, 9521 ; Tongaat, van der Byl , 6951, Type ; Bonza Bay, East

London, Bottomley, 26683; Ebb and Flow, Wilderness, Doidge , 17112.

Acokanthera venenata G. Don.. BastJjondon, Doidge, 10915, 12393 ; Alexandria,

Doidge, 22348 ; Bracken Hill, Knysna, van der Byl 2315.

Carissa bispinosa ( L .) Desf. (= Canssa arduina Lam.) Assegai Bush, Humans-

dorp Distr., Doidge. 17238; Louis Trichardt, V. A. Putterill, 11849.

Medley Wood 6450 is quoted by P. Sydow in Fungi natalensis [Hedwigia 38, 1899,

p. (132)] and by Medley Wood in the Report of the Natal Bot, Gdns. (1898) p. 11 under the

name Dimer osporium Acokantherae P. Henn. ; this fungus has an intramatrical hypostroma

ancl was transferred by Theissen and Sydo-w to the genus Hysterostoma (Ann. Myc. 13,

323

1915, p. 238). It is not to be found on the portion of Medley Wood’3 collection 6450 in

the cryptogamic herbarium at Pretoria, the only fungus on the leaves being the superficial

form described as Echidnodes Acokantherae. ,

In Ech. Acokantherae thyriothecia are comparatively rare, sometimes absent, but

pycnidia are present in great numbers ; the latter were evidently confused with the

thyriothecia in the earlier description (Doidge loc. cit.) ; the best ascus material was found

in Medley Wood’s collection 6461.

3. Echidnodes rhoina Doidge.

Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Afr. 8 (1920) pp. 269, 280. [Plate LXXIII.]

Colonies ampliigenous, but mostly epiphyllous, scattered, thin, greyish black, becoming

more conspicuous and denser black with the formation of numerous thyriothecia, more or

less circular, sometimes minute, 1—1 * 5 mm. diam., or up to 3 mm. ; often numerous and,

becoming confluent.

Mycelium pale, reticulate. Hyphae more or less undulating, usually only slightly so ;

main hyphae dark olive buff to buffy brown, 2-5-3-5/x thick, rarely up to 5 /a, radiating,

and with a tendency to run parallel to one another and fuse in strands of 2 to 3 units,

obscurely septate, cells mostly 15-20 long, branching irregular ; branches usually paler,

deep to dark olive buff, and thinner, 2-2-5 y thick, forming an irregular, rather tangled

network between the main hyphae.

Thyriothecia not very numerous, scattered, occasionally confluent in small groups,

elliptic-oblong in outline, straight, curved or occasionally forked, 150-400 y long, 90-150 y

broad, sometimes almost circular. Covering membrane buffy brown, becoming da ker and

subopaque in the centre, composed of sinuously radiating hyphae 3-3-5 /x thick ; margin

more or less fimbriate ; dehiscing by a longitudinal slit, almost the length of the

thyriothecium. Asci very numerous, 8-spored, elliptic to ovate, sessile or with a short,

peg-like foot, 40-52 X 19-25 /a, with a firm wall, slightly thickened round the apex. Spores

distichous or conglobate, dark olive buff, oblong, rounded at both ends, 1-septate, slightly

constricted, 14-17 • 5 /a long ; upper cell almost globose, 7-9 y broad, lower slightly narrower,

6-7 • 5 y broad ; minutely and rather remotely verruculose-echinulate at maturity.

On Rhus lucida E. Mey., on leaves, van Staden’s Pass, Doidge, 10887, Type, and Doidge 1

17263; Howieson’s Poort, near Grahamstown, Doidge, 10957; Assegai Bush,

Humansdorp District, Doidge, 17244; Hamilton Reservoir, Grahamstown,

Britten, 14212.

Rhus mucronata Thunb., Knoetze, Knysna, van der Byl 2300.

Rhus Schlechteri Deels, Humewood, Port Elizabeth, Doidge, 2295.

On re-examination, the thyriothecia appear to be shorter than stated in the origina

description, and the asci and spores somewhat larger.

4. Echidnodes natalensis Doidge nov. comb.

Syn. : Lembosia natalensis Doidge, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Afr. 8 (1920) pp. 268, 279, PI. XIX.

fig. 44. [Plate LXXIV.]

Colonies hypophyllous, thin, greyish black, scattered, poorly defined but more or less

circular in outline, up to ca. 5 mm. diam. ; often becoming confluent and covering the

greater part of the leaf surface.

Mycelium loosely reticulate, forming a network with angular meshes. Hyphae dark

olive buff, straight or somewhat sinuous, 3-3-5 /x thick, rather obscurely septate, branching

irregular. No true hyphopodia ; the cylindrical bodies described as hyphopodia (Doidge

loc. cit.) appear to be undeveloped branches.

Thyriothecia scattered, elliptic to linear, occasionally forked, usually discrete, rarely

becoming confluent, 280-450 y long, 140-170 y broad. Covering membrane buffy brown

to snuff brown, more or less translucent, formed of radiating hyphae 2 -5-3 -5 y thick, with

cells 8-10 /x long ; not fimbriate at the margin, or very briefly and sparsely so ; dehiscing

at maturity by an irregular longitudinal crack. Asci fairly numerous, 6-8-spored, subglobose

or ovate, broadly rounded above, sessile 30-38 X 20-27 y, with a firm wall, slightly thickened

round the apex. Spores conglobate, oblong, rounded at both ends, 1-septate, slightly

constricted, buffy brown, smooth, 17-5-25 X 6-7 • 5 y\ upper cell slightly broader and

sometimes shorter than the lower. Paraphysoids fairly persistent, hyaline, fibrose.

324

Pycnidia rather numerous, circular in outline, 200-250 p diam. ; covering membrane

pellucid, dark olive buff, composed of radiating hyphae ca. 2 p thick, dehiscence stellate.

Conidia hyaline, fusoid with truncate base, 18-20 X 3-5-5 p.

On Eugenia zuluensis Dummer, on leaves, Krantzkloof, Natal, Doidge, 8984 ; associated

with Asterina natalitia.

The' photograph reproduced in a previous paper (Doidge loc, cit.) gives a good idea

of the habit of this fungus, but the picture is somewhat obscured by the presence of a parasite

with dark conidia.

5. Echidnodes afrieana Doidge nov. comb.

Syn. : Morenoina afrieana Doidge, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Air. 8 (1920) pp. 242, 281.

[Plate LXXV.]

Colonies ampkigenous and on the raejis, minute, barely visible to the naked eye,

scattered, occasionally crowded and becoming more or less confluent.

Mycelium sparse, radiating irregularly. Hvphae 2-2 • 5 p thick, deep to dark olive

buff, more or less undulating, obscurely septate, branching irregular.

Thyriothecia scattered, or confluent in small groups, elliptic to linear, straight, curved

or bent, occasionally forked, 120-200 p long, 65-100 /x broad; sometimes becoming fused

at the ends and forming L, Y.T. or K-shaped, compound ascomata, less frequently parallel

and fused laterally. Covering membrane pellucid, dark olive buff to buffy brown, becoming

darker and subopaque near the centre, slightly convex, formed of radiating hyphae 2-3 /x

thick, cells almost cubical, 2-3-5 p long ; margin irregular but not fimbriate, a few of the

hyphae forming the covering membrane run out into the mycelium ; dehiscing by a

longitudinal slit, almost the length of the thyriothecium. Asci very numerous (immature)

oblong or ellipsoid-clavate, 23-27 X 10-12 p. Mature spores only seen outside the ascus,

o long, rounded at both ends, 1-septate, scarcely constricted, buffy brown, smooth,

12-15 X 5-6 -5 p; cells equal or the upper slightly broader.

Pycnidia in small groups of 2-5, often in close contact with the thyriothecia, circular

in outline, 60-100 p diam., or becoming confluent, more or less flattened laterally and

irregular in shape. Covering membrane dark olive buff, radiating, similar in structure to

that of the thyriothecia, margin not fimbriate, dehiscence stellate. Conidia hyaline,

ellipsoid, 3-5 x l-5-2p.

On Dryopteris inaequalis (Sold.) 0. Kze., on pinnules and rachis, Zwartkop, near

Maritzburg, Natal, Doidge, 11605.

A more careful study of this fungus reveals the presence of a delicate mycelium, which

is persistent and radiating from the thyriothecia ; it is therefore more suitab y placed in

the genus Echidnodes.

6. Echidnodes Hypolepidis Doidge nov. comb.

Syn.: Eehidnodella Hypolepidis Doidge, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Afr. 8 (1920) pp. 270, 281.

[Plate LXXVI.]

Colonies mostly epiphyllous, small, irregular in outline, scattered or cot' fluent , usually

along the midrib of the piunnies.

Mycelium ahyphopodiate, poorly developed, radiating irregularly or loosely reticulate.

Hyphae slender, deep to dark olive buff, more or less deeply undulating, 2-3 p thick ;

branching irregular, septation obscure.

Thyriothecia oblong, straight or curved, often forked, 120-240 X 50-100 p, rarely

single, usually confluent in irregular groups in the centre of the colony, often completely

fused and forming large, irregular, compound ascomata. Basal membrane delicate, structure

not evident. Covering membrane slightly convex, buffy brown, pellucid, composed of

radiating hyphae 2-5-3-5p thick, central cells almost cubical, marginal cells longer, up

to 15 p long ; margin irregular but not fimbriate ; dehiscing by a longitudinal slit nearly

the length of the thyriothecium. Asci (immature) 8-spored, ovate, broadly rounded above,

sessile, 20-25 X 7-10 p. Spores conglobate, buffy brown, oblong, rounded at both ends,

1-septate, slightly constricted, 10-14 X 4-5 p ; upper cell slightly broader and more broadly

rounded.

Pycnidia round, 75-100 p diam., with covering membrane similar in structure to that

of the thyriothecia. Conidia ovate, ellipsoid or oblong, olive buff, 10-13 X 5 p.

On pinnules of Hijpolepis sparsisora (Schrad.) Kuhn, Woodville Forest, George, Doidge,

10930.

325

SPECIES EXCLUDENDAE.

Amazonia asterinoides (Wint.) Theiss.

Ann. Myc. 11 (1913) p. 499 ; Doidge and Sydovv, Bothalia 2 (1928) p. 427.

Syn. : Meliolaster Mackenzii Doidge, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Afr. 8 (1920) p. 123.

On Piper capensis L.f., on leaves, Buccleucli, near Cramond, Doidge, 11570.

The original description (Theissen loc. cit.) places the genus Amazonia in the

Microthyriaceae, because the perithecium is inverse and radial in structure, v. Hohnel

(18) has shown that in this genus, under the shield-like cover, a completely closed perithecium

exists, and regards this as a transition genus between Meliola and the Microthyriaceae.

In the Synoptische Tafeln of Theissen and Sydow (43), Amazonia is included in the

Microthyriaceae, but Petrak (25, p. 123) points out that it is not nearly related to the genera

which are placed on either side of it in the key. Theissen and Sydow themselves state

(loc. cit.) that the genus is obviously similar to Meliola in the form of hyphae, hyphopodia

and spores. Petrak points out that the resemblance is not confined to such external and

purely unessential characters, but the history of development is similar and the resemblance

is phylogenetic ; the two genera cannot be placed in different families in a system of

classification.

Amazonia asterinoides was included by Doidge and Sydow (14) in the Meliolineae.

Aster ella Rehmii P. Henn.

Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 17 (1893) p. 114 ; Hopkins, Trans. Rhod. Sc. Ass. 33 (1938) p. 103.

On Aloe spp.

This is Placoasterella Rehmii (P. Henn.) Th. et Svd. in Ann. Myc. 13 (1915) p. 237 ;

Doidge in Bothalia I (192 L) p. 12.

As Parasterella nov. gen. in Herb, van der Byl No. 1667.

Asterina capensis Kalch. et Cke.

Grevillea IX (1880) p. 32.

On leaves of Hippobromus alata E. & Z., Grahamstown, MacOwan 1328.

This is Meliola capensis (K. et Cke.) Theiss., Ann. Myc. 10 (1912) p. 19. See also Doidge

in Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Afr, 8 (1917) p. 731 and Bothalia I (1924) p. 71 ; also Doidge and Sydow

in Bothalia 2 (1928) p. 442.

Asterina confluens Kalch. et Cke.

Grevillea IX (1880) p. 33, PI. 137, fig. 45.

On Plectronia ciliata, MacOwan 1331.

According to van Hohnel (17), this is the conidial stage of an indeterminable fungus.

The fragment of the type in the Pretoria Herbarium is quite sterile and so also is a more

recent collection. The host is now known as Canthium ciliatum.

Asterina ditricha Kalch. et Cke.

Grevillea IX (1880) p. 32.

On leaves of Celastrus sp., Inanda, Natal, May 1876, Medleg Wood 3.

This is Irene ditricha (K. & Cke.) Doidge in S. Afr. Jour. Nat. Hist. 2 (1920) p. 41;

Doidge and Sydow in Bothalia 2 (1928) p. 433.

As Meliola ditricha (K. & Cke.) Doidge in Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Afr. 5 (1917) p. 728 and

8 (1920) p. 138.

As Irenina ditricha (Doidge) StevenS in Ann. Myc. 25 (1927) p. 467.

Asterina infuscans Wint.

Hedwigia 24 (1885) p. 24 ; Theissen, Die Gattung Asterina (1913) p. 28.

As Asterella infuscans (Wint.) Sacc. in Syll. Fung. IX (1891) p. 394.

Theissen (loc. cit.) states that the ascomata of this fungus are not formed inversely

beneath a hypha as in the Microthyriaceae but through a coil -like thickening of the

ahyphopodiate hyphae ; the wall of the ascoma is parenchymatous, formed of almost

spherical cells.

Winter’s description is as follows : “ Mycelium e hyphis ramosissimis, torulosis

flexuosisque, septatis, fuscis, densissime intertextis constans, foliorum paginam inferiorem

longe lateque obducens et infuscans. Perithecia gregaria sparsaque, minutissima, depresse

326

hemisphaerica, centro diffracta et demum evanescentia, fusco-atra, ambitu fibrillosa, 95-130 p,

lata. Asci oblongi seu e basi parum vcntricosa, sursum elliptici, fere sessiles vel in stipitem

brevem attenuati, 8-spori, 30-35 p. longi, 9-11 p crassi. Sporae conglobatae, clavatae,

2-cellulares, medio non constrictae, hyalinae, 8-9 • 5 /x longae, 2-5-3 p crassae.

Ad folia sub viva Eucleae undulatae Thunb. ad latera montis Boschberg prope Somerset

East, Prom, bonae spei, leg MacOwan.”

This fungus is missing from MacOwan’s collections in the National Herbarium, Pretoria ;

the original material is apparently immature, and Theissen was unable to find asci or spores.

Its systematic position must remain doubtful until a study can be made of further collections

in a more mature condition.

Asterina interrupta Wint.

Flora (1884) p. 264.

On Leucadendron sp., on leaves, Muizenberg, MacOwan (Rabh. Fung. Eur. 3952).

Leucospermum conocarpum, Hottentots Holland, MacOwan (Rahb. Fung. Eur. 3951).

This is Entopeltis interrupta (Wint.) v. Hohn., Fragm. z. Myk. 10 (1910) No. 489.

Figured by Doidge in Bothalia 2 (1927) p. 233.

Asterina MacOwaniana Kalch. et Cke.

Grevillea VII (1878) p. 57 and IX (1880) p. 33.

On Gymnosporia buxifolia, Boschberg, MacOwan 1250 (de Thum. Myc. Univ. 568).

This is Parenglerula MacOwaniana (Thum.) v. Hohn., Fragm. z. Myk. 10 (1910) No.

525. See also Doidge in Bothalia 1 (1924) p. 212 and Petrak in Ann. Myc. 26 (1928) p. 404.

This fungus was figured by Arnaud (3, Plate 38) under the name Englerulaster MacOwanianus

(Thum.) Arn.

Asterina myriadea Cke.

Grevillea X (1882) p. 130.

On leaves, Inanda, Medley Wood.

This is Dimerium myriadeum (Cke.) Theiss. in Ann. Myc. 10 (1912) p. 193 ; as

Dimerosporium, Cooke in Grevillea XL (1882) p. 37.

Asterina phaeostroma Cke.

Grevillea X (1882) p. 130.

On Pavetta natalensis on leaves, Inanda, Medley Wood 656, Herb. Kew. Kraussia

lanceolata, Inanda, Medley Wood 652.

This is Balladyna velutina (B. & C.) v. Hohn., Fragm. z. Myk. 10 (1910) No. 482. See

also Theissen in Ann. Myc. 10 (1910) p. 16 and Doidge in Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Afr. 5 (1917)

p. 715.

Asterina Solaris Kalch. et Cke.

Grevillea IX (1880) p. 33.

On leaves, Cape, MacOwan 1307, Rabh. Fung. Eur. 3651.

This is Asterodothis Solaris (K. & Cke.) Theissen in Ann. Myc. 10 (1912) p. 179 ; see

also Theissen and Sydow in Ann. Myc. 13 (1915) p. 232 and Doidge in Bothalia I (1921)

p. 10.

Asterina sphaerasca Thum.

Fung, austro-afric. 119, in Flora (1878) p. 3#56.

On living leaves of Capparis Gueinzii Sond., Olifants Hoek, Uitenhage District, leg.

B. Holland (MacOwan 1273).

The following is the original description of this fungus : “ Mycelio vel stromate tenui,

plus minusve orbiculato, stellato-dendritico, nigro ; hyphis inaequalibus griseo-fuscis,

repentibus, longis, ramosis ; peritheciis minutis, numerosis, granuloso-punctiformibus ;

ascis exacte sphaericis, episporio crassissimo laevi, quadrisporis, hyalinis vel flavescentibus,

35 /x diam. ; sporis ell ipticis, utrinque rotundatis, bicellularibus, medio constrictis, dilute

flavidis demun fuscidulis, pellucidis, 20 /x longis, 12 /x crassis

It has not been possible to trace the type specimen of this species ; MacOwan 1273

is missing from the MacOwan collections in the Pretoria Herbarium and from those in the

South African Museum, Capetown, nor is it to be found at Kew. In a previous publication

327

9) this name was given to No. 9010 on Capparis citrifolia, now described as Asterina elegans.

The description might equally well apply to A. Woodii, A. capparidicola or A. Capparidis

Syd., all of which occur on Capparis spp.

Theissen includes this fungus in his “ Species non visae vel dubiae ” and it must be

regarded as a doubtful species until the type is found.

Asterina ? stylospora Cke.

Grevillea X (1882) p. 129.

On Sponia guineensis, on leaves, Inanda, Medley Wood 561.

Theissen (37, p. 13 and 41, p. 36) says “ Die Art is zu streichen ” but on p. 100 of the

latter publication quotes it as a possible synonym for Asterina Sponiae Rac., and the species

is thus placed by Stevens and Ryan (32, p. 71).

Abundant material of this fungus is now available ; it is a form with conidia similar

to those of Asterostomella, but the pycnidia are subglobose and not radial in structure.

Oothecium consimile Syd. on the same host from Sierra Leone is evidently the same fungus.

It differs widely from Asterina Sponiae in mycelial characters and hyphopodia, and may

be described as follows.

Oothecium stylosporum (Cke.) Doidge, nov. comb.

Syn. : Asterina stylospora Cke., Grev. X (1882) p. 129.

Oothecium consimile Syd., Ann. Myc. 28 (1930) p. 413.

Colonies always hypophyllous, black, more or less circular, ca. 1-3 mm. diam., scattered

•over the whole leaf surface, often numerous and crowded, becoming confluent and thus

covering larger, irregular areas of the leaf. Mycelium pale, consisting of hyq>hae at first

radiating, but soon becoming tangled and interwoven, sometimes forming loose strands.

Hyphae thin-walled, greyish olive to cirrine drab, uneven in thickness, mostly 1-6 p thick

(3-1-5 p fide Sydow) more or less undulating, obscurely septate, branching freely and

irregularly. Hyphopodia not very numerous, alternate, septate, 11-32 p long ; basal cell

straight or curved, usually more or less cylindrical, 3-25 p long, 3-4 p broad ; terminal

cell usually broadly clavate, with rounded or flattened apex, 9-13 p long, 6-9 p broad

(those with a long stipe are regarded by Sydow as short, lateral, bvphal branches closely

resembling true hyphopodia).

Pycnidia produced in great numbers, often in closely crowded groups, globose or

globose-ovate, very variable in size, 60-100 p diam. ; at first quite closed ; wall membranous,

consisting of irregularly polyhedral pellucid, olive brown cells, 5-9 p diam., which, at maturity

break down, through mucilaginous histolysis, beginning at the apex. Conidia produced

very freely, deep olive brown to olive brown with a distinct hyaline medial band 2-3 p

broad, very variable in form, mostly ovate to oblong, less frequently pyriform, ellipsoid or

subglobose, usually broadly rounded above but with a short, pale mucro up to 3 p long,

usually tapering more or less to the base. The conidia are borne on the inner surface of

the wall of the pycnidium on truncate-conical conidiophores.

On Trema guineensis (Schum.) Ficalho (= Sponia Guineensis Planch.) Inanda, Medley

Wood 564 (Type, collection) 793, 9499, 10191 ; Yerulam, Pole Evans, 6801 ; Krantzkloof,

Doidge, 9101.

Asterina tenuis Wint.

Hedwigia 25 (1886) p. 94 : Sacc. Syll. Fung. IX, p. 389 ; see also Theissen, Die

Gattuna Asterina (1913) p. 116 and Doidge, Trans. Rov. Soc. S. Afric. 8 (1920)

p. 250.

Asterina tenuis was originally described “on living leaves of a tree ” from the island of

S. Thome.

Theissen (loc. cit.) states that in various herbaria are to be found specimens under

this name, from Natal, on leaves of Kraussia coriacea, and on leaves of other plants (Medley

Wood 6452, 6458), which differ from the original. This name was applied to Medley Wood’s

collection 6458b in a previous publication (Doidge loc. cit.).

A discussion of fungi found under this name in Medley Wood’s collections has been

given after the descriptions of Asterina radiofissilis, A. Woodii and Asterolibertia megathyria.

Asterina toruligena Cke.

Grevillea X (1882) p. 129.

On living leaves, Inanda, Medley Wood 559.

The type specimen of this fungus in the Kew Herbarium was examined by Theissen,

who found no recognisable Microthyriaceous ascomata ; nor are mature ascomata to be

328

found on the portions of the type collections in the Pretoria Herbarium. The few round,,

opaque bodies present, if they are ascomata, contain no asci. The asci and spores described

by Cooke can therefore not be found on the type collection. Unfortunately the collection

consists of a few detached leaves and the host is undeterminable. The mycelium consista

of brown hyphae radiating from the centre of the colony ; they are not hyphopodiate and

give rise freely to oval, 1-celled, brown conidia. The material is scanty and fresh collections

will be necessary if a complete study of the fungus is to be made. It is definitely not an

Asterina.

Englerulaster Gymnosporiae (P. Henn.) Theiss.

Beihefte Bot. Centralb. (1912) p. 51.

On leaves of Gymnosporia buxifolia, Natal.

This fungus was originally described by Hennings under the name Dimerosporium

Gymnosporiae (Sacc. Syll. Fung. XVI p. 406). A collection made in Mozambique by Howard

(Myc. Herb. Pretoria No. 523) was identified by Sydow (Ann. Myc. 7, 1909, p. 546) as

Dimerium Gymnosporiae (P. Henn.) Syd., but unfortunately the remaining portion of

this material is fragmentary and the leaves bear only one colony of Asterina dissiliens ;

there is therefore no authentically named material of Englerulaster Gymnosporiae in the

Pretoria Herbarium for comparison with recent collections.

Petrak (Ann. Myc. 32, 1934, p. 432) has redescribed this fungus as Parenglerula

Henningsii Petrak, but from his description it might well be a form of Parenglerula

MacOivaniana (Thiim.) v. Hohn., which is a very common and somewhat variable species.

As Arnaud (3, p. 183) points out, both fungi were collected on Gymnosporia buxifolia in

Natal and the Eastern Cape. P. MacOwaniana has been found on species of Gymnosporia ,

Putterlickia and Cassine, the form on Cassine having been described by Werdermann (46)

as a distinct variety, var. Elaeodendri on Elaeodendron Kraussianum (= Cassine

Kraussiana).

Englerulaster MacOwaniana (Thiim.) Arn.

Ann. ]£cole Nat. Agr. Montp. 16 (1918) p. 183.

This is Parenglerula MacOwaniana (Timm.) v. Hohn. ; see Asterina MacOwaniana.

Eupelte amicta Syd.

Ann. Myc. 22 (1924) pp. 426, 427, cum icones.

On leaves of Olea laurifolia, Haenertsburg, Transvaal, van der Byl 1510.

Sydow states that this fungus is quite superficial, and although the structure of the

ascomata is not radiating in the strict sense, assigns it to the Microthyriaceae. He had,

however, to make his studies from very sparse material.

In a number of sections made from the type collection, and from other collections

in the Pretoria Herbarium, it was found that the superficial mycelium is connected at

many points through the cuticle and also through the stomata, with a colourless hypostroma,

which almost fills the epidermal cells of the leaf of the host.

It seems, therefore, that in the system of classification adopted by Theissen and Sydow

(43), this fungus is more suitably placed in the Polystomellaceae.

Lembosia congesta Wint.

Exot, Pilze in Flora (1884) p. 9.

On Carissa arduina, on leaves, Cape, MacOwan 1292.

This is MacOwaniella congesta (Wint.) Doidge, in Bothalia I (1921) p. 9.

Lembosia radiata Doidge.

Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Afr. 8 (1920) p. 269.

On shrub undet. (Leguminosae) Rikatli, Junod, 11729.

This is Schneepia radiata Doidge, in Bothalia I (1921) p. 5.

Morenoella Oxyanthae Doidge.

Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Afr. 8 (1920) pp. 270, 281.

This is Iiysterostomina Oxyanthae Doidge, Bothalia 2 (1927) p. 232.

Phragmothyrium Marattiae (P. Henn.) v. Hohn.

Sitzber. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien 121 (1912) p. 347.

On Marattia fraxinea.

This fungus was described by von Tinmen as Leptosphaeria caffra (Fung, austro-afric.

32 in Flora, 1876, p. 363) ; it was called Sphaeria caflra Kalch. et Cke. in Grevillea IX (1880)

p. 30 and Micropeltis Marattiae P. Henn. in ITedwigia 34 (1895) ; and in Ann. Myc. 14

329

( 1916) p. 450, Theissen and Sydow established the genus Phragmosperma, and renamed this

fungus Phragmosperma Marattiae.

In the Ann. Myc. 25 (1927) pp. 261-262, Petrak, as a result of a critical study of more

recent collections, recorded the presence of a parenchymatic stromatal tissue between

the perithecia, and retransferred the fungus to the Sphaeriaceae under the name Metasphaeria

caffra (Thiim.) Petr.

Phragmothyrium Trichomanis (P. Henn.) v. Hohn.

Sitz. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 121 (1912) p. 347.

On leaves of Trichomanes pyaidifera, Natal, Medley Wood.

The type specimen has not been seen, but a fungus has been found on another collection

of -this host which agrees with the original description ; in this fungus, the structure of the

covering membrane of the thyriothecium is not radial, and it obviously belongs to the

Hemosphaeriaceae. It seems preferable, therefore, to retain the original name, Micropeltis

Trichomanis P. Henn. [Engl. Bot. Jahrb. XXVIII (1900) p. 326] for this fungus.

Seynesia orbiculata Syd.

Ann. Myc. 10 (1912) p. 39.

On Euclea natalensis.

This fungus does not belong to the Microthyriaceae ; it has a distinct, epidermal

hypostroma and is identical with the fungus described as Palawaniella Eucleae Doidge.

It must therefore be known as Palawaniella orbiculata (Syd.). Doidge nov. comb.

Syn. : Palawaniella Eucleae Doidge in Botkalia I (1921) p. 17, fig. 3.

ASTEROSTOMELLA FORMS.

A number of species of Asterina very rarely produce thyriothecia, but it is often possible

to recognise them by the mycelium and conidia. The following key is an attempt to

distinguish species of Asterina without reference to the thyriothecia ; two species of

Asterostomella are included, of which the ascus stage is not known. No Asterostomella

conidia have been seen in association with South African species of Asterina belonging

to the sections Parasterina and Englerulaster.

In the key, A=Asterina, and the numbers refer to descriptions in earlier pages ;

Ast.= Asterostomella.

KEY TO ASTEROSTOMELLA— FORMS.

A. — Conidia brown ; colour continuous, without hyaline or lighter band ; no con-

spicuous germ pores.

(а) Germination from the basal end.

1. Hyphopodia 2-eelled, lobed 47. A. peraffinis.

2. Hyphopodia continuous, pyriform 21. A. crotoniensis

(б) Germination lateral.

1. Hyphopodia mostly septate.

x. Hyphopodia few, 1-5-celled, apical cell usually clavate or

cylindrical 30. A. Woodiana.

xx. Hyphopodia fairly numerous, mostly 2-celled, slender, cylindrical 50. A. elegans.

2. Hyphopodia continuous, more or less lobed.

x. Hyphopodia with shallow lobes.

o. Pycnidia with basal membrane, conidia 17-5-25 X 15-20 y 44. A. Excoecariae.

oo. Pycnidia without basal membrane —

(i) Conidia 19-24 X 13-17-5,w 19. A. delicala.

(ii) Conidia 14-24 X 10-13 y 25. A. Pavoniae.

xx. Hyphopodia deeply lobed.

o. Conidia broadly ovate to globose, 13-5-19 X 12-14 y 43. A. diplocarpa.

oo. Conidia ovate to pyriform, 11-18 X 10-13^ v . . 42. A. tertia,

var. africana

B. — Conidia with conspicuous germ pores, but no lighter medial band.

(а) Hyphopodia 2-celled, cylindrical. Conidia rhomboid, with 4 papillate

germ pores at the angles 33. A. Scolopiae.

(б) Hyphopodia continuous. Conidia ovate with equatorial germ pores.

1. Germ pores, 4 in one band. Hyphopodia lobed 40. A. clausenicola.

2. Germ pores, 4 or 8 in one or two bands. Hyphopodia finger- or flask-

shaped, rarely lobed 20. A. Grewiae.

330

€. — Conidia with a more or less distinct, hyaline or pale medial hand.

( а ) Pycnidia with basal membrane.

1. Hyphopodia continuous.

x. Hyphopodia lobed.

o. Conidia 7-5-11 // broad

oo. Conidia 10-15 p broad

ooo. Conidia 15-20p broad

xx. Hyphopodia cylindrical, not lobed

2. Hyphopodia 2-celled.

x. Hyphopodia deeply lobed

xx. Hyphopodia with shallow lobes or subentire, mostly alternate.

o. Hyphopodia 3-4 p broad

oo. Hyphopodia 5-10 p broad.

(i) Medial band in conidia distinct.

y. conidia 11-15 X 7-9 p

yy. Conidia 14-20 X 8-12-5//

(ii) Medial band indistinct. Conidia 17-5-20 x 9—10 (tt . .

ooo. Hyphopodia not lobed, mostly opposite. Conidia 15-21 x

10-12-5

(б) Pycnidia without basal membrane.

1. Hyphopodia continuous, 1-celled.

x. Hyphopodia lobed.

o. Conidia 10-14 x 4-6 p

oo. Conidia 16-20 X 7-5-10//

xx. Hyphopodia not lobed.

o.- Conidia 15-22// long.

(i) Conidia 7 • 5-9 p broad

(ii) Conidia 10—12 - 5 /t broad

oo. Conidia 20-30 X 10-15//

2. Hyphopodia mostly 2-celled.

x. Conidia mostly 15-20 p long.

o. Hyphopodia 4-5 // broad, basal cell 3 • 7-5 p long ; pycnidia

100-150// diam

oo. Hyphopodia 5-6 p broad, basal cell 4-10 p long ; pycnidia

75-120 p diam

xx. Conidia' 18-26 X 9-13//; Pycnidia 60-90// diam

39. A. polythyria.

41. A. erysiphoides.

44. A. Excoecariae.

38. A. loranthicola.

53. A. Hi no rear.

45. A. Flevryae.

48. A. radio-fissilis.

49. A. africana.

46. A. van der Bylii.

51 .A. capparidicola.

26. A. xumenensis.

20 a. A. Grewiae,

var. zonata.

20/». A. Grewiae,

var. zonata.

Ast. Visci.

16. A. Hendersoni.

32. A. reticulata.

Ast. eugenicola.

36. A. Combreti.

Asterostomella eugenicola Doidge nov. spec.

Colonies amphigenous, black, more or less round to irregular in outline ; sometimes

scattered, discrete, up to 4 mm. diam. ; more frequently numerous, crowded, becoming

confluent and covering large areas of the leaf surface.

Mycelium at first radiating, becoming more or less closely reticulate. Hyphae almost

straight, dark olive buff to buffy brown, 4-5 p thick, cells mostly 20-30 p long, branching

irregular, often opposite. Hyphopodia fairly numerous, alternate or unilateral, rarely

opposite, straight, curved or hooked, usually erect, less frequently inclined towards the

hyplia, 12-20 p, usually 12- 5-15 p long, 2-celled; basal cell cylindrical, 4-10 p long and

5 p broad ; apical cell variable, usually cylindrical to ovate, rounded above, sometimes

truncate, sometimes sublobed and irregular in form, 7-5-11-5 p long, 5-9 p, mostly 5-6 p

broad.

Pycnidia very numerous, often crowded, circular in outline or somewhat elongated,

75-120 p diam. Basal layer hyaline, structure not evident. Covering membrane slightly

convex, pellucid, buffy brown, becoming darker and subopaque in the centre, composed

of straight, radiating hypha 2-5-4 p thick, central cells almost cubical, marginal cells

longer, up to 6 p long ; central cells breaking down irregularly at maturity. Conidia

fairly numerous, oblong or ovate-oblong, buffy brown with a paler medial band,

15-21-5 X 7-5-10p.

On Eugenia natalitia Sond., on leaves, Hogsback, J. k M. Henderson, 11340.

A number of larger, dimidiate bodies, 1 50-160 p diam., are apparently immature

thyriothecia, but no asci or spores were seen.

Asterostomella Visci Doidge nov. spec.

Colonies amphigenous, rather thin, dull black, circular to irregular in outline, scattered

or rather closely crowded and becoming confluent, not sharply defined.

331

Mycelium reticulate. Hyphae snuff brown to cinnamon brown, almost straight or more

or less undulating, 5-6 /x thick, closely septate, cells 10-17- 5 p. long, branching irregular.

Hyphopodia fairly numerous, unilateral or alternate, continuous, usually subglobose, less

frequently briefly cylindrical, or sublobed and more or less irregular in form, 8-12 /z long

and 7-9 y. broad.

Pycnidia numerous, circular in outline, often becoming confluent in small groups and

flattened by lateral pressure, 50-120 /z diam. Basal layer hyaline, without recognisable

structure. Covering membrane slightly convex, pellucid, snuff brown to cinnamon brown,

formed of straight, radiating hyphae 4-6 /x thick, with cells almost cubical, 4-5 y long,

not fringed at the margin ; central part developing numerous radiating cracks, running

out almost to the margin, and finally breaking down irregularly. Conidia fairly numerous,

snuff brown with a rather indistinct paler medial band, ovate, oblong or broadly ellipsoid,

15-21 X 10-12-5 y.

On Viscum obscurum Thunb., on leaves, Assegai Bush, Humansdorp Distr., Doidge,

17237 ; Langholm Estates, Bathurst, Doidge, 12366 ; Belmont Valley, Grahamstown,

Doidge, 10951 ; Knysna, Bottomley, 32114, 32237.

HOST INDEX

Fungi.

Baladyna and Meliola.

Echidnodes lembosioides.

Pttridophyta.

Dryopteris.

Echidnodes africana.

Hypolepis.

Echidnodes Hypolepidis.

Marattia.

Phragmothyrium Marattiae.

Triehomanes.

Phragmothyrium Trichomanis.

Acanthaceae.

Barleria.

Asterina tertia var. africana.

Dioliptera.

Asterina tertia var. africana.

Hypoestes.

Asterina fimbriata.

Asterina tertia var. africana.

Sclerochiton.

Asterina fimbriata.

Thunbergia.

Asterina fimbriata.

Anacardiaceae.

Rhus.

Echidnodes rhoina.

Anonaceae.

Popowia.

Trichasterina Popowiae.

Apocynaceae.

Acokanthera.

Echidnodes Acokantherae.

Carissa.

Echidnodes Acokantherae.

Lembosia congesta.

Oncinotis.

Asterina Oncinotidis.

Aquifoliaceae.

Hex.

Asterina Bottomleyae.

Asterina Henderson i.

Asterina nodosa.

Araliaceae.

Cussonia.

Asterina ferruginosa.

Asclepiadaceae.

Secamone.

Asterina secamonicola.

Tylophora.

Asterina peraffinis.

Campanulaceae.

Lobelia.

Asterina xumenensis.

BY FAMILIES.

Capparidaceae.

Capparis.

Asterina capparidicola.

Asterina elegans.

Asterina sphaerasca.

Asterina Woodii.

Mierothyrium maculicolum.

Maerua.

Asterina Peglerae.

Celastraceae.

Cassine.

Asterina dissiliens.

Lembosia durbana.

Celastru6.

Asterina ditricha.

Gymnosporia.

Asterina dissiliens.

Asterina dissiliens var. senegalensis.

Asterina MacOwaniana.

Asterina Solaris.

Englerulaster Gymnosporiae.

Englerulaster MacOwaniana.

Pleurostylia.

Asterina dissiliens.

Pteroeelastrus.

Asterinella Pteroeelastrus.

Putterlickia.

Asterina dissiliens.

Combretacsae.

Combretum.

Asterina Combreti.

Compositae.

Gerbera .

Asterina gerbericola.

Ebenaceae.

Euclea.

Asterina infuscans.

Seynesia orhiculata.

Euphorbiaceae.

Acalypha.

Asterina radio-fissilis.

Croton.

Asterina crotoniensis.

Ctenomeria.

Asterino radio-fissilis.

Daleehampia.

Asterina radio-fissilis.

Drypetes.

Asterina Excoecariae.

Erythrococca.

Asterina radio-fissilis.

Sanicula.

Asterina Saniculae.

0

332

HOST INDEX OF FAMILIES — continued.

Flacourtiaceae.

Kiggelariae .

Asterina africana var. Kiggelariae.

Oncoba.

Asterina africana.

Scolopia.

Asterina Scolopiae.

Asterina uncinata.

Microthvrium ranulisporum.

Trimeria.

Asterina Grewiae.

Asterina Grewiae var. zonata.

Xylotheca.

Asterina africana.

Gesneriaceae.

, Streptoearpus.

Asterina Strepto carpi.

Hamamelidaceae.

Trichocladus.

Asterina Tricbocladi.

Lambosia piriensis.

Heteropyxidaceae.

Heteropyxis.

Asterina van der Bylii.

Lauraceae.

Crvptocarya.

Asterina Woodiana.

Ocotea.

Lembosia Pbillipsii.

Leguminosae.

Genus undet.

Lembosia radiata.

Liliaceae.

Aloe.

Asterella Behmii.

Loranthaceae.

Loranthus.

Asterina loranthicola.

Viscum.

Asterostomella Visci.

Malvaceae.

Hibiscus.

Asterina cliplocarpa var. Hibisci.

Sida.

Asterina diplocarpa.

Asterina Pavoniae.

Meliaceae.

Tricbilia.

Asterina Trichiliae.

Myrtaceae.

Eucalyptus.

Lembosiopsis eucalyptina.

Eugenia.

Asterina natalitia.

Asterina Zeyheri.

Asterostomella eugenicola.

Echidnodes natalensis.

Syzygium.

Asterina pemphidioides.

Asterina Syzygii.

Oleaceae.

Jasminum.

Asterina erysiphoides.

Calopeltis Jasmini.

Eerrarisia Jasmini.

Olea.

Eupelte aiAicta.

Asterina Solaris.

Oliniaceae.

Olinia.

Asterina reticulata.

Orchidaceae.

Ansellia.

Asterina raripoda.

Piperaceae.

Piper.

A mazonia asterinoides.

Meliolaster Maclccnzii.

Proteaceae.

Leucadendron.

Asterina interrugsfa.

Leucospermum.

Asterina interrupta.

Rhamnaceae.

Rhamuus.

Clypeolella rhamnicola.

Rubiaceae.

Burchellia.

Asterolibertia Burcbelliae.

Canthium.

Asterina confluens.

Asterina Knysnae.

Oxyanthus.

Asterina Oxyantbae.

Morenoella Oxyanrhae.

Pavetta.

Asterina phaeostroma.

Psychotria.

Clypeolella Psychotriae.

Randia.

Asterolibertia megatbyria var. Randiae.

Tarenna.

Asterolibertia Burcbelliae.

Tricalysia.

Asterina phaeostroma.

Asterina tenuis.

Asterolibertia megatbyria .

Rutaceae.

Clausena.

Asterina clausenicola.

Teclea.

Asterinella Tecleae.

Lembosia Wageri.

Vepris.

Asterina Vepridis.

Santalaceae.

Osyrydicarpus.

Asterina polytbyria.

Sapindaceae.

Hippobromus.

Asterina capensis.

Sapotaceae.

Cbrysopbyllum .

Asterina Bosmanae.

Asterina opaca.

Mimusops'.

Asterinella Mimuso psidis .

Sideroxylon.

Asterina robusta.

Tiliaceae.

Grewia.

Asterina delicata.

Ulmaceae.

Trema.

Asterina stylospora.

Urticaceae.

Fleurya.

Asterina Fleur vac.

Violaceae.

Rinorea.

Asterina Rinoreae.

Viola.

Asterina undulata.

33:

LATIN DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES.

Asterina afrieana (van der Byl) Doidge var. Kiggelariae Doidge now var.

Sub Asterina celtidicolm P. Henn. var. microspora Doidge in Bothalia I (1924) p. 204.

Plagulae semper epiphyllae. Mycelium ex hyphis radiantibus vel laxe reticulatis

compositum. Hypbopodia typo simul sed 8-2Q p longa, 6-9 p lata; cellula basali plus

minus cylindracea, 3-12 • 5 p longa et 3-5 p crassa. Thyriothecia numerosa, 100-150 /x

diam., membrana basali indistincta, subbyalina ; strato tegente ex hyphis radiantibus,

rectis, 2-3 p crassis, articulis in parte centrali ca. 4-5 /x longis, marginem versus leniter

elongatis composito, ad peripheriam plus minus fimbriato. Sporae 8-5-11 p latae, minute

verruculosae. CJonidia 10-17-5 X 8-5-11-5/x.

Hab. in foliis Kiggelariae africanae L., in silvis Keurkloof, George, leg. Doidge.

Asterina Bosmanae Doidge now spec.

Plagulae epiphyllae, sparsae, plus minus orbiculares, ateo-griseae, 2-5 mm. diam.

Mycelium ex hyphis rectiusculis vel interdum leniter undulatis, laxe reticulato-ramosis,

olivaceo-brunneis, 3-5-4 /x crassis compositum ; hyphopodia sat numerosa, unilateralia vel

alternantia, continua, breviter cylindricae v. subglobosa, 5-7-5 p longa, 4-5-5 p rarissime

usque 6 /x lata. Thyriothecia sparsa, ambitu plerumque orbicularia, 150-180 p diam.;

membrana basali tenui, subhyalina. ; strato tegente leniter convexo, opace atro-brunneo,

ex hyphis radiantibus 2-5-4 p crassis, marginem pellueidem versus 7-10 /x longis composito,

periphice haud vel leniter fimbriato, in maturitate in lacinias paucas irregulariter fisso.

Asci pauci, 8-spori, ovati, sessiles, firme crasseque tunicati, 40-57 X 30-35 p. Sporae

conglobatae, oblongae, utrinque rotundatae, 1-septatae, valde constrictae, ex hyalino mox

zonatae, deinde obscure brunneae, 21-24 p longae, cellula superiore 11-12-5 p longa,

ll-ll-5p lata, inferiore 10-ll-5p longa, ca. 10 p lata.

Hab. in foliis Chrysophylli magaliesmontani Sond., Roohval, Transvaal, leg. Bosnian, ' »

32808.

Asterina Bottomleyae Doidge nov. spec.

Plagulae amphigenae plerumque epiphyllae, irregulariter dispersae, primitus plus

minus orbiculares acutiuscule limitatae usque 5 mm. diam., dein saepe confiuentes et magnam

folii partem occupantes. Mycelium ex hyphis radiantibus, rectis vel leniter sinuosis, brunneis,

6-5-7 -5 p crassis, septatis (articulis 15-25 p longis) opposite ramosis compositum;

hyphopodia numerosa, plerumque opposita, rarius unilateralia vel alternantia, breviter

cylindracea v. piriformia, 10-14 p longa, 6-5-7-5p lata. Thyriothecia plus minus dense

disposita, ambitu plerumque orbicularia, 120-160 p vel usque 200 p diam. ; strato tegente

alte convexo, ex hyphis radiantibus in parte centrali opace atro-brunneis, peripheriam

versus pellucide brunneis plus minus tortuosis 5 p crassis, contexto. Asci haud numerosi,

4-8-spori, ovati vel subglobosi, sessiles, 65-80 X 58-60 p, firme tunicate. Sporae

conglobatae, oblongae, utrinque rotundatae, 1-septatae, fortiter constrictae, brunneae,

minute verruculosae, 33-39 p longae ; cellula superiore 17- 5-20 p diam., inferiore 15-19 p.

Hab. in foliis Ilicis mitis (L.) Radik., prope Mont-aux-Sources, leg. Bottomlev, 23406.

Asterina capparidicola Doidge nov. spec.

Plagulae amphigenae sed plerumque epiphyllae, atrae, primitus densiuscule sparsae.

ambitu orbiculares vel parum irregulares, minutae, confluendo subinde majores et magnam

folii partem occupantes vel discretae et usque 5 mm. diam. Mycelium ex hyphis ca. 5 p

crassis, rectiusculis v. leniter undulatis, densiuscule reticulato-ramosis, olivaceo-brunneis

compositum ; hyphopodia numerosa, plerumque opposita, 2-cellularia, 10-15 p longa, recta

v. leniter curvata, cellula inferiore cylindracea, ca. 5 p crassa et 2-3 p longa, superiore

subglobosa v. late cylindracea, 5- 5-7 -5 p crassa. Thyriothecia dense dispersa, ambitu

sat regulariter orbicularia, 110-140 p diam. ; membrana basali distincta, fumoso-griseola ;

strato tegente convexulo, primitus omnino clauso, dein stellatim dehiscente, ex hyphis

opace atro-brunneis, radiantibus, 3-4 p crassis composito, periphice plus minus fimbriato.

Asci globosi v. late ovati, sessiles, 32-43 X 27 • 5-37- 5 p. Sporae conglobatae, olivaceo-

brunneae, oblongae, utrinque late rotundatae, 1-septatae, sat fortiter constrictae, 22-27-5 p

longae, cellula superiore 12-5-15 p longa et 11-5-13-5 p lata, inferiore 10-12*5 p longa et

334

10-11 -5 y lata, minute verrucoso-echinulatae. Pycnidia simul praesentia minora, usque

100 y diam. Conidia ovata v. oblonga, olivaceo-brunnea, 17-25 X 12-15 y, plerumque

zonula hyalina aegre perspicua praedita.

Hab. in foliis Capparidis Zeyheri Turcz., Alexandria, leg. Doidge, 22361.

Asterina diplocarpa Cke. var. Hibisci Doidge nov. var.

Mycelium ex hyphis irregulariter radiantibus deinde laxe reticulate-ramosis, undulatis,

2 -5-3- 5 y crassis compositum. Hyphopodia pauca, alternantia v. unilateralia, 5-11 '5/1

longa, 7' 5-15 y lata. Thyriothecia numerosa, 100-130 y diam. Asci subglobosi v. ovati,

25-33 X 22- 5-25 p.. Sporae oblongae, circa medium septatae et constrictae, minute

verruculosae, 17-20 X 9-10 y ; cellula superiore paullo latiore. Pycnidia numerosa,

70-80 p. diam. ; conidia 16-18 X 13—15 /x. Alioque typo simul.

Hab. in foliis Hibisci pedunculati Cav., Van Staden’s Pass, C.B.S., leg. Doidge, 17258.

Asterina dissiliens (Syd.) Doidge var. senegalensis Doidge nov. var.

Mycelium reticulatim ex hyphis valde undulatis, 4—5 y crassis compositum ; hyphopodia

hemisphaerica, ovata v. ampullacea, inter dumerecta, usque 10 y longa et lata. Sporae

latiores, cellula superiore 11-11 -5 y lata, inferiore 9-10 y lata. Alioque ut in typo.

Hab. in foliis Gymnosporiae senegalensis , Rikatli, Mozambique, leg. Junod, 11725.

Asterina elegans Doidge nov. spec.

Plagulae plerumque epiphyllae, atrae, densiuscule dispersae, arnbitu plus minus

orbiculares, usque 5 mm. diam., confluendo interdum majores et magnam folii partem

occupantes. Mycelium ex hyphis reticulato-ramosis, rectiusculis v. leniter undulatis,

olivaceo-brunneis, 3-6 y crassis compositum. Hyphopodia numerosa, opposita, alternantia

v. unilateralia, 2-cellularia, cylindracea, recta v. leniter curvata, 12-20 y longa et 4-6 y

lata, cellula basali 5-7-5 y longa, apicali integra, cylindracea, ad apicem leniter attenuata.

Thyriothecia numerosa, dense dispersa, sat regulariter orbiculares, 130-170 y diam.;

membrana basali distincta, fumoso-griseola ; strato tegente convexo, ex hyphis radiantibus,

rectiusculis, cellularum in parte centrali fere isodiametricarum, 3-5-4 y longarum et 3-4 y

laterum, marginem versus leniter elongatarum composito, in maturitate laciniis anguste

triangularibus stellatim dehiscente, periphice fimbriato. Asci subglobosi vel ovati, sessiles,

8-spori, crasse tunicati, 45-50 X 35-42 y. Sporae conglobatae brunneae, oblongae, circa

medium septatae et constrictae, utrinque late rotundatae, 22-25 y longae, verrucis

acutiusculis dense obsitae, cellula superiore 11-12-5 y lata, inferiore 9-10-5 y lata. Pycnidia

simul praesentia, 100-120 y diam. Conidia brunnea, ovata, 20-25 X 12-15 y.

Hab. in foliis Capparidis citrifoliae Lam., Winkle Spruit, Natal, leg. Doidge, 9010.

Asterina papillata Syd. affini- .

Asterina Fleuryae Doidge nov. spec.

Plagulae semper epiphyllae, tenues et parum perspicuae, minutae, 1-2-5 mm. diam.,

laxe v. densiuscule sparsae, saepe confluentes. Mycelium ex hyphis valde undulatis, 3-4-5 y

crassis compositum ; hyphopodia haud numerosa, alternantia v. unilateralia, raro opposita,

recta v. curvata, bicellularia, 9-19 y longa, cellula basali 1-5-lO^t longa, cylindracea,

recta v. curvata, 3-4 y crassa v. plus minusve gibbosa et usque 7 y crasse, apicali recta v.

curvata, integra, 3-4 y crassa, vel ad apicem dilatata, 2-4-lobulata et usque 10 y lata.

Thyriothecia laxe vel densiuscule dispersa, tunc saepe plura densissime aggregata et ^aullo

conjuncta vel confluentia, arnbitu orbicularia, saepe leniter irregularia, 100-130 y diam. ;

membrana basali tenui, dilute grisea ; strato tegente in centro e cellulis irregulariter

angulosis, 2-5-3-Sp. diam. metientibus, marginem versus in series radiantes 2-5-3-5 y

latos dispositis, in maturitate in laciniis triangularibus dehiscente, arnbitu plus minus

fimbriato. Asci sat numerosi, 8-spori, ovati vel subglobosi, crasse et firme tunicati,

25-35 X 17-20 y. Sporae conglobatae, oblongae, utrinque rotundatae, 1-septatae, leniter

constrictae, pellucide olivaceo-brunneae, loves, 12-15 X 5-6-5 y, cellulis subaequalibus v.

cellula superiore parum latiore.

Hab. in foliis Fleuryae sp., Woodbush, Transvaal, leg. Doidge, 28349.

Asterina Phenacis Syd. affinis.

335

Asterina Grewiae Cke. var. zonata Doidge nov. var.

Hyphopodia frequentius uncinata vel sublobata quam in typo. Conidia ellipsoidea

v. subclavata, 16-21*5 X 7*5-9 /x, olivaceo-brunnea, zonula hyalina perspicua praedita.

Hab. in foliis Trimeriae trinervis Harv., Howieson’s Poort, prope Grahamstown, leg.

Doidge, 12382.

Asterina Knysnae Doidge nov. spec.

Plagulae amphigenae, plus minus orbiculares, atro-grisea, usque 5 mm. diam. Mycelium

laxe reticulatum, ex hvphis rectiusculis v. leniter tortuosis, olivaceo-bruimeis, 6-7 • 5 p.

crassis compositum. Hyphopodia numerosa, unilateralia, v. alternantia, raro opposita,

continua, cylindracea v. piriformia, recta v. curvata, 10-15 y longa, 8-10 /a lata.

Thyriothecia laxe v. densiuscule sparsa, ambitu plus minus orbicularia, 120-150 /x diam. ;

membrana basali distincta nulla ; strato tegente leniter convexulo, ex hyphis radiantibus

2*5-5 /a crassis composito, in parte centrali opaco, marginem versus pellucido, periphice

fimbriato, primitus omnino clauso, tandem in parte centrali irregulariter disrumpente.

Asci paraphysati, subglobosi v. ovati, sessiles, 8-spori. 50-57*5 X 40-50 /x, firme crasseque

tunicati. Sporae conglobatae, olivaceo-brunDeae, oblongae, utrinque late rotundatae,

1-septatae, constrictae, minute denseque verruculosae, 30-35 /a longae, cellula. superiore

16—17 *5 p. lata, inferiore 14-15 p. lata. Paraphvses hyalinae, filiformes, 1*5-2 /x crassae.

Hab. in foliis Canthii riJiati, in silvis. Deepwalls, Knvsna, leg. Doidge, 17226.

Asterina natalitia Doidge nov. spec.

Plagulae epiphyllae, sparsae, tenues, griseo-atrae, baud acute definitae, usque 5 mm.

diam. Mycelium ex hyphis olivaceo-brunneis, rectiusculis v. leniter undulatis, plerumque

4-5 /i crassis, irregulariter remoteque ramosis conlpositum. Hyphopodia alternantia v.

unilateralia v. nonnunquam opposita, sat numerosa, continua, cylindracea, raro ovata v.

irregularia, 7 • 5-13 p. longa, 5-6 • 25 p. lata. Thyriothecia laxe vel densiuscule sparsa, ambitu

plus minus orbicularia, 200-300 /j. diam. ; strato tegente convexo, in parte centrali opace

atro-brunneo, ex hyphis radiantibus ad marginen pellucidem fimbriatum ca. 2*5-3 /x crassis

composito, primitus omnino clauso, dein irregulariter dehiscente. Asci sat numerosa,

8-spori, ovati vel ellipsoidei, sessiles, 50-65 X 35-42* 5 fi, firme crasseque tunicati. Sporae

conglobatae, olivaceo-brunneae, oblongae, utrinque rotundatae, 1-septatae, sat. valde

constrictae, leves, 30-40 /a longae, cellula superiore 16-17*5 /x longa et 12*5-14 /x lata,

inferiore 15-16 /x longa et 10-12*5 /x lata. Paraphyses filiformes. numerosae, 1*5-2 *5 /a

crassae, apice subclavatae et .usque 5 /a crassae, ascos superantes.

Hab. in foliis Euqeniae natalitiae, in silvis, Wood bush. Transvaal, leg. Doidge, 17751.

Asterina nodosa Doidge nov. spec.

Plagulae epiphyllae, sparsae, ambitu plus minus orbiculares, usque 5 mm. diam.,

atrae. Mycelium ex hyphis reticulato-ramosis, toruloso-curvatis, brunneis, 3 *75-7 *5 /a

crassis compositum. Hyphopodia alternantia v. unilateralia, continua, plerumque

irregulariter cylindracea, raro recta, plerumque plus minus curvata, interdum integra,

saepe torulosa vel obtuse et varie lobata, 7-12*5 /x longa, 6-10 /x lata ; rarissime 2-cellularia

et usque 17*5 /x longa. Thyriothecia numerosa, laxe v. densiudcule disposita, ambitu

plerumque torundata, 100-150 /x diam. ; membrana basali indistincta ; strato tegente alte

convexulo, opace atro-brunneo, ex hyphis irregulariter radiantibus, 2-5-4/x crassis, cellulis

plerumque 5-10 p longis composito. Asci late ovati v. subglobosi, sessiles, 8-spori,

37-45 X 35-40 /x. Sporae conglobatae, oblongae, utrinque rotundatae, circa medium

septatae, constrictae, brunneae, minute et remote verruculoso-echinulatae, 23-28 /x longae,

cellula superiore 12-15 /x, inferiore 11-12*5 /a lata.

Hab. in foliis Ilicis mitis (L.) Radik., in silvis Woodville, George, leg. Doidge, 10943.

Asterina Rinoreae Doidge nov. spec.

Sub Asterina Ivagahs Speg. in Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Afr. 8 (1920) p. 261.

Plagulae amphigenae, minutae v. plus minus effusae, tenues, parum perspicuae.

Mycelium ex hyphis rectiusculis v. parum undulatis laxe reticulato-ramosis, ca. 5 /x crassis

compositum. Hyphopodia sat numerosa, alternantia v. unilateralia, 2-cellularia, 9-17*5 /x

longa, cellula basali cylindracea, 3-6 /x nonnunquam usque 12*5 fj. longa et 5 /x lata, superiore

plerumque irregulariter 2-3-lobata, 8-12*5 /x lata. Thyriothecia laxe dispersa, ambitu plus

minus orbicularia, 100-160 rx diam.; membrana basali tenui, dilute brunneola ; starte

336

tegente ex hyphis radiantibus, 3-3-5 p latis, pellucide olivaceo-brunneis, cellulis 5-7-5p

Iongis composito, in maturity te laciniis triangularibus irregulariter stellatim dehiscente, ad

peripheriam fimbriato. Asci ovati v. subglobosi, 8-spori, 33-37 X 33-35 p. Sporae,

conglobatae, oblongae, utrinque late rotundatae, circa medium septatae et constrictae

20-24 X 11-12-5 p, verruculoso-echinulatae. Pycnidia simul praesentia minora, 50-60 p

diam. Conidia brunnea, ovata v. pyriformia, 15-18 X 10-11 p, zonula byalina aegre

perspicua praedita.

Hab. in foliis Rinoreae natalensis, Buccleuch, Natal, leg. Doidge, 9704.

Asterina Saniculae Doidge nov. spec.

Plagulae amphigenae, atrae, ambitu plus minus orbiculares, irregulariter dispersa,

confluendo saepe majores. Mycelium ex hyphis reticulato-ramosis, olivaceo-brunneis,

valde undulatis, 3-5 p crassis compositum. Hyphopodia alternantia v. unilateralia,

2-cellularia, recta v. curvata, 10-15 p longa, cellula basali 2- 5-7-5 p longa, cylindracea,

3 • 5-4 p lata, apicali irregulariter 2-5-lobata , 7 • 5-1 1 p lata. Thyriothecia in centro plagarum

dense dispersa, haud raro dense conferta et omnino confluentia, ambitu plerumque orbidularia

100-130 p diam. ; membrana basali tenui, subhyalina ; strato tegente convexulo, ex hyphis

radiantibus atro-brunneis cellularum in parte centrali fere isodiametricarum, 2 • 5-5 p

longarum et 2 -5-3 -5 p latarum, marginem versus leniter elongatarum et usque 8 p longarum

composito, in maturitate laciniis triangularibus stellatim dehiscente, periphice haud vel

leniter fimbriato. Asci 8-spori, ovati v. subglobosi, firme crasseque tunicati, sessiles,

20-25 X 17- 5-20 p. Sporae conglobatae, dilute olivaceo-brunneae, oblongae, circe medium

septatae et leniter constrictae, utrinque rotundatae, leves, 12-5-15 p longae, cellula superiore

5-6-25 p lata, inferiore saepe leniter anguatiore.

Hab. in foliis Saniculae europaeae L., Woodbush, Transvaal, leg. Doidge, 28331.

Asterina Syzygii Doidge noV. spec.

Sub Parasterina brachystoma (Rehm.) Theiss., in Trans. Roy. Soe. S. Afr. 8 (1920) p. 245.

Plagulae plerumque epiphyllae, atrae, crustaceae, ambitu plus minus orbiculares,

usque 5 mm. diam. vel raro usque 10 mm. Mycelium ex hyphis radiantibus, castaneo-

brunneis, rectiusculis v. plus minus tortuosis, 6-8 p crassis, septatis, irregulariter ramosis

compositum. Hyphopodia sat numerosa, alternantia v. unilateralia, breviter cylindracea,

ovata v. subglobosa, 7-12*5 p longa, 7-10 p lata. Thyriothecia laxe v. dense dispersa,

haud raro concentrice dieposita, ambitu orbicularia vel plus minus angulata, 250-350 p

diam., rarius usque 400 p,subinde confluentia ; strato tegente leniter convexulo, in parte

centrali opace atro, ad peripheriam tantum pellucide brunneo, ibique ex hyphis radiantibus,

rectis v. subtortuosis, septatis, 3-5 p crassis composito, in maturitate laciniis triangularibus

stellatim dehiscente. Asci numerosi, 6-8-spori, late ellipsoidei v. ovati, sessiles, 60-75 X

37-5-45 p, firme et crasse tunicati. Sporae oblongae, brunneae, utrinque rotundatae, circa

medium septatae, vix constrictae, dense et distincte verruculosae, 27-5-35 X 14-17 p,

cellula inferiore plerumque leniter angustiore. Paraphyses numerosae, filiformes, septatae,

2-2-5 p crassae.

Hab. in foliis Syzygii Gerrardi, in silvis, Woodbush, Transvaal, leg. Doidge, 17755.

Asterina Trichoeladi Doidge nov. spec.

Plagulae epiphyllae, tenuissimae, griseo-atrae, plus minus orbiculares, laxe dispersae.

usque 5 mm. diam., parum perspicuae. Mycelium tenue, laxe recticulatim ex hyphis pallide

olivaceis, leniter undulatis, obscure septatis, 2- 5-3-5 p crassis compositum. Hyphopodia

parce evoluta, solitaria, alternantia v. unilateralia, continua, semiglobosa, pulvinata, saepe

plus minus depressa, cylindracea v. pyriformia, raro sublobata, 5-7 • 5 p longa, 5-7 p lata.

Thyriothecia numerosa, sparsa, ambitu plus minus orbicularia, 250-380 p diam. ; membrana

basali nulla; strato tegente ex hyphis radiantibus, sinuosis, 2-5-3-5p crassis, cellulis

5-7-5 p Iongis composito, margine crenato haud fimbriato. Asci sat numerosi, 8-spori,

oblongi v. subclavati, antice rotundati, postice subito in stipitem brevissimum contracti,

50-72 • 5 X 17-18 p. Sporae distichae v. conglobatae, oblongae, pellucide olivaceae, utrinque

rotundatae, 1-septatae, leniter constrictae, leves, 13-18 X 6-7 p, cellulis subequalibus v.

superiore paullo latiore. Paraphysoidae numerosae, fibrosae, mox mucosae.

Hab. in foliis Trichoeladi criniti, in silvis Knysna, leg. Bottomlcy, 32231.

337

Asterina Vepridis Doidge nov. spec.

Plagulae amphigenae, irregulariter sparsae, ambitu plus minus orbiculares, usque 3 mm.

diam., tenues, griseo-atrae. Mycelium ex hyphis laxe reticulato-ramosis, rectiusculis,

olivaceo-brunneis, 3-5-5 p crassis compositum. Hyphopodia sat numerosa, opposita,

alternantia v. unilateralia, continua, pyriformia, recta v. leniter curvata, ad apicem

attenuata, 7-5-11 p longa, 4-5 p lata. Thyriothecia numerosa, in centro plagularum dense

dispersa, baud raro 2-4 vel plun conferta et onmino confluentia, singula 160-200 p diam.,

ambitu plerumque orbicularia ; membrana basali distincta nulla ; strato tegente olivaceo-

brunneo, convexulo, ex bypbis radiantibus, rectiusculis, 3-4 p crassis, cellularum in parte

centrali fere isodiametricatum, 3-5 p longarum composito, in maturitate laciniis

triangularibus stelatim dehiscente, periphice breviter fimbriato. Asci 8-spori, subglobosi

vel ovati, sessiles, 50-52-5 X 45-47-5 p. Sporae conglobatae, oblongae, utrinque

rotundatae, medio vel paullo infra medium septatae et constrictae, olivaceo-brunneae.

leves, 25-29 /x longae, cellula superiore 15-16 p longa et 14-15 /x lata, inferiore 11—14 yu.

longa et 11-12-5 p lata.

Hab. in foliis Vepridis lanceolatae, in silvis Xumeni, prope Donnybrook, leg. Doidge,

♦ 2774!.

Asterina Woodii Doidge nov. spec.

Plagulae ampbigenae, irregulariter sparsae, atrae, tenues, ambitu irregulares, usque

6 mm. diam., subinde confluendo majores et saepe magnam folii partem occupantes.

Mycelium ex bypbis remote ramosis et laxe reticulatis, pellucide brunneis, rectis v. leniter

undulatis, 3-5 p crassis compositum. Hyphopodia modice copiosa, opposita, alternantia

v. unilateralia, 2-cellularia, plus minus cylindracea sed unclnata v. varie curvata, raro

sublobata, 10-17- 5 p longa et 3-5-5p lata, cellula inferiore cylindracea, 2- 5-10 /x longa.

Thyriothecia densiuscule sparsa vel 2-8 dense conferta, ambitu orbicularia v. e mutua

pressione irregularia, 120-160 p diam., primitus omnino clauso, deinde stellatim debiscentia,

tandem fere ad marginem aperta ; membrana basali distincta, fumoso-griseola ; strato

tegente pellucide brunneo, ex bypbis radiantibus, rectiusculis, 2-3 p crassis composito,

periphice breviter fimbriato. Asci ovati v. subglobosi, 8-spori, 30-37-5 X 22-5-27-5 p,

sessiles, in massa mucosa ocbracea inclusi. Sporae conglobatae, oblongae, utrinque

rotundatae, brunneae, circa medium valde constrictae, 22-5-25 X 10-12-5 p, cellulis

ellipsoideis, superiore leniter latiore, in maturitate opace atro-brunneae et echinulis

grossiusculis dense obsitis.

Hab. in foliis Capparidis Gueinzii, Natal, leg. Medley Wood, (Wood 6458a) 9524a.,

Asterina xumenensis Doidge nov. spec.

Plagulae ampbigenae et caulicolae, tenues, parum perspicuae, irregulariter sparsae

usque 1 mm. diam. Mycelium ex hyphis irregulariter laxeque reticulato-ramosis, plus

minus undulatis, 2 • 5-3 • 5 p crassis, obscure septatis compositum. Hyphopodia sat numerosa,

solitaria, unilateralia v. alternantia, raro opposita, continua, rarissime 2-cellularia, quoad

formam sat irregularia, plerumque 5-11 p longa et 5-10 p lata, plus minus 2-4-lobata,

raro etiam subcylindracea, sinuosa. Thyriothecia sparsa v. aggregata, baud raro 2-3 vel

plura dense conferta et omnino confluentia, singula ambitu plerumque orbicularia, 65-100 fx

diam. ; membrana basali distincta nulla ; strato tegente convexulo, atro-brunneo, primitus

clauso dein stellatim dehiscente, ex hyphid radiantibus 2-2-5 p crassis, breviter articulatis

composito, periphice fimbriato. Asci sat numerosa, ovati vel ovato-globosi, sessiles, 8-spori,

18-20 X 11-16 /x. Sporae conglobatae, pellucide olivaceo-brunneae, leves, oblongae,

1-septatae, leniter constrictae, utrinque rotundatae, 11-12-5 X 5-6 p, postice paullo

attenuatae. Pycnidia simul praesentia, 37 ■ 5-50 jx diam. Conidia oblonga, ellipsoidea

v. subclavata, olivaceo-brunnea, zonula hyalina praedita, 10-15 X 4-6 p.

Hab. in foliis caulisque Lobeliae stellarioidis, in silvis, Xumeni, prope Donnybrook,

leg. Morgan et Doidge, 30483.

Asterina Zeyheri Doidge nov. spec.

Plagulae epiphyllae, atrae, plus minus orbiculares, usque 5 mm. diam. Mycelium ex

hyphis radiantibus, rectiusculis v. leniter undulatis, olivaceo-brunneis, 5-6 /z crassis,

irregulariter ramosis et anastomosantibus compositum. Hyphopodia sat numerosa,

unilateralia v. alternantia, breviter cylindracea v. ovata, 7-5-15 /x longa et 7-5-9 p lata.

Thyriothecia plus minus dense disposita, ambitu orbicularia, 250-350 p diam., subinde

338

confluentia ; strato tegente convexulo, in parte centrali opace atro-brunneae, ex hyphis

radiantibus, tortuosis, ad marginem latum pellucidem 3-5 p crassis composito, primitus

omnino clauso, in maturitate irregulariter stellatim dehiscente. Asci numerosi ovati vel

late ellipsoidei, sessiles, 8-spori, 67-5-80 X 40-45 p, firme crasseque tunicati. Sporae

conglobatae, oblongae, utrinque late rot-undatae, 1-septatae, valde constrictae, olivaceo-

brunneae, leves, 30-39 p longae, cellula superiore 15-20 p longa et 14-16 p lata, inferiore

14- 19 p longa et 12-5-15 p lata. Paraphyses numerosae, hyalinae, filiformes, ascos

superantes, ea. 1 p crassae.

Hab. in foliis Eugeniae Zeyheri, in silvis, Alexandria, leg. Doidge, 22357.

Asterinella Teeleae Doidge nov. spec.

Plagulae hypophyllae, sparsae, griseo-atrae, hand acute definatae. Mycelium tenue,

ex hyphis reticulato-ramosis, pellucide olivaceo-brunneis, obscure septatis, plerumque

2-2 • 5 p crassis compositum ; hyphopodia nulla. Thyriothecia sparsa v. rarius 2-4 conferta

et confluentia, ambitu orblcuaria, 200-220 p diam. ; strato tegente leniter convexulo,

ex hyphis radiantibus, pellucide olivaceo-brunneis, 2-3 p crassis, cellularum in parte centrali

4-6 p longis, marginem versus elongatarum et usque 10 p longarum composito, in maturitate

laciniis triangular, bus stellatim dehiscente, periphice breviter fimbriato. Asci sat numerosi

(usque 20), 8-spori, subglobosi v. ovati, sessiles, 22-37-5 X 25 p, firme tunicati. Sporae

conglobatae, subclavatae, 1-septatae, haud vel leniter constrictae, antice rotundatae, postice

plerumque attenuatae, 20-26-5 p longae, cellula superiore ovata, 11-14 p longa et 7-5-10 p

lata, inferiore plus minus cuneata, 9-12-5 p longa et ad septum 6-8 p lata. Pycnidia

numerosa, thyriotheciis similia. Conidia hyalina, cylindracea, recta v. leniter curvata,

utrinque obtusa, 7-septatae, 45-50 p longa, 3-5-5 p lata.

Hab. in foliis Tedeae natalensis, in silvis, Heanertsburg, leg. Doidge, 17783.

Asterolibertia megathyria var. Randiae Doidge nov. var.

Mycelium ex hyphis 3-4 p crassis, nodis 5-8 p diam., compositum. Thyriothecia

75-100 p diam. Asci 4-spori, ovati v. subclavati, 22-28 X 12-15 p. Sporae oblongae,

15- 18 p longae, cellula superiore 5-7-5 p longa et 5-6-5 p lata, inferiore 9-11 p longa et

5 p lata. Alioque typo similis.

Hab. in foliis Randiae dumetorum, Lemana, Transvaal, leg. Doidge. 1792.

Asterostomella eugenicola Doidge nov. spec.

Plagulae amphigenae, atrae, irregulariter dispersae, primitus plus minus orbiculares

usque 4 mm. diam., dein saepe confluentes majores. Mycelium reticulato-ramosum, ex

hyphis rectiusc.ulis, pellucide olivaceo-brunneis, 4-5 p crassis, cellulis, 20-30 p longis

compositum. Hyphopodia modice copoisa, alternantia v. unilateralia, raro opposita,

bicellularia, recta v. curvata, 12-20 p longa ; cellula basali breviter cylindracea, plerumque

4—6 p, interdum usque 10 p longa, ca. 5 p lata, apicali cylindricae v. ovata, rarius truncata,

sublovata v. irregularia, 7-5-11 -5 p longa, plerumque 5-6 p lata, interdum usque 9 p lata.

Pycnidia numerosa, equaliter densiusculeque dispersa, ambitu plerumque orbicularia,

75-120 p diam. ; strato tegente leniter convexo, ex hyphis radiantibus, rectis, crebre septati ,

in parte centrali 2-5-4 p longis et latis, peripheriam versus leniter elongatis usque 6 p longis,

pellucide atro-brunneis composito, margine breviter fimbriato. Conidia sat numerosa,

ovata v. ovato-oblonga, continua, brunnea, centro zonula subhyalina praedita, 15-21-5 X

7-5-10 p.

Hab. in foliis Eugeniae nataliliae, Hogsback, leg. J. et M. Henderson, 11340.

Asterostomella Visei Doidge nov. spec.

Plagulae amphigenae, tenues, plus minus orbiculares v. irregulares, non vel vix

determinatae, confluentes, atrae. Mycelium reticulato-ramosum, ex hyphis rectiusculis vel

plus minus undulatis, brunneis, septatis, 5-6 p crassis, cellulis 10-17-5 p longis compositum.

Hyphopodia sat numerosa, unilateralia v. alternantia, continua., plerumque subglobosa,

rarius breviter cylindracea v. sublobata, 8-12 p longa, 7-9 p lata. Pycnidia numerosa,

densiuscule dispersa, ambitu orbicularia, saepe confluentia, 50-120 p diam. ; strato tegente

leniter convexo, pellucide brunneo, ex hyphis radiantibus 4—6 p crassis, crebre septatis,

articulis 4-5 p longis composito, margine haud fimbriato. Conidia sat numerosa, continua,

brunnea, centro semper zonula subhyalina plus minus distincta praedita, ovata, oblonga v.

late ellipsoidea, 15-21 X 10-12-5p.

Hab. in foliis Visei obscuri, Assegai Bush, leg. Doidge, 17237.

339

Calopeltis Jasmini Doidge nov. spec.

Mycelium liberum nullum. Thyriothecia semper epiphylla, ambitu plus minus

orbicularia vel angulata, 100-150 p diam., crustas superficiales 2-2-5 mm. diam., atras,

orbiculares, sparsas formantia, minora et juniora saepe circulo crustas circumdantia, sine

maculis ; strato tegente e membranis singulis thyriotheciorum constante ; membranae

singulae convexae, ex hyphis radiantibus plus minus maeandrice curvatis compositae,

centro dilutiores ibique pellucide olivaceo-brunneae radiatim e cellulis 2-3 p longis, 2-2-5 p

latis, tenuiter tunicatis compositae, primitus clausae, tandem poro irregulari 15-20 p lato

apertae ; contextu membranae singulae peripheriam versus e cellulis atro-brunneis usque

15 p longis composito. Asci clavati v. ellipsoidei ad apicem late rotundatum leniter

uncrassati, basim versus attenuati, sessiles, firme tunicati, 8-spori, 40-50 X 12- 5-15 p.

Sporae plus minus distichae, oblongo-clavatae, ad apicem late rotundatae, basim versus

sensim attenuatae, 1-septatae, haud vel vix constrictae, 12-5-16 p longae, cellula superiore

4- 5 p longa et 4-5-5p lata, inferiore 7-5-10p longa, ad septum 3-75-4-5p lata.

Paraphysoidae parce evolutae, fibrosae.

Hab. in foliis Jasmini streptopi, Durban, leg. Medley Wood, 9516.

Ferrarisia Jasmini Doidge nov. spec.

Mycelium liberum nullum. Thyriothecia amphigena, plerumque epiphylla, sparsa vel

greges plus minus orbiculares, saepe confluentes, usque 7 mm. diam. metientes, atros

formantia ; singula vel saepe dense stipata et connexa, ambitu orbicularia subinde obtuse

angulata v. irregularia, 120-200 p diam.; strato tegente convexulo, ex hyphis opace

atrobrunneis, radiantibus, plus minus sinuosis, -4 p crassis, breviter articulatis (articulis

5- 8 p longis) composito, ad peripheriam irregulari vel breviter fimbriato, omnino clauso,

in maturitate laciniis ca. 3-5, triangularibus ad marginem disrumpente. Asci pauci, late

ellipsoidei v. ovati, 8-spori, firme tunicati, ad apicem late rotundati et leniter incrassati,

35-40 X 25-35 p. Sporae conglobatae v. indistincte tristichae, oblongae, utrinque

rotundatae, 1-septatae, constrictae, brunneae, leves, 22-25 p longae, cellula superiore

12-5-14 p longa et 10-11-5 p lata, inferiore 10-11 - 5 p longa et 7-5-10 p lata. Paraphysoidae

indistincte fibrosae, mox mucosae.

Hab. in foliis Jasmini angularis, Kentani, leg. Pegler, 2288.

Lembosia Wageri Doidge nov. spec.

Plagulae epiphyllae, atrae, per totam folii superficiem laxe vel densiuscule et sat

equaliter distributae, haud raro confluentes et magnam folii partem occupantes, ambitu

irregularos, usque ca. 3 mm. diam., haud acute definitae. Mycelium ex hyphis plus minus

undulatis, dilute olivaceo-brunneis, indistincte septatis, 2-5-4p crassis compositum.

Hyphopodia parce evoluta, solitaria, continua vel 2-cellularia, valde irregularia, plerumque

plus minus lobata, 6-10 p longa, 5-8 p lata. Thyriothecia plerumque dense ‘dispersa, haud

raro plura dense conferta et plus minus connata, oblonga, recta v. curvata, 200-300 p longa

et 80-120 p lata, rima longitudinali dehiscintia, vel orbicularia, 120-150 p diam., stellatim

dehiscentia ; strato basali tenui, subhyalino ; strato tegente convexulo, pellucide brunneo,

ex hyphis radiantibus 2-3 p crassis, cellulis 4-6 p longis composito, periphice plus minus

fimbriato. Asci numerosi, ovato-globosi vel ovati, sessiles, 6-8-spori, firme crasseque

tunicati, 23-30 X 16-20 p. Sporae conglobatae, clavato-oblongae, antice rotundatae,

postice leniter attenuatae, 1-septatae, haud vel vix constrictae, leves, dilute olivaceo-brunneae

15-17 p longae, cellula superiore subglobosa, 6-6- 25 p longa, 5 • 5-6- 25 p lata, inferiore

8-75-11 p longa, ad septum ca. 5 p lata.

Hab. in foliis Tecleae natalensis, Umhlanga Rocks, Natal, leg. Y. A. Wager, 32472.

Lembosina Rawsoniae Doidge nov. spec.

Mycelium liberum absens. Thyriothecia hypophylla, irregulariter et laxe vel densiuscule

dispersa, subinde 2-4 densius disposita tunc praecipue in formam Y, L vel X connexa,

oblonga vel linearia, utrinque leniter sed distincte attenuata, obyusa, 200-450 p longa,

plerumque 250-300 p longa, 80-100 p lata, recta vel leniter curvata ; membrana basali

subhyalina sine structura distincta ; strato tegente leniter convexulo, opace atro-brunneo,

ex hyphis radiantibus, leniter undulatis 1-1-5 p crassis, breviuscule articulatis, peripheriam

versus pellucide olivaceo-brunneis composito, periphice haud fimbriato, in maturitate

rima longitudinali dehiscentia. Asci copiosi, ovati v. clavato-oblongi, antice late rotundati,

sessiles v. subsessiles, 8-spori, ca. 15-20 X 7-10 p. Sporae subdistichae v. conglobatae,

340

oblongae v. subclavatae, utrinque obtusae. antice laet rotundatae, postice leniter attenuatae,

1-septatae, baud vel vix constrictae, ex hyalino pellucide olivaceo-brunneae, leves,

7-10 X 2-5-3 p. Parapbysoidae fibrosae, sat persistentes.

Hab. in foliis Raivsoniae lucidae, in silvis, Eshowe, leg. Gerstner, 32662.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

In most of the plates the same method has been followed ; in the upper half there is

a low power drawing of part of a colony to show as far as possible the general habit of the

fungus. ( X ca 150) .Below there are detailed drawings of part of the covering membrane

of the thyriothecium, hvphae, hyphopodia, ascospores and conidia when the latter are

present (x 460).

In Plates II, III, LXV and LXXI there is no low power drawing, all X 460. Plate

LX VI consists of drawings of sections through leaves of Eucalyptus spp. infected with

Lcmbosiopsis eucalyptina ( X 460). For further explanation see text.

LITERATURE CITED.

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pp. 181-184.

5. van der Byl, P. A. Descriptions of some previously unnamed South African Fungi IV. S. Afric.

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H. Sy DOW

15. Hennings, P Fungi Africae orient. III. Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 34 (1905) p. 54.

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and M. C. Cooke

23. Luttrell, E. S... Morenoella quercina, cause of leaf spot in oaks. Mycologia XXXII (1940)

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die Gattung Thyriopsis Th. et Syd. pp. 66-68.

341

27. Petrak, F Mykologische Notizen IX. Ann. Myc. 25 (1927) pp. 193-343. No. 599. Uberdie

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bosiopsis eucalvptina Petr, et Syd. n. spec. pp. 372-374.

30. Ridgway, R Color Standards and Color Nomenclature. Washington, 1912.

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Petrak

36. Theissen, F Die Gattung Clypeolella v. Hohn. Centralb. f. Bakt. XXXIV (1912) pp. 229-235.

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thyriaceen. Ann. Myc. 10 (1912) pp. 159-204.

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INDEX TO FUNGI AND HOSTS.

Acalypha deeumbens • 309

Acanthaceae 331

Acokanthera spectabils 322

venenata 322

Actinothyrium 275

Aloe 325

Amazonia asterinoides 325

Anacardiaceae 331

Anonaeeae 331

Ansellia africana 295

Apocynaceae 331

Aquifoliaceae 331

Araliaceae 331

Asclepiadaceae 331

Asterella inf means 325

Rehmii 325

Asterina Acalyphae 309

africana 282, 310, 330, 333

africana var. Kiggelariae 282, 310

Balansae var. africana- 305

Bosmanae 281, 291, 333

Bottomleyae 273, 280. 286, 290, 333

braehyetoma 285

capensis 325

capparidicola 282, 311, 327, 330, 333

celtidicola 310

celtidicola var. microspora 310

clausenicola 281, 303, 329

Combreti 281, 301, 330

Combreti var. kutuensis 301

confluens 325

crotonicola 293

crotoniensis 281, 293, 329

Asterina delicata 281, 292, 329

diplocarpa 281, 305, 329

diplocarpa var. Hibisci 281, 306, 334

dissiliens 273, 280, 287, 328

dissiliens var. senegalensis. .280, 288, 334

ditricha 325

elegans 282, 311, 326, 329, 334

erysiphoides 281, 304, 305, 339

Excoeeariae 281, 306, 329, 330

ferraginosa 281, 291

fimbriata 281, 300

Fleuryae 281, 307, 330, 334

gerbericola 281, 297

gibosa 315

gibbosa var. megathyria 314

Grewiae 281, 292, 329

Grewiae var. zonata . . 281, 393, 330, 335

Hendersoni 281, 286, 290, 330

inconspicua 280, 287

infuscans 325

interrupta 326

Knysnae 280, 285, 335

kutuensis 301

laxa 284

lorantliicola 281, 302, 330

MacOwaniana 326, 328

myriadea 326

natalensis 309

natalitia 280, 283, 324, 335

nodosa 280, 285, 290, 335

Oncinotidis 280, 282

opaca 281, 289

Oxyanthi 280. 284

342

Asterina Pavoniae 281, 295,

Peglerae 281,

pemphidioides 280, 282,

peraffinis 282, 308,

phaeostroma

polythyria 281, 303,

pseudopelliculosa var. peraffinis. . . .

punctiformis var. fimbriata

radiofissilis 282, 309, 312,

radio-fissilis var. macrospora

raripoda 281,

recticulata 281, 298,

rhamnicola

rigida

Rinoreae 282, 312, 330,

robusta 281,

Saniculae 281, 300,

Scolopiae 281, 299,

secamonicola 280, 286,

similis

Solaris

sphaerasca 273, 311,

spissa

Streptocarpi 281,

stylospora

Syzygii 280, 284,

tenuis 309, 312,

tertia var. africana 281, 305,

toruligena

Tricbiliae 281,

Trichocladi 281, 294,

uncinata 281,

undulata 281,

vagans

vagans var. subreticulata

van der Bylii 282, 307,

Vepridis 281, 289,

Woodiana 281, 297,

Woodii 282, 297, 309, 312, 327,

xumenensis 281, 295, 330,

Zeyheri 280, 283,

Asterinella

Asterinella Acokantherae

Burchelliae . .

dissiliens ....

lembosioides . .

Mimusopsidis 316,

Pterocelastri 316,

Tecleae 316,

Woodiana

Asterodothis solaria

Asterolibertia

Asterolibertia Burchelliae 314,

megathyria 309, 314,

megathyria var.

Randiae .314 315,

Asteromyxa inconspicua

Asterostomella

Asterostomella eugenicola 330,

reticulata

Visci 330,

Balladyna velutina 321, 322, 326,

Barleria obtusa

Barosma scoparia

Burchellia capensis

Calopeltis Jasmini 377,

Galothyrium Psychotriae

Campanulaceae

Canthium canpensis

ciliatum

Gueinzii 315,

Capparidaceae

Capparis citrifolia 278, 311, 312,

Gueinzii 311, 312,

Volkameriae

Capparis Zeyheri 312

Carissa arduina 322, 328

bispinosa 322

Cassine Kraussiana 328

papillosa 288

laurifolia 321

Celastraceae 331

Chaetacme aristata 321

Chilianthus arboreus 287

Chrysophyllum magaliesmontanum 292

natalensis 289

Claoxylon 304

Clausena anisata 304

inaeequalis var. abyssinica 304

Clypeolaster 276, 280, 281

Clypeolella 275, 313

Clypeolella Psychotriae 31 3

rhamnicola 314

Cola natalensis 310

Combretaceae 331

Combretum Baumii 301

glomeruliferum 301

Kraussii 301

Compositae 331

Croton rivularis 293

Cryptocarya Woodii 298

Ctenomeria capensis 309

Cussonia spicata 291

umbellifera 291

Dalechampia capensis 309

Dicliptera clinopoda 305

heterostegia 305

Dimerium Gymnosporiae 328

myriadeum 326

radio-fissile 309

Dimerosporium 280, 326

Dimerosporium Acokantherae 322

Dryopteris inaequalis 324, 331

Drypetes arguta 307

Ebenaceae 331

Echidnodella Hypolepidis 324

Echidnodes Acokantherae 275, 321, 322, 323

africana 275, 321, 324

Hypolepidis 275, 321, 324

lembosioides 321

natalensis 321, 323

rhoina 321, 323

Elaeodendron Kraussianum 328

Englera Popowiae 279

Englerulaster 275, 280

Englerulaster continuus 291

Gymnosporiae 328

MacGwaniana 326, 328

orbicularis 286

Popowiae 279

Entopeltis interrupta 326

Erythrococca berberidea 309

Eucalyptus 318

Eucalypyus coriacea 318

gigantea 318, 319

globulus 318, 319

hemiphloia 318

obliqua 318

regnans 318

Euclea undulata 326

Eugenia natalitia 284, 330

Zeyheri 283

zuluensis 284, 324

Eupelte amicta 328

Euphorbiaceae 331

Ferrarisia Jasmini 278, 339

Flacourtiaceae 332

Fleurya 307

Gerbera cordata 297

piloselloides 297

Gesneriaceae 332

329

301

285

329

326

330

308

300

327

309

294

330

314

282

335

288

336

329

287

305

326

275

296

327

336

327

329

327

293

336

298

296

312

330

337

329

337

316

322

315

287

321

317

338

297

326

314

315

327

338

287

329

338

298

338

331

305

304

316

339

313

331

315

325

322

331

326

312

143

Grewia lasiocarpa

occidentals

Gymnosporia

Gymnosporia buxifolia 288,

harveyana

nemorosa

senegalensis

Hauiamelidaceae

Heteropyxidaceae

Heteropyxis natalensis ,

ruto-rhamnoides

Hibiscus pedunculatus

Hippobromus alata

Hyphaster kutuensis

Hypoestes aristata 301,

verticillaris

Hypolepis sparsisora

Hysterostomina Oxyanthae

Ilex capensis

Mitis 286,

Irene atra

ditricha #

scabra

Irenina ditricha

Isipinga contorta

Jasminum angulare 278,

muJtipartitum

streptopus

tortuosum

Kiggelaria africana

Krau.ssia coriacea 309,

hnceolata

Lauraceae

Leguminosae 328,

Lembosia

Lembosia congesta

durbana 275, 287, 319,

natalensis

Phillipsii

piriensis 275, 287, 319,

radiata

Wageri 319,

Lembosina Rawsoniae 279,

Lembosiopsis

Lembosiopsis eucalyptina 275,

Leptosphaeria caffra

Leucadendron

Leucospermum conocarpum

Liliaceae

Lobelia stellarioides

Loranthaceae

Loranthus

Loranthis Dregei

MacOwaniella congesta

Maerua

Maerua pedunculosa

Malvaceae

Marattia fraxinea

Meliaceae

Meliola capensis

cylindripoda

ditricha

littoralis 313, 321, 322,

microthecia

Oliniae

Sclerochitonis ’.

Meliolaster Mackenzii 276,

Metasphaeria cafira

Micropeltis Maratliae

Trichomanes

Microthyrium, annuliforme

' maculicolum

ranulisporum

Mimusops obovata

Morenoella Mollinediae

Oxyanthae

Morenoella Phillipsii 319

quercina 275

Morenaina africana 324

Myrtaceae . ; 332

Myxasterina 280

Ocotea bullata 319

Oleaceae 332

Olea laurifolia 328

Oliniaceae 332

Olinia '. 299

Olinia cymosa 299

emarginata 299

radiata 299

Oncinotis inandensis 283

Oncoba 310

Oncoba Kraussiana 310

Oothecium stylosporum 327

consimile 327

Orchidaceae 332

Osyridicarpus natalensis 303

Oxyanthus Gerrardi 284

Palawaniella Eucleae 329

orbiculata 329

Parastella 325

Parasterina 275, 280

Parasterina africana 310

brachystoma 284

brachystoma var. lax a 284

implicata 288, 289

laxa 284

pemphidioides 282

reticulata 287

rigida 282

Parenglerula Henningsii 328

MacOwaniana 326, 328

Pavetta natalensis 326

Pavonia 295

Peltaster 275

Phragmosperma Marattiae 329

Phragmothyrium Marattiae 328

Trichomanis 329

Piperaceae 332

Piper capensis 325

Placoasterella Rehmii 325

Plectronia ciliata 301, 325

Pleurostylia capensis 288

Popowia cafira 279

Prdlieuxina 316

Acokantherae 322

Prillieuxina Burchelliae 315

Mimusopsidis 317

Pterocelastri 317

Woodiana 297

Proteaceae 332

Psychotria capensis 313

Pteridophy ta 331

Pterocelastrus tricuspidatus 317

variabilis 317

Puccinia exhauriens 304

Putterlickia pyracantha 288

verrucola 288

Randia dumetorum 315

Rawsonia lucida 279

Rhamnaeeae 332

Rhamnus prinoides 298, 314

Rhus lucida 323

mueronata 323

Schlechteri 323

Rinorea natalensis 313

Rubus rigidus 306

Rubiaceae 332

Rutaceae ? 332

Sanicula Europaea 300

Santalaceae 332

Sapindaceae 332

292

288

328

288

332

308

306

325

301

305

324

328

290

284

325

320

325

320

304

277

304

310

327

326

332

319

328

321

323

319

320

328

320

339

318

328

326

332

296

332

302

328

302

332

329

332

325

284

325

331

304

298

300

325

329

328

329

278

277

317

275

328

344

Sapotaceae

Schneepia radiata

Sclerochiton harveyanus

Scolopia Mundtii 277, 298,

Zeyheri

Zeyheri var. spinosa

Secamone alpina

Seynesia Balansae var. africana

microthyrioidea

nobilis

orbiculata

Sida cordifolia

Hislopii

rhom bifolia

Sideroxylon inerme

Sphaeria caffra

Sponia guineen&is

Steganopycnis oncospermatis

Streptocarpus

Strepto rarpus Rexii

Syzygium Gerrardi .282,

Tarenna pavettoides

Teclea natalensis 316,

Tlmnbergia

Tiliaceae 332

Thyrinula eucalyptina 273

Trema bracteolata 327

Tricalysia lanceolata 315

Sonderiana 316

Trichasterina Popowiae 279

Styracis 276

Trichilia Dregeana 294

emetica 294

Triehocladus crinitus 294

ellipticus 320

Trichomanes pyxidifera 329

Trimeria alnifolia 292, 293

grandifolia 293

trinervis 293

Tylophora Flanagani 309

Ulmaceae 332

Urticaceae 332

Vepris lanceolata 290

Viola abyssinica 296

Violaceae 332

Viscunt obscurum 331

Xylotheca Krausaiana 310

332

328

300

287

305

276

329

306

295

306

289

328

327

276

297

285

316

321

301

345

Plate I.

Calopeltis Jasmini.

4

346

Plate II.

Above (a) Microthyrium ranulisporum,.

Melow ( b ) Microthyrium maculicolum.

Plates II a id III have teen i

reversed.

347

Plate Hi.

Above (a) Ferrarisia Jasrnini.

Below (6) Palawan iella orbiculata = S eynesia orbiculata.

Plates II ar 1 111 kav% oeen reversed.

348

Plate IV.

Tricliasterina Popowiae,

349

Plate V.

Asterina pempli idioides.

350

Plate VI.

Asterina Onci n otidis.

351

Plate VII.

Asterina Zeyheri.

352

Plate VIII.

Asterina natalitiu.

353

Plate IX.

Asterina Oxyanthae.

354

Plate X.

Asterma Zyzygii.

Plate XI.

Astcrina Knysnae.

356

Plate XII.

Asterina nodosa.

r-\

357

Plate XIII.

Asterina Bottomleyae.

358

Plate XIV.

. I steri iki sccnmon icoln .

359

Plate XV.

Asterina inconspicua.

360

Plate XVI.

Asteriiw dissiliens.

361

Plate XVII.

Asterina robusta.

362

Plate XVIII.

Asterina opaca.

363

Plate XIX.

Asterina Vepridis.

364

Plate XX.

I st r ri ii a II e ii de rso n i .

.

365

Plate XXL

Asterina femiginosa.

366

Plate XXII.

Asterina Bosmarme.

367

Plate XXIII.

Asterinu delicata.

3G8

Plate XXIV.

Asterina Greviae.

369

Plate XXV.

Asterina croton iensis.

370

Plate XXVI.

Asterina Trichilae.

371

Plate XXVII.

Asterina, Tricliocladi.

372

Plate XXVIII.

Asterinu raripochi.

373

Plate XXIX.

Asterina Pavonine.

374

Plate XXX.

Aster inn x u me n e nsis .

Plate XXXI.

Asterina imdulate.

376

Plate XXXII.

Asterina Streptocarpi.

377

Plate XXXIII.

Asterina gerbericola.

378

Plate XXXIV.

Asterina Woodiunu.

380

381

382

Plate XXXVITT.

Asterina iSanic.ulae.

383

384

Plate XL.

.1 sfp.rinci Onmbreti.

385

Plate XLI.

Asterina Feylerae

//-

386

Plate XLII.

Asterina loranthicola.

387

Plate XLIII.

Asterina polythyria.

388

Plate XLIV.

Aster inu clausenicola .

339

Plate XLV.

Astervna. erysiphoides.

390

Plate XLVI.

Asterina tertia vur. afr'tcann.

391

Plate XLVII.

Asterina diplocarpa.

392

Plate XLVIII.

Asterina Excoecaria e .

393

Plate XLTX.

Asterina Flcuryae.

394

Plate L.

Asterina van der Bylii.

305

Plate LI.

Aster ina peraffinis.

396

Plate LI I.

Asterina radio-fissilis.

397

Plate L1II.

Ast-erina africana.

398

Plate L1V.

Asterina elegant.

3D9

Plate LV.

Asterina capparidicoln .

400

Plate LVI.

Asi<’rina Wnodii.

401

Plate LVIL

Asterina Itinoreae.

1

402

Plate LVIII.

Clypeolella psychotriae,

403

Plate L1X.

Clypeolella rliamnicola.

404

Plate LX.

Astero li bert ia m egathyria.

405

Plate LXI.

.4 sterol i bertia B u rchelliae .

406

Plate LXli.

Ast.erinc.lla Tedeae.

407

Plate LX I II.

Asterinella Pterocelastri.

408

Plate LXIV.

Asterinella M imusovs idi s .

409

Plate LXV.

Lembosiopsis eucalyptina.

G

410

Sections through leaves of

above (a) ( b ) Eucalyptus gigantea,

Below (c) Eucalyptus globulus,

showing internal mycelium of Lembosiopsis eucalyptina.

411

Plate LXVII.

Lembosia Phillipsii.

412

Plate LXVI1I.

Lembosia piriensis.

413

Plate LXIX.

Lembosia Wagcri.

411

Pr.ATK T,XX.

Lembosia durbana.

415

Plate LXXI.

7?n/i uhindes lembosioides.

416

Plate LXXII.

Ech id n ri'des A coka nth rrae.

■117

Plate LXX1II.

Erhidnodes rhoina.

41S

Plate LXX1V.

Ech idn odes natalensis.

419

Plate LXXV .

Eclnduodes af.icana.

420

Plate LXXV1.

Echidnodcs Hypolepidis.

421

REVISED DESCRIPTIONS OF SOUTH AFRICAN

SPECIES OF PHYLLACHORA AND RELATED GENERA.

By Ethel M. Doidge.

In their work on the Dothideaceae (7) Theissen and Sydow included in this group the

families Polystomellaceae, Dothideaceae and Montagnellaceae. In contrast to the erumpent

Dothideaceae, the Phyllachoraceae comprised forms which remain covered by the matrix

and three natural sub-families were distinguished, characterised by the position of the

stroma : The Trabutiineae, between the cuticle and the epidermis, the Scirrhiineae between

the epidermis and the palisade cells or equivalent subepidermal layer and the Phyllachorineae

in the mesophyll. The family was characterised as follows : —

Phyllachoraceae Theiss. et Syd.

Stroma under the cuticle or epidermis, remaining covered, with cuticular or epidermal

clypeus, prosenchymatous-dothideoid in structure or more or less regularly hyphal. Loculi

sunk in the stroma or leaf tissue, merging with the clypeus at the apex.

Within the three sub-families mentioned above, the genera were classified according

to the colour and septation of the spores and the presence or absence of paraphyses.

In 1924, after a detailed study of Phyllachora graminis on Agropyrum repens, Petrak (3)

came to the conclusion that Phyllachora cannot be regarded as a dothideal form ; he pointed

out the great similarity between Phyllachora graminis and Physalosporina Astragali, the

only difference being in the colour and consistency of the stroma and of the perithecial

membrane. In Phyllachora the stroma becomes thickened in the epidermis on either side

of the leaf into a black, intra-epidermal clypeus which does not stain blue with iodine ;

the stroma tissue in many species becomes more or less brittle with age and the perithecial

wall is often rather weakly membranous, but never fleshy. In Physalosporina, the stroma

tissue under the epidermis becomes more or less coloured but is never dark, it forms no

clypeus and stains blue black with iodine ; the perithecial wall is more or less gelatinous

and fleshy. Petrak considers that Polystigma. Physalosporina and Phyllachora are closely

related genera which form a natural family. Phyllachora is not closely related to the true

dothideal fungi.

A few months later, Orton (2) published the result of his studies of the development

of Phyllachora graminis on Agropyrum repens. He also came to the conclusion that Phylla-

chora graminis cannot be considered a dothideaceous fungus, but must be regarded as a

reduced type of Sphaeriaceae. He was of the opinion, however, that this fungus does not

develop a true stroma ; there is a progressive development of individual ascocarps within,

any infected host area ; the clypeus is clearly a special structure, its function being apparently

that of a protective mem.br ane.

The subdivision of the Phyllachoraceae on the basis of the position of the stroma,

Petrak (4) regards as purely artificial. In the characterisation of the genus Catacauma of

the sub-family Scirrhiineae, it is stated that the stroma develops between the epidermis

and the sub-epidermal layers of cells. This is only true in a limited sense ; the perithecia

develop under the epidermis and between them there is connecting stroma, but, in addition

hyphae push into the mesophyll more or less freely and may extend to the opposite side of

the leaf and develop a rudimentary clypeus in the epidermis.

Petrak is of the opinion that the position of the perithecia is correlated with the texture

of the leaf in which the fungus grows. Most Catacauma spp. occur on leaves which are more

or less hard or leathery, e.g. those of Ficus spp. ; in such leaves penetration into deeper

cell layers is difficult and the perithecia develop under the epidermis. He has no doubt

that all, or most of the Catacauma forms have been derived and modified from different

species of Phyllachora and are more closely related to such Phyllachora spp. than to other

Catacauma forms. Catacauma is therefore untenable as a genus and must be included in

Phyllachora.

Trabutia, which was made by Theissen and Sydow the type genus of the sub-family

Trabutiineae, is a mixed genus. Petrak (5) finds that the type species, Trabutia quercina,

is a true dothideaceous fungus, and he mentions several other species which are similar in

structure. All other species known to him, including some South African forms occurring

on Ficus, are not dothideal but sphaerial in structure and none other than subcuticular

Phyllachora spp.

8

422

With reference to the characterisation of genera ‘‘with” or “without paraphyses ”,

Petrak points out that all true Phyllachoraceae have paraphyses, even if these are transitory,

reduced, or early dissolve into mucilage. The presence or absence of paraphyses in mature

perithecia cannot therefore be maintained as a generic distinction.

Of the generic distinctions employed by Theissen and Sydow (7) there remain only

to be considered the colour and septation of the spores. Petrak (3) states that in most

species of Phyllachora the spores are at first hyaline but become more or less yellowish or

yellowish brown when fully mature. It is true that with age the spores develop a pale

yellowish brown or bronze tinge, but this differs from the definite snuff brown or olive

brown pigmentation of the spores found in some other genera ; this pigmentation develops

early in the maturing spores and the difference between this and the tinting in old Phylla-

chora spores appears to be more than one of degree.

Of the fungi assigned to genera characterised by the brown colour of the spores, the

type species of Sphaerodothis, Sph. Arengae (Rac.) Shear, has pale tinted spores which do

not differ from fully mature or old Phyllachora spores. Phaeochora N eowashingtoniae

(Shear) Th. et Syd. has large, elongated, defiitely brown spores and those of Phaeochorella

Parinarii (P. Henn.) Th. et Syd., a South African fungus, are smaller, oblong, snuff brown

to olive brown with a medial, hyaline band. In Theissen and Sydow’s key, Phaeochorella is

separated from Phaeochora only by the presence of paraphyses', said to be lacking in

Phaeochora. Until further studies have been made, however, the generic name Phaeochorella

will be retained for the South African fungus.

Of the genera with 2-celled, hyaline spores, South African species of Endodothella,

with Phyllachora-like stroma have been described. If there is no difference between this

genus and Placostroma with Catacauma-like stroma besides the position of the perithecia,

the species of Endodothella should fall into the genus Placostroma which has precedence ;

Clements and Shear (1) consider Endodothella a synonym for Placostroma. In recent

mycological literature, however, the genus Endodothella has been retained and no change

has therefore been made in the nomenclature of the South African species.

Of the 70 South African species described in the following pages, 64 belong to the genus

Phyllachora, including forms previously described as Catacauma or Trabutia. There is

one species of Diachora, a genus with 1-eelled, hyaline spores of which the systematic

position is ambiguous and of which a detailed generic description is given. The remaining

5 fungi are forms with Phyllachora-like stroma and perithecia, differing only in the colour,

form and septation of the spores. Until further and more comprehensive studies have been

made of Phyllachora-like genera which differ in spore characters, these genera may be

distinguished as follows : —

A. — Spores ellipsoid or oblong.

(а) Spores 1 -celled.

1. Spores hyaline or slightly tinted Phyllachora.

2. Spores definitely brown Phaeochorella.

(б) Spores 2-celled, hyaline Endodothella.

B. — Spores filiform Ophiodothella.

In the following pages, the species of Phyllachora are grouped according to the family

of the host plant. The families are in the sequence found in “ The Genera of South African

Flowering Plants”, by Dr. E. P. Phillips (6), which is based on Engler’s system of classification.

I am indebted to Dr. H. Sydow for help with some of the critical species and for verifying

some of the identifications by comparison with the type specimens to which he has access.

I am also indebted to my colleagues in the Phanerogamic herbarium for revising the

nomenclature of the host plants, particularly to Miss I. C. Verdoorn and Miss H. Forbes,

who examined the Dicotyledons, and to Miss L. C. Chippindall, who identified all the grasses.

LITERATURE CITED.

1. Clements, E.E., and C.L. Shear The Genera of Fungi, New York. 1931.

2. Orton, C. R Studies in the morphology of the Ascomycetes. I. The stroma and

the compound fructification of the Dothideaceae and other groups.

Mycologia XVI (1924) pp. 49-95. Pis. 8-9.

3. Petrak, F Mykologische Notizen VII. No. 301. t)ber die phylogenetischen

Beziohungen dor Gattung Phyllachora Nit. und ihre Bedeuting fur

das System der dothidealen Pilze. Ann. Myc. 22 (1924) pp. 1-10.

4. Petrak, F Mykologische Notizen IX. No. 575. fiber Catacaumella Gouaniae

Stev. Ann. Myc. 25 (1927) pp. 193-343.

5. Petrak, F Mykologische Notizen X. No. 675. fiber die Gattung Trabutia

Sacc. et Roum. Ann. Myc. 27 (1929) pp. 385-387.

6. Phillips, E. P The Genera of South African Flowering Plants, Cape Town. 1926.

7. Theissen, F., and H. Sydow. . Die Dothideales. Kritisch-systematische Originaluntersuchungen.

Ann. Myc. 13 (1915) pp. 149-746.

423

PHYLLACHORA Nke.

On CRYPTOGAMS.

Phyllachora Hieronymi P. Henn.

Pilze Ostafr. apud A. Engler, Die Pflanzenwelt Ostafrikas (1895) p. 34 ; Theiss. and

Syd., Ann. Myc. 13 (1915) p. 438 ; Doidge, Bothalia I (1921) p. 28.

Stromata epiphyllous, grouped on indeterminate, yellowish brown leaf spots, convex,

shining black, more or less circular in outline, 0-4-0 -5 mm. diam. ; usually in irregular

groups, which are frequently elongated along the veins, occasionally dendritic ; visible

also on the under side of the leaf, where they are more or less convex and usually dull black.

Clypeus well developed in the upper epidermis, 30-33 /a thick, composed of subopaque,

blackish brown hyphae 3-5-5 p thick. In the lower epidermis the clypeus is short and

ca. 20 p thick. When the base of the perithecium does not quite reach the lower clypeus,

the intervening space is filled with brown stromatic tissue.

Perithecia usually solitary, but occasionally a few are crowded together under one

clypeus, globose or flattened globose, usually occupying the whole thickness of the leaf,

250-350 p diam., 180-250 p high. Perithecial wall not well defined, pale brown, concentric

fibrose, merging above and below with the clypeus ; when two perithecia are in contact,

the common wall is dark brown, firm and ca. 10 p thick. Ostiole flat, papilliform, com-

pletely immersed in the clypeus, with rather short, hyaline periphyses. Asci numerous,

8-spored, cylindrical or cylindrical-clavate, rounded above, attenuated below to a short

stalk, 65-70 X 16-20 p. Spores obliquely monostichous or incompletely distichous,

1-celled, hyaline, oblong-ellipsoid, tapering slightly to rounded ends, 20-24 X 6-8 p.

paraphyses numerous, very fine, filamentous, ca. 1 p thick.

On Cyathea Dregei O. Kze., on leaves, Winter’s Kloof, Natal, Doidge , 1666.

On GR AMINE AE : Tribe ANDROPOGONEAE.

Phyllachora Chrysopogonis Syd.

Bothalia I (1924) p. 219.

Stromata amphigenous, not on leaf spots, more or less evenly distributed over the leaf

surface ; the tissues of the host in the vicinity of the stromata are somewhat discoloured and

the leaf early becomes light brown and dry. Stromata usually discrete, rarely confluent,

rather dull black, elliptic, \—\ mm. long, slightly convex.

Clypeus usually only in the epidermis over the perithecia and not extending much

beyond them, black, opaque, 15-25 p thick ; occasionally there are traces of clypeus for-

mation in the opposite epidermis. At the margin of the stroma, the perithecia are sur-

rounded by stromatic tissue consisting of dark brown, septate hyphae 1-5-4 p thick, which

may be quite loosely and irregularly branched and interwoven, or more or less compact,

erect, prosenchymatous.

Perithecia 1-4 in each stroma, usually closely crowded and occupying half to two-thirds

of the thickness of the leaf, ellipsoid to lenticular, 300-420 p diam., 100-170 p high. Peri-

thecial wall brown, well developed at the sides, 15-20 p thick, less sharply defined and

paler at the base, where it presses against the cells of the host, concentric fibrose, composed

of delicate hyphae 1-1-5 p thick. Asci copiously paraphysate, 8-spored, cylindrical, 65-85

X 10-14 p. Spores usually monostichous, oblong, broadly rounded at both ends, con-

tinuous, hyaline, 12-15 X 7-8 p.

On Chrysopogon montanus Trim var. tremulus Stapf, on leaves and sheaths, Vryburg,

Pole Evans, 9302.

Phyllachora Doidgeae Syd.

Bothalia I (1924) p. 220.

Stromata amphigenous. not on leaf spots, but with some indefinite yellowish brown

or reddish brown discoloration of the leaf tissues in the immediate vicinity, scattered

irregularly or in short series, discrete, elliptic, |T1 mm. long, dull black, slightly convex,

often visible but less conspicuous on the opposite side of the leaf.

Clypeus well developed in the epidermis over the perithecia and not extending beyond

them, 30-40 p thick, composed of subopaque, blackish brown hypae 2-5-4 p thick; not

so extensive, less dense and 10-20 p thick in the opposite epidermis. When the base of

the perithecium does not reach the epidermis, the intervening cells of the host are filled

with closely cellular, hyaline or light brown fungous tissue, which sometimes extends

laterally beyond the perithecium.

424

Perithecia 1-4 in each stroma, deeply immersed, flattened-globose to lenticular,

300-500 p diam., 200-300 p high. Perithecial wall 10-15 /x thick, concentric fibrose,

composed of rather delicate, pale or darker brown hyphae 2-2-5 p thick. Ostiole flat,

obtusely conical, completely immersed in the clypeus, traversed by a pore 25-30 p broad.

Asci 8-spored, cylindrical, 80-100 X 12-16 p. Spores obliquely or transversely mono-

stichous or incompletely distichous, oblong, broadly rounded at both ends, continuous,

hyaline 14-18 X 8-10 p. Paraphyses numerous, filamentous, exceeding the asci.

Conidiferous loculi present in the same stromata, similar to the perithecia but usually

smaller, 175-250 /x diam., 140-170 p high. Conidia oblong or oblong-fusoid, obtuse at

both ends or tapering somewhat, continuous, pale fuscous, 8-12 X 2-3 fx. Basidia none.

On Monocymbium ceresiiforme Stapf (= Andropogon ceresiaeforme Noes) Durban,

Doidge, 1612, Type ; Edendale, Doidge, 1998 ; Nelspruit, Liebenberg, 26036 ; Godwan

River, Liebenberg, 26055.

Cymbopogon marginatus (Steud.) Stapf, Donkerpoort, Doidge and Bottomley, 29744 ;

Derdepoort, Doidge and Bottomley, 29800.

Hyparrhenia cymbaria Stapf, Schagen, Liebenberg, 29869.

Hyparrhenia hirta Stapf, Debbe’s Ravine, Pretoria District, Mogg, 29852 ; Skinner’s

Court, Pretoria, Doidge, 23425 ; Derdepoort, Doidge and Bottomley, 29801 ; Mamathes,

Basutoland, Dean, 32427 ; Taylor’s, near Maritzburg, Doidge, 32785.

A form on Cymbopogon excavatus Stapf, which is probably only a variation of Phyllachora

Doidgeae Syd., may be described as follows : —

Stromata epiphyllous, on definite brown leaf spots, penetrating more or less to the under

side of the leaf, scattered or in small groups or series, dull black, raised, oval to linear,

^-4 mm. long and up to 1 mm. broad.

Clypeus extensive in the upper epidermis, dense black, 25-37 • 5 p thick ; poorly

developed in the lower epidermis. The space between the base of the perithecia and the

lower clypeus is filled with pale brown, closely parenchymatous stromatic tissue, which

often extends laterally beyond the clypeus and. is connected with adjacent stromata ; it

is most compact in the epidermal cells.

Perithecia numerous, deeply immersed, lenticular to irregularly spherical, 100-500 p

diam., 150-200 /x high. Perithecial wall 10-20 p thick, concentric fibrose, consisting of

light brown, delicate hyphae 1-1*5 p thick. Asci numerous, 8-spored, cylindrical, 100-125

X 11-15 fx . Spores directly or obliquely monostichous, 1-celled, hyaline, ellipsoid to oval,

broadly rounded at both ends, 12—15 X 6-9 \x. Paraphyses numerous, exceeding the asci.

On Cymbopogon exdavatus Stapf, Derdepoort, Doidge and Bottomley, 29805 ; Schagen,

Liebenberg, 29856.

Phyllachora Doidgeae is often parasitised. Several parasitic forms were found,

especially on No. 29744 ; on this collection Cryptodidymosphaeria clandestina Syd. was

particularly well developed, and in this collection were also found two fungi inperfecti,

Coniothyrium occultum Syd. and Staganospora cryptogea Syd. The host of Pleospora

Doidgeae Petr, is also probably this species.

Phyllachora Elyonuri Doidge nov. spec.

Stromata epiphyila, s;ne maculis, sparsa vel gregaria, saepe breviter seriata, atra,

oblonga, 0*3-1 mm. longa, mm. lata, confluendo etiam longiora, usque 2 mm., vix

nitidula ; clypeo epidermali bene evoluto in epiphyllo, usque 37*5 fx crasso, carbonaceo,

parenchymatice contexto, atro-brunneo, in hypophyllo haud vel parce evoluto praedita ;

stromate in mesophyllo ex hyphis tenuibus plectenchymatice contextis composito. Peri-

thecia pauca usque numerosa in quoque stromate, \ vel f folii crassitudinis occupantia,

applanato-globosa v. e mutua pressione irregularia, 150-300 p diam., in centro stromatis

usque 150 p, prope marginem 100 p alta ; ostiolo piano papilliformi clypeo immerso praedita ;

pariete perithecii ca 6-10 p crasso, concentrice fibroso. Asci copiose paraphysati, 8-spori,

cylindracei v. cylindrico-clavati, 70-87*5 X 11-15 p. Sporae oblique, vel transverse

monostichae, subinde fere distichae, hyalinae, continuae, ellipsoideae, 7*5-11 X 6-7*5 p.

Hab. in foliis Elyonuri glabri var. villosi, Donkerpoort, prope Pretoria, leg Doidge et

Bottomley, 29748.

Stromata epiphyllous, not on leaf spots, scattered, in short series or irregularly grouped,

oblong, black, somewhat shining and convex, 0*3-1 mm. long, 0*25-0*5 mm. broad, often

becoming confluent in short series and forming compound stromata up to 2 mm. long.

Clypeus usually well developed in the upper epidermis, black, opaque, carbonaceous,

variable in thickness, up to 37*5 p thick between the perithecia, ca. 15 p thick near the

425

ostioles ; sometimes less dense and opaque, composed of small, dark brown parenchymatous

cells, or interrupted by lacunae filled w;th rather loosely interwoven hypae. The cuticle

is usually not involved and can be seen covering the clypeus. Clypeus absent from the

lower epidermis or comparatively poorly developed. The stroma between and below the

perithecia consists of light brown hyphae, more or less closely interwoven, which become

paler and subhyaline as they penetrate into the mesophyll at the base of the perithecia.

Perithecia few (2 or more) in simple stromata, numerous (up to 14 observed) in com-

pound stromata, occupying half to three-quarters of the thickness of the leaf, monostichous.

flattened globose, or, when closely crowded, sometimes becoming irregular and subdistichous,

150-300 p diam., up to 150 p high in the centre of the stroma and 100 p near the margins.

Perithecial wall concentric fibrose, 6-10 p thick, formed of light brown hyphae ca. 1-5 p

thick. Ostiole flat, papilliform, completely immersed in the clypeus, with a pore ca. 20 p

diam. Asci copiously paraphysate, 8-spored, cylindrical or cylindrical-clavate, 70-87-5 X

11—15 p. Spores obliquely or transversely monostichous, occasionally subdistichous, con-

tinuous, hyaline, ellipsoid, 7-5-11-5 X 6-7-5 p.

On Elyonurus glaber Phillips var. villosus Phill., on leaves, Donkerpoort, Pretoria

District, Doidge and Bottomley, 29748.

Elyonurus argenteus Nees, Donkerpoort, Doidge and Bottomley, 30076.

Phyllachora Bottomleyae Doidge nov. spec.

Stromata sine maculis sed fere semper decolorationes rufo-brunneolas efficientia, laxe

sparsa vel in greges laxos vel subdensos, elliptica, rninuta, usque 1 mm. longa, confluendo

etiam majora ; clypeo tantum in epiphyllo bene evoluto, atro-brunneo, opaco, usque ad

50 p crasso, microparenchymatico. Perithecia complura, depresso-globosa vel late ellip-

soidea, 180-350 p diam., 100-180 p alta, ostiolo piano, papilliformi periphysato, clypeo

omnino immerso praedita ; pariete perithecii 8-14 p crasso, concentrice fibroso, pallide

brunneo ; asci 8-spori, cylindracei, 80-87-5 X 10-13-5 p; sporae oblique monostichae,

hyalinae, continuae, ellipsoideae, 9-12-5 X 5-6-25 p; paraphyses hyalinae, filiformes.

Hab. in foliis Ischaemi arcuati, Donkerpoort, prope Pretoria, leg. Doidge et Bottomley,

29777.

Not on leaf spots ; there is some discoloration of the tissues of the host near the

stromata and affected leaves rapidly become reddish brown and dry. ' Stromata epiphyllous,

scattered or in irregular groups of varying size, minute, elliptic, 0-3-1 mm. long,

0- 25-0-3 mm. broad, occasionally becoming confluent, convex, dull black.

Clypeus well developed in the upper epidermis, at first golden brown, becoming blackish

brown, opaque, up to 50 p thick and microparenchymatous in structure. Stroma between

the perithecia, w-hich are often rather remote from one another, plectenchymatous, con-

sisting of rather loosely interwoven, light brown hyphae, 2-5-4p thick; stroma in the

mesophyll hyaline, extending beyond the clypeus and to the lower epidermis, where there

is often a trace of clypeus formation ; this is golden brown to dark brown and is not

extensive.

Perithecia several in each stroma, deeply immersed, flattened globose to ellipsoid,

180-350 p diam., 100-180 p high. Ostiole flat, papilliform, periphysate, completely

immersed in the clypeus and traversed by a pore ca. 20 p broad. Perithecial wall well

developed, 8-14 p thick, concentric fibrose, composed of delicate, light brown hyphae

1- 1-5 p thick. Asci paraphysate, 8-spored, cylindrical, straight or curved, 80-87-5 X

10-13 • 5 p. Spores obliquely monostichous, hyaline, continuous, ellipsoid, 9-12 • 5 X 5-6 -25 p.

Paraphyses slender, hyaline, filamentous.

On Ischaemum arcuatum Stapf, on leaves, Donkerpoort, Pretoria District, Doidge and

Bottomley, 29777, 31010, 31017.

This fungus differs from Phyllachora Ischaemi Syd.

Phyllachora Miscanthidii Doidge nov. spec.

Stromata sine maculis, amphigena, sed in epiphyllo magis conspicua et magis convexa,

opace atra, sparsa, oblonga, 0-5-1 mm. longa, usque 0-5 mm. lata, in utraque pagina clypeo

atro, vix vel parum nitidulo 30-40 p crasso, subcarbonaceo, indistincte parenchymatico

praedita. Perithecia 2-3 in quoque stromate, lenticularia v. irregularia, 450-600 p longa,

150-200 p alta et lata, ostiola piano, papilliformi, clypeo omnino immersa praedita ; pariete

perithecii ca. 6-8 p crasso, concentrice fibroso, parce evoluto. Asci 8-spori, paraphysati,

cylindracei v. cylindraceo-elliptici, 125-125 X 17-20 p, rarissime clavati, ca. 90 p longi et

30 p lati, antice rotundati, postice plus minusve attenuati, pedicello mox brevi mox plus

426

minus elongato, firme crasseque tunicati. Sporae oblique monostichae v. disrichae,

ellipsoideae v. subclavatae, utrinque leniter attenuatae, 22-27-5 X 7-5-10 p; superne

obtuse rotundatae, inferne subcuneatae, saepe mucronatae vel in setum usque 8 p longum

productae. Conidia simul praesentia, gracillima, continua, varie curvata, filiformia,

20-25 p longa, ca. 0-5 p tantum crassa.

Hab. in foliis Miscanthidii Sorghi, in silvis A'umeni, prope Donnybrook, leg. Doidge,

31011.

Not on leaf spots, but there is some discoloration of the tissues in the vicinity of the

stromata, and the leaf finally becomes reddish brown. Stromata visible on both sides of

the leaf, but more conspicuous on the upper surface, widely scattered, usually discrete,

very rarely becoming confluent, oblong, slightly convex, 0-5-1 mm. long and 0-3-0 -5 mm.

broad, black, somewhat shiny.

Clypeus well developed in the epidermis on both sides of the leaf, dense black, opaque,

30-40 p thick, indistinctly parenchymatous. When perithecia are not in contact, the

intervening space is filled with stromatic tissue consisting of erect, parallel, palisade-like

brown hyphae about 2 p thick.

Perithecia 2-3 in each stroma, occupying the whole, or at least three-quarters of the

thickness of the mesophyll, lenticular to irregular in longitudinal section, round in trans-

verse section, 450-600 p long, 150-200 p high and broad. Ostiole flat, papilliform, com-

pletely immersed in the clypeus. Perithecial wall not very well differentiated, 6-8 p thick,

concentric fibrose, formed of rather delicate, light brown hyphae, ca. 1-1-5 p thick. Asci

paraphysate, 8-spored, usually cylindrical or cylindrical-ellipsoid, sometimes tapering

somewhat to the rounded apex, narrowed below into a stalk which is usually short but

sometimes more elongated, 125-135 X 17-20 p ; occasionally clavate, ca. 90 p long and

30 p broad ; with a firm thick wall ca. 2-2 • 5 p thick. Spores obliquely monostichous

to distichous hyaline, continuous, ellipsoid to ellipsoid-clavate, 22-27-5 X 7-5-10 p,

tapering somewhat to both ends, upper end rounded, lower acute, mucronate or prolonged

into a fine bristle up to 8 p long ; rarely the spore is broader near the acute end. Paraphyses

hyaline, filiform.

Conidia produced in great numbers in the same stromata, hyaline, very slender, filiform,

continuous, curved in various ways, 20-25 p long and ca. 0-5 p thick.

On Miscanthidium sorghum (Nees) Phil., on leaves, Xumeni Forest, near Donnybrook,

Natal, Doidge, 31011 Type ; Kentani, Pegler, 8348, 9169 ; Gala Bush, near

Donnybrook (conidial stage only), Doidge, 31013.

Miscanthidium capense Stapf, Verulam, Natal, James, 32675.

The fungus on Miscanthidium capense is old and parasitised, but there is no doubt

that it is the same species as on M. sorghum.

Phyllachora Schizachyrii Doidge nov. spec.

Stromata sine maculis, decolorationes rufo-brunneas indistincte definitas tantum

efficientia, amphigena, plerumque epiphylla, sparsa, saepe aggregata et confluentia, in

epiphyllo magis conspicua et magis convexulo prominentia, ovalia, usque ad 2 mm. longa

et 1 mm. lata; clypeo in utraque v. unica folii pagina bene evoluto, 12-5-20 p crasso,

atro-brunneo, microparenchymatico praedita. Stromate in mesophyllo ex hyphis l-5-3p

crassis laxe reticulato-contextis vel plerumque inter perithecia bene evoluto pellucide

brunneo plus minus verticaliter prosenchymatico. Perithecia numerosa, ellipsoidea

depresso-globosa v. irregularia, totum vel fere totum spatium inter ambas epidermides

occupantia, 150-600 p lata, 200-350 p alta ; pariete ubique bene evoluto, circiter 8-16 p

crasso, concentrice fibroso ; ostiolo piano papilliformi, poro ca. 10 p lato aperto. Asci

8-spori, paraphysati, cylindracei, 75-100 X 10-12-5 p. Sporae monostichae, hyalinae,

c-ontinuae, late ellipsoideae, utrinque rotundatae, 10-15 X 6-7-5 p.

Hab. in foliis Schizachyrii semiberbis, Donkerpoort prope Pretoria, leg. Doidge et

Bottomley, 29747.

Not on definite leaf spots, but the tissues of the host become discoloured in the vicinity

of the stromata and affected leaves early become red and dry. Stromata amphigenous,

mostly epiphyllous, scattered or in groups, often numerous and becoming confluent, usually

more conspicuous and more convex on the upper than on the lower leaf surface, oval, up

to 2 mm. long and 1 mm. broad.

Clypeus well developed in the epidermis over the perithecia ; in the opposite epidermis

sometimes well developed, sometimes not so well developed and less extensive or even

absent. Clypeus formed of small-celled parenchymatous tissue at first fight brown, becoming

427

blackish brown, opaque, 12 • 5-20 p. thick. Stroma in the mesophyll plectenchymatous, con-

sisting of rather loosely interwoven, pale olive brown hypae 1 • 5-3 y thick, tending to become

more compact and prosen chymatous between the perithecia.

Perithecia few or numerous in each stroma, ellipsoid, flattened globose or irregular,

often crowded and compressed laterally, deeply immersed, 150-600 /a diam., 200-350 /a

high. Ostiole flat, papilliform, completely immersed in the clypeus, with a pore ca. 10 /a.

broad. Perithecial wall well developed, concentric fibrose, 8-16 /a thick, composed of

rather delicate, olive brown hyphae, 1-5-2 y thick. Asci paraphysate, 8-spored, cylindrical,

75-100 X 10-12-5 /a. Spores monostichous, broadly ellipsoid, hyaline, continuous, broadly

rounded at both ends, 10-15 X 6-7-5 /a. Paraphyses very numerous, filiform.

On Schizachyrium semiberbe Nees, on leaves, Donkerpoort, Pretoria District, Doidge

and Bottomley, 29747, 29778.

Phyllachora anthistiriicola Syd.

Bothalia I (1924) p. 219.

Not on definite leaf spots, but causing some discoloration of the leaf tissues in the

vicinity of the stroma and affected leaves rapidly become brown and dry. Stromata amphi-

genous but mostly epiphyllous, distributed irregularly over the leaf surface, sometimes

scattered, sometimes grouped irregularly, very frequently numerous, crowded and almost

covering large areas of the upper leaf surface. Single stromata 0-5-1 mm. long, not

infrequently becoming confluent, convex on the upper side of the leaf, flat on the lower

side and often consisting of only a sterile stroma or an epidermal clypeus.

Clypeus dense black, 20-30 y thick in the epidermis over the perithecia ; absent from

the opposite epidermis or poorly developed and not continuous.

Perithecia up to 5 in a single stroma, ellipsoid or globose, often crowded and flattened

laterally by mutual pressure, 200-350 y diam., 170-200 y high, deeply immersed. Ostiole

flat, papilliform, completely immersed in the clypeus, with a pore 20-25 y broad. Peri-

thecial wall 5-10 y thick, concentric fibrose, consisting of rather delicate, light brown

hyphae ca. 1-5 y thick. Asci paraphysate, cylindrical, 8-spored, 70-80 X 12-16 y. Spores

obliquely or transversely monostichous to distichous, hyaline, continuous, oblong, broadly

rounded at both ends, 11-16 X 7-9 y.

Conidia present in the same stromata, filiform, straight or curved, hyaline, 12-15 X

0-5 y.

On Themeda triandra Forsk. (= Anthistiria imberbis) Magaliesberg, ran der Byl, 2196,

Type ; Birchleigh, Hean, 30069.

On GRAMINEAE : Tribe ARUNDINELLAE.

Phyllachora Arundinellae Doidge nov. spec.

Stromata sine maculis, decolorationibus angustis brunneolis indefinitis cincta, epiphylla

sed in utraque folii pagina visibilia, in greges plus minus elongatas disposita vel densiuscule

dispersa, leniter convexula, minutissima, oblonga v. linearia, usque ad 1 mm. longa ; clypeo

epiphyllo 15-45 y crasso, plerumque plus minus opace atrobrunneo, ex hyphis olivaceo-

brunneis 2-5-4 y latis contexto, in hypophyllo pro ratione parce evoluto et usque 20 y

crasso, haud continuo ; stromata in mesophyllo bene evoluto, ex hyphis reticulato-

ramosis hyalinis usque ad 5 y crassis composito. Perithecia pauca in quoque stromate,

saepe tantum 1 vel 2, interdum usque 5, lenticularia vel ellipsoidea, totam folii crassitudinem

occupantia, 160-320 y diam., 100-120 y alta ; ostiolo piano papilliformi, clypeo omnino

immerso poro valde indistincto praedita ; pariete perithecii circiter 6-12 y crasso, con-

centrice fibroso, flavo-brunneolo. Asci paraphysati, 8-spori, cylindracei, breviter pedi-

cellati, 60-80 X 13-15 y. Sporae distichae, hyalinae, continuae, ellipsoideae, utrinque

rotundatae, 12-5-15 X 5-6-25 y.

Hab. in foliis Arundinellae Ecklonii, Nelspruit, leg. Liebenberg, 26019.

Not on definite leaf spots, but causing some light brown discoloration of the leat

tissues in the vicinity of the stromata. Stromata in elongated groups or thickly scattered

over the whole leaf surface, epiphyllous, visible on both sides of the leaf, dull black, only

slightly convex, very minute, oblong to linear, up to 1 mm. long, only occasionally becoming

confluent.

Clypeus in the upper epidermis either well developed, brownish black, opaque, 15-45 y

thick, or, in places, less dense and consisting of loosely or closely interwoven, tortuous,

olive brown hypae 2-5-4 y thick, which occasionally only partly fill the large epidermal

cells. Clypeus in the lower epidermis, comparatively poorly developed, up to 20 y thick

428

and not continuous. Stroma in the mesophyll well developed, and rather extensive, hyaline

or subhyaline, plectenchymatous, consisting of closely interwoven hyphae up to 5 p thick.

Perithecia few in each stroma, often 1-2, less frequently up to 5, lenticular or ellipsoid,

sometimes crowded and becoming angular through lateral pressure, occupying the whole

thickness of the leaf, 160-320 p diam., 100-120 p high. Ostiole flat, papilliform, com-

pletely immersed in the clypeus, pore ill-defined, often very indistinct, ca. 15-20 p broad.

Perithecial wall delicate, yellowish brown, concentric fibrose, 6-12 p thick. Asci para-

physate, 8-spored, clavate or clavate-cylindrical, with a short stalk, 60-80 X 13-15 p.

Spores distichous, hyaline, continuous, ellipsoid, rounded at both ends, 12-5-15 X 5-6-25 p.

On Arundinella Ecldonii Nees, on leaves and sheaths, Nelspruit, Liebenberg, 26019,

Type ; Debbe’s Ravine, Pretoria District, Bottomley, 29866 ; Silverton Ridge, Doidge,

23422 ; Rooiwal, Eastern Transvaal, Bosnian, 29857 ; Wolwekloof, Pretoria District,

Bottomley, 32873 ; Nottingham Road, McClean, 32293.

Phyllachora Loudetiae Doidge nov. spec.

Stromata sine maculis, sparsa, in greges minutos vel in series breves longitudinales

saepe disposita, amphigena, plerumque epiphylla, et in epiphyllo magis conspicua et magis

convexa, minuta, opace atra, oblonga, usque ad 0-5 mm. longa ; clypeo in epiphyllo bene

evoluto, atro, opaco, carbonaceo, usque 50 p crasso, in hypophyllo multo minus evoluto

usque 10 p crasso ; stromate in mesophyllo ex hyphis 1 • 5-3 p latis plectenchymatice

contextis, subhyalinis v. olivaceo-brunneis composito. Perithecia plerumque 1-2 in quoque

stromate, totam folii crassitudinem occupantia, ellipsoidea v. lenticularia, 270-550 p diam.,

150-170 p alta, ostiolo piano, papilliformi, clypeo omnino immerso, periphysato praedita ;

pariete perithecii bene evoluto, 6-13 p crasso, ex hyphis brunneis 2-2-5 p crassis composito.

Asci paraphysati, 8-spori, cylindracei, 70-90 X 10-12 p. Sporae oblique v. fere transverse

monostichae, hyalinae, continuae, late ellipsoideae v. subglobosae, 8-5-10-5 X 7-5-8-5p.

Hab. in foliis Loudetiae simplicis, Donkerpoort, prope Pretoria, leg. Doidge et Bottomley,

29775.

Not on leaf spots, but badly affected leaves early become reddish brown and dry.

Stromata amphigenous, mostly epiphyllous, but visible on both sides of the leaf, dull black,

minute, scattered, in small groups or short series, oblong, up to 0-5 mm. long, slightly

convex and more conspicuous on the upper side of the leaf.

Clypeus well developed in the upper epidermis, black, opaque, up to 50 p thick, com-

posed of dark brown, tortuous and closely interwoven hyphae 2-2 ■ 5 p thick ; not so well

developed in the lower epidermis, less extensive and about 10 p thick ; between the peri-

thecia and at the margins of the stroma, stroma consists of loosely reticulate hyphae,

hyaline to dark brown, l-5-3p thick.

Perithecia usually occupying the whole thickness of the leaf, 1-2 in each stroma, rarely

more, ellipsoid to lenticular, 270-550 p diam., 150-170 p high ; ostiola flat, papilliform,

periphysate, completely immersed in the clypeus, traversed by a rather indefinite pore

ca. 20 p broad ; perithecial wall well developed and comparatively dark brown, 6-12 p

thick, composed of rather thin-walled, olive brown hyphae 2-2-5 p thick. Asci numerous,

paraphysate, 8-spored, cylindrical, thin-walled and disappearing early, 70-90 X 10-12 p.

Spores obliquely or transversely monostichous, continuous, hyaline, broadly ellipsoid to

subglobose, 8-5-10-5 X 7 -5-8 -5 p.

On Loudetia simplex (Nees) Hubb., on leaves and sheaths, Donkerpoort, Pretoria

District, Doidge and Bottomley, 29775, 29756.

On GRAMINEAE : Tribe BAMBUSEAE.

Ibyllachora permutata Petrak.

Ann. Myc. 25 (1927) pp. 268-270.

As Telimena Arundinariae Doidge in Bothalia I (1922) p. 69.

Stromata few, widely scattered, or if more numerous, distant from one another, borne

mgly on yellowish or yellowish brown leaf spots. Leaf spots visible on both sides of the

/eaf, more or less sharply defined, up to 2 mm. long and 0-5-1 mm. broad, seldom lohger.

Stroma in the centre of each spot, round, broadly elliptic or somewhat irregular, 300-600 p

diam., flat or slightly convex on the lower side of the leaf, on the upper side strongly

convex, about 250-300 p high.

Upper clypeus 30—40 p thick, sometimes up to 80 p thick at the apex, sharply defined

at the edges, composed of blackish brown, opaque, indefinitely cellular tissue ; lower clypeus

less extensive, comparatively poorly developed and lighter in colour. Stroma in the

mesophyll poorly developed, hyaline or subhyaline.

429

Perithecia single in the smaller stromata, subglobose, 250-400 p diam. ; usually 2 in

the larger stromata ; ostiole flat, immersed in the clypeus, pore more or less round, not

sharply defined, 30-40 p broad ; perithecial wall delicate, concentric fibrose, hyaline or

light greyish brown. Asci cylindrical or somewhat fusiform, broadly rounded above,

narrowing below into a short, thick stalk, or subsessile, rather thin-walled, 8-spored, para-

physate, 90-120 X 15-23 /x. Spores monostichous, rarely subdistichous, continuous,

hyaline, ellipsoid or ovate, straight or slightly curved, 16-25 X 7 • 5-9 • 5 /x. Paraphyses

numerous, breaking down early and becoming unrecognisable.

On Arundinaria tessellata Munro, on leaves, Goodoo Bush, near Mont-aux-Sources,

Natal, Doidge, 14103.

The asci and 4-celled spores described as those of Telimena Arundinariae Doidge (l.c.)

are probably those of a second fungus parasitic in the stroma of the Pyhllachora (Petrak l.c.) ;

unfortunately this fungus is poorly developed and the material insufficient for further study.

It is possibly a species of Leptosphaeria.

On GRAMINEAE : Tribe CHLORIDEAE.

Phyllachora Cynodontis (Sacc.) Niessl.

Not. pyxen. p. 54 ; Syll. Fung. II, p. 602 ; Theissen and Sydow., Ann. Myc. 13

(1915) p. 447.

Not on leaf spots but causing a slight yellowish brown discoloration of the leaf tissues

in the immediate vicinity of the stroma. Stromata visible on both sides of the leaf, but

usually more conspicuous and more definitely convex on the upper side, round to angular,

scattered, rarely becoming confluent, 0-3-0 -5 mm. diam.

Clypeus above the perithecia, usually on the upper side of the leaf, very well developed

in the epidermis and the subepidermal cells, opaque, black, usually 30-35 p thick, occasionally

up to 85 p thick, consisting of tortuously and closely interwoven hyphae 1-5-2 -5 p thick,

at first light brown, becoming blackish brown and opaque. In the opposite epidermis, the

clypeus may be lacking, poorly developed and limited in extent, or well developed. Between

the perithecia, when these are not closely crowded, and at the margin of the stroma, the

stroma is prosenchymatous and consists of vertical, parallel brown hypae about 2 /a thick.

Elsewhere in the mesophyll the stroma is plectenchymatous, sparse or well developed,

hyaline or fight brown and composed of reticulately branched and interwoven hyphae,

1 • 5-2 • 5 /x thick.

Perithecia few, usually occupying the whole thickness of the leaf, sometimes not more

than half its thickness, particularly when two stromata develop opposite one another ; some-

times solitary, ellipsoid, up to 450 p diam., and 200 p high ; more frequently 2-5 in a stroma,

globose, or closely crowded and becoming angular or irregular through mutual pressure,

central perithecia 100-200 p diam., 150-200 p high, marginal perithecia smaller, ca. 100-

120 p broad and high. Ostiole flat, papilliform, completely immersed in the clypeus,

sparsely periphysate, with a pore 10-15 p broad ; perithecial wall well developed, concentric

fibrose, composed of pale or darker brown hyphae l-5-2p thick. Asci paraphysate,

cylindrical to clavate, rounded above, sporiferous part 50-60 X 12-15 p, narrowed at the

base into a stalk which may be short or up to 15 p long. Spores transversely or obliquely

monostichous or incompletely distichous, hyaline, oval-ellipsoid, broadly rounded at both

ends, 10-12 X 5-5-6 p.

On Cynodon Dactylon Pers., on leaves, Pretoria, Burtt Davy, 145, 170, Wager, 23423 ;

Groenkloof, Pretoria, Burtt Davy, 917 ; Vereeniging, Burtt Davy, 935 ; Cedara, Natal,

Fisher, 1172 ; Bloemfontein, Potts, 11311 ; Irene, S. Smuts, 17016 ; Skinner’s Court,

Bottomley, 23424 ; Rietvlei, Pretoria Dist rict, A cocks and Murray, 32140 ; Buffelspoort,

Rustenburg District, Bottomley, 25938 and Doidge, 27588 ; Jacksonstuin, Doidge, 32437 ;

Schagen, Liebenberg, 26344 ; Donkerpoort, near Pretoria, Doidge and Bottomley, 29749 ;

Potchefstroom, Radloff (van der Byl 2100 ) ; Tabamhlope, Natal, West, 29956 ; Nqutu,

Zululand, West, 29957 ; Durban, van der Byl 225, 32455 and McClean, 32294 ; Brandfort,

O.F.S., Verwoerd ( van der Byl 2366) ; Knysna, Bottomley, 31015 ; Stellenbosch, van der

Byl 485 ; Salisbury, S. Rhodesia, Eyles 5336 ( van der Byl 2519).

Cynodon hirsutus Stent, Rhebokkop, Rosendal, O.F.S., Goossens, 28816 ; Groenkloof,

Pretoria, Stent, 24342.

Cynodon incompletus Nees, Pretoria, Pole Evans, 17, 1587.

Cynodon plectostachyum Pilg., Cedara, Staples, 17080.

This is a common and somewhat variable species on Cynodon throughout South Africa.

Number 29749 is parasitised by Cryptodidymosphaeria clandestine Syd.

430

Phyllachora Cynodontis (Sacc.) Niessl. var. Chloridis P. Henn.

Pilz. Ostafrik. (1893) p. 34. Syll. Fung. XIV, p. 673.

Asci oblong or clavate, rounded above, 8-spored, sp. part 40-50 X 8-12 p, pedicellate.

Spores monostichous or subdisticbous, ellipsoid, tapering slightly to broadly rounded ends,

8-11 X 5-6 p.

On Chloris pycnothrix Trin., on leaves, without locality, 23467 ; Swaziland, Burtt

Davy, 1602.

Chloris gayana Kunth., Durban, van der Byl 797 , 31972, van der Byl 226 and Wager,

32416.

This variety was described by Hennings from leaves of a Chloris collected in tropical

Africa. The type has not been available for comparison, but the South African fungus

on Chloris resembles Phyllachora Cynodontis and has spores similar in size to those of

Hennings’ variety. The material on Chloris gayana is old and badly parasitised.

Verwoerd and du Plessis record Phyllachora chloridicola on leaves and stems of a

Chloris sp., from the Victoria Falls, collected by Eyles (van der Byl 658). I have not had

an opportunity of examining this specimen.

Phyllachora Leptocarydii Syd.

Bothalia I (1924) p. 220.

Not on definite leaf spots, but causing a rather conspicuous light brown discoloration

of the leaf tissues around the stromata. Stromata epiphyllous, scattered more or less

evenly over the leaf surface, round to elliptic or somewhat irregular in outline, 0-3-0 -6 mm.

long, dull black, convex on the upper side of the leaf ; visible also on the under side of the

leaf, but there flat and less conspicuous.

Clypeus well developed in the upper epidermis, very dense black, 20-30 p thick ;

occasionally there is also a well developed clypeus in the lower epidermis, but on the lower

side it is usually brown, rather poorly developed and limited in extent or not continuous ;

at first composed of brown hyphae 2-5-3 p thick, becoming indistinctly parenchymatous ;

stroma in the mesophyll poorly developed.

Perithecia few, 1-3 in each stroma, deeply immersed, occasionally reaching the lower

epidermis, globose, 100-180 p diam., or ellipsoid, up to 250 p diam. and 90-160 p high ;

ostiole flat, papilliform, completely immersed in the clypeus, periphysate, with a pore

15-20 p broad ; perithecial wall light brown, delicate, concentric fibrose, about 10 p thick.

A.sci paraphysate, 8-spored, cylindrical, 50-60 X 7-11 p. Spores obliquely monostichous

or incompletely distichous, continuous, hyaline, ovate or ellipsoid-ovate, broadly rounded

at both ends, 7-10 X 5-6 p.

On Leptocarydion Vulpiastrum Stapf, on leaves, Sydenham, Natal, Franks, 7814.

On GRAMINEAE : Tribe ERAGROSTEAE.

Phyllachora Eragrostidis Doidge nov. spec.

Stromata sine maculis, interdum decoloratione flavo-brunnea circumdata, sparsa vel

in greges laxos, minuta, opace atra, leniter convexa, oblonga v. striiformia plerumque

0-25.0-75 mm. longa, confluendo etiam majora, in utraque folii pagina vel superne tantum

clypeo atro vel atro-brunneo, 20-30 p crasso, indistincte parenchymatico subcarbonaceo

praedita. Perithecia raro singularia, plerumque complura, ellipsoidea v. subglobosa,

150-300 p diam., 150-180 p alta, ostiolo piano, papilliform! poro ca. 12-15 p lato aperto,

clypeo omnino immerso praedita ; pariete perithecii pallide brunneo, concentrice fibroso,

7*5-10 p crasso. Asci 8-spori, cylindracei, apice rotundati, breviter stipitati, 80-90 X

10-12-5 p. Sporae oblique monostichae, ovato-ellipsoideae, antice late rotundatae, postice

vix vel parum attenuatae, 12-15 X 6-7-5 p. Paraphyses paucae, fibrosae.

Hab. in foliis Eragrostidis curvulae, Mamathes, Basutoland, leg. Hean, 32428.

Not on leaf spots, but sometimes causing an indistinct, yellowish brown discoloration

of the leaf tissues in the neighbourhood of the stromata. Stromata scattered or more or

less grouped, minute, dull black, slightly convex, oblong to linear, mostly mm. long,

occasionally confluent and forming striae up to 1-5 mm. long.

Clypeus usually well developed on either side of the leaf, occasionally poorly developed

or wanting in the lower epidermis, black, opaque, or olive brown, indistinctly parenchy-

matous, 20-30 p thick ; stroma in the mesophyll rather inconspicuous, composed of fine,

hyaline hyphae which penetrate into the cells of the host at the margin of the stroma.

Perithecia solitary or several in each stroma, ellipsoid to subglobose, 150-300 p diam.,

150-180 p high, occasionally lenticular, ca. 350 p diam. and 140 p high, usually occupying

the whole thickness of the leaf ; ostiole flat, papilliform, completely immersed in the

431

clypeus, periphysate, with a circular pore 12-15 p broad ; perithecial 'wall pale, delicate,

concentric fibrose, 7*5-10 p thick, merging above and below with the clypeus. Asci

paraphysate, cylindrical, 8-spored, broadly rounded above, briefly stipitate, 80-90 X

10-12:5 /a. Spores obliquely monostichous, continuous, hyaline, ovate-ellipsoid, broadly

rounded above, often tapering somewhat to the lower end, 12-15 X 6-7*5 p. Paraphyses

rather sparse, fibrose. Conidia present in the same stromata, hyaline, filiform, more or

less curved.

On Eragrostis curvula Nees, on leaves, Mamathes, Basutoland, Hean, 32428, Type.

Eragrostis gangetica Steud., Donkerpoort, near Pretoria, Doidge and Bottomleg,

30077.

Eragrostis Lehmanniana Nees, Toowoomba, Warmbaths, 30437.

Eragrostis spp., Irene, S. Smuts, 17014 ; Jacksonstuin, Brits District, K. M. Pnt-

terill, 32444.

Phyllaehora superba Doidge nov. spec.

Stromata subdense et late dispersa, nonnunquam bina vel complura aggregate et plus

minus connata, sine maculis, decolorationibus angustis rufo-brunneolis indefinite cincta,

elliptica v. fusiformia, 1-2 mm. longa et usque ad 1 mm. lata, opace astra ; clypeo in utraque

folii pagina evoluto, carbonaceo, ca. 10-20 p crasso, fere opace atro-brunneo, indistincte et

minute parenchymatico praedita ; stromate in mesophyllo bene evoluto, pellucide olivaceo-

brunneo, inter perithecia verticaliter prosenchymatico ex hyphis 2 • 5-4 p crassis composito,

cetero parenchymatico cellulis 2*5-5 p diam. Perithecia pauca, raro unica vel numerosa,

plus minusve dense stipata, subglobosa v. ovata, 80-250 /x diam., usque ad 250 /x in stroma tis

centro alta, marginaha minora ca. 150 /x alta ; ostiola piano, papilliformi, clypeo omnini

immerso, poro rotundato ca. 30 /x lato aperto praedita ; pariete perithecii olivaceo-brunneo,

e stratis pluribus cellularumindistinctarum composito ; asci paraphysati, 8-spori, cylindracei,

breviter pedicellati, 103-112*5 X 7.5-10 p; sporae oblique monostichae, continuae,

hyalinae, elhpsoideae, utrinque rotundatae, 11*5-15 X 5*5-7 p. Paraphyses numerosae,

fihformes, 1-1*5 p crassae.

Hab. in foliis Eragrostidis sxperbae, Schagen, leg. Liebenberg, 29864.

Stromata conspicuous, visible on both sides on the leaf, not on leaf spots, but usually

causing a reddish brown discoloration of the leaf tissues in the immediate vicinity,

scattered, occasionally sub-seriate or very numerous and becoming confluent, elliptic to

fusiform or irregular in outline, 1-2 mm. long and up to 1 mm. broad, dull black, more or

less convex.

The leaf, which is normally 100-120 p thick, becomes greatly distended, up to 250 or

280 p thick, in the region of the stromata. Clypeus brown, usually dense in the epidermis

on either side of the leaf, indistinctly and minutely parenchymatous, but not sharply

differentiated from the well developed stroma in the mesophyll ; this is mostly prosen-

chymatous near the perithecia, consisting of olive brown parallel hyphae 2*5-4p thick,

elsewhere closely parenchymatous formed of cells 2*5-5 p diam., becoming paler at the

edges of the stroma, where subhvaline hyphae extend into the leaf tissue beyond the clypeus.

Perithecia few, occasionally solitary, or numerous in each stroma, flattened globose

to ovate, often flattened laterally by mutual pressure, 80-250 p dian^., up to 250 p high

in the centre of the stroma and 150 p high at the margin, with base resting on the upper

epidermis. Ostiole flat, broadly papillate, completely immersed in the clypeus, periphysate,

with a pore ca. 30 p broad. Perithecial wall olive brown, concentric fibrose, but not clearly

defined outwardly from the stroma. Asci paraphysate, 8-spored, cylindrical, rounded at

the apex, briefly pedicellate, 100-112*5 X 7*5-10 p. Spores obliquely monostichous,

continuous, hyaline, ellipsoid, rounded at both ends, 11*5-15 X 5*5-7 p. Paraphyses

plentiful, hyaline, filif orm, 1-1 • 5 p thick.

On Eragrostis superba Peyr., on leaves, Schagen, Liebenberg, 29864, Type ; Pelindaba,

Doidge and Botlomley, 29846, 29872 ; Nelspruit, Liebenberg, 26018.

On GRAMINEAE : Tribe FESTUCEAE.

Phyllaehora ?Brachypodii Roum.

Rev. Myc. 1885, p. 170 ; Theiss. and Syd., Ann. Myc. 13 (1915) p. 445.

Not on definite leaf spots ; there is some yellowish brown discoloration of the leaf

tissues around the stromata and affected leaves early become brown and dry. Stromata

amphigenous, scattered or loosely grouped, usually discrete, rarely becoming confluent,

small, black, somewhat shining, convex, elliptic to linear, 0*3-1 *3 mm. long, visible on

both sides of the leaf.

4:32

Clypeus in both upper and lower epidermis, dense, dark olive brown to black, more

or less opaque, 15-25 p thick, indistinctly parenchymatous. Stroma in mesophyll not

extensive, poorly developed, consisting of loosely reticulate, hyaline hyphae ca. 1-5 p thick.

Perithecia 2-7 in each stroma, lenticular, ellipsoid or subglobose, closely crowded,

sometimes angular or irregular through mutual pressure, occupying the whole thickness

of the leaf, 100-300 p diam., 50-150 p high ; ostiole flat, papilliform, completely immersed

in the clypeus, with a round pore ca. 15 p broad. Perithecial wall concentric fibrose,

delicate, 10-12 p thick, pale olive brown, common wall between two perithecia usually

firmer and darker, consisting of rather delicate hyphae 1-1-5 p thick. Asci 8-spored,

cylindrical, 62-5-80 X 10-11 p. Spores obliquely monostichous, broadly ellipsoid to

ovate, hyaline, continuous, broadly rounded at both ends, 8-11 X 5-6-5 p.

On Brachypodium flexum Nees, Xumeni Forest, near Donnybrook, Morgan and

Doidge, 29824, 31020, 32223, 32772.

The identity of this fungus with Phyllachora Brachypodii Roum. is uncertain, as no

specimen of the European species on Br achy podium pinnatum, was available for comparison.

On GRAMINEAE : Tribe PANICEAE.

Phyllachora striatula Theiss. et Syd.

Ann. Myc. 13 (1915) pp. 441-442.

Not on leaf spots ; leaf tissues surrounding the stromata become discoloured and

affected leaves early become yellowish or reddish brown. Stromata amphigenous, scattered

or seriate, striiform, 0-5-1 mm. long, 0-1-0 -2 mm. broad, at times only punctiform, dull

black, convex ; sometimes numerous and becoming confluent.

Clypeus on one side only, in the epidermis and the subepidermal cell over the peri-

thecia, blackish brown to dense black, opaque, ca. 20 p thick over the apex of the perithecia,

up to 40 p thick between the perithecia, indistinctly parenchymatous. Stroma in the

mesophyll inconspicuous, poorly developed, consisting of more or less reticulate, hyaline

hyphae, ca. 1-5 p thick.

Perithecia one or few, rarely more than 3, in each stroma, deeply immersed, ellipsoid

to lenticular or subglobose, 150-300 p diam., 100-150 p high ; ostiole flat, papilliform,

completely immersed in the clypeus. Perithecial wall light to dark olive brown, concentric

fibrose, 10-15 p thick, formed of fine hyphae 1-1 • 5 p thick. Asci basal and lateral, 8-spored,

cylindrical clavate, 70-100 X 10-15 p. Spores monostichous to incompletely distichous,

ellipsoid, continuous, hyaline, obtuse at both ends, 11-14 X 7-8 p. Paraphyses numerous.

Pycnidia similar to the perithecia. Conidia filiform, hyaline, slightly curved, 25-40 p

long and ca. 1 p broad.

On Alloteropsis semialata Hitch. (= Axonopus semialatus) Carolina, Bnrtt Davy, 483,

Type ; Garstfontein, Bosman, 29863 ; Hopevale, near Donnybrook, Doidge , 32282.

Phyllachora sanguinolenta Theiss. et Syd.

Ann. Myc. 15 (1917) p. 455.

Stromata not on leaf spots, amphigenous, very closely set on both sides of the leaf,

black, somewhat shining, convex, round or elliptic, 0-3-1 mm. long, 0-3-0 -5 mm. broad,

occasionally becoming confluent and forming larger, compound stromata.

Clypeus usually only on one side of the leaf, above the perithecia, blackish brown to

black, opaque, 20-25 p thick, less frequently up to 45 p thick ; sometimes evident in the

epidermis below the perithecia, but then comparatively poorly developed. Stroma in the

mesophyll sparse, consisting of rather loosely reticulate hyphae 1 • 5-3 p thick, fight brown

between the perithecia, elsewhere hyaline.

Perithecia few or numerous in each stroma, deeply immersed ; sometimes stromata

develop opposite to one another on either side of the leaf, and the perithecia are apparently

biseriate with a clypeus on either side. Perithecia often rather closely crowded, globose

to ellipsoid or somewhat angular through mutual lateral pressure, 150-300 p diam.,

120-150 p high. Ostiole flat, papilliform, completely immersed in the clypeus, with a

pore ca. 20 p broad. Perithecial wall well differentiated, fight or darker olive brown,

concentric fibrose, 8-10 p thick, composed of rather delicate hyphae l-5-2p thick. Asci

cylindrical, rounded above, briefly pedicellate, 60-75 X 10-14 p. Spores transversely or

obliquely monostichous, occasionally incompletely distichous, hyaline, continuous, ellipsoid,

rounded at both ends, 10-14 X 7-8 p. Paraphyses numerous, filiform.

On Brachiaria brizantha Stapf, on leaves, Tzaneen, Doidge, 20332 ; Barberton, Wager,

26150.

Brachiaria serrata Stapf, Debbe’s Ravine, Pretoria District, Bosman, 31007.

433

Urochloa helopus Stapf, Irene, S. Smuts, 17015 ; Barberton, Mogg, 7806.

Urochloa mosambicensis (Hack.) Dandy, Mazoe, S. Rhodesia, Eyles 3403.

Phyllachora sanguinolenta Th. et Syd. var. microspora Th. et Syd.

Ann. Myc. 13 (1915) p. 455 ; Doidge, Bothalia I (1924) p. 221.

Stromata thickly scattered, elliptic, convex, slightly shining, black, O' 5-1 mm. long.

Spores smaller than the type, 7-5-9 X 5-6 p.

On Panicum Stapfianum Faure (= Panicum minus Stapf), Bloemfontein, Potts, 11307.

Urochloa Ipullulans Stapf, Toowoomba, Warmbaths, 30436.

Phyllachora Digitariae Syd.

Bothalia I (1924) p. 220.

Not on leaf spots, but causing more or less brown discoloration of the leaf tissues

around the stromata. Stromata scattered, black, only slightly shining, slightly convex

elliptic, 0-3-1 mm. long, rarely becoming confluent and forming larger compound stromata.

Clypeus on both sides of the leaf, usually well developed, blackish brown, opaque,

15-30 /x thick ; less frequently, especially in the upper epidermis, not closely compact,

consisting of loosely or more closely interwoven, tortuous, olive brown hyphae, 2-5 p thick,

which do not always completely fill the epidermal cells. Stroma in the mesophyll sparse.

Perithecia 1-5 in each stroma, deeply immersed ; sometimes stromata develop opposite

to one another on either side of the leaf and the perithecia are then apparently irregularly

distichous. Perithecia ellipsoid or subglobose, or, when closely crowded, often angular

through mutual lateral pressure, 100-250 /x diam., 100-180 /x high ; ostiole flat, papilliform,

immersed in the clypeus, copiously periphysate, with a round pore 15-20 p broad. Peri-

thecial wall light golden brown, concentric fibrose, 10-15 p thick, composed of rather

delicate hyphae, 1-5-2 p thick, Asci cylindrical, briefly stipitate, 50-65 X 9-14 p. Spores

monostichous or imperfectly distichous, continuous, hyaline, broadly ellipsoid to subglobose,

8-10 X 7-8 p. Paraphyses numerous, hyaline.

On Digitaria Smutsii Stent, on leaves, Irene, Pretoria District, S. Smuts, 17017, Type.

Digitaria eriantha Steud., Donkerpoort, Pretoria District. Doidge and Bottomley,

29768.

Digitaria eriantha Steud. var. stolonifera Stapf, Prinshof, Pretoria, Bottomley, 23876.

Digitaria Pentzii Stent, Ashbury, Doidge and Bottomley, 29782.

Digitaria seriata Stapf, Donkerpoort, Doidge and Bottomley, 29770.

Phyllachora digitaricola Doidge nov. spec.

Stromata sine maculis, amphigena, subinde contraria, sparsa, v. complura aggregata

plus minus connata, atra, convexula, haud vel vix nitidula, elliptica v. striiformia, usque

1 mm. longa ; in utraque folii pagina vel unica tantum clypeo opace atro-brunnea, 20-30 p

crasso praedita. Perithecia plerumque 1-3, rarius usque 5, plus minusve seriatim disposita,

ellipsoidea, subglobosa v. irregularia, 180-350 p diam., 110-230 p alta, ostiolo piano, papilli-

form!, clypeo omnino immerso, poro ca, 15 p lato aperto praedita ; pariete perithecii 10-20 p

crasso, concentrice fibroso. Asci numerosi, cylindracei v. cylindraceo-clavati, antice

rotundati, postice plus minusve attenuati, breviter stipitati, 8-spori, 60-90 X 12-15 p.

Sporae oblique monostichae v. subdistichae, continuae, hyalinae, ellipsoideae, utrinque

rotundatae, 12-15 X 6-7-5 p. Paraphyses numerosae, fibrosae, mox mucosae.

Hab. in foliis Digitariae Brazzae, Donkerpoort, prope Pretoria, leg. Doidge et Bottomely,

29776.

Stromata amphigenous, not on leaf spots, sometimes developing opposite to one another

at the same point on the leaf, scattered, subseriate or in irregular groups. Individual

stromata small, dull black or somewhat shining, convex, elliptic to striiform, up to 1 mm.

long, often confluent in irregular groups or forming striae up to 5 mm. long.

Clypeus well developed in the epidermis over the perithecia, blackish brown, opaque,

20-30 p thick, formed of closely interwoven hypae which are 2-2-5 p thick, at first pale,

becoming dark olive brown, opaque ; clypeus absent from the opposite epidermis, or, if

present, less extensive and not so well developed. Stroma in the mesophyll sparse, formed

of loosely reticulate, hyaline hyphae.

Perithecia usually 1-3 in each stroma, rarely more than 5, developing between the

epidermis and the subepidermal layers of cells, or more deeply seated and sometimes

reaching the opposite epidermis, monostichous, or when two stromata develop opposite to

one another apparently distichous, ellipsoid or subglobose, sometimes irregular in shape,

180-350 p diam., 110-230 p high. Ostiole flat, papilliform, completely immersed in the

clypeus, with a pore ca. 15 p broad. Perithecial wall firm, pale olive brown to dark brown,

434

concentric fibrose, composed of pale or darker olive brown liyphae 1-5-2 y thick. Asci

8-spored, cylindrical or cylindrical-clavate, briefly stipitate, 60-90 X 12-15 y . Spores

obliquely monostichous or imperfectly distichous, hyaline, continuous, ellipsoid, rounded

at both ends, 12-15 X 6-7 • 5 /z. Paraphyses numerous, fibrose, breaking down early.

On Digitaria Brazzae Stapf, on leaves, Donkerpoort, Doidge and Bottomley, 29776, Type.

Digitaria longiflora Pers., Durban, McClean, 30093.

Digitaria monodactyla Stapf, Rietvlei, Pretoria District, Acocks and Murray , 32139.

Digitaria sanguinalis Scop., Westfalia, Northern Transvaal, Doidge, 20329.

Phyllachora melinicola Syd.

Ann. Myc. 22 (1924) p. 429.

Stromata amphigenous, not on leaf spots nor on discoloured parts of the leaf, scattered,

discrete, elliptic or elliptic-oblong, 0-5-1 mm. long, dull black, slightly convex.

Clypeus formed on both sides of the leaf, dark brown to black, opaque, 20-35 y thick,

indistinctly parenchymatous, or plectenchymatous formed from dark olive brown, tortuously

interwoven hyphae, 2-5-4 y thick. Stroma around and between the perithecia plectenchy-

matous, consisting of loosely or closely reticulate, pale to dark olive brown hyphae ca.

1-5 y thick; stroma in the mesophyll hyaline, poorly developed.

Perithecia usually 1-3 in each stroma, often developing between the epidermis and

the subepidermal layer of cells, but sometimes deeply immersed in the mesophyll and reaching

the opposite epidermis, variable in form, usually ellipsoid, globose or irregular, 300-400 y

diam., 175-300 y high ; sometimes lenticular and up to 650 y diam. ; ostiole flat, papilli-

form, immersed in the clypeus, with a round pore ca. 10 y broad. Perithecial wall very

distinct, firm, yellowish brown to olive brown, 10-20 y thick, concentric fibrose, composed

of hyphae 1-5-2 y thick. Asci cylindrical or cylindrical-clavate, stipitate, 8-spored,

50-70 X 14-20 y. Spores transversely or obliquely monostichous or incompletely

distichous, hyaline, continuous, ellipsoid, rounded at both ends, 11-14 X 8-9 y. Para-

physes numerous, fibrose.

On Melinis minutiflora Beauv. var. inutica, Tzaneen, van der Byl 1652, 20446 (ex-

Herb. Sydow) Type.

Melinis tenuinervis Stapf, Nelspruit, Liebenberg, 26037.

Melinis sp., Salisbury, Eyles, 15515.

Phyllachora heterospora P. Henn.

apud de Wildeman, Mission E. Laurent, Fasc. IV (1907) p. 362. Syll. Fung. XXII,

p. 425. Theissen and Sydow, Ann. Myc. 13 (1915) p. 453. Doidge, Bothalia I

(1922) p. 68.

Not on leaf spots, but causing some discoloration of the leaf tissues in the immediate

vicinity of the stromata and badly affected leaves soon become brown and dry. Stromata

amphigenous, sometimes distributed more or less evenly over the leaf surface, but typically

in elliptic to linear groups, 5-20 mm. long and 1-2-5 mm. broad ; these groups are often

numerous and sometimes become confluent end to end. Single stromata usually discrete,

round to elliptic, black, somewhat shining, convex, 0-3-1 mm. long and ca. 0-3 mm. broad.

Clypeus on both sides of the leaf or on only one side, usually dense, brownish black,

opaque, 15-30 y thick, indistinctly parenchymatous ; sometimes, especially in the epidermis

below the perithecia, less dense, composed of more or less closely reticulate, pale to dark

olive brown, tortuous hyphae, 1-5-2 -5 y thick, which do not always completely fill the

epidermal cells. Stroma in mesopyhll not extensive, consisting of hyaline hyphae 1 • 5-2 • 5 y

thick ; between the perithecia and at the margin of the stroma the hyphae are pale olive

brown, and more or less closely reticulate.

Perithecia occasionally solitary, but usually 4-10 in each stroma, developing between

the epidermis and the subepidermal layers of cells or more deeply seated and often reaching

the opposite epidermis ; not infrequently stromata develop opposite to one another on

cither side of the leaf. Perithecia crowded, ellipsoid, subglobose or irregular, 180-300 y,

rarely up to 360 y diam., 100-160 y high. Ostiole flat, papilliform, completely immersed

in the clypeus, with a more or less round pore 10-15 y broad. Perithecial wall firm, con-

centric fibrose, composed of pale or darker olive brown hyphae, 1-1 • 5 y thick. Asci

8-spored, cylindrical, 60-80 X 10-16 y. Spores usually distichous, continuous, hyaline,

ellipsoid, tapering somewhat to rounded ends, 13-17 X 7-8 y. Paraphyses numerous,

hyaline, filiform.

Conidia present in the same stromata, hyaline, filiform, curved, ca. 15-20 y long and

0-5 y thick.

435

On Panicum maximum Jacq., on leaves, Somerset East, MacOwan 1319, 20823 ; Natal,

Medley Wood 221 ; Maritzburg, Pole Evans, 1442 ; Durban, Doidge, 1611 and

Wager, 32720 ; Barberton, Doidge, 2015 and van der Byl, 5137 ; Umbelusi,

Mozambique, Howard, 664 ; Nelspruit, Liebenberg, 26007 ; Mozambique, Howard,

1459 ; Tzaneen, Doidge, 20321 and van der Byl 1493 ; Kentani, Pegler, 7773,

9095 ; Cedara, Staples, 17058 and van der Byl 1113 ; Buffelspoort, Rustenburg

District, Jacot-Guillarmod, 30651 ; Derdepoort, Pretoria District, Doidge and

Bottomley, 29803 ; Umtentweni, Natal, Porter, 32678.

Panicum deustum Thunb., Umfolosi, Empangeni District, Natal, McClean, 31018 ;

Ndwedwe, Natal, Halse, 30296 ; Amanzimtoti, Doidge, 30121 ; Hippo Pool,

Pretorius Kop, Kruger National Park, Chippindall, 33148.

This fungus was originally described from leaves of Panicum maximum, collected in

the Congo. It was, however, recorded from South Africa by Kalchbrenner as early as

1882, under the name Dothidea graminis Pers. (Grev. X, p. 146) ; the two collections

mentioned are those of MacOwan (No. 1319) and Medley Wood (No. 221), portions of both

these collections are to be found in the Pretoria herbarium and are undoubtedly Phyllachora

heterospora. This species appears to be very common in South Africa and to occur wherever

the host is found.

Cryptodidymosphaeria clandestina Syd. occurs as a parasite in the stromata of the

Phyllachora in the following numbers : 1442, 1611, 17058. Another fungus, Coniothyrium

occultum Syd. (Ann. Myc. 35, 1937, p. 281) was described from No. 26096 ; this is also

parasitic in the stromata of Ph. heterospora.

Phyllachora Winkleri Syd.

Ann. Myc. 10 (1912) p. 80 ; Theiss. and Syd., Ann. Myc. 13 (1915) p. 456 ; Doidge,

Bothalia I (1924) p. 220.

Stromata conspicuous on both sides of the leaf, scattered, sometimes numerous and

becoming confluent, dull black, often with a rough surface, convex, elliptic or oblong,

0-5-3 mm. long and up to 0-5 mm. broad.

Clypeus well developed in the epidermis on both sides of the leaf, 20-25 p thick, dark

brown, subopaque to opaque black, composed of closely interwoven brown hyphae, 2-2-5 p

thick. Stroma in the mesophyll poorly developed, consisting of loosely reticulate, hyaline

or subhyaline hyphae.

Perithecia fairly numerous in each stroma, not closely crowded, usually lying between

the upper epidermis and the fibro-vascular bundles, occasionally occupying almost the

whole thickness of the leaf. Perithecia ellipsoid to subglobose, 200-250 p diam., 120-250 p

high ; ostiole flat, papilliform, completely immersed in the clypeus, with a round pore

15-20 p broad. Perithecial wall well differentiated, light olive brown, concentric fibrose,

composed of rather delicate hyphae ca. 1-5 p thick. Asci 8-spored, cylindrical, briefly

pedicellate, 80-120 X 11-16 p. Spores monostichous, continuous, hyaline, broadly ellipsoid,

14—17 X 9-12 p. Paraphyses numerous, hyaline.

Conidia sometimes present, hyaline, filfiorm, curved.

On Paspalm scrobiculatum L., on leaves, Quelimane, Mozambique, Howard, 648 ;

Nelspruit, Liebenberg, 25998, 26062 ; Ndwedwe, Natal, Halse, 30291.

In the type, collected in tropical Africa, the perithecia are described as being 340 p

diam. and 180-200 p high, sometimes extended in the direction of the axis of the leaf to

700 p long. Perithecia in the South African specimens examined did not exceed the

measurements given above.

Phyllachora Penniseti Syd.

Ann. Myc. 13 (1915) p. 39 ; Theiss. and Syd., Ann. Myc. 13 (1915) p. 457 ; Doidge,

Bothalia I (1922) p. 68.

Not on leaf spots and causing very little localised discoloration of the leaf tissues,

but when stromata are numerous, the leaves early become brown and dry. Stromata

conspicuous on both sides of the leaf, scattered or in groups and more or less seriate, round

or oblong, 0 • 5-1 mm. long, or becoming confluent and forming larger, compound stromata,

dense black, slightly convex.

Clypeus usually well developed on either side of the leaf, occasionally -wanting or poorly

developed in the epidermis below the perithecia, black, opaque, 20-45 p thick, obscurely

parenchymatous. Between the perithecia, the stroma is plectenchymatous, composed of

olive brown hyphae 1-5-3 p thick, usually more or less reticulate, but in places tending to

become parallel and loosely prosenchymatous.

436

Perithecia rather large, one to many in a single stroma, often occupying the whole

thickness of the leaf, lenticular to irregular or angular-globose, 280-350 /z diam. or up to

650 p. long, 200-300 /x high ; ostiole flat, papilliform, copiously periphysate, completely

immersed in the clypeus, with a pore 20-25 p. broad. Perithecial wall light brown, concentric

fibrose, 7-10 /z thick, formed of delicate hyphae 2-3 /z thick. Asci 8-spored, clavate,

rounded at the apex, 70-95 X 20-26 fx. Spores distichous or obliquely monostichous,

broadly ellipsoid, continuous, hyaline, broadly rounded at both ends, 17-24 X 11-18 p.

Paraphyses very numerous, fibrose, ca. 1-5 /z thick.

Conidia filiform, continuous, hyaline, straight or fiexuous, 18-35 X 1 /z.

On Pennisetum macrourum Trin., on leaves, Hogsback, K. M. Putterill, 30071 ; Kirsten-

bosch, Pearson, 7401 ; Stellenbosch, van der Byl 1921, 2316.

Pennisetum sphacelatum D. et S., Tugela Valley, near Mont-aux-Sources, Natal,

Doidge, 14102.

The type specimen of Phyllachora Penniseti Syd., on Pennisetum Benthami Steud.,

was collected by Vanderyst in the Congo. Dr. Sydow has a specimen on Pennisetum

purpureum from Uganda collected by Hansford and one collected by Deighton in Sierra

Leone. There is also, in the Pretoria Herbarium, a specimen on Pennisetum setosum

collected by Diimmer in Uganda.

Phyllachora Evansii Syd.

Ann. Myc. 10 (1912) p. 40 ; Theissen and Sydow, Ann. Myc. 13 (1915) p. 459 ;

Doidge, Bothalia I (1922) p. 67.

Stromata on definite, light brown leaf spots with a darker brown edge, or not on definite

leaf spots but causing some discoloration of the leaf tissues. Stromata smooth, dull black,

scattered, in series or in groups, sometimes becoming confluent, visible on both sides of the

leaf,' but more conspicuous and more convex on the upper side, oblong, 0-5-1 mm. long,

0- 3-0 -5 mm. broad.

Clypeus usually on both sides of the leaf, but not so well developed nor so extensive

and occasionally wanting on the lower side, occupying the epidermal cells and often

extending to subepidermal cell layers, formed of closely interwoven brown hyphae, 2-3 /z

thick, becoming opaque, very dense black, 20-40 /z thick, occasionally up to 50 /z. Stroma

around the perithecia composed of loosely reticulate hyphae, hyaline or pale olive brown,

occasionally tending to become vertical and in parallel strands, but not typically prosen-

chymatous ; sparse and poorly developed in the mesophyll.

Perithecia one or few in each stromaj usually occupying the whole thickness of the leaf,

ellipsoid to lenticular or irregular in form, 250-500 /x diam., 120-200 /z high ; ostiole flat,

papilliform, periphysate, completely immersed in the clypeus. Perithecial wall concentric

fibrose, 12-15 p. thick, composed of light brown hyphae 1-5-2 p thick. Asci 8-spored,

cylindrical to cylindrical-clavate, rounded at the apex, 70-120 X 7-12 p. Spores momo-

stichous to incompletely distichous, hyaline, continuous, ellipsoid to oblong, usually rounded

at both ends, but sometimes somewhat drawn out at the lower end, straight, 14-18 X 6-8 p .

Paraphyses hyaline, filiform, very numerous.

Pycnidia often present in the same stromata ; conidia hyaline, filiform, curved in various

ways, often falcate, 15-25 X 1 p.

On Setaria sulcata Raddi (= S. Chevalieri Stapf), Barberton, Burtt Davy, 137, 138,

Type and Pole Evans, 1280 ; Isipingo, Bottomley, 11659 ; Woodbush, Northern

Transvaal, Doidge, 17734 and van der Byl 1654 ; Durban, Bottomley, 12231 ;

Schagen, Liebenberg, 26025 ; Umtentweni, Natal, Wager, 32672 ; Umfolosi,

McClean, 32307.

Setaria lindenbergiana Stapf, Wonderboom, near Pretoria, Mogg, 23464.

Phyllachora transvaalensis Doidge nov. spec.

Stromata amphigena, subinde contraria, in pagina folii opposita non vel parum visi-

bilia, decolorationibus angustis, flavo-brunneolis indefinite cincta, elliptica usque linearia

1- 2 mm. longa, ca. 0-5 mm. lata, subinde confluendo longiora, atra, nitidula, convexula.

Clypeo in una epidermide plerumque tantum evoluto, in altera deficiente vel tantum

parcissime formato, atro, opaca, carbonaceo, usque 50 p crasso ; stromate inter perithecia

ex hyp his 1-5-2 fx crassis laxe reticulato-contexto, in mesophyllo parce evoluto. Perithecia

1 vel plura in quoque stromate, quoad formam et magnitudinem ludentia, sive numerosa, et

aggregata, ellipsoidea usque subglobosa aut irregularia, pariete communi separata, usque

ad 200 [x alta et 100-330 /z lata ; sive solitaria et distanter posita, ellipsoidea, 120-200 /z alta

et 270-420 p lata ; ostiolo piano papilliformi, clypeo omnino immerso, periphysato

437

praedita ; pariete perithecii olivaceo-brunneo usque obscure brunneo, plerumque 10-15 p

crasso, concentrice fibroso. Asci copiose paraphysati, 8-spori, cylindracei vel clavati,

62-75 X 11-16 /a. Sporae recte vel oblique monostichae, in ascis clavatis subinde sub-

distichae, continuae, hyalinae, subglobosae usque late ellipsoideae, 10-12-5 X 7-5-9 p..

Hab. in foliis Setariae flabellatae, Donkerpoort, prope Pretoria, leg., Doidge et Bottomley,

30090.

Not on definite leaf spots, but stromata surrounded by a yellowish brown zone of

discoloured leaf tissue. Stromata amphigenous, sometimes at the same point on the leaf ;

not visible on the opposite side of the leaf or only faintly so, convex, black, shining, scattered

or in groups, elliptic to linear, 1-2 mm. long and about 0-5 mm. broad ; occasionally coale-

scent and forming longer striae.

Clypeus usually well developed, in one epidermis only, black, opaque, carbonaceous,

up to 50 p thick, indistinctly parenchymatous ; absent from the opposite epidermis or very

poorly developed. Between the perithecia and between the clypeus and the subepidermal

cells at the edges of the stroma, is a mass of loosely reticulate hyphae, which are hyaline

to pale olivaceous brown and 1-5-2 p thick ; stroma in the mesophyll poorly developed,

consisting of a few hyaline hyphae. Perithecia developing between the epidermis and

the subepidermal layers of the leaf, one to many in each stroma, irregular in form and size ;

when numerous and crowded, ellipsoid to subglobose or irregular, 100-350 p diam., up to

200 p high in the centre of the stroma and 120 p high at the margin ; when single or widely

separated, ellipsoid, 270-^420 p diam., and 120-200 p high ; ostiole flat, papilliform, com-

pletely immersed in the clypeus, periphysate, with a more or less round pore 20-25 p broad.

Perithecial wall well defined, olive brown to dark brown, mostly 10-15 p thick, usually,

paler and less clearly defined at the base, where it presses against the cellls of the host

concentric fibrose, formed of hyphae 1-5-2 p thick. Asci 8-spored, cylindrical to clavate,

62-75 X 11-16 p. Spores monostichous in the cylindrical asci or incompletely distichous

in the clavate asci, hyaline, continuous, subglobose to broadly ellipsoid, 10-12-5 X 7-5-9 p.

Paraphyses numerous, hyaline, fibrose.

Pycnidia often present in the same stromata and interspersed with the perithecia.

Conidia filiform, hyaline, straight or somewhat curved, 20-40 X 1-1 • 5 p.

On Setaria flabellata Stapf, Donkerpoort, near Pretoria, Doidge and Bottomley, 30090 ;

Birchleigh, Hean, 30091 ; Rietvlei, Pretoria District, Acocks and Murray, 32138.

Setaria nigrirostris Dur. et Schinz, Vereeniging, Burtt Davy, 10021.

Setaria sphacelata Stapf et Hubb., Oar3tfontein, Pretoria District, Pienaar, 1265 ;

Barberton, Doidge, 2012 ; Donkerpoort, Doidge and Bottomley, 30092.

This fungus differs from Phyllachora Evansii Syd. and Ph. setariaecola Speg., which also

occur on Setaria spp. The subglobose ascospores are rather characteristic. The material

on Setaria nigrirostris and S. sphacelata is scanty and rather poor, but is evidently the same

species tas the one on S. flabellata.

Phyllachora Tricholaenae P. Henn.

Engl. bot. Jahrb. XXIII (1897) p. 541 ; Theiss. and Syd., Ann. M'yc. 13 (1915)

p. 461.

Not on definite leaf spots, but causing more or less purplish brown or yellowish brown

discoloration of the leaf tissues around the stromata. Stromata amphigenous, small,

shining black, convex, oblong or elliptic, 0-5-1 mm. long, scattered or in small groups or

series and often coalescing to form longer striae up to 5 mm. long ; visible, but not so con-

spicuous, on the opposite side of the leaf, which, in the region of the stromata, becomes

distended to about twice its normal thickness.

Clypeus well developed in the epidermis over the perithecia, brownish black to black,

opaque, up to 25 p thick, composed of olive brown, closely interwoven hyphae ca. 2-5 p

thick ; in the opposite epidermis not so well developed and less extensive, sometimes

reduced to a few small black spots, with some orange red discoloration in the adjacent

cells of the host. When the perithecia are not contiguous, the space between them is

filled with stroma, consisting of loosely or more closely reticulate, light or dark olive brown

hyphae, 1-5-3 p thick ; this is sometimes compact and almost opaque, especially near the

clypeus. Stroma elsewhere in the mesophyll poorly developed, consisting of a few hyaline

hyphae.

Perithecia up to 7 in each stroma, occupying the whole of the mesophyll between the

upper and lower clypeus, or not quite reaching the lower epidermis, globose, flattened

globose or irregular, 120-280 p diam., 100-200 p high ; ostiole flat, papilliform, completely

438

immersed in the clypeus. Perithecial wall usually pale yellowish brown, 8-15 p thick,

concentric fibrose, consisting of delicate, yellowish or pale olive brown hyphae 2-2.5 p

thick ; occasionally, especially the common wall between perithecia, firmer, darker brown

and up to 25 p thick. Asci paraphysate, 8-spored, cylindrical or cylindrical-clavate,

briefly stipitate, 67-82-5 X 12-14 /x. Spores obliquely raonostichous or distichous, con-

tinuous, hyaline, ellipsoid, broadly rounded at both ends, 11-15 X 5 -5-6 -5 p.

Conidia often present, hyaline, filiform, straight or somewhat curved, continuous,

20-36 p. long, 0-5-0-7 p broad.

On Rhynchelytram repew (Willd.) Hubb. (= Tncholaena rosea Need, on leaves and

sheaths, Godwan River, Liebenberg, 26053 ; Nelspruit, Liebenberq, 26672 ; Irene,

S. Smuts, 17013 ; Winkle Spruit, Pole Evans, 5641 ; Ashbury, Doidge and Bot-

tomley, 29781; Donkerpoort, Pretoria District, Doidge and Bottomley, 29738;

Schagen, Liebenberg, 30139 ; Tzaneen, van der Byl 1657 ; Durban, van der Byl,

32454 ; Cavendish, Natal, Wager, 32784.

Tncholaena monachme Trin., Beira, Hitchcock 313S4, 33107 ; Derdepoort, Pretora

District, Doidge and Bottomley, 29796.

In the South African material, the spores are narrower than the measurements given

in the original description. The South African specimens were compared by Dr. Sydow

with the type, collected on Tncholaena rosea in Usambara, and he could find no difference.

The tropical fungus is more luxuriantly developed and the stromata are usually more

distant in the South African specimens ; in van der Byl 1657, collected at Tzaneen, however,

there is the same luxuriant development as in the type. Cryptodidymosphaeria clandestina

Syd., was observed parasitic in the stroma of No. 29738.

On GRAMINEAE : Tribe SPOROBOLEAE.

Phyllachora Morganae Doidge nov spec.

Stromata sine maculis, decolorationibus angustis brunneolis indefinitis cincta,

plerumque epiphylla, in pagina contraria plus minus visibilia, opace atra, convexa, elliptica,

usque ad 1-5 mm. longa ; clypeo bene evoluto, opace atra, carbonaceo, mox 35-58 p crasso,

mox 20 p crasso, in epidermide opposito minus extenso et parce evoluto. Perithecia in

quoque stromate pauce vel numerosa, ellipsoidea vel globosa, pressione saepe irregularia,

in parte centrali stromatis 180-200 p alta et 100-300 p diam , ad marginem stromatis

ellipsoidea usque 320 p diam. et 100 p alta ; ostiolo piano, papilliformi, omnino immerso

praedita ; pariete perithecii ca 10-15 p crasso, brunneo, concentrice fibroso ; asci 8-spori,

cylindracei vel clavati, saepe supra pedicellum abrupte geniculati, 68-100 X 13—16 p,

pedicello mox brevi mox plus minus elongato ; sporae monostichae vel distichae, ellipsoideae,

utrinque, rotundatae v. subacutae, saepe etiam superne rotundatae, inferne subacutae,

15-17-5 X 7-10 p. Conidia simul praesentia gracillima, continua, filliformia, 15-23 p

longa, ca. 0-5 p tantum crassa.

Hab. in foliis Sporoboli puramidalis, in si! vis, Xumeni, prope Donnybrook, leg. Morgan

. et Doidge, 29833.

Stromata mostly epiphyllous, but more or less visible on the opposite side of the leaf,

not on leaf spots, but surrounded by a narrow zone of yellow brown, discoloured leaf tissue,

dull black, convex, scattered, elliptic, up to 1 - 5 mm. long, or more or less seriate and becoming

confluent in lines up to 5 mm. long.

Clypeus m the epidermis over the perithecia black, opaque, carbonaceous, sometimes

well developed, 35-58 p thick, sometimes only 20 p thick ; on the opposite side of the leaf

less extensive and comparatively poorly developed, sometimes lacking. Stroma between

and around the perithecia composed of pale olive brown hyphae 1-2 p thick, which are

loosely reticulate or become vertical and form parallel strands, not closely prosenchymatous ;

elsewhere in the mesophyll stroma development is sparse.

Perithecia deeply immersed, few or many in each stroma, ellipsoid to subglobose or

irregular through mutual pressure, 180-200 p high in the centre of the stroma, 100-300 p

diam. ; at the margin of the stroma ellipsoid, up to 320 p diam. and ca. 100 p high ; ostiole

flat, papilliform, completely immersed in the stroma, with a pore ca. 20 p broad. Peri-

thecial wall well defined at the sides, brown, firm, concentric fibrose, ca. 10-15 p thick ;

at the base, where it presses against the cells of the host, thinner, ca. 7-8 p, or fused with

the lower clypeus. Asci 8-spored, cylindrical to clavate, often bent abruptly just above

the stipe, which may be short or prolonged, 68-100 X 13-16 p. Spores monostichous to

distichous, hyaline, continuous, rounded or subacute at the ends, often rounded above and

subacute below, 15-17-5 X 7-10 /x.

439

On Sporobolus pyramidalis Beauv., on leaves, Xumeni Forest, near Donnybrook,

Morgan and Doidge, 29833 ; Nottingham Road, McClean, 32292.

Sporobolus sp., Donkerpoort, Pretoria District, Doidge and Bottomley, 29772.

So far as can be judged from the descriptions, this fungus differs from Phyllachora

Sporoboli Pat. from Algiers and from Ph. sporobolica Petr, et Cif. collected in Santiago.

There has been no opportunity of examining authentic material of either species.

On GRAMINEAB : Tribe ZOYSIAE.

Phyllachora Perotidis Doidge nov. spec.

Stromata plerumque sine maculis typicis sed decoloratione brunnea cincta, in utraque

folii pagina visibilia, in epiphyllo plerumque magis conspicua et leniter convexula, sub-

circularia vel elliptica aut irregularia, usque ad 0-5 mm. longa, sparsa vel greges minutos

formantia ; clypeo-atro, opaco, in epiphyllo usque 30 y crasso, in hypophyllo minus evoluto

usque 15 y crasso praedita ; perithecia 1-5 in quoque stromate, subglobosa vel ellipsoidea,

120-450 y diam., 150-200 y alta, ostiolo papilliformi, poro ca. 15 y lato aperto, clypeo

omnino immerso praedita ; pariete perithecii ca. 10 y crasso, pallide brunneo, concentrice

fibroso ; asci 8-spori, cylindracei, 60-70 X 10-11-5 y ; sporae oblique v. fere transverse

monostichae, hyalinae, continuae, ellipsoideae, 10-12-5 X 5-7 y. Paraphyses numerosae,

fibrosae.

Hab. in foliis Perotidis indicae, Donkerpoort, prope Pretoria, leg. Doidge et Bottomely,

29754.

Stromata occasionally on oval, light brown leaf spots with a darker brown margin,

but more frequently surrounded by an indefinite brown zone of discoloured tissue ; mostly

epiphyllous, usually visible on both sides of the leaf, but more conspicuous and slightly

convex on the upper surface, dull black, scattered or in small groups, subcircular to elliptic

or irregular in outline and up to 0-5 mm. long.

Clypeiis well developed in the upper epidermis, black, opaque, up to 30 y thick,

usually not extending beyond the perithecia, formed of tortuous, olive browm, closely

interwoven hyphae, 1-5-2 -5 y thick, becoming parenchymatous; less extensive and up

to 15 y thick, or lacking in the lower epidermis. Stroma in the mesophyll inconspicuous

and not extensive, consisting of a few hyaline hyphae. Leaf tissues in the vicinity of young

stromata are apparently unaffected, but when the perithecia have discharged their spores,

the cells of the leaf under the clypeus become brown and dead and often opaque.

Perithecia one or several, up to 5 in each stroma, developing under the epidermis or

more deeply seated and often reaching the lower epidermis, subglobose to ellipsoid, 120-450 y

diam., 150-200 y high ; ostiole fiat, papillate, completely immersed in the clypeus, with a

pore ca. 15 y broad. Perithecial wall pale, concentric fibrose, not well defined, ca. 10 y

thick, consisting of delicate hyphae 1-5-2 -5 y thick, outer layers pale olive brown, inner

hyaline. Asci 8-spored, cylindrical, 60-70 X 10-11-5 y. Spores obliquely or almost

transversely monostichous, hyaline continuous, ellipsoid, 10-12-5 X 5-7 y. Paraphyses

numerous, fibrose, hyaline. Pycnidia often present in the same stromata ; conidia filiform

hyaline.

On Perotis indica (L.) O. Ktze., on leaves, Donkerpoort, Pretoria District, Doidge and

Bottomley, 29754 ; Pretorius Kop, Kruger National Park, Chippindall, 33147.

On MUSACEAE.

Phyllachora Strelitziae Sacc. emend. Doidge.

Syll. Fung. 2 (1883) p. 606.

Dothidea Strelitziae Cke., Grevillea X (1882) p. 129.

Endodothella Strelitziae (Cke.) Theiss. et Syd., Ann. Myc. 13 (1915) p. 587 ; Doidge,

Bothalia I (1921) p. 31.

Young stromata not on leaf spots, nor causing discoloration of the tissues of the host ;

older stromata are usually to be found singly or in groups of 2-3, on very definite leaf spots

3-10 mm., long, at first brown, then becoming paler in the centre with a reddish brown

border ; these spots are visible also on the under side of the leaf.

Stromata epiphyllous, scattered or rather closely crowded and then becoming confluent,

round to elliptic in outline, 0.5-2 -5 mm. long and 0.5-1 mm. broad, conical, dull black

except at the apex, which is shining black around the single, punctiform ostiole ; sometimes

visible also on the under side of the leaf, where they show as minute, flat or slightly convex,

purplish brown to black spots.

440

Clypeus massive, occupying the upper epidermis and several subepidermal layers of

more or less rectangular cells devoid of chlorophyll, opaque, black, carbonaceous, usually

75-80 y thick, sometimes up to 100 y thick, microparenchymatous in structure, formed of

rather thick-walled, dark olive brown, irregular cells, 4-6 y diam. Stroma round the peri-

thecia is light brown to purplish brown, prosenchymatous, formed of vertical, thin-walled

hyphae, mostly 4-6 p thick and filling the space between the arched clypeus and the meso-

phyll of the leaf. Stroma poorly developed in the mesophyll, consisting of hyaline hyphae,

more or less closely reticulate and interwoven ; often extending to the lower epidermis

where a clypeus is formed, shorter than on the upper side, comparatively poorly developed

and often not continuous ; sometimes there is some sterile prosenchymatous stroma under

this lower clypeus, to a depth of 50 p.

The large, solitary perithecium is usually seated on the palisade cells of the leaf and is

covered by the arched clypeus ; it is lenticular, 550-850 p diam., 200-300 p high ; ostiole

flat, completely immersed in the clypeus, opening by a broadly funnel-shaped pore, ca.

25 p broad at the base and 50 p at the apex, periphyses rather sparse. Perithecial wall

well defined, ca. 10 p thick at the base, where it is closely appressed to the cells of the leaf,

15-20 p thick at the sides, merging above with the clypeus, concentric fibrose, composed

of rather delicate, thin-walled hyphae 2-5-3 p thick, outer 1 - yers olive brown, inner hyaline.

Asci 8-spored, cylindrical, rounded above, tapering below to a short foot, 130-165 X 20-30 p.

Spores monostichous or incompletely distichous, hyaline, continuous, globose to broadly

ellipsoid, 9-16 X 10-12-5 p; apparently remote from one another in the ascus, each

spore being surrounded by a mucilaginous sheath 4-4-5 p thick. Paraphyses numerous,

filamentous, exceeding the asci, less than 1 p thick.

On Strelitzia augusta Thunb., on leaves, Inanda, Medley Wood 580, 9468, 10442 ;

Isipingo, Doidge, 6639, and Wager, 32423 ; Scottsburgh, Pole Evans, 6831 ; Inanda, van

der Byl, 6958 ; Kentani, Pegler 2384, 9422 ; Durban, van der Byl 498, 32448 ; Amanzimtoti,

Cur son, 30774.

This fungus has been redescribed from No. 30774, material in excellent condition

collected by Dr. Curson at Amanzimtoti. In most of the other collections the perithecia

are old, but typical Phyllachora spores have been found in several of them ; a few Phylla-

chora asci were even found clinging to the walls of old perithecia in Medley Wood’s original

collection. The two-celled spores described by Theissen and Sydow (l.c.) and also observed

by Doidge (l.c.) are probably those of a parasite invading old perithecial cavities.

On MORACEAE.

Phyllachora amaniensis P. Henn.

Engl. bot. Jahrb. 38 (1905) p. 113 ; Theiss. and Syd., Ann. Myc. 13 (1915) p. 473 ;

Doidge, Bothalia I (1921) p. 29.

Stromata not on definite leaf spots, but causing some brown discoloration of the leaf

tissues in the immediate vicinity, bypophyllous, sometimes faintly visible also on the upper

leaf surface, almost always discrete and often rather remote from one another, but usually

more or less grouped ; the groups are often large and irregular in outline, up to about 3 cm.

long and 2 cm. broad, not infrequently on both sides of one of the larger veins which forms

the longitudinal axis of the group. Single stromata slightly raised, dull black, round and

up to 1 mm. diam., or irregular in outline and up to 2 X 1 mm.

Stromata deeply and completely immersed in the substratum ; clypeus on the lower

side of the leaf epidermal, dark olive brown to black, opaque, 25-40 y thick, obscurely

parenchymatous ; occasionally there are traces of clypeus formation in the upper epidermis.

Stroma in the mesophyll well developed, the cells of the host being permeated by fine,

hyaline or pale olive brown, more or less recticulate hyphae.

Perithecia numerous, deeply immersed, rather closely crowded, flattened-globose,

200-300 /x diam. (250-380 y fide Theissen and Sydow l.c.). Ostiole flat, papilliform,

completely immersed in the clypeus, periphysate, with a pore ca. 20 y broad. Perithecial

wall 10-15 y thick, concentric fibrose, composed of fine hyphae 1-1-5 y thick, outer layers

pale or darker brown, inner layers hyaline. Asci cylindrical, copiously paraphysate,

8-spored, 90-130 X 9—11 y. Spores monostichous, continuous, hyaline, ellipsoid, broadly

rounded at both ends, 12-16 X 7-5-8-5 y.

On Ficus capensis Thunb., on leaves, Amanzimtoti, Franks, 7812 ; Barberton, van der

Byl, 7378 ; Wyebank, Doidge, 9537 ; Umhlali, Bosman, 29924 ; Schagen, Liebenberg,

26005.

441

This species was originally described by Hennings (l.c.) on Ficus sp., Amani, Usambara,

in Tanganyika Territory, tropical Africa.

Phyllachora ficuum Niessl.

Hedwigia 20 (1881) p. 99 ; Syd. Ann. Myc. 7 (1909) p. 546.

Trabutia ficuum (Niessl.) Theiss. et Syd., Ann. Myc. 13 (1915) p. 352 ; Doidge,

Bothalia I (1921) p. 24.

Not on leaf spots, but causing some indeterminate, yellowish brown discoloration of

the leaf tissues. Stromata amphigenous but mostly epiphyllous, scattered or closely set

and becoming confluent in small groups, small, 0-5-1 mm. diam., round to irregular in

outline, often flat at the margin and convex in the centre over the peritbecia, black, shining,

especially round the punctiform ostioles.

Stroma between the perithecia light brown to purplish brown, prosenchymatous,

composed of vertical, parallel hyphae 5-8 y thick ; covered by a rather massive clypeus,

which is black, opaque, 30-35 y thick. Stroma in the mesophyll poorly developed, but

the epidermal cells below the perithecia are permeated by a network of fine hyphae and

become disintegrated and golden brown.

Perithecia few in each stroma, with their base on the changed epidermal cells of the

host, flattened globose to ellipsoid or lenticular, 220-420 y diam., 115-200 y high. Ostiole

flat papilliform, completely immersed in the clypeus, periphysate, with a pore about 20 y

broad. Perithecial wall pale, concentric fibrose, not very well developed, 10-12 y thick.

Asci 8-spored, cylindrical-clavate, broadly rounded above, narrowed below into a short

stalk, sp. part 55-75 X 14-18 y. Spores obliquely monostichous to imperfectly distichous,

hyaline, continuous, ovate or broadly ellipsoid, rounded at both ends, 11-14 X 6-5-9 y.

Paraphyses hyaline, fibrose.

On Ficus sycomorus L., on leaves, Mozambique, Howard, 520 ; Lourenco Marques,

Howard, 719 ; Nelspruit, Liebenberg, 25969 ; near Salisbury, Verdoorn, 33202.

This fungus was originally described on Ficus infectoria collected in Calcutta. One

of the collections made by Howard was identified by Sydow (l.c.) as this species ; the number

is not quoted. The host of the South African collections was wrongly identified (Doidge

l.c.) ; it is Ficus sycomorus, not F. howardiana.

Phyllachora grammica P. Henn.

Flore du Bas et Moyen Congo. Ann. Mus. du Congo 2 (1907) p. 98.

Catacauma qrammicum (P. Henn.) Theiss. et Syd., Ann. Myc. 13 (1915) p. 382 ; Doidge,

Bothalia I (1921) p. 26.

Not on definite leaf spots but causing an indeterminate yellowish brown discoloration

of the leaf tissues. Stromata scattered, amphigenous, usually only on one side of the leaf,

but sometimes opposite one another on the upper and lower surface ; following the veins

and forming dull black, slightly raised lines or streaks up to 7 mm. long and 0 • 8 mm. broad,

often dendritic and confluent, thus tending to form a loose network.

Stroma between the perithecia prosenchymatous, formed of vertical, parallel, purplish

brown hyphae 6-8 /z thick ; covered by a clypeus which at first develops in the arche d

epidermis ; clypeus opaque, black or blackish brown, variable in thickness, 30-60 /z, rather

obscurely parenchymatous. Stroma in the mesophyll sparse.

Perithecia few in each stroma, with base pressing against the subepidermal cells of the

leaf, broadly ellipsoid, 300-350 y diam., 140-180 y high. Ostiole flat, papilliform, completely

immersed in the clypeus. Perithecial wall 10-15 y thick, often thinner at the base, con-

centric fibrose, consisting of delicate, pale purplish brown hyphae. Asci cylindrical, 8-spored,

45-58 X 7-10 /z. Spores monostichous, continuous, hyaline, ellipsoid, rounded at both

ends, 8-10 X 4-5-5 y. Paraphyses hyaline, fibrose, breaking down early.

On Ficus capensis Thunb., on leaves, Lemana, Northern Transvaal, Doidge, 1829 ;

Kentani, Pegler 1993, 8884; Storm’s River, Humansdorp District, Doidge, 17164.

The type specimen was collected by Vanderyst at Kisantu, Congo. No. 1829, quoted

above was identified as this species by Theissen and Sydow (l.c.).

Phyllachora Howardiana Petr.

Ann. Myc. 27 (1929) p. 386.

Trabutia Evansii Theiss. et Syd. (not Phyllachora Evansii Syd.) Ann. Myc. 13 (1915)

p. 352 ; Doidge, Bothalia I (1921) p. 24.

Not on definite leaf spots but causing some yellowish brown or reddish brown dis-

coloration of the leaf tissues ; on Ficus capensis old stromata are often surrounded by a

narrow zone of white. Stromata small, black, convex, round, up to 1 mm. diam., more or

442

less regularly arranged in groups 5 mm. to 1 cm. diarm, 10-50 stromata or more in each

group ; often closely crowded but not becoming completely fused with one another. Not

infrequently the groups of stromata are numerous and become confluent, so that the small

stromata are distributed more or less evenly over the whole leaf surface.

Clypeus arched, opaque black, massive, 50-80 p thick ; stroma between the perithecia

prosenchymatous, composed of greyish brown, vertical parallel hyphae 4—5 p thick. Stroma

in the mesophyll poorly developed, but the epidermal cells are filled with a mass of fine

hyphae and they become discoloured and broken down.

Perithecia 1-2 in each stroma, rarely more, flattened globose to lenticular, 250-550 p

diam., 150-250 p high, with base resting on the changed epidermal cells of the leaf ; ostiole

flat, papilliform, completely immersed in the clypeus, periphysate. Perithecial wall light

or dark brown, concentric fibrose, 15-18 p thick. Asci cylindrical with monostichous

spores or clavate with distichous or more or less conglobate spores, 70-90 X 10-16 p.

Spores ellipsoid, broadly rounded at both ends, hyaline, continuous, 11-14 X 8-9-5 p.

Paraphyses hyaline, fibrose, breaking down early and becoming unrecognisable.

On Ficus carica L., on leaves, Lourenco Marques, Howard, 668, Type.

Ficus capensis Thunb., Umhlali, Bosnian , 29923.

Phyllachora nervisequens (Lingelsh.) Petr.

Ann.-Myc. 27 (1929) p. 386.

Phyllachora Schweinfurthii P. Henn. var. nervisequens Lingelsh. Engl. bot. Jahrb. 39

(1907) p. 604.

Trahutia nervisequens (Lingelsh.) Theiss. et Syd., Ann. Myc. 13 (1915) p. 353 ; Doidge,

Bothalia I (1920) p. 25.

Stromata usually epipkyllous, but occasionally developing also on the under side of

the leaf, not on typical leaf spots but almost always causing a yellowish brown or greenish

yellow discoloration of the leaf tissues, visible also on the under side of the leaf. Stromata

developing exclusively on the midrib and on the lateral veins, often broadly elliptic in outline,

often angular and more or less irregular, elongated in the direction of the veins and coalescing

more or less freely ; small stromata may be only 1 mm. long, large compound stromata

up to 1 cm. long (2 cm. in the type). Stromata black, somewhat shiny, superficial, uneven

in thickness, sterile parts of the stroma less raised and with a wrinkled surface ; elsewhere

the surface is indistinctly mammilose through the slightly prominent perithecia, the puncti-

form ostioles being surrounded by a slightly depressed ring. Stroma between the perithecia

purplish brown, parenchymatous, composed of vertical, parallel hyphae 7-9 p thick •

covered by a rather massive, opaque black clypeus, uneven in thickness, 50-90 p, most

frequently ca. 75 p thick. Stroma in the mesophyll sparse, consisting of a few hyaline

hyphae.

Perithecia few or many in each stroma, close together or rather remote from one another,

with base resting on the epidermal cells of the leaf, flattened globose, 200-400 p diam.,

or lenticular, 400-600 p diam.,' 200-300 p high. Ostiole flat, papilliform, completely

immersed in the clypeus, periphysate, with a more or less round pore. Perithecial wall

well developed, 12-18 p thick, concentric fibrose, composed of rather delicate brown hyphae

2-2 • 5 p thick. Asci cylindrical, rounded above, narrowed below into a short stalk, 8-spored,

75-110 X 11-14 p. Spores usually monostichous, broadly ellipsoid, continuous, hyaline,

12-16 X 8-10 p. Paraphyses hyaline, fibrose, breaking down early.

On Ficus Burtt Davyi Hutch., on leaves, Umgeni Lagoon, Durban, Doidge, 854 ; Port

Shepstone, Pole Evans , 5608 ; Amanzimtoti, Franks, 7813.

Ficus natalensis Hochst., Malvern, Natal, Doidge, 1994 ; Winkle Spruit, Pole

Evans, 2019 ; Port Elizabeth, D. Gunn, 12248 ; Escombe, Hean, 33109.

Ficus Burkei Miq., Eastern Transvaal, Liebenberg, 32884.

Number 12248 was described (Bothalia l.c.) as var. robusta of Trabutia nervisequens ;

the fungi of this group are variable in stroma development and the separation of this collection

as a distinct variety is not justifiable. The species was originally described on Ficus

Hochstetteri var. glabrior collected in Abyssinia. The South African specimens have com-

paratively small stromata and are not so extensively developed on the veins ; otherwise

they resemble the type.

Phyllachora Pretoriae Doidge nov. spec.

Stromata sine maculis, amphigena, subinde sparsa plerumque autem secus venas

evoluta et confluendo greges longos dendriticos v. irregulares formantia, minuta, usque

0-5 mm. diam., atra, convexa, inter cuticulam et epidcrmidem formata ; stromate inter

443

perithecia bene evoluto, verticaliter prosenchymatico ex hyphis olivaceo-brunneis, 5-6 p

crassis composito ; clypeo atro, opaco, 25-35 p crasso. Perithecia 1 usque pauca in quoque

stromate, depresso-globosa v. elliptica, 250-350 p diam., 180-200 p alta, ostiolo piano,

papilliformi, clypeo omnino immerso praedita ; pariete perithecii brunneo, 5-15 p crasso.

concentrice fibroso, indistincte celluloso. Asci paraphysati, 8-spori, cylindraceo-clavati,

mox diffluentes, p. sp. ut videtur, 70-75 X 15 p. Sporae distichae, hyalinae, continuae,

ellipsoideae, raro subglobosae, urtinque rotundatae, 15-17-5 X 7-9 p, raro usque 20 p

longae et 10 p latae.

Hab. in foliis Fid Pretoriae, Rustenburg, leg. Kresfelder, 23675.

Not on leaf spots and rarely causing any definite discoloration of the leaf tissues.

Stromata amphigenous, sometimes scattered, but usually developing in rows along the veins,

often coalesing in lo.ig lines or irregular groups, frequently dendritic. Single stromata

minute, round to irregular in outline, up to 0-5 m. diam., convex, dull black, shining

around the punctiform ostiole.

Superficial stroma around or between the perithecia prosenchymatous, olive brown,

composed of vertical parallel hyphae 5-6 p thick ; outer layers forming a clypeus

25-35 p thick, b’ackish brown to black, opaque, obscurely parenchymatous, the

epidermal cells of the host beneath the perithecia are filled with fine, pale brown or

subhyaline hyphae, some of which extend into the mesophyll.

Perithecia usually single in each individual stroma, occasionally 2-3, with base resting

on the epidermal cells of the leaf, flattened globose or ellipsoid, 250-350 p diam., 180-200 p

high ; ostiole flat, papilliform, completely immersed in the clypeus, with a pore 10-12 p

broad, periphyses sparse ; perithecial wall dark brown, firm, subopaque, concentric fibrose

and indistinctly cellular, 5-10 p thick at the base, ca. 15 p thick at the sides, merging above

the clypeus. Asci 8-spored, cylindrical-clavate, breaking down early ; so far as could be

observed, sp. part 70-75 X 15 p. Spores distichous, hyaline, continuous, ellipsoid, rarely

subglobose, rounded at both ends, 15-17-5 X 7-9 p ; rarely up to 20 p long and 10 p

broad. Paraphyses breaking down early and becoming unrecognisable.

On Ficus Pretoriae Burtt-Davy, Rustenburg, Kresfelder, 23675.

Phyllachora repens (Corda) Sacc.

Syll. Fung. 2 (1883) p. 597 ; Lorrain Smith, Cat. of Welwitsch’s African Plants 2

(1901) p. 477.

Sphaeria repens Corda, Icon. Fung. IV, p. 42, tab. IX, f. 123 (1840).

Isothea rhytismoides Fr., Welw. and Curr. in Trans. Linn. Soc. 26 (1870) p. 285.

Dothidea repens Berk., Hook. Jour. Bot. (1854) p. 231 ; Kalchbrenner, Grev. X (1882)

p. 145 ; Cooke, Grev. VIII (1879) p. 72 and X (1881) p. 27.

Catacauma repens (Corda) Theiss. et Syd., Ann. Myc. 13 (1915) p. 383.

This species was described by Corda from leaves of Ficus religiosa collected in India.

Two collections on Ficus ingens Miq., made by Medley Wood at Inanda in Natal ( Medley

Wood 228, 9466 and Medley Wood 543, 10435) were assigned to this species by Kalchbrenner

and Cooke (loc. cit.). Portions of these collections are to be found in the Pretoria Her-

barium but unfortunately both are in poor condition ; Medley Wood 228 may possibly be

Phyllachora grammica P. Henn. ; Medley Wood 543 differs very considerably in habit,

stroma and form and size of perithecia, but the latter appear to be immature and neither

asci nor spores are present. Further collections of Phyllachora on this host are necessary.

Phyllachora repens has also been recorded from Africa by Lorrain Smith (l.c.) on

leaves of Ficus trachyphyllus Fenzl, in woods at Monimo, Huilla, Welwitsch 141 and near

Lopollo, Huilla, Welwitsch 6374. There has been no opportunity of examining these

specimens.

On PROTEACEAE.

Phyllachora Proteae Wakef.

Kew Bull. (1922) p. 164.

Stromata epiphyllous, scattered, minute, 200-300 p diam., round, discrete, very rarely

becoming confluent, flat at the periphery, raised and more or less convex in the centre,

dull black.

Stromata formed under the stromata of the leaf ; clypeus covered by the thick cuticle,

epidermal, 20-30 p thick, limited in extent, not extending beyond the perithecium or

barely so, opaque, black, formed of dark olive brown, parenchymatus cells ca. 5 p diam. ;

the clypeus is continuous with a zone, 30-50 p deep, of opaque, black or dark olive brown

444

stromatic tissue, surrounding the single perithecium, similar in structure to the clypeus,

parenchymatous, but formed of somewhat larger, round to angular cells, ca. 7-8 p diam.

Elsewhere the stroma consists of light or dark brown, branching hyphae, 2-5-3 p thick,

which penetrate to some distance between the cells of the mesophyll.

Perithecium solitary, immersed in the mesophyll, globose or flattened globose,

180-200 p diam., 150-180 p high ; ostiole flat, papilliform, completely immersed in the

clypeus ; perithecial wall pale, concentric fibrose, not sharply differentiated outwardly

from the stroma. Asci copiously paraphysate, cylindrical, briefly stipitate, 120-150 X

12-15 p. Spores obliquely monostichous, ovate, tapering somewhat to rounded ends,

continuous hyaline, 19-20 X 8-9 p. Paraphyses branched, filiform, exceeding the asci.

On Protea mellifera Thunb., on leaves, Klapmuts, van der Byl 357, 32915.

I am indebted to Miss Wakefield for a small portion of the type specimen. The stroma

of this fungus differs from that of most Phyllachora spp. ; among the South African species,

it rather closely resembles that of Ph. -superba on Eragrostis superba.

On LEGUMINOSAE.

Phyllachora Halsei Doidge nov. spec.

Stromata amphigena, plerumque epiphylla, sine maculis, decoloratione flavo-brunnea

circumdata, in pagina contraria vix vel parce visibilia, sparsa vel pauca aggregata, atra,

nitida, fortiter convexa, subinde etiam petiolicola ; clypeo solum in epidermide supra

perithecia evoluto, ultra haud vel vix extenso, atro-brunneo, parenchymatico, 25-37-5 p

crasso. Perithecia plerumque solitaria in quoque stromate, depresso-globosa, 230-300 p

diam., 140-240 p alta, profunde immersa ; ostiolo piano, papilliform , periphysato, clypeo

omnino immerso, poro rotundato ca. 10 p lato aperto praedita ; pariete perithecii pallide

vel flavidulo-brunneo, 8-10 p crasso, concentrice fibroso. Asci 8-spori, clavati usque

fusiformes, 100-110 X 15-17-5 p. Sporae distichae, anguste ellipsoideae, utrinque leniter

attenuatae sed obtusae, hyalinae, continuae, 15-18 X 5-5-5 p. Paraphyses numerosae,

filiformes.

Hab. in foliis Acaciae Gerrardi, Yerulam, Natal, leg. Halse, 30128.

Not on definite leaf spots, but causing some yellowish brown discoloration of the tissues

of the host which is faintly visible on the opposite side of the leaf. Stromata amphigenous,

mostly epiphyllous, scattered or in small groups, minute, more or less circular in outline,

0-25-0-5 mm. diam., black, shining, strongly convex.

Clypeus only in one epidermis, limited in extent, not extending beyond the perithecium

or extending only about 50 p beyond it, blackish brown, opaque, obscurely parenchymatous,

25-37-5 p thick. Stroma in the mesophyll sparse and poorly developed.

Perithecia usually solitary in each stroma, deeply immersed, flattened globose, 230-300 p

diam., 140-240 p hig1 ; ostiole flat, papilliform, completely immersed in the clypeus, with

fine hyaline periphyses and a pore ca 10 p broad. Perithecial wall delicate, pale to yellowish

brown, 8-10 p thick, concentric fibrose. Asci 8-spored, often cylindrical at first with

obliquely monostichous spores; mature asci clavate to fusiform, 100-110 X 15-17-5 p,

with incompletely distichous spores, more or less rounded above, narrowed somewhat at

the base into a stalk which may be short or up to 20 p long. Spores narrow ellipsoid,

tapering slightly but definitely to rounded ends, hyaline, continuous, 15-18 X 5-5-5 p,

Paraphyses numerous, hyaline, exceeding the asci.

On Acacia Gerrardi Benth., on leaves and petioles, Yerulam, Halse, 30128, Type ;

Nelspruit, Doidge, 32405.

Acacia Benthami Roxbr., Scottsburgh, Natal, Halse, 30380.

Acacia robusta Burch., Umzinto, Natal, McGlean, 30116.

This fungus is near Phyllachora Acaciae P. Henn. (Ann. Myc. 13, 1915, p. 488), on

Acacia Farnesiana from Ecuador and A. amentacea from Mexico, but in the American

species there is a clypeus both above and below the perithecia and hence it is conspicuous

on both sides of the leaf. It also seems to differ from Phyllachora sudanensis Petr. (Ann.

Myc. 29, 1931, p. 357) which has larger perithecia and ellipsoid spores which do not taper

to the ends or taper very slightly. No specimen of the latter species on Acacia verrucosa

from the Sudan has been seen.

In the collection on Acacia Benthami cited above, the spores are slightly smaller, up

to 12-5 X 5 p and more broadly rounded at the ends ; the asci are also smaller, up to

100 X 17-5 p ; this material is possibly not quite mature.

445

Phyllachora rikatUensis (Doidge) Petr.

Ann. Myc. 25 (1927) pp. 291-293.

Phyllachorella rikatlienHs Doidge, Bothalia I (1921) p. 30.

Stromata amphigenous, in small groups ; the groups are round to irregular and up to

5 mm. diam., sometimes numerous, becoming confluent and covering the greater part of

the leaf surface. Single stromata usually discrete, rarely close together and becoming

fused, round, elliptic or bluntly angular, 300-500 p diam., smooth, black, shining, slightly

convex.

Clypeus on both sides of the leaf, developing in the epidermis and in the mesophyll,

usually 25 p thick at the margin, up to 50 fx in the centre, black, opaque, obscurely paren-

chymatous, extending beyond the perithecia to a distance of 80 /a over the mesophyll.

The mesophyll of the leaf between the two clypeus plates is almost entirely broken down

and discoloured and is permeated by olive brown or blackish brown stroma tissue. '

Perithecia deeply immersed, usually solitary, sometimes 2 or more are closely crowded

under one clypeus, very variable in form and size, often irregular, seldom lenticular or

globose, 180-350 \x diam., 120-200 p high ; perithecial wall usually 10-20 fx thick, concentric

fibrose, indistinctly cellular. Asci clavate or cylindrical-clavate, sometimes fusiform,

broadly rounded above, tapering somewhat towards the base, which is sessile or has a short,

knob-like foot, thin-walled, 8-spored, 50-60 X 10-15 \x. Spores usually more or less com-

pletely distichous, occasionally monostichous, oblong, broadly rounded at both ends,

continuous, hyaline, 10-13 fx long, rarely up to 15 /x, 4-5 p broad, with epispore ca. 0-5 /a

thick. Paraphyses rather sparse, broadly filamentous, ca. 2-4 p broad, very thin-walled,

early becoming mucilaginous and unrecognisable.

On Andradia arborea Sim, Rikatli, Mozambique, Junod, 11726.

Petrak points out that the conidial form observed (Doidge l.c.) can only be regarded

as a parasite of the Phyllachora. He has described it fully (l.c.) under the name Micro-

diplodia rikatliensis Petr.

Phyllachora Brachystegiae Doidge.

Bothalia I (1924) p. 220.

Not on leaf spots. Stromata epiphyllous but often visible also on the lower side of the

leaf, scattered, often developing on either side of the midrib of the leaf or on the lateral

veins, circular or broadly elliptic, black, somewhat shini g, convex, mostly 0-4-0 *6 mm.

diam.

Clypeus in both upper and lower epidermis, extending for some distance beyond the

perithecia over the mesophyll, brownish black, opaque, ca. 25-30 /x thick, obscurely paren-

chymatous. Stroma in the mesophyll consists of fine, hyaline hyphae permeating the

tissues ; as the stromata become old, the leaf tissue between the upper and lower clypeus

becomes discoloured and dead.

Perithecia usually solitary, rarely 2 are found under one clypeus, flattened globose,

250^00 p diam., 240-300 /x high, deeply immersed and reaching the lower clypeus ; ostiole

flat, papilliform, completely immersed in the clypeus. Perithecial wall delicate, concentric

fibrose, indistinctly cellular, not sharply defined, outer layers light brown, ca. 10 p thick,

inner layers delicate, hyaline. Asci 8-spored, cylindrical or cylindrical-clavate, rounded

above, tapering more or less towards the base, 75-120 X 13-16 p. Spores obliquely

monostichous, less frequently incompletely distichous, ellipsoid to subclavate, broadly

rounded above, usually tapering more or less to an obtuse or rounded base, 16-22-5

X 6—7 ■ 5 /x.

On Brachystegia sp., on leaves, Salisbury. Eyles, 11680, Type ; Dombashana, van der

Byl 2443.

Brachystegia Randii Bak. f., Salisbury, Eyles 5023, 5024. 5025 ( van der Byl 2462, 2460,

2464).

Phyllachora puncta (Cke.)Doidge nov. comb.

Dothidea puncta Cke., Grevillea X (1882) p. 128.

Parodiella puncta (Cke.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. I, p. 718.

Catacauma punctum (Cke.) Theiss. et Syd., Ann. Myc. 15 (1917) p. 141.

Not on leaf spot s, but causing a vague, yellowish brown discoloration of the leaf tissues

in the neighbourhood of the stromata. Stromata amphigenous, sometimes solitary, often

several on one leaflet, black, shining, strongly convex, more or less circular, up to ca. 0-5 mm.

diam., often developing in close proximity to one another and becoming completely fused,

forming larger, compound stromata which are round to irregular up to ca. 1 mm. diam.,

or elongated along a vein.

446

Clypeus originating in the epidermis and becoming arched over the perithecia, blackish

brown, opaque, 30-40 p, or in places up to 60 p thick, obscurely parenchymatous. Stroma

between or around the perithecia often loosely parenchymatous under the clypeus, else-

where indefinite in structure, brown to subhyaline ; hyaline hyphae also extend into the

mesophyll.

Perithecia usually solitary in individual stromata, compound stromata often with

2-5, or as many as 8 perithecia, subglobose to ellipsoid, with base resting on the subepidermal

cells of the leaf, 150-350 p diam., 150-300 p high ; ostiole flat, papilliform, completely

immersed in the clypeus, periphysate. Perithecial wall light to dark olive brown, well

developed, concentric fibrose, 10-15 p thick, merging above with the clypeus. Asci

numerous, 8-spored, sp. part ellipsoid to clavate, tapering somewhat to the rounded apex,

attenuate at the base to a short foot or a longer stalk up to 20 p long, less frequently

cylindrical, 60-70 X 15-20 p. Spores completely or incompletely distichous in the ellipsoid

or clavate asci, obliquely monostichous in the cylindrical asci, ovate or broadly ellipsoid,

broadly rounded at both ends, continuous, hyaline, 12-15 X 8-10 p. Paraphyses hyaline,

numerous, fibrose.

On Dalbergia armata E. Mey., on leaves, Inanda, Medley Wood 605, 607, 9488, 10441 ;

Barberton, Pole Evans, 588 ; Umgeni Lagoon, Durban, Doidge, 881 ; Stella Bush, Durban,

Doidge, 1662 ; Verulam, Pole Evans, 6809 ; Schagen, Liebenberg, 29908, 29880 ; Aman-

zimtoti, Doidge, 30289 ; Umbogintwini, Wager, 32718.

Numbers 588, 1662 and 6809 cited above were described as Catacauma dalbergiicola

(P. Henn.) Theiss. et Syd. (= Phyllachora dalbergiicola P. Henn.) in Bothalia I (1921) p. 25 ;

this is a closely related species, and is perhaps only an American variety of Phyllachora

puncta ; in the American species the spores are narrower, 12-14 X 6-7 p, than in the South

African collections, and the perithecia are larger.

Phyllachora Peltophori Syd.

Ann. Myc. 10 (1912) p. 40 ; Theissen and Sydow, Ann. Myc. 13 (1915) p. 507 ;

Doidge, Bothalia I (1921) p. 29.

Not on leaf spots, nor causing any marked discoloration of the leaf tissues. Stromata

amphigenous, scattered or more or less grouped, not infrequently numerous and becoming

confluent, minute, black, shining, convex, more or less circular, mostly 250-350 p diam.,

rarely up to 500 p.

Clypeus over the perithecia opaque black, 20-25 p thick, extending only a short

distance beyond the perithecia ; similar in the opposite epidermis, or sometimes rather

poorly developed.

Perithecia solitary, deeply immersed, globose or flattened globose, 180-300 p diam.,

mostly 160-180 p, sometimes up to 240 p high. Ostiole flat, papilliform, completely

immersed in the clypeus, copiously periphysate, with a circular pore ca. 10 p broad. Peri-

thecial wall weak, poorly differentiated, hyaline, concentric fibrose. Asci 8-spored, ellipsoid

to ellipsoid-clavate, less frequently cylindrical, rounded above, narrowed below into a short

stalk, 65-80 X 13-19 p. Spores distichous, continuous, hyaline, ellipsoid, rounded at

both ends, 13-17 X 6-8 p. Paraphyses numerous, fibrose.

On Peltophorum africanum Sond., Ledzee, Northern Transvaal, Doidge, 1810, Type ;

Nelspruit, Loest, 29888 and Doidge 32400.

Phyllachora Pterocarpi Syd.

Ann. Myc. 10 (1912) p. 40.

Catacauma pterocarpi Syd.. Ann. Myc. 13 (1915) p. 387 ; Doidge, Bothalia I (1921)

p. 25 ; Hopkins, Trans. Rhod. Sc. Ass. 35 (1938) p. 103.

Not on definite leaf spots, but tissues near the stromata are vaguely discoloured, often

remaining dull green after the leaf has turned brown. Stromata epiphyllous, small,

scattered, round to irregular in outline, 1-2 mm. diam., black, shining, convex, with uneven

surface ; at times isolated stromata become surrounded by a concentric ring of secondary

stromata ; often stromata are very numerous and closely set over the whole leaf surface.

Clypeus originating in the epidermis, becoming arched over the perithecia but ex-

tending on cither side of them for some distance over the mesophyll of the leaf, blackish

brown, opaque, variable in thickness, ca. 25 p thick near the apex of the perithecium,

elsewhere up to 50 p thick. Stroma between the perithecia olive brown or greyish brown,

loosely parenchymatous or indefinite in structure ; from this hyaline hyphae extend into

the cells of the leaf, permeating the mesophyll

447

Peritftecia 1-9 in each stroma, with base pressing on the subepidermal cells of the leaf,

globose or flattened globose, occasionally ellipsoid to lenticular, 350-450 /z diam., 240-300 /x

high ; ostiole flat, papillate, completely immersed in the clypeus, periphysate, with pore

ca. 15 /z broad. Perithecial wall concentric fibrose ; at the base, where it is closely applied

to the cells of the host, usually golden brown, ca. 10 /u. thick ; lateral walls usually olive

brown, ca. 15 /z thick, but not sharply defined outwardly and merging with the hyphae

composing the stroma. Asci very numerous, lining the base and sides of the perithecia,

8-spored, sp. part ellipsoid, clavate or cylindrical-clavate, not tapering or tapering somewhat

to the rounded apex, 60-80 X 16-24 /x, attenuated below into a short foot or a longer

stalk 25-30 /z long. Spores more or less completely distichous or monostichous, hyaline,

continuous, ellipsoid, but with the greatest diameter often somewhat above the centre,

broadly rounded at both ends, 16-21 X 8-9 p. Paraphyses numerous, hyaline, fibrose.

On Pterocarpus angolensis D.C., on leaves, Letaba Drift, Northern Transvaal, Doidge,

1807, Type ; Barberton, van der Byl, 1922, 5132 ; Schagen, Liebenberq, 26354 ; Pretorius

Kop, Kruger National Park, Lansdell, 29954.

Pterocarpus erinaceus Lam., Nelspruit, Loest, 29891 ; Salisbury, Eyles 5020 (van der

Byl 2461) ; Mazoe, van der Byl 2459 ; Matopos, Eyles 5019 (van der Byl 2463).

Pterocarpus rotundifolius (Sond.) Druce (— Pt. sericeus Benth.), Nelspruit, Wager,

23413, and Doidge, 32402 ; Schagen, Liebenberq, 26014 ; Khami Ruins, van der Byl 204 ;

Tzaneen, van der Byl 1502.

Pterocarpus sp., Rhodesia, van der Byl 65.

Phyllachora Schotiae Doidge nov. comb.

Catacauma Schotiae Doidge, Bothalia I (1922) p. 65.

Not on leaf spots, nor causing any marked discoloration of the leaf tissues. Stromata

epiphyllous, scattered, minute, black, convex, more or less circular or oval in outline,

0-3-0 -4 /z diam.

Clypeus only in the upper epidermis, black, opaque, 30-40 /x thick, remaining covered

by the thick cuticle which is 10-16 /z thick ; the clypeus does not always completely cover

the perithecium, being sometimes 100 yu. less in diameter ; sometimes it is rather poorly

developed, not quite continuous nor completely filling the epidermal cells. Stroma plecten-

chymatous, consisting of a weft of fine, hyaline hyphae around the perithecia, which extends

for some distance between the epidermis and the palisade cells : stroma in the mesophyll

sparse and poorly developed.

Perithecia usually solitary, rarely two are found crowded together under one clypeus,

ellipsoid to lenticular, 300-450 p diam., 100-150 /z high, with base pressing against the

subepidermal layer of cells, which becomes concave. Ostiole flat, papilliform, completely

immersed in the clypeus, periphysate, with pore 15-17 /x broad. Perithecial wall very pale,

subhyaline, concentric fibrose, 12-16 p thick. Asci paraphysate, 8-spored, oblong or

ellipsoid, tapering somewhat to the rounded apex, sessile, 80-87 X 17-20 p. Spores

distichous, hyaline, continuous, ellipsoid-oblong, rounded at both ends, often more broadly

rounded above and tapering somewhat downwards, sometimes slightly asymmetrical,

20-24 X 6-7 /z : immature spores seem to be surrounded by a mucilaginous envelope.

On Schotia speciosa Jacq., on leaves, Humewood, Port Elizabeth, Doidge, 2294.

Phyllachora Tephrosiae Syd.

Ann. Myc, 22 (1924) p. 430.

Not on leaf spots, nor causing any marked discoloration of the leaf tissues. Stromata

epiphyllous, scattered over the whole leaf surface, more of less numerous, round or irregular

in outline, sometimes becoming confluent, 0-5-1 mm. diam., rather strongly convex, black,

shining.

Clypeus in the upper epidermis, dense black, opaque, 25-40 p thick, and often extending

for some distance beyond the perithecia, over the mesophyll ; often present also in the

lower epidermis,, where it is not so well developed nor so extensive. Stroma in the meso-

phyll well developed between and around the perithecia under the clypeus, light olive brown,

composed of hyphae 4-5 p thick ; elsewhere in the mesophyll usually sparse.

Perithecia several in each stroma, deeply immersed, globose or angular from mutual

lateral pressure, 150-250 /x diam. Ostiole flat, papilliform, completely immersed in the

clypeus, copiously periphysate, with a round pore ca. 15 p broad. Perithecial wall light

to dark olive brown, concentric fibrose, 15-20 /x thick. Asci cylindrical to clavate, briefly

stipitate, 8-spored, 50-70 X 12-20 p, copiously paraphysate. Spores monostichous,

448

distichous or conglobate, broadly ellipsoid to subglobose, rounded at both ends, continuous,

hyaline, 9-12 x 8-9 p.

On Tephrosia Nyassae E. G. Baker, on leaves, Tzaneen, van der Byl 1662, 20447 (ex

Herb. Sydow, portion of type collection).

Phyllachora circinata (Kalch. et Cke.) Theiss. et Syd.

Ann. Myc. 15 (1917) p. 141.

Dothidea circinata Kalch. et Cke., Grevillea IX (1880) p. 32.

Parodiella circinata (K. et Cke.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. L, p. 718.

Stromata on poorly defined, somewhat brownish or greenish leaf spots, single or in

small groups, visible on both sides of the leaf, minute, up to 0-4 mm. diam., black, some-

what shiny.

Clypeus epidermal, on both sides of the leaf, dense black, opaque, 30-45 p thick.

Perithecia solitary, deeply immersed, occupying the whole of the mesophyll. Asci

not numerous, 8-spored, paraphysate, cylindrical, 55-70 X 9-12 p. Spores monostichous,

ellipsoid or ovate, continuous, hyaline, 9-11 X 5-6 p.

On leaves of Legummosae undet. (possibly Phaseolus sp. or Dolichos sp.), Natal, Medley

Wood 49, Herb. Kew.

There was no opportunity of examining the type specimen ; the details given above

are taken from the description by Theissen and Sydow (l.c.).

On RUTACEAE.

Phyllachora Tecleae Doidge.

Bothalia I (1922) p. 68.

Stromata amphigenous, mostly epiphyllous, visible on both sides of the leaf, grouped

on yellowish brown leaf spots which are usually oblong or elliptic in shape and run betwee

two lateral veins of the leaf. Stromata oval-elliptic or almost round, 1-5-2 -5 mm. long,

0-5-1 mm. broad, black, somewhat shining, raised, usually discrete, rarely becoming fused

to form compound stromata.

Clypeus epidermal, well developed on both sides of the leaf, black, opaque, 40-50 p

thick in the upper epidermis, 23-25 p thick in the lower. Stroma in the mesophyll con-

sisting of light brown to hyaline hyphae, branched and reticulate, permeating the tissues

between the two clypeal plates, the cells in this region becoming brown and dead.

Perithecia several in each stroma, deeply immersed, with base reaching the clypeus

in the opposite epidermis, globose or flattened globose, 250-400 p diam., 250-300 p high.

Ostiole flat, papilliform, completely immersed in the clypeus, very copiously periphysate,

with a circular pore ca. 15 p broad. Perithecial wall concentric fibrose, ca. 20-25 p thick,

outer layers light brown, inner hyaline, not always sharply defined outwardly where it

merges with the stromatal hyphae. Asci copiously paraphysate, 8-spored, cylindrical,

with a short foot, 80-90 X 10-13 p. Spores obliquely monostichous, continuous, hyaline,

ellipsoid or subfusoid, tapering somewhat to rounded ends, 13-17 X 5-6 p.

On Teclea natalensis Engl., Kentani, Pegler 2324, 9079.

On EUPHORBIACEAE.

Phyllachora Crotonis (Cke.) Sacc.

Syll. Fung. 2 (1883) p. 599 ; Theiss. and Syd., Ann. Myc. 13 (1915) p. 523 ; Doidge,

Bothalia I (1922) p. 67.

Dothidea Crotonis Cke., Grevillea X (1882) p. 129.

Phyllachora crotonicola Pat., Bull. Soc. Myc. Fr. 9 (1893) p. 156.

Trabutia crotonicola Rehm., Hedwigia 29 (1890) p. 160.

Phyllachora Julocrotonis Bres., Hedwigia 35 (1896) p. 668.

Stromata grouped on indeterminate, yellow brown leaf spots which are visible on both

sides of the leaf. Single stromata round, 0-3-0 -5 mm. diam., black, somewhat shining,

convex ; very often closely crowded and forming larger, irregular, compound stromata

which are not infrequently elongated along the veins of the host and are occasionally

dendritic.

Clypeus developed in the epidermis on both sides of the leaf, brownish black, opaque,

20-30 p thick in the upper epidermis, 8-10 p thick in the lower, not extending beyond the

perithecia. In compound stromata, the leaf tissue between the perithecia is permeated by

light brown, branched, more or less reticulate hyphae, 2-5-4p thick.

Perithecia solitary in single stromata, but usually stromata become fused and a

number of perithecia are found under a common clypeus. Perithecia deeply immersed,

449

occupying the whole thickness of the mesophyll, globose or somewhat flattened, 200-350 /a

diam., 150-250 /a high. Ostiole flat, papilliform, completely immersed in the clypeus,

periphysate, with round pore ca. 15 /a broad. Perithecial wall concentric fibrose, light

brown, composed of delicate hyphae 2-5-3 /a thick, indefinitely cellular, not sharply defined,

merging outwardly with the stromatal hyphae and inwardly with the hyaline ascogenous

layers. Asci copiously paraphysate, cylindrical to clavate, sp. part cylindrical, 80-90 X

11— 14 /x, or clavate ellipsoid, 65-70 X 16-20 /a, rounded above, attenuated below into a

short or longer stalk, usually 25-30 /a long, sometimes up to 50 /a. Spores obliquely mono-

stichous in the cylindrical asci, imperfectly distichous in the clavate asci, broadly ellipsoid,

broadly rounded at both ends, hyaline, continuous, 12.5-16 X 7-5-9 y.

On Croton sylvaticus Hochst., on leaves, Inanda, Medley Wood 406, 9489 (Part of type

collection).

Theissen and Sydow (l.c.) state that this fungus occurs on a number of Croton spp,

throughout South America. They did not examine the original collection quoted above,

but think there is no doubt that this South American species is identical with that collected

in Natal by Medley Wood. This is confirmed by a comparison with a collection made by

Dr. Sydow in Costa Rica, which is the only American collection in the Pretoria Herbarium.

On MELIANTHACEAE.

Phyllachora Melianthi (Thiim.) Sacc.

Syll. Fung. IX (1891) p. 1013 ; Theiss. and Syd., Ann. Myc. 13 (1915) p. 528 ;

Doidge, Bothalia I (1921) p. 28.

Rhytisma Melianthi Thiim., Flora (1876) p. 569.

Dothidea lucens Cke., Grevillea X (1882) p. 128.

Dothidea Melianthi Kalch. et Cke., Grevillea X (1882) p. 146.

Phyllachora lucens (Cke.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. II (1883) p. 600 ; Theiss. and Syd., Ann.

Myc. 13 (1915) p. 562 ; Doidge, Bothalia I (1922) p. 68.

Not on leaf spots. Stromata amphigenous, mostly epiphyllous, scattered more or less

thickly over large areas of the leaf surface, or (on Bersama ) in more or less circular groups,

mostly discrete, occasionally becoming confluent, small, black, circular to broadly elliptic

in outline, 0-5-1 -5 mm. diam., often raised, shining, and either rounded or conical in the

centre with a flat, dull black margin ; on the opposite side of the leaf, the epidermis is at

first raised and greyish in appearance, but finally becomes filled with stromatic tissue and

is dull black.

Clypeus epidermal, well developed over the perithecia, black, opaque, carbonaceous,

25-30 y thick ; not so well developed in the epidermis below the perithecia. Stroma in

the mesophyll dark to light brown, formed of rather loosely reticulate hyphae, 2 • 5-4 y

thick, often forming a sterile border round single perithecia or filling the space between

perithecia which are remote from one another but under a common clypeus.

Perithecia 1 or several in each stroma, solitary, crowded together and somewhat

flattened laterally or remote from one another, globose or flattened globose, 240-350 y

diam. or (in stromata on Bersama) up to 450 y diam., 240-300 y high, deeply immersed.

Ostiole flat, papilliform, completely immersed in the clypeus, periphysate, with a pore

12- 15 y broad. Perithecial wall not very well defined except where there is a common

wall between two perithecia, 8-15 y thick, light brown, concentric fibrose, merging out-

wardly with the hyphae forming the stroma and inwardly with the hyaline ascogenous

layers. Asci 8-spored, cylindrical to clavate, rounded above, tapering below to a short

foot or to a stalk up to 20 y long, 60-80 X 12-5-18 y. Spores monostichous in the

cylindrical asci, incompletely distichous in the clavate asci, hyaline, continuous, ellipsoid,

rounded at both ends, 12-5-15 X 6-8 y.

On M elm nth us major L., on leaves, Boschberg Mts., near Somerset East, MacOwan

1266, 20828 (de Thiimen, Myc. Univ. 1267), 21974, this is part of the type collection ; near

Cape Town, MacOwan (Rabh. Wint. Fung. Eur. 3557), 3897 ; Stellenbosch, van der Byl 228.

Bersama lucens Szysz., Kentani, Pegler, 9077 (the wrong number was cited in Bothalia

i.c.).

Bersama Swinnyi Phill., Inanda, Medley Wood 581 [Type collection of Ph. lucens

(Cke.) Sacc.] 9487, 10443.

Bersama Tysoniana Oliver, West Wood, Haenertsburg, Doidge, 17776.

Medley Wood 581, “ on leaves ”, described by Cooke as Dothidea lucens, is the same

fungus as that on Melianthus and Bersama ; the host is Bersama Swinnyi Phill., and stromata

of the fungus were found in the phanerogamic herbarium on authentic material of this plant

collected at Port St. Johns.

450

A collection on Melianthus major, No. 2427 in the van der Byl herbarium, and named

Phyllachora Melianthi, collected by Dippenaar at Tulbagh, is a conidial form, with stromata

in groups often following the veins ; the conidia are filiform, hyaline. There are no asci

in this collection.

On TILIACEAE.

Phyllachora Grewiae (Kalch.) Theiss. et Syd.

Ann. Myc. 13 (1915) p. 530.

Rhytisma Grewiae Kalch., Grevillea IX (1880) p. 32.

Stromata on brown indefinite leaf spots, visible on both sides of the leaf, scattered,

round, 1-2 mm. diam., quite flat on the upper side of the leaf ; flat on the lower side also,

only slightly raised over the perithecia ; with rough surface, black, somewhat shiny.

Clypeus epidermal, on both sides of the leaf, ca. 20-25 p thick. Perithecia several in

each stroma, globose or irregular, 150-300 p diam., perithecial wall brown, 10-12 p thick.

Asci cylindrical-clavate, 50-60 X 12-15 p, 8-spored, paraphysate. Spores distichous,

fusiform, apparently 1 -celled and hyaline, 20-23 X 4-5*5 p.

On Grewia Occident alis, Herb. Kew.

“ South African Fungi ” in Grevillea (l.c.) includes fungi collected by Medley Wood at

Inanda as well as a number of MacOwan’s Cape collections, and the locality is often not

given. Judging by the sequence of the numbers quoted, however, this is probably Medley

Wood 106.

This specimen was not available for study and the description is taken from that of

Theissen and Sydow (l.c.). They remark that the type specimen is not mature and that

there is some doubt whether the spores will remain 1 -celled and hyaline.

On MALVACEAE.

Phyllachora minuta P. Henn.

Hedwigia 41 (1902) p. 143 ; Theiss. and Syd., Ann. Myc. 13 (1915) p. 531 ; Doidge,

Bothalia 2 (1927) p. 231.

Not on leaf spots, or stromata grouped on small reddish brown or yellowish brown

indeterminate leaf spots 1-1 • 5 mm. diam. Stromata amphigenous, visible on both sides

of the leaf, minute, black, convex, circular in outline, 0*3-0 *6 mm. diam., often in groups

of 4-12 and not infrequently becoming confluent.

Clypeus epidermal, on both sides of the leaf, black, opaque, mostly 20-40 p thick ;

usually not extending far beyond the perithecia, but often fusing with clypeus of neigh-

bouring stromata ; on the under side, the stellate hairs on the epidermis often become

discoloured and brown. Stroma in the mesophyll consists of more or less closely reticulate

pale fuscous or hyaline hyphae.

Perithecia solitary or few in each stroma, deeply immersed and occupying the whole

thickness of the mesophyll, globose, flattened globose or flask-shaped, 250-350 p diam.,

200-350 p high. Ostiole Hat, papilliform, completely immersed in the clypeus, periphysate.

Perithecial wall delicate, purplish brown, ca. 10 p thick, concentric fibrose, indistinctly

cellular, closely appressed to the cells of the host and often inconspicuous. Asci cylindrical

to clavate, 8-spored, sp. part 65-100 x 12*5-15 p, rounded above, tapering below to a

short stalk. Spores monostichous or incompletely distichous, hyaline, continuous,

ellipsoid or ovate, rounded at both ends, often broader near the upper end and tapering

more or less downwards, 14—17*5 X 6-10 p. Paraphyses breaking down early.

On Hibiscus tiliaceus L., on leaves, Port, Shepstone. Pole Evans, 5604 ; near Durban,

van der Byl 227, 32450.

This species was originally described by Hennings on a Hibiscus sp. collected in Java.

Theissen and Sydow record it on Hibiscus tiliaceus and Thespesia populnea from Java,

the Philippines and Australia.

On STERCULIACEAE.

Phyllachora Burgessiae Doidge now spec.

Stromata sine maculis, amphigena vel petiolicola. plerumque epiphylla in una folii

pagina tantum praesentia, subinde autem opposita, sparsa, ambitu irregularia, primitus

minuta, usque 2 mm. diam., dein majora saepeque secus folii venas elongata et usque 5 mm.

longa, fortiter convexa, atra, in epiphyllo nitida, in hypophyllo opace atra ; clypeo

epidermali et subepidermali supra perithecia fortissime evoluto, opace atro, carbonaceo,

usque 95 p crasso ; clypeo in hypophyllo parce evoluto vel, si magis evoluto, haud continuo ;

perithecia 2 vel numerosa in quoque stromate, profunde immersa, subglobosa vel e pressione

451

plus minus irregularia, 150-230 p diam., 230-280 p alta, ostiolo piano papilliformi, clypeo

omnino immerso, periphysato, poro rotundato ca. 15 p lato aperto ; pariete atro vel atro-

brunneo, opaco, concentrice fibrose, 12-5-25 p crasso ; asci paraphysati, 8-spori, cylindracei,

75-90 X 10-11-5 p. Sporae monostichae, hyaline, continuae, ellipsoideae, 10-12-5 X

5-6-3 p.

Hab. in foliis Dombeyae Burgessiae, Cloudlands, prope Umtali, Rhodesia, leg. Mogg,

30149.

Not on leaf spots, but causing some reddish brown discoloration of the leaf tissues

in the immediate vicinity of the stromata. Stromata amphigenous and petiolicolous,

mostly epiphyllous, usually only on one side of the leaf, but sometimes developing opposite

to one another, scattered, irregular in outline ; at first small, up to 2 mm. diam., later

increasing in size, frequently becoming elongated along the veins and up to 5 mm. long ;

strongly convex, black, shining on the upper leaf surface, dull black on the under surface.

The leaf, which is normally about 80 p thick, is up to 450 p thick in areas where stromata

have developed. Clypeus over the perithecia developing in epidermal and subepidermal

cells, massive, opaque, black, carbonaceous, up to 95 p thick, not extending more than

100 p beyond the perithecia ; . sometimes a similar clypeus is formed below the perithecia,

but often it is comparatively poorly developed. Stroma in mesophyll consists of brown

to subhyaline, branched, more or less closely reticulate hyphae 2-5-5 p thick, permeating

the cells under the clypeus but not extending much beyond it ; the invaded cells become

discoloured and dead.

Perithecia 2 to numerous in each. stroma, deeply immersed and often with base on the

opposite epidermis, globose, flattened globose or irregular, 150-230 p diam., 230-280 p

high. Ostiole flat, papilliform, completely immersed in the clypeus, periphysate, with a

circular pore ca. 15 p broad. Perithecial wall stout, well developed, blackish brown, opaque,

12-5-25 p thick, concentric fibrose, composed of brown hyphae ca. 2-5 p thick. Asci

paraphysate, 8-spored, cylindrical, 75-90 X 10-11 -5 p. Spores monostichous, hyaline,

continuous, ellipsoid, 10-12-5 X 5-6-3 p.

On Dombeya Burgessiae Gerr., Woodbush, Doidge, 17732 and ? 1762 ; Cloudlands,

near Umtali, S. Rhodesia, Mogg, 30149, Type.

Dombeya pulchra N.E.Br., Nelspruit, Liebenberg, 29917.

No. 1762 was cited in Bothalia I (1921) p. 28, as Phyllachora Dombeyae Syd. It is

on Dombeya Burgessiae not on D. Schimperiana as stated, and the stromata are probably

those of Phyllachora Burgessiae ; the stromata are very old, showing neither asci nor spores.

Most of the perithecia are empty, but in some there are conidia which possibly belong to

a fungus parasitic in the stroma.

Phyllachora Dombeyae Syd.

Ann. Myc. 15 (1917) p. 532 ; Doidge, Bothalia I (1921) p. 28.

Physalospora Dombeyae Syd., Ann. Myc. 10 (1912) p. 441.

Stromata epiphyllous, grouped on poorly defined, yellowish brown leaf spots which

are more or less circular in outline and up to 5 mm. diam., but are often numerous and

coalesce to form larger, irregular brown areas ; the discoloration of the tissues is visible

also on the under side of the leaf. Stromata round, 0-3-0 -5 mm. diam., slightly convex,

black, rather shiny, not visible on the under side of the leaf, or visible only as minute, dull

black specks.

Clypeus well developed in the upper epidermis, but usually not extending beyond the

perithecia, brownish black, opaque, 40-50 p thick ; when the base of the perithecium is

near the lower epidermis, a short clypeus ca. 25 p thick is formed below the perithecium.

Stroma in the mesophyll poorly developed.

Perithecia 1 or few in each stroma, more or less deeply immersed, mostly globose,

sometimes compressed laterally and then oval or oblong 130-220 p diam., 150-220 p high.

Ostiole fiat, papilliform, completely immersed in the clypeus, periphysate, with a round

pore 15-20 p broad. Perithecial wall rather weak and poorly defined, pale golden brown

to subhyaline, concentric fibrose, closely appressed to the cells of the host. Asci copiauslv

paraphysate, clavate, rounded at the apex, 8-spored, 60-75 X 15-20 p. Spores distichous

to tristichous, continuous, hyaline, ellipsoid, tapering somewhat to the rounded ends,

asymmetrical, straight or slightly curved, 25-35 X 3-4-5 p.

Conidia also present, in pycnidia similar in form to the perithecia, filiform, curved in

various ways, often uncinate, continuous, hyaline, 18-26 X 1-1-5 p.

452

On Dombeya rotundifolia Planch., on leaves, Equeefa, Zululand, Fuller, 1539, Type ;

Tzaneen, Liebenberg, 30962.

Dombeya pulchra N.E.Br., Nelspruit, Liebenberg, 26003.

On OCHNACEAE.

Phyllachora microstegia Syd.

Ann. Myc. 22 (1924) p. 430.

Stromata amphigenous, not on leaf spots but usually causing some yellowish brown

discoloration of the leaf tissues. Stromata set closely and fairly evenly in groups, which

are more or less extensive, irregular in shape, 0-5-2 cm. long. Stromata always discrete,

very minute, punctiform, raised and convex on both leaf surfaces, 120-200 y diam.

Epidermal clypeus amphigenous, blackish brown, opaque, 10-15 y thick, obscurely

parenchymatous. Stroma in mesophyll not conspicuous.

Perithecia usually solitary, rarely two are crowded under one clypeus, globose or flattened

globose, 120-174 y diam., 120-150 y high. Ostiole flat or very slightly raised, papilliform,

completely immersed in the clypeus, with a round pore ca. 15 y broad. Perithecial wall

fairly well defined, light brown, 10-12 y thick, concentric fibrose, indistinctly cellular.

Asci paraphysate, cylindrical or cylindrical clavate, 8-spored, 50 X 8-12 y. Spores mono-

stichous, ellipsoid, hyaline, continuous rounded at both ends, 9-11 X 5 y.

On Ochna Holstii Engl., Woodbush, Northern Transvaal, van der Byl 1498, 20448

(portion of Type, ex Herb. Sydow).

On FLACOURTIACEAE.

Phyllachora Aberiae P. Henn.

Engl. bot. Jahrb. 41 (1908) p. 272 ; Theissen and Sydow, Ann. Myc. 13 (1915) p. 534 ;

Doidge, Bothalia I (1921) p. 29.

Often causing a vague, yellowish brown discoloration of the leaf tissues, which is

usually more conspicuous on the under side of the leaf ; occasionally on definite, light brown

leaf spots. Stromata mostly epiphyllous, but often visible also on the under side of the

leaf, scattered or more or less closely grouped ; very frequently secondary stromata develop

in a concentric ring round an older stroma, sometimes fusing in a more or less complete

circle and thus forming round groups 3-4 mm. diam. Single stromata more or less circular

in outline, 0-5-1 mm. diam., black, somewhat shining, slightly convex.

Clypeus amphigenous, but better developed and more extensive in the upper epidermis,

where i; is blackish brown, opaque, continuous, 25-35 y thick. Stroma in the mesophyll,

between the base of the perithecia and the lower clypeus composed of brown, branding,

more or less closely reticulate hyphae 2-5-3 y thick ; elsewhere it is pale and inconspicuous.

Perithecia several in each stroma, deeply immersed, subglobose, 240-270 y diam., to

flask-shaped, 180-220 y diam., and 240-300 y high. Ostiole papilliform, flat, completely

immersed in the clypeus, periphysate, with a round pore ca. 10 y broad. Perithecial wall

dark brown, firm, 20-30 y thick, concentric fibrose, consisting of hyphae 2-5-3 y thick,

often more or less distinctly cellular. Asci copiously paraphysate, numerous, 8-spored,

straight or curved, sp. part ellipsoid, tapering somewhat to a rounded apex, rarely cylindrical,

75-90 X 12-20 y ; attenuated below into a stalk which is usually short, 8-10 y long, but

occasionally up to 22 or 30 y long. Spores monostichous or incompletely distichous, often

more or less imbricate, cylindrical and obtuse at both ends, or subclavate, rounded at the

upper end, hyaline, continuous, 25-35 X 4-5-6 y; thick-walled, wall ca. 1 y thick.

On Dovyalis cuffra Warb. (= Aberia caff r a), on leaves, Uitenhage, Lounsbury, 202,

224 (Type collection) and Pienaar, 2420 ; Driefontein, Zoutpansberg, Doidge, 1813.

On MYRTACEAE.

Phyllachora capensis Doidge nov. comb.

Scolecodothis capensis Doidge, Bothalia I (1921) p. 27.

Not on leaf spots. Stromata epiphyllous, scattered, more or less circular ;n outline,

1-1-5 mm. diam., black, shining, convex, occasionally becoming confluent and producing

larger, irregular, compound stromata. Smaller stromata observed on the under side of

the leaf where usually flat and sterile or ? producing conidia ; no perithecia were observed

in these.

Clypeus originating in the epidermis, massive, black, opaque, 90-100 y thick ; between

the arched clypeus and the palisade cells of the leaf, around the perithecia, the stroma is

often subopaque, composed of brown, thin-walled cells, more or less vertical and prosen-

chymatous or irregularly parenchymatous in structure. Stroma in the mesophyll is

453

represented by a few. brown hyphae 2-5 /x thick ; these are sometimes connected with the

sterile stroma on the under side of the leaf.

Perithecia usually solitary in individual stromata, up to 4 or 5 in compound stromata,

ellipsoid to lenticular or somewhat irregular through lateral pressure, with flat or slightly

concave base pressing against the palisade cells of the host, 550-650 /x diam., 200-250 fx

high. Ostiole flat, papilliform, psriphysate, completely immersed in the clypeus. Peri-

thecial wall ca. 10 y thick at the base, consisting of a few layers of delicate, dark brown

hyphae ; at the sides merging with the hyphae forming the stroma and not clearly differ-

entiated. Asci paraphysate, 8-spored, narrow-ellipsoid, tapering to both ends, pedicellate,

100-120 X 13-14 /J.. Spores parallel, hyaline or slightly tinted at maturity, narrow-

fusiform, tapering to both ends, 60-70 /x long, 5-6 /x thick in the centre. Paraphyses

disappearing early.

On Eugenia Zeyheri Harv., on leaves, Howieson’s Poort, Doidge, 10963, 12379 ; Van

Standen’s Pass, Doidge, 10869.

Eugenia zuluensis Diimmer, Highbury, Natal, Doidge; 33151.

This fungus was originally described as a Scolecodothis (l.e.), the Phyllachoraceous

genus in Theissen and Sydow’s classification with Catacauma-like stroma, paraphysate

asci and 1-celled filiform spores. The proportion of the length of the spores to their breadth

is approximately 12 : 1 and they are therefore too stout to be regarded as filiform. Clemmts

(1, p. 9) suggests that a ratio of 20 : 1 in the Sphaeriales should be regarded as the most_

natural dividing line.

The host was wrongly identified as Olea foveolata.

Phyllachora goyazensis P. Henn.

Hedwigia 34 (1895) p. 110.

Catacauma gouazense (P. Henn.) Theiss. et Syd., Ann. Myc. 13 (1915) p. 396 : Doidge,

Bothalia II (1927) p. 231.

Not on definite leaf spots, but the leaf tissues around the stromata often show a light

brown discoloration. Stromata epiphvllous, small, black, shining, convex, round to

angular in outline, usually becoming confluent in groups which are very irregular in form.

Groups often numerous &nd thickly set on the leaf surface.

Clypeus originating in the epidermis, massive, black, opaque, 60-75 /x thick, often

fusing with the clypeus of adjoining stromata and extending over the compound stroma.

Stroma between the arched clypeus and the palisade cells of the leaf, around the stromata,

dark purplish brown, subopaque, indistinctly vertical and prosenchymatous in structure.

Stroma in the mesophyll poorly developed.

Perithecia mostly distant, solitary, flattened globose to lenticular with concave base

pressing against the palisade cells of the leaf, 400-500 y diam., 220-300 y high. Ostiole

fiat, papilliform, completely immersed in the clypeus, periphysate, with a pore ca. 25 y

broad. Perithecial wall light to dark brown, concentric fibrose, at the base closely appressed

to the cells of the host and ca. 10 y thick, at the sides not sharply defined and merging with

the hyphae forming the stroma. Asci paraphysate, 8-spored, cylindrical, 75-85 X 12-15 /x.

Spores monostichous, hyaline, continuous, ellipsoid, rounded at both ends, 13-16 X 6-8 y

Paraphyses numerous, hyaline, filiform.

On Eugenia natalitia Sond., on leaves, Kentani, Pegler 2110, 9113 ; ? Natal, Medley

Wood 599, 10701.

Very little material of this fungus is available ; it agrees closely with the description

of the South American species Phyllachora goyazensis, but further collections are desirable

and should be compared with authentic specimens of Ph. goyazensis when opportunity

offers.

Medley Wood’s collection is under the name Rhytisma eugeniacearum ; no author is

mentioned and no description has been found of such a species. The material is old, but

is on the same host as the Kentani collection and is apparently identical with it.

Phyllachora Peglerae Doidge nov. comb.

Catacauma Pegler ae Doidge, Bothalia I (1921) p. 25.

Not on leaf spots. Stromata epiphyllous, 1-2 mm. diam., circular in outline, convex,

conical, black, shining, often in groups and becoming confluent, forming larger, irregular

compound stromata. A single stroma or group of stromata is often surrounded by a ring

of secondary stromata at a radius of 2-5 mm. ; the latter may be small and discrete or fuse

to form a continuous ring.

9

454

Clypeus only on the upper side of the leaf, originating in the epidermis and becoming

arched over the perithecia, massive, black, opaque, ca. 30 p thick over the sterile part of

the stroma, varying from 50-100 p thick over the perithecia. Stroma between the peri-

thecia and forming a sterile border round them under the extended clypeus, greyish brown

to olive brown, pale near the margin, dark and subopaque near the perithecia, indistinctly

parenchymatous in structure ; the clypeus extends to a radius of 500 p beyond the peri-

thecia. Stroma in the mesophyll poorly developed.

Perithecia solitary or several in each stroma, lenticular to broadly flask-shaped,

400-600 p diam., 350-500 p high, with slightly concave base pressing against the palisade

cells of the leaf. Ostiole flat, papilliform, completely immersed in the clypeus, periphysate,

with a round pore 15-20 p broad. Perithecial wall thin, ca. 10 p thick, at the base, closely

appressed to the cells of the host, consisting of a few layers of indistinctly septate, sub-

hyaline to olive brown liyphae ca. 2 • 5 p thick ; at the sides the wall is not sharply defined,

merging outwardly with the hyphae forming the stroma. Asci 8-spored, clavate-cylindrical,

sp. part 120-140 X 17-20 p, with a short stalk 10-13 p long. Spores monostichous or

incompletely distichous, continuous, hyaline, oval to ellipsoid, rounded at both ends,

20-23 X 12-13 p.

Pycnidia usually present in the same stromata, closely associated with the perithecia

and often interspersed with them, narrow lenticular or irregular in form, 400-600 p diam.,

■100-150 p high, covered by the epidermal clypeus. Conidia very numerous, produced on

palisade-like conidiophores at the base of the pycnidium, hyaline, fuscous in mass, fihform,

curved, ca. 20-25 p long and 0-5 p thick.

On Eugenia capensis Harv., on leaves, Kentani, Pegler 2340, 9099, Type ; Umbogin-

twini, Natal, Doidge, 6636 ; Scottsburgh, Pole Evans, 6841 : Warner Beach, Bottomley ,

11667.

Phyllachora Woodiana Doidge nov. spec.

Sub Phyllachora gentilis Speg. in Herb. Medley Wood.

Stromata sine maculis, amphigena, plerumque epiphylla, sparsa, opace atra, ambitu

orbicularia vel elliptica, ca. 1 mm. diam. vel usque 1-5X1 mm. : clypeo in utraque folii

pagina evoiuto, atro, opaco, 50-80 p crasso ; stromate in mesophyllo ex hyphis reticulato-

contextis, hyalinis, ca. 1-5 p crassis contexto. Perithecia plerumque complura, plus minus

stipata, globosa, depresso-globosa vel ovata, saepe valde irregularia, 250-400 p diam.,

200-250 p alta, ostiolo piano, papilliformi v. obtuse conico, clypeo omnino immerso, peri-

physato praedita ; pariete perithecii ca. 10-15 p crasso, subhyalino, concentrice fibroso.

Asci numerosi, 8-spori, cylindracei, apice rotundati, breviter pedicellati, 80-100 X 6-7-5 p.

Sporae (vix maturae) monostichae, ellipsoideae, utrinque rotundatae, hyalinae, continuae,

12-5-15 X 5-6 p.

Hab. in foliis Eugeniae capensis , prope Durban, leg. Medley Wood, 9477 ( Medley

Wood 6462).

Not on leaf spots. Stromata amphigenous, mostly epiphyllous, visible also on the

opposite side of the leaf, scattered, raised, disc-like, dull black, round, ca. 1 mm. diam. or

somewhat elongated and up to 1 • 5 X 1 mm.

Clypeus over the perithecia in the epidermal and subepidermal cells black, opaque,

50-80 p thick ; sometimes not so well developed and not continuous in the opposite

epidermis. Stroma in the mesophyll consists of fiine hyaline hyphae, ca. 1-5 p thick, more

or less closely reticulate and permeating the cells of the host.

Perithecia several in each stroma, deeply immersed, often crowded together and in

contact laterally ; occasionally stromata develop opposite to one another on either side of

the leaf and the perithecia are apparently in two series, somewhat compressed and irregular

in form. Perithecia usually globose, flattened globose or ovate, 250-400 p diam., 200-250 p

high. Ostiole flat, papilliform -or bluntly conical, completely immersed in the clypeus,

lined within with short, filiform, hyaline periphyses. Perithecial wall pale yellow brown

to subhyaline, ca. 10-15 p thick, delicate, concentric fibrose. Asci numerous, paraphysate,

8-spored, cylindrical, rounded above, tapering below to a short foot, 80-100 X 6-7-5 p.

Spores monostichous, ellipsoid, rounded at both ends, hyaline, continuous, 12-5-15 X 5-6 p.

(Asci and spores are barely mature).

On Eugenia capensis Harv., on leaves, near Durban, Medley Wood 6462, 328, 9477.

According to Theissen and Sydow (Ann. Myc. 13, 1915, p. 567) the type of Phyllachora

gentilis has no clypeus and is therefore not a Phyllachora ; it is evidently not identical

with the fungus described above.

455

On MYRSINACEAE.

Phyllachora myrsinicola Doidge.

Bothalia I (1921) p. 81.

Not on leaf spots nor causing any marked discoloration of the leaf tissues. Stromata

epiphyllous, scattered, usually remote from one another, rarely contiguous and becoming

fused, round, only slightly raised, disk-like, not convex, 0-5-1 mm. diam., black, somewhat

shiny.

Clypeus only on the upper side, blackish brown, opaque, formed of parenchymatous

cells 4-6 p diam., 18-25 /a thick over the mesophyll between the perjthecia, 30-40 p thick

over the perithecia. Stroma well developed in the upper part of the mesophyll, where the

cells of the host are permeated by a more or less close stroma tissue, more or less closely

parenchymatous and brown under the clypeus and often immediately below the perithecia,

becoming paler and looser in texture below, formed of hyphae 4-6 p thick.

Perithecia several in each stroma, immersed, occupying about half the thickness of

the leaf, which in areas occupied by the stroma is distended to about twice its normal

thickness, not closely crowded, often remote from one another, globose or flattened globose,

100-240 p diam. Ostiole flat, papilliform, sparsely periphysate, immersed in the clypeus,

with a rather indefinite pore 20-30 p broad. Perithecial w'all not well defined, pale, con-

centric fibrose, ca. 10 p thick. Asci numerous, completely filling the perithecial cavity,

8-spored, clavate, broadly rounded above, tapering more or less downwards to a short-

foot, 80-100 X 20-27 /z, thick-walled. Spores distichous, hyaline, continuous, ellipsoid or

more or less rhomboid, 16-5-23-5 X 9-10 /z. Paraphyses rather sparse, disappearing

early.

On Myrsine melanophleos R. Br. (= Rapcmea melanophleos Mey.), on leaves, Duncairn,

near Marit-zburg, Doidge, 15015, Type ; Grey town, Doidge, 15530 ; Howieson’s Poort,

near Grahamstown, Doidge, 12376 ; Woodbush, northern Transvaal, Doidge. 1756 ; Noetze,

Knysna District, van der Byl 2287 .

On SAPOTACEAE

Phyllachora Baumii P. Henn.

Ergebnisse der Kunene-Sambesi Exped. (1902) p. 166 ; Theiss. and Syd., Ann. Myc.

13 (1915) p. 546.

Stromata arranged in circles near the periphery of round or elliptic leaf spots, which

are sharply defined, 3-7 mm. diam., silver grey on the upper side of the leaf and dark brown

on the under side. The Stromata are always near the margin of these spots and are visible

on both sides of the leaf. At first the leaf spots are not bordered, but later are defined by

a distinct brown or black line ; when infection is heavy, numerous spots run into one another

and form extensive, fantastically lobed areas bordered by a single common black line.

Stromata round, disk-like, 0-5 mm. diam. Perithecia solitary in each stroma, globose,

330-360 p diam., occupying the whole of the mesophyll of the leaf ; perithecial wall thin,

greyish brown, consisting of rather loosely interwoven stromatal hyphae and fusing above

and below with the epidermal clypeus. Ostiole always opening toward the under side of

the leaf, where the clypeus is usually somewhat shorter and thinner than on the upper side.

Asci paraphysate, oblong-clavate, 90-105 X 8-10 p. Spores oblong, fusiform or sub-

clavate, continuous, hyaline, 15-18 x'5-7 p.

On Sideroxylon sp., on leaves, Jau, S.W. Africa, Baum 1002.

There has been no opportunity of studying this fungus and the description is taken

from that of Theissen and Sydow (l.c.).

Phyllachora placida (Syd.) Theiss.

Ann. Myc. 14 (1916) p. 424.

Physalospora placida Syd., Ann. Myc. 7 (1909) p. 544.

Stromata visible on both sides of the leaf, more or less round, 2-3-5 mm. diam,, dull

black or blackish brown, flat, slightly raised and convex over the perithecia and more

prominently so on the upper than the under surface ; surrounded by a definite, raised

reddish brown or purplish brown zone about 0-5 mm. broad of discoloured leaf tissue.

Upper clypeus extensive, filling the epidermis which consists of 2 layers of cells, 25-30 p

thick, black, opaque ; the cuticle, which is 6 p thick remains intact over the clypeus ; the

lower clypeus is equally extensive, involving the epidermis and the subepidermal cells, but

is irregular in thickness, 25-50 p ; the structure is obscurely parenchymatous. The stroma

permeates the mesophyll between the two clypeal plates and consists of more or less closely

reticulate, branching, light brown to hyaline, hyphae, 2-5-4 p thick.

456

Perithecia usually remote from one another, sometimes in rather close groups of 2-3,

deeply immersed, with base near the upper clypeus, subglobose or somewhat flask-shaped,

often somewhat broader than long, 250-440 /x diam., 220-300 p. high. Ostiole obtusely

conical, immersed in the lower clypeus and with a rather indefinite pore 20-25 p. broad.

Perithecial wall pale brown to hyaline, not well defined, concentric fibrose. Asci 8-spored,

cylindrical or cylindrical-fusiform, rounded or tapering somewhat at the apex, briefly

spipitate, 62-88 X 11-15 /z. Spores distichous, subcylindrical or subclavate, rounded

above, tapering somewhat to the base, straight, hyaline, 21-28 X 4 /z. Paraphyses

numerous, filiform, exceeding the asci.

On Mimusops caffra E. Mey., on leaves, Lourenco Marques, Howard, 669.

On BORRAGINACEAE.

Phyllachora caffra Syd.

Ann. Myc. 13 (1915) p. 548 ; Doidge, Bothalia I (1921) p. 27.

Physalospora caffra Syd., Ann. Myc. 10 (1912) p. 39.

Stromata grouped on rusty brown leaf spots, which are irregular in form and not

sharply defined, epiphyllous, convex, black, shining, round, 250-350 /z diam. ; on the lower

leaf surface the epidermis is raised and later the stroma becomes visible as a minute, dull

black point.

Clypeus in the upper epidermis short, not extending beyond the single perithecium,

brownish black, opaque, 20-50 /x thick ; clypeus in the lower epidermis shorter and some-

times poorly developed. Stroma in the mesophyll sparse.

Perithecia solitary, deeply immersed and extending from the upper to the lower clypeus,

globose, 250-300 /z diam. Ostiole flat, papilliform, completely immersed in the clypeus,

periphysate, with a pore ca. 10 fx broad. Perithecial wall not well defined, hyaline or

yellowish, concentric fibrose. Asci paraphysate, 8-spored, cylindrical, 75-90 X 9-12 /z.

Spores monostichous, broadly ellipsoid, hyaline, continuous, 11-13 X 6-8 fx . Paraphyses

filiform, exceeding the asci.

On Cordia caffra Sond., on leaves, Amanzimtoti, Doidge, 1631.

PHAEQCHORELLA Theiss. et Syd.

Phaeochorella Parinarii (P. Henn.) Theiss. et Syd.;

Ann. Myc. 13 (1915) p. 405 ; Doidge, Bothala li (1921) p. 26.

Cocconia Parinarii P. Henn., Engl. bot. Jahrb. 3L. (1901) p. 257.

Stromata always epiphyllous, scattered, round to irregular in outline, 1-6 mm. diam.

the stromata on Parinarimn capense usually being smaller than those on Parinarium,

mobola, often very numerous, becoming crowded and occasionally confluent. When the

stromata are remote from one another, an irregular ring of younger stromata often develops

with the older stroma in the centre and a diameter of 8-12 mm. Stromata convex, up to

450 /z high, black, crustaceous, with rough, uneven surface.

Clypeus epidermal, black, carbonaceous, massive, 40-60 /z thick, originating in the

epidermal cells and becoming arched over the perithecia, parenchymatous, formed of dark

olive brown, round, angular or somewhat elongated cells ca. 5-8 /z diam. Stroma sur-

rounding the perithecia, between the clypeus and the palisade cells of the leaf light brown,

indefinite in structure, composed of more or less closely interwoven, branched hyphae,

2 • 5-4 fx thick. Stroma poorly developed in the mesophyll.

Perithecia several in each stroma, with flat or slightly concave base pressing against

the palisade cells of the leaf, usually in close groups, flattened globose to flask-shaped, or

irregular through mutual lateral pressure, 200-500 fx diam., 200-300 /z high. Ostiole flat,

papilliform, completely immersed in the clypeus, sparsely periphysate, with an irregularly

circular pore ca. 20-25 /z broad. Perithecial wall well developed, brown, 15-25 /z thick,

concentric fibrose, consisting of rather delicate, indistinctly septate hyphae 2-2-5 fx thick.

Asci paraphysate, 8-spored, cylindrical, 85-100 X 11-15 fx, rounded above, tapering below

to a short stalk. Spores monostichous, oblong, broadly rounded at both ends, continuous,

dark brown with a narrow, hyaline medial zone, 12-17 X 6-9 /z. Paraphyses fibrose;

breaking down early.

On Parinarium capense Harv., on leaves, Pretoria, Doidge , 613, 1507, 2203, Erasmus,

1272 and Janse ( van der Byl 1307) ; Natal, Pole Evans, 10981 ; Buffelspoort, near Marikana,

Pallister, 17825 ; Wonderboom, near Pretoria, Schonland, 21983 ; Silverton Ridge, near

Pretoria, Doidge, 23409 ; Daspoort, Pretoria, Kresfelder, 30817 ; Donkerpoort, near

Pretoria, Doidge and Bottomley, 29729 ; Waterkloof Ridge, near Pretoria, Doidge, 29855 ;

Nelspruit, Wager, 23411 and Liebenberg, 25497.

457

Parinarium curatellij olium Planch., Magoeba’s Kloof, 9173 ; also from East Africa,

Stoltz 1545, 23410.

Parinarium mobola Oliv. Rhodesia, Howard, 730 ; Letaba Drift, Doidge, 1809 ; Rua

River, near Salisbury, Eyles 1347, 23412 and van der Byl 2438 ; Louis Trichardt, Power,

30113 ; Zoutpansberg, van der Byl 2741 ; Mazoe, Eyles 5279 ( van der Byl 2507) ; Woodbush,

K. M. Putterill, 32750 and van der Byl 1526.

This fungus was originally described by Hennings (l.c.) from a collection on Parinarium

mobola made by G-oetze in “ upper Kondeland ”, Tanganyika Territory. It is very common

and widespread on Parinarium spp. in South Africa.

ENDODOTHELLA Theiss. et Syd.

Endodothella Deightonii Syd.

Ann. Myc. 36 (1938) pp. 162-163.

Phyllachora Albizziae Cke., (Levillea XIII (1885) p. 65.

Dothidea viventis var. Albizziae Cke., ibid.

Ilomostegia Albizziae (Cke.) Berl. et Vogl., in Sacc. Syll. Fung. IX, p. 1049.

sub Phragmocauma viventis (Cke.) Theiss. et Syd., Ann. Myc. 13 (1915) p. 411 ; Doidge,

Bothalia I (1921) p. 27.

Stromata always hypophyllous, not on leaf spots, but causing some yellowish- or

greenish-brown discoloration of the leaf tissues which is visible also on the upper side of

the leaf. Stromata scattered irregularly over the leaf surface, small, circular to elliptic

or angular and irregular, usually 0-5-1 mm. diam. ; often numerous and becoming con-

fluent, forming linear or branched, dendritic compound stromata, following the veins and

up to 3 mm. long or only limited in length by the extent of the vein, ca. 0-3-0- 5 mm. broad,

dull black or slightly shiny, convex.

Epidermal clypeus 25-45 p thick, formed of blackish brown, fibrose or microparen-

chymatous, almost opaque tissue. Stroma in the mesophyll poorly developed and consisting

of a loose and indefinite network of hyphae, which are septate, 2-3 p thick, subhyaline to

pale yellowish or greyish brown.

Perithecia more or less deeply immersed in the mesophyll, one to many in each stroma,

globose, flattened globose or irregular through mutual lateral pressure, 100-350 p diam.,

150-200 p high. Ostiole flat, broad, papilliform, immersed in the clypeus, with a round

pore 15-20 p broad. Perithecial wall concentric fibrose, usually about 10-17 p thick,

pale olive brown at the base and the lower part of the sides, darker and thicker above and

finally merging with the clypeus. Asci numerous, cylindrical to cylindrical-clavate, obtuse

above or tapering somewhat to the rounded apex, narrowed below abruptly or rather

•gradually to a short stalk usually about 5 p long, but occasionally with a rather long stalk

up to 30 p long, 8-spored, rarely 4-6-spored, sp. part 75-100 X 12-14 p with a firm wall

[fide Sydow 55-85 X 8-14 p thin-walled). Spores obliquely monostichous or imperfectly

distichous, oblong or oblong-fusoid, rounded at both ends, usually somewhat asymmetrical,

hyaline, 1-septate, not constricted, 20-27-5 X 6-7-5 p ( fide Sydow 14-20 X 4-5 p) ; cells

subequal or the upper slightly shorter (10-12-5 p long) and the lower (12-15 p long) tapering

somewhat towards the base, thick-walled, wall ca. 1 p thick. Paraphyses numerous,

filamentous, ca. l-5-2p thick, thin-walled.

On Albizzia gummifera (Gmel.) C. A. Smith (= Albizzia fastigiata Oliv.) on leaves,

Inanda, Medley Wood 583, 9492, 10445, type collection of Phyllachora Albizziae Cke.;

Winkle Spruit, Pole Evans, 1401, 1583 ; Stella Bush, Durban, Doidge, 1615 ; Verulam,

Pole Evans, 6829 ; Umkomaas, Bottomley, 11889 ; Phoenix, Natal, Wager, 33097 ; Durban,

van der Byl 209.

The Inanda collection, Medley Wood 583, was described by Cooke (l.c.) as Phyllachora

Albizziae (Syn. Dothidea viventis var. Albizziae) with the following details : —

“ Epiphylla, minuta, convexa, nitida, vix 1 mm. diam., loculis paucis (1-4).

Ascis clavatis, breviter stipitatis, sporidiis lanceolatis, medio constrictis, uniseptatis,

binucleatis demum triseptatis, hyalinis, 0-25-0-27 X -007 mm.”

Medley Wood’s fungus differs from this description in that the stromata are always

hypophyllous. In a very large number of preparations examined, no 3-septate spores

could be detected ; they are always 1-septate and are not constricted.

Following Cooke, Theissen and Sydow identified this fungus with Dothidea viventis

from India, which they renamed Phragmocauma viventis. Dr. Sydow recently examined

a small portion of the type of the Indian fungus ; the host differs from Albizzia gummifera

and is possiblv not an Albizzia sp., the stroma on this leaf is epiphyllous and is said to have

10

458

3-septate spores. It seems certain, therefore that the South African fungus is not identical

with the Indian Phragmocauma viventis.

The spores are 2-celled and the fungus is an Endodothella, but the name End. Albizziae

has been used by Sydow (Ann. Myc. 13, 1915, p. 590) for a Philippine species with much

smaller stromata and spores.

The South African fungus agrees in every particular with the species on Albizzia gummi-

jera from Sierra Leone described by Sydow as End. Deightonii except that the asci and

spores are somewhat larger. It is probable that this is a somewhat variable species

occurring throughout Africa on Albizzia.

Endodothella natalensis Doidge.

Bothalia I (1921) p. 30.

Not on leaf spots, but causing some yellowish brown discoloration of the leaf tissues

near the stromata. Stromata epiphyllous, minute, punctiform, about 0-3-0 *5 mm. diam.,

black, shiny, somewhat convex, not infrequently becoming confluent and forming larger,

compound stromata ; on the under side of the leaf the epidermis is often discoloured and

slightly raised, forming minute brown blisters.

Clypeus only in the upper epidermis, blackish brown, opaque, 30-40 p thick, usually

not extending beyond the perithecia, formed of dark olive brown, closely interwoven

hyphae, 2-2-5 p thick. Stroma in the mesophyll usually poorly developed except between

the perithecia where it is rather closely reticulate or loosly parenchymatous, formed of

olive brown hyphae 2.5-4 p thick.

Perithecia 1-2, rarely 3, in each individual stroma, more in the compound stromata,

deeply immersed, subglobose to ellipsoid, 240-320 p diam., 190-240 p high. Ostiole flat,

conical-truncate, completely immersed in the clypeus, periphysate, with a round pore

10-20 p broad. Perithecia! wall dark brown, well developed, subopaque, 13-15 p thick,

concentric fibrose, composed of brown hyphae 2-5-3 p thick. Asci paraphysate, 8-spored,

ellipsoid or cylindrical, straight or curved, rounded above, narrowed below into a short

stalk 6-7 p long, 80-87 X 15-17 p. Spores distichous or obliquely monostichous, hyaline,

1-septate, not constricted, fusiform, tapering to obtuse ends, 20-23-5 X 8-5-10 p, thick-

walled, wall 1-5-2 p thick ; cells subequal or the upper ca. 10 p long, lower 10-13-5 p long.

On Dichrostachys glomerata (Forsk.) Chiov., Winkle Spruit, Doidge, 2513, Type ;

Verulam, Pole Evans, 6833.

In the original description, the name of the host was incorrectly given as Dalbergia

armata ; a branch of this plant was mixed with the material, but the fungus is on Dichro-

stachys.

OPHIODOTHELLA v. Hohn.

Ophiodothella edax (B. et Br.) v. Hohn.

Fragm. Myk. 12 (1910) No. 630 ; Theiss. and Syd., Ann. Myc. 13 (1915) p. 613 ;

Doidge, Bothalia I (1921) p. 32.

Dothidea edax B. et Br., Jour. Linn. Soc. (1873) p. 135.

Ophiodothis edax Sacc., Syll. Fung. II, p. 653.

Not on definite leaf spots, but causing rather extensive yellow discoloration of the

leaf tissues. Stromata placed between the veins of the leaf in elongated groups up to 3 mm.

long and 1 mm. broad ; not infrequently an oval ring of younger stromata forms round

an older group. Single stromata amphigenous, mostly epiphyllous, but visible also on the

opposite side of the leaf, minute, punctiform, ca. 0-3 mm. diam., usually becoming confluent

in groups.

Clypeus in the epidermis on both sides of the leaf, brownish black, opaque, often some-

what raised and bluntly conical over the apex of the perithecia, 20-30 p thick in the upper

epidermis, ca. 20 p thick in the lower. Stroma in the mesophyll consists of rather loosely

reticulate, branched, pale olive brown to hyaline hyphae 2-5-4 p thick.

Perithecia 1-3 in each stroma, globose or flattened globose, deeply immersed, 150-250 ju.

diam., 150-200 p high. Ostiole papilliform or truncate conical, completely immersed in

the clypeus, periphysate. Perithecial wall subhyaline to light brown, 8-10 p thick, con-

centric fibrose. Asci numerous, 8-spored, clavate-ellipsoid, pedicellate, 70-80 X 10—13 /x.

Spores parallel, filiform, continuous, hyaline, straight or curved, tapering somewhat to the

blunt ends, 45-60 X 3-3-3 p. Paraphyses not seen.

On Tephrosia elongata E. Mey., on leaves, Olifantsfontein, Pienaar, 12822.

459

Ophiodothella Liebenbergii Doidge nov. spec.

Stromata epiphylla, maculis dilute brunneis circularibus usque irregularibus usque

1 cm. diam. metientibus insidentia, maculis saepe numerosis et confluentibus, tunc magnam

folii partem occupantibus ; stromata in maculis plus minus dense dispersa, discreta vel

2-3 dense aggregata, atra, convexa, nitida, usque 0*3 mm. diam. ; clypeo epidermali atro-

brunneo, opaco, 20-25 p vel usque 40 p crasso, ultra perithecia haud extenso ; stromate

in mesophyllo parce evoluto byalino. Perithecia solitaria, subglobosa, vel irregularia,

profunde immersa, 160-250 p diam., 150-180 p alta, ostiolo brevi, late conoideo clypeo

omnino immerso, copiose periphysato, poro plus minus rotundato 15-20 p lato pertuso

praedita ; pariete perithecii parum perspicuo, 5-7-5 p crasso, concentrice fibroso, hyalino.

Asci sat numerosi, 8-spori, ellipsoidei, antice rotundati, sessiles, recti v. leniter curvati,

65-75 X 10-15 p. Sporae parallelae, contortae, hyalinae, lineares, 50-62-5 p longae. ad

basim rotundatam vel truncatam 2-5-3 p crassae, sursum sensim attenuatae, curvatae,

continuae.

Hab. in foliis Ochna pulchrae, Hartebeestpoort, leg. Liebenberg, 30382.

On light brown leaf spots, which are circular to irregular in outline and up to 1 cm.

diam., often numerous, becoming confluent and covering a large part of the leaf. Stromata

epiphyllous, scattered on the leaf spots, discrete or in small, closely crowded groups of 2-3,

black, convex, shining, minute, up to ca. 0-3 mm. diam.

Clypeus in the upper epidermis opaque, blackish brown, 20-25 p thick, up to 40 p

thick over the apex of the perithecia, not extending beyond the perithecia, formed of

closely interwoven, dark olive brown hyphae 2 • 5-4 p thick. Stroma in the mcsophyll

composed of rather loosely reticulate hyaline hyphae.

Perithecia solitary, subglobose or somewhat irregular in form, deeply immersed in the

mesophyll, 160-250 p diam., 150-180 p high ; ostiole flat, truncate conical, immersed in

the clypeus, periphysate, with a more or less round pore 15-20 p broad. Perithecial wall

delicate, hyaline, 5-7-5 p thick, concentric fibrose, closely appressed to the cells of the

host. Asci fairly numerous, 8-spored, ellipsoid, rounded at the apex, sessile, straight or

somewhat curved, 65-75 X 10-15 p. Spores parallel, twisted, hyaline, continuous, linear,

50-62-5 p long, 2-5-3 p broad at the rounded or truncate base and tapering gradually

to the apex, curved, usually more or less sinuous. Paraphyses sparse.

On Ochna pulchra Hook., on leaves, Hartebeespoort below the dam, Liebenberg, 30382,

Type ; The Willows, Pretoria District, Doidge and Bottomley, 29735 ; Meintjes Kop,

Pretoria, Hean, 32801 ; The Kloof, Rustenburg, Hean, 31084.

DIACHORA J. Mull, emend. Petrak.

Ann. Myc. 22 (1924) p. 130.

Leaf parasites. Stroma extensive, delicate, permeating all the leaf tissues and defined

on either side by a parenchymatous “ rind ” in the epidermis ; within, the stroma is

sclerotial, hyaline or subhyaline. Perithecia completely and permanently immersed in

the stroma, rather remote from one another, only the ostiole erumpent ; ostiole papilliform

or truncate-conical. Perithecial wall more or less parallel-fibrose, rather light coloured,

weakly membranous, almost fleshy. Asci very delicate, cylindrical, sessile or briefly pedi-

cellate, 8-spored. Spores ellipsoid or ovate, 1-celled, hyaline, of medium size.

Petrak (he.) states that the genus Diachora, of which the species are found on Legumi-

nosae, is intermediate between Physalosporina and Phyllachora, and that it affords an

indication that the true Phyllachora spp. must have developed from Physalosporina -like

forms. The position of the genus is ambiguous, but it is included here with the Phylla-

choraceae.

Diachora Lessertiae (Doidge) Petr.

Ann. Myc. 32 (1934) p. 349.

Phyllachora Lessertiae Doidge, Bothalia I (1921) p. 30.

Stroma extensive, usually penetrating right through the leaf, which becomes distended

to a thickness of 300-700 p ; it also develops on the petioles and stems, encircling them

and spreading more or less extensively. The leaf tissues are discoloured light brown ;

greyish black or brownish black spots develop round the ostioles of the perithecia, and

these often coalesce so that the greater part of the leaf surface appears black.

Ground tissue of the stroma sclerotial, plectenchymatous, consisting of thick-walled

hyphae 4—6 p thick, irregularly and very freely branched and interwoven. Over the peri-

thecia and in their vicinity the stroma tissue is coloured more or less dark olive brown.

460

Perithecia scattered irregularly, but seldom single, usually in closely crowded groups

of 2-4 and more or less coalescent, sometimes quite fused, rather deeply immersed, globose,

broadly ellipsoid or ovate, often flattened laterally through mutual pressure and irregular,

ca. 160-280 p. diam., narrowing above into a thick, truncate-conical ostiole, which is

punctiform-erumpent, with an irregularly round pore. Perithecial wall weakly membranous

to fleshy, ca. 15-25 p thick, consisting of numerous layers of closely compressed cells,

hyaline or pale at the base and sides, with cells ca. 8-16 p diam., pellucid olive brown near

the apex and formed of smaller dark brown cells ; usually not sharply defined externally

and merging with the stroma tissue. Asci numerous, cylindrical to sub-clavate, broadly

rounded above, narrowed below into a short stalk, 8-spored, thin-walled, sp. part 70-90 X

12-17 p. Spores monostichous or incompletely distichous, ellipsoid or ovate, broadly

rounded at both ends, continuous, hyaline, 10-15 X 5-6-5 p. Paraphyses rather sparse,

broadly filimentous, very thin-walled, ca. 3-4 p thick.

On Lessertia depressa Harv., on leaves and stems, Smitskraal, Burl! Davy , 1568, Type.

Lessertia perennans D.C., Mooi River, Natal, Mogg, 17038.

Lessertia stricta Bolus, Nottingham Road, McClean, 32285.

The host of the type collection was wrongly named ; it is Lessertia depressa not L.

tenui folia.

SPECIES EXCLUDENDAE VEL DUBIAE.

A number of South African fungi previously included in the Phyllachoraceae have

not been described in this paper and the reasons for their exclusion are set forth in the

following notes.

Coccochora Lebeckiae Yerw. et Difflp.

S. Afric. Jour. Sci. 27 (1930) p. 328.

On Lebeckia Candolleana, Stellenbosch, van der By l 3S9 and Gordon’s Bay, Loseby

{van der Byl 2590).

This fungus, which is described accurately and in detail by Yerwoerd and Dippenaar

(l.c.) is an Aphysa and may be called Aphysia Lebeckiae (Yerw. et Dipp.) Doidge.

Dictyochorella Andropogonis Doidge.

Bothalia I (1922) p. 66.

The muriform spores described belong to Pleospora Doidgeae Petr. (Ann. Myc. 25, 1927,

pp. 293-295) which is parasitic in a jihyllachoroid stroma. The host is probably Phyllachora

Doidgeae Sy.d. on Cymbopogon 'sp. See also Bothalia 1Y (1941) p. 212.

Oligostroma maculiformis (Wint.) Doidge.

Bothalia I (1921) p. 31.

Didymella maculiformis Wint., Hedwigia 23 (1884) p. 169 ; Rabh. Wint. Fung. Eur.

3056.

Oligostroma Proteae Syd., Ann. Myc. 12 (1914) p. 265 and 13 (1915) p. 592 ; Petrak,

Ann. Myc. 22 (1924) p. 116.

On Protea grandi flora. Thunb., near Cape Town, MacOwan, 3396 (Rabh. Fung. Eur.

3056).

Protea Flanagani Phil., Kentani, Pegler, 5163, 5618, type collection of O. Proteae.

This fungus is common throughout South Africa on Protea spp. The genus is excluded

from the Phyllachoraceae by Petrak (l.c.). He disagrees with v. Hohnels view (Ber.

Deutsch. hot. Ges. XXXV, 1917, p. 629) that Oligostroma is closely related to Endodothella

and states that it stands in close relationship to Didymella and Mycosphaerella and is a

genus of the true Dothideales in the broad sense, the Phyllachoraceae being now regarded

as belonging to the Sphaeriales.

Phaeodothis stenostoma (Ell. et Tr.) Th. et Syd.

Ann. Myc. 13 (1915) p. 596 ; Doidge, Bothalia I (1922) p. 66.

On Panicum maximum Jacq., Bluff, Durban, Doidge, 1611.

The type specimen of this fungus has not been seen, but the South African specimens

identified as Phaeodothis stenostoma (Doidge l.c.) are Cryptodidymosphaeria clandestina Syd.,

which is parasitic in the stroma of Phyllachora heterospora. Sec also Bothalia IV (1941)

p. 206.

Phaeodothis Tristachyae Syd.

Ann. Myc. 10 (1912) p. 41 ; Theissen and Sydow, Ann. Myc. 1 3 (1915) p. 595 ; Doidge,

Bothalia I (1922) p. 67.

On Tristachya hispida Solium., on leaves, Mooi River, Natal, Burtt Davy, 1470.

461

This is also Cry ptodidymospkaeria clandestinci. The Phyilachora on Tristachya on

which it is parasitic has not been found in good condition and is unidentified.

Phyilachora Knipliofiae (Kalck. et Cke.) Sacc.

Syll. Fung. II (1883) p. 607.

Dothidea Kniphojiae K. et Cke., Grevillea IX (1882) p. 31.

On dying leaves of Kniphojiae abides Monch., Boschberg Mts., MacOuan, Rabh. Wint.

Fling. Eur. 3556.

According to Theissen and Sydow (Ann. Myc. 13, 191o, p. 568) this is not a Phyilachora.

The original specimen has Sphaerella-like perithecia without a true clypeus.

Telimena corticicola Doidge.

Bothalia I (1922) p. 70.

On stems of Helichrysum sp., Alice, Doidge, 10975. >

As defined by Petrak, the fungi of the genus Telimena are exclusively leaf parasites and

the type species of the genus belongs to the Diaportheae group ; this fungus is therefore

excluded and cannot be a Telimena. Material is unfortunately very scanty and further

collections will be necessary before a critical study can be made.

Thyriopsis Proteae van der Byl.

S. Afric. Jour. Sci. 26 (1929) p. 318.

On leaves of Prolea scCibra, Caledon District, van der Byl 2511.

The type specimen quoted above does not differ from Aphysa senniana (Sacc.) Doidge,

Bothalia IV (1941) p. 188.

INDEX OF FUNGI AND HOSTS.

Aberia caffra 452

Acacia amentacea 444

Benthami 444

Farnesiana. . i 444

Gerrardi 444

robusta 444

verrucosa 444

Agropyrum repens 421

Albizzia gummifera 457

fastigiata 457

Alloteropsis semialata 432

Andradia arborea 445

Andropogon ceresiaeforme 424

Andropogoneae 423

Anthistiria imberbis 427

Aphysa Lebeekiae 460

senniana 461

Arundinaria tesselata 429

Arundinella Ecklonii 427, 428

Arundinelleae 427

Axonopus semialatus 432

Bambuseae 428

Bersama lucens 449

Swinnyi 449

Tysoniana 449

Borraginaceae 456

Brac-hiaria brizantha 432

serrata 432

Brachypodium flexum 432

pinna turn 432

Brackystegia 445

Brachystegia Randii 445

Catacaumri 421

Cataeauma dalbergiicola 446

goyazense 453

grammicum 141

■ Peglerae 453

Pterocarpi 446

punctum „ 445

repents 443

Schotiae 447

Clilorideae 429

Chloris 430

Chloris gayana 430

pycnotkrix 430

Chrysopogon montanus v. tremulus 423

Coccochora Lebeekiae 460»

Cocconia Parinarii 456

Coniothyrium occultum 424, 435

Cordia caffra 456

Croton ' 449

Croton sylvaticus 449

Cryptodidymospkaeria clandestina . . 424, 429, 435,

460, 461 '

Cryptogams 423

Cyathea Dregei 423

Cyinbopogon excavatus 424

marginatus 424

Cynodon Dactylon 429

hirsutus 429

incompletus 429

plectostachyum 429

Dalbergia armata 446

Diachora 422, 459

Dia chora Lessertiae. . ; 459

Dichrostacliys glomerata 458

Dictyochorella Andropogonis 460

Didymella maculiformis 460

Digitaria Brazzae 434

eriantka 433

eriantka v. stolonifera 433

. longiflora 434

monodactyla 434

Pentzii 433

sanguinalis 434

seriata 433

Smutsii 433

Dolickos 44S

Dombeyae Burgessiae 451

pulchra 451, 452

rot undifolia 452

Schimperiana 451

462

Dothideaceae

JJofhidea circinata

Crotonis

edax

graminis

Knip/wfiae

lucens

Melianthi

puncta

repens

Strelitziae

v iventis v. Albizziae

Dovyalis caffra

Elvonurus argenteus

glaber v. villosus 424,

Endodothella

Endodothella Albizziae

Deightonii

natalensis

Strelitziae

Eragrosteae

Eragrostis

Eragrostis curcula 430,

gangetica

Lehmanniana

superba 431,

Eugenia capensis

natalitia • . .

Zeyheri

zuluensis

Eupliorbiaceae

Eestuceae

Eicus 421,

Eicus Burkei

Burtt-Davyi

capensis 440, 441,

carica

Hochstetteri v. glabrior

howardiana

infectoria

ingens.

natalensis

Pretoriae

religiosa

sycomorus

trachyphyllus

Elacourtiaceae

Gramineae.

Grewia occidentalis

Helichrysum

Hibiscus

Hibiscus tiliaceus

Homostegia Albizziae

Hyparrhenia cymbaria

kirta

Jsckaemum arcuatum

Jsothea rhytismoiies

Kniphofia aloidcs

Lebeckia Candolleana

Leguminosae

Leptocarydion Vulpiastrum

Lossertia deprcssa ....

perennans

stricta

tenuifolia

Loudetia simplex

Malvaceae

Melianthaceae

Melianthus major 449,

Mclinis minutiflora v. mutioa

tenuinervis

Mierodiplodia rikatliensis

Mimusops caffra

Miscantnidium capense

sorghum

Monocybium ceresiiformc

Moraceae 440

Musaceae 439

Myrsinaceae 455

Myrsine melanophleos 455

Mvrtaceae 452

Ochnaeeae 452

Ochna Holstii 452

pulchra 459

Oligostroma maculiformis 4 60

Proteae 460

Ophiodothella 422

Ophiodothella edax 458

Ophiodothella Liebenbergii 459

Paniceae 432

Panicum deustum 435

maximum 435, 460

minus 433

Stapfianum 433

Parinarium capense 456

curatellifolium 457

mobola 457

Parodiella circinata 448

puncta 445

Paspalum scrobiculatum 435

Peltophorum africanum 446

Pennisetum Benthami 436

macrourum 436

purpureum 436

setosum 436

sphacelatum 436

Perotis indica 439

Phaeochora Neowashingtoniae 422

Phaeochorella Parinarii 422, 456

Phaeodothis stenostoma 460

Tristachyae 460

Phaseolus 448

Phragmocauma viventis 457

Phyllachora 421, 422

Phyllachora Aberiae 452

Acaciae 444

Albizziae 457

amaniensis 440

an thistiriieola 427

Arundinellae 427

Baumii. 455

Bottom ley ae 425

Brachypodii 431

Brachystegiae 445

Burgessiae 450

caffra 456

capensis 452

chloridicola 430

Chrysopogonis 423

circinata 448

crotonicola 448

Crotonis 448

Cynodontis 429

Cynodontis v. chloridis 430

dalbergiicola 446

Digitariae 433

digitaricola. . , 433

Doidgeae 423, 460

Dombeyae 451

Elyonuri 424

Eragrostidis w. . . 430

Evansii 436

ficuum 441

gentilis 454

goyazensis 453

graminis 421

grammica 441, 443

Grewiae 450

Halsei 444

421

448

458

435

461

449

445

443

439

457

452

425

, 425

422

458

457

458

439

430

431

444

454

453

448

431

440

442

441

443

442

443

441

■143

452

423

450

461

450

457

424

425

443

461

460

4 14

430

460

428

450

449

450

434

445

456

426

424

463

Phyllachora heterospora 434,

Hieronymi

Howardiana

Julocrotonis

Kniphofiae

Leptocarydii

Lessertiae

Loudetiae

lucens

Melianthi 449,

melinicola.

mierostegia

minuta

Miscanthidii

Morgani

myrsinicola

nervisequens

Peglerae

Peltophori

Penuiseti 435,

permutata

Perotidis

placida

Pretoriae

Proteae

repens

Pterocarpi

puncta 445,

repens

rikat lien sis

sanguinolenta

sanguinolenta v. microspora. . .

Schizachyrii

Schotiae

Schweinfurthii v. nervisequens. .

aatariaecola

Sporoboli

sporobolica

Strelitziae

striatula

sudanensis

auperba 431 ,

Tecleae

Tephrosiae

transvaalensis

Tricholaenae

Wi.ikleri

woodiana

Phy llachoraceae 421,

Phyllachorella rikatliensis

Phyllachorineae

Physalospora caffra

Dombeyae ! . . .

placida

Pkysalosporina i

Physalospora Astragali

Placostroma

Pleospora Doidgeae 424,

Poly stigma

Proteaceae

Protea

Protea Flanagani

Protea grandiflora < 460

mellifera 444

scabra 461

Pterocarpus angolensis 447

erinaceus 447

rotundifolius 447

sericeus 447

Rapanea melanophleos 455

Rhynchelytrum repens 438

Rhytisma eugeniacearum 453

Grewiae 450

Melianthi 449

Rutaceae 448

Sapotaceae 455

Schizachyrium semiberbe 426, 427

•Sehotia speciosa 447

Scirrhireae 421

Scoledxithis capensis 452

Setaria 436

Setaria Chevalier i 436

flabellata 437

lindenbergiana ^ 436

nigrirostris 437

sphacelata. . . . ; 437

sulcata 436

Sideroxylon 455

Sphaeriaceae 421

Sphaeria repens 443

Sphaerodothis 422

Sphaerodothis Arengae 422

Sporoboleae 438

Sporobolus 439

Sporobolus pyramidalis 438, 439

Staganospora cryptogea 424

Stereuliaceae 450

Strelitzia augusta 440

Teclea natalensis 448

Telimena Arundinariae 428

corticicola 461

Tephrosia elongata 458

Nyassae 448

Themeda triandra 427

Thespesia populnea 450

Thyriopsis Proteae 461

Tiliaceae 450

Trabutia 422

Trabutia crotonicola 448

Evanmi 441

ficuurn 441

nervisequens 442

nervisequens v. robusta 442

quercina 421

Trabutiineae 421

Tricholaena monachme 438

rosea 438

Tristachya 461

Tristachya hispida 460

Urochloa helopus 433

mosambicensis 433

pullulans 433

Zoysieae 439

460

423

447

448

461

430

459

428

449

450

434

452

450

425

438

455

442

453

446

436

428

439

455

442

443

446

443

445

432

433

426

447

442

439

432

444

448

447

436

437

435

454

422

445

721

456

451

455

421

422

460

421

443

460

464

THE GENUS ERIOMYCOPSIS SPEC.

By C. G. Hansford,

Senior Plant Pathologist, Uganda Department of Agriculture.

The present paper is the outcome of a long study of the hyper-parasites of the leaf

fungi of Uganda, extended recently to collections received from F. L. Hendrickx, Congo

Beige; Dr. Bitancourt, Sao Paulo, Brasil; and from Dr. E. M. Doidge, Pretoria. Members

of the present genus are seme of the most common .hyper-parasites of Meliola, Asterina

and other leaf fungi, and appear to occur throughout the range of their hosts. One of the

greatest difficulties in dealing with these liyper-parasites is to obtain material sufficiently

uniform for preservation as herbarium specimens, and the experience of the writer has

led him to take as the unit specimen the actual single colony of the host fungus examined,

and even here there may be more than one species of Eriomycopsis. occurring in mixed

infection. On a single leaf a number of colonies of Meliola or Asterina or both may be found,

and these may show a wide range of hyper-parasites, not only of this present genus but

of others totally unrelated. In view of this difficulty a series of microscopical preparations

have been made by the writ er and deposited in the Herbarium of the Imperial Mycological

Institute, Kew, to serve as examples of the various species described below.

The genus Eriomycopsis was founded by Spegazzini in 1910 (An. Mus. Nac. Buenos

Aires, xx, p. 429) on the species E. Bomplandi, parasitic on Meliola. Sydow in Ann. Myc.,

xxvii, p. 137 (1929) described a second species E. tenuis, parasitic on Parodiopsis Stevensii,

differing considerably from E. Bomplandi. These two species are all the writer has been

able to trace as published hitherto, but in the collections examined by him a series of forms

have been found, obviously related to the two species mentioned above, but exhibiting a

considerable rangOAn structure and conidial formation. These are described below, and in

order to include them in Eriomycopsis, the original generic diagnosis must be modified.

The conidia are in most species formed on short sterigmata, either hollow or apparently

solid, at first terminal on the conidiophore, but becoming lateral by the growth of the latter

past the sterigma ; in E. Sclerochitionis the conidiophore grows through the conidial scar

so that this remains as a broken ring around the wall of the conidiophore. In some species

the sterigmata are Dot evident and the conidia leave merely a flat scar on the conidiophore,

while in others the sterigma adheres to the conidium when this matures and falls off, instead

of to the wall of the conidiophore. In a few species the mycelium and sometimes the

conidiophores become distinctly smoky in colour.

ERIOMYCOPSIS Speg., emend.

Hyphomycetea mucedinea, macronemea, in fungis aliis hyperparasitica ; conidiophora

erecta simplicia continua vel septata ; conidia in sterigmatis minutis producta, ngula,

acro-pleurogenea fusoidea vel filiformia, 1-multi-septata, hyalina, majuscule levia.

KEY TO SPECIES.

Conidia more or less filiform.

Conidia hamate, 1-septate, —30 X 2-5 y hamata (1).

Conidia not hamate.

Condiophores hardly differentiated, conidia 0-3-septate, —35 X 3 p minima (2).

Conidiophores apparent, elongate, erect.

Conidia 3-sept., —70x3 -5^ with long attenuate apex; colour

developed in old colonies flagcllata (3).

Conidia 3-5-sept., 70-100 X 2 -5-3 -5 ft, always hyaline anguslispora (4).

Conidia narrow (—7p) but not filiform.

Sterigmata rudimentary or none.

Conidial scars lateral.

Conidia 2-5-sept., — 70 x 5 /t africana (5).

Conidia 5-10-sept., —60 X 6 /< Aslerinae (6).

Mycelium and conidiophores yellowish, conidia 3-sept., with apical

‘beak, —45 X 5-7 p ‘ . Bosquicae (7).

Conidial scars broken rings on c’phore, conidia 3-7-sept., slightly

hamate, —90 x 5-7 p. Sclcrochitonis (8).

465

Sterigmata lateral on conidiopliorc.

Conidia clavate, rounded at apex, 3-sept., 20-37 X 5-8 Schiffnerulae (9).

Conidia fusoid, with, basal sterigma.

Mycelium becoming smoky, conidia 3-sept., —50 x 7 p Ugandae (10).

Mycelium remaining hyaline.

Condia 3-sept., acute at apex, 16—45 X 5-5-8 /x tenuis (11).

Conidia 3-sept., apex long attenuate, 30-70 X 5-6 p Trichiliae (12).

Conidia more than 7 p wide.

Sterigmata present.

Conidia fusoid, 3-5-sept., 45-90 X 7-10 p Bomplandi (13).

Conidia with attenuate apex, sterigmata reduced to Hat scars 3 X 1 /<,

conidia 3-7-sept., 50-100 X 6-9 / 1 robusta (14).

Sterigmata absent.

Conidia 3-6-sept., 50-80 X 7-9 /<, apex attenuate-rounded Chorleyi (15).

Conidia 4-sept., 70-80 x 11-12/4, apex flagellate, base conoid-truncate... Meliolae (16).

1. E. hamata Hansf., sp. n.

Plagulae albae tenues vel densae. Mycelium ex hyphis hyalinis agglutinis 2-3 p crassis

indistincte septatis ramosissimis compositum. Conidiophora erecta 0-1-septata simplicia

hyalina sursum attenuata et geniculata, usque ad 50 p longa. Sterigmata minuta solida.

Conidia hamata hyalina 1-septata haud constricta, versus basim truncatulum attenuata,

apice flagellata curvata, 25-30 X 2-2-5 p.

Hab. in plagulis Meliolae spec., Rifle Range, Kiagwe, Hansford 2676 p.p.

The fungus forms white colonies varying much in density and completely covering the

colony of the host. The conidiophores arise as lateral branches from the mycelial hyphae

and at the basal septum they bend through a right angle to become vertical. Conidia similar

to those of this species are occasionally found in colonies of other species of this genus,

and further investigation is needed to determine whether in such cases E. hamata occurs

in mixed infection, or whether other species in young stages form conidia of this type. E.

hamata is often associated with a common Discomycete parasite of Meliola and may be

its conidia! stage.

2. E. minima Hansf., sp. n.

Plagulae, albae vel dilute roseae tenues ; mycelium ex hyphis repentibus hyalinis

reticulatis indistincte septatis 3 p crassis compositum. C'onidiophora erecta 30-50 p longa

simplicia hyalina 0-3-septata recta vel geniculata, circa 4 p crassa. Conidia singula fusoidea

hyalina utrinque acuta 0-3-septata haud constricta 20-35 X 2-3 p.

Hab. in plagulis Ireninae glabrae, Kampala, Uganda, Hansford 1871 p.p.

Other Uganda collections (Hansford) are 2859, on Balladyna tenue, 2861 on Balladyna

magnifica, 2869 on Meliola Rhois, 2984 on Irenopsis Macarangae. In S. Africa the following

have been determined as this species (the collection numbers are those of Herb. Mvc.,

Pretoria) : 1402 on Meliola capensis, 11020 on M . comat a, 32229 on Meliola ganglifera,

1781 on Irene Strophanthi, 17166 on I. Podocarpi, 17107 on I. Nuxiae.

In this species the conidiophores are usually mere erect ends or short branches of the

mycelial hyphae, with a few scattered minute granules or warts, less than 1 p high, on the

surface of the end cell, possibly representing rudimentary sterigmata. The conidia are

slightly bent, acute at both ends, with little distinction between base and apex, very

indistinctly 3-septate or merely gnttulate.

3. E. flagellata Hansf., sp. n.

Plagulae tenues albidae vel sordidae ; mycelium- ex hyphis hyalinis vel dilute fuliginis

repentis septatis ramosissimis subagglutinis 2-4 p crassis compositum. Conidiophora singula

vel fasciculata erecta simplicia vel rarius furcata hyalina vel inferne dilutissime fuliginea,

usque ad 200 p longa, 3 -5-4 -5 p cr., pluriseptata, superne geniculata et sterigmatis praedita ;

sterigmata 1 p longa. Conidia singula terminalia filiformia hyalina utrinque attenuata,

basi truncatula, apice curvula flagellata, 3-septata, 40-70 x 2-3-5 p.

Hab. in plagulis Ireninae spec., Gayaza Road, Uganda, Hansford 2635.

Other collections of this species are : (Uganda, Hansford) 2571, 2684 on Irenina and

Asterina on Trema , 2710 on Irenina Hansfordii, 2843 on Meliola borneensis, 2881 on Meliola

Artabortrydis , 2696 on Schiffnerula rnirabilis : Arruda 2981 on Irenopsis tortuosa, Brazile

In old colonies the mycelium and base of the conidiophores turn smoky brown ; the

conidia are terminal, each leaving a minute solid sterigma about 1 p long on the

conidiophore ; the latter continues its growth so that the old sterigmata become lateral

and the axis is more or less geniculate at each. The conidia are narrow filiform with a

bent whip-like apex, attenuate and truncate at the basal hilum.

466

4. E. angustispora Hansf., sp. n.

Plagulae tenues albidae ; mycelium ex hyptris hyalinis repentis indistincte septatis

ramosissimis 2 p cr. compositum. Conidiophora lateralia erecta continua simplicia hyalina

usque ad 40 p longa, 3-4 p cr., superne leniter attenuata ; sterigmata nulla. Conidia

terminalia filiformia curvula 3-5-septata hyalina haud constricta basi truncata apice

attenuato-rotundata, 70-100 x 2 -5-3 -5 p.

Hab. in plagulis Hysterostomellae Tetracerae, Entebbe Road, Uganda, Hansford 2796.

This differs from E. flagellata in its short hyaline conidiophores ; in the type specimen it is

associated with a species of Calonectria.

5. E. africana Hansf., sp. n.

Plagulae tenuissimes albidae ; mycelium ex hyphis hyalinis agglutineo-reticulatis

1- 5-2 p crassis compositum. Conidiophora erecta simplicia hyalina usque ad 55 p longa,

basi 3 * 5 4 p cr., 0-1-septata superne leniter geniculata. Sterigmata nulla. Conidia

terminalia singula elongato-fusoidea curvula utrinque attenuata basi truncata, apice acuta,

2- 5-septata haud constricta 40-70 X 3-5-5p.

Hab. in plagulis Asterinae in foliis Justiciae spec., Hoima Road, Uganda, Hansford 2671.

The colonies are very thin and hardly visible, white. The conidiophores are erect

branches of the mycelial hyphae, each arising from a swollen “ foot cell ” and are slightly

attenuate upwards, usually 1 -septate just above the base. The conidia are formed singly

at the end of the conidiophore and leave no sterigma but merely a flat scar at which there

is slight geniculation of the conidiophore after its elongation. Very young conidia somewhat

resemble those of E. hamata.

6. E. Asterinae Hansf., sp. n.

Plagulae effusae tenues albidae ; mycelium ex hyphis hyalinis 3 p cr. ramosissimis

subagglutinis compositum. Conidiophora numerosa erecta simplicia usque ad 80 p longa,

3- 4 p cr., 0-2-septata superne geniculata. Conidia singula terminalia elongato-fusoidea

hyalina utrinque rotundata basi truncata apice subacuta vel rotundata 5-10-septata haud

constricta 30-60 X 4-6 p. ,

Hab. in plagulis Asterinae diplocarpae, Entebbe Road, Uganda, Hansford 2514.

Other collections : Uganda, Hansford : 2778, 2790 on Asterina, 2905 on Asterinella

sp. on Loranthus, 2967 on Asterina ; S. Africa, Doidge 17176 on Asterina.

The colonies are very thin and somewhat powdery, white, extending beyond those

of the host. The conidia leave no sterigmata on the conidiophore, which’ is slightly geniculate

at the flat scars. The base of the conidium is often slightly apiculate, ending in a truncate

hilum and the septation is higher than in other species, with much shorter cells.

7. E. Bosquieae Hansf., sp. n.

Plagulae velutinae flavidae ; mycelium ex hyphis flavidis vel flavo-brunneis septatis

4 p cr. ramosis reticulatis compositum. Conidiophora fasciculata erecta simplicia vel

irregulariter furcata, deorsum flavida, sursum hyalina, usque ad 140 p longa, 4 p cr. ;

sterigmata nulla. Conidia terminalia singula, primo obovata demum obclavata apice

attenuato-hamata hyalina vel dilutissime flavida 3-septata usque ad 45 p longa, 5-7 p cr.,

apice 1-2 p cr., basi attenuato-truncata.

Hab. in Meliola Soroceae in foliis Bosquieae Pkoberos, Entebbe Road, Uganda, Hansford

2913.

This differs from other species in its pronounced yellow colour ; the conidia are very

like those of Arthrosporium parasiticum Wint., but in the present collections there is no

sign of a Stilbaceous aggregation of the conidiophores. The fungus has been collected

repeatedly in Uganda, always on the same host.

8. E. Sclerochitonis Hansf., sp. n.

Plagulae tenues albidae ; mycelium ex hyphis hyalinis sejrtatis ramosissimis

subagglutinis repentis compositum. Conidiophora sparsa vel laxe aggregata erecta simplicia

vel apice furcata hyalina septata circa 100 p longa et 4-6 p cr., basi sub-bulbosa (-9 p)

superne leniter attenuata (3-4 p). Conidia singula terminalia hyalina curvula fusoidea,

plerumque 5-septata haud constricta apice attenuato-acuta curvulaque, basi subtruncata,

50-90 x 5-5-7 p.

Hab. in plagulis Meliolae Sclerochitonis, Masaka Road, Uganda, Hansford 2003 p.p.

Other collections : Uganda, Hansford : 2968 on Meliola, 1199a on Meliola.

467

The method of conidial formation distinguishes this species from all others ; each

conidium leaves a flat, slightly hollow scar, though which the conoidiophore continues its

apical growth. The conidia are somewhat attenuate-beaked and bent at the apex ; they

germinate by extension of the apex into a hypha and by a thin hypha produced through

the truncate base.

9. E. Schiffnerulae Hansf., sp. n.

Plagulae albidae effusae plus minusve velutinae ; mycelium ex hyphis hyalinis 2-3 • 5 p

cr. ramosissimis subagglutinis septatis compositum. Conidiophora aggregata vel dispersa

usque ad 300 p longa 3-4-5 p cr. septata plerumque simplicia superne geniculata

sterigmatibus praedita. Conidia clavata basi attenuata apice late rotundata, recta 3-septata

haud constricta 20-37 X 5-8 p.

Hab. in plagulis Schiffnerulae mirabilis in foliis Passiflorae, Entebbe Road, Uganda,

Hansford 1819.

Other collections : Uganda, Hansford : 1846, 1841, 1821, 2641, 2825, on Schffnerula

spp. ; 2325, 2342 on Balladyna spp. ; 2664 on Meliola.

This differs from E. tenuis in the rounded apices of the conidia ; the sterigmata are

widely separated along the conidiophore and are up to 4 p long by 1 p wide, hollow

cylindric with a septum at the base ; by continued growth of the condiophore they are

left as lateral spines.

10. E. Ugandae Hansf. sp. n.

Plagulae albidae vel sordidae tenues ; mycelium ex hyphis hyalinis vel dilute

fidigineis ramosis reticulatis septatis 3-4- 5 p cr. compositum. Conidiophora dispersa vel

laxe aggregata erecta simplicia hyalina vel inferne dilute fuliginea, usque ad 300 p longa,

4-6 p crassa, simplicia, superne geniculata. Conidia singula terminalia hyalina fusoidea

utrinque attenuata apice subacuta, basi truncato-apiculata, 3-septata haud constricta

30-50 X 5-7 p. Sterigmata numerosa cylindracea usque ad 5 p longa et 1-1 -5 p cr.

Hab. in plagulis Schiffnerulae Brideliae in foliis Brideliap, Kampala, Uganda, Hansford

1331 p.p.

Other collections Uganda, Hansford : 2678, 2641, 2634, 2959 on Sch ffnerula spp. ;

S. Africa, Doidge 12298 on Irene scabra.

The sterigmata in M. Ugandae are rather larger and more numerous than in E.

Schiffnerulae, from which it differs in shape and size of conidia and in the production of

colour in older colonies. The sterigmata are hollow cylindric with a basal septum.

11. E. tenuis Syd. in Ann. Myc., xxvii, p. 137 (1929).

Colonies white, loose to dense, or thin arachnoid, often subfloccose, effuse. Mycelium

of loose branched hyphae, creeping, hyaline, remotely and indistinctly septate, 4-6 p wide.

Conidiophores erect, straight or slightly curved, rarely undulate, 4-5 p wide, remotely and

indistinctly septate, 100-170 p long, hyaline, with 3-6 minute papillae towards the tip.

Conidia solitary on papillae, oblong-clavate to almost oblong-fusoid, rarely oblong ellipsoid,

widest in upper part, rounded to acute at the apex, when mature 3-septate, 25-45 X 5*5-8 p.

On Parodiopsis Stevensii on Inga marginata, Porto Rico. Sydow, Fung, exot, exs.,

No. 704.

Sydow's original description gives the conidia as wide rounded at the apex, but

examination of this specimen shows by far the greater number of conidia to have definitely

acute apices, and it is considered that those with rounded apices are immature. No other

collection of this fungus has been found by the present writer.

12. E. Trichiliae Hansf., sp. n.

Plagulae albidae tenues ; mycelium ex hyphis hyalinis repentis septatis ramosissimis

reticulatis subagglutinatis 2 -5-3 -5 p cr. compositum. Conidiophora erecta subrecta hyalina

septata simplicia 40-150 X 3-6 p, sursum leniter attenuata ; sterigmata 1-2 p longa.

Conidia singula terminalia hyalina fusoidea, apice attenuata vel caudata, basi attenuato-

apiculata, recta vel curvula, 3-septata 30-70 X 4-5-6 p.

Hab. in plagulis Asterinae spec., foliis Trichiliae, Entebbe Road, Uganda, Hansford 2517 .

Also Hansford 2833, 2829 on Microthyriaceae on Teclea, Kiterera, Busoga, Uganda.

The conidia differ from E. Schffnendae smd E. tenuis in the attenuate to beaked apex ;

at the base they retain the greater part of the cylindric, straight or bent, solid sterigma.

468

13. E. Bomplandi Speg. in Myc. Argent-., v, No. 429 in Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, xx

(1910).

Spegazzini's original description gives : Colonies white, velvety, on Meliola.

Conidiophores erect 5-6-septate, 180-200 X 7-8 p, top cell colliculose-papillate and bearing

conidia, 40-50 X 9-10 p. Conidia borne on sterigmata on' terminal cell of conidiophore,

50-70 X 10-11 /x, usually 3-septate, ends acute, slightly arcuate, not or slightly constricted.

In Herb. Kew there is no specimen of E. Bomplandi, but Balansa 4744 and Bourn 4141.

(leg. Balansa), sub. Calonectria melioloides Speg. both show an Eriomycopsis corresponding

rather closely to the above description, as well as a species of Calonectria with setose perithecia

and therefore not C. melioloides Speg., which is described as glabrous. In these specimens

the Eriomycopsis has the following characters : —

Conidiophores erect from an agglutinate plate of hyaline hyphae, fasciculate or

scattered, 200-400 X 6-7 p, swollen at the base to 8-10 p wide, hyaline, rather thick-walled,

with 5-10 cross septa, simple. The uppermost cell, rarely also the next below, has numerous

hollow cylindric sterigmata 3 p wide and 2 p long, on the surface. The conidia are fusoid

slightly bent, attenuate at the ends, slightly narrower at the rounded apex than at the

subtruncate base, mostly 3-septate but sometimes with a more or less indistinct fourth

septum towards the apex, smooth, thin-walled, hyaline, not usually constricted,

45-70 x 7-10 p.

Hansford 2684 on Irenina Trernae has conidia rather narrower and more bent at the

apex than these Brazilian specimens, but is considered to be E. Bomplandi. Deighton CB

825 on Meliola on Millettia, Gold Coast, has conidia 50-90 X 8-10 p, mostly 4-septate :

the sterigmata are rather longer and narrower than in typical E. Bomplandi, though here

it is included in this species. Other collections examined by the writer and included here

are : Uganda, Hansford : 2490 on Irene on Oncoba, with the perithecia! stage ( Calonectria

Ugandae Hansf.), 2640 on Meliola Maitlandii, 2791 on Asterina Trernae, 2835 on Meliola

on Albizzia (with C. Ugandae ) ; Congo Beige, HendricJcx : 858 on Irenopsis Caloncobae

(with C. Ugandae), 1062 on Meliola bicornis var. ; S. Africa, Doidge : 17772 on Irene

natalensis [with unripe C. Ugandae (?)], 11611 on Irene scabra, 11338 on I. scabra (with

C. Ugandae), 12298 on I. scabra (do.), 17181 on I. Nuxiae, 32234 on I. atra, 22410 on Meliola

on Olea, 32122 on Meliola Goniomae, 32229 p.p. on M. ganglifera, 10933 on M. ganglifera.

14. E. robusta Hansf., sp. n.

Plagulae albidae tenues ; mycelium ex hyphis hyalinis subagglutinis septatis 3 p cr.

compositum. Conidiophora erecta dispersa vel fasciculata hyalina septata simplicia rarius

furcata rigida superne geniculata, 150-300 X 7-9 p. Conidia singula terminalia fusoidea

hyalina utrinque attenuata, basi truncata, apice longe attenuata, 3-7 -septata hand constricta

50-100 X 6-8 p.

Hab. in plagulis Meliolae, Hansford 2667, Hoima Road, Uganda.

The conidiophores are very rigid and thick-walled ; sterigmata short and wide

(1 X 3-4 p) on the upper two cells of the conidiophore. as raised thickened portions of the

wall. The conidia have rather a wide truncate base (3-4 p) and the apex is drawn out into

a narrow curved beak ; septation averages higher than in E. Bomplandi .

15. E. Chorleyi Hansf., sp. n.

Plagulae albidae tenues ; mycelium ex hyphis hyalinis reticulatis ramosissimis remote

septatis 3 p cr. compositum. Conidiophora erecta solitaria vel fasciculata septata hyalina

simplicia superne nodulosa 100-180 X 5-6 p. Conidia terminalia singula fusoideo-falcata

hyalina 3-6-septata baud constricta, apice attenuata rotundata, basi truncata, 50-80 X

7-9 p.

Hab. in plagulis Meliolae Chorleyi in foliis Trichillae , Entebbi Road, Hansford 2357.

2585.

No sterigmata are present in this species and the conidia leave a flat scar on the

conidia which is rarely geniculate.

16. E. Meliolae Hansf., sp. n.

Mycelium tenuum album, ex hyphis reticulatis 4-6 p cr. septatis remosissimis

compositum. Conidiophora fasciculata (-20) erecta hyalina recta vel subrecta simplicia

septata 280-400 X 6-9 p, superne nodulosa. Conidia acrogenea singula hyalina fusoidea

curvula 3-4-septata leniter constricta, basi conoideo-truncata, apice attenuata in appendicem

filiformam producta (-40 X 1 -5-2 p), conidia tota 65-90 X 1 1—12 p.

469

Hab. in plagulis Meliolae Tecleae in foliis Tecleae, Kazi, Kampala, Hansford 1909 p.p.

Other collections (Uganda, Hansford) : 2834 on M. Tecleae, 2866 on M. Teolead, 1539,

2608, 2874 on Meliola spp. on Rhus (jlaucescens. In all these specimens, as in the type,

the fungus Is accompanied by the perithecial stage, Calonectria Meliolae Hansf.

No sterigmata occur, the conidia. leaving only a flattened scar on the conidiophore

at which the latter is geniculate-nodulose.

Apart from the perithecial stages assigned above to certain species of Eriomycopsis,

other cases of association have been recorded but are not yet sufficiently definite. Attempts

have been made to cultivate Eriomyco'psis on artificial media but have not been successful,

while from many perithecial forms associated with Eriomycopsis only Cephalosporium

conidia have been produced in culture.

The writer is indebted to Mr. E. W. Mason of the Imperial Mycological Institute for

pointing out the difference between E. tenuis and its near relatives.

In each illustration the eonidiophores or their ends are given on the left, the conidia on the right.

FIGURES. All x 1,000.

G. E. Sclerochitonis.

H. E. Schiffnerulae.

J. E. Ugandae.

A. E. hamata.

15. E. minima.

C. E. flagellata.

1). E. africana.

E. E. Asterinae.

F. Omitted.

K. E. Trichiliae.

L. E. Bomplandi.

M. E. Bomplandi (ex Deighton CB 825).

N. E. robust a.

O. E. Chorleyi.

P. E. Meliolae.

Q. E. angustispora. .

R. E. tenuis.

S. E. Trichiliae, showing variation from K.

470

471

472

GASTEROMYCETES OF SOUTH AFRICA.

By A. M. Bottomley.

The following account of the Gasteromycetes in South Africa is the outcome of an

early interest in the Geasters. Available literature on the subject was at that time scanty

and not easily accessible to the average person interested in these quaint plants, which

formerly occurred very commonly in and around Pretoria. The original intention was

simply to publish a more or less popular note on these fungi for such people, but as time

went on and more data were spasmodically accumulated on these and related plants, it

was finally decided to write up an account of all the Gasteromycetes even if imperfectly

known. This decision was influenced by the fact that no comprehensive work on this

group had been written since 1925, when Verwoerd published his “ Suid-Afrikaanse Lyco-

perdaceae en Nidulariaceae ” in Volume III of the Annale van die Uniwersiteit van

Stellenbosch. The present publication is not in any sense a critical revision of the Gastero-

mycetes ; it is merely an assembling of all the known records of these fungi in Southern

Africa. The author is fully aware of its many defects, but it is hoped that it will form a

basis for more critical work by those coming after and will fill a long felt want for something

fuller, and more comprehensive than papers previously published in this country.

The Gasteromycetes, probably on account of their size and often strange appearance,

attracted the attention of many of the early travellers and botanists, who frequently

included specimens of these fungi — -more as curiosities than anything else — in general

botanical collections, which they sent to European herbaria for identification. Unfortu-

nately, however, such collections often consisted of a single specimen, or, on account of

their fragile nature, arrived in a damaged condition. As a result it is sometimes difficult

to link up later collections with the old specimens, especially as descriptions in the early

days were usually inadequate and illustrations, if any, sometimes rather crude and diagram-

matic. These early collectors were extremely lucky in their discoveries, including as they

did, some of our most uncommon and interesting fungi. One of the first Gasteromycetes

recorded for South Africa was the plant now called Podaxis pistillaris (L. ex Pers.) Morse

— long known as Podaxon carcinomalis (L.) fr. — collected by Thunberg on antheaps and

originally described by Linnaeus in 1781 as Lycoperdon carcinomalis. The next discovery

of note was that of Secotium Gueinzii Kze. found by Gueinzius in sandy soil in the Cape

Peninsula and a few months later by Zeyher at Uitenhage. This fungus has not since been

found in the latter locality and only infrequently in the original site and is not known from

anywhere else. In 1843 Burke and Zeyher discovered Polyplocium inquinans Berk, on

the banks of the Orange River ; it was not rediscovered for eighty years when Pole Evans

found it in 1919 growing out of an antheap at Vryburg. A year after this find, Backhouse

came across Broomeia congregata Berk., which, as far as is known, 'is endemic in South Africa.

Nothing uncommon was collected during the next twenty years but with the arrival of

MacOwan at the Cape in 1861 and Medley Wood in Natal, many new species of fungi,

including numerous Gasteromycetes, were collected. MacOwan’s most important finds in

this field were probably KalcJibrennera corallocephala (Welw. and Curr.) Kalchbr. and

MacOwanites agaricinus Kalchbr., both rare fungi, the latter not having been found since

the original collection. Among Medley Wood’s more interesting collections were some of

the phalloids such as Lysurus Gardneri Berk., originally described by MacOwan as L. Woodii,

Kalchbrennera corallocephala and Dictyophora indusiata. Neither MacOwan nor Medley

Wood was a mycologist and the custom of their predecessors of sending specimens overseas

for identification was continued, with this difference, that duplicate specimens were retained

in the country and these formed the nucleus of the first mycological herbaria in South Africa.

In the work of identification they received the ready co-operation of such well-known

mycologists as Berkeley, Kalchbrenner, Cooke, Montagne, van Thuemen and Winter

It was not until the appointment of Dr. I. B. Pole Evans, in 1905, as Mycologist to th

474

PREFACE.

Transvaal, that any my.cological work was done in the country, or that a serious attempt

was made to build up a fungus herbarium. In addition to the mycological staff attached

to the Department of Agriculture, collectors of Gasteromycetes include in particular : —

Dr. A. V. Duthie, who collected extensively round Knysna and Stellenbosch ; Miss E. L.

Stephens, who confined her activities to the rich fields of the Western Cape Province ;

Professor N. J. G. Smith, who is particularly interested in the Geasters of the Eastern Cape

areas ; and Mr. J. P. H. Acocks and Mr. Gideon Joubert, who have enriched our collections

with a number of rare species.

The Gasteromycetes in the Cryptogamic Herbarium of the Division of Botany and

Plant Pathology, Department of Agriculture, Pretoria, form the basis of the present work,

but as many specimens as possible from other South African herbaria have been examined.

In this connection visits have been paid to the South African Museum in Cape Town, where

many of MacOwan’s specimens are deposited ; to the Cape Town University, where Miss

E. L. Stephens has built up an excellent mycological museum ; and to the Stellenbosch

University, where the van der Byl collections are housed. The Southern Rhodesia Depart-

ment of Agriculture very kindly sent me their Gasteromycete collection on loan. Owing

largely to difficulties caused by the war it has not been possible to examine specimens in

overseas herbaria.

In the particulars given for individual specimens, the name and number of the collector

are printed in italics ; duplicate specimens are placed in brackets, accompanied by an

abbreviation of the name of the herbarium in which they are to be found, while the Pretoria

numbers are unbracketed. Dates of collections have been recorded to assist collectors in

knowing when specific fungi may be expected to appear, since, especially in the case of

plants with a short fruiting season, they occur at different times in different parts of the

country depending, for the most part, on the rainfall. The appearance of many of the

Gasteromycetes in South Africa is very sporadic, some occurring only in exceptionally

wet seasons. The following abbreviations have been used to indicate the herbaria in which

duplicate and other specimens may be found : —

Alb. Mus Albany Museum, Grahamstown.

E.L.S E. L. Stephens, Cape Town University.

Lloyd Myc. Coll. Lloyd Mycological Collections, Washington, U.S.A.

N.H Natal Herbarium, Durban.

N.J.G.Sm N. .T. G. Smith, Albany Museum, Grahamstown.

S.R Southern Rhodesia, Department of Agriculture, Salisbury.

S. A.M South African Museum, Cap>e Town.

Stell Stellenbosch University Herbarium, Stellenbosch.

T. R.L Timber Research Laboratory, Chamber of Mines, Johannesburg.

v.d. Byl van der Bijl Herbarium, University of Stellenbosch.

Wit. Herb Witwatersrand University Herbarium, Johannesburg.

As far as possible descriptions have been made from actual specimens, but where such

were unsuitable or lacking, these have been augmented or taken over from well known

publications such as “ Gasteromycetes of Australia and New Zealand ” by G. H. Cunningham,

“ The Gasteromycetes of the United States and Canada ” by Coker and Couch, “ Gastero-

mycetes Ungariae ” by Hollos and “ British Basidiomycetes ” by Carleton Rea. Lloyd’s

Mycological Writings have been consulted mainly for their excellent photographs while

Yerwoerd’s “ Suid-Afrikaanse Lycoperdaceae en Nidulariaceae ” has been referred to

expecially for descriptions of new South African species.

Literature references have for convenience been given throughout the text. In

addition to the full reference to the original description, references in accepted abbreviated

form have been given to the more recent works in which the fungi concerned have been

discussed or more fully described and which are more likely to be available for consultation

than the older publications.

PREFACE.

475

Colours in the Gasteromycetes are often difficult to match in colour charts but where

this has been done, those of Ridgway have been used, such names being prefaced by capital

letters and usually put in brackets.

Lacto-phenol has been used as a mountant for microscopic examinations. Spores

have, in addition, been examined dry in which condition surface markings are often more

clearly defined.

The system of classification followed is that of G. H. Cunningham as outlined in his

Gasteromycetes of Australia and New Zealand ”, published in 1944. This is the most

recent comprehensive account of these fungi, being the result of many years of critical

study of the group in all its aspects, developmental as well as morphological. Not only

have the principles of his general classification been adopted, but many of his keys to the

genera and species have been used, especially in cases where the fungi under discussion

are poorly represented in South Africa and consequently imperfectly known.

I would like to express my gratitude to the following for assistance given in the

preparation of this paper : — In particular to Dr. E. M. Doidge for many helpful suggestions,

for records of early collections and for practical help, without which it would have been

difficult, under present conditions, to get the paper ready for publication— to Miss E. L.

Stephens for placing her collections at my disposal and for her untiring energy in obtaining

Cape specimens and relative data — to Mr. H. A. Y. King for his excellent photographic

work often rendered difficult by lack of suitable material due to wartime shortages — to

Miss E. M. Wakefield for suggestions and identifications of specimens, and to Mr. P. D. B.

Talbot for the comparison of specimens in Kew herbarium. Thanks are also due to

Dr. Barnard, Director of the South African Museum and to Miss G. J. Lewis for their

courtesy in giving me access to the herbarium at that institution, and to Dr. Nel, Pro-

fessor of Botany at Stellenbosch University and his assistant Miss P. de Vos for the same

courtesy in connection with the van der Byl collections — to the Southern Rhodesia Depart-

ment of Agriculture for the loan of its Gasteromycete collections — to Professor Lutjeharms

for the loan of phalloid literature and to the many others, especially in the Division of

Botany and Plant Pathology, who have been of assistance in one way or another.

476

GLOSSARY.

GLOSSARY OF TERMS.

Acuminate gradually narrowed to a point.

Adnate closely attached.

Allantoid (of spores) sausage-shaped.

Alveolate marked with honeycomb-like hollows.

Anastomose to run together forming a net- work.

Annular ring-like.

Apiculus a short projection at one end of a spore.

Apophysis (of Geasters) a ring-like swelling at the base of the endoperidium.

Appressed closely flattened against the surface.

Areolate marked out in small areas.

Asperate rough with small points or granules.

Asperulate diminutive of asperate.

Basidium the spore-producing organ in the Basidiomycetes.

Byssoid cottony ; made up of fine threads.

Caducous falling off early.

Caespitose crowded in dense clusters.

Campanulate bell-shaped.

Capillitium a mass of sterile thread-like tubes or fibres mixed with the spores.

Cartilaginous firm and tough but readily bent.

Cinereous ashy-grey or drab-grey.

Circumscissile opening or cracking along a circle.

Citriform lemon-shaped.

Clathrate latticed ; like a net- work.

Clavate club-shaped.

Columella a sterile central axis within a mature fruit body.

Conical cone-shaped.

Connivent contacting but not organically united.

Continuous (of capillitium) non-septate ; (of spores) one-celled.

Coriaceous leathery in texture.

Crenulate having the edge delicately toothed with rounded teeth.

Cupulate cup-shaped.

Cyathiform like a cup with a flared edge.

Cystidia sterile cells, usually large and hyaline, projecting from the hymenium in many

Basidiomycetes ; rare in Gasteromycetes.

Daedaloid with elongate and sinuous mouths as in Daedalea.

Definite (of a stoma, pore, mouth) with margin clearly defined.

Dehiscence mode of opening at maturity for the discharge of spores.

Deliquesce to liquefy at maturity.

Dendroid tree-like in form, c.f. the columella in Gymnoglossum.

Diaphragm a membrane separating the gleba from the sterile base in some species of Calvatia

and Lycoperdon.

Dichotomous repeatedly forking into two more or less equal arms.

Duct elongated cell.

Echinate with sharp pointed spines.

Echinulate with minute and finely pointed spines.

Elaters bodies with spiral or annular markings in the gleba of Batarrea.

Elliptical, Elliptic oblong with rounded ends.

Endoperidium the inner layer of the wall which in the Gasteromycetes encloses the gleba.

Epigeous, Epigean growing on the surface of the ground.

Epiphragm the thin membrane covering the mouth of the young fruit body in the Nidu-

lariaceae.

Epispore the outer wall of the spore.

Evanescent soon disappearing.

Exoperidium outermost layer of the wall which in the Gasteromycetes encloses the gleba.

Exospore a gelatinous membrane covering the epispore.

Farinose covered with mealy particles.

Fasciculate applied to the persistent fascicles of basidia in Podaxis and Phellorina.

Ferruginous rusty brown.

Fibril a very small fibre.

Fibrillose (of a stoma) enclosed within a zone of silky, parallel fibrils arranged radially.

GLOSSARY.

477

Filiform

Fimbriate

Fissured

Fistulose

Floceose, Flocculent. . .

Fornicate

Fragment

Fugacious

Fulvous

Funiculus

Furfuraceous

Fuscous

Fusiform

Glabrous

Gleba

Gregarious

Guttule

Hyaline

Hygroscopic

Hymenium

Hypogeous

Imbricate

Indefinite

Indehiscent

Indigenous

Indusium

Involute

Labyrinthiform

Laciniate

Lactiferous ducts

Lacunose

Lamellate

Laminated

Lanceolate

Lenticular

Mammose

MM

Micron

Monosporus

Mouth

Mycelium

Naked

Nomen conservandum ..

Obconic

Obovate

Ochraceous

Olivaceous

Organically united

Ovate, Ovoid

Palisade

Papillate

thread-like.

fringed.

split.

tubular, hollow,

delicately cottony.

(of the Geastreae) arched ; applied to species in which the fibrous and fleshy

layers split from the mycelial layer — which remains as a cup on the ground—

and become arched above it.

break in pieces,

soon disappearing,

reddish cinnamon brown ; tawny.

(of Nidulariaceae) the cord of hyphae by which the peridioles are at first fixed

to the peridium.

scurfy ; covered with bran-like particles,

smoky drab ; dusky.

thick in the centre and tapering to a point at each end.

smooth, free from hairs, scales, etc.

the spore mass enclosed within the peridium, composed of cavities lined with

the hymenium.

growing in groups.

(in spores) oil globule.

colourless and transparent or nearly so.

readily absorbing moisture from the air.

the spore-bearing layer lining the cavities formed by the tramal plates ; com-

monly composed of a palisade of basidia.

growing below the surface of the ground.

overlapping one another like the tiles on a roof.

applied to a stoma which is not delimited by a definite tissue ; it appears merely

as an aperture.

applied to plants with no special method of opening,

native to a country.

a membrane in Dictyophora which hangs from the apex of the stipe beneath

the pileus.

with margins rolled inwards.

tortuous, like a labyrinth.

cut or torn into lobes.

ducts having a milk-like juice.

covered with pits or indentations.

made up of thin plates.

consisting of plates or layers.

many times longer than broad and tapering.

shaped like a double convex lens.

with breast-like protuberances,

millimetre, approximately 1/25 of an inch.

1/1000 of an inch, indicated by the Greek ji.

bearing one spore.

(of a peridium) the stoma or pore through which spores are discharged,

a mass of hyphae.

applied to a stoma (mouth, pore) which is not enclosed within a peristome,

name conserved by the International Botanical Congress.

with the appearance of a cone held upside down,

egg-shaped, with the broader end uppermost,

ochre-yellowish.

with an olive tint ; yellowish olive.

applied to tissues which fuse together so as to form one completely united

structure.

egg-shaped, with the broader end at the base.

applied to elongated cells arranged close together in parallel fashion,

with the surface provided with small rounded processes.

478

GLOSSARY.

Papyraceous papery, resembling parchment.

Pedicel '. a small stalk.

Pedicellate borne on a pedicel.

Percurrent extended through the entire length.

Peridiole (of the Nidulariales) a body containing spores and enclosed within the peridium.

Peridium a wall or membrane enclosing the fruit body.

Peristome an edging round an opening, e.g. stoma, mouth of endoperidium.

Phalloid resembling the genus PhaUus.

Pileate having a pileus or cap.

Pitted with small depressions.

Plane (of a stoma) flat, not projecting above the surface.

Plicate (of the peristome) pleated.

Polygonal many angled.

Pore an opening in the endoperidium to allow for the discharge of spores.

Prosenchymatous consisting of long cells or filaments.

Pruinose having a frost-like or powdered surface covering.

Pseudoparenchyma looking like true parenchyma but formed of hyphae.

Pubescent having soft hairs.

Pulverulent powdery.

Pulvinate cushion-shaped.

Punctate marked with very small spots or depressions.

Punky soft and tough ; corky.

Pyriform pear-shaped.

Radicate rooting.

Receptacle (of the Phallaceae) the stem-like or clathrate structure on which the spore

masses are borne.

Recurved curved backwards and downwards.

Reticulated with net-like, raised markings.

Revolute rolled back from the apex.

Rhizomorph a thread- or cord-like structure formed of compacted hyphae.

Rimose cracked.

Rugose wrinkled.

Rugulose delicately wrinkled.

Saccate like a sac or bag.

Scabrous rough with fine projections.

Scissile splitting.

Septa cell walls or divisions.

Septate having dividing walls.

Sculpturing applied to the various surface markings of spores.

Sessile without stem, sterigma or pedicel.

Simple (of the capiflitium) with unbranched threads.

Sinuous wavy.

Spicule a small, erect point.

Spinulose with small spines.

Squamule a small scale.

Sterigma a slender process by which a spore is attached to the basidium.

Sterile base applied to the non-spore-bearing tissue at the base of the spore mass.

Stipitate stalked.

Stoma an opening in the endoperidium through which spores are discharged.

Striate marked with delicate lines, grooves or ridges.

Stroma (of Broomeia) a compact mass of vegetative hyphae in which the fruiting bodies

are partly embedded.

Strigose rough with sharp-pointed, stiff hairs.

Subclavate not quite club-shaped.

Subcoriaceous approaching leathery in texture.

Subiculum a felted growth of mycelium on which fruiting bodies are borne.

Substratum the material on or in which a saprophyte lives.

Sulcate fluted or grooved.

Synonym another name for a species, especially a later or invalid name.

Tomentose having a covering of soft hairs.

Tramal Plates the plates of the gleba which carry the hymenium.

Truncate abruptly cut off.

Tubercular having small, wart-like processes.

Tuberiform tuber-shaped.

GLOSSARY.

479

Tunica (of Nidulariaceae) a thin white membrane covering the peridiole ;

a gelatinous membrane covering the epispore.

Turbinate top-shaped.

Umbilicate with a central navel-like depression.

Umbo a boss or raised central swelling.

Umbonate with a boss or umbo.

Urceolate pitcher-like in shape.

Utricle a bladder-like covering or appendage.

Veil see indusium.

Velutinate like velvet due to a covering of fine, soft hairs.

Verrucose having small rounded processes or warts.

Verruculose diminutive of verrucose.

Vesicle a bladder-like sac.

Volva a cup-like structure round the base of a mature stipe or receptacle-

part of the universal veil which covers the young fructification.

(of spores

-the lower

Wing

(of Polyplocium and Gyrophragmium) a minute membranous expansion of the

tramal plates.

480

GASTEROMYCETES.

Key to the Orders.

Plants usually hypogeous and sessile. Gleba compact and firm, of tramal plates which are

sometimes separate but usually anastomose to form cavities lined with the hymenium.

Capillitium wanting I. Hymenogastrales.

Plants epigeous, usually of bright colours, bizarre shapes and with an offensive odour.

Gleba mucilaginous, usually exposed at maturity, borne on a specialised, pseudo-

parenchymatous, spongy, brittle receptacle arising from the base of a cup-shaped

volva. Capillitium wanting II. Phallales.

Plants epigeous, sessile or borne on a pseudo-stem. Gleba enclosed in a peridium, consisting

of cellular tissue with cavities lined by a poorly developed hymenium, finally breaking

down into a mass of pulverulent spores. Capillitium wanting. .III. Sclerodermales.

Plants epigeous, sessile or with well-developed stem. Gleba enclosed in a peridium, breaking

down at maturity into a mass of powdery spores which are mixed with well-developed

capillitium consisting of simple or branched threads IV. Lycoperdales.

Plants epigeous, sessile or nearly so, cupulate or depressed-globose. Gleba enclosed in

peridiola, borne with dehiscent peridia. Capillitium wanting V. Nidulariales.

KEY TO FAMILIES AND GENERA.

481

Key to the Families and Genera.

Order 1.- — Hymenogastrales.

Family 1.— HYMENOGASTRACEAE . — Peridium sessile, attached to substratum by

one or several basal and/or lateral rhizomorphs.

Sub-family HYMENOGASTROIDEAE. — Gleba cellular, without a branched

columella.

Peridium attached by lateral rhizomorphs.

Spores elliptical and smooth.

Spores hyaline or tinted only 1

Spores dark coloured 2

Spores globose and verrucose 3

Peridium attached by basal rhizomorphs.

Spores elliptical 4

Spores globose £

Spores many angled

Sub-family HYST E RANGIOI DEAE. — Gleba cellular, traversed by a simple

or branched columella.

Spores globose, echinulate (

Spores elliptical.

Spores smooth

Spores areolate or verrucose '

Spores longitudinally ribbed

Family 2. — SECOTIACEAE . — Peridium stipitate, stem traversing the gleba as a

simple, well-defined columella.

Tramal plates sparingly to frequently anastomosed to form cavities lined

with hymenium.

Gleba entirely covered by the peridium

Gleba partially covered by the peridium

Tramal plates separate, vertically suspended from apex of peridium,

exposed at maturity.

Plants massive, with large volva at base of columella

Plants slender, with small volva-like structure at base of stem

Order II. — Phallales.

Family 1. — CLAUSTULACEAE. — Receptacle on obovate hollow sphere enclosing

the spore mass.

Characters of the family

Family 2. — PHALLACEAE. — Receptacle a simple, hollow, cylindrical stem, the

spore mass borne directly on the apical portion or on a campanulate pileus

attached to the apex.

Spore mass borne directly on the upper part of the receptacle.

Spore mass covering the apical portion of the receptacle

Spore mass forming a collar-like restriction below the inflated apex

of the receptacle

Spore mass covering a net-like pileus loosely attached to the upper part

of the receptacle

Spore mass borne on a campanulate pileus.

Indusium absent or rudimentary.

Pileus formed of radiate plates

Pileus formed of lamellate plates . . . >

Pileus externally rugulose, papillate or reticulate

Indusium present, well developed

. Rhizopogon.

. Melanogaster.

i. Sclerogaster.

. Hymenogaster.

i. Octaviania.

( Richoniella ).

I. Hydnangium.

(Hysterangium).

Gymnoglossum.

(Gautieria).

1. Secotium.

2. MacOwanites.

3. Polyplocium.

4. Gyrophragmium.

( Claustula ).

1. Mutinus.

( Staheliomyces ).

( Floccomutinus) .

(Aporophallus).

2. Itajahya.

3. Phallus.

4. Dictyophora.

482

KEY TO FAMILIES AND GENERA.

Order III. — Sclerodermales.

Family 1. — CALOSTOMATACEAE . — Peridium borne on a prominent pseudo-stem,

3-layered, dehiscing by an apical stoma. Spore mass at maturity within the

endoperidium which becomes attached to the apex of the peridium.

Characters of the family (Calostoma).

Family 2 — SCLERODERMATACEAE . — Peridium sessile or borne on a pseudo-stem,

1-2-layered, dehiscing by irregular Assuring of the apex. Spores at maturity a

powdery mass which is free within the peridium or within small chambers formed

by persistent gelatinised tramal walls.

Spores free within the peridium 1. Scleroderma.

Spores free within small chambers formed by persistent tramal walls . . 2. PisolithllS.

Family 3— ARACHNIACEAE . — Peridium sessile, 1 -layered, dehiscing by disinte-

gration at maturity into a granular mass consisting of minute, separate, hollow

peridioles formed of persistent tramal plates lined with hymenium to which the

spores are attached.

Characters of the family Arachnion.

Order IV. — Lycoperdales.

Family 1. — LYCOPERDACEAE . — Peridium sessile or carried upon a pseudo-stem,

a true stem being absent.

A. — Mesophelliae. — Peridium indehiscent, of two or three layers ; capilli-

tium unbranched. Spores globose or elliptical, usually with a

gelatinous exospore which may appear warted or reticulated.

Spores elliptical, smooth or irregularly roughened.

Gleba with a central core ( Mesophellia ).

Gleba without a central core (Castoreum).

Spores globose, reticulated ( Abstoma ).

B. — Lycoperdeae. — Peridium 1-2-layered, dehiscing by an apical pore or by

irregular rupture of the apex. Capillitium simple or freely branched.

Spores typically globose and verrucose.

Plants usually few, single or eaespitose.

Capillitium threads more or less smooth, simple or sparingly

branched.

Plants dehiscing by an apical pore.

Capillitium threads long, simple or sparingly branched,

attached to the endoperidial wall 1. Lycoperdon.

Capillitium threads simple or branched, free within the

peridium 2. Disciseda,

Plants dehiscing by rupture or disintegration of the apex.

Capillitium pulverulent or compact. Sterile base usually

present. Endoperidium usually thick and tough ... 3. Calvatia,

Capillitium compact. Sterile base lacking. Endo-

peridium thin, papery, brittle. Plants becoming

detached at maturity 4. Lanopila.

Capillitium threads freely branched, consisting of a thick stem with

sharp pointed, tapering, thinner branches 5. Bovista.

Capillitium threads short, spiny, free within the peridium.

Endoperidial wall thick and corky 6. Mycenastrum.

Plants numerous, borne on a common stroma, whole cluster

originally covered by an universal exoperidium.

Peridia separated from one another by alveolar walls . . 7. Broomeia,

KEY TO FAMILIES AND GENERA.

483

Peridia separated from one another by the cuplike

remains of individual exoperidia which originally

covered them

C. — Geastreae. — Peridium of 4 layers. Exoperidium splits into segments

in stellate manner. Endoperidium dehisces by one or more pores

or by rupture of the apex. Capillitium threads simple or branched.

Spores typically globose and verrucose to echinulate.

Dehiscence by a single apical pore 8.

Dehiscence by several apical pores 9.

Dehiscence by rupture of the endoperidium 10.

Family 2— TULOSTOMATACEAE . — Peridium borne on a well-developed stem,

which in Podaxis traverses the gleba as a columella.

Sub-family TU LOSTOMOI DEAE . — Basidia not in fascicles, disappearing at

maturity.

A. — Tulostomeae. — Elaters not present in the gleba.

Peridium dehiscing by a definite apical pore 1.

Peridium dehiscing by irregular Assuring of the apex

B. — Batarreae. — Elaters present in the gleba.

Peridium dehiscing by circumscissile cleavage of the apical portion. . 2.

Sub-family PODAXONOI DEAE. — Basidia in fasciculate clusters, persisting

at maturity.

C. — Phellorineae. — Peridium seated on the expanded apex of the stem.

Peridium continuous with the stem 3.

Peridium not continuous with the stem.

Peridium dehiscing by a definite stoma, gleba pulverulent 4.

Peridium dehiscing by irregular breaking away of the apical part ;

gleba coarsely chambered 5.

D. — Podaxineae. — Peridium carried at the apex of a stem which traverses

the gleba as an axile columella ; dehiscing by longitudinal splitting.

Characters as above 6.

Order V. — Nidularial es.

Family 1. — N I DU LARI ACE AE. — Peridioles many, embedded in mucilage within

the peridium or attached to the peridial wall by funiculi.

Peridioles attached to the cups by funiculi.

Peridium 1 -layered 1.

Peridium 3-layered 2.

Peridioles without funiculi.

Peridium cup-shaped, with an epiphragm

Peridium subglobose, without a typical epiphragm

Family 2 — SPHAEROBOLACEAE. — Peridioles solitary, forcibly discharged from

the peridium at maturity.

Characters of the family

( Diplocystis).

Geastrum.

Myriostoma.

Geasteropsis.

Tulostoma.

(Schizostoma).

Batarrea.

Phellorina.

Chlamydopus.

Dictyocephalos.

Podaxis.

Crucibulum.

Cyathus.

(Nidula).

( Nidularia ).

3. Sphaerobolus.

484

HYMENOGASTRALES.

Plants epigeous or hypogeous, indeluscent, sessile or stipitate, usually attached to the

substratum by one or several rhizomorphs. Peridium 1-3 layered, sometimes disappearing

at maturity. Gleba compact and firm, composed of tramal plates anastomosed to form

numerous cavities which may be subglobose, elliptical, triangular or labyrinthiform.

Traversed or not by a percurrent or branched columella. Tramal plates fleshy, cartilaginous

or sometimes gelatinised, formed of pseudoparenchyma or interwoven hyphae. Basidia

continuous with the tramal plates, usually forming a compact palisade hymenium lining the

cavities, cylindrical or subclavate, permanent or soon breaking up, 2-8-spored. Spores

borne on long or short sterigmata, globose or elliptical, smooth or rough, hyaline or coloured .

The characters which distinguish this order from others are the compact, indehiscent

gleba, the tramal plates which anastomose to enclose cavities lined with the hymenium and

the absence of capillitium threads.

The order contains two families, Hymenogastraceae and Secotiaceae, which are

separated from each other mainly on the presence or absence of a stem and the texture

of the mature plant. In the Hymenogastraceae the plants are sessile, partly or entirely

hypogeous and fleshy or gelatinous at maturity ; members of the Secotiaceae are stipitate,

the stem being continued through the~gleba to the apex of the peridium as a columella,

partly or entirely epigeous and usually woody when mature.

HYMENOGASTRACEAE de Toni

in Saccardo, Sylloge Fungorum 7 (1888) 154.

Zeller and Dodge, Ann. Miss. Bot. Gard. 5 (1918) 1.

Coker and Couch, Gastero (1928) 15.

Ed. Fischer, Naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien 2, 7a (1933) 9.

G. H. Cunningham, Gasteromycetes of Australia and New Zealand (1944) 42.

Hysterangiaceae Fischer, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 1** 1 (1900) 304.

Rhizopogonaceae Dodge, Comp. Morph. Fungi (1928) 468.

H ydnangiaceae Dodge, l.c. p. 485.

Melanogastraceae Fischer, Nat. Pflanz. 7a (1933) 9.

Plants hypogeous or epigeous, subglobose, depressed globose, obovate or tuberiform

attached to the substratum by basal or lateral rhizomorphs. No true stem present.

Indehiscent, disintegrating into a slimy mass at maturity. Peridium 1-2 layered. Gleba

of fleshy or gelatinised tramal plates anastomosed to form subglobose, elliptical or labyrinthi-

form cavities lined with the hymenial layer and at maturity partly or completely filled

with spores. Basidia subclavate or cylindrical, 1-8-spored. Sterigmata short or long.

Spores globose or elliptical, smooth or rough, hyaline or coloured.

About 45 genera have been described for this family, but of these only seven have so

far been recorded for Southern Africa, though it is very probable that a systematic

search for these plants would lead to the discovery of others. With the exception of

Rhizopogon, the individual species are likewise very poorly represented, occurring in only

a few widely separated areas. Up to the present they have only been found in the coastal

areas of the Cape Province, in Natal and in Southern Rhodesia — none in the Transvaal

Province where the present work is being conducted. With only a few dried or formalin-

preserved specimens available for examination and no overseas material for comparison,

it has been impossible to study this family more than very imperfectly. G.H. Cunningham,

l.c., Ed. Fischer, l.c., Zeller and Dodge, l.c. and Coker and Couch, l.c., have been the main

sources of reference in studying this group, the classification and keys of the first-mentioned

hnvin been selected as most suitable for use with specimens in this country.

RHIZOPOGON.

485

Key to the Genera.

Hymenogastroideae. Gleba cellular, without a columella.

Rhizoideae. Peridium attached to the substratum by lateral rhizomorphs.

Spores elliptical, smooth.

Spores hyaline or tinted only 1. Rhizopogon.

Spores deeply coloured 2. Melanogaster.

Spores globose and verrucose 3. Sclerogaster.

Hymenogastreae. Peridium attached to the substratum by basal rhizomorphs.

Spores elliptical 4. Hymemogaster.

Spores globose ; 5. Octaviania.

Spores many-angled ( Richoniella ).

Hysterangioideae. Gleba cellular, traversed by a simple branched columella.

Spores globose and echinulate 6. Hydnangium.

Spores elliptical.

Spores smooth ( Hysterangium ).

Spores verrucose or areolate 7. Gymnoglossum.

Spored longitudinally ribbed (Gautieria).

1. RHIZOPOGON Fries.

Symbolae Gasteromycetum 1 (1818) 5 ; emended Tulasne, Giorn. Bot. Ital. 2 (1844) 56.

Hysteromyces Vitt. Not. nat. Civ. sulla Lombardia 1 (1844) 340.

Type species ; Rhizopogon luteolus Fr.

Plants epigeous or hypogeous sub- to irregularly-globose or tuberiform, without a

definite sterile base. Peridium tough, 1-2 layered, formed of interwoven hyphae which

may or may not be gelatinised ; with few or many appressed or free, dark coloured rhizo-

morphs on the outer surface. Gleba usually some shade of brown, formed of tramal plates

anastomosed to form cavities which in section are globose, oval, triangular, elliptical or

labyrinthiform in shape. Columella absent. Tramal plates usually of interwoven hyphae

which may be gelatinised or not, sometimes becoming scissile. Basidia permanent or soon

disappearing, lining the cavities, sub-clavate to cylindrical, 2-8-spored. Sterigmata short.

Spores smooth, elliptical with rounded ends, brown in mass, but individually only tinted.

The genus is characterised bv the smooth, pale coloured, elliptical spores and the

usually lateral or basal, dark coloured rhizomorphs. It is separated from Melanogaster on

the colour of the spores, which are individually dark in the latter genus.

Of the 38 species described for this genus, Cunningham considers that not more than

12 are good species. Of these seven have been recorded for South Africa, but it is doubtful

if more than two or three are distinct species. Work on this genus has been greatly handi-

capped by the lack of fresh material for examination, unfamiliarity with these plants and

great divergence of opinion among workers on the specific characters.

Key to the Species.

Fresh plants finally yellowish to bay brown.

Gleba strongly gelatinised, drying hard 1. R. luteolus.

Fresh plants finally reddish brown.

Gleba fleshy, drying firm but not hard 2. R. rubescens.

Fresh plants dark to black.

Glebal cavities small 3. R. niger.

Glebal cavities large 4. R. capensis.

486

RHIZOPOGON.

] Rhizopogon luteolus Fries. [Plate I, fig. 1.]

Symbolae Gasteromycetum 1 (1815) 5, emended Tnlasne, Giornal Botanica Italiana

2 (1844) -57.

de Toni in Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7 (1888) 161 ; Zeller and Dodge, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 5

(1918) 10 ; Verwoerd, S. Afr. Journ. Sci. 22 (1925) 165 ; Coker and Couch,

Gastero. (1928) 33 ; G. H. Cunningham, Gastero. (1944) 45.

Rhizopogon induratus Cooke, Grevillea 8 (1879) 59.

Melanogaster Wilsonii Lloyd, Myc. Notes (1923) 1176.

Rhizopogon Coxii Mueller, in Herb. Kew.

Plants sub- to irregularly globose or tuberiform, up to 4-5 cm. diam., “ Pale ochraceous-

tawny, deliquescing after rain, leaving a greenish-yellow mass of unpleasant odour” (sec.

A. Y. Duthie), drying very hard and ochraceous brown, bay brown or umber with lighter

patches. Rhizomorphs usually well developed, dark or reddish brown or paler, laterally

appressed, basally loose and strandlike. Peridium thick, 136-510 u, of loosely interwoven,

gelatinised threads, more compact outside than inside, pale golden brown in section. Gleba

becoming hard ; white then pale greyish or yellowish brown, finally between Ochraceous

Tawny and Cinnamon Brown or dark amber brown, sometimes with waxy appearance ;

cavities usually small, 2-5 to mm., subglobose, straight or curved, elliptical, triangular,

irregular to labyrinthiform, usually filled with spores. Tramal plates thick, 51-102 it

including the hymenial layer, often becoming scissile along centre, hyaline, of loosely inter-

woven, gelatinised threads. Basidia permanent, hyaline, cylindrical to subclavate, 6-8-

spored, forming a compact layer lining the cavities; sterigmata ’ short and threadlike.

Spores smooth, pale greenish brown in mass in section, 4-8 ■ 5 X 3-4 g, elliptical with rounded

ends, occasionally narrowed at one end or slightly irregular.

Habitat : in masses in ground, subhypogeous.

Distribution : South Africa ; North America ; Asia ; Australia ; Europe ; Tasmania 1

New Zealand.

Specimens examined : near Johannesburg, April 1911, 1. B. Pole Evans, 1903 ; Stellen-

bosch, C.P., A. V. Duthie 77 (Kew ex Herb. C. G. Lloyd) 31335 ; in clayey ground near

hedge, Stellenbosch Flats, Sept. 1919, A. V. Duthie 249, 31430 ; amongst pine trees, probably

near Somerset East, 1882, MacOwan (Rabenh.-Wint. Fung. Eur. 3436 ; Kew) 20950 as

Melanogaster Chvanianum (Missouri Bot. Gard. Herb. 5646 as Rhizopogon pachyphloeus

Zeller and Dodge).

Specimens not seen : Bloemfontein, Yerwoerd.

Dried specimens of this species are characterised by the hard texture of the gleba, the

gelatinised hyphae of which the peridium and tramal plates are formed, the spore-filled

cavities and the closely compacted basidia forming a permanent layer lining the cavities.

Zeller & Dodge, l.c. , considered that Melanogaster Owanianum Kalchbr. was the same

as their species Rhizopogon pachyphloeus, but an examination of two specimens of the South

African plant, represented by slices only, failed to disclose any character that could exclude

it from Rhizopogon luteolus as described by G. H. Cunningham (l.c.) and it has therefore

been transferred to the latter species. The two species would appear to be very closely

related to each other, since in a previous instance Cunningham (Gastero. 1944 : 46, 215)

found that an Australian species identified by Dodge as R. pachyphloeus was R. luteolus.

The South African plant differs from R. pachyphloeus in a thinner peridium, absence of

obvious vesiculose hyphae in the peridium and the colour of the dried gleba, which is dull

ochraceous brown, not black with a shiny surface.

RHIZOPOGON.

487

2. Rhizopogon rubescens Tulasne. [Plate I, fig. 2.]

Giornal Botanica Italiana 2 (1844) 58.

de Toni in Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7 (1888) 161 ; Zeller & Dodge, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 5

(1918) 18 ; Verwoerd, S. Afr. Journ. Sci. 22 (1925) 164 ; G. H. Cunningham,

Gastero. (1944) 44.

Hysterangium rubescens Tulasne, Ann. Sci. Nat. Ser. II, 19 (1843) 375.

Melanogaster Berkeleyianus Broome, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 15 (1845) 41.

Rhizopogon lapponicus Karst., Finska Bidr. Nat. Foil. 48 (1889) 19.

Plants gregarious or caespitose, subglobose, depressed to irregularly globose or tuberi-

form, to 3-2 cm. diam., cream coloured when underground, becoming tinged with red when

exposed to the air or touched, drying ochraceous, olivaceous, or dark brown and rugulose ;

firm for a long time, finally deliquescing. Rhizomorphs cream, then reddish, finally dark

as in the case of the plant body, usually few, sometimes almost wanting, appressed or loose,

strand-like. Peridium uneven, comparatively thin, about 27-238 p, golden brown to dark

brown in section, of loosely interwoven hvphae approaching pseudoparenchymatous.

Gleba cream, Honey Yellow to Isabella Colour, bay brown or umber, firm but soft to section ;

cavities 2-4 to mm., subglobose to sublabyrinthiform, not filled with spores. Tramal

plates hyaline to tinted yellow or pale brown in section, 34-85 p thick, of loosely or compactly

interwoven, fine, non-gelatinised hyphae, sometimes scissile. Basidia up to 13-6 p long,

“ 2-8-spored ”, hyaline, subclavate or cylindrical. Spores elliptical with rounded ends,

smooth, tinted, 6-9 X 3-4 p.

Habitat : in ground, hvpogeous.

Distribution : South Africa ; North and South America ; Asia ; Australia ; Europe ;

Tasmania ; New Zealand.

Specimens examined : under Pinus pinaster, Jessievale Plantation, Tvl., Forester,

17095, said to be dug up and eaten by buck ; du Toit’s Park, Stellenbosch, Sept. 1919,

Duthie 245, 31425 ; in sandy soil under pines, Pinelands, C.P., June 1929, E. L. Stephens

24845 ; hillside above Marais Park, Stellenbosch, June 1924, A. V. Duthie 337 (v. d. Byl

475) 31494 ; Sterkstroom, C.P., A. V. Duthie, 31399.

Specimens not seen : Keurboom Park, Newlands, E. L. Stephens 336 ; near Pipe Track,

Muizenberg Mt., C.P., Oct. 1938, P. C. de Koclc (E. L. Stephens 464) ; Capetown University

Grounds, Rosebank, June 1935, E. L. Stephens 463 ; Capetown, MacOwan, Kew\

This species is distinguished from R. luteolus by the usually lesser number of rhizo-

morphs, the texture of the gleba, which is not gelatinised and firm but soft and easily

sectioned, and the fact that the cavities are not filled with spores. No fresh specimens

were available for examination and the above description was therefore made chiefly from

dried plants. I am indebted to Miss E. L. Stephens for information with regard to the

colour and texture of the fresh plant.

3. Rhizopogon niger (Lloyd) Zeller & Dodge.

Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 16 (1929) 122.

Hysterangium niger Lloyd, Myc. Writ. 7 (1923) 1173; Verwoerd, S. Afr. Journ.

Sci. 22 (1925) 163.

Plants irregularly globose or elongated, drying 3 X 1 X 1-5 cm., externally black,

covered with adhering sand. Peridium thin, 75-100 p, composed of dark brown, thick-

walled, nearly parallel hyphae, 2-3 p diam. Gleba black, soft and sub-gelatinous when

fresh, drying Brussels Brown with no greenish tint and probably hard. Cavities small

488

RHIZOPOGON.

angular to elongated, not filled with spores. Tramal plates about 40-50 \p, highly gela-

tinised, traversed through the middle by a layer of deeply staining, closely woven hyphae,

the remainder of the gelatin filled with irregularly placed, ellipsoidal to spherical, deeply

staining cells which seem to have no visible connection either with the central strand or

with each other. Basidia narrow filiform, crowding out between the superficial gelatinised

cells of the tramal plates, mostly 3-spored. Spores brown in mass, slender, ellipsoidal,

7-9 X 2-3 p. (Description adapted from Verwoerd, l.c. and Zeller & Dodge, l.c.)

Habitat : hypogeous.

Distribution : South Africa.

Specimens not seen: Knysna, A. V. Duthie (Lloyd Myc. Coll. 22394, Type; Lloyd

Mus. 081 ; Dodge Herb. 353 ; Zeller Herb. 7246).

According to Zeller & Dodge, this species superficially resembles R. piceus ; the colour

and texture of the gleba is much as in R. pachyphloeus but microscopically it is easily

distinguishable from either.

4. Rhizopogon capensis Lloyd ex Verwoerd.

Verwoerd, South African Journal of Science 22 (1925) 165 ; Lloyd, Mycological

Writings 7 (1924) 1321, nomen nudum.

Plants subglobose or irregularly globose, 2-6 cm. diam., dark coloured, soon deliquescing.

Rhizomorphs abundant, especially towards the base, black. Peridium thick, 272-408 p

diam., persistent, subcoriaceous, yellowish brown, composed of interwoven hyphae, often

vesciculose and with scattered, oblong olivaceous bodies scattered here and there. Gleba

fleshy, composed of large cavities, raw umber brown. Tramal plates 68-102 p thick, of

interwoven hyphae. Spores elliptical, subhvaline, 6-8*5 X 3-3*4 p, smooth.

Habitat : subhypogeous, under pine trees ; said to be relished by slugs and millipedes.

Distribution : Western Cape Province, South Africa.

Specimens examined : Pinelands, E. L. Stephens 335 (formalin preserved specimens

only).

Specimens not seen : in clayey soil under pine trees, Stellenbosch, C.P., Verwoerd, type ;

Stellenbosch, Sept. 1924, A. V. Duthie (E. L. Stephens 416).

According to Miss E. L. Stephens, . R. capensis can easily be distinguished from R.

rubescens in the fresh condition. The fruit body and rhizomorphs of the former are both

dark coloured, while those of the latter are cream coloured when underground, becoming-

tinged with red when exposed or touched. Further, R. capensis is usually much larger

and deliquesces at an earlier stage, with the result that at maturity it is quite soft, while

R. rubescens is still quite firm.

Uncertain Species.

Rhizopogon radicans Lloyd.

Mycological Writings 7 (1923) 1174.

Verwoerd, S. Afr. Journ. Sci. 22 (1925) 165.

Verwoerd, l.c., states concerning this species : “Lloyd who named this fungus, doubts

very much whether it really is a distinct species. He considers it to be near to R. provincialis,

from which it differs in having a short, thick, rooting base, which, when broken, is seen

to be composed of brown hyphae without chambers or spores ”.

Specimen not seen: Knysna, C.P., A. V. Duthie (Lloyd Myc, Coll. 50861, Type).

MELANOGASTER.

489

2. MELANOGASTER Corda.

in Sturm’s Deutschlands Kryptogamen-flora 3 (1831) 1.

Uperhiza Bose., Mag. Ges. Nat. Frennde 5 (1811) 88.

Bullardia Jungh., Linnaea 5 (1830) 408.

Argylium Wallr., FI. Crypt. Germ. 2 (1833) 874.

Type species : Melanogaster variegatus (Yitt.) Tul.

“ Plants hypogean, subglobose or irregularly tuberiform ; with branched rhizomorphs

arising from the exterior of the peridium, more numerous basally. Peridium of a single

tough layer of woven gelatinised hyphae, continuous with the tramal plates. Gleba of

tramal plates anastomosed to form numerous polygonal or subglobose cavities, which are

usually larger towards the centre and filled with spores at maturity ; columella absent ;

hymenium of clavate, 2-8-spored basidia (commonly 2-4) irregularly distributed through

a broad hvphal zone lining the cavities. Spores borne on short sterigmata, elliptical or

lemon-shaped, deeply coloured, smooth, shortly pedicellate ” (after Cunningham, Gastero.

1944: 46).

This genus is distinguished from Rhizipogon, which it closely resembles superficially,

by the dark spores. It is further characterised by the fact that the basidia are not compacted

into a palisade hymenium, but are irregularly borne on interwoven hyphae which line the

cavities.

According to the International Rules of Botanical Nomenclature, both the generic

names Uperhiza and Bullardia antedate Melanogaster, but on Maire’s proposal (Rec. Synop.

v. Congres internat. Bot. 1930 : 120) it was agreed that the latter name should be treated

as a nomen conservandum on the grounds that it had been in use for more than a century,

whereas the other two had been ignored.

About ten species have been described for this genus, but Cunningham, l.c., considers

that of these only four or five are probably good species, thepthers being synonyms of these

or of species of Rhizopogon or Hymenogaster. So far only one collection of one species

has been recorded for South Africa.

Melanogaster ambiguus (Vittadini) Tulasne. [Plate I, fig. 4.]

Fungi Hypogaei (1851) 94.

Coker & Couch, Gastero. (1928) 41; G. H. Cunningham, Gastero. (1944) 47.

Octaviania ambigua Vitt., Mon. Tuberacearum (1831) 18.

Plants hypogeous, depressed-globose to irregularly tuberiform, 1-2-3 -2 cm. wide,

0-8-1 -9 cm. high, brown (Snuff Brown) drying very hard; rhizomorphs concolorous or

darker, adpressed. Peridium single, less than 1 mm. thick, smooth to rugulose, drying

very much dented. Gleba consisting of tramal plates anastomosed to form globose, sub-

globose to irregular cavities filled with spores at maturity. Tramal plates thin, ochraceous,

at times almost obscured by the dark masses of spores, consisting of gelatinised, fine,

interwoven threads. Spores purplish black in mass, dark brown individually, typically

lemon shaped or fusiform, occasionally subglobose, smooth or obscurely verruculose, at

times very shortly pedicellate, pedicel hyaline, broken off, 11-9-20 X 7-10 p diam. Smell

very strong, resembling garlic.

Habitat : under cultivated garden plants.

Distribution : South Africa ; North America ; Europe ; India ; New Zealand.

Specimens examinea : under Hydrangeas in shade of oak trees, Howick, Natal, Nov.

1930 G. A. Gill, 25506.

490

SCLEROGASTER.

3. SCLEROGASTER Hesse.

Hypogaeen Deutschlands 1 (1891) 84.

Sacc. Svll. Fung. 11 (1895) 170; Bataille, Bull. Soc. Myc. France 39 (1823) 180;

Coker & Couch, Gastero. East U.S. & Canada (1928) 25 ; Ed. Fischer, Nat.

Pfianzenfam. 7a (1933) 18.

Type species : Sclerogaster lanatus Hesse.

“ Fructifications small, white, embedded in a thick, flocculent mycelium, attached by

rooting fibrils ; peridium usually soft ; gleba usually pale yellowish, gelified, drying very

hard, cavities small, usually filled with spores similar to Leucogaster in shape ; basidia

small cylindric to clavate, sterigmata short ; spores small, thick-walled, spherical, appearing

smooth under lower magnifications, but mostly minutely echinate to verrucose under higher

powers ” (after Zeller & Dodge, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 23, 1936 567).

According to Zeller & Dodge, l.c., “ this genus seems to form a transition between

Leucogaster and Hydnangium or Arcangeliella. The spores are much smaller than the

average in the above genera and have a relatively thicker wall. In some species there are

faint suggestions of a columella but no lactiferous ducts have been seen. In general appear-

ance the fructifications resemble Leucogaster but have very minute cavities. They have

usually been included in Hydnangium ( Octaviania Auct. non Yitt.) on account of the echinate

spores ”.

Zeller & Dodge list ten species for this genus, three occurring in North America and

the remainder in Europe. Up to the present only one species has been recorded for Southern

Africa, viz. S. salisburiensis Verwoerd, collected in Southern Rhodesia.

Sclerogaster salisburiensis Verwoerd.

South African Journal of Science 23 (1926) 293.

Plants up to 6 cm. diam., globose or irregularly globose. Peridium thick, 1-3 mm.,

persistent, convoluted, dirty white. Gleba fleshy, drying hard, dirty cream coloured,

consisting of numerous, small, irregular but definite cellular cavities ; no sterile base.

Spores globose, 10 -8-14 -4 g diam., reticulated, hyaline, epispore 1-8 g thick (translation

from Verwoerd, l.c.).

Habitat : in ground in bushveld.

Distribution : Southern Rhodesia.

Specimen not seen : Salisbury, S. Rhodesia, Jan. 1924, F. Eyles 4104 (v. d. Byl 2224).

4. HYMENOGASTER Vittadini.

Monographia Tuberacearum (1831) 20.

de Toni in Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7 (1888) 168 ; Ed. Fischer in Engler & Prantl. Nat.

Pflanz. I, 1** (1899) 308; 7a (1933) 14; Dodge & Zeller, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard.

21 (1934) 628 ; G. H. Cunningham, Gastero. (1944) 47.

Hymenangium Corda, Icon. Fung. 5 (1842) 28.

Protoglossum Massee, Grevillea 19 (1891) 97.

Hysterogaster Zeller & Dodge ex Dodge, Comp. Morph. Fungi (1928) 488.

Type Species : Hymenogaster citrinus Vitt. (sec. Cunningham).

Hymenogaster Bulliardi Zeller & Dodge (sec. Zeller & Dodge, l.c.).

Plants partly or entirely hypogeous, subglobose, irregularly globose, pyriform, attached

to the substratum by basal rhizomorphs, fibrils rarely present. Peridium usually simple,

1-2 layered, prosenchymatous, pseudo-parenchymatous or of interwoven hyphae, usually

HYMENOGASTER.

491

confluent with the trarnal plates, indehiscent. Gleba usually some shade of brown, composed

of trarnal plates amastomosed to form sub-globose to irregular cavities lined with spore-

bearing hymenium and arranged irregularly or more or less radiating from a small hemis-

pherical or conical sterile base ; columella absent. Trarnal plates hyaline to coloured,

usually gelatinised and loosely or closely pseudoparenchymatous, often scissile at the axis.

Basidia cylindrical, 2^-spored, long or short sterigmate. Spores coloured, usually some

shade of brown, smooth or verrucose, rugose, alveolate or reticulate, with or without a

more or less wrinkled utricle, ovate, ellipsoid, broadly fusiform, citriform, with or without

an apiculus or pedicel.

The genus Hymenogaster is world wide in distribution, though more prevalent in the

Northern than in the Southern Hemisphere. It differs from Octaviania and Richoniella,

its nearest relatives, in having elliptical spores, from Rhizopogon and Melanogaster in its

attachment to the substratum by basal instead of by lateral rhizomorphs and from

Hydnangium, Hysterangium, Gymnoglossum and Gautieria in the absence of a columella.

Numerous species have been described for this genus, but probably not more than

three or, at most, four of these have so far been found in South Africa, but a systematic

search for these fungi would probably bring to light a number more.

The members of this genus have received little attention from South African mycolo-

gists up to the present. With the exception of a single specimen found on the damp walls

of a dark cave in Natal, these fungi are only known from the western Cape Province and

such few collections as have been available for examination consist of one or, at most, two

dried specimens only. In addition to the paucity of material, the difficulty of placing

these collections in species has been very great owing to the lack of any named specimens

for comparison. Reliance for identification has therefore been placed entirely on published

descriptions, which is very unsatisfactory owing to the variable nature of these fungi. The

names used must therefore be considered to be of a tentative nature until fresh material

and authentically named specimens are available for study.

The separation of the species has been based on spore characters rather than on the

thickness of the peridium, as was done by Dodge & Zeller, l.c., owing to the very variable

nature of this character at different ages of the fungus and in the dried and fresh condition.

For the guidance of future workers in South Africa, the Australian and New Zealand

species have been included in the key, since these are more likely to occur in this country

than European or North American species.

Key to the Species

Spores smooth or nearly so, without utricle.

Spores small, 7-10 g long.

Peridial wall of woven hyphae

Peridial wall of pseudoparenchyma

Spores 13-16 g long.

Peridium reddish brown

Peridium golden yellow

Spores 18-22 g long

Spores covered with a rugulose-areolate or verrucose utricle.

Peridium 2-layered

Peridium 1-layered.

Spores 12-16 g long.

Spores elliptical ; basidia 4-spored

Spores fusiform ; basidia 2-spored

Spores 16-22 g long

Spores with a strongly reticulated utricle.

Endospore thick

Endospore thin

1. H. levisporus.

(H. fuligineus).

( H . tasmanicus).

(H. aureus).

(H. fusisporus).

(H. viscidus).

(H. nanus).

2. H. albellus.

3. H. Zeylanicus.

(H. macrosporus).

( H . reticulatus).

492

HYMENOGASTER.

1. Hymenogaster levisporus Massee & Rodway.

Rodway, Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania for the Year 1911 (1912) 30.

Hymenogaster Maideni Rodway, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm. for 1920 (1921) 157.

Octaviania levispora Rodway, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm. for 1923 (1924) 157.

Plants irregularly globose, up to 3 cm. diam., whitish, drying buff-coloured and rugulose.

Peridium thin, varying in thickness 68-204 p, outline irregular, of closely woven hyphae,

compact except on outside where more loosely interwoven, dark brown on the outside and

golden brown next to the gleba. Gleba becoming brown, consisting of anastomosed tramal

plates forming minute, irregular to labyrinthiform cavities filled with spores. Tramal

plates 17-51 p without the hymenium, hyaline, compact, of densely woven hyphae. Sterile

base not seen. Basidia 4-spored. Spores when mature pale brown, elliptical or obovoid-

elliptic, occasionally subglobose, 6-8-10-2 X 4—4-5 p, smooth.

Habitat : in soil.

Distribution : South Africa ; Australia ; Tasmania.

Specimens examined : sub-hypogeous, KirStenbosch, C.P., June 1934, E. L. Stephens

368, 27674, probably immature.

This species is distinguished by its whitish peridium (in fresh condition) and small,

smooth spores.

2. Hymenogaster albellus Massee & Rodway. [Plate I, fig. 3.]

Massee, Kew Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information (1898) 126.

Sacc. & Sydow in Sacc. Syll. Fung. 16 (1902) 253 ; Rodway. Papers and Proc.

Roy. Soc. Tasmania (1911) 28, (1923) 152 ; Dodge & Zeller Ann. Mo. Bot

Gard. 21 (1934) 669 ; G. H. Cunningham, Gastero. (1944) 52.

Hymenogaster luteus Harkness, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. Bot. Ill, 1 (1899) 247 — not

Vittadini.

Plants irregularly subglobose, up to 5 cm. diam., drying areolately fissured or not at

the apex, white, becoming pale buff, pale greyish ochraceous or umber and wrinkled or

rugulose. Peridium thin, 34-204 p, 1-2 layered ; the outer apparently disappearing with

age, hyaline, irregular in outline, varying in thickness from 13-85 p and formed of loosely

interwoven hyphae ; the inner layer pale golden brown and of more or less the same texture

as the hyaline layer and merging into it, or with a definite, darker, more compact zone of

tissue adjacent to the hyaline, giving the peridium the appearance of being 3-layered.

Gleba brown (between Sayal and Cinnamon Brown) attached to the peridium, consisting of

tramal plates anastomosed to form numerous, small, 1-4 to mm., subglobose to irregular

or sub-labyrinthiform cavities with parallel hymenium, filled with spores. Tramal plates

10- 2-44 p thick (up to 135 p in formalin specimens) from tinted to golden brown, gelatinised,

loosely interwoven to more or less compact except at the axils where pseudoparenchymatous

and often scissile. Basidia 2-spored, short to long sterigmate. Spores when mature umber

brown, lemon-shaped with obtusely papillate, often hyaline apex or ovoid-acuminate,

sometimes broadly sub-fusiform, less often broadly oval, evenly covered, except for the

apical papilla, with a utricle which is delicate and hyaline in the immature spore, becoming

brown tinted and clearly defined with age, 13-6-20-4 X 6-8-12 p, sometimes apiculate or

shortly pedicellate in young spores.

Habitat : entirely or sub-hypogeous.

Distribution : South Africa ; Australia ; North and South America ; New Zealand.

Specimens examined : half buried in soil, Stellenbosch, C.P., Aug.-Sept. 1937, A. V .

Duthie 209, 28866, det. Dodge & Zeller, I.c. ; A. V. Duthie 324, 28867, det. Lloyd as H-

lilacinus Tub; Cape Town, July 1911, L. Peringuey, 1735; Groote Schuur, C.P., Aug.

1933, J. Acoclcs (E. L. Stephens 259) 35544.

HYMENOGASTER.

493

This species is characterised bv the thin, whitish peridium, the brown gleba and the

brown, lemon-shaped to ovoid-acuminate spores provided with a delicate to clearly defined,

even, hyaline to coloured, roughened or areolate utricle.

Lloyd’s identification of Duthie 324 as H. lilacinus was based entirely on Tulasne’s

figures of the gleba and spores of this species ; Dodge and Zeller identified Duthie 209 as

H. albellus, and since the two collections appear to be of the same plant, with slight age

differences, it has been decided to refer both to H. albellus. Subsequent workers mav

decide that collection No. 1735 is some species other than H. albellus as here defined, since

the spores are larger, the utricle tinted and more clearly defined and the peridium thinner

and without an outer hyaline layer.

3. Hymenogaster Zeylanicus Petch.

Annals of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Perideniva 6 (1917) 207.

Trotter, Sacc. Syll. Fung. 23 (1925) 599 ; Dodge & Zeller, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard.

21 (1934) 676 ; G. H. Cunningham, Gastero. (1944) 52.

Plants pyriform, 1 cm. diam., greyish wThite, drying brownish and deeply rugulose to

almost pitted. Peridium 170-306 p thick including the hvmenium, hyaline, delicate, easily

separating from the gleba, formed of loosely interwoven, coarse, thin-walled, hyaline hvphae,

the outer part with numerous, globose to irregular vescicular hyphal cells. Sterile base

present, small, white, pulvinate. Gleba pale olivaceous brown, consisting of trarnal plates

anastomosed to form subglobose to irregular cavities more or less radiating from the sterile

base ; cavities small, 4 to 1 mm., adjacent to the sterile base, increasing in size to 1 mm.

diam. towards the apex. Tramal plates hyaline, 6-8-102 a thick including the hvmenium,

formed of loosely interwoven, coarse hvphae similar to the tissue in the inner part of the

peridium. Basidia 2-spored, clavate, hyaline. Spores when mature brown, 15-24 X

8-5-13-6 p diam., broadly ovoid-fusiform or lemon-shaped, apex bluntly acuminate, base

apiculate or shortly pedicelled, finely verrucose, covered, except at the apex, with a hyaline,

faintly areolate utricle which is often laterally expanded at the base producing a truncate

effect.

Habitat : hypogeous.

Distribution : Australia ; Ceylon ; New Zealand ; ? South Africa.

Specimen examined : on damp sandstone walls of a dark cave, Noodsberg, Natal,

May 1937, R. P. Lawrence, 28873 ; one specimen only, preserved in formalin.

This species is characterised by the large areolated spores and the hyaline, loosely

interwoven peridium.

According to the original description of Petch, l.c., the basidia are monosporous, the

spores 12-16 X 8-9 p and the tramal plates 10 p thick ; but according to Cunningham,

who examined part of the type collection now in the Lloyd herbarium (No. 37975) these

characters are incorrect.

It is not certain that the South African plant here described is H. zeylanicus since

Cunningham makes no mention of any sterile base and Dodge & Zeller state that it is

absent. However, until further material is available for study, it seems preferable to refer

it tentatively to this species, to which it seems very closely related, than to erect a new

species from a single specimen.

Doubtful Species.

Hymenogaster arenarius Tulasne.

Giornale Botanico Italiano 12 (1844) 55.

Tulasne, Fung. Hypog. (1851) 73 ; de Toni, Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7 (1888), 168 ;

Soehner, Hedwigia 64 (1923) 192 ; Dodge & Zeller, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 21

(1934) 674.

494

OCTAVIANIA.

Hymenogaster pusillus Berk. & Broome, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. I, 18 (1846) 75.

H. SuzuJcianus Henn., Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 32 (1902) 41.

“ Fructifications spherical to obovate, about 1 cm. diam., white, unchanging, smoke

grey in alcohol, drying Brussels brown ; sterile base slight ; peridium 200-320 y thick

when fresh, composed of large, thin-walled, hyaline hyphae 7-8 y diam., drying to about

35-40 y thick (in the type) ; gleba white, becoming smoke grey, cavities more or less

spherical, radiating from the base ; septa 70-100 y thick, with trama proper about 22-35 y

thi ck, of large, thin-walled, compact prosenchyma, the cells of which are 3-5 y in diameter,

with a pseudoparenchymatous subhymenium ; basidia 30-35 X 5-7 y, cylindrical, sterig-

mata long ; spores ovoid- to ellipsoid-citriform, coarsely verrucose (6-8 warts to a spore

length), apiculate, pedicellate, 11-18 X 8-5-11 y, rufous brown ”. (ex Dodge & Zeller, l.c.).

Habitat : “ in sandy or gravelly soil in woods ”.

Distribution : “ cosmopolitan in the northern hemisphere ” ; ? South Africa.

South African specimens : record only by Lloyd (Myc. Writ. 6, Myc. Notes 61, 1919 :

889) of specimen collected by Miss A. V. Duthie, locality not mentioned. Lloyd is uncertain

of his determination and in view of the known distribution of the fungus, it seems very

probable that it is not H. arenarius. Lloyd’s very meagre description suggests that the

fungus might possibly be H. albellus, which was collected by Dr. Duthie on at least two

occasions.

5. OCTAVIANIA Vittadini.

Monographia Tuberacearum (1831) 15 ; emended Tulasne, Fungi Hypogaei (1851) 77

Ed. Fischer, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 7a (1933) 17 ; Verwoerd, S. Afr. Journ. Sci. 22 (1925)

163 ; G. H. Cunningham, Gastero. (1944) 54.

Gymnomyces Mass. & Rodw. ex Mass. Kew Bull. (1898) 125.

Octavianina Kunze, Rev. Gen. PL 2 (1898) 501.

Martellia Matt., Malpighia 14 (1900) 42.

Stephanospora Pat., Bull. Soc. Myc. Fr. 30 (1914) 349.

Type species : Octaviania asterosperma Vitt.

Plants subglobose to pyriform, attached by a basal root. Peridium 1-2-layered,

sometimes partly disappearing, composed of compact or loosely formed pseudoparenchy-

matous tissue or of interwoven hyphae. Gleba consisting of tramal plates anastomosed to

form globose, elliptic or sub-labyrinthiform cavities filled or not with spores. Sterile base

present or absent. Columella wanting. Basidia permanent or not, cylindrical or clavate,

2-4-spored, sterigmate. Spores hyaline to dark coloured, globose, echinulate, verrucose or

reticulated.

G. H. Cunningham, l.c., supplies the following notes on this genus : — “ The genus was

erected by Vittadini to contain several species which all, save O. asterosperma, have since

proved to belong to Melanogaster. In 1839 Wallroth erected Hydnangium, but as he did

not clearly define the genus, most workers have regarded it as a synonym of Octaviania.

Dodge (Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 1928 : 486) adopted a converse attitude and held

Octaviania to be invalid since . . . ’ the immature condition of a number of species was

misinterpreted, and at one time the name of Octaviania was applied to them, incorrectly

since it was originally used as a synonym of Melanogaster His treatment is at variance

with the facts and the International Rules of Botanical Nomenclature. Fischer ^Nat.

Pflanz. 7a, 1933 : 17) clarified the position by showing that Hydnangium was based on a

valid species differing from those placed under Octaviania in possessing a dendroid columella ”.

OCTAVIANIA.

495

With regard to the synonyms listed above, Fischer treats Gymnomyces and Martelha

as distinct genera but Cunningham considers that they are synonyms of Octaviania for the

following reasons : — Gymnomyces was erected to contain plants without a definite peridium ;

but as this structure is present in the type specimens and in all collections of the species

I have examined, the genus is invalid. Martellia possesses no feature of generic importance

which would separate it from Octaviania, the absence of a sterile base and the arrangement

of the glebal chambers being features present in many typical species of the latter genus

About twenty-four species have been described for the genus under discussion but not

more than two are known to occur in South Africa.

Key to the Species.

Peridium of pseudoparenchymatous tissue. Basidia disappearing 1. 0. africana.

Peridium of loosely interwoven, often vesicular hvphae. Basidia permanent.... 2. 0. flava.

1. Octaviania africana Lloyd.

Mycological Writings 7, Myc. Notes 67 (1922) 1142.

Verwoerd, S. Afr. Journ. Sci. 22 (1925) 164.

Sclerogaster africanus Lloyd, Myc. Writ. 5, Letter 64 (1916) 4, nom. nud.

Arcangeliella africana (Llovd) Zeller & Dodge, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 23 (1936) 614 .

Plants subglobose, up to 2 cm. diam., dark brown, smooth, drying rugulose, attached

by a short basal root. Peridium 1 -layered, 68-136 g thick, pseudoparenchymatous, fairly

compact and more or less uniform, the outer cells slightly more compact than the inner.

Gleba consisting of tramal plates anastomosed to form small, subglobose, oval or irregular

cavities, reddish brown, the tramal plates paler than the spore masses which fill the cavities.

No sterile base or columella seen. Tramal plates pale brown, 17-51 g thick, usually com-

pactly pseudoparenchymatous except at the axils where the cells are thin-walled, large and

often scissile. Basidia not seen. Spores ochraceous to umber brown, globose, thick-walled,

15 -3-20 -4 g diam., grossly echinulate, echinulae pyramidal or finger-like.

Habitat : in humus, sub-hypogeous.

Distribution : South Africa.

Specimens examined : Forest Hall, Knysna, A. Y. Duthie 97 (v. d. Byl 2097 ; Lloyd

Myc. Coll. 7198) 31350.

This species is characterised by the single, uniform, pseudoparenchymatous peridium

and the large, brown, grossly echinulate spores.

There seems to be some difference of opinion about this species. Lloyd, l.c., described

the spores as globose and minutely tubercular reticulate, Verwoerd, l.c., as ovate and

reticulate, Zeller and Dodge, l.c. as “ ellipsoidal, alveolate, slightly foveolate under alveo-

late ” ; in the portion of the type material examined by me they are definitely globose and

grossly echinulate. Zeller & Dodge further differ in the matter of the peridium which

they described as ‘ duplex, formed of loosely woven, septate hyphae ’ with a combined

thickness of 525-560 g which is about four times the thickness of the peridium in the

specimens seen by me. They also recorded the presence of lactiferous ducts and on this

account transferred the specimens to their genus Arcangeliella. Finally they quote Duthie

325 as the collection on which Lloyd based his species, whereas this should be Duthie 97,

Duthie 325 being that named by Lloyd Octaviana carnea which also differs from their

description in a thinner peridium, absence of lactiferous ducts and in having coarsely

echinulate instead of ellipsoidal, alveolate spores. These differences suggest that the

collection seen by Zeller and Dodge may have included more than one species or that a

496

HYDNANGIUM.

confusion of specimens may have arisen. In any case it seems very improbable that the

specimens seen by them are the same as that part of the type collection which Dr. Duthie

presented to the National Herbarium at Pretoria.

The genus Arcangeliella was erected by Zeller & Dodge for plants of the Octaviania

and Hydnangium type which showed the presence of lactiferous ducts. Cunningham

(Gastero, 1944 : 63), however, asserts that the latter may or may not be present in individual

plants of the same collection and that therefore this character is not of generic value. For

this reason, strenghtened by the fact that no lactiferous ducts were found in the material

examined, the specimens from which the above description was made have been referred

back to Octaviania africana Lloyd.

2. Octaviania flava (Rodway) G. H. Cunningham.

Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 67 (1938) 408.

G. H. Cunningham, Gastero. (1944) 57.

Gymnomyces flavus Rodway, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania for 1917 (1918) 110.

Plants subglobose or irregularly tuberiform with several lobes, up to 10 mm. high

18 mm. wide, white when preserved in formalin, attached by a basal rhizomorph. Peridium

thin, probably about 120 g, delicate, smooth, composed of loosely interwoven, coarse,

hyaline, often vescicular hyphae. Gleba whitish, consisting of tramal plates anastomosed

to form subglobose-elongated to labyrinthiform, relatively large cavities, up to 2 mm.

long diam., not filled with spores and more or less radiating from a small sterile base. No

columella present. Tramal plates hyaline, thick, 68-306 g, composed of loosely interwoven,

coarse, hyaline, often vesciculose hyphae. Basidia 2-spored, cylindrical or clavate, forming

a parallel hymenium layer, sterigmate, sterigmata short, about 7 g, stout. Spores globose,

hyaline, echinulate, 10-16 g diam. (Description from material preserved in formalin.)

Habitat : hypogeous.

Distribution : South Africa ; Australia ; Tasmania.

Specimens examined : on damp sandstone wall of dark cave, Noodsberg, Natal, May

1937, R. P. Lawrence, 28872.

This species is distinguished by the loosely interwoven hyphal peridium and tramal

plates and the echinulate spores. The South African specimens appear to agree very well

with Cunningham’s description, l.c., of the species as far as the known characters are

concerned. Information with regard to the colour of the fresh and the dry plant is not

available.

6. HYDNANGIUM Wallroth.

in Dietrich’s Flora Regni Borussici 7 (1839) 465 ; emended Ed. Fischer, Nat. Pflanzen

fam. 7a (1933) 30.

G. H. Cunningham, Gastero. (1944) 63.

Arcangeliella Cav., Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. 7 (1900) 117.

Maccagnia Matt., Mem. R. Accad. Naz. Lincei, Ser. 5, 13 (1922) 17.

Type Species ; Hydnangium carneum Wallr.

“ Plants subglobose or pyriform, attached by a radicate rhizomorph. Peridium simple

often reduced, of woven gelatinised hyphae. Gleba of permanent tramal plates anastomosed

to enclose labyrinthiform cavities, lined with a permanent palisade hymenium ; columella

dendroid, arising from a well-defined sterile base. Spores globose, echinulate, pallid

coloured ; basidia clavate, 1-4-spored, commonly 2-spored, sterigmate ” (after Cunningham

l.c.).

HYDNANGIUM.

497

Cunningham supplies the following notes on the genus : — “ As emended by Fischer,

Hydnangium may be regarded as an Octaviania writh the gleba traversed by a dendroid

columella and a coralloid — not lacunar — type of development.

“ Arcangeliella is regarded as a synonym, since it differs merely in the occasional presence

of lactiferous ducts. These bodies may be present or absent in individual plants of the

same collection, consequently they cannot be regarded as of generic value. Frequently

when they are present, they cannot be detected in dried plants unless sections are specifically

treated, which renders their use hazardous in diagnosis. Zeller & Dodge appeared to

regard the lactiferous character of greater generic significance than the presence or absence

of a columella, or shape and sculpturing of the spores. In the result, in their various papers

they have placed under the genus species which belong to several genera.”

“ Twenty species of Hydnangium have been described, the majority doubtless being

members of Octaviania.”

So far as is known, only two species of this genus have been recorded for South Africa

and of these one seems rather doubtful.

Hydnangium carneum Wallroth.

in Dietrich’s Flora Regni Borussici 7 (1839) 465.

G. H. Cunningham, Gastero. (1944) 63.

Octaviania carnea (Wallr.) Corda, Icon. Fung. 6 (1854) 361 ; Yerwoerd, S. Afr. Journ.

Sci. 22 (1925) 164.

0. Archeri Berk., FI. Tasman. 2 (1860) 263.

Hydnangium Soderstromii Lagerh. ex Lagerh. & Pat., Bull. Soc. Myc. Fr. 9 (1893)

142.

Hydnangium Archeri (Berk.) Zeller & Dodge, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 22 (1935) 371.

Octaviania columellifera Kobayasi, Bot. Mag. 51 (1937) 297.

Plants globose, to 15 mm. wide, 10 mm. high, drying ochraceous and rugulose. Peridium

34-102 g thick, 2-layered, outer layer irregular, composed of compactly interwoven hyphae,

inner layer reddish brown, of same texture as outer layer. Gleba ochraceous brown, con-

sisting of tramal plates anastomosed to form subglobose, elliptic or sub-labvrinthiform

cavities lined with permanent hymenial layer ; cavities filled with spores or not. “ With

distinct sterile base ” sec. Yerwoerd. Columella not seen. Tramal plates 34-102 g thick,

reddish brown with paler centre, pseudoparenchymatous, usually compact except at axils

where cells large and sometimes scissile. Basdiia cylindrical to subclavate, permanent,

1-4-spored, with long sterigmata. Spores globose, pale ochraceous, thick-walled, strongly

echinulate, echinulae pyramidal or finger-like, 10-2-17 g diam.

Habitat : in ground.

Distribution : South Africa ; Australia ; Europe ; New Zealand ; Tasmania.

Specimens examined : Stellenbosch Flats, Stellenbosch, C.P., Sept. 1921, A. V. Duthie

325 (v. d. Byl 2096) 28871, det. Lloyd as Octaviania carnea.

According to Cunningham, this species is characterised by the large, sinuous cells o

the gleba, the fragile, often evanescent peridium, which may be well developed, rudimentary

or absent, and the large, coarsely echinulate spores. The dendroid columella, on the presence

of which the species was removed from Octaviania to Hydnangium , was not seen by me

nor apparently by Verwoerd, but, in view of the fact that Dr. Duthie sent part of her

collection to Lloyd for determination and the material retained consists of only a few broken

slices, it is quite possible that the latter were cut from the sides of the specimen and so do

not show the columella. The sterile base was likewise not seen in the material available,

but Verwoerd, l.c., records the presence of such in his description.

498

GYMNOGLOSSUM.

Uncertain Species.

Hydnangium nigricans Kalclibrenner.

Grevillea 10 (1882) 107.

Saccardo, Syll. Fung. 11 (1895) 172 ; Dodge & Zeller, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 23

(1936) 592.

“Fructification 1-5 X 2 cm., depressed globose, drying black, smooth, no trace of

sterile base or columella in sliced fructifications ; peridium 260-270 a thick, composed of

large, thin-walled prosenchvma ; gleba ochraceous-tawny, cavities small, septa thin, 14—15 g.

between hymenia (in dried material) appearing as slender, irregular, gelified hyphae but

perhaps similar to the peridium, badly collapsed; basidia about 30 X 11, collapsing in

the upper half on the separation of the spore ; spores 12-19 g in diameter, dark brown,

with closely set, conical spines on a thick epispore ” (description ex Dodge & Zeller, l.c.)

Habitat : under trees.

Distribution : South Africa.

Specimen not seen : in grass under Acacia trees at foot of Boschberg Mts., near Somerset

East, C.P., MacOwan 1211 (type in Kew Herb, and in Bot. Mus. Berlin).

The above specimen is probably not a Hydnangium in the sense of Cunningham, whose

arrangement is followed here, since no columella was found in the specimen examined by

Zeller & Dodge, unless, as happens in other cases of MacOwan’s collections, the specimens

consisted of slices cut from the sides of the fruit body, in which case neither sterile base

nor columella, even if present, would be evident. No specimen of H. nigricans is lodged

in any herbarium in South Africa.

It should be noted that Kalchbrenner quotes MacOwan 1211 for both MacOwanites

agaricinus and the plant in question.

7. GYMNOGLOSSUM Massee.

Grevillea 19 (1891) 97.

Cunningham, Gastero. (1944) 71.

Dendrogaster Buch., Hedwigia 40 (1901) 316.

Type Species : Gymnoglossum stipitatum Mass.

Plants subglobose or pyriform, attached to the substratum by a well developed basal

rhizomorph. Peridium of one or two layers, pseudoparenchymatous. Gleba of pseudo-

parenchvmatous tramal plates, anastomosed to enclose numerous cavities which are lined

with a definite hymenial layer ; traversed by a branched columella, which may be reduced

to a sterile base with a few radiating trabeculae. Spores elliptical, coloured, with a rugulose

exospore ; basidia persistent, bearing 2-4 spores on short sterigmata ” (after Cunningham).

The distinguishing characters of this genus are the branched columella and coloured

elliptical spores. It differs from Hymenogaster in having a branched columella, but the

latter is at times very poorly developed and it is therefore sometimes not easy to distinguish

between the two genera.

Zeller & Dodge (Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 21, 1934 : 684) used the name Dendrogaster in

their work on the genus, but Cunningham, l.c., subsequently pointed out that Massee

described Gymnoglossum from an incomplete specimen in which the peridium had fallen

off, and, as the presence or absence of a peridium is the main difference between the two

genera, Gymnoglossum has priority.

SECOTIACEAE.

499

The genus in South Africa is at present known from only one small collection doubtfully

named by Lloyd as Hymenogaster radiatus and later referred by Zeller & Dodge, l.c. p. 688,

to Dendrogaster. This is now referred to Gymnoglossum in accordance with Cunningham's

views.

Gymnoglossum radiatum (Lloyd) Bottomley n. comb.

Hymenogaster radiatus Lloyd, Myc. Writ. 7, Mvc. Notes 73 (1925) 1304 ; Yerwoerd,

S. Afr. Journ. Sci. 22 (1925) 160.

Dendrogaster radiatus (Lloyd) Zeller & Dodge, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 2 (1934) 688.

Plants hypogeous, 1-2-5 cm. diam., subglobose, without sterile base, drying very hard.

Peridium single, dirty white, drying brown (between Sayal and Verona Brown) and very

rugulose, tough and separating from the gleba. Gleba drying pale brown (Avellaneous to

Wood Brown), hard, consisting of gelatinous tramal plates anastomosed to form cellular

to labyrinthiform cavities and more or less radiating from the branches of the central

columella. Tramal plates gelatinous, of fine, parallel, wavy hyphae, 35-100 y. diam.

Cavities filled with spores. Basidia not seen, apparently soon shrivelling up. Spores

broadly oval, truncate at the base where remains of the sterigmata often persist as short

prongs, finely verrucose, surrounded by a gelatinous sheath, pale ochraceous brown, 12-15

X 8-10 u diam.

Habitat : in leaf mould at foot of tree.

Distribution : South Africa.

Specimens examined : Salisbury, S. Rhodesia, March 1920, F. Eyles 2-530 (S. Rh. 3826)

as Hymenogaster radiatus Lloyd 17795.

Excluded Species.

Protubera africana Lloyd.

Mycological Writings 6 (1920) 987.

Yerwoerd, South African Journ. Sci. 22 (1925) 163.

An examination of part of the type collection, Duihie 233 (v. d. Bvl 2094 ; Lloyd

Myc. Coll. 22143) 31418, found in damp clayey soil on the Papegaaisberg at Stellenbosch,

C.P., June 1919, kindly donated by the collector to the National Herbarium, indicated

that as suggested by G. H. Cunningham (Gastero. 1944 : 213) the species was based on a

phalloid egg. Further collections from the same area, attributed to Dr. Duthie, included

in the van der Byl herbarium under the numbers 2501 (July 1927) and 2331 (June 1923)

are probably the same fungus. These specimens were not found bv me when going through

Dr. v. d. Byl’s Gasteromycetes.

SECOTIACEAE Tulasne.

Annales des Sciences Naturelles Ser. Ill, 4 (1945) 176.

emended Ed. Fischer, Naturliche Pflanzenfamilien 1**, 1 (1900) 299.

Plants finally partly or entirely epigeous, consisting of a subglobose, oval, obovate or

conical peridium borne on a usually well-developed stem. Gleba compact, composed of

numerous, permanent tramal plates, which arise from the peridium only or also from the

columella and either anastomose frequently to form cellular or labyrinthiform cavities

lined with spore-bearing hymenium, or anastomose sparingly to form more or less radially

arranged, sub-lamellate plates, or remain separate forming vertically suspended, tooth-like

processes of which all the surfaces are covered with spore-bearing hymenium. Stem long

or short, solid, stuffed or hollow, prolonged as a columella through the gleba to the apex,

where it often expands laterally and merges with the peridium ; attached to the substratum

500

SECOTIUM.

by one or several stout, mycelial, cord-like structures. Basidia 1-4-spored, sterigmate,

soon shrivelling. Cystidia occasionally present. Spores globose, subglobose, broadly

oval, obovate, smooth or rough, byaline or coloured.

Four genera have been included in this family, namely Secotium, Macowanites, Poly-

plocium and Gyrophragmium. The two latter genera do not seem altogether in place in

this family but, other than creating a new family for which there does not seem sufficient

justification, it is difficult to know where else to put them. Some justification for this

arrangement may be found if the nature of the gleba in the four genera is taken into con-

sideration. In Secotium and Macowanites it is typically, in part at least, long cellular, but

in Secotium agaricoides and S. obtusum it approaches the lamellate form with the apical

plates suspended vertically from the apex of the peridium. If one considers the separate

tooth-like plates of Polyplocium and Gyrophragmium as interrupted, lamellate plates, the

lamellate Secotiums might be considered as a transitional stage between Secotium and

Polyplocium.

Key to the Genera.

Peridium stipitate, stem prolonged through the gleba as a simple, well defined

columella.

Tramal plates sparingly to frequently anastomosed to form cavities lined with

spore-bearing hymenium.

Gleba entirely covered by the peridium 1. Secotium.

Gleba partially covered by the peridium ; basal part decurrent on stem

and projecting below the margin of the peridium 2. Macowanites.

Tramal plates not anastomosed but separate, tooth-like, vertically suspended

from the apex of the peridium, exposed at maturity.

Plants massive, with large, erect volva at junction between columella

and stem-like base 3. Polyplocium.

Plants slender with small, volva-like structure at base of stem 4. Gyrophragmium.

1. SECOTIUM G. Kunze.

Secotium, eine neue Gattung der Gasteromycetes Trichogastres in Flora 23 (1840) 321.

Fischer, Nat. Pflanz., 7a (1933) 112 ; Verwoerd, Ann. Univ. Stell. 3 (1925) 16 ;

Cunningham, Gastero. (1933) 77.

Endoptychum Czern., Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 18 (1845) 146.

Elasmomyces Cav., Malpighia 11 (1897) 414.

Artymenium Berk, in litt.

Type Species : Secotium Gueinzii Kunze.

Plants finally epigeous, consisting of a solid, fleshy then punky, subglobose, oval conical,

irregular peridium borne on a well-developed stipe. Peridium smooth, areolate or warted,

enclosing the gleba, margin at first adpressed to the stipe, finally usually breaking away

when smooth, lacerated or splitting. Dehiscence by separation of the margin of the peridium

from the stem, followed by gradual disintegration. Stem central, long or short, traversing

the gleba up to the apex as a simple, unbranched columella, either penetrating the gleba

or at some distance from it, expanded laterally at the apex to merge with the peridium.

Gleba cellular to sublamellate, composed of subglobose or elongated cavities formed by

sparingly to frequently anastomosing permanent tramal plates, firmly attached to all parts

of the peridium, the lamellate condition being reached in the case of sparingly anastomosed

tramal plates. Basidia 4-spored. Spores smooth, subglobose, broadly oval or slightly

obovate.

SECOTIUM.

501

The taxonomic position of this genus has given rise to much difference of opinion,

de Toni (Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7, 1888 : 52) placed it in the Podaxineae under the Lycoperdaceae.

Fischer (Nat. Pflanz. 1**, 1, 1900 : 300) first included it with Macowanites, Gyrophragmium

and Polyplocium in the Secotiaceae under the Hymenogastrineae, but subsequently (l.c. 7a,

1933 : 112) transferred the family Secotiaceae to the sub-order Podaxineae. Dodge on

the other hand (Comp. Morph. Fungi, 1928 : 493) included it with Podaxis and Hysterangium

in the Hysterangiaceae, while Conard (Mycologia 7, 1915 : 94) considered that it should be

included in the Agaricaceae. Finally Cunningham (l.c. p. 78) whose arrangement is here

followed, has placed Secotium in the family Secotiaceae of the order Hymenogastrales on

the grounds that it most nearly resembles members of this order, being separated only by

the presence of a definite stem.

Thirty-three species have been described for this genus, but of these only two have

so far been found in South Africa.

Key to the Species.

Gleba cellular. Plants large, up to 13 cm. high 1. S. Gueinzii.

Gleba sub-lamellate. Plants small, up to 4 cm. high 2. S. Obtusum.

I. Secotium Gueinzii Kunze. [Plate II, fig. 1, 2. Plate III, fig. 1.]

Secotium, eine neue Gattung der Gasteromycetes Trichogastres in Flora oder Bot.

Zeitt. 23 (1840) 321.

Berkeley in Hooker’s Journ. Bot. 2 (1843) 200 ; Corda, Icon. 6 (1854) 29, PL VI,

fig. 10-18 ; Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7 (1888) 52.

Plant sub-hemispherical, depressed globose or ovate, apex often depressed, 5-12 cm.

wide, 3-13 cm. high without stipe, whitish, smooth or obscurely floccose, wrinkled at the

base, areolate in the apical portion, originally united to the stipe, later breaking away either

entirely or partially. In the latter case the stipe may be pulled to one side before finally

becoming free or in some cases part of the peridium remains permanently attached to the

stipe. When the peridium does not break away entirely from the stem, it remains on the

ground, not raised on its stalk at all. The fruit body gradually disintegrates, the process

being hastened by gnawing insects and by rain. Peridium thin, white, corky-membranaceous

to floccose at base. Stipe concolorous, up to 6 cm. long, 1-5 cm. thick at apex and up to

2-5 cm. thick at base where it is enlarged, solid, punky, attached to the substratum by a

substantial mycelial cord, prolonged through the centre of the gleba as a cylindrical columella,

reaching the apex, where it expands laterally and merges with the peridium. Lower part

of the columella free from the gleba but the upper part narrowing and penetrating it. Base

of stem proper smooth or with floccose rings — the remains of the peridium left when the

latter breaks away from the stem. Gleba fuscous to pale olivaceous-brown, cellular, com-

posed of irregular, elongated cavities formed by anastomosed tramal plates. Basidia

4-spored. Spores smooth, subglobose, broadly oval or slightly obovate when apiculate or

shortly pedicellate, with one large guttule, 1 1 • 9—13 • 6 X 8 -5-10 -2 g, tinted brown with

dark epispore.

Habitat : in open ground.

Distribution : South Africa.

Specimens examined : Brakenfel nr. Belville, C.P., Dec. 1932, J . P. H. Acocks (E. L.

Stephens 159) ; Nov. 1933 (E. L. Stephens 307) ; Stikland, C.P., May 1933 J. P. H. Acocks

(E. L. Stephens 230) ; nr. Schuur’s Drift, Capetown-Malmesbury road, April-June 1940,

J. IF. Mathews & E. L. Stephens (E. L. Stephens 528) 35531 ; ? Signal Hill, Capetown,

May 1914, W. J. Foley (S.A. Museum).

Specimens not seen : Cape Flats, C.P., 1839, Gueinzius ; Uitenhage, 1839, Z,eyher.

502

MACOWANITES.

I am indebted to Miss E. L. Stephens for the specimens from which the above description

was made and for the information about the final disintegration of the plant.

This plant is distinguished by its large size, white colour, areolate peridium and cellular

gleba.

2. Secotium obtusum Lloyd. [Plate III, fig. 2.]

in Stevenson and Cash, The new fungus names proposed by C. G. Lloyd, (1936) 193.

Peridium 6 mm.-5 cm. wide, 6 mm.-4 cm. high without stipe, broadly oval or irregularly

obovate, usually becoming deeply hemispherical with rounded or truncate base or occasionally

expanded, whitish, grey, pale ochraceous or sometimes tinged with ochraceous, more or

less smooth at first, becoming slightly to deeply wrinkled, areolate or less often the outer

layer cracking into large, thick, imbricate warts ; 2-layered, inner layer thin, outer layer

thin to moderately thick, tough or brittle, originally enveloping the whole plant, later

breaking away completely or sometimes only partially from the base, exposing the very

short, usually bulbous stipe. Margin of peridium rounded, entire, lacerated or splitting

longitudinally into up to 9 fissures which extend up to two-thirds of the height of the

peridium. Stipe whitish, very short, scarcely visible, usually bulbous, attached by a stout

mycelial cord, traversing the centre of the gleba to the apex as a columela which is free

from the gleba. Columella cylindrical, thin or thick, in the latter case internally fibrous-

cellular, reddish brown in colour. In the case of lop-sided specimens, the columella may

be angled. Gleba creamy white then greyish fuscous, in the early stages consisting of long

irregular, sinuously walled chambers which become lengthened and narrowed until the

tramal plates become closely compacted and sub-lamellate. The latter arise from all parts

of the inner surface of the peridium and, when mature, radiate from the latter towards

the centre, the ends terminating near the columella in an almost continuous surface.

Tramal plates up to 1 • 5 cm. long, 9 mm. wide, length depending on the shape of the peridium

and the position of the columella, pale greyish-brown to ochraceous. Spores attached to

all surfaces of the tramal plates, at maturity forming a brown layer which is detachable

from the plates and gives the gleba a laminated appearance of alternate brown spore layers

and paler tramal plates ; brown, globose or sub-globose, often apiculate or shortly pedi-

cellate, obscurely sparsely verrucose, 5-6 a diam.

Habitat : in open ground.

Distribution : South Africa.

Specimens examined: Knapdaar nr. Burghersdorp, C.P., April 1924, Gideon Joubert,

18113, type ; in grey silt, Cornforth Hill, Barklv West, C.P., June 1936, J. P. H. Acocks

409 , 28644.

This species is distinguished by its oval shape, grevish-fuscous, sub-lamellate gleba

and brown spores. It differs from S. agaricoides, which it resembles externally, in shape,

in the colour of the gleba and the size of the spores.

2. MACOWANITES Kalchbrenner.

Hedwigia 15 (Aug. 1876) 115.

Kalchbrenner, Grevillea 10 (1882) 107 ; Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7 (1888) 179; Fischer,

Nat. Pflanz. 1, 1** (1899) 299, 7a (1933) 11; ‘Zeller & Dodge, Ann. Mo. Bot.

Gard. 6 (1919) 56, 23 (1936) 636 ; Verwoerd, S. Afr. Journ. Sci. 22 (1925) 166.

Macowania Kalchbrenner, Gard. Chron. N.S. 5 (June 1876) 785, non Macowania

Oliver, Hooker Icon. 1 (1870) 49.

Hypochanum Kalchbr., Gard. Chron. N.S. 6 (July 1876) 140.

Type Species : Macowanites agaricinus Kalchbr.

MACOWANITES.

503

Peridium epigean, subhemispherical when young, pileate at maturity, fleshy, stipitate.

Stipe prolonged through the centre of the gleba to the apex as a columella. Gleba arising

from the stipe as well as from the peridium, decurrent, projecting below the margin of the

peridium, composed of unequal, subglobose to elongated cavities formed by anastomosed

tramal plates, the basal cavities open to the outside, finally more or less radiating from the

stipe. Basidia 2-spored. Spores large, globose, echinulate.

This genus is probably monotypic and endemic to South Africa and, as far as is known,

is represented by a single collection of possibly one specimen only, which was distributed

to several herbaria in the form of slices.

In Transactions of the British Mycological Society 25 (1942) 334, J. Ramsbottom points

out that Hypochanum is the valid name for this genus on the grounds of priority but proposes

that Macowanites (with M. agaricinus as type) be conserved because of general usage against

Hypochanum.

The systematic position of the fungus is uncertain and until fresh specimens and

expecially young stages of the fungus are available for study, cannot be established. The

decision to place the genus tentatively in the Secotiaceae has been based on Kalchbrenner’s

description, which states that the plant is stipitate, the stipe being prolonged to the apex

of the peridium in columella-fashion, a character shared by all members of this family, and

that the gleba is composed of hymenial cavities elongated at the base where they are

decurrent and project below the peridium, their apertures being open to the air.

G. H. Cunningham (Gastero. 1944 : 77) suggests that Macowanites may be based on a

species of Hydnangium and in view of the fact that in two of the four slices of specimens

available for study there is an indication of a fine, branched columella, this suggestion

should be kept in mind. In the meantime it is impossible to come to any decision in the

matter.

Macowanites agaricinus Kalchbrenner. [Plate IV, fig. 1.]

Hedwigia 15 (1876) 115, fig. c.

Kalchbrenner, Grevillea 10 (1882) 107 ; de Toni, Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7 (1888) 179 ;

Lloyd, Myc. Writ. 7 (1923) 1198; Zeller & Dodge, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 6 (1919)

58, 23 (1936) 636 : Verwoerd, S. Afr. Journ. Sci. 22 (1925) 166.

Macowania agaricinus Kalchbr., Gard. Chron. N.S. 5 (1876) 785.

Plants hemispherical, 3-8 cm. wide, 3-5 cm. high, stipitate, fleshy, becoming wrinkled,

dingy brown (Snuff Brown). Peridium i -layered, thin, 1 mm. or less thick. Stipe about

1 cm. thick, 1 -5 cm. long up to the base of the gleba, “ white with cut surface, Cartridge-

Buff or a little darker below ”, prolonged through the gleba up to the apex as a columella.

Gleba tawny (between Tawny and Russet) arising from the columella as well as from the

peridium, compact, composed of unequal, subglobose to elongated cavities formed by

anastomosing tramal plates, more or less radiating from the columella, the basal cavities

larger, more elongated, decurrent, open to the outside, projecting below the margin of the

peridium. Tramal Plates 17-34 p diam., strand-like, without evident palisade hymenial

layer. Basidia 1-2-spored, apparently soon shrivelling up, the sterigmata finally thread-

like structures. Spores large, globose, pale olivaceous to olivaceous brown, grossly echi-

nulate, 15 -3-18 -7 p diam., average size 17 p.

Habitat : amongst grass at foot of trees.

Distribution : South Africa, rare.

Specimens examined : at foot of Acacia tree, Somerset East, 1876, MacOwan 7211

(S.A.M. 35048) 22087.

Specimens not seen : MacOwan 1211 at Kew, Upsala and a fragment of the Kew

specimen in New York Bot. Gard. Herb.

10801-2

504

POLYPLOCIUM — GYROPHRAGMIUM.

The species is represented by about six slices of the type specimen — three in the South

African Museum, one in the National Herbarium, Pretoria, one at Kew, one at Upsala and

a corner of the Kew specimen in the New York Botanic Gardens Herbarium. Two water

colour sketches at Kew, reproduced in Gardener’s Chronicle N.S. 5 (1876) 785, fig. 141,

under the original name of Macowania agaricina are the only known illustrations of the

fungus. The above description was made partly from the four slices in South African

herbaria and partly from Zeller and Dodge’s description (l.c.) of the sketches at Kew. None

of these slices shows any stipe or exposed glebal cavities as described and illustrated by

Kalchbrenner, although one slice shows two basal glebal lobes. Two of the slices are

entirely free of columella but the other two show indications of an inconspicuous branched

columella. It is doubtful if any one of the slices examined was cut through the centre of

the plant. The presence of columella-like tissue in at least two specimens supports

Cunningham’s suggestion (Gastero. 1944 : 77) that the genus may have been based on a

Hydnangium. It is not clear, however, how one could reconcile the exposed glebal cavities —

if such actually existed — with the latter genus. No 2-spored besidium such as Kalchbrenner

illustrated was seen by me. In most cases there appeared to be only one spore, attached by

a lax, thread-like sterigma. Occasionally pairs of spores, one on top of another, suggested

that they might originate from one basidium, but in such cases the basidium was never

actually seen.

Two other species of Macowanites have been described — M. echinosporus Zeller &

Dodge (Ann. Mo. Bot.Gard. 6, 1919 : 57) and M. magnus Parks, (Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 22,

1935 : 369). Ed. Fischer (Nat. Pflanz. 7a, 1933 : 111) however, considers that the former

is more nearly related to ‘ Arcangeliella ’ on account of its lactiferous vessels and non-

percurrent columella, and Zeller & Dodge (l.c. 23, 1936 : 638) suggest that the latter may

be considered close to the same genus on account of the lactiferous ducts in the sterile tissue.

G. H. Cunningham (Gastero. 1944) treats Arcangeliella as a synonym of Hydnangium, on

the grounds that lactiferous ducts, on which the genus was erected, are not consistently

present and therefore do not constitute a generic character. In the sense of Cunningham,

therefore, M. echinosporus and M. magnus would probably be considered Hydnangium.

POLYPLOCIUM Berkeley and GYROPHRAGMIUM Montagne.

The systematic position of these two nearly related, or possibly synonymous genera,

is not certain and has given rise to much difference of opinion. Berkeley (Hooker’s Journ.

Bot. 2, 1943 : 202) considered that his genus Polyplocium belonged to the Hymenomycetes

and was closely related to Boletus. Fries (Epicr. 1, 1874 : 241) named two specimens sent

to him by Montagne Montagnites Dunalii and M. Candollei respectively and referred them

to the Agaricaceae. Montagne subsequently erected his new genus Gyrophragmium on

the specimen of M . Dunalii on the grounds that it did not belong to the Agaricaceae but

to the Gasteromycetes. de Toni (Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7, 1888 : 55) placed both Polyplocium

and Gyrophrahmiutn in the Podaxineae which he included in the Lycoperdaceae. Ed.

Fischer (Nat. Pflanz. 1, 1**, 1900 : 203 and 7a, 1933 : 115) included the two genera in

Secotiaceae. Finally Lloyd (Myc. Notes 18, 1904 : 195) expressed the opinion that Gyro-

phragmium (with which he included Polyplocium as a synonym) was closer to the Agarics

than to the Gasteromycetes, adding “ it is a connecting link between the two, passing on

one hand through Montagnites to Coprinus and on the other through Secotium to the true

Gasteromycetes ”.

Since the balance of opinion appears to favour the inclusion of Polyplocium and

Gyrophragmium in the Gasteromycetes rather than in the Hymenomycetes, it is proposed

to include them in the present work. Following Cunningham’s division of the orders and

families of the Gasteromycetes, they would appear to be most nearly related to members

of the Secotiaceae.

POLYPLOCIUM.

505

It is held by some that Polyplocium and Gyrophragmium are synonyms. It is impossible

to pass an opinion on this point without having seen overseas specimens and the early

stages of both forms of plants, but, judging from South African specimens, there seems

some justification for keeping the two genera separate and it has therefore been decided

to do so. Polyplocium has been reserved for the more massive type of plant in whioh a

large, erect, cup-shaped, volva-like structure — originally the base of the peridium — - is

found on the thickened part of the fusiform stem, i.e. at the base of the columella, and the

apex of the stemlike base, and Gyrophragmium for the slender type in which a small,

dependent, floccose-membranaceous ring-like structure is found at the base of the columella

(the origin of which is not clear) and a small volva-like structure at the base of the stem

which is not found in Polyplocium. In the latter genus on the other hand, evident remains

of the original universal volva are present both on the apex of the peridium and on the

outside of the cup-shaped volva, which is not the case in Gyrophragmium.

Judging from his illustrations (reproduced by Ed. Fischer, Nat. Pflanz. 7a, 1933 : 115)

Montagne appears to have included both types of plant in Gyrophragmium ; Fig. 88a is

that regarded as typical Polyplocium, while Fig. 88b is typical Gyrophragmium without

the scaly rings usually found on the lower part of the stem. If the latter are, as held by

Lloyd (l.c.) fragments of the original ‘ volva ’ then this must be of a very different texture

and nature in the two plants.

3. POLYPLOCIUM Berkeley.

On two Hvmenomvcetous Fungi in Hooker’s London Journal of Botany 2 (1843)

202.

Sacc. Syll . Fung. 7 (1888) 55 ; Lloyd, Myc. Writ. 1, Myc. Notes 18 (1904) 195 ;

Ed. Fisch. Nat. Pflanz. 7a (1933) 115 ; Yerwoerd, Ann. Univ. Stell. 3 (1925) 15.

Type species : Polyplocium inquinans Berk.

Plants : upper part finally epigeous, stemlike base remaining buried in the substratum ;

consisting in the mature condition of a shallow, hemispherical pileate peridium supported on a

well-developed stemlike base. Peridium 2-layered, originally enclosing the gleba. Exoperidium

thick, areolate or consisting of large warts. Endoperidium thick and fleshy, finally thin,

membranous and punkv. Dehiscence by irregular circumscissile splitting around the

apical portion, resulting in an apical pileate structure with vertically suspended tramal

plates attached to the under-side and a large, cup-shaped volva-like structure attached

to the stem. Stemlike base originally massive and fleshy, becoming much shrunken, punkv

and fusiform, the upper part prolonged through the centre of the gleba as a columella to

the apex where it expands laterally to merge with the peridium. Gleba attached, in mature

plants, to the under-side only of the pileate peridium, consisting of numerous, more or less

vertically suspended, black, brittle, simple or forked, toothlike tramal plates which project

beyond the margin of the peridium and are so tightly compacted as to form a seemingly

continuous, fine daedaloid-like surface at the lower extremity. Spores attached to all

surfaces of the tramal plates. Basidia probably 4-spored. Spores oval, brown, smooth.

This plant was first collected by Burke and Zeyher on the banks of the Orange River

in what was then the Cape Colony ; Zeyher sent a single specimen to Berkeley, who in 1843

erected a new genus and species on it — Polyplocium inquinans. The plant was not seen

again until 1919, nearly eighty years later, when Dr. I. B. Pole Evans found several more

specimens on a termite heap at Vrvburg, C.P., in an immature condition. During the

following three years, four more collections were made, two by the same collector and two

by Mr. Gideon Joubert — a farmer-collector of many interesting fungi. No further specimens

were found after 1921 until just recently when Mr. J. P. H. Acocks came across two excep-

tionally fine, mature plants.

506

POLYPLOCIUM.

Polyplocium inquinans Berkeley. [Plate Y, fig. 1 ; Plate VI, fig. 1,2; Plate YII ;

Plate VIII.]

Hooker’s London Journal of Botany 2 (1843) 203 ; Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7 (1888) 145 ;

Lloyd, Myc. Writ. 1, Myc. Notes 7 (1901) 69 ; Myc. Notes 18 (1904) 195 ; Fischer,

Nat. Pflanz. 70 (1933) 115.

Gyrophragmium inquinans (Berk.) Lloyd, Myc. Writ. 1, Myc. Notes 18 (1904) 197.

Immature plant (Plate VI fig. 1.) : 22 cm. long, 11 cm. wide, a massive, solid, fleshy, dirty

white, club-shaped structure, smooth except at the apex where irregularly areolate to sub-

warty. The enlarged apical portion contains the gleba, while the basal part constitutes a

massive, stemlike base. The centre of the gleba is traversed right up to the apex by a

cylindrical columella — the prolongation of the central part of the stemlike base — while

the whole head is enveloped by a universal volva formed by the prolongation of the marginal

part of the base from the level at which the central part enters the glebal cavity as a columella.

Gleba consisting of closely compacted, irregular, black tramal plates, arising both from the

underside of the apex of the glebal chamber and from the entire length of the columella.

In the former case the tramal plates are long and hang vertically almost to the base of the

cavity, while in the latter they are shorter and more or less horizontal to oblique towards

the apex (described from one specimen).

Mature Plant up to 19 cm. high, 7-5 cm. wide, consisting of a two-layered, hemispherical,

pileate peridium supported on a well-developed, fusiform stalk, the lower portion of which

remains embedded in the substratum. Exoperidium dirty white to greyish brown, areolate

or consisting of thick, flattened to pyramidal, persistent or caducous warts — the remains

of the volva-like structure originally enveloping the peridium. Endoperidium thick at first,

finally membranous, punky, splitting circumscissilely around the apical portion (Plate VII)

resulting, due to the prolongation of the columella, in an apical, pileate, stalked structure

and a large, cup-shaped volva-like structure attached to the thickened area at the apex

of the stemlike base. Stem fusiform, up to 19cm. long inclusive of the columella, 1 • 5-3-5 cm.

wide at the thickest part, i.e. about two-thirds from the base, dirty white, fibrous, punky

in the irregular, attenuated basal portion, sulcate above the volva. Volva up to 7 cm. wide

at the margin, irregular, large, tough, membranous, brittle, with or without the exoperidial

warts on the outside, forming an erect but spreading cup-shaped collar on the swollen part

of the stem. Gleba consisting of closely packed, sub-cylindrical to narrow tramal plates

which hang vertically from the underside of the pileate structure and project up to 1-5 cm.

below the margin. The plates which were originally present on the columella apparently

separate from the latter and fall away as the plant matures. Tramal plates up to 3 cm.

long and 5 mm. wide in the young stage, but drying shorter and thinner, black, brittle,

very thin, with minute, longitudinally projecting wings of the same texture. The latter

fit closely into others of adjacent plates, forming an almost continuous, irregular, gyrose

surface at the lower extremity of the plates. Berkeley compared this surface to the porous

surface of Boletus. At maturity the plates separate from each other and resemble irregularly

twisted, crinkled, tooth-like processes. Basidia probably 4-spored, apparently soon

shrivelling. Spores attached to all surfaces of the tramal plates, typically broadly oval,

occasionally globose or truncate, smooth, dark brown, sometimes very shortly pedicellate,

5-2-10-2 X 5 -2-6 -8 p, common size 8-5 X 6 p.

Habitat : on termite heaps.

Distribution : North and South Africa ; North America.

Specimens examined : Armoedsvlakte, Vryburg, C.P., March 1919, I . B. Pole Evans ,

11856 ; Malcomess, Knapdaar, nr. Burghersdorp, March 1921, Gideon Joubert, 14505,

Nov. 1936, 28739 Lake Chrissie, Tvl., March, 1921, .1 B. Pole Evans, 18115, on termite

heaps with Podaxis pistillaris.

Specimens not seen : On banks of Orange River, Burke and Zeyher, type, South Africa,

without locality Kew.

GYROPHRAGMIUM.

507

The distinguishing features of this species are the pileate peridium with its closely

compacted, black tramal plates vertically suspended from the underside, the large volva-

like structure left on the enlarged portion of the fusiform stem at the base of the ‘ columella ’

after the endoperidium has dehisced around the apical portion and the oval spores. It

differs from Gyrophragmium Delilei, as here interpreted, in the more massive stature, the

large volva-like structure situated at the apex of the stemlike base and the shape of the

spores.

Although the type specimen has not been available for examination, there seems little

doubt that the plant dealt with above is the same as that described and illustrated by

Berkeley (l.c.) as Polyplocium inquinans from Zeyher’s South African specimen, since,

with the exception of the capillitium threads, which were not found in the above collections

and which Berkeley possibly confused with fragments of the tramal plates, the plants

seem identical in every respect.

4. GYROPHRAGMIUM Montagne.

Annales des Sciences naturelles, 2 Ser. Bot. 20 (1843) 77.

Ed. Fischer, Nat. Pflanz. 1, 1** (1900) 203, 7a (1933) 115.

Type Species : Gyrophragmium Delilei Mont.

Plants : upper part finally epigeous, lower portion of stem remaining submerged in

the substratum ; consisting of a shallow-hemispherical, pileate structure with black,

vertically suspended, tooth-like tramal plates attached to the underside, and supported

on a well-developed stem. Peridium thin, membranous, probably 2-layered, originally

enclosing the gleba, dehiscing circumscissilely at the margin of the ‘ pileus ’. • Stalk pro-

portionately long and slender, the upper part originally prolonged as a columella through

the centre of the gleba to the apex, where it expands laterally to merge with the endo-

peridium ; the lower two-thirds submerged, usually clothed with successive rows of floccose,

scaly rings, the uppermost of which is larger than the others and is dependent against the

stem, while the base is surrounded by a small volva-like structure of the same texture and

colour. Gleba consisting of closely compacted, brittle, separate, vertically suspended,

tooth-like tramal plates attached to the whole underside of the apex of the peridium, except

in the immediate vicinity of the central columella. Basidia probably 4-spored. Spores

attached to all surfaces of the tramal plates, globose, dark brown, smooth.

Five species have been described for this genus, but according to Ed. Fischer, l.c.,

probably only the type species is valid. It is represented in the National Herbarium by

four collections only, all found in the Griqualand West area, where much of the country

is sandy, by Mr. -J. P. H. Acoc-ks. Unfortunately only the fully mature plant has been

found up to the present time.

Gyrophragmium has sometimes been confused with Montagniles. Fries [Epier. 1

(1874) 241] was the first to make this error, when he called Montagne’s subsequently named

Gyrophragmium, Montagnites Dunalii. In that case the two genera were found together

and it is interesting to note that in the case of South African collections most of the M.

Canclollei specimens have been found in the same areas as G. Delilei. There is a certain

superficial resemblance between the two in stature, position, colour and texture of gills

and the presence of a small volva at the base of the stem ; but they differ mainly in the

fact that in Montagnites the gills are lamellate and radiate from an expansion of the apex

of the stipe, whereas in Gyrophragmium the tramal plates are separate and tooth-like,

though sometimes seemingly arranged in parallel lines, and are attached to the apex of

the peridium from which they hang vertically.

508

GYROPHRAGMIUM.

Gyrophragmium Delilei Montagne. [Plate IV, fig. 2 ; Plate IX.]

Flore d’Algerie 1 (1846-1849) 369, t. 21, f. 2 pro parte.

Lloyd, Myc. Writ. 1, Myc. Notes 7 (1901) 68, Myc. Notes 18 (1904) 196 ; Ed.

Fischer, Nat. Pflanz. 7a (1933) 115, fig. 88b.

Montagnea Delilei Fries in litt.

Scleroderma texense Berk., N. Am. Fungi in Lond. Journ. Bot. (1845) 308.

Secotium texense Berk. & Curt., N. Am. Fungi in Grev. 2 (1873) 34.

Agaricus ocreatus Delil. inscr. Fr. Epicr. 1 (1874) 241.

Montagnites Dunalii Fr., Epicr. 1 (1874) 241.

Gyrophragmium texense (B. & C.) Mass., Grev. 19 (1890-1891) 96.

G. argentinum Speg., Fung. Arg. novi v. crit. (1899) 185.

Secotium decipiens Peck.

Gyrophragmium decipiens Lloyd, Myc. Writ. 1, Myc. Notes 6 (1901) 62.

Podaxon strobilaceus Copeland, Ann. Myc. 2 (1904) 4.

Mature plant consisting of a small pileate peridium to the underside of which are

attached numerous black, tooth-like, vertically suspended tramal plates, supported on a

relatively long, slender, well -developed stalk. Peridium shallow hemispherical, 3-3-5 cm.

wide, 1-5-2 cm. high, pale to dark greyish brown, smooth or transversely wrinkled at the

margin, plane or slightly to strongly umbonate, margin even, becoming lacerate. Stipe

10-20 cm. long. 0-7-2 -2 cm. wide, the upper portion dirty white to greyish, deeply sulcate,

punky, attenuated towards the apex , representing a prolongation of the basel stem which

in the early stages traverses the centre of the gleba to the apex as a columella ; the lower

two-thirds dirty white to cream tinged with yellow ochre, punky, sometimes becoming

hollow, striate and fibrillose when dry, smooth or usually clothed with 2-6 successive rows

of flattened to spreading, lacerated, floccose, scaly rings, 7 mm, to 2-5 cm. apart, the lowest

ring forming a volva-like structure at the base of the stem, w hile the top ring which is larger,

more regular and dependent against the stem, resembles an agaric ring. Gleba consisting

of closely compacted, separate, sub-cylindrical or more or less flattened, tooth-like tramal

plates, attached singly or in small groups, irregularly or in sub-parallel lines, to the underside

of the peridium, hanging vertically downwards to the level of. or slightly below the margin.

Tramal plates 5-6 mm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, brittle, black, straight or, at the margin, curved

towards the centre, sometimes forked at the tips, with minute, longitudinal, wing-like

expansions of the same texture, closely compacted together as in Polyplocium. Basidia

probably 4-spored, apparently soon shrivelling up. Spores borne on all surfaces of the

tramal plates, smooth, brown, typically globose, 5-7 g diam., sometimes apiculate or very

short pedicellate.

Habitat : in sandy places.

Distribution : North and South Africa ; North and South America ; Asia ; Europe.

Specimens examined : in red sand, Kimberley Distr., Griqualand West, March 1936,

J . P. H. Acocks, 28624 ; near de Beer’s Mine, Kimberley, May 1936, J . P. H . Acocks 336,

(Kew) 28635; Olifantshoek Rd., Kuruman Distr., C.P., June 1936, J. P. H. Acocks 405,

28640, Kew ; Knockbarragh, Barklv West, C.P., May 1936, J . P. H. Acocks 330, 28634.

Specimens not seen : Brackenfel, Belville, J. P. H. Acocks, Kew.

The South African form of this species is recognised by its slender stature, consisting

of a small, pileate peridium supported on a long, slender stalk, the presence of the lower

two-thirds of the stem of successive, floccose, membranous rings, the lowest of which forms

a volva-like structure at the base of the stem, while the top one reseiiibles a dependent

ring of an agaric, and the globose spores. Unfortunately no early stage of the plant has

PHALJiALES.

509

been seen by me and the significance of the small volva-like structure at the base of the

stem and the agaricdike ring at the top of the subterranean part is not clear. The size

and appearance of the latter suggest that it may have originally been united to the margin

of the ‘‘ pileus’ thus forming the lower part of the peridium as in Polyplocium. According

to Lloyd, the young plants are enclosed in a ‘ volva ’ which breaks irregularly as the plant

grows, usually remaining as a kind of ‘ volva-cup ’ at the base of the plant in the European

form and generally breaking loose from the base of the plant in the American form. He

considered that the scaly rings on the stem are fragments of the ‘ volva

The European and American species appear to include a wide range of forms from

the slender type found in South Africa and the Argentine to the massive type approaching

Polyplocium found in Europe and America. Gyrophragmium texense for instance, has the

stature of Polyplocium but a stem more like Gyriphragmium .. G. decipiens likewise has the

stature of Polyplocium, but, according to Lloyd, l.c., the volva does not usually form a cup,

but breaks away from the base of the stem. G. argentinum appears to be typical of the

South African form, but Podaxon strobilaceus has characters of both. In this connection,

the similarity of Copeland’s Battarea arenicola [Ann. Myc. 2 (1904) 2, Plate 1, fig. 6] both

in description and illustrations, to the slender form of G. Delilei is striking.

PHALLALES.

The phalloids are recognised by their bizarre shapes, vivid red and orange colours,

brittle, spongy texture, their ephemeral nature and usually overpowering foetid smell.

They are world-wide in distribution, appearing overnight, usually after a wet spell, and

collapsing after a few hours. The foetid smell serves to attract certain flies which aid in

the dissemination of the spores. All forms of this order are characterised by the presence

of an egg-like structure called the peridium, which splits at the apex to allow of the develop-

ment from its centre of a spore-bearing structure known as the receptacle. The remains

of the peridium left at the base of the receptacle are called the volva. The detailed

characters of the order are as follows : —

Peridium usually of 3 layers (2 in one family), an outer, tough, membranous layer —

the exoperidium, a middle gelatinous layer — the mesoperidium — and an inner delicate

membrane — the endoperidium — which encloses the spore-bearing receptacle. Receptacle

loosely pseudo-parenchymatous, turgid and brittle, stipitate or non-stipitate, giving rise

to one or more cellular or tubular columns and/or to a hollow, spherical, clathrate or latticed

structure. Spore-mass mucilaginous, foetid, olive or brownish green, borne on some portion

of the surface of the receptacle. Spores usually small, tinted, smooth and bluntly elliptical.

“ Basidia 4-8-spored.”

Cunningham extends the order to include three families, erecting a special family —

Claustulaceae — for the genus Claustula on account of its indehiscent receptacle and lack

of mucilage. Fischer refers Claustula to the Clathraceae.

1. Claustulaceae :

Receptacle an obovate, indehiscent, hollow sphere, the spore mass lining the inner

surface of the wall.

2. Phallaceae :

Receptacle a simple, cylindrical, hollow stem, the spore mass borne directly on the

apical portion or on a campanulate pileus attached to the apex.

3. Clathraceae :

Receptacle forming a stipitate or sessile structure which is clathrate, columnar or of

apically united connivent or free arms arising from the apex of a stemlike base.

Spore mass borne on some portion of the receptacle, usually the arms.

510

PHALLACEAE.

Of the above families only the Phallaceae and Clathraceae are represented in Southern

Africa, the former by the genera Mutinus, Itajahya, Phallus and Dictyphora and the latter

by Linderiella, Anthurus, Lysurus, Clathrus and Kalchbrennera. Aseroe and Colus have

been recorded from this country but their occurrence seems doubtful.

As far as our records show Mutinus and Anthurus are confined to the south-western

Cape, Itajahya to the Transvaal and Orange Free State and Linderiella to Angola. The

remaining species appear to be fairly evenly distributed.

Our knowledge of the South African phalloids and their distribution is very imperfect

and it is quite possible that unrecorded species still exist. Apart from the coastal belt

of the Cape Province with its temperate climate and winter rainfall, where these plants

occur fairly regularly every winter, very little systematic collecting of phalloids has been

done in any part of the country. Various native and other forest areas in subtropical

parts with summer rainfall remain quite unexplored and should yield a rich harvest of

such plants. Unfortunately such likely areas are off the beaten track and distances being

very great, transport problems are often unsurmountable. Added to these difficulties is

the brittle and ephemeral nature of the plants themselves which discourages private

individuals from sending such specimens bv post.

PHALLACEAE Corda.

leones Fungorum 5 (1842) 29 ;

emend. Ed. Fischer, Natiirlichen Pflanzenfamilien 1 (1900) 289.

Peridium globose, oval or ovate, consisting of three layers of which the middle one is

finally gelatinous ; splitting at the apex into irregular lobes on the expansion of the receptacle,

at the base of which it remains collapsed as a volva. Receptacle hollow, cylindrical or

fusiform, the wall consisting of one or several layers of cells. Spore mass borne externally

on the modified apex of the stem or on a campanulate pileus attached to the apex ; olive

green or brownish olive green. Indusium present in one genus — Dictyophora. Spores

elliptical, smooth, hyaline or tinted.

Key to the Genera (sec. Cunningham).

Spore mass borne directly on the upper part of the receptacle.

Spore mass covering the apical portion of the receptacle 1. Mutinus.

Spore mass forming a collar-like restriction below the inflated apex of the

receptacle ( Staheliomyces ).

Spore mass covering a net-like pileus loosely attached to the upper part of the

receptacle ( Floccomutinus ).

Spore mass borne on a campanulate pileus.

Indusium absent or only rudimentary.

Pileus formed of radiate plates (Aporojihallus).

Pileus formed of lamellate plates 2. Itajahya.

Pileus externally rugulose, papillate or reticulate 3. Phallus.

Indusium present, well developed 4. Dictyophora.

Of the seven genera included in the above key, four only occur in South Africa —

Mutinus, Itajahya, Phallus and Dictyophora. Of the remainder, Staheliomyces occurs in

British Guiana and the Malay Archipelago, Floccomyces in West Africa and Aporophallus

in Brazil.

MUTINUS.

511

1. MUTINUS Fries.

Summa Yegetabilium Scandinaviae, Part 2 (1849) 434.

Phallus § Cyanophallus Fr., Syst. Myc. 2 (1822) 284.

Cyanophallus (Fr.) Corda, Icon. Fung. 6 (1854) 19.

Corynites Berk, et Curt., Trans. Linn. Soc. 21 (1855) 149.

Jansia Penz., Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 16 (1899) 139.

Type Species : Mutinus caninus (Huds. ex Pers.) Fr.

Peridium spherical or oval, splitting at the apex into two or three lobes, finally collapsing

against the base of the expanding receptacle. Receptacle simple, hollow, cylindrical or

fusoid, perforated or not at the tip, cellular, usually some shade of red or pink, bearing the

olive-green mucilaginous spore mass at or near the apical portion of the receptacle, which

may be rough or smooth due to the presence of pulvinate or pseudo-parenchymatous

processes. Spores cylindrical, smooth and tinted.

This genus is the most primitive of the family since the receptacle consists of a simple,

hollow stalk which bears the spore mass directly on its apical portion.

Distribution: Europe; Asia; North and South America*; Africa; India; Ceylon.

Following Cunningham, the species are divided on the nature of the spore-bearing part.

I. Spore-bearing part smooth or rugulose.

(M. caninus, M. curtus, M. Curtisii, M. Fleicheri, M. xylogenus.)

II. Spore-bearing part covered with irregular pseudoparenchymatous processes.

(M. bambusinus, M. boreensis.)

III. Spore-bearing part covered with digitate processes.

(M. Pentzigii, M. proximus .)

Of the 19 species described, Cunningham considers that only the above 9 are good

species. To these M. simplex Lloyd, found in the forest area of Knysna, South Africa,

might possibly be added. An examination of fresh plants is necessary to determine if this

species can be separated from M. Curtisii (M. elegans ). Of the species mentioned above,

M. Curtisii is probably found in South Africa but the occurrence of M . bambusinus is

extremely doubtful. Descriptions of all three species are however given to cover any

uncertainty.

Key to the Species.

Spore-bearing part of receptacle smooth or rugulose.

Spore-bearing part not obviously differentiated from the rest of the stalk.

Receptacle tapering to a blunt point

Spore-bearing part more or less transversely rugulose. Receptacle more or less

equal, terminating in a blunt point

Spore-bearing part sharply differentiated from the stalk. Receptacle termi-

nating in a sterile tip

1. Mutinus Curtisii (Berk.) Ed. Fischer. [Plate X, fig. 1.]

Versuch einer systematischen Ubersicht fiber die bisher bekannten Phalloideen

(Jahrb. d. Konigl. bot. Gartens zu Berlin IV, 1886 : p.l.).

Corynites Curtisii Berk., Grev. 2 (1873) 34.

Mutinus bovinus Morgan, Journ. Cinn. Soc. Nat. Hist. 12 (1889) 147.

M. elegans (Mont.) Ed. Fischer.

M. Curtisii.

M. simplex.

M. bambusinus.

512

MUTINUS.

Peridium 3 X 1*5 cm., spherical then oval, white, splitting at the apex into several

irregular lobes and finally collapsing against the developing receptacle ; rooting by a strong,

white, cord-like mycelium. Receptacle up to 8-5 cm. long, 1-9 cm. diam. at thickest part,

tapering gradually to a blunt point ; whitish in pickled specimens, probably some shade

of red or pink in fresh plants ; hollow, not perforate at the apex, slightly tubercular, more

or less uniform, cellular, wall 1-2 chambered, cells opening inwards except at base where

some are perforate on the outside ; spore-bearing portion not obviously differentiated from

the rest of the receptacle, apical, 4-5-5 cm. long, covered with olive-green slime. Spores

about 3-4x2 g diam., tinted, oblong-cylindrical.

Habitat on the ground.

Distribution : North America ; Europe ; South Africa.

Specimens examined : Rondebosch, C.P., June 1930, E. Loseby, 25461. These

specimens, preserved in formalin with no notes attached, were probably identified by

C. G. Lloyd, since all unknown specimens collected by the late Miss Loseby were, I think,

sent to Lloyd for naming.

Specimens not seen : Rondebosch, June 1932, J . Acocks (E.L.S. 127) “ with red tube

It has been suggested (Fischer in Nat. Pflanz., 1933) that M. simplex probably takes

the place of M. Curtisii in South Africa, but the specimens described above appear to be

(as far as one can -tell without examining fresh plants) M. Curtisii and not M. simplex.

This species is recognised by the shape of its receptacle which gradually tapers to a

blunt point.

2. Mutinus simplex Lloyd.

Mycological Writings 6 (1919) 879, Fig. 1504.

Peridium 2-2 x 2 cm., oval, whitish, splitting at apex into several segments ; attached

to soil by a stout, white, cord-like mycelium. Receptacle 7 cm. long, 1-9 cm. diam., bright

red above, yellowish red towards base, rugulose, hollow, cellular, cells uniform, perforate

towards inside, but continuous on outside ; more or less equal, terminating in a blunt point.

Spore-bearing part 2 cm. long, apical, more or less transversely rugulose (in dried specimens),

covered with brownish-green slime. Spores 4-5 X 1-5 /jl diam., tinted, cylindrical, smooth.

Habitat : in indigenous bush.

Distribution : South Africa.

Specimens examined : Brenton, Knysna, A. V. Duthie 215, 31403 ; 31510 (E.L.S. 32)

det. Lloyd.

Specimens not seen : Lloyd, Mycological collections No. 57856, Type, and 57850.

It is not known to which of Dr. Duthie’s collections these numbers refer.

Only two dried specimens were available for examination, one, Duthie 215, accompanied

by a note that it was much shrunken and that the colour of the stalk was bright red, and

the other, accompanied by a coloured outline sketch. The latter does not, however, show

a transversely rugulose spore-bearing portion, so shrinkage may have been responsible for

this appearance in the dried specimen. The measurements given were taken from the

sketch.

According to Lloyd, this species is characterized by the lack of any differentiation

between the spore-bearing portion and the rest of the receptacle, the uniform size of the

cells of the latter, and the fact that these are continuous on the outside and perforate on

the inside. M. simplex is said by Lloyd to differ from M. elegans (c.f. M. Curtisii) mainly

in the shape of the receptacle.

ITAJAHYA.

513

3. Mutinus bambusinus (Zoll.) Ed. Fischer. [Plate X, fig. 2.]

Annales du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg 6 (1886) 30, tab. 4-5 fig.

Petch, Trans. Brit. Myc. Soc. 10 (1926) 272 ; Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7 (1888) 12.

Phallus (Cyanophallus) bambusinus Zoll., Syst. Verzeich. Indisch. Arch. 1842-48

gesammel (1854-1855).

Peridium 3-5 X 2 cm. diam., oval, sometimes covered above with a grey tomentose

layer which splits into patches with growth of egg. Receptacle fusoid, up to 16 cm. high,

1*2 cm. diam., attached by a white, cord-like mycelium, purplish or red at apex, paler below,

hollow, cellular, wall composed of single layer of large chambers the exterior walls of which

are frequently perforate, the interior continuous. Spore-bearing part apical, except for

5 mm. of the tip which is sterile, pinkish, perforated or not and of the same structure as

the stalk ; variable in length, usually about half the total length, elongated conical, sharply

differentiated from the stalk ; diameter of head at junction with stalk up to 2 mm. greater

than that of latter ; dark red, dirty purple or brownish red with spore mass, bright crimson

without ; surface almost smooth to rough or granular due to the presence of irregular

parenchymatous processes ; spore mass dark olive, spread out in a thin patchy film when

plant is fully developed. Spores cylindrical or oblong oval, 2-4 X 1 u.. Odour strong,

not unpleasant.

Habitat : usually in decaying debris.

Distribution : mainly Java and Ceylon ; possibly Brazil and South Africa.

Specimens examined : Brenton, Knysna, March 1921, A. V. Duthie 291, 31461 (identified

by C. G. Lloyd) ; Belvidere, Knysna, Duthie, 31504.

Specimens not seen : Brandfort, Schonken (Duthie 295).

Duthie 291 is probably not M. bambusinus, but it is impossible to be sure of the

characters since the whole spore-bearing part is lacking. The wall cells are continuous on

the outside instead of perforate, which suggests M. simplex or possibly M. Curtisii. The

second specimen, 31504, may possibly be M. bambusinus, since the wall cells are perforate

on the outside and the spore-bearing part (very shrunken) appears to be thicker than the

stipe and differentiated from it. In this case too, the specimen is in fragments and it is

impossible to make out anything from the scraps of material. The species is only included

in case it does occur in South Africa, which seems doubtful.

2. ITAJAHYA Alfr. Moller.

Brasilische Pilzblumen in Botan. Mittheil. a.d. Tropen von A. F. W. Schimper, Heft

VII, 1895, p. 79.

Alboffiella Spegazzini in Anales del Museo nacional de Buenos Aires, 6, 1899 : 183.

Type Species : Itajahya galericulata Moller.

This genus resembles Phallus in general appearance, but differs in the structure of the

pileus which is furnished with lamellate plates, on and between the branches of which the

spore mass is borne.

Itajahaya galericulata is the only well-established species known. Fischer (Nat.

Pflanzenfam. 1933 : 102) suggests that Phallus roseus Delile may possibly be the same plant.

1. Itajahya galericulata Moller. [Plate XI ; XII ; XIII ; XIV ; XV ; XVI.]

Brasilische Pilzblumen (1895) 79, tab. 5.

Ed. Fischer, Nat. Pflanzenfam. (1933) 101 ; Sacc. Syll. Fung. 11 (1895) 153 ;

Long & Stouffer, Gertero. IX in Mycologia 35 (1943) 620.

? Alboffiella argentina Speg., Anales del Museo nacional da Buenos Aires 6 (1899) 183.

514

PHALLUS.

Peridium 4-8 cm. diam., subglobose, oval or obovate, compressed by mutual pressure

when caespitose, white, splitting into several irregular lobes at the apex ; attached by a

strong, white mycelial cord. Receptacle 8-16 X 1 -5-4-0 cm., white, cylindrical, tapering

at both ends or only towards the base, straight or curved, spongy, hollow, taut, brittle,

cellular, wall 3-4-layered, cells finally perforate externally, depressed and usually continuous

internally ; outer surface originally covered by a thin, white, floccose mycelial layer, which

disappears with development, exposing the open cells. Apex at first covered by a semi-

transparent membrane, finally perforate or not. Pileus 2-4 cm. high, 2-6 cm. broad,

campanulate-cylindrical, white, sub-membranous, upper edge attached to the underside of

a smooth, white, solid, centrally-depressed cap with irregular margin formed by the recurved

expansion of the wall at the apex of the stem ; externally shallowly reticulated, the walls

of the reticulations giving rise to dichotomously branched, pseudoparenchymatous, white,

lamellate expansions which terminate in minute cauliflower-like processes on and between

which the spore mass is born. These white, branched tips permeate the dark spore mass

and are apparent on the outer surface, giving the latter a mottled appearance. A second

white cap (calvptra) — possibly the remains of a volva — may be present on top of the stem

cap. (Plate XV fig. 2. ). Spore mass at first dark grey, finally greenish black, mucilaginous.

Spores hyaline, smooth, broadly elliptic, about 4 X 2 p diam. Smell strong, foetid.

Habitat : single, in groups or caespitose, in gardens, under hedges and in open clayey

ground, occurring in summer during wet spells.

Distribution : South and North America ; South Africa ; possibly Egypt and Palestine

Specimens examined : Pretoria, Jan. 1915, E. M. Doidge, 18072 ; Pretoria, A. M

Bottomley, April 1920, 13069, Jan. 1920, 14238, Feb. 1943, 33771, Feb. 1944, 34919 ; Pretoria,

P. H. B. Talbot, March 1945, 34147.

As indicated above, this interesting but little known plant was found in South Africa

as early as 1915 but was recorded as Phallus impudicus ; it was only a few years ago, when

going through the collections, that its true identity was discovered. It is distinguished

from the Phallaceae by the structure of the pileus which gives rise to a number of lamellate

plates, the branched tips of which traverse the gleba and give the pileus a mottled appearance.

The South African plant seems to agree more with the Brazilian form than with the

North American (Long & Stouffer, l.c.) in that no membranous veil has so far been seen

and a volva cap is not consistently present.

3. PHALLUS Linnaeus ex Persoon.

Synopsis Methodica Fungorum (1801) 242.

emend. Fries, Summa Yeget. Scandinaviae (1849) 434.

Hymenophallus Nees, Syst. Pilze und Schwamme (1817) 251.

Phallus § Ithyphallus Fr., Syst. Myc. 2 (1822) 283.

Phallus § Leiophallus Fr., l.c., p. 294.

Dictyophallus Corda, Anl. Stud. Mycol. (1842) 190.

Kirchbaumia Schulzer, Verb, zool.-bot. Gesellsch., Wien, 16 (1866) 798.

Omphallophallus Kalchbr., Flora 46 (1883) 95.

Ithyphallus (Fr.) Ed. Fisch., Jahrb. bot. Gart. Berlin, 4 (1886) 41.

Cryptophallus Peck, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, 24 (1897) 147.

Echinophallus P. Henn., Engl. bot. Jahrb. 25 (1898) 505, pro parte.

Type Species : Phallus impudicus L. ex Pers.

PHALLUS.

515

Peridium globose, oval or ovate, splitting irregularly at the apex into several lobes.

Receptacle simple, hollow, cellular, cylindrical or fusiform, bearing at its apex a campanulate

pileus which may be smooth, rugulose or reticulate. Spore-bearing mass mucilaginous,

olive-green, spread over the outside of the pileus. Indusium absent, but an evanescent

veil may be present between the pileus and the stem and at the base of the stalk. Spores

cylindrical, tinted, smooth. Odour usually foetid.

The presence of a pileus, which bears the spore mass, separates this genus from Mutinus,

in which the spore mass is borne on the receptacle itself.

Habitat : on the ground, single, caespitose or in groups.

Distribution : Africa ; North and South America ; Australia ; Ceylon ; India ; East

and West Indies ; Japan ; Tasmania.

Of the 26 species recorded for this genus, Cunningham considers that only about 7

are gocd species. These are grouped in two sections according to the external appearance

of the pileus : —

1. Reticulati : Pileus with raised reticulations.

( P ■ costatus, P. impudicus, P. tenuis, P. favosus.)

2. Rugulosi : Pileus smooth or finely rugulose.

(P. glutinolens, P. Ravenelii, P. rubicundus.)

Of the above species, one only occurs with certainty in South Africa, viz. Phallus

rubicundus. P. impudicus may or may not occur.

1. Phallus impudicus Linn, ex Pers. [Plate XVII. ]

Commentarius Dr. Jacobi Schaefferi fung. Palat. et Bav. (1800) 80.

Hollos, Gastero. Ungar. (1904) 27 ; Lloyd, Myc. Writ. 2 (1907) ; Myc. Notes

p. 327 ; Coker k Couch, Gastero. (1928) 12 ; Ed. Fischer, Nat. Pflanzenfam.

(1933) 103 ; Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7 (1888) 8.

Ithyphallus impudicus (Linn.) Ed. Fischer, Versuch. svst. Phall. (1886) 43.

Phallus Hollandicus vel Batavicus Lugd., Hist. 1398 (1586).

P. ( impudicus ) volvatus Linn., Spec, plant. 2 (1648).

Fungus Phalloides Bauhin, Hist. Plant. (1651) 843.

Boletus phalloides Tournef., Inst, rei herb. I (1719) 562.

Phallus vulgaris Michelius, Nova Plant, gen. (1729) 201.

P. volvatus Rothm., Vetensk. Acad. Handling (1742) 201.

Phalloidastrum Bononiense alpinum Bassii Battarra, Fung. Armin. agri. hist. Ed. II

(1759) 75.

Phallus roseus Delile, Descript, de l'Egypte Hist. nat. 2 (1813) 300.

Hymenophallus Hadriani Nees, Syst. Pilze u. Schwamme (1817).

Phallus iosinos Berk., in Sir. J. E. Smith Eng. Flora, Crvpt. 5 (1836) 227.

Phallus foetidus Sowerby, Engl. Fungi, tab. 329.

P. imperialis Schulzer in Kalchbr. Icon. Selecti Hym. Hung. (1877) 63.

Peridium up to 5 cm. diam., globose or egg-shaped, white, sometimes pink or lilac,

splitting apically into 2-3 lobes, attached by a stout, white, sometimes pale yellow or pinkish,

mycelial cord. Receptacle 5-25 cm. high, typically white, sometimes pale yellow or pink,

cylindrical, tapering at the base, cellular, perforated or not at the apex. A rudimentary

16

PHALLUS.

v eil may be present between the receptacle and the pileus and at the base of the receptacle

inside tne volva. Pileus 4-5-5 cm. long, campanulate, adnate to the receptacle and apically

attached to a broad white expansion of the stem apex, externally deeply reticulated with

large chambers, reticulations up to 5 mm. deep ; internally and at the apex, smooth, greyish-

white, grey or brownish, covered by the dark green, mucilaginous spore mass. Spores

cylindrical, rounded at the ends or elliptic, occasionally pear-shaped, 2 -5-5 -5 X 1-3-2 -5 y,

smooth, tinted yellowish.

No specimens of P. impudicus have been seen by me and judging from its known

geographical distribution, it seems a bit doubtful if the species occurs in South Africa.

The above description has been adapted from that of Hollos (l.c.), Lloyd (l.c.) and Coker

and Couch (l.c.) to cover all forms.

Habitat : on ground in woods, sandy places and on dead wood.

Distribution : Europe ; Asia ; North America, where the pink form known as P.

imperialis occurs ; South America ; Java ; Ceylon ; Japan ; ? South Africa.

South African Records : Salisbury, S. Rhodesia, Jan. 1925, C. H. Green (Eyles 4140,

v. d. Byl 2345) ; Feb. 1928, J. C. Hopkins (S. Rh. 377, v. d. Byl 2500) ; Stellenbosch,

May 1926, P. van der Byl 2333.

These specimens were examined by me at Stellenbosch and considered to be probably

P. rubicundus, not P. impudicus.

2. Phallus rubicundus (Bose.) Fries. [Plate XVIII.]

Systema Mycologicum 2 (1822) 284.

Satyrus rubicundus Bose., Mag. Ges. nat. Freunde 5 (1811) 86.

Phallus canariensis Mont., Phyto. Canariensis (1840) 84.

P. aurantiacus Mont., Ann. Sci. Nat. Ser. II, 16 (1841) 277.

P. novae-hollandiae Corda, Icon. Fung. 6 (1854) 19.

P. vitellinus F. v. Muell., Frag. Phyto. Aus., 7 (1868) 122.

P. truncatus Berk., Intell. Obs. 12 (1869) 18.

P. aurantiacus var. discolor Kalchbr. ex Cooke, Grev. 9 (1880) 2.

Cynophallus Cayleyi Berk, ex F. v. Muell., Frag. Phyto 11 (1880) 119.

Omphallophallus Muellerianus Kalchbr., Flora 46 (1883) 95.

Phallus libidinosus Cayley ex Cooke, Grev. 11 (1882) 58.

Omphallophallus retusus Kalchbr., Ungar. Akad. Wiss. 13 (1884) 6.

Ithyphallus retusus (Kalchbr.) Ed. Fisch., Jahrb. bot. Gart. Mus. Berlin, 4 (1886) 49.

I. rubicundus (Bose.) Ed. Fisch., l.c., p. 50.

I. aurantiacus (Mont.) Ed. Fisch., l.c., p. 51.

I. rugulosus Ed. Fisch., Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 6 (1887) 35.

I. balansiae Pat., Journ. de Bot. (1890) 55.

Ithyphallus Muellerianus (Kalchbr.) Ed. Fisch., Denkschr. Schw. nat. Gesellsch., 33

(1893) 34.

Phallus celebicus P. Henn., Monsunia 1 (1900) 21.

Ithyphallus celebicus (P. Henn.) Ed. Fisch., Denkschr. Schweiz, nat. Gesellsch., 36

(1900) 53.

PHALLUS.

517

Phallus sanguineus P. Henn., Engl. bot. Jarhb. 30 (1901) 57.

Ithyphallus coralloides Cobb. Agr. Exp. Sta. Hawaii, Bull. 5 (1906) 208.

Phallus discolor (Kalchbr.) Lloyd, Myc. Writ. 2, Phall. Aus. (1907) 10.

P. gracilis (Fiscb.) Lloyd, Myc. Writ. 3, Syn. Phall. (1909) 14.

Ithyphallus discolor (Kalchbr.) Sacc. et Trav., Sacc. Syll. Fung. 19 (1910) 987.

7. atrominiatus Bailey, Comp. Cat. Queensland Plants (1910) 746.

7. operculatus Bailey, l.c.

Kupsura sphaerocevhala Lloyd, Myc. Writ. 7 (1924) 1303 ; Yerwoerd, S. Afric. Journ.

Sci. 25 (1928) 225.

Peridium 1-5-3 X 1-1-5 cm., white, globose, then oval or ovate, splitting irregularly

at apex into several lobes, attached by a white, branched, cord-like mycelium. Receptacle

6-15 cm. X 0-8-1 -5 cm., golden yellow, buff, salmon-orange, apricot orange (Light Salmon

Orange, Apricot Orange) usually paler towards base, cylindrical or tapering towards base

and very slightly towards apex ; slightly rugose, hollow, cellular, the wall composed of

one to several layers of cells, the majority of the latter opening on the outside, but some

towards the inside, perforate or depressed in centre of apex. P ileus 1 ■ 6-2 • 8 X 0-9-1 -3 cm.,

thimble-shaped or conical, closely adnate to the receptacle ; externally finely to coarsely

rugulose, sometimes resembling irregular longitudinal ribs ; paler in colour than receptacle,

covered by brownish-olivaceous, mucilaginous spore mass, attached to apex of stipe by a

narrow, white, smooth disc ; lower margin even to irregular ; the apex often bears the

remnants of the volva in the form of a white membranous cap over the disc. Spores

4-5 x 2-3 g, broadly oval, smooth, tinted. Odour strong, very foetid.

Habitat : singly or in groups on the ground, chiefly in grassy places, also on cinder

embankments.

Distribution : Africa ; North America ; Australia ; Hawaii ; East Indies ; West

Indies ; India ; Tasmania.

Specimens examined : Pretoria, A. M. Bottomley, Jan. 1920, 12516, det. Ed. Fischer ;

Jan. 1921, 14237 ; April 1925, 20369 ; Feb. 1920, 12809 ; Feb. 1928, on cinder embankment,

23156; Pretoria, D. Fouche, 14643; Feb. 1923, S. Kraan, 17001; Feb. 1915, 7. B. Pole

Evans , 9041, 18079 ; Wonderboom, Pretoria, March 1917, H. A. V. King, 10047 ; Meyerton,

Tvl., Forster, 20373 ; Rustenburg, Feb. 1934, E. du Toit, 27363 ; in mealie lands, Maritz-

burg, Feb. 1918, T. R. Sim, 11322 ; Johannesburg, Jan. 1918, J. Burtt Davy, 11011 ;

Brenton, Knysna, A. V. Duthie 216, (E.L.S. 56, 413 as P. rugulosus Fisch. ; Lloyd Mvc.

Coll. 57821) 31404 ; Orange Free State, Miss Olivier, Jan. 1937 (E.L.S. 490) 34495 ; see

also sub P. impudicus.

Specimens not seen: Without locality, Medley Wood 699, Kew and Berlin (det. Ed.

Fischer as P. aurantiacus f. gracilis, Untersuch. 1893 : 37) ; Knysna, Duthie 208, as P.

gracilis Fisch. (Lloyd Myc. Coll. 50984) ; Brandfort, O.F.S., Schonken (Duthie 299) ; without

locality, Duthie (Lloyd Myc. Coll. 24893) ; Sydenham, Natal, Holwell, Kew ; ? Boschberg,

nr. Somerset East, fuck & MacOwan (MacOwan 1225, 1286 as P. carnpanulatus) ; Knysna,

1924, A. V. Duthie — egg stage named bv Lloyd Kupsura sphaerocephala (Mvc. Writ. 1924 :

1303) ; later specimens of the latter from the same place were developed by Verwoerd

(S. Afric. Journ. Sci. 25, 1928) and determined as Phallus rugulosus', Rondebosch, C.P.,

Dec. 1939, Mrs. Crawford (E.L.S. 555, 556).

T. R. Sim 11322. — Dr. Sim supplies the following information in connection with this

specimen : — “ Known to the natives as ‘ i-sona ’ and said by them to destroy the mealie

plant wherever it grows.” There is no confirmation of this. Cobb recorded this species

as parasitising sugar cane in Hawaii.

518

DICTYOPHORA.

A. V. Duthie 216. — Dr. Duthie included a coloured sketch with this specimen illustrating

the development of the plant from the spherical egg stage to the expanded plant. The

receptacle is 9 X 1 cm., the stalk and apical disc yellow, and the eggs, volva and rooting

mycelial cord pale rose pink. Fresh specimens are necessary to confirm the identification

of this plant.

This species is recognised by its usually finely rugulose pileus and its buff, orange or

red stalk. It is the commonest species in the summer rainfall areas, occurring plentifully

in wet seasons from January to April. It collapses after a few hours. . The plant shows

considerable variation in size, shape and colour. There seem to be two distinct forms —

a tall, slender plant with acuminate stalk and slightly protruding disc and a shorter, more

robust form with thimble-shaped pileus and flattened apex.

Excluded species.

Phallus campanulatus Berk.

Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 9 (1842) 446 ; Grev. 10 (1880) 106.

Ithyphallus campanulatus (Berk.) Schlecht. in Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7 (1888) 11.

South African Record : Boschberg, nr. Somerset East, Tuck & Macowan (MacOwan

1225, 1286). Fischer in Sacc. Syll. Fung, l.c., queries whether these specimens are P.

campanulatus and suggests that they resemble P. rugulosus, in which case they should be

included in P. rubicundus. Berkeley l.c., makes the observation that these specimens

differ from P. impudicus, not yet found in Africa, in the globose instead of oval egg and the

broadly campanulate pileus, which is rugose rather than reticulated. He does not mention,

the colour of the stipe, which in P. campanulatus is described as dirty white.

4. DICTYOPHORA Desvaux.

Journal de Botanique, 2 (1809) 88.

Hymenophallus Nees, Syst. Pilze u. Schwamme (1817) 251.

Phallus § Hymenophallus Fr., Syst. Myc. 2 (1822) 282.

Sophronia Pers., in Gaud. Voyage aut. Monde (1836) 178.

Retigerus Raddi, Mem. Soc. Ital. Modem, 20 (1829) 46.

Dictyophora § Clautriavia Pat., Bull. Soc. Myc. France 14 (1898) 190.

Clautriavia (Pat.) Lloyd, Myc. Writ. 3, Syn. Phall. (1909) 24.

Type Species : Dictyophora indusiata (Vent, ex Pers.) Desv.

This genus is the same as Phallus, except that it has an indusium — a pseudoparenchy-

matous, netlike structure, which is attached under the pileus to the apex of the stem and

hangs down around the latter for a considerable distance below the pileus. Dictyophora

indusiata (Vent, ex Pers.) Desv. is the only species so far known in South Africa.

1. Dictyophora indusiata (Ventenat ex Persoon) Desvaux. [Plate XIX.]

Journal de Botanique 2 (1809) 192.

Phallus indusiatus Vent, ex Pers., Syn. Meth. Fung. (1801) 244 ; Llovd, Myc. Writ.

2 (1907) 332.

Dictyophora phalloidea Desv., Journ. de Bot. 2 (1809) 92.

D. campanulata Nees, in Lev., Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris 5 (1827) 499.

Phallus § Hymenophallus subiculatus Mont., Ann. Sci. Nat. Ser. II, 18 (1842) 244.

Dictyophora bicampanulata Mont., Ann. Sci. Nat. Ser. Ill, 10 (1848) 120.

DICTY OPHORA.

519

D. radicata Mont., Ann. Sci. Nat., Ser. Ill, 3 (1855) 137.

Phallus tunicatus Schlecht., Linnaea 31 (1861) 123 ; Welwitsch & Currey, Trans.

Linn. Soc. 26 (1870) 286.

P. brasiliensis Schlecht., l.c. p. 124.

P. tahitiensis Schlecht., l.c., p. 126.

Dictyophora nana Berk, ex Cooke, Grev. 11 (1882) 59.

Phallus collaris Cragin, Bull. Washborn Coll., 1 (1885) 33.

P. diplopora Mont, ex Ed. Fisch., Denkschr. Schweiz nat. Gesell. 32 (1890) 81.

Dictyophora Farlowii Ed. Fisch., l.c. p. 83.

D. callichroa Moelh, Braz. Pilz. (1899) 129.

D. lilloi Speg., Anal. Mus. Nac. Beunos Aires 16 (1906) 30.

Phallus callichrous (Moell.) Lloyd, Myc. Writ. 2, Phall. Aus. (1907) 6.

P. rochesterensis Lloyd, Myc. Writ. 3, Syn. Phall. (1909) 20.

P. Moelleri Lloyd, l.c.

Dictyophora Baileyi Ulbr., Bericht. Deutsch. Bot. Gesell. 50 (1932) 295.

Peridium up to 5 X 4-5 cm. diam., globose or obovate, white, attached by a stout

white, single or branched cordlike mycelium. Receptacle up to 14 X 2 cm., white, hollow

cellular, wall of several layers, cylindrical, round or elliptic, apex perforate or not. Pileus

up to 5 cm. high, 3-2 cm. at widest part, campanulate, usually deeply rugulose-reticulate,

with large, equal or elongated chambers, in the base of which are secondary shallow reticu-

lations, latter up to 3 mm. deep, with even or incised edges ; attached apically to a white,

caplike expansion of the apex of the stem. Indusium white, closely convoluted and rugulose

when immature, developing into an open network structure, in which the meshes are about

1-5-3 mm. diam., subglobose to irregularly polygonal and the walls of the meshes elliptic,

the long axis at right angles to the stem ; attached to the apex of the stem and hanging

down between the stem and the pileus, fairly straight or flared at the lower margin, up to

just above the volva. Spores tinted, smooth, broadly elliptic, about 3-5-4-5 X 2-5 ;x.

Habitat : solitary or in clusters, in soil and decaying leaves, after rain.

Distribution : Africa ; North and South America ; Asia ; Australia ; Ceylon ; India ;

East and West Indies.

Specimens examined : Inanda, Natal, Haygarth (Medley Wood 667 ; Herb. Kew as

Phallus indusiatus ) 11050; Pinetown, Natal, Medley Wood 669 as P. indusiatus, 11051 ;

Mbabane, Swaziland, L. Hendricks, 15047 ; Richmond, Natal, May 1925, Miss Vivyan ,

20413 ; Newlands, Cape, June 1929, K. Lansdell, 24380 ; July 1929, E. L. Stephens 55 as

D. duplicatus (Bose.) Ed. Fisch., 24379 ; Hopevale, Donnybrook, Natal, Jan. 1935, K.

Morgan, 34921 ; Natal, D. Weintraub, 34920 ; Pietermaritzburg, Natal, Nov. 1936, R.

Fuller (Rump 457) ; Qudeni Forest, Zululand, Feb. 1945, P. Talbot, 34909 ; (Kirstenbosch,

Cape, July 1929, R. Marloth 14045 as D. phalloidea, 26588, is a Clathrus ) ; Cape Peninsula,

E. L. Stephens, 426, 555, 556.

Specimens not seen : Inanda, Natal, Medley Wood ? 667 at Kew ; Angola, Welwitsch

as P. phalloidea Desv. ; Hogsback, Alice Distr., Cape, Jan. 1939, E. L. Stephens 426.

The South African plant differs from the type figured by Alf. Moeller for Brazil

(Brasilische Pilzblumen, 1895 ; tab. 1, 4, 8) as D. phalloidea and reproduced by Ed. Fischer

(Nat. Pflanzenfam., 1933 : 106) as D. indusiata (Pers.) Ed. Fisch, by C. G. Lloyd (Myc.

Writ. 3, Syn. Phall., 1909 : 19) as D. Moelleri and by R. Marloth (FI. South Africa 1, 1913 :

30) as D. phalloidea in the following characters : — The net, even when first expanded, is

never so campanulate and rigid or proportionally so long, the walls of the meshes are

elliptical and deeper in the horizontal axis and the meshes are more angular and not so large.

520

CLATHRACEAE.

CLATHRACEAE Ed. Fischer.

Natiirlichen Pflanzenfamilien 1** 1 (1900) 280.

Peridium of three layers, subglobose, oval or obovate, splitting irregularly at the apex

to allow for the development of the receptacle, at the base of which it remains behind as a

volva collapsed against the stem. Receptacle stipitate or sessile, cellular or tubular, of a

turgid, spongy, brittle texture, consisting either of a number of simple columns united at

the apices but free at the base, or of a simple, hollow, cylindrical stem from the apex of

which arise either a number of free connivent, or apically united armlike processes, or a

simple or processed clathrate dome, or consisting entirely of a number of arms fused at

intervals to form a hollow, latticed dome. Spore mass mucilaginous, olivaceous, foetid,

borne on the armlike structures of the receptacle, whether free or formed into a clathrate

sphere. Spores smooth, hyaline, bluntly cylindrical. Basidia 4— 8-spored.

Key to the Genera (sec. Cunningham).

A. Receptacle composed of a number of columns, fused at the apices but basally

free.

1. Spore mass borne on the inner surface of smooth or transversely rugose

columns 1. Linderiella.

2. Spore masSjborne on the_inner surface of lateral expansions of the columns (Blumenavia).

3. Spore mass borne on a pulvinate structure pendant from the inner side of

the fused apices of the columns (Laternea).

B Receptacle composed of a hollow, cylindrical stem, the apex of which gives

rise to a number of armlike structures.

1 . Arms originally fused at the apices. Spore mass borne on the inner surface

of rugulose arms 2. Anthurus.

2. Arms connivent and usually organically free at the apex. Spore mass

surrounding rugulose arms except for a central longitudinal furrow on the

outer surface 1- Lysurus.

3. Arms laterally attached to a horizontal, discoid expansion of the apex of

the stem. Spore mass borne on the upper side of the arms and disc. ... 4. Aseroe.

Arms united to form a hollow, spherical, latticed type of stipitate or non-

stipitate receptacle.

] . Arms forming a simple, hollow, latticed sphere.

a. Spore mass borne on the inner surfaces of the arms 5. Clathrus.

b. Spore mass borne on the inside of the fusion point of the arms 6. Clathrella.

2. Arms forming a spherical, latticed structure on the apex of a well-developed,

cylindrical, hollow stem.

a. Latticed dome simple. Spore mass borne on the sides of the

rugulose arms ( Simblum ).

b. Latticed dome furnished with radiating armlike processes. Spore

mass borne on the sides of the arms and on the processes.... 7. Kalchbrennera.

3. Arms forming a hollow, latticed sphere, supported on several columns basally

attached to a short hollow, flaring, tubular stem ( Colus ).

Fischer (Gastero. in Nat. Pfianzenfam., 1933 : 83) includes five additional genera in

the Clathraceae — Colonnaria, Ileodictyon, Pseudocolus, Mycopharus, Claustula. These,

however, Cunningham rejects on the grounds either that they are not sufficiently well

described or that they are not sufficiently well defined to rank as separate genera. He

rejects Colonnaria for the first reason, and substitutes Linderiella ; Ileodictyon and Clathrella

he considers synonyms of Clathrus, Pseudocolus a synonym of Anthurus and Mycopharus

a synonym of Lysurus. Claustula he transfers to the Phallaceae.

LINDERIELLA.

521

Of the genera included in the key and so far not found in South Africa, Blumenavia

is limited to Brazil ; Laternea is confined to the West Indies ; Simblum is found in North

and South America and the East and West Indies ; Coins is found along the Mediterranean

and in Australia.

Kalchbrennera, Anthurus, Lysurus, Clathrus and Clathrella definitely occur in South

Africa ; Aseroe and Coins have both been reported from this country, but their occurrence

seems doubtful.

1. LINDERIELLA G. H. Cunningham.

New Zealand Journal of Science and Technology 23 (1942) 171 B.

Linderia G. H. Cunn., Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 56 (1931) 192.

Colonnaria Raf., N.Y. Med. Rep. Hax. 5 (1808) 355 ; Fisch. Gastero. in Nat.

Pflanzenfam. 7a (1933) 84.

Type species : Linderiella columnata (Bose.) G. H. Cunn.

Peridium subglobose, white or greyish. Receptacle of simple columns, organically

united at the apex, but free and tapering at the base. Columns chambered, pseudoparenchy-

matous, smooth or transversely wrinkled, not winged, bearing on the inner surface the

mucilaginous, olivaceous spore mass. Spores elliptical, smooth. Basidia 4-8-spored.

Cunningham originally erected the genus Linderia to include species answering to the

above description, but later renamed it Linderiella, on account of the similarity of the name

to Lindera, a flowering plant. Fischer resuscitated the genus Colonnaria Raf. for such

species, but Cunningham rejected this name on the grounds that Rafinesque did not describe

or illustrate his genus.

Linderiella columnata (Bose.) G. H. Cunningham. [Plate XX, fig. 1, 2.]

New Zealand Journal of Science and Technology 23 (1942) 171 B.

Clathrus columnatus Bose., Mag. Gesell. Nat. Freunde 5 (1811) 85.

C.f£olonarius Leman, Diet. Sci. Nat. 9 (1817) 360.

Laternea columnata Nees & Henry, Syst. der Pilze 2 (1858) 96.

Laternea angolensis Welw. &. Curr., Trans. Linn. Soc. London 26 (1870) 286.

Clathrus angolensis (Welw. & Curr.) Fisch., Versuch. Phall. (1886) 70.

Clathrus cancellatus f. columnatus Ed. Fisch., Denkschr. Schw. nat. Gesell. 32 (1890) 56.

C. trilobatus Cobb, Rept. Exp. Sta. Hawaii, Bull. 5 (1906) 209.

Linderia columnata (Bose.) G. H. Cunn., Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 56 (1931) 193.

Colonnaria columnata (Bose.) Ed. Fisch., Nat. Pflanzenfam. 7a (1933) 84.

Peridium 3-6-5 cm. diam., subglobose, white or greyish flecked with brown .^Receptacle

12 cm. high, of 3-5, commonly 3-4, columnar arms, basally free, acuminateiy pointed,

organically united at the apex, arched slightly outwards, chambered, transversely rugulose

or papillate on the inner side, longitudinally striate on the outside, shading from pale orange

at the base to scarlet at the apex. Spore mass olivaceous, mucilaginous, borne on the inner

surfaces of the upper portions of the arms. Spores bluntly cylindrical, tinted, smooth.

4^6 X 1-5-2 u. Smell foetid, said by Welwitch and Curry, l.c., to resemble the odour of

fermenting wine. (Description ex Cunningham l.c. and Welwitsch & Currey, l.c. sub

Laternea angolensis.)

Habitat : in humus.

Distributions North and South America; Africa; Hawaii; New Zealand; West

Indies.

522

ANTHURUS.

African Record : on humus-covered soil, at Catete, Pungo Andonga, Angola, Dec.

1856, W elicit sch 120.

According to Cunningham, the plant shows variations in colour, number and shape of the

columnar arms. It differs from Clathrus, with which it has been confused, in that the arms

are free, not united at the base. The Angola plant is not a Laternea as described by Welwitsch

and Currey (l.c.) since the spore mass is borne, not on a projection from the anastomosed

apex of the inner walls of the arms, as in that genus, but on the walls themselves. Following

Cunningham, it has been referred to Linderiella columnata (Bose.) Cunn. It differs from

the New Zealand plant mainly in colour — being white instead of some shade of yellow or

red — and in smell.

2. ANTHURUS Kalchbrenner and MacOwan.

ex Kalchbrenner and Cooke, Grevillea 9 (1880) 2.

emended G. H. Cunningham, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales 56 (1931) 185.

Pseudocolus Lloyd, Myc. Writ. 2, Myc. Notes 28 (1907) 356.

Type species : Anthurus Archeri (Berk.) Ed. Fischer.

Peridium globose, oval or ovate, splitting irregularly at the apex, strongly rooting.

Receptacle a short, hollow, cellular, cylindrical or flaring stem-like structure, dividing at

the upper margin into a number (3-8) of simple, sub-cvlindrical, cellular arm-like processes,

which are originally organically united at the tips, but which usually break free on expansion.

Spore mass dark olive green, mucilaginous, foetid, borne on the inner surfaces of the arms.

Spores bluntly elliptical, smooth, hyaline or tinted.

Anthurus Archeri (Berkeley) Ed. Fischer. [Plate XXI, fig. 1, 2.]

Jahrbuch der Koeniglichen botanischen Gartens und botanischen Museums, Berlin

4 (1886) 81 ; emend. G. H. Cunn., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 56 (1931) 186.

Lysurus Archeri Berk., FI. Tasmania 2 (1860) 264.

L. pentadinus Berk., l.c., Tab. 184.

Anthurus Muellerianus Kalchbr., ex Kalchbrenner & Cooke, Grev. 9 (1880) 2.

A. Muellerianus f. aseroeformis Ed. Fisch., Denkschr. Schweiz, nat. Gesell. 32 (1890) 68.

A. sepioides McAlp., Victorian Nat., 20 (1904) 42, nomen nudum.

A. aseroeformis (Ed. Fisch.) McAlph., in Llovd, Myc. Writ. 2, Myc. Notes 31 (1908) 408.

Pseudocolus Archeri (Berk.) Lloyd, Myc. Writ. 4, Letter 47 (1913) 14.

Anthurus MacOwani Marloth, Flora of South Africa 1 (1913) 22, PI. 3.

Pseudocolus mauritianus Lloyd, Myc. Writ. 5, Myc. Notes 49 (1917) 689.

Anthurus surinamensis Ed. Fischer., Ann. Myc. 25 (1927) 471.

Peridium 1-7-5 cm. high, 1-7-3 -2 cm. wide, globose, oval or ovate, white, splitting

irregularly at the apex, attached by means of a stout, white, much branched mycelial cord,

branches sometimes firmly attached to tree roots. Peridia usually single, but two to three

closely adpressed eggs may be attached to one rooting system. Receptacle composed of a

short stalk-like base, flared at the margin but attenuated towards the point of attachment

to the volva, and dividing at the apical margin into 4-6, long, sub-cylindrical, arm-like

processes, which are originally connivent and organically united at the tips and on the inner

side of which the spore mass is borne. Stem 1-5 cm. long, about 2-5 cm. wide at upper

margin, hollow, brittle, spongy, cellular, walls of 1-2 layers of cells which occasionally

open towards the outside, but for the most part are closed inside as well as outside, trans-

versely and strongly rugulose, white at the base, reddish above. Arms up to 14 cm. long

LYSURUS.

523

and 2 cm. diam. at widest part, lanceolate acuminate, the tips originally anastomosed

together, but usually soon separating and becoming flared and recurved ; strongly trans-

versely rugulose, rounded on the inside, flattened and centrally channeled on the outside,

spongy, brittle, cellular, not hollow — consisting of up to 7 layers of large and small cells,

the largest on the inside and the smaller towards the outside ; bright red (Nopal Red) on

the inside, whitish on the outside, but tinged with red towards tip. Spore mass greenish

black, borne on the inner side of the rugulose arms, at first distributed, later concentrated

in patches. Spores tinted greenish, smooth, bluntly cylindrical, about 6-6-8 X 2 a (in

alcohol).

Habitat : in wooded places, often under oak trees, occurring singly, in groups or

caespitose, appearing after rain.

Distribution : South Africa ; Australia ; Malay Archipelago ; Mauritius ; New

Zealand ; Tasmania.

Specimens examined : Stellenbosch, Nov. 1916 and June 1927, Duthie 173 (E.L.S. 411)

31381 ; June 1932, Duthie 343 as Pseiidocolus , 31496 ; Oranjezicht, Capetown, July 1929,

A. M. Bottomley, 24371 ; near oaks and pines, Papegaaisberg, June 1941, M. de Vos ;

Stellenbosch, P. v. d. Byl 2332 ; Kirstenbosch, Aug. 1934, J. Acocks (E.L.S. 334) ; Capetown

University grounds, May 1939, E. L. Stephens 552 ; Orangezicht woods, Cape Town, June

and July, 1925-1929, J. U. L. Rennie and E. L. Stephens (E.L.S. 168, 417).

Specimens not seen : Somerset West, C. P. Pillans ; Stellenbosch, v. d. Byl 2101.

This is the only species of Anthurus known in South Africa. It is fairly common in

oak woods in the South Western coastal area, where winter rainfall conditions prevail, but

it has not so far been found elsewhere. It often occurs in clusters, which present a beautiful

sight, often being mistaken for bright red flowers. Like all phalloids it is very brittle and

quickly collapses, which probably accounts for the small number of specimens in Herbaria

The species is recognised by its brilliant red colour, the long rugose arms, which spread

out like the petals of a flower, and the greenish black, slimy spore mass on the inside of the

arms. Growing as it does amongst leaves, the arms appear to come straight out of the

ground.

Marloth (l.c.) described the plant as a new species, on advice from Lloyd to whom he

submitted a coloured illustration. Lloyd (Myc. Writ. 4, Myc. Notes 41, 1916 : 570),

however, later admitted that the South African plant looked very much like the Australian,

which he said he knew imperfectly at the time and of which he had seen no illustration.

There seems little doubt that the two are the same. Uncertainty has probably arisen owing

to the fact that in the South African plants the tips of the arms apparently separate at a

very early stage of expansion. A study of numerous alcohol specimens, however, shows

several cases of joined tips — some united by only a single layer of cells, others by a band of

tissue.

3. LYSURUS Fries.

Systema Mycologicum 2 (1822) 285.

Aseroephallus Lepr. et Mont., Ann. Sci. Nat. Ser. 3, 4 (1845) 360.

Pharus Petch, Ann. Bot. Gard. Perideniya, 7 (1919) 59.

Mycopharus Petch. Trans. Brit. Myc. Soc. 10 (1926) 281.

Type species : Lysurus Mokusii (Linn.) Fr.

Peridium subglobose, splitting at the apex into several irregular lobes. Receptacle

consisting of a well-developed, hollow, spongy, cellular, cylindrical stem, which bears at

its apex a number of rugose, acuminate, erect, usually apically free, armlike processes.

524

LYSURUS.

Spore mass mucilaginous, foetid, borne on the rugose tissue of which the whole arm, except

for a narrow, longitudinal, central channel on the outer surface, is composed. Spores

tinted, smooth, bluntly cylindrical.

The two genera Anthurus and Lysurus were confused for a long time and to Lloyd is

due much of the credit for straightening out some of the differences. In Lysurus as seen

in South African plants, the stemlike portion of the receptacle is well-developed and

cylindrical, the arms are short in proportion, the arm tips are connivent, but nearly always

separate, and the spore mass is borne all over the arms except for a narrow, longitudinal,

slightly wrinkled channel in the centre of the outer surface. In Anthurus on the contrary,

the stemlike portion is short and flaring, the arms are proportionately long, the arm tips

originally organically united, but later usually free and flaring ; the spore mass is confined

to the inner side of the arms, where it is concentrated in patches at maturity. A central

longitudinal furrow is present on the outside of the arms.

According to Cunningham, only four of the nine described species of Lysurus are good

species — L. Mokusii, reported from Asia, Australia and California and distinguished by its angled

and fluted stem and strongly connivent arms ; L. cruciatus, reported from French Guiana,

a very small species with four arms, in which the spore mass is borne between the arms on

the top of the stem ; L. Gardneri, described later and L. Woodii confined to South Africa.

The latter was, however, considered by Lloyd (Myc. Writ. 5, Myc. Notes 55, 1918 : 792)

to be the same plant as L. borealis, the American form of L. Gardneri and this opinion is

upheld by the writer. The number of good species would therefore be three only.

Lysurus Gardneri Berkeley. [Plate XXII.]

Hooker’s London Journal of Botany 5 (1846) 535.

G. H. Cunn., Gastero. (1944) 105.

Lysurus texensis Ellis, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 7 (1880) 30, nomen nudum.

Anthurus Woodii MacOwan in Kalchbr. Phall. novi vel minus cognita (1880) 23.

Colus Gardneri (Berk.) Ed. Fisch., Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Mus. Berlin 4 (1886) 77.

Mutinus sulcatus Cooke et Massee, ex Cooke, Grev. 17 (1889) 69.

Lysurus australiensis Cooke et Massee, ex Cooke, Grev. 18 (1889) 6.

Anthurus australiense (Cooke et Massee) Ed. Fisch., Denkschr. Schweiz, nat. Gesell.,

33 (1893) 27.

A. borealis Burt, Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 3 (1894) 504.

L. borealis (Burt) P. Henn., Hedwigia 41 (1902) 167.

L. borealis var. Klitzingii P. Henn., l.c., p. 173.

L. Woodii (MacOwan) Lloyd, Myc. Writ. 3, Syn. known Phall. (1909)

L. tenuis Bailey, Comp. Cat. Queensland Plants (1910) 745.

Phams Gardneri (Berk.) Petch, Ann. Bot. Gard. Perideniya 7 (1919) 59.

Mycopharus Gardneri (Berk.) Petch, Trans. Brit. Myc. Soc. 10 (1926) 281.

Lysurus sulcatus (Cooke et Massee) G. H. Cunn., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales 56

(1931) 189.

Peridium up to 4 cm. diam., subglobose, white, splitting at apex into several irregular

lobes, attached to soil by white mycelial strands. Receptacle composed of a well-developed

stem, which bears at its apex, where a constriction may or may not be present, 5-7 rather

short, erect, or later flaring, arm-like processes on which the spore mass is borne. Stem

3-14 cm. long, 0-5-3 -8 cm. diam at apex, 0-3-1 -5 cm. diam. at base ; cylindrical or slightly

LYSURUS.

525

to strongly attenuated towards the base, hollow, brittle, cellular, wall 1-3-chambered, cells

closed on the inside but usually finally open on the outside, white at the base, whitish or

tinged pinkish-yellow, waxy yellow or pinkish orange (Pinkish Buff) in the central part

and finally warm buff (between Cinnamon and Mikado Brown) at apex. Arms 5-7 (MacOwan

recorded 8-9), acuminate, up to 5 cm. long, usually about 2 cm., 7 mm. diam. at base,

arising from the apical margin of the stem and in some cases attached to a semi-transparent

membrane, sub-triangular, flattened on the outside and rounded-angular on the inside,

transversely deeply rugose all over the arm except for a slightly wrinkled, central, longi-

tudinal channel on the outside, the rugose tissue extending from the base of one arm to

the next in hair-pin bend fashion ; pinkish orange (in specimens seen by me) orange red,

rose red, scarlet or sometimes white, the colour being conspicuous along the spore-free

channel ; tips connivent, two or very occasionally three, originally organically united, but

usually free, erect or becoming flared, held erect at the base by the thick spore mass filling

the space between the apex of the stem and the arms. Spore mass fuscous brown, muci-

laginous, copious, covering the entire rugose surface of the arm except for the outside channel.

Spores bluntly cylindrical, smooth, tinted, 4-4-5 X 1-5-2 p, average size 4x1-6 p.

Smell foetid, reported by MacOwan to be “ ten times worse than Phallus impudicus

Habitat : under wattle trees in cattle-manured ground, manured gardens, damp soil,

occurring singly or in large clusters.

Distribution : South Africa ; North America ; Australia ; Ceylon ; England ;

Germany ; India ; Java.

Specimens examined : Inanda, Natal, 1877/78, J . Medley Wood 134, 10376, 22036 (Kew

as Anthurus Woodii Kalchbr.) ; Hopevale, Donnybrook, Natal, K. E. Morgan, Jan. 1935,

27741, Feb. 1936, 28536, May 1936, 28607 ; Putfontein, nr. Benoni, Tvl., Feb. 1929, Miss

v. d. Merwe, 23685 ; Johannesburg, Jan. 1921, J . B. Wood, 14245 ; de Kuil, Standerton

Distr., Tvl., Dec. 1924, Roos, 20355 ; Brenton, Knvsna, June 1924, A. V. Duthie (E.L.S. 54)

31508, April 1935, A. V. Duthie 338 (v. d. Byl 2369 as Anthurus Woodii), A. V . Duthie 331

(v. d. Byl 2334; Llovd Mvc. Coll. 24890, 24891, 27631) ; Grahamstown, Aug. 1941, Miss

E. Archibald, 33215.'

Specimens not seen : Inanda, Natal, J. Medley Wood 149 ; Ixopo, Natal, Mrs. J. C.

Hackland as Lysurus Woodii ; Brenton, Knysna, Duthie and Mason (Duthie 341).

This is the only species of Lysurus so far found in South Africa. It is recognised by

its well-developed, usually pinkish-orange stem, which bears at its apex a number of com-

paratively short, connivent, armlike, yellow-scarlet processes, around which, except for a

narrow, longitudinal central channel on the outer surface, the fuscous brown spore mass

is borne. Cunningham does not mention the external channel, which is presumably absent

in Australian plants.

The plant is very variable in size, colour and attachment of the arm tips. Cunningham

describes the arms, after removal of the spore mass, as orange red ; van der Byl (Trans.

Roy. Soc. S. Africa 9, 1921 : 191) found them to be white in Natal plants and partly on

this character supported his claim for retaining L. Woodii as a separate species ; MacOwan

(l.c.) described them as “ magnificent yellow-scarlet like Clathrus ” and in Natal plants

seen by the author they were pinkish orange.

The arm tips in the South African plant are connivent but usually free. In a couple

of cases two tips have been found organically united, in one case apically by a thin strip

of tissue and in the other laterally, by so broad a layer of tissue that it was impossible to

separate them. Variation in the number of arms and in the tip attachment has been

responsible for the numerous names this plant has received.

It is considered that v. d. Byl’s arguments for retaining L. Woodii as a separate species

fall away in the light of Cunningham’s interpretation of L. Gardneri.

526

ASEROE.

The foregoing description was largely made from numerous plants “ hatched out ”

in the laboratory from “ eggs ” kindly supplied by Miss K. E. Morgan of Hopevale, Donny-

brook, Natal.

4. ASEROE La Billardiere ex Fries.

Systema Mycologicum 2 (1822) 285 ; Labill., Relation du voyage recherche de

la Perouse (1800) 145.

Calathiscus Mont., Ann. Sci. Nat., Ser. 2, 16 (1841) 278.

Type species : Aseroe rubra Labill, ex. Fr.

Peridium globose or obovate, splitting at the apex into a number of irregular lobes.

Receptacle of a well-developed, cellular, hollow, cylindrical or flaring stem, which gives

rise at the apex to a horizontal, disc-like structure, extending inwards to form a centrally

perforated diaphragm over the apex of the stem and outwards to form an expansion from

which a number of simple or forked, long, acuminate, rugulose arms radiate. Spore mass

mucilaginous, olivaceous, foetid, borne on the upper side of the diaphragm, disc expansion

and adjoining arms. Spores hyaline or tinted, smooth, bluntly cylindrical.

Of the nine species of Aseroe described, both Fischer and Cunningham recognise only

two as valid — A. arachnoidea, a white plant with simple arms attached to a very small

disc, which occurs in Borneo, Cochin China, Java and Sumatra and A. rubra, a red plant

with arms attached to a well-developed disc. Fischer (Gastero., Nat. Pflanzenfam., 1933 : 93)

further divides the latter species into six varieties.

It is uncertain if this genus is represented in South Africa, but in view of the fact that

a collection, identified as A. rubra has been recorded from the South Western Cape area.,

a description of this species (taken from Cunningham) is given.

Aseroe rubra La Billardiere ex Fries. [Flate XX, fig. 3.]

Systema Mycologicum 2 (1822) 285.

Aseroe pentactina Endl. Icon. PI. Gen. (1838) 50.

A. viridis Berk, et Hook., Lond. Journ. Bot. 3 (1844) 192.

A. ceylanica Berk., Lond. Journ. Bot. 5 (1846) 535.

A. aetinobola Corda, Icon. Fung. 6 (1854) 23.

A. multiradiata Zoll. , Syst. Verz. (1854) 11.

A. Hookeri Berk., FI. New Zealand 2 (1855) 187.

A. corrugata Col., Trans. New Zealand Inst., 16 (1884) 362.

A. rubra f. Muelleriana Ed. Fisch., Jahrb. Bot. Gard. Mus. Berlin 4 (1886) 88.

A. lysuroides Ed. Fisch., l.c., p. 89.

A. rubra f. ceylanica (Berk.) Ed. Fisch., Denkschr. Schweiz. Nat. Gesell. 32 (1890) 75.

A. Muelleriana (Fisch.) Lloyd, Syn. Phall. in Myc. Writ. 3 (1909) 46.

A. pallida Lloyd, l.c., p. 47.

A. poculiforma Bailey, Comp. Cat. Queensland Plants (1910) 746.

Peridium up to 3 cm. diam., globose or obovate, dingy white or grey, sometimes fuscous.

Receptacle consisting of a well-developed stem, up to 6 cm. long, 2 cm. diam., cylindrical

or flaring, hollow, cellular, white below, pink above, giving rise abruptly at the apex to a

usually broad, horizontal, round, disc-like structure up to 3-5 cm. diam., which extends

inwards to form a centrally perforated, rugulose or smooth, white, yellow or red, diaphragm

over the apex of the stem and, outwards, to form a rounded expansion from the margin

of which armlike processes, with often twisted or curled ends, radiate. Arms up to 3-5 cm.

CLATHRUS.

527

long, 6 mm. wide at the base, in 5-9 pairs, longitudinally grooved at the base, rugose on

both surfaces or almost smooth, bifurcate about 15 mm. from the base or sometimes only

near the apices, typically some shade of orange or red, sometimes white. Spore mass

mucilaginous, olivaceous, covering the upper side of the diaphragm, disc expansion and

adjoining basal portions of the arms. Spores hyaline or tinted, smooth, bluntly cylindrical,

4—5-5 X 1-5-2 p. Smell foetid.

Habitat : on ground or rotting wood.

Distribution : Australia ; Ceylon ; England ; Malay Archipelago ; New Caledonia ’>

New Zealand ; Tasmania ; ? South Africa.

South African Records : only one collection of Aseroe rubra has been recorded from

South Africa — that in Kew Herbarium collected by the botanist W. T. Saxton at Cape

Town. While it is, of course, possible that the plant does occur here, it seems rather

doubtful, in view of the fact that no other collection is recorded and that the same phalloids

come up regularly year after year in the area in question. The plant may conceivably

have been confused with Anthurus Archeri, which is also red and which occurs quite commonly

in the Cape Town area, especially if the identification was made from a dried specimen.

Lloyd (Synop. Phall. in Myc. Writ. 3, 1909 : 44) mentions a very imperfect, dried

specimen of Aseroe from Africa in Berlin which was, however, in too poor a condition for

him to attempt to identify.

Clathrus and Clathrella.

Clathrus and Clathrella are the least well-known genera of the phalloids in South Africa,

occurrence beyond the coastal belt, a thousand miles from Pretoria, being of a very sporadic

nature and usually limited to single plants. Specimens have occasionally been sent to

Fischer and Llovd for identification, but in no case has it been possible to name them

exactly. In spite of the lack of definite specific names, however, all forms recorded for

South Africa have been included for the sake of future workers on this group.

According to Fischer, Clathrella differs from Clathrus in the following characters : —

Different apex and base, less massive structure, at least partly tubular arms, the presence

on the inside, in typical plants, of a projecting chamber at the junctions of the arms, the

uniting, basally, of the arms into a short, stemlike structure and the restriction of the spore

mass to the axils of the arms, which he contends indicates an anatomical difference.

Fischer considers that Clathrella is a transitional form between Clathrus and Coins

which usually has a well-developed basal stem. Cunningham rejects Clathrella as a genus

distinct from Clathrus on the grounds that a stemlike base may be present or absent in

different plants of the same collection. In view, however, of the fact that the basal character

is only one of the characters on which Fischer bases his genus and that equal if not more

emphasis is placed on the presence of wartlike projections at the junctions of the arms to

which the spore mass is restricted, there would appear to be some justification for the erection

of Clathrella based on a combination of differences. It is therefore proposed, until such

time as the South African phalloids are better known, to retain the genus Clathrella.

5. CLATHRUS Micheli ex Persoon.

Synopsis Methodica Fungorum (1801) 241.

Clathrus § Clethria Fr., Syst. Myc. 2 (1822) 287.

Ileodictyon Tub, Ann. Sc. Nat., Ser. Ill, 2 (1844) 114.

Type Species : Clathrus ruber Mich, ex Pers.

Peridium subglobose or obovate, dirty white. Receptacle composed of a number of

arms which fuse at intervals to form a hollow, spherical or egg-shaped latticed structure,

528

CLATHRUS.

usually free at the base but occasionally attached to a shallow, substipitate, stemlike

structure. Meshes polygonal and usually equal, occasionally somewhat elongated towards

the base. Arms usually thick and massive, sometimes slender, not decreasing appreciably

in thickness towards the apex ; subtriangular to polygonal or sometimes elliptical in cross

section, usually wrinkled, consisting of several layers of short, sometimes tubular cells,

which frequently open on the inside. Spore mass mucilaginous, olivaceous, foetid, borne

all over the inner sides of the arms. Spores smooth, tinted, bluntly elliptical (see Fischer

in Nat. Pflanzenfam., 1933 : 84).

1. Clathrus cibarius (Tulasne) Ed. Fischer.

Jahrbuch der kceniglichen botanischen Gartens und botanische Museums zu Berlin,

4 (1886) 74.

Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7 (1888) 20 ; Lloyd, Myc. Writ. 3, Syn. Phall. (1909) 60, fig. 78,

Myc. Notes 34 (1910) 447 ; Cunn. Gastero. Aus. and N.Z. (1944) 110.

Ileodictyon cibarius Tub, Ann. Sci. Nat., Ser. 3, 2 (1844) 114.

Clathrus tepperianus Ludw., Bot. Centralbl. 43 (1890) 7.

Ileodictyon giganteum Col., Trans. N.Z. Inst., 25 (1893) 324.

Clathrus Higginsii Bailey, Queensland Agr. Journ., 29 (1912) 48.

Peridium up to 7 cm. diam., subglobose to obovate, dirty white. Receptacle white,

up to 15 X 10 cm. diam., subglobose to obovate, composed of brittle, spongy arms, which

anastomose at intervals to form a sessile, clathrate structure. Arms elliptical or sub-

cylindrical in section, cellular or sometimes tubular, not or only slightly thickened at the

junction of the arms, transversely rugulose all round the arms. Meshes more or less

polygonal. Spore mass deposited on inside of arms. Spores elliptical, 4-6 X L8-2-5 n

(sec. Cunningham), tinted, smooth.

Habitat : on ground in open places or under bushes.

Distribution: South Africa; Australia; New Zealand.

Specimens examined : on ground, Salisbury, Rhodesia, F . Eyles & Green (Eyles 4139 ;

v. d. Byl 2346). Specimens at Stellenbosch.

Specimens not seen : on ground under bushes, Table Mt., Cape Town, MacOwan ;

Beatrice, S. Rhodesia, Eyles 4098.

This species has often been confused with Clathrus gracilis. It is of the same size,

shape and colour, but differs in having sub-cylindrical rugose arms, which are not appreciably

thickened at their junction with one another. An examination of alcohol-preserved

material in sealed containers — the only specimens available for examination — indicated

that the spore mass in C. cibarius is distributed all over the inside of the arms but is con-

centrated at the junction of the arms where there appeared to be protuberances. This

point needs confirmation from fresh specimens.

C. cibarius is only known for certain from Southern Rhodesia. MacO wan’s collection >

of which no specimens have been found, was quite probably C. gracilis, the commonest

phalloid and the only Clathrus found in the Cape peninsula.

Fischer places both Clathrus cibarius and C. gracilis in the genus Ileodictyon, erected

by Tulasne for species with tubular, not chambered arms. Cunningham, however, discards

this genus on the grounds that “ the type species C. cibarius, contains plants with both

tubular and cellular arms, small plants possessing tubular and large ones cellular arms

CLATHEUS.

529

2. Clathrus gracilis (Berkeley) Schlechtendal. [Plate XXV, fig. 1.]

Linnaea 31 (1861) 166.

G. H. Cunn., Gastero. Aus. and N.Z. (1944) 111 ; C. C. Brittlebank in Lloyd Myc.

Writ. 4, L. 60 Note 395 (1915) 16.

Ileodictyon gracile Berk., London Journ. Bot. 4 (1845) 69.

Clathrus albidus Lothar ex. Fisch., in Sacc. Svll. Fung. 7 (1888) 20.

C. intermedins Fisch., Denkschr. Schweiz, nat. Gesell. 33 (1893) 20.

Peridium whitish, more or less oblong or obovate, 3-7 cm. diam. Receptacle white,

often lop-sided, usually large, 4-13 cm. high, 5-9 cm. wide, sessile, free from the volva

when fully expanded. Meshes large, up to 4 c.m. diam. Arms, white, smooth or longi-

tudinally ridged, flattened, ribbon-like, usually 3-5.5 mm. wide, but reaching 5-10 mm.,

including the fringed margin when present ; consisting of one, two or more tubular chambers

expanded at the fusion of the arms, sometimes conspicuously so, especially at the apex ;

margins of arms smooth or fringed. Spore mass distributed over the inner surfaces of the

arms when expanded, mucilaginous, olive or sage green. Spores elliptical, smooth, tinted,

5-6 X 1-8-2 -5 ji. Smell rather like ensilage, described by Miss E. L. Stephens as “ sweet

with .an underlying sourness ; not foul like Phallus and Anthurus

Habitat : in woods and open ground.

Distribution : Cape Peninsula in South Africa ; Australia ; Tasmania.

Specimens examined : Kirstenbosch, June 1917, M. R. Levyns (E.L.S. 167) ; Aug

1945, R. H. Compton (E.L.S. 569) ; in woods on slopes of Table Mt., Newlands, June 1929>

A. M. Bottomley and K. A. Lansdell (E.L.S. 80) ; Groot Schuur Estate, Eondebosch,

J. AcocJcs (E.L.S. 128) ; frequently collected by Miss E- L. Stephens in these localities

during the last twenty years from June to August.

Specimens not seen : without locality. Lloyd (Myc. Writ. 3, Syn. Phall. 1909 : 62)

mentions a very poor South African specimen at Paris labelled C. Fischeri, which he thought

was C. gracilis. MacOwan records C. cibarius from Table Mt., Cape, but this was probably

C. gracilis since the former is not known to occur in the area in question.

Miss E. L. Stephens of Cape Town University to whom I am indebted for most of my

information about C. gracilis, states that this is the commonest phalloid in the Cape

Peninsula. She considers the Cape plant a more robust and often larger form than the

dried Australian specimen she saw at Kew.

C. gracilis is distinguished from other species by its white colour and flattened, ribbon-

like arms.

3. Clathrus sp. [Plate XXVII.]

Peridium sub-globose, 2-3 X 2-2 cm., white, splitting irregularly at the apex, attached

by a stout mycelial cord. Receptacle obovate, 7-13 X 5-8 cm., arms united at the base

into a short, hollow, stemlike structure up to 1-5 cm. high, at first apricot colour, finally

Cornelian Eed at apex and Salmon Buff at base (colour of plant developed indoors from

an egg). Meshes unequal, rounded elliptical to irregular polygonal, varying from 4 mm.

diam. at apex to 2-5 cm. towards base. Arms rectangular to irregularly polygonal, 3-5 mm.

wide, 3-4 mm. deep, enlarged or not at junction of arms, more or less flattened on outer

surface, which is undulating to slightly rugulose with a slight to deep longitudinal groove

down the centre, inner surface transversely rugulose without wartlike processes at the

axils, partly tubular with one large tubular cell on the inner side and several smaller, often

exteriorly perforated, short-tubular cells on the outside ; margins of outer flattened surface

530

CLATHRELLA.

expanded at intervals into projecting points which give the arms a more or less fringed

appearance. Spore mass mucilaginous, olivaceous, equally distributed on the inner side

of all except the basal arms. Spores cylindrical, smooth, tinted, 3-5-5-1 X 1-6-2-2 n

diam.

Habitat : on sandy or clayey soil in exposed positions, occurring singly.

Specimens examined • Wonderboom, Pretoria, 1926, A. 0. D. Mogg, 23642 ; on dam

wall, Loskop, Tvl, Dec. 1939, C. A. Blaeser, 31055.

It has not been possibleto identify this species from literature and illustrations at my dis-

posal, and the occurrence of single specimens only has made it impossible to get advice from

overseas. The fringed arms suggest Clathrus Clathrella Preussii, recorded from the Cameroons,

but from this species the local plant differs in colour and the absence of wartlike projections

on the fusion points of the arms. From C. cancellatus (Lake Nyassa) it differs in shape,

less rugulose arms and the presence of an external furrow ; from Clathrella Baumii (Zambesi)

in the absence of projections at the arm junctions and the distribution of the spore mass ;

from Clathrus Fischeri (Belgian Congo) in colour and less rugulose arms ; from Clathrus

camerunensis in colour and more robust arms and, from the other local plant, determined

by Fischer as near Clathrella pseudocancellata, in the presence of a fringed margin, the

absence of axillary cushions which bear the spore mass and the shape of the meshes.

Excluded species.

Clathrus camerunensis P. Henn. [Plate XXV, fig. 2.]

Jahrb. der Botan. Museums zu Berlin, 1890; Sacc. Syll. Fung. 9 (1891) 264.

One collection of one specimen only, locality unknown, was sent to Lloyd by Dr. P. A.

van der Byl of Stellenbosch for identification (PlateXXV, fig. 2). Lloyd named it Clathrus

camerunensis (Myc. Writ. 5, Myc. Notes 53, 1918 : 754), adding that it was near C. gracilis

of Australia. The outstanding feature of the plant was that is was white. Since C.

camerunensis calls for a white plant with about 9 arms and very slender branches 1 • 4-2 mm.

wide, it is unlikely that the South African plant with only 5 arms and these up to 5 mm.

wide is the same plant. It is more likely to be the white species C. gracillis, commonly

found in the Cape Peninsula.

6. CLATHRELLA Fischer.

in Engler & Prantl, Naturliche Pflanzenfamilien, 1 Abt.** 1 (1900) 284 and 7a

(1933) 87 ; Entwickl. Syst. Phall. Sec. Ill (1900) 35.

Clathrus auctt. pro parte.

Subs. Clethria P. Brown ex Corda, leones Fungorum 6 (1854) 25.

Peridium subglobose or obovate, whitish. Receptacle composed of a number of arms

which fuse at intervals to form a hollow, spherical, egg-shaped or obovate, latticed structure.

Meshes polygonal, rarely round, usually more or less vertically elongated towards the base

and often smaller at the apex. Arms cylindrical to flat strap-shaped, free or usually

attached to a ring or short stemlike structure at the base, often decreasing in thickness

towards the apex, tubular or consisting of only a few layers of chambers of which the

innermost one is often larger and long tubular, furnished on the inside with a cushion-

shaped projection at the fusion point. Cylindrical arms transversely rugulose all round,

flattened arms finely transversely rugulose on the inner side. Spore mass mucilaginous,

olivaceous, borne for the most part in small lumps on the wartlike projections at the

junctions of the arms. Spores smooth, tinted, bluntly elliptical (see Fischer).

CLATHRELLA.

531

1. ClathreUa Baumii (P. Henn.) Ed. Fischer.

Gasteromycetes in Engler, Die naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien 2 Aufl. Bd. 7a (1933)

89 (errore ‘ Cl. Braunii ’).

Clathrus (ClathreUa) Baumii P. Henn. in H. Baum, Botanische Ergebnisse der

Kunene-Sambesi Expedition (1903) 164; Sacc. Syll. Fung. 17 (1905) 213.

Peridium membranaceous, white, lobed, attached by a white mycelial cord. Receptacle

oblong-ovoid, reticulated, divided at the attenuated, substipitate base into 5-6 arms,

6-10 cm. high, 3-5 cm. wide, golden-orange. Arms slender, 1-layered, tubular, anastomosed,

plicate, 2-2-5 mm. broad. Meshes polygonal, oblong, 2-5 cm. long, 1-5 mm. wide, bearing

on the inside at the axils, a wartlike process. Spore mass violaceous black, borne on the

wartlike processes at the junctions of the arms. Spores oblong, fusoid or cylindrical,

4—5 X 1-5 p diam., hyaline. Smell foetid. (Description ex Sacc. Syll. Fung, l.c.)

Habitat : in sandy places in forests.

Distribution : Southern Africa.

South A frican Record : in forests on the Longa R., near Napalanka, Angola, Dec.

1899, Baum 601.

No specimens of this plant are available in South Africa for examination. Hennings

(l.c.) states that this species is related to both C. camerunensis P. Henn. and C. chryso-

mycelinus A. Moell. but differs considerably from both in that in C. Baumii the spore mass

is borne on small, wart-like cushions about 1-2 cm. broad on the fusion points of the upper

arms.

2. ClathreUa cfr. pseudocanceUata Ed. Fischer. [Plate XXVI, fig. 1, 2.]

Untersuch. Phalloideen III (1900) 36 ; Sacc. Syll. Fung. 16 (1902) 228.

Peridium 3-5 X 2-3 cm. diam., subglobose, white, splitting irregularly at the apex

rooting by a stout, branched, white mycelial cord. Receptacle 5-75-9-5 cm. high, 4-5-8 cm

wide, subglobose or obovate, usually tapering towards the base, where the armlike processes

which anastomose at intervals to form a hollow, spherical, network structure, are united

into a short, hollow, stemlike base ; reddish-orange or yellow to salmon. Meshes 2-4 cm.

diam., polygonal, more or less equal or smaller at apex, somewhat vertically7 elongated

towards the base. Arms 1 • 5-8 mm. diam. (pressed specimens), round to rounded triangular,

tubular or partly tubular, with one large, continuous tubular cell on the inner side and

2-3 layers of smaller cells on the outside, somewhat tubercular or transversely rugulose on

the outside, more strongly transversely rugose on the inner side ; thicker and more cellular

at the junction of the arms, where a rough, cushion-like structure projects slightly. Spore

mass olive green, mucilaginous, foetid, borne on the inner surface of the arms — to some

extent all over, but principally on the wartlike cushions at the junction of the branches.

Spores bluntly cylindrical, smooth, tinted 4-5 X 2-4 p.

Habitat : in sandy soil, damp ground and grass lawns, occurring singly as a rule.

Distribution : Central Africa (Lake Nyassa) ; South Africa, Rhodesia and Transvaal.

Specimens examined : under citrus tree, de Wagen Drift, nr. Premier Mine, Jan. 1918,

A. M. Bottomley, 11231 ; under bush, Pretoria, March 1917, J . Wickens, 10058 ; Salisbury,

Rhodesia, March and December 1921, F. Eyles 2983, det. Ed. Fischer, 15527 ; Pretoria,

Vos, Feb. 1937, 28777 ; Pretoria North, Jan. 1941, E. Anderssen, 33333.

The above species is the most common phalloid in the Transvaal. Pickled specimens

of the Rhodesian collection (Eyles 2983) were submitted to Fischer for identification, but

he was unable to name them exactly. He suggested that this plant was nearest ClathreUa

532

KALCHBRENNERA.

pseudocancellata, from which, however, it differed in that the arms were not smooth and

ribbon-like, the colour was yellow to salmon instead of reddish orange (reddish-orange plants

are common in the Transvaal) and there was no short, stemlike base (this structure is present

in some specimens of the same collection kept in Pretoria). Fischer considered that the

plant belonged to Clathrella on account of the knoblike outgrowths at the junction of the

arms of the network. He suggested that possibly Clathrus Fischeri Pat. k Har. (Bull. Soc.

Myc. France 9, 1893 : 211) collected in the Congo, was the same plant. The latter species

is, however, much longer, up to 18 cm. high, and is entirely white.

Judging from descriptions, the South African plant appears to be more nearly related

to Clathrallc Baumii P. Henn., found in Angola. With this it agrees in colour, size, shape

of the meshes and presence of wartlike cushions at the junction of the arms, but differs in

that the arms are not always tubular. According to Cunningham, however, this cha-

rcater is variable.

Until more intensive work has been done on the phalloids in South Africa, the name

of the plant described is left as suggested by Fischer, viz. Clathrella cfr. pseudocancellata.

7. KALCHBRENNERA Berkeley.

in Gardener’s Chronicle, N. Ser., 5 (1876) 785 ; Trimen’s Journ. Bot. 14 (1876) 218.

Peridium subglobose, splitting circumscissilely near the apex. Receptacle hollow

with spongy, chambered walls, cylindrical or club-shaped, terminating in a dome-shaped

clathrate structure, which gives rise to a number of radiating, simple or forked processes.

Spore mass borne on clathrate structure and processes.

Type species : Ralbrennera corrallocephale (Welw. & Curr.) Kalchbr.

Distribution : South Africa.

Kalchbrennera corallocephala (Welwitsch et Currey) Kalchbrenner. [Plates XXIII, XXIV.]

Phalloidei novi vel minus cogniti (1880) 20 ; Ed. Fisch. Untersuch. Phalloideen

(1890) 18.

Lysurus corallocephalus Welw. et Curr., Trans. Linn. Soc. London 26 (1868) 287.

Kalchbrennera TucJcii (Kalchbr. et MacOwan) Berk., Gard. Chron. n.s. 5 (1876) 785 ;

Trimen’s Journ. Bot. 14 (1876) 218 ; Kalchbr., Phall. novi vel minus cogniti (1882)

106 ; Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7 (1888) 14.

Kalchbrennera Tuckii var. microcephala Pole Evans, Records Albany Mus. 3 (1915)

159.

? Kalchbrennera Tuckii var. clathroides P. Henn., Fungi Camerunensis in Engl. Bot.

Jahrb. 22 (1895) 108.

Peridium up to 6-5 cm. high and up to 5 cm. wide, globose, finally obovate, smooth

or minutely furfuraceous, splitting irregularly and circumscissilely just below the apex,

the upper portion remaining on the top of the receptacle as a cap, until pushed off by the

expanding processes ; white, becoming tinged with yellow when handled ; strongly rooting

by a thick, white, cordlike structure. Receptacle cylindrical or club-shaped, terminating in

a hollow, dome-shaped clathrate structure, sometimes demarcated from the stem by a

sudden change of colour, or by a slight constriction caused by a reduction in the number

of layers of cells in the stem wall. Stalk 3- 5-11 cm. long, 0*5-1 -5 cm. wide just above

base which is narrowed rather abruptly to a blunt point, increasing in size up to 3*5 cm.

at the apex, finally hollow, at first filled with a transparent gelatinous substance ; wall

consisting of 2-3 chambers which are more or less long and tubular ; closely and finely

rugulose, the rounded surface of the wrinkles sometimes externally perforated and the deep

KALCHBRENNERA.

533

folds sometimes forming almost complete transverse walls across the tubular chambers ;

white, brownish white or pale yellow (Capucine Buff) at base, deepening in colour towards

the apex to a pinky orange (Salmon Orange) or sometimes to the red colour of the clathrate

dome. Clathrate structure sealing-wax red in colour, consisting of a number of deeply

transversely rugulose arms up to 6 mm. diam. and 1-3 chambered, which arise from the

apex of the stem and fuse together at intervals to form a number (up to 15 counted) of

usually small, irregularly rounded, elliptical or polygonal, thick-walled meshes. The walls

of the latter give rise to a number (up to 16 counted) of long or short processes 3-5-10 cm.

X 2-7 mm. ; these are radiating, free, concolorous, simple, apically branched or dicho-

tomouly forked with, usually, blunt, nail-shaped ends (said bv Kalchbrenner, l.c., to resemble

the forked thorns of Carissa arduina Lam.). These processes, like the arms of the clathrate

structure, are one to several chambered, deeply transversely rugulose and cylindrical or

depressed below. Spore mass sage green, then greenish black, covering all rugulose

structures. While still in the egg stage, the gleba completely fills the interstices between

the processes, the apices of which are visible on the compact spore mass as scattered, white

or red (depending on the stage of development) more or less regular, crescent-shaped,

flattened, coralloid structures with open surface cells. Spores elliptical, smooth, tinted,

3 -4-1 -5 p diam. Smell strong and foetid.

Habitat : on ground in wooded thickets, open places or cultivated fields and gardens ;

occurring singly or in groups after prolonged rains.

Distribution : South Africa.

Specimens examined : Sydenham, Natal, 1882, J . Medley Wood 665, 10388, 13075,

31825, Kew as K. Tuckii ; Boschberg Mts., nr. Somerset East, C.P., 1876-78, P. MacOwan

& Tuck (MacOwan 1225, S.A.M. 34318) 22050, Kew as K. Tuckii ; Amabele, C.P., Jan.

1915, P. v. d. Byl, 8954 ; Grahamstown, Feb. 1915, S. Schonland, 8952, type of K. Tuckii

var. microcephala, 8953 ; Kentani, A. Pegler 1424, 8848 as K. Tuckii var. microcephala,

Kew ; Umkomaas, Natal, April 1919, V . Bottomley, 11861 ; Malcomess, Knapdaar, C.P.,

April 1926, Gideon Joubert, 20842 ; Jacksonstuin, Brits, TvL, Nov. 1936, A. O. D. Mogg,

28730 ; Bathurst, C.P., April 1930, B. Hahne, 25367 ; Brenton, Knysna, A. V. Duthie 79,

(E.L.S. 418) 31337 ; Bedford, C.P., B. Marloth, 26590 ; Umtata, A. Abernethy, Feb. 1940,

34148 ; nr. Bedford, C.P., Dec. 1879, C. Trollip (S.A.M. 31319) ; in sandy soil, Bellville,

July 1939, J . Lippett (E.L.S. 553) ; Durban, P. v. d. Byl 359 ; Maciene, Mocambique,

June 1928, E. L. Stephens 15 ; George, March 1934, D. McIntyre (E.L.S. 279) ; Pinelands,

Capetown, June 1932, E. L. Stephens 129 ; nr. Melkbosch Strand, C.P., Aug. 1944 and

1945, A. Salkeld, a collection of 40 to 50 specimens (S.A.M. 56361) ; Barberton, Tvl., March

1941, J. Rowland, 32887.

Specimens not seen : Kentani, Pegler 1423, Kew ; nr. Engcobo, Tambukiland, Woolby ;

Botanic Gardens, Durban, Medley If ood, Kew ; Durban, v. d. Byl 359 ; Riversdale, C.P.,

Muir (v.d. Byl 2603) ; Krantskloof, Natal, Medley Wood 812 as K. Tuckii ; Pungo Ondonga,

Angola, Dec. 1856, Welwitsch 119 ; Bathurst, B. Liebenberg, Oct. 1930.

Although this plant varies considerably in size, number of cavities and processes in

the clathrate dome and in the length and shape of the processes, it is easily recognised by

its well developed stalk, which terminates in a brilliant, red, dome-shaped, clathrate structure,

on which arise a number of concolorous, free, radiating, simple or apically branched or

forked, coralloid processes. In collection No. 8848, one specimen is only 1-5x1 cm. in

size and has only a few obscure cavities and processes, the latter being little more than

knob-like expansions of the cavity walls. In collection No. 8954 on the other hand, the

processes were described by Dr. Pole Evans (l.c.) as “ slender, tapering, and almost whip-

like in appearance, instead of blunt and nail-shaped ” (the preserved specimen is very much

shrunken and no longer shows such extreme characters).

534

KALCHBRENNERA.

Kalclibrennera Tuckii v. microcephala was separated from the type, on the grounds of

smaller sizie and short processes; but these characters vary so much in different collections

that they are not considered of sufficient importance to constitute a separate variety.

K. Tuckii var. Clathroides described by P. Hennings (l.c.) as resembling a stalked

Clathrus is probably a Simblum.

I am indebted to Miss Lewis of the South African Museum, Cape Town, for a full range

of specimens of K. corallocephala, collected by Mr. A. Salkeld, showing all stages of develop-

ment, as well as for some excellent coloured sketches. From these the above description

was made.

SCLERODERMATACEAE.

535

SCLERODERMALES.

Plants usually finally epigeous, sessile or contracted into a stem-like base. Peridium

of one, two or three layers, directly enclosing the gleba, dehiscing either by an apical pore

or by irregular splitting, usually of the apical portion. Gleba without true capillitium

threads, becoming pulverulent at maturity. Basidia 4-8-spored. Spores globose or

elliptical, hyaline or coloured, smooth or rough, pedicellate or not.

The chief characters on which this order is separated from other orders are the absence

of capillitium threads and the pulverulent nature of the mature gleba.

Cunningham included the two families Calostomataceae and Sclerodermataceae

in this order, the former represented by a single genus, Colostoma, which has so far not been

found in South Africa, and the latter by two genera, Scleroderma and Pisolithus, both of

which commonly occur in this country. In the present work, the Arachniaceae has likewise

been included in this order, mainly on account of the important characters it has in common

with the above two families, namely the absence of true capillitium threads and the pul-

verulent nature of the mature gleba. Arachnion, the only well-defined genus in the family,

is fairly well represented in South Africa.

Key to the Families.

Peridium borne on a well developed stem-like base, 3-layered, dehiscing by an apical

pore. Gleba at maturity carried within the endoperidium, which is attached

to the apex of the peridium ( Calostomataceae ).

Peridium sessile or with a stem-like base, 1-2-layered, dehiscing by irregular

splitting of the apical portion. Gleba at maturity pulverulent, free within the

peridium or in small chambers formed by persistent tramal plates Sclerodermataceae.

Peridium sessile, 1 -layered, dehiscing by disintegration of the apical portion. Gleba

at maturity pulverulent, consisting of peridioles lined with a hymenial layer, to

which the spores are attached Arachniaceae.

SCLERODERMATACEAE Fischer.

Naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien 1, 1** (1900) 334.

G. H. Cunningham, Gastero. (1944) 115.

Plants usually epigeous, seldom entirely or partly subterranean, more or less globose,

sessile or with a stem-like, rooting base. Peridium of one or two layers, dehiscing by

irregular splitting of the apical portion. Gleba finally pulverulent, consisting of a mass of

spores permeated by tramal plates, which either break down and become pulverulent or

form the persistent walls of small chambers enclosing a mass of spores. Capillitium wanting.

Spores usually globose, coloured, echinulate or reticulated. Basidia 2-8-spored.

Two genera only are included in this family — Scleroderma and Pisolithus — both of

which are common in South Africa. They are separated from each other mainly on the

following characters : —

Tramal plates of the gleba permeating the mass of spores but finally breaking down

and with the spores forming a pulverulent mass 1. Scleroderma.

Tramal plates forming persistent walls of small chambers which enclose masses of

finally pulverulent spores 2. Pisolithus.

1. SCLERODERMA Persoon.

Synopsis Methodica Fungorum (1801) 159, pro parte, emended Fries, Systema

Mvcologicum 3 (1829) 44.

Fischer, Nat. Pflanz. 7a (1933) 36 ; Yerwoerd, Ann. Univ. Stell. 3 (1925) 17 :

G. H. Cunningham, Gastero. (1944) 114.

10801-3

536

SCLERODERMA.

Sclerangium Lev., Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. 3, 9 (1843) 132.

Stella Mass., Journ. Myc. 5 (1890) 185.

Nepotatus Lloyd, Myc. Writ. 7, Myc. Notes 75 (1925) 1355.

Type species : Scleroderma aurantium Pers.

Plants globose, subglobose, depressed globose, pyriform, usually epigeous at maturity,

sessile or contracted into a small to well-developed, stem -like base, attached by a mass of

mycelial threads. Peridium smooth, areolate, squamose or warted, thick or thin. Gleba

consisting of a mass of spores permeated by tramal plates, which finally become pulverulent.

Spores coloured, large, globose or sometimes subglobose, usually strongly echinulate or less

often reticulated.

Of the sixty or more species described for this genus, Cunningham (l.c. , p. 110) considers

that not more than about a dozen are good, the others being either synonyms of these or

of Mycenastrum, with which Scleroderma has often been confused. About a dozen species

have been recorded for South Africa and of these four have been definitely established as

being distinct species. Several other species described or recorded may be distinct, but

further study and comparison of specimens is necessary. This is rendered difficult by the

terms of bequest of the van der Bvl collections, under which specimens may not be removed

from his herbarium.

Key to the Species.

Spores echinulate.

Dehiscence by irregular cracking of the apical portion.

Peridium typically smooth or becoming apically areolate or squamose. . 1. S. cepa.

Peridium typically covered with dark, evenly distributed squamules or

scales.... 2. S. verrucosum.

Dehiscence by splitting into several segments from the apex downwards, in a

stellate manner. Stemlike base usually well developed 3. S. flavidum.

Spores reticulated.

Dehiscence by irregular cracking of the apical portion.

Peridium hard and woody when dry 4. S. aurantium.

Peridium thin, pliant and brittle when dry 5. S. bovista.

Dehiscence by splitting into several segments, from the apex downwards, in

a stellate manner 6. S. geaster.

1. Scleroderma cepa Persoon. [Plate XXVIII, fig. 1 ; Plate XXIX, fig. 1.]

Synopsis Methodica Fungorum (1801) 706.

Verwoerd, Ann. Univ. Stell. 3 (1925) 18 ; Coker & Couch, Gastero. (1928) 167.

Plants 1-8 cm. diam., subglobose, depressed globose, pyriform, irregularly compressed

when caespitose, sessile or nearly so, attached by a mass of white mycelial threads. Peridium

Pinkish Buff, pale brown, ochraceous (between Honey Yellow and Olive Ochre), usually

smooth when fresh, often becoming squamose or areolate, or occasionally warted in the

apical part, the squamules inherent and almost concolorous, rather thick at first, drying

to 1 mm. or less, finally leathery, rather brittle but not very hard, not discolouring to any

extent when cut ; sterile base if present, scanty, becoming yellowish when cut ; dehiscing

by irregular splitting in the apical portion. Gleba watery white at first, but soon nearly

black with a violet tinge, finally olivaceous grey or stone grey with a violaceous tinge.

Tramal Plates yellow or greyish. Spores globose or less often subglobose, strongly and

long echinulate, 10-2-15-3 y diam., common size 11-9-13-6.

Habitat : under trees, hedges and in open places, solitary, gregarious or caespitose.

I) stribution : South Africa ; North America.

SCLERODERMA.

537

Specimens examined : under Populus spp., Fountains Valley, Pretoria, March 1936,

K. Lansdell & A. M. Bottomley, 28587, N. Parkes, 21095, March 1927, L. Reinecke, 21215 ;

Wonderboom, Pretoria, Nov. 1936, E. M. Doidge & A. M. Bottomley, 28725, Jan. 1917,

H. V. King, 10056, Feb. 1928, E. M. Doidge, 23168 ; Mazelspoort, Bloemfontein, May 1945

P. H. B. Talbot, 35402. Under Pinus spp., Meintjes Kop, Pretoria, March 1921, A. M.

Bottomley, 14514, March 1925, 20389 ; Pretoria, April 1930, M. Bosman, 29436. Under

Salix spp., Pyramids, Pretoria, Feb. 1939, A. Hean, 30999 ; Garstfontein. Pretoria, April

1911, P. J. Pienaar, 1338, 1349. Under Eucalyptus spp., Pretoria, Jan. 1928, L. Reinecke,

23141. Under Quercus spp., Belvidere, Knysna, A. V. Duthie, 31388 ; attached to roots

of Quercus seedling, Johannesburg, March 1936, Superintendent of Handicrafts, 28585.

Under hedge, Riviera, Pretoria, April 1945, E. Schaefer, 35401, Feb. 1946, 35400. Situation

not indicated, Riviera, Pretoria, May 1916, L. Kresfelder, 9794, 9774 ; Rietfontein, Pretoria,

April 1921, L. Venter, 14493; Pretoria, Jan. 1919, E. M. Doidge, 11810; Johannesburg,

Dec. 1914, A. M. Bottomley, 8771 ; East Rand, G. Marquardt, 14485 ; Pietermaritzburg,

Natal, April 1911, 7. B. Pole Evans, 1342, 1343, 1347, 1356. 1358 ; Empangeni North,

Natal, June 1917, P. v. d. Byl (N.H. 672), 31886 ; Mamathes, Basutoland, Feb. 1941,

A. Jacot-Guillarmod, 33495; Aliwal North road, Jan. 1946, R. A. Dyer, 33518; Stellen-

bosch, C.P., Duthie 274 (v. d. Byl 1967 as S. vulgare) 31447 ; Oct. 1945, M. P. de Vos ;

A. V. Duthie § 39, 31517 ; The Flats, Stellenbosch, June 1921, A. V. Duthie, 31469 ; Ida’s

Valley, Stellenbosch, Nov. 1924, A. V . Duthie, 35407 ; Knysna, C.P., A. V. Duthie, 31401,

Jan. 1921, A. V. Duthie, 35403, Duthie 111, 31354 ; Toise River, C.P., March 1912, P. J

Pienaar, 2276 ; Kirstenbosch, C.P., June 1929, Prof. Compton, 24835, June 1921, V. A

Putterill, 14835, Jan. 1939, E. L. Stephens 431, 35514, April 1939, E. L. Stephens 468, 35440,

May 1938, A. J . Middlemost (E. L. Stephens 467) 35515, April 1939 (E. L. Stephens 477)

35517 ; Rondebosch, E. L. Stephens 154, 35512 ; Stikland, C. P., March 1932, J. Acocks

(E. L. Stephens 112) 35511 ; without locality, E. L. Stephens 470, 35516 ; Zululand,

P. v. d. Byl 556 ; Natal, v. d. Byl 288 ; Nottingham Road, Natal, v. d. Byl 557 ; Stellen-

bosch, v. d. Byl 810, 812, Aug. 1922, v. d. Byl 893 ; Salisbury, S. Rhodesia, April 1926,

Eyles 4091 (S.Rh. 3834).

Specimens not seen : University grounds, Rosebank, various dates, E. L. Stephens 78,

June 1931, E. L. Stephens 79, May 1940, E. L. Stephens 524 ; in greenhouse, April 1941,

E. L. Stephens 559 ; Brackenfel Hill, May 1932, J . Acocks (E. L. Stephens 118).

This' species appears to be the most common so far encountered in South Africa. It

is recognised by the usually smooth surface, the lack of, or scanty stem-like base and he

comparatively thin mature peridial wall.

2. Scleroderma verrucosum (Bulliard ex Persoon) Persoon. [Plate XXVIII, fig. 2 ;

Plate XXIX, fig. 2.]

Synopsis Methodica Fungorum (1801) 154.

Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7 (1888) 136 ; Verwoerd, Ann. Univ. Stell. 3 (1925) 18 ; G. H.

Cunningham, Gastero. (1944) 119.

S. areolatum Ehrenb., Sylv. Myc. Berol. (1818) 27.

S. pandanaceum F. v. Muell., ex Berk. Journ. Linn. Soc. 13 (1872) 171.

S. Bresadoliae Schultz, Hedwigia 23 (1884) 163.

S. Torrendii Bres., Atti I.R. Acc. Sci. 8 (1902) 132.

Plants 1-8 cm. wide, up to 4-5 cm. high exclusive of the stem-like base, subglobose,

depressed globose, pyriform or irregularly compressed if caespitose, abruptly contracted

below into a well developed, lacunate, furrowed or smooth stem-like base, which is attached

to the substratum by a mass of mycelial threads. Peridium Pinkish Buff, pale brown,

pale ochraceous, yellowish brown, bay brown or umber, typically covered with brown

538

SCLERODERMA.

squamules or flattened warts ; squamules o ■ warts small to 2 mm. diam., fairly closely

and more or less evenly distributed, darker brown than the peridium, usually larger in the

basal half and sometimes slightly sunk in more or less well defined areolae ; dehiscing by

a small, torn, apical aperture, which splits irregularly in different directions. Stem-liJce

base small to larger than the fertile part, in the latter case thick, solid, white, remaining

unchanged or turning pinkish brown when cut, thin, becoming less than 0-5 mm. when

dry, in section white at first, becoming pinkish brown when dry. Gleba white, soon turning

sooty black with a violet tinge, finally stone grey, greyish brown, with or without an

olivaceous tinge. Tramal plates white, then greyish and inconspicuous in the mature mass.

Spores 8-5-13-6 p diam., occasionally up to 17 p diam., globose, coarsely and densely

echinulate, dark greyish brown, mixed with hyphal remains.

Habitat : under trees, hedges or in the open, solitary, gregarious or caespitose.

Distribution : North and South Africa ; Asia Minor ; Australia ; Britain ; Europe ;

India.

Specimens examined : under Populus sp., Garstfontein, Pretoria, Feb. 1919, E. M.

Doidge, 30702 ; Fountains, Pretoria, Feb. 1928, E. M. Doidge, 35406, March 1936, A. M.

Bottomley & K. A. Lansdell, 35405 ; under hedge, Pretoria, Feb. 1946, E . Schaefer, 35404

Pietermaritzburg, Natal, April 1911, I. B. Pole Evans, 1345, Kew, Feb. 1915, J. M. s im,

8816 ; Stellenbosch, May, A. V. Duthie 13 (v. d. Byl 1185) 31300. Under Quercus p.,,

Belvidere, Knysna, C.P., A. V. Duthie 212 as S. tenerum B. & C., 31369, Jan. 1921, A.V.;

Duthie 278 as S. tenerum, 31451 ; Mamathes, Basutoland, Feb. 1941, A. Jacot-Guillermod

33496 ; Kirstenbosch, March 1932, E. L. Stephens 107.

Specimens not seen : Salisbury, S. Rhodesia, F. Eyles 4141 ; Hogsback, N. J. G. Smith,

Kew ; Capetown, MacOwan, Kew.

This species is recognised by the thin, pale brown or yellowish, peridial wall, covered

with small, evenly distributed, darker brown squamules or flattened warts. The dark

brown scales against the paler background make a striking contrast.

3. Scleroderma flavidum Ellis et Everhart. [Plate XXX, fig. 1-2 ; Plate XXXI, fig. 3.]

Journal of Mycology 1 (1885) 88.

Coker & Couch, Gastero. (1928) 162 ; Yerwoerd, Ann. Univ. Stell. 3 (1925) 17 ;

G. H. Cunningham, Gastero. (1944) 120.

Scleroderma caespitosum Lloyd., Myc. Writ. 7, Myc. Notes 67 (1922) 1159.

S. flavidum var. fenestriatum Clel. & Cheek, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Aus. 47 (1923) 75.

S. rhodesica Verwoerd, S.A. Journ. Sci. 23 (1926) 292.

Plants, unexpanded 1-5-6 cm. diam., expanded 2-5-14 cm. diam., subglobose, depressed

globose, pyriform, smooth or plicate below, usually contracted into a well developed stem-

like base. Peridium up to 5 mm. thick becoming much thinner when dry, hard, tough,

woody, usually smooth to areolate at the apex or cracking into flattened warts, bright or

dull ochraceous yellow, often becoming darker with age ; usually dehiscing by irregular

splitting, from the apex downwards, into 5-11 unequal or subequal lobes, which remain

erect, with or without recurved tips, or become expanded in a stellate manner with recurved

tips. Gleba olivaceous, finally umber, ochraceous brown, often disappearing completely

at maturity, leaving the cup-shaped peridium empty. Tramal plates yellow, finally greyish

and inconspicuous. Spores globose, densely echinulate, 7-12 p diam.

Habitat : on the ground.

Distribution : Africa ; North America ; Australia ; New Zealand.

SCLERODERMA. •

539

Specimens examined : Potchefstroom, March 1939, M. Gunn, 30513 ; Meintjes Kop,

Pretoria, April 1925, A. M. Bottomley, 20414 ; Parys, O.F.S., April 1936, E. M. Doidge,

28601 ; without locality, E. L. Stephens 223, 34530 ; Stellenbosch, Oct. 1945, M. P. de Vos ;

Rietvlei, Pretoria, March 1945, A. M. Bottomley, 35399 ; Magaliesberg Mts., Rustenburg,

June 1928, W. Dobie, 23380 ; Riviera, Pretoria, May 1916, L. Kresfelder, 9773 ; Mooibank,

Potchefstroom, Nov. 1929, H. A. Lawrence, 24885 ; Fountains Valley, Pretoria, March

1924, A. M. Bottomley, 20466 ; Kirstenbosch, C.P., June 1929, K. A. Lansdell, 24824 ;

Meintjes Kop, Pretoria, May 1925, A. M. Bottomley, 20583 ; under Eucalyptus trees,

Potchefstroom, July 1935, J. Sellschop, 28516, April 1925, M. Radloff (v. d. Byl 2093) ;

Under Pinus sp., Stellenbosch, June 1924, L. Verwoerd (Stell. 9 ; v.d. Byl 1966) ; on ground,

Kirstenbosch, June 1924, L. Bolus (v. d. Byl 1668) ; on ground, Pietersburg, Tvl., April

1930, I. B. Pole Evans, 25424 ; on banks of Umsinduzi River, Pietermaritzburg, April

1911, /. B. Pole Evans, 1555; Salisbury, S. Rh., F. Eyles 4133 (S. Rh. 4030) co-type

S. rhodesica Verwoerd.

Specimens not seen : Klein Drakenstein, v. d. Byl 2543 ; Bloemfontein, Verwoerd.

This species is recognised by the yellow colour, usually smooth, sometimes apically

areolate, relatively thick, hard peridial wall, stellate manner of dehiscence and often finally

empty peridium, due to the disappearance of the gleba. It differs from S. geaster — a species

not so far definitely established as occurring in South Africa — which dehisces in a similar

manner, in its usually smaller size, smoother peridium and the larger spores with longer

spines and no reticulum.

4. Scleroderma aurantium (Vaillant) Persoon. [Plate XXXI, fig. 2.]

Synopsis Methodica Fungorum (1801) 153.

Hollos, Gastero. Ung. (1904) 131 ; Coker & Couch, Gastero, (1928) 168.

Lycoperdon cervinum Bolton, Fung. Fasc. Ill (1799) 39.

Scleroderma vulgare Hornem. Flora Dan. (1829) t. 1969 ; Verwoerd, Ann. Univ.

Stell. 3 (1925) 18.

S. citrinum Pers., Syn. Meth. Fung. (1801) 153.

S. squamosum Chev., Flor. Paris (1826) 357.

Plants 1-5-5 cm. diam., epigeous, depressed globose, contracted or pinched below into

a small or large stem-like base, which is attached to the substratum by a mass of mycelial

threads. Peridium hard and woody when dry, about 2 mm. thick when fresh, drying to

about 0-5 mm., yellow, ochraceous or pale brown, smooth or apically simply areolated,

or areolated with central warts or finely or grossly warted ; dehiscing by irregular cracking

of the apex. Gleba chocolate brown, olivaceous umber, violaceous grey. Tramal plates

white, then yellow or greyish, usually conspicuous. Spores globose, dark brown, reticulated,

13-6-17-0 y. diam., including the reticulations, the tips of which are connected by an entire

or broken hyaline halo. In the latter case, the edges of the reticulations, seen under the

microscope as long spines around the. spore, appear to be apically branched.

Habitat : on ground, solitary.

Distribution : North and South Africa ; North America.

Specimens seen : Kloof, Natal, April 1940, Dr. Bonfa, 33571 ; Nottingham Road,

Natal, April 1917, P. v. d. Byl (N.H. 538) 31805.

Specimens not seen : Bloemfontein, L. Verwoerd ; Salisbury, Eyles 409 (v. d. Byl 2351) ;

Cape, MacOwan 1454, Kew, — all as S. vulgare.

540

SCLERODERMA.

The above description is based on two collections only. These specimens differ from

the typical foim occurring elsewhere in the surface of the peridium and in the size of the

spores. They are smooth or wrinkled instead of covered apically with warts or scales and

the spores are larger than those of the European and North American plants, being

13 •6-17-0 p including the reticulations, instead of 8 -5-10 -2 p recorded by Coker & Couch

(l.c.) or 9-5-13 p mentioned by Hollos (l.c.). These differences do not appear to justify

a new species, especially as the spores are typically reticulated, a rather unusual feature.

The ,-pecies is recognised by the yellow colour, the hard, thick peridial wall, and

particularly the reticulated spores.

5. Scleroderma bovista Fries.

Systema Mycologicum 3 (1829) 48.

Hollos, Gastero. Ung. (1904) 133; Coker & Couch, Gastero. (1922) 164; G. H.

Cunningham, Gastero. (1944) 117.

S. texense Berk., Lond. Journ. Bot. 4 (1845) 308.

S. columnare Lloyd, Myc. Notes (1918) 759.

Plants 0-7-2 cm. diam., subglobose, depressed globose or irregular by pressure when

caespitose, sessile or almost so, pinched below into a dense mass of whitish mycelial threads.

Peridium becoming thin and brittle at maturity, ochraceous brown, bay brown or umber,

smooth or becoming apically finely areolated, dehiscence by irregular cracking at the apex.

Gleba ochraceous to olivaceous. Tramal plates yellowish, more or less persistent, the

fragmented plates often resembling poorly developed capillitium threads. Spores globose,

olivaceous to olivaceous-brown, 10-14 p diam., coarsely reticulated, the reticulations

projecting at the margin like blunt, finger-like processes, usually partly, if not entirely

connected by a hyaline halo.

Habitat : solitary or caespitose in ground.

Distribution : South Africa ; North America ; Australia ; Europe ; India ; New

Zealand.

Specimens examined : in manured flower garden, Salisbury, S. Rhodesia, Jan. 1939

(S.R.M.H. 4277).

The species is characterised by its thin, pliant but brittle peridium, more or less per-

sistent tramal plates and coarsely reticulated spores. It differs from S. aurantium mainly

in the texture of the peridium which in the latter case is hard and woody.

Doubtful or insufficiently known Species.

Scleroderma capensis Lloyd.

Mycological Writings 7 (1924) 1305.

Plants small, 6-15 mm. diam., subglobose, sessile, attached by a mass of fine mycelial

threads. Peridium ochraceous brown, smooth to minutely cracked and roughened, thin

and brittle. Gleba reddish brown. Tramal plates yellow, becoming inconspicuous in

mature gleba. Spores globose, strongly echinulate, 8-5-13-6 p, common size 10-2 p,

free of hyphal debris.

Habitat : in clayey soil, largely subterranean.

Distribution : South Africa.

SCLERODERMA.

541

Specimens examined : Stellenbosch, Duthie 327 (Lloyd Myc. Coll. 24894, Type) 31489,

part of type collection.

This species, of which only three specimens are available for examination, resembles

a small Scleroderma cepa with reddish brown gleba and usually smaller spores. Since both

these characters are variable, there do not seem sufficient grounds on which to erect a new

species. Further collections are necessary to settle this point. Lloyd (l.c.) advanced no

sound reasons for his new species. He names the small size, different appearance of the

gleba and freedom of the spores from hyphal remains as the differences between this species

and others.

Scleroderma laeve (Leveille nom. nud.) Lloyd.

Lloyd, Mycological Writings 5, Letter no. 63, Note 468 (1916) 11.

Llovd (l.c.) writes in connection with the only South African record of this species : —

“ Scleroderma laeve from Miss A. V. Duthie, South Africa. The name is based on a

specimen so named by Leveille, at Paris, which never broke into print. As to shape,

rooting base and thin peridium it corresponds to Scleroderma verrucosum but has a smooth

peridium. In my opinion it is a smooth form of Scleroderma verrucosum.”

No specimen is available for examination and it is therefore not possible to make any

comment on the above note. If, as Lloyd suggests, the specimen, Duthie 118, is a smooth

form of S. verrucosum, the case is parallel with that of the South African form of S. aurantium,

which is smooth to wrinkled, whereas the typical form found elsewhere is rough.

Scleroderma lejospermum (Montagne) de Toni.

Saccardo Sylloge Fungorum 7 (1888) 140.

Mycenastrum lejospermum Mont., Enurn. Fung. (1847) 175 ; Sac. Svll. Fung. 7

(1888) 140.

Peridium . . . Capillitium colour of powdered rhubarb. Spores quite smooth,

brown, hyaline, shortly pedicelled, containing an oil drop occupying almost half of the

diameter. (Description from Saccardo of Mycenastrum lejospermum Mont.)

Habitat : in dry places.

South African record : Witpoortberg, S. Africa, Drege 9466.

It is very unlikely that the specimen on which this record was based was either a

Mycenastrum or a Scleroderma, since neither of these genera has smooth spores. In the

absence of a description of the peridial characters it is impossible to suggest what genus,

much less species, it could be. No specimen is available for examination.

Scleroderma pyramidatum Kalchbrenner.

Grevillea 10 (1882) 109.

“ Globosum (2 poll, et ultra diam.) brevissime stipitatum, areolatum, areolis elevatis

pyramidulas truncatas formantibus. Sporae (?) . . . Sterile sed arc olis pyramidatis

insigne ” (Kalchbrenner l.c.).

South African record : on the ground, Natal, Medley Wood 375, 10704.

Medley Wood’s collection is apparently the only record of this species ; it is not a

Scleroderma, but a gill fungus, thought to be Montagnites ; as it is quite immature no more

exact identification can be made.

542

PISOLITHUS.

Scleroderma stellenbossiensis Yerwoerd.

South African Journal of Science 23 (1926) 292.

Peridium 0- 2-5-0 cm. diam., epigeous, more or less globose, with an irregular stem-

like base 1-4 cm. long, single, rather thick, smooth, dingy with a purplish tinge when fresh,

dehiscing by splitting into four irregular segments. Gleba white, later purplish. Spores

globose, 7 •2-10- 8 y, strongly echinulate, brown. (Description ex Yerwoerd, l.c.)

Habitat : on damp clayey ground.

Distribution : South Africa.

South African Record : Stellenbosch, C.P., L. Verwoerd 300 (Stell. 2223).

A hurried examination of specimens of the above collection suggested that the species

is very close to S. verrucosum. The only difference appears to be the smooth instead of

rough peridium. It may be the same as Dr. Duthie’s specimen No. 118, also collected at

Stellenbosch, which Lloyd called S. laeve, remarking that, in his opinion, it was a smooth

form of S. verrucosum. A further, more critical examination of Verwoerd’s specimens is

necessary before any further comment can be made.

Scleroderma tenerum Berkeley.

in Cooke, Cuban Fungi, No. 512.

Specimens not seen : along edge of stream, Belvidere, Knysna, Duthie 141 ; inside

decayed tree, Stellenbosch, Duthie 119.

Five collections of this species have been recorded for South Africa. Of these Duthie

212 and Duthie 278, 31451, collected at Knysna, are considered to be a form of S. verrucosum ;

the other two Duthie collections have not been seen. Judging from the spores, not mentioned

in the original description of S. tenerum, v. d. Byl 619 appears to be something different,

The spores are smooth or obscurely verrucose, pale ochraceous and the average size 4 y

diam. Other characters are: Peridium 1-2-1 -4 cm. wide, 0-8-1 cm. high, ochraceous,

cracking into small, closely set, flattened verrucae, prolonged into a thick, acuminate

rooting structure. Gleba ochraceous. The van der Byl specimen should be more critically

examined.

2. PISOLITHUS Albertini et Schweinitz.

Conspectus fungorum in Lusatiae Superiores (1805) 82.

G. H. Cunningham, Gastero. (1944) 121 ; Verwoerd, Ann. Univ. Stell. 3 (1925) 16.

Ed. Fischer in Nat. Pflanz. 7a (1933) 39.

Polysaccum DC et Desp., Rapp. voy. bot. l’Ouest Fr. 1 (1807) 8.

Pisocarpium Link, Mag. Ges. nat. Freunde 3 (1809) 33.

Durosaccum Lloyd, Myc. Writ. 7 (1924) 1306.

Type Species : Pisolilhus tinctorius (Mich, ex Pers.) Coker & Couch.

Plants consisting of a peridium supported on a well developed rooting base. Peridial

wall of one layer only, which is thin, membranous and brittle. Dehiscence by the breaking

into segments of the upper part of the peridial wall, exposing the finally pulverulent gleba.

Gleba divided into subglobose or polygonal spore-bearing cavities — the peridioles — which

are separated by persistent walls — the tramal plates — on which the basidia and spores are

borne. Capillitium absent. Spores globose, echinulate, coloured. Basidia pyriform,

bearing 2-6 spores on short sterigmata.

PISOLITHUS.

543

The characteristic features of this genus are the 1-layered peridial wall, the division

of the gleba into cavities separated by persistent walls and the absence of capillitium threads.

It differs from Scleroderma in having persistent tramal plates. ■

Owing to the great variation shown by this plant, numerous different species have

been described for it, but it is considered by Cunningham and others that there are at most

three good species, viz. P. tinctorius, P. microcarpus and P. Boudieri. Of these only P.

tinctorius is known to occur in South Africa. P. microcarpus is found in Australia and

P. Boudieri, if distinct from the first named, is found in Corsica.

Pisolithus tinctorius (Micheli ex Persoon) Coker & Couch. [Plate XXXII, fig. 1, 2.]

Gasteromycetes of the Eastern United States and Canada (1928) 170.

G. H. Cunningham, Gastero. (1944) 122.

Scleroderma tinctorium (Mich.) Pers., Syn. Meth. Fung. (1801) 152.

Pisolithus ar.enarius Alb. & Schw., Conspectus (1805) 82.

Polysaccum crassipes DC. & Despr., Rapp. bot. Fr. 1 (1807) 82 ; Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7

(1888) 146 ; van der Byl, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Afr. 6 (1918) 209 ; Yerwoerd, Ann.

Univ. Stell. 3 (1925) 16.

P. acaule DC., FI. Fr. 5 (1815) 103.

Pisocarpium clavatum Nees, Syst. Pilze (1817) 138.

Polysaccum herculeum (Pers.) Fr., Syst. Myc. 3 (1829) 52.

P. turgidum Fr., l.c., p. 53.

P. olivaceum Fr., l.c., p. 54.

P. pisocarpium Fr., l.c.

P. tuberosum (Mich.) Fr., l.c., p. 55.

P. comglomeratum Fr., l.c.

P. arenarium (Alb. & Schw.) Corda, Icon. Fung. 2 (1838) 24.

P. tinctorium Mont., Phyto. Canariensis (1840) 87.

P. australe Lev., Ann. Sci. Nat. Ser. 3, 9 (1848) 136.

P. leptothecum Reich., Reise Oesterr. Novara um d. Erde 1 (1879) 134.

P. marmoratum Berk., Journ. Linn. Soc. 13 (1972) 155.

P. boreale Karst., Not. Faun, et H. Fenn., 8 (1882) 203.

Scleroderma umbrinum Cooke & Mass., Grev. 19 (1890) 45.

Polysaccum album Cooke & Mass., Grev. 20 (1891) 36.

P. pisocarpium var. novo-zelanica P. Henn., in Engl. Bot. Jaheb. 18 (1894) 37.

Pisolithus tinctorius (Mont.) Fisch., Nat. Pflanz. 1 (1900) 338.

P. australe (Lev.) Fisch., l.c.

Polysaccum pusillum Pat. & Har., Journ. de Bot. 17 (1903) 13.

P. umbrinum (Cooke & Mass.) Lloyd, Myc. Writ. 1, Lyc. Aus. (1905) 13.

Pisolithus Kisslingi Fisch., Mitt. Nat. Ges. Bern. 10 (1906) 10.

Polysaccum pygmaeum Lloyd, Myc. Writ. 7 (1924) 1306.

Plants up to 20 cm. tall, 17 cm. broad, solid and firm when young, variable in shane

• — subglobose, pulvinate, broadly oval, pyriform, mature specimens often irregularlv lobed

due to the splitting of the peridium when maturing, usually narrowing gradually, or often

suddenly into a stout, often irregular rooting base, which is attached to the substratum by

544

PISOLITHUS.

yellowish rhizomorphic strands. Peridium 1-layered, thin, brittle, finally cracking in the

upper part into segments, which fall away, exposing the disintegrating, finally pulverulent

gleba, smooth or occasionally rugulose, shining, ochraceous to bright yellow at first,

especially towards the base, becoming greyish brown to blackish or grey with brown

(Vandyke brown) markings, producing a snake skin effect. Rooting base yellow to

yellowish or dark brown, at first of an indiarubber-like texture within, later hard and woody.

Gleba divided into subspherical, broadly oval or irregular polygonal cavities — the peridioles — -

1-4 mm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, separated by persistent walls — the tramal plates — which

are thick, black, wet and of indiarubber texture at first, but finally become dry and pul-

verulent and olivaceous brown or umber in colour. In the young plant, the whitish spore-

filled peridioles, with their dark partitions, produce a characteristic mottled effect.

Capillitium threads wanting. Spores globose, strongly echinulate, 5-8-5 p diam., borne

on the tramal plates lining the cavities, olivaceous brown.

Habitat : in sandy, gravelly or hard, stony soil ; solitary or caespitose, usually under,

or in the vicinity of Eucalyptus trees.

Distribution : South Africa ; North America ; Australia ; East Indies ; New Zealand ;

Tasmania.

Specimens examined : Under Eucalyptus spp., Pretoria, May 1911, I. B. Pole Evans,

1560 ; Eloff’s Cutting, Pretoria, 0. Weeber, Sept. 1909, 959, Sept. 1911, 886 ; Zoo Cutting,

Pretoria, A. 0. D. Mogg, 23638 ; Meintjes Kop, Pretoria, May 1923, S. Gower, 17093 ;

Pretoria- Johannesburg road, Sept. 1925, K. Vos, 20627, April 1939, A. 0. D. Mogg, 30781 ;

Groenkloof, Pretoria, April 1915, J . Sellschop, 8958 ; Buccleuch, Natal, Nov. 1916, J. M.

Sim, 9792 ; Donnybrook, Natal, Feb. 1935, K. E. Morgan, 28950 ; Lobatsi, Bechuanaland.

May 1923, Wallace, 17094 ; Trappe’s Valley, Bathurst Distr., Sept. 1930, R. A. Dyer,

25495 ; Klapmuts, C.P., June 1929, Dr. Andre, 24842 ; Newlands, C.P., April, A. V,

Duthie 123, 31358 ; Deepwalls, Knysna, Oct. 1923, J. Phillips (v. d. Byl 2325) 18040 ,

Transvaal, Feb. 1919, L. Kretzschmar, 11815 ; Maritzburg, Natal, W. G. Rump (v. d. Byl

2623) ; Pretoria, v. d. Byl 1965 ; Tzaneen, Tvl., July 1924, v. d. Byl 1474 ; Stellenbosch,

v. d. Byl (Stell. 157) ; Elgin, C.P., E. L. Stephens 419 ; Somerset West, April 1940, S.

Garside (E. L. Stephens 508). Numerous other collections have been recorded from both

the Cape and Transvaal Provinces.

Specimens not seen : Grahamstown, N. J. G. Smith, Kew ; nr. Solheim M.S., Eshowe,

Hpeg 170 ; Potchefstroom, Radloff (v. d. Byl 2092).

The distinguishing features of this plant are the single layered peridial wall, the

division of the gleba into cavities separated by permanent walls and the absence of capill-

itium threads.

This plant is commonly known in South Africa as Polysaccun crassipes, but, in accordance

with the International Rules of Botanical Nomenclature, this name must give way to the

earlier one of Pisolithus tinctorius. It is widely distributed throughout the country and

very common some seasons ; as far as our experience goes, it is usually, if not always found

in association with Eucalyptus trees, on the roots of which rhizomorphic strands of the

fungus may form yellowish masses. Van der Byl (l.c.) who investigated the relationship

between Eucalyptus trees and the fungus, came to the conclusion that it was one of symbiosis.

Miss E. L. Stephens of Cape Town University records the occurence of this fungus in the

Cape Peninsula under Myrtaceous hedges. In this connection, van der Byl (l.c.) mentions

that Bruns found Polysaccum forming coatings on the roots of pines, but no other reference

to a possible symbiotic relationship between this fungus and any other plant has been noted.

As the specific name suggests, Pisolithus tinctorius contains a bright olivaceous yellow

dye, which permanently stains cotton and woollen goods and paper.

ARACHNION.

545

ARACHNIACEAE Coker & Couch.

Gasteromycetes of the Eastern United States and Canada (1928) 144 ; Verwoerd,

Ann. Univ. Stell. 3 (1925) 19.

Plants epigeous, subglobose, sessile. Peridium 1-layered, very thin, fragile, disinte-

grating at maturity. Gleba consisting of distinct chambers or peridioles. which finally

crumble and form a mass of minute, separable, hollow bodies resembling grains of sand ;

peridioles lined with a hymenial layer on which the spores are borne. Capillitium

lacking. Spores small, globose or subglobose, smooth, pedicellate or not.

This family contains but one well defined genus, namely Arachnion, which consists of

small, delicate plants resembling small Lycoperdons without the apical stoma. The

systematic position of the family is uncertain and has given rise to conflicting opinions.

According to Coker and Couch (l.c.) it is most nearly related to the Lycoperdaceae, but

differs in having a 1-layered peridium, in the absence of capillitium threads and presence

of peridioles ; they do not, however, suggest where they consider it should be placed.

Fischer (Nat. Pflanzen. 7a, 1933 : 55) places it in the Nidulariineae on account of the presence

of peridioles, Verwoerd (l.c.) places it in the Sclerodermataceae. Cunningham expresses

no opinion on the matter, presumably because the family is not represented in the areas

worked by him. However, following Cunningham’s interpretation of the various families,

as expressed in his general classification, the Arachniaceae seems to fit best in the order

Sclerodermatales, since the gleba becomes pulverulent at maturity and lacks capillitium

threads, the two' characters on which this order is separated from other orders. This

arrangement has therefore been followed.

ARACHNION Schweinitz. p. 505

Synopsis Fungorum Carolinae superioris, Naturforschenden Gesellschaft 1 (1920)

20.

Scoleciocarpus Berk., Enum. Fung. coll. Herr Zeyher in Hooker’s London Journ.

Bot. 2 (1843) 420.

Type species : Arachnion album Schw.

Plants superficial, subglobose, with basal mycelial threads. Peridium thin, fragile,

breaking up at maturity. Gleba consisting of numerous, closely compacted, globose or

elliptical chambers, lined with a hymenial layer on the basidia of which the spores are borne.

At maturity the chambers form a mass of minute, separable, hollow peridioles, which crumble

and resemble grains of sand. Capillitium and sterile base lacking, Basidia 4-spored. Spores

long pedicellate, smooth, globose or shortly elliptical.

This genus is characterised by its simple peridial wall, the absence of capillitium and

the presence of peridioles lined with a hymenial layer.

Key to the Species.

Peridial wall smooth.

Spores pedicellate.

Plants 1-2-2 cm. diam., white, silver grey, buff. Gleba grey to greenish

olive 1. A. album.

Plants 1 -5-3 cm., originally pinkish. Gleba purplish, then greyish white 2. A. alborosella.

Plants 5-7 cm. diam., dark sooty coloured. Gleba ash grey 3. A. giganteum.

Spores not pedicellate.

Plants 1-3-5 cm. diam., white then grey. Gleba ash-coloured 4. A. firmoderma,

Peridial wall finely warted.

Spores pedicellate.

Plants 1-1 -5 cm. diam., pale yellowish. Gleba greenish olive 5. A. scleroderma.

546

ARACHNION.

1. Arachnion album Schweinitz. [Plate XXXI, fig. 1.]

Synopsis Fungorum Carolinae superioris, Naturforschenden Gesellschaft 1 (1820) 20

Verwoerd, Ann. Univ. Stell. 3 (1925) 19 ; Coker & Couch, Gastero. (1928) 145.

Scoleciocarpus tener Berk., Hooker’s Journ. Bot. (1843) 520.

S. bovista Mont., Ann. Sci. Nat. 3 ser. 11 (1849) 33.

Arachnion bovita Mont., l.c. 12 (1849) 302.

A. Drummondii Berk., Journ. Linn. Soc. 18 (1881) 389.

Plants superficial, subglobose, sessile, attached by a single ro.oting structure, 1-2-2 cm

diam. Peridium white, silver grey or pale buff coloured, smooth, becoming wrinkled when

dry, thin, fragile, breaking up when mature. Gleba white then grey, finally brownish-olive

(nearest Deep Greyish Olive) composed of numerous empty chambers lined with a hymenial

layer “ apparently made up only of basidia, the context between the chambers consisting

of a loose weft of delicate, interwoven hyphae. At maturity, this loose tissue breaks down

and leaves the chambers as distinct granular particles, which contain the spores and fall

apart like sand at maturity or decay into a sordid mass in wet weather ” (words in inverted

commas ex Coker & Couch l.c.). Spores globose or subglobose, smooth, tinted brown,

3-6-4-5 p diam., long pedicellate ; pedicels thin, hvaline, up to 50-4 p long, average size

18-0-25 p.

Habitat : in open grassy places, under trees, in flower garden beds.

Distribution : South and East Africa ; North and South America ; Europe.

Specimens examined : Stellenbosch Flats, C.P., May and June, Duthie 21, 31303 ;

Stellenbosch, June 1921, Duthie (E. L. Stephens 82a) 31506, 31507 ; Belvidere, Knysna,

C.P., Dec. 1920, Duthie 68, 31330, Jan. 1919, Duthie 217, 31405 ; July 1919, Duthie 240,

31423 ; Forest Hall, Knysna, Feb. 1919, Duthie 219, 31407 ,. Duthie 220, 31408 ; Feb. 1919,

Duthie 222, 31410 ; Stellenbosch, L. Verwoerd (Stell. 172 ; v. d. Byl 1968) ; Mowbray,

C.P., M. Levyns (v. d. Byl 2109) ; Pasture Research Station, Rietvlei, Pretoria, March

1945, A. M. Bottomley, 35432; Kalberg, C.P., Jan. 1939, E. L. Stephens 429.

Specimen not seen : locality unknown, E. L. Stephens 320, 398.

This species is recognised by its smooth, whitish peridium.

2. Arachnion alborosella Verwoerd.

South African Journal of Science 23 (1926) 291.

Plants 1 -5-3-0 cm. diam., superficial, sessile, more or less globose, attached by a rooting

strand. Peridium smooth, white, tinted with pink, which fades or altogether disappears

from herbarium specimens, very thin, papery. Gleba purplish, becoming greyish white,

consisting of small peridioles, irregular in shape and size and mixed with fungus tissue.

Spores globose, 3 -6-4 -5 p diam., very faintly tinted, smooth, pedicellate; pedicel rather

thin and long.

Habitat : in veld.

Distribution : South Africa.

South African specimens : Brandfort, O.F.S., L. Verwoerd T234 (v. d. Byl 2221).

This species is characterised by the originally pink colour of the peridial wall. No

specimens were available for examination.

3. Arachnion giganteum Lloyd.

Mycological Writings 5, Mvcological Notes 46 (1917) 645.

ARACHNION.

547

Plants 5-7 cm. diam., globose, attached by a few mycelial threads. Peridium thin,

fragile, smooth, dark fuliginous. Gleba resembling grains of sand, ash grey. Peridioles

globose or oblong, rather firm, 200-400 p diam. Spores globose, 8-0 p diam., smooth, tinted

without a pedicel.

Habitat : on ground.

Distribution : South Africa.

South African Specimens : Clanwilliam, Duthie 166a (Lloyd Myc. Coll. 22753); Stellen-

bosch, Duthie 255 (Lloyd Myc. Coll. 50745) ; Belvidere, Knysna, Duthie 254.

This species is recognised by its large size and the absence of a spore pedicel. It was

described by Lloyd from a specimen supplied by Dr. Duthie. Unfortunately no duplicate

material was lodged in any herbarium in South Africa.

4. Arachnion firmoderma Verwoerd.

South African Journal of Science 23 (1926) 290.

Plants 1-3-5 cm. diam., superficial, sessile, more or less globose, sometimes broadly

oval, with a thin rooting strand. Peridium smooth, white then grey, rather thick, firm,

leathery, breaking up irregularly. Gleba ochraceous or ash coloured, consisting of small

peridioles up to 1-5 mm. long diam. mixed with fungus tissue. Spores globose, 4 -5-6 -3 p

diam., Thick- walled, smooth, hyaline to tinted, often apiculate.

Habitat : on ground frequented by cattle.

Distribution : South Africa. ,

South African Specimens : Brandfort, O.F.S., L. Verwoerd 233 (v. d. Byl 2220).

This species is said to differ from A. album is size, in the white, thicker and more

permanent peridium and in the absence of spore pedicels. The material was not available

for examination.

5. Arachnion scleroderma Lloyd.

Mycological Writings 4, Mycological Notes 39 (1915) 538.

Myc. Writ. 5, Myc. Notes 46 (1917) 644 ; Verwoerd, Ann. Univ. Stell. 3 (1925) 20

Plants 1-2 cm. diam., globose, subglobose, with a strong rooting base. Peridium thin,

pale yellowish to ochraceous, smooth, clothed with small, irregular, closely set, caducous

warts. Gleba olivaceous-grey, grey. Peridioles irregular both in size and shape, from

globose to narrowly elongated or obtusely triangular, 60-300 p diam. Spores globose or

somewhat egg-shaped, smooth, subhvaline to pale olivaceous-brown, 3-4-4 p diam., pedi-

cellate or no ; pedicels, when present, 5-20 p long.

Habitat : in open places.

Distribution : South Africa.

Specimens examined : Flats, Stellenbosch, May, Duthie 41 (E. L. Stephens 82 A A B;

31313 ; Duthie 70 (van der Byl 1969 ; Lloyd, Myc. Coll. 22677, 22678) 31501 ; Johannes-

burg, Feb. 1946, C. Cohen.

Specimens not seen : Flats, Stellenbosch, Duthie 232 (Lloyd Mvc. Coll. 24892)

Stellenbosch, Verwoerd (Stell. 183) ; locality unknown, E. L. Stephens 217 .

This species is recognised by its warty peridial wall.

548

LYCOPERDALES.

Peridium finally superficial, originally attached to a substratum by mycelial threads,

globose or variously shaped, sessile or stipitate, of one, two or more layers, dehiscing by an

apical pore (occasionally several) or by the gradual breaking down of the upper portion or

by circumscissile splitting of the endoperidium. Gleba pulverulent at maturity, consisting

of numerous, simple or branched, hyaline or coloured capillitium threads. Spores hyaline

or coloured, rough or smooth, globose, elliptical or occasionally irregular. Basidia 1-8-

spored, cylindrical or clavate.

This is the largest order of the Gasteromycetes, including all those groups of fungi

referred to in general as “ Puff Balls It is distinguished from other orders on the nature

of the gleba, which consists of well-developed capillitium threads mixed with the spores

and which becomes pulverulent at maturity.

The order is divided into two well-defined families — Lycoperdaceae and

Tulostomataceae — separated from each other on the stem character. The former is

either sessile or has only a stem-like base, while the latter has a true, well-developed stem.

LYCOPERDACEAE Corda.

leones Fungorum 5 (1842) 22 ; emended G. H. Cunningham, Proceedings of the

Linnean Society of New South Wales 57 (1932) 315.

G. H. Cunningham, Gastero. (1944) 124.

Peridium usually globose or subglobose, at least when young ; attached to the sub-

stratum by mycelial threads, sessile or with a stem-like base of sterile tissue ; wall consisting

of one to four layers, dehiscing by a pore (occasionally several) or by the breaking away

of the apical portion. Capillitium threads abundant, simple or freely branched, hyaline or

coloured, varying in thickness. Spores globose or elliptical, usually roughened, but some-

times smooth. Basidia 1-8-spored, spores on sterigmata.

The Lycoperdaceae contains the true “ Puff Balls ” so called on account of the shape of

the plants, which is typically ball-like — at least in the early stages — and the fact that the

spores are ejected from the plant through the apical pore in puffs. Lycoperdon, which is

the representative genus of the family and contains the largest number of species, is the

typical puff ball plant.

Cunningham divides the Lycoperdaceae into three sections, or tribes as he calls them —

Mesophelliae, Lycoperdeae and Geastreae — according to the number of layers in the peridial

wall, the manner of dehiscence and the nature of the spores. In the Mesophelliae he places

the genera Mesophellia, Oastoreum and Abstorna ; these genera are characterised by a three-

layered peridial wall, the outer two layers of which form a brittle shell, unbranched capil-

litium threads, spores with a gelatinous exospore and dehiscence by disintegration of the

whole plant. None of these three genera is known to occur in South Africa, and the

Mesophelliae section is therefore excluded from the present work.

Key to the Genera.

A. — Mesophelliae. — c.f. general key for characteristics.

B. — Lycoperdeae. — Peridium 1-2-layered, dehiscing by an apical pore or by irregular

. rupture of the apex. Capillitium threads simple or freely branched. Spores

typically globose and verrucose. Plants usually few, single or caespitose.

Capillitium threads without spines. Inner peridium membranous, thin,

firm, or soon breaking up, seldom rigid and permanent.

Capillitium threads more or less smooth, without a thick main stem

and thinner, short, pointed branches.

LYCOPERDON.

541)

Plants dehiscing by an apical pore.

Capillitium threads attached to the endoperidial wall, long,

simple or sparingly branched . 1. Lycoperdon.

Capillitium threads free within the peridium, short, simple or

branched 2. Disciseda,

Plants dehiscing by rupture or disintegration of the apex.

Capillitium pulverulent or compact. Sterile base usually

present. Endoperidium usually thick, tough 3. Calvatia.

Capillitium compact. Sterile base lacking. Endoperidium

thin, papery, brittle. Plants becoming detached at

maturity 4. Lanopila.

Capillitium threads freely branched, consisting of a thick

stem with sharp pointed, tapering, thinner branches — 5. Bovista,

Capillitium threads spiny, short, free within the endoperi-

dium. Endoperidial wall thick and corky 6. Mycenastrum.

Plants numerous, borne on a common stroma, whole cluster

covered by a universal exoperidium.

Peridia separared from each other by alveolar walls 7. Broomeia.

Each peridium provided with an individual exoperidium,

the cup-like remains of which separate the peridia from

each other .•. ( Diplocystis ).

C. — Geastreae. — Peridium 4-layered. Exoperidium splits into segments in stellate

manner. Endoperidium dehisces by one or more pores or by rupture of the

apex. Capillitium threads simple or branched. Spores typically globose

and verrucose or echinulate.

Plants dehiscing by a single apical pore 8. Geastrum.

Plants dehiscing by several apical pores 9. Myriostoma.

Plants dehiscing by rupture of the endoperidium from apex downwards. . 10. Geasteropsis.

Lycoperdeae.

Peridium usually of two layers, the outer or exoperidium often reduced to granules,

warts or spines, which, at maturity, frequently fall away to a greater or less extent.

Dehiscence by an apical pore or by irregular breaking away of the apical portion. Gleba

consisting of simple or branched, long or short, smooth, or in one case ( Mycenastrum ) spiny

threads. Sterile base and diaphragm present or absent. Spores globose, typically roughened

but occasionally smooth.

In South Africa seven genera are recognised as belonging to the Lycoperdeae —

Lycoperdon, Disciseda, Bovista, Calvatia, Lanopila, Mycenastrum and Broomeia. Of these

Lycoperdon is the best known, containing the largest number of species distributed over

the world, of any member of the Gasteromvcetes.

1, LYCOPERDON Tournefort ex Persoon.

Synopsis Methodica Fungorum (1801) 138.

Type Species ; Lycoperdon perlatum Pers.

Plants globose, subglobose or pyriform, attached to the substratum by means of basal,

root-like threads. Peridium of two layers — a usually fugacious, roughened exoperidium

and a thin, membranaceous, persistent endoperidium — the latter dehiscing by means of an

apical aperture. A sterile base, with or without a diaphragm, may or may not be present.

Gleba finally pulverulent, consisting of capillitium and spores. Capillitium threads long,

simple or branched, septate or not, coloured or hyaline, usually varying in thickness.

Spores coloured, globose or oval, smooth, verrucose or echinulate, pedicellate or not.

550

LYCOPERDON.

To this genus belong the true “ puff balls ” or “ monkey snuff-boxes ” as they are

sometimes locally termed, so-called on account of their ball-like shape and the fact that

the spores are ejected from an aperture in the apex of the mature plant in clouds or puffs.

Most Lycoperdons are white or yellowish when young, but change to some shade of grey

or brown with maturity. The plants are comparatively small in size and grow on the

ground in open or shaded places, or occasionally on decayed wood. All species are said to

be harmless, provided they are eaten young, when the flesh is still white and solid.

It is difficult to say how many clearly defined species of Lycoperdon occur in South

Africa. About 39 different species have been described from time to time, but many of

these are synonymous with species occurring elsewhere, while a few have been transferred

to the genus Calvatia. For these reasons about 19 names have been excluded from the

present paper. There are also about eight of the old species of which no material is available

for examination and of which the published descriptions are too inadequate for recognition

of the plants. These have been included in a section by themselves at the end of the

classified species. Only 17 species are recognised as specifically distinct and of these two

are considered to be so far underscribed.

Key to the Species.

Spores not pedicellate.

Capillitium hyaline.

Sterile base well developed, cellular.

Diaphragm present.

Gleba yellow, brown or olive

Gleba some shade of purple

Sterile base small, compact

Capillitium coloured.

Capillitium not or sparingly branched.

Sterile base of large cells, 2 mm. or more diameter.

Diaphragm present

Diaphragm absent.

Exoperidium of conspicuous, pointed verrucae .

Exoperidium of minute, connivent spines

Sterile base of small cells, 1 mm. or less diameter.

Diaphragm absent.

Exoperidium of connivent spines and warts . . .

Exoperidium furfuraceous

Sterile base absent.

Exoperidium white, verrucose or furfuraceous

Exoperidium ochraceous yellow, smooth

Capillitium freely branched.

Sterile base cellular

Sterile base compact

Sterile base absent

Spores long pedicellate ; pedicels persistent.

Sterile base well developed, cellular.

Diaphragm present.

Exoperidium of dark, furfuraceous verrucae

Diaphragm absent.

Exoperidium of dark verrucae

Sterile base scanty, minutely cellular, no diaphragm.

Exoperidium of pallid cruciate spines

Sterile base absent.

Exoperidium verrucose, gleba yellowish

1. L. hyemale.

2. L. djurense.

3. L. subincarnatum.

4. L. rhodesianum.

5. L. perlatum.

( L . pijriforme).

6. L. Duthiei.

7. L. caffrorum.

8. L. caespitosum.

9. L. flavum.

( L . spadiceum).

10. L. polymorphum.

11. L. pusillum.

12. L. Qudenii.

13. L. umbrinum.

14. L. asperum.

15. L. Gunnii.

LYCOPERDON.

551

1. Lycoperdon hyemale (Bulliard ex Persoon) Yittadini. [Plate XXXIII, fig. 1, 2, 3 ;

Plate XXXIV.]

Bulliard, Histoires Champignons de la France 1 (1809) 148 ; emended Vittadini,

Monographia Lycoperdineorum (1842) 46.

Hollos, Gastero. (1904) ; Massee, Journ. Roy. Micro. Soc. (1887) 712 ; Sacc. Syll.

Enng. 7 (1888) 115, 480 ; G. H. Cunningham, Gastero. (1944) 146.

Lycoperdon depressum Bonorden, Bot. Zeit. (1857) 611 ; Massee, Trans. Roy. Micro.

Soc. (1887) 714 ; Trans. Brit. Myc. Soc. 2 (1906) 98.

L. natalense Cooke et Massee, Journ. Roy. Micro. Soc. (1887) 709 ; Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7

(1888) 478.

L. Kalchbrenneri de Toni, Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7 (1888) 109.

L. pratense Pers., Trans. Brit. Myc. Soc. 2 (1906) 160.

L. Curtisii Berk., Grev. 2 (1873) 50.

L. multiseptum Lloyd, Myc. Writ. 4, L. 53 (1914) 9.

L. Eylesii Yerwoerd, S. Afr. Journ. Sci. 23 (1926) 292, 294.

Peridium 0-5-5 cm. diam., subglobose, obovate, or sometimes pyriform, narrowing

suddenly or gradually towards a furrowed, plicate or lacunose rooting base, sometimes

slightly umbonate at the top ; pure white or white with a tinge of yellow at the base,

finally discoloured. Exoperidium white then ochraceous, covered with small, white

pyramidal warts or connivent spines often mixed with granules, usually fugacious in part

or the whole of the upper part, but persistent in the basal area ; sometimes furfuraceous

at the base, spinulose in the centre and warty at the apex, the whole finally almost smooth.

Endoperidium deep cream, buff, ochraceous, finally cinereous or parchment coloured, more

or less smooth, often with areoles left by the bases of the fallen warts, or obscurely granular

or furfuraceous ; dehiscing by a torn, small or large, round or elliptical, apical pore, the sur-

rounding portion of which often finally breaks away, leaving a large, irregular aperture.

Gleba pulverulent, varying in colour between yellowish, yellowish-olivaceous, liliaceous

grey, light grey, slate grey, brown, olivaceous and reddish brown. Sterile base present,

occupying from one-quarter to one-half of the total height, cellular, cells usually large ;

white, becoming ochraceous. Diaphragm well defined, straight, convex or concave.

Capillitium threads scanty in old specimens, usually long, hyaline or tinted olivaceous,

usually many septate, sparingly branched, usually thicker than diameter of spores (up to

10-2 p or more), smooth to granular. Spores globose, pale olivaceous-brown, 3 -5-4 -2 y

diam., almost smooth to coarsely verrucose, sometimes found in semi-permanent, oblong,

smut-like balls ; sometimes apiculate or shortly pedicellate ; pedicels usually fugacious.

Habitat : on the ground amongst grass, solitary, caespitose or in groups. A very

common species.

Distribution : South Africa ; Australia ; Britain ; Europe ; New Zealand ; Tasmania.

Specimens examined : Pretoria, Dec. 1909, E. M. Doidge, 958 ; Jan. 1919, A. M.

Bottomley, 11864, 11866 ; Feb. 1939, A. M. Bottomley, 33462, 33772 (spores pedicellate) ;

Dec. 1938, A. M. Bottomley, 35530; Jan. 1919, C. P. Lounsbury, 11867 ; April 1924,

E. M. Doidge, 21583 ; Groenkloof, Pretoria, I. B. Pole Evans, 8780 ; Aug. 1916, J . Sellschop,

9775 ; March 1924, K. A. Lansdell, 18144 ; Kilnerton, Pretoria, March 1912, P. J. Pienaar,

2242 ; Garstfontein, Pretoria, Feb. 1911, 18089 ; March 1911, P. J . Pienaar, 1876 ; Fairy

Glen, Pretoria, Feb. 1928, A. M. Bottomley, 23169 ; Brenton, Knysna, A. V. Duthie, 31347 ;

Belvidere, Knysna, A. V. Duthie, 31348 as L. pratense ; Johannesburg, E. M. Doidge,

27804 ; Rondebosch, Feb. 1937, E. L. Stephens 450, 34534 ; Brandfort, O.F.S., L. Yerwoerd,

34535 ; O.F.S., Jan. 1937, Miss Olivier, 34557 ; Pietermaritzburg, Rump 389, 30798 ;

Van Reenen, Natal, Dec. 1912, M. Franks, 5666 ; Mbabane, Swaziland, March 1911,

552

LYCOPERDON.

T. A. Stewart, 1557 ; Kirstenbosch, C.P., S. Garabedian, as L. gemmatum (S.A.M. 45896) ;

Knysna A. V. Duthie as L. pratense (v. d. Byl 2034) ; Cape, R. S. Adamson (E. L. Stephens

447) 35533 ; Salisbury, S. Rhodesia, F. Eyles 4089 (v. d. Byl 2223) as L. Eylesii (specimens

differ from typical L. hyemale only in very small size) ; Beatrice, S. Rhodesia, April 1926,

Eyl s 4090 (S.R. 3823) ; Boschberg Mts., Somerset East, MacOwan 1003 as L. gemmatum

(sub L. caffrorum Kalchbr. & Cooke in Fungi MacOwaniani) (S.A.M. 35051) 22060.

Specimens not seen : Knysna, Duthie 38, 256 (Lloyd, Myc. Coll. 53127, type of L,

multiseptum, 51764 ; Inanda, Natal, Medley Wood 358, 361, as L. natalense Cooke & Mass,

in Herb. Kew ; Natal, Medley Wood 185 as L. Curtisii Berk. ; Somerset East, MacOwan,

as L. Curtisii ; slope of Katberg, Jan. 1939, E. L. Stephens 428.

The distinguishing features of this species are the apical connivcnt spines of the exo-

peridium, the hyaline to tinted, septate capillitium threads, the usually well developed,

c dlular sterile base and the presence of a well defined diaphragm. It is a very variable

plant as regards size, colour of the gleba and size and shape of the sterile base. The colour

of the gleba may vary even in plants of one collection, therefore, with one exception (cf.

L. djurense) it has not been possible to separate species on the colour of the gleba. The

size of the sterile base varies according to the shape of the plant — small in subglobose plants

and large in subpyriform.

This is the commonest species in South Africa, usually occurring in grassy places.

It is a frequent cause of “ Fairy Rings ” in bowling and golf greens.

Hollos (l.c.) has been followed in including L. depressum, L. Kalchbrenneri, L. margi-

natum and L. Curtisii as synonyms of L. hyemale, Cunningham (l.c.) in including L. natalense

and Lloyd in including L. pratense. Descriptions of these species do not indicate any

important point of difference from the South African plant.

2. Lycoperdon djurense P. Hennings. [Plate XXXV, fig. 2.]

Hedwigia (1901) 100.

Llqyd, Myc. Writ. 5, L. 66 (1917) 16 ; Verwoerd, Ann. Univ. Stell. 3 (1925) 32.

? L. endotephrum Pat., Bull. Soc. Myc. Fr. (1902) 300 ; Sacc. Syll. Fung. 17 (1905) 231.

Peridium 1-5-4 -5 cm. wide, 1-2-3 cm. high, subglobose, pulvinate or obconic, usually

sulcate or lacunose towards the base, attached by mycelial threads. Young plant pure

white or yellowish towards the base, becoming discoloured a pale brownish or greyish colour.

Exoperidium, upper part covered with white, pyramidial warts, which consist of groups of

broad spines the tips of which connive. These become progressively smaller towards the

base finally consisting of mealy particles ; usually fugacious in the upper part, especially

in wet weather, and more or less persistent in the basal half. On a hot day following rain,

the exoperidium may split irregularly from the apex downwards and break away in patches,

exposing the endoperidium. Endoperidium white, becoming parchment coloured or pale

grey when old, or occasionally purplish slate grey due to the presence of liberated spores,

smooth, obscurely furfuraceous or finely reticulated in the upper part, opening by an

irregular round or elliptical pore, which may enlarge considerably with age. Gleba white,

then Light Mouse Gray to Mauve Grey, later Deep Mouse Gray or occasionally Deep Grayish

Olive or ochraceous grey, finally Purplish Gray or Dark Olive Gray. Sterile base present,

cellular, white, finally ochraceous or pale brown, straight, concave or sometimes convex

in the centre, occupying from one-quarter to one-half of the total height. The size of the

sterile base varies according to the shape of the plant, being smaller in subglobose plants

than in plants narrowed towards the base. Diaphragm present. Capillitium threads

hyaline or tinted, even or sometimes nodulose and irregular, often granular, sparingly

LYCOPERDON.

553

branched, septate ; of varying thickness up to twice the diameter of the spores, typically

thicker than diameter of spores. Spores globose, violaceous, grey or olivaceous grey,

verrucose (examined dry) average size 3-4 y, often shortly pedicellate or apiculate.

Habitat : on ground, often amongst, short grass, solitary or gregarious, or caespitose

in small or large, closely packed clusters (up to 20 individuals).

Distribution : South Africa ; Central Africa.

Specimens examined : Pretoria, 1919, A. M. Bottomley, 11865, March 1945, 34589 ;

Rietfontein, Pretoria, Venter, 14487 ; Wonderboom, Pretoria, March 1917, H. A. V. King ;

10050 ; Rietvlei, Pretoria Distr., March 1945, J. P. H. Acocks, 34574, Bottomley, 34577 ,

Meintjeskop, Pretoria, March 1921, A. M. Bottomley, 14648 ; Garstfontein, Pretoria Distr.,

Jan. 1946, A. M. Bottomley, 35426 ; Johannesburg, March 1934, Mr. Barraclough, 27385 .

Schroeders, Natal, 1917, P. A. v. d. Byl (N.H. 462) 31761 ; Stellenbosch, Eyles 6667 (S. Rh,

3906) ; Salisbury, S. Rhodesia, Feb. 1920, F. Eyles 2524, 14855. ( Duthie 302, 31470;

identified as L. djurense is not this species ; it is possibly an immature L. Gunnii.)

I have followed Lloyd (l.c.) and Yerwoerd (l.c.) in retaining L. djurense as a separate

species, but it so much resembles L. hyemale in every particular except the colour of the

gleba that it would probably be better treated as a colour form of the latter. The colour

of the gleba is a very variable factor and specimens with a violaceous gleba may be found

in a collection in which the gleba is typically olivaceous or olivaceous-brown. I have

therefore limited the species to plants in which the gleba is some shade of purple in every

stage of growth. Specimens in collections Nos. 34574 and 34577 are typically characteristic,

not one specimen amongst hundreds showing any but a violaceous gleba from the youngest

to the oldest plants.

It is not clear when a violaceous gleba first came to be associated with L. djurense,

since in Henning’s original description the colour of the gleba is given as pale brown (“ gleba

pallide umbrina ”). Lloyd (l.c.) on what authority it is not known, makes the following

remarks with regard to this species : — “ This is the only Lycoperdon known to me with

purple gleba and hyaline capillitium and it has only been collected in Africa. Hennings

named it L. djurensis in 1901 and Patouillard L. endotephrum in 1902. I think Massee

had it as L. natalense ”.

Patouillard describes the gleba of L. endotephrum as dirty violet, but Massee does not

mention the gleba of L. natalense at all and merely describes the spores as “ olive with a

tinge of Purple ”. L. endotephrum is therefore left tentatively as a synonym of L. djurense,

but L. natalense is cited as a synonym of L. hyemale.

3. Lycoperdon subincarnatum Peck.

Annual Report of the New York State Museum of Natural History, Botany, 24th

Rep. (1872) No. 82.

Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7 (1888) 131, 484 ; G. H. Cunningham, Gastero. (1944) 147.

Lycoperdon tephrum Berk, in Herb, ex Massee, Journ. Roy. Mic. Soc. (1887) 723.

Peridium 1-2-2 -5 cm., usually globose, rarely depressed or obovate. Exoperidium of

small pyramidal warts, fugacious except towards base, whitish or ochraceous-cinereous.

Endoperidium reddish brown, greyish-ochraceous or parchment coloured, becoming smooth

or faintly reticulate in upper portion, flaccid, opening by an apical pore. Gleba umber

brown. Sterile base absent. Capillitium threads hyaline or tinted yellowish-green, fairly

frequently septate, sparingly if at all branched, diameter the same or larger than that of

spores. Spores yellowish green, finally olivaceous, finely verruculose, globose, 3-4-6 a.

diam., many with short, deciduous pedicels.

554

LYCOPERDON.

Habitat : on fallen trees or amongst moss on dead wood ; caespitose to gregarious.

Distribution : South Africa ; North America ; Australia.

Specimens examined : Cathkin Peak, Loskop, Natal, Feb. 1943, H. Lawrence, 35337.

This species is stated by Cunningham to be characterised by the peculiar pitted nature

of the upper part of the peridium, the hyaline, septate capillitium, the very scanty, compact

sterile base (when present) and the unusual habitat, i.e. decaying wood.

4. Lycoperdon rhodesianum Verwoerd.

South African Journal of Science 25 (1928) 237.

Peridium 2 cm. high, 3 cm. wide, subglobose or basin-shaped, sessile. Exoperidium

furfuraceous. Endoperidium brown, thin, smooth, dehiscing by an apparently small,

irregular mouth. Gleba olivaceous, with a sterile base of large cells, separated from the

fertile portion by a diaphragm. Capillitium threads brown, uubranched, uniform, non-

septate, 3-6 p diam. Spores globose, hyaline to tinted, smooth, 3-6 /i diam. (Description

ex Verwoerd, l.c.).

Habitat : on ground.

Distribution : South Africa.

South African Record : Salisbury, S. Rhodesia, F. Eyles 4223 (v. d. Byl 2412).

Verwoerd (l.c.) considers that this species is nearly related to L. hyemale, from which

it differs in the following characters : — endoperidium brown instead of light yellow ; mouth

small instead of large and torn ; exoperidium furfuraceous instead of shortly spiny ; capil-

litium threads brown, unbranched, non-septate, 3-6 p thick, instead of hyaline to tinted,

branched, septate, 6-8 p diameter, spores 3-6 p instead of 4« diameter.

5. Lycoperdon perlatum Persoon. [Plate XXXV, fig. 1.]

Synopsis Methodica Fungorum (1801) 148.

G. H. Cunningham, Gastero. (1944) 149.

Lycoperdon gemmatum Batsch, Elench. Fung. (1783) 147.

L. excipuliforme (Scop.) Vitt., Mon. Lyc. (1842) 193.

L. montanum Quel., Champ. Jura (1876) 444.

L. colensoi Cooke et Massee, Journ. Roy. Micr. Soc. (1887) 711.

L. tasmanicum Mass., Kew Bull. (1901) 158.

L. excoriatum Lloyd, Myc. Writ. 2, Notes 22 (1905) 229.

Tj. macrogemmatum Lloyd, Myc. Writ. 2, Notes 22 (1906) 265.

Peridium up to 4-5 cm. high, 3 cm. wide, subglobose, obovate, but usually turbinate

or pyriform ; in the latter case the globose, subglobose or hemispheric apical portion becomes

attenuated gradually or suddenly into a cylindrical, stout, smooth, stem-like base, which

is attached to the substratum by mycelial threads. Exoperidium thickly studded with

minute, more or less persistent, straw-coloured, furfuraceous verrucae and granules on the

basal part ; in the apical portion, the verrucae are rather more distant, slightly sunken,

and interspersed with larger, darker, more pointed, more erect verrucae, the latter soon

falling off and leaving minute (about 0-50 mm.) light-coloured, round, shallow depressions

between the furfuraceous granules, which produce an areolated, sometimes reticulated

effect. Small verrucae and granules ochraceous to olivaceous-brown, larger ones umber.

Endoperidium straw-coloured, buff, greyish-brown, pale brown, olivaceous-brown (nearest

LYCOPERDON.

555

Isabella, Buffv Brown), smooth, often shining, minutely pitted or areolate where the verricae

have fallen off ; opening by an apical, raised, torn mouth. Sterile base present, usually

large, occupying the stem-like base, distinctly cellular, up to 1 mm. diam., dirty white,

straw-coloured to pale brown, often centrally convex. No diaphragm present, but sterile

base well demarcated from the gleba. Gleba old gold when mature, later greyish brown,

olivaceous, chestnut brown, olivaceous-ochraceous (Buffy Brown, Saccardo’s Umber)

pulverulent. Capillitium threads long, copious, densely aggregated together’at the central

protruding point of the sterile base when present, tinted to brownish, olivaceous, chestnut

brown, even or irregular in parts, non-septate, sparingly branched, varying in thickness up

to much thicker than spores, smooth or with fragments of tissue slightly obscuring the

walls. Spores globose, finely and closely verrucose, tinted to olivaceous, 3-5-5 p diam.,

sometimes pedicellate in dry condition, pedicels deciduous, hyaline, up to 10-2 p long.

Habitat : on ground or decayed vegetable matter, single, in groups or caespitose.

Distribution : North, East and South Africa ; North and South America ; Australia ;

Britain ; Europe ; India ; Tasmania ; New Zealand.

Specimens examined : Wilderness, C.P., May 1923, E. M. Doidge, 17794 ; Deepwalls,

Knysna, J . Phillips (v. d. Byl 2221) 18147 as L. gemmatum ; Kirstenbosch, April 1940,

A. J. Middlemost (E. L. Stephens 517).

Specimens not seen : Uitenhage, Zeyher.

The peculiar verrucae of the exoperidium, which fall away, leaving the endoperidium

areolate or reticulate, and the large, sterile, cellular base distinguish this species.

Cunningham finds the spores to be without pedicels, but in the South African specimens

examined, many were found to be pedicellate, the pedicels falling off for the most part

when mounted in water or lacto-phenol.

6. Lycoperdon Duthiei n. sp., [Plate XXXIX, fig. 3.]

Peridio 2-7 cm. alto, 2-2 cm. lato, obovate vel piriformi basi in conformationem caulis

attenuato. Exoperidio ochraceo-umbrino, cum spinulis et raris verrucis tecto. Endo-

peridio ochraceo-griseo, nitido, parte superiore deinde areolata, ostiolo irregulare demum

magno et lacerato. Gleba matura olivaceo-umbrina, basi sterili bene evoluta, cellulosa.

Septo transverso nullo. Capillitio colorato, parce ramoso, usque 7 p crasso. Sporis globosis,

subglobosis, nonnullis ovatis et brevibus pedicellatis, levibus raro verrucosis, 4-6 p diam.,

interdum 7 X 4 p diam., primo pallidis demum olivaceo-umbrinis.

Habitat in solo, Kirstenbosch, leg. Duthie, 35338.

Peridium 2-7 cm. high, 2-2 cm. wide, obovate or pyriform, attached by a thick rooting

structure. Exoperidium ochraceous brown, covered with scattered warts and groups of

connivent spines, which break away from the upper portion. Endoperidium ochraceous-grey,

shining, areolate where exoperidial warts have fallen off ; opening by an irregular apical

mouth, which later becomes a large, torn aperture. Gleba olivaceous-brown to umber.

Sterile base concave, well-developed, cellular, cells small, occupying the stem-like base.

Diaphragm lacking. Capillitium threads olivaceous-brown, occasionally branched, varying

in thickness up to the maximum spore diameter, but usually the size of the average spore.

Spores globose or sub-globose, many spores slightly ovate and apiculate or shortly pedicellate

(dry spores often pedicellate) ; sparsely verrucose, epispore dark and well defined ; vacuole

conspicuous ; 4-6 p diam., occasionally 7x4//, pale to dark olivaceous brown.

Habitat : on ground.

Distribution : South Africa.

Specimen examined : Kirstenbosch, Duthie 44 pr. parte, 35337, Kew.

556

LYCOPERDON.

Unfortunately only one specimen of this species was available for examination, forming

part of Dr. Duthie’s collection No. 44, the remainder of which is L. umbrinum. It seems

sufficiently distinct, however, from named species to warrant specific distinction. Its

distinguishing features are the ochraceous brown exoperidium of groups of connivent spines

and scattered warts, the well-developed, concave, sterile base of small cells and the ovate

or subglobose, smooth spores. Miss Wakefield kindly compared this specimen with

descriptions and material of Lycoperdon spp. at Kew but found that it differed in one respect

or another from all of them.

7. Lycoperdon caffrorum Kalchbrenner et Cooke.

Grevillea 10 (1882) 109.

Massee, Journ. Roy. Micr. Soc. (1887) 707 ; Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7 (1888) 129.

Peridium 5-7 cm. wide, 4-6 cm. high, pyriform, tapering towards the base. Exoperidium

furfuraceous, fugacious. Endoperidium ferruginous, bay brown (Verona Brown) at first

almost smooth, then breaking up into minute scales. Gleba brownish-olivaceous (Tawny

Olive). Sterile base present, light brown, compact, indistinctly cellular. Diaphragm

lacking. Capillitium threads hyaline to tinted olivaceous, pitted, sparingly branched,

non-septate. Spores olivaceous brown, globose, average size 4 p diam., finely verrucose.

Habitat : on ground.

Distribution : South Africa.

Specimen examined : in grassy places, Boschberg Mts., Somerset East, 1879, MacOwan

1424, 22059, Type.

MacO wan’s specimens No. 1003, 22060, labelled Lycoperdon gemmatum L., (sub. L.

caffrorum Kalchbr. & Cooke in Fungi MacOwaniani) are believed to be L. hyemale and

are referred to this species. They show the typical exoperidium, well developed cellular

base, diaphragm and septate, hyaline capillitium threads.

According to Kalchbrenner and Cooke, L. caffrorum somewhat resembles L. Gardneri

Berk., but is smaller, deeper coloured, with spores not so rough.

8. Lycoperdon caespitosum Welwitsch et Currey.

Fungi Anglolenses in Trans. Linn. Soc. 26 (1870) 289.

Massee, Journ. Roy. Micr. Soc. (1887) 725 ; Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7 (1888) 120.

Peridium 0-5-4 cm. diam., globose, strongly rooting. Exoperidium white, verrucose

or finely furfuraceous, for the most part fugacious. Endoperidium (Cinnamon Brown)

drying yellowish white, parchment-like in weathered specimens, finally membranaceous,

smooth and polished. Gleba ochraceous brown (Tawny Olive). Sterile base wanting.

Capillitium threads hyaline to tinted yellowish or clay-coloured liliaceous, sparingly branched,

occasionally septate, punctate, of varying thickness, from smaller to larger than spore

diameter. Spores almost hyaline to olivaceous-yellow, yellowish liliaceous, 2-5-5 p diam.

(Massee l.c., gives 5-6 p diam.), thick walled, obscurely verrucose when mature.

Habitat : on ground, caespitose, gregarious.

Distribution : South Africa.

Specimen examined : in open grassy places near Somerset East, MacOwan 1005 a,

22058, Kew.

Specimens not seen : in upland poor meadows, Morre de Lopollo, Huilla, Welwitsch 145.

MacOwan has numbered both L. caespitosum and L. flavum 1005, the first-named is

therefore referred to as 1005 a and the second 1005 b.

LYCOPERDON.

557

9. Lycoperdon flavura Massee, [Plate XXXVI, fig. 1, 2.]

Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society (1887) 721.

Peridium up to 2 cm. high, 3-5 cm. wide, pulvinate, abruptly constricted into a rooting

base. Exoperidium smooth, ochraceous-yellow, finally Chestnut Brown with scattered

white flecks. Endoperidium thick, smooth, cheesy and yellow when young, becoming

Chestnut Brown, flaccid and papery, dehiscing by an apical mouth. Gleba yellow, finally

dark grey (Dusky Drab). Sterile base absent. Capillitium threads almost hyaline to pale

brownish-olivaceous, sparingly branched, sparsely if septate, wavy, occasionally with small

projections, varying considerably in thickness up to diameter of spores. Spores globose,

pale brownish-olivaceous, finely verrucose when mature, 4-5 p diam.

Habitat : in grass lawns after continuous rains, solitary or caespitose.

Distribution : South Africa.

Specimens examined: Pretoria, Jan. 1939, A. M. Bottomley, 35528, January 1943,

E: Scott, 34580, and numerous previous collections from the same locality.

Specimens not seen : Cape, MacOwan 1005 b, Kew (cf. note on L. caespitosum) .

The distinguishing features of this species are the smooth, ochraceous-yellow exo-

peridium, the yellow, cheesy consistency of the mature plant and the usually deliquescent

nature of the mature gleba. Collections have only been made during very wet spells in

summer, and unless collected wThen immature, and brought indoors, the whole plant

deliquesces at maturity into a wet pulp, changing from a clear ochraceous-yellow,

solid, cheesy structure to a soft, wet, brown mass. When kept indoors, the endoperidium

turns a chestnut brown and becomes flaccid and papery, while the gleba becomes pulverulent.

The above description differs from the original in larger size, absence of spines on the

capillitium threads and the deliquescent character. An examination of the original material

at Kew, kindly made by Miss Wakefield, did not reveal any trace of the “ spiny ” capil-

litium described by Massee and the other characters may vary under different climatic

conditions. Since the plants otherwise appear to agree with Massee’s plant, and do not

fit in better with any other described species, they are tentatively referred to L. Jlavum,

although the latter is only known from MacOwan’ s original dried material and may be

1 found to be synonymous with some other species.

10. Lycoperdon polymorphum Vittadini, [Plate XXXVIII, fig. 1.]

Monographia Lycoperdineorum (1842) 39.

Lycoperdon coloratum Peck, N.Y. Nat. Hist. Mus., 29th Rept. (1878) 29.

L. cepaeforme (Bull.) Mass., Journ. Roy. Micr. Soc. (1887) 722.

L. furjuraceum Schaeff. ex de Toni, Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7 (1888) 110.

L. hungaricum Hollos, Mathem. Term. 69 (1901) 1.

L. nigrum Lloyd, Myc. Writ. 1, Lyc. Aus. (1905) 30.

Peridium 1-2-4 cm. wide, 1-5-3 -5 cm. high, depressed-globose or sub-pyriform when

contracted into a more or less lacunate, stalk-like base. Exoperidium furfuraceous or of

minute verrucae, fugacious or more or less persistent in lower part, whitish or ochraceous,

becoming ochraceous-brown, olivaceous brown (Old Gold, Buffy Brown), umber or blackish-

brown (Tawny Olive, Snuff Brown). Endoperidium ochraceous, ochraceous-brown, olive

brown (Old Gold, Buffy Brown) becoming olivaceous-brown, umber or blackish brown ;

papery, smooth, dull or polished, dehiscing by a torn, apical mouth. Gleba yellowish

becoming olivaceous, olivaceous-brown or umber. Sterile base present, scanty or well-

558

LYCOPERDON.

developed, compact, usually consisting of closely interwoven hyphae resembling the capil-

litium threads, or occasionally very obscurely cellular ; cream, becoming greenish-yellow

olivaceous, slate grey, brownish-grey, finally brown (Warm Sepia or Snuff Brown).

Diaphragm absent. Capillitium threads pale olivaceous, brownish to deep brown, sparingly

or freely branched, straight or wavy, smooth or occasionally slightly nodose, varying in

thickness from smaller to larger than diameter of spores. Spores globose, subglobose

broadly oval, long oval or slightly ovate, oval shape predominating, 3-4-5-5 g diam.,

occasionally up to 6-8 g diam. in the case of oval spores, tinted brown or olivaceous,

obscurely to strongly verrucose ; apiculate to shortly pedicellate ; pedicels sometimes up

to 8-5 g long ; concolorous, wedge-shaped structures sometimes mixed with the spores.

Habitat : solitary or gregarious in grassy places or under trees and bushes.

Distribution : South Africa ; North America ; Australia ; Britain ; Europe ; New

Zealand.

Specimens examined : Pretoria, April 1913, I. B. Pole Evans 6683, May 1919, H. V

King 12339, Jan. 1928, L. Reinecke 23138 ; Garstfontein, Pretoria, February 1939, A. M

Bottomley, 30704 ; P. J . Pienaar, April 1911, 1355 ; Roseville, Pretoria, March 1911

P. J . Pienaar, 1939 ; Rietvlei, Pretoria, March 1945, A. M. Bottomley, 34590 ; Wonderboom,

Pretoria, March 1917, H. A. V. King, 10051, det. Lloyd ; Meintjes Kop, Pretoria, March

1925, A. M. Bottomley, 20390 ; Vereeniging, January 1926, E. Brandmuller, 20635 ; Ingogo,

Natal, May 1920, A. O. D. Mogg, 13796 ; Papegaaisberg, A. V. Duthie 303 (v. d. Byl 2035)

31471 ; King’s Park, Bloemfontein, G. Potts 7174, 13001 ; Lennard, 20653 ; Fountains

Valley, Pretoria, March 1936, A. M. Bottomley B. Louwrens, 28592 ; without locality

(P. v. d. Byl 1421), ex Herb. Lloyd ; Forest Hall, Knysna, Feb. 1918, A. V. Duthie 211,

31400 as L. oblongisporum ; Potchefstroom, Tvl., July 1935, J. Sellschop, 28515.

This species is characterised by its compact, sterile base composed of closely interwoven

hyphae, resembling the structure of the fertile part. This may be well-developed or scanty,

and in the latter case the plant is difficult to distinguish from L. pusillum which has no

sterile base. The latter species is, however, smaller, smoother and more globose. The

specimens listed above are considered to be the South African form of L. polymorphum

differing from that found elsewhere in the shape of the spores, which are not typically

globose, but vary from globose and subglobose to broadly oval, elliptic oval and sub-ovate,

with the broadly oval or elliptic oval shapes always predominating. The oval spores

suggest L. oblongisporum Kalchbr. & Cooke, and in fact Lloyd identified Duthie 211 as

that species, with the remark that this species corresponds to L. cepaejorme (a small form

of L. polymorphum) in every respect except the shape of the spores. According to Lloyd

[Myc. Writ. 2, Myc. Notes 20 (1905) 235] the sterile base of L. oblongisporum is scanty and

composed of minute cells ; the presence of the characteristic sterile base appears to be

sufficient justification for referring the South African plant to L. polymorphum. Verwoerd

(Ann. univ. Stell. 3, 1925 : 32) follows Lloyd in considering Duthie 211 as L. oblongisporum ;

he does not deal with any polymorphum form.

11. Lycoperdon pusillum Batsch ex Persoon, [Plate XXXVIII, fig. 2, 3.]

Journal de la Botanique 2 (1809) 17.

Hollos, Gastero. Ung. (1904) 107 ; Rea, Brit. Basid. (1922) 37 ; Coker & Couch

Gastero. (1928) 91 ; Bresad. Icon. Myc. 23 (1932) 1139 ; Verwoerd, Ann. Univ

Stell. 3 (1925) 3; G. H. Cunningham, Gastero. (1944) 152.

Bovista pusilla Pers., Syn. Meth. Fung. (1801) 138.

Lycoperdon dermatoxanthum Vitt., Monogr. Lyc. (1842) 34.

LYCOPERDON.

559

L. reticulatum Berk., FI. N.Z., 2 (1855) 190.

L. mundula Kalchbr. ex Kalchbrenner & Cooke, Grev. 9 (1880) 3.

L. pseudopusillum Hollos, Noev. Koezl., 2 (1903) 75.

Globaria samoense Bres. ex Lloyd, Myc. Writ. 1, Myc. Notes 5 (1901) 50.

Lycoperdon semi-immersum Lloyd, Myc. Writ. 7, Myc. Notes 73 (1924) 1306.

Peridium 1-2 cm. diam., globose or subglobose, strongly rooting by a single or branched

mycelial thread. Exoperidium white, then yellowish, consisting of fugacious or partly

persistent, floccose or mealy squamules, which may split up into flattened verrucae and

furfuraceous fragments, which give the mature plant a slightly areolated appearance.

Endoperidium white or yellow, becoming pale brown and finally umber (Buffv Brown),

very thin and papery, smooth, shining, dehiscing by a small, irregular apical pore. Gleba

white, then yellow, finally greyish-brown, light olivaceous-brown or olivaceous (Olive Lake

finally Buffy Brown). Sterile base absent. Capillitium threads subhyaline to ochraceous

or olivaceous-brown, smooth or pitted, straight or wavy, even or with rounded or pointed

projections, sparingly or freely branched, up to 6 p diam. Spores globose, sometimes

subglobose, obconic or broadly oval, smooth or obscurely verrucose, subhyaline or tinted

olivaceous, 3-4-6 y. diam., often apiculate, sometimes pedicellate ; pedicels, when present,

hyaline ; spores sometimes in long, sub-persistent bundles.

Habitat : on wet ground, solitary or gregarious.

Distribution : East and South Africa ; North America ; Asia ; Australia ; Britain ;

Ceylon ; China ; Europe.

Specimens examined : Pretoria, January 1943, A. M. Bottomley E. Scott, 33773 ;

L. Reinecke, 23150 ; Jan. 1939, A. M. Bottomley, 35529 ; Gezina, Pretoria, February 1912,

Rev. N. Roberts, 2044 ; Papegaaisberg, Stellenbosch, Duthie 318, 31483 ; Brandfort,

Schonken (Duthie 296) 31465 ; King’s Park, Bloemfontein, March 1917, G. Potts 7173,

13002 ; Bloemfontein, G. Potts 7183, 13007 ; Alicedale, May 1919, 12185 (spores oval,

obconic) ; Potchefstroom, July 1935, J . Sellsehop, 35527 ; Salisbury, S. Rhodesia, Hopkins,

(P. v. d. Byl 2539) ; Nov. 1932, Eyles 7220 (S. Rh. 3915) ; Avondale, S. Rhodesia, Dec.

1928 (S. Rh. 153) ; without locality (v. d. Byl 2082) ; Garstfontein, Pretoria, Jan. 1946,

A. M. Bottomley, 35427.

Specimens not seen : Somerset East, Tuck (MacOwan 115 b).

This species is characterised by its small, subglobose, rooting peridium, the absence of

a sterile base and its usually freely branched capillitium. It varies considerably, however,

in the size of the peridium, the size and degree of roughness of the spores and the branching

of the capillitium.

In very wet weather, the gleba partially deliquesces from the base upwards (fig. 2)

making the whole plant soft, wet and olivaceous-brown and sometimes results in complete

collapse. Under dry conditions the plant behaves normally.

12. Lycoperdon Qudenii n. sp., [Plate XXXIX, fig. 2.J

Pendio 3-2 cm. alto 2 cm. lato, piriformi, deorsum in stipitem attenuato. Exoperidio

verrucis furfuraceis umbrino-nigris dense ornato, verrucis a superiore parte demum secentibus.

Endoperidio argenteo-griseo vel griseo-umbrino, levi, apice areolato. Gleba umbrina,

pulverulenta. Parte sterili cellulosa, ochracea, concava et a parte fertile per septum

distincte separabili. Capillitio olivaceo-umbrino, parce vel saepe ramoso, septis nullis,

crassitudine variabile, plerumque spora adaequante. Sporis globosis subtiliter verrucosis,

4-5 p diam., demum olivaceo-umbrinis, plerumque pedicellatis ; pediculis hyalinis, tenuis

ad 13-6 p longis.

Hab. in sylvis, Qudeni, leg. P. H. B. Talbot, 34144.

560

LYCOPERDON.

Peridium up to 3-2 cm. high, 2 cm. wide, pyriform, narrowing sharply into a stem-like

base ; attached by mycelial threads. Exoperidium of closely and evenly distributed,

brownish-black, furfuraceous verrucae or squamules, which are less dense on the stalk-like

base and fugacious in the apical area. Endoperidium silver grey to pale greyish brown,

smooth, becoming finely areolated in the upper portion, due to the disappearance of the

fugacious verrucae. Gleba umber, pulverulent. Sterile base well developed, occupying

the stem-like base, large cellular, ochraceous, concave. Diaphragm present, well defined.

Capillitium threads olivaceous-brown, usually darker than the spores, sparingly to fairly

frequently branched, non-septate, varying in thickness up to larger than the diameter of

the spores, but usually of the same size. Spores globose, finely verrucose, 4-5 p diam.,

pale to dark olivaceous brown, with darker, well defined epispore, usually pedicellate ;

pedicels hyaline, slender, up to 13-6 p long.

Habitat : on humus in forest.

Distribution : South Africa.

Specimens examined : Qudeni Forest Eeserve, Zululand, 18-2-45, P. H. B. Talbot,

34144, Kew.

The distinguishing features of this species are its pyriform shape, the brownish-black

furfuraceous verrucae, the large, cellular sterile base and the pedicellate spores. In the

only two specimens of the above collection, the cellular base had almost completely disinte-

grated and disappeared, exposing the concave diaphragm.

Miss Wakefield kindly compared part of the above collection with material of Lycoperdon

spp. at Kew, but was unable to match it.

13. Lycoperdon umbrinum Persoon.

Synopsis Methodica Fungorum (1801) 147.

Lloyd, Myc. Writ. 2, Notes 19 (1905) 209 ; Myc. Writ. 3, Notes 33 (1909) 438 1

Hollos, Gastero. Ungar. (1904) 96, 166 ; Verwoerd, Ann. Univ. Stell. 3 (1925) 31.

Lycoperdon hirtum Martius, Flor. Erlang. (1817) 386.

L. gemmatum hirtum Fries, Syst. Myc. 3 (1829) 38.

L. sylvaticum Wettstein, Vorarb. Pilzfl. Steierm. (1885) 575.

L. atropurpureum Vitt., Monogr. Lycop. (1842) 42.

L. laxum Bonordon, Botan. Zeitg. (1857) 614.

L. pyrijorme Bull., Champ. 1, p. 148.

L. glabellum Peck, U.S. Lycop. in Trans. Albany Inst. 9 (1879) 314 ; Hollos, Gastero.

Ungar. (1904) 101.

Peridium 2 -7-3 -5 cm. high, 2-3-2 cm. wide, varying considerably in size and shape

from subglobose, obovate, egg-shaped to pyriform, with wrinkled stem-like base ; attached

by mycelial threads. Exoperidium of minute, evenly distributed, brownish-black verrucae,

which are often fugacious in the apical region. Endoperidium ochraceous-brown, smooth,

becoming areolate where the verrucae of the exoperidium fall off ; opening by an irregular,

apical mouth. Gleba umber with purplish tint, columella present. Sterile base well-

developed, cellular, convex, ochraceous-brown. Capillitium threads varying in thickness

from thin to 6-8 p diam., almost hyaline to dark brown, copious. Spores globose, closely

and finely verrucose, 4-5-2 p diam., tinted to pale olivaceous brown, epispore not well

defined ; often fairly long-pedicellate in the dry condition, when pedicels hyaline, up to

10-2 p long; when mounted in lacto-phenol, only occasionally pedicellate.

Habitat : on ground.

Distribution : South Africa ; North America ; Europe.

LYCOPERDON.

561

Specimens examined : Kirstenbosch, C.P., A. V. Duthie 44 (v. d. Byl 2036 ; Stell. 182)

31315.

Specimens not seen : Brandfort, A. V. Duthie 296 ; Stellenbosch, A. V. Duthie 218.

This species is very variable in colour, size and shape, but can be distinguished by its

rough exoperidium, cellular base and coloured capillitium.

14. Lycoperdon asperum (Leveille) de Toni, [Plate XXXVII.]

Saccardo, Sylloge Fungorum 7 (1888) 119.

G. H. Cunningham, Gastero. (1944) 154.

Bovista aspera Lev., Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. 3, 5 (1846) 162.

Lycoperdon australe Berk., FI. Tas. 2 (1860) 266.

Bovistella aspera (Lev.) Lloyd, Myc. Writ. 1, Lycop. Aus. (1903) 29 ; Verwoerd, Ann.

Univ. Stell. 3 (1925) 29.

Peridium up to 1-5 cm. diam., subglobose or depressed-globose, yellowish-brown to

bay-brown, strongly rooting. Exoperidium consisting of closely set, short, blunt, stout,

ochraceous spines, conniving in fours, finally falling away, sometimes leaving the endo-

peridium furfuraceous. Endoperidium membranaceous, straw-coloured, yellowish to bay-

brown, smooth, dehiscing by a torn apical pore. Gleha light olivaceous. Sterile base

scantily developed, minutely cellular ; no diaphragm. Capillitium threads subhyaline to

light olivaceous, sparingly, if at all, branched, non-septate, up to slightly thicker than the

spore diameter, often pitted. Spores hyaline with darker epispore, globose, 3-4-5 p diam.,

smooth to minutely verrucose, often pedicellate, pedicels almost hyaline, acuminate,

8-20-4 p long.

Habitat : Solitary or in small groups on ground.

Distribution : South Africa ; Australia ; Chile ; New Guinea ; Tasmania.

Specimens examined : Johannesburg, A. M. Bottomley, 8772 ; Belvidere, Knysna

Duthie 310, 31477 as Bovistella aspera Lev., Duthie 312 as B. aspera, det. Lloyd.

Specimens not seen : Belvidere, Knysna, Duthie 67 (Stell. 170) ; Transvaal, P. v. d. Byl.

This species is recognised by its exoperidium of ochraceous, connivent spines, and the

usually minute sterile base.

16. Lycoperdon Gunnii Berk., [Plate XXXIX, fig. 1.]

Flora Tasmaniae 2 (1860) 265.

C. G. Cunningham, Gastero. (1944) 154.

Bovistella Gunnii (Berk.) Lloyd Myc. Writ. 2, Lyc. Aus. (1905) 29.

Peridium up to 2-1 cm. diam., subglobose, ochraceous-brown, sulphur yellow, bay

brown, rooting. Exoperidium ochraceous or whitish, furfuraceous, tomentose or with

minute verrucae or warts, for the most part fugacious, sometimes leaving fragments of

brown tomentum or white specks behind. Endoperidium becoming bay brown, flaccid,

smooth and shining. Gleba greenish-yellow, olivaceous-brown (between Light Brownish

Olive and Buffy Brown). Sterile base absent. Capillitium threads greenish-yellow or

tinted olivaceous-brown, non-septate, sparingly or freely branched, diameter less than, to

exceeding that of the spores. Spores tinted or olivaceous-brown, smooth or obscurely

verrucose, globose, 4-2-5 p, pedicellate; pedicels persistent, up to 13-6 p long, hyaline

or tinted.

562

LYCOPERDON.

Habitat : solitary or in groups on ground.

Distribution : South Africa ; Australia ; Tasmania ; New Zealand.

Specimens examined : Wellington, C.P., May 1911, A. M. Bottomley, 1547 ; Stellen-

bosch, C.P., A. V. Duthie 302, 31470 ; Bloemfontein, March 1916, G. Potts (Grey Univ.

Coll. Herb. 7177) 13003 ; Salisbury, S. Rhodesia, F. Eyles 2523, 14861.

The small size, lack of sterile base, furfuraceous exoperidium and persistent pedicellate

spores distinguish this species.

Doubtful, unknown and insufficiently described species.

Lycoperdon asperrimum Welw. et Curr., [Plate XL, fig. 3.]

Trans. Linn. Soc. 26 (1868) 289.

Sacc. Svll. Fung. 7 (1888) 105.

Peridium about 1 inch high, subglobose. Exoperidium of sharp spines which dis-

appear at maturity. Endoperidium cinnamon brown, papyraceous. Capillitium near

reddish brown. Spores same colour as capillitium, globose, 4 p diam., minutely echinulate.

[Description ex Welwitsch & Currey l.c., and Saccardo (l.c.).]

Habitat : on ground.

Distribution : South Africa ; North America.

South African Specimens : on sand dunes on banks by Lagoa de Giraul, Mossamedes,

Angola, 1859, Welwitsch 142 ; Maiombo, Mossamedes, 1859, Welwitsch 144.

Welwitsch and Currey make the following remarks with regard to the above

collections : — “ The spines of the spores (of No. 142) are so minute that they are seen with

difficulty even under a high power. No. 144 seems to be the same species, but exhibits

no spines on the peridium. The peridium, however, is larger, and the spores reach -0002

inch ”.

Lycoperdon bicolor Welw. et Curr., [Plate XL, fig. 2.]

Fungi Angollenses in Trans. Linn. Soc. 26 (1870) 290.

Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7 (1888) 119, 479.

Peridium 3-5-5 cm. high, 3-5-4 cm. wide, subglobose, attenuated towards the base

into a white stipe about 15 mm. thick. Endoperidium leaden fuscous, membranaceous.

Capillitium threads brown. Spores brown, globose, 2-5-6 p diam., smooth. (In Sacc.

Syll. Fung, l.c., the spores are given as 2-5-5 p on page 119 and as 5-6 p on page 479.)

Description ex Welwitsch and Currey l.c. and Saccardo l.c.

Habitat : on the ground.

Distribution : West Africa, North Africa.

South African specimens : in very damp, woody pastures between Lopollo and

Empalanea, Huilla, Welwitsch 146.

LYCOPERDON.

56:

Lycoperdon capense Cooke et Massee, [Plate XL, fig. 1.]

Journ. Roy. Micr. Soc. (1887) 714, PI. 16, fig. 450.

Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7 (1888) 48 ; Ed. Fischer, Hedw. 28 (1889) 7 ; P. Henn., Engl.

Bot. Jahrb. 14 (1892) 360.

Peridium about 5 cm. diam., globose, sessile, plicate below with a long, stout, tapering

root. Exoperidium minutely furfuraceous, fugacious. Endoperidium becoming smooth.

Gleba yellowish brown, dense. Capillitium threads of uniform thickness, about equal in

diameter to spores, simple, much interlaced and curled, continuous with the compact, basal

stratum. Spores bright ochre, tinged citron, globose, 4 p diam., smooth.

Habitat : on the ground.

Distribution : South Africa.

South African specimens : Cape of Good Hope ; Ombale, Ondongo, South-West Africa,

Schinz.

With regard to the two species L. capense Fr. -and L. capense Cooke et Massee, Miss

Wakefield makes the following remarks : — “ Fries in Fungi natalenses, p. 150 (p. 30 of

reprint) has these two names for two fungi received from the Cape (Zevher 106) and Natal

(Wahlberg) respectively. Of L. capense he gives a description which I think validates the

name. Therefore Cooke and Massee’s “ L. capense ” is a later homonym of L. capense

Fr. and will have to be renamed if it proves to be a good species ”. No material of L.

capense Cooke & Mass, is available for study, so there is no alternative but to include this

species amongst the doubtful species.

Lycoperdon capense Fries.

Fungi Natalenses (1848) 150.

Peridium has the habit of L. gemmatum but the structure rather of L. pusillum.

Exoperidium granular. Endoperidium membranous, flaccid, opening by a small, obtuse

mouth. Sterile base wanting. Capillitium threads very lax. Spores brown, not becoming

olivaceous. (Description ex Fries l.c.)

Habitat : on ground.

Distribution : South Africa.

South African specimens : Uitenhage, Zeyher 106.

This collection is probably at Upsala.

Lycoperdon Curreyi Massee.

Journ. Roy. Micr. Soc. (1887) 706.

Lycoperdon Welwitschii de Toni, Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7 (1888) 127 (non L. Welwitschii

Mass., 1887) ; Verwoerd, Ann. Univ. Stell. 3 (1925) 32.

L. radicatum Welw. et Curr., Trans. Linn. Soc. 26 (1868) 289 ; Kalchbrenner, Grev.

10 (1882) 108 (non Dur. et Mont.).

L. atro-violaceum Kalchbr. (nom. nud.), in Herb. S. African Mus.

Peridium 3-10 cm. diam., subglobose to obovate, strongly rooting. Exoperidium

smooth, finely tomentose, more or less fugacious, buff coloured, becoming purplish umber.

Endoperidium almost smooth, papery, fragile, reddish brown or clay coloured (Sayal Brown,

Avellaneous). Gleba ochraceous or straw-coloured finally greyish or dull brown with purplish

tinge and very pulverulent. Sterile base well developed, up to one-third of the total height.

564

LYCOPERDON.

concave, cellular, finally chocolate brown in colour. Diaphragm present. Capillitium

threads subhyaline, varying in thickness up to the size of the spore diameter, sparingly

branched, septate, finally fragmenting. Spores globose, hyaline to tinted olivaceous,

almost smooth to sparsely or strongly echinulate, 5-2-7 p diam.

Habitat : on ground.

Distribution : South Africa.

Specimens examined : Boschberg Mts., Somerset East, MacOwan 1004, 22062 as Lyco-

perdon radicatus ; ? 1875, MacOwan 1004 (S.A.M. 35050) as L. atroviolaceum Kalchbr.

type”; Dec. 1874, MacOwan 1004 (S.A.M. 35050) as L. atroviolaceum ( L . radicatum) ;

April 1879, MacOwan 1004 (S.A.M. 35050) as “ L. atroviolaceum ” ; MacOwan 1009 as

“ Bovista lilacina (L. radicatum ) ” 22061 ; MacOwan 1009 (S.A.M. 35050) as “ L. atro-

violaceum Kalchbr. nom nud ”.

Specimens not seen : very rare, in grassy places, Loanda, Penedo distr., West Africa,

1854, W elwitsch No. 116.

The specimens deposited in the South African Museum at Cape Town and especially

the 1879 collection appear to be typical Calvatia lilacina. The specimens at Pretoria of

both MacOwan 1004 and 1009 may be immature C. lilacina but are smaller, more globose,

with very little sterile base and, while the gleba of No. 1009 is tinged with purple, that of

No. 1004 is a uniform buff colour without any trace of purple colouration.

In addition to the above specimens of MacOwan 1004, this number is quoted by

Kalchbrenner (Grevillea 10, 1882 : 108) for L. cyathijorme which is regarded as a synonym

of C. lilacina, and is attached to a specimen at Kew named L. MacOwani. In connection

with the latter, Miss Wakefield states that the specimen does not appear to be C. lilacina

since no violet colour is present.

Lycoperdon Gardneri Berkeley.

Berkeley and Broome, Ceylon Fungi No. 716 in Journ. Linn. Soc. 14 (1873) 79.

Massee, Monogr. Lvcop., Journ. Roy. Micr. Soc. (1887) 716 ; Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7

(1888) 129, 482."

Peridium 11-12 cm. diam., hemispherical, plicate below, contracted into a thick,

rugose, rooting stem. Endoperidium tawny, minutely floccose or mealy. Capillitium

persistent, threads pallid, rarely branched, flaccid, flexous or contorted. Sterile base

present, compact. Spores pale ochraceous, subglobose, slightly produced at the point

attached to the persistent pedicel, smooth, longest diameter 4-5 p. (description ex Massee, l.c.).

Habitat : on ground in shady woods.

Distribution : South Africa ; Ceylon ; Venezuela.

According to Berkeley and Broome (l.c.) this species was formerly referred to L.

saccatum but further specimens showed it to be distinct. The large size, compact sterile

base and persistent spore pedicels appear to be the distinguishing features of this species.

The presence or absence of a diaphragm is not mentioned.

Lycoperdon glabellum Peck.

N.Y. Nat. Hist. Mus., Bot., 31st Rept. (1879) 39.

Kalchbrenner, Grev. 10 (1882) 109 ; Massee, Journ. Roy. Micr. Soc. (1887) 707 ;

Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7 (1888) 124, 477 ; Hollos, Gastero. Ung. (1904) 101.

Peridium 2-5-4 cm. wide, subglobose or turbinate, sometimes narrowed below into a

short, stem-like base. Exoperidium furfuraceous, with minute, sub-uniform, persistent

LYCOPERDON

565

warts. Endoperidium yellow or brownish-yellow, dehiscing by a small mouth. Gleba

purplish-brown ; columella present. Capillitium purplish-brown. Spores concolorous,

rough, globose, 5-6 y diam. (Description ex Peck, l.c. and Saccardo, l.c.)

Habitat : on the ground.

Distribution : United States ; South Africa.

South African specimens : Somerset East, MacOwan 1337 ; Bazuja, Kaffraria, Baur.

# Saccardo states that this species is near to L. cupricum, and that, according to Kalch-

brenner, it is a doubtful species, even in Africa. Hollos cites it as a variety of L. umbrinum.

Lycoperdon laetum Berk.

Hooker’s London Journal of Botany 2 (1843) 419.

Massee, Journ. Roy. Micr. Soc. (1887) 718 ; Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7 (1888) 483.

Peridium about 4 cm. high, 5 cm. wide, subglobose or lenticular, contracted into a

stout, stem-like cellular base about 1-8-2 cm. high, 2-5 cm. thick, or base almost obsolete.

Exoperidium reddish-brown, subcoriaceous, sulcate, becoming furfuraceous or almost

smooth, pale ; breaking away in rimosely areolate patches from the upper portion, leaving

a cup-like opening. Gleba pale reddish-brown. Sterile base large, occupying the stem-like

portion, cellular, spongy, compact. “ Capillitium sublenticular, hollowed beneath, yellow ;

flocci pellucid, branched, not rough ”. Spores yellow, then yellow-olive, globose, minute,

smooth, not or very shortly pedicellate. (Description ex Berkeley, l.c., Massee, l.c., and

Saccardo, l.c.)

Habitat : on the ground.

Distribution : South Africa.

South African specimens : Uitenhage, Zeyher 103.

Berkeley says of this species : — “ This species, which is very peculiar, has more the

appearance of a Scleroderma than of a Lycoperdon, though its structure is that of the latter.

It resembles in some respects L. caelatum. The peridium is, however, more rigid, and opens,

apparently, not by the mere collapsing of the centre, but by coarse cracks. It varies with

a distinct stem, and is altogether confluent with the peridium ; but even then, the distinction

between the stem and peridium is marked ”.

Lycoperdon natalense Fries.

Fungi Natalenses in K. Yet. Ak. Handl., Stockholm (1848) 150.

? nomen nudum.

The following note on this species was supplied by Miss Wakefield : — “ Fries did not

describe Lycoperdon natalense except for saying that it was near L. caelatum and differed

in its vinaceous or pale purplish spores (this sounds like Calvatia lilacina ) and if there is

no specimen of L. natalense in Fries’s herbarium at Upsala, by which it could be identified,

I think the name may be regarded as a nomen nudum and in that sense Cooke and Massee

were free to use it again ”.

With regard to L. natalense Cooke & Massee, G. H. Cunningham (Gastero. 1944 : 146)

considers this species to be a synonym of L. depressum Bonord., which is the same as L.

hyemale (Bull, ex Pers.) Yitt.

566

DISCISDA.

Excluded Species.

The following species, recorded as having been collected in Southern Africa, are

considered to be synonyms of other species or genera and have been listed as such in the

foregoing pages : —

Lycoperdon atro-violaceum Kalchbr. .

L. ceparalforme (Bull.) Mass

L. Curtisii Berk

L. cyathiforme Bose

L. depressum Bon

L. dermatoxanthum Vitt

L. Eyle.sii Verwoerd

L. excipuliforme (Scop.) Vitt

L. furfuraceum Schaeff. ex de Toni

L. gemmatum (Batsch) Fr

L. glabellum Peck

L. multiseptum Lloyd

L. natalense Cooke Mass

L. oblongisporum Berk Curt

L. pratense Pers

L. radicatum Wehv. Curr

L. retis Lloyd

L. saccatum Vahl

L. Welwitschii de Toni

L. MacOwani (unpublished name) referred by

L. Welwitschii de Toni.

L. Curreyi Massee.

L. polymorphum Vitt.

Prob. L. hyemale (Bull, ex Pers.) Vitt.

Calvatia lilacina.

L. hyemale (Bull, ex Pers.) Vitt.

L. pusillum Batsch ex. Pers.

L. hyemale (Bull. ex. Pers.) Vitt.

L. perlatum Pers.

L. polymorphum Vitt.

L. perlatum Pers.

L. umbrinum Pers.

L. hyemale (Bull, ex Pers.) Vitt.

L. polymorphum Vitt.

L. hyemale (Bull, ex Pers.) Vitt.

L. Curreyi Mass.

Calvatia Candida (Rostk) Hollos (sec. G. H.

Cunningham).

Calvatia saccata (Vahl ex Fr.) Morgan.

L. Curreyi Massee.

Verwoerd in Ann. Univ. Stell. 3 (1925) 33 to

2. DISCISEDA Czernaiaev.

Bulletin de la Societe Imperiale des Naturlistes de Moscou, 18 (1845) 153.

Catastoma Morgan, Journ. Cincinnati Nat. Hist. 14 (1892) 142.

Bovistoides Lloyd, Myc. Writ. 6, Myc. Notes 61 (1919) 883.

Type species ; Disciseda collabescens Czern.

Plants growing just below soil level or partially exposed. Peridiunx depressed-globose,

consisting of two layers, an outer hyphal layer — the exoperidium — which beconxes impreg-

nated with sand and vegetable debris and at maturity breaks away circumscissilely, leaving

an irregular, shallow, cup-shaped structure around the base, and an inner membranous,

parenchymatous layer — the endoperidium — which surrounds the gleba and dehisces by

means of a small aperture. Sterile base wanting. Gleba pulverulent. Capillitium threads

short, simple or short-branched, non-septate. Spores coloured, globose, almost smooth to

coarsely verrucose, pedicellate or not.

Cunningham has been followed in the arrangement of the key to the species.

Key to the Species.

Spores long-pedicellate (10 p or more)

Spores coarsely verrucose

Spores finely verrucose

Spores almost smooth

1. D. pedicel lata.

2. 0. juglandis formis.

3. D. castanea.

DISCISDA.

567

Spores non-pedicellate or apiculate

Spores coarsely verrucose, verrucae flat-topped forming a halo 4. D. hypogaea.

Spores echinulate with finger-like processes 5. D. verrucosa .

Spores coarsely spinulose 6. D. Zeyheri.

Spores finely verruculose

Exoperidium thin, membranous 7. D. anomaia.

Exoperidium thick, brittle 8. D. cervina.

Spores almost smooth, Gleba olivaceous-umber 9. D. Candida.

1. Disciseda pedicellata (Morgan) Hollos, [Plate LXIY, fig. 3.]

Termeszetrajzi Fuezetek 25 (1902) 103.

G. H. Cunningham, Gastero. (1944) 136.

Catastoma pedicellata Morg., Journ. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist. 14 (1892) 143 ;

Yerwoerd, Ann. Univ. Stell. 3 (1925) 27.

Peridium 3 cm. diam., depressed globose. Exoperidium fairly thick and hard, of sand

and hyphae mixed, light greyish-brown, breaking away circumscissilely, leaving only a

small basal cup not visible from the top. Endoperidium membranous, tough, umber (Natal

Brown) in the lower half, paler brown (near Avellaneous) towards the apex, smooth, dull

or shining, dehiscing by a torn, apical mouth. Gleba purplish brown, pulverulent. Capil-

litium threads abundant, tinted pale brown, smooth, spirally wavy, thinner than diameter

of spores. Spores up to 10*2 p diam., including the verrucae, globose, coarsely verrucose ;

verrucae rounded, brown; pedicellate, pedicels up to 37-4 p, tinted, smooth, straight or

curved.

Habitat : on the ground, solitary.

Distribution : South Africa ; North America ; Australia.

Specimens examined : Maputa Expedition, Mocambique, Aug. 1914, Dr. Breijer ,

8355 ; Knysna, Duthie 207 (v. d. Byl 1426 ex. Herb. Lloyd).

2. Disciseda juglandiformis (Berkeley) Hollos.

Hedwigia 42 (1903) 22.

Bovista juglandiformis Berk., Massee in Journ. Bot. (1888) 130.

Catastoma juglandiformis (Berk.) Lloyd. Myc. Writ. 1, Myc. Notes 18 (1904) 199.

Peridium 2 -5-3 -7 cm. diam., subglobose, sessile. Exoperidium thick, persistent,

cupulate at the base. Endoperidium polished, rigid, dark brown, mouth small, apical.

Gleba olive-tinted rufous. Capillitium threads flaccid, pale, sparingly branched, much

curled and intertwined. Spores brown, globose, minutely warted, about 16 p diam.,

pedicellate ; pedicels long, 60-70 p, thick, reddish olive. (Description adapted from

Berkeley l.c.)

Habitat : on the ground.

Distribution : South Africa.

South African records : locality unknown, Type in Herb. Berk., No. 4584, Kew, as

Bovista juglandiformis ; Brenton, Knysna, Duthie 153 (Lloyd, Myc. Coll. 52388).

According to Berkeley, l.c., this species is remarkable for the size of the spores and the

very long, stout, coloured pedicels.

10801-4

568

DISCISDA.

3. Disciseda castanea (Lev.) n. comb.

Bovista castanea Lev., Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. 3, 5 (1846) 162.

Catastoma castaneum (Lev.) Lloyd, Myc. Writ. 2, Myc. Notes 23 (1906) 291.

Peridium about 3 cm. diam., globose. Exoperidium not described. Endoperidium

parchment-like, black, byssoid below. Gleba bright olive. Capillitium threads dense.

Spores globose, smooth, with long pedicels. (Description ex Massee, l.c.)

Habitat : solitary or in groups, on ground.

Distribution : South Africa.

South African Records : between Hex River Mts. and the Bokkeveld, Drege 9455a

(Herb. Mus. Paris and Herb. Delessert, Geneva, as Bovista castanea Lev.) ; under Eucalyptus

globulus, Maritzburg, T. R. Sim, 8796 (specimen not found).

4. Disciseda hypogaea (Cooke & Massee) G. H. Cunningham.

Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 52 (1927) 240.

Bovista hypogaea Cke. & Mass., Grevillea 20 (1891) 35.

Catastoma hypogaeum (Cke. & Mass.) Lloyd, Myc. Writ. 1, Lyc. Aus. (1905) 27.

Peridium 9 mm. diam., depressed globose. Exoperidium falling away irregularly

leaving a disc mixed with sand at base of plant. Endoperidium thin, flaccid, tough, greyish

white, dehiscing by a mammose mouth. Gleba greyish brown, pulverulent. Capillitium

threads tinted, sparingly branched. Spores globose, 7-9 /x diam., including the spines, pale

brown with darker epispore, very closely and strongly verrucose, the tips of the verrucae

spread out giving the appearance of a halo round the spores. (Description from a single

specimen with weathered mouth.)

Habitat : in sandy soil.

Distribution : South Africa ; Australia.

Specimen examined : eastern slopes of Bokkeveld, Aug. 1941, E. L. Stephens 562.

The species is characterised by the coarsely verrucose spores in which the flat-topped

verrucae form a halo round the spores.

5. Disciseda verrucosa G. H. Cunningham, [Plate LXIY, fig. 4.]

Transactions of the New Zealand Institute 57 (1926) 205.

G. H. Cunningham, Gastero. (1944) 140.

Peridium 2-2 cm. (3 cm.) diam., depressed globose. Exoperidium pale brown (nearest

Avellaneous) hard, consisting of hyphae mixed with sand, breaking away from the apical

portion, leaving an irregular, persistent, cup-like structure around the base, extending

about one third of the total height of the plant. Endoperidium brown (Bay Brown) or

pale greyish brown, dehiscing by a definite mammose pore (occasionally two) which becomes

torn and irregular in old specimens. Gleba bay brown, pulverulent. Capillitium threads

tinted brown, simple or occasionally short branched, non-septate, wavy, often spirally

intertwined, thinner than diameter of spores. Spores 6-8-10-2 g diam., including the

verrucae, brown with darker epispore, which is covered with coarse, hyaline echinulae.

Habitat : solitary, on ground.

Distribution : South Africa ; Australia ; New Zealand.

DTSCISDA. 569

Specimens examined : Grahamstown, C.P., March 1934, N . J . G. Smith 221, 27511, det.

Cunningham ; nr. Dordrecht, C.P., Feb. 1946.

The chief characteristics of this species are the definite mammose stoma in fresh

specimens and the echinulate spores.

6. Disciseda Zeyheri (Berk.) Hollos.

Hedwigia 42 (1903) 22.

Bovista Zeyheri Berk., in Massee, Journ. Bot. 26 (1888) 130.

Catastoma Zeyheri (Berk.) Lloyd, Myc. Writ. 5 (1917) Letter 65, p. 8 ; Verwoerd,

Ann. Univ. Stell. 3 (1925) 27.

Peridium up to 3-7 cm. diam., subglobose, often with a small rooting base. Exo-

peridium thick, ochraceous, cupulate and persistent below. Endoperidium pale brown,

dark purple or cinnamon, minutely granular or powdery, dehiscing by a small mouth.

Gleba umber. Capillitium threads tinted to brown, undulating to much curled, 2 -6-3 -4 y

diam. Spores globose, 6-8 y diam., brown, finely verrucose.

Habitat : on ground.

Distribution : South Africa.

Specimen examined : Mossel Bay, v. d. Byl 731.

Specimens not seen : without locality, Type in Herb. Berk. No. 4588, Kew, as Bovista

Zeyheri ; without locality, ? Knvsna, Duthie.

7. Disciseda anomala (Cooke et Massee) G. H. Cunningham.

Gasteromycetes of Australia and New Zealand (1944) 139.

Bovista anomala Cooke et Massee, Grev. 18 (1889) 6.

Catastoma anomalum (Cooke et Massee) Lloyd, Myc. Writ. 1, Lyc. Aus. (1905) 27,

5 (1916) 610 ; Verwoerd, Ann. Univ. Stell. 3 (1925) 27.

Peridium up to 2 cm. wide, 1-5 cm. high, depressed-globose. Exoperidium brown,

membranous, falling away, except at the base, where it persists as a small, irregular, sand-

encrusted, cup-shaped structure. Endoperidium smoke or ash grey, membranous, thin but

tough, smooth, obscurely furfuraceous, dehiscing either by a circular, flattened, tubular or

mammose mouth. Gleba olivaceous, becoming umber, pulverulent. Capillitium threads

pale brown, in short or fairly long segments with blunt ends, occasionally shortly branched,

usually smooth, even and wavy, varying in thickness up to diameter of largest spore.

Spores darker than capillitium threads, globose, but occasionally obovate or broadly oval,

finely and closely or sparsely verruculose, 3-4-6 y diam., very short pedicellate, short

stumps only of pedicels remaining.

Habitat : solitary or in small groups on ground.

Distribution : Africa ; Australia.

Specimens examined : Mamathes, Basutoland, A. J acot-Guillarmod, Oct. 1940, 34145 ;

Phoenix, Natal, v. d. Byl 525 ; Durban, v. d. Byl 237.

Specimens not seen : without locality, Duthie.

This species is characterised by its thin, tough, membranaceous exoperidium, its finely

verruculose spores and its tubular or mammose mouth.

570

DISCISEDA.

According to Lloyd (Myc. Writ. 5, 1916 : 610) the South African form is not exactly

the same as the usual Australian form, in that in the specimens examined by him (collected

by A. V. Duthie) the mouth is mammose instead of tubular, the colour grey instead of

rich brown and the spores smaller. In our No. 34145, however, not seen by Lloyd, the

mouth is definitely tubular and the spores rather larger, up to 6 p diam.

8. Disciseda cervina (Berkeley) Hollos.

Hedwigia 42 (1903) 22.

G. H. Cunningham, Gastero. (1944) 138.

Bovista cervina Berk., Ann. Nat. Hist. 9 (1842) 447 ; Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7 (1888) 100.

Catastoma magnum Lloyd, Myc. Writ. 5, Myc. Notes 45 (1917) 631 ; Verwoerd, Ann.

Univ. Stell. 3 (1925) 27.

Peridium up to 2-5 cm., depressed globose. Exoperidium thick, breaking away circum-

cissilely, leaving an irregular, cinnamon brown, cuplike structure, composed of hyphae

mixed with sand, at the base. Endoperidium thin, membranous, buff to pale tan coloured

(Pinkish Buff, Cinnamon Buff) very finely granular, becoming smooth, dehiscing by a

fimbriate, mammose mouth. Gleba olivaceous-brown. Capillitium almost hyaline to

light brown, varying in thickness up to the diameter of the spores, for the most part smooth,

occasionally simply and shortly branched , fairly straight. Spores globose, 5-6 p diam.,

golden brown, finely verrucose, with stumps only of pedicels, epispore and wall of the single,

conspicuous vacuole dark coloured.

Habitat : solitary, on ground.

Distribution : South Africa ; North America ; Australia ; Europe ; New Zealand.

Specimens examined' : Schweizer Reinecke, Tvl., July 1929, D. v. //., 34531.

Specimens not seen : near Cape of Good Hope (as Bovista cervina) ; Stellenbosch Flats,

Duthie 282 (Lloyd Myc. Coll. 52392) ; under Acacia caffra, Commando Nek, Tvl., I. B.

Pole Evans (Lloyd Myc. Coll. 52393) 8381 (specimen missing from Pretoria Herb.) ; Marien-

thall, S.W. Africa, R. Marloth, 26613.

The Australian plant as described by Cunningham, l.c., appears to be larger — up to

4 cm. diam. — with purplish or tan-coloured endoperidium and purplish or olivaceous gleba.

9. Disciseda Candida (Schweinitz) Lloyd, [Plate LXIV, fig. 1, 2.]

Mycological Writings 1, Mycological Notes 10 (1902) 100.

Bovista Candida Schw., Syn. Fung. Carol., No. 333 (1822).

B. circumscissa Berk. & Curt., Grev. (1873) 50.

Catastoma circumscissa Berk. & Curt., Morgan, Journ. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist. 14

(1892) 143.

Disciseda circumscissa (Berk. & Curt.) Hollos, Term. Feuz. 25 (1902) 102.

Catastoma Duthiei Lloyd, Myc. Writ. 6 (1919) 891.

Peridium (dry plant) up to 2 cm. diam., depressed-globose. Exoperidium thick, hard,

consisting of hyphae mixed with vegetable debris, breaking away circumscissilely, leaving

a shallow, cuplike structure at the base. Endoperidium drab, ferruginous to umber, tough,

covered by a very thin, whitish, membranous layer, which flakes off, leaving a thick, spongy

layer, which splits into minute longitudinal fissures towards the base, just above the exo-

peridial cup ; dehiscing by an apical, fimbriate, mammose mouth. Gleba olivaceous-

umber, pulverulent. Capillitium threads abundant, almost hyaline to pale brown, varying

in thickness up to thicker than spore diameter, occasionally short-branched, smooth,

CALVATIA.

571

comparatively straight, wavy or angled. Spores 4-5 y diam., globose, non-pedicellate or

very shortly and inconspicuously pedicellate, pale brown with darker epispore, almost

smooth or finely and sparsely verruculose.

Habitat : solitary or in groups, on ground.

Distribution : South Africa ; North and South America ; Australia ; New Zealand.

Specimens examined : under Acacia caffra, Commando Nek, Brits Distr., April 1914,

I. B. Pole Evans , 8381 ; without locality, A. V . Duthie , 31514 ; Forest Hall, Knysna,

A. V. Duthie 224 (Stell. 225 ; Lloyd Mvc. Coll. 52391, Type of Catastoma Duthiei ) 31411 ;

Phoenix, Natal, Oct. 1925, Hardenberg (N.H. 622) 31862.

Specimens not seen : Queenstown, Pope, Kew, det. N. J. G. Smith.

Three sketches of this species, supplied by Dr. Duthie, show (1) the rooted plant with

complete exoperidium (2) the plant with exoperidium splitting circumscissilely and (3) the

plant with the remains of the exoperidium on the basal, rooted portion.

3. CALVATIA Fries.

Summa Vegetabilium Scandinaviae, Part 2 (1849) 442, emended Morgan, Journal

Cincinnati Society of Natural History 12 (1890) 165.

Hippoperdon Mont., Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. 2, 17 (1842) 121.

Globaria Quelet, Bull. Soc. Myc. Fr. 24 (1876) 370.

Utraria Quel., l.c., p. 366.

Hypoblema Lloyd, Myc. Writ. 1, Myc. Notes 14 (1903) 140.

Type species : Calvatia cr&niiformis (Schw.) Fr.

Plants epigeous, fairly small to very large. Peridium subglobose to pyriform, with or

without a thick, short rooting base. Exoperidium thin, even, granular, areolated, fur-

furaceous, warted or spinulose, usually fugacious. Endoperidium thin, membranaceous,

breaking away in irregular fragments from the apical portion. Gleba with sterile base or

not, with or without a diaphragm. Capillitium threads long, or breaking up into short

pieces, sparingly branched, septate or not. Spores globose or broadly elliptical, rough or

smooth.

The genus Calvatia is most nearly related to Lycoperdon from which, however, it differs

in the manner of dehiscence. Whereas Lycoperdon dehisces by means of an apical pore,

Calvatia dehisces by the breaking away of the apical portion of the endoperidium.

Key to the Species.

Diaphragm present.

Spores smooth ] .

Spores verrucose 2.

Diaphragm absent.

Plants large, up to 30 cm. diam.

Exoperidium smooth. Sterile base scanty, poorly developed 3.

Exoperidium spinulose or granular.

Sterile base large, well developed 4.

Exoperidium tubercular or areolate with flattened warts. Sterile base

absent 5

C. caelata.

C. lilacina.

C. gigantea.

C. saccata.

C. lepidophora.

572

CALVATIA.

Plants small, up to 7 cm. diam.

Exoperidium furfuraceous.

Sterile base present

Sterile base absent

Exoperidium tomentose, scanty, not separable.

Sterile base absent

Exoperidium of thick, pyramidal warts.

Sterile base absent

6. C. Candida.

7. C. incerta.

8. C. pachyderma.

9. C. macrogemmae.

1. Calvatia caelata (Bulliard) Morgan, [Plate XLII, fig. 1.]

Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History 12 (1890) 169.

G. H. Cunningham, Gastero. (1944) 156.

Lycoperdon caelatum Bull., Champ. 1 (1809) 156 ; Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7 (1888) 115, 481.

L. Fontanesii Dur. et Mont., FI. Alger. 1 (1849) 381.

L. javosum (Rostk.) Bon., Bot. Zeitung 15 (1857) 595.

L. Sinclairii Berk, in Herb., ex Massee, Journ. Roy. Micr. Soc. (1887) 716.

Calvatia Fontanesii (Dur. et Mont.) Lloyd, Myc. Writ. 1, Lyc. Aus. (1905) 36.

C. Sinclairii (Berk.) Lloyd, l.c., p. 37.

C. bovista (Pers.) Kambly & Lee, Univ. Iowa Stud. Nat. Hist. 17 (1936) 138, non

MacBride 1896.

Peridium 5-40 5 cm. diam., egg-shaped or depressed globose, narrowing abruptly into

a short, thick, crenulate rooting base. Exoperidium thick, membranaceous or felted,

apically granular or covered with large, pale brown to olivaceous brown, closely set,

pyramidal warts, which break away at maturity leaving the endoperidium areolate.

Endoperidium parchment-coloured, becoming thin and brittle, breaking when touched,

minutely furfuraceous, but smooth to the naked eye, pentagonally areolate, caused by the

falling away of the exoperidial warts. Dehiscence by the breaking away of the apical

portion in pieces. Sterile base small, about one-sixth of the total height, but well differ-

entiated and separated from the gleba by a well-developed diaphragm. Gleba ochraceous

at first, finally olivaceous brown, becoming very pulverulent, disintegrating when handled.

Capillitium threads olivaceous, usually thicker than diameter of spores, sparingly and

dic-hotomously branched, septate, fragmenting at maturity. Spores 3-4-5 p diam., globose

to slightly obovate when shortly apiculate, smooth, tinted to brown, epispore and wall of

large single vacuole dark.

Habitat : on the ground, occurring singly.

Distribution : North and South Africa ; North America ; Australia ; Britain ;

Europe ; New Zealand.

Specimens examined : Groenkloof, Pretoria, Nov. 1919, E. P. Phillips 12451.

This species is characterised by the finally areolate peridium, the well-defined sterile

base and diaphragm and the smooth spores. The above specimens were identified by

Lloyd as C. Fontanesii on account of the warts on the peridial wall.

2. Calvatia lilacina (Berkeley) P. Hennings, [Plate XLI, fig. 2, 3.]

Hedwigia 43 (1904) 205.

Lloyd, Myc. Writ. 1, Lyc. Aus. (1905) 35 ; Verwoerd, Ann. Univ. Stell. 3 (1925)

33 ; G. H. Cunningham, Gastero. (1944) 157.

CALVATIA.

573

Bovista lilacina Berk, et Mont., Hook. Journ. Bot. 4 (1845) 62.

Lycoperdon novae-zelaniae Lev., Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 3, 5 (1846) 164.

L. lilacinum (Mont, et Berk.) Mass., Journ. Roy. Mier. Soc. (1887) 706.

L. violascens Cooke et Massee ex Massee l.c.

L. cyathiforme Bose., Berk Mag. d. Ges. naturf. Freunde 5 (1811) 87.

Peridium up to 11 cm. diam., subglobose or subpyriform , typical plants tapering

abruptly into a well-developed, smooth or plicated base, attached by a short, thick, single

or branched rooting structure. Exoperidium finely floccose, creamy white or ochraceous,

finally chocolate, umber or bay brown (Cinnamon or Natal Brown) thin, fugacious, smooth,

sometimes areolated. Endoperidium light greyish brown (near Wood Brown) sometimes

with a metallic sheen, thin, fragile, breaking up and falling away in segments from the

upper part, i.e. above the diaphragm. Sterile base usually well-developed, persistent,

cellular, olivaceous, ochraceous or greyish to dark brown, separated from the gleba by a

usually, but not always prominent diaphragm. Gleba ochraceous grey, finally purplish,

dark grey with a purplish tinge or purplish brown, compact at first, becoming floccose and

pulverulent and often completely disappearing. Capillitium threads long, but at maturity

sometimes easily fragmenting at the septa, the pieces sometimes irregular and very much

thickened, sparingly branched, uniform, tinged violaceous or ochraceous. Spores globose,

faintly to strongly verrucose or spiny, 4—6-8 p, tinted yellowish or bay brown, with dark

epispore.

Habitat : solitary, on ground.

Distribution : South Africa ; North America ; Australia ; Canada ; Southern Europe ;

New Zealand.

Specimens examined : Maclear, C.P., P. J . Pienaar, 2134, det. Wakefield ; Maputa>

Mocambique, Aug. 1914, Dr. Breijer, 8361 ; Eagle’s Nest, Bloemfontein, March 1917,

Geo. Potts 7173, 13016 ; Pretoria, March 1925, J. Wickens, 20372, Nov. 1911, P. J. Pienaar,

1939, A. 0. D. Mogg, 23640; Matatiele, C.P., Gideon Joubert, 26852 ; Stellenbosch, Duthie

40, 31312 ; Pietermaritzburg, Natal, Jan. 1915, J. M. Sim, 8796 ; Natal, Medley Wood 408,

11147 and Kew ; Donnybrook, Natal, E. M. Doidge, 34538 ; Stella Bush, Durban, July

1917, P. v. d. Byl 543 (N.H. 695) 31901, Indian Collector (N.H. 477) 31769; Riviera,

Pretoria, May 1916, L. Kresfelder, 9795 ; Llandudno, C.P., E. L. Stephens, 34573 ; Kirsten-

bosch, L. Bolus (v. d. Byl 1669) det. Lloyd ; Rondebosch, C.P., E. L. Stephens 131 ;

Kirstenbosch, E. L. Stephens 404 ; Cape Feninsula, E. L. Stephens 550, 565, 506.

Specimens not seen : near Boschberg, MacOwan 1004, 1009 ; Stella Bush, Durban,

Indian Collector, 31769, Durban, P. v. d. Byl, 390, 391, 543 ; Stellenbosch Flats, Duthie. 42,

121, 188 (v. d. Byl 816) ; Woodbourne, Knysna, Duthie 46, 116 ; edge of Rain Forest,

Victoria Falls, S. Rhodesia, Cheesman.

This species is reported by Miss Stephens to be the commonest puff-ball in the South-

western Cape Province. It is recognised by the purplish colour of the gleba, the persistent

sterile base, which often remains attached to the substratum after the upper part has

disintegrated and is often the only part collected, the large, verrucose spores and the very

fragile nature of the mature plant. The diaphragm is not always easily distinguishable.

3. Calvatia gigantea (Batsch ex Persoon) Lloyd, [Plate XLIV, fig. 1.]

Mycological Writings 1, Mycological Notes 16 (1904) 166.

G. H. Cunningham, Gastero. (1944) 158.

Lycoperdon giganteum Batsch ex Pers. Syn. Meth. Fung. (1801) 140.

Bovista gigantea (Batsch ex Pers.) Nees, Syst. Pilze (1817) 34.

Lycoperdon bovista Fr., Syst. Myc. 3 (1829) 29.

574

GALVATIA.

Calvatia maxima (Schaeff.) Morg., Journ. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist. 12 (1890) 166.

C. bovista Macbride, Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. Univ. Iowa 4 (1896) 41.

C. primitiva Lloyd, Myc. Writ. 1, Lyc. Aus. (1905) 36.

“ Peridium subglobose, to 40 cm. diam., sessile, with a strongly developed, cord-like

basal rhizomorph, brown, thin, fragile, flaking away irregularly, exterior smooth, finely

tomentose, resembling chamois leather, cream or yellowish, fugacious ; sterile base scanty

and poorly developed, compact, frequently wanting ; diaphragm absent. Gleba yellowish,

becoming olivaceous, semi-compact ; capillitium threads long, sparingly branched, septate,

olivaceous. Spores 4-6 g diameter, epispore olivaceous, 0-75 g thick, covered with a

delicate, hyaline, gelatinous exospore, which often appears delicately verruculose ; briefly

pedicelled.” (Description after Cunningham, l.c.)

Habitat : on ground on hills.

Distribution : South Africa ; North America ; Australia ; Europe ; India ; New

Zealand.

South African Record : outside Cape Town, Thunberg.

This species is dintinguished by its large size, leathery peridium, verruculose spores

and absence of a well-developed sterile base. No specimens have been available for

examination.

4. Calvatia saccata (Yahl ex Fries) Morgan,

North American Fungi, Journal Cincinnati Society of Natural History XII, p. 171.

Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7 (1888) 128.

Lycoperdon saccatum Yahl., FI. Dan. t. 1139 ; Kalchbrenner, Grev. 10 (1882) 108 ;

Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7 (1888) 128.

Peridium 2-5-5 cm. wide, 7-5-12-5 cm. high, depressed globose, turbinate or abruptly

narrowed into a stalk-like base; base thick, 2-5 cm. or thicker, stumpy, often pitted,

attached by mycelial threads. Exoperidium very thin, consisting of erect spines or granules,

which largely disappear. Endoperidium white or greyish, later brownish, very thin and

fragile, at maturity breaking away from the upper portion in areolate fragments. Gleba

persistent — a spongy, cotton wool-like mass. Sterile base present, large, occupying the

stalk-like base. Diaphragm absent. Capillitium threads brownish-olivaceous, long,

sparingly branched, thinner than, or seldom as thick as the spore diameter, branches

thinner. Spores fuscous, warty or spiny when mature, 4-6 g diam., often pedicellate ;

pedicels thin, hyaline, 10-16 g long. (Description from two specimens ex Herb. Dr. L.

Hollos.)

Habitat : on ground.

Distribution : South Africa ; North America ; Britain ; Europe.

South African Record : in wooded country, near Somerset East, MacOwan.

This species is said to be a very variable plant with many varieties. MacOwan’s

specimens were not available for examination, therefore it is impossible to say if these are

the same plant as that described above.

5. Calvatia lepidophora (Ellis) Lloyd, [Plate XLII, fig. 2 ; XLIII.]

Mycological Writings 2, Notes to Index, No. 13 (1905-1908) 14.

Coker and Couch, Gastero. (1928) 60.

Lycoperdon lepidophorum Ell. et Everh., Myc. (1885) 88, non Peck.

CALVATIA.

575

Bovista lepidophora (Ell. et Everh.) de Toni, Sacc. Syll. Enng. 7 (1888) 1033.

Calvatia pachyderma Morgan.

Hypoblema pachyderma Lloyd, Myc. Writ. 1, Gen. Gaster, (1902) PI. 11, fig. 49.

Hypoblema lepidophora Lloyd, Myc. Writ. 1, Myc. Notes 14 (1903) 140, PI. 14.

Peridium epigeous, depressed globose or obovate, 4-5-13 cm. wide, 4-5-7 cm. high,

sessile, with a thick, cordlike rooting structure. Exoperidium up to 1 mm. thick, firm,

brittle, shell-like when dry, sometimes fairly smooth but usually rough, finely tubercular,

or divided into large, flattened, wart-like areolae, white at first, finally dirty white or tan,

caducous, splitting into sections which drop off, exposing the endoperidium. Endoperidium

pale tan (Ochraceous Tawny, Sayal Brown, Tawny) thin, membranous, smooth to finely

floccose, like kid leather to the touch, completely enclosing the compact gleba, finally

breaking away. Sterile base wanting. Gleba greenish yellow, becoming brownish-olivaceous,

pale tan or umber, forming a soft, spongy, compact mass, which remains intact for a long

time, but finally disintegrates from the outside inwards, due to the fragmenting of the

capillitium threads. Capillitium threads abundant, closely intertwined, long, thick-walled,

septate, fragmenting, sparingly branched, usually at a wide angle, greenish yellow to pale

olive brown, varying in thickness up to 10-2 y diam. Spores globose, tinted greenish to

umber, finely verruculose, 3-5-4-5 y diam., often with a conspicuous central or excentric

gutta.

Habitat : on sand^ soil, usually solitary.

Distribution : South Africa ; North America.

Specimens examined : Garstfontein, Pretoria, April 1911, P. J. Pienaar, 1468 ; Meintjes

Kop, Pretoria, May 1920, I. B. Pole Evans, 13795 ; Rietfontein, Pretoria, April 1921,

Venter, 14638 ; Matatiele, C.P., June 1935, Gideon Joubert, 28534.

This species is very near C. macrogemmae but is a larger plant and has a less warty

exoperidium. It differs from C. gigantea mainly in texture and in having a thick, rough

exoperidium. From C. caelata it differs in the lack of a sterile base and diaphragm and

in having a compact gleba.

Specimens of No. 28534 were sent to Lloyd for identification and were originally named

by him Hypoblema lepidophora. Later he decided that they were the same as Calvatia

lepidophora.

6. Calvatia Candida (Rostkovius) Hollos, [Plate XLI, fig. 1.]

Termeszetrajzi Fuezetek 25 (1902) 112.

Langermannia Candida Rostk., Sturm. Deutsch Krypt. Flora 3 (1837) 25.

Bovista tunicata Bon., Bot. Zeit. 15 (1857) 597.

Lycoperdon candidum (Rostk.) Bon., Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7 (1888) 483.

Bovista olivacea Cooke et Mass., Journ. Bot. 26 (1888) 133.

Calvatia olivacea (Cooke et Mass.) Lloyd, Myc. Writ. 1, Lyc. Aus. (1905) 37.

Lycoperdon retis Lloyd, Myc. Writ. 7, Myc. Notes 68 (1923) 1176.

Peridium up to 6 cm. high, 5-5 cm. wide, pyriform, usually narrowing abruptly to a

thick, strongly rooting base, smooth above but often crenulate at base. Exoperidium

greyish-brown, furfuraceous, fugacious. Endoperidium becoming very thin, papery, smooth

warm brown (between Tawny and Sayal Brown) at maturity breaking away in segments

576

CALYATIA.

from the apical part, exposing the spongy, interwoven gleba, which resembles a ball o

brown cotton wool. Gleba persistent, brown (nearest Tawny Olive) or pale brownish-

olivaceous (nearest Old Gold and Isabella) soft and spongy, remaining compact until it

disintegrates. Sterile base well developed, cellular, whitish at first, finally brown or olivaceous

brown. Diaphragm, absent. Capillitium threads abundant, closely interwoven, equal,

up to size of spore diameter, but usually smaller, tinted to olivaceous brown, sparsely if

septate, sparingly branched, sometimes punctate. Spores tinted, olivaceous or hyaline,

yellow ochre in mass, globose, 3-4—5 p diam., occasionally up to 6-8 p, finely verrucose,

often apiculate.

Habitat : on ground, solitary or caespitose.

Distribution : South Africa ; Australia ; Europe.

Specimens examined : under Eucalyptus trees, Pietermaritzburg, April 1911, I. B.

Pole Evans (Lloyd Myc. Coll. 34259) 1342, Kew ; in bush, Bulwer, Natal, W. G. Rump 467,

34523 ; Pietermaritzburg, J. M. Sim, 10052, W. G. Rump 710, Rietfontein, Pretoria,

Venter, 14638.

Specimens not seen : without locality, Duthie (Lloyd, Myc. Coll. 51765).

7. Calvatia incerta n. sp., [Plate XXXIX, 4th row.]

Peridio 3-7 cm. lato, 3-6 cm. alto, obovato, subgloboso, supra depresso, nitente,

superne levc basi valide plicata, in humida tempestate rubro, pallescente celeriter vel in

tempestate siccitate metallico badio, breve radicato. Exoperidio sicci fungi olivaceo,

furfuraceo, evanescente vel in vetustate saepe squamulis albidis minimis persistente.

Endoperidio rubro vel olivaceo-umbrino, leve tenui, fragili, membranaceo, in maturitate

supra mox in fragmenta irregulariter dehiscente et decidente. Gleba umbrina vel olivacea,

denum pulverulenta. Basi sterili absente. Capillitio subhvalino dein dilute olivaceo ;

floccis densissimis, plerumque levibus aequabilibusque, undulatis, vix ramosis, ad septa

secedentibus, 3-4— 8-5 p diam. Sporis globosis, nonnunquan breviter pedicellatis, 3-4 p

diam .

Hab. in locis graminosis apud pluviam multam, Benoni, leg. L. Bailey, 27339.

Peridium 3-7 cm. wide, 3-6 cm. high, obovate, subglobose, depressed at apex, shining,

smooth above, strongly plicate at base ; fresh plants scarlet in wet weather, the red colour

soon fading, metallic bay brown in dry weather ; attached by a short, thick rooting structure.

Exoperidium of dry weather plant olivaceous, furfuraceous, disappearing, or often remaining

as minute, whitish specks on old plants. Endoperidium scarlet or olivaceous-brown,

depending on weather conditions, smooth, thin, very fragile, membranaceous, dehiscing by

breaking away in irregular sections from the apical part. Gleba bay brown or olivaceous,

pulverulent, soon disintegrating. Sterile base lacking. Capillitium threads sub-hyaline to

pale olivaceous, abundant, fragmenting, usually smooth and uniform, wavy, occasionally

branched, 3 -4-8 -5 p diam. Spores globose, sometimes shortly apiculate, 3-4 a diam.

Habitat : on grassy slopes after continuous rain.

Distribution : South Africa.

Specimens examined : Benoni, Tvl., Nov. 1933, L. Bailey, 27339.

From a photograph and description of the above plant, Dr. G. H. Cunningham was

unable to connect it with any known species ; the specimen sent to him unfortunately did

not reach its destination.

LANOPILA.

577

8. Calvatia pachyderma (Peck) Morgan. [Plate XLIY, fig. 2.]

Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History (1889) 167.

Coker and Couch, Gastero. (1938) 60.

Lycoperdon pachyderma Peck, Bot. Gaz. 7 (1882) 54.

Peridium 7-5 cm. diam., subglobose, attached by a single, thick rooting structure,

partly submerged in sand. Exoperidium dirty white, scanty, tomentose, mixed with sand ,

disappearing in patches, not separable from the endoperidium. Endoperidium fairly thick,

up to 1 mm., hard, corky, dirty white or pale brown, smooth, persistent for a long time ;

dehiscence not seen but presumably by the breaking up of the apical part into segments.

Gleba bright yellowish-olivaceous (between Sulphur Yellow, Honey Yellow and Isabella

colour). Sterile base lacking. Capillitium threads almost hyaline to pale yellowish green,

branched, septate, soon fragmenting, wavy, fairly uniform, thickness up to diameter of

largest spores. Spores globose, concolorous or darker, finely verrucose, 4-6 u diam.

Habitat : solitary, in sandy soil.

Distribution : South Africa ; North and South America ; Catalina Island.

Specimen examined : Cape Province, ? E. L. Stephens, 34143.

This plant is said to very much resemble Mycenastrum corium with its hard, thick,

smooth, light-coloured peridium, but differs in having long, branched capillitium threads

without spines.

The identification of the above specimen is not at all certain, as only one plant was

available for examination. When this genus was studied, war conditions were such that

is was impossible to send specimens to the United States for Dr. Coker’s opinion.

9. Calvatia macrogemmae Lloyd.

Mycological Writings 7, Mycological Notes 68 (1922) 1122 and (1923) 1109.

Yerwoerd, Ann. Univ. Stell. 3 (1925) 33.

Peridium epigeous, 5 cm. diam., depressed-globose. Exoperidium woody, consisting of

large, thick, wart-like scales, which probably disappear with age. Endoperidium pale

brown, thin, membranaceous, brittle, smooth. Sterile base lacking. Gleba olivaceous.

Capillitium threads long, septate, branched, hyaline, 1-7-6 -8 a diam. Spores irregularly

globose or ellipsoid, smooth, hyaline to tinted, 3 -3-4 -4 X 4-4—5 y. (Description translated

from Verwoerd, l.c.)

Habitat : on ground amongst grass.

Distribution : South Africa.

Specimens examined : Natal, J. Thode (v. d. Byl 505).

Specimens not seen : without locality, v. d. Byl 80 (Lloyd Myc. Coll. 22585) Type.

4. LANOPILA Fries.

Fungi natalenses in K. Vetensk. Akad. Handlinger, Stockholm (1848) 151.

Lloyd, Myc. Writ. 1, Myc. Notes 8 (1904) 190, Myc. Writ. 7 (1923) 1177 ; Verwoerd,

Ann. Univ. Stell. 3 (1925) 24 ; Ed. Fisch., Nat. Pflanz. 7a (1933) 64.

Type Species : Lanopila Wahlbergii Fr.

578

LANOPILA.

Peridium superficial, sessile, more or less globose, becoming detached at maturity.

Bndoperidium thin, papery, brittle, finally dehiscing irregularly. Gleba a compact, elastic

mass, consisting of long, intertwined capillitium threads and globose spores. Sterile base

lacking.

This genus was proposed by Fries for a specimen sent to him from South Africa by

Wahlberg. According to Lloyd, l.c., it differs from Bovista only in the capillitium, which in

Lanopila consists of long interwoven threads and in Bovista of short, separate threads. On

the other hand, there appears to be no strict dividing line between this species and those

species of Calvatia in which the sterile base is lacking and the capillitium threads form a

compact spongy mass.

Key to the Species.

Spores verrucose

Spores smooth.

Capillitium threads smooth :

Capillitium threads punctate

1. Lanopila Wahlbergii Fr., [Plate XLV.]

Fungi Natalenses (1848) 151.

Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7 (1888) 95 ; Lloyd, Myc. Writ. 5, Letter 66 (1917) 8, Note 583,

Myc. Writ. 7 (1923) 1177 ; Verwoerd, Ann. Univ. Stell. 3 (1925) 25.

L. bicolor (Lev.) Pat., Champignons de la Guadeloupe, Bull. Soc. Myc. Fr. 15 (1899)

191 ; Sacc. Syll. Fung. 16 (1902) 240 ; Lloyd, Myc. Writ. 1, Notes 18 (1904) 180.

Bovista bicolor Lev., Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 3, 5 (1846) 162 ; Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7 (1888) 102.

Peridium, 6-6-5 cm. wide, 5-5-5 cm. high, depressed globose or subglobose, breaking

away from its point of attachment at maturity. Exoperidium thin, smooth except for

adherent grains of sand, fragile, membranaceous, falling away from the endoperidium in

small pieces, brown (between Sayal Brown and Russet) firmly adherent to endoperidium.

Endoperidium deep ochraceous or light buff (Clay to Light Buff) smooth, like kid leather

to the touch, thin, fragile, membranaceous, long permanent, finally cracking into small

areas which break away. Gleba compact, somewhat resembling cotton wool, floccose,

greyish brown (Buffy Brown, Snuff Brown). Capillitium abundant, threads long, inter-

woven, branched, almost hyaline to deep olivaceotfs, smooth, sparsely septate, thickness

variable, less than to greater than diameter of spores. Spores dark brown, globose, finely

or strongly verrucose, 5-7 p diam.

Habitat : solitary in sandy soil.

Distribution : South Africa ; South America ; Belgian Congo ; Ceylon ; Cuba ;

India ; West Indies ; Mexico.

Specimens examined : Durban, April 1919, A. M. Bottomley, 12254 ; near Mafeking,

C.P., Sept. 1934, I. B. Pole Evans, 27500 ; Durban, v. d. Byl 314.

Specimens not seen : Durban, Wahlberg ; Knysna, C.P., Duthie 241 as L. bicolor.

In specimen No. 27500, the brown exoperidium is present on the basal half, forming

a distinct contrast with the light buff coloured upper half. Such a specimen well justifies

Lcveille’s specific name “ bicolor

2. Lanopila Radloffiana Verwoerd.

Annale Universiteit Stellenbosch 3 (1925) 25.

Peridium 3 cm. diam., superficial, more or less globose, slightly pointed at the base.

Sterile base wanting. Exoperidium single, smooth, more or less papery, pale amber, falling

1. L. Wahlbergii.

2. L. Radloffiana.

3. L. capensis.

BOVISTA.

579

away and exposing an amber coloured gleba. Capillitium threads long, 1-7-3- 4 p diam.,

more or less hyaline, branched, intertwined and forming a homogeneous, elastic mass,

septate, slightly enlarged at the septa, smooth. Spores globose, smooth, light coloured,

3-4-3-8 a diam. (Description translated from that of Yerwoerd, l.c.)

Habitat : solitary in sandy soil.

Distribution : South Africa.

Specimen examined : Winburg, O.F.S., Miss Radloff (v. d. Byl 1439) Type.

This is the only collection on record.

3. Lanopila capensis Lloyd.

Mycological Writings 7, Mycological Notes 68 (1923) 1177.

Verwoerd, Ann. Univ. Stell. 3 (1925) 25.

Peridium 3-5 cm. diam., superficial, more or less globose, with a small, sterile base.

Exoperidium single, smooth, thin, papery, brown. Gleba dark brown. Capillitium threads

long, up to 7-2 p diam., brownish-olivaceous, usually finely punctate and with a watered

appearance, septate but fragmenting at the septa, sparsely branched. Spores 3 -4-4 -5 p

diam., globose, often with a short pedicel, almost hyaline to light brownish-olivaceous with

a dark wall, smooth or subtly verruculose, usually with one large central or excentric dark

bordered vacuole. (Description ex Verwoerd, l.c.)

Habitat : Solitary, in sandy soil.

Distribution : South Africa.

Specimen examined : Papegaaisberg, Stellenbosch, C.P., June 1921, Duthie 304, 31472,

part of Type (Lloyd Myc. Coll. 7567, Type).

The species is recognised by the punctate, watered appearance of the capillitium threads.

BOVISTA Dillenius ex Persoon.

Synopsis Methodica Fungorum (1801) 136.

Globaria Quel., Mem. Soc. Emulat. de Montbeliard 2 Ser. 5 (1871-75) 370.

Sackeu Rostk., in Sturm, Deutschl. Flora, III Abt., 5 (1839) 33.

Bovistella Morgan, Journ. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist. 14 (1892) 145.

Type Species : Bovista plumbea Pers.

Plants globose, subglobose or pyrifonr, provided or not with a well-developed rooting

base, becoming detached or not from the substratum at maturity. Exoperidium thin,

fragile, partially or entirely disappearing at maturity. Endoperidium thin, firm, often

metallic-looking, smooth or finely warted, dehiscing by an apical pore. Sterile base present

or absent. Capillitium of free threads, each consisting of a thick stem which branches

dichotomously or irregularly into thinner, acuminate branches. Spores coloured, globose,

obovate or elliptical, smooth or rough, pedicellate or not.

The characteristic feature of this genus is the capillitium threads, which consist

of a thick stem with usually dichotomous branches.

In his recent work on the Gasteromycetes (1944) 142 Cunningham rejects the genu

Bovistella on the grounds that collections of Bovista brunnea and Bovistella bovistoide

580

BOVISTA.

examined by him could be placed under either genus, since plants in the same collection

may be with or without a rooting base and growing attached or free. He therefore sinks

Morgan’s genus Bovistella under Bovista Dill. ex. Pers. Cunningham’s arrangement is

followed here.

Key to the Species.

Spores broadly oval, 4x6 p 1. B. oblongispora.

Spores globose, 3-5-2 p.

Endoperidium yellow 2. B. citrina.

Endoperidium brown 3. B. umbrina.

1. Bovista oblongispora (Lloyd) n. comb.

Bovistella oblongispora Lloyd, Myc. Writ. 5, Myc. Notes 45 (1917) 632 ; Yerwoerd,

Ann. Univ. Stell. 3 (1925) 29.

Peridium 1-2 cm. diam, subglobose. Bxoperidium furfuraceous. Endoperidium thin.

Gleba compact, olive then umber. Sterile base wanting. Capillitium threads deep coloured,

long, intertwined, much branched, about 3 p diam. Spores 4x6^, oblong, deep coloured,

smooth, with a short, thick, permanent, subhyaline pedicel, 4-5 p long. (Description ex

Lloyd, l.c.).

Habitat : on ground.

Distribution : South Africa.

South African Record : Belvidere, Knysna, Duthie 99 (Lloyd Myc. Coll. 30756, Type).

No specimen was lodged in any South African Herbarium.

2. Bovista citrina (Berkeley & Broome) n. comb.

Lycoperdon citrinum Berk. & Broome, Journ. Linn. Soc. 14 (1873) 80.

Bovistella citrina (Berk. & Br.) Lloyd in Petch, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard., Peradeniya 7

(1919) 71.

Peridium up to 4 cm. diam., globose or depressed globose, sometimes lacunose below,

usually arising from a stout, cord-like mycelium. Exoperidium delicate, of minute white

spines or warts, which may disappear or persist in the form of minute warts. Endoperidium

becoming thin and papery, lemon yellow, pale towards base ; old specimens dark red-brown

when moist, drying to dark shining olive, covered with minute, deep red-brown, or almost

black warts. Gleba olive. Sterile base wanting. Capillitium threads yellow-brown, stout,

thick-walled, 3-10 p diam., branching usually at a wide angle, with occasional septa above

the forks. Spores globose, 3-4 p diam., pale olive, very minutely echinulate, with hyaline

pedicels up to 16 p long.

Habitat : on ground.

Distribution : Ceylon ; South Africa.

South African specimens : Salisbury, S. Rhodesia, Eyles 7219, 7221, Kew.

This species is characterised by the lemon yellow colour of the endoperidium of the

growing plant and the inconspicuous, very delicate exoperidium of minute white spines or

warts.

3. Bovista umbrina n. sp.

Peridio subgloboso 2-5-3 cm. diam., basi valde radiciformi, 1-1-5 cm. diam. praedito.

Exoperidio umbrino, in siccitate fere toto evanescente vel minimis floccis squamulis in

depressionibus obscuris persistente. Endoperidio umbrino, plumbeo-purpureo tincto,

MYCENASTRUM.

581

tenui, levi, ostiolo lacero, usque 6 mm. diam. dehiscenti, basi sterili nulla. Gleba purpureo-

umbrina. Capillitio e filamentis pallide usque valde brunneis, plus minusve dichotomi-

ramosis, levis, 2-10-2 p diam. formato. Sporis globosis, late ellipsoidis v. obovatis umbrinis,

levis vel obscure verruculosis, 3-5-2 p diam., pedicellatis, pedicellis tenuibus, obscure

coloratis, usque ad 18.7 p longis.

Hab. in sylvis, Woodbush, Zoutpansberg, leg. Noel Roberts, 5659.

Peridium subglobose, 2-5-3 cm. diam., attached by a well-developed, subglobose to

obconical rooting base 1-1-5 cm. diam. Exoperidium umber brown, either disappearing

entirely or persisting as minute, floccose scales seated in small, closely set, areolate depressions

hardly visible to the naked eye. Endoperidium between Bone Brown and Fuscous, with

a purplish metallic sheen, thin, smooth to faintly pitted, dehiscing by an irregular torn

mouth, up to 6 mm. across. Sterile base absent. Gleba chocolate brown with a purplish

tinge (nearest Mars Brown). Capillitium threads pale to dark bay brown, sparsely to

freely branched, smooth, thick- walled, 2-10-2 p diam. Spores globose, broadly oval or

obovate, dark brown, 1-vacuolate, smooth or obscurely verruculose, 3-5-2 p diam., pedi-

cellate. Pedicels tinted, slender, slightly acuminate, long, up to 18-7 p.

Habitat : in forest.

Distribution : South Africa.

Specimens examined : Woodbush, Zoutpansberg, Tvl., Jan. 1913, Rev. N. Roberts, 5659.

I am indebted to Mr. P. H. B. Talbot for comparing this species with other Bovista

species at Kew and for the following note “ In colour this species is near B. plumbea,

B. nigrescens, B. ovalispora and B. brunnea but is distinct from all these by the possession

of a finely warted peridium and by spores with longer and stouter pedicels apart from any

other considerations. Kew has no specimens of B. purpurea which, by its description in

Cunningham’s ‘ Glasteromycetes of Australia and New Zealand ’ is close to No. 5659, but

possesses a smooth peridium.” On Miss Wakefield’s suggestion, the South African plant

has been described as a new species.

MYCENASTRUM Desyaux.

Annales des Sciences Naturelles Ser. II, 17 (1842) 143.

Endoneuron Czern., Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat., Moscou 18 (1845) 151.

Pachyderma Schulz, Verb. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien 25 (1875) 79.

Type Species : Mycenastrum coriurn (Guers.) Desv.

Peridium subglobose, obovate or irregular when caespitose, up to 20 cm. across ; outer

wall consisting of two layers, a thin, floccose, deciduous exoperidium and a thick, hard,

sub-woody endoperidium which dehisces in a stellate manner or by the breaking away of

portions of the upper parts of the plant ; attached to the ground by a thick root-like structure

frord which it soon becomes detached. Gleba greenish yellow, olivaceous, finally umber,

pulverulent. Capillitium threads coarse, abundant, short with acuminately pointed ends,

branched, non-septate, all parts covered with short, spiny processes. Spores globose or

broadly elliptical, brown, nearly smooth to coarsely echinulate.

This genus contains a single cosmopolitan species, of which the original plant came

from France and was named Lycoperdon coriurn by Guersent in 1815. The plant very much

resembles a Scleroderma in outward appearance and has often been mistaken for it, but

the characteristic spiny capillitium serves to distinguish it from this genus. Other dis-

tinguishing features are the sub- woody endoperidium and the method of dehiscence.

582

MYCENASTRUM.

Mycenastrum corium (Guersent ex D.C.) Desvaux, [Plate LXV.]

Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Ser. II, 17 (1842) 147.

Berkeley, Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 2 (1843) 418 ; Verwoerd, Ann. Univ. Stell. 3

(1925) 26; G. H. Cunningham, Gastero. (1944) 135.

Lycoperdon corium Guers., D.C., FI. Fr. suppl. 2 (1815) 598.

Bovista suberosa Fr., Syst. Myc. 3 (1829) 26.

Scleroderma corium Grev., Duby, Bot. Gall. 2 (1830) 892.

Mycenastrum phaeotrichum Berk., Hook. Journ. Bot. 2 (1843) 418.

M. chilense Mont., Ann. Sci. Nat., Ser. 2, 20 (1843) 375.

Endoneuron suberosum Czern., Bull. Soc. Imp. Moscou 18 (1845) 152.

Sterrebeckia Geaster Fr., Fung. nat. (1848) 30.

Mycenastrum leptodermeum Dur., FI. Alg. (1849) 386.

M. radicatum Dur., l.c., p. 387.

M. Beccarii Pass., Nuov. Giorn. 7 (1875) 183.

Pachyderma Strossmayeri Schulz, Verb. Zool. Bot. Ges., Wien, 25 (1875) 79.

Mycenastrum clausum Schulz, Mycol. Beitr., Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien 27 (1877) 114.

Bovista spinulosa Peck, Bot. Gaz. 3 (1879) 170.

Mycenastrum spinulosum Peck, 33rd Rept., Bot. Gaz. 6 (1883) 240.

M. olivaceum Cooke et Massee, Grev. 16 (1887) 33.

Scleroderma phaeotrichum (Berk.) de Toni, Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7 (1888) 139.

S. chilense (Mont.) de Toni, Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7 (1888) 139.

S. spinulosum (Peck) de Toni, Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7 (1888) 141.

S. radicatum (Dur.) de Toni, Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7 (1888) 141.

S. leptodermeum (Dur. et Mont.) de Toni, Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7 (1888) 141.

5. Beccarii (Pass.) de Toni, Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7 (1888) 142.

S. olivaceum (Cooke et Mass.) de Toni, Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7 (1888) 142.

Peridium globose, subglobose, obovate or irregular when caespitose, often plicate at

the base, up to 14 cm. across unexpanded, 20 cm. expanded, attached by a thick, rootlike

structure, from which it soon breaks away and tumbles in the manner of a Bovista.

Exoperidium whitish, floccose, slowly fugacious. Endoperidium 2-5 mm. thick, smooth,

greyish or parchment colour, finally umber brown, at maturity usually splitting from the

apex downwards into unequal rays, the apices of which usually bend back and often become

recurved, or breaking away in pieces from the upper portion. Gleba without sterile base,

greenish-yellow, becoming olivaceous then umber, pulverulent but remaining intact for

some time after expansion of the endoperidium. Capillitium threads abundant, thick,

up to at least 14 // diam , hyaline to yellow -olivaceous or olive brown, short, pointed at

the ends, sparsely to freely short-branched, sometimes in a dichotomous manner, all parts,

but especially the ends, thickly, or only occasionally covered with short, thorn-like, simple

or branched spines. In immature specimens, the capillitium is mixed with tramal remains

and hyaline to brown, simple or branched hvphae which occur singly or in strands. Spores

globose or broadly oval, 10- 2-13- 6 /z, dark brown or lighter, with a thick, dark wall, almost

smooth to coarsely echinulate-reticulate.

Habitat : on the ground, occurring singly, in small groups or caespitose

Distribution : South Africa ; North America ; Asia ; Australia ; Europe ; India ;

New Zealand.

BROOMEIA.

583

Specimens examined : near Platrivier, Pretoria Distr , Nov. 1913, P. J . Pienaar, 9305 ;

Burghersdorp, April 1916, Gideon Joubert, 9687 ; Sevenfontein, nr. Swellendam, I. B. Pole

Evans , 12178 ; Pretoria, 7. B. Pole Evans, 12899 ; Irene, May 1927, 7. B. Pole Evans,

21927 ; near Grahamstown, Nov. 1929, Hewitt, 24899 ; Marikana, Rustenburg Distr., Tvl.,

March 1932, A. M. Bottomley, 26638 ; nr. Heidelberg, Tvl , May 1937, J. M. Murray, 28819 ;

Port Elizabeth, Dec. 1936, E. Haslem, 28863 ; Brenton, Knysna, A. V. Duthie 319, 31484,

321 (v. d. Byl 1089), 31503 ; banks of Limpopo River, west of Messina, 7. B. Pole Evans,

33244 ; Huisrivierberg, CP.., Jan. 1923, v. d. Byl 1071 as Myriostoma coliformis ; Stellen-

bosch, D. Loseby (E.L.S. 84)

Specimens not seen : nr. Uitenhage, Zeyher 90 ; on ground, Durban, Wahlberg ; Ermelo,

Brink (v. d. Byl 1094) ; Clan william, Duthie 166 ; Brandfort, Verwoerd (Stell. 224 ; v. d.

Byl 2080) ; Wolmaransstad, Niewoudt (Stell. 565).

7. BROOMEIA Berkeley.

Hooker’s London Journal of Botany 3 (1844) 193.

Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7 (1888) 94 ; Pole Evans and Bottomley, Trans. Roy. Soc. S-

Africa 7, pt. 3 (1919) 189 ; Murray, Journ. Linn. Soc. 20 (1884) 311 ; Fischer*

Nat. Pflanz. 7a (1933) 68 ; Lloyd, Myc. Writ. 6 (1920) 917 ; Verwoerd, Ann-

Univ. Stell. 3 (1925) 34.

Fruiting bodies in clusters, few to numerous, closely aggregated together on a corky

stroma, the upper surface of which is divided into alveolae, in each of which is embedded

a single peridium, the walls of an alveola forming ( shallow upright ridges between the

individual peridia. Peridia originally covered by a universal exoperidium, which gradually

disintegrates, finally disappearing altogether. Endoperidium thin, membranaceous, sessile,

dehiscing by a conical, fimbriate mouth.

The genus Broomeia is known only from Southern Africa, where it was first collected

by J. Backhouse in 1838 in the Albany district and described by Berkeley in 1944, being

named in honour of the botanist, C. E. Broome. Only two authentic species of this genus

are known, viz. B. congregata Berk., the type species and B. ellipsospora v. Hohn. A third

species, B. guadaloupensis Lev. from Guadaloupe, of which no specimen exists, is said to

be almost certainly Diplocystis Wrightii Berk. & Curt., which also occurs in Guadaloupe.

Key to the Species.

Stroma thick, columnar. Spores globose 1. B. congregata.

Stroma thin, horizontal, with edge incurved over the outer row of peridia, forming

a margin round the cluster.

Spores elliptical 2. B. ellipsospora.

1. Broomeia congregata Berkeley, [Plate XLVI ; XL VII, fig. 1, 2 ; XLVIII, fig. 2.]

Hooker’s London Journ. Bot. 3 (1944) 193.

Murray, Journ. Linn. Soc. 20 (1884) 311 ; Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7 (1888) 93 ; Lloyd,

Myc. Writ. 1, Myc. Notes 18 (1904) 193 ; Pole Evans & Bottomley, Trans. Roy

Soc. S. Africa 7, Pt. 3 (1919) 191 ; Verwoerd, Ann. Univ. Stell. 3 (1925) 34 ;

Fischer, Nat. Pflanz. 7a (1933) 68.

Fruiting bodies in irregular clusters, 3-17 cm. diam., 1-5-10 cm. thick, consisting of

8 to over 900 peridia closely aggregated together on the surface of a massive, white, more

or less columnar, wedge-shaped or irregular corky stroma. Surface of stroma divided into

roundish or usually more or less pentagonal alveolae up to 15 mm. diam., in which the

584

BROOMEIA.

peridia are embedded one sixth to a quarter of their height, the raised walls of the alveolae,

1-3 mm. high forming common dividing ridges between the individual peridia. The whole

cluster of peridia is originally covered by a thin, white, membranaceous exoperidium, which

appears to arise from the stroma at the base of the outer row of peridia and often to follow

the outline of the individual peridia, extending between them as a floccose substance.

Disintegration of the exoperidium takes place from the centre of the cluster towards the

periphery, exposing first the mouths, then the remainder of the peridia. Mature plants

are completely devoid of the exoperidium. Stroma solid, corky, more or less flattened or

dome shaped at the apex, white except towards the base of the peridia, where it is tinged

with mauvy pink. The core of the stroma sometimes breaks away, leaving an irregular

hollow base. Endoperidium in young stage mauvy pink (Russet Yinaceous then Vinaceous

Russet) finally dark brown (Cinnamon Brown, Mars Brown) sometimes whitish, due to the

remains of the exoperidium ; subglobose, ovate, turbinate, or, when tightly packed, angular,

obovate, usually longer than wide, but occasionally wider than long ; size varying from

15 X 12 mm. to 6 X 3 mm. or 7 X 9 mm., sessile, embedded in base of alveolae ; dehiscing

by a round or elliptical, dark, fimbriate mouth which is seated on a slightly depressed area.

Gleba brown to umber (Verona Brown, Warm Sepia) usually completely filling the endo-

peridium. Columella lacking. Capillitium almost hyaline to dark brown, varying in

thickness up to more than diameter of spores, sparsely if at all septate, sparingly branched,

almost smooth and regular or wavy, irregularly angled and thickened or nodulose. Spores

finely to strongly echinulate, globose to rounded elliptic, 6-8-S-5 X 5- 1-6-8 y. Common

size 6-7 p.

Habitat : often either on, or in close proximity to the base of living Acacia trees. Such

trees often show gumming, but the association is not clear. Also found under other trees

and occasionally on cattle manure. The fungus can often be detected by its characteristic

smell, said to resemble aniseed.

Distribution : South Africa.

Specimens examined: on trunk of Acacia karroo, Groenkloof, Pretoria, Dec. 19J4,

1. B. Pole Evans, 8760 ; under Acacia Karroo, Pretoria, Dec. 1914, Bischoff, 8758, A. J. T .

Janse, 13023, Feb. 1935, B. Louwrens, 28256, Feb. 1936, A. M. Bottomley, 28655 ; Mquanduli

Distr., Transkei, 1900, A. Pegler 643, 11801 ; under trees, Kimberley, July 1921, C. M' wbraij,

14863 ; Meintjes Kop, Pretoria, July 1925, L. Goldblatt, 20441 ; in wattle plantation,

Maritzburg, T. R. Sim, April 1919, 11855 ; in poplar bush, Potchefstroom, Tvl., Aug. 1933,

A. P. Goossens, 27807 ; on cattle manure, Kroonstad, May 1929, J . W. Pont, 25341 ; habitat

unknown, Mangwendi, S. Rhodesia, Mrs. Flemming (Evles 2763) 14254 ; Glen, O.F.S.,

July 1935, J. Sellschop, 28272 ; Rietvlei, nr. Pretoria, May 1939, J. P. H. Acocks, 30754 ;

Empangeni, Natal, April 1922, H. H. Curson, 17275 ; on soil, Rust der Winter, Warmbaths,

1936, 7. B. Pole Evans, 28722.

Specimens not seen : Boschberg, C.P., 1876, MacOwan (S.A.M. 35073) ; Albany Distr.,

Backhouse, 1838, Type-, S.W. Africa, Dinter ; Umtata, A. Pegler (E. L. Stephens 454 ex.

Dr. Kolbe’s Herb.) ; under Acacia trees, banks of Klein Vis Rivier, nr. Somerset East,

MacOwan, Kew ; habitat not known, Inanda, Natal, Medley Wood 426, ex. herb. M. C.

Cooke, Kew ; Durban, Medley Wood ; Port Elizabeth, ex herb. Hooker, Kew , Damaraland,

Capt. Een, 1879, Brit. Mus. and Herb. Kew ; without locality, E. L. Stephens 174, 454.

2. Broomeia ellipsospora v. Hohnel, [Plate XLVII, fig. 3, 4 ;

Oesterr. bot. Zeitschr. (1905) 99.

Lloyd, Mvc. Writ. 6 (1920) 918, (1921) 1048 ; Sacc. Syll. Fung. 21 (1915) 479

Verwoerd, Ann. Univ. Stell. 3 (1925) 34.

Diplocystis Junodii Pole Evans & Bottomley, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Africa 7 (1919) 189.

BROOMEIA.

585

Fruiting bodies in more or less round or irregular clusters, 2-7 cm. long by 1-5 cm.

wide by 2-3 cm. thick, sub-hygroscopic, swelling considerably when wet, no rooting structure

seen, the whole under surface resting on top of the soil when found ; consisting of few to

many peridia (K80 counted) closely aggregated together on a thin, cinnamon brown, sub-

woody to punky, saucer-shaped stroma, the edge of which is erect, acute, toothed and

incurved over the outer row of peridia, forming a permanent margin around the cluster.

Upper surface of stroma divided into sub-globose or pentagonal walled alveolae, each

containing a single peridium. Peridia separated from each other by the common alveolar

walls, which are up to 5 mm. high, often dentate and on a level with the edge of the stroma.

Under surface of stroma with rounded protruberances caused by the sunken bases of the

alveolae in the upper surface, originally invested with a thin, pale smoke grey or brown

cortical layer, which breaks away near the base of the turned-up edge, exposing the

cinnamon brown (Mikado Brown) obscurely floccose, corky, inner layer. In some cases

two layers appear to be present. Exoperidium : no young plant seen, but the appearance

of several mature specimens in which fragments of tissue remain, indicate that this is white,

membranous, and, in the young plant, covers the entire cluster of peridia, finally disappearing

completely. Endoperidium . slightly but firmly embedded in the base of the alveola, sub-

globose or oval, sessile, slightly scabrous or finely floccose, grey or brown, with a conical,

sharp-pointed, fimbriate, usually darker-coloured peristome, which is either continuous

with the rest of the peridium, or seated on a slightly depressed, lighter coloured ring.

Capillitium threads abundant, thin to size of longer diameter of the spore, fairly uniform,

wavy, smooth to nodulose, occasionally branched, not or seldom septate, hyaline to pale

brown. Spores pale brown with dark epispore, elliptical, occasionally sub-globose or boat-

shaped, smooth; punctate and rough, 6-8-5 X 3-5-5 p.

Habitat : on sand or sandy soil.

Distribution : South Africa.

Specimens examined: Lourem^o Marques, Mozambique, H . Junod, 11012, Borle,

Aug. 1920, 14109 ; Rikatli, Mozambique, 1917, H. Junod, 23194, May 1919, H. Junod,

12169 ; Silikats Nek, Magaliesberg, Mav 1933, H. Schweickerdt, 26700 ; Potgietersrust,

April 1940, E. de Villiers, 31287 ; Middelburg, Tvl., R. A. Dyer, 30503 ; between Dealesville

and Hertzogville, O.F.S., Aug. 1944, V . C. Green, 34355 ; ? South- West Africa, R. Marloth,

26617 ; Brandberg Mts., N.E. of Cape Cross, S.W.A., Jan. 1933, N. J . G. Smith 401, 27510,,

found growing next to W elwitschia plants under extreme drought conditions ; near Kimberley

J . H. Power (E. L. Stephens 403) ; 20 miles s.w. of Marienthal, S.W.A., R. H. M. Smithers

(E. L. Stephens 412 ; S.A.M. 52051).

Specimens not seen : South Africa, without locality, Holub, Type ; Upington, Miss

Wilman (E. L. Stephens 567).

Diplocystis, the genus nearest to Broomeia and not known to occur in South Africa,

is represented by but one authentic species, viz. D. Wrightii Berk. et Curt. (Plate XLVIII, fig. 1).

It differs from Broomeia mainly in having a separate exoperidium to each individual

peridium instead of a universal one to the whole cluster, in the separation of the peridia by

individual cup-like exoperidial structures instead of by alveolar ridges common to adjacent

peridia, and in having an indefinite aperture instead of a well-defined conical mouth.

At the time Diplocystis Junodii was described as a new species of this genus (l.c.) no

specimen or illustration of either D. Wrightii Berk. & Curt. (Plate XLVIII, fig. 1) or of

Broomeia ellipsospora v. Hohn. had been seen. Although it was suggested that, judging

from the description, our fungus might be the same as the latter, the thin stroma with its

persistent turned-up edge differed so considerably from the massive, irregular stroma of

Broomeia congregata that this character seemed sufficiently important to justify excluding

it from Broomeia and referring it to Diplocystis. The importance of the exoperidial

characters was not realised until the late C. 6. Lloyd forwarded specimens of D. Wrightii,

586

GEASTRUM.

making possible a comparison of the latter with B. congregata and ! D. Junodii ’. Lloyd

pointed out, at the time of sending the specimens, that the latter was the same as von

Hohnel’s B. ellipsospora, and after seeing specimens of D. Wrightii and an illustration of

B. ellipsospora, there was no doubt about the matter.

In the paper cited, Diplocystis was separated from Broomeia on the stroma characters,

but after having examined specimens of D. Wrightii, I am of the opinion that the exoperidial

characters are of more importance, and have therefore reverted to these as a basis of

demarcation between the two genera. B. congregata and B. ellipsospora are very divergent

species, but have more affinity for each other than either has for D. Wrightii.

I have followed Fischer (Nat. Pflanz. 7a, 1933 : 68) and Coker and Couch (Gestero.

1928 : 143) in placing the genera Broomeia and Diplocystis in the Lycoperdaceae. The

original structure of the gleba yet remains to be determined, but the presence of tramal

remains suggests the original presence of chambers.

Geastreae.

Peridium of four layers, the outer three closely adnate and splitting from the apex

downwards in a stellate manner into a number of pointed segments or rays, exposing the

globose or subglobose inner peridium, which dehisces by one or more apical pores. As in

the case of Lycoperdon, the inner peridium encloses the capillitium threads which are

attached to its inner wall, or to a small columella, when present, and the globose, usually

verrucose spores.

There are only two genera in the Geastreae, Geastrum and M yriostoma, both of which

are represented in Southern Africa. Myriostoma differs from Geastrum in dehiscing by

several mouths instead of one and in having several pedicels and columellas instead of one

of each (when present) as in Geastrum.

8. GEASTRUM Persoon.

Synopsis Methodica Fungorum (1801) 131.

Plecostoma Desv., Journ. de Bot. 2 (1809) 97.

Diploderma Link, Mag. Ges. Nat. Freunde 7 (1816) 44 pp.

Geaster Micheli ex Fries, Syst. Myc. 3 (1829) 8.

Cycloderma Klotzsch, Linnaea 8 (1832) 203.

Astraeus Morgan, Journ. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist. 12 (1889) 19.

Myceliostroma P. Henn., Hedwigia 43 (1904) 185.

Type Species : Geastrum coronaturn pers.

Unexpanded plant globose, subglobose or ovate with a short or long point. Exoperidium

hygroscopic or not, consisting of three layers— an external or mycelial layer, a middle or

fibrous layer and an inner or fleshy layer — - at first closely surrounding the inner or endo-

peridium, but at maturity splitting from the apex downwards, to about the middle, into a

number of pointed segments or rays. The rays may become expanded to form a star-

shaped structure from which the genus derives its name, or they may become recurved.

In one section of plants with recurved rays, the fleshy and fibrous layers separate from the

mycelial layer and, remaining attached only at the tips, become arched above it, leaving

it behind in the substratum as a membranaceous cuplike structure. Such a condition is

known as fornicate. The inner peridium is globose to subglobose, thin, membranaceous,

smooth or variously roughened, stalked or sessile and dehisces by a single apical mouth.

The latter may be little more than a torn aperture, when it is said to be indefinite, or it

GEASTRUM.

587

may be fimbriate, fibrillose or furrowed (sulcate) on a definite, usually circular area or

peristome, outlined or not by a margin. In some species there is a circular swelling at the

base of the endoperidium, just above the pedicel, known as an apophysis. The gleba

contained in the endoperidium consists of simple, non-septate, pale to dark brown capillitium

threads and globose, obscurely to strongly verrucose, brown spores.

Many species of geasters have been described, but it is believed that not more than

about eighteen are found in Southern Africa.

Cunningham, Coker and Couch and others have been followed in classifying the species

of Geastrum on mouth characters.

Key to the Species.

Mouth with a peristome.

Mouth sulcate ;

Exoperidium not hygroscopic

Pedicel and mouth typically long and slender

Base of endoperidium smooth, striate or plicate ; plants

usually large 1 .

Base of peridium with a collar-like ring or apophysis 2.

Pedicel and mouth typically short, plants small 3.

Exoperidium hygroscopic.

Endoperidium pedicellate 4.

Endoperidium typically sessile 5.

Mouth fibrillose ;

Exoperidium not hygroscopic

Endoperidium pedicellate

Exeperidium typically fornicate

Mouth fibrillose-fimbriate with depressed circular margin 6.

Mouth coarsely fibrillose to sulcate without circular de-

pressed margin 7.

Exoperidium typically recurved or expanded

Plants usually small 8.

Plants usually large 9.

Endoperidium sessile ;

Exoperidium externally more or less glabrous, rays typically

acuminate ; plants and spores typically large 10.

Exoperidium externally usually felted or strigose-tomentose,

rays typically wedge-shaped.

Exoperidium typically fully expanded, tips often reflexed 11.

Exoperidium deeply saccate, tips often sub-erect.

Plants small, often caespitose ; exoperidium light

coloured 12.

Plants medium, exoperidium dark 13.

Exoperidium hygroscopic

Endoperidium pedicellate 14.

Endoperidium sessile 15.

Mouth without a peristome.

Exoperidium not hygroscopic

Endoperidium pedicellate

Exoperidium fornicate, endoperidium smooth 16.

Exoperidium recurved, endoperidium asperate 17.

Exoperidium hygroscopic

Spores 6-7 p; plants usually small 18.

Spores 8-10 p; plants usually large and woody 19.

G. pectinatum.

G. Bryantii.

G. nanum.

G. campestre.

G. ambiguum.

G. quadrifidum.

G. dissimile.

G. minimum.

G. limbatum.

G. triplex.

G. saccatum.

G. mirabile.

G. velutinum.

G. arenarium.

G. mammosum.

G. fornicatum.

G. Hieronymi.

G. floriforme.

G. hygrometricum.

588

GEASTRUM.

1. Geastrum pectinatum Persoon, [Plate XLIX, fig. 1-4.]

Synopsis Methodica Fungorum (1801) 132.

Lloyd, Geastreae in Myc. Writ. 1 (1902) 15 ; Hollos, Gastero. Ung. (1904) 55, 152 ;

G. H. Cunn., Gastero. (1944) 162.

Geaster plicatus Berk., Ann. Nat. Hist. 3 (1839) 339.

G. tenuipes Berk, in Hook. Journ. Bot. 12 (1848) 576.

G. calyculatus Fuckel, Symb. Myc. (1869) 37.

G. Schmidelii Massee, Monogr. Brit. Gastero. in Annals Bot. 4 (1889) 78, non Yittadini.

Unexpanded plant subglobose, submerged then superficial, ochraceous, covered with

adhering debris. Exoperidium 2-5-5 cm. diam., split to about the middle into 6-10

subequal, acute rays, which are typically recurved, but may be more or less expanded

with incurved tips ; fleshy layer thin, ochraceous-brown, greyish-brown, chestnut, umber,

adnate and continuous or cracking irregularly and peeling off in patches exposing the

ochraceous fibrous layer, sometimes leaving the latter quite bare ; mycelial layer adnate,

covered with adhering debris, which is usually persistent. Base concave to vaulted.

Endoperidium 0-7-1 -8 cm. diam., pedicellate, subglobose, depressed globose or urn-shaped,

greyish brown, pale reddish brown, dove-grey, rusty-black ; smooth, striate or slightly to

deeply sulcate at the base ; furrows at base and mouth often covered at first with ochraceous-

brown, woolly tomentum ; with or without an apophysis ; often farinose ; pedicel typically

long and slender (up to 5 mm.) often surrounded by a collar — the remains of the mycelial

layer, which breaks away on expansion. Mouth typically long (up to 1 cm.) beaked, slender,

deeply sulcate, concolorous or paler or darker than the remainder of the endoperidium,

seated upon a definite, circular, depressed peristome, of which the margin is sometimes

raised. Columella not seen. Gleba umber brown. Capillitium threads sometimes branched,

tinted to pale brown, thicker and paler than average spore. Spores dark brown, globose,

strongly verrucose, 3 -5-5-1 y diam.

Habitat : solitary or gregarious, amongst humus.

Distribution : South Africa ; Australia ; Ceylon ; India ; Tasmania ; New Zealand.

Specimens examined : Fountains, Pretoria, Jan. 1919, K. A. Lansdell, 11807 ; Feb.

1920, J . C. Howletl, 12789, det. Lloyd ; April 1921, C. Punt, 14513 ; April 1921, A. M.

Bottomley, 14515a ; Silverton, Pretoria, March 1928, L. Reinecke, 23202 ; Johannesburg,

E. Dyke, 26587 ; Xumeni Forest, Donnybrook, Natal, June-Julv 1935, E. M. Doidge,

28905 ; Jan. 1935, 28904 ; Stellenbosch, Oct. 1921, P. v. d. Byl 479 ; Bosfontein Kloof,

Rustenburg Dist., May 1939, E. M. Doidge & A. M. Bottomley, 35120; Garstfontein,

Pretoria, April 1911, E. M. Doidge, 1337, Kew as G. tenuipes ; Meintjes Kop, Pretoria,

March 1905, A. M. Bottomley, 20388 ; Kirstenbosch, M. Levyns (E.L.S. 87) ; nr. Stikland,

C.P., J. P. H. Acocks, July 1932 (E.L.S. 141 ; nr. Rhodes Memorial, June 1934, J . P. H.

Acocks (E.L.S. 346) ; Newlands, Woods (E.L.S. 425.)

Specimens not seen : Tarkastad, C.P., N. J. G. Smith 33b ; Stellenbosch, L. Verwoerd

(v. d. Byl 2032); Queenstown, C.P., F. Pope (N. J. G. Sm. G. 97).

This species is recognised by its long, slender pedicel and usually long, beaked, sulcate

mouth ; the endoperidium is often covered with a whitish, floury substance and its base

often shows striations or furrows with or without an apophysis.

I have followed Hollos in considering G. plicatum — the form with a plicate endoperidial

base — a synonym of G. pectinatum, since all gradations of the distinguishing endoperidial

basal characters are often found in plants of one collection, and it has been found impossible

to refer such a collection as a whole to either species. Most of the South African plants

have a striate or sulcate base, the smooth form ocurring much less frequently.

GEASTRUM.

589

2. Geastrum Bryantii Berkeley, [Plate XLIX, fig. 5.]

Outlines of British fungi (1860) 300.

Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7 (1888) 75 ; Verwoerd, Ann. Univ. Stell. 3 (1925) 23 ; Lloyd,

Geastreae in Myc. Writ. 1 (1902) 16 ; Rea, Basid. (1922) 40.

Geaster orientalis Haszl., Grev. 6 (1877) 108.

G. Kunzei Wint., in Rabenh. Krypt. FI. 1 (1884) 911.

This species is very closely related to G. pectinatum, from which it differs only in the

presence of a well-defined collar or ring around the base of the endoperidium just above

the pedicel.

Habitat : as for G. pectinatum.

Distribution : South Africa ; Australia ; North America.

Specimens examined : Fountains, Pretoria, Feb. 1927, A. M. Bottomley, 21200; without

locality (v. d. Byl 1422 ex herb. C. G. Lloyd).

Specimens not seen : Pretoria, A. Martin (N. J. G. Sm. G. 91 and Wit. Herb.).

The South African plants so far seen do not show as definite a collar as illustrated

for plants of this species in other countries, in fact this character appears to be more in the

nature of an exaggerated or sharp-rimmed apophysis. Plants with a normal apophysis

occur in the above collection (21200) together with others showing the more typical G.

Bryantii character.

3. Geastrum nanum Persoon, [Plate XLIX, fig. 6 ; L, fig. 2.]

Memoire, Journal de Botanique 2 (1809) 27.

Hollos, Gastero. Ungar. (1904) 55, 152.

Geaster Schmideli Vitt., Monogr. Lycop. (1842) 157 ; Coker & Couch, Gastero.

(1928) 134.

G. Rabenhorstii Kunze in Rabenh. Fung. eur. (1875).

G. striatus Kalchbr., Adalok Szepesseg viranyahoz 2 (1862) 154.

Exoperidium 1-5-3 cm., split to about the middle into 5-9 unequal, acuminate rays,

typically recurved, often expanded, with or without recurved tips ; fleshy layer adnate,

smooth or less often cracked, ochraceous-brown to umber-brown ; mycelial layer persistent,

covered with adhering soil and vegetable debris. Endoperidium 5-11 mm. across, shortly

pedicellate, subglobose, oval or urn-shaped, usually with a slight to pronounced basal

apophysis, pale to umber brown or leaden grey, due to a whitish farinose covering ; pedicel

typically short (1-1-5 mm.) cylindrical or elliptic. Mouth sulcate, elevated, shortly and

acutely conical, concolorous with, or often darker than the remainder of the peridium,

seated on a well-defined, depressed peristome. Gleba dark umber brown. Columella

sometimes present, small, oval. Capillitium threads pale to dark, usually thinner, but

sometimes thicker, up to 8 /i, than the spores. Spores brown with darker epispore, verrucose,

4-6-8 fi diam.

Habitat : in open or shaded places, on bare ground or in humus.

Distribution : South Africa ; Australia ; North America ; England ; Europe.

Specimens examined : Pretoria, Feb. 1923, C. Punt, 17004 ; Irene, nr. Pretoria, Nov.

1932, General J . C. Smuts, 26600 ; Kromrivier, Rustenburg Distr., Dec. 1938, E. M. Doidge

&A. M. Bottomley, 35123; Grahamstown, Oct. 1933, N. J . G. Smith 55, 27513; Elim

Hospital, Louis Trichardt, Tvl., Nov. 1932, P. Thomas, 26601 ; in Eucalyptus

590

GEASTRUM.

plantation, Potchefstroom, July 1935, J. Sellschop, 28271 ; in red sand under Acacia ,

Mauritzfontein, Kimberley, June 1936, J. P. H. Acocks 4-01, 35130; Mossel River nr.

Hermanus, Dec. 1938, Miss Esterhujsen ( E . L. Stephens 446) 35024 ; Fischhoek, July 1937,

D. Peers (E.L.S. 445).

This species is distinguished from G. pectinatum by its small size, shorter and

proportionately thicker pedicel, shorter, more conical mouth and more commonly expanded

exoperidium. It is so different from G. pectinatum in all the South African collections so

far seen, that I have followed Hollos (l.c.) in keeping the two species separate.

4. Geastrum campestre Morgan, [Plate L, fig. 3.]

American Naturalist 21 (1887) 1026.

Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7 (1888) 471 ; N. J. G. Smith in Rec. Albany Museum, Grahams-

town 4 (1935) 275 ; Cunningham Gastero. (1944) 165.

Geaster pseudomammosus P. Henn., Hedwigia 39 (1900) 54.

G. asper (Mich.) Lloyd Geastreae in Myc. Writ. 1 (1902) 18 ; Hollos Gastero. Ung.

(1904) 57.

Unexpanded plant up to 1 - 7 cm. diam., depressed globose, dirty white with adhering

vegetable debris, originally submerged. Exoperidium hygroscopic, up to 3-5 cm. diam.,

splitting two-thirds of the way into 7-10 subequal, lanceolate segments, involute when

dry, folding under or on the side of the endoperidium, with one or several segments, over

or under, seldom completely over ; expanded when moist, with tips slightly turned up.

Fleshy layer umber, smooth or cracking off when wet, in the latter case exposing the whitish

fibrillose layer ; mycelial layer thin, with debris attached, finally often peeling off. Base

strongly umbilicate. Endoperidium subglobose, up to 1-5 cm. diam., shortly pedicellate,

dirty white, greyish, buff or pale brown, minutely but densely covered with whitish to pale

brown granules. Mouth seated on a depressed area, sulcate, short or long to almost beaked,

paler, concolorous or darker than remainder of endoperidium. Gleba usually very dark,

blackish brown, sometimes pale brown. Columella present, small, white, spherical.

Capillitium tinted to pale brown, typically less than spore diameter. Spores large, globose,

dark brown, 4 •5-6 -8 u diam., strongly verruc-ose.

Habitat : on ground and in humus.

Distribution : South Africa ; North America ; Australia ; Europe.

Specimens examined : Mooibank, Potchefstroom Distr., Feb. 1924, H. O. Lawrence,

18123, 18124, det. Lloyd as G. asper ; Irene-Delmas Road, Tvl., I. B. Pole Evans, 24921 ;

St. Helena Bay, R. Smithers, April 1936 (E.L.S. 1423).

Specimens not seen : South-West Africa, Dinter ; Carolina, Tvl., E. Young (N. J. G.

Sm. G. 179 & Herb. Wit.) ; Queenstown, C.P., F. Pope (Albany Museum, N. J. G. Sm.

G. 7 and Kew).

This species, more commonly known as G. asper, is characterized by its hygroscopic

habit, sulcate mouth and asperate and shortly pedicellate endoperidium. The plants are

typically involute when dry, but individual specimens may dry in a partly or wholly recurved

position .

According to Cunningham, G. campestre has spores 6-8 p diam. and G. Clelandii

(Lloyd) Cunn. spores 4-5-5 p. N. J. G. Smith (l.c.) however, found that in South African

plants, spores to include both sizes were present in the same collection. The latter opinion

is confirmed by an examination of Transvaal material. All South African plants have

therefore been referred to G. campestre.

GEASTRUM.

591

5. Geastrum ambiguum Montagne.

Florula Boliviensis (1839) 47.

Hollos Gastero. Ung. (1904) 19, 153, Tab. 9, f. 15-17 ; Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7 (1888) 78.

Geaster Drummondii Berk., London Journ. Bot. 4 (1845) 63 ; Verwoerd, Ann. Univ.

Stell. 3 (1925) 21.

Geaster striatulus Kalchbr., in Grev. 9 (1880) 3.

G. Sehweinfurthii P. Henn., in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 14 (1891) 361.

G. involutus Mass., in Grev. 2 (1892) 3.

Geastrum Drummondii Berk., G. H. Cunn., Gastero. (1944) 167.

Unexpanded plant small, globose, submerged then superficial. Exoperidium hygro-

scopic, 1-2-3 -5 cm. diam., split to about the middle, or two-thirds of the way into 5-11

lanceolate, acute, more or less equal rays, which are fully expanded when wet and strongly

involute over or under the endoperidium when dry ; fleshy layer adnate, umber, smooth

or transversely rimose ; Mycellial layer dirty white, at first covered with debris, becoming

more or less smooth, slightly umbilicate. Endoperidium, sessile or very shortly pedicellate,

subglobose, 0-8-1 -6 cm. diam., brownish grey, dirty white, smoke grey or drab, densely

or obscurely granular to almost smooth. Mouth definite, sulcate, conical, concolorous or

slightly darker than remainder of peridium. Gleba dark brown. Capillitium threads

attentuated, usually thinner than spore diameter, almost hyaline to pale brown. Spores

globose or less often subglobose, distinctly but rather sparsely verrucose, pale brown with

dark epispore, 4 -5-6 -8 p diam.

Habitat : in sand or in open or shaded ground.

Distribution : South Africa ; Australia ; Tasmania.

Specimens exa?nined : in open field, Dundee, Natal, Dec. 1909, E. M. Doidge, 956,

det. Lloyd as G. striatulus ; under Acacia Karroo, Bedford, C.P., Nov. 1915, J . Gane, 9199,

det. Lloyd as G. striatulus ; on termite mound, Butterworth, C.P., Nov. 1915, P. N. Doran

(Pegler 2367) 9200, as G. striatulus ; nr. Graafwater, C.P., 7. B. Pole Evans, 33182 ; Garst-

fontein, Pretoria, April 1911, P. J . Pienaar, 1353 ; St. Helena Bay, April 1936, R. Smithers

(E. L. Stephens 423) 35122 ; Sibangwana, N. Zululand, Nov. 1938, 77. W. Martley, 35021 ;

Stellenbosch, April, A. V. Duthie, 35032 ; ? bank of Anghrabies River, Barnard (S.A.M.

45945 as G. saccatum).

Specimens not seen : on sandy patches under trees, nr. Grahamstown, Queenstown,

C.P., Tarkastad, and Alice, N. J. G. Smith G. 90, G. 171 (Albany Museum, Kew as G.

Drummondii) ; Port Elizabeth, E. Archibald ; Stellenbosch, G. Nel (Stell. 1105, 1139 as

G. Drummondii ) ; Brandfort, L. Verwoerd (Stell. 2083 as G. Drummondii) ; Olukonda in

Amboland, S.W.A., Schinz ; without locality, P. Hennings as G. Drummondii.

This species, better known as G. Drummondii, is recognised by its hygroscopic nature,

its sessile endoperidium and sulcate mouth.

6. Geastrum quadrifidum Persoon, [Plate L, fig. 1.]

Synopsis Methodica Fungorum (1801) 133.

Geaster coronatus (Schaeff.) Schroet. Pilze in Krypt. FI. Schlesiens 3 (1889) p.p., non

G. coronatus Persoon (1801) ; Lloyd, Geastreae in Myc. Writ. 1 (1902) 31 ; Hollos,

Gastero. Ung. (1904) 61.

Exoperidium typically fornicate, up to 3-5 cm. high (excluding cup) and 3 cm. wide,

splitting about two-thirds of the way into 4-5, occasionally 6 segments, the margins of

which curl under, giving the segments a long narrow appearance. On expansion, the

592

GEASTRUM.

mycelial layer remains behind in the substratum as a hollow, membranous, cup-shaped

structure, while the fleshy and fibrous layers separate from it, become strongly arched in

the centre, finally standing erect with the tips of the rays still attached to the corresponding

tips of the mycelial cup ; fleshy layer brown, smooth, finally usually cracking and peeling

off either in patches or altogether, exposing the tough, ochraceous, membranous fibrous

layer. Endoperidium pedicellate, 0-7-1 -9 cm. wide, depressed-globose or urceolate,

usually with a circular, constricted apophysis at the base just above the pedicel ; covered

with minute white particles, finally usually smooth, pale grey to brownish grey, becoming

bay-brown in weathered specimens. Pedicel up to 2-5 mm. long, broadly elliptic. Mouth

fibrillose-fimbriate, very occasionally inclined sulcate, concolorous or paler or darker than

remainder of endoperidium, usually conical, sometimes almost plane, seated on an often

paler, well-defined area outlined by a definite, depressed margin. Gleba umber. Capillitium

threads tinted to brown, up to 6-8 y diam. Spores globose, almost hyaline, pale brown,

minutely and sparsely verrucose, 2 • 5-3 • 4 jx diam.

Habitat : in humus under trees and bushes.

Distribution : South Africa ; Australia ; North and South America ; Europe ; India ;

New Zealand.

Specimens examined : Stella Bush, Durban, July 1914, Indian Collector (v. d. Byl

689) 31895 ; Umgeni, Natal, Sept. 1917, G. Hobbs (v. d. Byl 754) 31942 ; Durban, v. d. Byl

524, 35131 as G. fornicatus ; Aug. 1917, Leslie (N.H. 744) 32486.

This species, probably better known as G. coronatum, is recognised by its fornicate

habit and fibrillose-fimbriate mouth, which is outlined by a definite, depressed margin.

Except for the mouth characters and smaller spores, this plant is very like the South African

form of G. fornicatum. It is rather longer and narrower in proportion than the typical

form and the rays look narrower on account of the margins being curled under. The spores

are smaller than mentioned by Hollos and Cunningham, but agree with those seen by

Yerwoerd (l.c.).

According to Smith (l.c.) who submitted specimens to Cunningham, the latter considers

this plant to be a form of G. fornicatum ( G.fenestriatum ) but judging from various descriptions

and illustrations, it appears more closely to resemble the plant called G. coronatus by Hollos,

Lloyd, Coker and Cough and Verwoerd.

7. Geastrum dissimile n. sp., [Plate LI, fig. 1-2.]

Peridio juvene depresso-globoso, 2-5 cm. diam., mycelio albo intermixto quisquiliis

humi tecto. Exoperidio typice fornicato, ad ultra medium in plerumque 4, rarius 5 segmenta

partito ; segmentis acuminatis cuneatisque, marginibus aliquando revolutis ; interno

griseo (‘ Light Drab ’), castaneo, umbrino, persistente vel secedente ; medio griseo vel

pallido-fusco ; externo rigidulo, crassiusculo, mycelio albo intermixto, quisquiliis humi

tecto, calyciformi ad terram manente. Endoperidio depresso-globoso vel urceolato,

stipitato, plerumque versus basim constricto, griseo, brunneo-griseo, umbrino-atro, tenuiter

granulato ; pedicello albo, elliptico, usque 3 mm. longo ; peristomio determinate, saepe

subtiliter elevato, concolori aut discolori, crasse fibrilloso, fere sulcato, non distincte depresso

marginato cincto. Gleba umbrina. Columella parva, obtusa. Hyphis capillitii longis,

brunneis levibus, ad 8-5 \x cr. Sporis globosis, brunneis, subtiliter et parce verrucosis,

3-4-4- 1 p diam.

Geastrum quadrifldum affinis sed dilfert praecique ostiolo qui fere sulcato et non depresso

marginato cinctus est.

Hab. in humo, Fountains, Pretoria, leg. A. M. Bottomley, 14515 b.

GEASTRUM.

593

Unexpanded plant depressed-globose, 2-5 cm. diam., covered with white mycelial

threads mixed with humus debris. Exoperidium typically fornicate, splitting two-thirds

of the way into 4, occasionally 5, acuminate or wedge-shaped segments, the margins of

which often curl under ; fleshy layer grey (Light Drab), chestnut brown (Verona Brown),

umber, persistent or peeling off from the tips and margins upwards ; fibrous layer grey or

pale brown ; mycelial layer thick, covered with debris, forming at the base of the plant a

well-developed cup which may become completely detached in old specimens. Endoperidium

pedicellate, depressed-globose or urceolate, usually with a well-defined, circular, basal

apophysis just above the pedicel, dove grey, brownish grey, umber or brownish black,

finely granular or rugulose ; pedicel white, elliptical, up to 3 mm. long ; mouth definite,

often slightly raised, concolorous or lighter or darker than the remainder of the endoperidium,

coarsely fibrillose to almost sulcate, not surrounded by a definite margin. Gleba umber.

Columella small, obtuse. Capillitium threads long, brown, simple, smooth, up to 8 • 5 p

thick. Spores globose, brown, finely and sparsely verrucose, 3-4-5- 1 p diam.

Habitat : in humus under trees and shrubs.

Distribution : South Africa.

Specimens examined : Fountains, Pretoria, Feb. 1920, J . C. Howlett, 12790 ; March

1936, K. Lansdell & A. M. Bottomley, 28457 ; April 1921, A. M. Bottomley, 14515 b, type ;

Johannesburg, May 1945, A. M. Bottomley, 35132 ; Fairy Glen, Pretoria, Jan. 1928, L

Reinecke, 23165.

This species closely resembles G. quadrifldum, but differs in the coarse, fibrillose to

sulcate mouth and in the absence of a depressed margin around the mouth area. In general

structure and appearance it also resembles G. fornicatum, but the latter has an indefinite

mouth. It was originally thought that this plant might be G. MacOwani, since the latter

has the same type of mouth as depicted by Lloyd (Myc. Writ. 2, 1907 : pi. 96) for Prof.

Plottner’s South African specimens, but Mr. Talbot, South African mycologist working at

Kew, kindly compared one of our specimens with that in Kew Herbarium named by Lloyd

G. fornicatus Huds. form MacOwani Kalchbr. and informs me that our plant is smaller,

li ghter in colour and of a different texture.

8. Geastrum minimum Schweinitz, [Plate LII.)

Schrift. der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft zu Leipzig -1 (1822) 32, non Chevallier

Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7 (1888) 80 ; Hollos, Gastero. Ung. (1904) 159 ; Lloyd, Geastreae

in Myc. Writ. 1 (1902) 27, 28 ; Verwoerd, Ann. Univ. Stell. 3 (1925) 22.

Geaster marginatus Vitt., Monogr. Lycoperd. (1842) 19.

G. Cesatii Rabenh., Bot. Zeit. 9 (1851) 628.

G. granulosus Fuck., Enumerat. 15 (1860) 41.

G. calceus Llovd, Myc. Writ. 2, Mvc. Notes 25 (1907) 311.

Exoperidium 0-9-3 cm. wide, splitting to about half way into 7-9 unequal acuminate

rays, typically recurved, but often more or less expanded with slightly incurved tips, not

fornicate ; fleshy layer ochraceous, brownish-grey, umber, often paler round the edges,

adnate, becoming cracked but not peeling off to any extent ; mycelial layer covered with

adhering debris, not separating from the fleshy and fibrous layers to form a basal cup.

Base concave to vaulted. Endoperidium shortly pedicellate, 4-9 mm. diam., subglobose

or more or less oval, grey or buff in colour, finely furfuraceous, with or without an apophysis,

non-weathered plants covered with whitish granules. Mouth fimbriate, conical, seated on

a relatively large, circular area surrounded by a well-defined groove. Gleba umber brown.

Capillitium threads usually paler and thinner than the spores. Spores 3-4-5 p globose,

distinctly but rather sparsely verrucose, brown with darker epispore.

594

GEASTRUM.

Habitat : Amongst vegetable debris under bushes and trees and in open ground.

Distribution : South Africa ; North and South America ; Australia ; Europe ; Japan ;

India ; New Zealand.

Specimens examined : under pine trees, Grahamstown, March 1931, N. J. G. Smith, G. 34,

25899, Kew, Albany Museum ; Johannesburg, Jan. 1925, C. N. Knox Davies, 20394 ;

■Magaliesberg, Nov. 1917, V. A. Putterill, 11006, det. Lloyd ; under Acacia caffra, Fountains,

Pretoria, Dec. 1914, I. B. Pole Evans, 8781 ; open ground amongst rocks, Premier Mine

nr. Pretoria, Nov. 1913, I. B. Pole Evans, 7100 ; Boschberg Mt., Somerset East, 1875,

MacOwan 1174 (S.A.M. 35068) 35304, as ‘ G. granulatus ’ ; Stellenbosch, A. V. Duthie

(E.L.S. 53).

Specimens not seen : without locality, Prof. Plottner (Lloyd Myc. Coll. 57280 as G.

calceus, Plate LXI, fig. 2). Lloyd describes this as “ a large G. minimus with the endo-

peridium densely covered with coarse, white, granular particles ” ; without locality, Herb.

Berlin as G. granulosus ; Kentani, Oct. 1906, A. Pegler 1370, Kew ; Cape Province, 1891,

P. MacOwan, Kew.

This species is recognised by its small size, recurved or expanded, but not fornicate

exoperidium, short pedicel, well-defined peristome surrounded by a definite groove and the

presence of whitish granules (described by Hollos as glistening crystals) on the peridium

of young plants. It resembles G. quadifldum in peristome characters and the surface of

the endoperidium, but differs from it in its usually smaller size, absence of mycelial cup,

larger and darker spores and usually thinner capillitium.

Coker and Cunningham consider that the fornicate character is only a stage of the

minimum form and exclude the latter as a separate species ; but in no South African

collection have the two forms so far been found together, nor do transitional forms occur

in either species. The plants are so markedly different in habit and appearance that it

is proposed to follow other mycologists in this country and retain minimum as a separate

species.

9. Geastrum limbatum Fries. [Plate LIII.]

Systema mycologicum 3 (1829) 15.

Hollos, Gastero. Ung. (1904) 75 ; N. J. G. Smith, Rec. Albany Mus. 4 (1935) 269 ;

G. H. Cunningham, Gastero. (1944) 169 ; Lloyd, Geastreae in Myc. Writ. 1

(1902) 23.

G easier limbatum var. ellipsostoma Smith l.c.

Exoperidium 3 -5-8 -5 cm. diam., split to the middle or beyond into 7-10 unequal,

acute or long acuminate rays, which become typically recurved or may be expanded with

incurved or revolute tips ; fleshy layer bay brown, umber brown, greyish brown or occasionally

silver grey (Drab, Hair Brown, Warm Sepia) continuous or cracked in all directions, adnate

or peeling off either partially or entirely in weathered specimens ; fibrous layer pale tan

or dirty white ; mycelial layer at first with large amount of adhering debris, which may

later disappear entirely or only from the basal portion, or it may persist, depending on

whether the rays become involute or revolute. Base plane or concave, often vaulted.

Endoperidium pedicellate, 1-2-3 cm. diam., sub-globose, depressed globose, urn -shaped or

sub-pyriform, with or without a basal apophysis, grey, parchment coloured, ochraceous,

pale greyish-brown, dark umber (Mouse Grey, Drab, Wood Brown) slightly to densely

farinose, obscurely pitted, or almost smooth when old. Pedicel whitish, greyish, umber,

often paler than the peridium, elliptical, 3-4 mm. thick, 2-4 mm. long, sometimes with a

depressed ring around the base. Mouth fimbriate, often depressed, plane or short to long

conical, surrounded by a paler, darker or concolorous, round to elliptical, fibrillose to almost

GEASTRUM.

59

sulcate, silky zone. Gleba umber to blackish brown. Columella usually present, small to

very large. Capillitium threads paler than spores, up to 7 a diam. Spores brown with

darker epispore, globose slightly to strongly verrucose, sometimes almost papillate, 3-7-

6-8 p including the warts.

Habitat : amongst leaves under trees, gregarious.

Distribution : East and South Africa ; North America ; Australia ; Britain ; Europe ;

New Zealand.

Specimens examined: Meintjes Kop, Pretoria, March 1921, A. M. Bottomley, 14501,

det. Lloyd ; April 1925, 20434 ; under Acacias, Fountains, Pretoria, March 1925, A. M.

Bottomley, 20390; March 1936, A. M. Bottomley, 28652; Town Bush, Pietermaritzburg,

Nov. 1934, W. G. Rump 313, 28675 ; Hopevale, Donnybrook, Natal, K. E. Morgan, 28623,

Feb. 1935, 35023, Oct. 1934, 35026, E. M. Doidge, Jan. 1935, 28812, 28813 ; under Podo-

carpus, Hogsback, Alice, C.P., about 1932, A. Lyle (N. J. G. Sm. G. 351 as G. limbatus var.

ellipsostoma N. J. G. Smith) 27809 ; Haenertsburg, N. Tvl., E. M. Doidge, July 1934,

27803 ; Garstfontein, Pretoria, March 1944, A. M. Bottomley, 35133, E. M. Doidge, 35018 ;

Xumeni Forest, Donnybrook, Dec. 1943, E. M. Doidge, 35167 ; Brenton, Knysna, G. R.

Duthie, 35028.

Specimens not seen : Somerset East, MacOwan 1236 ; Palm Kloof, Victoria Falls,

S. Rhodesia, Cheesman.

This species is distinguished by its often dark colour, the definite, fimbriate mouth,

the pedicellate endoperidium and the dark, verrucose spores. The exoperidium is typically

reflexed, as in fornicate types, but the rays of old weathered specimens are often involute,

in which case the mycelial layer breaks away from the arched base and peels off with the

adherent debris up to the tips of the rays, where remains are often seen. Involute specimens

sometimes resemble G. triplex.

Smith’s variety ellipsostoma is considered to be only an extreme form of the species,

since an examination of seventy-four plants, representing one collection from the same

spot on the same day, showed a gradation of mouth shapes, on which the variety is founded,

from spherical to broadly oval and narrowly elliptical. Further, the spores of Smith’s

specimen, N. J. G. Sm. G. 35, deposited in the National Herbarium, are no more verrucose,

in fact are less so, than those of several other collections examined ; the spore size falls

within the range of that of the normal type. Our specimen No. 27803 from Haenertsburg,

shows the same elliptical mouth, but larger, more verrucose spores and the endoperidium

more thickly farinose.

10. Geastrum triplex Junghuhn, [Plate LIV ; LV.]

Tijdschrif voor Natuurlich Gesch. en physiologie 7 (1840) 285.

Hollos, Gastero. Ung. (1904) 73 ; N. J. G. Smith, Rec. Albany Mus. 4 (1935) 270 ;

G. H. Cunn., Gastero. (1944) 172.

Geaster lagenijormis Vitt., Monogr. Lycoperd. (1842) 16.

G. Archeri Berk., FI. Tasm., 2 (1860) 264.

G. Michelianus W. G. Sm., Gard. Chron. (1873) 608.

G. vittatus Kalchbr. & Cooke, Grev. 9 (1880) 3.

G. capensis Thiimen in Mycoth. univ. 815 ; Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7 (1888) 85 ; Verwoerd»

S. Afric. Journ. Sci. 23 (1926) 292.

G. Morgani Lloyd in Myc. Writ. 1, Myc. Notes 8 (1901) 80.

596

GEASTRUM.

G. squamosus Lloyd in Myc. Writ. 2, Myc. Notes 26 (1907) 339.

Geastrum Archeri (Berk.) Boedijn, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 16 (1940) 412.

Unexpanded plant depressed globose with a prominent, straight or oblique point, dirty

white to pale ochraceous, glabrous, sometimes shining, attached to a mass of copiously

branched, white mycelial threads. Exoperidium up to 8 cm. wide when expanded, splitting

to about half way or more into 5-8 rays, which in typical plants are long acuminate ; fleshy

layer ochraceous, cinnamon, reddish brown or umber, usually becoming cracked, and in

wet weather often cracking and peeling off from the tip to the base of the rays, leaving the

remainder behind as a cup-shaped structure around the base of the endoperidium ; mycelial

layer thin, glabrous, often shining, usually pale greyish-ochraceous and free from debris,

often splitting longitudinally along the rays, or radially from the base, into striae. Base

usually concave, umbilicate. Endoperidium up to 2-5 cm. diam., sessile, depressed or sub-

globose, concolorous with, or lighter or darker than the inner surface of the exoperidium,

membranous, glabrous. Mouth almost plane or typically short to long conical, fibrillose,

usually but not always surrounded by a well-defined, broad peristome, which is sometimes

limited by a raised margin, concolorous with, or paler or darker than the rest of the endo-

peridium. Gleba usually umber in mature specimens. Capillitium threads variable,

usually paler than the spores and up to thicker than the spore diameter. Columella either

large and clavate or indistinct. Spores 4-5-5 p diarn., average size about 4-5 a, usually

dark and strongly verrucose when mature.

Habitat : usually amongst vegetable debris under trees or shrubs.

Distribution : South Africa ; North and South America ; Australia ; Britain, Europe ;

Tasmania ; New Zealand.

Specimens examined : Pretoria, March, 1921, 14502 ; Feb. 1912, J. C. Howlett & C.

Coetzee, 2136 ; Fountains, Pretoria, April 1921, A. M. Bottomley, 14642 ; Jan. 1919,

K. Lansdell, 11808 ; J . C. Howlett, Feb. 1920, 12791 ; L. C. Turner, Jan. 1915, 8811 ;

March 1936, A. M. Bottomley & B. Lonwres 28458 ; Silverton, Pretoria, March 1928,

L. Reinecke, 23196 a ; Garstfontein, Pretoria, April 1911, P. J . Pienaar, 1352, 1353, 1354,

1356, Kew ; Aapies River, Pretoria, March 1942, E. J. Scott, 33755 ; Meintjes Kop,

Pretoria, April 1925, A. M. Bottomley, 20422 ; near Umtata Falls, C.P., Feb. 1929,

McLoughlin, 30508 ; Brenton, Knysna, Duthie 322, 31486 ; Papegaaisberg, Stellenbosch,

June 1921, Duthie 307, 31475 ; April 1929, 35031 ; Stellenbosch, A. V. Duthie (E.L.S. 52) ;

Kirstenbosch, Newlands, C.P., A. M. Bottomley, 24840 ; Hopevale, Donnybrook, Natal,

Dec. 1940, E. M. Doidge, 35119 ; Jan. 1935, 35118 ; March 1933, K. E. Morgan, 32200 ;

Feb. 1935, 35017 ; Qudeni, Nkandhla Distr., Zululand, March 1939, J . Gerstner 3255, 30758 ;

Cape Peninsula, E. L. Stephens 140 ; Kirstenbosch, C.P., July 1934, A. M. Acocks (E. L.

Stephens 371) 27676 ; Kentani, C.P., Feb. 1915, A. Pegler 1978, 9546 ; Haenertsburg, Tvl,

March 1938, S. Thompson (T. R. L. 280) 29938 ; O.F.S., Jan. 1937, Miss Olivier (E. L.

Stephens 444) 35020 ; locality unknown, Feb. 1916, J . M. Sim, 9440 ; Potchefstroom,

Tvl., March 1939, M. Gunn, 30512 ; locality unknown, R. Marloth, 26610 ; Boschberg

Mts., Somerset East, MacOwan 1236, Type of G. capensis (S.A.M. 35057) 35303, Kew ;

? Boschberg Mts., Tuck (MacOwan 1124 as G. fimbriatus (S.A.M. 35059) 21941 ;

Inanda, Natal, J. Medley Wood 489 as G. fimbriatus, 11154, 10414.

Specimen not seen : Woodbush (Wit. Herb. 232).

Typical plants of this species are distinguished by the following characters — large size,

long acuminate rays, broad conical mouth, usually glabrous, longitudinally striate underside

of the exoperidium and large, dark, strongly verrucose spores. Variations of these characters

are, however, frequent and specimens are often very difficult to distinguish from G. saccatum.

G. lageniformis is G. triplex with unusually narrow acuminate rays and a fimbriate mouth

clearly defined by a broad, silky surrounding zone.

GEASTRUM.

597

G. capensis Thiim. is indistinguishable from G. triplex. MacOwan’s type specimen,

MacOwan 1236, is 9 cm. diam. and is split two-thirds of the way into six broad, tapering

segments, from which the fleshy layer splits in a characteristic manner. The inner peridium is

globose, with a definite, fimbriate mouth surrounded by a paler zone.

South African specimens of G. fimbriatum appear to be a mixture of G. triplex and G.

saccatum; J. Medley Wood's specimens, Medley Wood 489, have the typical spores of G.

triplex but the felted mycelial layer of G. saccatum as interpreted by Hollos ; MacOwan’s

No. 1124 have the spores of G. saccatum but the glabrous mycelial layer of G. triplex. In

no case is the mycelial layer coated with debris. In all these specimens the mouth is

fimbriate and seated on a definite but not limited peristome. European specimens

distributed by Rathav, Hollos and Rabenhorst have an indefinite mouth without a peristome.

Of two specimens distributed by Sydow, however, in his Mycotheca Germanica, one has an

indefinite non-peristomatic mouth and a glabrous mycelial layer, while the second has a

finely fimbriated peristomatic mouth and a felted mycelial layer. Bath specimens are free

from debris, which Cunningham considers G. fimbriatum should have. There would therefore

still appear to be considerable difference of opinion with regard to this species, but since

the general opinion seems to be that G. fimbriatum should at any rate, have an indefinite

mouth, the South African specimens have been referred to G. triplex, which they most

nearly resemble.

A specimen (in Roy. Bot. Mus. Berlin) collected by Dr. H. Schinz in South-West Africa

(Hedwigia 28, 1889 : 7) and identified by Dr. Ed. Fischer as near G. fimbriatus ” except

for the larger size of the spores, may possibly likewise be G. triplex, since he describes the

mouth as fimbriate and separated from the rest of the endoperidium by a circular groove ;

the size of the spores is given as 4-5 p diam.

11. Geastrum saccatum Fries, [Plate LVI.]

Systema Mycologicum 3 (1829) 16.

Ed. Fischer, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 7a (1933) 73 ; G. H. Cunningham Gastero (1944)

172 ; Lloyd, Geastreae in Myc. Writ. 1 (1902) 37 ; Hollos, Gastero. Ung.

(1904) 71, 157 ; Verwoerd, Ann. Univ. Stell. 3 (1925) 21.

Geaster Lloydii Bres. et Pat., in Lloyd Myc. Writ. 1, Notes No. 6 (1901) 50.

G. velutinus Morgan, Journ. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist. 18 (1895) 38.

G . velutinus var. caespitosus Lloyd, Geastreae in Myc. Writ. 1 (1902) 36.

Unexpanded plant up to 2 cm. diam., globose or subglobose without the point,

mucronate or abruptly fairly long pointed, buff to reddish brown, typically tomentose- to

strigose-felted, sometimes smooth, epigeal, attached to a mass of white mycelial threads.

Exoperidium 0-7-6 cm. wide, but usually small to medium, saccate, occasionally drying

recurved, splitting to about half way into 5-10 acute segments, the tips of which are usually

recurved, but may remain upright or expanded ; fleshy layer thick and fleshy at first, finally

thin, smooth or cracking and peeling off irregularly, cream to delicate liliaceous pink, drying

to a light brown, greyish brown, bay brown or umber ; mycelial layer ochraceous, pale brown

or reddish brown, usually more or less felted, tomentose-felted or sometimes strigose-felted

adnate or peeling off in patches, sometimes with debris adhering. Base concave, flat or

convex, usually with an umbilical scar. Endoperidium up to 1-5 cm. diam., subglobose,

sessile, finely tomentose at first, finally more or less glabrous, concolorous with, or paler

or darker than, the exoperidium, usually partly enclosed by the saccate base of the latter.

Mouth fibrillose, plane, shortly and broadly conical or occasionally long conical. Gleba

umber. Capillitium threads tinted to pale brown, sometimes rough, average width equalling

the spore diameter, sometimes larger. Columella indistinct. Spores globose, moderately

to fairly strongly verrucose, brown with darker epispore, 3 -5-4- 5 p, usual size about 4 p

diam.

598

GEASTRUM.

Habitat : solitary or gregarious, sometimes in hard exposed ground, usually in humus in

shaded positions.

Distribution : Africa ; North and South America ; Australia ; Britain ; Europe ;

West Indies ; Tasmania.

Specimens examined : Pretoria, May 1925, A. M. Bottomley & C. Punt, 20584 ; March

1925, A. M. Bottomley, 20393; March' 1924, 18182; March 1921, E. M. Doidge, 14482;

Feb. 1923, C. Punt, 17003 ; April 1913, I. B. Pole Evans, 6684 ; July 1913, I. B. Pole

Evans, 7099 ; Feb. 1915, 8810 ; Fountains, Pretoria, Dec. 1914, I. B. Pole Evans, 8765 ;

Jan. 1928, L. Reinecke, 23146 ; April 1921, A. M. Bottomley, 14642 ; March 1924, 18139 ;

April 1921, 14495 ; Feb. 1921, 14480 ; L. C. Turner, Nov. 1915, 8811 ; Fairy Glen, Pretoria,

Jan. 1928, L. Reinecke, 23166 ; March 1939, E. M. Doidge, 32201 ; Garstfontein, Pretoria,

March 1944, E. M. Doidge, 35019 ; E. M. Doidge, 35033 ; Silverton, Pretoria, March 1928, L.

Reinecke, 23196b ; Barberton, Tvl., March 1924, G. Thorncroft, 18125 ; Sibasa, Zoutpansberg,

Feb. 1920, H. A.Junod, 12825 ; Van Reenen, Dec. 1912, M. Franks, 5665 ; Sweetwaters, Natal,

Dec. 1934, A. Spencer, 30831 ; Brenton, Knysna, A. V . Duthie 174, 31382 ; Kirstenbosch,

Newlands, July 1934, J. Acocks, (E. L. Stephens 370) 27672 ; Umtali, S. Rhodesia, F.

Eyles 4227 (v. d. Byl 2416) ; Salisbury, S. Rhodesia, April 1926, F. Eyles 4086 (v. d. Byl

2350) ; Durban, van der Byl 618 ; Schroeders, Natal, van der Byl 898 ; Kentani, C.P.,

1906, A. Pegler 1425 a, as G. Minimum, 34449 ; Oct. 1908, Pegler 1370, 8418, 34450 and

Kew ; Garstfontein, Feb. 1942, A. M. Bottomley, 35134 ; May 1944, A. M. Bottomley,

35135 ; Hermanus, C.P., May 1934, Dr. MacPherson, 31492 ; Bulwer, Natal, Feb. 1937,

IF. G. Rump 464, 35302 ; Montagu, C.P., April 1929, D. v. H., 35025 ; July 1929, 35027.

„ Specimens not seen : Brenton, Knysna, Duthie 95, 235, 289 ; Sterkstroom, du Plessis

{Duthie 214) ; Somerset Strand, C.P., L. Verwoerd (Stell. 124) ; South-West Africa, Dinter .

South African plants of this species appear to be distinguished from Geaster triplex to

which it is closely allied, mainly by the nature of the underside of the exoperidium, which

is usually tomentose — felted in G. saccatum and usually glabrous in G. triplex. The decision

to use this character as a separating factor was based on an examination of numerous

collections, comprising several hundred plants, many of the individual specimens of which

could have been referred some to one species and some to the other if separated on other

points. The exoperidial character was found to be the only well-defined, fairly constant

point of difference between the two types occurring in this country. Both Hollos and

Coker describe G. saccatum as having a felted mycelial layer, but Cunningham describes it

as glabrous like G. triplex, referring plants with a felted layer to G. velutinum. Cunningham

separated the Australian plants of the two species under discussion on characters such as

spore size, shape of rays, nature of peristome, striate nature of the mycelial layer, but in

South African plants these characters show so many gradations in one and the same collection

that it is impossible to use them alone as a basis of distinction. N. J. G. Smith found the

same difficulty, and following Lloyd, used size as the separating factor, referring expanded

plants of more than 5 cm. diam. to G. triplex and smaller plants to G. saccatum. As pointed

out by Cunningham, however, this character is very variable and therefore unsuitable.

The South African plants can really only be separated on a conbination of characters.

Generally speaking large plants with acuminate rays, glabrous, longitudinally striate

mycelial layer and large, dark, strongly verrucose spores are G. triplex and small to medium

sized plants with wedge-shaped rays, felted mycelial layer and smaller, paler, less verrucose

spores are G. saccatum. Intermediate forms, however, with characters of both species are

not infrequent.

12. Geastrum mirabile Montagne, [Plate LVII, fig. 1.]

Annales des sciences naturelles, 3 Ser., 4 (1855) No. 595.

Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7 (1888) 79 ; Lloyd, Myc. Writ. 2, Myc. Notes 25 (1907) 313 ;

Cunningham, Gastero. (1944) 171 ; Coker & Couch, Gastero. (1928) 116.

GEASTRUM.

599

Geaster papyraceus Berk, et Curt., Proc. Am. Acad. Arts & Sci. 4 (1858) 124.

G. lignicola Berk., Journ. Linn. Soc. 18 (1881) 386.

G. caespitosus Lloyd, Myc. Writ. 2, Myc. Notes 25 (1907) 315.

Unexpanded plants superficial, small, often caespitose, obovate, with a slight umbo

when dry, 4-5 mm. across, cream coloured, finely felted, attached to a whitish mycelial

membranaceous subiculum. Exoperidium saccate, up to 9 mm. across, split to about one

third into 5-6 bluntly pointed, suberect rays ; fleshy layer pale brown, smooth, adnate,

sometimes peeling off from the tips of the rays ; mycelial layer cream coloured, finely felted

to strigose, free from debris. Endoperidium sessile, 4-5 mm. across, brown, lower third

enclosed by the saccate base of the exoperidium. Mouth broadly conical, fibrillose, con-

colorous or darker. Gleba umber. Spores globose, brown, 3-5-4 y diarn., finely verrucose.

Habitat : often caespitose on a subiculum growing over decayed vegetable debris.

Distribution : West and South Africa ; North and South America ; Australia ; Ceylon ;

West Indies ; Japan.

Specimens examined : Rooikoppies, nr. Duivelskloof, Tvl., July 1939, Mr. Read

(T.R.L. 199) 35022, det. Wakefield.

This species is distinguished from G. saccatum, to which it i§ nearly related, by its

caespitose habit, cream colour, attachment to a membranaceous subiculum, generally

smaller size, less sharply pointed button and slightly larger spores.

13. Geastrum velutinum Morgan, [Plate LYII, fig. 2.]

Journal Cincinnati Society of Natural History 18 (1895) 38.

Lloyd, Geastreae in Myc. Writ. 1 (1902) 33 ; Coker & Couch, Gastero. (1928) 113 ;

G. H. Cunningham, Gastero. (1944) 170; N. J. G. Smith, Rec. Albany Mus. 4

(1935) 2.

? Cycloderma ohiensis Cooke et Morgan ex Cooke, Grevillea 2 (1883) 95.

Geaster Lloydii Bres. ex Lloyd, Myc. Writ. 1, Myc. Notes 6 (1901) 50.

Unexpanded plant subglobose or ovate and slightly pointed, superficial, attached to

substratum by a well-developed mass of closely interwoven, white mycelial threads. Exo-

peridium 0-7-2 -5 cm. across, splitting to about half way into 5-6 wedge-shaped, suberect

or more or less expanded segments ; fleshy layer cinnamon brown, usually smooth and

adnate, sometimes cracking across the base of the rays ; mycelial layer same colour as

fleshy layer, finely felted to strigose. Endoperidium sessile, 7-12 mm. across, globose,

greyish-brown, finely tomentose to glabrous. Mouth broadly conical, minutely fibrillose,

seated on a slightly raised, almost concolorous, definite, circular area. Capillitium pale

and thin, similar to spores in colour and diameter. Spores globose, dark brown, finely

verrucose, 4-6 a diam.

Habitat : on the surface of decayed vegetable debris.

Distribution : South and East Africa ; North and South America ; Australia ; New

Zealand.

Specimens examined : without locality, 35292.

Specimens not seen : Eastern Cape Colony, figured by Marloth in Flora of South Africa,

PI. 3 ; Grahamstown, N . J. G. Smith G. 162 (Albany Mus.).

10801-5

coo

GEASTRUM.

It seems unlikely that Smith’s plant, called G. velutinum (l.c.) is the same as that

described in the present work. It is more likely to be G. sacccitum as here interpreted-

Our G. velutinum plants are characteristic cinnamon brown and are not as expanded as

most G. saccatum.

This species, like G. mircibile, is known from one collection only. Its distinguishing

features are its mycelial attachment, its felted to strigose mycelial layer, the sub-erect

habit and the colour. It is separated from G. mirabile by its larger size, distinctive brown

colour (Snuff Brown to Cinnamon Brown) and usually large spores. It is distinguished

from G. saccatum mainly by the colour of the mycelial layer which is quite free from debris,

its usually more conical mouth, its sub-erect habit and its generally larger spores.

The only specimens available for comparison were two unexpanded plants distributed

by Diimmer from Uganda.

14. Geastrum arenarium Lloyd, [Plate LVII, fig. 3.]

Geastreae in Myc. Writ. 1 (1902) 28.

N. J. G. Smith in Rec. Albany Mus., Grahamstown, 4 (1935) 273 ; G. H.

Cunningham, Gastero. (1944) 174.

Unexpanded plant globose, small, originally submerged. Exoperidium hygroscopic, up

to 3.5 cm. diam., splitting to the middle or beyond into 8-12 unequal, pointed segments,

which are expanded when wet and incurved either above or, more often, below the endo-

peridium when dry ; sometimes drying partly expanded ; fleshy layer adnate, pale brown,

sometimes peeling off and exposing the whitish fibrillose layer ; mycelial layer covered with

sand. Base strongly umbilicate. Exoperidium up to 1-6 cm. diam., subglobose, long or

depressed globose, whitish or dove grey (Pallid Mouse Grey to between Tilleul Buff and

Avellaneous) more or less mealy when young, becoming almost glabrous ; shortly pedi-

cellate. Pedicel elliptical, sometimes with a slight apical apophysis. Mouth typically

fimbriate, conical, acute, definite or sometimes indefinite, darker than rest of endoperidium

or concolorous. Gleba ferruginous. Columella indistinct, if present. Capillitium threads

varying in thickness to size of largest spores, pale brown. Spores globose, 3- 5-5* 1 p diam.,

brown, finely verrucose.

Habitat : in sandy places.

Distribution : South Africa ; North America ; Australia.

Specimens examined : on sandy river bank, Tarkastad, C.P., 0. West (N. J. G. Sm.,

G. 37) 27512 ; under Acacia trees, Mauritzfontein, Kimberley area, June 1936, J . P. H.

Acoclts 402, 28637 ; under Eucalyptus, Grahamstown, Nov. 1915, 9198 ; Fort Hare, Alice,

Aug. 1934, Giffen, 27503.

Specimens not seen : Queenstown, R. Hall ; Grahamstown, N. J. G. Smith, G. 173 ;

Bolellacarpu nr. Kuruman, J . V. L. Rennie.

This species is recognised by its hygroscopic habit, its shortly pedicellate endoperidium

and fibrillose peristome.

15. Geastrum mammosum Chevallier.

Flora Paris (1836) 359.

Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7 (1888) 85 ; Lloyd, Geastreae in Myc. Writ. 1 (1902) 13 ; N. J. G.

Smith, Rec. Albany Mus. 4 (1935) 274.

Exoperidium hygroscopic, thin, rigid, smooth, splitting almost to the base into 8-10

subequal, slender rays ; fleshy layer chestnut brown, smooth ; mycelial layer free of debris.

GEASTRUM.

601

Endoperidium sessile, depressed globose, about 9 mm. diam., smooth, pale straw" coloured,

with a conical, even, protruding mouth seated on a large, silky, clearly defined zone.

Columella short, globose, evident or not. Capillitium threads simple, tapeiing, hyaline,

slightly thinner than spores. Spores globose, verrucose, 3-7 p diam. (Description after

Smith l.c. and Lloyd l.c.)

Habitat : on ground in open or wooded places.

Distribution : South Africa ; North America ; Britain ; Europe.

South African record : near Swakop River, between Omaruru and Okahandja, South-

West Africa, N. J. G. Smith, G. 98 ; this collection (Smith l.c.) consists of a single detached

specimen.

This species is characterised by its hygroscopic habit, sessile endoperidium and even

conical mouth.

16. Geastrum fomicatum (Hudson) Fries (pro parte typica), [Plate LYIII.]

Systema Mycologicum 3 (1821) 12 pp.

Hollos, Gastero. Ung. (1904) 62 ; Lloyd, Geastreae in Myc. Writ. 1 (1902) 29 ;

N. J. G. Smith, Rec. Albanv Mus. 4 (1935) 278 ; G. H. Cunningham, Gastero.

(1944) 175.

Lycoperdon fomicatum Huds., Flor. Angl. ed. 1 (1762) 502, (pp.).

Geastrum quadrifdum v fenestriatum (Batsch) Pers. Syn. (1801) 133.

Geastrum fenestriatum (Pers.) Fischer, Natur. Pflanzenfam. 7a. (1933) 73.

Unexpanded plant subglobose, ochraceous. Exoperidium typically fornicate, up to

4 cm. high (excluding cup), 5-5 cm. wide, splitting about two-thirds or more of the way

into 4, occasionally 5, acuminate or long wedge-shaped segments, the tips of which remain

attached to the corresponding tips of the mycelial layer, which, on expansion, remains

behind in the substratum as a membranous, hollow, cup-shaped structure ; the fleshy and

fibrous layers, carrying the endoperidium become strongly arched over it ; fleshy layer

greyish brown to umber (Mars Brown, Vandyke Brown) at first smooth and adnate, later

sometimes cracking and peeling off, either altogether or in patches, exposing the usually

hard, greyish brown fibrous layer. Endoperidium pedicellate, up to 1*7 cm. across and

1-4 cm. high, depressed globose or urceolate, often with a circular basal apophysis just

above the pedicel, greyish brown to purplish black (Mouse Gray, Light Drab, Drab, Vandyke

Brown), velvety, smooth or obscurely granular. Mouth indefinite, conical or mammose,

with fibrillose or lacerate apex. Pedicel whitish, elliptic, up to 2 mm. long and 5 mm. wide.

Gleba umber with purplish tinge. Columella small, hemispherical. Capillitium threads

brown, up to 7 p diam. Spores globose, finely but sparsely verrucose, brown, 4-5- 1 p diam.

Habitat : in humus under bushes and trees.

Distribution : South Africa ; Australia ; North America ; Britain ; Europe ; West

Indies.

Specimens examined : Platrivier, Pretoria Distr., Nov. 1911, P. J . Pienaar, 1966, det.

Lloyd ; Saltpan, west of Waterpoort, N. Tvl., Dec. 1932, H. Schweickerdt, 26623 ; Belvidere,

Knysna, A. V. Duthie 95, 31349 ; Kimberley, Oct. 1918, M. Wilman, 12317 ; under Acacia,

Mauritzfontein, Kimberley Distr., June 1936, J . P. Acocks 401, 28636 ; Trappe’s Valley,

Bathurst Distr., C.P., Aug. 1919, H. Cronwright (N. J. G. Smith G. 9) 12466 ; Kentani,

Jan. 1916, A. Pegler 2386, 9419 ; Knysna, A. V. Duthie (v. d. Byl 1092) ; June 1921,

Eyles 6658 (S. Rh. 3861) ; Durban, April 1917, Leslie (N.H. 744) 32486.

602

GEASTRUM.

Specimens not seen : Tarkastad, 0. West [N. J. G. Smith, G. 33 as G. fenestriatus (Pers.)

G. H. Cunn.] ; Commadagga, Somerset East Distr. (Alb. Mus. G. 96 as G. fenestriatus ) ;

Kimberley (Herb. Wit. 234) ; Cape of Good Hope, MacOwan as G. MacOwani Kalchbr. ;

without locality, Prof. Pldttner.

Typical plants are distinguished by the strongly fornicate habit and the indefinite,

apically fimbriate mouth. The South African plant appears to differ from the typical

European plant mainly in smaller size and larger spores. It more nearly resembles the

Australian and the North American form.

This species is distinguished from the plant here described as G. coronatum by the

indefinite, non-margined mouth, larger and darker spores and thicker capillitium.

17. Geastrum Hieronymi P. Hennings, [Plate LXIX, lower row.]

Beitrage zur Pilzflora Sudamerikas II, in Hedwigia 36 (1897) 211.

Lloyd, Myc. Writ. 2, Myc. Notes (1907) 311, PI. 9.7 ; Myc. Writ. 7 (1923) 1176 ;

Verwoerd, Ann. Univ. Stell. 3 (1925) 22 ; N. J. G. Smith, Rec. Albany Mus. 4

(1935) 279.

Exoperidium expanded or with rays revolute, splitting to about the middle or more

into 8-10 subequal, acuminate rays 1-2 cm. long ; fleshy layer umber, sometimes with

paler margin around rays, 4-6 cm. diam., almost smooth at first, becoming rimosely or

longitudinally cracked ; mycelial layer adnate, covered with debris, ochraceous or greyish

brown, sometimes breaking away. Base deeply concave or vaulted. Endoperidium

pedicellate, ovoid, subglobose or depressed globose, 1-5-2- 5 cm. diam., with or without a

basal apophysis, shortly stipitate, umber or blackish umber, minutely but densely and harshly

asperate ; spicules black, erect, sharp pointed. Mouth indefinite, fimbriate, concolorous

with, or a shade darker than the rest of peridium. Pedicel broad elliptic, 1-2 mm. long,

with scattered spines. Gleha blackish umber. Capillitium varying in thickness and colour

from tinted to almost as dark as spores, and from thin to slightly thicker than spore diameter.

Spores globose, dark brown, sparsely verrucose, average size 4 y.

Habitat : on ground amongst vegetable debris.

Distribution : North and South America ; South Africa.

Specimens examined : Knysna, A. V. Duthie 290 (v. d. Byl 1091 ; Stell. 125) 31460 ;

Platrivier, Pretoria Distr., Nov. 1911, P. J. Pienaar, 1967 ; Kromrivier nr. Marikana,

Transvaal, Dec. 1938, E. M. Doidge and A. M. Bottomley, 35121 ; Stellenbosch, C.P., April

1923, F. Eyles, 6756.

Specimens not seen : under plants, Grahamstown, N. J. G. Smith.

This is a very dark species, distinguished by its minutely, but densely and harshly

asperate endoperidium. Hennings describes the spicules as resembling those of Lycoperdon

perlatum. It is very near G. flmbriatum except that the endoperidium of the latter is sessile

and smooth.

18. Geastrum floriforme Vittadini, [Plate LXIX, upper row.]

Monographia Lycoperdineorum (1842) 23.

Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7 (1888) 87 ; Yerwoerd, Ann. Univ. Stell. 3 (1925) 21 ; N. J. G.

Smith in Rec. Albany Mus. 4 (1935) 277 ; G. H. Cunningham, Gastero. (1944) 177.

Geaster delicatus Morg., American Nat. 21 (1887) 1028.

G. hungaricus Hollos, Gastero. Ung. (1904) 64.

G. Pazschkeanus P. Henn., Hedwigia 39 (1900) 55 ; Sacc. Syll. Fung. 16 (1902) 239_

GEASTRUM.

603

Unexpanded plant subglobose, depressed globose, sometimes pointed at the apex, dirty

white, at first submerged, then entirely superficial. Exoperidium 2 -5-3 -5 cm. diam. when

expanded, splitting from a half to two-thirds of the way into 5-11 subequal, acuminate

segments, strongly hygroscopic, folded over the peridium when dry, saccate with tips

expanded or revolute when moist ; fleshy layer smooth or transversely cracked, bay to umber

brown ; mycelial layer thin, whitish, at first with adherent sand, more or less disappearing,

exposing the smooth, brown, fibrous layer. Base slightly umbilicate or rounded with

point of attachment present. Endoperidium sessile, 9 mm. to 1-5 cm. diam., subglobose,

parchment coloured to light brown, almost smooth. Mouth a torn aperture, indefinite,

naked, slightly conical or plane, becoming fibrillose. Gleba nigger brown. Columella

minute, white, rounded. Capillitium threads varying in thickness up to diameter of largest

spore, almost hyaline to light brown. Spores usually globose, sometimes subglobose,

strongly verrucose, 3-6-7 p diam.

Habitat: singly or gregarious on ground.

Distribution : South Africa ; North America ; Australia ; Europe ; New Zealand.

Specimens examined : Pretoria, Nov. 1909, Doidge, 957 ; P. J. Pienaar , Nov. 1911,

1968, det. Lloyd ; Krugersdorp, Tvl., Oct. 1928, A. J. Pretorius, 23625 ; Matatiele, E.

Griqualand, Oct. 1932, Gideon Joubert, 26577 ; Raapenberg Golf Course, Cape Peninsula,

Aug. 1938, M. A. Pocock (E. L. Stephens 218) 27272 ; Stikland, Bellville, C.P., July 1932,

J. Acocks, 27274, Stellenbosch, v. d. Byl, 1107 ; May, 1923, v. d. Byl, 1105 as G. striatulus,

G. C. Nel (v. d. Byl 1139) as G. striatulus ; Stellenbosch, April 1921, Eyles 6756 ; Brandfort,

O.F.S., Feb. 1925, L. Yerwoerd (v. d. Byl 2083) as G. striatulus ; Elsenburg, C.P., Oct.

2 926, 35029.

Specimens not seen : Eastern Cape, N. J. G. Smith G. 19, G. 28 ; Grahamstown, G. 90 ;

Devil’s Peak, Cape Town, amongst leaves at foot of Leucadendron tree 1894, MacOwan,

Kew ; Cape Province, Pazschke as G. Pazschkeanus.

19. Geastrum hygrometricum Persoon, [Plate LX.]

Synopsis Methodica Fungorum (1801) 135.

Sacc. Svll. Fung. 7 (1888) 90; Yerwoerd, S. Afric. Journ. Sci. 23 (1926) 291 >

G. H. Cunningham, Gastero. (1944) 178.

Geastrum fibrillosum Schw., Nat. Gesell. (1822) 113.

Geaster vulgaris Corda, Icon. Fung. 5 (1842) 64.

Astraeus hygrometricus (Pers.) Morgan, Journ. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., 12 (1889) 20.

Geaster lilacinus Mass., Kew Bull. (1899) 166.

Astraeus stellatus (Scop.) Fischer, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 1 (1900) 341.

Unexpanded plant 4-7 cm. diam., globose or depressed globose, bay-brown, rooting by

a few fine threads, submerged at first, finally completely superficial. Exoperidium very

hygroscopic, 5-10 cm. diam. when expanded, splitting to two-thirds to three-quarters of

the way into 5-20 thick, woody, subequal, acute segments, which are strongly incurved

over the endoperidium when dry, but in wet weather expand and turn back, until the plant

is lifted off the ground and rests on the tips of the segments ; fleshy layer light brown or

greyish (between Deep and Dark Olive Buff) in fresh specimens, finally yellowish, greyish,

dark brown to almost black in weathered specimens ; thin, often cracking rimosely or into

sections, giving the segments a mottled or shagreen appearance ; mycelial layer thin, tearing

away as the plant expands, exposing the smooth, polished, brown fibrillose layer. Endo-

peridium 2-3-3 cm. diam., globose or depressed globose, sessile, thin, membranaceous, at

first covered with an olive green, woolly covering, leaving the peridium smooth and Buffy

604

GEASTRUM.

Brown flecked with Citrine Drab in colour. Mouth indefinite, a torn aperture without a

peristome. Gleba umber. Capillitium threads long, attenuated, branched, pale brown,

3-5-7 ji diarn. Spores globose, verrucose, 5-10 g diam.

Habitat : solitary or gregarious, occurring sporadically in rainy seasons, in manured

or other ground.

Distribution : South Africa ; North and South America ; Australia ; Europe ; India.

Specimens examined : in manured ground, Somerset East, 1874, MacOwan 1060 (S.A.

Museum 35065), 35305 ; on hard ground under pine trees, Pretoria, April 1925, A. M.

Bottomley, 20421 ; March 1929, 23724 ; April 1930, P. Watson, 25435 ; Feb. 1946, B.

Louwrens, 35524.

Other South African Records : Marloth (Flora S. Afric. 1, 1913 : 21) says of this plant :

“ The common G. hygrometricus is of universal occurrence

This species is recognised by its large size, very woody exoperidial segments, rigidly

incurved habit when dry, and picturesque habit of standing on the tips of its segments

when wet. In the latter condition it reminds one of some sea animal.

Cunningham is followed in retaining this species in Geastrum rather than Morgan and

Fischer who referred it to a separate genus — Astraeus. According to the first-named, it

differs from other Geastrums only in having a somewhat primitive hymenium, which is,

however, not evident at maturity.

Doubtful Species.

Geaster MacOwani Kalchbr. [Plate LXI, fig. 1.]

Grevillea 10 (1882) 108.

“ Habitu G. fornicati Fr. sed. triplo major. Peridium extereus quadrifidum, laciniis

ovato-lanceolatis, peridium interius breviter stipitatum, glabriusculum, sporae fusco-

purpureae.

C.B. Sp., leg. MacOwan.

Orificium — proh dolor — totam destructum sed numerus loborum et color sporarum

characteres bonos praebet ”.

No specimen of this species appears to have been deposited in any South African

Herbarium. Mr. Talbot, to whom a specimen of G. dissimile n. sp. was referred for com-

parison with the Kew material of G. MacOwani , has supplied the following note : — “ There

is only one specimen in Kew called G. MacOwani. It was collected by MacOwan in the Cape,

identified originally as G. limbatus from which it was transferred by Lloyd, who has labelled

it G. fornicatus Huds. form MacOwani Kalchbr. This specimen corresponds very well with

Lloyd’s illustrations (Myc. Writ. 2, 1907 : Plate 96) of Prof. Plottner’s material, but it is

not the same as your specimen (G. dissimile). Furthermore it seems doubtful whether

Lloyd’s conception of G. MacOwani is the same plant as Kalchbrenner described (l.c.).

G. MacOwani is stated to be three times as large as G. fornicatus (European form) which

in turn is much larger and coarser than 14515 (G. dissimile) and also larger that the specimen

called forma MacOwani by Lloyd. G. MacOwani is further confused by having been

described from material in which the mouth was totally destroyed.”

Excluded Species.

Verwoerd (Ann. Univ. Stell. 3, 1925 : 41) lists Geaster affinis Colenso and G. coriaceus

Colenso as South African species, but he has obviously mistaken the name of the author for

MYRIOSTOMA.

605

a South African town of the same name. These are both New Zealand or Australian species.

According to Cunningham (Gastero., 1944 : 173) G. coriaceus is a synonym of G. triplex

and G. affinis (l.c., p. 211) is probably a synonym of the same species.

9. MYRIOSTOMA Desvaux.

Journal de Botanique 2 (1809) 103.

Lloyd, Geastreae in Mvc. Writ. 1 (1902) 6 ; Verwoerd in Ann. Univ. Stell. 3 (1925)

24.

Lycoperdon Dickson, Plant. Crypt. Brit. I (1785) 24.

Geastrum Persoon, Syn. (1801) 131.

Geaster Auct. var.

This genus resembles Geastrum in all respects, except that the endoperidium dehisces

by several mouths, and has several pedicels and columellas instead of one. It is represented

by the single species Myriostoma coliforme.

Myriostoma coliforme (Dickson ex Persoon) Corda., [Plate LXI, fig. 3-4.]

Hazslinsky, Magyarhon Lasgombai (1875) 11 ; Corda, Anleitung zum Studium der

Mycologie (1842) Tab. D.

Hollos, Gastero. Ung. (1904) 46 ; Verwoerd, Ann. Univ. Stell. 3 (1925) 241

Coker & Couch, Gastero. (1928) 138.

Lycoperdon coliforme Dickson, Plant., Crypt. Brit. 1 (1785) 24.

Geastrum coliforme Dickson ex Persoon, Synops. Fung. (1801) 131.

Myriostoma anglicum Desv., Obs. in Journ. Bot. 2 (1809) 104.

Geaster coliformis Dickson ex Persoon, Kalchbrenner, Grev. 10 (1882) 108 ; P.

Hennings, Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 14 (1892) 361.

Geaster columnatus Lev., Champignons de Mus. de Paris, p. 161.

Bovistoides simplex Lloyd, Myc. Writ. 6, Myc. Notes 61 (1919) 883.

Exoperidium 5-9 cm. diam., greyish brown or dull cinnamon, membranaceous, splitting

to about half-way into 6-10 pointed, usually smooth segments ; fleshy layer adnate, firm

and rigid at first, later peeling off, leaving the segments thin, membranaceous and a dirty

white colour ; mycelial layer brown, smooth, with adhering debris, partly disappearing

Endoperidium 2-4-5 cm. diam., subglobose or depressed-globose, scabrous, brownish with

shiny leaden grey effect, pedicellate, supported on several, more or less confluent, columnar

structures, dehiscing by 7-15 indefinite mouths, which resemble torn apertures and are

round or elliptic, plane or slightly elevated and scattered over the upper part of the endo-

peridium. Gleba umber brown. Capillitium threads pale brown, unbranched, tapering,

3-5-4 a diam. Columella present, filiform, number probably corresponding with number

of pedicels supporting endoperidium. Spores globose, strongly verrucose to almost papillate,

pale brown, 3-7 p. diam.

Habitat : in open ground or leaf mould under trees, solitary.

Distribution : South Africa ; North and South America ; England ; Europe.

Specimens examined : Pretoria, April 1914, H. A. Wager, 7726 ; Wonderboom,

Pretoria, June 1916, L. Kresfelder, 9793 ; March 1917, 10048 ; Pelindaba, Pretoria Distr.,

Feb. 1930, P. Watson, 24952 ; nr. Grahamstown, Sept. 1941, L. Britten, 33382 ; Alicedale,

606

GEASTEROPSIS.

F. Cruden, 12958 ; Knysna, Duthie 112 (v. d. Byl 1090) 31355 ; Garstfontein Rd., Pretoria,

May 1944, A. M. Bottomley, 35166 ; Ubombo, Zululand, Bell Marley (v. d. Byl 870) ; Stik-

land, C.P., July 1932, J . P. H. Acocks (E. L. Stephens 135) ; Brackenfel, C.P., Feb. 1933,

J . P. H. Acocks (E.L.S. 171) ; May 1932, E. L. Stephens 116 ; Heathfield, Aug. 1937,

D. Cousins (E.L.S. 443) ; Blikfontein, Kimberley area, Dec. 1937, J . P. H. Acocks 2585,

35301 ; Boschberg, MacOwan 1234 (S.A.M. 35056) 21940 ; Huisrivierbergen, v. d. Byl 1071.

Specimens not seen : Belvidere, Knysna, Duthie 59, 95 ; without locality, Transvaal,

v. d. Byl ; Grahamstown, N. J. G. Smith ; Cradock, M. Gush ; Somerset East, MacOwan.

10. GEASTEROPSIS Hollos. •

Novenytani Kozlemenyek 2 (1903) 72.

Geasteroides W. H. Long, Mycologia 9 (1917) 24.

Peridium double. Exoperidium thick, rigid, splitting, as in Geastrum, from the apex

downwards to about the middle, into irregular reflexed segments ; closely investing the

endoperidium. Endoperidium thin, membranaceous, more or less deciduous, enclosing a

central structure, which arises from the base of the exoperidium and consists of a persistent,

stipitate columella, which bears the capillitium and spores.

Long (l.c.) states that his genus Geasteroides differs from Geasteropsis in having a sterile

persistent base to which the lower part of the endoperidium is firmly attached, whereas,

according to the description and figures given by Hollos, the dehiscent endoperidium of

Geasteropsis encloses the subligneous stipe and columella, making quite a different plant

from Geasteroides.

In the specimens described later, believed to be Geasteropsis, the endoperidium appears

to be originally attached to the exoperidium around the base of the stipe, thus enclosing

the stipe with columella and gleba. One specimen in a South African collection indicates

that the endoperidium may originally have been attached to the stipe slightly above its

base, but even so it virtually encloses the stipe, columella and gleba. In any case the

endoperidium is not firmly attached to the stipe as described by Long for Geasteroides. No

specimen of the latter genus has been seen so no comparison is possible. Fischer is followed

in including Geasteroides in Geasteropsis.

This genus differs from Geastrum and Myriostoma, to which South African genera it

is most nearly related, by the manner of dehiscence, which, in Geasteropsis, is effected by

the rupturing of the endoperidium, instead of by one or more apertures in the persistent

endoperidium.

Three species have been described for this genus, G. texensis (Long) Ed. Fisch., from

Texas, G. Stahelii Ed. Fisch. from Surinam and G. Conrathii Hollos.

Geasteropsis Conrathi Hollos, [Plate LXII ; LXIII.]

Novenytani Kozlemenyek 2 (1903) 72.

Peridium double, subglobose or obovate, dirty white, smooth, dull or shiny ; originally

attached by a smooth, thick, solid, whitish root-like structure ; expanded plant varying

from 7-16 cm. tall and 8-20 cm. broad. Exoperidium splitting from the apex downwards,

to about the middle, into 8-10 pointed, reflexed or incurved segments, which are finally

woody, hard and brittle, up to 6 cm. thick when soaked and consisting of three layers —

an inner thin, dirty white, finally brownish grey layer, a thick, punky, brown middle layer

and an outer white, compact, fibrous layer. With expansion, the inner and middle layers

TULOSTOMATACEAE.

607

become fissured and cracked, exposing the dirty white or brownish fibrous layer. Endo-

peridium thin, soft, membranaceous, pale brownish grey or dove grey, enclosing a central

structure consisting of the gleba-bearing stipitate columella, originally attached at the top

to the apex of the unexpanded exoperidium and at the bottom to its base, around the foot

of the stipe of the columella. When the exoperidium splits at the apex, and the segments

separate, the endoperidium breaks away at the top and partly or entirely at the bottom,

remaining behind either as a torn, loose, collar-like structure around the base of the gleba

or as torn fragments partly attached to the exoperidium thus partially or completely exposing

the gleba. Gleba up to 2 cm. diameter exclusive of columella stipe, dark chocolate brown

or blackish, consisting of closely packed, pale yellowish brown, irregular, fibrillose tramal

strands, attached to and radiating from the massive columella, intermixed with capillitium

and spores. Columella whitish, tough, subwoody, subglobose or elliptic, stipitate, broader

than tall, 2-5 cm. tall and 1-4-6 cm. broad. Stipe cylindric or elliptic, in former case

2 mm. diam. by 0-5-1 -3 cm. long, in the latter 3 cm. broad by 8 mm. thick and 2-7 mm.

tall, arising from the outer, fibrous layer of the exoperidium. The enlarged apex of the

stipe forms the columella. Capillitium threads sparse, hyaline to light brown, smooth,

unbranched and only occasionally septate, diameter less than that of the spores. At

maturity the gleba disintegrates and falls away from the columella, leaving the latter almost

bare. Spores globose, olivaceous brown or dark brown, strongly verrucose, 5-8-5 p diam.,

commonly 6-8 p.

Habitat : on termite heaps and on ground, occurring singly.

Distribution : South Africa.

Specimens examined : on ground, Garstfontein, Pretoria Distr., April 1912, P. J .

Pienaar, 2278 ; on termite heaps, Rietvlei Pasture Research Station, Pretoria Distr., May

1940, J . P. H. Acocks 12346, 34141 ; on termite heap, Clarens, O.F.S., July 1946, J. E. v.d.

Plank, 35574 ; Danielskuil, Clanwilliam Distr., C.P., April 1940, E. Esterhuijsen (E.L.S. 510).

Specimen not seen : on granite soil, Modderfontein Dynamite Factory, Johannesburg,

1902, P. Conrath, Hollos, Type of genus and species.

The characteristics of this plant are the woody exoperidium, the fugacious endoperidium

and the large, woody, stipitate columella, to which radiating, fibrillose strands intermingled

with the capillitium threads are attached.

I am indebted to Miss Wakefield for the identification of specimens No. 34141, and

for a copy of Hollos description of the species.

TULOSTOMATACEAE.

The Tulostomataceae is the second family of the Order Lycoperdales and differs from

Lvcoperdaceae, the first family, mainly in the stem character, which is well developed in the

Tulostomataceae but absent, or only very poorly developed, in Lycoperdaceae.

The Tulostomataceae is a comparatively small family, containing, according to

Cunningham, only seven genera : — Tulostoma, Batarrea, Phellorina, Chlamydopus, Podaxis,

Schizostoma and Dictyocephalos, and these, with the exception of Tulostoma, contain only

one to four species. Of the above seven genera only the first five are represented in South

Africa.

608

TULOSTOMA.

Cunningham rather than Fischer is followed in the arrangement of this family, the

argument of the former in favour of his arrangement being that although the genera in

question show considerable diversity of form and development, they are grouped together

because they have the ordinal characters in common, with, in addition, a well developed

true stem.

The general characters of the family are as follows : —

Plants consisting of a peridium attached to a well developed stalk. Peridium sub-

globose, depressed globose or long oval. Exoperidium 2-layered, scaly or continuous,

persistent or fugacious. Endoperidium tough, membranous and persistent, except for

Batarrea in which it falls away in one piece. Dehiscence by means of a stoma, by irregular

rupture, by circumscissile splitting or by basal separation from the stem followed by longi-

tudinal splitting. Stem woody and well developed, carrying the peridium upon its modified

apex, except in the case of Podaxis, where it is prolonged to the apex of the peridium ;

provided with a volva-like structure at the base. Gleba pulverulent, consisting of copious

spores and capillitium threads. Capillitium threads simple, sparingly branched, sparsely

septate, hyaline or coloured. In Batarrea elaters are present mixed with the threads.

Basidia fasciculate or in normal palisade arrangement on tramal plates. Spores globose or

oval, hyaline to coloured, usually rough.

Key to the Genera.

Sub-family Tulostomoideae. Basidia not in fascicles, disappearing at maturity.

A. Tulostomeae. Elaters not present in the gleba.

Peridium dehiscing by a definite stoma; capillitium septate 1. Tulostoma.

Peridium dehiscing by irregular rupture of the apex ; capillitium not

septate (Schizostoma).

B. Balarreae. Elaters present in the gleba.

Peridium dehiscing by circumscissile cleavage of the apical portion. . . 2. Batarrea.

Sub-family Podaxonoideae. Basidia in fascicles which persist at maturity.

C. Phellorineae. Peridium seated on the expanded apex of the stem.

Peridial wall continuous with the stem forming a cupulate extension of

the stem apex 3. Phellorina.

Peridial wall not continuous with the stem.

Peridium dehiscing by a definite stoma ; gleba pulverulent 4. Chlamydopus,

Peridium dehiscing by irregular rupture of the apical portion ; gleba

coarsely chambered 5. Dictyocephalos.

D. Podaxineae. Peridium borne at the apex of a stem which traverses the

gleba as an axile columella ; dehiscing by longitudinal splitting.

Characters as above 6. Podaxis.

1. TULOSTOMA Persoon.

Synopsis Methodica Fungorum (1801) 139.

Tylostoma Spreng., Syst. Veg. 4 (1829) 378.

Tulasnodea Fr., Summa Veg. Scand., Pt. 2 (1849) 440.

Type species : Tulostoma brumale Pers.

Plants consisting of a stalked peridium in which the stalk is inserted in a depression

at the base of the peridium. Peridium depressed globose, sometimes with a collar-like

structure at the base. Exoperidium usually fugacious in the upper part of the peridium,

but persistent at the base as an irregular, shallow disc. Endoperidium thin, tough, mem-

branaceous, smooth or rough with fragments of the exoperidium, dehiscing by an apical

TULOSTOMA.

609

round, oval or elliptic mouth, which may be fibrillose, tubular, elevated or plane. Stalk

inserted in a depression at the base of the peridium, woody, fistulose, often brittle, smooth

or scaly, often striate or sulcate-striate, stuffed, usually with a small mycelial bulb at the

base. Gleba pulverulent, consisting of capillitium threads and spores. Capillitium composed

of long, usually branched, septate threads attached to the endoperidium. Spores globose,

subglobose or occasionally angled, usually rough, occasionally smooth. “ Basidia clavate,

bearing laterally 2-4 spores on short sterigmata.”

Tulostoma is the largest genus of the family Tulostomataceae, comprising some 85

described species, of which however, according to Cunningham, only about 30 are good.

Probably about a dozen species are represented in South Africa. The genus is of world-

wide distribution, occurring most commonly in dry, sandy regions. With the exception

of two or three species which grow on wood, the species all occur on the ground. The chief

characteristic of the genus is the stem, which is inserted into a depression at the base of the

peridium. Only one other genus, namely Schizostoma has a stem of this nature. From

Schizostoma however, Tulostoma differs in having a well-developed mouth and septate

capillitium threads.

The genus is very imperfectly known in South Africa, the National Herbarium being

sadly lacking in specimens of authentically named species. In the absence of named

specimens for comparison and of facilities for studying overseas plants, great difficulty has

been experienced in placing South African forms. However, rather than omit mention of

many of the collections, it has been considered advisable, for the sake of future workers,

to refer them tentatively to described species with which by comparison with descriptions

and illustrations they seem most nearly to agree. Hollos, Lloyd, Coker and Couch and

Cunningham have been the main sources of information.

The classification of the genus has been based, as is the usual custom, on the mouth

characters. These are of three types : (1) definite, tubular and entire, (2) definite and

fibrillose-fimbriate and (3) indefinite and plane, often resembling a torn aperture. Apart

from the mouth, the spores appear to be the only other distinctive and variable character.

Key to the Species.

Mouth short, tubuer, lantire

Spores typically small, 3 -4^1 -2 p , obscurely verrucose 1. T. Lesliei.

Spores typically large, up to 10 p.

Spores obscurely to finely verrucose, 5-10 p 2. T. album.

Spores finely to distinctly verrucose, 4-6-8 p.

Peridium large, up to 3 cm. diam 3. T. Purpusii.

Peridium small, up to 1-5 cm. diam 4. T. albicans.

Spores typically medium sized, up to 6-8 p.

Spores finely echinulate. Mouth pale 5. T. bonianum.

Spores strongly but sparsely echinulate. Mouth dark 6. T. brumale.

Spores verrucose, peridium reddish brown or pale tan 7. T. squamosum.

Spores verrucose or shortly aculeate, peridium white 8. T. lacticeps.

Mouth fimbriate-fibrillose

Spores small, 3-h-5 p, finely verrucose 9. T. cyclophorum.

Spores large, 6-7 p, strongly aculeate 10. T. Transvaalii.

Spores large, 5-5-7 p, minutely and sparsely verrucose 11. T. MacOwani.

Spores medium, 4-6 p, more or less smooth 12. T. obesum.

Mouth indefinite, a torn aperture

Spores relatively smooth, 4r-6 p 13. T. australianum.

Spores finely and sparsely echinulate, 4-6-8 p 14. T. adherens.

610

TULOSTOMA.

1. Tulostoma Lesliei van der Byl.

Transactions Royal Society of South Africa 9 (1921) 185.

Verwoerd, Ann. Univ. Stell. 3 (1925) 12.

Peridium subglobose or depressed globose, 7-9 mm. diam. Exoperidiurn disappearing

from upper part of peridium but persistent at base. Endoperidium whitish to pinkish buff,

smooth, membranous. Mouth round, tubular, elevated, sometimes surrounded by a slightly

darker zone. Stalk 1-5-2 cm. long, 1-1*5 mm. thick, irregularly and distinctly striate,

fistulose, equal, straight or twisted, with a few pointed, membranous scales at the apex.

Gleba rusty brown. Capillitium hyaline to tinted, sparingly branched, fairly frequently

septate, swmllen and darker at the septa. Spores globose or subglobose, pale yellowish

brown, obscurely verrucose, 3 *4-4 *2 p diam.

Habitat : sandy soil.

Distribution : Natal ; South Africa.

Specimens examined : Durban, P. van der Byl 57, Type and P. v. d. Byl 690, 31896.

This species differs from Tulostoma albicans in the shorter, thinner stalk and smaller

spores. It is recognised by its light coloured endoperidium, elevated, tubular mouth and

small, obscurely verrucose spores.

2. Tulostoma album Massee.

Grevillea 19 (1891) 95.

G. H. Cunningham, Gastero. (1944) 183.

Tylostoma mcalpinianum Lloyd, Myc. Writ. 2, Tylostomeae (1906) 15.

Peridium subglobose, 7-8 mm. diam. Exoperidium chestnut brown, disappearing from

the upper part but persisting at the base, mixed with sand and leaf debris, to form a closely

adhering disc. Endoperidium dirty white or parchment coloured, smooth except for

scattered grains of sand, tough, membranous. Mouth circular, shortly tubular, entire,

becoming somewhat lacerated. Stem 2-2*5 cm. long, 2-3 mm. thick, dark brown, fistulose,

coarsely striate, somewhat lacerated when the pale brown or yellowish, shining under surface

is exposed, expanded at base. Capillitium threads hyaline and tinted, rather sparingly

branched, sparsely septate, slightly swollen at the septa, varying in thickness up to 10*2 p.

Spores globose or subglobose, pale brown, thick-walled, varying considerably in size, 5-10 p,

average size about 6 p diam., obscurely and finely verrucose (almost smooth in lacto-phenol).

Habitat : on ground.

Distribution : South Africa ; Australia.

Specimens examined : in sheep kraal, Allandale Farm, Bathurst, C.P., Sept. 1935,

K. M. Putterill, 28528.

The plants of the above collection are tentatively placed in T. album until further

specimens are available for examination and an opportunity is afforded to compare them

with authentically named specimens. The description given differs from that of Cunningham

(l.c.) in the rather larger and smoother spores.

According to Cunningham (l.c.) T. mcalpinianum is the same as T. album.. Lloyd (l.c.)

described the spores of the latter as almost smooth while Cunningham found them to be

coarsely verrucose. This divergence of opinion may be due to a difference in the mountant

used for examination.

TULOSTOMA.

611

This species is recognised by its short tubular mouth, light coloured endoperidium and

usually large spores which are relatively smooth.

3. Tulostoma purpusii P. Hennings, [Plate LXVI, fig. 3.]

Hedwigia 37 (1898) 274.

Lloyd, Myc. Writ. 2, Tylostomeae (1906) 18, PI. 79 ; Yerwoerd, Ann. Univ. Stell.

3 (1925) 12 ; G. H. Cunningham, Gastero. (1944) 185.

Peridium globose or depressed globose, 1-5-3 cm. diam. Exoperidium dark brown,

mixed with sand, peeling off in irregular patches from the upper part but persistent at the

base. Endoperidium thin, firm, smooth, dirty white, pale ochraceous, greyish brown,

ferruginous or sometimes pale with ochraceous brown patches. Mouth 2-4 mm., round

or oval, entire, slightly protruding, usually single but occasionally several. Stalk 2-4 cm.,

sometimes up to 8 cm. long and 2-6 mm. thick, single, or occasionally several anastomosed

together, pale ochraceous, fistulose, striate, often scaly, with small mycelial bulb at base.

Gleba rusty brown. Capillitium threads hyaline to tinted, varying in thickness up to

6-8 a diam., sparingly branched, sparsely septate, slightly swollen at septa. Spores

ochraceous brown, globose, subglobose or rather irregular, finely but distinctly verrucose,

typically large, 4-6-8 ti.

Habitat : in sandy soil, single, gregarious, sometimes ceaspitose.

Distribution : South Africa.

Specimens examined : Stellenbosch, May 1923, F. Eyles (v. d. Byl 1132, 1134) ; June

1928, A. V. Duthie (E.L.S. 66) ; in wattle plantation, Donnvbrook, Natal, 1936, K. E.

Morgan and E. M. Doidge, 30272 ; Jan. 1935, E. M. Doidge, 27717 ; Feb. 1935, K. E.

Morgan, 28910 ; Bloemfontein, G. Potts, 11690 ; Xumeni Forest, Donnybrook, Natal,

Dec. 1940, E. M. Doidge, 35336.

The distinguishing features of this species are its unusually large size, and finely but

distinctly verrucose spores. It differs from the next species in the typically larger size.

4. Tulostoma albicans White, [Plate LXYI ; LXVIII.]

Bulletin Torrey Botanical Club 28 (1901) 428.

G. H. Cunningham, Gastero. (1944) 182 ; Lloyd, Myc. Writ. 2, Tylostomeae (1906)

15 ; W. H. Long, Gastero. XIII in Mycologia 38 (1906) 172.

Tylostoma pallidum Lloyd, Myc. Writ. 2, Tylostomeae (1906) 15.

T. Mohavei Lloyd, Myc. Writ. 6 (1920) 992.

Peridium depressed globose, 0-6-9 mm. high, 0-7-15 mm. wide, often with a crown of

pointed scales at the base. Exoperidium disappearing entirely or in patches from the upper

part, but persisting at the base as a shallow disc. Endoperidium dingy white or pale

ochraceous, smooth or flecked with particles of exoperidium, tough, membranaceous. Mouth

usually one, occasionally two, apical, usually round, sometimes elliptical, shortly tubular,

margin even at first but may become dentate. Stem 1-4 cm. long, 1-3 mm. wide, ochraceous

to reddish brown, striate to coarsely sulcate, more or less ecpial, bulbous at base. Gleba

rusty brown. Capillitium threads hyaline to tinted, branched, sparsely septate, often

somewhat swollen at septa, rounded at ends, up to 6-8 u diam., equal or irregularly thickened.

Spores globose, subglobose or sub-angled, sparsely but finely to coarsely verrucose, golden

brown with darker epispore, 4-6-8 g diam.

Habitat : in sandy or heavy ground.

Distribution : South Africa ; North America ; Australia ; India ; Tasmania.

612

TULOSTOMA.

Specimens examined: on antheap tennis court, Ladybrand, Feb. 1926, P. L. Lefebre,

20672 ; Fountains, Pretoria, Dec. 1914, I. B. Pole Evans, 8764 ; Bloemfontein, 11690 ;

Garstfontein, Pretoria, Dec. 1911, P. J. Pienaar, 1969 ; Pretoria, March 1921, E. M. Doidge,

14481 ; in red sand under Acacia trees, Mauritzfontein, Kimberley, J. P. H. Acocks 403,

28638.

The distinguishing features of this species are the tubular mouth, light coloured endo-

peridium and verrucose spores.

It is uncertain whether collection No. 28638 (Plate LXVI1I) is Tulostoma olbicans or not.

It agrees in essentials with the description of this species as given by White (l.c.) and

Cunningham (l.c.) but differs from illustrations in various respects. In size it varies from

O' 7 to 3 cm. wide and 0-6 to 1-7 cm. high ; the exoperidium is brittle, comparatively thick,

shell-like and quite distinct from the endoperidium, thickly encrusted with closely adhering

sand and breaks up into sections which fall away from the upper part of the endoperidium,

leaving a thick, sand-encrusted cup-like structure at the base. The endoporium is very

white and finely furfuraceous at first, becoming pale greyish to pale ochraceous and quite

smooth. The mouth is tubular, slightly elevated, round to oval, with a slightly irregular

margin. The stalk is 2-7 mm. thick, 4-6 cm. long, dirty white to pale ochraceous, sulcate-

striate, somewhat scaly and has a well-developed mycelial bulb at the base. It§ characteristic

features are the nearly white, pubescent endoperidium, which becomes pale grey or pale

ochraceous and very smooth, and the shell-like, sand encrusted exoperidium.

5. Tulostoma bonianum Patouillard, [Plate LXYII, fig. 3.]

Bulletin Societe Mycologique de France 8 (1892) 49.

Sacc. Syll. Fung. 11 (1895) 159 ; Lloyd, Myc. Writ. 2, Tylostomeae (1906) 14, PL 76-

Peridium 7-12 mm. wide, 5-8 mm. high, depressed globose or pulvinate, sometimes

with an irregular crown of membranaceous scales at the base. Exoperidium dark reddish

or umber brown, usually consisting of minute, brown, granular warts, which are persistent

for some time, then fall away entirely or in irregular patches from the upper part, but

persist at the base as an irregular cup-shaped disc. Endoperidium pale reddish or greyish

brown or pinkish buff, usually finely areolate or reticulated where the exoperidial granules

have fallen off. Mouths round, tubular, elevated, often surrounded by a pale zone, originally

covered by the granular exoperidium. Stalk 1-6-5 cm. long, 1-3 mm. thick, slightly thinner

at the apex and with a well developed mycelial pad at the base, medium to dark reddish

brown, fistulose, striate, smooth or somewhat scaly. Capillitium threads hyaline or tinted,,

sometimes brown, branched, sparsely septate, somewhat swollen at septa, varying in thick-

ness up to usually not more than diameter of spores. Spores globose or subglobose to-

angular, finely echinulate, 4-5-6 g diam.

Habitat : often in large clusters in ground under bushes.

Distribution : South Africa ; China ; Cuba ; India.

Specimens examined : Garstfontein road, Pretoria, Dec. 1911, P. J. Pienaar, 1969 ;

April 1911, E. M. Doidge, 1344; Feb. 1939, E. M. Doidge & A. M. Bottomley, 30617;.

Fountains, Pretoria, April 1921, A. M. Bottomley, 14499 ; March 1935, 20378 ; Stellen-

bosch, A. V. Duthie (E.L.S. 67).

According to Patouillard (l.c.) this species is near to Tulostoma mammosum and T.

exasperatum, differing from the former in the exoperidium and from the latter in the mouth

and spore characters. In the specimens listed above, the mouth differs from that of T.

mammosum in being paler instead of darker than the surrounding endoperidium. The

species is characterised by the granular exoperidium, the protruding, pale, round, tubular

mouth and the finely echinulate spores.

TULOSTOMA.

613

6. Tulostoma brumale Persoon.

Synopsis Methodica Fungorum (1801) 139.

G. H. Cunningham, Gastero. (1944) 184.

Tulostoma mammosum Fr., Syst. Myc. 3 (1829) 42 ; Lloyd, Myc. Writ. 2, Tulostoineae

(1906) 16 ; Verwoerd, Ann. Univ. Stell. 3 (1925) 12.

Tulasnodea leprosa Kalchbr. ex Thuem. Grev. 4 (1875) 74.

Tylostoma leprosum Kalchbr. ex Cooke, Grev. 11 (1882) 59.

T. pedunculatum (L.) Schroet. in Cohn’s Beitr. Biol. Pflanz. 3 (1887) 65.

T. pygmaeum Lloyd, Myc. Writ. 2, Tylostomeae (1906) 16.

T. rufum Lloyd, l.c., p. 18.

T. floridanum Lloyd, l.c.

T. simulans Lloyd, l.c.

Peridium globose to depressed globose, 6-12 mm. diam. Exoperidium dark brown,

usually disappearing from most of the upper part, irregularly persistent at the base. Endo-

peridium pale tan or bay brown, smooth, membranaceous. Mouth 1-1-5 mm., shortly

tubular, round, margin more or less entire, typically darker than the rest of the peridium ,

but sometimes concolorous. Stem 2-4 cm. long, 2-4 mm. thick, chestnut brown or umber,

more or less equal except for small, basal, mycelial bulb, fistulose, coarsely striate, somewhat

lacerate. Gleba rusty brown. Capillitium threads hyaline to tinted, branched, septate,

septa usually moderately swollen and slightly darkened. Spores globose or subglobose,

ochraceous brown, 4-6 it diam., strongly but usually sparsely echinulate.

Habitat : on sandy ground.

Distribution : South Africa ; North America ; Australia ; Britain ; Europe.

Specimens examined : Boschberg Mts., Somerset East, 1876, MacOwan 1205 as T\

-squamosum, 20928, as T. mammosum, 20946 ; in old flower tins, Knysna, A. V. Duthie 147.

31371.

Specimens not seen : nr. Koega Rivier, Zeyher 123 ; Stellenbosch, Verwoerd (Stell. 43

v. d. Byl 2033) ; Kentani, Pegler 753.

This species is characterised by the smooth, pale tan endoperidium, the raised, shortly

tubular and usually darker mouth and the echinulate spores. MacOwan’s specimen has

the typical dark mouth, septate capillitium and small size of T. brumale.

Verwoerd, l.c., describes the spores as relatively smooth, but in specimens examined

by me they appear to be sparsely but strongly echinulate.

7. Tulostoma squamosum (Gmelin) Persoon.

Synopsis Fungorum (1801) 139.

Hollos, Gastero. Ung. (1904) 42, 148 ; Lloyd, Myc. Writ. 2, Tylostomeae (1906) 14.

Tylostoma imbricatum Pers., Tent, dispos. (1797) 6.

ad Tulostoma mammosum (Mich.) synonym, Winter, Die Pilze 1 (1883) 892. *

ad Tylostoma mammosum (Mich.) variet., Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7 (1888) 61.

614

TULOSTOMA.

Tulostoma pedunculatum Linn. var. j8 longipes Czern., Bull. Soc. Imp. nat. de Moscou

18 (1845) 145.

Tylostoma Barlae Quelet, Bull. Ass. France, p. 17.

Tulostoma mammosum Fr. var. squamosum (Gmel. ex Pers.) Fr., Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7

(1888) 61.

Peridium 6-8 mm., dark reddish brown, depressed globose. Exoperidium dark, rough,

sometimes separating entirely from the endo peridium. Endoperidium smooth, thin, tough,

membranaceous, pale or leather yellow. Mouth small, tubular, round, same colour as

remainder of endoperidium or sometimes paler. Stalk long, round, dark, covered with

large reddish-brown scales which are often caducous. Gleba rusty brown. Capillitium

hyaline, strongly branched, very thick- walled, frequently septate, swollen at septa (sec.

Lloyd l.c.), not septate (sec. Hollos l.c.), 4-8 y diam. Spores pale yellow, verrucose, 5-6 y

diam. (Description ex Lloyd and Hollos.)

Habitat : on ground.

Distribution : South Africa ; Europe.

Specimen examined : Queenstown, C.P., Feb. 1931, F. B. Pope (N. J. G. Smith’s

collections and Kew).

Specimen not seen : “ Karroo, nr. Melkrivier, Somerset West, Cape ”, MacOwan, Kew

(as T. mammosum var. squamosum ).

The Queenstown specimen was identified, while at Kew, by N. J. G. Smith, who based

his findings mainly on descriptions given by Lloyd (l.c.) and Hollos (l.c.). Prof. Smith

kindly supplied the author with a specimen, remarking that it probably did not show all

its original features. His notes on the collection are to the effect that in some specimens

the peridia are very bleached and that in some stems the scales are rubbed off, but in

specimens where these are present, the stems are very scaly. The details of the specimen

examined are as follows : Peridium 8 mm. diam. Endoperidium bleached, with fragments-

of umber-coloured exoperidium present, especially in the basal region. Mouth shortly

tubular, even. Stalk 15 X 1-5 mm., slightly bulbous, brown, irregularly sulcate, scales

lacking. Capillitium threads frequently branched, often with an expanded area at the

point of junction, occasionally septate, swollen and deeper coloured at the septa. Spores

globose, fairly strongly verrucose, 4-6-8 y diam. The specimen, as it is at present, shows

a strong resemblance to specimens here identified as T. albicans.

In connection with the MacOwan specimen at Kew, “ Somerset West ” is evidently

an error ; there is a Melk Rivier in the Karroo in the Graaff Reinet district.

The distinguishing feature of this species is the very scaly stalk. Since the scales,

however, are easily rubbed off, the identification of an old specimen might easily present

difficulties.

8. Tulostoma lacticeps Bresadola.

Annales Mycologici 18 (1920) 54.

Sacc. Syll. Fung. 23 (1925) 591.

Exoperidium furfuraceous above, soon deciduous, persistent at the tomentose

membranaceous base. Endoperidium smooth, .subglobose, papyraceous, milky white,

1-1-5 cm. diam. Mouth mammose, white, not coloured, about 1 mm. high. Stalk hollow,

pale or bright straw-coloured, covered with broad scales formed by the split epidermis,

subequal, slightly compressed, the apex inserted into the depression of the peridium, 3-4 cm.

long, about 4 mm. thick. Spores globose or subglobose, yellow, verrucose or shortly

TULOSTOMA.

615

verrucose or shortly aculeate, 4 -5-5 -5 p diam. or 6x5 /i. Capillitium threads hyaline*

thickly or somewhat thickly tunicated, eeptate, often thickened at the septa, 2-6 p (Bresa-

dola l.c.).

Habitat : on ground.

Distribution : South Africa.

South African Record : Mocambique, Torrend 420.

Bresadola observes that this species is near Tulostama Molleriani, but is well

distinguished by the white colour of the endoperidium, the more coarsely verrucose spores

and the straighter hyphae of the gleba.

9. Tulostoma cyclophorum Lloyd, [Plate LXVI, fig. 2.]

Mycological Writings 2, Tylostomeae (1906) 25, plate 85.

Sacc. Syll. Fung. 21 (1912) 476 ; Yerwoerd, Ann. Univ. Stell. 3 (1925) 13 ; van

der Byl, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Africa 9 (1921) 185.

Peridium depressed globose, 6-20 mm. wide, 7-12 mm. high, with a basal crown of

brown, pointed, membranaceous scales. Exoperidium pale brown, or darker due to the

presence of sand particles, thin, brittle, disappearing almost entirely except for a shallow*

disc-like structure at the base of the endoperidium. Endoperidium pale ochraceous to

buff (Pinkish Buff to Cinnamon Buff) obscurely furfuraceous, becoming nearly smooth.

Mouth round or more often elliptical, raised, shield-shaped, with a lacerated fibrillose or

woolly margin, which is sometimes outlined by a groove. Stem 1-4-5 cm. long, 2-4-6 mm.

thick, fistulose, slender, dark, more or less equal except for the basal mycelial bulb ; the

cortex splitting longitudinally into strips, but persisting around the base of the endoperidium

as a lacerated collar of brown, membranaceous, pointed scales. Gleba rusty brown.

Capillitium threads closely interwoven, hyaline, tinted, pale brown or occasionally dark

brown, varying in thickness from very slender to 12 p diam., rather freely branched, sparsely

septate, often dark and swollen to almost bulbous at the straight or oblique septa ; some-

times very thick-walled. Spores globose or subglobose, finely verrucose, pale or yellowish

brown, 3-4-5 p.

Habitat : in sandy ground.

Distribution: South Africa.

Specimens examined : Grahamstown, March 1931, N. J . G. Smith, 25898, Kew ;

Matatiele, C.P., Oct. 1933, Gideon Joubert, 27290; Stellenbosch, May 1923, F. Eyles (Stell.

78 ; v. d. Byl 1136 ; Lloyd Myc. Coll. 28934, 28958) ; Knvsna, A. V. Duthie 57, 58, 146 ,

157, 31322 (v. d. Byl 1085), 31323, 31370, 31376 (Lloyd Myc. Coll. 4494, 14279, 14280*

24519, 24520, 30832, 54734) ; Stellenbosch, A. V. Duthie (E. L. Stephens 73).

Specimens not seen : Wellington, B. Stoneman (Lloyd Myc. Coll. 4495, Type) ; locality*

unknown, P. v. d. Byl (Lloyd Myc. Coll. 28934, 28958) ; C. A. O’Connor (Lloyd Myc. Coll.

30933) ; E. L. Stephens 220.

According to Lloyd (l.c.) this plant resembles Tulostoma Rickii in general appearance

and particularly the cortical collar at the base of the peridium. It is distinguished from

other species by its mouth, the cortical collar and the capillitium threads.

10. Tulostoma transvaalii Lloyd, [Plate LXVII, fig. 2.]

Mycological Writings 6, Myc. Notes 65 (1921) 1047, Plate 179, fig. 1940.

Yerwoerd, Ann. Univ. Stell. 3 (1925) 13.

Peridium depressed globose to pulvinate, 0-5-1 -7 cm. high, 0-8-2 -4 cm. wide.

Exoperidium umber, apically finely warted, falling away in patches from the upper part*

616

TULOSTOMA.

but persistent in the basal half. Endoperidium buff to light tan, pubescent then smooth.

Mouth round to elliptic, more or less a torn aperture, indefinite to shortly mammose with

a fimbriate margin, concolorous. Stem 0.8-1. 5 cm. long, 2-8 mm. thick, with an abrupt

mycelial bulb at the base, typically short and proportionally thick, umber brown, scaly.

Gleba ferruginous. Capillitium threads hyaline to tinted, up to thicker than spores but

often thinner, sparsely septate and branched. Spores globose, brown, strongly aculeate,

6-7 g.

Habitat : in sandy soil.

Distribution : South Africa.

Specimens examined : one collection only of ten specimens, Warmbaths, Transvaal’

Feb. 1917, V. A. Putterill (Lloyd Myc. Coll. 22713, Type) 11692.

This species is characterised by its obese appearance, brown, warty exoperidium and

short, mammose mouth with fimbriate border.

11. Tulostoma obesum Cooke et Ellis.

Grevillea 6 (1878) 82.

G. H. Cunningham, Gastero. (1944) 186 ; Lloyd, Myc. Writ. 2, Tvlostomeae

(1906) 23.

Tylostoma poculatum White, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 28 (1901) 431.

T. gracile White, l.c., p. 430.

T. kansense Peck ex White l.c.

T. Lloydii Bres., Ann. Myc. 2 (1904) 423.

Peridium depressed globose, to 10 mm. tall, 12 mm. diam. Exoperidium thin and

fragile, breaking away completely save at the persistent basal portion. Endoperidium

fawn coloured or dingy white, papyraceous. Mouth papillate, surrounded by an orbicular,

fibrillose zone which may attain a diameter of 3 mm. Stem 2-3 cm. long, 3-5 mm. thick,

tan coloured, sulcate, striate, equal, stuffed, slightly bulbose at the base. Gleba ferruginous.

Capillitium threads tinted or hyaline, sparingly branched, slightly swollen at the septa.

Spores globose or subglobose, frequently subangular, 4-6 g diam., briefly pedicelled, epispore

pallid, ferruginous, 1 g thick, smooth. (Description after Cunningham l.c.)

Habitat : on soil.

Distribution : South Africa ; North America ; Australia ; New Zealand.

South African Record : The Point, Knvsna, C.P., A. V. Duthie 25. det. Lloyd as T.

poculatum White.

This specimen was not included amongst others donated by Dr. Duthie to the National

Herbarium, nor is it amongst van der Byl’s collections.

According to Cunningham (l.c.) the distinguishing features of this species are the

fimbriate mouth and smooth spores.

Cunningham, following Lloyd, originally called this species T. poculatum (Gastero.,

1925 : 254) but Coker and Couch (Gastero., 1928 : 155) subsequently pointed out that the

latter cannot be separated from T. obesum which antedates it. If, however, this species

is the same as T . volvulatum, as Hollos seems to think, then the latter is the earlier name.

Coker and Couch and Lloyd, however, treat them as two separate species, on the grounds

TULOSTOMA.

617

that in T. volvulatum the edge of the mouth is not composed of a fibrous wall, while in T.

obesum it is surrounded by a slightly elevated fibrous mat. No named plants of any of

these species have been available for examination.

12. Tulostoma MacOwani Bresadola.

Petri in Annales Mycologici 2 (1904) 429, Plate 6, figs. 13-14.

Sacc. Syll. Fung. 21 (1912) 475.

Peridium globose, papyraceous, smooth, surrounded by a dark tomenCpse zone at the

base, deeply umbilicate, 1—1 - 5 cm. diam. Mouth fimbriate, plane. Stalk sub-woody,

hollow, longitudinally sulcate-striate, brown, more or less smooth, scarcely lacerated,

1 • 5-4 cm. long, 2-3 mm. thick. Spores subglobose, often irregular, golden yellow, minutely

and sparsely verrucose, 5-5-7 a diam. or 5-7 X 4-5 a. Capillitium threads tinted yellow,

slightly tunicated, not easily breaking into sections, 5-7 a thick, thickened and ochraceo us

at the extremities, (ex Annales Mycologici, l.c.)

Habitat : on ground.

Distribution : South Africa.

South African Record : Cape Province, MacOwan, Kew.

The type specimen has not been seen by the writer. According to Petri (l.c.) Tulostoma

MacOwani resembles T. fimbriatum Fr. in outward appearance, but the capillitium threads

are like those of T. granulosum Lev.

13. Tulostoma australianum Lloyd, [Plate LXVII, fig. 1.]

Mycological Writings 2, Tylostomeae (1906) 20.

G. H. Cunningham, Gastero. (1944) 189.

Peridium 11-13 mm. wide, 5-8 mm. high, depressed globose. Exoperidium rough,

mixed with sand particles, falling off irregularly from the upper part, usually persistent

at base. Endoperidium whitish, smooth, tough, membranous. Mouth an irregular torn

aperture. Stalk fistulose, dark or pale brown, up to 3-5 cm. long and 3 mm. thick, cortex

splitting irregularly, giving stem a somewhat scaly appearance, enlarged at base. Gleba

rusty brown. Capillitium threads hyaline to tinted, thick-walled, varying in thickness

up to 7 p, rather sparingly branched, sparsely septate, somewhat swollen at septa. Spores

globose to subglobose, relatively smooth (in lacto-phenol, finely verrucose when dry) pale to

dark brown, 4-6 p diam.

Habitat : in sandy ground.

Distribution : South Africa ; Australia.

Specimens examined : Fauresmith, O.F.S., June 1935, M. Henrici, 28311 ; Fort Hare,

Alice, C.P., Aug. 1934, W. H. Giffen, 27501.

This species is recognised by its irregular, torn mouth and relatively smooth spores.

The description given agrees with that of Cunningham (l.c.) in the large size of the spores

and scaly appearance of stem, but with that of Lloyd (l.c.) in the shorter stem and relatively

smooth spores. No named specimens of the species were available for comparison and as

the description was made from comparatively few individuals, it may have to be emended

later.

Cunningham (l.c.) considers that Tulostoma Readeri and T. granulosum are synonyms

of T. australianum but as, according to Lloyd, both of these apparently have strongly

618

TULOSTOMA.

verrucose spores, they are probably not the same as the South African plant, which has

comparatively smooth spores ; smooth in lacto-phenol but finely and sparsely verrucose

when examined dry.

14. Tulostoma adherens Lloyd.

Mycological Writings 7 (1923) 1199, PI. 245, fig. 2457.

Peridium 2 -2-2 -8 cm. wide, 1*5-2 cm. high, depressed globose, with an irregular,

substantial collar at the base. Exoperidium dark grey to blackish, mixed with sand, falling

off either in small irregular fragments or almost entirely from the upper part, persistent at

base. Endoperidium dirty white, smooth or patchy due to dark scattered remnants of the

exoperidium. Mouth round to elliptical, almost plane, entire. Stalk fistulose, tough,

sulcate-striate, becoming lacerated, dingy white or pale ochraceous, with a mycelial bulb

at the base. Gleba rusty brown. Capillitium threads hyaline or tinted, very variable in

thickness, from 1-8-5 p diam., straight or wavy, thick threads often irregularly thickened,

sparingly branched, very sparsely septate. Spores ochraceous, finely but sparsely echinulate,

globose or subglobose, 4-6-8 /i diam., common size about 5 p.

Habitat : in sandy soil.

Distribution : South Africa ; Australia.

Specimens examined : Stellenbosch Flats, June 1928, A. V. Duthie (E. L. Stephens 66)

31505.

In view of the fact that the above collection consists of only three specimens and these

do not agree with any of the very few named specimens available, great difficulty has been

experienced in placing them. Until further specimens are collected and facilities are avail-

able for comparison with overseas specimens, it has been decided tentatively to refer the

South African plants to Tulostoma adherens, with the description of which it seems most

closely to agree. The distinguishing features of the plants in question are the relatively

large size, the nearly plane mouth and, in two specimens, the irregularly adhering exoperi-

dium. It differs from descriptions of T. adherens in having a pale instead of a brown

peridium and in its larger size.

Doubtful Species.

Tulostoma angolense Welwitsch et Currey.

Transactions Linnean Society 26 (1868) 290, PI. 20, f. 10-11.

Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7 (1888) 64.

Entire plant 4-4-5 cm. high. Peridium white, subglobose. Mouth imperfect. Stipe

narrowing gradually from the apex towards the base. Capillitium ferruginous. Spores

concolrous, subglobose or subelliptic, 5 p diam. (Description ex Saccardo, l.c.)

Habitat : on sandy soil and on wood.

Distribution : South Africa.

South African Records : on sand hills covered with Euphorbia bellica Hiern, nr. Mos-

samedes, Angola, Welwitsch 147 ; on decaying wood, S. Africa, MacOwan, Kew.

With regard to the Angola specimen, the authors (l.c.) observe that this species is

possibly not distinct from Tulostoma Meyenianum Klotzsch [synonym of Chlamydopus

Meyenianus (Kl.) Lloyd] but is much smaller than that species, and differs in not having

the longitudinal furrows on the stem.

BATARREA.

619

2. BATARREA Persoon.

Synopsis Methodica Fungorum (1801) 129.

Dendromyces Libr., Beschr. neu entd. Poizes (1814) fig. 1.

Sphaericeps Welw. & Curr., Trans. Linn. Soc. 26 (1870) 290.

Type species : Batarrea phalloides (Dicks.) Pers.

Plants originally globose or pyriform, enclosed in a volva, developing in much the same

way as a phalloid, finally emerging as a stalked, campanulate peridium with the remains

of the volva surrounding the base of the stem. Peridium of two layers : — the exoperidium

consisting of the remains of the volva, thin and usually mixed with sand particles and the endo-

peridium hemispherical, with a concave or almost plane base, smooth, thin, coriaceous,

whitish to ochraceous, dehiscing circumscissilely, except in B. Digueti, at the junction of

the base with the hemispherical upper portion, the latter resembling a cap as it falls off

in one piece. Stalk usually long, squamose, seated in a coriaceous to woody volva. G-leba

rusty brown, compact then pulverulent, often completely disintegrating and falling away

from the base of the endoperidium. Capillitium threads of two types — simple hyaline

threads occurring singly or longitudinally compacted together into a hyaline sheet of tissue,

and elaters or annulated cells with annular or spiral thickenings. Spores globose and,

with ordinary high power magnification, seemingly thick-walled and finely verrucose.

“ Basidia bearing apically 1-4 spores on long sterigmata.”

According to Maublanc and Malencon (Bull. Soc. Myc. France 46, 1930 : 53), the spores

are double-walled, the outer wall 0-5 g thick, coloured and punctiform, the inner hyaline

and 1 g thick when mature, the verrucose appearance being due to thickenings caused by

the intersection of the arms of the mesh surrounding the perforations.

All Batarrea plants are originally subterranean, usually occurring in sand or sandy soil ,

becoming at least partially aerial when mature. The campanulate shape of the peridium,

the circumscissile dehiscence, the elaters and the nature of the spore wall are the characteristic

features of the genus. According to Cunningham (Gastero. 1944 : 192) only three of the

fifteen described species can be recognised with certainty — B. Stevenii. B. Digueti and B.

phalloides. Of these the first two occur in South Africa ; B. phalloides has been recorded,

but no young specimens of this plant have been available for study.

The spelling of the name of the genus has undergone many changes. Persoon originally

named the fungus after Antonio Battarra, spelling it Batarrea. Since then it has been

spelled in various ways by different mycologists — Battarea by Beauvais, Battarraea by

Maublanc and Malengon and Cunningham and Battarrea by Saccardo, Fischer, Lloyd,

Coker and Couch and Rea. Fries used the latter spelling in the first place, but later reverted

to Persoon’s spelling, which is used here.

Key to the species.

Volva gelatinous; plants comparatively small 1. B. phalloides.

Volva not gelatinous ; plants larger.

Endoperidium caducous, dehiscing circumscissilely 2. B. Stevenii.

Endoperidium persistent, dehiscing by apertures 3. B. Digueti.

1. Batarrea phalloides (Dickson) Persoon.

Synopsis Methodica Fungorum (1801) 129.

Berkeley, Hooker’s London Journ. Bot. 2 (1843) 517.

Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7 (1888) 66 ; Rea, Brit. Basid. (1922) 53 ; Hollos, Gastero. Ung.

(1904) 38 ; Yerwoerd, Ann. Univ. Stell. 3 (1925) 13.

Peridium campanulate, with hemispherical upper portion and concave to almost plane

base, up to 3-5 cm. diam. Exoperidium whitish, represented by the remains of the volva

620

BATARREA.

left when the latter splits to release the developing stalked peridium. Endoperidium

enclosing the gleba, membranaceous, becoming tough and coriaceous, splitting circum-

scissilely at the junction of the upper hemispherical portion with the concave base, the

former falling off in one piece like a cap or calyptra. Stalk 0-5-1 cm. thick, 14—19 cm.

long, rusty brown, attenuated at both ends, woody ; cortex splitting into linear, membra-

naceous scales, which are often pendulous in the upper part and erect in the lower. Stalk

hollow, or stuffed when mature with long silky threads, filled when immature with mucila-

ginous substance, seated in the base of the remains of the volva. Volva white, two-layered,

originally soft, with mucilaginous substance between the two layers, becoming tough and

hard. Gleba rusty brown. Capillitium threads of two kinds, simple hyaline threads

occurring singly or longitudinally compacted together into a shred-like tissue, and annulated

threads or elaters with annular or spiral thickenings, 62-80 X 8 /i. Spores ochraceous

brown, obtusely verrucose, globose, often with a hyaline apiculus, 6 p diam.

Habitat : in sandy places and in vegetable debris.

Distribution : 1 South Africa ; North and South America ; Asia ; Australia ; Europe.

South African Records : on ground, Uitenhage, C.P., Zeyher 114 ; on humus ground,

Kalk Bay, C.P., M. Levyns (v. d. Byl, 1305, det. v. d. Byl).

Batarrea phalloides is distinguished from other species mainly on the nature of the volva,

which is gelatinous in young plants, whereas in other species it is originally fleshy, never

gelatinous. Neither of the two South African collections has been seen. Zeyher’s specimen

is probably in the Herb. Berkeley at Kew ; Mrs. Levyns’ specimens were not found amongst

v. d. Byl’s collections.

Hollos considers that B. phalloides is the only recognisable species, but Cunningham

is followed in separating B. Stevenii and B. Digueti for reasons indicated later. Verwoerd

(l.c.) makes no mention of the nature of the volva in his description. He probably based

his indentification on the interpretation of Hollos, in which case the Levyns’ specimen may

quite likely be B. Stevenii.

2. Batarrea Stevenii (Liboschitz) Fries, [Plate LXIX ; LXX, fig 2.]

Systema Mycologicum 3 (1829) 7.

Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7 (1888) 66 ; G. H. Cunningham, Gastero. (1944) 192.

Dendromyces Stevenii Lob., Beschr. neu entd. Pilzes (1814).

Batarrea gaudichaudii Mont., Ann. Sci. Nat. Ser. II, 2 (1834) 76.

Sphaericeps lignipes Welw. et Curr., Trans. Linn. Soc. 26 (1870) 290.

Battarrea guicciardiniana Ces., Atti d. R. Accad. Sci. e Nat. 7 (1875) 1.

B. Muelleri Kalchbr. ex. Kalchbr. & Cooke, Grev. 9 (1880) 3.

B. tepperiana Ludw., Bot. Centralbl., 43 (1890) 7.

B. laciniata Underw., ex. White, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 28 (1901) 439.

? B. levispora Mass., Kew Bull. (1901) 152 ; Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7 (1888) 24.

Peridium campanulate, with pulvinate upper portion and concave base, 2-4—7 cm.

wide, 2-5 cm. high. Exoperidium . whitish, fragile, soon disappearing. Endoperidium smooth,

glossy, rough, membranaceous, white or ochraceous, dehiscing by circumscissile rupture at

the junction of the upper part with the concave base, the former falling off in one piece

resembling a cap, leaving the mass of the gleba attached to the concave base, which is

cream, greyish or buff-coloured, thin, woody, entire or lacerated around the edge, shining

and smooth underneath and shallowly rugulose above. Stalk 11-40 cm. long, 0-7-3 cm.

thick, dove grey, ochraceous to drab, cylindrical or oval, attenuated towards the base,

BATARREA.

621

fibrous woody, hollow, deeply sulcate, moderately to strongly squamulose, due to the

longitudinal splitting of the cortex into thin to broad, linear, membranous scales, which

may be either erect or pendulous ; seated in a non-gelatinous, irregularly split volva.

Volva up to 8 cm. wide and high, of three layers — the outer whitish, coriaceous woody and

rough with sand particles, the middle layer rusty brown and spongy fibrous and the inner

ochraceous, woody, surrounding the base of the stem -like a sheath. Gleba rusty brown,

(Verona Brown), greyish brown, at first compact, later pulverulent and disintegrating, leaving

the base of the endoperidium completely bare. Capillitium originally attached to all parts

of the endoperidium, of two types — simple, hyaline threads occurring singly or as shreds,

and thicker, hyaline elaters, which are cylindrical or fusiform, simple or less frequently

once forked, straight, wavy or angled, with darker annular or spiral thickenings. Spores

globose, subglobose or slightly irregular, thick- walled, seemingly finely verrucose, 4-5-7 p

diam.

Habitat : solitary or very occasionally caespitose, usually occurring in sand or sandy

soil in exposed or shaded positions.

Distribution : South Africa ; North and South America ; Asia ; Australia ; Europe.

Specimens examined : Kaapmuiden, Tvl., H. A. Wager, 7735 ; Kofiiefontein, O.F.S.,

March 1916, Schulz, 9535; Rouxville, June 1917, J. Wickens, 11294; Postmasburg, Jan.

1920, M. Wilman, 12517 ; ? Willowmore, C.P., Dec. 1919, Dr. Schonland, 12518 ; Malcomess,

Knapdaar, C.P., April 1924, Gideon Joubert, 18112 ; in sand dunes in scrub, Lourenco

Marques, Mogambique, J. van Nouhuys, 25936 ; in deep sand under Acacias, Saltpan, N.

Tvl., H. Schweickerdt, 26622 ; on turf, Sekukuni, Lvdenburg Distr., May 1935, W. G. Barnard

391, 28517 ; 372, 28261 (said to be medicinal, native name MOKOTATMPJA) ; on dry

black vlei soil, Fauresmith, O.F.S., March 1936, J. Pont, 28584 ; Knysna, April 1939,

A. M. Bottomley 30743 ; Knysna, Jan. 1920, A. V. Duthie 134, 31362, as B. phalloides ;

sand dunes, Pringle’s Bay, Dec. 1935, R. H. Compton (E. L. Stephens 461) ; Bantry Bay,

F. A. Putterill, 28669 ; foothills of Langebergen, Riversdale, C.P., May 1927, R. Marloth,

13437, as Tulostoma.

Specimens not seen : on banks of Caroca River nr. Cabo Negro, Mossamedes, W elwitsch

150, as Sphaericeps lignipes Welw. et Curr.

The South African plants assigned to this species are of two more or less distinct types —

a slender, grey, small-headed plant of the Batarrea tepperiana type, in which the gleba

completely disintegrates and falls away and in which the volva is consistently lacking, and

a larger, more robust type with large volva present, longer elaters and somewhat larger

spores, and in which, in all specimens seen, the gleba remains compact if somewhat pul-

verulent for a considerable time after the endoperidium has fallen off. Unfortunately the

volva, on the nature of which B. Stevenii is separated from B. phalloides, is lacking in every

specimen of the smaller type, so that it is impossible to be absolutely sure that these plants

are not B. phalloides ; but since the latter species is said to be known with certainty only

from Britain and France, such plants are referred to B. Stevenii until such time as complete

young specimens are found.

3. Batarrea Digueti Patouillard et Hariot, [Plate LXX, fig. 1.]

Journal de Botanique 10 (1896) 251, tab. 2.

Sacc. Syll. Fung. 14 (1899) 259 ; White, Tylostomaceae, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 28

(1901) 440 ; Lloyd, Myc. Writ. 2, Tylostomeae (1906) 7, PI. 75.

Battarrea Griffithsii Underwood, White l.c.

Peridium 2-3-5 cm. wide, 1-2 cm. high, pulvinate, with a concave base centrally seated

622

PHELLORINA.

and the concave base clearly demarcated by a narrow, protruding, membranaceous margin.

Exoperidium thin, chalky, brittle, white, more or less smooth, mainly persistent on the

upper part. Endoperidium whitish to pale buff, very smooth, like kid to the touch, not

dehiscing circumscissilelv, like other species, at the junction of the upper and lower parts,

but probably by several irregular, scattered apertures which develop at maturity. Stalk

whitish or cream, 15-20 cm. long, 8-10- mm. thick, cylindrical, hollow, deeply sulcate,

attenuated towards the base, almost smooth or squamose, with linear, obscurely imbricate

scales, concolorous, seated in a volva. Volva of three layers, the outer coriaceous, rigid,

the middle composed of 10-20 membranaceous, fibrous, brownish layers and the inner

1-1 . 5 mm. thick, woody, closely surrounding the stem like a sheath at about a third of its

height. Gleba rusty brown, pulverulent. Capillitium of two types, simple, hyaline threads

of varying thickness from filiform to 7 y diam., occurring either singly or longitudinally

compacted together to form a shred-like tissue, and coarser, hyaline elaters up to 136 y

long and 3-4—7 y diam., simple or forked, wavy, nearly straight or angled and with darker

annular or spiral thickenings. Spores globose, broadly oval, usually thick-walled, obscurely

verrucose (cf. remarks on genus) ochraceous brown, sometimes shortly pedicelled, 4-6-8 y.

(Description ex Patouillard et Hariot, l.c.)

Habitat : in “ barren, rocky soil ” and on termite mounds.

Distribution : South Africa ; North America.

Specimens examined : on termite heap, Dongola Reserve nr. Messina, N. Tvh, Aug.

1925, 1. B. Pole Evans, 20459.

This specimen has a peridium 3 cm. wide, 2 cm. high and a stipe (broken off) 11 cm.

long, 9 mm. thick, deeply sulcate and only slightly lacerated here and there.

The species is distinguished by its persistent endoperidium and non-circumscissile

dehiscence. It is thought to dehisce by apertures which develop late, but it is possible

that the indications of apertures, seen in the South African specimen, may be the beginning

of general disintegration.

According to Cunningham (Gastero. 1944 : 192) B. Digueti is confined to North America,

but there seems little doubt that the South African plant here described in this species.

3. PHELLORINA Berkeley.

London Journal of Botany 2 (1843) 421.

emended Kalchbrenner & Cooke, Grev. 9 (1880) 3.

Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7 (1888) 145; G. H. Cunningham, Gastero. (1944) 193;

Yerwoerd, Ann. Univ. Stell. 3 (1925) 14.

Xylopodium Mont., Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. Ill, 4 (1845) 364.

Areolaria Kalchbr., Ertek. Term. 8 (1884) 8.

Cypellomyces Speg., Anal. Mus. nac. Beunos Aires 9 (1906) 25.

Thype Species : Phellorina inquinans Berk.

Plants white when fresh, consisting of a stalked peridium in which the exoperidium and

the endoperidium are continuous with the outer layers of the stalk. Exoperidium typically

covered with scales or warts. Endoperidium a thin, tough, membranous structure, dehiscing

by the disintegration and falling away of the apical part of the peridium ; the lower part

persistent as a cup-shaped structure. Stalk thick, woolly, typically squamose. Gleba

PHELLORINA.

623

finally rusty brown, becoming pulverulent and falling away. Capillitium threads hyaline,

shred-like. Spores globose, pale ochraceous, finely verrucose. Basidia arranged in per-

sistent fascicles, each basidium bearing 1-4 spores, which are sessile on short sterigmata.

According to Cunningham, the genus has probably only four species, Phellorina

inquinans, P. strobilina, P. macrospora Lloyd and P. argentensis (Speg.) Fr. Of these only

the first two are found in South Africa. P. macrospora is confined to North America and

P. argentensis to South America.

Key to the South African Species.

Exoperidium. covered with flat, overlapping scales P. inquinans.

Exoperidium covered with zoned pyramidal warts P. Strobilina.

1. Phellorina inquinans Berkeley, [Plate LXXI.]

London Journal of Botany 2 (1843) 421.

Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7 (1888) 145 ; Verwoerd, Ann. Univ. Stell. 3 (1925) 14 ; G. H-

Cunningham, Gastero. (1944) 193.

Xylopodium Delastrei Mont., Ann. Sci. Nat. Ser. Ill, 4 (1845) 366.

X. australe Berk., Journ. Linn. Soc. 13 (1872) 171.

X. Aitchisonii Cooke et Mass, ex Cooke, Grev. 16 (1887) 69.

Phellorina californica Peck, 42nd Rep. New York State Mus. (1890) 35.

P. Saharae Pat., Bull. Soc. Myc. France 12 (1896) 151.

P. Delastrei (Mont.) Fisch., Nat. Pflanz. 1, 1** (1900) 334.

P. australis (Berk.) Lloyd, Myc. Writ. I, Lyc. Austr. (1905) 11.

? Xylopodium bonaciniae Speg.

? Phellorina leptoderma Pat.

Plants 8-23 cm. high. Peridium pyriform, 4-9 cm. high, 5-9 cm. wide. Exoperidium

cream to pale ochraceous, continuous with the stalk, in typical plants covered with large,

coriaceous, downward overlapping scales. Endoperidium becoming membranous, smooth,

shining, whitish to leaden coloured, subglobose to oval, continuous with the stem, dehiscing

by the irregular breaking away of the apical portion, or by splitting circumscissilely above

the middle ; the upper part then disintegrating and falling away, leaving a stalked, cupulate

structure with a lacerated margin, exposing the gleba. Stalk 5-14 cm. long, 1-5-2 -7 cm.

thick, whitish, cream or becoming pale brown on exposure, almost smooth, longitudinally

striate, with few to many large, erect scales at intervals or overlapping one another, solid,

slightly tapering towards the base which may or may not be bulbous. Gleba cream to

ochraceous, becoming cinnamon to rusty brown (Ochraceous Tawny), compact at first,

becoming pulverulent. Capillitium threads scanty, more in the nature of hyaline shreds

than individual threads. Spores globose to subglobose, pale yellowish brown, finely

verrucose, 4 -5-8 -5 a diam.

Habitat : usually in sandy soil, solitary.

Distribution : South and North Africa ; North America ; Asia ; Australia.

Specimens examined : Knapdaar, Burghersdorp Distr., 1918, Gideon Joubert, 11541 ;

April 1924, 18111 ; Nov. 1935, 28519 ; Nov. 1936, 28739 ; Springbok Flats, TvL, May

1912, Rev. N. Roberts, 2277 ; Kroonstad, O.F.S., Sept. 1929, J. W. Pont, 24934 ; Winburg,

O.F.S., May 1941, E. Haslem, 33272 ; Kingwilliamstown, C.P., June 1932, F. M. Leighton,

26409 ; Barkly West Distr., C.P., May 1936, J. P. H. Acocks 335, 28633 ; Clanwilliam,

A. V. Duthie 203, 31398.

624

PHELLORINA.

Specimens not seen : Uitenhage, Zeyher 98, Type ; Yaal River, Kimberley, Pearson

Kew.

Typical specimens of this species are recognised by the pyriform peridium covered

with large, smooth, flat, downward overlapping scales. In less typical plants (Nos. 24934,

18111, 11541, 2277) the peridium is more or less areolated with flat wart-like thickenings

between the divisions. This form is transitional between P. inquinans and P. strobilina.

2. Phellorina strobilina Kalchbrenner, [Plate LXXII.]

ex Kalchbrenner & Cooke, G-revillea 9 (1880) 4.

Sacc. Syll. Fung. 17 (1905) 239 ; Verwoerd, Ann. Univ. Stell. 3 (1925) 14.

G. H. Cunningham, Gastero. (1944) 194.

Scleroderma strobilina Kalchbr. ex Thuein., Grev. 4 (1875) 74.

Phellorina squamosa Kalchbr. et MacOwan in Kalchbrenner, Grev. 10 (1882) 109.

Areolaria strobilina Kalchbr., Ertek. Term. 8 (1884) 8.

Xylopodium ochroleucum Cooke et Massee ex Cooke, Grev. 15 (1887) 95.

Plants 6-5-15 cm. high. Peridium 3-5-6 cm. high, 2 -5-7 -5 cm. wide, depressed

globose or less often subglobose. Exoperidium pure white at first, becoming dirty white,

pale ochraceous or pale brown, covered with zoned, usually angular, pyramidal warts

which are up to 1 • 5 cm. high and 2 • 5 cm. broad at the more or less angular, expanded base.

Endoperidium whitish to leaden coloured, tough, membranaceous, smooth, shining. Stalk

5-12 X 1-2 cm., white, cream, ochraceous, thick, solid, woody ; smooth, deeply striate-

sulcate or sparsely or thickly covered with large erect scales ; straight, curved or crooked,

equal or attenuated towards the base, bulbous or not. Gleba finally rusty brown, compact,

becoming pulverulent and falling away. Capillitium threads scanty, hyaline, shred-like.

Spores globose, finely verrucose, pale ochraceous brown, 4-5-7 p, average size rather smaller

than in P. inquinans.

Habitat : sand, sandy soil, heavy black turf ; solitary or occasionally caespitose.

Distribution : South Africa ; Australia ; India.

Specimens examined : Rust der Winter nr. Warmbaths, Tvl., 1936, I. B. Pole Evans,

28645 ; Saltpan, nr. Louis Trichardt, Tvl., April 1934, I. C. Verdoorn & H. Schweickerdt,

27546 ; on hard red clay, Limpopo, Tvl., July 1926, I. B. Pole Evans, 21019 ; Brits, Tvl.,

April 1925, E. Marais, 20409 ; Glen, O.F.S., April 1921, T. Potgieter, 14506 ; July 1935.

J. Sellschop, 28270 ; on cattle manure, Kroonstad, O.F.S., J. W. Pont, May 1929, 25342;

Brandfort, O.F.S., April 1921, Dr. Schonken, 31468 ; Fauresmith, O.F.S., March 1939,

L. C. C. Liebenberg, 33250 ; Knapdaar, Burghersdorp, C.P., April 1924, Gideon Joubert,

18110, 1914, 11814 ; May 1916, 9735 ; April 1919, 11854 ; Aliwal North, C.P., April 1917,

J. Wickens, 10137 ; Uitenhage, MacOwan 1095 (S.A.M. 35081) 20919 ; locality unknown,

R. Marloth, 26620 ; Little Namaqualand, J. P. Stokoe, 26619 ; Winburg, O.F.S., April

1924, M. Radio ff (v. d. Byl 1440) ; Willowmore, May 1928, Dr. H. Brauns (v. d. Byl 2508) ;

on heavy black turf, Warmbaths, Tvl., summer 1937, Rowland, 28808 ; Calvinia, C.P.,

May 1937, A. A. Schmidt, 28809 ; Winburg, O.F.S., May 1941, E. Haslem, 33271, 33461 ;

Bon Accord Dam, Pretoria Distr., April 1930, A. Leemann, 25434 ; Clanwilliam, C.P., Miss

Berg, 31304 (Duthie 26) ; Fauresmith, O.F.S., M. Henrici, 35276.

Specimens not seen : Brandfort, O.F.S., Duthie 300 ; S. Rhodesia, Duthie ; Bloem-

fontein, L. Verwoerd ; Southern Rhodesia, Duthie 189 (Herb. Bulawayo Mus.).

This species is probably more common in South Africa than Phellorina inquinans.

It is distinguished from the latter by the more globose shape of the peridium and particularly

CHLAMYDOPUS.

625

by the large, projecting, zoned, pyramidal warts of the peridium. Ex description, Cunning-

ham (l.c.) considered that Phellorina squamosa Kalchbr. & MacOwan is probably P.

inquinans. The type collection of P. squamosa, MacOwan 1095, is definitely P. strobilina

and not P. inquinans as suggested by Cunningham.

4. CLAMYDOPUS Spegazzini.

Anales del Museo nacional de Buenos Aires 6 (1899) 189.

Type species : Chlamydopus Meyenianus (Klotzsch) Lloyd.

Plants consisting of a 2-layered peridium attached to the enlarged apex of a well-

developed stem. Exoperidium rough, brittle, breaking up into fragments which fall away.

Endoperidium smooth, thin, tough, membranaceous, dehiscing by an irregular apical

aperture. Stem solid, enlarged at the apex, slightly attenuated towards the base and seated

in a small cupulate volva. Gleba ochraceous brown, pulverulent. Capillitium threads

copious, sparingly branched, sparsely septate. Spores globose, ochraceous, finely verrucose.

Basida fasciculate, bearing at the apex 1-4 spores with short sterigmata.

This genus is sometimes confused with Tulostoma, which it superficially resembles, but

from which it differs in the attachment of the stalk to the peridium and in having persistent,

fasciculate basidia. It resembles Phellorina in having fasciculate basidia mixed with the

capillitium threads, but differs in the stalk attachment and in dehiscence by a definite

apical aperture.

Chlamydopus Meyenianus (Klotzsch) Lloyd, [Plate LXXIII.]

Mycological Writings 1, Myc. Notes 14 (1903) 134.

G. H. Cunningham, Gastero. (1944) 195.

Tylostoma Meyenianum Klotzsch, Noc. Act. Caes. Leop. Carol. Nat. Cur. 19 (1843) 243

T. maxima Cooke et Massee ex Cooke, Grev. 15 (1887) 94.

Chlamydopus clavatus Speg., Anal. Mus. nac. Buenos Aires 6 (1899) ; Sacc. Syll

Fung. 16 (1902) 234.

C. amblaiensis Speg. l.c.

Peridium pulvinate to depressed globose, 3 -5-4 -2 cm. wide, 2-5-3 cm. high. Exo-

peridium dirty white to buff, rough, shell-like, brittle, breaking up into fragments which

fall away entirely or leave remnants at the line of juncture with the apex of the stem.

Endoperidium smooth, greyish white to buff, tough, membranaceous, dehiscing by a torn

apical aperture, base attached to the enlarged apex of the stem. Stalk 8-5-12 X 1-2 cm.,

woody, more or less solid, concolorous with the peridium, broadly sulcate, especially in the

upper part ; the cortex, especially in the lower part, splitting into rings of small, scale-like

fragments ; espanding towards the apex, but slightly constricted where attached to the

peridium, narrowing towards the base, seated in a volva. Volva 2-layered, cupulate,

1-5 cm. wide, 2 cm. high (in the only specimen in which the volva is present). Gleba

ochraceous brown, pulverulent. Capillitium threads hyaline to ochraceous, sparingly

branched, sparsely septate, varying in thickness up to 7 y diam. Spores 5-2-7 a diam.,

finely verrucose, pale ochraceous, attached to the fascicles of basidia.

Habitat : in sandy soil.

Distribution : North and South Africa ; North and South America ; Australia.

626

DICTYOCEPHALOS.

Specimens examined : one collection of three specimens, details of locality and collector

missing, 35339.

The distinguishing features of this plant are the persistent fascicles of basidia, the volva

at the base of the stem, the dehiscence of the peridium by an apical aperture and the expanded

apex of the stem.

5. DICTYOCEPHALOS Underwood.

Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 28 (1901) 441.

Battareopsis P. Henn., Hedwigia Beibl. 41 (1902) 212.

Wlnetstonia Lloyd, Myc. Writ. 2 (1906) 259.

Type species : Batarrea attenuata Peck.

Sporophore hypogeous, enclosed in a volva during early stages of growth, erumpent as

maturity approaches ; stipitate, stem stout, solid, becoming woody ; peridium of two

layers, outer (exoperidium) roughened, inner (endoperidium) coriaceous to membranaceous,

seated on the expanded discoid apex of the stipe ; dehiscence by the irregular breaking

away of the peridium ; gleba powdery, having permanent cells and persistent fascicles of

basidia, true capillitium none ; spores globose to subglobose, fulvous, verrucose.

Dictyocephalos attenuatus (Peck) Long & Plunkett.

Mycologia 32 (1940) 697.

Batarrea attenuata Peck, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 22 (1895) 208.

Dictyocephalos curvatus Underwood, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 28 (1901) 441.

Batareopsis Artini P. Henn., Hedw. Beibl. 41 (1902) 212.

Whetstonia strobiliformis Lloyd, Myc. Writ. 2 (1906) 259.

Phellorina strobilina as shown by Lloyd, Myc. Writ. 5 (1917) 735 (see. Long and

Plunkett, l.c.).

“ Sporophore 7-56 cm. tall, originating 4 to 20 cm. below the surface of the soil, often

with 1-2 white cord-like roots ; Sporocarp globose to subglobose, depressed, often irregular,

2-6 cm. high by 5-13 cm. broad, seated on the discoid apex of the stipe, basal portion hard,

thick, with the narrow margin usually concave beneath ; the discoid apex, when freed from

the gleba, light tan to white, convex and coarsely reticulate by the boundary walls of broad

shallow pits ; exoperidium fleshy to gelatinous when young, developing horny to sub-

cartilagenous scales with age which may be small and more or less persistent or large 4—5

sided pyramidial warts 1-2 cm. broad by 1-1-5 cm. tall, normally deciduous leaving a

decided scar on the endoperidium ; endoperidium 1-2 mm. thick, basal portion often

coriaceous and persistent, upper part membranous, brittle when dessicated, dehiscing by

breaking into irregular pieces which soon fall away leaving the gleba exposed ; stipe curved,

sometimes straight, 5-52 cm. tall, 2-5 cm. thick at the top, 1-4 cm. at bottom, solid (except

where hollowed out by insects) terete or flattened, often deeply sulcate, usually attenuate

below, subfleshy, dry, subcoriaceous to woody, context when young white, becoming Walnut

Brown to Vandyke Brown with age, outer surface uneven and peeling, often with coarse,

spreading or reflexed scales caused by the outer layers of the stipe cracking both transversely

and longitudinally from weathering, base of stipe often pointed and becoming entirely free

from the enclosing volva ; volva persistent, usually cupulate to obconic, sometimes tubular,

PODAXIS.

627

laciniate-incised, 3-11 cm. tall by 4-8 cm. wide at top, walls 2^4 mm. thick, rupturing from

2-8 cm. below surface of soil, thereby exposing the ascending sporocarp to the dirt for this

distance during elongation, walls apparently composed of three layers, inner layer a thin

tissue which deliquesces into a blackish fluid just preceding and during elongation, median

layer semigelatinous when young, becoming horny with age, outer layer white to tan, hard,

chalky in texture ; gleba foetid, with odour of decaying fish, Pecan Brown to Mikado Brown

(after Ridgway), cellular, cell wall white, fragile, membranous, composed of a hyaline

amorphous central tissue overlaid by a dense network of branching colourless to fulvous

hyphae, easily fragmenting and falling away in laciniate irregular flakes and shreds, cell

walls in bottom of the gleba thicker, firmer and more permanent, often persisting as broad,

flattened, pointed teeth on the exposed convex surface of the glebal floor long after the gleba

has disappeared ; capillitium, free capillit.ium absent, but the hyphae composing the outer

layers of the glebal cell walls may break loose and simulate capillitial threads ; spores

globose to’ subglobose, 5-7 p, walls thin, fulvous, verrucose ; basidia clustered, bearing

1-4 spores on the short sterigmata.” (Description ex Long & Plunkett l.c.)

Habitat : “ Growing solitary or in groups of 2-5 individuals in sandy or adobe alkaline

soil, in arid or semi-arid regions.

Distribution : North and South Africa, North America.

South African record : Wankie District, Southern Rhodesia, 1916, Albert Giese. One

specimen only, half of which is in the Lloyd Mycological Collection, Washington DC. under

the name Phellorina strobilina and the other half in the National Museum of Southern

Rhodesia at Bulawayo under the same name.

Through the courtesy of the Director of the National Museum of Southern Rhodesia,

the specimen quoted above was sent to me for examination. This consists of rather less

than half the plant, from which the very pulverulent gleba has become detached, with

about two inches of stem. No volva is present. A comparison between this specimen and

specimens of the South African plant called Phellorina strobilina showed no difference apart

from the shape of the stem apex. In the former this is more or less flattened while in the

latter it is narrowly concave, the margin widening out and continuing upwards in the shape

of a wine glass to form the exo- and endo- peridium. In both cases the exoperidium is

continuous with the stem which is the character on which Phellorina is distinguished from

Dictyocephalos. Judging therefore from the specimens examined by me, Phellorina

strobilina as shown by Lloyd l.c., is not, as stated by Long and Plunkett l.c., considered

to be a Dictyocephalos but a Phellorina.

PODAXIS Desvaux.

Journal de Botanique 2 (1809) 87.

Morse, Mycologia 25 (1933) 1 ; Ed. Fischer in Nat. Pflanz. Band 7a (1933) 116 %

G. H. Cunningham, Gastero. (1944).

Schweinitzia Grev. Edinburgh Phil. Journ. 8 (1823) 257.

Cauloglossum Grev., Scottish Crypt. FI. 1 (1823) 60.

Podaxon Fr., Syst. Myc. 3 (1829) 62.

Chainoderma Mass, ex Cooke, Grev. 19 (1890) 46.

Type species ; Podaxis pistillaris (Linn, ex Pers.) Morse.

Plants consisting of a stalked peridium in which the stalk is prolonged to the apex

of the peridium as a columella. Exoperidium smooth and polished or originally scaly.

628

PODAXIS.

Endoperidium comparatively thick, firm, compact, brittle, typically dehiscing at the basal

margin of the peridium by splitting away from the stem, less often by longitudinal splitting

of the endoperidium or by the entire peridium falling off and exposing the stipe with

gleba attached. Stalk usually bulbous at the base. Gleba copious. Capillitium threads

sparingly branched, sparsely septate, tinted to dark coloured, straight, wavy or spiral.

Spores usually broadly oval, double-walled. Basidia in fascicles.

The characteristic features of the genus are the percurrent stem, the fasciculate basidia

and the double-walled spores. It is most closely related to Phellorina from which it differs

in having the stem prolonged as a columella to the apex of the peridium.

Podaxon is the name more commonly known for this genus, but Podaxis was the name

originally given by Desvaux and according to the International Rules of Botanical Nomen-

clature, must take precedence. Morse (l.c.) and Cunningham are followed in recognising

one species only in this genus. Some 32 different species have been described at various

times, but Miss Morse, who has studied the plant very extensively, is unable to find any

specific differences between them.

Podaxis pistillaris (Linnaeus ex Persoon) Morse, [Plate LXXIY ; LXXV ; LXXVI.]

Mycologia 25 (1933) 27.

G. H. Cunningham, Gastero. (1944) 197.

Scleroderma pistillare (L.) Pers., Syn. Meth. Fung. (1801) 150.

S. carcinomale (L.) Pers., l.c., p. 153.

Podaxis senegalensis Desv., Journ. de Bot. 2 (1809) 97.

Podaxon indicus Spreng., Syst. Yeg. 5 (1828) 518.

P. carcinomalis (L. ex Pers.) Fr., Syst. Meth. Myc. 3 (1829) 62.

P. calyptratus Fr., l.c.

P. pistillaris (1. ex Pers.) Fr., l.c., p. 63 ; Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7 (1888).

P. aegypticus Mont., Ann. Sci. Nat. Ser. II, 20 (1843) 69.

P. loandensis Welw. et Curr., Trans. Linn. Soc. 26 (1850) 288.

P. elatus Welw. et Curr., l.c.

P. mossamadensis Welw. et Curr., l.c. ; Sacc. Syll. Fung. 11 (1895) 158.

P. arabicus Pat., Bull. Soc. Myc. Fr. 3 (1887) 122.

Podaxis axata (Bose.) Mass., Journ. Bot. 28 (1890) 75.

P. Farlowii Mass., l.c., p. 77.

P. emerici Berk, ex Mass., l.c., p. 77.

Chainoderma Drummondii Mass, ex Cooke, Grev. 19 (1890) 46.

Podaxon Schweinjurthii Pat., Bull. Soc. Myc. Fr., 6 (1890) 165.

P. Deflersii Pat., l.c.

P. squamosus Pat., Bull. Soc. Myc. Fr., 7 (1891) 210.

P. mexicanum Ellis, Journ. Myc. 7 (1893) 274.

P. Perraldieri Pat., Cat. PI. Cell. Tunisae (1897) 68.

P. Glaziovii P. Henn., Hedwigia 36 (1897) 210.

P. ghattasensis P. Henn., Ibid. 37 (1898) 287.

P. Gollanii P. Henn., Ibid., 40 (1901) 338.

P. algericus Pat., Bull. Soc. Myc. Fr. 20 (1904) 53.

PODAXIS.

629

P. Muelleri P. Henn., Hedwigia 43 (1904) 187.

P. macrosporus Speg., Anal. Mus. nac. Buenos Aires 16 (1906) 27.

P. termitophilus Jun. et Pen., Compt. Rend. 145 (1907) 274.

P. anomalum Llovd., Myc. Writ. 6, Myc. Notes 64 (1920) 992.

Podaxis carcinomalis (Linn, ex Pers.) Dodge, Compt. Morph. Fungi (1928) 495.

Plants up to 32 cm. tall, hypogenous at first, later developing above ground. Peridium

usually long in proportion to the stipe, 2-15 cm. long, 1 -3-8-5 cm. diam., long cone-shaped

or oblong oval, with or without a blunt apex. Exoperidium smooth or covered with

pendant, scattered or imbricate scales, which usually fall off. Endoperidium whitish-grey

wThen young, later pale grey ochraceous, pale greyish brown, ochraceous brown or umber,

more or less smooth, firm, compact, brittle, up to 4 mm. thick ; typical dehiscence bv the

separation of the lower edge from the stem, followed by longitudinal splitting of the liberated

margin ; less frequently the whole endoperidium falls off, exposing the columella with

closely attached mass of greenish brown gleba. Stipe 3-13 cm. long, 2-4 cm. thick, longi-

tudinally striate to sulcate, often with pendant, imbricate scales caused by horizontal

splitting due to rapid growth ; stipe straight or bent, prolonged to the apex of the peridium

as a columella, enlarged at the base to form a bulbous or tuberous structure composed of

hyphae mixed with soil. Gleba copious, compact, finally olivaceous, reddish brown or

almost black. Capillitium threads tinted to olivaceous or olivaceous-brown, varying in

thickness, 3-4-19 p, thin- or thick-walled, walls sometimes with spiral thickenings, straight,

wavy or loosely spiral, sparingly branched, very sparsely septate. Spores 5-17 X 4^11-9 p,

olivaceous brown to dark reddish brown, usually broadly oval, occasionally subglobose,

sub-kidney-shaped, pyriform or irregular, often truncated, obscurely asperulate, sessile or

attached by very short pedicels to basidia arranged in semi-persistent fascicles.

Habitat : most commonly on termite heaps, also in sandy or clayey soils ; solitary

or in groups.

Distribution : North, Central and South Africa ; North and South America ; Australia ;

India.

Specimens examined : on termite heaps, Pretoria, Feb. 1911, I. B. Pole Evans, 1186 ;

Jan. 1929, V. A. Wager, 23672 ; Nov. 1933, H. Schweickerdt, 27280 ; Pretoria- Johannesburg

road, L. J. Kresjelder, 26602 ; Garstfontein, Pretoria, April 1911, P. J . Pienaar, 1689 ;

Feb. 1912, I. B. Pole Evans, 2120 ; Skinner’s Court, Pretoria, Feb. 1912, I. B. Pole Evans,

2119 ; Hennops River, Pretoria, April 1912, I. B. Pole Evans, 5125, 20660 ; Impati Hills,

Dundee, Natal, Dec. 1913, E. M. Doidge, 7362 ; Eshowe, Zululand, Feb. 1930, C. J . Howlett,

25361 ; Estcourt, Natal, April 1938, O. West 29955 ; K. A. Lansdell, 30714 ; Potchefstroom,

July 1943, J. Sellschop, 34405 ; Kimberley, C.P., Feb. 1934, Mrs. Broom, 27369 ; July

1923, N. RadloJJ (v. d. Byl 1183) ; Hopetown-De Aar road, C.P., March 1933, H.

Schweickerdt, 26690 ; Bloemfontein, 1878, Exton (P. MacOwan 1362 ; S.A.M. 34317)

22070; Knapdaar, C.P., March 1921, Gideon Joubert, 14507, April 1924, 18109; 25 miles

north of Dordrecht on road to Aliwal North, Jan. 1946, R. A. Dyer 4736, 35425 ; Wel-

gevonden, Tvl., Dec. 1934, A. O. D. Mogg, 28254 ; between Koelenhof and Mulders Vlei,

C.P., April 1935, J. Acocks (E. L. Stephens 414) ; Somerset West Flats, April 1940, S.

Garside (E. L. Stephens 507) ; Orange Free State, P. v. d. Byl 2802 ; Greenside Mission,

Bizana Distr. Pondoland, April 1935, E. Schaejer, 28260 ; locality unknown (E. L. Stephens

399) ; ex Herb. Marlothiana, 26591 as Phellorina Delastrei ; on hard red ground, between

Windsorton and Klipdam, Barklv West, C.P., June 1936, J. P. H. Acocks 406, 28641 ;

on sandy soil, Sand River Drift, Messina, Nov. 1916, I. B. Pole Evans, 9789 ; on ground,

Hammanskraal, Tvl., Feb. 1921, M. R. H. Thompson, 14484 ; Brits, March 1931, J . W.

Pont, 25915 ; on (?) Pietersburg, Nov. 1912, Rev. N. Roberts, 5182 ; Kroonstad, Dec. 1912,

630

PODAXIS.

P. v. d. Byl, 5585 ; Klapmuts, C.P., 1934, J. P. H. Acocks (E. L. Stephens 400) ;

Postmasburg, E. Esterhuysen, April 1940 (E. L. Stephens 509) ; South-West Africa,

Hilmar Luckhoff (E. L. Stephens 399).

Specimens not seen : Gansekraal, Thunberg ; without locality, Burchell ; Uitenhage,

Zeyher 99, Kew, Inanda, Medley Wood 405, Kew ; “ between Omtendo and Omsamculo ”

Drege 9454 a & c, 4115, Kew, Drege 9454 d, Paris ; Stellenbosch, Krige (Duthie 283 a) ;

Karroo, Duthie 24 ; Boroma, Menyharih ; Olukonda, Amboland, Schinz ; between Lopollo

and Monimo, Huilla, Welwitsch 148 ; on banks of river Maiomba, Mossamedes, Welwitsch

149 ; southern Great Namaland, Schultze.

The distinguishing features of this species are the percurrent, columella-like stem, the

typical basal dehiscence of the peridium by separation from the stem, the fasciculate basidia

and the double-walled spores.

Podaxis pistillaris is the plant commonly known in South Africa as Podaxon carcino-

malis. It is widespread in distribution but sporadic in appearance, occurring chiefly on

termite heaps singly or less often in groups. Single specimens often resemble a snake’s

head at a distance. Plants growing on termite heaps are usually of a much larger type

than those occurring on the ground, so much so, that the latter have often been considered

as a separate species. The plant is very variable, not only in size but in external appearance,

size and shape of spore and in capillitium characters.

CRUCIBULUM.

631

NffiULARIALES.

Growing on ground, wood, dead vegetable matter such as old sacks, coir matting, etc.,

and on dung.

Peridium sessile, small, cup-shaped, campanulate, goblet-shaped or subglobose, the

mouth in two genera covered over until maturity by a membranaceous structure — the

epiphragm ; dehiscing either in an irregular manner by the breaking of the wall or by the

rupture of the epiphragm. Peridioles one to many, globose or lenticular, usually black,

with or without a thin, veil-like, superficial tissue, the tunica, embedded in mucilage in the

peridium or attached to its inner wall by means of elastic threads — the funiculi. Basidia

bearing 4 8 sessile or shortly sterigmate spores. Spores smooth, hyaline, globose or broadly

oval. Capillitium absent.

There are only two families in this order — Nidulariaceae and Sphaerobolaceae,

both of which are represented in South Africa.

NIDULARIACEAE Fries.

Systema Mycologicum 2 (1822) 296.

Peridium small, cup-shaped, campanulate or subglobose, 1-3 layered, enclosing a

number of peridioles and dehiscing by the rupture of an apical membranaceous epiphragm,

or breaking up irregularly. Peridioles lenticular, smooth, attached to the inner wall of

the peridium at different levels by white, cord-like, elastic funiculi or embedded in mucilage ;

consisting of a horny, dark-coloured wall enclosing the basidia and spores. Basidia clavate,

bearing 4—8, usually 4, smooth, sessile or stipitate, apical or scattered spores. Spores

smooth, hyaline, broadly oval, globose or subglobose.

The members of this family are popularly known as “ Birds’-Nest fungi ” owing to

the resemblance of the peridioles to eggs in a nest. Of the four genera belonging to the

family, only two — Crucibulum and Cyathus are represented in South Africa.

Key to the Genera.

Peridioles attached to the cups by funiculi.

Peridium cup-shaped, with an epiphragm.

Wall of peridium without a middle pseudoparenchymatous layer. Peri-

dioles covered by a thick, white, tunica. Spores not mixed with threads 1. Crucibulum.

Wall of peridium with a middle pseudoparenchymatous layer. Tunica

thin or absent. Spores mixed with threads 2. Cyathus.

Peridioles without funiculi.

Peridium cup-shaped, with an epiphragm (Nidula.)

Peridium subglobose, without a typical epiphragm (Nidularia.)

1. CRUCIBULUM Tulasne.

Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Ser. 3, I (1844) 89.

Type species : Crucibulum vulgare Tub

Peridium cup-shaped or bell-shaped, sessile ; wall composed of a single thick layer,

which is originally densely tomentose on the outside, becoming almost smooth with a»e

10801-6

632

CRUCIBULUM.

Inside of cup smooth, without striae and covered with a thin, silvery lining. Apex covered

by a thin, floccose epiphragm, which soon disappears. Peridioles numerous, filling the cup,

attached to the wall by means of simple, inconspicuous funiculi ; covered with a thick,

whitish, conspicuous tunica ; the wall consisting of three layers, an outer thin layer of

dark, interwoven filamentous cells, a middle one of dark, branched hyphae and an inner

layer of hyaline hyphae.

This genus is represented by one species only, which is world-wide in distribution.

It is recognised by the single peridium, the presence of an epiphragm and the attachment

of the peridioles to the inner wall by means of funiculi.

Crucibulum vulgare Tulasne, [Plate LXXVII, fig. 1.]

Annales des Sciences Naturelles, 3 Ser. I (1844) 90.

Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7 (1888) 43 ; Lloyd, Myc. Writ. 2, Nidulariaceae (1906) 13

Yerwoerd, Ann. Univ. Stell. 3 (1925) 38 ; G. H. Cunningham, Gastero. (1944) 203-

Cyathus crucibulum Pers., Syn. Meth. Fung. (1801) 238.

Nidularia crucibulum (Pers.) Fr., Syst. Myc. 2 (1822) 299.

N. juglandicola Schw., Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 4 (1834) 253.

Cyathus fimicola Berk., Journ. Linn. Soc. 18 (1881) 387.

C. pezizoides Berk. l.c.

C. pusio Berk. l.c.

Crucibulum juglandicolum (Schw.) de Toni in Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7 (1888) 44.

C. simile Mass., Grev. 19 (1891) 94.

C. crucibuliforme (Scop.) White, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 20 (1902) 269.

C. levis (DC.) Kambly, Univ. Iowa Studies 17 (1936) 167.

Peridium 3-6 mm. high, 3-8 mm. wide at apex, cupulate, slightly attenuated

towards the sessile broad base, attached to the substratum by means of a light brown to

tawny felt-like pad, straight or slightly flared. Outer surface tawny ochraceous, densely

tomentose, becoming greyish brown and almost smooth with age. Inner surface dingy

brown or whitish with a silvery lining which often finally disappears ; margin even, thick ;

epiphragm a thin, loosely woven tissue of two layers, the outer thin, floccose and of the

same colour as the outer surface, the inner very thin, fragile, veil-like, both soon disappearing.

Peridioles 2-2- 8 mm., numerous (16 counted) filling the cup, the outlines often visible

through the epiphragm ; attached to the wall by means of very thin, inconspicuous funiculi,

consisting of fascicles of long, thin, occasionally branched hyphae with thickened joints ;

embedded in mucilage ; smooth, round lenticular, slightly depressed at the umbilici from

which the funiculi arise, black but appearing greyish white or pale brownish due to the

presence of a thickish tunica. Spores oval, hyaline, smooth, 7-5-10 X 4-5 g diam.

Habitat : on decaying wood, twigs and other vegetable matter, gregarious.

Distribution : Cosmopolitan.

Specimens examined : Papegaaisberg, Stellenbosch, July 1925, J . de Vos, 31495 ; Miss

Loseby (v. d. Byl 2671).

Specimens not seen : Stellenbosch, L. Verwoerd (Stell. 352).

CYATHUS.

633

2. CYATHUS Haller ex Persoon.

Synopsis Methodica Fungorum (1801) 236.

v. Haller, Historia stirpium Helvetiae 3 (1768) 127.

Fungoides Vaillant, Bot. Paris, Leidae et Amsterdam (1727) 57.

Cyathoides Micheli, Nova plantarum genera (1729) 222.

Cyathia P. Browne, Civ. & Nat. Hist. Jamaica (1756) 78 ; White in Bull. Torrey

Bot. Club 29 (1902) 255.

Type species : Cyathus olla Pers.

Peridium sessile or substipitate, obovate or fusoid, becoming goblet-shaped or inverted

bell-shaped, mouth at first closed by a whitish, grey or yellowish, membranaceous epiphragm,

which ruptures and disappears at maturity ; wall composed of three layers — a central

pseudoparenchymatous layer between two layers of loosely woven filaments. Peridioles

lenticular, compressed, umbilicate, 10-18 in number, attached to the wall of the cup by a

conspicuous, white, complex, cord-like funiculus, black or dark brown, but colour often

partly obscured by the presence of a thin, whitish tunica. Spores hyaline, smooth, elliptical

or subglobose. Coker and Couch (Gastero. 1928) describe the internal structure of the

peridioles as follows : “ Basidia not forming a distinct or homogeneous hymenium, but

scattered at irregular heights throughout a large central area and intermingled with numerous

delicate threads which at maturity have their cell walls greatly thickened and gelatinised

to form a solid, horny matrix, throughout which the spores are unevenly scattered. At

the time the spores are growing, this matrix is not horny but gelatinous, becoming horny

at maturity . . . The hyaline, sclerotic layer, composing the greater part of the wall,

is composed of crumpled and distorted cell units with very thick walls. In Cyathus these

units do not separate when crushed but break up into irregular masses and bits of cells ;

in Crucibulum they separate in great part when crushed.” Basidia 2-4 spored. Spores

smooth; hyaline, broadly elliptical, obovate or subglobose, intermixed at maturity with

thick, horny filaments.

Habitat : Usually gregarious, on wood, soil, decayed vegetable matter and dung.

Distribution : cosmopolitan.

The genus Cyathus is recognised by the three-layered peridial wall, the well-defined

epiphragm and the complex, cord-like funiculi.

Key to the South African Species.

Inner surface of peridial cup without grooves or striae.

Spores less than 15 ^ long.

Peridioles 1-1-5 mm. diam.

Spores up to 10 p. long 1. C. dasypus.

Spores up to 4 n long 2. C. minutosporus.

Peridioles 1-5-2 mm. diam.

Spores usually broadly elliptic; cups tapering towards base.... 3. C. pallitiUS.

Spores usually more or less globose ; cups abruptly narrowed

towards base 4. C. microsporus.

Peridioles 2-2-5 mm. diam., margin of cup usually straight 5. C. Hooked.

Peridioles 2-3-5 mm. diam., margin of cup usually flared 6. G. olla.

Spores 15-30 /a long, sub-globose 7. C. stercoreus

Irner surface of peridial cup striate or sulcate.

Spores large, 15-44 p. long 8. C. Poeppigii.

Spores medium, 10-20 p. long, egg-shaped 9. C. IVIontagrtei.

Spores small, 7-10 p. long, sub-globose 10. C. Berkeleyanus

634

CYATHUS.

1. Cyathus dasypus Nees.

Horae physicae berolinensis (1820) t. 5, f. 1, p. 41.

Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7 (1888) 40 ; Yerwoerd, S. Afric, Journ. Sci. 25 (1928) 238.

NiduMria dasypus Fries, Syst. Myc. 2 (1923) 299.

Peridium 5-10 mm. high, 5-7 mm. wide at the mouth, inverted cone-shaped ; smooth

and light coloured within, light brown and clothed with downy hairs outside. Peridioles

1-1-5 mm. diam., more or less round and lenticular, covered by a thin, light-coloured tunica.

Spores more or less globose or egg-shaped, hyaline, smooth, 10 X 8-10 p. (Translated

from Yerwoerd l.c.)

Habitat : on manure and swampy and other ground.

Distribution : South Africa ; Guadaloupe ; Chile.

South African records : on ground, Caledon, C.P., Verwoerd 184 ; without locality,

Pole Evans, det. Lloyd as “ probably C. dasypus ” ; on swampy ground and manure, “ Cape

of Good Hope ” as Nidularia dasypus Fr.

Lloyd originally thought that this species was a variety of C. olla ( vernicosus ) with

irregular peridioles, but after examination of Verwoerd’s collection, decided that it agreed

with Cyathus dasypus in the original sense of Nees. It is recognised by its irregular, cinereous

peridioles and the lead-coloured inner wall of the cup. The peridioles in C. olla are typically

dark and 2-3-5 mm. in diameter.

2. Cyathus minutosporus Lloyd emend. Verwoerd.

Lloyd, Mycological Writings 7 (1924) 1325 ; Verwoerd, South African Journal of

Science 25 (1928) 238.

Peridium 4-7 mm. high, 4 mm. wide at mouth, globose, sessile ; outer surface moderately

hairy, brown; inner surface smooth, brown. Peridioles 1-1-5 mm. diam., more or less

spherical or lenticular, dark leaden coloured to black, with a relatively thin tunica. Spores

usually small, egg-shaped, hyaline, smooth, 4 X 2 p. (Translated from Verwoerd l.c.)

Habitat : on clayey soil.

Distribution : South Africa.

South African record : Heidelberg, Transvaal, E. Neethling (Verwoerd 330 ; Lloyd

Myc. Coll. 24889 Type).

The small size of the spores is the distinguishing feature of this species. The material

from which the above description was made is said to have been weathered and it was thus

impossible definitely to establish the characters and colour of the peridium.

3. Cyathus pallidus Berk, et Curt., [Plate LXXVIII, 3rd row.)

Cuban Fungi 517 in Journ. Linnean Society, London, Part II, 10 (1869) 341.

Verwoerd, Ann. Univ. Stell. 3 (1925) 7 ; Lloyd, Nidulariaceae in Myc. Writ. 2

(1906) 22 ; Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7 (1888) 37.

Peridium 6-9 mm. high, 4-7 mm. wide at mouth, goblet-shaped, tapering towards a

substipitate base which arises from an ochraceous, felt-like pad (very conspicuous when

the substratum is wood) typically straight, occasionally slightly flared. Outer surface

clothed with ochraceous, light brown or dove grey, erect to spreading, strigose, matted

hairs, which originally cover the incurved, depressed apex and finally often project slightly

CYATHUS.

635

beyond the margin in a fimbriate manner. The strigose hairs may partially disappear from

the upper part of the mature cup. Colour of old cup grey or brown. Inner surface smooth,

or sometimes slightly sulcate in old. specimens, silvery grey or leaden, becoming dark grey.

Peridioles 1-5-2 mm. diam., occasionally up to 2-5 mm., at first covered with a thin, silvery

tunica, which later usually disappears, exposing the blackish peridioles ; attached by

strong, white funiculi to the wall of the cup. Spores usually 6-2-10-8 X 5 -4-7 -2 p,

sometimes larger, broadly elliptical, sometimes subglobose or obovate.

Habitat : gregarious, on dead wood, dung, soil and decayed vegetable matter.

Distribution : South Africa ; Antigua ; Cuba ; Jamaica.

Specimens examined : on dead wood, Pretoria, D. J . Fouche, Jan., 1922, 15649 ;

A. Hean, Feb. 1939, 30727 ; H. V . King, March 1937, 28806 ; Fountains, Pretoria, March

1939, A. Hean, 30692 ; B. Louwrens, 28619 ; Fairy Glen Road, Pretoria, E. M. Doidge,

30690 ; Garstfontein, Pretoria, A. Hean, 30689 ; Kromrivier nr. Buffelspoort, Marikana,

Tvl., E. M. Doidge & A. M. Bottomley, 33254; Lemana, Spelonken, N. Tvl., Aug. 1911,

E. M. Doidge, 1699 ; Grahamstown, E. L. Stephens 255, 27275 ; Kingwilliamstown, Sister

de Victoria, July 1930, 25486 ; Knysna, A. V. Dutliie 114, 31357 ; Woodbourne, Knysna,

A. V . Duthie 63, 31327 ; Deepwalls, Knysna, A. M. Bottomley, 30772 ; Pietermaritzburg,

Natal, Rump 65, Aug. 1934, 27681 ; I. B. Pole Evans, April 1911, 1340, Kew ; Mooi River,

Natal, Crass (Rump 444) 28605 ; Xumeni Forest, Natal, Jan. 1935, E. M. Doidge, 27735 ;

Hopevale, Donnybrook, Natal, Dec. 1940, E. M. Doidge, 33174 ; on soil, decayed vegetable

matter or dung, Rietondale, Pretoria, Feb. 1936, L. J . Kresjelder, 28865 ; Mamagalieskraal

Brits, Tvl., D. J. Fouche, Jan. 1927, 21084; Hopevale, Donnybrook, Natal, Dec. 194'/,

E. M. Doidge, 33257 ; Kaapmuiden, E. Tvl., April 1914, H. A. Wager, 7727 ; Johannesburg,

Jan. 1930, Dr. A. Porter (v. d. Byl 2550) ; Garstfontein, Pretoria, E. M. Doidge, 1348,

30728 ; E. M. Doidge & A. Hean, Feb. 1943, 30693 ; Fort, Grahamstown, N. J . G. Smith

(E. L. Stephens 492, N. J. G. Smith 20).

Specimens not seen : Somerset East, C.P., MacOwan ; Knysna, Verwoerd (Stell. 109) ;

? Grahamstown, N. J. G. Smith, Kew.

This species differs from C. olla in having strigose, matted hairs on the outer surface

of the cup and usually smaller spores and peridioles.

4. Cyathus microsporus Tulasne, [Plate LXXV1I, 3rd row.]

Monograph Nidulariees, Ann. sc. nat., 3 ser., I (1844) 73, f. 6-8.

Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7 (1888) 35 ; Verwoerd, Ann. Univ. Stell. 3 (1925) 37.

Peridium 7-8 mm. high, 6-9 mm. wide at mouth, funnel-shaped, abruptly narrowed

towards the shortly stiptate base, attached to the substratum by a pale brown mycelial

pad ; outer surface greyish-brown, striate, clothed with rough, brown, adpressed, inter-

woven hairs, becoming more or less smooth ; inner surface even, not striate. Peridioles

1-5-2 mm. diam., more or less globose, grey, with a thin tunica. Spores elliptic or obovate,

smooth, hyaline, 4-4 X 6-4 p.

Habitat : dead wood.

Distribution : South Africa ; Brazil ; Haiti.

Specimens examined : Pietermaritzburg, Natal, Dec. 1915, 9205, det. Lloyd.

Specimens not seen : Knysna, Dutliie 230, 31416 ; without locality, Verwoerd (Stell.

108) ; Stikland, J. Acocks (E. L. Stephens 465).

This species differs from C. Berkeleyanus in the smooth, not striate, inner surface of

the cups.

10801-7

636

CYATHUS.

The Pietermaritzburg specimen, No. 9205, was identified by Lloyd as C. microsporus,

attention being called to the small size of the spores, which he found to measure 6-7 p.

An examination of the duplicate material, however, showed spores of the sizes 6 • 8—1 1 X

5-6*8 p. Since a smaller spore is called for, I am not satisfied that the above specimen

is C. microsporus and have tentatively referred' it to C. olla. Our specimen of Duthie 230,

also identified by Lloyd, has unfortunately only the basal mycelial pads left, so no com-

parison is possible. Verwoerd’s measurements are quoted above.

5. Cyathus Hookeri Berkeley, [Plate LXXVII, 2nd row.]

in Hooker’s Journal of Botany 6 (1854) 204.

Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7 (1888) 35 ; Lloyd, Myc. Writ. 2, Nidulariaceae (1906) 28

G. H. Cunningham, Gastero. (1944) 205.

Peridium 9-10 mm. high, 5-8 mm. wide at mouth, common size 10 X 7 mm., long

goblet-shaped, gradually attenuated towards a very thin base, attached by means of a

pale brown, cushion-like pad ; margin straight or slightly flared, even, finely crenulate or

finely fimbriate ; outer surface ochraceous-brown to greyish-brown, clothed with matted

st.rigose hairs which partially disappear with age ; inner surface smooth or sometimes

obscurely sulcate, putty coloured, grey or pale brown. Peridioles 2-2-5 mm. diam.,

broadly oval, lenticular, wrinkled, black, but colour obscured by the thin, whitish tunica,

whiph makes them appear leaden. Spores typically broadly oval, also subglobose and

obovate, smooth, tinted yellowish, thick-walled, 6-8-11 X 7-8 /{.

Habitat : on dead wood.

Distribution : India ; New Zealand ; South Africa.

Specimens examined : Pretoria, Jan. 1919, 7. B. Pole Evans, 12311, det. Lloyd ; Hogs-

back, Alice, C.P., Dec. 1937, K. Putterill, 30814.

The South African plant identified by Lloyd as C. Hookeri is very near C. pallidas,

from which it appears to differ only in the more slender shape, the thinner base and possibly

slightly wider spores. The New Zealand plant, however, also determined by Lloyd, is

near to C. olla (Cunningham, l.c.) being-finely tomentose and bay brown in colour. Our

plant seems more nearly to conform to the original description of C. Hookeri in having

matted, strigose hairs and being pale in colour. In Lloyd’s remarks about Pole Evans’

collection he says “the spores are small, 6-8 /t and the species like C. microsporus except

for the pale (not dark) cups In the Putterill collection, the spores are rather larger,

7-11 X 7-8 /i.

The South African plant further differs from the New Zealand plant as regards the

middle layer of the peridial wall, which is psendoparenchymatous and not formed of deeply

coloured, woven hyphae, as described by Cunningham.

6. Cyathus olla Persoon, [Plate LXNVI11, fig. 1.]

Synopsis methodica fungorum (1801) 237.

G. H. Cunningham, Gastero (1944) 206.

Cyathus vernicosus (Bull.) DC., FI. Fr. 2 (1805) 27Q ; Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7 (1888) 38 ;

Verwoerd, Ann. Univ. Stell. 3 (1925) 37 ; Fischer, Nat. Pflanzenfam!. 2 Aufl., 7 a

(1933) 59.

Nidularia vernicosa Bull., Hist. Champ. Fr. 1 (1809) 164.

N. plumbea Pers., Champ. Comest. (1818) 110.

N. fascicularia Schw., Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 4 (1834) 253.

CYATHUS.

637

Cyat.Jius campanulatus Corda, Anleit. 80 (1842) 19.

C. similis Cooke, Grev. 8 (1879) 58.

Cyathus lentifera (L.) White, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 29 (1902) 264.

Nidularia olla Link, Obs. I, Mag. Ges. nat. Freunde III (1809) 34.

Peridium 5-15 mm. high, 5-13 mm. wide at mouth, goblet- or bell-shaped, tapering

to the sessile or substipitate base ; mouth incurved when young, becoming typically flared,

but often straight in mature specimens of the same collection, sometimes obscurely striate

in old specimens ; outer surface light brown or straw-coloured, usually becoming greyish

brown, covered at first with woolly, tomentose, adpressed hairs, finally sometimes almost

smooth or with scattered greyish brown hairs ; inner surface even, smooth, leaden, greyish

brown or silvery brown. Peridioles 2-3-5 mm. diam., usually large but very variable in

size even in the same cup, lenticular, dull olive brown to blackish when old, originally pale

grey when covered with a thin, whitish tunica which disappears with age ; attached by

strong, white, easily detachable funiculi. Spores 6-8-13-6 X 5-7 p, broadly elliptical,

obovate.

Habitat : on dead wood, soil or decayed vegetable matter, during rainy season ;

gregarious.

Distribution : North and South Africa ; North and South America ; Australia ; New

Zealand.

Specimens examined : Fountains Valley, Pretoria, March 1918, H. Melle, 11328, det.

Lloyd ; A. M. Bottomley, March 1924, 18141 ; Wonderboom, Pretoria, March 1929, L.

Reinecke, 23705 ; Pelindaba nr. Pretoria, P. Watson, Feb. 1930, 25157 ; Wellington, C.P.,

A. M. Bottomley, May 1911, 1696 ; Stellenbosch, A. V. Duthie 280, 31453, 171, 31380, 252,

31433 ; Knysna, J . Phillips, Feb. 1925, 20608 ; Mamathes, Basutoland, A. Hean, Feb.

1941, 33494 ; Fauresmith, O.F.S., Botha, May 1934, 27573 ; Port Elizabeth, Director of

Museum, July 1939, 30782; Bloemfontein, G. Potts 7190, March 1917, 13010; Hopevale,

Donnybrook, Natal, Jan. 1935, E. M. Doidge, 28923 ; Pietermaritzburg, Natal, J . M. Sim,

Dec. 1915, 9205 det. Lloyd as C. microsporus ; Stellenbosch, Champion (v. d. Byl 2044 as

C. vernicosus ) ; Hopefield, C.P., Oct. 1923, v. d. Byl 1265 as C. vernicosus ; Lady Grey,

C.P., Feb. 1925, R. I. Nel (v. d. Byl 2349) as C. vernicosus ; without locality, ex Herb.

Lloyd, v. d. Byl 1119 as C. vernicosus ; Somerset East, 1874, MacOwan 1042, 20981 ; 1875,

MacOwan 1042 as Nidularia farcta Fr. (S.A.M. 35075), 20837 ; Fischhoek, C.P., 1934,

V. Peers (E. L. Stephens 397).

Specimens not seen : Bloemfontein, Verwoerd as C. vernicosus ; Sea Point, Cape Town,

Duthie 31.

The characteristic features of this species are the straw-coloured, woolly outer surface

of the immature plant and the large peridioles. The spores are usually larger than those

of C. pallidus but vary considerably in size.

7. Cyathus stercoreus (Schweinitz) de Toni. [Plate LXXVIII, 2nd row.]

in Saccardo’s Sylloge Fungorum 7 (1888) 40.

Llovd, Myc. Writ. 2, Nidulariaceae. (1906) 19 ; Verwoerd, Ann. Univ. Stell. 3

(1925) 37 ; G. H. Cunningham, Gastero. (1944) 208.

Nidularia stercorea Schw., Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 4 (1834) 253.

Cyathus W right ii Berk., Grev. 2 (1873) 34.

C. Baileyi Mass., Grev. 21 (1892) 3.

C, dimorphus Cobb, Agric. Gaz. N.S.W. (1892) 1005.

638

CYATHUS.

C. affinis Pat., Bull. Soc. Myc. Fr. (1895) 87.

C. rufipes Ell. & Ev., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24 (1897) 125.

C. rufipes (Ell. & Ev.) White, l.c. 29 (1902) 265.

C. WrigJitii (Berk.) White, l.c.

C. stercoria (Schw.) White, l.c., 266.

Peridium 3-5-8 mm. high, 3-5-6 mm. wide at mouth, urceolate or goblet-shaped,

tapering towards the sessile or sub-stipitate base, which sometimes arises from a light brown,

felt-like mycelial pad, especially when on wood ; solitary or gregarious, often occurring in

dense clusters resembling a wasp’s nest ; usually becoming crumpled when old ; outer

surface grey, greyish brown or ochraceous, at first hairy or almost tomentose with a light

brown, felt-like covering over the depressed apex, becoming more or less smooth or sparselv

strigose with age ; inner surface smooth, leaden, then dark greyish brown or almost black ;

mouth smooth or fimbriate, sometimes slightly sulcate in old specimens. Peridioles

1-5-2- 5 mm., lenticular, smooth, black with metallic sheen, without a tunica ; outer wall

thick, composed of coarse brown fibrils ; usually attached by a funiculus, but this appears

to be lacking in some cases. Spores , many or few, typically large, 13 • 6-37 -4 X 10 • 2-30 • 6 g,

very variable in size even in one peridiole ; globose, subglobose, broadly elliptical, egg-

shaped, smooth, thick-walled and granular when mature.

Habitat : usually gregarious ; on dung, soil, rotten wood and other decaying vegetable

matter.

D , bution : World- wide.

Specimens examined : on decaying wood, Pretoria, Feb. 1915, Bischojf 8817 ; Glen,

O.F.S., April 1921, Potgieter, 14690; Fort Hare, Alicedale, Giffen, Aug. 1934, 27502;

Pretoria, Jan., M. Bosnian, 23668 ; Knysna, Duthie 311 b (E. L. Stephens 65) ; on manure,

Potchefstroom, June 1927, H. A. Lawrence, 21929 ; Hopevale, Donnybrook, Natal, Jan,

1935, E. M. Doidge, 3317, 27718 ; K. E. Morgan, Feb. 1935, 28922 ; Fountains Valley.

Pretoria, March 1936, B. Louwrens, 28620 ; Korngha, C.P., April 1936, Cooke, 28589 ; on

soil, Onderstepoort nr. Pretoria, March 1924, Dr. Curson, 18116 ; Bloemfontein, March

1917, H. G. Purki.ss (Grey Univ. Coll. Herb. 7204) 13015 ; Pretoria, 1907, 1. B. Pole Evans,

1902 ; Pietermaritzburg, J . M. Sim, Feb. 1915, 8823 ; Kimberley, March 1915, J . C. Moran,

8963 ; Pretoria, March 1924, C. Punt, 18142, Kresf elder, Jan. 1931, 25870 ; Johannesburg,

Mrs. Moss, March 1935 (T.R.L. 283) 29941 ; without locality, ex Farmer’s Weekly, March

1929, 25316 ; Haenertsburg, Tvl., March 1938, S. Thompson (T.R.L. 282) ; on rotting sack,

Buffelspoort, Marikana, TM., F. A. S. Turner, 30687 ; Hopevale, Donnybrook, Natal,

Jan. 1935, E. M. Doidge, ' 44 (with Sphaerobolus stellatus ) ; Pretoria, v. d. Byl 1428 det.

Lloyd ; Salisbury, S. Rlrod . Eyles 4101 (v. d. Byl 2347, S. Rh. 161) ; Nardouw Pass,

C.P., Aug. 1941, P. C. de Kc . (E. L. Stephens 560).

Specimens not seen : Livingstone Is., Victoria Falls, S. Rhodesia, Cheesman ; without

ocality, R. Marloth.

This species is characterised by its large, globose or subglobose spores, its black peridioles,

often closely aggregated and crumpled appearance and the dark interior of the cups.

forma Leseurii Tulasne, [Plate LXXVIII, 2nd row.]

Ann. Sci. nat. 3 Ser., I (1844) 79.

Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7 (1888) 38; Lloyd, Myc. Writ. 2, Nidulariaceae (1906) 21,

Plate 108, figs. 10-11 ; Coker & Couch, Gastero. (1928) 179.

Peridium long goblet-shaped, 10-12 mm. high, 6-7 mm. wide at the mouth, shortly

stipitate, arising from a large, rufous-brown mycelial pad ; outer surface light greyish brown,

CYATHUS.

639

clothed with coarse, matted, shaggy hairs, which may partially disappear in the upper part,

margin even ; inner surface smooth, silver grey, becoming dark greyish brown. Peridioles

nearly black, resembling black lead, without a tunica, up to 2-5 mm. diam., with thick,

rigid outer wall consisting of dark, reddish brown fibrils : attached or not attached by

funiculi. Spores large, globose, subglobose, broadly elliptical, thick- walled and yellowish,

granular when mature, 23-8-34 x 23-8-27-2 p.

Habitat : on manured ground and sandy soil, gregarious.

Distribution : North America ; South Africa.

Specimens examined : on manured ground, Brits, Tvh, J . v. d. Plank, June 1942, 33503.

The above collection of seventeen individuals differs from typical. Cyathus stercoreus

mainly in shape and size of the cups. These are much longer in proportion to the width,

more stipitate, lighter in colour both externally and especially internally, being greyish

brown instead of nearly black inside, and do not become crumpled when old, as most of

the typical plants do. The peridioles are larger and the spores more uniformly globose or

subglobose. These specimens resemble Lloyd’s photograph (l.c.) of material at Paris.

They differ from Coker and Couch’s description (l.c.) in the taller and less slender shape,

the absence of hairs on the mouth and the larger size of the peridioles, but agree with their

illustration (l.c. plate 123) in shape. The Australian typical plant (Cunn. l.c. plate 32)

resembles the South African uncommon “ forma Leseurii’ .

8. Cyathus Poeppigii Tulasne, [Plate LXXVIII, 4th row.]

Monograph Nidulariees in Ann. Sc. nat. 3 ser., I (1844) 70, t. 10, figs. 9-11.

Verwoerd, Ann. Univ. S'tell. 3 (1925) 36 ; Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7 (1888) 37 ; Coker &

Couch, Gastero. (1928) 177, plate 121.

Cyathus plicatilus Poepp., Hautlubens, exs. n. 47.

C. sulcatus Kalchbr., Grevillea 10 (1882) 107.

Peridium 5-10 mm. high, 4-7 mm. wide at mouth, goblet-shaped, often crumpled

when old, arising from a mycelial pad, which is very conspicuous in young plants growing

on wood ; usually strongly sulcate, dark brown to blackish when old ; outer surface clothed

when young with dark brown, matted shaggy hairs, which later partially disappear, exposing

the slightly or distinctly striate or sulcate surface ; inner surface leaden or slate grey at

first, becoming dark brown to blackish with age, shiny, striate-fluted in upper part.

Peridioles lenticular, 1-25-2 mm. diam., black, dull at first owing to the presence of a thin,

white, film-like tunica which gradually disappears, finally black-lead colour, smooth, attached

by strong, white funiculi. Outer wall of peridioles thick, consisting of coarse brown fibrils.

Spores few to many, 15-3-44 X 10-2-23-8 p, comparatively few longer than 34 p ; size

very variable even in the same peridiole, subglobose, broad-elliptic or egg-shaped, some-

times depressed along the sides (for illustration of spores cf. Coker & Couch, Gastero. N.

Amer., Plate 121). Van der Byl found the spores to be 36 X 28 «.

Habitat : on soil or dead and rotting wood.

Distribution : East and South Africa ; North and South America ; Australia

Mauritius ; West Indies.

Specimens examined : Pretoria, March 1921, C. Punt, 14500 ; de Beer’s Rust, Pretoria,

Feb. 1939, A. Hean, 30691 ; Port Durnford, Zululand, S. S. Ballenden (Natal Herb. 910),

32011 ; Inanda, Natal, ./. Medley Wood 334 as C. sulcatus Kalchbr. 11186, 10454 ; Pieter-

maritzburg, J . M. Sim, Feb. 1915, 8803 ; Pump, Jan. 1933, 26846, Rump 544, 33962 ;

Sibasa, Zoutpansberg, Feb. 1920, Rev. Junod, 12826 ; Durban, v. d. Byl 594, 597 det. L.

Verwoerd as C. plicatulus in G. C. Nel, Ann. Univ. Stell. 20 (1942) 71.

640

CYATHUS.

9. Cyathus Montagnei Tulasne, [Plate LXXVII, 4th row, left.]

Monograph. Nidulariees in Annales des Sciences Naturelles, 3 Ser. I (1844) 70,

t. 10, f. 9-11.

Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7 (1888) 34 ; Yerwoerd, Ann. Univ. Stell. 3 (1925) 35.

Peridium. 5-10 mm. high, 5-9 mm. wide at mouth, goblet-shaped, attached to wood by

a conspicuous, ochraceous yellow mycelial cushion ; outer surface clothed with matted,

brown, strigose hairs, which partially disappear from the upper part ; inner surface striate,

lead-coloured, smooth and shining. Peridioles 1-2 mm. diarn., globose to elliptic, lenticular,

leaden coloured, with a thin tunica. Spores broadly oval to egg-shaped, smooth, more or

less hyaline, 7-5-14-4 X 5 -2-7 -2 jj. (sec. Saccardo 20 X 13-2 p).

Habitat : on wood.

Distribution : South Africa ; South America ; Ceylon.

Specimens examined : on woody fruits, Knysna, E. du Preez (v. d. Byl 1330, det. Lloyd) ;

Kirstenbosch, M. Johns (E. L. Stephens 554).

Specimens not seen : without locality, Verwoerd (Stell. 156).

Tulasne’s original description has not been seen, but according to the information

given in the footnote to the description in the Sylloge Fungorum (l.c.) this species resembles

G. striatus structurally, but differs in the reddish and less hirsute outer surface and in the

glabrous, only slightly striate, inner surface.

10. Cyathus Berkeleyanus Tulasne, [Plate LXXVII, 4th row, right.]

Monogr. Nidulariees in Ann. Sci. Nat., 3 ser., I (1884) 70.

Lloyd, Myc. Writings 2, Nidulariaceae (1906) 19 ; White, Nid. N. Am. in Bull.

Torrey Bot. Club 29 (1902) 258 ; Verwoerd, Ann. Univ. Stell. 3 (1925) 36.

Cyathus microsporus var. Berkeleyanus Tub, Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7 (1888) 35.

Peridium 5-9 mm. high, 4-7 mm. wide at the mouth, urceolate, attenuated towards a

rather broad base, attached to the substratum by a pale brown cushion-like pad ; margin

erect or somewhat flaring, finely fimbriate ; outer surface clothed with matted, strigose,

ochraceous-brown hairs, which originally extend over the depressed epiphragm, sometimes

becoming sulcate when old ; inner surface sulcate or not, greyish brown or slate-grey.

Peridioles 1 -5-2-5 mm. diam., lenticular, dark leaden colour due to the presence of a thin

tunica, which masks the black colour. Spores broadly oval, obovate or sometimes sub-

globose, smooth, hyaline, 6-5-10 X 5-7-2 /«.

Habitat : on dead wood, gregarious.

Distribution : South Africa ; North America ; Brazil ; Cuba ; Jamaica.

Specimens examined : Belvidere, Knysna, June 1921, A. V. Duthie 311 det. Lloyd

(E. L. Stephens 65, mixed with C. stercoreus) 31478 ; Nottingham Road, Natal, v. d. Byl

556 (Lloyd Myc. Coll. 34544) 31815 ; v. d. Byl 60 ; Knysna, April 1939, A. M. Bottomley,

30744.

Specimens not seen : Belvidere, Knysna, A. V. Duthie (Lloyd Myc. Coll, 22529, 34552

34554).

A note attached to Dr. Duthie’s specimen reads : “ The striations are not evident on

all cups. The small spores 6-8 X 10 p are the feature of the species.” In specimen

v. d. Byl 60, the striations are very indistinct both internally and externally. The striate

character of the. cup appears to lie a variable feature, since both smooth and striate plants

SPHAEROBOLACEAE.

641

are found in the same collection. Lloyd (l.c. plate 107) gives illustrations of cups which

are strongly sulcate both inside and outside, while White (l.c.) illustrates cups which are

striate only on the inner side.

SPHAEROBOLACEAE Schroeter.

Kryptogamen-Flora von Schlesien 3 (1889) 688.

Walker, Develop, and Mechanism of Discharge in Sphaerobolus iowen.sis n. sp. and

S. stellatus Tode, in Journ. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc., U.S.A. 42 (1927) 151 ;

Buller, Res. on Fungi 5 (1933) 279.

Peridium subglobose, wall of four layers, containing a single peridiole, which is forcibly

ejected to a distance of a few inches up to 18 feet in a horizontal direction and 14 feet in

a vertical direction (Walker, l.c.) by the apical splitting of the peridium and the eversion

of the two inner layers. The four layers from outside inwards consist of (1) a gelatinous

layer, (2) a pseudoparenchymatous layer, (3) a fibrous layer and (4) a palisade layer. After

ejection, layers (3) and (4) resemble a translucent, yellowish vesicle at the top of, and attached

to the remaining outer layers of the wall. The peridiole contains, in addition to a mass

of oval spores embedded in mucilage, large spherical cystidia, which form a peridial layer

next to the outer wall and, scattered among the spores, a number of tear-shaped gemmae

which germinate and function as spores.

This family is separated from the Nidulariaceae in having a four-layered peridial wall,

a single peridiole with cystidia and gemmae in addition to spores and a complicated method

of dehiscence.

The decision t-o include Sphaerobolaceae in the Nidulariales instead of in the Sclero-

(lermales as Fischer does, is based on the findings of Walker (l.c.) who established that

although in Sphaerobolus stellatus true glebal chambers are never present, in S. iowensis

true chambers are present which persist up to maturity, and the basidia are arranged in

definite hymenia, the hymeuium lining the cavity of the glebal chamber.

SPHAEROBOLUS Tode ex Persoon.

Synopsis Methodica Fungorum (1801) 115.

Type : Sphaerobolus stellatus Tode ex Persoon.

Peridium subglobose, four-layered, dehiscing at the apex into stellate lobes when the

two innermost layers of the wall evert and eject the single peridiole. Peridiole globose,

containing a mass of smooth, hyaline, oval spores mixed with cystidia and gemmae.

According to Walker, there are only two species of Sphaerobolus — -S. stellatus and S.

iowensis Walker. Of these only the former has been found in South Africa.

Sphaerobolus stellatus Tode ex Persoon, LXXIX.]

Synopsis Methodica Fungorum (1801) 115.

Walker, Journ. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc., U.S.A., 42 (1927) 151.

Buller, Res. Fungi 5 (1933) 279 ; Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7 (1888) 46 ; G. H. Cunningham,

Gastero. (1944) 208.

642

SPHAEROBOLACEAE

S. stercorarius Er., Syst. Myc. 2 (1822) 310.

S. tabulosus Fr. l.c.

Carpobolus stellatus Desm., Mem. Soc. Linn. 4 (1826) 32.

Peridium. Unexpanded plant 1-5-2 mm. diam., subglobose, more or less submerged

in the substratum (dung) impregnated and often covered with copious, white mycelial

growth, finally splitting at the apex in stellate fashion into 6-8 acute lobes, when the plant

is 2-3 mm. across the mouth. Outer surface straw-coloured, slightly tomentose-hairy ;

inner surface smooth, orange, fading to cream or ochraceous yellow. Peridiole about

1-5 mm. diam., reddish brown, finally black and shining, globose or flattened above, con-

taining a mass of spores embedded in mucilage and mixed with a number of larger cystidia

and oval or tear-shaped gemmae. Spores hyaline with dark epispore, usually broadly

oval, sometimes subglobose, 5 -1-8 -5 X 4-5 //..

Habitat : usually gregarious, on twigs, sticks, decaying stumps, boards, sawdust, old

sacking, dung of herbivorous animals, etc.

Distribution : South Africa ; Australia ; Canada ; Ceylon ; England ; Europe ;

India ; Japan ; New Zealand ; Trinidad ; United States of America.

Specimens examined : on equine dung, Pretoria, Feb. 1915, I . B. Pole Evans, 8821 ;

Ixopo, Natal, March 1917, E. HacJcland (Natal Herb. 470) 15550 ; Hopevale, Donnybrook,

Natal, Jan. 1935, E. M. Doidge, 27719 ; Fountains Valley, Pretoria, March 1936, A. M.

Bottomley 28462 ; on cow dung, Kromrivier nr. Buffelspoort, Marikana, Tvl., Dec. 1938,

E. M. Doidge & A. M. Bottomley , 30236 ; nr. Somerset East, W. Tuck, 1976 (MacOwan

1190; S.A.M. 35083).

643

Unless otherwise stated all photographs are the work of

Mr. H. A. V. King, photographer to the Division of Botany and

Plant Pathology, Pretoria.

10801-8

44

Plate I.

Fig. 1. — Rhizopogon luteolus, xl.

Fig. 2. — Rhizopogon rubescens, x 1.

Fig. 3. — Hymenogaster albellus, xl.

Fig. 4. — Melanoggster ambiguus, x 1.

646

Plate II.

Fig. 1. — 8ec.ot.ium Gueinzii, x 1.

Fin. 2. — S. Gueinzii , basal view, x 1.

647

648

Plate III.

Fig. 1. — Section through Secotium Gueinzii, x 1.

Fig. 2-6. — Secotium obtusum, x 1.

6

650

Plate IV.

Fig. 1. — Macowanites agaricinus after Berkeley.

Fig. 2. — Gyrophragmium Delelei. — Microscopic section through

trama plate.

651

652

Plate V.

Fig. 1. — Polyplocium . inqiimans, young plants growing from ant-heap.

Reduced.

Photograph by I. B. Pole Evans.

d rm. it

Ov Vv :r?

654

Plate VI.

Fig. 1. — Polyplocium inquinans, immature plant, reduced.

Fig. 2. — P. inquinans, section through (1).

656

Plate VII.

Polyplocium inquinans, mature plant, x 3.

'657

658

Plate VIII.

Polyplocium inquinans, mature plant showing warts on peridium

and volva, x 1.

659

660

Plate IX.

Gyrophragmium Delilei, mature plants, x 1.

661

662

Plate X.

Fig. 1. — Mutinus Curtisii, after Lloyd as M. elegans, x 1.

Fig. 2. — Mutinus bambusinus after Lloyd, x 1 .

663

664

Plate XI.

Itajahya galericulata. — Stages in “ egg ” development, x L

665

666

Plate XII.

Itajahya galericulata. — Stage I in development of plant, x 1.

668

Plate XIIT.

Itajahya galericulata. — Stage II in development of plant x 1.

669

670

Plate XIV.

Itajahya galericulata. — Stage III in development of plant, x

671

672

Plate XV.

Fig. 1 . — Itajahya galericulata. — Mature plant, slender form, x 1.

Fig. 2.- Itajahya galericulata. — Pileus with volva cap present, x 1.

Photographs by L. Kresjelder.

673

1

2

674

Plate XVI.

Fig. 1. — Itajahya galericulata, section through pileus, x 1.

Fig. 2. — / galericulata, pileus with part of spore mass removed, x 1 .

Fig. 3. — 7. galericulata, section through pileus after removal of spore

mass.

Photographs by L. Kresjelder.

10801-9

676

Plate XVII.

Phallus impudicus after Lloyd.

677

678

Plate XVIII.

Fig. 1. — Phallus rubicundus, old specimens developed indoors and

“ eggs ”, x 1.

Fig. 2. — P. rubicundus, mature plants with remains of volva on

apex of pileus, x 1.

679

Plate XIX.

Fig. 1 .— Dictyo])h«ra indusiata, mature plant, x 1.

Fig. 2. — D. indusiata, developed indoors, showing pileus withour

spore mass, x

Fig. 3. — D. indusiata after Moeller.

681

682

Plate XX.

Fig. 1. — Linderiella columnata after Wei witch and Currey.

Fig. 2. — L. columnata after G. H. Cunningham

Fig. 3. — Aseroe rubra after G. H. Cunningham.

683

684

Plate XXI.

Figs. 1 and 2. — Anthurus Archeri Note external longitudina

groove on arms, x 1.

Photographs supplied by Miss E. L. Stephens.

685

Plate XXII.

Lysurus Gardneri , plants developed indoors from “ eggs ”, x 1.

687

688

Plate XXIII.

Pig. 1. — Kalchbrennera corail oceph ala, development of plant from

“ egg ” stage.

Photograph 0/ sketch by Miss G. J . Lewis.

Figs. 2 and 3. — K. corallocephala, mature plant.

Photographs by I. B. Pole Evans.

Plate XXIV.

Kalchbrennera corallocephala. — Photograph of original painting

by Kalchbrenner as K. Tuckii.

691

Plate XXV.

Fig. 1. — Clathrus gracilis, developed indoors from “ egg ”.

Photograph supplied by Miss E. L. Stephens.

Fig. 2. Clathrus camerunensis after v. d. Byl.

Fig. 3. — Mutinus simplex after Lloyd.

693

694

Plate XXVI.

Fig. 1. — Clathrella cfr. pseudocancellata, dry plant, x 1.

Fig. 2. — Same, fresli plant, x 1.

Plate XXVII.

Clathrus sp., x 1.

6£7

Plate XXVIII.

Fig. 1. — Scleroderma cepa, x 1.

Fig. 2. — Scleroderma verrucosum, x 1 .

699

700

Plate XXIX.

Fig. 1 . — Scleroderma cepa, section, x 1 .

Fig. 2. — Scleroderma verrucosum, section, x 1 .

701

02

Plate XXX.

Figs. 1 and 2. — Scleroderma flavidum, x 1.

703

704

Plate XXXI.

Fig. 1. — Arachnion album, after Lloyd.

Fig. 2. — Scleroderma aurantiurn, x 1.

Fig. 3. — Scleroderma flavidum, x 1.

705

706

Plate XXXII.

Fig. 1. — Pisolithus tinctorius, x 1.

Fig. 2. — -P. tinctorius, apically split showing structure of gleba, x 1

10801-10

708

Plate XXXIII.

Fig. 1. Lycoperdon hyemale, typical form, x 1.

Fig. 2. — L. hyemale , section of old plant showing sterile base and.

diaphragm, x 1.

Fig. 3. -L. hyemale showing month, x 1.

710

Plate XXXIV.

Top row. — Lycoperdon liyemale, unusual form in which exoperidium

has completely disappeared, x 1.

Middle row. — L. liyemale, form with large irregular mouth, x 1.

Bottom row. — L. liyemale, connivent spines enlarged.

711

712

Plate XXXV.

Fig. 1. — Lycoperdon perlatum, x I .

Fig. 2. — Lycoperdon djurense, x 1.

713

Plate XXXVI.

Lycoperdon flavum, after Massee.

L. flavum, fresh plant, x 1.

715

2

716,

Plate XXXVII.

Lycoperdon asperum after Llovd as Bovistella aspera.

717

718

Plate XXXVIII.

Fig. 1. — Lycoperdon polymorphum, x 1.

Fig. 2. — L. pusillum, fresh plant, x 1.

Fig. 3 pusillum, dried plant, xl.

719

720

Plate XXXIX.

Fig. 1. — Lycoperdon Gunnii, x 1.

Fig. 2. — L. Qudenii, x 1.

Fig. 3. — L. Duthiei, x 1.

Fig. 4. — Bo vista umbrina, pressed specimens, x 1.

Fig. 5. — Calvatia incerta, x 1.

721

722

Plate XL.

Fig. 1. — Lycoperdon capense after Massee.

Fig. 2 . — L. bicolor after Massee.

Fig. 3. — L. asperrimum after Massee.

7 2a

3

24

Plate XLI.

Fig.

1. — Calvatia Candida,

2. — C. lilacina, x 1.

3. — C. lilacina, after

x 1.

gleba has disappeared,

x 1.

72 y

Plate XLII.

Fig. 1. — Calvatia caelata, x 1.

Photograph by. /. B. Pole Evans.

Fig. 2. — C. lepidophora with warty exoperidium, x 1.

727

728

Plate XLIII.

Fig. 1. — Calvatia lepidophora with granular exoperidium, x L

729

Plate XL1V.

Fig. 1. — Calvatia gigantea, x

Fig. 2. — C. pachy derma, x 1.

731

732

Plate XLV.

Lanophila Wahlbergii, x 1.

733

Plate XLYI.

Broomeia congregata, taken from base of Acacia tree.

735

6

Plate XL VII.

Fig. 1. — Broomeia congregate with remains of universal veil, x 1.

Fig. 2. — B. congregata, vertical section showing thick stroma, x 1

Fig. 3. — B. ellipsospora, underside, x 1.

Fig. 4. — B. ellipsospora, vertical section showing thin stroma, x 1

Plate XLVIII.

1. — Diplocystis Wrightii. Note peridia separated by individual

exoperidial walls, x 1 .

2. — Broomeia congregata. — Note peridia separated by common

alveolar walls, x 1.

739

10801-11

Plate XLIX.

Fig. 1. — Geastrum pectinatum with grooved base, x 1.

Fig. 2. — G. pectinatum with smooth base, x 1.

Fig. 3. — G. pectinatum with collar on pedicel, x 1.

Fig. 4. — G. pectinatum with incurved exoperidium, x

Fig. 5. — G. Bryanti.

Fig. 6. — G. nanum.

741

742

PLATE I.

Fig. 1. — Geastrum quadrifidum, x 1.

Fig. 2. — G. nanum, x 1.

Fig. 3. — G. campestre, x 1.

743

744

Plate LI.

Fig. 1. — Geastrum dissimile, x 1.

Fig. 2. — G. dissimile with mouth enlarged.

Fig. 3. — G. quadrifidum with mouth enlarged.

Fig. 4. — G. fornicatum with mouth enlarged.

746

Plate LII.

Top row. — Geastrum minimum , after Lloyd as “ Geaster granulosus

Second and Third rows. — G. minimum.

747

748

Plate LIII.

Top row. — Geastrum limbatum, usual form, x 1.

Middle row. — G. limbatum , unexpanded plant and egg, x 1 .

Bottom row. — G. limbatum, form with ellipsoid mouth, x 1.

Plate LTV.

Top row. — Geastrum triplex, underside showing typical mycelial

layer, x 1.

Middle row. — G. triplex, small type of plant with acuminately pointed

unexpanded plants.

Bottom row. — G. triplex. — Two figures on left, photographs of

MacOwan No. 1124 specimens as Geaster fimbriatus.

Figures on right, photograph of MacOwan’s specimen

No. 1236 as Geaster capensis.

751

Plate LY.

Geastrum triplex, fresh plants, x 1,

753

Plate LVI.

Fig. 1.

Fig. 2

. — Geastrum saccatum, typical plants with subglobose and

pointed unexpanded plants, x 1.

. — G. saccatum, large type, x 1.

755-

X

Plate LVII.

Fig. 1. — Geastrum mirabile, x 1.

Fig. 2. — Geastrum velutinum, x 1.

Fig. 3. — Geastrum arenarium, xl.

751

758

Plate LYIII.

Geastrum for nicatum, with and without the mycelial cup, x 1.

759

760

Plate LIX.

Upper row. — Geastrum floriforme, x L

Lower row. — G. Hieronymi, x 1.

761

762

Plate LX.

Fig. 1. — Geastrum hygrometricum, unexpanded plant, x 1.

Fig. 2. — G. hygrometricum in dry weather, x 1.

Figs. 3 and 4. — G. hygrometricum in wet weather, x 1.

Plate LXI.

Fig. 1. — “ Geaster MacOwani ” after Lloyd.

Fig. 2. — “ Geaster calceus ” after Lloyd.

Figs. 3 and 4. — Myriostoma coliforme, x 1.

765

Plate LXII.

Left. — Geasteropsis Conrathi, underside of young plant.

Eight. — G. Conrathi upper view. Note membranous endoperidium

and columella from which gleba has partly disappeared.

Photograph by J . P. H. AcocTcs.

Plate LXIII.

Fig. 1. — Geasteropsis Conrathi, section through immature plant, x 1.

Fig. 2. — G. Conrathi, mature plant. Note torn endoperidium, xl

769

Plate LXIV.

Fig. 1. — Disci seda Candida, x 1.

Fig. 2. — D. Candida, enlargement of upper surface.

Fig. 3. — D. pedicellata, x 1.

Fig. 4. — D. verrucosa, x 1.

771

10801-12

772

Plate LXV.

Mycenastrum corium, expanding plant, x 1.

773

774

Plate LXVI.

Fig. 1. — Tulostoma albicans, x 1.

Fig. 2. — T. cyclophorum, x 1.

Fig. 3. — T. purpusii, x 1.

775

776

Plate LXVII.

Fig. 1. — Tulostoma australianum, x 1.

Fig. 2. — T. transvaalii, xl.

Fig. 3. — T. bonianum, xl.

777

778

Plate LXYIII.

Tulostoma ? albicans, x 1.

779

780

Plate LXIX.

Batarrea Steveni, x 1.

781

782

Plate LXX.

Fig. 1. — Batarrea Digueii before dehiscence, x 1.

Pig. 2.- -Batarrea Steveni after disappearance of gleba, x 1.

783

84

Plate LXXI.

Fig. 1 . — Phellorina inquinans, x 1.

Fig. 2. — P. inquinans vertical section showing gleba seated on

expanded apex of stem, x 1.

785

Plate LXXII.

Fig. 2. — Phellorina strobilina, dried plant, x 1.

Fig 2. — P. strobilina with portion of exoperidium and gleba removed,

x 1.

788

Plate LXXIII.

Chlcimydopus Meyenianus, x 1.

789

Plate LXXIV.

Podaxis pistillaris growing on “ antheap ”, x 1.

791

792

Plate LXXY.

Podaxis pistillaris on red gravel.

793

Plate LXXVI.

Fig. 1 . — Podaxis pistillaris in natural habitat.

Fig. 2. — P. pistillaris, vertical section showing percurrent columella,.

x 1.

795

Plate LXXVII.

Top row. — Crucibulum vulgare, x 1.

Second row. — Cyathus Hookeri, x 1.

Third row. — C. rnicrosporus, x 1.

Fourth row : Left. — C. Montagnei after Lloyd.

Right. — C. Berkeleyanus after Lloyd.

797

798

Plate LXXYIII.

First row. — Cyathus olla, x 1.

Second row. — Cyathus stercoreus, usual and Leseurii form, x 1.

Third row. — Cyathus pallidus, x 1.

Fourth row. — C. Poeppigii, x 1.

Plate LXXIX.

Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.

Fig. 3.

— Sphaerobolus stellatus on manure, xl.

— S. stellatus, diagrammatic median section through mature

fruit-body after opening stellately and just before dis-

charge of the gleba, after Buller.

— S. stellatus, culture on horse dung, x 1 1/3. After Buller.

801

INDEX,

803

Synonyms are shown in italics. Page numbers in heavy type indicate the main reference.

Page Page

Abstoma G. H. Cunn 482

Agaricus ocreatus Delil 508

Alboffiella Speg 513

Alboffidla argentina Speg 513

Anthurus Kalchbr. & MacOwan. 520,521,522, 521

Archeri Ed. Fisch 522

aseroeformis Me Alp 522

australiensis Ed. Fisch 524

borealis Burt 524

MacOwani Marloth 522

Muellerianus Kalchbr 522

f. aseroeformis Ed. Fisch 522

sepioides Me Alp 522

surinamensis Ed. Fisch 522

Woodii MacOwan 524

Aporophallus Moell 431,510

Arachniaceae Coker & Couch 482. 545

Arachnion Schweinitz 482, 545

alborosella Verw 545. 546

album Schw 545, 546

bovista Mont 546

Drummondii Berk 546, 547

firmoderma Verw 545

giganteum Lloyd 545, 546

scleroderma Lloyd 545, 547

Arcangeliella Cav 490, 496, 497

Arcangeliella africana Ze. & Doidge 495

Areolaria Kalchbr 622

Areolaria strobilina Kalchbr 624

Argylium Wallr 489

Aseroe LaBill. ex Fr 520, 526

actinobola Corda 526

arachnoidea Ed. Fisch 526

ceylanica Berk 526

corrugata Col 526

Hookeri Berk 526

lysuroides Ed. Fisch 526

Muelleriana Lloyd 526

multiradiata Zoll 526

pallida Lloyd 526

pentactina End! 526

poculiforma Bailey. 526

rubra LaBill. ex Fr 526

rubra f. ceylanica Ed. Fisch 526

f. Muelleriana Ed. Fisch 526

viridis Berk. & Hook 526

Aseroephallus Lepr. & Mont 523

Astraeus Morg 586, 604

hygrometricus Morg 603

stellatus Fisch 603

Batarrea Pers 476, 483. 607, 608, 619

arenieola Copel 509

attenuata Peck 626

Digueti Pat. & Har 619, 620, 621

gaudichaudii Mont 620

Griffithsii Underw 621

guiccardiniana Ces 620

laciniata Underw 620

levispora Mass 620

Muelleri Kalchbr 620

phalloides Pers 619, 620, 621

Stevenii Fr 619, 620, 621

tepperiana Ludw 620, 621

Batarreae G. H. Cunn 483

Battareopsis P. Henn 626

artini P. Henn 626

Battarraea Pers 619

Blumenavia Moell 520, 521

Bovista DU1. ex Pers 549, 578, 579, 580

anomala Cooke & Mass 569

aspera Lev 561

bicolor Lev 578

brunnea Berk 579, 581

Candida Schw 570

castanea Lev 568

cervina Berk 570

citrina Bottomley 580

circumscissa Berk. & Curt 570

gigantea Nees 573

liypogaea Cke. & Mass 568

juglandiformis Berk 567

lepidophora de Toni 575

lilacina Berk. & Mont 573

oblongispora Bottomley 580

olivacea Cooke & Mass 575

plumbea Pers 579, 581

purpurea Lloyd 581

pusilla Pers 558

spinulosa Peck 582

suberosa Fr 582

tunicata Bon 575

umbrina Bottomley 580

Zey fieri Berk 569

Bovistella Morgan 579, 580

aspera Lloyd 561

bovistoides Lloyd 579

citrina Lloyd 580

Gunnii Lloyd 561

oblongispora Lloyd 580

Bovistoides Lloyd 566

simplex Lloyd 605

Broomeia Berkeley 478,482,549,583

congregata Berk 473, 583, 585

ellipsospora v. Hok . 583, 584, 585

guadaloupensis Lev 583

Bullardia Jungh 489

Calathiscus Mont 526

Calostoma Desv 482

Calostomataceae Fischer 482

Calvatia Fries 476, 4.82, 549, 571

bovista Macbride 574

bovista Kambly & Lee 572

caelata Morg 571, 572

Candida Hollos 566, 572, 575

craniiformis (Schw.) Fr 571

Fontanesii Lloyd 572

10801-13

804

INDEX.

Pago

gigantea Lloyd 571, 573, 575

incerta Bottomley 572,575

lepidophora Lloyd 571,574

lilacina P. Heim.. 564,565,566,571, 572

macrogemmae Lloyd 572, 575, 577

maxima Morg 574

olimcea Lloyd 575

‘pachyderm A Morgan 572, 575, 577

primitivo. Lloyd 574

saccata Morg 566, 571, 574

Sinclairii Lloyd 572

Carpobolus stellatus Desm 642

Castoreum 482, 548

Catastoma Morgan 566

anomalum Lloyd 569

castaneum Lloyd 568

circumscissa. Berk. & Curt 570

Duthiei Lloyd 570

hypogaeum Lloyd 568

juglandiformis Lloyd 567

magnum Lloyd 570

pedicellata Morg 567

Zeyheri Lloyd 567

Cauloglossum Grev 627

Ghainoderma Mass ex Cke 627

Chlamydopus Speg 483, 607, 608, 625

amhlaiensis Speg 625

clavatus Speg 625

Meyenianus Lloyd 618, 625

Clathraceae Ed Fisch 509, 520

Clathrella Fisch 520, 527, 530

Baumii Ed. Fisch 531

pseudocaneellata Ed. Fisch 531

Clathrus Mich, ex Pers 520. 527, 529

albidus Lothar 529

angolensis Welw. & Curr 521

Baumii Ed. Fisch 531

camerunensis P. Heim 531, 530

eancellatus Toum 530

f. columnatus Ed. Fisch 521

ehrysomycelinus A. Moell 531

cibarius Ed. Fisch 528

colonnarius Lem 521

columnatus Bose 521

gracilis Schleeht 528, 529

Fischeri Pat. Har 531

Higginsii Bailey 528

intermedins Ed. Fisch 529

Preusii Ed. Fisch 530

pseudocaneellata Ed. Fisch 531

ruber 527

Tepperianus Ludw 527, 528

trilobatus Cobb 521

Clathrus § Clelhria 527, 530

Claustula Curtis 481, 520

Claustulaceae G. H. Cunn 481, 509

Clauiriavia Lloyd 518

Colonnaria Raf. ex Ed. Fisch 520, 521

columnata Ed. Fisch 521

Colus Cav. & Sech 520, 521

Gardneri Ed. Fisch 524

Corynitcs Berk & Curt 511

Coryniles Curl.isii Berk 511, 512

Page

Crucibulum Tul 483, 631

crucibuliforme White 632

juglandicohim de Toni 632

levis Karnbly 632

simile Mass 632

vulgare Tul 632, 631

Cryptophallus Peck 514

Cyanophallus Cda 511,516

Cyathia Browne ex White 633

Cyathus Hall ex. Pers 483, 631. 633

affinis Pat 638

Baileyi Mass 637

Berkeleyanus Tul 633, 635, 640

campanulalus Schw 637

crucibulum Pers 632

dasypus Nees 633, 634

dimorphus Cobb 637

fimicola Berk 632

Hookeri Berk 633, 636

centifera (L) White 637

microsporus Tul 633, 635, 636

var. Berkeleyanus Tul 640

minutosporus Lloyd emend. Verw. 633, 634

Montagnei Tul 633,640

olla Pers 633, 634;636

olla var. vernicosus ’634

pallidus Berk. & Curt 633, 634

pezizoides 632

plicatulus Poepp 639

Poeppigii Tul 633, 639

pusio Berk 632

rufipes White 638

similis Cooke 637

stercoria White 638

stercoreus de Toni 633, 637, 639

f. Leseurii Tul , . . . . 638

striatus Pers 640

sulcatus Kalchbr 639

vernicosus DC 636

Wrightii White 637, 638

Cycloderma Klotzsch 586

ohiensis Cooke & Morg 599

Gypellomyces Speg 622

Dendrogasier Buck 498-

radialus Zell. <£,■ Dodge 499

Dendromyces Libr 619

Stevenii Lib 620

Dictyocephalos Underw 483. 607, 608, 626

attenuatus (Peck.) Long &

Plunkett 626

curvatus Underw 626

Dictyophallus Corda 514

Dictyophora Desv 477, 481, 510, 518

Baileyi Ulbr 519

bicampanulata Mont 518

calUchroa Moell 519

campanulata Nees 518

Farlowii Ed. Fisch 519

indusiata Ed. Fisch 519

indusiata Desv 473, 518

lilloi Speg 519

nanus Berk. & Curt 519

phalloidea Desv 518, 519

radica'.a Mont 519

INDEX. 805

Page

IHctyophom § Clautriavin 518

Diplocy.stis Berk. & Curt 549, 482

Junodii Pole Evans 584, 585

Wrightii Berk. & Curt 583, 585

Diploderma Link 587

Disciseda Czern 482, 549, 566

anomala G. H. Cunn 567, 569

Candida Lloyd 567, 570

eastanea Bottomley 568, 566

eervina Hollos 567, 570

circumscissa Hollos 570

collabescens Czern 566

hypogaea 566, 567

Juglandiformis Hollos 566

pedicellata Hollos 566. 567

verrucosa G. H. Cunn 567. 568

Zeyheri Hollos 567, 569

Dnrosaccum Lloyd 542

Echinoph alius P. Henn 514

Elasmomyces Cav 500

Endoneuron Czern 581

suberosum C'zern 582

Endoptychum Czern 500

Floccomutinus P. Henn 481, 510

Fungoides Vaill 633

Fungus phalloides Bauhin 515

Gautieria Vitt 481, 485

(Mister Mich, ex Fries 586, 605

affinis Colenso 605

Archeri Berk 595

asper Lloyd 590

caespitosus Lloyd 599

calceus Lloyd 593

calyculatus Fuckel 588

capcnsis Thuem 595, 597

Cesatii Rabenh 593

coliformis Dicks 605

columnatus Lev 605

coriaceus Col 604

coronatus Schroet 591

delicatus Morg 602

Drummondii Berk 591

fornicatus Fr 592

f. MacOwani Kalchbr 593

granulosus Fuck 593

hungaricus Hollos 602

involutus Mass 591

Kunzei Wint 589

lageniformis Vitt 595

lignicola Berk 599

lilacinus Mass 603

limbatus var. ellipsostoma X. J. G. 8m. 594

Lloydii Bres. & Pat 597, 599

MacOwani Kalchbr 604

marginatus Vitt. : 593

Michelianus W. G. Sm 595

Morgani Lloyd 593

orientalis Haszl 589

papyracpus Berk. & Curt 599

Pazschke.anus P. Henn 602

plicatus Berk. 588

Page

pseudomammosus P. Henn 590

Rabenhorstii Kunze 589

Schmidelii Mass 588

Schmidelii Vitt 589

Schiveiyfjurthii P. Henn 591

squamosus Lloyd 596

striatulus Kalchbr 591

striatus Kalchbr 589

tenuipes Berk 588

triplex Jungh 595

vehdinus Morg 597

var. caespitosus Lloyd 597

vittatus Kalchbr. & Cooke 595

vidgaris Corda 603

Geasteroides W. H. Long 606

Geasteropsis Hollos 483, 549. 606

Conrathi Hollos 606

Stahelii Ed. Fisch 606

texensis Ed. Fisch 606

Geastreae G. H. Cunn 477. 483, 549, 587

Geastrum Pers 483, 549, 587, 604, 586, 605

ambiguum Mont 587, 591

Archeri Boedijn 596

arenarium Lloyd 587, 600

Bryantii Berk 587, 589

campestre Morg 587. 590

Clelandii G. H. Cunn 590

coliforme Dicks 605

clissimile Bottomley 587, 592

Drummondii Berk 59l

fenestriatum Ed. Fisch. . . 592, 601, 602

fibrillosum Schw 603

fimbriatum Ed. Fisch 597, 602

floriforme Vitt 587, 602

fornicatum Fr 587, 592, 601

Hieronymi P. Henn 587. 602

hygromet.ricum Pers 587, 603

lageniformis Vitt 596

limbatum Fr 587, 594

inammosum Chevj 587. 600

minimum Schw 587, 593

mirabile Mont 587, 598, 600

nanum Pers 587,589

pectinatum Pers .... 587. 588, 589, 590

plicatum Berk 588

quadrifidum Pers 587, 591, 592

var. fenestratum Pers 601

saccatum Fries ...... 587, 596, 597, 598

striatulum Kalchbr 59]

triplex Jungh . . . 587, 595, 596, 597, 598

velutinum Morg 587, 598, 599, 600

Globaria Quelet 571, 579

samoense Bres 558

Gvmnoglossum Massee 476, 481, 485, 498

radiatum Bottomley 499

stipitatum Mass 498

Gymnomyccs Mass. & Rodw 494, 495

jiavus Rodw 496

G vrophragmium Mont 479, 481, 500, 504, 507

argentinum Speg 508

(lecipiens Lloyd 508

Delilei Mont 507, 508

inquinans Llovd

1 . , * me

806

INDEX.

Page

Hippoperdon Mont 571

Hydnangiaceae Dodge 484

Hydnangium Wallr 481, 485, 490, 496

Archeri Zell. & Dodge 497

carneum Wallr 496, 497

nigricans Kalchbr 498

Soderstromii Lagerh 497

Hymenangium Corda.... 490

Hymenogaster Vitt 481, 485, 490

albellus Mass. & Rodw 491, 492, 493

arenarins Tul 493

aureus Rodw 491

Bulliardi Vitt 490

citrinus Vitt 490

fuligineus G. H. Cunn 491

fusisporus G. H. Cunn 491

levisporus Mass. & Rodw. 491, 492

lilacinus Tul 492

luteus Hark 492

macrosporus G. H. Cunn... 491

Mai.de.ni Rodw 492

nanus Mass. & Rodw 491

p usillus Berk. & Br 494

radiatus Lloyd 499

reticulatus Zell. & Dodge. . . 491

Suzukianus Henn 494

tasmanicus G. H. Cunn. . . . 491

viscidus Dodge & Zell 491

zeylanicus Petch 491. 493

Hymenogastraceae de Toni 481, 484

Hymenogastrales 480, 484

Hymenogastreae 485

Hymenogastroideae G. H. Cunn 481,485

Hymenophallus Nees 514, 518

Hadriani Nees 515

Hypoblema Lloyd 571

lepidophora Lloyd 575

p achy derma Lloyd 575

Hypochanum Raich 502, 503

Hysterangiaceae Ed. Fisch 484

Hysterangioideae G. H. Cunn 485, 481

Hysterangium Vitt 481,485

niger Lloyd 487

rubescens .., 487

Hyste.roga.ster Zell. & Dodge 490

Hysteromyces Vitt 485

Ileodictyon Tul 520, 527

cibarivs Tul 528

giganteum Col 528

gracile Berk 529

Itajahya Alt. Moeller. 481, 510, 513

galericulata Moell 513

Ithyphallus Ed. Fisch 514

at.rominiatus Bailey 517

aurantiacus Ed. Fisch 516

Balansiae Pat 516

campanula. tus Schlecht 518

celebicus Ed. Fisch 516

coralloides Cobb 517

discolor Sacc. & Trav 517

impudicus Ed. Fisch 515

Page

Muellerianus Ed. Fisch 516

operculatus Bailey 517

retusus Ed. Fisch 516

rubicundus Ed. Fisch 516

rugulosus Ed. Fisch 516

Jansia Penz 511

Kalchbrennera Berk 520, 521, 532

corallocephala Kalchbr. . . 473, 532

Tuckii Berk 532

var. clathroides P. Henn 532, 534

var. microcephala Pole

Evans 532, 534

Key to Families and Genera 481

Kirch.ba.umia Schultz 514

Kupsura sphaerocephala Lloyd 517

Langermannia Candida Rostk 575

Lanopila Fr 482, 549, 577

bicolor Pat 578

capensis Lloyd 578, 579

Radleffiana Verw 578

Wahlbergii Fr 578

Laternea Turpin 520, 521

angolensis Welw. & Curr 521

columnata Nees & Henry 521

Leucogaster Hesse 490

Linderia G. H. Cunn 521

columnata G. H. Cunn 521

I.inderiella G. H. Cunn 520, 521

columnata G. H. Cunn 521

Lycoperdaceae 482, 543

Lycoperdales 480, 548

Lycoperdeae 482, 548, 549

Lycoperdon Tourn. ex Pers.. 476, 482, 549, 571, 605

asperum de Toni 550, 561

atropurpurexim Vitt 560

atro-violaceum Kalchbr.. 563, 564, 566

australe Berk 561

bicolor Welw. & Curr 562

bovista Fr 573

caclatum Bull 565. 572

caespitosum Welw. & Curr.. 550, 556,

557

caffrorum Kalchbr. & Cooke. 550, 556

candidum Bon 575

capense Cooke & Mass 563

capense Fr 563

carcinomalis Linn 473

cepaeforme Mass 557, 566

cervinum Bolton 539

citrinum Berk. & Br 580

Colensoi Cooke & Mass 554

coh forme Dicks 605

coloratum Peck 557

corium Guers 581, 582

cupricum Bon 565

Curreyi Mass 563, 566

Curtisii Berk 551, 552, 566

INDEX.

Page

cyathiforme Bose 564, 566, 573

depressum Bon 551, 552, 565, 566

dermatoxanthum Vitt 558, 566

djurense P. Henn 550, 552, 553

Duthiei Bottomlev 550. 555

endotephrum Pat 552, 553

excipuliforme Vitt 554, 566

excoriatum Lloyd 554

Eylesii Verw... 551, 566

favosum Bon 572

flavum Mass 550, 556, 557

Fontanesii Dur. & Mont 572

fornicatum Huds 601

furfuraceum Schaeff 557, 566

Gardneri Berk 556, 564

gemmatum Fr 554, 556, 563, 566

gemmatum hirtum Fr 560

giganteum Batsch ex. Pers 573

glabellum Peck 560, 564, 566

Gunnii Berk 550, 561

hirtum Martius 560

hungaricum Hollos 507

liyemale Vitt 550, 551, 552,553,

565, 566

KaJchbrenneri de Toni 551, 552

laetum Berk 565

laxum Bon 560

lepidophorum Eli. & Everh. . . . 574

lilacinum Mass 573

MacOwani 564, 566

macrogemmatum Lloyd 554

montanum Quel 554

multiseptum Lloyd 551, 566

mundula Kalchbr 559

natalense Cooke & Mass. 551, 552, 553

565, 566

natalense Fr 565

nigrum Lloyd 557

tiovae-zelaniae Lev 573

oblonaisporum Berk. &Curt... 566

pachvderma Peek 577

perlatum Pers. 549, 550, 554, 566, 602

polymorphum Vitt 550, 557, 566

pratense Pers 551, 552, 566

pseudopusillum Hollos 559

pusillum Batsch ex. Pers 550, 558

563, 566

pyriforme Bull . ... 550,560

Qudenii Bottomley 550, 559

radicalum V'ehv. & Curr. 563, 564, 566

reticulatum Berk 559

retis Lloyd 566, 575

rhodesianum Verw 550, 554

saccatvm Vahl 566, 574

semi-immersnm Lloyd 559

Sinclairii Berk 572

spadiceum Pers 550

subincarnatum Peek 550, 553

sylvaticum Wettstein 560

tasmanicum Mass 554

tephrum Berk 553

umbrinum Pers. . . . 550, 560, 565, 566

violascens Cooke & Mass 573

Wehvitschii de Toni 563, 566

W elwitschii Mass 563

Lysurus Fr 520. 521, 523,524

Archeri Berk 522

807

Page

australiensis Cooke d- Mass 524

borealis P. Henn 524

var. Klitzingii P. Henn 524

corallocephala Welw. & Curr 532

cruciatus Ed. Fischer 524

Gardneri Berk 473, 524, 525

Mokusii Fr 523

pentactinus Berk 522

sulcatus G. H. Cunn 524

tenuis Bailey 524

texensis Ellis 524

Woodii Lloyd 473, 524, 525

Maccagnia Mass 496

Macowania Kalchbr 502

agaricinus Kalchbr 503

Macowania Oliver 502

Macowanites Kalchbr 481, 500. 502

agaricinus Kalchbr 473, 502, 503

echinosporus Zell. & Dodge. . . 504

magnus Parks 504

Martellia Matt 494, 495

Melanogaster Corda 481, 485. 489

ambiguus Till 489

Berkeleyanus Broome 487

Owanianum 486

variegatus Tul 489

Wilsonii Lloyd 486

Melanogastraceae Fisch 484

Mesophellia Berk 482

Montagnites Dunalii Fr 508

Mutinus Fr 481, 510, 511

bambusinus Ed. Fisch 511,513

borneensis Ces 511

bovinus Morg 511

caninus Fr 511

Curtisii Ed. Fisch 511

curtus Ed. Fisch 511

elegans Ed. Fisch 511, 512

Fleicheri Penz 511

Pentzigii 511

proximus Berk 511

simplex Lloyd 511, 512

sulcatus Cooke & Mass 524

xylogenus Mont 511

Myceliostroma P. Henn 586

Mycenastrum Desv 482, 549, 581

Beccarii Pass 582

chilense de Toni 582

clausum Schulz 582

corium Desv 577, 581, 582

lejospermum Mont 541

leptodermeum Dur 582

olivaceum Cooke & Mass 582

phaeotrichum Berk 582

radicatum Dur 582

spinulosum. Peck 582

Mycopharus Petch 520, 523

Gardneri Petch 524

Myriostoma Desv 483, 549, 587, 605

anglicum Desv 605

coliforme Corda 605

803

INDEX.

Page

Nepotatus Lloyd 536

Nidula White 483, 631

Nidularia Fr 483, 631

crucibulum Fr 632

dasypus Fr 634

fascicularia Schw 636

juglandicola Sehw 632

olla Link 636

plumbea Pers 636

stercorea Sehw 637

vernicosa Bull 636

Nidulariaceae Fr 477, 483, 631

Nidulariales 478, 480, 631

Octaviania Vitt 481, 485, 494, 496

africana Lloyd 495, 496

ambigua Vitt 489

Archer i Berk 497

asterosperma Vitt 494

carnea Corda 495, 497

columellifera Kob 497

flava G. H. Cunn 496

levispora Rodw 492

Octavianina Kze 494, 495

Omphallophallus Kalchbr 514

Muellerianus Kalohbr 516

returns Kalchbr 516

Pachyderma Schultz 518

s trossmayeri Schultz 582

Phallaoeae Corda 481, 509, 510

Phallales 480, 509

Phalloidastrum. Bononiense alpinus Bassii Batt 515

Phallus § Cyanophallus Fr 511

§ H ymenophallus . 518

subiculatus Mont. . 518

§ Ityphallus Fr 514

§ Leiophcdlus Fr 514

Phallus Linn, ex Pers 481, 510, 514

aurantiacus Mont 516

var. discolor Kalchbr. & Cke. . . . 516

var. gracilis Lloyd 517

bambusinus Zoll 513

brasiliensis Sehlecht 519

callichrous Lloyd 519

campanulatus Berk 517, 518

canariensis Mont 516

celebicus P. Henn 516

collaris Cragin 519

eostatus Penz 515

(Cyanophallus) bambusinus Zoll 513

diplopora Mont, ex Ed. Fisch 519

discolor Lloyd 517

favosus Penz 515

foetid/us Sowerby 515

glutinolens Kze 515

gracilis Lloyd 517

hollandicus var. batavicus Lugd... '515

■imperialis Schulz 515

impudicus Vent, ex Pers 514, 515

(impudicus) volvatus Linn 515

iosmos Berk 515

libidinosus Cayley ex Cooke 516

Page

Moelleri Lloyd 519

novae-hollandiae Corda 516

Ravenelii Berk. & Curt 515

rochesterensis Lloyd 519

roseus Delile 513, 515

rubicundus Fr 515, 516

sanguineus P. Henn 517

tahitiensis Sehlecht 519

tenuis Ed. Fisch 515

truncatus Berk 516

tunicatus Sehlecht 519

vitellinus F. v. Muell 516

volvatus Roth 515

(impudicus) volvatus Linn 515

vulgaris Mich 515

Phams Fetch 523

Gardneri Petch 524

Phellorina Berk 476, 483, 607, 608, 622

argentensis Fr 623

australis Lloyd 623

calif ornica Peck 623

Delastrei Fisch 623

inquinans Berk 622, 623. 625

leptoderma Pat 623

macrospora Lloyd 623

sahariae Pat 623

squamosa Kalchbr 624, 625

strobilina Kalchbr... 623, 624, 625, 626

Phellorineae G. H. Cunn 483

Pisocarpium Link 542

clavatum Nees 543

Pisolithus Alb. & Schw 482, 542

arenarius Alb. & Sehw 543

australe Fisch 543

Boudieri G. H. Cunn 543

Kisslingii Fisch 543

microcarpus G. H. Cunn 543

tinctorius Ed. Fisch 542, 543, 544

Plecostoma Desv.. 586

Podaxineae 483

Podaxis Desv 476, 483, 607, 608, 627

axata Mass 628

carcinomalis Dodge 628

emend Berk, ex Mass 628

Farlowii Mass 628

pistillaris Morse 627. 628 630

senegalensis Desv 628

Podaxon Fr 627

aegypticus Mont 628

algericus Pat 628

anomalum Lloyd 628

arabicus Pat 628

calyptratus Fr 628

carcinomalis Fr 473, 628, 630

Dejlersii Pat 628

elatus Welw. & Quit 628

ghattasensis P. Henn 628

Glaziovii P. Henn 628

Gollanii P. Henn 628

indicus Speg 628

loandensis Welw. & Curr 628

macrosporus Speg 628

mexicanum Ellis 628

mossamadensis Welw. & Curr 628

Muelleri P. Henn. 628

INDEX.

Page

Perraldieri Pat 628

pistillaria Fv 473, 628

Schiveinfurlhii Pat 628

squamosus Pat 628

strobilaceus Copel 508

termitophilus Jun. & Perr 628

Podaxonoideae 483

Polyplocium Berk 479, 481, 500, 504. 505

inquinans Berk.... 473,505,506,507

Polysaccum DC. & Desp 542

acaule DC 543

album Cooke & Mass 543

arenarium Corda 543

australe Lev 543

boreale Karst 543

conglomeratnm Fr 543

crass ipes DC. & Desp 543, 544

herculeurn Fr 543

leptothecum Reich 543

marmoratum Berk 543

olivaceum Fr 543

pisocarpium Fr 543

var. novo-zelandica P. Henn.. 543

pi/gmaeum Lloyd 543

pusillum Pat. & Har 543

tinctorium Mont 543

tuberosum Fr 543

turgidum Fr 543

umbrinum Lloyd 543

Protoglossum Mass 490

Protubera afrieana Lloyd 499

Pseudocolus Lloyd 520

Archer i Lloyd 522

mauritianus Lloyd 522

Retigerus Raddi 518

Rhizopogon Fr 481, 484, 485

capensis Lloyd 485, 488

Coxii Muell 486

induratus Cooke 486

lapponicus Karst 487

luteolus Fr 485, 486

niger 485, 487

pachyphloeus Zeller & Dodge.. 486

provincialis Tul 488

rarlieans Lloyd 488

rubescens Tul 485, 487

Rhizopogonaceae Dodge 484

Richoniella Cost. & Duf 481, 485

Satyrus rubicundus Bose 516

Schizostoma Ehrenb 483, 607, 608

Schweinitzia Grev 627

Sclerangium Lev 536

Scleroderma Pers 482, 581

areolatum Ehrenb 537

aurantium Pers 536. 539, 540

Beccarii de Toni 582

bo vista Fr 536, 540

Brcsadoliae Schultz 537

caespitosum Lloyd 538

capensis Lloyd 540

carcinomale Pers 628

cepa Pers 536

chilense de Toni 582

citrinum Pers 539

columnnare Lloyd 540

809

Page

corium Grev 582

flavidum Ell. & Everh 536, 538

var. fenestriatum Cl. & Cheel . . 538

geaster Fr 536

laeve Lloyd 541

leptodermeum de Toni 582

lejospermum de Toni 541

olivaceum de Toni 582

pandanaceum F. v. Muell 537

pistillare Pers 628

phaeotrichum de Toni 582

pyramidatum Kalchbr 541

radicatum de Toni 582

rhodesica Verw 538

spinulosum de Toni 582

squamosum Chev '539

stellenbossiensis Verw 542

strobilina Kalchbr 624

tenerum Berk. & Curt 542

texense Berk 508, 540

tinctorium. Pers 543

Tor rendii Bres 537

umbrinum Cooke & Mass 543

verrucosum Pers 536, 537

vulgare Hornem 539

Sclerodermales 480

Sclerodermataceae Fisch 482

Sclerogaster Hesse 481, 485, 490

africanus Lloyd 495

lanatus Hesse 490

salisburiensis Verw 490

Scoleciocarpus Berk 545

bo vista Mont 546

tener Berk 546

Secotiaceae Tul 499, 481, 484

Secotium G. Kunze 481, 500

agaricoides Hollos 500, 502

decipiens Peck 508

Gueinzii Kze 473, 500, 501

obtusum Lloyd 500, 501, 502

texense Berk. & Curt 508

Simblum Klotzsch 520, 521

Sphaericeps Welw. & Curr 619

lignipes Welw. & Curr 620

Sphaerobolaeeae Sehroet 483, 641

Sphaerobolus Tode ex. Fr 483, 641

iowensis Walker 641

stellatus Tode ex Pers 641

stercorarius Fr 642

tabulosus Fr 642

Staheliomyces Fisch 481, 510

Stella Mass 536

Stephanospora Pat 494

Sterrebeckia Geaster Fr 582

Tulasnodea Fr 608

leprosa Kalchbr 613

Tulostoma Pers 483, 607, 608

adherens Lloyd 609, 618

albicans White 609,610,611,612

album Mass 609, 610

angolense Welw. & Curr 618

australianum Lloyd 609, 617

810

INDEX.

Page

bonianum Pat 609,612

brumale Pers 608, 609, 613

cyclophorum Lloyd 609, 615

exasperatum Mont 612

fimbriatum Fr 617

granulosum Lev 617

lacticeps Bres 609, 614

Leslie! v. d. Byl 609, 610

Lloydii Bres 616

MacOwani Bres 609, 617

McAlpinianum Lloyd 610

mammosum Fr 612, 613

var. squamosum Fr 614

mammosum (Mich.) syn. Winter. 613

Meyenianum Klotzsch 618

obesum Cooke & Ellis 609, 616

pedunoulatum L. var longipes

Czern 614

purpusii P. Henn 609, 611

Beaderi Lloyd 617

Rickii Lloyd 615

squamosum Pers 609, 613

transvaalii Lloyd 609, 615

Tulostomataceae 483, 607

Tylosioma Spreng 608

Barlae Quel 614

floridianum Lloyd 613

gracile White 616

Page

imbricatum Pers 613

lcansensc Peck & White 616

leprosum Kalchbr 613

Lloydii Bres 616

McAlpinianum Lloyd 610

mammosum Fr 613

maxima Cooke & Mass, ex Cooke 625

Meyenianum Klotzsch 625

Moharei Lloyd 611

pallidum Lloyd 611

pedunculatum Schroet 613

poculatum White 616

pygmaeum Lloyd 613

rufum, Lloyd 613

simulans Lloyd 613

volvulatum Borsch 616

Uperhiza Bose 489

Utraria Quel 571

Whe.tstonia Lloyd 626

strobiliformis Lloyd 626

Xylopodium Mont 622

Aitchisonii Cooke & Mass 623

australe Berk 623

Bonaciniae Speg 623

Delastrei Mont 623

ochroleucum Cooke & Mass .... 624

THE METHOD OF PARASITISM OF SOME SOUTH

AFRICAN MICROTHYRIALES.

By C. G. Hansford.

The present paper deals with five species which were considered by Doidge in her

review of the South African Microthyriaceae* as showing fairly close relationship to one

another, chiefly owing to the rarity of hyphopodia on the external mycelium. In view

of the wide range of absorption mechanisms in the Microthyriales, it was felt advisable to

investigate the present five species in detail, and the writer is indebted to Dr. Doidge for

supply of material of each species for examination. Transverse sections of infected leave's

Doidge, E. M., Revision of South African Microthyriaceae. Bothalia IV, p. 273, 1942.

812

were cut and stained in Gueguen’s stain, to obtain details of the absorption mechanism of each

fungus, and the results obtained were checked by cutting horizontal sections so as to trace the

connectionof the. internal mycelium or haustoria with the external mycelium and hyphopodia.

Asterina dissiliens (Syd.) Doidge.

in Bothalia IV, p. 287, 1942.

In this species the hyphopodia are few and only on the main hyphae of the mycelium.

Below the centre of the colony there is an extensive internal mycelium of hyaline hyphae

penetrating through the cuticle and between the cells of the epidermis to form a thin layer

around the upper ends of the palisade cells. The whole of this internal mycelium is divided

by cross septs into small cells, and is entirely intercellular ; it encloses the subepidermal

and upper parts of the palisade cells with a thin plate of mycelium, usually one cell thick.

In Fig. 1 this internal mycelium is shown in transverse section ; the digitate processes

around the edge of each plate of mycelium do not penetrate the walls of the host cells, but

are limited to the middle lamella and are shown in the figure in surface view. This internal

mycelium is shown in Fig. 2 in horizontal section through the subepidermal layer of the

host leaf.

At irregular intervals throughout the colony other smaller patches of internal mycelium

are formed, usually not penetrating below the subepidermis of the host, and each connected

directly through the cuticle with the external mycelium. I have been unable to detect

any connection between these scattered plates of internal mycelium and the scattered

hyphopodia, which appear to be functionless in this species. In Fig. 3 one of these sub-

sidiary internal mycelia is shown in transverse section, connected directly with a cell of the

external mycelium, while in Fig. 4 two plates of internal mycelium are shown originating

from terminal cells of external hyphae. The last figure is of especial interest, as it shows

813

that the external mycelium does not penetrate through the stomatal opening to form its

internal connection, but penetrates the cuticle through a groove surrounding each stoma,

nto the adjacent epidermis. In other cases penetration of the cuticle bears no relation

to the stomata of the host leaf.

In view of the presence of an extensive internal mycelium and ol the apparent absence

of functional hyphopodia, it seems to the writer preferable to remove this species from the

genus Asterina, which in our view should be limited to species of true ecto-parasitic habit,

814

possessing hyphopodia and haustoria in epidermis and subepidermis formed singly and

exclusively from the hyphopodia. For the present it appears best to return the species to

the genus Asterinella, in which it was originally placed by Sydow.* This genus contains

species with a wide range of internal absorption mechanisms, and at present it is not possible

to sort these into separate genera on the basis of habit, with the information now available.

Asterina inconspicua Doidge, l.c.

Each colony of this species, on Chilianthus arboreus, shows a dark yellowish-brown to

brown central spot in the underlying host tissues. In section this spot (Fig. 5) contains

a subcuticular plate of mycelium varying from dark brown in colour in the centre to hyaline

around the edges, and connected at frequent intervals directly through the cuticle with the

external hyphae, which are closely aggregated in this region and often form almost a solid

plate of cells. From the subcuticular layer tortuous, shortly septate hyphae penetrate

between the cells of the epidermis and palisade layers of the leaf, and in some old colonies

they may almost reach the lower epidermis. The cell walls of the invaded tissue are changed

* Sydow, H., in Ann. Myc. XXII. p. 425, 1924.

815

chemically so that they stain pink to red with Sudan III, while their contents are partly

or completely disorganised and no longer contain visible chloroplasts. The whole internal

mycelium is intercellular and no haustoria are produced in the host cells.

At irregularly scattered points over the colony subsidiary penetrations of the host

are made, direct through the cuticle. These originate from some of the hyphopodia, which

first form a delicate hypha penetrating through the cuticle and spreading over the epidermis

underneath. While this is occurring, the hyphae of the external mycelium form a small

irregular plate of short branches surrounding the hyphopodium, and at a later stage some

of these branches penetrate the cuticle to connect with the enlarging subcuticular mycelium.

Early stages in the development of these subsidiary internal connections are shown in

Fig. 6, one viewed from the surface of the leaf, and the other from below the epidermis.

In these drawings the internal mycelium is shown lightly shaded, and at these stages is

entirely subcuticular and hyaline.

In view of the extensive internal mycelium of this species the writer prefers to remove it

from the genus Asterina, as Asterinella inconspicua (Doidge) comb, n., though it may be

regarded as exhibiting a transition towards the true ectoparasitism of Asterina in that the

hyphopodia become functional late in the development of the colony.

Asterina secamonicola Doidge.

in Bothalia II, p. 233, 1927.

As noted by Doidge (l.c., IV, p. 286), the hyphae of the external mycelium are much

branched around the scattered hyphopodia, and in mature colonies most of the hyphopodia

are surrounded by a close irregular plate of mycelium. (Fig. 7). Viewed from below the

epidermis the hyphopodium is seen to have produced a coralloid hyaline haustorium filling

the whole upper part of a single epidermal cell (Fig. 8). In transverse section (Fig. 9), the

haustorium may either be inside the epidermal cell, more or less adnate to its upper wall,

or in other cases apparently external to the epidermal cell and beneath the cuticle. I have

been quite unable to detect any other internal absorption apparatus in this species, which

is therefore correctly classified as an Asterina, and truly ecto-parasitic in habit.

816

Fio. 8<

817

Lembosia piriensis Doidge.

in Bothalia I, p. 78 (1922).

In this species each of the scattered hyphopodia forms a single coralloid haustorium

in the epidermis beneath, at first filling a single cell of the host, but later in some cases

extending into one or two adjacent cells. There is no other penetration of the host visible

in our preparations, and the fungus is correctly placed in the genus Lembosia. Figure 10

shows a surface view of the mycelium with haustoria in the epidermis below, on the right a

haustorium extending over four epidermal cells is drawn. Figure 11 shows haustoria and

mycelium in an older part of the colony, viewed from below the epidermis, while Fig. 12

shows the haustoria in transverse section.

818

Fio. 12.

819

Lembosia durbana van der Byl.

in South African Journ. Sci., XXVI, p. 319 (1926).

Beneath the centre of the colony, where the external mycelium is densely aggregated,

and from which it radiates outwards more or less regularly, there is an extensive plate of

subhyaline to hyaline mycelium beneath the cuticle, connected by fairly numerous pegs

direct through the cuticle to the external hyphae. From the subcuticular plate hyphae

descend between the cells of the epidermis to form a similar plate of small cells between

Fio. 14.

820

the epidermis and palisade layers of the leaf ; no deeper penetration of these hyphae has

been found. There are no haustoria in the host cells, and the internal mycelium is com-

pletely intercellular. At scattered points in other parts of the colony, beneath the mycelial

aggregations which surround some of the hyphopodia, smaller patches of internal mycelium

are. formed, usually without the subcuticular plate but with the hyphae descending between

the epidermal cells to form small patches of mycelium above the palisade layer. It is

possible that these secondary penetrations of the host originate from the. hyphopodia

but in our preparations it was not possible to establish this point, as each hyphopodium is

surrounded by an irregular plate of mycelial branches, as shown in Fig. 13. The epidermal

cells have a series of pits extending up towards the leaf surface, which are omitted from

Fig. 13 for the sake of clarity, though shown in transverse section in Fig. 14, cut through

the centre of the colony.

The presence of an extensive internal mycelium in this species, in the writer’s opinion,

removes it from Lembosia, and it would be best placed as Echidnodes durbana (v. d. Byl)

comb, n., though it shows transition towards the true ectoparasitism of Lembosia and

Asterina, in so far as the hyphopodia being functional.

SOME SOUTH AFRICAN PESTALOTIA SPECIES.

By Elaine M. Laughton.

Fungi belonging to the genus Pestalotia, occurring on indigenous South African host

plants, have received slight attention, largely because, thus far, they are not known to be

of any great economic importance. On the other hand, some well-known parasitic species

of Pestalotia, which have been introduced with their hosts, occur wherever the host plant

is present abundantly. These fungi may cause extensive damage, particularly in nurseries.

Most of the Pestalotia species, of which material is to be found in the Cryptogamic

Herbarium at Pretoria, occur on forest trees and shrubs, although some have been collected

in coastal scrub or in the open country. The. acervuli of these fungi occur on dry leaf areas

which are grey, brown or almost white and usually have a well-defined margin. Not

infrequently the fungus is associated with other fungi or with injury caused by leaf miners.

On the following pages, species of Pestalotia recognised on cultivated and on indigenous

plants in South Africa are listed in alphabetical order ; descriptions are given of those

occurring on indigenous plants.

Pestalotia AloSs Trinch.

Trinchieri, Rend. Accad. Sc., Napoli XLVIII, fasc. 8-12, Extr. p. 8.

Sacc. Svll. Fung. XXII ; 1227. du Plessis, S. Afric. Journ. Sci. XXX (1933), 209.

Acervuli rather large, gregarious, veiled by the torn epidermis, sublenticular, black,

171-245 p diam., 61—122 p high. Conidia very numerous, fusoid or subpyriform, sometimes

curved, 4-septate, not constricted at the septa or very slightly so, 19-5-24-5 X 4-5-7 p.

The three median cells thicker, fuscous ; terminal cells minute, the apical cell bearing three

rather long, filiform, divaricate setae, 17-24-5 p long and 1 p thick, acute at the apex;

basal cell produced into a hyaline pedicel, 4 -5-9 -5 X 1 p.

on Aloe spp., leaves, Stellenbosch, du Plessis (Stell. 813), and Dippenaar (Stell. 900).

The above species was recorded bv du Plessis (l.c.) on leaves of Aloe spp. ; unfortu-

nately the specimens cpioted are not to be found in the herbarium of the Stellenbosch-

Elsenburg College of Agriculture, and it has not been possible to study the fungus nor to

make drawings of the spores. The description, taken from the Sylloge Fungorum (l.c.)

is included for the sake of completeness. The species was originally described by Trinchieri

on dry scapes of Aloe virens in southern Italy.

Pestalotia Burchelliae Laughton sp. nov.

Maculae amphigenae, parvae, rotundatae v. majusculae, irregulares, avellaneae, linea

brunnea limitatae. Acervuli epiphylli, sparsi, punctiformes, pusilli, 75-150 p diam., epi-

dermide convexa tecti dein erumpentes. Conidia fusoidea v. clavato-fusoidea, recta v.

curvata, 4-septata, vix ad septa constricta, 22-25 p longa, cellulis tribus mediis 15-17-5 p

longis, 7-5-8 p latis, infimis olivaceis, duabus superioribus obscurioribus ; cellulis extimis

hyalinis, apicali obtuse conoidea, 4-5 p longa, setis 3, raro 4, divergentibus, nonnunquam

ramosis, 20-30 p longis ornata, basali conoidea, 4-5 p longa, in pedicel! um 5-7 p longum

hyalinum abeunte.

Hab. in foliis viventis Burchelliae bubalinae, Knysna, leg. F. S. Laughton, 34912.

Leaf spots small, more or less circular, or larger, spreading, avellanous to wood brown

with snuff brown border. Acervuli epiphyllous, minute, black, punctiform, scattered

irregularly, 75-150 p diam., formed under the epidermis which becomes convex over the

developing acervulus, ca. 50 p high, becoming conical when ruptured in the centre.

822

Conidia fusoid or clavate-fusoid, tapering to the base, straight or curved, 5-celled,

22-25 p long, very slightly constricted at the septa. The three coloured median cells

15-17-5 X 7 -5-8/1 1, rarely 6-7 p or 8-5-9 p broad, the two upper buffy-brown to olive brown,

the lowest, deep to dark olive buff ; t he central cell is sometimes the darkest. Basal cell

subhyaline, conical, 4-5 p long, tapering to the pedicel, which is slender, hyaline, straight,

5-7 p long. Apical cell obtusely conical, 4-5 p long, hyaline, bearing three, rarely four,

widely divergent setae, 20-30 p long, mostly about 25 p long, occasionally branched.

on Burchellia bubali'na (Linn, f.) Sims, common on living leaves at the edge of the

forest, Garden of Eden Nature Reserve, Knysna, 6th May, 1945, F. S. Laughton, 34912.

This fungus is often associated with insect injury, apparently caused by a “ leaf miner.”

Pestalotia caffra Syd.

H. and P. Sydow, Ann. Myc. 12 (1914) 266. Guba, Mycologia 24 (1932) 362.

Acervuli amphigenous, mostly epiphyllous, irregularly distributed on rather large,

dry leaf spots, which are irregular in outline and greyish white in the centre with a raised

snuff-brown border. Acervuli circular in outline, subepidermal, pushing up the epidermis

in the form of a cone ; then becoming erumpent, surrounded by the torn epidermis, which

collapses, the spores being distributed over the matrix in a sooty-looking mass.

Conidia broadly clavate, five-celled, not constricted at the septa, 22-28 p long ; the

three central coloured cells 16-19 X 8-11 p, the two upper warm sepia, the lowest pale,

avellanous ; basal cell subhyaline, conical, 5-6 p long, tapering to the pedicel, which is

erect, 2-7 p long ; apical cell rather short, obtusely conical, bearing three, widely divergent,

rather strong setae, 20-26 p long, 1 p thick at the point of divergence and tapering to the tips.

on leaves of Mimusops caffra E. Mey., Isipingo, Doidge, 6630.

Pestalotia Cassinis Laughton sp. nov.

Maculae amphigenae parvae vel majusculae usque 1-5 cm. diam., in pagina folii

superiore cinerascentes, linea atro-brunnea cinctae, in inferiore dilute brunneae margine

rufo-brunneo limitatae. Acervuli amphigeni, plerumque epiphylli, sparsi, atri, puncti-

formes, primo epidermide conico-elevante tecti dein erumpentes, lenticulares, 250-300 p

diam. Conidia fusoidea, 4-septata, recta, rarius leniter curvata, ad septa hand vel leniter

constricta, 20-25 p longa, cellulis tribus mediis primo pallide olivaceo-brunneis, deinde

duabus superioribus paulum obscurioribus, 12-5-15 X 5-5-7 p, plerumque 6 p rare usque

7-5 p latis, cellula basali conoidea, 3-4 p longa, in pedicellum brevem 2-8 p longum abeunte,

apicali conoidea setis 3 plus minus divergentibus, 10-20 p longis coronata.

Hab. in foliis vivis Cassinis sphaerophyllae, Brenton, Knysna, leg. E. M. Laughton,

34916.

Leaf spots irregular in outline, small or up to 1-5 cm. diam., often marginal ; on the

upper side of the leaf smoke-grey or pale smoke-grey, with very narrow blackish brown

border, with age the epidermis often becor es wrinkled and papery and breaks away ; on

the lower side cinnamon drab, with a broader zone of warm sepia at the margin.

Acervuli epiphyllous, occasionally also hypophyllous, scattered, black, punctiform,

developing under the epidermis which becomes raised and conical, then ruptures and remains

partly veiling the spores. Acervuli lenticular, 250-300 p diam., 100-200 p high in the

centre.

Conidia fusoid, five-celled, straight, very rarely somewhat curved and inequilateral, not

constricted at the septa or very slightly so, 22-25 p long. The three central coloured cells

at first pale to deep olive-buff, concolorous ; later the two upper cells are darker, buffy-

brown, or the central cell, which is the broadest is also the darkest, buffy-brown, and the

uppermost dark olive ; coloured cells 12-5-17 X 5-5-7 p, mostly 15 X 6 p, rarely up to

7-5 p broad ; basal cell hyaline, conical, 3-4 p long, tapering to the short pedicel, which

is 2-8 p long ; apical cell narrow-conical, hyaline, with a crest of three slender setae, 10-20 p

long, mostly ca. 15 p long, which may be ascending or more or less divergent.

823

on Cassine sphaerophylla 0. Ktze., fairly common on living leaves, usually in coastal

scrub, Brenton, Knysna, E. M. Laughton, 34916 ; Buffalo Bav Forest, E. M.

Laughton, 34914.

Pterocelastrus tricuspidatus Sond., Knysna, E. M. Laughton, 34915.

Pestalotia disseminata Thuem.

v. Tkuemen, Inst. Rev. Sci. Coimbra 28 (1880) 501 ; Guba, Mycologia 24 (1932) 365.

on Eucalyptus diversicolor F. Muell., stems of seedlings, Kruisfontein, E. M . Laughton,

34911.

Eucalyptus Lehmanni Preiss., dead leaves, Fort Cunynghamme, D.F.O., 23701.

Eucalyptus sp., dead leaves, Blauwkrantz, Storms River, D.F.O., 11388.

Pestalotia Encephalartos Laughton sp. nov.

Maculae pallide olivaceae ex apice foliolorum late extensae et saepe magnam folioli

partem occupantes, margine prominule castaneo- vel atrobrunneo limitatae. Acervuli

epiphylli, gregarii, densiuscule dispersi, oblongi, uscjue 500 g longi, nonnunquam coalescentes,

epidermide elevata diu tecta, demum erumpentes et ea lacerata cincti. Conidia clavata,

recta v. leniter curvata, 18-25 g longa, 4-septata, ad septa leniter constricta ; cellulis tribus

mediis 12-5-17 X 6-9 g, olivaceo-brunneis quarum duabus superioribus obscurioribus

vel cellula media tantum obscuriore, cellula basali hyalina conoidea, 4-5 g longa ad pedicellum

rectum v. curvatum 6-7 g longum attenuata, apicali hyalina obtuse conoidea, breviuscule,

setis 3, rarius 2, crassiusculis divaricatis, 17-25 g longis instructa.

Hab. in foliis Encephalartos villosi, Malvern, 861.

Acervuli in rather dense groups on discoloured leaf areas, which usually spread from

the tip of the leaflet, extending downwards until the greater part of the whole of the leaflet

is involved. These areas are dark olive buff to isabella colour, with a raised border which

is snuff-brown or chestnut-brown to blackish-brown.

Acervuli elongated, long covered bv the raised epidermis, then erumpent, surrounded

and partly veiled by the torn epidermis, oblong, up to 500 g long, often becoming coalescent.

Conidia straight or slightly curved, 18-25 g long, 4-sept.ate, slightly constricted at

the septa ; the three median coloured cells 12-5-17 X 6-9 g, the two upper darker, snuff-

brown to bister, the lowest avellanous to deep olive-buff, or only the central cell darker ;

basal cell conical, 4-5 g long, tapering to the pedicel which is short, straight or curved,

ca. 6-7 g long ; apical cell bluntly conical, rather short, delicate, bearing three, rarely two,

divergent setae, 1 7—25 g long.

on Encephalartos villosus (Gaertn.) Lem., leaves, Malvern, 861 ; Durban, Pole Evans,

2131.

Stangeria eriopus Nash, leaves, Mountain Rise, Pietermaritzburg, Doidge, 864.

In collections 2031 and 864 most of the conidia appear to be immature ; they are

uniformly paler and more slender, 5-6 g broad ; only a few typical, mature conidia were seen.

Pestalotia funerea Desm.

Desm., Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. II, 19 (1843) 335-336. Guba, Phytopath. 19 (1929) 202.

on Cedrus Deodara Loud., Cedara, 5172.

Cupressus arizonica Greenl., Ermelo, District Forest Officer, 28790.

Cupressus torulosa Don., Estcourt, Erxleben, 28535.

Juniperus virginiana Linn., Cedara, 2246.

Juniperus sp., Richmond, Gordon, 29920.

Pinus halepensis Mill., without locality, 23216 ; Fort Cunynghame, 700.

824

Pestalotia Gossypii Hori.

ex Thuruda, Journ. Plant Protection (1917) 27 ; Tanaka, Mycologia XI (1919) 154 ;

Sacc. Syll. Fung. XXV ; 603.

on Gossypium sp., stems, Mbabane, Swaziland, Gov. Vet. Officer, 14646.

Pestalotia Guepini Desm.

Desm. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. II, 13 (1840) 182-184.

Coryneum Camelliae Massee, Grev. 20 (1891) 8 ; Kew Bull. 1898, 106-109.

Pestalotia Karstenii Sacc. & Syd., Sacc. Syll, Fung. XIV : 1030.

Pestalotia inquinans Karst., Hedwigia 30 (1891) 301 ; Sacc. Syll. Fung. X : 487 ;

not Cooke and Harkness, Grev. 12 (1884) 94.

on Camellia japonica Linn., leaves, Paarl, S. J . du Plessis (Stell. 618), 34585.

Pestalotia Laughtonae Doidge sp. nov.

Maculae amphigenae irregulares, 1-2 cm. diam. v. majusculae, in pagina folii superiore

avellaneae margine brunnea limitatae, in inferiore obscuriores. Acervuli numerosi, epi-

phylli, gregarii, atri, punctiformes, subepidermici, lenticulares, 300-550 p rarius 400-450 p

diam., 100-150 p alto, epidermidem centro perforatam convexulo elevantes. Conidea

ovoidea, recta v. valde inaequilatera seu gibbosa, 4-septata, ad ' septa haud constricta,

22-5-25 p longa ; cellulis tribus mediis 15-17 X 9-11 p plerumque 15 X 10 p, infimis dilute

brunneis duabus superioribus valde obscurioribus demum opacis, sub-atris ; cellula apicali

hyalina subcylindracea, setis tribus divergentibus, 20-25 p longis ornata ; basali sub-

hyalina turbinata, pedicello hvalino 5-10 p longo suffulta.

Hab. in foliis Cassinis sphaerophyllae , Knysna, leg. E. M. Laughton, 35145.

Leaf spots irregular in outline, 1-2 cm. diam. or larger, often spreading from the leaf

margin ; on upper leaf surface avellanous with raised line at margin, which is Natal brown ;

on the underside wood-brown, usually without darker margin. Acervuli closely and evenly

set over the whole leaf spot, discrete, not coalescent, black, punctiform, erumpent by means

of a central pore, which may be more or less round, or become radiating through the

formation of three or more cracks, running out from the central pore.

Acervuli epiphyllous, subepidermal, the epidermis becoming raised and slightly conical

over the acervulus, later becoming ruptured in the centre. Acervuli lenticular, usually

300-350 p diam., occasionally 400-450 p, about 100 p or up to 150 p high in the centre.

Conidia ovoid, straight or inequilateral and gibbous, 4-septate, not constricted at

the septa, 22-5-25 p long. The three central coloured cells 15-17-5 X 9-11 p, mostly

15 X 10 pi rhe two upper <plive-brown to clove-brown, later opaque and almost black ;

the lowest drab in colour. Apical cell hyaline, cylindrical, bearing three, rarely two, rigid,

widely divergent setae ; most commonly these are horizontal and almost at right-angles

to the axis of the conidium. Basal cell subhyaline, turbinate. Pedicel hyaline, slender,

4-6 p long.

on Cassiim sphaerophylla O. Ktze. Brenton, Knysna, in coastal scrub forest, E. M.

Laughton, 35145 ; often associated with Pestalotia Cassinis Laught.

Pterocelastrus tricuspidatus Bond., Knysna, E. M. Laughton, 35146.

Pestalotia Laurophylli Laughton sp. nov.

Maculae amphigenae, majusculae, irregulares, usque 1-5 cm. diam., in pagina folii

superiore cinerascentes tinea brunnea limitatae, in inferiore dilute brunneae. Acervuli

sparsi, amphigeni, plerumque epiphylli. atri, punctiformes, 175-300 p diam.,primo epidermide

tecti, demum erumpentes. Conidia fusoidea, 4-septata, recta, interdum paululo inaequi-

latera, ad septa baud constricta, 20-25 p longa ; cellulis tribus mediis 14-17-5 p longis,

825

7-5-9 p latis, rarius usque 10 p latis, iufimis olivaceis, duabus superioribus obscurioribus,

subopacis ; cellulis extimis hyalinis, apicali sub-cylindracea in setis 2-3, divergentibus,

17-5-25 p longis abeunte, basali conoidea in pedicellum brevem, 2-10 p longurn desinente.

Hab. in foliis viventis Laurophylli capensis, Knysna, leg. E. M. Laughton, 34913.

Leaf spots large, up to 1-5 cm. diam., irregular in outline, on the upper leaf surface

pale smoke-grey bordered with clove-brown, on the under-surface Natal brown to olive-brown.

Acervuli scattered, amphigenous, mostly epiphyllous, black, punctiform, 175-300 p

diam., 70-100 p high in the centre, developing under the epidermis, then erumpent.

Conidia ovoid or broadly ellipsoid, erect, rarely somewhat asymmetrical, 4-septate

not constricted at the septa, 20-25 p long. The three median coloured cells 14-17-5 p

long, 7-5-9 p, rarely up to 10 p broad, the two upper bister, thick-walled, semi-opaque,

the lowest dark olive-buff. Apical cell hyaline, short, sub-cylindrical, often indistinct,

bearing at its extremity 2-3 setae, 17-5-25 p long, rather stout, ca. 1 p thick at the base

and tapering somewhat upwards, two setae oppositely divergent, the third, when present,

often vertical. Basal cell subhyaline, tapering downwards to the hyaline pedicel, which

is 2-10 p long, usually ca. 7 p long.

on Laurophyllus capensis Thunb., common on living leaves at the edge of the forest

or in the “ fynbos ”, Garden of Eden Nature Reserve, Knysna, 6th May, 1945,

E. M. Laughton, 34913.

Pestalotia macrochaeta (Speg.) Guba.

Guba, Mycologia 24 (1932) 369.

Pestalotia funerea Desm. var. macrochaeta Speg. Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires III

(1911), 412. Sacc. Syll. Fung. XXII : 1226.

on Pinus carihaea Morelet, Dukuduku, District Forest Officer, 27660.

Pinus patulci Schiede, Spitzkop, Cape, District Forest Officer, 30447, 32073.

Pinus pinaster Ait., Cedara, Fisher, 2100.

Pinus radiata Don., Zwartkop, Hayter, 7767.

Pinus spp. undet., Komgha., Crewe, 27812 ; Maritzburg, Kelly, 11868.

Pestalotia Mangiferae P. Henn.

P. Hennings, Ann. Mus. Congo Beige Y, Fasc. 11 (1907) 120.

Sacc. Svll. Fung. 22 : 1223 ; Mundkur and Kheswalla, Mycologia 34 (1942), 309.

Pestalotia funerea Desm. forma Mangiferae Saccardo, Atti Istit. Veneto Sci. VI,

c (1884) 461.

Pestalotia virgatula Kleb., Mykol. Zentralblaat 4 (1914) 13 ; Guba, Phytopath. 19

(1929), 222.

Pestalotia pauciseta Syd. (nec. Sacc.) Ann. Myc. 15 (1917), 262.

on living leaves of Mangifera indica Linn., Barberton, 1911.

Pestalotia Micheneri Guba.

Guba, Mycologia 24 (1932), 371.

on leaves of Araucaria Cunninghamii Sweet, Eshowe, District Forest Officer, 15461.

Pestalotia Milletiae Laughton sp. now

Maculae utrinque conspicuae, rotundatae sparsae, quoad magnitudinem variabiles vel

e margine vel ex apice foliolorum late extensae et saepe dimidiam folioli partem occupantes,

albescentes, margine atrobrunneo limitatae. Acervuli epiphvlli irregulariter sparsi, puncti-

826

formes, rotundati v. elliptici, primo epidermide et hypodermide tecti dein erumpentes,

200-400 p diam. Conidia ellipsoidea, 19-22 p longa, 4-septata, haud vel vix constricta,

recta v. leniter curvata, cellulis tribus mediis 14-17-5 X 7-8 p, olivaceo-brunneis quarum

duabus superioribus obscurioribus ; cellula basali conoidea, subhyalina 2-3 p longa in

pedicellum tenuem erectum 4-5 p longum attenuata ; apicali hyalina obtuse conoidea,

setis 2-3 tenuibus 10-15 p longis ornata.

Hab. in foliis viventis Milletiae sp., in sylvis, Eshowe, Zululand, leg. E. M. Laughton,

33437.

On leaf spots, visible on both sides of the leaf, whity-brown (nearest pale olive-buff)

with clove-brown to black margin ; the leaf spots may be scattered, more, or less circular

in outline, and variable in size, or, spreading from the margin or apex of the leaflet, cover

larger areas, involving up to half the surface of the leaflet.

Acervuli epiphyllous, irregularly scattered, punctiform, round to elliptical in outline,

200-400 p diam., developing under epidermis and hypodermis, then erumpent, or pseudo-

pycnidial and up to 300 p deep.

Conidia ellipsoid, straight or slightly curved, 19-22 p long, 4-septate, not constricted

at the septa, or barely so ; the three median coloured cells 14-17-5 X 7-8 p, the two upper

rather darker than the lowest, or frequently the central cell, which is the broadest, is also

the darkest in colour (olive-brown), the uppermost slightly paler and the lowest the palest

(buffy-brown to deep olive-buff). Basal cell conical, subhyaline, 2-3 p long, tapering into a

slender, erect pedicel 4-5 p long. Apical cell bluntly conical, hyaline, bearing 2-3 slender,

delicate setae, 10-15 p long.

on Milletiae sp., probably Milletia Sutherlandi Harv., living leaves, Eshowe Forest,

Zululand, E. M. Laughton, 33437.

Pestalotia neglecta Thuem.

v. Thuemen, Inst. Rev. Sci. Coimbra II, 27 (1880), 386.

Sacc. Syll. Fung. Ill : 788. Guba, Mycologia 24 (1932), 375.

Pestalotia funerea Desm. var. Euonymi-japonici Thuemen Myc. Univ. 884 (1887)

nom. nud.

on leaf spots on green leaves of Euonymus japonica Linn. f. , Johannesburg, Walter

Webber, 34922. Associated with other fungi.

Pestalotia Ocoteae Laughton sp. nov.

Maculae fructicolae, sparsae, luteo-brunneae, margine atro limitatae vel effusae saepe

totam fructus superficiem occupantes. Acervuli sparsi, minuti, primitus epidermide conico-

elevata tecti, demum erumpentes et ea flssa cincti, rotundati v. elongati, 240-275 p diam.

Conidia fusoidea, recta v. leniter curvata, 4-septata, ad septa haud vel vix constricta,

22-5-27-5 p longa, cellulis tribus mediis 15-18 p longis, olivaceis, duabus superioribus

leniter obscurioribus ; cellulis extimis hyalinis conoideis, apicali setulis 2-3 divaricatis

tenuibus 15-25 p longis ornata, basali 3-4 p longa in pedicellum brevem rectum v. curvatum

5-7 u longum desinente.

Hab. in fructibus immaturis Ocoteae bullata, in sylvis, Deepwalls, Knysna, leg. J. F. V.

Phillips, 17824.

Acervuli developing on discoloured areas on the fruit, which are either few, scattered,

buffy-brown with dark brown or black border, or effuse, the whole epicarp becoming dis-

coloured buffy-brown.

Acervuli scattered, subepidermal, then erumpent, round or somewhat elongated,

240-275 p diam., up to 100 p high in the centre. The epicarp of the fruit has a thick cuticle,

10-15 p thick, and below the epidermis a layer of sclerenchyma. Acervuli develop between

the sclerenchyma and the epidermis, causing a conical elevation of the latter. The increasing

pressure of the developing spores ruptures the epidermis, which remains surrounding and

partly veiling the acervuli.

827

Conidia fusoid, straight or slightly curved, 4-septate, 22-5-27-5 p long, not constricted

at the septa or slightly so, but older spores may be more deeply constricted. The three

central coloured cells are 15-18 X 6-7-5 p, the two upper buffy-brown, the lowest somewhat

paler. Terminal cells hyaline, conical, the apical cell bearing 2-3, usually 3, slender, hya-

line, divaricate setae 15-25 p long ; basal cell 3-4 p long, tapering into a short pedicel,

which is straight or curved, 5-7 p long.

on immature fruits of Ocotea bullata E. Mey. (Stinkwood) Deepwalls Forest, Knysna,

J. F. V. Phillips, 17824.

Pestalotia palmarum Cooke.

Cooke, Grevillea 3 (1875), 115 and 4 (1876), 102.

Guba, Phytopath, 19 (1929), 210.

on Cocos nucifera Linn., leaves, Lourenco Marques, Hardenburg, 22559 ; on fruit,

Inhaci Is., Mogg, 34154.

Phoenix reclinata Jacq., Lourenco Marques, Howard, 487.

Pestalotia Pelargonii Laughton sp. nov.

Maculae sparsae, rotundatae, usque 5 mm. diam., in pagina folii superiore cinerascentes,

margine avellaneo limitatae, inferiore tomentosa obscurae. Acervuli hvpophylli, sparsi,

punctiformes, aterrimi, usque 250 p diam., primum epidermide tecti dein erumpentes.

Conidia ellipsoidea v. ovoidea, 4-septata, recta raro inaequilatera, ad septa haud constricta,

20-25 p longa ; cellulis tribus mediis 14—17-5 X 7 -5-9 -5 p, infimis olivaceis, duabus

superioribus obscurioribus, semiopacis ; cellula apicali hyalina conoidea, setis 2-4 plerumque

3 divergentibus ornata, basali brevi in pedicellum 5-7 p longum abeunte.

Hab. in foliis viventis Pelargonii cordati, Knysna, leg. E. M. Laughton, 34918.

Leaf spots scattered, more or less circular in outline, often small, up to 5 mm. diam. ;

on the upper surface of the leaf smoke-grey with avellanous border, indistinct on the under-

side where they are obscured by the thick tomentum on the leaf surface.

Acervuli hypophvllous, irregularly scattered, punctiform, subepidermal, lenticular,

up to 250 p diam. ; spores developing in great numbers push up the epidermis in the form

of a cone, 90-125 p high in the centre ; the epidermis ruptues over the centre of the acervulus

and the masses of dark conidia which emerge lodge amongst the long curved hairs which

form the tomentum on the lower leaf surface.

Conidia ellipsoid to ovoid, 4-septate, straight, rarely inequilateral, not constricted at

the septa, 20-25 p long. The three median coloured cells cask-shaped, 14-17 -5x7- 5-9 • 5 p,

the two upper olive-brown, semi-opaque, the lowest dark olive-bull'. Apical cell hyaline,

conical, bearing two to four, usually three, divergent setae, 15-25 p long. Basal cell rather

short, tapering to a straight pedicel 5-7 p long.

on Pelargonium cordatum L’Herit., on living leaves at the edge of the forest or in the

“ fynbos ”, Garden of Eden Nature Reserve, Knysna, 14th May, 945, E. M .

Laughton, 34918.

Pestalotia Podocarpi Laughton sp. nov.

Maculae a-lbescentes vel avellaneae ex apice foliorum late extensae usque 5 cm. longae,

margine prominulo infuscato limitatae. Acervuli epiphylli sparsi v. gregarii nonnunquam

coalescentes, majusculi, rotundati v. elliptici, 250-500 p diam., primo epidermide tecti

convexi, usque 170 p alti, demum erumpentes epidermide fissa cincti. Conidea ovoidea v.

late fusoideo-ellipsoidea, saepe inaequilatera seu gibbosa, 20-23 p longa rarius usque 25 p

longa, ad septa haud vel vix constricta, cellulis tribus mediis 15 (rare 16) X 7-5-10 p,

infimis olivaceis duabus superioribus obscurioribus subopacis, cellulis extimis hyalinis,

basali late conoidea, 2-5-4 p longa, in pedicellum 3-5-7 p longum producta, apicali obtuse

conoidea, setis 3-4, raro 5, 20-30 p longis divergentibus coronata.

Hab. in foliis vivis Podocarpi latifolii, Knysna, leg. E. M. Laughton, 34917.

828

Acervuli seated on dead areas of leaves, almost white to avellanous on the upper surface,

darker on the underside, with a border of mummy-brown separating them from the living

green tissues. These dead areas usually spread from the tips of the leaves and are up to

5 cm. long ; marginal lesions also occur.

Acervuli epiphyllous, scattered or rather closely set and sometimes coalescing, rather

large, circular or elliptic in outline, subepidermal, finally erumpent by a longitudinal slit

in the epidermis ; in the centre the ruptured epidermis shows white against the dark brown

of the covered spore masses. Acervuli 250-500 p diam., shallow, at first covered by the

epidermis, which becomes raised and convex, ca. 75-100 p high in the centre.

Conidia ovoid or broadly fusoid-ellipsoid, often asymmetrical and distinctly dorsi-

ventral, 20-23 p long, rarely up to 25 p long, four-septate, not constricted at the septa, or

very slightly so. The three median coloured cells 15 (rarely 16) X 7-5-10 p, the two upper

bister, rather thick-walled, subopaque, the lowest deep olive-buff. Basal cell conical,

2-5-4 p long, tapering to the pedicel, which is slender, hyaline, straight, 3-5-7 p long.

Apical cell hyaline, obtusely conical, 4-5 p long, crowned with 3-4, rarely 5, fairly stout,

divergent setae, 20-30 p long, ca. 1 p thick at the point of divergence.

on Podocarpus lattfolius R. Br., on living leaves, common, Garden of Eden Nature

Reserve, Knvsna, E. M. Laughton , 34917.

Pestalotia Psidii Pat.

Patouillard in Bull. Soc. Mvc. Fr. 8 (1892), 136, nom. nud. ; Bull. Soc. Myc. Fr. 11

(1895), 232.

Sacc. Syll. Fung. XIV : 1025. Guba, Mycologia 24 (1932), 379.

on fruits of Psidium Guajava Linn., Mataffin, Hall and Sons, 34090.

Pestalotia Pterocelastri Laughton sp. nov.

Maculae amphigenae, rotundatae vel irregulares, 5-10 mm. diam., iuterdum majores,

in pagina folii superiore cinerascentes margine olivaceo-brunneo limitatae, in inferiore

olivaceo-brunneae. Acervuli epiphylli, numerosi, gregarii lenticulares, 200-350 p diam.,

120-165 p alti, epidermidem centro perforatum convexule elevantes. Conidea fusoidea,

4-septata, basim versus attenuata, interdum curvula v. inaequilatera, ad septa haud vel

vix constricta, 25-37-5 p longa ; cellulis tribus mediis 20-25 X 9-10 p, infimis pallide

olivaceis, duabus superioribus paulum obscurioribus, cellulis extremis prominentibus,

basali anguste conoidea, subhyalina, 6-7-5 p longa in pedicellum hyalinum 5-10 p longum

desinente, apicali cylindracea, ca. 5 p longa, setis tribus hvalinis basi crassiusculis sursum

attenuatis flexuosis 20-44 p plerumque ca. 30 p longis coronata.

Hab. in foliis Pterocelastri tricuspidati, Knysna, leg. E. M. Laughton, 35143.

Leaf spots round to irregular, 5-10 mm. diam. or larger, smoke-grev on the upper side

of the leaf, with raised margin which is buffy-brown to olive-brown ; wood-brown on the

under side.

Acervuli epiphyllous, numerous, gregarious, lenticular, at first covered by the slightly

convex epidermis, sometimes small, but usually larger when mature, 200-350 p diam.,

120-165 p high in the centre ; the epidermis ruptures in the centre, forming a pore which is

usually round but sometimes elongated or angular ; black, sooty masses of spores emerging

spread over the matrix.

Conidia 4-septate, long fusoid, tapering to the base, straight or slightly curved and

inequilateral, not constricted at the septa or slightly so, 25-37-5 p long, often 30-34 p long.

Median cells guttulate, the two upper buffy-brown, the lowest olivaceous, 20-25 X 9-10 p.

End cells i-ather large ; the apical cell cylindrical ca. 5 p long, bearing a crest of three or

sometimes two, long, flexuous setae 20-44 p long, mostly ca. 30 p long, ca. 1-5 p thick at

the base and tapering upwards ; basal cell subhyaline, narrow conical, 6-7-5 p long, tapering

into a slender pedicel 5-10 p long.

on leaves of Pterocelastrus tricuspidatus Solid., on young trees in the “ fynbos ” on the

southern slope of the town hill, Knysna, E. M. Laughton, 35146.

829

This species is often associated on the same leaves, and even on the same leaf spots

with Leptosphaeria Pterocelastri Doidge ; Pestalotia Cassinis Laughton and P. Laughtonae

Doidge are also to be found on leaves of Plerocelastrus tricuspidatus in the same collection.

Pestalotia Pterocelastri is very similar to P. Planimi Vize, which occurs, associated

with other fungi, on weathered leaves of another plant belonging to the Celastraceae,

Euonymus japonicus Linn., in California and in Portugal [Guba, Mvcologia 24 (1932) p. 377.]

It differs in the form of the acervuli, which are lenticular and not subglobose and in

the frequently slightly curved and asymmetrical conidia. Conidia of P. Planimi are

described and figured as straight, erect. Setae in P. Planimi are figured as thick throughout,

slightly distended at the tips ; those of P. Pterocelastri are thick at the base, tapering upwards

and becoming slender near the tips.

Pestalotia quercina Guba.

Guba, Mycologia, 24 (1932), 379.

on Quercus sp., on old weathered leaves of seedlings, Irene, Doidge, 2270, 2271.

Pestalotia Rapaneae Laughton sp. nov.

Maculae sparsae, usque 1-5 cm. diam., rotundatae v. irregulares, cinerascentes, margine

olivaceo-brunneo limitatae. Acervuli epiphylli, sparsa, subepidermici, rotundati, 175-

210 g diam., Conidia ovoidea v. late fusoideo-ellipsoidea, saepe inaequilatera, 22-27-5 g

longa, 4-septata, ad septa haud constricta ; cellulis tribus mediis 15-19 X 9-10 g, brunneis,

subopacis, quarum 2 superioribus obscurioribus et majusculis, extimis hyalinis, basali

conoidea ca. 4 g longa, in pedicellum rectum v. leniter curvatum 4-5 g longum producta,

apicali brevi cylindracea v. obtuse conoidea, setis 2-3, plerumque 3, rectis, divergent! bus.

15-26-5 g longis ornata.

Hab. in foliis viventis Rapaneae melanophleos, Storms River, leg. Doidge, 17171.

Acervuli on dead, discoloured areas of the leaf, which are often near leaf margins,

smoke-grey to light drab in the centre with olive-brown border, more or less circular except

near the margin of the leaf, where they are irregular, up to 1-5 cm. diam.

Acervuli epiphvllous, scattered, more or less circular in outline, subepidermal, 175-

210 g diam.

Conidia ovoid or broadly fusoid-ellipsoid, often asymmetrical with one side almost

straight and the other convex, 22-27-5 g long, 4-septate, not constricted at the septa.

Central coloured cells 15-19 X 9-10 g ; the two upper larger, clove-brown, subopaque,

the lowest paler, buffy-brown. Extreme cells hyaline ; apical cell short, often rather

indistinct, cylindrical or truncate conical, bearing at its extremity 2-3, mostly 3, usually

straight, divergent setae, 15-26-5 g long, two of which often form a very wide angle ; basal

cell conical, about 4 g long, tapering to a short pedicel, which is hyaline, straight or slightly

curved, 4-5 g long.

on living leaves of Rapanea melanophleos Mez., Storms River, Humansdorp District,

Doidge, 17171 ; Garden of Eden, Knysna, E. M. Laughton, 34433, 34911.

Pestalotia Trichocladi Laughton sp. nov.

Maculae effusae, fuscae, indeterminatae. Acervuli epiphylli, minuti, sparsi, rotundati

v. leniter elongatae, primum epidermide tecti dein erumpentes epidermide fissa cincti et

subvelati, 175-250 g diam., centro 75-85 g alti. Conidia fusoidea, recta v. subcurvata,

4-septata, ad septa leniter constricta, 30-37-5 g longa, cellulis tribus mediis brunneis,

-aequaliter coloratis vel duabus superioribus leniter obscurioribus, 20-25 X 7 • 5-9 g, cellula

basali conoidea v. turbinata, subhyalina 4-6 g longa in pedicillum hyalinum 6-12 g longum

attneuata, apicali hyalina cylindracea, 5-7-5 g longa, setis 2-4, plerumque 3, 45-60 g longis,

late divergentibus ornata.

Hab. in foliis viventis Trichocladi criniti, in svlvis, Storms River, leg. Doidge, 17169.

830

Acervuli epiphyllous, on large, indeterminate, discoloured areas, which are usually

marginal or along the midrib of the leaf. Acervuli minute, scattered, circular to elliptic in

outline, developing under the epidermis, which ruptures and reamains surrounding and partly

veiling the mass of spores, 175-250 p diam., 75-85 p high in the centre.

Conidia fusoid, straight or slightly curved, tapering towards the base, 4-septate, 32-

37 • 5 /x long, slightly constricted at the septa. The three median coloured cells buffy-brown,

rather thick-walled, equally coloured, or the lowest slightly paler, 20-25 X 7-5-9 /x. Basal

cell conical or turbinate, straight or curved, 4-6 p long, slightly tinted, olive-buff, tapering

downwards into the erect pedicel, which is hyaline, 6-12 /x long. Apical cell hyaline,

cylindrical, 5-7-5 /x long, bearing 2-4, usually 3, rather stout, widely divergent setae,

45-60 p long, ca. 1 • 25 p thick at the point of divergence and tapering towards the tips.

on living leaves of Trichocladus crinitus Pers., Storms River, Doidge, 17169 and D. J

le Roux, 34307.

Pestalotia Watsoniae Verw. et Dipp.

Yerwoerd and Dippenaar, S. Afric. Journ. Sci. 27 (1930), 327.

Leaf spots round to elliptic in outline, 4-7 mm. diam. or spreading irregularly, especially

along the leaf margins, vinaceous buff in the centre, becoming paler with age, margin darker,

army-brown to sorghum-brown.

Acervuli amphigenous, black, punctiform, scattered, deeply immersed in the mesophyll

of the leaf, then erumpent, cupulate, 120-150 p diam., 120-200 p deep, the more shallow

acervuli being situate over a vein.

Conidia ellipsoid or ovoid, occasionally asymmetrical, 17-5-22-5 p long, 3-septate, not

constricted at the septa or sightly so. The two median coloured cells at first dark olive-buff

then buffy-brown, 12-5-16 X 7-5-9 p, thick-walled, wall 1-1-5 p thick, equally coloured,

and approximately equal in size. Basal cell subhyaline, conical, 2-5-4 p long, tapering into

a pedicel which is deciduous, hyaline, delicate, ca. 1 - 5 p thick and up to 30 p long. Apical

cell hyaline, delicate, obtusely conical ; setae usually 4-5, occasionally 3, rarely 2, hyaline,

widely divergent, sometimes branched, 15-30 p long.

on leaves of Watsonia rosea Ker. var. alba, Bot. Card., University of Stellenbosch,

Yerwoerd (Stell. 931), 34586.

Pestalotia Zahlbruckneriana P. Henn.

in A. Zahlbruckner, Plantae Pentheriana, Ann. K. K. Naturhist, Hofmus. Wien 15

(1900) 3. Sacc. Syll. Fung. XVI : 1017.

Acervuli epiphyllous, scattered or sub-gregarious, at first pulvinate, covered by the

pale or greyish epidermis, then erumpent, black, 0-5-1 mm. diam.

Conidia clavate-fusoid, straight or curved, 4-septate, 17-20 p long, 6-8 p broad. The

three median, coloured cells olivaceous or fusco-olivaceous. Extreme cells hyaline, papilli-

form, the apical cell bearing 3 setae, which are hyaline, 15-21 p long and 0- 5 p thick. Pedicel

hyaline, 8-15 p long and 1-1-5 p thick.

on the inflorescence of Strelitzia parvifolia Dryand, Port Alfred (Kowie), Penther 1610.

The type of this species has not been seen and there is no other record of a Pestalotia

occurring on Strelitzia in South Africa ; the above description has been taken from that of

Hennings in the Plantae Pentheriana. He states that Pestalotia Zahlbruckneriana is closely

related to P. palnumm. Cooke, but is quite distinct from that species.

SPECIES EXCLUDENDA.

Pestalotia Evansii P. Henn.

P. Hennings, Engl, bot Jahrb. 41 (1908) 273. Sacc. Syll. Fung. XXII : 1222.

The type of this fungus was collected on Syzygium cordatum Hochst. at Barberton by

Dr. Pole Evans (No. 234) ; it has 2-celled, brown spores with 2-4 hyaline, flexuose cilia

831

at the apex, and is identical with Neobarclaya natalensis Syd., on the same host (Durban,

Medley Wood 6446, 374).

To Mr. E. W. Mason, of the Imperial Mycological Institute, I am indebted for comparing

the type of the latter fungus with that of Neobarclaya congesta (Berk. & Br.) Petch, which

occurs on Eugenia Jambolana in Ceylon. He states that there can be no doubt that they

are the same. The spores are very variable, from narrow clavate to broadly oval, and show

a total variation of 18-30 X 7-12 /x.

The synonymy is as follows : — ■

Neobarclaya congesta (Berk & Br.) Petch.

Petch, Ann. Hoy. Bot. Gard. Peradeniya IX (1924) 165.

Pestalotia congesta Berk & Broome, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. XIV (1875), 89.

N eobarclaya natalensis Did, Hedwigia 38 (1899) p. (134).

Pestalotia Evansii P. Henn., Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 41 (1908), 273.

on Syzygium cordatum Hochst. (= Eugenia cordata Laws.) Durban, Medley Wood 6446,

374, 9476 ; Barberton, Pole Evans, 234, 1152, Doidge, 2009 ; Nelspruit, Pole

Evans, 11024; Eshowe, McClean, 33092.

Grateful acknowledgements are due to Dr. E. M. Doidge, Principal Plant Pathologist,

for her assistance, and to the Chief, Division of Botany and Plant Pathology for the loan

of specimens from the Cryptogamic Herbarium in Pretoria.

832

Plate I.— Conidia. of: (a) PeslaUilia Burchelliae,; (b) P. caffru ; (c) P. Cassinis on Cassine ; (d) P. Ennd-

phalnrtos.

833

XJ

C

Plate II. — Conidia of : (a) Pestalotia Laurophylli ; (b) P. Milletiae ; (c) P. Ocoteae ; (d) P. Cassinis on

Pterocelastrus.

834

Plate III. — Conidia of: (a) Pestalotia Pelarcjovii ; (b) P. Podocarpi ; (c) P. Rapaveae.

835

Plate IV. — Conidia of : (a) Pe.ilalotia Trichacladi ; (b) P. Walsoniae.

836

Plato V. — Conidia of : (a) Pestalotia Pterocelaslri ; (b) P. Lnughtonar.

SOUTH AFRICAN ASCOMYCETES IN THE

NATIONAL HERBARIUM.

By Ethel M. Doidge.

Part VI.

196. Erikssonia Carissae Doidge nov. spec.

Perithecia hypophylla, maculis dilute brumieolis usque 10 p diam., insidentia, laxe v.

densiuscule dispersa, immersa, globosa, 75-120 p diam. ; pariete 25-40 p crasso stromatice

e stratis numerosis cellularum tenuiter tunicatarum olivaceo-brunnearum, angulatarum,

5-6 p diam. composite, superue cum epistromate connato ; epistroma emergentia, alata,

recurvata, plus minus radiatim usque 130 p diam. producta ; ostiolo 20-25 p lougo, haud

vel vix prominulo, poro truncato-conico v. cylindraceo, ca. 12-16 p lato pertuso. Asci

cylindracei v. cylindraceo-clatati, 8-spori, superue late rotundati, brevissime pedicellati,

45-55 x 6-7 p, tenuiter tunicati, ad apicem leniter incrassati. Sporae distichae, oblongo-

clavatae, utrinque rotundatae, 1-septatae, hyalinae, 12-5-15 X 2-3 p. Paraphyses fili-

formes, mox mucosae.

Hab. in foliis Carissae bispinosae, Mtunzini prope Eshowe, leg. E. M. Laughton, 33545.

Perithecia on dry, light brown leaf spots, which are circular to irregular in outline and

have a raised, dark brown or black line at the margin ; hypophyllous, scattered or in small

groups, occasionally confluent. Perithecia globose, 75-120 p diam., one-half to two-thirds

immersed in the leaf tissue ; perithecial wall brown, stromatic, 10-15 p thick, composed of

thin-walled, olive-brown, angular, parenchymatous cells, 5-6 p diam. Above, the wall is

continuous with the epistroma, which ruptures the epidermis and emerges to the leaf surface,

growing out, to a diameter of 130 p, into re-curved, more or less radiating strands, each

composed of a number of irregular rows of cells ; the ruptured epidermis adheres closely

to the sides of the epistroma. Externally the wall is connected with hyphae which penetrate

into the leaf tissues ; these are 5-6 p thick, frequently septate and often constricted at the

septa. Ostiole 20-25 p long, completely merged with the epistroma and not protruding

beyond the stromatal wings ; traversed by a pore which is truncate-conical to cylindrical

and about 10-16 p diam. Asci cylindrical to cylindrical-clavate, 8-spored, broadly rounded

above, not tapering or tapering slightly downwards, very briefly pedicellate, 45-55 x 6-7 p,

wall ca. 1 p thick, slightly thickened, 2-5 p at the apex. Spores distichous, oblong-clavate,

1-septate, hyaline, 12-5-15 x 2-3 p, upper cell slightly shorter and broader than the lower,

broadly rounded above, tapering gradually downwards. Paraphyses slender, filiform,

disappearing early.

on leaves of Carissa bispinosa (L.) Desf., Mtunzini, near Eshowe. E. M. Laughton,

33545.

Under a hand lens this fungus has not a definitely stellate appearance ; the strands

forming the epistroma are not very long and are surrounded by the thick, ruptured epi-

dermis, which holds them more or less erect ; they are thus recurved rather than spreading,

but are distinctly radiating.

197. Microcyclus kentaniensis Doidge nov. spec.

Stromata caulicola, in greges plus minus elongates usque 5 mm. longos aggregata.

superficialia, atra, opaca, tuberculata, 400-750 p lata, 200-250 p alta, pede breve centrali ,

838

150-200 p crassa, innato suffulta, e cellulis 7-5-10 p diam. contexta. Loculi immersi ,

usque 15 in quoque stromate, 100-125 p lati, 110-140 p alti, prominuli. Asci fasciculati ,

oblongo-clavati, recti v. curvati, stipitati, 60-75 x 10-12-5 p. Sporae plerumque dis-

tichae, oblongae, medio septatae, haud vel vix coustrictae, 20-22-5 x 3-4 p.

Hab. in caulibus Asparagi plumosi, Kentani, leg. A. Pegler, 8885.

Stromata caidicolous, in irregular elliptical groups up to 5 mm. long, on yellow-brown >

indeterminate spots, superficial, round to irregular in outline, 400-750 p diam., 200-250 p

high, irregularly tuberculate, with dull dark red or black surface in which the ostioles show

as pale spots ; connected with the hypostroma in the cortical tissues by a short central

foot, which ruptures the thick cuticle and expands to form the fertile part of the stroma.

Foot 150-200 p broad, composed of prosenchymatous rows of cells 5-6 p broad, which

gradually give place to the polygonal parenchyma of the outer layers of the stroma, with

cells 7-5-10 p diam. Loculi 6-10, or up to 15 in each stroma, fairly regularly spaced,

each under a tubercular prominence of the stroma, 100-125 p broad, 110-140 p high, sub-

globose to ovate, lined with elongated stroma cells 10-13 p long, 4-6 p broad. Asci borne

on a layer of floccose hyphae which line the inner wall of the loculus and converge at the

ostiole like periphyses. Ostiole short, broadly truncate-conical. Asci fasciculate, 8-spored,

oblong-clavate, straight or curved, rounded above, pedicellate, 60-75 x 10-12-5 p, with

knob-like foot 3-4 p long, often bent or curved. Spores distichous, oblong, hyaline,

1-septate, not constricted at the septum or slightly so, 20-22-5 X 3-4 p; cells more or

less equal in length or the upper slightly shorter and broader ; the lower cell cylindrical,

the upper slightly dilated above the septum and tapering to the rounded apex.

on stems of Asparagus plumosus Bkr., Kentani, A. Pegler, 8885.

198. Erysiphe Brachystegiae Doidge now spec.

Mycelium amphigenum, effusum, persistens, albidum. Conidia ellipsoidea v. cylind-

racea, 27-5-40 x 11-15 p. Perithecia haud numerosa, sparsa v, subgregaria, globoso-

depressa, 180-260 p diam., cellulis parietis exterioris indistinctis. Appendices 25-40 in

quoque perithecio, aequatoriales, ubique hyalinae, simplices, rectae v. flexuosae, plerumque

500-750 p longae, basim 5-6 p latae, crasse tunicatae, sursum versus non vel leniter lat.iores,

ad apicem simplices, rectae v. lenissime incurvatae. Asci ca. 20-25 in quoque perithecio,

ovati v. subclavati, antice late rotundati, postice attenuati, 80-100 X 45-55 p. Sporae

plerumque 8, hyalinae, continuae, ellipsoideae, 25-30 X 15-17-5 p.

Hab. in foliis Brachystegiae Randii, Salisbury, leg. Hopkins, 25946, 29921.

Mycelium amphigenous, effuse, white or yellowish. Conidia ellipsoid to cylindrical >

27-5-40 p long, 11-15 p broad. Perithecia not numerous, scattered or in small groups’

180-260 p diam., slightly flattened-globose. Outer cells of perithecial wall small, obscure-

Appendages numerous, 25-40, forming a white ring round the perithecia, equatorial, hyaline

throughout, radiating, simple, straight or flexuous, mostly 500-750 p long ; thick-walled

at the base and 5-6 p broad, straight at the tip, sometimes slightly dilated, occasionally

slightly incurved, not typically uncinate. Asci ca. 20-25 in each perithecium, ovate or

subclavate, broadly rounded above, tapering more or less below to a short foot, 80-100 p

long, 45-55 p broad, 8-spored. Spores usually 8, seldom fewer, ellipsoid, hyaline, continuous

25-30 p long, 15-17-5 p broad.

on leaves of Brachystegia Randii Bak. f., Salisbury, Hopkins 1647, 25946, 26621.

This fungus was listed by Hopkins as Uncinula sp. in his “ Descriptive List of Plant

Diseases in S. Rhodesia " (Mem. Dept. Agric. S. Rhodesia No. 2, 1939, p. 7). The appendices

are occasionally slightly incurved at the tips, but none were seen which were typically

uncinate. The material is unfortunately scanty.

839

199. Erysiphe communis (Wallr.) Link.

in Willd. Sp. Plant. 6 (1824) p. 105, pro pgrte.

Blumer, Erysiph. Mittel-europas (1933) p. 177.

as Erysiplie Polygoni DC. in Doidge, Trans. Roy Soc. S. Afric. 5 (1915), p. 241.

Mycelium and conidial form variable. Conidia usually single, rarely in chains, 26-40

X 15-17-5 g. Perithecia scattered or more or less grouped, flattened-globose, 75-130 g

diam. ; cells of perithecial wall irregularly angular, 10-25 g diam. Appendages basal,

hyaline or brown, usually myceloid, tortuous, 1-5 times as long as the diameter of the

perithecium. Asci 3-10, 50-70 x 30-50 g, 3-6-spored. Spores hyaline, ellipsoid, continu-

ous, 18-25 X 10-15 g.

on leaves of Triumfetta Sonderii Ficalho and Hiern., Sunnyside, Pretoria, Doidge'

2291 and v. d. Byl, 8880.

200. Erysiphe Jatrophae Doidge nov. spec.

Mycelium amphigenum, plagulas plus minus rotundatas albidas efficiente vel totam

folii paginam obtegente. Conidia ellipsoidea, 30-40 X 15-20 g. Perithecia sparsa v.

laxe gregaria, globosa, 90-105 g diam., cellulis parietis exterioris 15-20 g diam. Appendices

breves, plerumque dimidium perithecii diametrum subaequantes, sat numerosae hyalinae,

tenues, tortuosae, simplices. Asci plerumque 3, rarius 2, rarissime 4 in quoque perithecio,

ovati, sessiles v. vix pedicellati, 35-57-5 x 38-45 g. Sporae 4-6, ellipsoideae, hyalinae,

continuae, 17-5-22-5 x 9-12-5 g.

Hab. in foliis Jatrophae Zeyheri, Petersburg, leg. Thomsen, 1286.

Amphigenous, forming more or less round white patches, or covering the whole leaf

surface. Conidia ellipsoid, 30-40 g long, 15-20 g broad. Perithecia on both sides of the

leaf, scattered or loosely grouped, globose, 90-105 g diam. Cells of perithecial wall irregu-

larly angular, 15-20 g diam, Appendages short, length not more than half the diameter

of the perithecium, fairly numerous, hyaline, delicate, tortuous and mycelium-like. Asci

mostly 3, sometimes 2, very rarely 4 in each perithecium, ovate, sessile or very briefly

pedicellate, 35-57-5 x 38-45 g, 4-6 spored. Spores ellipsoid, hyaline, continuous, 17-5—

22-5 g long, 9-12-5 g broad.

on leaves of Jatropha Zeyheri Sonch, Pietersburg, Thomsen, 1286, Type.

Jatropha natalensis Mull. Arg. Ehlanzeni, Doidge, 8248 (Oidium only).

Jatropha Woodii O. Ktze., Ladysmith, Pole Evans, 2030. (Oidium only).

Acalypha angustata Sond., Garstfontein, Pretoria Distr., Erasmus, 1266.

Sub Erysiphe Polygoni DC. in Doidge, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Afric. 5 (1915), p. 241. This

species belongs to the Erysiphe Polygoni group and is near Erysiphe Urticae (Wallr.) Klotzsch.

201. Erysiphe nitida (Wallr.) Rabenh.

Deutschl. Krypt. FI. 1 (1844), p. 231.

Blumer, Erysiph. Mittel Europas (1933), p. 229.

Erysiphe Polygoni DC. emend. Salmon, Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 9 (1900) p. 174,

pro parte.

Amphigenous and caulicolous, often causing discolouration of the stem tissues under the

mycelium. Mycelium well developed, more or less persistent. Conidia ellipsoid, 25-37 g

long, 14-20 g broad. Perithecia scattered or in groups, globose or flattened globose, 75-110 g

diam. ; cells of the perithecial wall distinct, polygonal, 10-25 g diam. Appendages not very

numerous, 5 to 30 to each perithecium, usually tortuous, mycelium-like, 1 to 5 times as long

840

as the diameter of the perithecium, only a few reaching the maximum length, septate,

arising from the base of the perithecium, light brown, rather thick- walled at the base and

ca. 5 /x broad, becoming paler and thinner walled upwards ; occasionally irregularly branched,

especially near the tip. Asci usually 2-6 in each perithecium, seldom as many as 8 and

exceptionally only 1, ovate, sessile or briefly pedicellate, 50-70 p long, 30-45 /x broad.

Spores 3-5, seldom 2, in each ascus, ellipsoid, hyaline, continuous, 18-25 x 10-15 p.

on Delphinium Ajacis Linn., Johannesburg, Sieling, 14123 ; Arcadia, Pretoria,

Bottomley, 23624 ; Imvani, Cape, Bisset, 26598.

Delphinium cultorum Voss, New England Rail, Cape, Lawrence, 25928 : Salisbury,

Hopkins, 25947: Durban , McClean, 24897; White River, Wager, 27694 ; Brook-

lyn. Pretoria, Doidge, 28510, 28957 ; Pietermaritzburg, Schmutz, 30120.

on Knowltonia glabricarpellata Huth, Knysna, Bottomley, 32261. (Oidium only).

202. Erysiphe umbelliferarum de Bary.

Beitr. z. Morph, u. Phys. Pilze 1 (1870) p. 50.

Blumer, Erysiph. Mittel-Europas (1933), p. 195.

Mycelium and conidia well developed, amphigenous and caulicolous. Hyphae much

branched, with more or less definitely lobed haustoria. Conidia abstricted singly, rarely

in short chains, small, cylindrical, 30-42 p long, 12-18 p broad. Perithecia much flattened,

90-115 p diam. ; cells of perithecial wall small, often obscure. Appendages usually numer-

ous, short, once to twice as long as the diameter of the perithecium, brown, often irregularly

bent and usually once, or several times, irregularly branched. Asci 3-8, seldom up to

10 in each perithecium, ovate to subglobose, very briefly pedicellate, 55-70 x 30-45 p,

3-5, seldom 6-spored. Spores ellipsoid, hyaline, continuous, 20-28 x 10-15 p.

on Trachymene caerulea Graham, leaves and stems, Utrecht, v. d. Spuy, 30929.

The fun gus on Trachymene has usually about 5 asci in each perithecium, and 4-5 spores

in each ascus. The appendages are not very numerous and are rather sparingly branched ;

otherwise it agrees closely with the description given by Blumer (l.c.). He mentions a

wide range of hosts belonging to the Umbelliferae, but Trachymene is not included.

203. Phyllactinia Acaciae Syd.

Ann. Myc. 33 (1935), p. 233.

Hypophyllous ; mycelium effuse, fairly well developed, more or less persistent, formed

of hyphae 3-5 p thick. Conidia cylindrical, 45-60 p long, obtusely rounded at both ends,

often with lateral walls somewhat concave, and thus 10-12-5 p broad at the ends, 6-9 p

broad in the centre. (According to Sydow l.c., the conidia are 50-70 x 12-16 p. but none

of those examined exceeded the measurements given above.) Perithecia scattered, not

numerous, 120-210 p diam. ; cells of perithecial wall rather obscure, ca. 10-12-5 p diam.

Appendages 6-12, hyaline throughout, rigid, simple, ca. 90-150 p long; bulbous base

25-35 p diameter; above the swollen base, appendages are 7-5-10 p thick and thick-

walled, tapering to 2-5-4 p at the tip where the wall is thinner ; near the base the wall is

ca. 2-5 p thick and the lumen almost obliterated, but the thickness is uneven. Asci ca.

5-10 in each perithecium, ovate, briefly pedicellate, 45-60 x 20-30 p , 2— 3-spored. Spores

hyaline, ellipsoid, continuous, ca. 22-30 x 12-14 p.

on Acacia robusta Burch., on leaves. Klapperkop. near Pretoria, Mogg, 23428 (Type

collection).

Unfortunately there are very few perithecia on the type collection, and these are barely

mature. Fungi belonging to the Erysiphaceae form perithecia comparatively rarely under

South African conditions, and they are seldom found on cultivated plants.

841

204. Phyllactinia Combreti Doidge nov. spec.

sub Phyllactinia corylea (Pers.) Karst., in Doidge, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Africa 5 (1915),

p. 242.

Mycelium hypophyllum, persistente, primitus plagulas rotundatas v. irregulares albidas

efficiente, deinde effusum, magnam folii partem obtegente. Conidia oblongo-ellipsoidea,

rarius subclavata, plerumque utrinque leniter attenuata, 62-5-80 x 17-5-22-5 p. Peri-

thecia sat numerosa, sparsa, globoso-depressa, 275-400 /a diam. ; cellulis parietis exterioris

obscuris. Appendices 15-20 in quoque perithecio, ubique hyalinae, 220-450 p longae,

parte basali vesiculoso-inflatae, 35-50 p diam., supra basim bulbosum 15-20 p latae, crasse

tunicatae, sursum versus leniter attenuatae ad apicem tenuiter tunicatae, 8-10 p latae.

Asci numerosi, ca. 40-50 in quoque perithecio, oblongiv. ovati, antice late rotundati, postice

b re viter pedicellati, 80-95 x 27-5-37-5 p, crasse tunicati, 2-3 spori. Sporae ellipsoideae,

hyalinae, continuae, 35-40 x 17-5-25 p.

Hab. in foliis Combreti Zeyheri, Pretoria, leg. Doidge, 1506.

Hypophyllous ; mycelium fairly well developed, at first forming round to irregular,

white or yellowish blotches, later effuse, covering a great part of the leaf surface ; more or

less persistent. Conidia oblong-ellipsoid, rarely subclavate, usually tapering slightly to

rounded ends, 62-5-80 x 17-5-22-5 p. Perithecia fairly numerous, scattered, flattened-

globose, 275-400 p diam. : cells of perithecial wall obscure. Appendages 15-20 to each

perithecium, 220-450 p long, hyaline throughout ; bulbous base 35-50 p diam. ; above the

swollen base, 15-20 p thick and thick-walled, wall ca. 4 p thick ; rapidly becoming thin-

walled above and tapering very slightly to the tip, which is delicate, easily crushed and

8-10 p thick. Asci numerous, ca. 40-50 in each perithecium, oblong or ovate, 80-95 x

27-5-37-5 p, contracted rather suddenly below into a foot which is straight and peg-like

or is bent ; foot up to 20 p long ; asci thick-walled, 2-3-spored. Spores ellipsoid, hyaline,

continuous, 35-40 x 17-5-25 p. Penicillate cells rather well developed.

on Combretum Zeyheri Sond., on leaves, Sunnyside, Pretoria, Doidge, 1506 (Type),

and Pole Evans, 9743 ; Letaba Drift, Doidge, 1806.

205. Phyllactinia Erythrinae Doidge nov. spec.

Mycelium hypophyllum, persistente, albidum, saepe densum, totam folii paginam

obtegens, interdum tenue, plagulas irregulares efficiens. Conidia clavata, 62-5-87-5 x

15-22.5 p, plerumque 75-80 x 17-5 p, antice rotundata, postice ad basim truncatam 7-9 p

latam attenuata. Perithecia sat numerosa, subgregaria, globosa, 180-240 p diam., cellulis

parietis exterioris 10-15 p diam. Appendices 9—15 in quoque perithecio, rectae, baud septa-

tae, basi vesiculo-inflatae 37-5-45 p diam., supra basim bulbosam 10-15 p latae, crasse

tunicatae, sursum sensim attenuatae ad apicem 4-5 p latae tenuiter tunicatae. Asci

immaturae.

Hab. in foli s Erythrinae caffrae, Greytown, leg. Doidge, 15418.

Hypophyllous. Mycelium and oid al stage often well developed, dense, completely

covering the under side of the leaf ; sometimes thin, arachnoid, and forming only irregular

patches. Conidia clavate, 62-5-87-5 p long, 15-22-5 p broad in the broadest diameter,

which is usually about one-third of the distance from apex to base : rounded at the apex,

tapering to the truncate, base, which is 7-9 p broad ; most of the conidia are 75-80 X 17 -5 p.

Perithecia often numerous, closely and fairly evenly distributed in the mycelium or in small

groups, but not closely crowded, globose, 180-240 p diam. ; cells of the perithecial wall

rather obscure, ca. 10-15 p diam. Appendages 9-15 to each perithecium, simple, straight,

noil-septate, longer than the diameter of the perithecium, 350-450 p long ; basal swelling

37-5-45 p diam. ; appendages 10-15 p thick just above the bulbous base and thick-walled,

tapering gradually and becoming thinner-walled towards the tip, which is 4-5 p broad.

3340-2

842

Penicillate cells numerous, well developed. Asci quite immature in all the perithecia

examined.

on Erythrina caffra Thunb., on leaves, Greytown, Doidge, 15418, Type ; Nelspruit,

Wager, 23398.

Oidium only ; Durban, 25895 ; Harden Heights, Pole Evans, 1394 ; Nelspruit,

Liebenberg, 25991.

206. Phyllactinia Evansii Doidge nov. spec.

Mycelium hypophyllum, tenue, effusum, subpersistens. Conidia oblonga, antice late

rotundata, basi rotundata v. truncata, 45-55 x 10-15 g. Perithecia sparsa, globoso-

depressa, 180-220 g diam., cellulis parietis exterioris subobscuris, angulato-rotundatis,

7-10 g diam. Appendices 10-15 in quoque perithecio, ubique hyalinae, rigidae, 150-200 g

longae, basi vesiculoso inflatae 25-35 g diam. ; supra basim bulbosam 7-10 g latae, c-rasse

tunicatae, ad apicem tenuiter tunicatam ca. 4 g latam sensim attenuatae ; plerumque

simplices, interdum furcatae. Asci numerosae, usque 40 in quoque perithecio, ovati, raro

oblongi, bre viter pedicellati, 55-70 X 22-35 g, plerumque 2- rarius 3-sporae. Sporae

ellipsoideae, hyalinae, continuae, 20-35 x 10—17 • 5 plerumque 30-35 x 15—17 - 5 g.

Hab. in foliis Burlceae africanae, Wonderboom, prope Pretoria, leg. Pole Evans, 9758.

Hypophyllous. Mycelium rather thin, effuse, more or less persistent. Conidia oblong,

broadly rounded above, rounded or truncate at the base, 45-55 x 10-15 g. Perithecia

scattered, flattened-globose, 180-220 g diam. ; structure of the perithecial wall rather

obscure, formed of rounded-angular cells 7-10 g diam. Appendages 10-15 to each perithe-

cium, hyaline throughout, rigid, 150-200 g long ; bulbous base 25-35 g diam. ; above the

swollen base, usually simple, 7-10 g thick, tapering upwards to about 4 g at the rounded

apex ; wall up to 2-5 g thick, or the lumen obliterated in places, wall getting gradually

thinner upwards ; occasionally forked just above the bulbous base, branches nearly equal,

or one much shorter than the other. Asci numerous, up to 40 in each perithecium, ovoid,

rarely oblong, briefly pedicellate, 55-70 X 22-35 g, 2-spored, rarely 3-spored. Spores

ellipsoid, hyaline, continuous, 30-35 x 10-17-5 g, mostly 30-35 x 15-17-5 g, the smaller

spores in the 3-spored asci.

on Burkea africana Hook., on leaves, Wonderboom, Pretoria district, Pole Evans

9758.

Phyllactinia rhoina Doidge nov. spec.

Mycelium hypophyllum, tenuissimum, effusum. Perithecia sparsa, globoso-depressa,

180-220 g diam., cellulis parietis exterioris obscuris. Appendices 6-9 in quoque perithecio,

200-300 g longae, basi vesiculoso-inflatae, 45-50 g diam., supra basim bulbosam 10-1.1 g

latae, crasse tunicatae, sursum versus leniter attenuatae ad apicem fragilem ca. 6 g latam.

Asci numerosi ca. 20-30 in quoque perithecio, ovati v. oblongi, apice late rotundati, infra

pedicellati, 2-spori rarius 3-spori. Sporae vix maturae, hyalinae, continuae, ellipsoideae,

30-37-5 x 17-5-21 g.

Ilab. in foliis Rhois gyr aides var. transvaalensis, Garstfontein prope Pretoria, leg.

Pienaar, 6662.

Hypophyllous. Mycelium not conspicuous, conidia not seen. Perithecia scattered,

flattened-globose, 180-220 g diam. ; cells of the perithecial wall obscure. Appendages

6 9 to each perithecium, 200-300 g long or possibly longer, as the apices of those examined

were usually broken ; basal swelling 45-50 g diam. ; above the bulbous base 10-11 g thick,

with wall 2-5 g thick becoming thinner-walled above and tapering very slightly to an apex

6 g broad. Asci numerous, ca. 20-30 in each perithecium, ovate or oblong, broadly rounded

above, 60- 75 x 25-32-5 g, contracted suddenly below into a stalk which is straight or bent

843

and 10-25 p long ; asci 2-spored, rarely 3-spored. Spores barely mature, hyaline, ellipsoid,

continuous, 30-37-5 x 17-5-21 p. Penicillate cells fairly well developed.

on Rhus pyroides Burch, var. transvaalensis Schon., on leaves, Garstfontein, Pretoria

district, Pienaar, 6662, Type and 1533 ; Brits, Moore, 23235.

Rhus discolour E. Mey., Grootfontein, nr. Harrismith, v. d. Bijl, 2317.

208. Phyllactinia Sphenostylidis Doidge nov. spec.

Mycelium hypophyllum, persistens, albidum, effusum. Conidia clavata, apice rotund-

ata, infra attenuata ad basim truncatam, 57-5-80 X 20-25 p, plerumque 50-52-5 x

20-22-5 p. Perithecia sparsa, globoso-depressa, 180-230 p diam., cellulis parietis exterioris

10-15 p latis. Appendices 5-9 in quoque perithecio, simplices, ubique hyalinae, rigidae,

175-235 /x longae, basi vesiculoso-inflatae, 35-45 p diam. ; supra basim bulbosam 10-12-5 p

latae, ad apicem 4 p latam sensim attenuatae. Asci immaturae.

Hab. in foliis Sphenostylidis angustifliae, Groenkloof, prope Pretoria, leg. Bottomley,

17024.

Hypophyllous. Mycelium and conidial stage usually well developed, forming dense,

dirty white or yellowish patches, or covering the whole of the under surface of the leaf.

Conidia clavate, rounded above, 50-80 p long, 20-25 p broad at the broadest diameter,

which is about one-third of the distance from apex to base, tapering downwards to the trun-

cate base, which is 7-5-10 p broad ; the majority of the conidia are 50-52-5 X 20-22-5 p.

Perithecia scattered, 180-230 p diam. ; cells of the perithecial wall obscure, 10-15 p diam.

Appendages 5-9 on each perithecium, simple, hyaline throughout, rigid, 175-235 p long ;

swollen base 35-45 p diam.; above the basal swelling, appendages are 10-12-5 p thick

with wall ca. 1 -5 p thick, tapering gradually upwards and becoming thinner-walled towards’

the tip, which is ca. 4 p thick. Asci quite immature in numerous perithecia examined.

Penicillate cells numerous, well developed.

on Sphenostylis angustifolia Sond., on leaves, Groenkloof, Pretoria, Bottomley, 17024

Type ; Sunnyside, Pretoria, Pole Evans , 1413, 1510, 6693 ; Garstfontein, Pretoria

district, Pienaar, 2252 ; Waterkloof, Wager. 23357 ; Donkerpoort, Doidge and

Bottomley, 29730.

This fungus occurs commonly in the neighbourhood of Pretoria ; abundant material

has been collected and examined from late summer to early spring, but no mature asci have

been found.

209. Uncinula aspera Doidge.

Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Africa 5 (1915), p. 240.

Epiphyllous. Mycelium thin, arachnoid, whitish, effuse, evanescent or sub-persistent.

Perithecia scattered or gregarious, flattened-globose, 90-105 p diam., with wall composed

of rather distinct, irregularly angular cells, 12-17-5 p diam. Appendages equatorial,

15-30 to each perithecium, straight or more or less flexuous, hyaline, simple, aseptate,

equal in length to the diameter of the perithecium or exceeding it, 125-165 p long ; 5-6 p

thick at the base, becoming gradually broader upward to a thickness of 9 p below the tip,

then tapering to the apex ; tips closely uncinate or somewhat spiral ; wall ca. 1-5 p thick

near the base, becoming gradually thinner upwards, ca. 0-5 p thick at the apex, roughened

externally, especially in the lower half, with small, scattered, irregular protuberances.

Asci 4-6 in each perithecium, ovate or subglobose, sessile or very briefly pedicellate, 51-57

x 45-48 p, 4-6-spored. Spores oblong, hyaline, continuous, 18-21 x 13-14 p.

on Ficus Petersii Warb., on leaves, Wonderboom, Burtt Davy, 1838.

844

210. Uncinula eombreticola Doidge nov. spec.

Mycelium amphigenum plerumque epiphyllum, persistens, effusum. Conidia oblonga,

utrinque truncata v. sub-rotundata, 30-37-5 x 14-15 p. Perithecia dense congesta v.

discreta, globoso-depressa, 100-140 p diam., plerumque ca. 125 p diam ; cellulis parietis

exterioris polygonalibus, 10-12 p latis. Appendices equatoriales, numerosae, 50-75 in

quoque perithecio, 90-140 p longae, perithecii diametrum subaequantes, hyalinae, simplices,

tenue tunicatae, basi 4-5 p crassae, sursum leniter dilatatae usque 7-5-9 p, rarius 10 p,

•apice laxe uncinatae v. helicoideae. Asci 5-8 in quoque perithecio, immaturi.

Hab. in foliis Combreti Zeyheri, Nelspruit, leg. Doidge, 22377.

Mycelium amphigenous, but mostly epiphyllous, at first forming rather poorly defined r

irregularly circular, scattered spots, on the upper side becoming confluent and covering

the greater part of the leaf surface. Mycelium dirty white or yellowish, dense, persistent.

Conidia oblong, truncate or somewhat rounded at both ends, 30-37 -5 x 14-15 p. Perithecia

closely crowded in small or large patches, less frequently scattered, globose, flattened,

100-140 p diam., mostly ca. 125 p ; perithecial wall composed of polygonal cells 10-12 p

broad. Appendages equatorial, 50 -75 in number, on an average equalling in length the

diameter of the perithecium, 90-140 p long, hyaline, simple, thin-walled throughout, smooth,

occasionally slightly rough in places, not septate ; 4-5 p thick at the base, broadening

upwards to 7 -5-9 p, rarely 10 p, just below the tip and then tapering slightly to the apex ;

tips loosely uncinate or loosely spiral. Immature appendages are often distended abruptly

below the tip, which is often hastate and straight, later becoming uncinate. Asci 5-8 in

each perithecium, immature.

on Combretum Zeyheri Solid., on leaves, Nelspruit, Doidqe, 22377, Type ; Ledzee,

Doidge, 1793.

211. Uncinula Eylesii Doidge nov. spec.

Mycelium amphigenum et petiolicolum, persistens, effusum. Conidia ellipsoidea,

14-30 X 10-14 p, plerumque 20-22-5 x 10 p. Perithecia sparsa v. subgregaria, globoso-

depressa, 90-105 p diam., cellulis pariete exterioris polygonalibus, 10-15 p latis. Appendices

24-26 in quoque perithecio, 80-125 p longae, perithecii diametrum subaequantes, simplices,

leves, basi brunnea 5-6 p latae ad apicem hyalinem 3-4 p crassam sensim attenuatae : apice

primitus rectae deinde laxe uncinatae. Asci 5-7 in quoque perithecio, ovati, breviter

pedicellati, 35-42-5 x 20-22 p (immaturi).

Hab. in foliis Acalyphae ciliatae, Salisbury, leg. Eyles, 13992.

Mycelium amphigenous and petiolicolous, rather densely arachnoid, persistent, at first

forming more or less round, poorly defined spots and finally covering the greater part of the

leaf surface. Conidia ellipsoid, 14-30 X 10-14 p, mostly 20-22-5 X 10 p. Perithecia

scattered or rather loosely grouped, often near the veins of the leaf, flattened-globose, 90—

105 p diam. Appendages 24-36 on each perithecium, usually equalling in length the

diameter of the perithecium or somewhat longer, rarely shorter, 80-125 p long ; 5-6 p

thick at the base, which is golden brown, becoming gradually paler upwards and tapering

slightly to the hyaline, rounded apex, which is 3-4 p thick ; tips at first straight, then very

loosely uncinate, forming one complete turn or a half turn, 12 • 5-15 p across ; simple, smooth,

non-septate, wall ca. 1 p thick throughout or slightly thicker at the base. Asci 5-7 in each

perithecium, ovate, briefly pedicellate, 35-42-5 x 20-22 p, immature.

on leaves of Acalypha ciliata Forsk., on leaves, Salisbury, Eyles 2071, 13992.

212. Uncinula incrassata Sal m.

Ann. Myc. 6 (1908), p. 524.

Sacc. Syll. Fung. XXII : 22 ; Gepp, Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot., 40 (1911), p. 242.

Uncinula Pterocarpi Doidge, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Africa 5 (1915) p. 240, PI. II.

845

Amphigenous ; mycelium densely arachnoid, dirty white or yellowish, often covering

the greater part of the leaf surface, persistent. Conidia not seen. Perithecia very numerous,

in small or large groups, or more or less scattered, at first yellow, sub-globose, then chestnut

colour, flattened-globose, 100-140 p diam. Perithecial wall composed of polygonal cell

10-12 p diam. Appendages 60-120 to each perithecium, thickly set over the whole upper

half of the perithecium, varying in length, 50-150 p long., i.e., some exceeding the diameter

of the perithecium, some only half of its diameter and others intermediate in length ; the

longer appendages are borne round the central zone of the perithecium and the shorter near

its apex. Appendages not septate, 4-7 p thick, mostly 5-6 p, rather irregularly thick-

walled throughout ; even before the perithecium is mature becoming thick-walled right

up to the apex ; apex usually simply and closely uncinate, rarely sub-helicoid. Asci 8-12

(3-7 fide Salmon in immature perithecia) ovate, 45-50 x 20-28 p, briefly pedicellate, often,

curved, 4-spored. Spores ellipsoid, hyaline, 13-18 x 12-13 p.

on Pterocarpus rotundifolius (Sond.) Druce (= Pt. sericeus Benth.), Duivelskloof,

northern Transvaal, Doidge, 1805.

Although the type of Vncinula incrassata has not been available for comparison, there

seems to be no doubt, after a more careful study, that U. Pterocarpi Doidge is identical with

that species ; the original specimen was immature. It was said to be on Pt. mdliferus

Welw., collected on the Zona River, Jihu, Gazaland, by Swynnerton, but it seems probable

that the host was wrongly named. Pt. melliferus occurs in Angola, and is not included in

the list of flowering plants collected in Gazaland by Swynnerton. Pt. rotundifolius is a

closely related species, and it occurs in Gazaland.

213. Uncinula polychaeta (Berk and Curt.) ex Ellis.

Ellis, Journ. Myc. 2 (1886), p. 43.

Salmon, Mem. Torr. Bot. Club 9 (1900), p. 113. Doidge, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Afric. 5

(1915), p. 240. (For synonymy and further references see Salmon l.c.).

Hypophyllous ; mycelium dense, in irregular, whitish patches, which are often numerous

and cover the greater part of the leaf surface, persistent or completely evanescent. Coni-

diophores slender, hyaline, 4-5-celled, 120-240 p long, 6-7-5 p thick at the base, tapering

somewhat to 5-6 p at the apex. Conidia clavate or narrow ovate, hyaline, straight or

occasionally curved, rounded above, tapering to the truncate base which is 5 p broad,.

35-75 p long, mostly 50-55 p long, 14-17-5 p broad in the broadest diameter, which is usually

about one-third of the length from apex to base. Perithecia more or less closely gregarious

on the patches of mycelium, or scattered, 220-400 p diam. ; cells of the perithecial wall

rather obscure, polygonal, 6-10 p diam. Appendages very numerous, hsually about 200,

closely crowded and 50-200 p long, in length about one-fourth to two-thirds of the diameter

of the perithecium, 4-6 p thick at the base, hyaline, smooth, simple, aseptate, tapering

slightly upwards to the tip, which is 3-5-4 p thick and closely uncinnate : thick-walled,

with the lumen more or less completely obliterated. Asci very numerous, 34-66 in each

perithecium, cylindrical to oblong, broadly rounded above, 75-95 x 20-30 p, narrowed

rather abruptly below into a stalk 5-20 p (mostly 5-10 p) long, which may be straight,

but is usually bent near the base, 3-4-spored. Spores ellipsoid, hyaline, continuous, 25-30*

x 12-15 p.

on Celti.s Kraussiana Benth., on leaves, Fountains Valley, near Pretoria, van der Bylr

2096, 2202, Pole Evans, 2336, 2361, Bottomley, 34418 ; Garstfontein, Pretoria

district, Pienaar, 1260 ; Zoutpansberg, Burtt Davy, 181.

This seems to be a variable species ; the collection fr’om the northern Transvaal (No. 1 81)

has perithecia 220-320 p diam., agreeing with the measurements given by Salmon (loc. sit). ;

in specimens from the Fountains Valley, the perithecia are almost all 300-400 p diam.

The number of spores in the ascus also varies ; in the American examples studied by Salmon,

846

the asci are almost always 2-spored, with rarely a rudimentary third spore present ; a

Chinese specimen differed in having asci which are regularly 3-spored ; in South African

material examined, the asci are 3- or 4-spored in almost equal numbers.

The conidia are most abundant in material collected during February, March and

April ; leaves showing perithecia in all stages of development were collected in May and

June.

214. Meliola Atalayae Doidge nov. spec.

Plagulae plerumque epiphyllae, atrae, sparsae, plus minus rotundatae, usque 3-5 mm.

diam. Mycelium reticulatum, ex hyphis brunneis, opposite ramosis, plerumque undulatis

rarius rectiusculis, 7-9 crassis compositum. Hyphopodia capitata, sat numerosa, plerum-

que alternantia, rarissime opposita, 14—17-5 p, longa ; cellula inferiore breve cylindracea,

4-5 /j. longa, 7-5-9 n lata ; superiore ovata v. cylindracea, plerumque late rotundata rarius

truncata v. subangulata, rarissime sublobata, 10-12 p, longa, 10-11 /l lata. Hyphopodia

Fi(!. I. -Meliola Atalayae, mycelium with capitate arid mucronate hyphopodia; tips of mycelial setae

spores.

847

mucronata modice numerosa, alternantia, uiiilateralia v. opposita, haud pallidiore, ampul-

lacea, 12-5-17 -5 p longa, basi 6-9 /a lata, subito in collum obliquum, curvatum v. interdum

rectum, 2-5-6 p longum, 2-5-4 p crassum attenuata. Setae myceliales haud numerosae,

praecipue juxta perithecia evolutae, simplices, rectae v. plus minus curvatae, ubique pellu-

cidae, septatae, 180-240 p longae, inferne 7-7-5 p crassae, obscure brunneae, apicem versus

pallidiores, haud vel vix attenuatae, acutae, rarissime obtusae v. rotundatae. Perithecia

globosa, atra, verrucosa, 140-175 p diam. Asci 2-spori. Sporae brunneae, 4-septatae,

cylindraceae, utrinque rotundatae, leniter constrictae, 30-35 x 11-14 p.

Hab. in foliis Atalayae natalensis, in sylvis Ngomi, leg. Joubert, 33912.

Colonies predominantly epiphyllous, liypophyllous colonies rare, scattered, dull black,

more or less round, up to 3-5 mm. diam.

Mycelium more or less closely reticulate. Hyphae rather thin-walled, snuff-brown

shading to deep olive-buff at the tips, 7-9 p thick, usually more or less undulating, with

short cells 11-15 p long; there are some hyphae almost straight, with few hyphopodia

and cells up to 35 p long ; branching usually opposite, with branches emerging almost at

right angles to the main hyphae. Capitate hyphopodia rather numerous, usually one to

each cell of the hypha, mostly alternate, rarely opposite, making a wide angle with the

hypha, 14-17-5 p long ; basal cell short, cylindrical, 4-5 /x long and 7-5-9 p broad ; head

cell ovate or cylindrical, usually broadly rounded, less frequently truncate or somewhat

angular, very rarely sub-lobed, 10-12-5 /x long, 10-11 p broad. Mucronate hyphopodia

usually on separate hyphae, but occasionally intermingled with the capitate hyphopodia,

alternate, unilateral or opposite, not paler than the hyphae, ampulliform, 12-5-17-5 p

long ; sub-globose to oval at the base, which is 6-9 p diam., constricted suddenly above

into a neck 2 • 5-6 p long and 2 • 5-4 p thick, oblique, curved or occasionally straight. Mycelial

setae not numerous, mostly in the neighbourhood of the perithecia, simple, abruptly genicu-

late at the base and almost straight, or somewhat sinuous, occasionally subfalcate, translucent

throughout or sub-opaque near the dark brown base, paler towards the apex ; usually

4-septate, the transverse walls being conspicuous ; 180-240 p long, 7-7 • 5 p thick at the base,

not tapering or tapering very slightly to the apex, which is 5-7 • 5 p thick ; apex acute,

rarely obtuse or rounded.

Perithecia first formed near the centre of the colony, later scattered, globose, black,

carbonaceous, 140-175 p diam., surface cells convex to conical. Asci 2-spored, evanescent.

Spores cylindrical, 4-septate, slightly constricted at the septa, broadly rounded at both ends,

olive-brown, 30-35 x 11-14 p.

on leaves of Atalaya natalensis R. A. Dyer, Ngomi Forest, Joubert, 33912.

215. Meliola campylotricha Syd.

Ann. Myc. 22 (1924) p. 420.

on Cassinopsis tinifolia Harv., Eshowe, E. M. Laughton, 33511.

This is a new host record. Meliola campylotricha was originally described on Apodytes

dimidiata E. Mey., collected in the Woodbush by van der Byl (v. d. Byl 1515).

216. Meliola capnodioides Thuem.

von Thuemen in Flora 1876, p. 568.

in Plectranthi ciliati E. Mey., foliis vivis in sylvis prope Grahamstown, Promont. bonae

spei, Julio 1876. Leg. P. MacOwen, No. 1259.

The portion of the type collection, MacOwan 1259, to be found in the Cryptogamic

Herbarium in Pretoria is parasitised, but it is identical with a number of more recent col-

lections on Plectranthus and other Labiates, some of which are in excellent condition. It

is obvious that Meliola capnodioides Thuem. is the correct name for the Meliola found on

plants belonging to the Labiatae in South Africa.

848

For various reasons this specific name has been rejected or overlooked. In 1882,

Kalchbrenner (Grev. X : 147) published the following note : —

“ Meliola amphitricha Fr.

In fob Justiciae anagalloides Nees, Natal, Wood Nos. 241, 22, 57.

In Plectranthi ciliati et Hypsobromo elato ad Somerset East et Grahamstown,

leg. MacOwan, Nos. 1259, 1292, 1328.”

Several different fungi are quoted by Kalchbrenner under the name Meliola amphitricha ;

MacOwan No. 1259 is M. capnodioides Thuem., No. 1328 is M . capensis (Kalchbr. and Cooke)

Theiss., and No. 1292 is MacOivaniella congesta (Wint.) Doidge on Carissa bispinosa ; in the

case of collection 1292, it is possible that M. carissae was also present on some of the leaves.

Gaillard [Le Genre Meliola (1892) p. 77] states that according to Cooke M. capnodioides

Thuem. belongs to M. amphitricha and Stevens [Ann. Myc. 26 (1928) p. 289] quotes M.

capnodioides as a synonym for M. amphitricha Fr., a specific name which, as Arnaud has

shown [Les Asterinees (1918) p. 228] must be rejected. Stevens includes a South African

fungus on Plectranthus (No. 11576) under Meliola Psychotriae Earle, which was originally

described on Psychotria (Rubiaceae) from Porto Rico ; he also includes in this species a

number of fungi on Acanthaceae.

In the account of the South African species of the Meliolineae [Doidge and Sydow,

Bothalia 2 (1928) p. 459], MacOwan 1259 was listed under M. Psychotriae Earle, with the

comment that the specimen is labelled M . capnodioides and is included by Gaillard under

M. amphitricha Fr. The original description of M. capnodioides was not seen until

MacOwan’s “ Opuscula Botanica ” were acquired, in which were included reprints from

Flora of von Thuemen’s papers on Fungi austro-africani.

M. Psychotriae Earle [Bull. N. York Bot. Gard. 3 (1905) 308] is a very similar species,

and a critical study of the Meliolas of this group (Group 9, Stevens l.c., p. 233) occurring on

Rubiaceae, Acanthaceae and Labiatae is desirable. In view of the habitual narrow host

limitation of the species of Meliola, it is hardly likely that a single species will cover a range

of hosts including genera of all three families. Should this prove to be the case, the name

M. capnodioides Thuem. has priority. In the meantime, the South African collections

must be classified as follows : —

Meliola capnodioides Thuem.

von Thuemen, Flora 1876, p. 568 ; Sacc. Syll. Fung. I : 61.

snb Meliola amphitricha Fr., Kalchbrenner, Grev. X (1882) 147 ; Gaillard Le

Genre Meliola (1892) 77 ; Stevens, Ann. Myc. 26 (1928) 289.

sub Meliola microspora Pat. and Gaill. var. africana Doidge, Trans. Roy. Soc.

S. Afric. Y (1917), 732.

snb Meliola microspora Pat and Gaill., Nel. Ann. Univ. Stell. (1942) 20.

on Labiatae :

Plectranthus ciliatus E. Mey., Grahamstown, MacOwan 1259, 20799 ; Inanda,

Medley Wood 604, 10350, Kew ; Umzinto Bush, Wager, 32697.

Plectranthus sp., Buccleuch, Doidge, 11576; Inanda, Medley Wood, 10353;

Woodbush, Doidge, 1766.

Stachys aethiopica Linn., Xumeni Forest, Morgan and Doidge, 29895.

Stachys sp., Kat River Valley, Moore, 21027 ; Xumeni Forest, Doidge, 33110.

Labiatae undet., Woodbush, Doidge 17768.

The collections on Acanthaceae previously included (Doidge and Sydow, l.c.) under

M . Psychotriae Earle are not this species, and are being dealt with by Mr. C. G. Hansford

in one of the papers in his series on Tropical Fungi.

849

217. Meliola Hippocrateae Doidge nov. spec.

Plagulae epiphyllae tenues, effusae. Mycelium reticulatum, ex hyphis brunneis,

opposite ramosis, rectiusculis v. leniter undulatis, 6-7 p, raro usque 9 p crassis compositum,

Hyphopodia capitata sat numerosa, plerumque alternantia v. unilateralia, raro opposita,

plerumque paullo antrorsum directa, cellula basali breviter cylindracea, 2-5-6 p longa et

5-7-5 p lata, apicali ovata v. cylindracea, 11-14 p longa et 8-10 p lata. Hyphopodia

mucronata opposita v. unilateralia, ampullacea, plus minus curvata v. gibbosa, raro rectius-

cula, 15-25 p longa, e basi 5-7 • 5 p lata subito in collum 7 • 5-15 p longum et ca. 2 • 5 p latum,

rectum obliquum v. curvatum attenuata. Setae myceliales modice numerosa, praecipue

juxta perithecia evolutae, 250-400 p longae, ad basim 6-7-5 p latae, atrobrunneae sub-

opacae, sursum sensim attenuatae ad apicem pellucidem vario modo denticulatae v. breviter

furcatae dentibus plerumque 2-3, 5-7-5 p longis v. bifurcatae ramulis usque 12-5 p longis-

interdum denticulatis, vel irregulariter denticulatae v. incisae. Perithecia baud numerosa,

globosa, atra, verrucosa, 150-170 p diam. Asci non visi. Sporae oblongae, utrinqun

rotundatae, 4-septatae, plus minus constrictae, 37-5-45 x 13-15 p.

Hab. in foliis Hippocrateae Schlechteri, Karkloof prope Maritzburg, leg. Doidge, 14971.

Fig. 2. — Meliola Hippocrateae, mycelium with capitate and mucronate hyphopodia ; tips of mycelia

setae ; spores.

850

Colonies epiphyllous, thin, effuse. Mycelium reticulate ; hyphae dark olive-buff to

snuff-brown, straight to undulating slightly, 6-7 • 5 p or occasionally up to 9 p thick ; cells

17-5-25 p long; branching usually opposite. Capitate hyphopodia fairly numerous,

mostly alternate or unilateral ; often alternate, with one hyphopodium to each cell of the

hypha, occasionally opposite, 14—20 p long, usually inclined towards the hypha ; stipe cell

cylindrical, 2-5-6 p long, 5-7-5 p broad ; head cell ovate or occasionally cylindrical, 11-14

X 8-10 p. Mucronate hyphopodia interspersed with the capitate hyphopodia or on separate

short branches, opposite or unilateral, or opposite a capitate hyphopodium, ampulliform,

more or less curved or gibbous, rarely almost straight, not paler than the hyphae, 15-25 p

long, 5-7-5 p broad at the base, constricted suddenly into a neck which is 7-5-15 p long and

2-5 p thick. Mycelial setae not very numerous, more or less grouped in the neighbourhood

of the perithecia, 250-400 p long, translucent, snuff-brown at the tips, darker, sub-opaque

and 6-7-5 p thick at the base, tapering gradually upwards; tips simple, acute, or 2-3-

dentate or bifurcate ; teeth minute or 5-7-5 p long, more or less symmetrical, or bifurcate,

with branches up to 12-5 p long, one branch sometimes bidentate ; or asymmetrically

dentate or notched.

Perithecia not numerous, black, globose, carbonaceous, 150-170 p diam., cells of the

perithecial wall slightly convex. Asci not seen. Spores 4-septate, oblong, broadly rounded

at both ends, constricted at the septa, 37-5-45 X 13-15 p.

on leaves of Hippocratea Schlechteri Loes., Karkloof, nr. Maritzburg, Doidge, 14971.

218. Meliola Knysnae Doidge nov. spec.

Plagulae amphigenae, atrae, sparsae, plus minus rotundatae, usque 2-5 mm. diam.,

vel numerosae et confluendo majores. Mycelium reticulatum, ex hyphis copiose ramosis,

brunneis, plus minus undulatis, 7-5-9 p crassis compositum. Hyphopodia capitata altern-

antia, raro unilateralia, recta v. curvata, 25-37 • 5 p longa ; cellula basali subcylindracea,

6-12-5 p longa, basi 5-6 p, ad septum 6-8 p lata ; apicali quoad formam variabili, 15-20 p

lata, plerumque 2-5-lobata. Hyphopodia mucronata pauca, pallidiora, 20-27-5 p longa,

e basi 7-5-8 p crassa sensim in collo breve attenuata. Setae myceliales sat numerosae,

:sparsae, atrae, opacae, simplices, rectae v. plus minus flexuosae v. falcatae, plerumque

400-500 p longae, inferne 5-9 p crassae, sursum leniter attenuatae ad apicem obtusum

2-5-4 p latam ; apicem versus saepe leniter dilutiores et interdum plus minus torulosae.

Perithecia (vix matura) sparsa, atra, globosa, verrucosa, 120-150 p diam. Asci non visi.

Sporae 3-septatae, oblongae, utrinque leniter attenuatae, plus minus constrictae, 50-58

X 17-5-22-5 p.

Hab. in foliis llicis mitis in sylvis Knysna, leg. Doidge, 17210 a.

Colonies amphigenous, dull black, scattered, more or less circular, up to 2-5 mm. diam.,

or numerous, becoming confluent and forming larger, irregular blotches. Mycelium reticu-

late, forming a more or less close network. Hyphae at first pale, fuscous, soon becoming

buffy-brown, and older hyphae olive-brown, 7-5-9 p thick, more or less undulating, cells

17-5-22-5 p long, hyphae branching rather freely, branches alternate or irregular, usually

emerging at an acute angle and tapering slightly at the junction with the main hyphae.

Capitate hyphopodia alternate, rarely unilateral, one to each cell of the hypha, or more

remote and one to every second cell, straight, curved or abruptly bent, 25-37-5 p long;

basal cell sub-cylindrical, often tapering somewhat to the base, 6-12-5 p long, 6-8 p thick

at the septum, 5-6 p thick at the base, rarely gibbous ; apical cell very variable in form,

15-20 p broad, 2-5-lobed ; lobes shallow, rounded or truncate, with sinus usually rounded,

often broadly so. Mucronate hyphopodia rare, interspersed with the capitate hyphopodia,

.slightly paler than the hyphae, narrow conical to sub-ampulliform with a short neck, 21-27-5

X 7-5-8 p. Mycelial setae fairly numerous, scattered, black, opaque except near the apex,

simple, straight, abruptly bent almost at right angles or more or less flexuous or falcate,

mostly 400-500 p long, 7-5-9 p thick at the base, tapering gradually to a blunt tip 2-5-4 p

thick ; sometimes slightly torulose near the apex through nodal swellings near the septa.

851

spores.

Perithecia (not mature) scattered, black, globose, 120-150 /a diam. ; outer wall composed

of convex cells. The perithecia would probably be larger when mature. Asci not seen.

Spore 3-septate, ellipsoid-oblong, tapering somewhat to broadly rounded ends, slightly

constricted at the septa, 50-58 X 17-5-22-5 g.

on leaves of Ilex mitis (L.) Radik., Deepwalls, Knysna, Doidge, 17210 a.

Hennings (Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 17, 1893, p. 523) has described a Meliola on Ilex from

Brazil. It has 3-septate spores, 50-65 X 18—21 g, approximating in size those of M.

Knysnae, and has hyphae 10-14 g thick, considerably thicker than those of the fungus

described above. Neither hyphopodia nor setae are mentioned in the original description,

and no specimen was available for comparison.

219. Meliola Oncinotidis Doidge nov. spec.

Plagulae epiphyllae, sparsae, aterrimae, plus minus rotundatae, 1-2-5 mm. diam.

Mycelium ex hyphis reticulato-ramosis pellucide brunneis, 6-7-5 g crassis, breviter articu-

latis, cellulis 15-25 g longis compositum, ramis oppositis. Hyphopodia capitata numerosa,

opposita, alternantia v. unilateralia, recta, rarius leniter curvata, 15-20 g longa ; cellula

inferiore cylindracea, 3-5 g longa, 6-9 g lata, superiora ovata, rarius cylindracea, v. paullo

irregulari, 12-15 g longa, 6-9 g lata. Hyphopodia mucronata modice evoluta, opposita

v. unilateralia, haud pallidiore, ampullacea, recta v. gibbosa, 15-22-5 g longa, basi 6-9 g

ata, subito in collum rectum v. curvatum, 5-9 g longum et 2-4 g latum attenuata. Setae

myceliales numerosae, rectae v. plus minus curvatae, 250-500 g longae, inferne 7-5-9 g

latae, obscure brunneae, subopacae, sursum pallidiores, pellucidae, sensim leniterque

852

attenuatae, ad apicem 5-6 pi latae interdum simplices obtusae, plerumque dentibus 2 mox

brevibus 2 • 5-6 pi tantum longis mox elongatis tunc 12 • 5-47 ■ 5 pi longis praeditae. Perithecia

iu centro plagularum pauca, aggregata, globosa, atra, 150-220 pi diam., pariete e cellulis

convexis composito. Asci 2-spori, Sporae brunneae, oblongae, 4-septatae, utrinque

rotundatae, constrictae, 39-45 X 14-16 pi.

Hab. in foliis Oncinotidis inandensis, Zululand, leg. G-erstner, 33509.

I' to. 5. — Meliola Oncinotidis, mycelium with capitate and mucronate hyphopodia ; tips of mycelial setae

spores.

Colonies epiphyllous, dense, black, round, 1-2-5 mm. diam. Mycelium branching

freely, becoming more or less closely reticulate, densely so in the centre of the colony.

Hvphae deep olive-buff at the tips, becoming huffy-brown to tawny-olive, undulating,

6 7-5 pi thick, rather closely septate, cells 15-25 /a long, hvphae often narrowed somewhat

near the septa. Branches usually opposite. Capitate hyphopodia numerous, opposite,

alternate or unilateral, at right angles to the hypha or inclined towards it at an acute angle,

straight, rarely slightly curved, 15-20 pi long ; stipe cell cylindrical, 3-5 pi long, 6-9 pi broad ;

head cell ovate, rarely cylindrical with rounded apex or somewhat irregular, 12-15 pi long,

7-5 10 pi broad. Mucronate hyphopodia interspersed with capitate hyphopodia, opposite

or unilateral, often opposite a. capitate hvphopodium, not paler than the hvphae, ampulli-

853

form, straight or gibbous, 15-22 - 5 p long, 6-9 p thick at the base, constricted suddenly

into a curved or straight neck, 5-9 p long and 2-4 p thick. Mycelial setae numerous,

straight or abruptly bent at the base, sometimes slightly curved, more or less translucent

throughout or sub-opaque near the base, 250-500 p long, 7-5-9 p thick and buffy-brown

to olive-brown at the base, tapering gradually upwards to 5-6 p and becoming paler, deep

to dark buff; apex sometimes simple with blunt tip, most frequently bifid with teeth

2-5-6 p long, or with longer tapering branches, 12-5-47-5 p long, sometimes minutely and

irregularly 3-4-dentate.

Perithecia more or less closely grouped in the centre of the colony, black, globose,

carbonaceous, 150-200 p diam., surface cells convex. Asci 2-spored, evanescent. Spores

snuff-brown, oblong, 4-septate, broadly rounded at both ends, constricted at the septa,

39-45 X 14-16 p.

on leaves of Oncinotis inandensis Wood and Evans, Zululand, Gerstner 2598, 33509 ;

Buccleuch nr. Cramond, Natal, Doidge, 9722.

Material is unfortunately very sparse ; on No. 9722, the Meliola is associated on the

same leaves with Asterina Oncinotidis.

220. Meliola peddieicola Hansford.

Tropical Fungi I, Journ. Linn. Soc., London.

Colonies amphigenous, thin, dull black, effuse and irregular in outline. Mycelium

loosely reticulate. Hyphae deep olive-buff at tips, becoming buffy-brown, slightly and

Fic. 6. — Meliola peddieicola, mycelium with capitate and mucronate hyphopodia ; tips of my dial

setae ; spores.

854

irregularly undulating, 5-7 p thick, cells mostly 22-5-30 p long. Capitate hyphopodia

alternate, unilateral or occasionally opposite, straight or slightly curved, 17-5-22-5 p long ;

stipe cell short, cylindrical, ca. 5 p long and 5-6 p thick ; head cell 14-17-5 p long and

7-10 p broad, ovate or cylindrical. Mucronate hyphopodia not numerous, opposite, altern-

ate or scattered, interspersed with the capitate hyphopodia and occasionally opposite to

one of them, ampulliform, usually gibbous, rarely straight, 12-5-22-5 p long, 6-7-5 p broad

at the base, constricted suddenly above into a neck which is 5-6 p long and 2-2-5 p thick.

Mycelial setae not very numerous, mostly grouped round the perithecia, 300-450 p long,

straight but abruptly geniculate at the base, or slightly curved, olive-brown, sub-opaque

and 7-9 p thick at the base, tapering slightly and becoming somewhat paler towards the

apex, which is translucent and buffy-brown ; apex simple, acuminate, irregularly notched

and toothed with usually 2-3 minute teeth, or definitely 2-3-furcate with branches 4-17-5 p

long ; branches often uneven in length and one often bidentate.

Perithecia few, grouped in the centre of the colony, black, globose, carbonaceous,

130-160 p diam., surface cells conical. Asci not seen. Spores 4-septate, cylindrical, not

tapering or tapering very slightly to broadly rounded ends, slightly constricted at the

septa, 35-39 x 12-5-15 p.

on leaves of Peddiea africana Harv., Woodbush, K. M. Putterill, 32465 b.

221. Balansia Trachypogonis Doidge nov. spec.

Pseudosclerotia in gemmis e foliis plerumque tribus constitutis evoluta, semper solitaria,

recta v. arcuata, cylindracea compressa, 1-3 cm. longa, basi lata folio obsessa, in media

parte 2-3 mm. crassa, apicem versus sensim attenuata, atra, intus albida. Stromata

convexa, variae magnitudinis plerumque partem dimidiam inferiorem pseudosclerotiorum

sine spatio occupantia, subinde etiam fere ad apicem sclerotiorum producta, t-ota super-

ficie ob ostiola peritheciorum dense minuteque verrucosa. Perithecia oblongo-lageniformia,

immersa, dense stipata, e mutua pressione haud raro plus minus irregularia, 200-350 p

alta, 70-120 p lata, superne subito in ostiola cylindracea v. anguste conica 100-130 p longa

attenuata ; parietibus sub-hyalinis 12-16 p crassis separata. Asci longe cylindracei,

plerumque recti sed quandoque etiam curvuli, p. sp. 150-200 p longi, ca. 5 p lati, postice

in stipitem tenuem attenuati, antice rotundati, tenuiter tunicati, ad apicem ca. 5 p incras-

sati, 6-8-spori. Sporae tenuiter filiformes, longitudinem ascorum fere aequantes, 1-25-

2-5 p crassae, hyalinae, pluriseptatae, extra ascos facile in articulos secedentes.

Hab. in axillis foliorum semper ad nodos culmorum Trachypogonis plumosi, prope

Pretoria, leg. Pole Evans, 9543 b.

Pseudosclerotia developing at the nodes of somewhat abnormal culms, which branch

more freely than normal and have shorter internodes ; often found at several successive,

nodes.

The pseudosclerotium develops in the leaf axil, round a bud which usually consists of

three leaflets ; two of these, overlapping slightly, are closely adherent to the back of the

sclerotium, against the sheath, the third, still more or less involute, is embedded in the

fungous tissue. As the sclerotium develops, it may be straight, but frequently becomes

arched, forcing the sheath away from the stem ; it is flattened cylindrical or horn-shaped

1-3 cm. long, with broad base attached to the leaf sheath, 2-3 mm. broad in the centre,

tapering gradually to the apex, which may be free or enveloped in the sheath, surface black,

white within. Stromata develop on the exposed side, that is, facing the stem, they are

convex and vary in size, often covering the lower half of the sclerotium and extending

towards the tip.

Internally the sclerotium is white, consisting of very closely interwoven hyphae,

2 2-5 p thick ; this structure continues into the stroma, but at the surface of the latter,

there is a firm, dark purplish-brown cortex, 25-30 p thick, covering the perithecia.

Perithecia immersed, oblong-lageniform, crowded, often compressed laterally or even

irregular in form through mutual pressure ; total length 300-430 p ; ascigerous part oval

855

to ellipsoid, 200-300 p long, 70-120 p diam., narrowed suddenly above into the ostiole.

Ostiole cylindrical or narrow conical, straight or curved, not protruding, but fused with the

cortex of the stroma, which is raised and hemispherical over the perithecium ; ostiole

traversed by a pore which is 15-20 p broad at the base, 12-15 p at the apex, lined with

numerous hyaline periphyses. Perithecial wall almost colourless, not sharply differentiated

from the stroma, but separating the perithecia by 15-20 p. Asci numerous, long, cylindrical,

rounded at the apex, tapering gradually at the base into a fine stalk, 6-8-spored, sp. part

150-200 p long, ca. 5 p thick, thin-walled, thickened at the apex to 5 p. Spores hyaline,

slender, filiform, almost equalling the ascus in length, 1 -25-1 -5 p thick, pluriseptate, outside

the ascus readily breaking into segments.

on Trachypogon plumosus Nees, Kaalfontein, Pole Evans, 9543 b, 9435, 10082, 28581 ;

Johannesburg, Bottomley, 26607.

Urelytrum squarrosum Hack., near the old Standerton Road. Pole Evans, 8825.

? on Andropogon amplectens Nees, Meintjes Kop, Mogg, 25439.

Epichloe Volkensii P. Henn. [= Ophiodothis Volkensii (P. Henn.) Sacc. ] described on

Exotheca abyssinica from tropical Africa is probably a Balansia sp., and may possibly be

identical with the fungus described on Trachypogon. According to the description, the

stromata are somewhat similar but smaller, up to 1 cm. long and 2 mm. thick, perithecia

subglobose, asci cylindrical, spores filiform. No measurements are given and the type

was not available for comparison.

222. Epichloe cinerea Berk and Br.

Journ. Linn. Soc. 14 (1875) p. Ill (Fungi of Ceylon No. 982).

? Epichloe Zahlbruckneriana P. Hennings, Ann. Nat. Hist. Hofmus. Wien (1900)

p. 1 ; Sacc. Syll. Fung. XVI : 607.

Epichloe Eragrostis Pole Evans, Ann. Bolus Herb. 2 (1918) p. 110.

Stromata usually enveloping and destroying the whole inflorescence, but occasionally

partly developed spikelets can be seen incompletely covered by fungous tissue. Stromata

sub-cylindrical, tapering to the apex, usually 4-8 cm. long and 2-3-5 mm. thick ; on some

hosts, e.g. Bewsia, shorter, 2-3 cm. long. Stroma white within ; surface grey, smooth or

somewhat verrucose to the naked eye ; with a hand lens, the surface appears most frequently

ashen grey, occasionally darker, rarely smooth, when dry traversed by undulating and

anastomosing, more or less longitudinal grooves ; rather closely set with punctiform ostioles,

which are more or less seriate on ridges between the grooves, convex, protruding, shiny

black, round to oval.

The centre of the stroma consists of a close fungous tissue, consisting of closely inter-

woven, fine, hyaline hyphae ; in this are included the broken-down remnants of host tissues,

the vascular elements being more or less intact. Towards the periphery, the stroma tissue

is slightly tinted, and near the surface forms a cortex of still closer texture, greyish-fuscous

to olive-grey in colour ; there is a thin hyaline layer outside this cortex, which gives the

stroma its characteristic grey colour.

Perithecia formed in large numbers in one layer near the periphery, flask-shaped, 250-

350 p long, including the ostiole, which is 90-100 p long ; ascigerous part ellipsoid to sub-

globose, 150-220 p high, 90-170 p broad. The ostiole protrudes slightly, but at the periphery

is continuous with, and fused with the cortex of the stroma, which becomes convex at this

point. Ostiole traversed by a pore, which is cylindrical or narrow conical, 25-40 p broad

at the base, 10-20 p at the apex, lined with numerous hyaline periphyses. Asci fasciculate,

cylindrical, rounded at the apex, tapering to the base, straight or curved, 6-8-spored, sp.

part 90-175 p long, 4-6 p diam., mostly about 150 X 6 p, thin-walled, thickened at the apex.

Spores filiform, slightly curved, very variable in length, 35-87-5 p long, rarely more than

856

65 /x long, 1-1-25 /x thick, hyaline, 3-7-septate, tapering gradually to the apex and slightly

to the base, readily breaking apart at the septa ; the segments, which are often 20-30 /x

long, are distinguishable from the shorter spores by their truncate ends.

on Bewsia biflora Goosens, Rietvlei, Pretoria district, Murray and Acocks, 30249 ;

Fountains Valley, Mogg, 11334 ; Kaalfontein, Pole Evans, 9543 a.

Ctenium concinnum Nees, Himeville, Storey, 32495.

Digitaria Brazzae Stapf, Marandellas, Rattray (Rh. 1855) 30111, det. Mason.

Digitaria diagonalis Stapf, Groenkloof, Pole Evans, 11871.

Eragrostis chloromelas Steud., Pretoria, Pole Evans, 9159.

Eragrostis curvula Nees, Umzimkulu, Browne, 9688.

Eragrostis plana Nees, Kentani, Pegler, 2076, 2139, 2190; Tabamhlope, 1 Vest,

30519 ; Mooi River, Mogg, 10063, 10076 ; Bot. Gardens, Durban, Kent, 15455 ;

Moedig Siding, Mainprize, 28538 ; Tweedie, Mogg, 10066.

Eragrostis robusta Stent, Hopevale, Morgan, 27749.

Eragrostis sclerantha Nees, Donkerpoort, Doidge and Bottomley, 29761.

Eragrostis spp., Durban, Baker, 32016 ; Vereniging, L. C. Turner, 8977.

Microchloa caffra Nees, Groenkloof, Pole Evans, 11872.

Panicum natalense Hochst., Roberts Heights, Mogg, 33431.

Setaria nigrirostris Dur. and Schinz, Groenkloof, E. P. Phillips, 14248.

Sporobolus capensis Kunth., Acton Homes, L. A. Doidge, 25897 ; Eshowe, Gerstner,

28580 ; Lidgetton, Mogg, 11637 ; Thorneville Junction, Doidge, 865.

Tristachya Rehmanni Hack., Kaalfontein, Pole Evans, 9542.

on grass undet., Natal, Medley Wood 3959 ; Donnybrook, Gordon, 30790 ; Cramond,

Pole Evans, 1369, 1395 ; Lidgetton, Mogg, 11639 ; Fairy Glen, Lounsbury,

17051 ; Skinner’s Court, nr. Pretoria, Pole Evans, 745 ; Fountains Valley, Mogg,

11335 ; Orange Free State, Nobbs, 20910 ; Basutoland, Dieterlen, 11715, 18025 ;

Mt. Insizwa, Krook (R. Penther 2205, Type of Epichloe Zahlbruckneriana P.

Henn.).

Epichloe occurs in South Africa on a wide range of grass hosts, but has not been found

on any species of the Andropogoneae, which form a large proportion of the indigenous

grasses. Numerous collections have been examined, and 12 numbers on various hosts

studied in detail. The fungus appears to be most common in Natal and the eastern part

of the Cape Province on species of Eragrostis and on Sporobolus capensis ; the latter host

is often so severely affected that it is difficult to find a normal flowering head.

I am indebted to Mr. E. W Mason for notes on collections of Epichloe from Africa

in the herbarium of the Imperial Mycological Institute and in Kew Herbarium. In a letter

dated the 4th April, 1943, he writes : — ■

“ I have just compared this specimen (on Digitaria Brazzae, J. C. Hopkins, 1855)

with three other specimens in our herbarium identified as above ; they are (1) on Sporo-

bolus pyramidalis from the Gold Coast ; (2) on Setaria aurea from Kenya, and (3) on

Trichopteryx sp. from Uganda (Maitland 470). They all seem to me identical in stromata,

asci and ascospores with one another and with Thwaites 509 on Eragrostis nutans from

( .'eylon (in Herb. Kew) which is the type of Epichloe cinerea Berk and Br.

“ Revised descriptions of the species have been given by Petch (Ann. Rov. Bot.

Gard. Peradinya VI, Pt. 2, p. 173 : 1916) from the co-type, and by Sydow and Butler

(Ann. Myc. IX, p. 394 : 1911) from Indian material, which, however, is not available here.

I am not quite sure how the asci and spores should properly be described. In

all the specimens, the asci vary in length from about 90-150 g long, and are very close to

857

4 p broad. In the shorter asci, the ascospores appear to be the length of the ascus, but

free ascospores 150 p long have not been observed. They are generally freed in portions

20-30 p long, but this may be due to rough handling.

“ From a note in our Herbarium, the asci of Epichloe Eragrostidis Pole Evans from

South Africa (in Herb. Kew) on Eragrostis plana show about the same variation.”

A careful examination of numerous spores from fresh material indicates that the spores

are not as long as the ascus, as stated by Petch and by Sydow and Butler (l.c.) except pos-

sibly in the shorter asci ; the maximum length observed was 87 • 5 p. The hyaline, filiform

spores are slightly twisted together in the ascus and it is impossible to measure the length

accurately until they are free ; they are rarely more than 65 p long and taper slightly to

both ends, more gradually to the apex ; they are thus distinguishable from the segments

with truncated ends.

No. 14248, on Setaria nigrirostris was listed by Doidge and Bottomley (Bot. Survey

S. Africa. Memoir 11, p. 26 : 1931) as Epichloe Zahlbruckneriana P. Henn., a species described

by Hennings (l.c.) from culms of an unidentified grass found in Griqualand East. The

description of the stroma of this fungus does not differ in any essential from that of Epichloe

cinerea ; the asci are said to be 150-220 p long, measurements which possibly include the

sterile tapering base, in which case the sporiferous part would not exceed 175 p in length ;

ascospores are said to be 0-5-0 -8 p thick, slightly thinner than the measurements given

above, which were made from spores which had been immersed in 5 per cent, lactic acid.

There is little doubt that E. Zahlbruckneriana is identical with E. cinerea, but unfortunately

the type has not been available for comparison.

The conidial stage described by Hennings has not been observed, but Pole Evans’

“ stromatibus primo rubicundis conidiophoris ” evidently refers to the conidia-bearing

mycelium of Fusarium ciliatum, which is frequently found covering large areas of the

Epichloe stroma.

223. Neopeckia Caesalpiniae Doidge nov. spec.

Perithecio in subiculo late effuso ex hyphis brunneis 4-5 p crassis rigidis, longis, septatis,

cellulis 15-20 p longis, simplicibus, interdum paullum fasciculatis, rectis v. divergentibus

vix repentibus insidentes ; primo gregaria v. confertula, deinde densissime aggregata,

obovoidea v. sphaeroidea, vel mutua pressione paulum irregularia, vertice applanata v.

late rotundata, pilis rigidis, flexuosis saepe genuflexis, brunneis, ad apicem pallidioribus,

hyphis mycelii similibus undique nisi ad apicem vestita, nigra, carbonacea, 350-500 p alta,

280-360 p diam. Asci numerosi, 8-spori, cylindracei, sursum rotundati, deorsum plus

minus longe pedicellati, 100-125 X 10-11 p, p. sp. Sporae oblique monostichae, ellipsoideae,

utrinque late rotundatae v. sensim attenuatae, 1-septatae, leniter v. vix constrictae, diu

hyalinae demum fuscidulae, 16-24 X 6-7-5 p, cellulis subequalibus v. superiore breviore

et latiore. Paraphyses numerossimae, filiformes, ramosae, ascos superantes.

, Hab. in ramulis dejectis Caesalpiniae sepiariae, Town Bush Valley, leg. Doidge, 34480.

Subiculum developing and spreading on the wood, sometimes covering areas up to

2- 5 cm. diam., consisting of long, rigid hyphae, olive-brown to huffy-brown, 4-5 p thick

and with cells 15-20 p long, simple or somewhat fasciculate, straight or divergent, rarely

creeping.

Perithecia may be based on decorticated wood, but, when the papery bark has not

fallen, the subiculum penetrates to the surface and the perithecia develop on the bark.

Perithecia from the first closely grouped, then becoming very densely crowded. They

form an almost continuous crust which, if developed on the wood, extends over an area

up to 2-5 X 1-5 cm. ; or, if on the bark, covering more restricted areas, usually 5-7 X

3- 6 mm. Perithecia black, carbonaceous, obovoid or globose, or slightly irregular through

mutual pressure, broadly rounded or almost flat at the apex, cupulate when dry, 350-500 p

high, 280-370 p diam. Except for the apex, the perithecial wall is clothed with rigid hairs,

25-150 p, rarely up to 200 p long, 4-5 p thick, similar to the mycelial hyphae ; they are

858

more numerous, and usually longer, towards the base of the perithecium, flexuous or genicu-

late ; paler and more closely septate towards the apex, where they are rounded or slightly

distended and subclavate (5-6 p thick). Ostiole flat, almost crateriform, or rarely very

broadly truncate conical ; the ostiole usually breaks away, and the broken edges form the

rim of a flat, circular pore. Perithecial wall rough, consisting of several layers of flattened,

polygonal cells, 4-5-12-5 p diam., of which the outer layers are olive-brown, thick-walled

and to which the hairs besetting the perithecium are attached. The inner layers are thin-

walled, shading to dark olive-buff. The cells composing the ostiole are smaller.

The base of the perithecium is filled with a hyaline weft of fungous tissue, of which the

structure is not evident and on which the asci and paraphyses are borne. Asci numerous,

8-spored, narrow-cylindrical, straight or curved, rounded at the apex, tapering to a rather

long foot at the base, sp. part 100-125 x 10-11 p ; wall tough, ca. 1 p thick, slightly

thickened at the apex, 2-5-3 p.

Paraphyses very numerous, hyaline, filiform, flexuous, branched, exceeding the asci.

Spores obliquely monostichous, variable in form, ellipsoid, sub-clavate or sub-fusoid,

broadly rounded at both ends or tapering somewhat, 1 -septate, slightly constricted at the

septum or barely so, 16-24 x 6-7-5 p. Cells sub-equal, or, in the sub-clavate spores, the

upper somewhat shorter and broader than the lower ; in clavate spores 20-22 ■ 5 p long,

the upper cell was 9-10 p long and 7-7-5 p broad, the lower 11-12 X 6 p.

on fallen branches of Caesalpinia sepiaria Roxb., Town Bush Valley, Doidge , 34480.

224. Englerula Macarangae P. Henn.

Engl. Not. Jahrb. 34, p. 49 (1905).

Sacc. Syll. Fung. XVII : p. 529 ; Petrak, Ann. Myc. XXVI : p. 387 (1928).

Not on leaf spots ; colonies hypophyllous, scattered, round to irregular in outline,

up to 6 mm. diam., rarely larger. Mycelium ahyphopodiate, more or less reticulate ; closely

reticulate in the centre of the colony, loosely reticulate near the margin. Hyphae buffy-

olive to olive-brown, translucent, more or less deeply undulating, seldom almost straight,

2-4 p thick, main hyphae occasionally 5-6 p thick ; sometimes two or more hyphae running

parallel from strands.

Perithecia develop in the centre of the colony, often in groups of two or more which

may be closely crowded, remaining discrete or becoming fused at the base, sub-globose

or globose-ovoid, without ostiole. When immature, perithecia are 30-40 p diam., dark-

olive-brown at the base, paler above, consisting of roundish angular, rather thick-walled

cells 3-5-6 p diam., seldom up to 7 p ; at maturity becoming mucose-diffluent and swelling

up to a diameter of 100-200 p. The wall becomes pale and translucent, and the asci are

clearly visible. Asci few, usually 3-6, ovate, broadly clavate or oblong-ovate, broadly

rounded at the apex, tapering slightly to the base which is sessile or apiculate and some-

times curved, 8-spored, wall tough and 2-2-5 p thick, thickened (5-10 p) at the apex,

60-80 X 35-50 p. Spores distichous or imperfectly tristichous, oblong or oblong-clavate,

broadly rounded at both ends, broader and more broadly rounded at the upper end, 1-sep-

tate, more or less constricted at the septum, long remaining hyaline, becoming buffy-olive ;

almost opaque, blackish-brown when mature, 25-36 p long ; cells equal length, the upper

cell more or less ovoid, 15-17-5 p broad, lower cell narrow ovoid or almost truncate conical

and about 1-1 -5 p narrower than the upper.

Pycnidia (Oothecium Macarangae Petrak) round, very variable in size, mostly 30-100 rt

diam., membrane becoming mucose-diffluent near the apex when mature. Conidia in

smallest pycnidia single or few ; more or less numerous in the larger pycnidia. Conidia

ovoid, ellipsoid, almost globose or oblong-clavate, broadly rounded above, often tapering

somewhat to the lower end, which is rounded to truncate, 1 -celled, 20-35 x 15-20 p, buffv-

brown to blackish-brown, with a dark spot at each pole, surrounded by a paler, almost

hyaline zone. The conidia germinate at the poles.

on leaves of Macaranga capensis Benth., Eshowe, Laughton , 34112.

859

This is a tropical African species, recorded from tropical East Africa and from the Belgian

Congo. This is the first time that it has been found as far south as Zululand. The polar

zone in the conidia seems to correspond with the equatorial pale or hyaline zone found in

many Asterostomella conidia and in conidia of Oothecium stylosporum (Cke.) Doidge (Bothalia

4, Pt. 2, p. 327).

225. Didymella zuluensis Doidge nov. spec.

Perithecia ramulicola, in maculis subatris irregulariter circularibus v. oblongis, 1-2 mm.

latis, subinde saepe confluentibus et longioribus gregarie innata, globoso-depressa, 120-

170 p diam., 90-112 p alta, atra, epidermide quasi clypeiformiter denigratula tecta ; ostiolo

breviter conoideo haud prominulo 12-15 p lato pertuso ; pariete atro-brunneo, 10-12 p

crasso, context.u obscure parenchymatico. Asci numerosi, 8-spori, oblongi, firme crasseque

tunicata, antice rotundati, sessiles v. brevissime pedicellati, 45-55 x 6-7-5 p. Sporae

distichae, subfusoideae, utrinque leniter attenuatae, rotundatae, 1-septatae, haud constrictae,

hyaline, 11-14 x 3-4 p.

Hab. in ramulis Eugeniae zuluensis in sylvis Xumeni, prope Donnybrook, leg. Morgan

and Doidge, 29840.

Perithecia rather loosely grouped on twigs, immersed, covered by the epidermis, which

becomes slightly convex and discoloured dark brown to black. The perithecia are thus

grouped on dark spots which are at first irregularly round to oblong and 1-2 mm. diam. ;

these often become confluent, forming larger groups, which usually take the -form of narrow,

simple or branched, irregular ribbons running round the twig or diagonal to the axis.

Perithecia flattened globose, 120-170 p diam., 90-112 p high ; the host tissue on either

side of the perithecia is permeated by dark brown hyphae 2-2-5 p thick and the cell walls

are discoloured dark brown ; the epidermal cells become black and opaque and almost

clypeiform in appearance. Ostiole conical, not protruding, 25-45 p long, ca. 35 p broad

at the base, at the apex opening by a more or less circular pore 12-15 p diam. Perithecia!

wall dark brown, subopaque, 10-1 2 p thick, obscurely parenchymatous, giving place suddenly

within to a hyaline layer of equal thickness. Asci numerous, oblong, 8-spored, rounded

above, tapering slightly at the base, sessile or very briefly pedicellate, with a firm thick wall,

ca. 1 p thick, slightly thickened at the apex, 45-55 X 6-7-5 p. Spores distichous, sub-

fusoid, tapering slightly to rounded ends, hyaline, 1-septate, not constricted at the septum,

11-14 X 3-4 p ; cells equal in length or nearly so, but the upper cell is often slightly broader

than the lower ; spores conspicuously biguttulate.

on Eugenia zuluensis Dummer, on twigs, Xumeni Forest near Donnybrook, Morgan

and Doidge, 29840.

226. Leptosphaeria Pterocelastri Doidge nov. spec.

Maculae amphigenae, rotundatae vel irregulares, 5-10 mm. diam., interdum majores,

in pagina folii superiore cinerascentes margine olivaceo-brunneo limitatae, in inferiore

avellaneae. Perithecia epiphylla sparsa, parenchymate immersa, epidermide tecta dein

ostiolo papillato tenuissime prominula, globosa v. globoso-depressa, 200-250 p diam.,

125-185 p alta, contextu parenchymatico, pellucido, olivaceo-brunneo, ex cellulis compressis

10-15 x 2-5-5 p composito. Asci octospori, cylindracei, recti v. curvati, apice rotundati

incrassati, brevissime crasseque pedicellati, plerumque ex basi perithecii evoluti, 75-100 x

7-5-10 p, paraphysati. Sporae oblique monostichae, oblongae, utrinque late rotundatae,

2-septatae, rarissime 3-septatae, ad septa haud constrictae, rectae v. vix inaequilaterae,

olivaceae, 14-16 x 6-7 p.

Hab. in foliis Pterocelastri tricuspidati, Knysna, leg. E. M. Laughton, 35142.

Leaf spots dry, round to irregular in outline, often marginal, 5-10 mm. diam., occasion-

ally larger ; on the upper surface pale olive-grey with olive-brown border, avellanous on

the under side of the leaf.

860

Perithecia epiphyllous, scattered or subgregarious, innate in the mesophyll of the leaf,

the apex of the ostiole only rupturing the epidermis, but barely protruding. Perithecia

globose or flattened-globose, 200-250 p diam., 125-185 p high. Wall membranaceous,

deep olive, ca. 10 p thick at the base, consisting of several rows (four or more) of flattened,

thin-walled cells 10-15 p long and 2-5-5 p thick, paler and less distinct in structure above.

Ostiole deep olive at the apex, papillate or truncate-conical, lined with fine, hyaline peri-

physes, pore indistinct.

Asci 8-spored, arising from the base of the perithecium, cylindrical, straight or curved,

rounded and slightly thickened at the apex and with a very short thick foot, 75-100 x

7-5-10 p. Paraphyses hyaline, exceeding the asci. Spores monostichous, slightly oblique,

oblong, straight or somewhat asymmetrical, broadly rounded at both ends, often somewhat

flattened at each pole, 2-septate, very rarely 3-septate, not constricted at the septa, 14-16

X 6-7 p, at first hyaline, then dark olive-buff, olive-brown when fully mature.

on leaves of Pterocelastrus tricuspidatus Solid., Knysna, E. M. Laughton, 35142.

Closely associated, on the same leaf spots, with Pestalotia Pterocelastri Laughton,

and with other fungi.

227. Mycosphaerella Agapanthi (Kalchbr. and Cooke.) Landau.

in Engler and Prantl, Naturl. Pflanzenfam. 1 Teil, 1 Abt. (1897) p. 427.

Sphaerella Agapanthi Kalchbr. and Cooke, Grevillea 9 (1880) p. 31.

Perithecia developing on leaf spots, which are at first light brown, poorly defined,

scattered over the leaf surface, elliptic and up to 4 mm. long. The leaf spots increase in

size and become smoke-grey as the perithecia develop, often running together, especially

near the leaf tips and covering large areas of the leaf surface.

Perithecia closely and irregularly set in the leaf spots, shining black, round, punctiform,

discrete or in small, close groups of 2-4, rarely more ; developing under the epidermis and

becoming more or less erumpent, flattened globose, 80-100 p diam., 60-75 p high ; ostiole

very short, 10-15 p long, broadly and truncately conical, periphysate within and with a

more or less round pore ca. 15-20 p diam. Perithecial wall firm, membranous, composed

of several layers of large, blackish-brown, pellucid, thin-walled, roundish-angular or some-

what elongated cells, 7-5-12-5 X 7-5-10 p ; the cells are compressed laterally to a thickness

of 2-5-5 p; wall 7-5-12-5 p thick at the base, sometimes only slightly thicker above,

sometimes spreading out on either side to a radius of 30 p just under the cuticle, and around

the ostiole which protrudes only slightly. On the outside, the perithecial wall is connected

with hyphae which penetrate right through the leaf tissues ; these hyphae are fuscous,

mostly 5-6 p thick, frequently branched and septate and more or less tortuous. Within

the perithecial wall, the ascigerous layer is quite hyaline.

Asci not very numerous, ovate or ellipsoid, straight or curved, rounded at both ends,

often broader and more broadly rounded at the base and tapering somewhat to the apex,

sessile or with a very short, knob-like foot, 8-spored ; wall thin, 1 p or less, but firm, sightly

thickened (2-5 p) at the apex. Spores distichous, hyaline, oblong or oblong-clavate, rounded

at both ends, often slightly broader above, tapering slightly and gradually downwards,

more or less equally I -septate, not constricted at the septum or barely so, 15-20 X 4-5 p,

mostly ca. 17-5 X 5 p.

on Agapanthus africanus Hoffm., on leaves, Kentani, Pegler 2366, 9167 ; Durban,

van der Byl, 31954 a.

The original collection is MacOwan 1342, collected at Somerset East. The portion

of this collection in the Pretoria herbarium is labelled Pleospora herbarum Rabenh. ; un-

fortunately this material is in very poor condition and quite unfit for study. There are no

asci nor spores, these having apparently been destroyed by bacteria, and even the perithecia

861

are partly broken down. The fungus has been re-described from No. 9167. The spores

are somewhat larger than stated by Kalchbrenner and Cooke (15-18 X 3 p), but possibly

the material which they examined was not quite mature.

228. Mycosphaerella Moelleriana (Thuem.) Lindau.

in Engler and Prantl, Naturlich. Pflanzenfam. 1 Teil, 1 Abt. (1897) p. 425.

Perithecia on light brown or greyish-brown leaf spots, which are round to irregular in

outline, up to 10 mm. diam., becoming dry and surrounded by a narrow raised margin of a

darker brown. These spots are scattered, but often numerous, becoming coalescent and

thus larger and very irregular in outline ; in extreme cases the greater part of the leaf surface

is involved.

Perithecia amphigenous, but mostly hypophyllous, usually very numerous, closely and

irregularly grouped ; less frequently only a few perithecia develop on each spot. Perithecia

at first immersed, covered by the slightly raised epidermis, shining black, punctiform ;

later the epidermis ruptures and they are more or less exposed, or it remains covering the

perithecia, which are then punctiform-erumpent only by means of a papillate ostiole.

Perithecia minute, globose, 75-90 p diam. Perithecial wall 10-12 p thick, dark brown,

membranous, composed of several layers of thin-walled, brown, polygonal cella, 5-10 p

diam. ; these are somewhat compressed laterally and ca. 2-5 p thick. Ostiole verruciform,

not prominent in erumpent perithecia, papilliform in those which remain covered by the

epidermis and up to 20 p long, 15-20 p broad and traversed by a more or less circular pore

ca. 10 p diam. Asci fasciculate, obovate to obclavate, broadest near the base, tapering

somewhat to both ends, but more definitely towards the rounded apex, 8-spored, sessile or

sub-sessile, with a firm thick wall, 30-40 X 12-15 p. Spores distichous, oblong-clavate,

hyaline, rounded at both ends, but more broadly rounded above and tapering gradually

downwards, equally or sub-equally 1 -septate, not constricted at the septum or barely so,

upper cell somewhat broader than the lower, 10-13 X 2-3 p.

on Eucalyptus gigantea Dehnh., Hogsback, 20620.

Eucalyptus globulus Lab., Cedara, 26116, 26117, 26118, 26131 ; Natal Native Trust

Forests, 26125 ; Hilton Road, 26127, 26128 ; Merrivale, 26129, 26130 ; Krugers-

dorp, 32202.

Eucalyptus Maidenii F. Muell., Birnham Woods, Merrivale, 26126 ; Berlin, Cape)

23664 ; Cedara, 26119 ; Jessievale, 26107.

Eucalyptus saligna Sm., Natal Native Trust Forests, 26123.

Eucalyptus Stuartiana F. Muell., Cedara, 26120.

Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm., Natal Native Trust Forests, 26124.

Eucalyptus sp., Harding, Wilding, 28787.

The above specimens were all collected by officers of the Forestry Department, the

majority by the Forester at Cedara. A number of the collections show only immature

perithecia, others are in good condition, the best material being Nos. 26112, 26123 and

26124. A collection on Eucalyptus corynocalyx F. Muell. and one on Eu. maculata Hook.,

both from Cedara, are probably the same fungus, but the perithecia are undeveloped. The

characters and measurements of the fungus agree very closely with those given in the Sylloge

Fungorum I : 491, a detailed study having been made of three collections in three different

species of Eucalyptus.

In the South African Journ. Science 30 (1931) p. 227, Mycosphaerella Moelleriana is

described by Verwoerd and du Plessis ; they found the perithecia considerably larger

(Perithecia 163-248 p, asci 34-43 X 6-7 p and spores 10-20- 5 X 3-4-4 p). This form would

appear to be intermediate between the typical M. Moelleriana and var. megalospora da

Camara (Syll., Fung. XXII : 125) with asci 50-60 X 18-20 p and spores 20-25 X 6-8 p.

862

According to observations made by Forest officers, Eucalyptus globulus is more sus-

ceptible to attacks by this fungus than other species. In December, 1930, it was noticed

that leaf spots were very numerous in some stands of this species of Eucalyptus and that

they were beginning to develop in others ; at this time, some of the very young coppice

shoots had been almost completely defoliated ; by February the position was worse and

there was much defoliation in the young coppice growth. The fungus attacked chiefly

developed juvenile leaves ; leaf spots were rare on leaves which still retained their juvenile

glaucous covering and on semi-mature leaves ; leaf spots develop rapidly on coppice growth

after a rain or a few days of mist, especially if a spell of hot weather follows a good rain.

229. Mycosphaerella Plectranthi Doidge nov. spec.

Maculae amphigenae, sparsae, distinctissimae, orbiculares v. irregulares, saepe con-

fluentes, pallide brunneae, usque 3-5 mm. diam. Perithecia semper epiphylla, pauca,

irregulariter laxeque dispersa, sub epidermide evoluta, tandem sublibera, globosa, 75-85 y

diam. ; ostiolo piano papilliformi tandem poro rotundo 10-12 y aperto ; pariete 5-10 y

crasso, e stratis 2-3-cellularum rotundato- vel irregulariter angulatarum pellueide olivaceo-

bruimearum 5-7-5 y diam., 2-5-4 y crassarum composite, intus subito in contextum

hyalinum fibrosum transeunte. Asci sat numerosi, ellipsoidei v. clavati, antice late

rotundati, postice leniter attenuati, subsessiles v. breviter crasseque pedicellati, 8-spori,

p. sp. 32-5-40 X 7-9 y. Sporae distichae, oblongo-fusoideae vel subclavatae, utrinque

obtuse rotundatae, antice vix vel leniter, postice distincte attenuatae, rectae v. subrectae,

circa medium septatae, vix constrictae, hyalinae, 10-13 X 2-2-5 y. Paraphyses haud

visae.

Hab. in foliis Plectranthi fruticosi, in sylvis Knysna, leg. Bottomley, 32253.

Perithecia on leaf spots, which are very well defined, scattered or often confluent,

visible on both sides of the leaf, round to irregular in outline, light brown, up to 3-5 mm.

diam. Perithecia always epiphyllous, not numerous, irregularly scattered on the leaf

spots and usually distant from one another, at first immersed, later becoming more or less

free, globose, 75-85 y diam. ; ostiole short, flat, papilliform, 15-18 y long, with a more or

less round pore, 10-12 y diam. Perithecial wall 5-10 y thick ; at the base consisting of

2-3 layers of angular, more or less round or irregular cells, pellucid olive-brown, 5-7-5 y

diam., somewhat flattened and 2-5-4 y thick ; towards the ostiole the wall is somewhat

thicker. Asci fairly numerous, ellipsoid or clavate, straight or curved, broadly rounded

above, tapering slightly to a briefly pedicellate base, 8-spored, sporiferous part 32-5-40

X 7-9 y. Spores distichous, hyaline, oblong-fusoid or sub-clavate, tapering very slightly

to the upper end, more definitely to the lower end, more or less equally septate, very slightly

constricted at the septum, upper cell often slightly broader, especially just above the

septum, often slightly curved, 10-13 X 2-2-5 y. Paraphyses not seen.

on Plectranthus fruticosus L’Herit., on leaves, Knysna, Bottomley, 32253.

230. Physalospora Sapii Doidge nov. spec.

Perithecia amphigena, plerumque hypophylla, sine maculis sed decolorationes inte-

terminatas efficientia, laxe dispersa, epidermide obtecta, globoso-depressa, 100-150 y diam.,

85-100 y alta, poro pertusa ; pariete membranaceo variabile cras&itudine, e stratis numerosis

cellularum composite, cellulis sat compressis, rarius globoso-angulatis, 4-15 y longis, 5-10 y

latis tenuiter tunicatis, extus brunneis intus hyalinis. Asci clavati, recti v. curvati, 8-spori,

crasse tunicati (ca. 1-5 y) ad apicem leniter incrassati, 2-5-3 y, superne late rotundati,

inferne sensim attenuati, breviter pedicellati, 40-50 X 10-12-5 y. Sporae distichae, hya-

linae, fusoideae, continuae, utrinque obtuaae v. truncatae, 12-15 X 4-5 y. Paraphyses

paucae mox mucosae.

Hal), in foliis Sapii reticulati, Eshowe, leg. Laughton, 33543.

Perithecia amphigenous but mostly hypophyllous, not on leaf spots, but causing a vague

discolouration of the leaf tissues, scattered, usually distant, at first completely immersed

863

and covered by the epidermis, which becomes raised and convex over the perithecia ; later

more or less erumpent. Perithecia flattened-globose, 100-150 p diam., 85-100 p high, at

first closed, then opening by an apical pore, not papillate. Perithecial wall varying in

thickness ; outer wall 12-5-20 p thick, composed of a few, usually 2-4, rows of indistinctly

oblong, less frequently globose-angular, thin-walled, blackish-brown cells, 4-15 p long and

5- 10 p broad ; these give place internally to a number of rows of thin-walled, hyaline cells

similar in form and finally to an indefinite concentric fibrose structure near the asci. Extern-

ally the perithecia are connected with rather sparse, smoke-brown hvphae, 4-6 p thick,

which penetrate between the cells of the host.

Asci 8-spores, clavate, thick- walled, ca. 1 • 5 p thick, broadly rounded above and some-

what thickened, 2-5-3 p, straight or curved, slightly attenuate to a pedicellate base, 40-50

X 10-12-5 p. Spores distichous, fusoid, continuous, hyaline, tapering more or less to obtuse

or truncate ends, sometimes asymmetrical, 12-5-15 X 4-5 p. Paraphvses sparse, dis-

appearing early.

on leaves of Sapiurn reticulatum (Hoschst.) Pax., Eshowe, E. M. Laughton, 33543.

231. Pleospora Dyeri Doidge nov. spec.

Perithecia irregulariter laxeque sparsa, plerumque solitaria, raro bina vel pauca

aggregata, profunde immersa, depresso-globosa vel late ellipsoidea, 220-300 p diam., 150-

200 p alta, ostiolo papillato vertice obtuso hyalino, 25-37 • 5 p longo, poro irregulariter

orbiculari 12-30 p lato aperto punctiformiter erumpentia ; pariete membranaceo, 17-25 p

crasso, parenchv mat-ice e pluribus stratis cellularum angulatarum pellucide brunnearum,

6- 15 p metientum composite. Asci sat numerosi, clavati, antice late rotundati, postice

sensim attenuati, breviter stipitati, firme crasseque tunicati, 6-8-spori, p. sp. 100-125 x

40-45 p. Sporae distichae, oblongae v. ellipsoideo- oblongae, antice late rotundatae v.

subacutae, postice rotundatae, medio leniter constrictae, 7-septate, cellulis 4-6 mediis

septo quodam longitudinali praeditae, 42-5-50 X 18-20 p. Paraphvses vix numerosae,

filiformes, hyalinae, ca. 1 p crassae, mox mucosae.

Hab. in caulibus emortuis Euphorbia triangularis, prope Grahamstown, leg. R. A. Dver,

23615.

Perithecia very widely distributed over the whole surface of the stem, which becomes

light brown and dry, discrete or in more or less close groups of 2 or more, black, punctiform.

Perithecia deeply immersed, the epidermis becoming slightly raised and convex over

each perithecium, flattened globose or broadly ellipsoid, 220-300 p diam., 150-200 p high.

Ostiole hyaline, papillate, obtuse at the apex, 25-37-5 p long, punctiform erumpent by

means of an irregularly round pore 12-30 p broad. Perithecial wall membranous, uneven

outwardly where it is in close contact with the cells of the host and is connected with light

fuscous to hyaline hvphae 2-5-4 p thick, which penetrate into the stem tissues; wall

17-25 p thick, composed of several layers of somewhat flattened, thin-walled, pellucid,

purplish-brown, angular cells, 6-15 p diam. Asci fairly numerous, up to about 16 in each

perithecium, clavate, broadly rounded above, tapering gradually downwards and then

constricted suddenly into a short, knob-like foot, 5-10 p long and about 10 p broad, with

a firm wall, 1-5-2 p thick, slighrty thickened, 5-6 p, at the apex, 6-8-spored, sp. part

100-125 X 40-45 p. Spores distichous, brown, oblong or ellipsoid-oblong, broadlv rounded

or subacute above, rounded below, at first transversely 3-septate and slightly constricted

at the septa, then 7-septate ; the central 4-5 cells become also longitudinally septate ;

spores 42-5-50 p long, the upper half broader, 18-20 p thick, the lower 15-18 p thick.

Paraphvses not very numerous, filiform, hyaline, ca. 1 p thick, disappearing earlv.

on stems of Euphorbia triangularis Desf., near Grahamstown, R. A. Eiger, 23615.

232. Anthostomella capensis Doidge nov. spec.

Maculae magnae saepe apicales, plus minus effusae, usque 15 cm. longae, 1-2-5 mm.

latae, pallide griseo-brunneae, linea marginali atrobrunnea limitatae. Perithecia amphi-

864

gena, plerumque epiphylla, hinc inde in greges variae magnitudinis irregulares laxe interdum

seriatim disposita, omnino innata, profunde in mesophyllo immersa, vix vel leniter depres-

so-globosa, 140-240 p diam., 110-150 p alta, praecipue in epiphyllo clypeo elliptico atro-

brunneo usque 250 p longo, pro maxima parte in epidermide formato tecta ; ostiolo cylind-

raceo, 45-62-5 p longo, 55-60 /x crasso, intus copiose periphvsato poro rotundo ca. 20-25 /x

lato pertuso, punctiformiter erumpentia ; pariete membranaceo, 9-12-5 p crasso, e pluribus

stratis cellularum valde compressarum extus dilute flavo-vel olivaceo-brunneloarum intus

omnino hyalinum composito, ad apicem clypeo connato. Asci sat numerosi, cylindracei,

antice late rotundati, postice subito in stipitem brevissimum contracti, tenuiter tunicati,

70-95 X 9-12 /x. Sporae oblique monosticbae, oblongae v. ellipsoideae, utrinque haud

vel vix attenuatae, late rotundatae, continuae, pellucide brunneae, sine appendiculis,

1 1-15 X 6-7 /x, lateraliter compressae e latere visae 4-5 /x crassae. Paraphyses sat numerosae,

filiformes, mox mucosae.

Hab. in foliis Phoenicis dactyliferae, Port Elizabeth, leg. Doidge, 1236.

On leaf spots, usually spreading from the tips of the leaves to a length of several centi-

metres (up to 15 cm.) and 1-2-5 mm. broad, pale greyish or greyish-brown, the discoloured

area being surrounded by a dark brown line.

Perithecia mostly epiphyllous, in groups of varying shape and size, sometimes more

or less seriate, completely immersed, occupying one-half to two-thirds of the thickness

of the leaf. Perithecia globose or somewhat flattened-globose, 140-200 p diam., 110-150 p

high ; covered by a blackish-brown, elliptical clypeus, up to 250 p long, developed chiefly

in the epidermis. Ostiole broad, cylindrical, 45-62-5 p long, 55-60 p broad, copiously

periphysate, punctiform erumpent by means of a pore 20-25 p diam. and more or less

round. Perithecial wall rather delicately membranous, 9-12-5 p thick, formed of a number

of layers of strongly compressed cells, outer layers pale yellow-brown or olive-brown, inner

quite hyaline ; at the apex fusing with the epidermal clypeus. Asci fairly numerous,

cylindrical, broadly rounded above, at the base constricted suddenly into a very short foot,

with a firm thick wall, 70-95 X 9-12 p. Spores obliquely monostichous, oblong to ellipsoid,

not tapering to the rounded ends or very slightly so, brown, continuous, 11-15 X 6-7 p ;

compressed laterally, 4-5 p thick when seen from*the side. Paraphyses fairly numerous,

filiform disappearing early.

on leaves of Phoenix dactylifera Linn., Port Elizabeth, Doidge, 1236.

233. Anthostomella Salaciae Doidge nov. spec.

Perithecia longe lateque dispersa, decolorationes brunneas indeterminatas efficientia,

greges minutes v. majores irregulares plerumque formantia, discreta vel connata, plus

minus depresse globosa, saepe leniter irregularia, 250-400 p diam., omnino innata, fere

totam folii crassitudinem occupantia, in utraque pagina epidermidem leniter pustulatim

elevantia, tantum ostiolo obtuse saepe truncato-conoideo vel vix cylindraceo 100-180 p

alto, in media parte 70-90 p crasso, intus poro rotundo 20-25 p lato pertuso, punctiformiter

erumpentia ; pariete firme membranaceo plerumque 20-30 p crasso, e stratis numerosis

cellularum irregulariter v. rotundato-angulatarum 2-5-5 p diam. metientum, olivaceo-

brunnearum, plus minus pellucidum, ad vertice obSfcure brunnearum composito, cum

epidermide fere clypeiformiter connato. Asci numerosi, cylindracei, antice rotundati,

postice plus minus attenuati stipitati, tenuiter tunicati, ad apicem leniter incrassati (4-5 p),

8-spori, p. sp. 100-125 X 10-12-5 p. Sporae oblique monostichae usque subdistichae,

oblongae, utrinque plerumque sat valide attenuatae, hinc saepe fusoideae, obtusae, haud>

appendiculatae, rectae v. inaequilaterae, continuae, pellucide olivaco-brunneae, plerumque

35-42-5 X 5-7-5 p. Paraphyses numerosae, filiformes, ca. 1 p crassae, ascos superantes,

sero mucosae.

Hab. in foliis Salaciae Gerrardi, Eshowe, leg. Laughton, 33546.

Perithecia distributed over large areas of the leaf surface, causing a rather vague

brownish discolouration of the tissues, occasionally solitary, but more frequently in loose

865

irregular groups of 2 to 20, which are usually discrete but occasionally become confluent ;

groups of perithecia often in irregular series following the course of the veins of the leaf ;

the epidermis over the perithecia is greyish, with black pin points indicating the position

of the ostioles.

Perithecia globose or flattened globose, often somewhat irregular in form, especially

when in contact with a vein, 250-400 p diam., completely immersed, occupying practically

the whole thickness of the leaf and raising the epidermis on either side. Ostioles obtusely

and often truncately conical, occasionally cylindrical, 100-180 p long and 70-90 p broad

in the centre, copiously periphvsate within, punctiform ernmpent on the upper side of

the leaf by a pore, which is usually 20-25 p diam. Perithecial wall firmly membranous,

formed of numerous layers of roundish angular or irregular cells 2-5-5 p diam., olive-brown,

more or less pellucid, darker and often sub-opaque at the apex where it fuses with the dis-

coloured epidermis ; clypeus round ostiole sometimes poorly developed. Asci numerous,

cylindrical, straight or curved, rounded above, 8-spored, sporiferous part 103-125 X

10-12-5 p, tapering at the base to a stalk ca. 25-40 p long ; thin- walled, slightly thickened

at the apex (4—5 p). Spores obliquely monostichous to subdistichous, oblong or oblong-

fusoid, tapering more or less to both obtuse ends, straight or somewhat asymmetrical,

pellucid olive-brown, continuous, mostly 35-42-5 X 5-7-5 p, occasionally 45-50 p long.

An occasional ascus was seen with ellipsoid spores 17-22-5 X 10-10-5 p. Paraphvses

numerous, filiform, about 1 p thick, exceeding the asci.

on leaves of Salad a Gerrardi Harv., Eshowe, E. M. Laughton, 33546.

234. Phyllachora eragrostidicola Doidge nov. nom.

Phyllachora Eragrostidis Doidge, Bothalia IV : 430 (1942) non Chandon.

on Eragrostis curvula Nees, Mamathes, Basutoland, Heart, 32428 ; and on other

Eragrostis spp.

The name Phyllachora Eragrostidis was given in 1939 to an American species by Chandon

(Bol. Soc. Venez. Cien, Natur, 40 : 17). The original description has not been seen, but

the species is recorded from North America by Orton in Mycologia 36 : 45, 1944. According

to the description, the ascospores are 10-13 X 4-5-6 p, smaller than those of the South

African fungus, which are 12-15 X 6-7-5 p.

235. Diatrypella Morganae Doidge.

Bothalia 4 (1941) p. 61.

on Citrus sinensis Osbeck, dead twigs of Valencia Late Orange, Mazoe, Bates (Bates

29 L/5/19 D) 33586.

The collection on citrus twigs cannot be distinguished from the type of Diatrypella

Morgani, which was found on fallen wood in the indigenous forest in Natal. Part of the

material on citrus is in excellent condition and the stroma better developed than in the type

specimen.

For this collection and those cited under Nos. 235-237, I am indebted to Dr. G. R. Bates

of the Citrus Experimental Station, Mazoe.

236. Diatrypella natalensis Doidge.

Bothalia 4 (1941) p. 60.

on Citrus sinensis Osbeck, twig of Valencia late Orange (Bates 29 T/10/16 A) Mazoe,

33583 ; branch of Valencia late Orange (Bates M/26 L/A) Mazoe, 33581.

This species was originally described from a branch of Citrus nobilis collected in Natal.

866

237. Peroneutypella infinitissima (Kalchbr. and Cooke) Doidge.

Bothalia 4 (1941) p. 64.

Valsa infinitissima Kalchbr. and Cooke, Greyvillea 9 (1880) p. 28.

on Citrus sinensis Osbeck, dead branch of Valencia Late Orange with bark, from

Grove 26 L. Mazoe, Bates, 33587.

This collection is of interest ; the fungus was previously known only from MacOwans’

original collection “ on dead branches of undet. tree ”, Somerset East, MacOwan 1344 a.

238. Valsaria Batesii Doidge nov. spec.

Stromata sparsa vel plus minus aggregata, in cortice immersa, fere tantum cum ostiolis

fasciculatim coalitis erumpentia, ambitu plus minus rotundata, hemisphaerico-pulvinata,

0*5-1 -5 mm. diam., valsoidea, inferne e hyphis brunneis 6-7*5 p, crassis composita, superne

parenchymatice e cellulis atro-brunneis 3-5 p v. usque 10 p. diam. metientibus composita.

Perithecia 5-25 in quoque stromate, monosticha, in stromate omnino immersa, conferta,

ovoidea, oblongo vel e mutua pressione saepe applanata et irregularia, 200-250 /x diam.,

300-400 [x alta, superne subito in ostiola cylindracea, valde convergentia et apice in discum

nigrum fasciculatim conjuncta attenuata ; pariete 12*5-15 fx crasso, e pluribus stratis

ceilularum compressarum, pellucide olivaceo-brunnearum composito. Asci numerosissimi,

cylindracei, p. sp. 75-85 p. longi, 9-10 p, lati, 8-spori. Sporae oblique monostichae, oblongae,

utrinque late rotundatae, medio 1-septatae, haud vel vix constrictae, brunneae, leves,

9-14 X 6-7*5 /x, plerumque 12*5 X 6 g. Paraphyses numerosissimae, hyalinae, filiformes,

undulatae, ca. 1 p. crassae, ascos valde superantes.

Hab. in ramulis Cinnamomi camphorae, Salisbury, leg. G. R. Bates (Rh. 6762) 35296.

Stromata scattered or in small groups, immersed in the cortex, from which the apical

disc becomes erumpent ; or the bark may break away, exposing the stromata which remain

seated on the decorticated wood.

Stromata usually hemispherical, black, pulvinate, with rough surface, 0*5-1 *5 mm.

diam., contracted suddenly above into a disc 500-800 p, diam., through which the convergent

ostioles of the perithecia pass ; verrucose at apex of disc, through the presence of slightly

protruding, black-shining ostioles. Occasionally, in small stromata, there is a very short

disc, and the common ostiole of the perithecia, covered only by the cortex of the stroma,

protrudes about 500-600 p. ; occasionally, in larger stromata, the outer circle of convergent

ostioles is only lightly covered in the disc and, with a hand lens, their course can be traced

on the perimeter.

On the surface of the wood, there is a layer of horizontal hyphae, running parallel

to the fibres of the host, extending far beyond the limits of the stroma and forming a black

layer on the surface. They are dark olive-brown, 6-7 • 5 p. thick, frequently septate, with

cells 10-25 p. long ; these give rise to hyphae which penetrate into the wood and are paler

near the surface, hyaline where they penetrate more deeply into the tissues of the host.

The basal part of the stroma, between the host and the base of the perithecia, 300-

400 p. deep in the larger stromata, in the smaller sometimes only 75-100 p, consists of a

framework of horizontal hyphae, similar to those on the surface of the wood and running

parallel to one another. The spaces between these main hyphae, usually narrow, but not

infrequently wider and irregular in form, are filled with plectenchyma formed of paler,

closely interwoven hyphae. At the margin of the stroma, the dark hyphae curve upwards,

become closely interwoven and form, on the outside of the stroma and disc, a rather irregular,

opaque black cortex, to which fragments of the cortical tissue of the host adhere. The

upper part of the stroma consists of a dark, thin- walled pseudo-parenchyma of roundish or

angular cells, 3-5 p. diam. ; the cells of the disc are more loosely connected and become

larger upward, up to 10 p, diam.

867

Perithecia 5-25 in each stroma, very closely crowded and not separated by stromatal

tissue, circinate or arranged irregularly, oblong, ovoid or irregular in shape through mutual

pressure, 300-400 p high, 200-250 p diam. ; contracted suddenly above into cylindrical

ostioles, which are 500-600 p long — in smaller stromata occasionally up to 1,200 p— strongly

convergent, round to oval in section, 50-62-5 p diam., lined with very numerous, ascending,

fine hyaline periphyses. Ostioles usually becoming confluent, groups of 4-6 fusing into a

common ostiole ca. 100 p diam., expanding to ca. 150 p at the apex, which is entire, not

sulcate. Perithecial wall pellucid olive-brown, 12-5-15 p thick, usually distinct from the

stroma tissue and from the walls of adjoining perithecia, consisting of several layers of

thin-walled, flattened cells 7-5-12-5 p long, 2-2-5 p thick.

Asci extremely numerous, lining the base and sides of the perithecial cavity, at sides

reaching almost to the base of the ostiole, 8-spored, cylindrical, sp. part 75-85 X 9-10 p,

not staining blue with iodine. Paraphyses very numerous, hyaline, persistent, filamentous,

slender, undulating, ca. 1 p thick, not staining blue with iodine. Spores obliquely mono-

stichous, or oblique in the upper part of the ascus, vertical in the lower, oblong, broadly

rounded at both ends, olive brown, 1-septate, not constricted or barely so, smooth, 9-14

X 6-7-5 p, mostly 12-5 X 6 p, cells equal or nearly so.

on twigs of Cinnamomum camphora Nees & Eberm., Salisburv, 1945, G. B. Bates

(Rh. 6762) 35926.

239. Valsaria Eucalypti (Kalchbr. & Cooke) Sacc.

St 11 - Fung. I (1882) p. 746 ; Doidge, Bothalia 4 (1941) p. 66.

Melogramma Eucalypti Kalchbr. & Cooke, Grevillea 9 (1880) p. 31.

on Citrus maxima Merr., on bark of Marsh grape fruit, unthrifty trees with incompatible

bud unions (Bates P 22/A) Mazoe, 33588.

Prunus Armeniaca L., on bark, Pretoria, C. P. v. d. Merwe, 34120.

on dead branch of indigenous tree, Xumeni Forest, Morgan & Doidge, 34123.

The collection on Citrus shows no significant difference from the type on Eucalyptus

globulus (Plate I.c.) The individual stromata are somewhat larger, and in structure they

are rather more loosely woven ; the stromatal hyphae are 2 • 5-3 • 5 p thick near the perithecia

and in the cortex, in the sterile part of the stroma they are 5-7-5 p or even up to 8-10 p

thick ; some thicker hyphae are also to be seen in the stroma of the type specimen of

V. Eucalypti. Stromata on Prunus and on an indigenous tree are similar, on the latter

host varying from small stromata like those of the type to large cushions up to 4 cm. long,

7 mm. broad and 5 mm. high.

Valsaria Eucalypti, with cinnamon brown, pulvinate stromata, is closely related to

V. Cinnamomi (Ces.) Sacc. ; the specimen of the latter species examined, on Eugenia

grandis from Singapore (C. F. Baker, Fungi Malayana No. 496) 12164, is apparently part

of the collection quoted in the Sylloge Fung. XXIV (1928) p. 764 ; it is very similar to the

South African specimens, but the spores are consistently somewhat smaller, 10-11 p long,

spores of V. Eucalypti being predominantly 12-5-14 p long, rarely 15 p long as previously

stated (Doidge l.c.) ; occasionally shorter spores 10-11 p long are seen; spores 15 p long-

are rare.

Valsaria hyporyloides Rehm is another similar fungus, and according to Rehm (see

Theissen, Ann, Myc. X : 12, 1912) is probably identical with V. Cinnamomi. The spores

of V . hypoxyloides in the collection seen, from Porto Rico (Petrak, Myc. Gen. No. 100)

23336, are most frequently 14-15 p long.

It has not been possible to examine type specimens of the two latter species, but it

seems likely that there is only one rather variable species of Valsaria with the characters

of V. Cinnamomi, namely pulvinate, cinnamon-brown stroma and verrucose spores without

constriction at the septum. If this is the case, the correct name for the species would be

Valsaria Cinnamomi (Ces.) Sacc., which wras described by Cesati as Melogramma Cinnamomi

in 1879.

868

240. Protothyrium Tricalysiae Doidge nov. spec.

Mycelium liberum nullum. Stromata amphigena, plerumque epiphylla, ambitu plus

minus rotundata v. irregularia, usque 4 mm. diam., plana, Crustacea, opace atra, ex hypo-

stromate epidermali hyalino oriunda, pluries affixa. Hypo the hum continuum planum

fuscum, 5-6 /x crassum. Stratum tegens atro-brunneum, centro opacum, margin e plus

minus pellucide brunneum, ex hyphis subradiantibus vel fere maeandrice conjunctis, 4-6 p

crassis, cellulis 12-5-20 p longis formatum. Asci numerosi, erecti, per stroma dense dispersi,

haud in loculis collecti, ovati v. oblongo-clavati, antice late rotundati et incrassati, postice

plus minus attenuati, sessiles v. subsessiles, firme tunicati, 8-spori, 50-60 X 20-25 p. Sporae

distichae v. subdistichae, oblongae, v. oblongo-clavatae, basim versus leniter et sensim

attenuatae, 1-septatae, haud vel vix constrictae, leves, diu hyalinae, tandem subhyalinae

v. dilutissime olivaceo-griseae, 20-23 p longae, cellula superiore 7-5-9 p longa et lata,

inferiore 12-5-15 p longa ad septum ca. 7-5-8 p lata.

Hab. in foliis Tricalysiae lanceolatae, Umtentweni, Natal, leg. Wager 32676.

Fig. 7. — Protothyrium Tricalysiae, part of the edge of the covering membrance and two very young ascorna

ta ; asci ; spores.

Free mycelium none. Stromata amphigenous, mostly epiphyllous, forming superficial

crusts, more or less round to irregular in outline and up to 4 mm. diam., dull black, scattered,

sometimes becoming confluent.

Covering membrane raised above the leaf surface to a height of 75 p, flat at the margins.

The central part is opaque black and structure not readily discernible ; it consists of more

or less radiating or winding rows of cells and at maturity cracks irregularly, breaking into

uneven fragments ; the margin of the covering membrane is irregular in outline and consists

of irregularly radiating hyphae, which are more or less translucent, bufly-brown, tortuous

and subtorulose, 4-6 p thick with cells of uneven length, 12-5-20 p long.

869

In contact with the cuticle of the leaf, there is a thin hypothecium, continuous through-

out the stroma, deep to dark olive-buff and apparently consisting of a single layer of cells

5-6 p thick. This is connected at many points, through the cuticle, with the hyaline epi-

dermal hvpostroma, which consists of closely interwoven hyphae 2-5-3 p thick, filling the

epidermal cells under the whole external stroma. From the epidermal hypostroma, fine

hyphae penetrate more deeply into the leaf. Not infrequently a second stroma develops

on the under side of the leaf, opposite to that on the upper surface ; this seems to indicate

that the mycelium may penetrate through the leaf without extending laterally to any

distance.

The hypothecium gives rise to very numerous asci, which are not grouped in loculi,

but stand erect in the stroma. There are no definite paraphvses between the asci and the

structure of the intervening tissue is not readily discernible ; it is brownish, and shows traces

of a thread-like structure, having apparently broken down early into an almost structureless,

greyish-olive, mucous mass.

Asci ovate to oblong-clavate, 8-spored, broadly rounded above, usually tapering slightly

or more decidedly to the base, occasionally obovate and broader at the base, sessile or with

a short, peg-like foot, with a firm wall, thickened round the apex to 5-6 p, 50-60 X 20-25 p.

Spores more or less distichous, oblong or oblong-clavate, broadly rounded above, tapering

gradually and slightly towards the rounded base, 1-septate, not constricted or very slightly

so, smooth, long remaining hyaline, slightly tinted, smoke-grey at maturity, 20-23 p long :

upper cells shorter and broader, 7-5-9 p long and broad, lower 12-5-15 p long, ca. 7-5-8 p

broad at the septum and tapering somewhat downwards ; often germinating from the basal

end in the ascus.

The stromata readily become detached from the leaf, or the central part may fall away,

exposing somewhat discoloured leaf tissues surrounded by the margin of the stroma.

on Tricalysia lanceolata Schum., on leaves, Umtentweni, Wager 192, 32676 ; Louis

Trichardt, V. A. Putterill, 11825 ; Woodbush, Doiclge, 1782 ; Eshowe, Laughton,

33554.

The earlier collections of this fungus were immature.

241. Cyclotheca Bosciae Doidge.

Bothalia I, Part 4 (1924), 196.

The type specimen of this fungus is in rather poor condition, and spores examined were

not quite mature ; they are said to be hyaline, 11-6-13-3 X 8-3 p ; the figure for width,

8-3 p, is obviously a clerical error, 5-3 being intended.

A more recent collection on the same host provides more abundant and more mature

material ; the spores become fuscous when fully ripe and are 12-16 X 5-6 p. This fungus

has also been found in the north-eastern Transvaal on Maerua Legatii Burtt Davy.

In the genus Cyclotheca the spores are hyaline ; this fungus with light brown spores

must therefore be transferred to the genus Hvsterostomella and becomes : —

Hysterostomella Bosciae Doidge nov. comb.

Syn. Cyclotheca Bosciae Doidge l.c.

on Maerua racemulosa (A.P.DC.) Gilg. and Ben. (=Boscia caffra Sond.), Ebb and

Flow, Wilderness, Doidge, 17125, Type ; Knysna, Laughton, 32839.

Maerua Legatii Burtt Davy, near Olifants River on the road from Tzaneen,

Pilgrims Rest Distr., Scott, 34028.

The genus Hysterostomina, differs from Hysterostomella only in the presence of para-

physes in the mature ascomata, a character now not admitted as a generic distinction.

Hysterostomina spp. must therefore be included in the genus Hysterostomella and the

following South African fungi are affected by the change in nomenclature : — -

870

242. Hysterostomella tenella Syd.

Ann. Myc. 10 (1912) p. 442.

Hysterostomina tenella Syd. in Theissen and Sydow, Ann. Myc. 13 (1915) p. 228.

on Asparagus striatus Thunb., Despatch, Doidge, 1241.

243. Hysterostomella Oxyanthae Doidge nov. comb.

Hysterostomina Oxyanthae Doidge, Bothalia 2 (1927) p. 232.

Morenoella Oxyanthae Doidge, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Africa 8 (1920) p. 286.

on Oxyanthus Gerrardi Sond., Woodbush, Doidge, 1758, 17725, 28340.

244. Hysterostomella opaca (Syd.) Doidge nov. comb.

Hysterostomina opaca Syd., Ann. Myc. 22 (1924) p. 429.

on Olea foveolata E. Mey., Knvsna, van der Byl 1397, 2280.

The genus Palawania was characterised by Sydow [Phil. Journ. Sci. (C) Botany, Yol.

IX (1914) 171 and Ann. Myc. 13 (1915) p. 249] as follows : — -

“ Stromata superficialia, carbonacea, radiato-contexta, ex hypostromate subepidermali

per stromata erumpenti oriunda, hypothecio tenui. Loculi rotundati, discreti. Asci

paraphysati, octospori. Sporae phaeodidymae.”

Two species were described.

Palawaniella [Doidge, Bothalia I (1921) p. 16] was said to differ from Palawania in

the centrifugal arrangement of the stromata and in the epidermal rather than sub-epidermal

hypostroma.

Hansford has re-examined the two species of the genus Palawaniella and reports

that : “ In Palawaniella orbiculata (Syd.) Doidge, the hypostroma consists of dark hyphae

filling individual epidermal cells and connected with the ascoma by fine filaments and with

each other by hyaline hyphae through and below the epidermis ; a few hyphae penetrate

into the sub-epidermis.”

“ In Palawaniella Dovyalidis Doidge, the hypostroma is similar to that of P. orbicidata

but with more penetration of the palisade tissue by the sub-epidermal hyphae.”

It is obvious that the degree of penetration of the tissues by the hypostroma cannot

oe maintained as a generic distinction, nor is the centrifugal development of the stromata

of any great significance. As indicated by Hansford (I.M.I. No. 15, 1946, p. 168.) in his key

to genera of the P olystomellineae , the genus Palawaniella Doidge should be united with the

genus Palawania Sydow, which consists of species with 2-celled, coloured spores and

ascomata attached at several points, hymenia under distinct scutella and irregularly

arranged ; there is no free mycelium.

The synonymy and host range of the South African species would then be as follows : — -

245. Palawania orbiculata (Syd.) Doidge.

Seynesia orbicidata Syd., Ann. Myc. 10 (1912) p. 39.

Palawaniella Eucleae Doidge, Bothalia I (1921) p. 16.

Hysterostomina Eucleae (Doidge) van der Byl, S. Afric. Journ. Sci. 22 (1925), p. 192.

Palawania Eucleae (Doidge) Nel, Ann. Univ. Stellenbosch XX A 2 (1942) p. 22.

Palawaniella orbiculata (Syd.) Doidge, Bothalia IV (1942), p. 329.

on Euclea lanceolala E. Mey., Piesanghoek, Bosman, 25868 ; Rooiwal, Bosman,

29922.

Euclea macrophylla E. Mey., Howieson’s Poort, Doidge, 12375.

Euclea natalensis A. DC., Letaba Drift, Doidge, 1808; New Agatha, 11384;

Nelspruit, Liebenberg, 29910.

871

Euclea racemosa Murr., Cape Flats, Dippenaar, 33885.

Euclea spp., Knysna, Bottomley and Laughton, 32248 ; Grahamstown, Otto

(Stell. 348).

246. Palawania Dovyalidis (Doidge) Nel.

Ann. Univ. Stell. XX A 2 (1942), p. 22.

Palawaniella Dovyalidis Doidge, Bothalia I (1924), p. 98.

on Dovyalis rhamnoides Harv., The Wilderness, Doidge, 17117 ; Bathurst Distr.,

Doidge, 12347 ; Knysna, Laughton, 32267, v. d. Byl 2297 ; George, Verwoerd

(Stell. 347).

The genus Byliana Dippenaar [Ann. Univ. Stell. VIII, A 2 (1930), p. 31, Ulustr. 3] is

said to differ from Palawaniella in its darker hypothecium and scattered stromata. As

indicated above, the arrangement of the stromata does not seem to be of any great signifi-

cance ; the hypostroma of Byliana Halleriae is similar to that of Palawania orbiculata.

The colour and thickness of the hypothecium can hardly be regarded as a generic character.

It is proposed, therefore, that the genus Byliana be united with Palawania. The species on

Halleria then becomes : — •

247. Palawania Halleriae (Dipp.) Doidge nov. comb.

Byliana Halleriae Dippenaar, Ann. Univ. Stell. VIII (1930), p. 32.

on leaves of Halleria lucida Linn., Bloukransrivier, v. d. Byl 2496, 33592 ; Knysna,

Verwoerd (Stell. 345).

I am indebted to Dr. Dippenaar for the opportunity of examining the type specimen.

248. Asterodothis Solaris (Kalchbr. and Cooke) Theiss.

The genus Asterodothis was established by Theissen [Ann. Myc. 10 (1912), p. 179] for

the fungus described by Kalchbrenner and Cooke [Grevillea 9 (1880), p. 33] as Asterina

Solaris on Olea verrucosa.

In Annales Mycologici 13 (1915), p. 232, Theissen and Sydow cited as a synonym

Lembosia Albersii P. Henn. on Elaeodendron ; the latter specimen has not been seen, but

in Bothalia I (1921), p. 10, the writer included a number of collections of a fungus on

Elaeodendron under this species. The spores are similar and there is a general resemblance

in habit, but a more careful study shows that the fungus on Cassine ( = Elaeodendron) is not

Asterodothis but a dense form of the fungus described by Sydow as Asterinella dissiliens

and later transferred to the genus Asterina [Bothalia IV (1942) p. 287] because of the presence

of hyphopodia. (See also Hansford, l.c. p. 190.).

It seems that in South Africa at least, Asterodothis Solaris occurs only on species of

Olea ; the organs described as hyphopodia in some instances and in others regarded as

rudimentary setae or bristles, are conidiophores. There are no true hyphopodia on the

mycelium of A. solans.

249. Polyrhizon Pterocelastri Doidge nov. spec.

Stromata amphigena, plerumque epiphylla, irregulariter laxeque sparsa, sine maculis,

ambitu sat regulariter orbicularia, 1-4 mm. diam., raro confluendo irregularia et majora,

e pluribus ascomatibus irregulariter circinantibus concreta, ex hypostromate subepidermale

ubique sub stromate evoluta oriunda. Ascomata partialia dense conferta, orbicularia,

usque 800 y diam., pede centrali 35-60 y lato, atrobrunneo, epidermide innata, strato

tegente intense et opace atra, ad peripheriam e hyphis radiantibus subtortuosis leniter undu-

latis, 4-5 y crassis contexto. Hypothecium fuscum, minute cellulosum. Loculi pauci,

annulatim circa pedem ordinati, 80-100 y alti, 150-300 y diam. Asci sat numerosi, ovati

v. ellipsoidei, raro clavati, antice late rotundati, sessiles v. brevissime pedicellati, 8-spori,

872

66-80 X 22-5-38 p. Sporae distichae, intense olivaceo-brunneae, oblongo-clavatae

utrinque rotundatae, 1-septatae, constrictae, 27-5-33 p longae, cellula superiore ellipsoidea,

15-16-5 p longa, 10-12-5 p lata, inferiore oblonga v. subcuneata 12-5-16-5 p longa ad

septum 7-5-10 p lata. Paraphyses persistentes filiformes, ascos superantes, ca. 1-5 p

crassae, ad apicem clavatp incrassatae usque 2-5 p latae.

Hab. in foliis Pterocelastri Galpini, Kromrivier, leg. Doidge et Bottomley, 32776.

Mycelium almost entirely sub-epidermal, composed of hyphae 2-2 • 5 p thick ; these

become much branched and closely interwoven, forming an extensive and more or less dense

hypostroma in the palisade cells ; from the hvpostroma, hyphae grow out and penetrate

into the mesophvll of the leaf, often reaching the lower epidermis. The hypostroma becomes

particularly dense in the sub-stomatal cavity ; here it becomes blackish-brown and

emerges through the stomata to the leaf surface at many points. These form the starting

points of the partial stromata which develop centrifugally in round, crowded groups.

The compound stromata are mostly epiphyllous, scattered, 1-4 mm. diam., rarely

confluent. The individual or partial stromata are round, up to 800 p diam., with a blackish-

brown, opaque central foot, 35-60 p broad, connecting with the hypostroma. The covering

membrane is deep black, opaque, carbonaceous and very brittle ; at the sterile margin,

which lies flat on the leaf surface or overlaps that of a neighbouring partial stroma, the

radiating structure is more or less evident ; it consists of radiating, pellucid brown, branching,

somewhat undulating, tortuous hyphae, 4-5 p thick. Hypothecium ca. 15-20 p thick,

fuscous to olive-brown, minutely cellular.

Loculi few, arranged in a circle round the central foot, 80-100 p high in the centre,

150-300 p diam. Asci fairly numerous, ovate or ellipsoid, rarely clavate, broadly rounded

above, sessile or very briefly ptdicellate, 8-spored, 66-80 X 22-5-38 p. Spores distichous,

deep olive-brown when mature, clavate-oblong, rounded at both ends, 1 -septate, deeply

constricted, 27-5-33 p long; upper cell ellipsoid, 15-16-5 p long and 10-12-5 p broad;

lower oblong or subcuneate, 12-5-16-5 p long, 7-5-10 p broad just below the septum and

tapering somewhat downwards. Paraphyses persistent, filiform, exceeding the asci, about

1 • 5 p thick, up to 2 • 5 p thick at the clavate tips.

on Pterocelastrus Galpini Loes., Kromrivier, Rustenburg Distr., Doidqe and Bottomley,

32776.

The two species of Polyrhizon previously described on South African hosts are Polyrhi.on

Bewsii Doidge on Cassine spp., and P. Celastri on Gymnosporia acuminata Szysz. ; all three

species occur on host genera belonging to the family Celastraceae.

250. Echidnodes Curtisiae Doidge nov. spec.

Epiphyllum, maculas orbiculares, sparsas, sat regulares, plerumque acute marginatas

usque 7 mm. diam., in epiphyllo brunneas, zonula angusta atro-brunnea cinctas, in hypo-

phyllo decolorationes flavo-brunneolas efformans. Mycelium intramatricalium profunde

in mesophvllum penetrante, hypostromate fusco subepidermale efformans. Plagulae

epiphyllae in centro maculae parum perspicuae. Mycelium liberum parce evolutum ex

hyphis radiantibus laxe reticulatis, olivaceo-brunneis, sub-rectis v. curvatis, obscure septatis,

2-5-5 p plerumque 4 u crassis compositum. Hyphopodia pauca, sparsa, continua, sub-

globosa v. pvriformia, 4-5 p alta et lata. Thyriothecia pauca in centro maculae laxe dis-

persa, linearia, recta v. curvata, 350-1,000 p longa, 150-200 p lata, strato tegente convexulo,

atro-brunneo, in parte centrali opaco, marginem versus ex hyphis radiantibus 2-3 p crassis

composito, margine haud fimbriato, rima longitudinali dehiscentia, membrana basali olicaceo-

brunnea ex cellularum sat indistinctarum composita hypostromate subepidermali pluries

affixa. Asci ovati sessiles, 8-spori, 30-33 X 15-17-5 p. Sporae conglobatae, brunneae,

oblongae v. subclavatae, utrinque rotundatae, 1-septatae, leniter constrictae, 15-17 X 5-6 p.

Hab. in foliis Curtisiae fagineae, Deepwalls, Knysna, leg. Bottomley, 32131 a.

Causing scattered, more or less circular leaf spots, up to 7 mm. diam. ; on the upper

side of the leaf these are seal-brown with blackish-brown border ; on the under side they are

paler, army-brown to buffy-brown.

873

In the discoloured areas, the mycelium penetrates deeply into the host tissues. Light-

brown hyphae, beneath the thyriothecia, form a sub-epidermal plate, which is connected

with the basal membrane of the thyriothecia at many points by hyphae passing through

the stomata, or between the epidermal cells and through the cuticle.

Superficial mycelium epiphyllous, rather sparse, radiating from the centre of the leaf

spot, loosely reticulate, dark olive-brown to buffy-brown, almost straight or more or less

curved, obscurely and rather frequently septate, uneven in thickness, 2-5-5 p thick, mostly

4 p. There are a few scattered hvphopodia, 1 -celled, sub-globose or oval to pyriform,

4-5 p high, 4-5 p broad.

Thyriothecia epiphyllous, few, in the centre of the leaf spot and of the superficial

mycelium, linear, 350-1,000 p long, straight, curved or bent, 150-200 p broad, 60-65 p high

in the centre. Covering membrane black, opaque, except at the margin, where it is formed

of radiating hyphae, 2-3 p thick ; margin irregular but not fimbriate ; dehiscing at maturity

by an irregular, longitudinal fissure almost the length of the covering membrane. Basal

membrane olive-brown, structure obscure. Asci ovate, sessile, 8-spored, 30-33 X 15-17 • 5 p.

Spores conglobate, buffy-brown, sub-cylindrical to sub-clavate, rounded at both ends,

1-septate, slightly constricted at the septum, 15-17 X 5-6 p ; loculi sub-equal in length

or the upper slightly shorter and broader, the upper loculus sub-ovate, broader near the

septum, the lower cylindrical. When the spores germinate, a hyphopodium is formed

near the septum.

on leaves of Curtisia fciginea Ait., associated with Meliola gangliferu Kalchbr., Deepwalls,

Knysna, A. M. Bottomley, 32121 a.

Although a few hvphopodia are present, the extensive internal mycelium seems to

place this fungus in the genus Echidnodes ; compare Hansford’s notes on Lembosia durbana

v. d. Byl (Bothalia IY, p. 820.)

251. Echidnodes transvaalensis Doidge now sp.

Plagulae epiphvllae, atrae, sparsae, ambitu irregulares, usque ca. 2-5 mm. diarn., baud

acute definitae. Mycelium ex hyphis plus minus undulatis, dilute olivaceo-brunneis,

indistincte septatis, 2-2-5 p crassis compositum. Thyriothecia plerumque dense dispersa,

haud raro dense conferta, oblonga, recta v. curvata, 200-420 p longa et 80-100 p lata,

rima longitudinali dehiscentia, vel orbicularia, 80-125 p diam. ; strato basali tenui, sub-

hyalino ; strato tegente convexulo, pellucide brunneo, ex hyphis radiantibus 2-3-5 p

crassis, cellulis 3-5 p longis composito, peripherice plus minus fimbriato. Asci numerosi,

8-spori, ovati, sessiles, forme tunicati, 22-5-35 X 10-12-5 p. Sporae subdistichae v.

conglobatae, oblongae v. oblongo-clavatae, antice late rotundatae, postice leniter attenuatae,

1- septatae, haud vel vix constrictae, leves, dilute olivaceo-brunneae, 10-12-5 X 4-5 p,

cellula inferiore plerumque leniter angustiore.

Hab in foliis Eugeniae natalitiae, Mariepskop, leg. Scott, 34027.

Colonies epiphyllous, scattered, thin, dull black, irregular in outline, poorly defined,

up to 2-5 mm. diam. Mycelium delicate, radiating irregularly and becoming loosely reticu-

late, ahyphopodiate. Hyphae light grevish-olive or greyish-olive to dark olive-buff,

2- 2 • 5 p thick, more or less undulating, not infrequently running parallel to one another and

forming loose strands of 2 or 3 hyphae ; branching irregular ; septation obscure and rather

distant.

Thyriothecia fairly numerous, crowded in irregular groups, often becoming confluent ;

single thyriothecia linear oblong, straight, curved, bent at almost a right-angle or forked,

200-420 p long and 80-100 p broad, dehiscing by an irregular longitudinal crack, running

almost the whole length of the covering membrane ; or more or less circular in outline,

80-125 p diam., dehiscing by irregular cracks radiating from a central pore. Basal mem-

brane delicate, structure not evident. Covering membrane slightly convex, at first dark

olive-buff, becoming olive-brown, more or less pellucid, but sub-opaque in the centre;

3340—5

87-1

composed of radiating hyphae 2-3-5 p thick, with cells 3-5 p long ; margin more or less

fringed, the fringing hyphae not differing from those of the mycelium.

Asci very numerous, ovate, broadly rounded above, sessile or with a short peg-like

foot, 8-spored, 22-5-35 X 10-12-5 p, with a firm wall slightly thickened round the apex.

Paraphyses breaking down early into an olivaceous mass without recognisable structure.

Spores imperfectly distichous to conglobate, 1-septate, oblong to oblong-clavate, greyish-

olive, 10-12-5 X 1-5 p, smooth, not constricted at the septum or barely so, broadly rounded

above, tapering somewhat to a rounded base ; loculi more or less equal in length, but the

upper slightly broader than the lower.

on leaves of Eugenia natalitia Sond., Mariepskop, Pilgrims Rest district, E. Scott, 31027.

This fungus, which is very similar in habit to Lembosia Wageri Doidge, is very closely

associated, on the same leaves with Asterina natalitia Doidge.

252. Morenoina Dracaenae Doidge nov. spec.

Epiphylla, maculas rufo-brunneas ellipticas v. suborbiculares usque 10 mm. longas,

6-8 mm. latas efficiens. Mycelium liberum nullum, intra-matricalium subcuticulare,

radiante ex hyphis hyalinL v. fuscis, 2-1 p crassis septatis cellulis 5-15 p longis compositum

Ascomata numerosa, densiuscule et centrice dispersa, baud raro 2-3 dense conferta et

plus minus connata, primitus ambitu orbicularia vel elliptica, mox elongata oblonga,

recta v. curvata, 170-500 p longa, 150-200 p lata, 70-85 p alta, primo clausa dein rima

longitudinale dehiscentia ; strato tegente convexulo, opace atro-brunneo, marginem versus

radiatim contexto ex hyphis 2-5-1 p crassis contexto, peripherice copiose breveque fimbriato ;

strato basali subhyalino, 3-4 p crasso. Asci 8-spori, ovati, 30-35 X 22-25 p v. oblongo-

clavati 40-50 X 15-20 p, antice late rotundati, deorsum seusim attenuati sessiles. Sporae

distichae v. imperfecte tristichae, oblongo-clavatae, utrinque late rotundatae, leves, 1-sep-

tatae, constrictae, din hyalinae tandem olivaceo-brunneae, 20-22-5 p lougae, cellula superiore

ovata, 9-10 p longa, 6-7-5 p lata, inferiore oblonga v. basim sensim attenuata, 11-5-12-5 p

longa 5-6 p lata.

Hab. in foliis Dracaenae Hookerianae, Durban, leg. P. A. van der Byl (v. d. Byl 328).

The fungus causes reddish-brown leaf spots on the upper side of the leaf ; these are

elliptic to sub-circular in outline, up to 10 mm. long and 6-8 mm. Iroad. On the under

side of the leaf there is no discolouration of the tissues, but they are concave under the; leaf

spots.

There is no superficial mycelium, but the thyriothecia are attached either in the centre,

or at several points, to a sub-cuticular mycelium. This takes the form of sub-cuticular

plates, one cell thick, hyaline to dark olive-buff and buffy-brown. It consists of straight

or curved hyphae, 2-5-4 p thick, with cells 5-15 p long and rather frequently branched ;

through repeated branching the hyphae, which are fused by their lateral walls, form a

radiating fan-shaped structure at the edge of the colony.

Ascomata epiphyllous, developing in concentric rings, very numerous, often crowded

and becoming coalescent in groups of 2-3 or more ; at first round to elliptic in outline,

becoming oblong to oblong-linear, rounded at both ends, straight, curved or bent, 170—

500 p long, 150-200 p broad, 70-85 p high in the centre. Covering membrane convex,

blackish-brown, opaque, visibly radiating in structure towards the margin, briefly and densely

fimbriate, consisting of hyphae 2-5-4 p thick ; at maturity splitting down the centre to

form a longitudinal fissure running almost the length of the covering membrane ; less

frequently developing radiating cracks. Basal membrane sub-hyaline, 3-4 p thick ;

structure not evident. Asci numerous, 8-spored, ovate, 30-35 X 22-25 p, or oblong-

clavate, 40-50 x 15 20 p, the ovate asci being near the margin of the ascomata and the

more elongated asci near the centre. Asci broadly rounded above, more or less tapering

to the base, sessile, thin-walled, slightly thickened, up to 5 p, round the apex. Spores

distichous or imperfectly fri.stiohoiis, elavate-oblong, broadly rounded at both ends, smooth,

long remaining hyaline, becoming dark olive-bud to buffy-brown, I -septate, constricted

875

at the septum, 20-22-5 p long ; upper cell ovate, 9-10 p long, 6-7-5 p broad ; lower cell

oblong or tapering slightly downwards, 11-5-12-5 p long, 5-6 p broad ; the cells separate

rather readily at the septum.

on leaves of Dracaena Hookeriana K. Koch, Durban, van der Byl 328.

253. Bulliardella capensis Doidge nov. spec.

Hysterothecia erumpenti-superficialia, carbonacea, sparsa vel gregaria, elliptica v.

rotundata, utrinque obtusa, 400-750 p longa, 400-500 p lata, extus atra subnitentia rima

longitudinali percursa, haud carina ta. Asci 6-8 spori, cylindracei v. clavati, apice rotundati,

tenuiter tunic-ati, 125-150 X 20-30 p, paraphysibus filiformibus, ramosis. Sporae recte v.

oblique distichae, olivaceae, cylindraceae, utrinque rotundatae, 1-septatae, medio leniter

constrictae, 47-5-52-5 X 11-5-13 p, loculo superiore longiore et lenissime latiore.

Hab. in ramulis Gymnosporiae procubentis, Qolora, Transkei, leg. M. Gunn, 24136.

Hysterothecia scattered or more or less gregarious, erumpent to superficial, carbona-

ceous, shining black, elliptic to circular in outline, 400-750 p long, 400-500 p broad ; flat-

tened elliptic in section and about 350 p high ; traversed by a narrow longitudinal fissure,

lips level or slightly incurved, not ridged. Walls thick, opaque, 50-75 p thick at base and

sides, becoming thinner above. Asci numerous, 6-8-spored, cylindrical to clavate, broadly

rounded above, tapering at the base, or constricted abruptly into a short peg-like foot,

thin-walled, 125-150 X 25-30 p. Paraphyses delicate, filiform, branched. Spores sub-

distichous, parallel or oblique, grayish-olive to buffv-brown, cylindrical, rounded at both

ends, 1-septate, slightly constricted at the septum, straight or slightly curved, 47-5-52-5

X 1 1 • 5-13 p ; upper cell longer than the lower and slightly broader, cylindrical or broadening

slightly above the septum, 26-5-29 p long; lower cell tapering somew-hat to the base;

loculi separating readily at the septum.

on twigs of Gymnosporia procumbens Lees., Qolora, Transkei, M. Gunn , 34136 ; closely

associated wfith Lecanora sp. and with other lichens ; an immature hysteriaceous fungus

with longer ascomata and muriform spores was also found on the same twigs.

In “ Observations on Species of Bulliardella ” (Papers of Mich. Acad. Sci. Arts and

Letters, Vol. 23, 1938, pp. 155-61) Lohman mentions five species of Bulliardella, of which

four were previously known in Europe ; the fifth B. nitida (Ellis) Lohman is a North American

species. With the exception of B. sphaerioides, found in Europe and North America on

Betula, all are conifer-inhabiting fungi and all are comparatively small spored, with spores

less than 20 p long and 7 p broad. There appears to be no previous record of this genus

in the southern hemisphere. The spores of B. capensis are sometimes deeply constricted

at the septum and the cells sub-pvriform in shape, very similar in form to those of B. sphaero-

ides, but they are much larger.

254. Bulgariastrum africanum Syd.

Ann. Myc. 13 (1915) p. 42.

Ascomata amphigenous and caulicolous, not on definite leaf spots, but causing an indeter-

minate, yellow-brown discolouration of the leaf tissues, very closely crowded in round groups,

which are up to 5 mm. diam., or occasionally becoming confluent and irregular ; not infre-

quently interspersed with conidiiferous stromata in the same groups ; the latter are black,

more or less round, pulvinate, the surface rough with many fissures and folds. The ascomata

are sub-turbinate, at first gelatinous, hard and horny when dry ; disk waxy in appearance,

with a raised black border. (Plate I a and b.)

The mycelium penetrating the tissues of the host is similar in character and extent to

that of Bulgariastrum bullatum, but the internal stroma and the base of the external stroma

is lime-green in colour and is translucent. The stroma is 250-350 p broad at the base, expand-

ing rapidly upwards ; it may be simple, bearing one disk, branching to produce two or

three disks, or with ascoma and conidia on one stroma. The ascoma expands rapidly

upwards to a height of 400-500 p, the expanded disk being slightly concave or slightly

3340-4

876

convex, varying from 300 p to 1,000 p in diameter ; disk normally round, but in closely

crowded groups it becomes elliptic through mutual pressure.

The central part of the stroma is lime-green, parenchymatous in texture and composed

of cells 12-18 p diam., with a cortex of smaller cells, 7-12 p diam., dusky blue-green in colour

and externally rough and loosely connected.

Asci clavate, rounded above, 8-spored, 60-90 X 14-16 p. Spores obliquely mono-

stichous or incompletely distichous, hyaline, ellipsoid-oblong, 1-septate, not constricted

at the septum or slightly so, rounded at both ends, 12-15 X 6-7 p ; cells equal or nearly so.

Paraphyses filiform, thicker (3-4 p) at the clavate tips, exceeding the asci and forming a

dense, dusky green-blue epithecium.

The conidiiferous stroma is similar in structure to the ascoma, but pulvinate in form.

Under the cortical cells cavities develop, 200-300 p diam. and 200-300 p high ; the surface

of the cavity, on all sides, is lined with conidiophores, which are simple, straight or slightly

curved, cylindrical, ca. 10-13 p long and 2-2-5 p thick. Conidia borne singly at the tips

of the conidiophores, hyaline, mostly clavate, rarely ellipsoid, straight or slightly curved,

not tapering or tapering slightly to the rounded apex, tapering gradually towards the base,

11-25 X 3-5 p ; at first 1-septate, then 2-3-septate, often slightly constricted at the septa.

on Capparis Rudatisii Gilg. and Ben., Somerset East, MacOwan 1273 b, 20814 ; East

London, Doidge, 12395.

The type specimen (Sydow l.c.) was collected by Rudatis 1388 at Friedenau in Natal.

The conidial form is : — -

Oncospora viridans Kalchbr. and Cooke.

Grevillea IX (1880), p. 19.

Nannfeldt, Nov. Act. Reg. Soc. Sc. Upsala, Ser. IY, Yol. 8 (1932), p. 86.

Sphaeropsis abnormis Berk and Thuern. in Thuem. Myc. Univ. No. 1675.

Ephelis viridans (Kalchbr. and Cooke) Sacc. Syll. Fung. Ill (1884), p. 691.

Sphaeropsis enormis Sacc., Syll. Fung. X (1892), p. 254.

The host of MacOwan’s collections was said to be Capparis Gueinzii, but a careful

comparison with authentically named specimens shows that it is C. Rudatisii ; asconjata

are present on the portion of the type collection of Oncospora viridans (MacOwan 1273 b)

in the Pretoria herbarium. Conidia have also been found on : — •

Capparis Rudatisii Gilg. and Ben., Olifantshoek, Uitenhage, MacOwan ( Sphaeropsis

abnormis in Thuem. Myc. Univ. 1675) ; Alexandria, Doidge, 22373.

Ascomata are formed more freely than those of Bulgariastrum bullatum, which is usually

found in the conidial stage.

255. Bulgariastrum bullatum Doidge nov. spec.

Ascomata hypophylla et caulicola, in epiphyllo maculas rufo-brunneas usque 5 mm.

latas leniter depressas efformantia, deme caespitosa et greges orbiculares 4-5 mm. latos vel

confluendo irregulares formantia, in stromata pulvinata erumpenti superficialia oriunda,

subsessilia v. basi brevissime stipitiformi contract-a, subturbinata, glabra, gelatinea, in

sicco cornea, atra, disco leniter concavo dilute brunneo, 500-800 p lato ; contextu parenchv-

matico ex cellulis rotundatis 10-15 p diam. composito. Asci clavati, apice rotundati, basi

pedicellati, 65-100 p longi, 12-14 p lati, octospori. Faraphyses filiformae, oursum clavato

incrassatae (2-5-4 p) et epithecium densum flavo-fuscidulum formantes. Sporae oblique

monostichae v. subdisticbae, clavato-ellipsoideae, 1-septatae, leniter constrictae, hyalinae,

12-5-17-5 X 5-7 p (vix maturae) cellulae superiore plerumque late rotundata et crassiore.

Status conidiiferus Oncospora bullata Kalchbr. et Cooke.

Hab. in foliis Capparidis citrifoliae, Langholm Estates, Bathurst, leg. Doidge, 12350.

Stromata amphigenous and caulicolous, but chiefly hypophvllous ; usually crowded

on leaf spots, which are up to 5 mm. diam., scattered, or numerous and becoming confluent ;

most conspicuous on the upper surface, where they are reddish-brown and concave. Coni-

diiferous stromata in close groups on leaf spots, round to ellipsoid, pulvinate, sometimes

confluent and irregular, surface rough, dull black, often with irregular folds and cracks ;

a few stromata often form on the upper leaf surface, opposite the densely grouped stromata

on the lower surface. (Plate II.)

Ascomata closely grouped on similar leaf spots, often interspersed with the conidiiferous

stromata, or at least covering the centre of the spot with a border of the latter ; under a

low magnification, the disk is waxy in appearance with a raised, blackish-brown border.

The mycelium of the fungus in the epidermal cells of the host, sends out hyphae which

penetrate more deeply into the leaf tissues ; these hyphae are at first parallel, 4—6 p thick,

thin-walled, w;th cells 10-15 p long ; later becoming more closely septate and forming plates

of angular cells 4-10 p diam. ; these are most conspicuous between the cells of the host

near the lower leaf surface, but. penetrate right through the leaf and produce similar plates

of cells between the palisade cells on the upper side.

Under a stoma, the hyphae grow rapidly, forming a compact, stromatic mass of cells

near the surface, which become thicker-walled, and are at first hyaline, then brown and

sub-opaque ; the epidermis is ruptured and the stroma continues to develop externally.

The conidiiferous stroma is pulvinate, 450-750 p diam., 200-350 p high, and the torn

epidermis adheres closely to the sides of the stroma. The mature stroma consists of a

blackish-brown, sub-opaque base, 150-250 p diam., immersed in the outer cell layers of the

leaf, expanding somewhat upwards and consisting of more or less parallel rows of cells

2-5 p thick and 5-10 p long, snuff-brown to pale fuscous in colour, pellucid, with a rough

uneven cortical layer of darker irregular cells, loosely connected at the surface, globose,

ellipsoid or polygonal in form and mostly 10-15 p diam. The conidiiferous layer is formed

within this cortex, which is 40-50 p thick, and which ruptures and disappears as the conidia

develop. Conidiophores forming a continuous layer, simple, straight, parallel, 10-15 p

long, 2-4 p thick. Conidia dark olive-buff in mass, singly sub-hyaline, clavate, hamate

to falcate, rarely almost straight, 20-35 p long, 4-5 p thick at the broadest point, which

is about one-third of the distance from apex to base ; not tapering or tapering slightly

to the rounded apex, attenuated gradually to the truncate base, which is 2-2-5 p thick.

Ascomata formed on a pulvinate stroma similar to that in which the conidia are pro-

duced ; it usually develops from one-half of the stroma, the other half remaining sterile

or producing a second ascoma or conidia. From a base 250-350 p diam., the ascoma

broadens rapidly, forming an expanded disk, 500-800 p diam., slightly concave, rarely

almost flat. Asci clavate, rounded at the apex, tapering gradually to the pedicellate base,

8-spored, sp. part 60-90 p long, 12-14 p broad, rather thin-walled, slightly thickened

(2-5-4 p) at the apex. Paraphvses filiform, clavate and ca. 4 p thick at the apex, exceeding

the asci and forming a dense, dark olive epithecium. Spores obliquely monostichous or

878

incompletely distichous, clavate-ellipsoid, 1-septate, very slightly constricted, 12- 5-1 7- 5

X 5-7 g, broadly rounded above, tapering gradually to the rounded base, upper cells rather

shorter and broader than the lower. The spores examiued were barely mature.

on Capparis citrifolia Lam., Langholm Estates, Bathurst, Doidge, 12350.

The conidial stage, Oncospora bullata Kalchbr. and Cooke [Grevillea IX (1880) p. 19]

occurs very commonly near the south and south-east coast. The following collections

have been examined : — •

on Capparis citrifolia Lam., Kowie, Stent, 7789 ; Alexandria, Doidge, 22346 ; Knysna

Heads, Schonland, 12512 ; Knysna, Bottomley, 32260, 32241 ; The Wilderness,

Doidge, 17122 ; Bonza Bay, East London, Bottomley, 28680 ; Kingwilliamstown,

Weaie (ex Herb. MacOwan) 20806 ; Port Alfred, Wager, 28827 ; Grahamstown,

Hansford, 33476 ; Kusaga Riv., Archibald, 33522 ; Bushmans River Mouth,

Archibald, 33521.

Capparis Flanagani Gilg. and Ben., Boschberg, MacOwan 1273, 20982 ; Bushmans

River, Archibald, 33523.

Capparis Gueinzii Sond., Uitenhage, Pienaar, 2362.

MacOwan 23, the type collection of Oncospora bullata is on Capparis citrifolia ; his

second collection, MacOwan 1273 was said to be on Capparis Gueinzii, but the portion of

this collection in the Pretoria Herbarium appears to be on C. Flanagani, which was formerly

included in C. Gueinzii.

The genus Bulgariastrum as at present known, comprises three species, all on leaves of

Capparis spp. B. bullatum is closely related to B. africanum but appears to be quite distinct;

the blue-green colour of the latter species is distinctive, and the conidial forms are more

widely divergent than the ascomata. The type species, B. caespitosum Syd., occurs on

C. sepiaria in the Philippines ; the conidial form is Oncospora caespitosa v. Holm. Ex

description, the latter species approaches B. bullatum, but there are numerous minor dif-

ferences, '•-nd no specimen of the Philippine fungus has been available for comparison.

879

(e)

Plate I. — (a) Ascoma, and (b) eondiiferous stroma of Bulgariasirum africanum ; (c) stroma of Valsaria

Eucalypti on Citrus. (Photo. H. A. V. King.)

3340-3

880

Plate II. — {a and b) Ascomata of Bulgariustrum bullatum ; (e) Conidiiferous stroma ; (d) Section through

the foot of stroma and leaf, showing the mycelium in the tissues. (Photo. H. A. A . Kino.)

CERCOSPORA SPECIES RECORDED FROM

SOUTHERN AFRICA.

By Charles Chupp and Ethel M. Doidge.

Published records of the genus Cercospora in Southern Africa consist of a small number

•of descriptions of species on indigenous plants and scattered references, in lists of plant

diseases, to species on plants in cultivation. Judging from specimens in the Cryptogamic

Herbarium, Pretoria, the latter have not always been, identified correctly. In the following

pages 25 species on cultivated plants are listed ; these are mostly cosmopolitan, or at least

occur commonly in tropical and subtropical countries ; several are recorded for the first

time from Southern Africa.

No systematic collections have been made of fungi causing leaf spots on indigenous

plants. Seven species of Cercospora were described by Kalchbrenner, Cooke and Winter

from material collected by MacOwan and Medley Wood ; in later years, II. and P. Sydow

described 10 species and Cercospora Oliniae was described by Yerwoerd and Dippenaar.

A considerable quantity of material in the Pretoria Herbarium had not been studied ;

unfortunately much of this is in poor condition and could not be identified, but an examina-

tion of leaves with lesions on which acervuli of Cercospora have developed has revealed a

number of unrecorded species. It has been deemed advisable, therefore, to bring together

all records of Cercospora spp. known to occur in Southern Africa.

In the following pages 75 species are listed ; 25 occur on cultivated plants and the

remainder on plants indigenous to South Africa ; of the latter 18 were previously recorded

from South Africa, 21 are species known in other parts of the world and 10 are described

as new. The species are arranged in alphabetical order.

Cercospora Apii Presen.

Beitrage z. Mykol. 3 (1863), p. 91, Taf. XI, Figs. 46-54.

on Apium graveolens Linn. var. dulce D.C., Cedara, Natal, 2099.

Cercospora arachidicola Hori.

Ann. Rept. Nishigara Agric. Exp. Sta., Tokyo (1917), p. 26.

on Arachis hypogaea Linn., Gwebi and Salisbury, Eyles 4987, 5001 (Rh. 481, 836,

2122) ; Bindura, Hopkins (Rh. 1619) ; Marandellas, Hopkins (Rh. 1474).

Cercospora Argyrolobii Chupp et Doidge nov. spec.

Maculae amphigenae, per folium irregulariter dispersae, irregulares vel angulatae,

sordide brunneae, minutae v. effmae, haud acute definitae. Caespituli amphigeni, plerumque

epiphylli, minuti, laxe dispersi, atro-olivacei, in tomento denso folii absconditi. Hypo-

stroma nullum v. minutum, sub epidermide innatum, irregulariter rotundatum, uscpie

40 i u diam., subhvalinum, contextu molliusculo indistincte parenchymatico. Conidiophora

per stomata folii emergentia, haud vel plus minus fasciculata, pallide v. modice brunnf-a,

ad apicem pallidiora, crassitudine irregularia, distincte creboque septata, saepe ad septa

constricta, varie curvata v. tortuosa, raro geniculata, ramosa, 20-100 p longa, 4-6-5 p

crassa, cicatrice conidii minuta ad apicem obtuse rotundatum v. conicum praedita. Conidia

pallide v. modice olivaceo-brunnea, obclavata v. obclavato-cylindracea, breviora interdum

cvlindracea, recta v. leniter curvata, distincte 3-13-septata, interdum ad septa constricta,

basi subtruncata vel ad basim obconice truncatam sensim attenuata, apice plerumque

obtusa, 15-110 p longa, 4-6-5 p crassa.

Hab. in foliis Argyrolobii Wilmsii Harms, Nelspruit, leg. L. C. C. Liebenberg, 26075.

3340-6

882

Cercospora Bauhiniae H. and P. Syd.

Ann. Myc. 12 (1914), p. 202.

Cercospora latimaculans Wakefield, Kew Bull. 1918, p. 210.

on Bauliinia Galpini N.E. Br., leaves, Tzaneen, Liebenberg, 32734 ; Nelspruit, Lieben-

berg, 26075 ; Scliagen. Liebenberg, 32879.

Cercospora beticola Sacc.

Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. 8 (1876), p. 189.

Cercospora flag elliformis Ell. et Halsted, N. Jersey Ann. Rept. for 1890 (1891), p. 355.

Cercospora Spinaciae Oud., Nederl. Kruidk. Arch. Ill, 2 (1900), 314.

Cercosporina spinacicola Sacc., Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. N.S. 22 (1915), 73.

on Beta vulgaris L., leaves, Pretoria, 661, and Naude, 27574 ; Pyramids, Bottomley,

30933 ; Potchefstroom, 23494 ; Scliagen. Liebenberg, 26180 ; Kentani, Pegler

2389, 9429 ; Natal, without locality, 1078 ; Cedara, Staples, 15430 ; Maritzburg,

Erxleben, 17006, 17008 ; Thornville Junction, Slatter, 23180 ; Bloemfontein,

Yerwoerd ; Stellenbosch, van der Byl 1159 ; Stellenbosch, Kuilsrivier, Wynberg,

Dieprivier, Paarl and Wellington, V erwoerd ; Avondale (Rh. 711) ; Salisbury

(Rh. 1742).

Beta vulgaris L. var. Cicla L., Pretoria, Wager, 23218 and Naude, 27574.

Cercospora Byliana H. Syd.

Ann. Myc. 22 (1924) 433.

on Allamanda cathartica L., leaves, Tzaneen, van der Byl 1508, Co-type, 34277.

Cercospora caffra H. et P. Sydow.

Ann. Myc. 12 (1914), 267.

on Sclerocarya caffra Solid., leaves, Nelspruit, Hall, 6618, Co-tvpe ; Schagen, Liebenberg,

26353.

Cercospora canescens Ell. et Mart.

American Naturalist 16 (1882), 1001.

on DolicJios biflorus L., leaves, Salisbury (Rh. 2143).

Dolichos sp., Nelspruit, Liebenberg, 26070.

Phaseolu s vulgaris L., Salisbury, Eyles 4999 (Rh. 1798, 1987).

Rhodesian records fide Hopkins in Proc. Rhod. Sc. Ass. 35 (1938), 122. The numbers

in parentheses, with the letters Rh., are those of the Mycological Herbarium of the Depart-

ment of Agriculture, Salisbury, Southern Rhodesia.

Cercospoia Caryae Chupp et Doidge nov. spec.

Maculae amphigenae, per folium plus minus dense dispersae, irregulares, primitus

minutae, 0-5--2 mm. diam., mox confluentes, plus minus effusae et saepe magnam folii

partem occupantes, sordide brunneae, in epiphyllo tandem centra albicautes, saepe venulis

foliii imitatae. Caespituli epiphylli, minuti, densi, laxe v. densiuscule dispersi, vix per-

picusl, atro-olivacei. Hypostroma innato-erumpens, obscure v. olivaceo-brunneum,

irregulariter rotundatum, 15-60 g diam., laxe e cellulis rotundato-angulosis plerumque sat

distinctis, 4 5 g diam., inetientibus compositum. Conidiophora dense caespitosa, simplicia,

883

haud geniculata, subrecta, 15-80 g longa, 1-4-septata, saepe ad septa coustricta, basi palbde

brunnea, 4-6 g lata, interduin usque 8 g, apice obtuse rotuudata pallidiora v. subhyalina.

Couidia bvalina v. subhyalina, acicularia v. obclavata, recta v. lenissime curvata, pluri-

septata, 20-75 g longa, basi truncata v. subtruncata, 2-5^ g crassa, sursum ad apicem

subacutum sensim attenuata.

Hab. in foliis Caryae Pecan Aschers, et Graebn., Alkmaar, 25441 Type ; Plaston, leg.

Wager, 28264.

Cercospora Cassinopsidis Wint.

Hedwigia 24 (1885), 34.

on Cassinopsis capensis Sond., Somerset West, MacOwan.

Type specimen not seen.

Cercospora circumscissa Sacc.

Fungi veneti novi vel critici, Ser. Y. in Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. VIII (1876), 189 ;

Fung. Ital. autographice delineati, Fig. 659 (1881).

on Prunus avium L., leaves, Kingwilliamstown, Dreyer , 1187.

Cercospora Clerodendri Miyake.

Bot. Mag. Tokyo 27 (1913) 53, Tab. i, Figs. 20-21.

on Clerodendron myricoids R. Br. var. cuneatum, Nelspruit, Liebenberg, 26012.

The type of this species was not obtainable, so that the diagnosis is not absolutely

certain ; the fungus is distinct from C. Balceri Syd. and from C. Kashotoensis Yam.

Cercospora Cluytiae Kalchbr. et Cooke.

Grevillea 9 (1880), 24.

on Cluytia pulchella L., leaves, Somerset East, MacOwan 1352, Kew, Type.

Cercospora coffeicola Berk, et Cooke.

Grevillea 9 (1881), 99.

Cercospora Cojfeae Zimm., Ber. Land. u. Forstwirtsch. in Deutsch-Ostafrika (1904) 35

Cercospora Herrerana Farneti, Atti 1st. Bot. di Pavia 9 (1904), 13.

on Cojfea sp., leaves, Nelspruit, Liebenberg, 26022 ; Concession (Rh. 907) ; Umtali

(Rh. 912, 2735, 2946).

Cercospora columnaris Ell. et Everh.

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. (1894), Pt. Ill, p. 380.

Isariopsis griseola Sacc., Michelia 1 (1878), 273.

Cercospora Stuhhnanni P. Henn., Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 28 (1904), 40.

on Phaseolus vulgaris L., Pretoria, Doidge, 11387 ; Barberton, Watts, 15 ; Winkle

Spruit, Doidge, 2504 ; Southern Rhodesia, Hoph'ins.

Cercospora Commelynae Kalchbr. et Cooke.

Grevillea 9 (1880) 24.

on Commelina benghalensis Linn., Somerset East, MacOwan 1346, Kew, Type.

Commelina sp., Stella Bush, Durban, Marriott, 32777.

884

Cercospora Corchori Sawada.

Agric. Exp. Sta., Formosa 1 (Special Bull. 19) (1919) 37, 667.

on Corchorus tridens Linn., Nelspruit, Liebenberg, 26001, 26309.

Cercospora Corchori has hyaline, acicular conidia. In the other species of Cercospora

on this host genus conidia are coloured, not acicular.

Cercospora cruenta Sacc.

Michelia 2 (1880), 149.

on Phaseolus vulgaris Linn., Cedara, Staples, 15428 ; Potchefstroom, 23497 ; Southern

Rhodesia, Hopkins.

Cercospora Curtisiae Chupp et Doidge nov. spec.

Maculae amphigenae, distinctissimae, irregulariter sparsae, suborbiculares v. irregulares,

saepe angulatae, 2-4 mm. diam., obscure castaneo- v. purpureo-brunneae, saepe venulis

folii limitatae, nonnunquam zonula rufo-brunnea circumdatae. Caespituli semper hypo-

phylli. Conidiophora interdum dense fasciculata, in hvpostromate rotundato obscure

brunneo v. fere atro, 20-60 g diam., indistincte parenchymatico orta, plerumque solitaria

in hyphis ramosis procumbentibus oriunda, subhyalina v. pallide olivacea, continua, 15-70 /x

longa, 2-5-4 g crassa, raro septata v. geniculata, apice obtuse rotundata, haud attenuata,

cicatricibus apicalibus conidiorum minutis. Conidia subhyalina v. pallide olivacea, obcla-

vato-cvlindracea, recta v. leniter curvata, obscure pluriseptata, basi obconice truncata,

apice conica v. obtusa, 20-75 g longa, 2 • 5-4 p crassa.

Hab. in foliis Curtisiae fagineae Ait., Knysna, leg. Reinecke, 32077.

Cercospora delicatissima Kalchbr. et Cooke.

Grevillea 9 (1880), 24.

Asteroma pullum Kalchbr. in von Thiimen, Flora 59 (1875), 380.

on Priva Meiieri Jaub. et Spach. (— Priva dentata Juss.) Boschberg, MacOwan 1109,

22013, Kew.

The spores of this species are hyaline, as shown by the type at Kew and the co-type at

Berlin and Pretoria ; it must therefore be transferred to the genus Cercosporella as Cerco-

sporella delicatissima (Kalchbr. et Cooke) Chupp nov. comb.

Cercospora Demetrionana Wint.

Hedwigia 23 (1884) 170.

on Crotalaria intermedia KI., Nelspruit, Liebenberg, 25970.

Crotalaria juncea Linn., Nelspruit, Liebenberg, 26676.

Cercospora Dissotidis Chupp et Doidge nov. spec.

Caespituli semper hypophylli, sine maculis sed decolorationes griseolas v. brunneolas

indeterminatas interdum efficientes, plerumque dense aggregati et greges irregulariter angu-

latos, 2-10 mm. longos formantes, olivacei v. olivaceo-brunnei, inter pilos stellatos folii

absconditi. Hypostroma nullum. Conidiophora plerumque haud fasciculata, solitaria,

in hyphis ramosis, procumbentibus oriunda, 10-70 g longa, crassitudine irregularia, 4-6 g

crassa, pallide olivacea v. fuliginea, parce septata, raro geniculata, apice obtuse rotundata,

cicatrice unica conidii apicali parvula praedita. Conidia pallide v. pallidissime fuliginea,

cylindracea, recta v. leniter curvata, 1-5-plerumque 3-septata, basi sensim obconice attenu-

ata, apice obtusa, 20-55 g longa, 4-5-6 g crassa.

Hab. in foliis Dissotidis incanae Triana, Tweedie, Natal, leg. A. O. D. Mogg, 11651.

885

Cercospora Dovyalidis Chupp et Doidge nov. spec.

Maculae amphigenae, distinctissimae, irregulariter sparsae, primitus orbiculares v.

ellipticae, dein interdum irregulares, 5-12 mm. diam., subacute defuiitae, distincte zonatae,

zonulis irregulariter concentricis brunneolo-griseis usque atro-brunneis, in hypophyllo haud

raro linea elevata limitatis. Caespituli amphigeni, densi v. densissimi, in hypophyllo magis

evoluti, per maculas irregulariter dispersi. Hypostroma in et sub epidermide innatum,

breviter cylindraceum, 15-60 p diam., erumpens, parenchymatice e cellulis angulatis,

2-5-5 p crassis. 5-7-5 p longis, pallide olivaceo-brumieis compositum. Conidia in cellulis

superioribus hypostromatum leniter elongatis, 12-15 p vel usque 30 p longis, basi pallide

olivaceo-brunneis ca. 4 p crassis, sursum leniter attenuatis et pallidioribus, simplicibus,

rectis, haud septatis, cicatricibus indistinctis oriunda. Conidia subhyalina v. pallide

olivacea, filiformi-cylindracea, recta, curvata v. undulata, mox non, mox apicem conice

acutum versus lenissime attenuata, pluriseptata, haud constricta, ad basim truncatam v.

subtruncatam non v. sensim obconice attenuata, 35-95 p longa, 2-5-4 p crassa.

Hab. in foliis Dovyalidis Zeyheri Warb., prope Pretoria, leg. Doidge, 7398.

Cercospora egenula (H. Syd.) Chupp et Doidge nov. comb.

Cercoseptoria egenula H. Sydow, Ann. Myc. 33 (1935), 235.

on Solatium panduraeforme E. Mey., Nelspruit, Liebenberg, 25999, Co-type.

The genus Cercoseptoria is based on “ dense fascicles of very short conidiophores ” or

almost sessile conidia. The length of the conidiophore is such a relative thing that fully

half of the proposed species might be doubtful. Consequently all Cercoseptoria species

with coloured conidiophores are considered by the senior author (C. Chupp) as being Cercospora

spp.

Cercospora Faureae Chupp et Doidge nov. spec.

Maculae suborbiculares, 2-8 mm. diam., fusco-cinerascentes, linea purpurea usque

brimnea cinctae, nonnunquam zonatae. Caespituli epiphvlli, minuti, atri, perspicui, oculo

nudo visibiles. Stromata prominentia, globulosa, atra, 50-200 p diam. Conidiophora

densissime fasciculata medie usque obscure olivaceo-brunnea, colore aequalia, crassitudine

irregularia, parce aeptata, simplicia, haud geniculata, varie curvata v. flexa, apice obtuse

rotundata, 10-45 p longa 3-5-5 p crassa. Conidia pallidissime olivacea, cylindracea, recta

v. subrecta, 3-5-septata, basi obconice truncata, apice obtusa, 20-50 p longa, 3-5 p crassa.

Hab. in foliis Faureae speciosae, Concession, S. Rhodesia, leg. J. C. Hopkins (Rh. 1620).

The prominent stromata and very dense fascicles resemble somewhat Cercospora

Protearum Cooke, but in Cooke’s species the conidia are medium dark olivaceous and

measure 30-65 X 6-8 p. The two fungi differ also in other characteristics.

Cercospora Fici Heald et Wolf.

Mycologia 3 (1911), 16.

? Cercospora Fici-Caricae Sawada, Dept. Agr. Res. Inst. Formosa 11 (1922), 151.

Cercospora ficicola v. Bond-Mont., Acta Inst. Bot. Acad. Sci. URSS. II, 3 (1936), 755.

on Ficus Sycomorus L., Nelspruit, Liebenberg, 26345.

This collection has shorter conidia than the type, but in other respects resembles it.

Cercospora fukushiana (Matsuura) Yam.

Journ. Plant Protection 14 (1927), 699.

Cercosporina fukushiana Matsuura, Trans. Tattori Soc. Agr. Sci. Japan 1 (-1928), 83.

on hnpatiens balsamina Linn., Salisbury, S. Rhodesia, Hopkins (Rh. 4472), 34273.

886

Cercospora fusimaculans Atk.

Journ. Elisha Mitchell Sc. Soc. 8, Pt. 2 (1892), 18.

Cercospora Panici Davis, Trans. Wise. Acad. Sci. 19 (1919), Pt. 2, p. 714.

? Cercospora Panici-miliacei Sawada, Descriptive catalogue Formosan Fungi V.

Dept. Agr. Res. Inst., Formosa, Rept. 51 (1931), 131.

on Bracliiaria serrata Stapf, Kaalfontein, Pole Evans, 10081.

Cercospora grandissima Rang.

Bol. Agric., Sao Paulo (1915), 322.

on Dahlia pinnata Cav., Salisbury, S. Rhodesia, Hopkins, (Rh. 507) 34259.

Cercospora guliana Sace.

Ann. Myc. 11 (1913), 565.

Cercospora Amygdali Riza, Bull. Soc. Myc. Fr. 36 (1920) 191.

on Primus communis Fritsch, Klerksdorp, 779; without locality, Thomsen , 1177;

Louwscreek, Bradbury, 24891 ; Kirkwood, Knights- Rayson, 26634.

Cercospora Haemanthi Kalchbr.

Grevillea 9 (1880), 24.

on Haemanthus magnificus Herb., Pretoria, Pole Evans, 1203 ; Garstfontein, Pretoria

district, Doidge, 1378 ; Buffelspoort, Marikana, Doidge, 28615.

Haemanthus natalensis Pappe, Maritzburg, Doidge , 867.

Haemanthus puniceus Linn., Boschberg, MacOwan 1020, Type (Herb. S. Afr. Mus.

35105) ; Natal, Medley Wood ; Kentani, Pegler 2406, 2398, 9772, 9738.

Cercospora Halleriae Chupp et Doidge nov. spec.

Maculae per folium irregulariter dispersae, plerumque irregulares et plus minus angu-

latae, 2-5 mm. diam., venulis folii limitatae, in epiphyllo acute definitae, obscure rufo- v.

purpureo-brunneae, in hypophyllo indistinctae, v. plus minus brunneolae. Caespituli

hypophylli, minuti, vix perspicui. Conidiophora ca. 2-15 fasciculatim ad basim sub-

stromatice conjuncta, per stomata emergentia, pallide v. pallidissime olivaceo-brunnea

plerumque simplicia, raro ramosa, parce septata, recta v. plus minus tortuosa, haud geni

culata, apice conica, cicatrice conidii apicali minuta praedita, 10-35 g longa, 2-4 g crassa-

Conidia obclavata, subhyalina, recta v. leniter curvata, obscure septata, basi rotundata v,

obconice truncata, apice conice acuta, 15-70 g longa, 1-5-3 g crassa.

Hab. in foliis Halleriae lucidae Linn., Barberton, leg. P. A. van der Byl, 7377.

Cercospora heteromalla H. Syd.

Ann. Myc. 22 (1924), 433.

on Rubus rosaefolius Sm., Woodbush, van der Byl 1533, Co-type.

Cercospora insulana (Sacc.) Chupp nov. comb.

Cercosporina insulana Sacc. Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. N.S. 22 (1915), 74.

Cercospora Staticis Lobik, Bolezni Rast. (Morbi Plantarum) 17 (1928), 195.

on Limonium sinuatum Mill., Pretoria, Wager, 21247.

887

Cercospora Jussieuae Atk.

Journ. Elisha Mitch. Sc. Soc. 8, Pt. 2 (1892) 18.

Cercospora Jussieuae-repentis Sawada, Descriptive Catalogue of the Formosan

Fungi IV, Dept. Agr. Res. Inst. Formosa, Rept. 35 (1988), 108.

oil Jussieua suffruticosa L. var. angustifolia Lam., Nelspruit, Liebenberg, 26315.

Cercospora Kiggelariae H. Syd.

Ann. Myc. 22 (1924) 434.

on Kiggelaria africana Linn., Stellenbosch, Brain (van der Byl 1449) co-type ; Stellen-

bosch, Verwoerd (van der Byl 2677) ; Schagen, Liebenberg, 26315.

Cercospora Leoni Savul et Rayss.

Revue Path. Veg. and Entom. Agric. 22 (1935) 222.

on Vitis vinifera Linn, (sultana) Upington, Hugo, 33155 ; Marchand, Kakamas,

Valentin, 33898 ; Upington, du Plessis (Stell. 1045, 1046).

Mr. E. W. Mason of the Imperial Mycological Institute examined No. 33155 and wrote :

“ I think that No. 33155 can be included in this species (Cercospora Leoni). The diagnosis

gives the spores as 0-, then 1-2-, rarely 3-septate, 18-40 X 6*5-7 g. The South African

material is usually 1-septate, rarely 2-septate, 14-25 X 5-5-8 g. Cercospora now includes

species with free conidiophores, sporodochia, synnemata like this specimen, and acervuli.

I think it is best to conform to this current opinion.”

Five species of Cercospora have been described on Vitis vinifera which are identical

or nearly related

Cercospora vitiphylla (Speschnew) Barbarine (reference not found).

Cercospora Roesleri (Cattan.) Saccardo, Michelia 2 (1880), 128.

Cercospora Leoni Savul et Rayss, l.c.

Cercospora coryneoides Savul et Rayss, l.c.

Cercospora Fuckelii Jacz (citation not known).

All of these resemble closely the fungus named Septosporium heterosporum by Ellis

and Galloway. They also resemble species of Coryneum ; Speschnew (Fungi Transcapici

et Turkestani) named his fungus Coryneum vitiphyllum. If this fungus on Vitis vinifera

is to be regarded as a Cercospora, it could well be Cercospora Leoni, but the senior author

(Ch. Chupp) is inclined to consider some other genus than Cercospora and would be willing

to leave it under the name proposed by Ellis and Galloway.

Cercospora Leonotidis Cooke.

Grevillea 8 (1879), 72.

on Leonotis leonitis R. Br., Inanda, Medley Wood 5.

The portion of the collection Medley Wood o in the Pretoria Herbarium, No. 10175,

is Puccinia Leucadis on Leucas martinicensis ; it would appear that a mixed collection has

been distributed under this number.

Cercospora Liebenbergii II. Syd.

Ann. Myc. 33 (1935) 235.

on Rauwolfia caffra Sond., Schagen, Liebenberg, 26177 Co-tvpe, 30964.

888

Cercospora malayensis Stev. et Solh.

Mycologia 23 (1931), 394.

on Hibiscus cannabinus Linn., Schagen, Liebenberg, 26312 ; Nelspruit, Liebenberg,

26674 ; Salisbury, S. Rhodesia, Hopkins (Rh. 1233) ; Sinoia, Hopkins (Rh. 548) ;

Shamva, Hopkins (Rh. 1252).

No. 26312 resembles the type more closely than does 26674, which has shorter, slightly

narrower conidiophores and conidia than the type, but it may be a less mature specimen.

Cercospora melaena H. Syd.

Ann. Mvc. 22 (1924), 434.

on Flemingia Grahamiana W. and A., Woodbush, van der Byl 1522, Co-tvpe, and

Doidge, 32911.

Cercospora melanochaeta Ell. et Everh.

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. (1894), 380.

on Gymnosporia buxifolia Szysz., Verulam, van der Byl, 6946 ; Kentani, Pegier 2405,

9771 ; Schagen, Liebenberg, 26350 ; Escombe, Hean, 33214.

Cercospora Momordicae McRae.

Ann. Crypt. Exot. 2 (1929), 267.

Cercospora Chardoniana Chupp, Monographs Univ. Porto Rico 2 (1934), 245.

Cercospora Momordicae Mendoza, Philippine Journ. Sci. 75 (1941), 173.

on Momordica foetida Schum. and Thom., Kentani, Pegier 2453, 11679.

Cercospora Musae Zimmermann.

Centralbl. f. Bakt. II, 8 (1902), 219.

Cercospora Musae Massee, Kew Bull. (1914), 159.

on Musa sp., Gondola, Mopambique (Rh. 5766), 34275.

Cercospora myrticola Speg.

Ann. Soc. Cientif. Argent. 17 (1884), 167.

Cercospora Myrti Eriks., Bidr. till. Kaned. Odl. Vaxt. Szukdomar. Stockholm

(1885), 79. [See also Trans. Brit. Mvc. Soc. 6 (1919), 157.]

on Mijrtus communis Linn., Blauwvlei, Wellington, Doidge, 2066 ; Hopefield van

der Byl 1327.

Cercospora Nicotianae Ell. et Everh.

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. (1893), 170.

on Nicotiana Tabacum Linn., Swaziland, Gray, 894 ; Zomba, Nyasaland, det. Mason ;

Salisbury, Southern Rhodesia, Hopkins (Rh. 532, 1801, 1803, 3786) ; Eldorado,

Hopkins (Rh. 1767) ; Trelawney, Hopkins (Rh. 3304).

Cercospora oblecta H. Syd.

Ann. Mvc. 33 (1935), 235.

on Annona senegalensis Pers., Nelspruit, Liebenberg, 26403, Co-type.

889

Cercospora occidentalis Cooke.

Hedwigia 17 (1878), 39.

Cercospora personata (B. and C.) Ellis var. occidentalis Berk, et Cooke, Grevillea 3

(1874), 106.

Cercospora Paulensis P. Henn., Hedwigia 48 (1908), 18.

Cercospora somalensis Curszi, Bol. R. Staz. Patol. Yeget. n.s. 12 (1932), 158.

Cercosporina occidentalis (Cooke) Sacc. Svll. Fung. 25 (1931), 1906.

Cladosporium personation Berk, et Curt. var. Cassiae Thiim., Myc. Univ. No. 1964.

Ramularia cassiaecola Heald et Wolf, U.S. Dept. Agric. Bur. Plant Ind., Bull. 226

(1912), 101.

on Cassia delagoensis Harv., Nelspruit, Liebenberg, 26033 ; Sehagen, Liebenberg,

26352, 32881.

Cercospora Oliniae Yerw. et Dipp.

South Afric. Journ. Sci. 27 (1930), 326.

on Olinia cymosa Thunb., Stellenbosch, Dippenaar (van der Byl 2583), Co-type.

Cercospora omphacodes Ell. et Holw.

Journ. Myc. 1 (1885), 5.

Cercospora Phlogina Peck, New York State Mus. Bull. 150 (1911), 24.

on Phlox Drummondi Hk., Cramond, Hill, 6836.

Cercospora Pachycarpi Chupp et Doidge nov. spec.

Maculae amphigenae satis perspicuae, sordide brunneae, angulatae, primitus oblongae,

6-12 X 2- 5-3 mm., venulis folii Umitatae, deinde plus minus confluentes, irregulares et

saepe magnam folii partem occupantes. Caespituli amphigeni, plerumque epiphylli, laxe

dispersi, obscure olivacei, minuti. Hypostroma minutum vel usque 60 g diam., in parte

basali subepidermali e cellulis laxe parenchymaticis rotunda to-angulatis, 5-7-5 g diam.,

compositum; cellulae in superiore parte cylindrice per stoma emergentes, valde elongatae,

pallidiores, ca. 2-5 g crassae, in conidiophora treanseuntes. Conidiophora plus minus

dense faaciculata, crassitudine irregularia, interdum clavata, pellucide olivaceo-brunnea,

ad apicem haud pallidiora, recta v. tortuosa, parce sed distincte septata, raro geniculata,

10-35 g longa, 5-7-5 g crassa, cicatricibus conidiorum apicahbus v. subapicalibus, unicis

v. pluribus in quoque conidiophoro praedita. Conidia pallide olivacea, obclavata, recta v.

leniter curvata, obscure pluriseptata, basi obconice truntata, apice subobtusa, 40-130 g

longa, 4-5-6 g crassa.

Hab. in foliis Pachycarpi Schinziani N.E. Br., Wonderboom prope Pretoria, leg. 1'. A.

van der Byl, 2208i

Cercospora Pareirae Speg.

Ann. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires 20 (1910), 440.

on Cissampelos mucronata A. Rich., Schagen, Liebenberg, 26314.

Cercospora Persicariae Yam.

Journ. Trop. Agric. Formosa 6 (1934), 605.

?on Polygonum tomentosum Willd., Nels Rivier nr. Nelspruit, Liebenberg, 26011.

This may be an undescribed species, but as the material is in poor condition and few

spores present, it is impossible to be certain.

890

Cercospora personata (Berk, et Curt.) Ellis.

Jouru. Myc. 1 (1885), 63.

on Arachis hypogaea Linn., Skinner’s Court, 993, 1287 ; Hartebeestpoort Expt. Sta.,

Sellschop, 32136, 32137 ; Crecy, Sellschop, 30649 ; Nelspruit, Liebenberg, 26675 ;

Immerpan, Steen, 25364 ; Barberton, Parsons, 25363 ; Northern Flats, Dros,

25924 ; Cedara, Staples, 17060 ; Maritzburg, Erxleben, 15447 ; Sao Paulo,

Mozambique, Howard, 978.

Cercospora phaeocarpa Mitter.

Ann. Myc. 35 (1937), 239.

on Bauhinia Thonningii Schum., Concession, Hopkins (Rh. 1621), 34265. -

This collection exactly resembles the type, which is on leaves of Bauhinia sp., Majhgawan,

India. It has been agreed by the senior author (Ch. Chupp) and by Mr. E. W. Mason of

the Imperial Mycological Institute, Kew, that all species with thick-walled conidia, especially

if they are dark-coloured and closely septate, should be classed as Helminthosporium.

Cercospora phaeocarpa should therefore be transferred to the genus Helminthosporium ;

it is quite distinct from C. Bauhiniae.

Cercospora Pouzolziae H. Syd.

Ann. Myc. 33 (1935), 236.

on Pouzolzia hypoleuca Wedd., Nelspruit, Liebenberg, 26013, Co-type.

Cercospora pretoriensis Chupp et Doidge nov. spec.

Maculae amphigenae, irregulariter sparsae, suborbiculares, 2-6 mm. diam. saepe 2 vel

3 juxtapositae et plus minus confluentes, in epiphyllo distinctissimae centro pallide brunneae

v. sordide griseae, zonula plus minus lata rubra v. rufo-brunnea circumdatae, in hypophyllo

minus perspicuae zonula pallidiore. Caespituli epiphylli, per maculam dense v. irregulariter

dispersi, punctiformes, non vel vix confluentes, atro-olivacei, singuli subinde tantum hypo-

phylli. Hypostroma innatum, olivaceo-brunneum, irregulariter rotundatum, 15-60 g

diam., plus minus erumpens, contectu molliusculo, indistincte parenchymatico, e cellulis

angulato-rotundatis ca. 4-5 g diam. metientibus compositum. Conidiophora dense caespi-

tosa, in fasciculis olivaceo-brunnea, singula pallide fuliginea, simplicia, septata, cylindracea,

apicem obtuse rotundatum versus attenuata et pallidiora, plus minus curvata v. tortuosa,

raro abrupte geniculata, 10-100 g longa, 3-5 g crassa. Conidia hvalina, anguste cylindracea

v. subacicularia, recta v. leniter curvata, interdum subfalcata, pluriseptata, 30-90 g longa,

basi subtruncata, 2-4 g lata, sursum haud vel sensim attenuata, apice subobtusa.

Hab. in foliis Gomphrenae decumbentis Jacq. var. genuinae Stuchlik, Arcadia, Fretoria,

6593 Type et 775 ; Skinner’s Court, Pretoria, 1937 ; Donkerpoort, Pretoria district,

leg. Doidge et Bottomley, 32789 ; Schagen, leg. Liebenberg, 26316.

Cercospora Protearum Cooke.

Grevillea 12 (1883), 39.

Cercospora Protearum var. Leucospermi Cooke, l.c.

Cercospora Protearum var. Leucadendri Cooke, l.c.

on Leucospermum conocarpum R. Br., Hottentot’s Holland, MacOwan 1456 (Ranenh,

Fung. Eur. 3589) 3929, Kew ; St. James, Pole Evans, 5570 ; Stellenbosch.

Duthie (van der Byl 62).

Leucadendron argenteum R. Br., Table Mt., Cape, MacOwan 1457, Kew ; Kirsten-

bosch, Pearson, 8354.

891

Cercospora psychotriaecola Chupp et Doidge nov. spec.

Maculae utrinque perspicuae, sparsae, plerumque foliorum marginibus occupantes,

•suborbiculares v. irregulares, saepe venulis folii limitatae et tunc angulosae, 3-8 mm. diam.,

castaneo-brunneae, interdum zonula plus minus lata pallide viridula circumdatae. Caespituli

hypophylli, grisei v. olivacei, per totam maculam densiuscule dispersi. Hypostroma infra

stomata subepidermide innatum, irregulariter rotundatum, 55-85 p diam., erumpens, in

parte basali parenchymatice e cellulis opace brunneis indistinctis composita, cellulae in

superiore parte olivaceae, elongatae, 2-5-4 p crassae, in conidiophora transeuntes. Coni-

diophora dense stipata, divergentia, dilute olivacea, apicem versus pallidiora, crassitudine

aliquanto irregularia, parce septata, haud geniculata, simplicia, recta v. curvata, apice

obtuse rotundata, 5-45 p longa, 2-4 p crassa. Conidia subhyalina v. dilute olivacea, anguste

obclavata, apicem versus leniter attenuata, obscure pluriseptata, recta v. curvata, basi

obconice-truncata, apice subacuta, 40-120 p longa, 2-4 p crassa.

Hab. in foliis Psuchotriae capensis Yatke, in sylvis Mambatini prope Nelspruit, leg.

A. 0. D. Mogg, 32773.

Cercospora punetiformis Sacc. et Roum.

Rev. Mvc. 3 (1881), 39.

Cercospora Vincetoxici Ell et Everh., Journ. Myc. 8 (1902), 73.

on Cynanchum natalitium Schlecht., Isipingo, Doidge, 6642.

This specimen resembles the original in every particular, except that the conidia are

longer, 30-100 X 3-4 p, as compared with 20-55 X 3-4 p.

Cercospora Resedae Fuck.

Svmb. Mvc. (1869), 353.

on Reseda odorata Linn., Kentani, Pegler 2390, 9428, Kew ; Barberton, 439 ; Hopefield,

van der Byl 1272.

Cercospora Rhoicissi H. et P. Sydow.

Ann. Myc. 10 (1912), 444.

on Rhoicissus erythrodes (Fres.) Planch., Barberton, Lounsbury, 1275, Co-type.

Cercospora riachueli Speg.

An. Soc. Cientif. Argent. 9 (1880), 38.

on Cissus sp., Schagen, Liebenberg, 26178.

This is like the type, except that the conidia are longer and do not average as wide.

It is not like Cercospora Cissi-japonicae Hori, which has wider conidia and much longer

conidiophores.

Cercospora richardiaecola Atk.

Journ. Elisha Mitchell Sc. Soc. 8, 4t. 2 (1892), 19.

on Zantedeschia aethiopica (L.) Spreng., Pretoria, Bottomley, 14269 ; Salisbury, S.

Rhodesia (Rh. 1214).

Zantedeschia angustiloba (Schott.) Engl., Pretoria, Bottomley, 14271.

Zantedeschia Rehmanni Engl., Pretoria, Bottomley, 14270.

Zantedeschia sp., Maritzburg, Schmutz, 31198.

892

Cercospora ricinella Sacc. et Berk.

Atti R. 1st. Venito Sci., Lett, ed Arti, 6 ser., Ill (1885), 711.

on Ricinus communis Linn., Nelspruit, Liebenberg, 26010.

Cercospora rubro-tincta Ell. et Everh.

Journ. Myc. 3 (1887), 20.

Cercospora consobrina Ell. et Everh., Journ. Myc. 3 (1887), 19.

on Prunus persica Sieb. et Zucc., Potchefstroom, 23496.

Cercospora scitula H. Syd.

Ann. Myc. 33 (1935), 236.

on Annona senegalensis Fers., Nelspruit, Liebenberg, 26027.

Cercospora Sesami Zimm.

Ber. Land. — -u. Forstwirtsch. Deutsch-Ostafrik. (1904), 28,

on Ceratotheca triloba E. Mev., Schagen, Liebenberg, 26179.

Pretrea zanguebarica J. Gay, Nelspruit, Liebenberg, 26048.

This fungus closely resembles the type, but cross inoculations should be made from

Sesarnum to Ceratotheca and Pretrea.

Cercospora Solani-melongenae Chupp.

Cercospora Solani-melongenae Hori nom. nud.

Maculae amphigenae, per folium irregulariter dLpersae, subinde 2 vel 3 juxtapositae

et plus minus confluentes, suborbiculares, rufo-brunneae, nonnunquam zonula indistincta-

obscuriori marginatae, centro demum arescentes. Caespituli amphigeni, laxe v. densiuscule

dispersi, olivacei, minuti. Hypostroma in et sub epidermide innato-erumpens, irregulariter

globosum, obscure brunneum, parenchymatice e cellulis roteundato-angulosis, ca. 3-5 g

diam. compositum. Conidiophora densissime, caespitosa, in fasciculo olivac-eo-brunnea,

singularia dilute olivacea, apicem versus pallidiora, crassitudine aequalia v. irregularia,

Continua v. parce septata, semper simplicia, haud geniculata, recta v. leniter curvata, apice

obtusa v. conoidea, saepe brevissima, 5-30 g longa, 3-5 g crassa. Conidia subhyalina v.

dilute olivacea, obclavato-cylindracea, recta v. lenissime curvata, 3-7-septata, basi sub-

truncata v. obconica, apice conica v. obtusa, 30-40 g longa, 3-5 g crassa.

Hab. in foliis Solani melongenae, Japan, leg. Hori.

Cercospora Solani-melongenae Hori is a nomen nudum, which was withdrawn by Hori

in favour of C. Melongenae Welles. The particulars are given by Areta Ideta in the “ Supple-

ment to Handbook of the Plant Diseases of Japan II (1926), pp. 996-7.” Welles’ species

has hyaline acicular conidia and in no way resembles Hori’s collection, which was distributed

to various herbaria. The above description is based on the portion of Hori’s collection to

be found at Washington, D.C. Hori’s species is identical with the fungus collected on the

Natal coast, which may now be named : —

Cercospora Solani-melongenae Chupp.

on Solanum. Melongena L. var. esculentum Nees, Cavendish, Natal, Wager, 34107

Cercospora Sorghi Ell. et Everh.

Journ. Myc. 3 (1887), 15.

on Cymbopogon atronardus Stapf, Nelspruit, Liebenberg, 26061.

893

Cymbopogon excavatus Stapf, Wolwekloof, Bottomley, 29953 : Schagen, Liebenberg,

32910.

The South African fungus resembles the type fairly closely, but the conidiophores and

conidia are slightly smaller than in many collections.

Cercospora sphaeroidea Speg.

Anal. Soc. Cientif. Argentina 16 (1883), 169.

on Cassia delagoensis Harv., Umbelusi, Mozambique, Howard, 522.

Cercospora Stizolobii H. et P. Sydow.

Ann. Myc. 11 (1913), 270.

Cercospora Mucunae-ferrugineae Yamomoto, Trans. Sapporo Nat. Hist. Soc. 13

(1934), 141.

on Stizolobium Deeringianum Port., Salisbury, Hopkins (Rh. 5302), 33969.

Cercospora transvaalensis H. Svd.

Ann. Myc. 33 (1935), 237.

on Acalypha petiolaris Hochst., Nelspruit, Liebenberg, 26002, Co-tvpe.

Cercospora Tremae (Stev. et Solh.) Chupp nov. comb.

Ragnhildiana Tremae Stev. et Solh., Mycologia 23 (1931), 405.

on Trema guineensis (Schum.) Ficalho, Durban, Doidge, 1671.

Cercospora Violae Sacc,

Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. 8 (1876), 187.

on Viola odorata Linn., Pretoria, Faure, 884, Pole Evans, 6678 and Wage/ 21580 ;

Potchefstroom, 23495 ; Barberton, 440 ; Fort Hare, Lyle, 25422, Idutywa,

Imray, 22343 ; Cramond, Pole Evans, 1497 ; Donnybrook, Morgan, 28610 ;

Salisbury, Eyles 2098, 14015 ; Lourengo Marques, Hoivard, 951 ; Salisbury,

Hopkins (Rh. 1314, 1602), Kew.

Viola tricolor Linn., Claremont, Cape, 741.

Cercospora Vitis (Lev.) Sacc.

Fung. Ital. aut. del., tab. 671 (1881).

Cercospora viticola (Ces.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4 (1886), 458, and many other synonyms,

on Vitis vinifera Linn., Pretoria, Bottomley, 32636 ; Vaalwater, Waterberg, Farrant,

30765 ; Buffelspoort, Bottomley, 32701, Middelburg, Tvh, 612 ; Kingwilliamstown,

Molly, 462, 1182, 1173 ; Verulam, James, 33299 ; Eshowe, Pole Evans, 2025 ;

Ezulweni, Swaziland, Douglas, 26378 ; Modder River, Dreyer, 283 ; Kentani,

Pealer, 9740 ; Gwelo (Rh. 2048) ; Salisbury (Rh. 1535, 1988, 1820).

Cercospora Withaniae Syd.

Ann. Myc. 10 (1912), 444.

on Withania somnifera Dun., Bluff, Durban, Doidge, 1672, Co-type.

Cercospora Zizyphi Petch.

Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Peradinya 4, Pt. 5 (1909), 306.

on Zizyphus mucronata Willd., Barclay vale, Liebenberg, 32880 ; Schagen, Liebenberg,

26347, 32876 ; Tzaneen, Liebenberg, 32726.

SOUTH AFRICAN RUST FUNGI.

By E. M. Doidge.

Part V.

Aecidium Barleriae Doidge nov. spec.

Aecidia hypophylla, in epiphyllo decolorationes sat conspicuas iudeterminatas brunneas

efficientes, in greges plus minus orbiculares usque 3 mm. diarn. metientes dkposita, cupulata,

200-250 p diam. ; peridio diutius vesiculoso-clauso, tandem late aperto et cupulato, margine

albido, erecto vel par um recurvato, integro v. irregulariter inciso ; cellulis peridii firme

conjunctis rhomboideis v. oblongis, 30-42 X 17-5-22-5 p, pariete exteriore striato, 6-8 p

crasso, interiore dense verrucoso, 3-4 p crasso. Aecidiosporae angulato-globosae vel

oblongae, 22-5-30 X 17-5-20 p, dense sed subtilissime verruculosae, membrana hyalina

1-1-5 p crassa.

Hab. in foliis Barleriae crassae C.B.C1, Concession, Rhodesia, leg. Hopkins (Rli. 3684),

33423.

The aecidia are on poorly defined leaf spots, which are at first purplish-brown on the

upper side of the leaf ; later they become light brown and dry in the centre immediately

opposite the aecidia, but still retain a purplish-brown margin.

Aecidium benguellense Lager.

in Bol. da Soc. Brot. YII (1889) p. 134 ; Syd. Monogr. Ured. IV (1925) p. 89.

Spermogonia amphigenous, fairly numerous, in rather close groups, 80-120 p diam.,

at first honey-yellow, then brown and finally black.

Aecidia hypophyllous, on reddish-brown leaf spots, in round groups 1-2 cm. diam.,

arranged in circles, cupulate, 200-300 p diam. Margin of the peridium white, revolute,

laciniate ; cells of the peridium firmly united, imbricate, rhomboid or irregularly angular,

35-40 p long, 20-25 p broad, outer wall striate, 6-8 p thick, inner verrucose, 4-6 p thick.

Spores angular globose, ellipsoid or oblong, closely and minutely verruculose, subhyaline,

23-28 X 17-23 p ; epispore 1 p thick, always thicker at the apex (3-8 p ).

on leaves of Temnocalyx obovatus Robyns, Concession, Hopkins (Rh. 3682), 33424.

Aecidium benguellense was originally described on leaves of Stephanostigma fuchsoides

Welw., from Lake Ivantala, Huilla, where it was collected by Welwitsch. This plant is

now known as Temnocalyx fuchsoides (Welw.) Robyns.

Aecidium Diospyri A. L. Sm.

in London Journ. of Bot. XXXVI (1898) p. 178 ; Syd. Monogr. Ured. IV (1924) p. 144.

Aecidium atro-album P. Hennings in Bot. Ergebnisse der Kunene-Sambesi Exped.

(1903) p. 162.

Spermogonia epiphyllous, closely crowded, shiny black, 180-220 p diam.

Aecidia on yellow or yellow-brown leaf spots, which become blackish-brown and finally

pale or whitv-brown in the centre with a blackish border. Aecidia hypophyllous in round

groups 1-3 mm. diam., closely crowded, briefly cylindrical, ca. 200 p diam. ; the ruptured

and blackened epidermis is persistent and surrounds the aecidium like a wall. Margin

of the peridium white, revolute, denticulate ; cells of the peridium firmly joined together;

imbricate, pentagonal to hexagonal, 24-30 X 17-20 p, the upper part densely verrucose ,

896

outer wall 4-5 y thick, inner 3-4 y thick. Spores globose, subglobose, angular or ellipsoid,

closely and minutely verruculose, subhvaline, 17-22 x 16-18 y ; epispore ca. 1 /x thick,

on leaves of Diospyros mespiliformis Hochst., Hippo Pool, Kruger National Park,

Liebenberg, 32729.

The type was collected by Welwitsch in Angola on the same host ; the same fungus,

collected by Baum on the Ivunene River, was described by Hennings (l.c.) under the name

Aecidium atro-album.

Aecidium Dipcadi-viridis Doidge nov. spec.

Aecidia hypophylla in greges ellipticos v. subrotundatos 6-15 mm. longos dense congesta,

circinatim disposita, profunde immersa, 150-220 y diam ; peridio diutius vesiculo-clauso,

tandem cylindraceo, usque 500 /x longo, margine albo, leniter recurvato, inciso ; cellulis

peridii firme conjunctis, irregulariter polygonalibus, saepius quadriticis, imbricatis, 22*5-40

X 20-25 /x, pariete exteriore striato 7-5-10 y crasso, interiore verrucoso, 4-5 y crasso.

Aecidiosporae angulato-globosae, ovatae v. oblongae, hvalinae v. subhvalinae, minute

verruc.ulosae, 21-26 X 17-5-20 y, membrana ca. 1-5 y crassa.

Hab. in foliis Dipcadi viridis Moench., Mamathes, Basutoland, leg. Hean, 33136.

This aecidium often causes some hypertrophy of the host tissues ; it differs from

Aecidium Dipcadi Har. and Fat., described on Dipcadi nddlansis from Central Africa.

Aecidium heliotropicolum Talbot nov. spec.

Aecidia foliicola, caulicola et calycicola, in foliis amphigena, cvlindracea circa 1 mm.

longa, 300-500 y diam., albida v. pallide mellea, margine revoluto lacerato, in greges grandes

inaequaliter disposita ; cellulis peridii firme conjunctis, imbricatis, aut subglobosis aut

quadraticis vel polygonis, 14-20 X 17-26 y, pariete exteriore striato, ca. 4 y crasso, interiore

verrucoso et striato 1-5-2 -8 y. Aecidiosporae subhyalinae vel melleae, oblongae poly-

gonales v. angulato-subglobosae, 11-15 X 17-23 y ; episporio dense minuteque verrucoloso,

1-1-5 y crasso.

Hab. in foliis, caulibus et calvcibus Heliotropii JSielsoni, in regione Potchefstroom,

leg. W. J. Louw, 35016.

Aecidia on leaves, stems and calyces, amphigenom on leaves, cylindrical, up to 1 mm.

long and 300-500 y diameter, densely aggregated in large irregular groups commencing

as discrete, subepidermal, yellowish-green spots, more or less obscured by the epidermal

hairs. Peridium white to very pale yellow, when young closed at the apex, later opening

with a lacerate, somewhat revolute margin, easily breaking off and leaving a shallow basin

partly embedded in the host tissue. Peridial cells compact, firmly joined together, imbricate,

occasionally subglobose, usually irregularly quadratic or polygonal, 14-20 X 17-26 y ;

outer wall striated, about 4 y thick; inner wall striated, verrucose, 1-5-2-8 y thick.

Aecidiospores subhyaline, 11-15 X 17-23 y ; epispore very finely verrucose, 1-1-5 y thick.

on Heliotropium Nelsoni Wright, Potchefstroom District, 18.12.44, W. J. Louw, 35016.

Aecidium incertum Svd.

in Hedwigia XL (1901) p. (1).

The type specimen of this rust (Thuem. Mvc. Univ. No. 1118) collected by MacOwan,

is said to be on Senecio napifolius 8c h rad. ( =S . erucifolius Linn.) which occurs in Europe

and northern Asia. The material available for examination is sparse, but the host of the

type collection is not S. napifolius nor does it appear to be an introduced weed. It is

probably an indigenous species near S. hastidatus Linn.

897

Aecidium kakelense P. Henn.

in Bot. Ergebnisse der Kunene-Sambesi Exped. (1903) p. 161 ; Svd. Monogr. Ured. IV

(1924) p. 189.

Spermogonia sometimes present, not numerous, hvpophyllous, interspersed with the

aecidia, honey-vellow, 100-125 p diam.

Aecidia hypophyllous, infected leaves showing a reddish discolouration on the upper

surface and remaining expanded when normal leaves are revolute. Aecidia distributed

closely and evenly over the whole leaf surface, cylindrical, 400-700 p long, 250-350 p diam.

Margin of the peridium white, slightly re-curved, and becoming lacerate ; cells of the

peridium firmly connected, sub-rhomboid, 22-30 X 18-24 p ; outer wall conspicuously

striate, 6-8 p thick, inner closely verrucose, ca. 3 p thick. Spores angular globose, ovate or

ellipsoid, densely and minutely verruculose, 18-24 X 16-20 p; epispore 05 p thick.

on Euphorbia natalensis Bernh., on leaves, Lidgetton, Mogg, 17034.

Euphorbia striata Thunb., Mooi River, Mogg, 11797. '

Euphorbia sp., near Eu. cyparissioides Pax, Rusapi (Rh. 4292) 33426 ; Marandellas,

Hopkins (Rh. 4822) 33428.

Aecidium kakelense was originally described by Hennings on a Euphorbia species

“ cum foliis minutis ca. 1 cm. longis ”, collected by Baum near Kakele in South West Africa.

The hosts listed above belong to the same group of Euphorbia spp.

Aecidium Nestlerae Doidge nov. spec.

Aecidia ramicola et foliicola, per ramulis leniter incrassatis irregulariter laxeque distri-

buta, in foliis vix incrassatis amphigena, aurantiaca, 250-350 p diam ; peridio diutius

vesiculoso-clauso, tandem cvlindraceo, usque 750 p longo, aperto, margine erecto vix

lacerato ; cellulis peridii firme conjunctis, imbricatis, rhomboideis v. irregularibus, 20-30

X 12-5-20 p, pariete exteriore striato, 10-12*5 p crasso, interiore verrucoso, 3-4 p crasso,

Aecidio-sporae aurantiacae, angulato-globosae, 17*5-25 X 15-20 p, subleves, membrana

hyalina ubique 1 • 25-1 • 5 p crassa.

Hab. in ramulis foliisque Xestlerae confertae DC., Kafferfontein, Fauresmith, leg, P. Kies,

34096.

Aecidium Pentziae-globosae Doidge nov. spec.

Aecidia ramicola, pallide ochracea, per ramos juniores irregulariter et densiuscule

distributa, matricem deformantia, 200-250 p diam. ; peridio diutius vesiculo-clauso,

tandem cvlindraceo usque 1 mm. longo, margine albo leniter recurvato, plus minus inciso ;

cellulis peridii firme conjunctis, subimbricatis, subrhomboideis v. oblongis, 25-40 X 15—

22*5 p, pariete exteriore striato, 10-12*5 p crasso, interiore verrucoso, 4-5 p crasso. Aecidio-

sporae hyalinae v. subhyalinae, ovatae, oblongae v. irregulariter angulatae, 19-30 X

14-17*5 p, minute denseque verruculosae, membrana 1-1*5 p crassa, saepius ad apicem

leniter incrassata (usque 4 p).

Hab. in ramulis Penteiae globosae Less., prope Windsorton, leg. Acocks, 30661.

The fungus attacks the young shoots, which become thickened and branch abnormally,

causing a tufted “ witches’ brooip ” effect.

Aecidium spinicolum Doidge nov. ^pec.

Aecidia in spinis tantum evoluta, eos deformantia et gallas irregulares formantia,

totam superficiem gallarum obtegentia, profunde immersa, vix vel parum exserta, 350-

500 p diam., margine albido non vel vix recurvato, leniter inciso ; cellulis peridii firme

conjunctis quoad form am valde variabilis, irregulariter angulatis, 25-40 X 12*5-22*5 p,

pariete exteriore striato, 7*5-10 p crasso, interiore verrucoso, 3—4 p crasso. Aecidiosporae

irregulares plerumque ovatae v. ellipsoideae saepe angulatae, ad apicem interdum mucrona-

898

tae, dense minuteque verruculosae, hyalinae v. subhyalinae, 20-34 X 15-22-5 p ; episporio

ca. 1-5 p crasso, ad apicem saepe leniter incrassato, 2-5-3 p rarius usque 4 p.

Hub. in spinis Acaciae sp. ( = A. Karroo) Weenen, leg. Pentz, 30923.

This fungus appears to attack only the spines of the host, which in the specimen

examined are up to 11 cm. long. It often forms comparatively small, elongated tumours,

1-3-5 cm. long, but occasionally almost the whole of the spine is involved, the gall beiug

up to 14 mm. diam. and the spine deformed.

Aecidium spinicolum appears, ex description, to be closely related to Ae. immersum

P. Henn., occurring od Acacia abyssinica in Erythraea, but the latter species occurs on young

branches and has thicker-walled spores, more decidedly thickened at the apex ; no mucro

is mentioned.

Cronartium Zizyphi Syd. and Butl.

in Ann. Myc. X (1912) p. 268 ; Syd. Monogr. Ured. Ill (1915) p. 579.

Uredo Zizyphi Pat., in Bull. Soc. Myc. Fr. XII (1896) p. 135.

Uredo-sori hypophyllous, scattered or in groups, not on leaf spots, but causing some

indefinite discolouration of the leaf tissues, round to irregular, minute, punctiform or up to

0-3 mm. diam., light cinnamon-brown. Paraphyses very numerous, more or less incurved,

clavate, golden-brown, often rather gnarled and irregularly curved and bent, 35-70 p long,

8-14 p broad ; at the base and on the concave side thin-walled, wall about 1 p thick ; at

the apex and on the convex side, wall 4-5 p or occasionally up to 6 p thick. Uredospores

sometimes few in number, the sorus consisting mainly of paraphyses, mostly ovate or

ellipsoid, less frequently subglobose, yellow-brown, moderately echinulate, 19-33 X 15-21 p,

epispore ca. 1-5 p thick ; germ pores obscure.

Fig. 1. — Cronartium Zizyphi ;

{a) Section through uredo-sorus.

(b) Individual uredospores and paraphyses.

899

(Tcleuto-sori arising from the centre of the nredo-sorus, filiform, straight or slightly

curved, rustv-brown, 1-5-2 -5 mm. long, 35-70 p thick. Teleutospores cylindrical, smooth,

yellow, 40-50 X 8-11 p ; epispore 1 p thick.)

on Zizyphus mucronata Willd., on leaves, between Acornhoek and Tzaneen, Liebenberg.

3608, 32724.

Only the uredo form is present on the specimen quoted, the description of the teleuto-

sori being taken from Sydow and Butler (l.c.). The uredo is very characteristic and agrees

in every detail with the description of the uredo of Cronartium Zizyphi ; a number of rusts

described from India have been found to occur in South Africa.

Puccinia Allii (DC) Rud.

in Linnaea IV (1829) p. 392 ; Syd. Monogr. Ured. I (1904) p. 614.

Uredosori amphigenous, scattered or crowded and becoming more or less confluent,

ellipsoid or oblong, usually up to 0-5 mm. long ; at first covered by the blistered epidermis,

which ruptures longitudinally but remains partly veiling the yellowish-brown spore masses.

Uredospores broadly ellipsoid or subglobose, 25-35 X 17-5-22-5 p; wall 1-5-2 p thick,

finely and rather sparsely echinulate ; germ pores 5-8, scattered.

Teljutosori amphigenous, scattered or in irregular groups, oblong or irregular in form

and size, black, compact, remaining covered by the epidermis ; often developing in oval to

ellipsoid rings round the uredosori, the rings being up to 3 mm. long and 1 mm. broad.

Teleutosori compound, composed of closely crowded individual sori ; these are mostly

60-100 p diam. and 100-125 p deep, each surrounded by an envelope of firm, palisade-like

golden-brown paraphyses. Teleutospores rather variable in form, mostly oblong-clavate

to clavate, rather pale golden-brown, deeper brown at the apex, 45-80 X 20-27 -5 p;

rounded, truncate or bluntly conical, sometimes oblique, at the apex, attenuate at the base ;

more or less constricted at the septum ; wall smooth, 1-5-2 p thick, slightly thickened at

the apex, up to 8 p. Pedicel hyaline, short, sub-persistent.

900

Mesospores present, fairly numerous, similar in form to the upper cell of the teleuto-

spore, ca. 40-45 X 17-5-20 g.

on Allium sativum Linn., leaves and peduncles, Joubertina, ReinecJce, 32390, 32687,

33332 ; Oudtshoorn, da Plessis, 33926.

Sydow (l.c.) mentions two species of Puccinia on Allium which have compact, para-

pliysate teleutosori : —

Puccinia Blasdalei Diet, et Holw. which has aecidia ; it is an autoecious species and

mesospores are found in the teleutosori. It occurs in America.

Puccinia Allii (DC.) Rud. which has neither aecidia nor mesospores ; it is known on

Allium sativum as well as on a. number of other Allium spp., and occurs mostly in the

Mediterranean region, including Algeria and Abyssinia.

Sydow also state., that he had two Puccinias on Allium sativum and Allium Dregeanum

from the Cape, the former having many, the latter few mesospores. He consdiers that these

rusts are near Puccinia Blasdalei, but doubts whether they belong to this species.

The South African rust on garlic, described above, is in complete agreement with

Puccinia Allii except for the presence of mesospores, and it is assigned to this species until

further studies can be made. During recent years this rust has become destructive in

plantings of garlic in the Long Kloof area of the Cape Province.

There is no specimen of rust on Allium Dregeanum in the Pretoria Herbarium, and

attempts to find a rust on this host have not been successful.

Puccinia canaliculata (Sclw.) Lagerh. var. tenuis Doidge var. nov.

A typo differt teleutosporis 35-65 X 11-15 g, teuuioribus et pallidioribus ; pedicello

usque 50 g longo ; aecidiis ignotis.

Hab in foliis Cyperi esculenti, Brits., leg. F. M. du Toit, 33120.

Uredosori mostly hypophyllous, scattered, oblong, 0-5-2 mm. long, long remaining

covered, but at length dehiscent by longitudinal slits, the ruptured epidermis being conspicu-

ous on either side of the somewhat pulverulent spore masses. Uredospores broadly ellipsoid

to ovate, 19-29 X 13-19 g ; epispore yellowish or cinnamon-brown, uniformly 1-2 g thick,

moderately and finely echinulate ; germ pores 2, equatorial.

Fig. 3 — Puccinia canaliculata var. tenuis. Teleuto- and uredo-sporea.

901

Teleutosori hypopkvllous, black or greyish-black, scattered or, more frequently, con-

fluent in groups, 1-3 mm. long or longer, long covered by the epidermis, not raised above

the leaf surface or only slightly so ; individual sori linear, 100 p or less in diameter, surro indsd

by a well developed stroma which is chestnut-brown immediately below the crowded sori,

becoming paler as it extends towards the upper epidermis ; individual sori separated by

dark or paler chestnut-brown, palisade-like paraphyses. Teleutospores clavate-oblong,

35-65 p long, 11-15 p broad, acuminate, obtuse or rounded at the apex, not constricted

at the septum or slightly so, gradually attenuate at the base ; epispore pale cinnamon-

brown at the apex, paler towards the base, ca. 1 /x thick, thickened at the apex, 3-8 p ;

pedicel persistent, tinted, up to 50 /x long.

on Cyperus esculentus Linn., on leaves, Hartebeestpoort, Brits, F. du Toit 33120;

Fort Beaufort, Pole Evans 302 ; II. Groenkloof, Pole Evans, 8930 ; Tweedie, Mogg.

23149 ; Hartebeestpoort, Brits, Doidge and Bottomley, 33270 ; Malagazi, Natal,

Wager, 32719.

The South African rust was compared with an American collection on the same host

( Reliquiae Holwayana 176) and with the description given by Kern (Mycologia XI, 1919,

p. 136) in his studies on rusts on Cyperus and Eleoeharis. In his key, Puccinia canaliculata

(Schw.) Lagerh. is characterised by uredo-spores with two equatorial germ pores and wall

uniformly 1-2 /x thick. The stromatic tissue beneath the paraphvsate teleuto-sori is also

characteristic.

The South African rust on Cyperus esculentus differs only in the form of the teleuto-

spores, which are consistently more slender, 11-15 p broad, compared with 15-21 /x in

the type.

Puccinia Dichondrae Mont.

in Gay, FI. Chil. VIII (1853) p. 46 et Crypt. (1856) p. 313. Svd. Monogr. Ured. I

(1904) p. 321.

Puccinia Duthiei van der Byl in S. Afric. Journ. Sci. 24 (1927) p. 226.

Teleutosori hypophyllous, not causing leaf spots, very numerous and closely crowded,

often occupying the whole leaf surfaces ; at first veiled by the leaf hairs, very minute and

difficult to detect, then slightly larger, punctiform, subpulverulent, deep cinnamon-brown.

Teleutospores oblong or oblong-clavate, sometimes asymmetrical and irregular, 25-45 X

14-19 /x, occasionally up to 24 p broad ; more or less rounded or broadly conical at the

apex, which is furnished with a hyaline or subhyaline papilla 1-6 p long and 5-7 • 5 p broad

at the base ; rounded or somewhat attenuate at the ba<s3 ; slightly constricted at the septum,

cells usually sub-equal ; epispore smooth, thin, ca. 1 p thick, not thickened at the apex ;

pedicel delicate, subhyaline, up to 25 p long, ca. 5 p thick at the apex.

on Dichondra repens Forsk., on leaves, Grahamstown, Archibald, 33278 ; Belvidere,

Knysna, Duthie (v. d. Byl 2337).

Fig. 4. — Puccinia Dichondrae. Teleutospores.

902

I ke type specimen of Puccinia Duthiei is v. d. Byl 2337 ; on this specimen there is a

note in Miss Duthie’s handwriting that the host is “ possibly FalJcia repens ” ; the plant

was not found in flower. On comparison with specimens in the National Herbarium,

there seems to be no doubt that the host is Dichondra repens, a somewhat similar plant,

and that Puccinia Duthiei is identical with P. Dichondrae. The aecidia have not been found.

Puccinia Helianthi Schw.

O.I. Not seen.

II. Uredosori chiefly hypophyllous, not on leaf spots, pulverulent, .cinnamon-brown.

Uredospores globose, broadly ellipsoid or ovate, yellow-brown to brown, 22-34 X 19-26 p ;

epispore dark cinnamon-brown, 1-2 p thick, finely echinulate, with 2 equatorial germ pores.

III. Teleutosori amphigenous, but more numerous and conspicuous on the under

side of the leaf, scattered, or in groups and becoming confluent, round, pulvinate, compact,

blackish-brown, 0-5-2 mm. diam. Teleutospores ellipsoid, or oblong; at the apex more

or less broadly rounded or obtusely conical, slightly constricted at the septum, rounded

at the base, 35-58 X 20-30 p, epispore chestnut-brown, smooth, 1 • 5-3 p thick, thickened

at the apex, which is paler, 6-12 p ; germ pores apical and just below the septum. Pedicel

hyaline, stout, persistent, 8-10 p thick and up to 115 p long.

on leaves of Helianthus annuus Linn., Bulawayo, Hopkins (Rh. 5988) 34031 ; Naboom-

spruit, 34051 ; Buffelspoort, Redpath, 34077.

The sunflower rust is apparently a recent introduction into southern Africa. In 1943,

it was collected at Bulawayo by Hopkins and at Umbeluzi, Mozambique, by Cardoso. A

report was received of a destructive outbreak of “ rust ” in commercial plantings of sun-

flowers in the northern Transvaal, in 1943, but it was not until January, 1944, that specimens

were sent from Naboomspruit and identified as Puccinia Helianthi Schw.

Puccinia Isoglossae Doidge.

Bothalia II (1927) 72, 208.

The hosts of this fungus were wrongly determined ; they are not Isoglossa ovata Nees

and I. Woodii C.B.C1., but Hypoestes sp. (No. 2399) and Hypoestes verticillaris R. Br. (No.

903

9075). Only teleutospores have been found on these two collections. Uredo Hypoestis

Cooke and Aecidium Acanthacearum Cooke occur fairly commonly on species of Hypoestes

and Isoglossa, but in the material available for study, no evidence could be found of any

connection between these forms and Puccinia Isoglossne.

Puccinia Krookii P. Henn.

in Ann. Naturhist. Hofmus. Wien (1900) p. 1 ; Svd. Monogr. Ured. I (1904) p. 426 ;

Doidge, Bothalia II (1927) p. 88.

This rust was originally collected at Harrismith by Krook on Epilobium sp., a number

of subsequent collections having been made on Epilobium hirsutum (Doidge l.c.). According

to Sydow, this species differs from Puccinia Epilobii-tetragoni on Epilobium hirsutum (DC.)

Wint. in the absence of aecidia and the larger teleutospores tapering to the pedicel.

Recent collections have again been compared with Puccinia Epilobii-tetragoni on

Epilobium hirsutum (Syd. Mvc. Germ. 1464, 1465). Puccinia Krookii was collected by

Mogg at Pvraruids near Pretoria, the uredo- and teleuto-forms in January, 1940 (32434)

and an aecidium on the same host and in the same locality in December 1939 (32654) ;

some of the aecidia on the last-named collection are rather old and a few typical uredosori

of P. Krookii have developed on the same leaves.

There is no difference between the aecidia of the two species ; there is no significant

difference in the size of the nredospores and the germ pores appear to be similarly placed,

but the uredospores of P. Krookii are usually darker and the germ pores more conspicuous.

The teleutospores of P. Krookii are definitely longer and more frequently attenuated

towards the pedicel ; they have a darker, finely punctuate epispore ; in teleutospores of

P. Epilobii-tetragoni the epispores is smooth. The two rusts are evidently very closely

related.

The aecidium of P. Krookii may be described as follows : —

Aecidia hypophyllous, distributed equally and closely over the whole leaf surface,

cupulate, 250-350 p diam. ; margin of the peridium white, laciniate, revolute ; cells of

the peridium firmly joined together, mostly more or less rhomboid, 20-27-5 X 15-25 p,

outer wall finely striate, 5-6 p thick, inner verrucose, 3-4 p thick. Aecidiospores mostly

ovate to broadly ellipsoid or oblong, often angular, 19-22-5 X 12-5-17-5 p, very minutely

verrucose, wall ca. 1-5 p thick.

on Epilobium hirsutum Linn., Pyramids, near Pretoria, Mogg , 32645.

Puccinia Le Testui Maubl.

in Bull. Soc. Myc. Fr. XXII (1906) p. 71.

Aecidia on reddish-brown, indefinite leaf spots, hypophyllous, solitary or in small

irregular groups of 2-5, scattered over the leaf surface, cupulate, 150-200 p diam. Peridium

white, margin laciniate ; cells of the peridium rhomboid, rather loosely connected, 19-35

X 16-19 p, outer wall striate, 4-5 p thick, inner verrucose, 3-4 p thick. Aecidiospores

angular globose to ellipsoid, subhyaline, densely and minutely verruculose, 18-24 X 16-20 p ;

epispore ca. 1 p thick.

Teleutosori hypophyllous, interspersed with the aecidia and causing a similar reddish-

or purplish-brown discolouration of the leaf tissues, scattered or in small irregular groups,

black, pulvinate, compact, round or elliptic in outline, up to 1 mm. diam. ; at first covered

by the blistered epidermis, which ruptures irregularly and often remains partly veiling the

compact spore masses. Teleutospores oblong or oblong-clavate, chestnut-brown ; usually

rounded at the apex, less frequently subtruncate or obtusely conical, in the latter case

sometimes more or less oblique ; attenuate, rarely somewhat rounded at the base ; slightly

constricted at the septum, cells sub-equal in length or the upper somewhat shorter, 36-52-5

X 16-25 p ; epispore smooth, 2-2-5 p thick, thickened at the apex, up to 8 p ; germ pores

904

apical and just below the septum ; pedicel stout, persistent, up to 50 p long, 6-8 p broad

at the apex, slightly tinted. Mesospores present, ellipsoid or subclavate, 28-45 X 16-20 p.

on Vernonia glabra Vatke, Rusapi, R. Rhodesia (Rh. 4096) 33425.

Puccinia Le Testui was described bv Maublanc on a Vernonia sp. “ e sect. Decaneuron ”,

collected at Marromen, Mozambique ; Vernonia glabra also belongs to that section of the

genus.

In the material examined, there is a fairly distinct, apical germ pore in the teleutospores

and — especially in spores tapering to the apex— a paler area at the apex, but there is no

distinct papilla. With this exception, the Rhodesian rust agrees exactly with the description

of the type.

Puccinia natalensis Diet, and Syd. var. Evansii Doidge.

This variety was described from two collections from the northern Transvaal of a plant

identified as Lantana salvifolia. A more critical examination reveals that the host is not

a Lantana, but a species of Lippi. a. The rust does not differ in any essential from Puccinia

lippiivora Syd.

Puccinia natalensis var. Evansii must therefore be regarded as a synonym for P.

lippiivora, the particulars being as follows : —

Puccinia lippiivora Syd.

Svn : Puccinia natalensis Diet, and Svd. var. Evansii Doidge in Bothalia II

(1927) p. 82.

on Lippia sp., Barberton, Pole Evans, 1850 ; Duivelskloof, Doidge, 1816.

Puccinia Tetragoniae Me Alp.

McAlpine in Agric. Gaz. of New South Wales VI (1895) p. 854 ; Syd.

Monogr. Ured. I (1904) 563; Cunningham, The Rust Fungi of New Zealand (1931)

p. 146.

var. austro-africana Doidge var. nov.

905

A typo differt uredosporis minoribus, 20-26 X 17-5-20 p, epi&porio tenuiore 1-5-2 p

crasso ; teleutosoris caulicolis, teleutosporis minoribus, 30-50 X 22-5-35 p.

Hab. in foliis caulisque Tetragoniae expansae, Petersburg, leg. Palte, 34095.

O.I. Pycnidia and aecidia not seen.

II. Uredosori amphigenous, mostly hypophyllous, scattered or in irregular groups,

usually subcircular, sometimes elongated or irregular in outline, 0-5-1 mm. diarn., cinnamon-

brown, surrounded by the torn epidermis. Uredospores obovate, ellipsoid or subglobose,

22-5-32 X 17-5-25 p ; epispore pale yellow, rather closely and coarsely echinulate, 1-5-2 p

thick ; germ pores rather conspicuous, 5-6, scattered.

III. Teleutosori caulicolous, none seen on the leaves in the South African material,

in elongated, more or less elliptical groups, which sometimes coalesce ; single sori almost

round to elliptic, up to 1 mm. long, long remaining covered, later naked, black, bullate,

surrounded by the torn epidermis. Teleutospores ellipsoid, subclavate or irregular in

form, occasionally broader than long, deep chestnut-brown, 30-50 X 22-5-35 p; apex

usually rounded, sometimes truncate or conical, occasionally oblique ; base rounded,

seldom attenuate ; slightly constricted at the septum, cells usually sub-equal, but the

lower sometime^ narrower or broader than the upper ; epispore smooth, 3-4 p thick, not

thickened at the apex, or slightly thickened, 5-6 p, rarely up to 8 p ; germ pores apical

and just below the septum ; pedicel persistent, slightly tinted at the apex, up to 35 p long

and 8 p broad. Mesospores fairly numerous, clavate or irregular in form, 30-40 X 22-30 p,

similar in character to the teleutospores.

on Tetragonia expansa Murr., “ New Zealand Spinach ”, on leaves and stems, Peters-

burg, April 1944, Palte, 34095 ; Wellington, Verwoerd (Stell. 471) ; Stellenbosch,

Verwoerd (Stell. 369.

Fig. 7 . — Puccinia Tetragoniae var. austro-africana. Teleutospores and mesospores.

To Dr. Cunningham I am indebted for material of two collections of Puccinia Tetragoniae

McAlp. from New Zealand, one on Tetragonia trigyna and the other on Tetragonia expansa.

Dr. Cunningham states that specimens of T. implexicoma from McAlpine’s herbarium in

906

Melbourne, forwarded to him by C. C. Brittlebank, carried spores, which though slightly

smaller, agreed so closely with those of the New Zealand rust, that he referred collections

oi the latter to McAlpine’s species.

On the other hand, a comparison of the New Zealand material with the South African

collections has confirmed the view that the South African rust should be regarded as a

distinct variety. Collections from the Stellenbosch herbarium, kindly supplied by Dr.

Dippenaar, agree in every particular with those from the Northern Transvaal.

Comparative measurements are as follows

Australian collections (McAlpine) Uredospores 27-32 X 22-25 /x.

Teleutospores 39-59 X 25-31, av. 50 X

28 p,.

New Zealand collections (Cunningham) . . Uredospores 28-36 X 22-28 /i.

Teleutospores 52-60 X 32-40, av. 56 X

36 /x.

South African collections Uredospores 22-5-32 X 17-5-25 /x.

Teleutospores 30-50 X 25-35, av. 40 X

27-5 /x.

The sori and spores of the South African collections are similar in character to those

of typical Puccinia Tetragoniae, but the spores are consistently smaller and thinner walled.

The teleutosori are caulicolous and not amphigenous as described by Cunningham for the

type.

Ravenelia atrides Syd.

in Ann. Mvc. X (1912) p. 438 ; Monogr. Ured. Ill (1915) p. 307 ; Doidge Bothalia II

(1927) p. 153.

on Grewia monticola Sond., Nelspruit, Doidge, 32401.

Grewia kwebensis N.E. Br., Olifants River Camp, Kruger National Park, Liebenberg

3609, 32731.

This rust, previously only known from the Natal coast on Grewia caffra and G. occidentalis,

has now been found in the eastern Transvaal on the hosts mentioned above.

Ravenelia Baumiana P. Henn.

in Bot, Ergebnisse der Kunene-Sambesi Exped. (1903) p. 157 ; Syd. Monogr. Ured.

Ill (1915) p. 262 ; Doidge, Bothalia II (1927) p. 148.

on Cassia delagoensis Harv., Schagen, Liebenberq 3579, 30955 ; Nelspruit, Doidge,

32404.

This is a new host record ; Ravenelia Baumiana was originally collected by Baum at

Humbe, South West Africa on Cassia goratensis Fres., it has also been found in Southern

Rhodesia on that host.

Ravenelia MacOwaniana Pazschke.

The teleutosori of this rust are described as occurring on the leaves, amphigenous

round, 0-5-1 mm., diam., dark brown. A recent collection (32169) on Acacia Karroo

Havne, made by Dr. Leeman at Grahamstown, shows teleutosori produced in groups on

slightly thickened branches ; large incrustations are formed, extending along the small

branches to a length of 1-6 cm. The sori develop on the inner bark, pushing up the outer

bark, which becomes detached in superficial scales. Only a few leaflets were included

in the collection and on those typical sori were observed. The spores from sori on branches

are indistinguishable from those found in the leaf sori.

907

Ravenelia modesta Doidge.

in Bothalia TIL It. IV ; p. 501 (1939).

Aecidia fructicolous, in more or less circular groups, up to 1 cm. diam., on somewhat

hypertrophied parts of green legumes, closely and fairly evenly distributed, deeply immersed

(ca. 500 /x) in the tissues of the hoet, the torn epidermis forming a collar round the upper

part of the peridium, which is exserted up to 500 g. Aecidia 300-400 g diam., briefly

cylindrical, margin erect, denticulate. Cells of the peridium imbricate, firmly jointed

together, very irregular in form and size, often rhomboid or oblong, mostly 30-50 X 12 • 5 —

20 g ; outer wall striate, 7 • 5-9 g thick, inner verrucose, 3-4 g thick. Spores ovate, sub-

globose or irregular in form, often angular, pale, 21-28 X 12 • 5—21 g ; wall subhyaline

2-2 -5 g thick, not thickened at the apex, very finely and closely verruculose.

Separate uredo-sori not seen ; uredospores found round the margin of the teleutosori,

pale, ellipsoid, ovoid or subglobose, 25-35 X 15-25 g ; epispore ca. 2 g thick, finely and

rather distantly verruculose-echinulate ; germ pores numerous, scattered. Paraphyses

numerous, pale fuscous, clavate or clavate-spathulate, occasionally subcapitate, straight

or curved, 40-50 /x long ; 7-5-10-5 /x thick at the apex.

on leaves and pods of Acacia Gillettae Burtt Davy, Bosplaas, between Hamanskraal

and Pienaars River, 21/3/45, A. O. D. Moga, 34572.

The teleutospores of Ravenelia modesta were described and illustrated (Doidge, l.c.)

from sori occurring on leaves of Acacia stolonifera Burch. ; a re-examination of the type

material reveals a few uredospores at the margin of the teleutosori, but these are parasitised,

bv Darluca filum. In the collection quoted above on Acacia Gilletae, a closely related species

of Acacia, there are well-developed aecidia and fairly numerous uredosporeo in the teleutosori.

Uredo Dombeyae Doidge nov. spec.

Sori amphigeni, sparsi, primitus sine maculis, minuti, ca. 0-5 mm. diam., plus minus

rotundati, mox nudi, brunnei, deinde majores, ca. 3 mm. diam. maculis brunneis ca. 5 mm.

diam. insidentes. Uredosporae plerumque ovatae, rarius subglobosae, ellipsoideae v.

clavatae, subhyalinae v. pallide flavo-brunneae, remote aculeatae, aculeis usque 1 /x longis,

32-5-50 X 20-27-5 g, episporio 4-5 g crasso, nonnunquam usque 6 g, ad apicem incrassato,

8-12 /x, poris duobus distinctis aequatorialibus oppositis praedita.

Hab. in foliis Dombeyae natalensis Sond., Stella Bush, Durban, leg. Wager, 33193.

Fig. 8 — Uredo Dombeyae. Uredospores.

Uredo Ehrhartae-calycinae Doidge nov. spec.

Sori amphigeni elliptici sparsi vel hinc inde aggregati sed baud confluentes elliptici,

0-5-1 -5 mm. longi, primitus epidermide tecti dein ea fissa cincti, pulverulentes, cinnamomei,

Spori ovati, ellipsoidei v. subglobosi, pallide brunnei v. flavo-brunnei, 20-29 X 17-5-20 g,

verruculoso-echinulati, episporio 3-5-4 g crasso, prois germ. 4-6 sparsis praedito.

Hab. in foliis Ehrhartae calycinae, Stellenbosch, leg. Yerwoerd (Herb. Stell. Elsenburg

Coll. Agric. 41) 34098.

908

No uredo has been found associated with TJromyces Ehrhartae-giganteae Doidge of which

several collections on Ehrharta gigantea have been examined, and no teleutospores are to

be found on the collections of Ehrharta calycina available.

Uromyces Ehrhartae McAlp., which occurs on a grass of a closely related genm, Microlaena

stipoides R. Br., has uredo-sori which closely resemble those of Uredo Ehrhartae-calycinae.

According to McAlpine’s description (The Rusts of Australia, 1906, p. 86) the uredospores

are subglobose to oval, orange, finely echinulate, 21-25 X 18-20 g, with 3-4 scattered germ

pores on one face. The thickness of the wall is not mentioned. The South African rust

described above, has very thick-walled spores, which are coarsely verruculose-echinulate

and have 4-6 scattered germ pores.

Uredo rhoina Syd.

in Deutsche Zentral Afrika Exped. 1907/8, Berlin (1910) p. 97 ; Monogr. Ured. IV

(1924) p. 456.

Uredosori hvpophyllous, scattered or becoming numerous and crowded, very minute

or up to 2 mm. diam., cinnamon-brown, early becoming naked, pulverulent, more or less

concealed amongst the stellate hairs on the leaf of the host. Uredospores very variable

in form, ovate, ellipsoid, subglobose, oblong or clavate, 20-35 X 15-21 g ; epispore ca.

1-5 g thick, often somewhat thickened (up to 5 g) at the apex, which is rounded or bluntly

conical ; briefly verrucose-aculeate, being closely set with acute verrucae arranged in

indistinct longitudinal rows ; germ pores 2-3 equatorial.

on Lannea discolor Sond., leaves, Nelspruit, Doidge, 32395.

Fig. 9. — -Uredo rhoina. Uredospores.

Uromyces Aloes (Cooke) P. Magn.

in Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Gesellsch. X (1892) p. 48 ; Syd. Monogr. Ured. II (1910)

p. 265 ; Doidge, Bothalia II (1927) p. 39.

on Haworthia atilinea Haw., Vincent, C.P., G. G. Smith, 33326.

Haworthia Reinwanatii Haw., Vincent, G. G. Smith, 33324.

Haworthia retusa (L.) Haw., Vincent, G G. Smith, 33325.

Haworthia spp., Vincent, G. G. Smith, 33252, 33327.

This rust has been recorded on a large number of Aloe spp., and io extremely common

on plants belonging to that genus ; it has not been recorded on hosts belonging to other

genera. The plants of Haivorthia spp. found infected, were growing in cultivation near

infected Aloes ; the sori are comparatively small on these hosts, but the teleutospores

are identical with those found on Aloe spp.

Uromyces Cassiae mimosoidis Doidge nov. comb.

Uredo Cassiae-mimosoidis Doidge in Bothalia IV (1941) p. 233.

Uredo-sori amphigeni, sparsi v. aggregati, rotundati v. elliptici, 0-5-0-75 mm. longi,

interdum confluentes, ferruginei, pustuliformes, diutius epidermide pallida tecti, dein ea

fissa cincti vel semivelati, pulverulenti. Uredosporae ovatae, ellipsoideae, subglobosae v.

irregulares, 21-27-5 X 1 6—21 g densiuscule breviterque echinulatae, aureo-brunneae,

episporio 1-75-2-5 g crasso, poris germ. 2-4, plerumque 3, equatorialibus, conspicuis.

909

Teleuto-sori conformes, cinnamomei. Teleutoeporae anreo-brunneae, ellipsoideae

ovatae, subglobosac v. plus minus irregulares, interdum angulatae, 17-5-30 X 12-5-17-5 //,

plerumque 20-25 X 15 u, ad apicem rotundatae, papilla hyalina 5-6 /t lata, 1-1-5 p alta

ornatae, verrucis majusculis fere hemisphericis ca. 1 mm. latis irregulariter obsitae, episporio

1-5-2 /u crasso, apice haud incrassato ; pedicello brevi, persistenti, hyalino.

Hab. in foliis Cassiae mimosoidis Linn., Buffelspoort, leg, Doidge et Bottomley, 32170.

Fig. 10. — Uromyces Cassiae-mimosoidis. Teleuto- and uredo-spores.

The uredo-form was also found at Fairy Glen near Pretoria, Doidge, 30915, and at

Donkerpoort, Pretoria Distr., Doidge and Bottomley, 29741.

Uromyces euphorbiicola (Berk, and Curt.) Tranzsch.

in Ann. Myc. VIII (1910) p. 8 ; Syd. Monogr. Ured. II (1910) p. 16. sub Uromyces

proeminens (DC) Lev. in Doidge, Bothalia II (1927) p. lo.

on Euphorbia prostrata Ait., Durban, Medley Wood, 809, 11124, 14200; Maritzburg ,

J.M.Sim, 9202; Pretoria, Pole Evans, 6962, Hean, 30643; Salisbury (Rh. 2072).

Some of the collections quoted were recorded in a previous paper (Doidge l.c.) as

Uromyces proeminens (DC.) Lev., the host having been incorrectly determined as Euphorbia

inaequilatera Sond.

The aecidia and the uredo- and teleuto-sori of the two rusts are very similar, the chief

difference being in the uredospores. In Uromyces euphorbiicola the uredospores have most

commonly 3 equatorial germ pores, rarely 2 or 4. Rredospores of 77. proeminens have 4-6

germ pores, most commonly 5, of which one is apical ; the latter rust is not know to occur

on Eu. prostrata.

Uromyces Krantzbergensis Doidge nov. spec.

Teleuto-sori amphigeni, sparsi v. plures aggregati et dense dispositi, primitus elliptici,

4-6 X 1-5-2 mm., confluendo saepe usque 2 cm. longi et 4 mm. lati, epidermide bullata

diu tecti dein ea semivelati, valde pulverulent! , cinnamomei. Teleutosporae quoad formarn

variabiles, subglobosae, ovoidrae v. oblongae, mepe plus minus angulatae, leves, pallide

aureo-brunneae, 22-5-32-5 X 22-5-27-5 p, episporio ca. 2-5 p crasso, apice haud vel

leniter incrassato (4-5 p) ; pedicello hyalino, deciduo, usque 50 p longo, apice 4-5 p crasso.

Hab. in foliis Liliaeeae indet., Krantzberg, leg. Dyer, Verdoorn at Erens, 34505.

Sori amphigenous, scattered or in elliptic groups ; single sori elliptic, 4-6 X 1-5-2 mm.,

usually becoming coalescent and forming larger sori up to 2 cm. long and 4 mm. broad,

often occupying the whole width of the leaf ; long covered by the pale, blistered epidermis,

which finally ruptures but remains partly veiling the pulverulent, cinnamon-browD mass

of spores.

910

Teleutospores very variable in form, globose, flattened globose, ovoid or oblong, fre-

quently broader than long and often more or less angular ; broadly rounded or flattened

at the apex, more or less rounded at the base; epispore smooth, pale golden-brown, ca.

2-5 /x thick, not thickened at the apex or very slightly so (4-5 ju), germ pore basal, immedi-

ately above the pedicel ; pedicel deciduous, hyaline, up to 50 /x long, 4-5 /x thick at the

apex and tapering downwards.

on leaves of Liliaceae undet., probably Anthericum sp., on Farm Waterval, western side

of the Krantzberg, on slopes towards the Matlabas River, north-western Trans-

vaal, 5/1/42, Dyer, Verdoorn and Erens 4197, 34505.

Uromyces Maireanus Syd.

in Monogr. Ured. II (1910) p. 280 ; Doidge, Bothalia II (1927) p. 43.

Aecidia hypophyllous, rather closely crowded in elliptical groups up to 6 mm. long ;

at first closed, covered by the raised epidermis, then open, cupulate, 250-350 /x diam.;

margin of the peridium white, erect, denticulate, surrounded by the torn epidermis. Cells

of the peridium rather loosely connected, subrhomboid, oblong or irregular, 25-40 X 15-

22 • 5 /x ; outer wall smooth, 5 -6 /x thick, inner finely verrucose, 2 ■ 5-4 /x thick. Abcidiospores

yellow in ma^s ; single spores subhyaline, globose, ovate or ellipsoid, often more or less

angular, 20-27-5 X 16-21 /x ; wall finely and closely verruculose, 1-5-2 /x thick.

on Ornithogalum flavovirens Bkr., on leaves, Grahamstown, Archibald, 33275, 33328.

The aecidium was not described bv Sydow. On No. 33328, the aecidia are closely

associated with the uredo- and tcleuto-sori on the same leaves. This rust was originally

described on Ornithogalum. sessilifl.orum collected by Maire in Algiers ; in South Africa

it has been found on O. Roodeae, collected at Clanwilliam, and on O. flavovirens as recorded

above.

Uromyces Polemanniae Kalchbr. and Cooke.

in Grevillea XI (1882) p. 21 ; Svd. Monogr. Ured. II (1910) p. 52 ; Doidge, Bothalia II

(1927) p. 16.

on Polemannia montana Schlechtr. and Wolf, Bulwer, Natal, Haygarth, 33228.

This rust, which apparently is somewhat rare, has only been known from the type

collection on Polemannia grossulariaefolia E. and Z., found near Somerset East by MacOwan.

It has now been detected on a second host, Polemannia montana.

911

Uromyces Rhynchosiae Cooke emend. Doidge.

Uromyces ? Rhynchosiae Cooke, Grevillea X (1882) p. 24.

Uredo (Trichobasis) Rhynchosiae Kalchbr., Grevillea XI (1882) p. 24.

Puccinia Rhynchosiae Kalchbr. and Cooke, Grevillea XI (1992) p. 24.

Uromyces Dolichi Syd. (non Cooke) Monogr. Ured. II (1910) p. 122.

Uredospores hypophvllous, rarely a few scattered sori are to be found on the upper

side of the leaf, minute, up to 0-3 mm. diam., scattered, often numerous, crowded and

closely set over the whole leaf surface, but only occasionally becoming confluent, cinnamon-

brown, pulverulent, surrounded by the torn epidermis. Uredospores globose, subglobose

or broadly ellipsoid, golden-brown, 20-30 X 18-22 /a, mostly 22-25 X 18-20 p ; epispore

golden-brown, 2 • 5-3 p thick, minutely and rather sparsely echinulate ; germ pores equatorial,

usually 3, less frequently 2 or 4.

Fig. 12. — Uromyces Rliywliosiae. Teleuto- and uredo-spores.

Teleuto-sori similar to the uredo-sori but darker brown, pulvinate and less pulverulent.

Teleutospores chestnut-brown, globose, ovate or ellipsoid, rounded at the apex, rounded

or somewhat attenuate at the base, 18-27-5 x 16-20 /a; usually papillate at the apex,

the papilla being hyaline or subhyaline, flattened hemispherical, 6-7 p broad and 2-5-3 /a

high; epispore 2-5-3 /a thick, not thickened at the apex, rather grossly verrucose, being

set with rounded warts, irregularly placed ; germ pore apical ; pedicel short, hyaline,

persistent.

on Eriosema cajanoides Benth., Schagen, Liebenberg, 29930.

Eriosema cordatum E. Mey., Inanda, Medley Wood 556, 621, 361, 10937, 11121, Kew.

Eriosema salignum E. Mey., Inanda, Medley Wood 528, 10618, Kew ; Winkle

Spruit, Pole Evans, 2371.

Eriosema spp., Entumeni, Haygarth, 14182 ; Lemana, Doidge, 1800, 1801.

Flemingia Grahamiana W. and A., Natal, Medley Wood 553, 610, 10627, Kew.

Rhynchosia adenodes E. and Z., Medley Wood 29, Type, 10502, Kew.

Rhynchosia caribaea DC., Garstfontein, Pole Evans, Pienaar, 8901 ; Donkerpoort,

Doidge and Bottomley, 30082 ; Pretoria, Mogg, 26366 ; Durban, McClean, 310.28 ;

Waterkloof, Bosman, 32889.

Rhynchosia Harmsiana Linn., Kentani, Pegler, 7811.

Rhynchosia Memnonia DC. var. prostrata Harv., Hebron, Pole Evans, 9053.

Rhynchosia orthodanum Benth., Inanda, Medley Wood 565, 579, 848, 10635, 10636,

11150, Kew.

912

Rhynchosia secunda E. and Z., East London, Doidge, 22415.

Rhynchosia totta DC., Pretoria, Pienaar, 2136.

Rhynchosia spp. undet., Inanda, Medley Wood 24, 10595, Medley Wood 617, 10619 ;

Garstfontein, Pienaar, 1427 ; Pretoria, Pole Evans, 1431 ; Tugela Valley nr.

Mont aux Sources, Doidge, 14155. 14163 ; East London, Pienaar, 2171 ; Silikats

Nek, Bosnian, 29898.

There has been some confusion between Uromyces Dolichi Cooke and Uromyces Rhyn-

chosiae Cooke, partly owing to incorrect identification of some of the host plants.

In Grevillea X (1882) p. 127, the following statement follows the name :

“ Uromyces Dolichi Cooke :

I. Aecidium Dolichi Cooke, on leaves, petioldes and legumes of DoUrbm axillaris

Inanda, Medley Wood 640.

II. Uredo Dolichi B. and Br., Fungi of Ceylon 829 ?

III. Uromyces phaseolorum forma in Dolichi gibbosi etc.”

Aecidium Dolichi Cooke, Medley Wood 640 is Synchitrium Dolichi (Cke.) Gaumann.

Uredo Dolichi B. and Br. is not a South African form and if the teleuto-form is “ Uromyces

phaseolorum forma ” it is most probably Uromyces Vignae Barcl., which occurs on Dolichos

spp. ; there is no description and Cooke quotes no numbers for the teleuto-stage. Uromyces

Dolichi Cooke is probably a synonym for Uromyces Vignae Barcl. The description of U .

Dolichi in Sydow’s Monograph (l.c.) applies to Uromyces Rhynchosiae Cooke and cannot be

connected with U. Dolichi Cooke ; again no numbers are quoted.

On the same page of Grevillea (Vol. X p. 127) Uromyces Rhynchosiae Cooke

is characterised as follows : —

“ I. Aecidium Rhynchosiae Cooke, on Rhynchosia, Medley Wood 557.

II. Uredo ( Trichobasis ) Rhynchosiae Kalchbr., on Rhynchosia, Medley Wood 29;

on Eriosema salignum, Medley Wood 528, 556 ; on Flemingia, Medley

Wood 553.

III. Not seen.”

Aecidium Rhynchosiae Cooke, Medley Wood 557, is Synchitrium Dolichi. According

to Sydow (Monogr. Ured. II, 1910, p. 350) Uromyces Rhynchosiae is only a uredo-form

and to be excluded from the genus Uromyces. Portions of the collections quoted by Cooke

and Kalchbrenner have been examined ; a few typical teleutospores were found mixed

with the uredospores of Medley Wood 29, which must be regarded as Cooke’s type for

Uromyces Rhynchosiae ; this number is also quoted by Kalchbrenner (Grevillea XI, 1882,

p. 24) as the uredo-form of Puccinia Rhynchosiae Kalchbr. and Cooke. The fungus has

been re-described from No. 14163 on an undetermined species of Rhynchosia.

This rust is common on species of Rhynchosia and occurs also on Eriosema and Flemingia;

it has not been found on any Dolichos sp. Teleutospores are usually found rather late

in the season, the best material having been collected in May and June.

Uromyces saginatus Syd.

in Ann. Myc. 26 (1928) 132.

Teleutosori amphigenous ; single sori at first minute or of medium size, round or

oblong, developing in series and becoming confluent and then 2 to 10 mm. long and 1 mm.

broad ; compound sori finally developing concentrically and becoming lenticular in outline

and up to 20 X 5 mm. Sori at first covered by the lead-coloured, raised epidermis, which

ruptures and remains surrounding or partially veiling the pulverulent, rusty-brown spore

masses. Teleutospores variable in form, subglobose, ovate, ellipsoid or oblong, almost

always more or less angular, golden-brown, 28-52 X 20-35 /x, the majority 30-45 /x long ;

913

epispore smooth, 5-8 p thick, varying in thickness, the side or base — -rarely the apex —

being thicker than elsewhere. Pedicel hyaline, deciduous, ca. 6 p thick and up to 55 p

long, slightly tinted at the apex.

on Urginea altissima Bkr., Heany Junction, Bulawayo, Hopkins (Rh. 5873).

Fig. 14. — Uromyces Holubii. Teleutospores.

3340-7

914

The type specimen, collected at Auros (Otavi) South West Africa, by D inter (K. Dinter

■5673) has not been seen, but the Bulawayo specimen is on the same host and conforms

very closely to the original description. This species is similar to Uromyces Holubii Doidge,

but the teleutospores are consistently smaller ; drawings of the two rusts are reproduced

for comparison, they appear to be distinct.

Uromyces stellenbossiensis v. d. Byl.

in Duthie, Ann. Univ. Stell. YI A, No. 2 (1928) p. 4.

Uredo-sori similar to the teleuto-sori, but paler, or uredospores mixed with the teleuto-

spores in the same sori. Uredospores subhyaline or pale yellow, ovate, subglobose or

ellipsoid, 25-32*5 X 20-25 p; epispore thin, 1-1*5 p thick, very minutely verruculose

echinulate and with several (ca. 7) small, scattered germ pores.

Teleutospores amphigenous, on elliptic, greenish-yellow leaf spots, elongated lenticular,

at first pale, becoming dark purplish-brown, long covered by the raised epidermis. Teleuto-

spores subglobose, ellipsoid, oblong, obovate or cuneate, sometimes asymmetrical or some-

what angular, golden-brown to chestnut-brown, 28-42 X 18-28 p ; apex usually rounded,

occasionally truncate, very rarely conical ; base attenuate or rounded ; epispore smooth,

ca. 2 p thick, not thickened at the apex. Pedicel persistent, slightly tinted yellowish-brown,

especially at the apex, up to 35 p long ; either 5-6 p broad at the apex and tapering gradually

downwards, or about 9 p thick, attenuated suddenly below to 4 or 5 p.

on Urginea exuviata Steinh., leaves, Stellenbosch, Duthie (v. d. Byl 2479).

Fig. 15. — Uromyces stellenbossiensis. Uredo- and teleuto-spores.

The uredospores were not described by van der Byl. Of the other Uromyces spp.

occurring on Liliaceae in South Africa, U. stellenbossiensis most closely resembles U.

Maireanus Syd. on Ornithogalum ; the teleutospores are similar in form to those of the

latter species, but are slightly larger and the epispore thicker. Teleutospores of U. Maireanus

are 20-34 X 12-24 p, with epispore 1*5 p thick. From U. Bulbinis Thuem., it differs in

the scattered sori, which do not coalesce to form large groups and in the teleutospores which

are darker brown, with thinner epispore not thickened at the apex.

Uromyces Vignae Barcl.

in Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal LX (1891) p. 211 ; Syd. Monogr. Ured. II (1910) p. 124.

? Uromyces Dolichi Cooke (“ Uromyces phaseolorum forma ”) in Grev. X (1882) p. 127.

lAecidium sp., Hopkins, Trans. Bhod. Sc. Ass. 35 (1938) p. 105.

915

Nigredo Vignae (Barcl.) Fromme, Phytopath. XLV (1924) p. 72.

Uromyces V ignae-luteolae P. Henn., Ann. Mus. Congo II (1907) p. 95.

Spermogonia epiphyllous, in small circular groups, honey-yellow, becoming brownish,

globose or flattened-globose, 100-125 g diam. ; ostiolar filaments short.

Aecidia chiefly hvpophyllous and petiolicolous, in circular groups 2-4 mm. diam.,

often arranged in concentric rings, briefly cupulate, margin recurved, irregularly lacerate,

200-300/a diam., Cells of the peridium rhomboid or oblong, slightly imbricated, 16-20

X 20-25 /a, outer wall transversely striate, smooth, 3-5 /a thick, inner verrucose, 2-3 /a

thick. Aecidiospores ellipsoid or oblong ellipsoid, 16-20 X 20-29 /a ; wall colourless,

1-1 • 5 /a thick, closely and minutely verruculose.

Uredo-sori amphigenous and petiolicolous, scattered, round to irregular, up to 1 mm.

diam., early naked, chestnut-brown, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis. Uredospores

ellipsoid or ovate-ellipsoid, 24-30 X 18-22 /a, wall cinnamon-brown, 1*5-2 /a thick, finely

and closely echinulate ; germ pores 2, conspicuous, markedly super-equatorial.

Teleuto-sori amphigenous and petiohcolou's, ca. 0-5 mm. diam., blackish-brown, early

naked, somewhat pulverulent, surrounded by the - ruptured epidermis. Teleutospores

broadly ellipsoid, 27-35 X 20-25 /a, rounded or broadly conical at the apex, usually rounded

at the base; epispore smooth, dark chestnut-brown, 2-2*5 g thick, 4-6 g thick at the

apex, including the hyaline, hemi-spherical papilla. Pedicel hyaline, fragile, rarely equalling

the spore in length.

on Dolichos falciformis E. Mey., Lemana, Doidge, 1827.

? Dolichos gibbosus Thunb., Somerset East, MacOwan ; Durban, Medley Wood 40.

Dolichos lupiniflorus N.E.Br., Wellesley, S. Rhodesia, Hopkins, Rh. 2232 ; Mteptepa,

Rh. 1849 ; Goromanzi, Rh. 4263.

Vigna stenophylla Burtt Davy, Donkerpoort, Doidge and Bottomley, 30081.

Vigna unguiculata (Linn.) Walp., Nelspruit, Liebenberg, 26069 ; Cedara, Staples,

15432 ; Bathurst, Preddy, 20426 ; Glendale, Rh. 1248, Kew.

Vigna sp., Wellesley, Rh. 2249, Rh. 2233 ; Rusapi, Rh. 4498.

Fromme (l.c.) pointed out that the rust on cowpea and related hosts is distinct from

Uromyces appendiculatus on Phaseolus spp. The most distinct difference is the position

of the germ pores in the uredospores ; in U. appendiculatus they are two, equatorial and

not easily seen ; in U. Vignae their position is distinctly super-equatorial and they are

readily distinguished. The teleutospores are similar, but those on cowpea have slightly

916

thinner walls and less apical thickening ; they germinate immediately and those of the

bean rust germinate only after a long ripening period. Drawings of spores of both species

are reproduced for comparison.

These differences, with the exception of those observed in the germination of the teleuto-

apores, for which fresh material would have been necessary, were found in the South African

rusts on Vigna and Dolichos.

The aeeidium (Rh. 2232, 2249, 1849) differs little from the diagnosis given by Fromme ;

Nos. Rh. 2232 and 2233 (Teleuto- and aecidia) were collected from separate plants growing

within a few yards of each other. It seems probable that they are stages in the same rust.

This aeeidium seems to differ from Aeeidium Vignae Cooke and has not been found in the

Union.

I am indebted to Dr. Hopkins for the opportunity of examining the Rhodesian speci-

mens quoted, and for material of several other Rhodesian rusts described in this paper.

Uropyxis Gerstneri Doidge nov. spec.

Teleutosori plerumque hypophylli, pauci aggregati, deinde greges irregulares majores

usque 5 mm. metientes formans, minuti, mox nudi et pulverulent i, epidermide lacerata

cincti, atro-brunnei. Teleutosporae castaneo-brunneae, oblongae, ntrinque late rotundatae,

haud incrassatae, septo verticali praeditae, medio vix constrictae, 25-32 X 19-25 g, epi-

sporio 1-5-2 g crasso, superficie aculeis subhyalinis v. brunneolis ad apicem 2 -3 dentatis

rarius simplicibus, 1 • 5-2 g interdum usque 4 g longis, densiuscule et irregulariter obsitis ;

poris germinationis binis in quoque loculo praeditis ; pedicello leniter colorato persistenti,

25-60 g longo ad apicem 4-5 g crasso, inferne inflato, ca. 7-5 g crasso.

Hab. in foliis Annonaceae indet., False Bay, Zululand, leg. Gerstner, 34564.

Sori mostly liypophyllous, at first single or in small, close groups ; later forming larger,

more loosely connected, irregularly radiating groups up to 5 mm. diam. Single sori dark

brown, minute, more or less circular in outline, 0-2-0-5 mm. diam., sometimes coalescing

to form larger sori, surrounded by the torn epidermis, becoming loosely pulverulent. On

the upper side of the leaf there is a depression in the leaf tissues above each sorus and thus

are etched in the leaf surface irregularly radiating, branching lines ; the leaf tissues are

somewhat discoloured but there are no definite leaf spots. Occasionally a few sori develop

on the upper side of the leaf, opposite thoc.e on the lower surface.

Teleutospores chestnut-brown, 2-celled, oblong, very broadly rounded at both ends,

barely constricted at the septum, which is usually vertical, rarely oblique and only very

occasionally transverse, rarely somewhat irregular in form and asymmetrical through

917

mutual pressure, 25-32 X 19-25 /x, mostly 25 X 20 /x. Epispore 1-5-2 /x thick, rather

uneven in thickness but not thickened at the apex, bearing numerous aculeae, irregularly

placed, but usually more numerous on the side remote from the pedicel. Aculeae hyaline

or slightly tinted, 2-2-5 /x or occasionally up to 4 /x long, sometimes tapering from a base

about 1 u broad to a simple, obtuse apex ; most frequently 2-3 dentate at the apex, or

with spreading branches up to 1 p, long. Germ pores 2 in each cell. Pedicel slightly tinted,

25-60 /x long ; upper portion smooth, thick-walled, 4-5 /x thick, the lower part inflated

and somewhat club-shaped, ca. 7-5 /x thick, rough, tuberculate.

on leaves of Annonaceae undet., False Bay, Zululand, Gerstner 4817, 34564.

Uropyxis Steudneri P. Magn.

Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. X (1892) p. 193 and XVII (1899) p. 119.

Dietel in Engl, and Prantl, Die naturlich. Pflanzenfam., 2 Aufl. (1928) Bd. 6, p. 65.

Diorchidium Steudneri P. Magnus, Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. IX (1891) p. 91. Taf. V.

Puccinia Steudneri (P. Magn.) Dietel, Prings. Jahrb. XXVI (1894) p. 81, Taf. XIV,

Fig. 2. Syd. Monogr. Ured. I (1904) p. 841, Tab. XLIV, F. 562.

Var. rhodesica Doidge nov. var.

A typo differt teleutosporis majoribus, 50-65 X 37-5-45 /x, septo plerumque horizontali

et tegumento pallide fusco.

Hab. in foliis petiolisque Ormocarpi trichocarpi, Inyati, leg. Hopkins (Rh. 5990)

Spermogonia epiphyllous, opposite the hypophyllous teleuto-sori, in small groups,

sometimes surrounded by teleuto-sori, honey-yellow, lenticular, ca. 150-200 /x diarn.

Teleuto-sori amphigenous and petiolicolous, but most frequent and extensive on the

lower surface of the leaf ; from about 0-5 mm. diam., varying in size and often covering

the whole under surface of the leaflet, up to 3 X 1-5 mm., or on petioles becoming elongated

up to 3 mm. long and 0-5 mm. broad, dark brown, firm, pulvinate, early becoming naked,

surrounded by the torn epidermis. Teleutospores broadly elliptical, broadly rounded at

both ends, not constricted at the septum, 50-65 X 37 • 5-45 /x (when dry, 45-60 X 30-37 • 5 /x).

Wall laminate, minutely or rather distinctly verrucose ; verrucae ca. 1-1-5 fx long, obtusely

conical and irregularly placed, about 3-5 /x distant from one another ; inner layer chestnut-

brown, 2-5—4 fi thick, out^r pale fuscous, swelling when wet to a thickness of 4-7-5 [x, but

mostly 5 /x thick ; septum horizontal (ca. 50 per cent.), oblique (ca. 36 per cent.) or vertical

918

(ca. 14 per cent.) ; germ pores lateral, two in each cell. Pedicel persistent, up to 180 fj.

long, hyaline, 6 -9 /a broad ; at first cylindrical throughout, when spores are mature, swelling

just below the spore into a globose vesicle 20-25 /a diam. ; this bursts in water, setting free

the spore.

on leaflets and petiole of Ormocarpum trichocarpum (Taub.) Harms, Invati, S. Rhodesia

June 1943, J. C. Hopkins (Rh. 5990).

The type was described by Magnus (1891 l.c.) as Diorchidium Steudneri on Ormocarpum

bibrachiatum Bkr. from Abyssinia ; later he transferred this rust to the genus Uropyxis.

He gave the average measurements of the teleutospores as 44-4 x 36 /a ; fide Sydow l.c.,

the limits of size are 40-52 x 35-40 /a. In the type the septum is usually vertical as in

the genus Diorchidium and the outer envelope of the spore hyaline.

The variety differs in the consistently larger spores, predominantly horizontal or

oblique septum and pale, fuscous outer envelope.

SOUTH AFRICAN RUST FUNGI.

By E. M. Doidge.

Part VI.

THE SPECIES OF UROMYCES ON IRIDACEAE.

In Sydow’s Monograph ia Uredinearum (Vol. II, 1910, p. 251), it is stated that of the

18 species of Uromyces known to occur in genera of the family Iridaceae, only one occurs

in Europe, two in America and the remaining 15 species in Central and South Africa. The

African species are closely related to one another, differing only in a number of small points

such as the presence or absence of paraphyses in the sori, the size of the uredospores and

the form and colour of the teleutospores, including the thickness of the wall, which is usually

more or less thickened at the apex.

Fourteen of the 15 African species mentioned in the Monograph were recorded from

South Africa, and since 1910, five more species have been described on hosts belonging

to the Iridaceae in this country.

Several of the earlier species were described from a single collection and often from

sparse material. When abundant material is available, some of the minor differences

regarded as specific' distinctions are found to fall away, as the spore characters are more

variable than at first supposed. For example, Uromyces Melasphaerulae Syd. is said to be

distinguished by its regularly spherical teleutospores ; actually the teleutospores, although

predominantly globose, vary considerably in form and may also be oblong or ovate with

bluntly conical or truncate apices.

There has also been a tendency to describe as new, rusts found on host genera on which

no species of Uromyces had been recorded. An imperfect knowledge of the nomenclature

of South African plants has then led to a further multiplication of species. Uromyces

Zeyheri Bubak is described on Ixia scillaris ; this is the same plant as Tritonia scillaris,

the host of the type of Uromyces bona-spei. There is no significant difference in the descrip-

tions of the two Uromyces species.

It is evident that a critical comparative study of the South African species of Uromyces

occurring in Iridaceae is desirable, now that more extensive collections have been made.

In the Cryptogamic Herbarium, Fretoria, there is abundant material of several species,

and I am indebted to the Director of the South African Museum, Cape Town, and to my

colleagues in the phanerogamic section of the National Herbarium, Pretoria, for allowing

me to examine a number of specimens on which rust pustules were found.

In studying this group of Uromyces species, it has been found that the form of the

sorus is characteristic. The presence or absence of paraphyses and the depth of the sorus,

including the number of rows in which the spores are arranged, are remarkably constant

characters ; they are of considerable diagnostic value, in view of the very slight variations

in the size and form of the spores.

No fresh collections have been made of Uromyces Sparaxidis Syd. [Ann. Myc. 2 (1904)

p. 27 and Monogr. Ured. II (1910) p. 257] which was described from material collected by

Medley Wood in Natal ; the collector’s number is not quoted. In Bothalia II (1927) p. 31,

a rust on Dierama pendulum (=Sparaxis pendula) collected by Medley Wood, was assigned

to this species ; so far as can be judged by the description of the spore characters, this is

incorrect ; it is not stated whether paraphyses are present in the teleuto-sori or not. There,

is also some doubt about the identity of the host plant. The type is said to be on Sparaxis

lineata collected in Natal by Medley Wood. Sp. lineata is a plant occurring only in the

winter rainfall area of the Cape and is not found in Natal. No authentic material of the

species has been available for study, it has therefore not been possible to include it in the

key, or to compare it with other South African species.

920

r

The remaining 18 species have been studied, and it it considered that only 10 can be

regarded as distinct species ; these have been re-described and figured. A further two

species have been described.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

A. — No paraphvses in the teleuto-sori.

(a) Teleutospores not thickened at the apex or only slightly so (up to 4 p). . . 1. U. Moraeae.

(5) Teleutospores thickend at the apex (4-10 j u.).

1. Teleuto-sori long remaining covered, shallow, not more than 100 p deep,

spores in ca. 3 rows.

x. Uredospore 16-25 X 15-19 p, wall 1 p thick 2. U. EcHonii.

xx. Uredospore 20-27 X 20-24 p, wall 2 p thick. 3. U. Zeyheri.

xxx. Uredospore 1 7 2^ x 15-20 p, wall 2-5-3 p thick 4. U.Ixiae.

2. Teleuto-sori becoming naked comparatively early, sori compact,

pulvinate, 100-150 p deep, spores in 5-7 rows 5. U. Gladioli.

B. — Individual teleuto-sori surrounded by paraphyses.

(a) Paraphyses very freely developed and often continuous and palisade-like

between distant sori 6. TJ . leentaniensis.

( b ) Paraphyses less numerous, usually restricted to a palisade-like envelope

round each individual sorus.

1. Teleuto-sori 100-125 p deep, spores in five closely packed rows 7. U. Dieramae.

2. Teleuto-sori 60-80 p deep, spores in 3-4 rows.

x. Aecidia present.

y. Uredospores 25-30 X 19-22-5 p, wall 2-2-5 p thick 8. U. Ferrariae.

yy. Uredospores 20-24 X 13-20 p, wall 1 -5-1 ■ 7 p thick 9. U. Anomathecae

xx. Aecidia not present.

y. Uredospore with wall ca. 2 p thick, finely but conspicuously

verruculose-echinulate 10. U. Antliolyeae.

yy. Uredospore with wall 1 • 5 p thick, closely and very minutely

verruculose.

o. Wall of teleutospore ca. 2-2-5 p thick, apex thickened

5-9 p ; spore 17-20 p broad 11. U. Freesiae.

oo. Wall of teleutospore ca. 2 p thick, apex thickened 4-6 p,

rarely more; spore 15-17-5 p broad 12. TJ .trcmsversaliss.

1. Uromyces Moraeae Svd.

Sydow, Ann. Myc. X (1912) p. 33, Doidge, Bothalia II (1927) p. 36.

II. Uredo-sori scattered, or numerous and crowded, but rarely confluent, oblong,

lying between the veins of the leaf, |-1 mm. long, ca. J mm. broad, at first blister-like,

covered by the raised epidermis ; the epidermis soon ruptures, revealing the pale yellow-

brown spore masses, which are surrounded or partially veiled by the tom epidermis. Uredo-

spores globose or subglobose to ovate, 21-25 X 20-22-5 p, rarely oblong and up to 32 p

long ; epispore thin, delicate, pale golden-brown to subhyaline, 1-1-25 p thick, very finely

and rather closely verruculose echinulate ; germ pores 6-8, scattered, small but obvious.

III. Teleuto-sori similar to the uredo-sori but darker. Sorus shallow, the teleuto-

spores usually developing in not more than three rows, usually becoming exposed rather

early, subpulverulent ; no paraphyses. Teleutospores deep chestnut-brown, globose,

subglobose, oblong or ovate, rarely irregular in form ; rounded at the apex ; rounded at

921

the base, or, less frequently, tapering somewhat to the pedicel ; mostly 22-25 X 17- 24 p

(18-28 X 16-24 fide Sydow) ; epispore smooth, 2-2-5 g thick, not thickened at the apex

or slightly thickened (2-5-4 /i) ; pedicel rather stout, hyaline except at the apex, where

it is slightly tinted, persistent, ca. 6 g thick and up to 50 g long.

Fig. 1. — TJromyces Moraeae Syd.

(a) Section through teleutosorus.

( b ) Teleutospores.

(c) Uredospores.

n Moraea spathulata Klatt., Yolksrust, Weeber, 773 (Co-type) ; Melmoth, Foster,

11630; Mooi River, Mogg, 17036 ; Hopevale, nr. Donnybrook, Doidge, 33438.

2 Uromyces Ecklonii Bubak.

in Sydow, Monogr. Ured. II (1910) p. 253. Doidge, Bothalia II (1927) p. 32.

II. Uredo-sori amphigenous, lying between the veins of the leaf, round to irregular

oi transversely oblong, up to ca. 0-6 mm. diam., or becoming confluent and larger, early

naked, yellow, pulverulent, surrounded by the torn epidermis, which splits longitudinally.

922

Uredospores ovate or subglobose, pale yellow to subhyaline, 16-25 x 15-19 p ; epispore

1 p thick, minutely and rather closely verruculose-echinulate ; germ pores 6-9, small,

obscure.

Fig. 2. — Uromyces Ecldonii Bubak.

(a) Section through sorus.

( b ) Teleutospores.

(c) Uredospores.

III. Teleuto-sori minute, scattered, often interspersed with the uredo-sori, dark brown,

round to irregular, up to ca. 0-3 mm. diam., compact, long covered by the epidermis;

teleutospores often forming at the margin of a uredo-sorus ; sori shallow, spores in not

more than three rows. Teleutospores ovate to subglobose, or somewhat irregular and

angular through mutual pressure, brown, apex usually rounded, less frequently truncate

or obtusely conical, base more or less attenuate, less frequently rounded, 20-32 X 15-20 p ;

epispore smooth, 2-2 '5 p thick, slightly thickened (4-8 p) at the apex. Pedicel persistent,

hyaline except at the apex, where it is slightly tinted, ca. 5 p broad, up to 40 p long.

on Freesia sp., Prospect, nr. Komgha, Peeler, 5129 ; Thornville Junction, Natal,

Slatter, 23186.

Uromyces Ecklonii was originally described by Bubak on Freesia odorata, collected at

the Cape by Ecklon and Zeyher. The type has not been available for study, but the

collections quoted agree well with the original description. The genus Freesia has been

revised, and the species of the host plants are not determinable without flowering material ;

the generic identification, however, presents no difficulty.

923

3. Uromyces Zeyheri Bubak.

in Sydow, Monogr. Ured. II (1910) p. 255 ; Doidge, Bothalia II (1927) p. 255.

Uromyces Bona-spei Bubak in Syd. Monogr. Ured. II (1910) ; Doidge, Bothalia II

(1910) p. 37.

II. Uredo-sori amphigenous, scattered or in groups, round to irregular, often in trans-

versely oblong groups and becoming confluent ; the epidermis ruptures irregularly and

exposes the yellow, pulverulent spore masses ; uredospores are sometimes also found in

the teleuto-sori. Uredospores globose, subglobose, ovate or oblong, yellow, 20—27 X

18-24 jj. ; epispore ca. 2 /a thick, very briefly echinulate, with 6-8 scattered germ pores.

Fig. 3 — Uromyces Zeyheri Bubak.

(a) Section through teleutosorus.

(b) Teleutospores.

III. Teleuto-sori amphigenous, minute, more or less circular in outline, 100-300 /a

diam., scattered or confluent in oblong, transverse groups, dark brown, compact, long

covered by the epidermis, developing under a stoma, 75-100 /a deep ; spores closely packed

in ca. 3 rows ; no paraphyses. Teleutospores globose, ovate or ellipsoid, often irregular

and asymmetrical through mutual pressure ; apex rounded, conical or truncate, sometimes

oblique ; base usually rounded, or less frequently tapering somewhat ; 24-37-5 X 20-27 /a,

mostly 30-35 X 22—24 /a ; epispore deep chestnut-brown, smooth, 3-4 /a thick, rarely 2-5 /a,

thickened at the apex (5-10 /a) ; pedicel persistent, tinted brown, especially near the apex,

rather stout, 5-7 /a broad and up to 90 /a long.

on Tritonia scillaris Bkr. (= Ixia scillaris) Houwhoekberg, Cape, Schlechter 9411

(part of type collection of U. Zeyheri ) 33296.

924

Uromyces Zeyheri was described by Bubak as occurring on Ixia scillaris, which is the

same plant as Tritonia scillaris, the type host of U. Bona-spei. There is no significant

difference in the descriptions of the two species and I think there can be no doubt that they

are identical. In the case of U. Bona-spei neither locality nor collector is mentioned.

Sydow also mentions Acidanthera pallida as a host of the latter species ; Acidanthera

pallida (Ker.) Pax is mentioned as an African plant in Engler and Prantl, Naturl. Pflanzenfam.

II. 5 (1887) p. 155 ; the name is not to be found in any other publication on tropical or

South African plants which is available, and it is not known to what plant this name refers.

4. Uromyces Ixiae (Lev.) Wint.

Winter in Flora 58 (1884) p. 262 ; Sydow, Monogr. Ured. II (1910) p. 255 ; Doidge

Bothalia II (1927) p. 34.

lUredo Ixiae Rud., Linnaea 4 (1829) p. 387.

lUredo Ixiae Lev., Ann. Sc. Nat., Ill Ser., tome 3 (1845), p. 70.

Uromyces Melasphaerulae Syd., Ann. Myc. II (1904) p. 28 ; Syd. Monogr. Ured. II

(1910) p. 256 ; Doidge, Bothalia II (1927) p. 35.

Uromyces delagoensis Bubak, in Syd. Monogr. Ured. II (1910) p. 255 ; Doidge

Bothalia II (1927) p. 35.

II. Uredo-sori amphigenous, scattered or in groups, minute, round or oblong, yellow

or yellow-brown ; covered at first by the blistered epidermis which ruptures, and remains

partly veiling the sorus. The leaf tissues may be discoloured in the region of the sori, or

rather indefinite, round to irregular brown leaf spots may be formed (especially on Melas-

phaerula). Uredo^pores yellow or yellow-brown, usually pale, globose or ovate, 18-24 X

17—22 g ; epispore 2-5-3 /x thick, rarely up to 3-5 p, minutely and closely verruculose ;

germ pores 6-8, minute, scattered.

Fig. 4 — Uromyces Ixiae (Lev.) Wint., on Lapeyrovsia corymbosa

(a) Section through teleutosorus.

(b) Teleutospores.

(c) Uredospores.

925

III. Teleuto-sori scattered, or crowded and becoming confluent, more or less round

but angular, or oblong, lying between the veins, long covered by the epidermis. Sori

comparatively shallow, usually ca. 75 /x deep, rarely up to 100 /x ; formed of about three

rows of closely packed spores ; no paraphvses. Teleutospores chestnut-brown, globose,

oblong or ovate, rarely ellipsoid, sometimes slightly angular and irregular through mutual

pressure ; usually rounded at the apex, less frequently obtusely conical or truncate ; base

rounded or somewhat attenuate; 22-5-35 /x, rarely up to 40 /x long, 17-5-30 /x broad,

mostly 30-35 X 20-25 y ; epispore smooth, mostly 2-5-3 \x thick, less frequently up to

3-5 /x, thickened at the apex, 5-10 fi, rarely up to 1 2 • 5 /x ; pedicel rather stout, persistent,

usually 6-7 /x thick (up to 9 y fide Winter) and 60 y long, tinted brown throughout or near

the apex.

on Ixia furcata Ker., Bokkeveld, Marloth 7659, 33302.

Ixia leueantha Jacq., St. James, Pole Evans, 7736.

Ixia lutea Bkr., Drakenstein Mts., Galpin 12281, 33306.

Ixia maculata Thunb., nr. Hopefield, Cape, Letty, 33305.

Ixia paniculata Del., Caledon, Marloth 5939, 33304.

Ixia patens Ait., Genadendal, Poser, 33309.

Ixia scariosa v. longifolia Bkr., Bokkeveld, Marloth 13341, 33303.

Ixia splendida Lewis, nr. Zebrakop, Piquetberg, Pillans 7183, 33307.

Lapeyrousia corymbosa Ker., without locality, Zeyher 1594, 33320.

Lapeyrousia delagoensis Bkr., Polana Beach, Delagoa Bay, Thoday 169, 33321.

Melasphaerula graminea Ker., Table Mt., Ecklon, 33301 ; Bredasdorp, C. A. Smith,

33308.

Sparaxis bulbifera Ker., Bloemendal, Zeyher 3968, 33319.

The first mention of a rust on Ixia is in Linnaea 4 (1829) p. 387, where Uredo Ixiae is

described by Rudolphi on leaves of Ixia conica Salisb. (= Ixia maculata Thunb.) from the

Cape. “ Caeoma maculis subnullis ; acervis amphigenis rotundis epidermide rumpente ;

sporidiis ovatis, medio punctatis, nigris, demum fuscis pedicellatis.”

In 1845, Leveille (Champignons Exotique, in Ann. Sc. Kat. Ill Ser. t. 3, p. 70) described

a rust on Ixia sp. as follows : — -

“ 331. Uredo Ixiae nov. sp. Amphigena, acervulis gregariis oblongis nigris epidermide

tectis, sporangiis globoso-ellipticis glabris obtusis pedicellis longiuscuLis. -Hab. ad Cap.

Bon. Sp. in foliis Ixiae . . . Drege n. 8369.

“ Les petites pustules que forme cette espece sont allongees, paralleles aux fibres des

feuilles, et recouvertes presque constamment par l’epiderme ; leur couleur est noire ; les

sporange, a peu pres elliptiques, glabres, et supportes par un pedicelle aussi long qu’eux,

ressemblent a ceux de V Uredo Iridis ; mais dans ce dernier ils sont jaunes.”

Winter (Flora 1884, p. 262) drew attention to the fact that according to Leveille’s

description Uredo Ixiae was a Uromyces sp., and considered it identical with a rust on Ixia

which he had examined. Uromyces Ixiae Wint. was described from a rust on Lapeyrousia

corymbosa and Winter stated that the same fungus occurred on Ixia and on Sparaxis

grandiflora.

Sydow (Monogr. Ured. II 1910, p. 255) does not mention Lapeyrousia corymbosa, the

type host, but quotes as hosts Sparaxis grandiflora, Acidanthera exscapa [— Engysiphon

exscapus (Thunb.) Lewis] and several species of Ixia. Of the latter, Ixia coerulescens is

now known as Babiana villosa Ker. and Oaul ; the rust on the Babiana spp. examined in

the course of this study was not Uromyces Ixiae. The identity of the Ixia erecta mentioned

by Sydow is not certain, as the name of the author is not given ; Ixia erecta Jacq. is I. lutea

Bkr. and I. erecta Berg is I. polystachya L.

Uromyces delagoensis Bubak was described on Lapeyrousia delagoensis from Mozambique;

the description of this species does not differ materially from that of U. Ixiae, except in

926

the thickness of the wall of the uredospore ( fide Sydow 3-3-5 y in II . Ixiae, 2-2-5 y in U.

delagoensis and U. Melasphaerulae) ; actually it varies in thickness, even in the same spore ;

it is usually 2 • 5-3 y thick and occasionally up to 3-5 y. The rusts on Lapeyrousia delagoensis

and Melasphaerula graminea examined cannot be distinguished from Uromyces Ixiae.

Sydow (l.c.) suggests that U . delagoensis may be the same as U. Anomathecae but he

had not seen Medley Wood’s collection of this fungus, which has paraphyses in the teleuto-

sori. According to Sydow, U. Melasphaerulae is characterised by spherical teleutospores ;

in material examined, a considerable proportion of globose spores was seen, but oblong and

ovate forms were also present and spores with bluntly conical or truncate apices.

5. Uromyces Gladioli P. Henn.

Hedwigia 34 (1895) p. 326 ; Sydow, Monogr. Ured. II (1910) p. 254 ; Doidge, Bothalia

II (1927) p. 33.

? as Puccinia Gladioli Cast. (Fungus stylosporiferus Uredo Gladioli Req.) f. Gladioli

EcMonii von Thumen, Flora (1875) p. 379.

Uromyces Geissorhizae F. Henn., Hedwigia 39 (1900) p. (153) ; Syd. Monogr. Ured.

II (1910) p. 253 ; Doidge, Bothalia II (1927) p. 32.

Uromyces Babianae Doidge, Bothalia II (1927) p. 31.

Uromyces Romouleae v. d. Byl and Werd., Rep. spec. nov. regni veg. 19 (1923) p. 54.

Uromyces Romuleae Doidge, Bothalia II (1927) p. 31.

II. Uredo-sori irregularly round to oblong, scattered between the veins of the leaf,

up to 0-5 mm. long, but often in series, becoming confluent, and forming longer striae;

at first covered by the white, blistered epidermis which early ruptures longitudinally,

exposing yellow, pulverulent spore masses. Uredospores globose to ovate, pale golden-

brown to subhyaline, 20-25 X 17-5-24 y ; epispore uneven in thickness, 2-3-5 y thick

(mostly 2-3 y), finely and rather closely verruculose echinulate and with 6-9, small, obscure,

scattered germ pore.>.

III. Teleuto-sori amphigenous, elliptic or oblong, scattered or in series between the

veins of the leaf, up to 1 mm. long, or confluent and forming striae up to 2 mm. long ; at

first covered by the lead-coloured epidermis, which splits longitudinally rather early,

revealing the dark brown spore masses. Sorus without paraphyses, compact, pulvinate,

100-150 y deep and consisting of 5-7 or even 8 rows of closely packed spores. Teleuto-

spores dark chestnut brown, subglobose, ovate, rarely ellipsoid, or angular and irregular

through mutual pressure ; apex mostly rounded, but sometimes truncate or broadly conical ;

base usually rounded ; 22 • 5-35 X 20-25 y, rarely up to 40 y long, mostly 25-30 X 20-22 -5 y;

epispore smooth, 2 -5-3 -5 y or rarely 4 y thick, thickened at the apex, 6-7-5 y, less fre-

quently up to 9 y ; the epispore is more or less distinctly lamellate and there is some indica-

tion of an apical pore ; pedicel stout, persistent, tinted brown, especially near the apex,

5-7 y broad and up to 75 y long, occasionally inserted somewhat obliquely.

on Babiana disticha Ker., Retreat, Pole Evans, 12959 and Kew (type collection of

U. Babianae).

Babiana stricta Ker., Cold Bokkeveld, Marlotli, 21014.

Geissorhiza secunda Ker., Vogelgat, western Cape, Schlechter 9577, 33300 (part of

type collection of U. Geissorhizae).

Gladiolus crassifolius Bkr., Ugie, Cape, Joubert, 25317.

Gladiolus cuspidalus Jacq., Diep River, Cape, Marloth, 9304 ; Kenilworth, Bolus,

8366.

IGladiolus Ecklonii Lehm., Bazuja, Kaffraria, Baur.

Gladiolus formosus Klatt., Bokkeveld, Marloth 7561, 1C032.

927

Gladiolus hirsutus Jacq., Ricquetberg, Cape, Marloth, 21031.

Gladiolus recurvus L., Kentani, Pegler 1958, 8412 ; Albertina, Muir, 8867.

Gladiolus spp., Durban, v. d. Byl, 9176 ; Capetown, 543 ; Cramond, Pole Evans,

6851 ; Mooi River, Mogg , 17037.

Bomulea rosea Ecklon, Klapmuts, v. d. Byl 494, 10094, 32447 (part of the type

collection of U. Romouleae).

Fig. 5. — -Uromyces Gladioli P. Henn.

(a) Section through teleutosorus.

( b ) Teleutospores.

(c) Uredospores.

TJromyces Gladioli was originally described by Hennings (l.c.) on leaves of Gladiolus

angustus L., collected by Leibold at the Cape. This specimen has not been seen, but, from

the description there can be little doubt that this is the rust studied on the several Gladiolus

spp. enumerated. It is also recorded by Sydow (l.c.) on Gladiolus blandus Ait. and G.

orchidiflorus Andr. from South Africa and G. Quartinianus from Kilimandscharo, in tropical

Africa.

It seems probable that the rust on Gladiolus Ecklonii Lehm. mentioned by von Thiimen

(l.c.), uredo only, is this species ; unfortunately no description is given and this specimen

928

has not been seen. It seems unlikely that it is Uromyces transversalis with which von

Thiimen was familiar.

Uromyces Geissorhizae P. Henn. was described on Paves of Geissorhiza sp. collected

at Yogelgat in the western Cape, Schlechter 9577 ; sori were found on this collection in the

phanerogamic herbarium and were studied ; in every particular the sori and spores resemble

those of Uromyces Gladioli. Type collections of U. Babianae Doidge and U. Romouleae

v. d. Byl were also studied and these rusts found to be identical with U. Gladioli.

Sydow has recorded the occurrence of U . Geissorhizae on Geissorhiza rupestris Schlecht.

and G. secunda (Berg.) Ker. and also on Moraea ramosa Ker. The only Uromyces sp. on

Moraea in the material studied is Uromyces Moraeae on Moraea sjmthulata ; no locality or

collector is mentioned by Sydow in connection with the fungus on Moraea ramosa, and no

rust on this host could be traced.

Uromyces Gladioli occurs on a wide range of hosts, many of which are restricted to the

south-western Cape and to the coastal area of the eastern Cape and Natal. Nearly all the

localities in which it has been found are within 75 miles of the coast, the only exception

being Ugie in the Maclear district, which is about 85 miles inland. In collection No. 17037

on Gladiolus from Mooi River, Natal, U. Gladioli was found in close association with U.

transversalis ; sori of both species were found in close proximity on the same leaves.

6. Uromyces kentaniensis Doidge.

Doidge, Bothalia II (1927) p. 30.

II. Uredo-sori hypophyllous, on rather indefinite, greenish or brownish leaf spots,

not numerous, widely scattered, solitary or in small groups of 2-4, rarely more, round or

oval, up to -4- mm. diani., surrounded by the torn epidermis. Uredospores ovate or sub-

Fig. 6 — Uromyces kentaniensis Doidge.

(a) Section through teleutosorus.

( b ) Teleutospores.

929

globose, 19-28 X 17 -5-22 *5 i z; epispore hyaline, 1-1 -5 y thick, minutely and closely

verruculose ; germ pores small obscure, several, scattered. A few teleutospores and para-

physes are sometimes to be found in the uredo-sori.

III. Teleuto-sori mostly hypophyllous, only an occasional one on the upper leaf

surface, minute, brownish-black, remaining covered by the epidermis ; in more or less

close groups, often in oblong groups flanking the groups of uredo-sori, above and below ;

groups of teleuto-sori ca. mm. broad and up to 4 mm. long. Single sori small, 50-75 y

diam., 55-70 y deep, with spores in three rows ; sometimes closely set, sometimes more

remote, 10-180 y apart, the intervening space being filled with golden-brown, palisade-like

paraphyses. Teleutospores ovate, ovate-ellipsoid or broadly cuneate ; rounded, truncate

or obtusely conical at the apex, attenuate, or more rarely rounded at the base ; light brown,

darker at the apex, 23-24 X 18-27 y ; epispore smooth, thin at the base, ca. 1 y, becoming

gradually thicker towards the apex, usually 1-5-2 y thick at the sides and 4 y, rarely 5/x

thick at the apex. Pedicel hyaline or slightly tinted, persistent, up to 30 y long. Para-

physes light golden-brown, firmly agglutinated by their lateral walls, except where they

are found with teleutospores in the uredo-sori ; up to 50 y long and about 6 y thick.

on Petamenes aethiopica (L.) Phillips (= Antholyza aethiopica L.), Kentani , Peqler 2381,

9313.

7. Uromyces Dieramatis Doidge nov. spec.

sub Uromyces Sparaxidis Syd. in Bothalia II (1927) p. 31.

Uredo-sori amphigeni, sparsi vel aggregati, oblongi v. lineares, minuti v. usque 1 mm.

longi, diutius epidermide tecti tandem ea longitudinaliter fissa cincti, ochracei. Uredo-

sporae ovatae v. subglobosae, rarius ellipsoideae v. oblongae, 17-5-25 X 12-5-20 /z, minute

denseque verruculoso-echinulatae, membrana hyalina v. subhyalina ca. 1-5 /x crassa, prois

germ. 6-9, sparsis. Teleuto-sori amphigeni, singuli minuti, 75-100 /x diam., 100-125 y

alti, epidermide tecti, sed densissime in greges oblongos v. lineares usque 1 mm. longos

dispositi et confluentes, paraphysibus periphicis cy lindraceis, subrectis v. leniter curvatis,

aureo-brunneis anguste obvallati. Teleuto-sporae brunneae, levss, variabiles, ovatae,

oblongae v. cuneatae, baud raro plus minus irregulares subinde e mutua pressione angulatae,

apice rotundatae, truncatae v. subconieae, ba&im versus attenuatae, plerumque 20-30 y

longae et 15-20 y latae, rarius 35-37-5 y longae et 10-12-5 y latae ; episporio plerumque

2 y crasso, raro 1-5 y vel 2-5 y, ad apicem cra&siore, 5-6 y, nonnunquam usque 7-5 y ;

pedicello usque 40 y longo, leniter colorato.

Hab. in foliis Dieramatis penduli, Cramond, leg. I. B. Pole Evans, 1580.

II. Uredo-sori not on definite leaf spots but often causing some light brown discoloura-

tion of the leaf tissues, amphigenous, scattered, or often very numerous and closely crowded,

oblong or linear, not transverse, minute or up to 1 mm. long, long covered by the epidermis,

which finally ruptures longitudinally and partly exposes the pale yellow spore masses.

Uredospores ovate or subglobose, less frequently ellipsoid or oblong, very variable in form

and size, 17-5-25 X 12-5-20 y: epispore hyaline or subhyaline ca. 1-5 y thick, closelv

and minutely verruculose-echin ulate ; germ pores 6-9, small, scattered.

III. Teleuto-sori interspersed with the uredo-sori, darker, remaining covered indefi-

nitely, in closely crow-ded oblong or linear groups up to 1 mm. long. Single sori rather

deep, 75-100 y diam., 100-125 y deep, each surrounded by a narrow palisade of pale golden-

brown paraphyses. Teleutospores in 5 closely packed rows, often very irregular and

angular through mutual pressure, golden-brown to chestnut-brown (the latter in the outer

rows) ovate, oblong or cuneate ; apex rounded, truncate or broadly conical, sometimes

oblique ; base attenuate; mostly 20-30 X 15-20 y, less frequently 35-37-5 y long and

10-12-5 y broad; epispore smooth, usually ca. 2 y thick, rarely 1-5 or 2-5 y, thickened

at the apex 5-6 y, rarely up to 7 • 5 y ; pedicel more or less persistent, tinted, especially

near the apex, up to 40 y long and ca. 5 y broad.

930

on Dierama pendulum Bkr., Cramond, Pole Evans 1580, Type, 1451, 2410 ; Inanda,

Medley Wood 585, 10475 ; Durban, McClean, 31030 ; Bethlehem, O.F.S., van

der Merwe, 28815.

Dierama pulcherrimum Bkr., Kentani, Pegler, 6677, 6924, 7092.

Dierama sp., Nottingham Road, Natal, McClean, 32308.

Fig. 7 — Uromyces Dieramae Doidge.

(а) Section through, teleutosorus.

(б) Teleutospores.

(c) Uredospores.

In Bothalia (l.c.) the fungus on Dierama was erroneously assigned to Uromyces Sparax -

idis Syd. The wall of the teleutospore is ca. 2 /x thick, not 1-5 /x as required by the descrip-

tion of U. Sparaxidis and there are other minor differences ; nothing is said about paraphyses

in the description of the above species. The two rusts are closely related, but it is impossible

to regard them as identical without an examination of the type of U. Sparaxidis. This is

said to be “ in foliis Sparaxidis lineatae, Natal, J. M. Wood ” ; unfortunately Medley

Wood’s number is not quoted. The identity of the host is also open to question, as Sparaxis

lineata is a species confined to the winter rainfall area of the Cape, and does not occur in

Natal.

Teleuto-sori are comparatively rare in most of the collections mentioned, which are

rather heavily parasitised by Darluca filum ; some difficulty was experienced in finding

typical sori for study.

931

8. Uromyces Ferrariae Doidge nov. spec.

Spermogonia plerumque hypophylla, modice copiosa in series ordinata, mellea, 100-

130 /x diam. Aecidia hypophylla in greges ellipticos v. irregulares usque 5 mm. longos

disposita, cupulata, 200-250 fi diam., margine albido, recurvato, lacerato ; cellulae peridii

laxe conjunctae, rhomboideae v. polygonales, 17 ’5-25 X 14—17-5 /z, pariete exteriore

striato 5-7 /x crasso, interiore verrucoso 3-4 p, crasso ; sporae angulato-globoso, 17-22 /x

diam., vel ovatae v. oblongae, 22-5-30 X 12-5-17-5 a; membrana hyalina, ca. 1-5 /lx

crassa, dense minuteque verruculosa, Uredo-sori amphigeni, sparsi, minuti vel usque

1 mm. longi, mox nudi, dilute cinnamomei. Uredo-sporae subglobosae v. ovatae, 25-30

X 19-22-5 /x, ubique dense verruculosae ; membrana 2-2-5 /x crassa, poris germ. 5-9,

sparsis praedita. Teleuto-sori amphigeni, inter uredo-soros sparsi, singuli minuti, 75-

135 /x diam., 60-75 /x alti, epidermide tecti, sed densissime in greges oblongos usque 0-5 mm.

longos, atros, dispo&iti et confluentes, paraphvsibus periphicis obvallati. Teleutosporae

castaneae, leves, plerumque subglobosae, subinde ovatae, obovatae v. cuneatae et e mutua

pressione angulatae ; apice rotundatae, late subconicae v. truucatae ; basi rotundatae v.

attenuatae ; 22-32 • 5 X 20-27 -5 /z ; episporio 1-1 • 5 /x crasso apice leniter incrassato

(usque 7-5 /x) ; pedicello leniter colorato usque 40 /x longo.

Hab. iu foliis et pedunculis Ferrariae sp., Chipinga, 33427.

0. Spermogonia mostly hypophyllous, occasionally epiphyllous, near the groups of

aecidia, in regularly spaced, longitudinal rows between the veins, rather numerous, honey-

yellow, lenticular, 100-130 /x diary.

Fig. 8 — Uromyces Ferrariae Doidge.

(а) Section through teleutosonis.

(б) Teleutospores.

(c) Uredospores.

932

I. Aecidia kypopkyllous, in groups which are elliptic or sometimes irregular in outline

and up to 5 mm. long, eupulate, 200-250 p diam., margin white, recurved, laciniate. Cells

of the peridium rather loosely connected and readily falling apart, rhomboid or irregularly

angular, 17-5-25 X 14-17-5 p; outer wall striate, 5-7 p thick, imier verrucose, 3-4 p

thick. Spores angular-globose, 17-5-22 p diam., or ovate to oblong, 22-5-30 x 12-5-

17-5 p ; epispore ca. 1-5 p thick, closely and minutely verruculose.

II. Uredo-sori amphigenous, scattered between the veins of the leaf, elongated (not

transverse) minute or up to 1 mm. long ; the raised epidermis ruptures longitudinally,

early exposing the light brown spore masses. Uredo-spores subglobose to ovate, 25-30 X

19-22-5 p ; epispore closely verruculose, 2-2-5 p thick ; germ pores 5-9, scattered.

III. Teleuto-sori amphigenous, scattered, interspersed with the uredo-sori, oblong,

up to | mm. long, black, compact, parallel with the veins, not transverse, remaining covered ;

consisting of a number of individual sori more or less closely crowded. Individual sori

75-135 p diam., 60-75 p deep, covered by the epidermis, each surrounded by golden-brown,

palisade-like paraphyses. Teleutospores closely packed in 3-4 rows, chestnut-brown,

subglobose to ovate, obovate or cuneate, becoming more or less angular through mutual

pressure ; apex rounded, broadly conical or truncate ; base rounded or attenuate ; 22-5-

32-5 X 20-27-5 p; epispore smooth, 1-1-5 p thick, slightly thickened at the apex (up

to 7-5 p). Pedicel persistent, slightly tinted, especially near the apex, 5-6 p broad and

up to 40 p long.

on Ferraria sp., on leaves, spathes and peduncles, Ckipinga, S. Rhodesia (Rh. 4298)

33427.

The spermogonia, aecidia, uredo- and teleuto-sori are all to be found on the same

leaves, and all in good condition for study, although some of the aecidia were rather old.

The teleuto-sori are predominantly hvpophyllous, but fairly often develop more or less

opposite to one another on each side of the leaf, sometimes they form at the edge of the

uredo-sorus.

9. Uromyces Anomathecae Cke.

Cooke, Grevillea XIX (1890) p. 6 Sydow, Monogr. Ured. II (1910) p. 256, and Ann.

Myc. XX (1922) p. 54, Doidge, Bothalia II (1927) p. 35.

0. Spermogonia amphigenous, not very numerous, interspersed with the aecidia,

honey-yellow, 90-100 p diam.

1. Aecidia amphigenous, in small groups up to 2 mm. diam., not crowded, globose,

deeply immersed in the leaf tissue and long remaining covered by the epidermis, finally

opening by means of a central pore, pale ochraceous, 150-200 p diam. Cells of the peridium

very loosely connected, irregularly polygonal, occasionally more or less rounded, 20-27-5

X 15-25 p ; outer wall smooth, 5-6 p thick, inner verrucose, 3-4 p thick. Spores hyaline

or subhyaline, angular-globose, 17-5-22-5 X 15-19 p, rarely ellipsoid-oblong, 25-27-5 X

13*6-14 p ; epispore 1-1-5 p thick, closely and very minutely verruculose.

II. Uredo-sori amphigenous, scattered or in loose groups, on brown leaf spots which

are elongated in a direction at right angles to the leaf axis. Sori minute, round or oval,

up to \ mm. diam., pale yellow, surrounded by the torn epidermis. Uredospores subglobose

or ovate, le,.,s frequently ellipsoid, 20-24 X 13-20 p ; epispore hyaline, 1 • 5-1 • 7 p thick,

minutely but rather conspicuously verruculose echiuulate ; germ pores rather obscure,

ca. 6-9, small, scattered.

III. Teleuto-sori minute, scattered or in oblong transverse groups, up to 1 mm. long,

between the veins ; often interspersed with the uredo-sori, but rarely developing round

them. Individual sori compact, often developing opposite to one another on either side

of the leaf, solitary or in more or less loose groups, but usually discrete, rarely confluent ;

933

remaining covered by the epidermis, mostly 150-250 /x diam. and 50-70 /x deep, with three

rows of closely packed spores ; surrounded by a narrow palisade of pale golden-brown

paraphyses. Teleutospores pale or darker chestnut-brown, oblong, ovate or cuneate,

often irregular and angular through mutual pressure ; apex broadly rounded, truncate or

conical ; base attenuate or rounded ; 25-35 X 16-24 /x ; epispore smooth, ca. 2 p thick,

thickened at the apex (5-9 /x) ; pedicel light brown, persistent, ca. 5 p thick and up to

45 p long.

on Lapeyrousia cruenta Bkr., Durban, Medley Wood 693, Co-type, 330; Stella Bush,

Durban, Leslie, 31951 ; Winkle Spruit, Doidge, 2507 ; Donkerpoort, Pretoria

District, Doidge and Bottomley, 30109.

Lapeyrousia grandiflora Bkr., Wonderboom, Pole Evans 443 ; Durban, 30937.

Fig. 9 — Uromyces Anomatliecae Cke., on Lapeyrousia cruenta (Medley Wood 693).

(a) Section through teleutosoras.

(b) Teleutospores.

(c) Uredospores.

The aecidium, which has not been previously described, occurs on No. 443, in close

association with typical teleuto-sori.

Lapeyrousia cruenta and L. grandiflora both belong to the sub-genus Anomatheca of

the genus Lapeyrousia ; they are closely related and may even be forms of the same species.

Lapeyrousia corymbosa and L. delagoensis on which Uromyces Ixiae is found, belong to the

sub-genus Ovieda and differ considerably.

10. Uromyces Antholyzae Syd.

Sydow, Ann. Myc. II (1904) p. 27 aud Monogr. Ured. II (1910) p. 252. Verwoerd,

Sc. Bull. 88, Union Dept. Agr. (1929) p. 5. Doidge, Bothalia III (1939) p. 510.

II. Uredo-sori amphigenous, not on leaf spots, but leaf tissues often vaguely discoloured,

round or transversely oblong, minute, up to 4 mm. diam., scattered or in transverse series

2-2-5 mm. long, limited in length by the veins ; uredo-sori also develop on the peduncle,

where they are scattered or in groups, elliptic or irregular in outline and up to 5 mm. long.

934

At first covered by the blistered epidermis, which finally ruptures, exposing the pale yellow,

pulverulent spore masses. Uredospores usually globose or subglobose, less frequently

ovate, rarely ellipsoid, 17-5-24 X 15-17-5 /x, mostly 17-5-20 X 17-5 /x; epispore hyaline

or subhyaline, mostly 2 /x thick, rarely 1 - 5 or 2-5 /x, minutely but conspicuously verruculose-

echinulate ; germ pores small, rather obscure, 6-8, scattered.

Fig. 10 — Uromyces Antholyzae Syd.

(a) Section through teleutosorus.

( b ) Teleutospores.

(c) Uredospores.

III. Teleuto-sori amphigenous, minute, often developing in the old uredo-sori, similar

to the uredo-sori, but dark and remaining covered by the epidermis. Individual sori

minute, ca. 100-250 /x diam., 50-75 /x deep, compact, each surrounded by a palisade, up to

10 ,tx broad, of pale golden-brown paraphyses. Spores usually in 3, sometimes 3-4 rows.

Teleutospores chestnut brown, subglobose, globose or oblong, often somewhat irregular

through mutual pressure ; apex usually broadly rounded or flattened, less frequently

obtusely conical ; base usually rounded, less frequently attenuate ; mostly 20-25 X

15-20 /a, rarely up to 30 /x long and 22 y broad ; epispore smooth, 1 -5-2 /x thick, thickened

at the apex, 4-7 u ; pedicel persistent, rather stout, light brown, 5-6-5 /x thick and up to

32 fi long.

on Anapalina revoluta N. E. Br. (= Antholyza rewluta), Ruytersbosch, Mossel Bay,

Gemmell 30085.

Uromyces Antholyzae has also been recorded by Verwoerd (l.c.) from Stellenbosch,

Newlands and Knysna. It was originally described by Svdow “ in foliis Antholyzae abys-

sinicae in Abyssinia (Schimper).” This host may be Antholyza abyssinica Bkr. now known

as Petamenes latifolia N. E. Br., or A. abyssinica Brong, which is the ame plant as Oenostachys

abyssinica N. E. Br.

935

11. Uromyces Freesiae Buhak.

in Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr, L. (1900) p. 318. Sydow, Monogr. Ured. II (1910) p. 252.

Doidge, Bothalia II (1927) p. 32.

II. Uredo-sori amphigenous, on brown leaf spots, scattered, minute, round or oval,

up to ^ mm. long, light brown, surrounded by the torn epidermis, which usually splits in a

direction transverse to the leaf axis. Uredospores mostly ovate, less frequently subglobose or

ellipsoid, 19-24 X 12 • 5—17 - 5 /a, mostly 19-20 X 13-15 /x; episporehy aline, ca. 1 • 5 p thick,

closely and minutely verruculose, and with 6-9 small, scattered, rather obscure germ pores.

Fig. 11 — Uromyces Freesiae Bubak.

(a) Section through teleutosorus.

( b ) Teleutospores.

(c) Uredospores.

III. Teleuto-sori minute, brownish-black, scattered or developing in circles round the

uredo-sori, long covered by the epidermis. Individual sori small, up to ca. 100 p diam.,

at first distant and each surrounded by a palisade of pale golden-brown paraphyses, often

becoming closely crowded and sometimes completely fused ; in the latter case the paraphyses

are not always distinguishable through the older sections of the sori, but at the margin of

the groups of sori, paraphyses are still evident. Sori compact, 60-80 p deep, with 3-4,

mostly 4 closely packed rows of spores. Teleutospores mostly ovate to ellipsoid, occasionally

subglobose or clavate, but often very irregular, asymmetrical or angular through mutual

pressure ; light to deep chestnut-brown, the darker spores in the outer rows of the sorus ;

apex rounded, truncate or conical ; base rounded or attenuate ; 20-35 X 15-22 p, mostly

20-30 X 17-20 i u ; epispore smooth, 2-2-5 p thick, thickened at the apex, 5-9 p ; pedicel

subpersistent, hyaline, ca. 5 /x broad at the apex and up to 55 p long.

on Freesia sp., Johannesburg, 17283 ; Joubertina, Cape Deysel, 29714.

936

According to Sydow (l.c.) paraphvses are to be found among the uredospores ; they

are clavate, ca. 40 y long and 9-16 y broad. This statement was quoted by Doidge (l.c.).

In the material examined, no paraphyses were found in the uredo-sori, but the sori were

rather old and there were comparatively few spores left in position.

The genus Freesia has been revised and it cannot be said whether the host of the above

collections is the plant now known as Freesia refracta. The type was “ in foliis Freesiae

odoratae in Promontorio Bonae spei Africa austr. (Zeyher) ” ; this collection has not been

available for study.

12. Uromyces transversalis (Thuem.) Wint.

Winter, Flora (1884) p. 263 ; Sydow, Monogr. Ured. II (1910) p. 257 ; Doidge,

Bothalia II (1927) p. 33.

TJredo transversalis Thuem., Flora (1876) p. 570 ; Kalchbrenner, Grevillea XI

(1882) p. 25.

Uromyces Watsoniae Syd., Monogr. Ured. II (1910) p. 258.

II. Uredo-sori amphigenous, scattered or in groups, which are often oblong, transverse

and limited- by the larger veins of the leaf, round to oblong or irregular, but typically trans-

versely oblong, sometimes minute up to I mm. long, but often longer, up to U mm. long

and 4 mm. broad ; on all hosts longitudinal sori are also found, J mm. to 2 mm. long, but

these are more numerous on Watsonia ; sori at first covered by the blistered epidermis

which finally splits ; dehiscence usually transverse, but parallel with the leaf axis in the

longitudinal sori and sometimes irregular ; the ochraceous spore masses remain partially

veiled by the torn epidermis. Uredospores variable in form and size, ovate, ellipsoid or

oblong, 14-26 X 13-25 y ; epispore hyaline, typically 1-5 y thick, rarely up to 2 y, closely

and minutely verruculose ; germ pores rather obscure, 6-8, scattered.

Fig. 12 — Uromyces transversalis (Thuem.) Wint.

(а) Section through teleutosorus on Triton ia .

(б) Teleutospores from Tritonia.

(e) Uredospores from Tritonia.

937

Fig. 13 — Uromyces transversalis (Thuem.) Wint.

T eleutospores from Gladiolus.

Uredospores from Gladiolus.

TIT. Teleuto-sori minute, black, remaining covered by the epidermis, in small or larger

groups, which may be scattered, but not infrequently form an irregular zone round a uredo-

sorus or a group of uredo-sori. Single sori small, crowded together, separated only by a

zone of golden-brown, palisade-like paraphyses ; 50-112-5 /a diam., 55-75 /a deep, with

spores in 3-4 closely packed rows. Teleutospores ovate, ellipsoid or pyriform, less frequently

globose, often irregular or angular through mutual pressure, light brown, darker — often

chestnut-brown — -near the apex ; apex rounded, truncate or broadly conical ; base usually

attenuate, less frequently rounded : 17-5-34 X 14-21 /a, the majority being 20-25 X

15-17-5 /a ; epispore smooth, usually ca. 2 /a thick, thickened at the apex, 4-6 g, rarely

up to 8 /x ; pedicel subpersistent, hyaline or tinted at the apex, ca. 3 g thick and up to

45 /x long.

on Gladiolus psittacinus Hk., Sydenham, Natal, Medley Wood 360.

Gladiolus Saundersii Hk. f., Somerset East, MacOwan.

Gladiolus spp., Port Elizabeth, Clark, 26611 ; Nottingham Road, McClean, 32310;

Mooi River, Natal, Mogg, 10077, 17037 ; Rosetta, Mogg, 11635, 14145 ; Entumeni,

Zululand, Haygarth, 14176, 14181 ; Arcadia, Pretoria, 472 ; Garstfontein, Pretoria

District, Pienaar, 1258 ; Debbe’s Ravine, Bosnian, 29853 ; Silverton Road.

Doidge , 29418 ; Kaalfontein, Pole Evans, 10134 and Mogg, 11676 ; Paardeplaats,

Lydenburg Distr., Pienaar, 1503; Brits, Biding , 30981 ; Belfast, Pole Evans, 10987,

Tritonia lineata Ker., Capetown, MacOwan, 4064 (Rabh. Fung. Eur. 3724).

Triton in securigera Ker., Boschberg, MacOwan 1254 (Type) 3355, 20780, (Rabh.

Fung. Eur. 3014) ; Uitenhage, Schmutz, 25488.

Tritonia sp., Kentani, Pegler 2435, 10992.

Watsonia angusta Ker., Kentani, Pegler 2360, 2379, 9165 , 9192.

Watsonia densiflora Bkr., Belfast, Doidge, 552 (co-type of Uromyces Watsoniae).

Watsonia rneriana Mull., Paddock, Natal, McClean, 33322.

Watsonia spp., Sweetwaters, Natal, Cromden, 23182; Cana, Basutoland, Ilean, 32142.

This species is widespread throughout the Union, and is particularly common in the

Transvaal, where it causes a serious disease of cultivated Gladioli.

There appears to be no significant difference between Uromyces Watsoniae and U .

transversalis. Sydow states that the wall of the teleutospore is only 1 /x thick in the former

species, but in all the specimens examined, including the type collection, it was predominantly

2 /a thick.

DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME NEW HYMEN OMY CETES .

By E. M. Wakefield and P. H. B. Talbot.

AsterostromeUa Rumpiana Talbot, sp. nov.

Fungus resupinatus, late effusus, adnatus, ad 2 mm. crassus. Contextus durus, subero-

fibrosus, distincte stratosus, pallide succineus. Hymenium laeve ; color ad bubalinum

proxime accessit. Basidia clavato-cylindracea, 30 X 4-5 p, inter hyphae hymeniales

dispersa. Sporae elliptico-ovalae, hyalinae, 8-3 x 5-5 p, subtiliter punctulatae. Gloeo-

cystidia tenue tunicata, immersa, 53-80 X 6-5 p, intus homogenea. Hyphae crasse tuni-

catae vel interdum lumene obliterato, hyalinae vel pallide coloratae, ramosae sed non

dendroideae, usque ad 3 g crassae, in 5 per centum KOH fuscesentes. Crvstalla multae

inter strata adsunt.

Hab. ad lignum in sylvis, Nkandhla, Zululand, leg. W. G. Rump (399), 30200.

Named in honour of Mr. W. G. Rump of the Natal Museum, who by his energetic

collecting has greatly advanced our knowledge of South African Hymenomycetes. Type

in Kew Herbarium, with isotype in Pretoria.

In structure this species comes clo^e to Stereum duriusculum B. & Br. from which it

differs in having a darker hymenium and context colour, a different spore bize and shape,

and smoother contents to its gloeocystidia. (Further discussion on the structure of S.

duriusculum will be published at a later date in this journal, in which it will be pointed

out that this species possesses gloeocystidia and might profitably be considered, with

Corticium portentosum B. & C. as well, as an AsterostromeUa).

Coniophora papillosa Talbot, sp. nov. [Fig. 1.]

Resupinata, late effusa, non adnata, 500 p crassa, fragilis, interdum in sicco fissa ;

hymenio griseo-sepiaceo cum papillis parvis, fertihbus, hemisphaericis, discretis, super-

ficiahter ortis ; contexto fusco ; basidia rara, emersa, cylindraceo-clavata, hyalina, 25-30

X 4-5 p, sterigmatibus 2 vel 4, brevibus ; sporae multae, in trama positae vel liberae,

ovatae vel eUipticae, laeves, flavido-brunneae, 7-5-10 X 4-6 p, crasoe tunicatae ; hyphae

basales 2 p crassae congestae ramosae atrobrunneae, hvphis superioribus conglutinatis

vel quasi pseudoparenchymaticis.

Hab. ad ligna, Venterspost Gold Mining Co., Ltd.

Resupinate, widely effused, not adnate, 500 p thick, brittle, cracked occasionally

when dry. Hymenium dark drab, covered with small, hemispherical, discrete, fertile papUlae

of superficial origin. Context fuscous. Basidia rarely seen, not in palisade, cylindric-

clavate with 2 or 4 short sterigmata, hyaUne, 25-30 X 4-5 p, projecting almost their full

length above the mass of tissue. Spores elliptical or ovate, occasionally subglobose, yellowish-

brown, 7-5-10 X 4-6 p, sometimes with one side flattened, very numerous and embedded

in the upper tissues of the trama, hyaline when immature, thick-walled, sometimes guttulate,

smooth. Tissue differentiation : Basal layers composed of much interwoven, branched,

very dark coloured hyphae, 2 p wide. The remainder of trama composed of lightly coloured

to hyaline tissue which is indistinct or in parts almost pseudoparenchymatous, becoming

progressively lighter in colour towards the hymenium.

Specimens examined : on timber, Venterspost Gold Mining Co., Ltd., 23/10/42, Timber

Research Lab. 1852, Type in Kew Herbarium (produces a brown rot in culture) ;

on indigenous wood in swamp bush, Compensation Beach, Natal, W. G. Rump 393.

30194.

940

Fig. 1. Ooninphdta papillosa. X 8.50.

Covticium gloeosporum Talbot, sp. nov.

tungus resupinatus, juvenile orbiculatus, demuni late effusus, confluens, aduatus,

siccitate in aerolas frustulatas diruptus, subiculo candido filirilloao, contextu cremeo,

200--)00 /i craaso. Margo definitus vel radiato-fibrillosus mox liberatus. Ilymenium sub-

941

ceraceum, undulatum vel tuberculatum, sublaeve, cremeum vel pallide incarnato suffusum.

Basidia cylindracecf-clavata dense fasci'culata, 24-30 X 4-5-5 /x, plerumque basi septato-

nodosa. Sporae hyalinae, laeves, obovatae, attenuato-apiculatae, plerumque curvatae,

conglutinatae, 5 -5-6 -5 X 3-4 /x. Cvstidiola rara, hvalina, fusiformia, tenue tunicata,

interdum uniseptata, 32 X 4 p. Hyphae subhymeniales plus minus verticales, non dis-

tinctae ; basales distinctae, ramosae, septatae, frequenter nodoso-septatae, 2-5 p crassae,

dense intertextae, subdecumbentes.

Hab. ad lignum, Town Bush, Pietermaritzburg, leg. W. G. Rump (212) 28288.

Specimens examined : on wood, Town Bush, Pietermaritzburg, W. G. Rump 212 ,

28288 (Tvpe in Kew Herbarium with isotvpe in Pretoria) : on bark, Bulwer, Natal.

1934 W. G. Rump 26, 27603.

This specimen corresponds almost exactly with Corticium laeve Persoon in external

features but is perhaps more areolately cracked and thinner at the margin. Microscopically

it differs in having spores and basidia which are considerably smaller. (C. laeve basidia

25-40-90 X 4-5-9 p ; spores 7-9-12 X 4-5-7 p in European .pecimens). These two species

both have similar cvstidioles, hyphae and basal clamps on the basidia, while another point

of similarity is the highly characteristic pip-shaped, agglutinated form of the spores. C.

laeve has not yet been recorded from South Africa.

Corticium luteocystidiatum Talbot, sp. nov. [Fig. 2.]

Resupinatum, coriaceum, udo separabile, sicco in areas amplas fissum ; margo elevatus

et interdum subtiliter dentatus ; hymenium ochraceo-salmonicolor vel pallide aurantiacum,

laeve vel papillosum vel radiato-rugosum ; contextus concoloratus, plus minus 300 p

crassus ; basidia clavata, usque 40 p longa ; sporae 9-11-5 X 4-5 p, hyalinae, laeves,

cylindraceae vel ellipsoideae, saepe uno latere piano ; gloeocystidia multa, conspicua,

praeter regionem subiculi per omnes partes immersa, flavo-oleosa, irregulariter elongata.

Habitat ad ligna, Town Bush, Pietermaritzburg, leg. W. G. Rump. 28307.

Resupinate, not adnate, cracking into large, separated areas ; margin lifting on drying,

sometimes finely indented, Hymenium ochraceous salmon drying to pale orange, almost

smooth or papillate or with raduloid ridges. Context concolorous, about 300 p thick.

Basidia clavate, of variable length, up to 40 p long. Spores 9-11-5 X 4-5 p, hyaline,

smooth, cylindric or ellipsoid with one side depressed or flattened. Gloeocystidia numerous,

conspicuous, with bright yellow, oily globular content, scattered throughout tissues except

next to subiculum, often penetrating hymenium but not projecting beyond, irregular

elongated outline, about 60-80 X 6-14 p.

Specimens examined : Town Bush, Pietermaritzburg, W. G. Rump 241, 28307. Type

in Kew Herbarium with isotvpe in Pretoria ; Impolweni, Natal, Rump 167, 28557 ;

Town Bush, Pietermaritzburg, Rump 283, 28690 ; ? Xumeni Forest, Donnybrook,

Natal, E. M. Doidge , 28947 (this specimen is badly insect-eaten) ; ? Town Bush,

Pietermaritzburg, Rum p 319 b, 28679.

Corticium tumulosum Talbot sp. nov. [Fig. 3.J

Resupinatum 60-100 (-200) p crasso, adnatum, orbiculatum deinde effusum, transverse

parallele profunde fissum, contextu ochraceo ; margo pallidus, attenuatus, definitus ;

hymenium tuberculatum, ceraceum, radulatum vel papillosum, radula fusca, caeterum

ochrac^j-rufulum ; crystalla multa in stratibus inferioribus : basidia cylindraceo-clavata,

28-35 X 5-5 p, sterigmatibus 4, brevibus, curvatis ; sporae hyalinae, laeves, late ellipsoideae,

4 -5-5 -5 X 3-4-2 p ; hyphae distinctae, decumbentes, multiseptatae, 3-4 p, pallido-fuscae,

paucae subhymeniales non coloratae.

Hab. ad lignum, The Willows, Pretoria, leg. K. A. Lansdell, 28897.

942

Q>

<P

Fig. 2. Corticium luteocystidiatum, X 850.

Resupinate, closely adnate, orbicular becoming effused, cracking deeply in one direction,

showing dingy yellow context ; margin thinning out to a definite pale coloured edge.

Hymenium tuberculate, waxy, papillate or ridged, raised portions being liver-brown while

remainder is reddish-olive ; thin in section, 60-100 p, up to 200 p including crystals and

periderm of host ; minerals numerous at base, amorphous or crystalline. Basidia cylindric-

clavate, 28-35 x 5 • 5 p, with 4 short, curved sterigmata. Spores hyaline, smooth, broadly

ellipsoid, 4 "5-5 -5 x 3-4-2 p. Hyphae distinct, pale yellowish, horizontal, frequently

septate, 3-4 p wide. The few hyphae which are curved abruptly into the hymenium are

colourless.

943

Specimens examined : The Willows, Pretoria District, 27.4.37, K. A. Lansdell 28897,

Type in Kew Herbarium with isotype in Pretoria.

0 0

Hymenochaete fasciculata Talbot, sp. nov.

Fungus resupinatus, adnatus, siccitate rimosus, fragilis. Hymenium granulosum vel

tuberculosum, vinaceo-brunnem, (Yerona Brown-Ridgway). Contextus 250-400 /i crassus.

Basidia et sporae non visae. Setae ad 50 /a emergentiae, vel per totum contextum immersae,

castaneae, incrustatae, 70-80-(120) X 6-6-9 g, cylindraceo-subulatae, solitariae vel dense

fasciculatae. Hyphae flavo-brunneae, 1 g crassae, plerumque dendritico-ramo&ae ; basales

stratum fuscum efformantes.

Hab. ad lignum, Town Bush, Pietermaritzburg, leg. W. G. Rump (220), 28297.

Specimens examined : on wood, Town Bush, Pietermaritzburg, Rump 220, 28297,

Tvpe in Kew Herbarium, with isotype in Pretoria ; Town Bush, Pietermaritzburg,

Rump 262, Oct. 1934, 28500.

This specie^ falls in a group with H. corrugata and H . fuliginosa on account of its lacking

a non-setigerous hyphal layer, but is distinguished by its setae which are characteristically

fasciculate with as many as -8-12 setae per fascicle under the hymenial papillae. The

hymenium in No. 28500 is smoother and fasciculation is not so marked, though still present.

H. lictor Petch (in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Perad. 9 (1925) 277), at one time confused with

H. fuliginosa, has setae in fascicles (up to 6 per fascicle) but differs from the new species

in its smoother reddish hymenium, a lighter context, a light yellow dense basal seam and in

possessing cavities in the trama. The hyphae of H . lictor are not quite so narrow nor so

dendroid as those of H. fasciculata.

944

Hymenochaete ochromarginata Talbot, sp. nov.

Pileus reflexo-dimidiatus, lateraliter connatus, imbricatus, duras, non fiexilis, 4 X ‘2 cms

Superficies superior concentrice sulcata, velutinata, sub-badia, tritu ochracea. Hymenium

laeve, haud rimosum, castaneum (Argus Brown -Ridgway). Margo acutus, ochraceus, ad

1 mm. latus. Contextus ochraceus, 500-600 g crassus. Basidia et sporae non visae.

Setae ad 20 g emergentiae vel in strato usque ad 160 /x crasso immersae, subulatae, flavo-

brunneae, i • 5 /x diam., dense intertextae, plus minus decumbentes, trama utrinque strato

fusco instructa. Tomentum pilei velutinum, hyphis similis.

Hab. ad lignum, Tenadu, Tembuland, legit P. J. Pienaar, 2133.

Specimens examined : Tenadu, Tembuland, 26.2.1912, P. J. Pienaar, 2133, Type in

Kew Herbarium with isotype in Pretoria ; Cameroons, T. D. Maitland 93, Cameroon

Mts., 4500 feet, 1930 (in Herb. Kew).

In microscopic structure this species falls in the group with H. rigidula, H. tabacina

and PL. rubiginosa. There is no likelihood of confusion with II. tabacina. H. rubiginosa

may be distinguished by its longer, narrower setae (50-60 X 5-6 g), its colliculose, bistre

hymenium and wider hyphae (2-5 g). H. rigidula is predominantly resupinate and has

darker, wider hyphae (3-4 g). In Herb. Kew are several specimens from Ceylon under

H. rigidula B. & C. (No . 3042, 6670, 3866, 6058, 4031) which in micro- and macroscopic

characters connect very closely with the new species, differing only slightly in colour.

Petch (in Ann. Roy. Bot. Hard. Perad. 9 (1925) 272) gives notes on H. rigidula and concludes:

“ It would seem probable that the Ceylon species is not the same as that from Cuba.” (Type

from Cuba). With this I concur and would suggest that the Ceylon specimens, quoted

above, be placed under H. ochromarginata.

Peniophora arenata Talbot, sp. nov. [Fig. 4.]

Resupinata, late effusa, pelliculosa, udo separabilis, sicco fissa, subiculo candido fibril-

loso, contextu candido, margine candido plus minus radiato fibrilloso ; hymenium subalbidum

vel arenatum, farinaceum, subtiliter granulosum ; basidia clavata, 23-30 X 3-5 g ; sporae

6*5-8 X 2-5-3 g, cylindraceae, saepe attenuatae et curvatae, laeves ; cystidia immersa

raro emergentia, cylindracea, crasse tunicata, dense incrustata, e media trama oriunda,

interdum apicibus bifidis, interdum fasciculata, 50-120 X 6-10 g ; hyphae hyalinae

distinctae, crasse tunicatae, sparse nodosae, multiseptatae, interdum granulis incrustatae,

3-6 g ; hyphis subhymeniales laxe intertextae, plus minus erectae, basales crassiores, dense

intertextae, decumbentes.

Hab. ad ligna, Cato Ridge, leg. W. G. Rump 34, 27645.

Resupinate, widely effused, pellicular, easily separable when moist, cracking and

revealing a whitish fibrillose subiculum, orbicular when young ; context white ; margin

whitish, more or less radiately fibrillose. Hymenium almost white, light sandy buff, pruinose,

farinaceous or finely granular. Basidia clavate, 23-30 X 3-5 g. Spores 6-5-8 X 2-5-3 g,

cylindric, usually with one end attenuated and slightly curved, smooth. Cystidia immersed,

rarely projecting, cylindrical, thick-walled, heavily encrusted, attenuated basallv into a

long, hypha-like cystidiophore originating in mid-trama, sometimes forking briefly at apex,

sometimes in closely grouped fascicles, 50-120 X 6-10 g. Hyphae distinct, hyaline, rigid,

thick-walled, with very sparse clamp connections, frequently septate, sometimes encrusted,

3-6 g wide. Basal hyphae dense, horizontal, stouter than those of the subhymenium which

are arranged in a loose semivertical layer.

Specimens examined : Cato Ridge, 1934, W. G. Rump 34, 27645, Type in Kew Herbarium

with isotype in Pretoria ; Xumeni Forest near Donnybrook, 1935, Morgan and

Doidge, 28916; The Caverns, Drakensberg 20.7.37, A. M. Bottomley, 28891;

Champagne Castle, Feb. 1945, W. G. Rump 733, 35314 ; Boschfontein Kloof,

Wolhuterskop, Transvaal, 5.5.39, Doidge and Bottomley, 33209.

945

Specific name from arenatus — “ mingled with sand ” ; near P. leprosa Bourd. &

Galz., which differs in that its cystidia are often emergent and that the basal layers of the

trama contain thick-walled, encrusted hyphae in marked contrast to the subhymenial

layer of rather indistinct hyphae.

Stereum rimosum Berk. var. africanum Talbot nov. var. [Fig. 5.[

A typo facie microscopico non diversum, habitu resupinato-reflexum (nec pileatum

vel sessili-umbonatum), tomento crassiore, hymenio rugosiore, magis zonato, pallidiore.

Habitat ad ligna, Karkloof, Natal, Leg. Rump, 30233.

3340-8

946

Effused, resupiuate-reflexed, sometimes sessile attached by a broad umbo, or composed

of several connate, resupinate-umbonate pileoli each roughly circular in outline, coriaceous ;

surface cinnamon-buff colour, concentrically furrowed, covered with a thick felty pad-like

tomentum ; margin even or lobate. Hymenium rimose, showing silky pallid context,

often concentrically zoned, warm buff or pinkish-buff, when old becoming darker and more

vinaceous colour. Basidia closely aggregated, 4-2 p wide at apex. Spores hyaline, smooth,

elliptic- ovate with one side frequently depressed and with a small apiculus, 3 -5-5 -5 x

2-3 p. Coloured conducting organs (indicating a “ bleeding ” species when fresh) yellow,

5 -5-8 -5 p wide, with rigid walls, in a layer about 200 p wide, distributed in subhvmenium

O o °

Fig. 5. Stereum rimosum var. africanum, X 850.

and curving upwards into the hymenium, immersed. Hyphae thin-walled, hyaline, often

septate, 3-5 p wide ; width in section — -excluding tomentum — 700-1,000 p. Trama

bordered next to the tomentum by a narrow orange-coloured zone. Surface hairs thick-

walled, very much tangled, 4-2 p, almost hyaline to pale yellowish.

Specimens examined : Karkloof, Natal, W. G. Rump 486, 30233, Type in Kew Herbarium

with isotype in Pretoria ; Donnvbrook, Natal, 1936, Morgan and Doidge, 30268 ;

Entabene, Louis Trichardt, 24.8.38, H. C. Bower , 30777 ; Town Bush, Pietermaritz-

947

burg, W . G. Rump 205, 28285 ; Houtboschberg, “ Tropic of Capricorn, South-

East Africa ”, W. Nelson 452, Aug. 1880, in Kew Herb, under Stereum rugosum ;

Uganda, 1915, T. D. Maitland 19 A, 1919 ; T. D. Maitland 460.

Compared with Berkeley’s type of the species in Kew Herbarium Massee (Journ. Linn.

Soc. Bot. 27, 1890 : 187) quotes the spores of the species as “ globose, 6-7 p diam.” I was

unable to confirm the presence of such basidiospores though there were numerous globose

hyphomycete spores, 4-6-5 p, echinate, faintly coloured, which were conclusively traced

to conidiophores of an Aspergillus sp. Should basidiospores of the sort described by Massee

be demonstrated, the new variety africanum will require to be raised to specific rank. The

species and the variety are otherwise identical in microscopic characters. They differ

in that the species is more or less pileate or umbonate sessile, while the variety is more

resupinate-reflexed and has a far thicker tomentum, and a rougher, more markedly zoned

hymenium of lighter colour than the species.

Grandinia bicolor Talbot sp. nov. [Fig. 6.]

Resupinata, effusa, a substrato separabilis, sicca parum fissa ; margo siccitate elevatus,

definitus, subfuscus, subhirsutus ; hymenium pallido-chlorosum, dentibus curtis hemi-

sphaericis vel acutis ; contextus coloratus “ Prout’s Brown ” ; basidia hyalina, cylindraceo-

clavata, 14-17 X 4-5 p ; sporae hvalinae, laeves, elliptico-cylindraceae, plerumque uno

latere piano vel depresso, 7-8-5 (-10) X 2 -8-3 -5 p ; hyphae atrobrunneae, crasse tunicatae,

3 p, basales dense, superiores laxe intertextae ; paraphyses pauci ramosi in apicibus dentium

interdum adsunt ; in trama crystalla mineralia.

Hab. ad ligna, Town Bush, Pietermaritzburg, leg. W. G. Rump, 27756.

Fig. 6. Grandinia bicolor. Basidia and spores X 70 , Paraphyses X 700, Section X 125.

Resupinate, effused, cracking but little on drying, separable from substratum ; margin

lifting on drying, determinate, light brown, pubescent. Hymenium spread over short,

densely crowded, hemi-spherical or pointed spines, pallid with a greenish-yellow tint ;

context Prout’s Brown in colour. Basidia hyaline, cylindric-clavate, 14-17 X 4-5 p.

948

Spores hyaline, smooth, elliptic-cylindric, usually with one side depressed, 7-8-5 (-10) X

2 -8-3- 5 p. Hyphae dark brown, thick-walled, 3 p wide, densely packed adjacent to sub-

stratum, extending in a looser horizontal network in the mid-trama and sweeping up

vertically into the hymenium ; occasionally several hyphae aggregate into a thick cord

in the trama. A few branched paraphyses sometimes present at the spines. Mineral

crystals are present in trama.

Specimens examined : Town Bush, Pietermaritzburg, W. G. Rump 100, 27756, Type in

Kew Herbarium with isotype in Pretoria ; from type locality, Rump 270, 28502 ;

Rump 215, 28291 ; Rump 217, 28292.

Amauroderma fuscoporia Wakef., sp. nov.

Fungus stipitatus, sicco rigidus. Pileus orbicularis, 3-6 cm. diam., convexus, centre

umbilicatus, fortiter radiato-rugulosus, pallide cinnamomeus, expallens, zonis obscurioribus

concentricis ornatus, margine obtuso, incurvato. Contextus fulvus, 2 mm. crassus, ex

hyphis flexuosis, flavidis, laxe intertextis, 2-5 p diam. compositus. Stipes centralis, laevis,

cinnamomeus, sicco rugulosus, basi incrassatus, radicatus, 2-2-5 cm. longus, 5-15 mm.

latus. Tubuli 2-4 mm. longi, umbrini. Pori c. 4 pro mm., in vivo cinerascentes, sicco

atrobrunnei. Sporae ovatae vel late ellipsoideae, laeves, pallidae ( 10—) 11-13 X 9-10 p.

Hab. ad terrain, Salisbury, Southern Rhodesia, May 1939, leg. J. C. Hopkins, Myc.

Herb., S. Rhod. 4441.

Fomes zuluensis Wakef., sp. nov.

Pileus ungulatus, 4-5 cm. longus, 5 cm. latus, postice ad 5-5 cm. elongatus, concentrice

zonatus, sulcatus, fuscus, marginem versus spadiceus, minute velutinus, margine rotundato,

ferrugineo-fulvo. Tubuli stratosi, fulvidi, 0-5-0-75 cm. longi. Pori rninuti, punctiformes,

4-5 pro mm., dissepimentis crassis, cinnamomeis, contextus lignosus, ferrugineo-fulvus.

Sporae hyalinae, elongato-ovatae, basi subacutae, 8-10 X 5 p. Setulae nullae.

Hab. ad lignum, Nkandhla Forest, Zulu land, leg. W. G. Rump (374), May 1935, Myc.

Herb. Pretoria 30186.

Characterised by the ungulate habit, yellow-brown flesh (Buckthorn Brown-Ridgway)

and the large, ovate or pip-shaped hyaline spores.

Polyporus Doidgeae Wakef., sp. nov.

Fungus stipitatus, infundibuliformis. Pileus plus minusve orbicularis, 5-20 cm.

diam., centro depresso, primo minute fulvo-velutinus deinde mox glaber, e cinnamomeo

rufescens (Ridgway — Fawn ”, “ Cinnamon-rufous ”, “ Cameo Brown ”), margine incurvo,

undulato vel iobato. Contextus albidus, mollis 0-3-1 cm. crassus, ex hyphis flexuosis,

tenuiter tunicatis, mox collapsis, 3-8 p diam. compositus. Hyphae cuticulae paullo tenui-

ores, 2-6 p diam., flexuosae, vix ramosae, horizontales, extremitatis obtusis, breviter ramosis,

primo lanuginem teneram superficialem efficientibus, sed mox evanidis. Stipes centralis

vel excentricus, e castaneo fuscus, intus albidus, firmus, sursum incrassatus, 3-5-6 X 1-3 cm.

Tubuli c. 2 mm. longi, albidi, sicco lignicolores, decurrentes ; pori 3-4 pro mm., vel deorsum

paulle majores, rotubdati vel angulati, interdum elongati, dissepimentis tenuibus laceratis.

Sporae ellipticae vel ovatae, hyalinae, laeves, 4-5 X 2-5-3 p.

Hab. ad lignum Acaciae mollissimae, Hopevale prope Donnybrook, Natal, Feb. 1939,

egl. K. E. Morgan, Herb. Myc. Pretoria 30499.

Specimens examined : on stumps of Acacia mollissima, Hopevale, near Donnybrook,

Polela District, Natal, K. E. Morgan, Feb. 1939, 30499 (type) ; Feb. 1935, 27753 ;

March 1936, 28576 ; March 1938, 30776.

949

The species is very close to Polyporus virgatus Berk., and was at first referred to that

species. The upper surface of the pileus is, however, not virgate. It appears at first to

be covered by a thin brownish tomentum formed by the ends of the hyphae, but this soon

disappears and the surface is then quite smooth. The structure of the flesh affords a good

distinctive character. In P. virgatus the flesh of the cap is firm and is made up of two

kinds of hyphae, all rather thick-walled and rigid, some very fine, others much wider but

emitting short, fine branchlets at intervals. In the present species the hyphae are all of

one kind, loosely interwoven and very little branched, very thin-walled and often collapsed;

they form a rather soft, spongy flesh, which absorbs water readily and is probably of a watery

consistency when fresh.

I. A REVISION OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN SPECIES OF

THE GENUS TEPHROSIA PERS.

II. THE SEGREGATION THEREFROM OF THE

GENUS OPHRESTIA FORBES.

By Helena M. L. Forbes.

Botanical Station, Durban.

I. THE GENUS TEPHROSIA.

Since the South African species of the genus Tephrosia were enumerated by Harvey

in “ Flora Capensis ”, Yol. 2 (1860-61), a number of new species has been described by

different authors, and unnamed material has accumulated in herbaria. This revision,

therefore, was undertaken with the object of collating all the previously published descrip-

tions, and of naming and describing any new species found among the unnamed material.

The genus Tephrosia belongs to the subsection Papilionaceae of the family Leguminosae.

It was founded by Persoon in 1807, but, as will be seen by the synonymy, Tephrosia was

not the first name to be given to this group of plants. Murrill in 1910 stated that

“ according to the Vienna Botanical Conference, the retained and rejected names for this

genus are as follows : —

Retained Name. Rejected Names.

Tephrosia Pers. (1807) Cracca L. (1753);

Colinel Adans. (1763) ;

Needhamia Scop. (1777).

In Kew Bulletin, 1935, p. 416, there is the following note : —

“ Cracca L. is a nomen rejiciendum Tephrosia Pers. being conserved against it. The

two are essentially identical, Persoon having transferred to Tephrosia all the original

species of Cracca. It would appear, therefore, that the latter cannot be used under the

Rules, but still prevents the use of a later homonym.”

The genus is not restricted to South Africa, but occurs throughout the whole of Africa,

sub-tropical Australia, America, India and other tropical and semi-tropical parts of the

world. It is an extremely variable group, its members ranging from small procumbent

plants with tiny insignificant flowers to quite big shrubs with racemes of large mauve-

purple flowers. Although the prevailing colour of the flowers varies from a pale pinkish-

mauve to rosy or mauve-purple, a few species occur with pale yellow and orange to orange-

red flowers. There is one constant and conspicuous character by which the genus may be

readily recogni'ed, namely, the close, distinct penninerved venation of the leaflets.

Although it is a large and widely spread group, it is not, as yet, of any economic import-

ance. Some 22 species have been recorded as fish-poison plants, and investigations have

been carried out on some of these as to their possible use as insecticides. The principal

chemical properties are rotenone, deguelin, tephrosin and toxicarol. Full reports on some

of these investigations may be found in Kew Bulletin (1937 and 1940) ; Annals of Applied

Biology (1925 ; 1932 and 1934) ; Nature (1936), and Malay Agricultural Journal (1937).

Numerous botanists and travellers have commented on the fish-poison properties of

these plants. The four most widely known of these are T . piscatoria of India, T. toxicaria.

952

of America, T. Vogelii of Africa and T. macropoda of South Africa. In the case of the

first three species the crushed leaves and stems are mainly employed, but in T. macropoda,

or “ iLozane ” as the Zulus call it, it is the crushed roots that are used. The method of

employment, however, is the same. The crushed material is thrown into a quiet pool or

pond, or a part of a river that has been dammed up, and in a short while the stupified fish

rise to the surface of the water, and are thus easily collected. The flesh of the fish is not

in any way affected and may be eaten with impunity. The fish, when they rise to the surface

of the water, are not actually dead, but in a state of stupefaction or “ intoxication ”, and

if, at this stage, they are removed to a pool of fresh water, they will gradually recover.

They die, however, if left too long in the treated pool. Writing of T. Vogelii, Fairchild

stated that men who have waded in streams treated with this plant feel a “ kind of deadness ”

in their legs.

In 1937, R. C. Roarke of the United States Department of Agriculture, published an

interesting and comprehensive list of all the literature in which references occur about

these plants, either as fish-poisons or insecticides, under the title of “ Tephrosia as an

Insecticide. — A Review of the Literature.” This is not merely a list of publications, but

consists of interesting citations from the books as well.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.

1 am deeply indebted to Dr. Pole-Evans, formerly Chief of the Division of Plant

Industry, for the opportunity afforded me of proceeding to Kew, and to the Director of the

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and Keeper of the Herbarium, for the privilege of working

at Kew. I have also to thank various members of the Kew Staff for valuable assistance,

the Keeper of the Linnaean Herbarium, London, and the Directors of the Natural History

Museum, South Kensington ; Fielding Herbarium, Oxford ; Museum National D’Histoire

Naturelle, Paris ; Conservatoire Botanique, Geneva ; Botanisches Museum, Zurich ;

Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna ; Botanisches Museum, Berlin-Dahlem, for permission

to work in these herbaria. I have also to thank the following herbaria for the loan of their

material: National Herbarium, Pretoria ; Albany Museum, Grahamstown ; Bolus Herbarium,

Cape Town ; South African Museum, Cape Town ; South African College, Cape Town ;

MacGregor Museum, Kimberley ; Grey’s University College, Bloemfontein ; Transvaal

Museum, Pretoria ; University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, and the University of

Stellenbosch. My thanks are also due to Professor Dinter for kindly loaning me specimens

from his private collection.

ABBREVIATIONS.

The following are the abbreviations used when citing specimens deposited in the

various herbaria : —

Albany Museum, Grahamstown A.M.

Bolus Herbarium, Cape Town B.H.

Botaniska Museet, Uppsala U.

Botanisches Museum, Beilin-Dalilem B.

Botanisches Museum, Zurich Z.

British Museum (Natural History), London B.M.

Conservatoire Botanique, Geneva G.

Dinter’s Private Collection D. Coll.

Fielding Herbarium, Oxford 0.

Grey’s University College, Bloemfontein G.U.C.

McGregor Museum, Kimberley Kim.

953

Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris Pa.

Natal Herbarium, Durban N.

National Herbarium, Pretoria P.

Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna V.

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew K.

South African Museum, Cape Town S.A.M.

South African College, Cape Town S.A.C,

Transvaal Museum, Pretoria T.M.

University of Stellenbosch S.

Witwatersrand University, Johannesburg W.

Tephrosia Pers.

Cracca L. FI. Zeyl. 139 (1747) ; Spec. pi. ed. 1 752 (1753) ; Erebinthus Mitch. Acta.

Acad. nat. cur. 8 app. 210 (1748) ; Colinel Adans. Fam. 2 (1763) ; Needhamia Scop. Introd.

310 (1777) ; Tephrosia Pers. Synops 11. 328 (1807) ; Crafordia Raf. Specchio. 1. 156 (1814) ;

Kiesera Rienw. Sylloge ratisbonn. 2.11 (1828) ; Xiphocarpus C. Pres]. Symb. Bot 1, 13.

t. 7. (1830) ; Apodynomene E. Mey. Comment. PI. Afr. Aust. Ill (1835) ; Catacline Edgew.

Journ. As. Soc. Bengal 16, 2. 1314. (1847) ; Macronyx Dalz. Hooker Kew Joutd. 2, 35

(1805) ; Balboa Liebn. Kjoebenhaven Vid. Meddel. 106 (1856) ; Seemannantha Alef.

Bonplandia 10,264 (1862) ; Benthamantha Alef. in Bonplandia 10. 264 (1862).

Undershrubs or herbs, stems erect, ascending or procumbent, simple or branched.

Leaves simple, digitate or pinnate. Inflorescence racemose or 1-2 flowers in axils of leaves,

racemes terminal, axillary or leaf-opposed ; flowers small to large, pale yellow, orange to

orange-red, rosy to deep mauve. Calyx teeth subequal or longer than the tube ; the

lower sometimes longer than the rest, linear-lanceolate to subulate ; the two upper lobes

connate. Petals unguiculate ; vexillum generally suborbicular and more or less velvety

pubescent without ; alae obliquely obovate or oblong, adhering a little to the carina, in-

curved, obtuse or sub-acute. Stamens, upper stamen free to the base or middle ; anthers

uniform. Ovary sessile, usually multiovulate. Style upcurved, often flattened, naked or

bearded ; stigma terminal, naked or penicillate. Pod linear, flattened, straight or slightly

falcate, or plicate or contorted, continuous or slightly septate within.

KEY TO SECTIONS.

Leaves simple Section 1.

Leaves palmate or digitate Section 2.

Leaves pinnate ; stipules setaceous, linear to subulate. . . Section 3.

Leaves pinnate ; stipules broadly ovate or cordate Section 4.

KEY TO SECTION 1.

Flowers in a terminal raceme A.

Flowers axillary B.

A. Peduncles 1-2-flowered 1.

Peduncles many-flowered C.

C. Leaves subsessile, all simple 2.

Leaves petiolate, usually 1-2-jugate, lower occasionally simple. .D.

D. Plant canescent; leaflets oblaneeolate, 2—4 cm. long 31.

Plant not canescent ; leaflets linear-lanceolate, 4 ■ 7-9 cm. long ... 39.

B. Legumes 1-seeded E.

Legumes more than 1-seeded F.

E. Leaves obcordate, up to 2 cm. long 3.

Leaves ovate-lanceolate, up to 5 cm. long 4.

marginella.

acaciaefolia.

griseola.

elongata.

sphaerosperma.

pseudosphaerospertna -

954

F. Calyx lobes longer than tube 5. Fnrbesii.

Calyx lobes not longer than tube G.

G. Leaves sessile 6. virgata.

Leaves petiolate H.

H. Flowers 1-3 together 8. Pietersii.

Flowers solitary I.

I. Flowers yellow 9. gracilenta.

Flowers mauve 7. monophylla.

1. T. marginella H. M. Forbes sp. nov. affinis T . elongatae E. Mey. habitu minore gracilioreque

foliis simplicibus differt.

Caules ascendentes, simplices vel pauce ramosi, sparse appresse pubescentes, fere

33cm.alti. Folmsimplicia, lineari-oblonga, 1-5-10 cm. longa, 0-3-1-2 cm. lata, marginibu.

crassis ; petioli striati, 1-6-3 cm. longi ; st-ipulae lineari-subulatae, 4-5 mm. longaes.

Pedunculi terminales, 1-2-flori, 4-5-20 cm. longi. Flores usque ad 1 cm. longae ; dentes

c-alycis lineari-subulati tubo subaequi longi vel longiores ; stylus glaber. Fructus linearis,

4-5 cm. longus, 3 mm. latus.

Type specimen, Flanagan 2271, in National Herbarium, Pretoria.

Stems ascending, flexuous, simple or branching a little, slender, thinly appressedly

pubescent, up to 33 cm. high. Leaves simple, linear to linear-lanceolate, 1-5-10 cm. long,

1-2 cm. broad ; glabrous above, thinly appressedly pubescent below, mucronate, margins

thickened and straw-coloured, petiole striate, channelled above, sparsely pubescent, 0-6-3

cm. long. Stipules linear, 4-5 mm. long ; pedicels 3 mm. long. Calyx — teeth equalling

or longer than the tube ; linear-subulate. Style glabrous. Legume linear, thinly pubescent,

4-5 cm. long, 0-3 cm. broad.

Cape. — Cathcart district : Mountain above Toise R. Station, Flanagan 2271 (P.)

Fort Cunynghame, Sim 2681 (P.).

This species is similar to T. elongata E. Mey, but is a smaller and more slender plant,

and the leaves are always simple.

2. T. acaciaefolia Welw. ex Baker in Oliv. FI. Trop. Afr. 2,106 (1871) ; Baker Leg. Trop.

Afr. 180 (1926) ; Burtt Davy FI. Tvaal. 1,379 (1932).

Syn. Cracca acaciaefolia 0. Ktz., Rev. Gen. PI. 1.174 (1891) ; Hiern in Cat. Afr. PI. Welw.

1.218 (1896) ; Tephrosia salicifolia Schinz in Viertelsiahrschr. Nat. Ges. Zurich

52.425 (1907).

Type: Welwitsch 2071, in Herbarium, Kew.

Stems erect, ascending, several usually arising from the rootstock, simple or laxly

branched, densely grey or ferruginous downy. Leaves unifoliolate, linear to linear-lanceo-

late, subsessile, mucronate, apex obtuse, glabrous, grey-downy below and midrib usually

ferruginous, 2-5-17-5 cm. long, 0-6-1 -9 cm. broad. Stipules linear setaceous, 2-5 mm.

long. Peduncles terminal, 7-36 cm. long, laxly dowered ; flowers usually in pairs ; pedicels

short, downy ; bracts setaceous, minute. Flowers 1-1 • 1 cm. long. Calyx densely silkv

without, tube 5-7 mm. in diam., 3 mm. long, lobes subulate, acuminate, shortly and thickly

ciliate, unequal, 1-5-3 mm. long. Vex ilium suborbicular, densely silky without, 0-9-1 cm.

long, 8-9 mm. broad; claw 2-3 mm. long. Ovary 7-7-5 mm. long, densely silky. Style

3 mm. long, somewhat dattened, especially near the base, penicillate at apex. Legwnes

4-5-5 cm. long, 3 mm. broad, densely grey-silky along middle and dark brown along

sutures.

955

Angola. — At sandy margins of forests between Bumba and Condo, Welwitsch 2071

(K., Pa., G., B.).

Transvaal. — Barberton district : Kaapscbe Hoop, Rogers 20882 (B.M., P., W.) ;

Rogers 20778 (T.M.) ; Lydenburg district : in grassland at Havelock, Liebenberg 2391 (P.).

Pretoria district : in grass, Hamanskraal, Schlechter 4193 (K., B. M., G., V., Z., B., T.M.,

B.H., A.M.) ; Pienaars River, Bushveld, Rehmann 4797 (K., B.M., Z.) ; Elands River and

Drift, Bushveld, Rehmann 4927 (Z) ; Kopjes, Daspoort, Leendertz 596 (A.M., T.M.) ;

Rustenburg district : Rustenburg, Nation 359 (K., B.H.) ; Rogers 18725 (T.M.) ; Water-

berg district : in collibus lapidosis graminosisque prope Potgietersrust, Leendertz (T.M.,

S.A.M., A.M.) ; Rooiplaat, Leendertz 759 (T.M., B.H.) ; Yygenboompoort, near Naboom-

spruit, van Dam (T.M.) ; sandveld, Mosdene, Naboomspruit, Galpin M. 86 (P.) ; Peters-

burg district : Between Koedoes and Middel Letaba River, Junod 1554 (Z., G.).

3. T. sphaerosperma (D.C.) Baker in Oliv. El. Trop. Afr. 2. 125 (1871) ; Engl. Bot. Jahrb.

9.29. (1888) ; 0. Kuntze Rev. Gen. PI. 1 (1891) ; Burtt Davy and Pott in Ann.

Tvl. Mus. 3. 3. 146 (1912) ; Ann. Bolus Herb. 1. 1. 15 (1914) ; Ann. S. A. Mus. 9.

4. 256 (1915) ; Engl, and Drude Die. Yeg. der Erde 9. 590. Fig. 292 (1915) ; Bak.

f. Leg. Trop. Afr. 1. 215 (1926).

Syn: — Requienia sphaerosperma DC. Ann. Soc. Nat. Ser. 1. IY 91. (1825) ; Leg. Mem. 6.226

t. 38 (1825) ; Harvey in Harv. and Sond. FI. Cap. 2.231 (1861—62) ; Burtt Davy

FI. Tvaal. 1. 2. 379 (1932).

Co-type specimens, Burke and Zeyher 368, in Herbarium, Kew.

A copiously branched diffuse undershrub. Stems numerous, rigid, branching, pro-

cumbent or suberect, flexuous, more or less densely grey-pubescent, about 30 cm. long.

Leaves unifoliolate, obovate or orbicular, subobcordate, often complicate, mucro recurved,

both surfaces finely grey downy, veins prominent on lower surface, 0-5-12 cm. long, 0-4—

1-6 cm. broad ; petioles 2-4 mm. long. Flowers pale yellow, axillary, very shortly pedi-

cellate, 1-3 together, 3-5-4 mm. long. Calyx pubescent, tube 3-3-5 mm. in diam., about

1- 5 mm. long, lobes lanceolate, about 0-5-1 mm. long, lowest longest. Vexillum obovate,

2- 3 mm. long, about 1 -5 mm. broad. Ovary 2-5 mm. long, pubescent. Style about 1 mm.

jong, incurved, glabrous. Legume thinly pubescent, 1-seeded, tapering to the base, 5-8 mm.

jong, 2-5-3 mm. broad.

South West Africa. — Omahekeinsel bei Karibib, Dinter 6875 and Dinter 6975

(D. Coll.) ; Palmerswald, Dinter 2355 (B.) ; Giftkoppie, Dinter 1432 (Z., B.) ; Inachab,

Dinter 1149 (Z.) ; and Dinter 1155 (Z., B.) ; Oshihoho, Schinz 545 (Z., B.H.) ; Okahandja,

sandigeUfer 1300 m. Dinter 305 (K., B.M., Z., G., B.,S.A.M., A.M.) ; am sandwege Grot-

fontein-Grosshuis, Dinter 7274 (K., D.Coll.) ; Namabezirk, Narib sandfelder zuusehen den

Dunen der Kalahari-hugel, Engler 6553 (B.) ; Sandboden in Sandverhaar, Schafer 279

(B.) ; sand dunes at Sandverhaar, Pearson 4683 (K., B.M., B.H.) ; and Pearson 4915 (K.) ;

Quickborn, Waterberg, Bradfield 191 (P.) ; Mariental, Einup, Steyn 22534 (P.) ; sand dunes;

between Noachabeb and Grundoorn, Pearson 7892 (K., B.M., N., A.M., B.H., P., Kim.) ;

Damaraland, Een (B.M.) ; No definite locality, Dinter 5153 (D. Coll.) ; Dinter (D.

Coll.) ; Seiner 96 (B.).

Cape. — In arenosis, Kuruman, Marloth 1048 (B., P., A.M.) ; near source of Kuruman

River, Burchell 2514 (K.) ; Armoeds Vlakte, Yryburg, Mogg 8265 (P.) ; Griqualand West ;

between Asbestos Mountains and Wittewater, Burchell 1693 (K., B.).

Orange Free State. — Kroonstad district : common in grassveld, Bothaville, Goossens

1202 (P.).

Transvaal. — In collibus arenosis prope Crocodile and Aapies River, Zeyher 368 (K.,

B.M., Pa., S.A.M.) ; Vereeniging, Gilfillan (B.M.) ; near Petersburg, Schlechter s.n. (B.)

probably Pretoria district, Rutherford (K.).

956

Rhodesia. — Victoria Falls, Schwarz (R.H.).

South Africa. — No definite locality, Burke (K.) ; Chapman and Baines (K.) :

Lemue (6.).

4. T. pseudosphaerosperma Schinz in Viertelsjahrschr. Nat. Ges. Zurich 57, 557 (1912) ;

Bak. f. Leg. Trop. Afr. 1.215 (1926) ; Die Veg. der Erde 9.3.591 (1915).

Type specimen, Fleck 334a, in Botaniscb.es Museum, Zurich.

Stems erect or ascending, several arising from the rootstock. Leaves simple, 2-6-5 cm.

long, 1-1-5 cm. broad, elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate or elliptic-spathulate, wedge-shaped

at base, mucro recurved, densely appressedly sericeous on both sides, petioles about 2-3 mm.

long. Stipules subulate, 1-2 mm. long. Flowers axillary, 2-4 together, small ; pedicels

1- 2 mm. long. Calyx densely sericeous, tube 2-3 mm. long, lobes unequal, 1-2 mm. broad.

Ovary 4 mm. long, densely sericeous. Style glabrous, 1-5 mm. long. Legume one-seeded,

0-5-1 cm. long, 2-4 mm. broad, sericeous.

South West Africa. — Omalhelhe bei Epasa, Seiner 352 (Z., B.) ; Karribib, Omal-

hekersmsel, Dinter 6975 (P.).

Bechuanaland. — Uschi, Kalahari, Fleck 334a (Z.) ; Mochudi, Boyers 6591 (K., Z.) ;

Harbor [Rogers 6336] (P.) ; Harbor [Rogers 6499] (B.H.).

5. T. Forbesii Baker in Oliv. FI. Trop. Afr. 2.116 (1871) in nota ; Die Veg. der Erde

9 3.589 (1915) ; Burtt Davy FI. Tvaal. 1.2.379 (1932) ; ( T . salicifolia Schinz, in part.).

Type specimen, Forbes s.n. in Herbarium, Kew.

Perennial. Stems ascending, slender, branching, with short grey or fulvous pubescence

Leaves simple, subsessile, linear, mucronate, apex recurved, glabrous above, pilose below,

2 • 5-7 cm. long, 0 • 4-1 • 1 cm. broad. Stipules setaceous, 3-6 mm. long. Flowers 0 ■ 9-1 • 3 cm.

long, pale mauve-pink, solitary or in pairs in the axils of the leaves ; pedicels 0-4-1 cm.

long. Calyx silky, tube 4-5 mm. in diam., 2 mm. long, lobes linear-subulate, all more or

less the same length, 4-7 mm. long. Vexillum suborb icular, silky without, 0-8-1 cm. long,

5-9 mm. broad, claw short, 1-2 mm. long ; carina 0-7-1 cm. long, 2-3 mm. broad ; alae

0 • 9-1 • 1 cm. long, 2-3 mm. broad, with a short tail at the base of each lobe. Ovary 6-7 mm.

long, silky. Style 2 mm. long, penicillate. Legume linear, thinly appressedly silky,

2 - 5-3 -5 cm. long, 3-4 mm. broad.

Transvaal. — Waterberg district: in sandveld, Mosdeiie, Naboomspruit, Galpin 11667.

(K., B.H., N., P.) ; and Galpin M 84 (P.).

Portuguese East Africa. — Ad sinum Delagoa Bay, Forbes 77 (P.) ; Delagoa Bay,

Forbes s.n. (K.) ; Junod 168 (G., Z., B.) ; Rikatla, Louren§o Marques, Junod 546 (T.M.) ;

Louren90 Marques, Schlechter 11519 (K., B.M., G., Pa., V., Z., B.) ; Howard 25 (B.H.) ;

Borle 585 (P.) ; sandflats east of docks, Lourenc;o Marques, van Nouhuys (T.M.).

6. T. virgata H. M. Forbes sp. nov., affinis T. Forbesii Bak., sed foliis angustioribus, caulibu

senicibus multo ligneis differ t.

Suffruticosus . Caules novelli tenuit-er appresse albo-pubescente, caules senices lignei,

subnigri. Folia simplicia, lineari-lanceolata, 1 -5-2-5 cm. longa, usque ad 2 mm. lata,

mucronata, retusa, parva, supra glabrescentia, subtus appresse pubescentia ; stipulae

angusto-lineari-subulatae, usque ad 1 mm. longae. Flores axillares, geminati, 4 mm. longi ;

pedicelli graciles, usque ad 4 mm. longi ; lobi calycis pilosi, tubo aequilongi : stylus pilosus.

Frvctus linearis, complanatus appresse pubescens, 1-5 cm. longus, 3 mm. latus.

957

Type specimen, Pole Evans s.n., in National Herbarium, Pretoria, ■end Natal Herbarium,

Durban.

Small, somewhat shrubby plant. Stems when young, slender, appressedly albo-

pubescent, when old, woody and almost black in colour. Leaves simple, sessile or sub-

sessile, linear-lanceolate, mucro retuse, small, glabrous above, appressedly pubescent below,

1-5-2 -5 cm. long, up to 2 mm. broad. Stipules narrow, linear-subulate, up to 1 mm. long.

Flowers axillary, in pairs, 4 mm. long. Pedicels slender, 4 mm. long. Calyx softly pilose,

lobes equalling the tube, ciliate. Vex ilium 4 mm. long, 3 mm. broad ; carina eared at base.

Style bearded. Legume linear, flattened, thinly appressedly pubescent, 1-5 cm. long,

3 mm. broad, 2-4 seeded.

Transvaal. — Greefswald 615, nr. Mapungubwe, Pole-Evans (P., N.).

One gathering only of this plant has been seen. The dark woody stems, apparently

arising from a woody rootstock, bearing the young leaf- and flowering-stems, make this

species quite distinct from any other. The greyish-green leaves and very small pink-mauve

flowers tend to make the plant inconspicuous. From its appearance this plant probably

grows in very arid regions.

7. T. monophylla Schinz in Viertelsjahrsch. Nat. Ges. Zurich, 52. 424 (1907).

Type specimen, Fleck 836, in Botanisches Museum, Zurich.

Stems erect, slender, densely appressedly argenteo-sericeous. Leaves shortly petiolate,

unifoliolate, oblong-elliptic, mucronulate, glabrous above, sericeous below, 1-5-5 -5 cm.

long, 3-8 mm. broad ; petioles 4-6 mm. long. Stipules up to 2 mm. long. Flowers solitary,

axillary, on pedicels up to 2 cm. long. Calyx-tube 3 mm. long, 5 mm. in cliam.. two upper

lobes short, connate, lateral and lowest lobes approximately 2 mm. long. Vexillum 1-1 -2

cm. long, 4-5 mm. broad. Ovary 5 mm. long, pilose. Style 1-1-5 mm. long, glabrous.

Legumes up to 4 cm. long, 4 mm. broad, slightly falcate, appressedly argenteo-sericeous.

South West Africa. — Rehoboth, Fleck 836 (Z.) ; Hereroland, Fleck 436 (Z.) ;

Sandibenen bei Inachab, Dinter 1158 (Z.) ; Usakos, Dinter 5927 and Dinter s.n. (D. Coli.) ;

Karibib, Dinter 778 (D. Coll.) ; Grosser Kalkber, Dinter 7703 (B., D. Coll.).

8. T. Pietersii H. M. Forbes sp. nov., afflnis T. Forbesii Bak., sed foliis pedicellisque

longioribus differt.

Caulis gracilis, ascendens, simplex vel parce ramosus. Folia simplicia, lineari-lanceo-

lata, 2-8-7 cm. longa, 3-7 mm. lata ; mucronata, mucrone retuso, supra glabrescentia,

subtus appresse pilosa ; petioli graciles, 0-3-1 -2 cm. longi ; stipulae angusto-subulatae,

2-5 mm. longae, pubescentes. Flores axillares, solitarii vel terni, purpurei, 0-9-1 -2 cm.

longi ; pedicelli 4-5-5 mm. longi ; lobi calycis lineari-subulati, pilosi, ciliati, tubo aequilongi

vel breviores ; stylus glaber. Fructus 2-3 cm. longus, 3 mm. latus, leviter falcatus, pubes-

cens.

Natal. — Ladysmith district : near Pieters, 3-4000 ft., 1900, Wood in Natal Herb.

8888, Type.

Stems slender, ascending, simple or laxly branched, 1-4 arising from the rootstock,

up to 10 cm. long. Leaves unifoliolate, linear-lanceolate, slightly falcate, mucro short,

recurved, glabrescent above, thinly appressedly pilose beneath, 2-8-7 cm. long; petioles

slender, 0-3-1 -2 cm. long, with two small bracts 1-1 -5 mm. long at apex. Stipules narrow

subulate, pubescent, 2-5 mm. long. Flowers axillary, solitary or three together, purple,

0-9-1 -2 cm. long; pedicels 4-5-5 mm. long. Calyx pilose, tube 5 mm. in diam., lobes

unequal, lateral and lowest longest. Vexillum silky without, 0-9-1 -2 cm. long, 4-7 mm.

broad ; alae 1-1-2 cm. long, 2-5 mm. broad, sparsely pilose without and ciliate, especially

958

towards base of lobe ; carina 6 ■ 5-7 ■ 5 mm. long, 2 mm., broad. Staminal-tube 5 • 5 mm.

long, vexillary stamen attached. Ovary silky, 5 mm. long. Style 2 mm. long, glabrous.

Legume slightly falcate, pubescent, 2-3 cm. long, 3 mm. broad.

9. T. gracilenta H. M. Forbes sp. nov., affinis T. Pietersii H. M. Forbes, sed caulibus

gracilioribus, foliis brevioribus angustioribusque, floribus flavidis differt.

Caules graciles, ascendentes. Folia simplicia, lineari-lanceolata, 2 -3-3 -9 cm. longa,

2 ‘5-5 mm. lata, subtus appresse pilosa, supra glabresentia, apice retusa, mucrone parvo ;

petioli 2-5-8 mm. longi ; stipulae setosae, 2-3-5 mm. longae. Flores axillares, solitarii,

flavi ; pedicelli 5 • 5 mm. longi ; dentes calycis tubo breviores ; stylus glaber. Fructus

non visus.

Natal. — Entabeni district : Gingindhlovu, 1933, Gerstner in Natal Herb. 23083, Type.

Stems slender, ascending, thinly appressedly pilose becoming glabrous when older.

Leaves unifoliolate, linear-lanceolate, appressedly pilose below, glabrous above, mucro

small, recurved, 2 • 3-3 • 9 cm. long, 2 • 5-5 mm. broad ; petioles 2 • 5-6 mm. long, with two

small bracts at apex. Stipules setaceous, 2-3-5 mm. long. Flowers yellow, solitary in

axils of leaves, 1-1-5 cm. long ; pedicels 5-5 mm. long. Calyx- tube 5 mm. in diam., 2-5

mm. long, lobes ciliate, shorter than the tube. Vexillum silky without and long ciliate

round margin at base of lobe. Ovary densely silky, 5 mm. long. Style glabrous, about

1 mm. long. Legume not seenv

KEY TO SECTION 2.

Leaves palmate, 4-7-lobed 10. lupinifolia.

Leaves digitate, 3-lobed, A.

A. Pods flat ; leaves generally 2-3-jugate 65. macorpoda.

Pods not flat ; leaves always 3-lobed B.

B. Pods twisted into loose spiral 12. contorta.

Pods plicately folded 11. plicata.

10. T. lupinifolia (Burch.) DC. Prodr. 2.255 (1825) ; Linnaea 23. 31 (1850) ; Harvey in

Harv. and Sond. FI. Cap. 2.204 (1861-62) ; Baker in Oliv. FI. Trop. Afr. 2.107 (1871) ;

0. Kuntze Rev. Gen. PL 1.175 (1891) ; Durand and Schinz Etudes sur la FI. du

Congo. 105 (1896) ; Durand Syll. FI. Congo. 132 (1909) ; Burtt Davy and Pott in

Ann. Tvl. Mus. 3,3.146 (1912) ; Fries in von Rosen. Schwed. Rhod. -Congo Exped.

1911-12, 1.81 (1914) ; Die Yeg. der Erde, 9, 3.586 (1915) ; Trans. Roy. Soc. S.A. 5,

4.375 (1916) ; De Wild in Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 577,2.122 (1925) ; Bak. f. Leg. Trop.

Afr. 1.183 (1926) ; Bot. Survey Springbok Flats, Mem. 12,68 (1928) ; Hutch, and

Dalziel FI. West Trop. Afr. 1, 2.385 (1928) ; Young in Ann. Tvl. Mus. 14,4.398 (1932) ;

Burtt Davy FI. Tvaal. 1.9,378 (1932) ; Watt and Breyer-Brandwiik Med. and Pois.

PI. S.A. 74 (1932).

Syn. Galega lupinifolia Burch, in DC. Prodr. 2.255 (1825) ; Rhynchosia ( Polytropia )

CienkowsJci Schweinf. Reliq. Kotschy. p. 31, t. 24-5 (1868) ; Cracca lupinifolia

0. Ktz. Rev. Gen. PI. 1.175 (1891) ; Hiern in Cat., Afr. PI. Welw. 1.219 (1896).

Type specimen, Burchett 2488, in Herbarium, Kew.

Suffruticose. Stems diffuse, with stems , petioles, peduncles and young leaves roughly

fulvo-hirsute. Leaves 4-5 foliolate, palmate; leaflets 1-5-8 -5' cm. long, 0-4— 1-8 cm.

broad, oblanceolate, mucronate, apex recurved, margin thickened, glabrous or sparsely

hirsute above, fulvo-hirsute beneath; petioles 1-8-5 cm. long. Stipules short, broadly

subulate, ribbed, 2-5 mm. long. Peduncles terminal and axillary, 9-26 cm. long, laxly

flowered. Flowers small, 5-7 mm. long, in fascicles of 2-3 ; pedicels 3-7 mm. long. Calyx

959

2-5-5 mm. long, pilose, lobes subequal, lanceolate, acuminate, 1-5-3 mm. long. Vexillum

sericeous without, subrotund, about twice as long as the calyx. Ovary appressedly villous.

Style short, glabrous. Legume linear, flat, pubescent, 2 -5-3 -5 cm. long, 3-5 mm. broad.

South West Africa. — Between Kunene River and Eunda, Barnard 780 (S.A.M.) ;

Bushveld, Grasslippe uber Lehm, Dinter 2327 (B.) ; Okandjose, Dinter 528 (Z.) ; Ambo-

land, Onamakunde, Rautanen 20 (B.) ; Omnlonga, Schinz 2086 (Z.) ; Oshiheke, Schinz

2087 (Z.) ; Otyvaronga district, Quickborn, Okohandja, Bradfield 359 (P., T.M.) ; Damara-

land : Olukonda, Rautanen 512 (Z.) ; Ondonga, Olukonda, Rautanen 514 (Z., G.) ; Rautanen

517 (Z.) ; No definite locality, Rautanen 513 (K., Z., V., G.).

Cape. — Little Klobbokhonni near Harnapery, Burchett 2488 (K., G.) : Mochudi,

Harbor 6498 in Herb. Rogers (B.H.). Kuruman district : in arenosis, Marmosis, Kuruman,

Marloth 1047 (P.) ; Vryburg district : Grasfort, Vryburg, Mogg 8333 (P.) ; Biesjesvlakte,

Vryburg, Henrici 67 (P.) ; Vryburg, Burtt Davy 11111 (P.) ; East Griqualand in arenosis

pr. Botsabelo, Schlechter 4101 (Z., B., G.H.).

Orange Free State. — Bothaville, Kroonstad, Goossens 1165 (P.).

Transvaal. — Potchefstroom district : Vaal and Mooi Rivers, Burke and Zeyher 343

(K., B.M., S.A.M.) ; Vereeniging district : Vereeniging, Gilfillan (P.) ; Witwatersrand

district : grass veld, Canada, near Johannesburg, Moss 13603 (W.) ; Lichtenburg district :

Lichtenburg, Jenkins (T.M.) ; townlands, Klipveld, Lichtenburg, Liebenberg 69 (P.) ; Bar-

berton district : Research Station, Nelspruit, Liebenberg 2447 (P.) ; Carolina district :

Waterval Boven, Rogers [T.M. 14875] (T.M.) ; Rogers 18408 (Z.) ; Middelburg district :

Witbank, Rand 142 (B.M.) : Pretoria district : T.U.C. Farm, Pretoria, Moss 8489 (B.M., W.) ;

road to Daspoort, Leendertz 579 (B.H., T.M.) ; Wonderboom, Smith 2268 (P.) ; between

station and level crossing, Wonderboom, Smith 6243 (P.) : Wonderboompoort, Rehmann

4607; (Z .); Magaliesberg near Wonderboom, Burtt Davy 2659 (P., B.H.) ; between Bronk-

horstspruit and Middelburg, Wilms 361 (B.M., G., B.) : Middelkop near Pienaars River,

Smith 2155 (P.) ; near Koecloespoort, Smith 1534 (P.) ; Bushveld near Eland River and

Klippan, Rehmann 5032 (K., B.M., Z.) ; Aapies and Vaal Rivers, Burchett 2270 (K.P.) ;

Burke 343 (Z.) ; Vaal River, Burke (Pa.) ; Waterberg district : Strydpoort, Makapaans-

berge, Rehmann 5550 (Z. , B.) ; Mosdene, Naboomspruit, Gal-pin M. 81 (P., Z.M.) ; Rusten-

burg district : Rustenburg, McClelland (G.U.C.) ; Marico district : Zeerust, Burtt Davy

7191 (P.) ; district unknown : in arenosis pr. Mordiniobole, Schlechter 4262 (K., B.M., G.,

V., Z., B., T.M., A.M.) ; Zandrivierspoort, Rogers 24961 (Z., T.M.) ; Kalahari Region, Maclea

6074 (B.H.).

Southern Rhodesia. — Bulawayo district : Matopos, Rogers 5682 (T.M., S.A.M.,

B.H.) ; Eyles 1154 (Pa., Z., S.A.M.) : Victoria Falls, Rogers 5605 (Z.) ; Fries 20 (Z.) :

Flanagan 3127 (B.H.) ; south bank of Zambesi, Victoria Falls, Rogers 5716 (K., B.H.).

Northern Rhodesia. — Barotseland, Watt and Brandwyk 286 (P.).

Angola. — Welwitsch 2076 (P., G.) ; Welwitsch 2077 (G., B.) ; Gossweiler 365 (B.).

South Africa. — No definite localities, Zeyher 457 (B.M.) ; Cape (?) 1850, Zeyher

458a (K., B.M., Pa., G., Z., B., S.A.M.) ; Drege 458 (V.) ; Burchett 2527 (K.) ; 1846

Lemue (G.).

This plant is known as " namivati ” to certain native tribes, and a preparation of the

root is used by them for procuring abortion and for committing suicide.

11. T. plicata Oliv. in Hook. Ic. PL t. 1445 (1883) ; Wood FI. of Natal 342 (1907) ; Wood

in Trans. S.A. Phil. Soc. 18.2. 147 (1908) ; Burtt Davy and Pott in Ann. Tvl. Mus.

3.146 (1912)-; Bews FI. Natal and Zululand 111 (1921); Bot. Survey S.A. Mem.

12.68 (1928) ; Burtt Davy FI. Tvaal. 1.7.378 (1932).

960

Syn. Ptycholobium plicatum (Oliv.) Harms in Engl. Pflanzenw. Afr. 3.1. (1915) ; Engl, and

Drude, Veg. der Erde 9.591 (1915) in obs.

Type specimen, Rehmann 4922, in Herbarium, Kew.

Suffruticose, 15-30 cm. high. Stems rigid, diffusely hirto-tomentellous, procumbent

or ascending. Leaves t.rifoliolate, shortly petiolate ; leaflets rigid, narrow oblanceolate,

apex mucronate, recurved, glabrous above, pubescent below, 0.9-4 cm. long, 0-2-1 cm.

broad ; petioles 2-7 mm. long. Stipules subulate, 1-3 mm. long. Flowers minute, 6 mm.

long, axillary, subsessile, often geminate. Calyx- tube 2 mm. long, 3-5 mm. in diam., lobes

about 2 mm. long, lanceolate, acute. Vexillum obovate, subpanduriform, retuse, unguicu-

late, appressedly pubescent without, 6 mm. long, 3 mm. broad ; alae ciliate round lower

part of lobe. Ovary pilose, 3-4 mm. long. Style about 1 mm. long, glabrous. Legume

0-9-1 -3 cm. long, 5 mm. broad, abruptly transversely 3-5 plicate.

Zululand.- — No definite locality, Gerrard 1087 (K.).

Transvaal. — Barberton district: Berea, Barberton, Thorncroft 111 (K., P.) ; Thorn-

croft 884 (N., Y.) ; Royers 18544 (P.) ; Pott 5349 (T.M.) ; Kaapmuiden, Rogers 25075

(G., Z., T.M.) ; Pretoria district : Elands River and Drift, Bushveld, Rehmann 4922 (K., Z.);

Rehmann 5181 (Z., B.) ; in graminosis pr. Pienaars River Bridge, Schlechter 4212 (K., Z.,

V., G., B., B.H., A.M., T.M.) ; Onderstepoort, Theiler (T.M.) ; near Cheop Pyramid, Mogg

1241 (P.) ; Rooikop, Bushveld, Smuts and Gillett 2125 (P.) ; Rust der Winter, Pole-Evans

3879 (P.) ; Waterberg district : Sandveld, Mosdene, Naboomspruit, Galpin M.90 (P.) ;

Sandrivierspoort, Rogers 24976 (B.M., P.) ; Pietersburg district : Sand River, Murray

610 (P.) ; Zoutpansberg district : Mara, Rogers 22271 (P., T.M.).

Portuguese East Africa. — Ressano Garcia, Schlechter 11830 (K., G., A., B.).

12. T. contorta N.E. Br. in Kew Bull. 103 (1909); Engl, in Engl, and Drude Yeg. der Erde

9.3.1. 568 (1915).

Syn. Sylitra contorta (N.E. Br.) Bak. f. Leg. Trop. Afr. 1. 268 (1926) ; Bothalia. 3.2.239

(1937).

Type specimen, Lugard 132, in Herbarium, Kew.

A shrub with straight twig-like branches, whole plant densely albo-tomentose. Leaves

trifoliolate, petiolate; leaflets 1-5-4 cm. long, 0-6-1 -2 cm. broad, cuneate-oblong, obtuse,

mucro recurved, glabrous above, pubescent beneath with adpressed silky white hairs,

medial leaflet longest. Stipules 2-4 mm. long. Flowers axillary, small, fasciculate, 3-4

together, 7-8 mm. long. Calyx villous, tube 4 mm. in diam., 2 mm. long, teeth subulate,

three equal in length to the tube, two upper shorter and slightly connate. Vexillum 6-7 mm.

long, 2-3 mm. broad, pubescent on the back. Ovary densely villous-tomentose, 2-5-4 mm.

long. Style slender, glabrous. Mature legumes twisted into a loose spiral, densely villous-

tomentose with white hairs.

Bechuanaland. — Ngamiland, Kwebe, Lugard 132 (K.).

Transvaal. — Zoutpansberg district : Messina, Rogers 20042 (K., G., P., Z.) ; Rogers

20812 (N., P., W.) : Pole-Evans 1718 (P.) ; between Saltpan and Waterpoort, Zoutpansberg,

Obermeyer, Schweickerdt and Verdoorn 267 (P.) ; near Catophractes belt, Zoutpan, Schweickerdt

and Verdoorn 508 (P.) ; Zoekmakaar, Pietersburg, Rogers 22598 (Z., P.) ; Lydenburg dis-

trict : Ohrigstad-Branddraai Road, Young A583 (T. M.) ; Sandrivier, Schlechter 4592 (B.,

B.H.).

This plant is very closely allied to T. plicata Oliv., but the legumes are spirally twisted

instead of plicately folded.

Baker f. Leg. Trop. Afr. p. 168 suggests that Fig. 290 in Engl. Veg. der Erde is T. contorta

N.E. Br., but in my opinion this figure is typical Sylitra contorta E. Mey. Engler’s sug-

961

gestion that T. contorta N.E. Br. perhaps belongs to the genus Sylitra is also incorrect.

One of the main differences between the two genera (Tephrosia and Sylitra) is the pod,

■which in the latter genus is of a thin papery texture. In T. contorta the pods are of a much

firmer texture and are also much more contorted than those of Sylitra.

KEY TO SECTION 3.

Stems erect A.

Stems procumbent, spreading or ascending B.

A. Stipules subulate C.

Stipules linear, setaceous or lanceolate D.

C. Whole plant densely silvery canescent

Whole plant not densely silvery canescent E.

E. Flowers in axils of upper leaves, or few on short terminal peduncles

up to 2-5 cm. long

Flowers on terminal, axillary or leaf-opposed peduncles F.

F. Pubescence on stems, etc., yellow or brown G.

Pubescence on stems, etc., greyish H.

G. Stems, etc., with close or spreading yellowish pubescence

Stems, etc., with short ascending brown hairs

H. Peduncles terminal and leaf-opposed I.

Peduncles terminal and axillary J.

I. Leaves 2-4-jugate, leaflets linear-lanceolate ; pods pale yellow-

green

Leaves 3-8- jugate ; pods not pale yellow-green K.

K. Leaflets cuneate-oblong, dark green above, pale green below ;

pods linear, velvettv

Leaflets oblanceolate ; pods slightly falcate, thinly pubescent. . . .

J. Leaves 1-6-jugate ; leaflets more or less densely canescent below

Leaves not^canescent below L.

L. Leaves 7-9 jugate; peduncles laxly racemose

Leaves 4-8-jugate ; peduncles few flowered at apex

D. Style glabrous M.

Style bearded or penicilliate at apex N.

M. Stems, etc., densely cano-pubescent 0.

Stems, etc., yellow, brown or grey pubescent P.

O. Leaves 2-6-jugate ; leaflets up to 3 cm. long, cano-pubescent

on both sides

Leaves 5-9-jugate ; leaflets up to 1-8 cm. long, glabrous and pale

green above, densely canescent below

P. Pubescence grey Q.

Pubescence yellow or brown R.

Q. Leaves 6-12-jugate ; leaflets complicate ; peduncles laxly many

flowered

Leaves 3-5-jugate ; leaflets not complicate ; peduncles sparsely

flowered

R. Leaves 5-17-jugate ; stipules 4-6 mm. long

Leaves 5-9-jugate ; stipules up to 1 cm. long

N. Style penicilliate at apex S.

Style bearded T.

S. Veining on lower surface of leaflets dark brown

Veining on lower surface of leaflets not dark U.

U. Peduncles densely many flowered

Peduncles laxly flowered V.

V. Leaves 1-2-jugate, sometimes simple

Leaves 3-17-jugate, never simple W.

W. Leaves 7-17-jugate ; leaflets up to 2 cm. broad

Leaves 3-9- jugate ; leaflets rarely 1 cm. broad X.

X. Leaves 6-9-jugate ; leaflets up to 9 mm. broad, oblanceolate. . . .

Leaves 3-8-jugate ; leaflets up to 6 mm. broad, narrow oblanceo-

late

13. canescens.

14. stricta.

15. polystachya.

16. noctiflora.

17. Dregeana.

18. pollens.

19. delagoensis.

22. discolor.

20. amoena.

21. Medleyi.

23. euchroa.

24. pallida.

25. Kraussiana.

26. sparsiflora.

27. polystachyoides.

28. Ehrenbergiana.

29. oxygona.

30. zoutpansbergensis.

31. griseola.

32. purpurea.

33. Evansii.

34. transvaalensis.

962

T. Peduncles up to 7 cm. long, flowers few in a short dense raceme. . .

Peduncles 8-31 cm. long, laxly many flowered Y.

Y. Leaves 3-8- jugate ; peduncles 10-15 cm. long

Leaves 7-14-jugate ; peduncles 8-31 cm. long

B. Stipules setaceous, linear or linear-lanceolate (a)

Stipules subulate (b).

(а) Stems ascending (c).

Stems procumbent or trailing (d).

(c) Leaves sessile or subsessile

Leaves distinctly petioled (e).

(e) Style glabrous ; leaves 1-2 jugate

Style bearded ; leaves 1-8 jugate (/).

(/) Leaflets narrow linear-lanceolate, 2-4-mm. broad

Leaflets linear-lanceolate, up to 9-mm. broad (g).

(g) Leaves 1-4-jugate ; midrib lutescent, prominent on lower surface

of leaflets

Leaves 2-8-jugate ; leaflets argenteous below (lfts uncinate in var.

uncinata)

(d) Style penicillate ; veining dark reddish-brown on lower surface

of leaflets

Style glabrous ; veining not dark ( k ).

(h) Whole plant more or less densely rufo-tomentose ; leaflets glabrous

above

Plant hirsute with long whitish hairs ; leaflets glaucous above. . . .

(б) Stipules up to 6 mm. long ( i ).

Stipules 1-2 cm. long (j).

( i) Leaves 3-7- jugate, subsessile ; apex of leaflets very retuse

Leaves 2-4- jugate, long-petioled ; apex of leaflets obtuse or acute

(j) Flowers almost capitate in a short dense raceme at apex of ped-

uncle ; calyx lobes short, triangular-subulate

Flowers in an interrupted raceme or few at apex ; calyx teeth

lanceolate ( k ).

(k) Apicies of leaflets truncate or emarginate ; calyx lobes longer

than tube

Apicies of leaflets apiculate ; calyx lobes equal to tube

35. inandensis.

36. otaviensis.

37. lactea.

38. tzaneenen-sis.

39. elongata.

40. angustissima.

41. lurida.

42. longipes.

43. multijuga.

44. semiglabra.

45. Burchellii.

46. retusa.

47. capensis.

48. pseudocapitata.

49. natalensis.

50. apiculata.

13. T. canescens E. Mey. Comm. PI. Afr. Aust. 1.1.109 (1836) ; Hook. Lond. Jcurn. Bot.

2.88 (1834) ; Cape Plants, Krauss and Engler 54 (1846) ; Harvey in Harv. and Solid.

FI. Cap. 2.204 (1861-62) ; 0. Kuntze Rev. Gen. PI. 1.174 (1891) ; Wood. FI. of Natal

41 (1907) ; Wood in Trans. S.A. Phil. Soc. 18.2.147 (1908) ; Bews FI. Natal and

Zululand 110 (1921) ; Bak. f. Leg. Trop. Afr. 1.188 (1926) ; Henkel, Ballenden

and Bayer Ann. Nat. Mus. 8.1.106 (1936).

Type specimen, Drege s.n. in Botanisches Museum, Berlin-Dahlem.

Suffruticose, erect, whole plant densely silky and silvery canescent, 60-95 cm. high

Stems slender, flexuous. terete, branching a little. Leaves 4-8 jugate, 3-5-10-5 cm. Iona

petiolate ; leaflets petiolulate, 0-9-3 cm. long, 0-35-1-3 cm. broad, obovate-oblong, obtuse

or emarginate, densely canescent on both sides. Stipules 1-2 mm. long, subulate. Ped-

uncles 2-15 cm. long, racemes many-flowered, leaf-opposed. Flowers 0-9-1 cm. long, p'nk-

mauve ; pedicels 3-6 mm. long. Calyx canescent, tube 6-7 mm. in diam., 2 mm. long.

Ovary 5-6 mm. long, silky canescent. Style glabrous, 2-5-3 mm. long. Legume 4-5 cm.

long, 5-6 mm. broad, 4-6 seeded, canescent.

Natal. — Durban, Cooper 2200 (K.) ; Wilms 1952 (K., B.M.) ; Wood 11836 (Z., P.,

N., W.) ; Moss 5307 (B.M., W.) ; open dune scrub, Moss 5306 (W.) ; Wood 8753 (N.) ;

Rehmann 8692 (Z.) ; in frutice ad oram pr. Durban, Wood 6270 (B.M., B., Pa., B.H., P.,

T.M.) ; Wood 8046 (B.) ; Snell Parade, Beach, Durban, van Nouhuys (N., T.M.) ; sandy

places near Omsamculo, Drkge (B.) ; no definite locality, Drkge (K., B.M., V.) ; Gerrard

963

and McKen 5 (N.) ; sand dunes, Beach Terminus, 1913, Thode (S.) ; and 1914 Thode (B.,

S.) ; Zululand Umlalaas, Gerstner (N.) ; no definite locality, Gerrard and McKen 222

(K., B.M., Pa., V.).

Portuguese East Africa. — Delagoa Bay, Forbes (K., Pa.) ; in dunes, Schlechter

11987 (K., B.M., B., Pa., A., V., G.) ; Wilmer 306 (B.) ; Louren9o Marques, Rogers 11819

(K„ B.M., Z„ W., A.M.) ; Rogers 2247 (P„ W., T.M.) ; Junod 215 (T.M.) ; Borle 423 (P.) ;

near sea, Catemba. Louremjo Marques, Borle 450 (P.) ; Muir 478 (N.) ; Beira, Bummer

669 (K.) ; Rogers 4567 (B.M., Z„ B.H., T.M.).

This small shrub occurs on the sand dunes along the Natal coast, extending to Zululand

and up the East Coast to Beira. It is an attractive plant, especially when in bloom, for

the bright pinky-mauve flowers contrast well with the silvery-white leaves and stems.

14. T. stricta (L.f.) Pers. Syn. 2.329 (1807) ; DC. Prod. 2.253 (1825) ; Spreng. Syst. Veg.

3.233 (1826) ; Ecklon and Zeyher Enum. PI. Afr. Aust. Extratrop. 246 (1825) ;

Harvey in Harv. and Sond. FI. Cap. 2.205 (1861-62).

Syn. Galega stricta Ait. Hort. Kew. 3.70 (1789) ; Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 13 per Gmelin 2.2.1130

(1792) ; Thunb. Prodr. 133 (1800) (sphalm. striata) ; Willd. Sp. PI. 3.2.1244 (1803)

(sphalm Galega). Galega pulchella Scopol. Delic. Insub. 1.3. t. 2 (1786) ; Vahl.

Symb. 2.85 (1791). Galega mucronata Thunb. Prodr. 134 (1800). Indigofera stricta

L.f. Suppl. 334 (1781) ; Linn. Syst. ed. Murray 678 (1784) ; Linn. Syst. Nat. ed.

13 per Gmelin 2.2.1129 (1792) ; Jacq. Hort. Schroenbr. 2.58 t. 236 (1797) ; Thunb.

Prodr. 133 (1800) ; Willd. Sp. PI. 3.2.1232 (1803) ; Spreng. Syst. Veg. 3.276 (1826).

Type specimen, Ecklon and Zeyher 1630, is deposited in the Thunberg Herbarium,

Uppsala.

Suffruticose. Stems erect, branching, terete, clothed with cinereous tomentum.

Leaves subsessile, 2-6-jugate. Leaflets 0-7-1 -3 cm. long, 3-5 mm. broad, oblong or cuneate,

mucronate, mucro recurved, glabrous above, pubescent below. Stipules 4-6 mm. long,

subulate. Flowers few, almost sessile in axils of upper leaves, or occasionally a few borne

on a short peduncle about 2-5 cm long. Pods 2-7-4 cm. long, 4 mm. broad, velvety when

young, at length glabrescent.

Cape. — Swellendam district : on plains of George and Swellendam, Bowie 5 (B.M.) ;

Riversdale district : Burchett 6728 (K.) ; George district : on the plains of Outeniqua,

Bowie 3 (B.M.) ; Uitenhage district: inter frutices (alt. Ill) collium prope Van Stadens

rivier and in Olifantshoek, Ecklon and Zeyher 1630 (K., Pa., G., V., B., U., S.A.M.). No

definite locality: Dervaux (G.) ; Cape 1772, Oldenburg 1103 (B.M.) ; Masson (B.M.).

15. T. polystachya E. Mey. in Comm. PL Afr. Aust. 10 (1836) ; Harvey in Harv. and Sond.

FI. Cap. 2.206 (1861-62) ; 0. Kuntze Rev. Gen. PL 1.175 (.1891) ; Xalbh. Ann.

K.K. Natuurhist. Hofmus. 20.3.24 (1905) ; Wood FI. of Natal 42 (1907) ; Wood

in Trans. S.A. Phil. Soc. 18.2.147 (1908) ; Burtt Davy and Pott in Ann. Tvl. Mus.

3, 3.146 (1912) ; Phillips in Ann. S.A. Mus. 16.1.82 (1917) ; Bews FI. Natal

and Zululand 111 (1921).

Type specimen, Drege s.n. (5462 in Herb. E. Meyer), in Museum, Berlin-Dahlem.

Suffruticose, erect. Stems slender, straight, angular, rib-striate, clothed with close or

spreading yellowish pubescence. Leaves shortly petioled, 3-9-jugate, 3-8-5 cm. long;

leaflets cuneate-oblong, mucronate, flat or complicate, thinly pubescent above, more

densely below, 0-7-3 cm. long, 3-5-9 mm. broad. Stipules subulate, 0-5-1 cm. long.

Peduncles terminal and axillary, laxly racemose and many-flowered, up to 27 cm. long.

Flowers 1-1-2 cm. long; pedicels 4-6 mm. long. Calyx- tube 3 mm. long, lobes ovate-

acuminate, slightly shorter or equalling or exceeding the tube in length. Vexillum 1-1 • 1 cm.

964

long and broad, densely hairy without. Ovary densely long hairy. Style glabrous.

Legumes narrow, linear or slightly curved, pubescent, 3-5-4 cm. long, 3 mm. broad.

Cape. — Stockenstroom district : edge of forest, Bergmans Kloof, Stockenstroom,

Scully 205 (P.) ; Queenstown district: Mountains, Queenstown, Galpin 1757 (B.) ; grassv

slopes, Lesseyton Nek, Galpin 1952 (K., A.M., P., B.H.) ; Bongola Dam, Abrahams, Moss

13237 (W.) ; Umtata district: in collibus. pr. Umtata, Schlechter 6335 (B., A.M., B.H.) ;

near Umtata, Flanagan 2853 (S.A.M.) ; Bolus 8878 (B.H.,S.) ; Baziza, Tembuland, Bam 77

(K., B., A.M., S.A.M. , B.H.) ; inter Gekau and Bashee, Drege s.n. (K., B.) ; Omsamcaba,

Pondoland, Drege s.n. (K., B.M., B.) ; Kreilis Country, Kaffraria, Bowker (K.) ; no definite

locality, Drege in Herb. E. Meyer 5460, 5461, 5462 (B.) ; Drege 409 (V.) ; Drege s.n. (0.,

Pa., Z ., V., G.) ; Hennegart 45 (Pa.) ; ex Herb. Mrs. F. W. Barber (A.M.).

Natal.— Port Natal, Drege (S.A.M.) ; edge of wood, Sydenham near Durban, Wood

(G.) ; Pinetown district : Botha’s Hill, Wood 6734 (P.) ; Pietermaritzburg district : near

Howick, Wood 11432 (P.) ; Karkloof, Dimock-Brown 319 (P.) ; Krantzkop district: near

Greytown, Wylie [Herb. No. 2046] (N., T.M.) : Wylie { Herb. No. 22343] (N., T.M.) ; edges

of bush, Tugela Valley, Krantzkop, Thode (B.) ; Klip River district : Van Reenen, Wood

1073 (N., T.M.) ; Districts unknown : Riet Spruit, Wood 10226 (N., T.M.) ; hills above

Lynedock, Wood 4542 (K., B.) ; grassy slopes, Koenigsberg, Thode (B., S.) ; Zululand:

Umgoya, Wylie [Wood 5665] (Pa.).

Var. longidens H. M. Forbes var. nov.

Lobis calycis multo longioribus et anguste lanceolatis valde distincta.

Type specimen, Flanagan 631, in National Herbarium, Pretoria.

Cape. — Komgha district : grassy valleys near Komgka, Flanagan 631 (Z., N., A.M.) ;

Albany district: in humidis umbrosis prope Grahamstown, MacOwan 2026 (B.M., A.M.,

K.) ; Grahamstown, Rogers 1578 (B.H.) ; Kentani district : in valleys, Pegler 404, 100 ft.,

1904 (B.H.) ; 1200 ft., 1905, 1910, 1914 (N.) ; Umtata district : forests, Bazeia, Baur 38 (B.).

Natal. — Ixopo district : lxopo, Schlechter 6643 (A.M.).

This variety of T. polystachya is very similar in appearance to the variety hirta, but

it is easily distinguished by the long narrow lanceolate calyx lobes. It is an erect shrubby

plant, 2-4 feet high, with numerous pink or pale mauve flowers. The flowering period

is from January to March.

Var. hirta Harv. in Harv. and Solid. FI. Cap. 2.206 (1861-62),

Type specimen, Sutherland s.n., in Herbarium, Kew.

Stems, branches and inflorescence roughly rusty-pubescent, racemes shorter and more

densely flowered than usual, and legumes more hairy.

Cape. — Transkei, Indutywa district : near Colosa, Krook [Penther 2606] (V.) ; East

Griqualand, Umzimkulu district : ad rivos Clydesdale pro pc flumen Umzimkulu, Tyson

1435 (Z., B., G., O., S.) ; in pratis apud rivulos circa Clydesdale, Tyson 2048 (K., G., S.A.M.,

B.H.) ; Pondoland, Bachmann 604, 617, 621 (B.).

Natal. — Port Natal, Gueinzius 307 (Pa., V.) ; coast land, 0-1,000 ft., Sutherland

(K.) ; Prospect, Durban North, Forbes 630 (N.) ; near Durban, Wood (G., A.M.) ; Wood

6269 (B.M., P.) ; edge of wood, Sydenham, near Durban, Wood (G.) ; Pinetown district :

Hillary, Wood 13070 (N.) ; Pinetown, Junod 97 (Z.) ; Trappisten Kolonie, Mariannhill,

Landauer 95 and 213 (B.) ; Umgeni district : Field’s Hill, Wood 242 (B.M., N., B.H., S.A.M.):

Krantzkloof, Kuntze (K.) ; Botha’s Hill, Wood 6734 (Pa., B., P.) ; Greytown district :

Wylie [H. No. 20461] (N.) ; Wylie[H. No. 22343] (N.) ; Krantzkop district : edge of bush,

Krantzkop, Tugela Valley, Thode (B., S.) ; Estcourt district : Cathkin Park, Drakensberg,

Galpin 11742 (K., P.) ; Tugela Valley, Mont-Aux-Sources, Bayer and McClean 226 (K.,

965

B.H., P., A.M.) ; Iuanda district: Inanda, Wood 793 (K., B.M., N., B.H., Z., S.A.M.) ;

Kearsney, Milner (N.) ; Tugela district : Nonoti, Wood 9188 (B.) ; Zululand, Gerrard 1106

(K., B.M., Pa., V.) ; Mtunzini, Mogg 4275 and 4374 (P.) ; Farm Egoa, Curson (P., S.) ;

Farm 273, Curson 191 (P.) ; Bank of Pongola Biver, W. of Lebombo Mtns., Mkuzi, Galpin

13647 (Pa.) ; North Zululand, Baker [ Evans 562] (N.).

Orange Free State. — No definite locality, Cooper 1042 (K., B.M , Y , Z., B.H.).

Transvaal. — Pretoria district : Wonderboompoort, Leendertz 458 (T.M.) ; Leendertz

703 (B.H., T.M.) ; Smith 6062 (K., Pa., V., P.) ; Barberton district : Kaapmuiden, Rogers

23786 (W.) ; Rogers 25032 (Z., S.) ; Komatipoort, Rogers 21027 (K.); Rogers 12877

(W., A.M.) ; Lydenburg district: between Pilgrims Rest and Sabie, Rogers 24754 (Z. ) ;

Waterberg district: Messina, Rogers 19897 (K., W.) ; Moss and Rogers 99 (Z.) ; Turner

12 (P.); Potgietersrust, Rogers 1311 (Z.); Wannbaths, Puttrill 589 (P.) ; Petersburg

district: Makapansberge, Strydpoort, Rehmann 5536 (Z. ) ; Houtbosch, Rehmann 6226

(Z.) ; Macoustie River, Farm Balloon, Breyer (T.M.).

Portuguese East Africa. — Lourenco Marques, Moss 11856 (W.) ; Incanhine,

Schlechter 12036 (K., Pa., G., Z., V., B., P., B.H., S.A.M. , A.M.) ; Delagoa Bay, Junod

No. M (Z., G.).

Yar. latifolia Harv. in Harv. and Sond. FI. Cap. 2.206 (1861-62); Burtt Davy FI. Tvaal.

1.2.378 (1932).

Type specimen, Gueinzius 616 in Herbarium, Kew.

Leaves 5-8 jugate; leaflets oblong, uncial, retuse, 1-1-3 -2 cm. long, 0-5-1 -3 cm.

broad: longer, broader, thinner and less hairy than T. polystachya.

Cape. — Eastern Province : Engcobo Mtn., Bolus 8875 (B.H.) ; Insizwa, KrooJc [Penther

2641] (B., V.) ; near streams in thorns, Scottspoort. Thode (B., S.) ; Port St. Johns, Moss

2742 (W.).

Natal. — At Port Natal, Gueinzius 616 (K., V.) ; Richmond district : Bush, Deepdale,

Evans 102 (N.) ; Utrecht district : Klipspruit, Breyer (T.M.).

Transvaal. — Barberton district : in damp valleys or margins of woods, Brown’s

Creek, Galpin 809 (K., P., B.H., S.A.M.) ; Barberton, Thorncroft 1907 (B.H.) ; Thorncroft

[in Herb. F. A. Royers 14217] (P.) ; Lydenburg district : Spitzkop Goldmines, Lydenburg,

Wilms 351 (B.M.,B.) ; Petersburg district : Shiluvane, Junod 2376 (B.) ; Houtbosch,

Rehmann 6237 (K., B.M., B.H.) ; in montibus saxosis, Houtbosch, Bolus 10997 (K., P.,

N., A.M., B.H.) ; Schlechter 4380 (B., B.H., T.M., A.M.) ; in bush on hills, New Agatha,

McCallum 137 (Pa., G., P.); in collibus lapidosus graminosisque prope Potgietersrust,

Bolus 11072 (B.H.) ; Vallon du Masetane, Junod 1124 (K., B., Z., G.,P.); Spelonken,

Junod 54 (T.M.) ; Zoutpansberg district : edge of wood, The Downs, Junod 4352 (P., T.M.) ;

Magoebas Kloof, Pole-Evans 3951 (K., P.) ; Minastone, Louis Trichardt, Breyer (T.M.) ;

Hanglip, Louis. Trichardt, Bremekamp and Schweickerdt 389 (P., T.M.).

Swaziland. — Mbabane, Rogers 11476 (B.H.) ; Hlatikulu, Stewart 93 (K., S.A.M., T.M.).

Portuguese East Africa. — Louren5o Marques, Quintas 4 (B.).

An erect shrubby plant bearing a profusion of white, pink or pale mauve flowers.

Galpin has a note on his specimen No. 809 that both pink and white flowers were borne on

the same peduncle.

16. T. noctitlora Bojer in Hort. Maurit. 93 (name only) (1837) ; Baker in Oliv. FI. Trop.

Afr. 2.112 (1871) ; Dur. and Syll. FI. Congol. 132 (1909) ; De Wild. Comp. Kasai

308 (1910) ; De Wild. Etudes FI. Bas-et-Moyen-Congo 3.202 (1910) ; De Wild.

Etudes FI. Bas-et-Moyen-Congo 5.412 (1912) ; De Wild, in Bull. Jard. Bot. Bruxelles

4.98 (1914) ; De Wild, in Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 57.123 (1925) ; Burtt Davy in FI.

Tvaal. 1.2.376 (1932).

966

Type specimen, Bojer (ad margines sylvarum et in agris ins. Zanzibarae, 1830), in Natur-

historisches Museum, Vienna.

Suffruticose. Stems diffusely branched, densely silky-pilose with short ascending brown

hairs, particularly on the young parts. Leaves 5-8-jugate, 7-10 cm. long, subsessile ; leaflets

narrowly oblanceolate, apex rounded and mucronate, glabrous above, appressedly silky

beneath, 1-5-3 -5 cm. long, 3-5 mm. broad. Stipules linear-subulate, 8-9 mm. long.

Peduncles terminal and occasionally leaf-opposed, 8-5-25-5 cm. long; racemes laxly

flowered; pedicels 3-5 mm. long; bracts lanceolate, short. Calyx densely ferruginous-

silky, tube 2 mm. long, four upper teeth deltoid, 1-5 mm. long, lowest lobe 2-5 mm. long.

Vexillum 1-2-1 cm. long, 6 mm. broad, slightly falcate, densely silky-villous with brown

hairs.

Transvaal. — Barberton district : Komatipoort, Schlechter 11809 (K., B.M., Pa.,

G., Z., V., B.); Moss and Rogers 505 (W., B.H.) ; Barberton, Thorncroft [Herb. Rogers

22661] (Z., B.H.).

Southern Rhodesia. — On banks of Umzimgwani River, Doddieburn Ranch, Davison

12 (P.) and Davison 51 (B.M., P.).

This species also occurs up the East Coast as far as Zanzibar.

17. T. Dregeana E. Mey. in Linnaea 7.169 (1832) ; Ecklon and Zeyher Enum. PI. Afr.

Aust. Extratrop. Pt. 2 (1834-35) ; Harvey in Harv. and Sond. FI. Cap. 2.207 (1861-62).

0. Kuntze Rev. Gen. PI. 1.175 (1891); Ann. Bol. Herb.- 1.1.15 (1914); Ann. S.A;

Mus. 9.4.256 (1915) ; Ann. Bol. Herb. 3.1.20 (1920) ; Bak. f. Leg. Trop. Afr. 1.189

(1926).

Syn. Tephrosia brachyloba E. Mey. Comm. Drege 110 (1835-36); Tephrosia Damarensis

Engl, in Bot. Jahrb. 10.29 (1888) ; Die Veg. der Erde. 9.3.588 (1915) ; Tephrosia

Dinteri Schinz in Vierteljahrsschr. Nat. Ges. Zurich 52.423 (1907).

Type specimen, Drege s.n., in Botanisches Museum, Berlin-Dahlem.

Suffruticose, branching from the base. Stems woody at base, rigid, striate, thinly

appressedly hairy. Leaves 1-3-8 cm. long, 2-4-jugate, petiolate ; leaflets linear-lanceolate,

pale green above, thinly appressedly pubescent beneath, 0-8-8 -5 cm. long, 1-8 mm. broad.

Stipules 2-8 mm. long, narrow subulate, acuminate. Peduncles 3-5-38 cm. long, leaf-

opposed and terminal, laxly flowered. Flowers small, 5-6 mm. long; pedicels 3-7 mm.

long. Calyx thinly appressedly hairy, two upper lobes very small, three other lobes about

equal (1-5-2 mm. long) and about equal to the length of the calyx-tube. Vexillum orbi-

cular, 5 mm. long and broad, thinly hairy without ; carina and alae 4-5-5 mm. long, 1-5-

2 mm. broad. Ovary 3 mm. long, pubescent. Style 2 mm. long, glabrous. Pod curved,

3-4 seeded, 1-5-3 cm. long, 3-4 mm. broad, sub-glabrous, pale yellowish-green.

South West Africa. — Otavi, Dinter 5486 (D. Coll.) ; Inachab, Dinter 1154 (Z., B.)

[type of T . Dinteri Schinz] ; Koes-Riedmond, Pfiel 138 (B.) ; between Ausis and Khuias,

Schenck 62 (Z.) ; Lichtenstein, Dinter 4247 (D. Coll.); Utschoa, Prager 61 (B.); granite

slopes at Welwitsch, March, Pearson 4417 (K.) ; Welwitsch, Galpin and Pearson 7620

(K., S.A.M., P.) ; and Galpin and Pearson 7628 (K.) ; on rocky mtns. at Natamas, Lindner

(Z.) ; Damarabezirk Namib Kan-Tal Sandige Keissteppe, Engler 6056 (B.) ; Haikamchab,

Galpin and Pearson 7613 (K., S.A.M., P.) ; near Hykamhab, Marloth 1210 (K., S.A.M.,

P., B.H.) ; Wustennuusale ca. 50 Km. ostl. Swakopmund, Dinter 6699 (D. Coll.) ; Rossing,

Boss A104 (T.M.) ; Langer Heiririch Granitberge, Boss A89 (T.M.) ; Okahandja-Otjisani,

Dinter 4567 (D. Coll.) ; Dinter s.n. (B.) ; Quickborn, Okahandja, Bradfield 398 (P.) ; Oka-

handja, Dinter 568 (B.) ; Windhoek, Gillman 123 (S.A.M.); Pearson 9775 (K., B.H.) ;

Fermer 28 (B.) ; Rehoboth, Fleck 683 (Z.) ; Naukluft Mtns., river bed between Nautzurus

Noab and Gous Koichas, Pearson 9078 (K.) ; between Gelwater and Gt. Fish River, Pearson

9222 (K., S.A.M., B.H.); Gt. Karas Mtn., E. of Holoog, Pearson 9757 (K., B.H.); Gt.

967

Karasberg Ravine on Kleiap River 5 miles S.E. of Wasserfall, Pearson 7891 (K., B.M.,

A.M., N., B.H., S.A.M.) ; nach Garub Zu Kriszes, 1400 m., Dinter 3705 (D. Coll.) ; Garub,

Range 261 (B. ) ; Kuibus-Klippdachs River, Engler 6735 (B.) ; Keetmanshoop, Fenchel

1921 (Z.) ; Fleck 682 (Z.) ; Kalkfontein, Schafer 45 (B.) ; In arenosis prope Aiais, Marloth

4773 (B., P., S.) ; Aiais, Prager 621 (B.) ; sand south of Warmbad, Pearson 5031 (K., B.H.) ;

Klein Karas, Ortendahl 224 (P.) ; Schafer bl (B.) ; common in valleys N. of Sabiesis,

Pearson 4113 (K.) ; near Grundoorn, Pearson 4576 (K., B.H.) ; dry shale banks, Gt. Fish

River, Pearson 9263 (K., B.H.).

Cape. — Little Namaqualand. — dry sandy bed of Oorlap River, Richtersveld, Herre

<S. ) ; 11867 (S.) ; sides of dry bed of Koodas River, Pillans 5530 (B.H.); dry water

courses between hills S.E. Sendling’s Drift, Pillans 5098 (B.H.) ; dry sandy bed of river at

Anisfontein, Pillans 5500 (B.H.) ; sandy soil S. of Viool’s Drift, Taylor 1178 (B.H.) ; sandy

flats near Viool’s Drift, Orange River, Thorne (S.A.M.) ; shale hills N. of Rooival near

Orange River, Pillans 6410 (B.H.) ; near Ramans Drift, Pearson 4521 (K.) ; near Gariep

ditiones, Beaufort, Drege (K., B.M., Pa., G., B.) ; Great Bushmenland ; common in dry

river beds near Pella, Pearson 3556 ( K. ) ; Herbert district: Honeynest Kloof Kop near

Station, Victor [Herb. No. 1474] (Kim., K., T.M.) ; on koppie among stones, Honeynest

Kloof Station, Victor 983 (Kim.) ; the berg above the Kloof, Campbell, Wilman 1473 (Kinx.);

The Koppen, Rooipoort, Wilman 2267 (A.M., Kim.); Barkly West district: on the hills,

Newlands, Wilman 3222 (Kim., B.H.); Hay district: Klipfontein, Wilman (B.H.) ;

Bushmans district: Bushmans Fountain, Wilman (B.H.) ; Prieska district: Prieska,

Bryant 361 (P.); Gathand around Prieska, Bryant 1086 (K.) ; Prince Albert district:

Prince Albert Road, Thoday and Delf 102 (S. ). No definite locality: Drege 413 (V.);

Hennegart 92 (Pa.).

18. T. pallens (Ait.) Pers. Syn. 2.329 (1807) ; DC. Prodr. 2.254 (1825) ; Spreng. Syst.

Yeg. 3.235 (1826) ; Ecklon and Zeyher Ennunx. PI. Afr. Aust. Extratrop. 247 (1835) ;

Steudel Nomen. Bot. 666 (1840) ; Harvey in Harv. and Sond. FI. Cap. 2.205 (1861-62);

O. Kuntze Rev. Gen. PI. 1.185 (1891) ; Wood FI. of Natal 42 (1907) ; Wood in

Trans. S.A. Phil. Soc. 18.2.147 (1908) ; Bews FI. Natal and Zululand 111 (1921).

Syn. Galega pallens Ait. Hort. Kew. 3.71 (1789) ; Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 13perGmelin2.11.1129

(1792) ; Willd. Sp. PI. 3.11.1245 (1803) ; Linn.' Syst. Nat. 6.1215 (1806) ; Galega

humilis Thunb. Prodr. 134 (1800) ; Tephrosia angulata E. Mey. Comm. 109 (1836).

Type specimen, Thunberg s.n., in Thunberg’s Herbarium, Uppsala, Sweden.

Suflxuticose. Stems erect or ascending, angularly bent, rib-striate, pubescent. Leaves

sho -tly petiolate, 4-8-jugate, 2-6 cm. long ; leaflets narrow, cuneate-oblong, mucro recurved,

stri date and thinly pubescent, dark green above, silky and pale green below, 0-8-2 -5 cm.

long, 0-2-0 -7 cm. broad. Stipules subulate, 3-6 mm. long. Peduncles terminal and leaf-

opposed, angular, furrowed, 6-19 cm. long. Flowers about 1 cm. long. Calyx subequallv

5-tvothed. Vexillum subrotund, sericeous or pubescent without. Style glabrous. Legume

3-5 cnx. long, 0-3 cm. broad, linear, flat, velvety pubescent.

Cape. — Graaff Reinet district: on Sneeuwberg, Wallich (B.M., G.) ; Somerset East

district : Somerset, Bowker (K.) ; Uitenhage district : near Olifantshoek, Ecklon and

Zeyher 5728 (B.) ; Zeyher s.n. (S.A.M.) ; near Olifantshoek and Bushman’s River, Ecklon

and Zeyher (K., B.M., 0., Pa., Z., V.,G., B., P., S.A.M.) ; Albany district: on plains of

Albany, Bowie 10 (B.M.) ; Albany, Alexander 104 (K.) ; Howisonspoort pone Grahamstown.

Zeyher 2708 (Pa., S.A.M.) ; Grahamstown, Robertson (P.) ; Longmore Forest Reserve,

Long 1036 (K.) ; in lapidosis ad ped. Bothasberg, MacOwan 478 (K., B., Pa., N.,A.M.) ;

Alexandria, Galpin 10813 (K., P., B.H.) ; Galpin 10638 (K., P., B.H.) ; Burtt Davy 12104

(P.) ; Kleinemond, White 967 (Z., A.M.) ; Bathurst district : Bathurst, Rogers (A.M.) ;

Port Alfred, Kowie, Tyson (P., T.M., S.). No definite locality, Drege 2708 and 407 (V.) ;

Thunberg (U.) ; Banks (V.) ; Drege in Herb. Meyer 6697 (B.).

968

19. T. delagoensis H.M. Forbes sp. nov., affinis T. Dregeanae E. Mey., sed foliolis brevioribus,

tructubus differt

Suffrutex erectus. Caules ramosi. Folia 3 8-jugata, 2-5-5 cm. longa ; foliola oblanceo-

lata, 0-8-1 -8 cm. longa, 2-5 mm. lata, retusa, mucronata, supra glabra, subtus appresse

pubescentia ; stipulae subulatae, 3-4 mm. longae, nervatae. Flores circiter 1 cm. longi ;

pedicelli 3-4 mm. longi ; dentes calycis tubo longiores. Fructus angustus, planus, 3-4-5 cm.

longus, 3 mm. latus, apice leviter falcatus, parce pubescens.

Type specimen, Schlechter 11521 in National Herbarium, Pretoria.

Suffruticose. Stems erect, branching, woody. Leaves 3-8-jugate, 2-5-5 mm. long,

shortly petioled ; leaflets oblanceolate, mucronate, retuse, glabrous above, appressedly

pubescent below, 0-8-1 -8 cm. long, 2-5 mm. broad. Stipules subulate, 3-4 mm. long,

nerved. Peduncles terminal and leaf-opposed, laxly flowered ; bracts short, linear ; pedi-

cels 3-4 mm. long. Calyx- tube about 3 mm. long, lobes 3-4-5 mm. long. Vexillum 1 cm.

long, 6 mm. broad, pubescent without. Ovary pubescent, 4 mm. long. Style 2-5 mm.

long, flattened, glabrous. Legume narrow, apex slightly falcate, 3-4-5 cm. long, 3 mm.

broad, thinly pubescent.

Portuguese East Africa. — In arenosis Lourenfo Marques, Schlechter 11521 (K.,

P., A.M., B.H.).

20. T. amoena E. Mey. Comm. PI. Afr. Aust. 109 (1836) ; Harvey in Harv. and Sond. FI-

Cap. 2.206 (1861-62); 0. Kuntze Rev. Gen. PI. 1.174 (1891); Wood FI. Natal 41

(1907) ; Wood in Trans. S.A. Phil. Soc. 18.2.147 (1908) ; Bews FI. Natal and Zulu-

land 110 (1921).

Type specimen, Drege, in Botanisches Museum, Berlin-Dahlem.

Fruticulose. Stems erect, branching, branches very slender, subfastigiate. Leaves

shortly petiolate, 7-9-jugate, subrecurved-patulate, 2-5-6 cm. long; leaflets 2-5 mm.

broad, up to 1-5 cm. long, cuneate-linear, obtuse, subtruncate or mucro-recurved, glabrous

above, appressedly hirsute below. Stipules subulate, 3-6 mm. long. Peduncles axillary

and terminal, slender, 4-13 cm. long, laxly racemose. Flowers about 7-5 mm. long, usually

in pairs. Pedicels longer than the bracts, 3-7 mm. long. Bracts subulate, 2-3 mm. long.

Calyx- tube 2 mm. long, 5-5 mm. in diam., lobes unequal, 1-2 mm. long, upper two slightly

connate. Vexillum silky without, about 7 mm. long and broad. Ovary silky, 4 mm. long.

Style glabrous, 3 mm. long. Legumes narrow, pubescent or glabrescent.

Cape. — Queenstown district: Queenstown, Page (B.H.) ; Pondoland district: grassy

fields above Ngogwane Falls, Lusikisiki, Galpin 9531 (K., P.) ; Omsamcaba, Drege (B.) ;

Pondoland, Drege (K., V.).

Natal. — Umkomaas district : Umkomaas, Wylie (N.) ; Zululand, Ntondweni, Wood

10938 (A.M.) ; no definite locality, Wylie (Pa.).

South Africa. — No definite locality, Drege 408 (D.,V.) ; Drege 5466 (B.).

21. T. Medleyi H.M. Forbes sp. nov., affinis T. amoenae E. Mey., sed foliolis latioribus

longioribusque, floribus majoribus differt.

Suffrutex caulibus erectis glabris vel parce pubescentibus. Folia 4-8- j ugata , 3-7 cm.

longa; foliola cuneato-oblonga, 1-2-5 cm. longa, retusa, mucronata, utrinque glabra vel

subtus parce pubescentia ; pedunculi terminales axillaresque, usque 9 cm. longi; bracteae

ovato-acuminatae, caducae, 5 mm. longae. Flores 1-5 cm. longi; dentes calycis tubo

excedentes ; stylus pilosus.

Type specimen, Wood 5984, in Natal Herbarium, Durban.

969

Suffruticose. Stems erect, branching, glabrous or very sparsely pubescent. Leaves

4-8-jugate, shortly petioled, 3-7 cm. long ; leaflets cuneate-oblong, retuse, mucronate,

glabrous on both sides or very sparsely pubescent below, 1-2-5 cm. long, 0-5-0 -8 cm.

broad ; petiolules about 1 -5 mm. long, more or less densely pubescent. Stipules subulate-

acuminate, 0-5-1 cm. long. Peduncles terminal and axillary, up to 9 cm. long, few-flowered

at apex. Bracts ovate-acuminate, 5 mm. long, soon caducous. Calyx teeth linear-lanceolate,

longer than the tube, lowest longest. Style bearded. Legumes not seen.

Natal. — Krantzkop district : near Greytown, Wood 5984 (N.).

This is, apparently, a slender shrubby plant. The stems, petioles, stipules and bracts

are a dark reddish colour and the veining on the lower surface of the leaflets is also a dark

brown. The flowers are pink.

This plant has been named in honour of the late Dr. Medley Wood, one of the great

pioneer botanists of Natal.

22. T. discolor E. Mey. Comm. PI. Afr. Aust. 1.1.110 (1836) ; Harvey in Harv. and Sond.

FI. Cap. 2.207 (1861-62) ; O. Kuntze Rev. Gen. PI. 1.175 (1891) ; Wood FI. of Natal

42 (1907) ; Wood in Trans. S.A. Phil. Soc. 18.2.147 (1908) ; Bews FI. Natal and

Zululand 111 (1921) ; Bak. f. leg. Trop. Afr. 1.189 (1926).

Type specimen, Drege s.n., in Botanisches Museum, Berlin-Dahlem.

Suffruticose. Stems erect, slender, virgate, angular, rib -striate, canescent. Leaves

1- 6-jugate, shortly petiolate, 1-3 cm. long ; leaflets linear, subobtuse, margins thickened,

mucro recurved, glabrous and green above, more or less densely canescent beneath, 1 • 2-

3-5 cm. long, 1-3-5 mm. broad. Stipules subulate, 3-6 mm. long, pedicels 3 mm. long.

Calyx silky, tube 5 mm. in diam., 2-5-3 mm. long; lobes narrow, acuminate, unequal,

2 - 5-4 -5 mm. long. Vex '.ilium 1 cm. long, 6 mm. broad. Ovary 5-5 mm. long, densely

silky. Style 3-5 mm. long, glabrous. Legumes 5-5 cm. long, 3-4 mm. broad, narrow-

linear, fulvous-pubescent, many-seeded ; seeds small, dark brown.

Natal. — Grassy places near Port Natal, Drege (K., Pa., 0., G., B., P.) ; Gueinzius

(K., B.M., P.) ; Natal, Gerrard 756 (K., P.) ; Durban Flat, Wood (N.) ; Wood 3127 (K.) ;

near Durban, Wood 5586 (G.) ; Wood 6373 (P.) ; Wood (N.) ; Wood 9565 (B., S.A.M.) ;

no definite locality, Drege 414 (Y.) ; Gerrard and McKen 419 (N.).

Portuguese East Africa. — Delagoa Bay, Junod 179 (G., Z.).

23. T. euchroa Veruoorn in Bothalia 3.239 (1937).

Type specimen, Obermeyer, Schweickerdt and Verdoorn 73, in National Herbarium,

Pretoria.

Small suffrutex more or less 30 cm. high, many-branched, erect or branches decumbent.

Branches cano-pubescent, glabrescent. Leaves imparipinnate, 2-6-jugate ; leaflets oblanceo-

late-oblong or oblong, 0-9-3 cm. long, 3-9 mm. broad, cano-pubescent on both sides, upper

at length glabrescent, apex minutely mucronate or retuse, petiolate, petiolules 3 mm. long,

densely cano-pubescent. Stipules lanceolate, acute, 3-5 mm. long, cano-pubescent,

3- neived. Racemes 3-5-11-5 cm. long, terminal, longer than the leaves, laxly flowered,

lower flowers sometimes in axils of upper leaves. Flowers 1-5-2 cm. long, reddish, 1-3

together, pedicels 3-5 mm. long ; bracts lanceolate, acute, cano-pubescent, 3-4 mm. long,

1-5 mm. broad. Calyx cano-pubescent, tube 6 mm. in diam., 2 mm. long, lobes triangular,

narrow, acute, unequal, 1 -5-3-5 mm. long. Vexillum appressedly pubescent without,

suborbicular, 1-5-2 cm. long and broad, with two small swollen appendages at apex of

claw. Ovary 5 mm. long, densely pubescent. Style glabrous. Legumes linear, appressedly

cano-pubescent, 3-3-5 cm. long, 3 mm. broad.

970

Transvaal. — Zoutpansberg district : rocky slope, N.W. slopes, Zoutpansberg, Ober-

meyer, SchweicJcerdt and Verdoorn 73 (P., T.M.) ; among rocks, lower slopes of Zoutpansberg,

Schweickerdt and Verdoorn 529 (B.M., P.) ; Messina, Young [14565 in Herb. Moss] (W.) ;

Young [14566 in Herb. Moss] (B.M., W.) ; Rogers 23664 (P., W.) ; Waterval Boven, Mason

(K.) ; no definite locality, Rogers 15651 (B.H.).

This is very distinct from all the known Transvaal species of Tephrosia. The silvery-

grey colour of the bush and the pinkish-red flowers suggested the specific name. It is

somewhat like T. noctiflora but has much larger flowers. The flowers of each raceme

develop at different intervals and one finds several large open flowers while the buds above

are still very immature. [Verdoorn in Bothalia 3.2.239 (1937).]

24. T. pallida H. M. Forbes sp. nov., aflinis T. euchroae Verdoorn, sed foliolis minoribus

glabris supra pallido-viridibus, pedunculis longioribus differt.

Suffrutex caulibus erectis canescentibus. Folia 5-9-jugata, 7-13-5 cm. longa ; foliola

oblanceolata, mucronulata, 0-8-1 -8 cm. longa, 0-4-0-5 cm. lata, subtus canescentia supra

pallida glabraque, marginibus involutis ; stipulae lineari-sublatae, 3-4 mm. longae ;

pedunculus 18-35 cm. longus, laxiflorae ; bractae lineares ; stylus glaber. Fructus 4-5 cm.

longus, 0-4-0 -5 cm. latus, apice leviter falcatus, parcissime pubescens.

South West Africa. — Stingbank, legit E. G. R. Erdaile , Com. Rogers 15386 in Herb. -

arium Kew, Type.

Suffrutex. Stems erect, branching, striate, densely canescent. Leaves 5-9-jugate,

long petioled, 7-13-5 cm. long, petiole 1-5-2 -5 cm. long before first pair of leaves, internodes

between leaflets 1-1-5 cm., leaflets oblanceolate, shortly mucronate, mucro recurved,

margins involute,, densely canescent below, pale and glabrous above, 0-8-1 -8 cm. long,

4-5 mm. broad ; petiolules 1-2 mm. long. Stipules linear-lanceolate, 3-4 mm. long.

Peduncles terminal, 18-35 cm. long, laxly flowered, flowers 2-3-nate. Calyx canescent,

lobes longer than tube. Style glabrous ; ovary densely canescent. Legume 4-5 cm. long,

4-5 mm. broad, linear, slightly falcate towards apex, thinly pubescent, 7-8-seeded.

Only one specimen of this plant was seen. It appears to be a fairly tall shrubby plant,

densely canescent in all parts.

25. T. Kraussiana Meisn. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 2.87 (1834) ; Cape Plants, Krauss

and Engler 54 (1846) ; Harvey in Harv. and Sond. FI. Cap. 2.206 (1861-62) ; 0. Kuntze

Rev. Gen. PI. 1.175 (1891) ; Wood and Evans Natal Plants 3. pi. 249 (1901) ;

Wood FI. of Natal 42 (1907) ; Wood in Trans. S.A. Phil. Soc. 2.147 (1908) ; Bews

FI. Natal and Zululand 111 (1921) ; Watt and Breyer-Brandwyk Med. and Pois.

PI. S.A. 74 (1932).

Type specimen, Krauss 40, in Herbarium, Kew.

Fruticose, branches straight, erect, sulcate or angular, especially at the extremity,

densely leafy. Leaves shortly petiolate, 2-5-3-S cm. long, 6-12-jugate ; leaflets 0-8-3-6 cm.

long, 2-6 mm. broad, linear, usually complicate, very shortly mucronate, mucro recurved,

glabrous or very thinly pubescent above, more densely pubescent below. Stipules linear-

setaceous, longer than the petiole, pubescent, 0-5-1 -3 cm. long. Peduncles terminal and

in axils of upper leaves, simple or branching, laxly racemose, 5-14 cm. long. Flowers

0-7-1 cm. long, 2-3 together in axils of setaceous bracts, pedicellate. Calyx- tube 6-7 mm.

in diam., 2-3 mm. long, lobes lanceolate, acuminate, unequal, 1-4 mm. long, whole calyx

pubescent. Vexillum pubescent without, 0-75-1 cm. long, 6-8-5 mm. broad. Ovary

4-5-6 mm. long, densely silky. Style glabrous. Legumes narrow, linear, thinly canescent,

3-3-5 cm. long, 4 mm. broad.

971

Cape Province. — East London district : sandy grassy places, East London, Thode

(S.) ; Rattray 297 (A.M.) ; hillside near Kentani River Mouth, Galpin 6549 (A.M., P.) ;

Komgha district : grassy hills near Kei Mouth, Flanagan 48 (P., B.H., A.M., S.A.M.):

Pondoland : no definite locality, Bachmann 614 (K., B.M., Z., B.).

Natal. — Port Shepstone district : Margate, Rump (N.) ; sandy grassy places, Beach

Terminus, Thode (B., S.) ; Ixopo district : farm Friedenau, Dumisa, Rudatis 821 (K.,

B.M., V., G., Z., B., P.) ; Rudatis 257 (K., B.M., Pa., B., P.) ; Durban district : Port Natal,

Krauss 49 (K., B.M., G., P.) ; Gueinzius 17 (Pa., Z., S.A.M.) ; Coastland, Sutherland (K.) ;

Clairmont, Wood (G.) ; Durban, Wood 9983 (N.) ; Wood (A.M.) ; Wood 6260 (B., Z., P.):

Sydenham near Durban, Wood 225 (K., B.M., B., N., S.A.M., A.M., B.H.) ; Palmiet near

Durban, Wood 8427 (Pa., N.) ; Wood 10924 (Z., N., W.) ; Pinetown district : New Germany,

Wood 12695 (N., T.M.) ; Bothas Hill, Wood 10262 (P., T.M.) ; Inanda district : Inanda,

Wood 807 (K., S.A.M.) ; and 807 A (K., B.M.) ; near Umzinyati Falls, Haygarth [Herb.

Wood 4717] (G., Z.) ; Chakas Kraal, Thode (S.) ; Nonoti, Wood 8733 (B., Z.) ; Wood 9207

(N.) ; Zululand, Entonjaneni, Gerstner 3687 (N.). No defin'te locality, Gerrard 642 (B.M.) ;

Gerrard 1079 (K., B.M.) ; Gerrard 724 (K.) ; Gerrard and McKen 352 (K., B.M., Pa., V.).

Swaziland. — Kubuta Estate, Hlatikulu, Pierce 14 (P.).

The Zulus know this plant as “ inSangwana ” or “ isiPhungo ” and they make a warm

infusion of the root as a remedy for a troublesome night cough.

26. T. sparsiflora H. M. Forbes sp. nov., aflinis T. purpureae (L.) Pers., sed foliolis minoribus,

caulibus gracilioribus, floribus paucis minoribus difEert.

Caules erecti vel ascendentes, pubescentes. Folia 3 -5-jugata, 2 -5-4 -5 cm. longa ;

foliola oblonga-cuneata, mucronata, 0-8-2 -5 cm. longa, 0-5-1 -3 cm. lata, utrinque appresse

pubescentia ; stipulae setaceae, 4 mm. longae ; pedunculi 8-16 cm. longi ; bracteae setaceae,

2 mm. longae. Flores pauci, 5 mm. longi ; dentes calycis tubo aequilongi ; stylus glaber.

Fructus linearis, 3-3-5 cm. longus, 0.4 cm. latus, parce breviterque appresse pubescens,

apice leviter falcatus.

Type specimen, Repton 1614, in National Herbarium, Pretoria.

Stems erect or ascending, pubescent. Leaves 3-5-jugate, 2 -5-4 -5 cm. long, very shortly

petioled ; leaflets oblong-cuneate, mucronate ; appressedly pubescent on both sides, 0-8-

2- 5 cm. long, 0-5-1-3 cm. broad. Stipules setaceous, 4 mm. long. Peduncles 8-16 cm.

long, terminal and leaf-opposed, very laxly flowered, flowers 1-2 together. Bracts setaceous,

2 mm. long. Flowers 5 mm. long, “ pinkish ”. Calyx teeth subequal to tube. Style

glabrous. Legumes linear, 3-3-5 cm. long, 0-4 cm. broad, slightly and shortly appressedly

pubescent, apex slightly falcate.

Transvaal. — Pretoria district : Wonderboom Reserve, S. side of Magaliesberg, Repton

1614 (P., N.) ; Marico district : Zeerust, Thode A. 1392 (P., N.).

Bechuanaland. — Yryburg, Mogg 4902 (P.).

27. T. polystachyoides Bak. f. Leg. Trop. Afr. 1.193 (1926) ; Burtt Davy FI. Tvaal. 1.2.378

(1932).

Type specimen, Teague 14, in Herbarium, Kew.

Suffruticose. Stems erect, branching, often rufo-tomentose above. Leaves 5-17-

jugate ; leaflets 1-5-3 cm. long, 0-5-1-2 cm. broad, oblong or elliptic, apex shortly mucronu-

late, mucro recurved, glabrous or thinly appressedly pubescent above, more or less densely

pubescent below, pubescence white or tawny. Stipules 4—6 mm. long, linear. Peduncles

6-30 cm. long, laxly racemose. Flowers 0-8-1 -5 cm. long, 3-4 together, lowest flowers

sometimes in axils of upper leaves ; pedicels 3-5 mm. long ; bracts linear. Calyx densely

long pilose, lobes linear-lanceolate, much longer than the tube. Style glabrous. Legumes

3- 3-8 cm. long, 3-4 mm. broad, falcate, densely tawny pubescent.

972

Transvaal. — Pretoria district : Derdepoort, Rehmann 4778 (K., B.M.) ; Rietfontein,

Venter (Pa., P.) ; Pretoria, Fouche (P.) ; Silkaats Nek, van Dam (T.M.) ; Saltpan, Leeman

(T.M.) ; Wonderboompoort, Schlechter, 4164 (K., B.M., Pa., G., B.H., V., A.M.) ; Leendertz

703 (B.H., T.M.) ; Thode A 408 (K„ P„ N.) ; Smith 1656 (P.) ; 1932, Smith 6202 (K., P.,

N.) ; 1932, Smith 6203 (P., Y.) ; Barberton district : Pyramid Estate near Potgietersrust,

Galpin 8958 (P.) ; Griffin Mine, Breyer (T.M.) ; Kaapsche Hoop, Rogers 20834 (K., Pa.,

P., T.M.) ; Nelspruit, Breyer (T.M.) ; Liebenberg 2466 (P.) ; Rustenburg district : stony

koppie S.W. of town, Rustenburg, Nation 156 (K., B.H.) ; Nation 164 (B.H.) ; Fouche 23

(P.) ; Pietersburg district : Houtbosch, Rehmann 6238 (K., B.M., Z.) ; Schlechter 4400

(B., B.H., A.M., T.M.) ; Pietersburg, Rogers 14644 (K.) ; in graminosis prope pagum

Pietersburg, Bolus 10912 (K., P., B.H., A.M.) ; Gravelotte, van Dam in Tvl. Mus. 25040

and 25041 (T.M.) ; Rooikop, Pole Evans 1261 (K., P.).

Rhodesia. — Umtali Div., — Marico district: Odanzi River Valley, Teague 14 (K.,B.H.,

P.) ; Salisbury, Eyles 2050 (Pa., P., S.A.M.) ; Ses-Heke, Barotseland, Borle (P.) ; Mazabuka,

Rogers 26147 (T.M.).

28. T. Ehrenbergiana Schweinf. Beitr. FI. Aethiop. 18 (1827) ; Bak. f. Leg. Trop A0

1.209 (1926) ; Klotzsch in Peters Reise Mossamb. Bot. 576 Corrigenda (1863).

Syn. Tephrosia villosa sec. Bak. f. Leg. Trop. Afr. 1.208 (1926) non (L.) Pers. ; Baker in

Oliver FI. Trop. Afr. 2.122 (1871) pro parte; Die Veg. der Erde 9.3.589 (1915);

Cracca villosa sec. Hiern in Cat. Afr. PI. Welw. 1.223 (1896), non Linn.: Cracca

villosa L. var. incana sec. Hiern in Cat. Afr. PI. Welw. 1.223 (1896), non 0. Ktze ;

Tephrosia Apollinea sec. Klotzsch in Peters Reise Mossamb. Bot. 47 (1861) .non

(Del.) DC. ; sec. Eyles in Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Afr. 5.4.375 (1916) non (Del.) DC.

pro parte. Tephrosia rhodesica Bak. f. Leg. Trop. Afr. 1.208 (1926) ; Burtt Davy FI.

Tvaal. 1.2.378 (1932) : Tephrosia incana sec. Bak. in Oliv. FI. Trop. Afr. 2.123 (1871)

excl. syn. pro parte, non Graham ; Die Veg. der Erde 9.3.589 (1915).

Stems erect, branching, yellow-villous. Leaves 9-10 cm. long, 5-9 -jugate ; leaflets

2-3-7 cm. long, 0-6-1 -2 cm. broad, narrow oblong, apex obtuse or emarginate, mucronate,

upper surface thinly, lower surface densely pubescent. Stipules linear, 0-5-1 cm. long.

Peduncles terminal and lateral. 11-18 cm. long, laxly-flowered, lower flowers 3-4 together.

Flowers shortly pedicellate, about 1-1-2 cm. long. Calyx densely silky, tube 7-8 mm.

broad, 2-5-3 mm. long, lobes more or less sub-equal, linear-subulate, 4-6 mm. long. Vexillum

ovate or suborbicular, 1-1-2 cm. broad, 1-1-1 cm. long, densely silky on the back. Ovary

densely silky, 6-6-5 mm. long. Style glabrous 4-5 mm. long. Pod pubescent, falcate,

4 cm. long, 0-5 cm. broad.

South West Africa. — Grocffcfontein, Schoenfelder 948 (D. Coll) ; Gaub Gneissburg,

Dinter (B.) ; Okahandja, Dinter 4608 (D. Coll.) ; auf sandalluv in Okahandja River, Dinter

II 13. (B.) ; Karibib Landsternhuzel, Dinter 6915 (D. Coll) ; Karibib am Damm von Rose-

man’s farm Okongawa, Dinter 6808 (D. Coll.) ; Amerb. Gramtbanke, Dinter 6852 (D. Coll.) ;

Uaobos in zu Kuimfulsu, Dinter 1413 (B.) ; Omburo Platze am Rivier, Dinter 1409 (B.) ;

Kaross, Thorne (S.A.M. ).

Transvaal. — S.A. Gold Fields, Baines (K.) ; Waterberg district : Messina. Rogers

19212 (K., P.) ; Rogers 20813 (T.M.) ; Rogers 20984 (Wits., Z.) ; Rooikop, Pole-Evans

1261 (Pa.) ; Palala River, Breyer (T.M.).

Rhodesia. — Mazabuka, Rogers 26147 (T.M.) ; Deka River, Wankie, Eyles 7962 (K.) ;

Victoria Falls, Rogers 5558 (K., B.H.) ; Bulawayo, Eyles 1062 (K., A.M.) [ Type of T . rhodesica

Bak. f.j ; Borle 162 (K., Z., P.) ; Odanzi River Valley, Umtali, Teague 435 (K.. B.H., S.) ;

Que Que, Mcleod 52 (K., Pa.).

This species also occurs in Angola, Portuguese East Africa and Tanganyika.

973

Tephrosia villosa (L.) Pers. and T . incana Graham are Indian species which, in their

typical form, do not occur in Africa. African material placed under the above species

by various authors, l.c., are referable to the Tropical African T. Ehrenbergiana Schweinf..

T. rhodesica Bak. f. exhibits no striking differences from T. Ehrenbergiana Schweinf. except

in the colour of the indumentum. This, however, appears to be variable, for Schweinfurth,

l.c. 19, states the pubescence of the specimens he examined to be silvery white and in

parts, as a result of drying, somewhat brownish.

T. villosa (L.) Pers. is based on Galega villosa L., which in turn is based on a figure in

Burin. Thes. Zeyl. 73 t. 33 (1737). Unfortunately, there is no specimen of Galega villosa L.

in the Linnean Herbarium. Burmann’s figure represents a species which is more slender

and smaller in most parts than the African material usually incorrectly identified with this

species. Modern gatherings of the true Indian plant in the Herbarium, Kew, confirm

thif statement.

T. incana Graham has already been stated by Baker, l.c., not to occur in Africa.

T. Apollinea (Del.) DC. is an Egyptian plant which apparently does not occur in

Southern Africa. It is likewise a more slender species with smaller and far less densely

pubescent vegetative and reproductive parts than typical T. Ehrenbergiana. The plants

referred to T. Appollinea by Klotzsch l.c. and Eyles l.c., should be placed under T.

Ehrenbergiana.

29. T. oxygona Welw. in Oliv. FI. Trop. Afr. 2.114 (1871) ; Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 9.29 (1888) ;

Die Yeg. der Erde 9.3.588 (1915) ; Bak. f. Leg. Trop. Afr. 1 (1926).

Type specimen, Welwitsch 2104, in Herbarium, Kew.

An erect shrub, 3-4 ft. high, branching freely ; stems argenteo-canescent. Leaves

8-5-15-5 cm. long, 5-10-jugate (13-19-jugate in FI. Trop. Afr.) ; leaflets 1-3-5 cm. long,

0-5-2 cm. broad, obovate-oblong, coriaceous, mucronate, canescent on both surfaces,

densely when young, more thinlyjand sparsely when older, veining on lower surface tawny,

distinct and slightly raised. Stipules linear, rigid, 2-7 mm. long. Peduncles axillary and

terminal, laxly flowered, 12-27-5 cm. long. Flowers approximately 1-5 cm. long. Pedicels

2-5 mm. long, longer than the linear bracts. Calyx- tube 3 mm. long, 7 mm. in diam., lobes

unequal, two upper deltoid-cuspidate, about 1-5 mm. long, lower lanceolate, about equalling

the tube in length. Vexillum silky without, 1 -5 cm. long and broad. Ovary silky, 7 mm.

long. Style glabrous, 4 mm. long, flattened, penicillate at apex. Pods curved, 4-5-6 cm.

long, glabrescent.

Angola. — Welwitsch 2104 (K., Pa., B.) ; river bed in open at Kin on the Mossamedes

Railway, Pearson 2393 (K., B.H., B.) ; Mossamedes, Welwitsch 21110 (K.).

South West Africa. — Damaraland : in arenosis Otyimbinque, Marloth 1382 (B.,

S.A.M., P., B.H.) ; between Kaientes and Kaross, Thorne (S.A.M.) ; Kaurasib River west

of Otavi, Barnard (S.A.M.) ; Wilhelmeshal, Okahambia, Pinter 563 (B.) ; Toles River,

Pinter 2085 (B.) ; Namaqualand : Namib bei Klawami, Belek 54 B (B.) ; no definite locality,

Pinter 1410 (B.).

30. T. zoutpansbergensis Bremekamp in Ann. Tvaal. Mus. 15.2.242 (1933) ; Bothalia

3.2.239 (1937).

Type specimen, Bremekamp and Schweickerdt 279, in Herbarium, Transvaal Museum,

Pretoria.

Suffruticose, stems erect, densely sericeo-pubescent. Leaves 2-4-jugate, petiolate,

petioles 1-5-2 cm. long; terminal leaflet shortly petiolate, petiole 3 mm. long; leaflets

broadly lanceolate or oblanceolate, 1 -5-4-5 cm. long, 0-5-1 -5 cm. broad, base acute, apex

obtuse, mucro minute, recurved, sericeous when young, sparsely pubescent when older ;

974

common petiole 2-4-5 cm. long, stout. Stipules filiform, pubescent, 2-4 mm. long. Racemes

terminal, densely many-flowered, flowers binate, lower in axils of reduced leaves (1-2-jugate

or simple), others in axils of deciduous filiform bracts, both rhachis and calyces densely

sericeous-villous. Flowers 1 -5 cm. long, shortly pedicellate, pedicels with minute bracteoles.

Calyx- tube campanulate, 1 cm. in diam., 3 mm. long, lobes subulate to subulate-ovate,

unequal, 1-7-8 mm. long. Vexillum unguiculate, reniform, pubescent without, 1-

1-4 cm. broad. Ovary sericeq-villous, 8 mm. long. Style dorsiventrally flattened, incon-

spicuously glandulose, 4-4-5 mm. long, stigma penicillate. Legume ovoid or oblong,

1-2-1 -5 cm. long, 6-7 mm. broad, obliquely apiculate, densely pubescent.

Transvaal. — Zoutpansberg district : Zoutpan, Zoutpansberg, Bremekamp and

Schweickerdt 279 (P., T.M.) ; lower slopes of Zoutpansberg, Obermeyer, Schweickerdt and

Verdoorn 174 (K., P., T.M.) ; Waterpoort, Rogers (T.M.).

31. T. griseola H. M. Forbes sp. nov., affinis T. zoutpansbergensi Bremekamp, sed foliis

1-2-jugatis, foliolis supra pallido-viridibus, pedunculis laxe-floris differ t.

Suffrutex circiter 13-23 cm. altus, canescens. Folia 1-2-jugata, nonnumquam uni-

foliata ; foliola oblanceolata, mucronata, 2-4 cm. longa, 0-6-1 cm. lata, supra glabrescentia,

subtus canescentia ; stipulae lineares, 2-5 mm. longae. Pedunculi laxiflorae, 6-5-10-5 cm.

longi ; bracteae 3 mm. longae; pedicelli 4-5 mm. longi. Flores 1-5 cm. longi ; dentes

calycis tubo excendentes, subulato-acuminati ; ovarium 1 cm. longum, pilosum ; stylus

5 mm. longus, complanatus, penicillatus.

South West Africa. — Cayimaeis, Thorne (S.A.M. 31721) Type in South African

Museum Herbarium.

Suffruticose, about 13-23 cm. high, whole plant more or less canescent. Leaves 1-2-

jugate or sometimes simple, rhachis of pinnate leaves 1 -5-2-5 cm. long, 0-9-1 -5 cm. long

before first pair of leaflets, petiole of simple leaves 5-6 mm. long ; leaflets glabrous and

pale green above, thinly canescent below, oblanceolate, mucronate, 2-4 cm. long, 0-6-1 cm.

broad. Stipules linear, 2-5 mm. long. Peduncles 6-5-10-5 cm. long, laxly flowered, 1-2

flowers together at intervals of 2-5-3 cm., 1-2 flowers together in axils of upper leaves ;

bracts 3 mm. long; pedicels 4-5 mm. long. Floivers 1-5 cm. long. Calyx pubescent,

tube 3 mm. long, lobes subulate, acuminate, 4 mm. long. Vexillum orbicular, 1-5 cm.

long and broad. Ovary 1 cm. long, pilose. Style 5 mm. long, complanate, penicillate at

apex. Legumes, immature, densely pubescent.

32. T. purpurea (L.)Pers. Syn. PI. 2.329 (1807) ; DC. Prod. 2.251 (1825) ; G. Don. Syst.

Nat. 2.230 (1832) ; Bak. in Oliv. FI. Trop. Afr. 2.124 (1871) ; Bak. in Hook. f. FI.

Brit. Ind. 2.112 (1876); Ficalho and Hiern. in Linn. Soc. Ser. 2.2.19 (1881) ; Mildb-

raed in von Micklenberg Deuts. in Afr. Exped. 1907-8 2.254 (1911) ; Fries in

von Kosen Schwed. Rhod. Congo Exped. 1911-12 1.84 (1914) ; De Willd. in

Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 57.2.124 (1925) ; Bothalia 3.2.239 (1937).

Syn. Galega purpurea Linn. Syst. Nat. 2 Editio Decimo Reformato 1172 (1759) ; Linn.

Syst. Nat. 2 Ed. XII 497 (1767) ; Cracca purpurea Linn. Sp. PI. Edit. 1.752 (1753).

Cracca purpurea (L.) 0. Ktz. in Hiern Cat. Afr. PL Welw. 1.218-225 (1896).

Type specimen, sheet No. 7, in Linnean Herbarium, Burlington House, London.

A copiously branched perennial 1-2 ft. high. Stems slender, firm, subglabrous. Leaves

7-9-jugate or 13-17-jugate, 5-9 cm. long; leaflets 1-8-2-5 cm. long, 0-5-2 cm. broad,

oblanceolate, apex blunt, mucronate, sub-coriaceous, both sides grey-green, upper glabrous,

lower pubescent or nearly glabrous. Stipules linear to linear-subulate, 4-8 mm. long.

Peduncles terminal and leaf-opposed, 7-5-15 cm. long, laxly 6-20 flowered. Flowers up to

8 mm. long, pedicellate, red-purple. Bracts linear 2-4 mm. long. Calyx silky, teeth lanceo

975

late-acuminate, exceeding the tube in length. Style glabrous, penicillate at apex. Legumes

linear, slightly recurved, glabrous or softly pubescent, 1-8-2-5 cm. long, 0-4-0-5 cm. broad,

6-10 seeded.

South West Africa. — Namakunde, Rautanen 511 (Pa., V., Z.,B.) ; Olukonda, Schinz

563 (B.) ; Otavi, Dinter 5771 (D. Coll.) ; Tsumeb, Dinter 7466 (D. Coll.).

Transvaal. — Zoutpansberg district : Zoutpansberg, Schweiclcerdt and V erdoorn 543

(P., T.M.) ; Messina, Rogers 20988 (Z.).

T. purpurea is a very widely distributed species occurring in all parts of the tropics.

In Africa it extends throughout tropical and central Africa, South West Africa, Rhodesia

and the northern Transvaal. From the material seen it appears to be a very variable

plant. The specimen, “ Sheet No. 7 ” in the Linnean Herbarium, which is said to be the

type, does not agree with the early descriptions, as it appears to be a much smaller plant.

The following is an extract from Wight and Arnott Prod. FI. Pen. Ind. Or. 1.213

(1834) : —

“ The supposed type of this species has the whole plant, especially the stems and

legumes, almost glabrous, but we have observed so many transitions between that

state and those in which the stems might almost be called villous, and the legumes

decidedly pubescent, and forms as variable as the soil in which this species is found,

that we have been induced to neglect the pubescence as a character insufficient to

mark a variety.”

References are also made to the more or less pubescent forms and to the densely pubes-

cent or slightly villous forms which had been cited under different species.

In India the plant is used medicinally by Indian doctors.

33. T. Evansii Hutch, and Burtt Davy in FI. Tvaal. 1.2. p.p. XXXI, 378 (1932).

Type specimen Pole -Evans H. 16853, in Herbarium, Kew.

An erect slender branching plant. Stems softly pubescent with greyish hairs. Leaves

6-9 -jugate, 4-5-10 cm. long; leaflets oblanceolate, thinly pubescent above, more densely

pubescent below, mucronate, 1-3 cm. long, 4-9 mm. broad. Stipules linear-lanceolate,

5- 6 mm. long. Peduncles terminal, 17-25 cm. long, more or less laxlv racemosely flowered.

Flowers 2-4 together, often in the axils of the upper leaves. Calyx-tube 3 mm. long,

6- 9 mm. in diam., lobes triangular-subulate, 3-5 mm. long. Vexillum 1 • 1 cm. long, 0-9-1 cm.

broad, pubescent without. Style 3-4 mm. long, glabrous, penicillate at apex. Legumes

3-4 cm. long, 3-4 mm. broad, slightly falcate, densely and softly tomentose.

Transvaal. — Barberton district : Komatipoort, Pole-Evans H 16853 (K.) ; Schlechter

11763 (K., B.M., P., G., Z., V., B., B.H., A.M.) ; Dyke [Marloth Herb. 5502] (P.); Godwan

River, Rogers 22651 (P.) ; White River, Rogers 20097 (P.) ; Nelspruit, Thorncroft 2108 (P.).

34. T. transvaalensis Hutch, and Burtt Davy in FI. Tvaal. 1.2 p. XXXII and 378 (1932) ;

Ann. Tvl. Mus. 17.4.204 (1937).

Type specimen, Schlechter in Herbarium, Kew.

Suffruticose. Stems erect, densely pilose-pubescent. Leaves 3-8-jugate, 4-6-5 cm.

long ; leaflets 2-4-5 cm. long, 3-6 mm. broad, narrow-oblong or oblanceolate, mucro short,

recurved, glabrous above, softly appressedly cinereo-pilose below. Stipules narrow, 5-7 mm.

long, 3-nerved. Peduncles 8-14 cm. long, terminal and leaf-opposed, laxly racemose,

flowers usually in pairs. Flowers 7-8 mm. long; bracts 2-5 mm. long, narrow. Calyx-

tube 2 mm. long, 5 mm. in diam., lobes 2-5 mm. long, narrow triangular-subulate, pilose

976

without. Style 3-4 mm. long, glabrous, flattened, penicillate at apex. Ovary 4 mm. long,

pubescent. Legumes 4 cm. long, 4 mm. broad, flat, apex slightly falcate, thinly and shortly

pubescent.

Bechuanaland Protectorate. — Mochudi, Harbor [Rogers 6881] (Z.).

Transvaal. — Lydenburg district : Komatipoort, Schlechter 11783 (B.H., Pa., A.M.).

35. T. inandensis H. M. Forbes sp. nov., affinis T. grandijlorae (Ait.) Pers., sed stipulis

subulatis differt.

Suffrutex caulibus erectis. Caules, pedunculi, petiolique dense pubescentes demum

glabrescentes. Folia 6-7-jugata, 6-11 cm. longa ; foliola cuneato-oblonga, retusa, mucronu-

lata, 2-5-4 cm. longa, 1-1-5 cm. lata, supra glabra, subtus pubescentia ; stipulae subulato-

acuminatae, usque ad 1 cm. longae ; pedunculi usque ad 7 cm. longi, terminales vel axillares ;

bracteae ovato-acuminatae, mox caducae ; pedicelli usque ad 1 cm. longi, pubescentes.

Flores 2 cm. longi ; calyx pubescens, dentes calycis lanceolato-acuminati tubo aequilongi

sed uno longiore ; stylus pilosus.

Natal. — Inanda district : Wood 289, Inanda, Type in Natal Herbarium, Durban.

Suffruticose. Stems erect, with stems, peduncles and petioles densely pubescent, but

becoming glabrous at length. Leaves petioled, 6-7-jugate, 6-11 cm. long ; leaflets cuneate-

oblong, retuse, mucronulate, glabrous above, pubescent below, 2-5-4 cm. long, 1-1-5 cm.

broad. Stipules subulate, acuminate, up to 1 cm. long. Peduncles terminal and axillary,

up to 7 cm.'lopg. Bracts ovate-acuminate, soon caducous. Flowers 2 cm. long, “ rosy”,

pedicels up to 1 cm. long, pubescent. Calyx pubescent, four lobes equalling the tube in

length, lowest much longer. Ovary shortly and densely pubescent along margins. Style

bearded. Legumes not seen.

Only one specimen of this plant is in the Natal Herbarium. It appears to be an erect

shrubby plant.

36. T. otaviensis Dinter in Fedde Rep. 30. 204 (1932).

Type specimen, Dinter 5747, in Dinter’s Private Herbarium.

A perennial, many-stemmed, woody, erect shrub up to 70 cm. high. Stems terete,

thinly appressedly pubescent, branches long. Leaves 3-6 cm. long, petioles about 7 mm.

long, 3-6-jugate ; leaflets 2-5-7 cm. long, 0-5-1 -2 cm. broad, oblong, shortly mucronate,

midrib prominent, glabrous above and closely appressedly grey-hairy below ; petiolules a-

bout 1-5 mm. long, very hairy, rotund, with a round glabrous gland on the under-surface.

Stipules subulate, 2-nerved. Peduncles about 15 cm. long, angular, grooved ; inflorescence

rigid, laxly flowered, about 10 cm. long. Flowers single or two together, pale mauve;

j>edicels 2-5 mm. long, shortly and densely hirsute; bracts stiffly erect, awl-shaped.

Calyx broadly campanulte, tube 9 mm. in diam., 3-5 mm. long, two upper lobes 2 mm

long, three lobes 3 mm. long, all lobes 1-1-5 mm. broad, whole calyx thickly hairy with

short brownish hairs. Vexillum hairy without, 1-8 cm. long, 1-4 cm. broad. Ovary 1-3

cm. long, densely silky. Style 4 mm. long, bearded. Legume linear, 13-15 seeded, 5-5-8

cm. long, 5-5-5 mm. broad, densely white hirsute.

South West Africa. — Otavi, Dinter 5747 (D. Coll., B., G., Pa., B.H., N., Kim.)

Bei Bobos in lichten sandigen Buschvelde, Dinter 7570 (K., D. Coll., B.).

37. T. lactea Schinz in Vierteljahrsschr Nat. Ges. Zurich 52.425 (1907).

Type specimen, Rautanen 530, in Botanisches Museum, Zurich.

Suffruticose, branches cinereo-holosericeous. Leaves 7-14-jugate, 6-14 cm. long ;

leaflets 1 -2-2-5 cm. long, 0-4-0-8 cm. broad, oblong-obovate, apex rotund or emarginate,

977

mucronate, base cuneate acute, glabrous above, lacto- or cinereo-holosericeous below.

Stipules 2-5 mm. long. Peduncles terminal, 8-30 cm. long, many-flowered. Flowers

jjedicellate, about 1-45 cm. long. Calyx holosericeous, tube about 3 mm. long, lobes tri-

angular, lanceolate, 3-5 mm. long. Vexillum 1-4 cm. long, silky without. Style bearded.

Legumes 4-5-5 cm. long, 4-5 mm. broad, sericeous.

South West Africa. — Hereroland: Epaho, in sandigen Boden, Halbkraut, Rautanen

530 (Z.) ; Luderitz 1 (Z.) ; Namaqualand : Sendlingsgrab, Rehlboth, Fleck 631 a (Z.) ;

Namieb bei Khoianii, Belek 54 b (Z.).

38. T. tzaneenensis H. M. Forbes sp. now, aflinis T. elongatae E. Mey., sed foliis sessilibus

vel breviter petiolatis diflert.

Suffrutex caulibus erectis vel ascendentibus glabris vel parce pubescentibus ; foliola

1-4-juga, linearia vel oblongo-linearia, 2-9 cm. longa, 0-5-2 cm. lata, subtus glabra vel

parce pubescentia ; stipulae lineari-subulatae. Pedunculus 7-5-32 cm. longus ; racemi

laxiflorae. Flores 1-3 cm. longi ; dentes calycis tubo longiores. Fructus 5 -5-7 -5 cm.

longus, 0-3 cm. latus, parce pubescens.

Type specimen, Pole-Evans 4024, in National Herbarium, Pretoria.

Suffruticose, stems erect or ascending, glabrous or appressedly pubescent. Leaves

1-4-jugate, sessile or subsessile, common petiole 1-6 cm. long; leaflets linear to oblong-

linear, 2-9 cm. long, 0-5-2 cm. broad, glabrous on both sides or sparsely appressedly pubes-

cent below. Stipules linear-subulate, 2-6 mm. long. Peduncles terminal or leaf-opposed,

laxly racemosely flow-ered, 7-5-32 cm. long; flowers 2-4-nate, 1-3 cm. long; pedicels

1 cm. long, pubescent. Calyx pubescent, tube 2-5 mm. long, lobes 3-5 mm. long, upper

lobes connate for almost entire length ; vexillum about 1-3 cm. long, 1 cm. broad. Ovary

4 mm. long, pubescent. Style 2-5 mm. long, flattened, glabrous. Legumes 5-5-7-5 cm.

long, 0-3 cm. broad, many seeded, sparsely appressedly pubescent.

Transvaal. — Petersburg district : Tzaneen, Pole-Evans 4024, (P., B.H.) ; Mogg

(K.) ; Rogers 12400 (K., P., N., W., Z.) ; Phillips 3292 (P.) ; Haenertsberg, Moss and

Rogers (K.) ; The Downs, Pietersburg, Rogers 21953 (B.M., Z., W., T.M.) ; Thabina, Pole-

Evans H 15803 (K.) ; Duivel’s Kloof, Mogg H 10719 (P.) ; Weltevreden, Grant (P.) ;

Pusela, McCollum (P.) ; Shiluwane, Junod 632, 761, 2310 (6.) ; Northern Transvaal,

Le Doux 43 (A.M.).

This species is similar in appearance to T. elongata but is readily distinguished by the

sessile or very shortly petioled leaves.

39. T. elongata E. Mey. Comm. PI. Afr. Austr. Ill (1835) ; Sond. in Linn. 23.30 (1850) ;

Harv. in Harv. and Sond. FI. Cap. 2.208 (1861-62) ; Wood FI. Natal 42 (1907) ;

Wood in Trans. S. A. Phil. Soc. 18.2.147 (1903) ; Ann. Tvl. Mus. 3.3.147 (1912) ;

Bews FI. Natal and Zululand 111 (1921) ; Burtt Davy FI. Tvaal. 1.2.378 (1932).

Svn. T . aurantiaca R. G. N. Young in Ann. Tvl. Mus. 14.4.398 (1932).

Type specimen, Drege s.n., in Botanisches Museum, Berlin-Dahlem.

Suffruticose. Stems ascending from the base, erect, subangular, flexuous, glabrous or

pubescent, up to 60 cm. long. Leaves 1-2-jugate, lower occasionally simple, common petiole

1 - 1—5 ■ 5 cm. long; leaflets linear-lanceolate, glabrous or pubescent, mucronate, 4-7-9 cm.

long, 0-6-1 -2 cm. broad. Stipules subulate-acuminate, 4r-8 mm. long. Peduncles 6-20 cm

long, laxly racemosely flowered. Flowers up to 1-3 cm. long; pedicels 2-4 mm. long.

Calyx- lobes about equalling the tube in length. Ovary 6-5 mm. long, pubescent. Style

glabrous. Legumes 5-6 cm. long, 0-3-0 -4 mm. broad, pubescent or glabrescent.

3340-9

978

Natal : — in clivis circa Clydesdale, Tyson 2052 (K., H.B.) ; in graminosis clivis

Clydesdale ad flumen Umzimkulu, and Umkomaas, Drege (B.) ; Durban district :

on Durban Flat, Wood (N.) ; near Durban, Wood 5586 (G., V., P.) ; Wood 149 (B.M., G., B.);

Umbilo, Wood (N.) ; Inanda district : Inanda, Wood 1230 (K.) ; Pinetown district : Pine-

town, Rogers 2811 (Z.) ; Umgeni district : near Howick, Wood 5226 (G., Z., B.) ; Vryheid

district : Lancaster Hill, Burtt Davy 11422 (P.) ; Galpin 9767 (K., P.) ; Vryheid, Burtt

Davy 11472 (P.) ; Utrecht district : amongst rocks on granite outcrops, Paulpietersburg,

Galpin 10884 (K., P.). No definite locality, Gerrard and McK.cn (Pa., V., N.).

Transvaal. — Heidelberg district : Leendertz [T.M. 7733] (T.M.) ; Lichtenburg district :

Grasfontein, Sutton 399 (P.) ; Potchefstroom district : Potchefstroom, Jenkins (T.M.) ;

Welverdiend, Moss 20491 (W.) ; Krugersdorp district : Klip River, Krugersdorp, Fry 3

(P.) ; Johannesburg district : Kopje, ParkView, Johannesburg, Moss 8887 (W.) ; Leendertz

6056 (T.M.) ; Jeppes Ridge, Gilfillan 26 and 52 A (P.) ; Milner Park, Moss 10583 (B.M., W.) ;

Moss 14012 (W.) [Type of T. aurantiaca R. G. N. Young] ; dry veld, Johannesburg district,

Ommanney 81 (B.M.) ; Mulders Drift, Moss 13634 (B.M.) ; Witwatersrand, Hutton (A.M.) ;

Modderfontein, Haagner (A.M.) ; Elsberg, Rogers 12138 (W.) ; on veld near Boksburg,

Murray (P.) ; Benoni, Bradfield 289 (P.) ; Carolina district : stony slope on farm Bergendal,

Carolina, Galpin 12499 (K., P., G., B.) Waterval Boven, Mason 40 (W.) and Rogers 14424

(Z.) ; Barberton district : in monte Sheba pr. Barberton, Bolus 7726 (B.H.) ; Pretoria

district : S. slopes Meintjies Kop, Pretoria, Mogg 16522 (P.) ; Bryntirion, Smith 3347 (K.,

P.); dry lands, Groenkloof, Phillips 3059 (P.) ; Vaal rivier und Magaliesberg, Zeyher

335 and 457 (K., B.M., Pa., A.M., S.A.M.) ; Magaliesberg, Burke (K., Z., Pa.) ; Premier

Mine, Rogers 15653 (B.H.) ; Marico district : on hillside, Marico, Oberholzer S. 34 (B.) ;

Rustenburg district : Rustenburg, Leendertz 3471 (T.M.) ; Lydenburg district : Burtplaatz

bei Lydenburg, Wilms (G.) ; Farm Zwagershoek, Obermeyer 197 (T.M.) ; Spekboom River,

4 miles N. of Lydenburg, Young A 459 (T.M.) ; bei der Stadt, Lydenburg, Wilms 401

(B.M., Pa., G., V., Z., B.) ; Petersburg district : Kratzenstein, Woodbush, Pietersburg,

Hoffman 62 (T.M.) ; in montibus saxosis Houtbosch, Bolus 11070 (H.B.) ; Houtbosch,

Rehmann 6233 (K.) ; Shiluwane, Junod 1404 (G.) ; no definite locality, Vaal River, Burke

33.) (Pa.) ; Spitzkop Goldmines, Wilms 402 (B.M., G., Z.) ; Barber 659 (A.M.) ; Zeyher

(B.) ; Drege 456 (V.).

Var. pubescens E. Mey. Leaflets, stems and legumes pubescent.

Natal. — Port Natal : Peddie (K.) ; Durban district : Rogers 1496 (W.) ; Umgeni,

Thode A. 3117 (S.) ; Inanda district: Kearsney, Milner (N.) ; Inanda, Wood 351 (K.,

B.M., S.A.M.) ; Pinetown district : New Germany, Thode (S.) ; Warrock, Thode (S.) ;

pr. Krantzkloof, Schlechter 3214 (Z., B.,G,B.) ; no definite locality, Gerrard 1110 (K.,B.M.,

Pa., V.).

Swaziland. — Grassy hills, near Dalriach, Bolus 11817 (P., B.H., A.M.) ; Hlat.ikulu,

Stewart (T.M.).

Transvaal. — Krugersdorp district : Witpoortjie Kloof, Moss 7472 (W.) ; Johannes-

burg district : Turffontein, Weeks (W.) ; Pretoria district : S. slope of Meintjies Kop,

Pretoria, Smith 3290 (P.) ; slope of Meintjies Kop on N.E. side, Smith 759 (P.) ; Doornkloof,

Pole-Evans 1031 (P.) ; Fountains Valley, Repton 255 (P.) ; Baviaanspoort, Smith 1060 (P.) :

Wonderboompoort, Smith 1740 (P.) ; Kopje, Pretoria, Moss 10514 (W.) ; colies supra

Aapies River, Pretoria, Rehmann 4394 (K., B.M., Z.) ; Koedoespoort, Mogg (P.) ; Premier

Mine, Rogers 25054 (Z.) and 18944 (W.) ; Boekenhouts Valley, Jenkins (T.M.) ; Lydenburg

district : Godwan River Stn., Davison and Hofmeyer 107 (P.) ; Barberton district : Eastern

slopes, Saddleback Mtn., Galpin 1146 (K., P., A.M.) ; White River, Barberton, Rogers

23491 (Z.) ; Nclspruit, Breyer (T.M.) ; at Schagen, Nelspruit, Liebenberg 3300 and 3300 A

(P.) ; on top of Mt. Schagen, Liebenberg 2473 (P.) ; no definite locality, Rocker Sanatorium,

Junod 908 (G.) ; Transvaal. S.A. Botanical Tour, Hutchinson 2335 and 2559 (K.b

979

In “ Annals of the Transvaal Museum ”, 14.4.398 (1932), Mr. R. G. N. Young described

a new species, T . aurantiaca. I have examined his material and can find no grounds for

removing it from T. elongata. The colour of the flowers, which he gives as a deep orange-

brown ”, is not a reliable character on which to separate it, as in T. elongata the colour

of the flowers, according to collectors’ notes, varies from vermillion-red to deep orange-red.

Should further collections prove Mr. Young’s plant to be worthy of specific rank, another

specific name will have to be given it, the name aurantiaca ” being invalid, as it has already

been used by Harms for a Tephrosia described by him in Engl. Jahrb. XXVIII. 402.

40. T. angustissima Engl. Bol. Jahrb. 10.29 (1888).

Type specimen, Marloth 1086, in Botanisches Museum, Berlin-Dahlem.

Stems elongate, ascending, slender ; stems and lower surface of leaves appressedly

sericeo-pilose. Leaves 2-3-jugate, 2-6-5 cm. long, petiole 2-4-5 cm. long before first pair

of leaflets ; leaflets narrow linear-lanceolate, margins cartilaginous, apex acute, 2-5 cm.

long, 0-2-0- 3 cm. broad. Stipules linear-subulate, brown, 4-5 mm. long. Peduncles

terminal, 8-20 cm. long, densely flowered above ; bracts 4r-6 mm. long, subulate, brown ;

pedicels 3-5 mm. long ; flowers 1-3 cm. long. Calyx densely pilose, teeth deltoid, subequal

in length to tube. Style bearded. Legume narrow linear, flat, apicnlate, 5-6 cm. long,

3 mm. broad, many seeded.

Bechuanaland. — Pr. Kuruman, in summo montium “ Ga Mhana ”, Marloth 1086

(B., P„ A.M., S.A.M., B.H.).

Engler remarks : “ It is near T . lurida, which, however, has longer leaflets and fewer

flowers.”

Apparently this plant has only been collected once. Further collectings may prove'

that it is merely a form of T . lurida.

41. T. lurida Sond. in Linnaea 23.30 (1850) ; Harvey in Harv. and Sond. FI. Cap. 2.208

(1861-62) ; O. Kuntze Rev. Gen. PL 1.175 (1891) ; Burtt Davy and Pott in Ann.

Tvl. Mus. 3 3.146 (1912) ; Bak. f. Leg. Trop. Afr. 1.200 (1926) ; Bot. Survey

of S.A. Mem. 12.68 (1928) ; Young in Ann. Tvl. Mus. 14.4. 402 (1932) ; Burtt

Davy FI. Tvaal. 1.2.378 (1932) ; AVatt and Breyer-Brandwyk Med. and Pois. PI.

S.A. 74 (1932).

Svn. Cracca lurida (Sond.) 0. Ktz. Rev. Gen. PI. 1.175 (1891); 0. Ktz. Rev. Gen. PI.

3.2.57 (1893).

Type specimen, Zeyher 456, in Herbarium, Kew.

Suffruticose. Stems erect, branches ascending from the base, angular, hispid. Leaves

1-4-jugate, very rarely simple leaves present, up to 13 cm. long, length of petiole before

first pair of leaflets 1-7-5 cm. long; leaflets elongate-linear, mucronate, glabrous above,

appressedly pubescent below, midrib prominent, lutescent, 2-12 cm. long, 1-9 mm. broad.

Stipules setaceo-subulate, 0-8-1 -3 cm. long. Peduncles up to 30 cm. long, few flowered

towards the apex. Flowers 1-5 cm. long. Calyx sericeous without, lobes acuminate,

longer than the tube. Vexillum sericeous without. Style flattened, bearded. Legume

linear, compressed, lurido-tomentose, many seeded, 7-8 cm. long.

Transvaal. — Potchefstroom district : Potchefstroom, Goossens 1460 (B.) ; Venters-

dorp, Sutton 576 (Pa.) ; Marico district : Zeerust, Leendertz (T.M.) ; Jenkins (S.A.M.) ;

Thode A 1393 (P., N.) ; Lichtenburg district : Lichtenburg, Jenkins (T.M ) ; Grasfontein,

Sutton 299 (P.) ; Klipveld, Liebenberg 79 (P.) ; Heidelberg district : Heidelberg, Thode

A 1308 (P.) ; Leendertz 2455 (T.M.) ; Witwatersrand district : Natal Spruit, Johannesburg,

Bryant D 81 (P.) ; Observatory Ridge, Burtt Davy 18896 (K.) ; Jeppestown, Galpin 1379

980

(K., A.M.) ; Jeppes Ridge, Galpin 1499 (P., A.M.) ; Kopjes, Houghton Ridge, Moss 2274

and 2741 (W.) ; Kopjes, Omanney 24 and 28 (B.M.) ; open veld, Johannesburg, Rand 843

(B.M.) ; Witwateisrand, Hutton 887 (Z.) ; Benoni, Bradfield 269 (P.) ; Krugersdorp district :

Witpoortjie, Moss 8361 (W.) ; Krugersdorp, Jenkins (T.M.) ; Pretoria district : Irene,

Rogers 23806 (Z.) ; Aapies River pr. Pretoria, Bolus 10833 (K., A.M., G,B.) ; Fountains

Valley, Repton 127 (P.) ; N.E. slopes of Curtis Hill, Pole-Evans 110 (K.) ; Sunnyside,

Goossens 107 (P.) ; Waterkloof, Verdoorn 31 (P.) ; Arcadia, Burtt Davy 2433 (P., B.H.) ;

Meintjies Kop, Bolus 11818 (B.H.) ; along N. slopes of hill near Union Buildings, Smith

1295 (Z., P.) ; near Trichardts Poort, Smith 3467 (P.) ; Wonderboonipoort, Smith 6190

(P.) ; Rehmann 4611 (K., Z., B., B.H.) ; Groenkloof, Burtt Davy 14631 (P.) ; Koedoespoort,

Obermeyer (T.M.) ; Koppies, Pretoria, Leendertz (T.M.) ; Pretoria, Pont 793 (Z.) ; in saxosis

Mt. Magaliesberg, Aapies R., Schlechter 3659 (B., A.M.) ; Magaliesberg, Burke (B.M., G.,

K., P.) ; Zeyher 456 (K., B.M., S.A.M.) ; Magaliesberg and Mooi R., Zeyher 182 (S.A.M.) ;

ad Mooi R., Magaliesberg, Premier Mine, Rogers 19832 (Pa.) ; Rogers 14726 (N.A.M.) ;

Rustenburg district : Waterkloof, Collins (T.M.) ; Rustenburg, McClelland (G.U.C.) ;

Nation 58 (K., B.H.) ; Rogers 23577 (Z.) ; Vlakfontein near Rustenburg, Liebenberg 144

(P., G.) ; Waterberg district : Mosdene, Naboomspruit, Gcilpin M 87 and M 628 (P.) ■

near Ypres Halt, Schlechter 11581 (B.H.) ; Leeuwpoort, Rogers 22792 (Z.) ;Carolina district :

Waterval Boven, Mason 38 (K., W.) ; Godwan River, Rogers 22650 (K., Pa., T.M.) ; Bar-

berton district : Pilgrims Rest, Greenvek (B.M.) ; Barberton, Galpin 697 (B.H., Z.) ; Kaap

Valley, Galpin 759 (N., A.M., Z.) ; Lydenbnrg district : bei der Stadt, Lydenburg,

Wilms 401 b (Pa., B.) ; Wilms 401 (K., Pa.) ; Petersburg district : in graminosis pr.

pagum Pietersburg, Bolus 11069 (B.H.) ; Houtbosch, Rehmann 6235 (K., Z.) ; Waterberg

district : Makapansberge, Streydport, Rehmann 5544 (Z.).

Rhodesia. — Matopos, Bulawayo, Rogers 5682 (B.H., S.A.M., T.M.) ; Bulawayo,

Eijles 1206 (P., S.A.M., B.) ; Salisbury, Eyles 2170 (Pa., P., S.A.M.) ; Mazoe, Eyles 265 (B.H.).

The Zulu name for this species is “ iShoba-lehashi ”. A cold infusion of the root is

mixed with an infusion of Dianthus crenatus and the froth is used for washing the face so

as to attract the attention of the opposite sex. As a further measure, some of the liquid

is also drunk.

42. T. longipes Meisn. Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 2.87 (1843) ; Cape Plants, Krauss and

Engler, 54(1846) ; Walpers Rep. Bot. Syst. 5.515 (1846) ; Harvey in Harv. and Sond.

2.208 (1861—62) ; Baker in Oliv. FI. Trop. Afr. 2.120 (1871) ; Grant and Oliv. in

Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. 29.56 (1872) ; Ficalho and Hiern. in Trans. Linn. Soc. Bot.

Ser. 2.2.19 (1881) ; O. Kuntze Rev. Gen. PI. 1.175 (1891) ; Wood FI. Natal 42

(1907) ; Wood in Trans. S.A. Phil. Soc. 18.2.147 (1908) ; Burtt Davy and Pott in

Ann. Tvl. Mus. 3. 3.146 (1912) ; Bews FI. Natal and Zululand 111 (1912) ; Baker

f. in Leg. Trop. Afr. 1.199 (1926) ; Young in Ann. Tvl. Mus. 14.4.398 (1932) ; Burtt

Davy FI. Tvaal. 1.2 (1932).

Syn. Cracca longipes O. Kuntze Rev. Gen. PI. 1.175 (1891).

Type specimen, Krauss 20, in Herbarium, Kew.

Suffruticose. Stems erect, branching, angular, subcanescent. Leaves 2-8-jugate,

5-13 cm. long, length of petiole before first pair of leaves 1-4 cm. ; leaflets 1 -5-11 cm. long,

2-7 mm. broad, narrow linear, usually complicate, mucronulate, glabrous above, argenteous

beneath. Stipules setaceo-subulate, 0-4-1 cm. long. Peduncles terminal, up to 50 cm.

long. Flowers about 1-7 cm. long, few in remote fascicles; pedicels and bracts 3-5 mm.

long. Calyx fulvo-pilose without, tube 7-8 mm. in diam., 2-5 mm. long, lobes narrow,

acuminate, unequal, 1 4 mm. long. Vexillum densely fulvo-pilose without, 1-6 cm. long,

1-2 cm. broad. Ovary densely silky. Style bearded. Legumes flat, linear, 3 -5-7 -5 cm.

long ,4 mm. broad.

981

Natal. — Durban district : Port Natal, Krauss 20 (K., G., 0.) ; Gueinzius 308 (K., V.) ;

Krauss s.n. (V.) ; Zeyher (Z.) ; near Durban, Wood 9565 (B , S.A.M.) ; Umzinyati Falls,

Wood 1202 (K., B.M., N., B.H., S.A.M.) ; Umlaas, Evans 327 (N.) ; Lower Tugela district :

Ntondweni, Wood 9214 (P.) ; near Tugela River, Wood (S.A.M., G.,B.) ; no definite locality,

Gerrard (P.).

Portuguese Bast Africa. — Ad sinum Delagoa, Forbes 134 (K., Pa.,) ; Delagoa Bay,

Monteiro (K.) ; Lourei^o Marques, Schlechter 11580 (K., B.M., Pa., G., V., Z.. N., P., A.M.,

G„ B.).

A note on the specimen collected by Mrs. Monteiro states : l' The Kaffirs steep the leaves

of this plant and rub them on the body to keep them in health when going a journey.”

Var. uncinata Harv.

Leaflets obtuse, recurvo-mucronulate.

Type Specimen of the variety, Zeyher 455, in Herbarium, Kew.

Transvaal. — Carolina district : Carolina, Moss and Rogers 1075 (Z.) ; Potchefstroom

district: Holwater, Christiana, Bloemhof, Burtt Davy 11239 (P.) ; Pretoria district:

in nemorosis ad Aapies R., Zeyher 455 (K., B.M., Pa., G., Z., A.M., S.A.M.) ; Aapies and

Orange Rivers, Burke (K.) ; in campis ad Magaliesberg and Vaal River. Zeyher 373 (S.A.M.) ;

Magaliesberg, Burke (K.) ; colies supra Aapies R., Rehmann 4393 (K., B.M., Z.) ; Pretoria,

Leendertz [T.M. 104] (T.M.) ; Meintjies Kop Range. Pretoria, Smith 3447 (P.) ; Wonder-

boompoort, Smith 6190 (K.) ; Barberton district: Louws Creek, Thorncroft 1154 (P.) ;

Barberton, Rogers 29406 (Z.) ; Petersburg district : Modjadjes, Petersburg, Rogers 18129

(K.) ; Waterberg district : Kaalfontein, Galpin 13382 (P.) ; Nooitgedacht farm near Ypres

Halt, Galpin 11518 (Pa., B.H.) ; Mosdene, Naboomspruit, Galpin M 85 (P.) ; Houtbosch,

Rehmann 6234 (Z.) ; Zoutpansberg district : Zoutpansberg Range, Smuts (P.) ; no definite

locality, Rehmann 4928 (Z.) ; Drege 455 (V.) ; Junod 1573 (G., Z.) ; Holland (Z.).

43. T. mulitjuga R. G. N. Young in Ann. Tvl. Mus. 14. 4. 402 (6th July, 1932.).

Syn. Tephrosia Woodii Burtt Davy FI. Tvaal. 1.2.378 (28th July, 1932.).

Type specimens. Moss 7473 and Young 676, in Herb. Young in Witwatersrand Uni-

versity, Johannesburg.

Suffruticose. Stems ascending, 1-2 ft. high ; branches slender, flexuous, sulcate,

angular, sparsely patently or appressedly clothed with reddish hairs, or glabrescent. Leaves

2-5-5-5 cm. long, petiole long, 3-10-jugate ; leaflets 0-7-2 cm. long, 1 -5-4-5 mm. broad,

narrow- oblong-elliptic, acuminate, mucronate, glabrous above, thinly pubescent below,

veining below usually dark reddish-brown. Stipules 2-7-5 mm. long, linear, setaceous.

Peduncles 15-16 cm. long, usually laxly flowered. Flowers 7-8 mm. long, 1-3 together.

Calyx- tube 3-5-5 mm. broad, 1-5-2 mm. long, lobes 0-5-2 mm. long, deltoid acuminate.

Vexillum 6 -5-7 -5 mm. long and broad, subrotund, canescent without. Style 2-3 mm.

long, glabrous, penicillate at apex. Legumes 3-5 cm. long, 3 mm. broad, linear subfalcate,

a ppressedly pubescent.

Cape. — Eastern Province, Transkei : rocky slopes, Komgha, Flanagan 1139 (Z., P.,

A. M., B.H.) ; Kei River, Drege (K.) [Type of T. Woodii B. Davy] ; Fakus’ Territory,

Sutherland (K.) ; East Griqualand : ad rivos pr. “ Clydesdale ” ad flumen Umzimkulu,

Tyson 2775 (K„ Z„ V., G., B., S.A.M.).

Natal. — Umzinto district : in lapidosis pr. fl. Umkomanzi, Schlechter 6689 (B., A.M.);

Durban district : pr. Durban, Wood 7523 (B.M., B.H.) ; Pinetown district : Emberton,

Schlechter 3204 (Z., A.M.) ; Maritzburg district : Umlaas Drift, Wood 1887 (K., N., A.M.,

B. H.) ; Howick, Franks (N., T.M.) ; Weenen district : “ Thorns ” pr. Weenen, Wood

982

4477 (K., N.) ; Klip River district. : Pieters pr. Ladysmith, Wood 6671 (K., Pa., N., P.,

S.A.M.) ; no definite locality, Gerrard 1073 (K., B.M., Pa., V., N.) ; Zululand : Entumeni,

Wylie (N.).

Orange Free State. — Bloemfontein district : Bloemfontein, Kuntze (B., K.) ; Kopje

facing Tempe farm, Potts 2936 (K., P.) ; no definite locality, Cooper 2211 (K., Z.).

Transvaal. — Standerton district : Standerton, Leendertz 4113b (T.M.) ; Potchef-

stroom district : Potchefstroom, Leendertz (T.M.) ; Klerksdorp, Convent 90 (A.M.) ;

Maquassi Route, Liebenberg 3412 (K.,P.) ; Krugersdorp, Jenkins (T.M.) ; Witwatersrand

district : Witpoortjie Kloof, Witwatersrand, Moss 10802 (W.) ; and Moss 16195 (B.M., W.) ;

Hillsides, Jeppes Town, Galpin 1402 (K., P., A.M.) ; Houghton Ridge, Moss 7473 (W.) ;

Johannesburg, Leendertz (T.M.) ; Rand 1146 (B.M.) ; Ommanney 27 (B.M.) ; Modderfontein,

Conrath 231 (Z.) ; Pretoria district : Meintjies Kop, Mogg 14648 (P.) ; Bolus 11820 (B.H.) ;

S. side of Meintjies Kop, Smith 2307 (P.) ; Kopjies south of Pretoria, Obermeyer (T.M.) ;

Fountains Valley, Repton 212 (P.) ; Aapies Poort, Rehmann 4169 (Z.) ; near Pretoria, Moss

13255 (W.) ; Curtis and Bournes Hill, Pole-Evans 97 (K.) ; Crocodile River, Leendertz 723

(T.M., B.H.) ; Wonderboompoort, Smith 1739 (P.) ; Hartebeestepoort, Gillett 1075 (P.) ;

Carolina district : Waterval Boven, Mason 34 and 34 a (K.) ; Carolina, Rogers 19117 (K.,

Z.) ; Barberton district : Nelspruit, Breyer (T.M.) ; van Elden 12 (P.) ; Rogers 21001 (P.) ;

Barberton, Thorncroft (T.M.) ; Komati Poort, Schlechter 11804 (B., P., A.M., B.H. ); Moss

and Rogers 620 (K., Pa.) ; Rogers 20814 (K., Gb, Z.) ; Lydenburg district : bei der Stadt,

Lydenburg, Wilms 363 (K., B.M., Pa., G., B., V.) ; Wilms 363b (G.) ; Waterberg district :

Houtbosch, Rehmann 6236 (K., B.M.) ; Burtplaats bei Krugerspark, Wilms 363 a (K.,

B.M.) ; Blue Kranz River, 1895, Schlechter 6864 (B., P., A.M., B.H.).

South Africa. — No definite locality, Junod 162 (P.) ; Schlechter 3240 (Z.) ; Krook

[Herb. Penther 2544] (V.) ; Thode (B.).

44. T. semiglabra Sond. in Linnaea 23.29 (1805) ; Harvey in Harv. and Sond. FI. Cap.

2.205 (1861-62) ; 0. Kuntze Rev. Gen. PI. 1.175 (1891) ; Burtt Davy and Pott

in Ann. Tvl. Mus. 3.3.146 (1912) ; Ann. Bolus Herb. 3.1.20 (1920) ; Bot. Survey

S.A. Mem. 12.68 (1928) ; Young in Ann. Tvl. Mus. 14. 4. 404 (1932) ; Burtt Davy

FI. Tvaal. 1.2.378 (1932); Watt and Breyer-Brandwyk in Med. and Pois. PI. S.A.

74 (1932).

Syn. Cracca semiglabra O. Kuntze Rev. Gen. PI. 1.175 (1891).

Type specimen, Zeyher 459, in Herbarium, British Museum (Natural History), London.

Stems decumbent, arising from the base, up to 3 feet long, flexuous, clothed with rufous

tomentum, angular. Leaves 3-6-jugate, 1-5-6 cm. long, shortly petiolate ; leaflets oblong-

lanceolate, recurved-mucronate, glabrous above, rufo-tomentose below, 1-2-5 cm. long,

0-5-1 cm. broad. Stipules subulate acuminate, 4-6 mm. long. Peduncles 7-15-20 cm.

long. Flowers 0-9-2-3 cm. long, pedicels 0-4-1 -2 cm. long. Calyx rufo-tomentose, tube

0-6-1 -2 cm. diam., 2-5-4 mm. long, lobes lanceolate-acuminate, unequal, 1-3 mm. long.

Vexillum 0-9-2 -3 cm. long and broad, pubescent without. Ovary pubescent, 5-6 mm. long.

Style glabrous. Legumes shortly pubescent, 3 -5-4 -5 cm. long, 3-4 mm. broad.

Bechuanaland Protectorate. — Mochudi, Harbor [,Ro<7er.s-6500] (B.H., S.) ; Kuruman

district : du Toit (G.U.C.).

Cape Province. — East Griqualand : in graminosis clivis Clydesdale prope flumen

Umzimkulu, Tyson 2783 (K., B., S.A.M. , P., S.).

Natal. — Pinetown district : Drummond, Franks (N.) ; Maritzburg district : near

Maritzburg, Wood 3162 (K.) ; Newcastle, Wood 7191 (K., P., N.).

Basutoland. — Leribe, Dieterlen 129 (K., Pa., N., P.. S.A.M., A.M., Z.).

983

Orange Free State. — Kroonstad district : Pont 328 (Z., P., G.U.C.) ; Viljoen’s

Drift. Rogers 4806 (B.M.) ; Rogers (T.M.) ; Bethlehem district : Dunelm Farm. Fourieshurg,

Potts (K.) ; on slopes of hill near Little Caledon river, “ Wyndford ”, Fourieshurg, Gemmell

(G.U.C.) ; no definite locality, Cooper 2226 (K., Z.).

Transvaal. — Vereeniging district : Yereeniging, Bruyn 163 (P.) ; Witwatersrand

district : Jeppestown Ridge, Johannesburg, Gilfillan [Herb. Galpin 6100] (P., A.M.) ;

Holden (T.M.) ; Moss 61715 bis (W.) ; grass-veld, Milner Park, Moss 6250 (B.M., W.) ;

Mulder’s Drift, Moss 13596 (W.) ; Klipriviersberg Range, Rand 1116 (B.M.) ; Observatory,

Weeks 357 (\V.) ; Modderfontein, Conrath 230 (Z., B.) ; on veld near Geduld Dam, Wit-

watersrand, Murray (P.) ; grass-veld, Rietfontein, Moss 16428 (W.) ; Kaalfontein, Pole-

Evans H 13531 (K.) ; Pretoria district : in collibus lapidosis Aapies River pr. Pretoria,

Bolus 10834 (K., B.H.) ; Irene near Pretoria, Obermeyer (T.M.) ; in grass near the Fountains

Stn.. Fountains Valley, Repton 195 (P.) ; Pretoria, Smith 1588 (P.) ; Commonage, Arcadia,

Smith 1772 (P.) ; Riviera, Smith 1800 (Z., P.) ; Meintjies Kop, Smith 2305 (P.) ; in lapidosis

ad ped. mont. Magaliesberg, Zeyher 459 (B.M., 0., S.A.M.) ; Silverton, Leendertz 565

(T.M.) ; Hatherley, Collins (T.M.) ; Middelburg district: near Witbank, Gilfillan (P., A.M.) ;

Carolina district : Leeuwpoort, Carolina, Burtt Davy 7436 (P.) ; Farm Nooitgedac.ht, Ermelo,

Henrici 1383 (P.) ; Dasal, Ermelo, Hoffe 9 (P.) ; Barberton district : Bushveld, Warmbaths,

Moss 16584 (W.) ; Waterval Boven, Mason 34 (K.) ; Waterval Onder, Jenkins (T.M.) ;

Saddleback Mtn., Barberton, Galpin 678 (Z., A.M., B.H., N., P.) ; Nelspruit, Liebenberg

2714 (P.) ; ridge to Pretorius Kop from White River, Lydenburg district : Gillett 1049

(P.) ; Farm Zwagershoek, Lydenburg district, Obermeyer 193 (T.M.) ; bei der Stadt,

Lydenburg, Wilms 362 (B.M., G., V.. B., T.M., B.H.) ; Mbabane, Swaziland, Rogers 1 1447a

(B.H.).

Portuguese East Africa. — In solo arenoso in colie pone Lourenco Marques, Bolus

7725 (B.H.).

South Africa, — No definite locality 1843, Burke (B.M., O.) ; in turfosis pr. Black-

kopjes, Schlechter 4177 (K., B.M., Pa., V., G., B., B.H.,A. M., T.M.).

The Suto name for T. semiglabra is “ Pelo-di-marobaya-thaba ”. A decoction of the

roots of this plant together with the roots of Haplocarpha scaposa is used in the treatment

of chest colds.

45.. T. Burchellii Burtt Davy in Kew Bull. 50 (1921) ; Burtt Davy FI. Tvaal. 1.2.378 (1932).

Type specimen, Burchett 1932, in Herbarium, Kew.

Slender prostrate herb. Stems annual, arising from a perennial root-stock, 20-30 cm.

long, flexuous, branching from the base. Leaves shortly petiolate, 5 -8 -jugate, 4-4-5 cm

long, rhachis hirsute with long hairs ; leaflets 0-8-1 -4 cm. long, 4-8 mm. broad, obovate,

refuse, mucronulate, glaucous, ciliate, glabrous above, lower surface sparsely hirsute, chiefly

along the veins. Stipules linear, 3-5 mm. long. Peduncles axillary, slender, 5-12-5 cm.

long, laxly flowered. Flowers about 6 mm. long, 2-3 together. Calyx hirsute with long

white hairs, tube about 1-1 -5 mm. long, lobes narrow subulate, about 3 mm. long. Vexillum

pubescent on the back. Style glabrous. Legumes 3-4 cm. long, 3-3-5 mm. broad, slightly

falcate, appressedly puberulous.

South West Africa. — Ondonga, Amboland, Rautanen 644 (K., Z., V., G.) ; Okahandja,

Dinter s.n. (D. Coll.) ; Farm Quickborn, Okahandja, Bradfield 60 (T.M.) ; Dinter 419 (B.) ;

Omahehe. Dinter 25636 (B.) ; Leutueim, Dinter s.n. (B.) ; in river bed between Hoffnungs-

feble and Hans, Pearson 9528 (K.).

Bechuanaland Protectorate. — Goruah, East Bamangwato Territory, Holub (K.) ;

Batlapin Territory, Holub (K.) ; Mochudi, Rogers 6070 (K.) ; Harbor [ Rogers 6590] (Z., P.) :

Harbor 985 (Kim.) ; Harbor s.n. (T.M.) : Harbor [Rogers 6501] (P.) : Harbor [Rogers 6500]

(B.H.) : Harbor [Rogers 6878] (P.).

984

Cape Province. — British Bechuanaland : Vryburg district : Armoeds Vlakte, Mogg

8686 (P.) ; Sharpe (P.) ; Sheppards Gift, Burtt Davy 13749 and 13771 (P.) ; Experimental

Farm, Vryburg, Going 7199 (P.) ; Takoon, Burtt Davy 13965 (P.) ; Litaken, Burtt Davy

13915 (P.) ; Griqualand West : Barkly West district : Daniels Kuil, Wilman (B.H.) ;

Hardeveld, Priel, AcocJcs 1578 (Kim.) ; Hay district : Wildealsput, Auchamp 982 (Kim.) ;

Griquatown, Burchett (K., Pa.) ; Bermolli, Wilman (K.) ; Kimberley district : Kimberley,

Marloih 802 (P.) ; Karreeboom, Kimberley, Wilman 1366 (K., B.H., A.M., T.M.) ; in loose

red sand, Karreeboom, Wilman 1366 bis (K., P., A.M., S.A.M., B.H.) ; Bushman’s Fountain,

Wilman (B.H.) ; Magersfontein, Wilman (T.M.) ; Reit Pan, Reinhardt 980 (Kim.) and

Wilman (P.) : Newlands, Wilman 3063 (Kim.) ; Herbert district : St. Clair, Douglas,

Orpen 132 A (K.) and Orpen 133 (S.A.M.) ; Prieska district : Niekerk’s Hoop, Wilman

(P., K., T.M., A.M., B.H.) ; Krantzkop near Niekerk’s Hoop, Bryant 1138 (P.).

Orange Free State. — Boshof district : Karree Pan, Wilman 3327 (Kim.) ; Smits-

kraal, Burtt Davy 10161, 11283, 11322, 11360, 12905 (P.).

Transvaal. — Bloemhof district : Christiana, Burtt Davy 11378, 12818, 14487 (P.) ;

Wolmaransstad district : Wolmaransstad, Rogers 18470 (K.) ; Lichtenburg district :

grass veld, Coligny, Blenkiron (W.) ; Potchefstroom district : Vereeniging, Leendertz 3747

(T.M.) ; Pretoria district : Hebron, Dehuke (T.M.) ; foot of south slope, Meintjies Kop,

Smith 2312 (P.) ; Barberton district : Komatipoort, Moss and Rogers 618 (K., P.) ; Rusten-

burg district : Rustenburg, Nation 164 (K.) and Nation 246 (K.) ; Petersburg district : in

plantibus graminosis prope pagum Pietersburg, Bolus 11073 (B.H.) ; Mosdene, Naboom-

spruit, Galpin M 83 (P.) ; Klippan, Bushveld, Rehmann 5191 (K., B.M.) ; Zoutpansberg

district : Valdezia, Ohermeyer 1155 (T.M.).

Portuguese East Africa. — Lourenco Marques, Moss and Rogers 742 (K., Z., W.).

46. T. retusa Burtt Davy FI. Tvaal. 1.2. pp. XXI, 378 (1932).

Type specimen, Bolus 7724, in Herbarium, Kew.

Stems iiexuous, procumbent, erect or ascending, branching from the base and above,

glabrous or slightly pubescent, dark brown. Leaves subsessile or very shortly petiolate,

3-5-7 cm. long, 3-7-jugate ; leaflets 0-8-2 cm. long, 3-5-7 mm. broad, oblong-oblanceolate,

apices very much retuse, mucronulate, glabrous above, glabrescent or very sparsely pubes-

cent below. Stipules subulate, 4-6 mm. long. Peduncles terminal or leaf-opposed, laxly

flowered, 3-5-15 cm. long. Flower 1-7 cm. long, pedicels 3-5 mm. long ; bracts lanceolate,

narrow, about equalling the pedicels. Calyx thinly and shortly pubescent, tube 7 mm. in

diam., 3 mm. long, lobes triangular-subulate, two upper lobes connate, very short, others

2-3 mm. long. Vexillum thinly pubescent on back, 1-7 cm. long, 1-8 cm. broad. Ovary

thinly pubescent. Style bearded. Legumes linear, very thinly and shortly pubescent,

light brownish-yellow, 4-5-5 cm. long, 4-5 mm. broad.

Transvaal. — Middelburg district : Middelburg, Rogers 24827 (K., G., Z., P.) : Barber-

ton district: juxta Kaap River prope Barberton, Bolus 7724 (K., B.H.) ; Kopje, Kaap

Valley, Barberton, Galpin 1180 (K., P., N., S.A.M., A.M.) ; Barberton, Pott 5326 (T.M.) ;

Lydenburg district : Schagen, Nelspruit, Liebenherg 3317 (K., Pa., P.) ; Pietersburg

district : in clivibus Mt. Elandspruitbergen, Schlechter 3837 (B.H.) ; Shiluwane, Junod

1125 (K., Z.).

Swaziland.— In graminosis in terra “ Middel Veld ” dicta pr. pagum Bremersdorp,

Bolus 11821 (K., B., B.H.).

47. T. capensis (Jacq.) Pers. Syn. 2.330 (1807) ; DC. Prodr. 2.252 (1825) ; Spreng. Syst.

Veg.3 .233 (1826) ; Linnaea 7.168 (1832) ; E.Mey. Comm. PI. Afr. Aust. 1.1.110 (1836) ;

Ecklon and Zeyher Enum. PI. Afr. Aust. Pt. 2 (1836) ; Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot.

2.88 (1843) ; Cape Plants, Krauss and Engler (1846) ; Harvey in Harv. and Sond.

985

FI. Cap. 2.207 (1861-62) ; Bolus and Wolley Dod in Trans. S.A. Phil. Soc. 14.3.237

(1903) ; Zahlbr. Ann. K. K. Naturhist. Hofmus. 20.3.24 (1905) ; Wood FI. Natal

42 (1907) ; Wood in Trans. S.A. Phil. Soc. 18.2.147 (1908) ; Burtt Davy and Pott

in Ann. Tvl. Mus.3.3.146 (1912) ; Die Veg. der Erde 9.3.590 (1915) ; Phillips in Ann.

S.A. Mus. 16.1.82 (1917) ; Bot. Survey S.A. Mem. 1.64 (1919) ; Bews FI. Natal and

Zululand 110 (1921) ; Bot. Survey S.A. Mem. 12.68 (1928) ; Bot. Survey S.A.

Mem. 13.35.38 (1929) ; Levyns Guide to Flora of Cape Peninsula (1929) ; Burtt

Davy FI. Tvaal. 1.2.378 (1912); Watt and Breyer-Brandwyk Med. and Pois. PI,

S.A.' 74 (1932) ; Bothalia 3.2.239 (1937).

Syn. Tephrosia capensis (Jacq.) Pers. var. a. Jacquini Harv. in FI. Cap. 2.207 (1861-62) ;

E. Mey. Comm. PI. Afr. Aust. 1.1.110 (1836) ; Tephrosia capensis (Thbg.) Per .in 0,

Kuntze Rev. Gen. PI. 1.174 (1891) ; Tephrosia ternatifolia R. G. N. Young, in Ann,

Tvl. Mus. 14.4.406 (1932) ; Galega capensis Jacq. Coll. 2.292 (1788) ; Jacq. 1c. PI,

Rar. 3.14 t. 574 (1786-93) ; Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 13 per Gmtlin 2.11.1130 (1792) ;.

Thunb. Prodr. 134 (1800) ; Willd. Sp. PI. 3.11.1250 (1803) ; Linn. Syst. Nat. 6.1216-

(London 1806) ; Cracca capensis (Thbg.) O. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PI. 3.2.57 (1893),

Suffruticose. Stems procumbent, several from a woody root-stock, pubescence variable,

branches slender. Leaves long petiolate, 2-4-jugate, 1-3 cm. long ; leaflets sub-cuneate

oblong or lanceolate, obtuse or acute, glabrescent above, glabrous or hirsute below, veining

usually dark reddi h-brown on lower surface, 1-3 cm. long, 0-5-1 -4 cm. broad. Stipules

subulate, 3-5 min. long. Peduncles opposite leaves, slender, 7-15 cm. long, interruptedly

few-flowered. Flower 0-65-1 cm. long ; pedicels 3-5 mm. long. Calyx -teeth equalling or

longer than the tube. Ovary 4-5 mm. long, silky. Style glabrous, Legume linear, narrow,

3-5 cm. long, 0-3 cm. broad, pubescent, thinly puberulousor glabrescent, about 8-seeded.

Cape. — Capetown district : Cape Town, Prior (K.); Alexander 109 (K.); Rogers 17800

(G.) ; Camps Bay, Prior (K.); Young (T.M.) ; Hillside above Bantry Bay, Sea Point,

Smith 2938 (P.) ; W slopes, Lions Head, Levyns (S.A.C.) ; steinige stellen am westlichen

Abhang des Kasteel Berg, Zeyher 4824 (B;il.S.) ; Kasteels Poort, Table Mtn., Thorne

(S.A.M.) ; in fruticetis inter lapides alt. 2 mont. tab., Ecklon 817 (K.) ; Contour Path,

N. slopes of Table Mtn., Moss 7803 (W.) ; Devils Peak, Wolley Dod 16 (B.H.) and 585 (K.) ;

in Monte Diaboli, Rehmann 1096 (B.M., Z.) ; and 1097 (Z.) ; W. slopes of Apostles, Pillans

3472 (P.) ; in ericetis, Rondesbosch, Zeyher (S.A.M.) ; Kirstenbosch, Adamson (S.A.M.) ;

Wynberg Hill, Guthrie 256 (S.A.C.) ; slopes behind Wynberg Park, Kensit (B.H., T.M.) ;

Wynberg Hill, Bolus 3895 (B.H., A.M.) ; Simonstown, Salter (B.M.) ; Simons Bay, Wright

(Pa.); Caledon district: Hermanus, Rogers 2644 (T.M.) ; Galpin 12902 (P.); Gillett 644

(B.H.) ; Swellendam district : on plains of George and Swellendam, Bowie 4 (B.M.) ; Rivers-

dale district : Riversdale, Schlechter 1863 (1) (W.) ; Levyns 3155 (S.A.C.); Rust 217 and

305 (B.) ; Moisei Bay district : Morsel Bay, Moran (Kim., T.M.) ; George district : George,

Moss 6099 (W.) ; Knysna district : Knysna, Keet 678 (P.): Rosenbrock 1159 (B.) ; Humans-

dorp district : The Glen, Humansdorp, Burtt Davy (P.) ; Kouja R., near drift on road from

Zuur Anys, Fourcade 3092 (K.) ; Uitenhage district : on fields by Zwartkop R. and on

bills of Adow, Zeyher 59 (K., B.H., A.M.) ; Uitenhage, Penther 2462 (V., B.) ; Zeyher 282

(Pa., G., B.) ; Prior (K.) ; Thode A 641 (P.) ; Zuurberg Sanatorium, Long 262 (K., P.)

Enon near Zuurberg, Thode A 2638 (P., N.) ; Aloes, Drege 3068 (P., A.M.) ; Port Elizabeth

district : near Port Elizabeth, Baur (K) ; Emerald Hill, Paterson 2342 (P., B.H., A.M.)

Somerset East district : common along Sky Parlour Level, Scott Eliot 498 (B.) ; Graaff

Reinet district : summit of Cave Mtn. near Graaff Reinet, Bolus 247 (K., B.H.) ; Queenstown

district : Fincham’s Nek. Queenstown, Young (W.) ; Plains, Queenstown, Galpin 1679

(B., P.) ; Cathcart district : Cathcart, Kuntze (K.) ; Albany district : Fish River Heights,

Hutton (P.) ; Bathurst district : road to Three Sisters, Britten^ 718 (A.M.) ; East London

district : East London, Ottley 2523 (W.) ; Nahoon R. Valley, Smith 3763 (P.) ; Buffalo

River, Rogers (T.M.) ; Komgha district : grassy hills, Komgha, Flanagan 132 (A.M., P.,

S.A.M.) ; British Kaffraria, Cooper 540 (B.M., Z., V.) ; Franklin district : near Newmarket,

Krook (B.).

986

Natal.— Port Natal, Gueinzius 332 (V.) ; Gueinzius 625 (V.); Gueinzius 312 (Pa., V.) ;

Mayville, Wood (N.) ; Inanda district: Umhlanga, Wood 572 (B.M.) ; Umhlanga, Wood

1000 (N.) ; Pinetown district : New Germany, Indian Collector (N.) ; Dundee district :

The Dam, Talana, Dundee, Truscott 58 (P.) ; Vryheid district: Vryheid, Pole-Evans 3896

(P.) ; Weenen district : among rocks, South Downs, Weenen Cty, Evans 478 (N.) ; New-

castle district: Boscobello, Jenkins (T.M.) ; no definite locality, Wood 779 (K., B.H.).

Zululand, Gerrard and McKen (B.M., Pa.).

Basutoland. — Plateau slopes, Leribe, Dieterlen 333 (P., N., S.A.M., Pa.) ; ou slopes

of mtn., S. Basutoland, Castignani (G.U.C.).

Orange Free State. — Harrismith district: Harrismith, Sankey 55 (K.) ; Bethlehem

district: Fouriesburg, Potts 4911 (K., G.U.C.) ; Heilbron district: Leeuw Spruit and

Vredefort, Barrett -Hamilton (B.M.) ; Bloemfontein district: E. side of Grants Hill, Bloem-

fontein, Potts (K., P., G.U.C.) ; Top of Grants Hill, Bloemfontein, Potts 2364 (P.).

Transvaal. — Standerton district : Standerton, Leendertz 4113a (T.M.) ; Heidelberg

district : Bolton Wold, Vereeniging, Burtt Davy 15083 (P.) ; grass veld, Doorntree Kloof,

Moss 14249 (W.) ; Benoni Bradfield. 127 (P.) ; Middelburg district: Pan, Middelburg,

Burtt Davy 13236 and 13237 (P.) ; Pretoria district: in graminosis pr. Aapies River,

Schlechter 3665 (B., T.M., B.H.) ; Skinners Court, Pretoria, Burtt Davy (P.) ; Meintjies

Kop, Pretoria, Smith 1417 (Z., P.) ; Wonderboompoort, Rehmann 4593 (B.M., Z.) ;

Barberton district: Komatipoort, Moss and Rogers 619 (Z.) ; Marico district: Sandy Hill,

Marico, Oberholzer s. 32 (B.) ; Waterberg district: Potgietersrust, Crawley (P., T.M.) ;

road between Petersburg and Louis Trichardt, Pole-Evans and Van Nouhuys 1941 (P.) ;

Zoutpansberg, Junod 4372 (P., T.M.) ; on lower slopes of Zoutpansberg, Schweickerdt and

Verdoorn 531 (P.). No definite locality, Vaal River, Zeyher (B., S.A.M.) ; Bushveld inter

Elands R. and Klippan, Rehmann 5046 (Z.) ; Ecklon and Zeyher 2398 (V.).

South Africa. — No definite locality : Burchell 92 (G.) ; Burchell 6146 (Pa.) ; Krauss

(V.) ; Krebs (G., B.) ; Bayer (B.) ; Rehmann 1098 (Z.) ; Harvey 733 (K.) ; Engler 47 (B.) ;

Bergius (B.) ; Lehmann (Pa.) ; Lichtenstein 50 (B.) ; Moricand (G.) ; Mund and Maire

(V., B.) ; Mund (K.) ; Ecklon and Zeyher 1629 (V.); Vaillaur (Pa.).

Yar. a hirsuta Harv. Leaflets more or Igss densely pubescent or hirsute below ; oblong,

obtuse or acute.

Cape. — Riversdale district : Zandhoogte, Muir 86 (P.) ; in graminosis pr. Riversdale,

Schlechter 1863 (B.M., G., Pa., Z., B., P., A.M.) ; George district : pone Georgetown,

Zeyher (S.A.M.) ; George, Moss 6095 (W.) ; Rogers 26469 (K.) ; Wilman 823 (S.A.M.) ; in

montibus Long Kloof, Montagu Pass, Fr. de Castelnau 97 (Pa.) ; Outeniqua Mtns., Montagu

Pass, Rehmann 12 and 13 (Z.) ; Knysna district : Poort Hills, Fourcade 589 (Z., A.M.) ;

Knysna, Schonland 3474 (A.M., Pa.) ; Breyer (T.M.) ; Karatora Village, Keet 1149 (A.M.) ;

Yoetzie, Knysna, Keet 678 (A.M.) ; on hillsides, E. Head, Knysna, Williamson 106 (A.M.) ;

Hackerville-Knysna, Breyer (T.M.) ; Plettenberg Bay, Zeyher (S.A.M.) ; Rogers 27942 and

28391 (P.) ; Rogers 28392 (K.) ; Uniondale district : on edge of road, De Vlucht, Keet 593

(A.M.) ; along the Avontuur Line, Britten 1035 (P.) ; Humansdorp district : mixed Duine

veld at Slang River, Humansdorp, Phillips 3418 (K., P.) ; Uitenhage district : Aloes,

Drege 3157 (P.) ; Uitenhage, Thode A 641 (N., P.) ; near road from Uitenhage to Van

Stadens, Schonland 3271 (P., A.M.) ; in lapidosis ad van Stadens Mtns., Zeyher 2396 (S.A.M.);

Van Stadens, Paterson (T.M.) ; grassy hills, van Stadens R. near Mine Road, Bolus (B.H.) ;

Port Elizabeth district : buschige Felder, Port Elizabeth, Rosenbrock 87 (B.) ; Humewood,

Holland 3724 (B.H.) ; Mill Park, Port Elizabeth, Moorsliead (W.) ; Moss 15417 (W.) ;

Alexandria district : Zuurberg, Paterson 33 (A.M.) ; Sandflats, Hillary, Burtt Davy (P.) ;

Grahamstown district : Grahamstown, Daly and Cherry 925 (T.M.) ; Burtt Davy 11543

(P.) ; Burtt Davy 12166 (P.) ; Rogers 27329 (K., Z., P.) ; near Grahamstown, Gillett 2494

(B.H.) ; Zeyher (S.A.M.) ; dry slopes, Gowies Kloof, Oatlands, Rennie 186 (S.A.C.) ; flats,

Hofman’s Bosch, Britten 1035 (A.M.) ; in lapidosis clivis, Bothas Hill, MacOwan 478 (K.) ;

987

Bothas Hill, Dyer 1426 (B.,'P., A.M.) ; Peddie Boad, Dyer 1360 (A.M.) ; Albany, Parry

(A.M.) ; Britten 718 (P.) ; Gawl (P.) ; Bathurst district : Port Alfred, Potts 221 (A.M.) ;

Kingwilliamstown district : Kingwilliamstown, Hilner 110 (A.M.) ; Stockenstroom district :

grassy ridges, Willsdale Commonage, Stockenstroom, Scully 228 (S.A.M.) ; Queenstown

district : grassy plains, Queenstown, Galpin 1679 (A.M.) ; Aliwal North district : on rocky

mountain sides, Elands Hoek, near Aliwal North, Bolus 293 (B.H.) ; East London district :

grass plains, Shelley Beach, Galpin 7344 (A.M., P.) ; Cambridge, Wormald 9 (A.M.) ; Cold-

stream, Schonland 1521 (A.M.) ; Komgha district : grassy hills near Komgha, Flanagan

617 (P., A.M., S.A.M.) ; Willowvale district : River mouth, Mazeppa Point, Hilner 462

(P., A.M.) ; Umtata district : near Umtata, Flanagan 2854 (B.H.) ; Cafferland, Gill (K., Z.);

East Griqualand : in clivis saxosis Kokstad, Tyson 2976 (S.A.M.) ; in graminosis clivis-

“ Clydesdale ” ad flumen Umzimkulu, Tyson 1432=2783 (Pa., V., Z., P., S.A.M., T.M.).

No definite locality, “ Mofube, Cape ”, Jacottet (Z.).

Basutoland. — Leribe, Phillips 522 (S.A.M.).

Natal. — Heavetree Farm, Ralfe (P.).

Orange Free State. — Bethlehem district : Witzies Hoek, ihode (B.H.) ; Bloemfontein

district : in collibus lapidosis prope Bloemfontein, Bolus 10802 (B.H.) ; Winburg district :

Houtenbek near Brandfort, Burtt Davy 14700 and 14694 (P.) ; Kroonstad district : Kroon-

stad, Pont 443 (P.).

Transvaal. — Potchefstroom district : on veld preservation experiment plots, Potchef-

stroom, Liebenberg 915 (P.) ; Johannesburg district : Thorntree Kloof, Moss 6803 and

10533 (W.) ; Modderfontein, Conrath 231 A (Z., B.) ; Pretoria district : Pretoria, Leendertz

466 (B.H.) ; colies supra Aapies River, Rehmann 4399 (Z.) ; Barberton district : Komati-

poort, Rogers 2266 (Z.) ; in graminosis pr. Crocodile River, Schlechter 3987 (B., B.H.) ;

Lydenburg district : bei der Stadt, Lydenburg, Wilms 365 (K., B.M., P., 6., Z., B.).

Yar. ft. angustifolia Harv. Leaflets very narrow, lanceolate, complicate, mucro

recurved, slightly hirsute below.

Cape. — Swellendam district : in collibus graminosis ad Buffelsjagts River, Swellendam,

Zeyher (S.A.M.) ; Mossel Bay district : Vrigers Berg, Muir 2046 (P.) ; Uniondale district :

rocky hill N. of Joubertina, Fourcade 2935 (K.) ; Humansdorp district : Loerie Plantation,

Humansdorp, Dix 119 (B.H.) ; Uitenhage district : in montibus ad Elandsriver, Uitenhage,

Zeyher (S.A.M.) ; Bolus (B.H.) ; Burchell (K.) ; ad flumen Zwartkopsrivier, Zeyher (S.A.M.);

in arenosis ad Zwartkopsrivier, Zeyher 2397 (S.A.M.) Albany district : Redhouse, Paterson

296 (A.M.) ; Grahamstown, Rogers 27426 (A.M.), and Rogers 27326 (K., P.) ; Penrich Farm,

Botha’s Ridge, Dyer 1165 (A.M., P.) ; Assegai Bosch, Breyer (T.M.) ; Graaff Reinet district :

Cave Mt. near Graaff Reinet, Bolus 11822 (B.H.) ; Cradock district : in lapidosis aridis

prope Mortimer in Ditione Cradock, Kensit (B.H.) ; Cathcart district : Drege (K.) ; Pondo-

land : Port St. Johns, Flanagan (P.).

Natal. — No definite locality, Cooper 2221 and 2222 (K.).

Var. y. iongipetiolata H. M. Forbes var. nov.

A typo petiolis longioribus differt.

Leaves 1-3-jugate, 3-10 cm. long, petiole before first pair of leaflets 2-5-9 cm. long;

leaflets 1 -9-3-5 cm. long, 4-7 cm. broad.

Cape. — Grahamstown district : Trapps Valley, Anstey 4 (A.M.) ; Bothas Hill, MacOwan

(B.H.) ; East London district : East London, Breyer (T.M.) ; Kentani district : prostrate

among grasses, Coast, Pegler 1295 (T.M., P.).

T. ternatifolia R. G. N. Young in Ann. Tvl. Mus. 14.4.406 (1932). I have examined

all the material of this species cited by Young and can find no legitimate reason for

separating it from T. capensis. The distinguishing character used by Young in his key is

“ terminal leaflets equalling the petiole,” but this feature is not constant, as in speci-

988

mens written up and cited by Young, the terminal leaflets not only equalled the

petioles, but exceeded them or were much shorter. These differences in length quite fre-

quently occurred on the same specimen. The interrupted inflorescence and dark venation

■on the lower sides of the leaflets are both characteristic of T . capensis, therefore, in my

opinion, the specimens cited by Young as T. ternatifolia should be transferred back to T.

capensis.

The very large amount of material included in this species shows a great range of variety

in general habit, and, in particular, in the length and breadth of the leaflets, and in the

almost complete absence of pubescence to types which are distinctly hairy. These variations

frequently so merge into each other that it is puzzling to decide definitely to which variety

a specimen may belong, so that the varieties tend to become rather artificial. In a few

instances, specimens, generally collected only once, do appear to differ, but until such time

as more complete material has been collected from the same localities, it is, I think, advisable

to retain them in this group.

To the Zulus this plant is “ isiKhwali ” and they use the root to make an emetic for

biliousness. The Suto name is “ pelo-di-maroba ” and the Suto use the cooked root with a

decoction of Commelina africana for nervousness and weak heart.

48. T. pseudocapitata H. M. Forbes sp. nov., aflinis T. macropodae Harv., sed caulibus

brevioribus, stipulis subulatis, dentibus calycis tubo brevioribus differt.

Caules ascendentes vel decumbentes, e basi ranxosi, parce fulvo-pilosi. Folia 2^4-

jugata, 2-5-8 cm. longa ; foliola obovato-cuneata, 2-5-5-5 cm. longa, 0-8-2 cm. lata,

mueronata, supra glabra, subtus leviter pilosa ; stipulae subulatae, usque ad 1 - 5 cm. longae ;

pedunculi usque ad 14 cm. longi. Flores 1-5 cm. longi ; bracteae lineari-subulatae ;

dentes calycis triangulari-subulati, tubo breviores ; ovarium pubescens ; stylus pilosus.

Type specimen, Wylie (N.H. 21787), in Natal Herbarium, Durban.

Stems ascending or decumbent, branching from the base, thinly tawny pilose. Leaves

2- 4-jugate, 2-5-8 cm. long; leaflets obovate-cuneate, mucronate, glabrous above, thinly

pilose below, 2-5-5 cm. long, 0-8-2 cm. broad. Stipules subulate, up to 1 -5 cm. long.

Peduncles terminal, up to 14 cm. long, flowers few in a short dense raceme, almost capitate.

Floivers purple, 1-5 cm. long; bracts linear-subulate. Calyx-lobes triangular-subulate,

shorter than the tube. Ovary pubescent. Style bearded.

Natal. — Krantzkop district : Greytown, Wylie [N.H. 21787] (N.) ; Wylie [N.H.

2799] (N„ P.).

49. T. natalensis H. M. Forbes sp. nov., aflinis T. pseudocapitatae H. M. Forbes,, sed inflores-

centiis laxe racemosis, dentibus calycis tubo longioribus differt.

Caules ascendentes vel decumbentes, e basi ramosi, fulvo-pilosi. Folia 3-5-jugata,

6-5-12 cm. longa ; foliola cuneata vel obovato-cuneata, 2-4-5 cm. longa, 0-7-2 cm. lata,

apice truncata vel emarginata, supra glabra, subtus leviter pilosa ; stipulae subulatae,

acuminatae, 1-2 cm. longae, 3-5 nervatae ; pedunculi 6-5-19-5 cm. longi. Flores 1-3-

2 cm. longi ; bracteae lineari-subulatae, 7-8 mm. longae ; calyx dense fulvo-pilosus, dentibus

lineari-lanceolatis txibo excedentibus ; ovarium fulvo-pubescens ; stylus pilosus.

Type specimen, Wood 8341, in Natal Herbarium, Durban.

Stems ascending or procumbent, branching from the base, fulvous pilose. Leaves

3- 5- jugate, 6-5-12 cm. long; leaflets cuneate or obovate-cuneate, truncate or emarginate,

mucronulate, glabrous above, thinly pilose below, 2-4-5 cm. long, 0-7-2-2 cm. broad.

Stipules subulate, acuminate, 1-2 cm. long, 3-5 nerved. Peduncles terminal, 6-5-19-5 cm.

989

\

long, flowers in a lax raceme, in fascicles of 2-4. Flowers 1-35-1 -9 cm. long; pedicels

0-6-1 cm. long; bracts linear-subulate, 7-8 mm. long. Calyx densely fulvo-pilose, teeth

onger than the tube, linear-lanceolate. Ovary fulvo-pubescent. Style bearded.

Natal. — Maritzburg district : Hawthorns Hill, Maritzburg, Allsopp 465 (N.) ; near

Maritzburg, Bell (N.) ; Howick, Wood 8431 (K., N.) ; Harding district : Harding, Oliver

98 (N.).

50. T. apiculata H. M. Forbes sp. nov., affinis T. natalensi H. M. Forbes, sed foliolis distincte

apiculatis, dentibus calycis tubo subaequilongis dift’ert.

Caules decumbentes vel ascendentes, e basi ramosi, parce pubescentes. Folia 2-5-

jugata, 1 -5-4-5 cm. longa ; foliola elliptico-cuneata, apiculata, 2-4 cm. longa, 0-5-1 -2 cm.

lata, supra glabra, subtus leviter pilosa ; stipulae lineari-subulatae, acuminatae, 1-1-5 cm.

longae ; pedunculi terminales axillaresque, usque ad 16 cm. longi ; bracteae lineares,

7-8 mm. longae. Flores 1-3-1 -5 cm. longi ; calyx dense pubescerts, lobi tubo subaequilongi

uno longiore ; ovarium dense pubescens ; stylus pilosus. Fructus non visus.

Type specimen, Acocks 11749, in Natal Herbarium, Durban.

Stems decumbent or ascending, several arising from a woody root-stock, thinly pubes-

cent. Leaves 2-5-jugate, 1-5-4 -5 cm. long,, shortly petioled ; leaflets elliptic-oblong, api-

culate, thinly pilose below, glabrous above, 2-4 cm. long, 0-5-1 -2 cm. broad. Stipules

linear-subulate, acuminate. 1-1-5 cm. long. Peduncles terminal and axillary, up to 16 cm.

long, few-flowered at apex or flowers in an interrupted raceme, 2-4 together ; bracts linear,

7-8 mm. long. Flowers 1-3-1 -5 cm. long; vexillum densely tawny-velvety without.

Calyx densely pubescent, four lobes subequal to tube in length, lowest longer, lobes lanceo-

late. Vexillary stamen free ; ovary densely pubescent. Style bearded. Legumes not seen.

Natal. — Utrecht district : Kafflr Drift, Thode A 224 and A 268 (N., P.) ; Paulpieters-

burg district: between Paulpietersburg and Sunkelsdrift, Acocks 11749 (N.) ; Paulpieters

burg, Galpin 9707 and 10908 (K., P.).

Transvaal. — Piet Retief district : Piet Retief, Jenkins (T.M.) ; Ermelo district :

Spitzkop, Ermelo, Pott (T.M., B.H.).

KEY TO SECTION 4.

Stems erect A.

Stems ascending, decumbent or trailing B.

A. Peduncles terminal C.

Peduncles terminal, axillary or leaf-opposed D.

C. Peduncles 2-7 cm. long, densely flowered 51. zombensis.

Peduncles up to 5 cm. long, few (2-4) flowered 52. Bachmannii .

D. Peduncles terminal and leaf-opposed E.

Peduncles terminal and axillary F.

E. Peduncles racemosely few-flowered towards apex 53. Wyliei.

Peduncles not racemosely flowered G.

G. Flowers fasciculato-corymbose at apex 54. grandiflora.

Flowers 2-3 together in interrupted spicate glomerules 55. glomeruli flora.

F. Peduncles up to 2 cm. long ; calyx lobes much longer than tube . . 56. subulata.

Peduncles exceeding 2 cm. ; calyx lobes subequal to tube 57. stiiluwanensis.

B. Stems ascending or decumbent H.

Stems trailing or diffuse I.

H. Stems, etc., densely albo-pilose 58. albissima.

Stems, etc., not albo-pilose J.

J. Stipules cordate ; leaves 5-6-jugate 59. cordatu.

Stipules ovate ; leaves 1-4- jugate K.

K. Stems erect or ascending ; calyx teeth longer than tube 60. spathaceu.

Stems decumbent or ascending ; calyx teeth subequal to tube L.

990

L. Stems bearing several leaves and peduncles ; leaves long petioled

Stems bearing one leaf and 1-2 peduncles ; leaf shortly petioled . .

I. Flowers subtended by minute lanceolate bracts ; leaves 5-7 -jugate

Flowers subtended by ovate bracts ; leaves not more than

4-jugate M.

M. Leaves shortly petioled

Leaves long petioled N.

N. Stems more or less robust ; stipules broadly ovate, up to 1-2 cm.

long

Stems subfiliform ; stipules ovate, up to 6 mm. long 0.

O. Leaves 1-2- jugate ; stamens monadelphous

Leaves 3-4-jugate ; stamens diadelphous

61. Galpinii.

62. unifolia.

63. radicans.

64. zuluensis.

65. macropoda.

66. aemula.

67. diffusa.

51. T. zombensis Baker in Kew Bull. 257 (1897) ; Baker f. Leg. Trop. Afr. 1.213 (1926) :

Burtt Davy FI. Tvaal. 1.2.377 (1932).

Type specimen, Whyte, in Herbarium, Kew.

A shrub, branches woody, densely clothed with white or tawny hairs. Leaves shortly

petiolate, 5-15-jugate, 3-5-18-5 cm. long; leaflets oblong, obtuse, mucronate, green and

glabrous above, sericeous below, 1-5-4 -5 cm? long, 0-6-1 -5 cm. broad. Stipules ovate,

acuminate, densely pilose on back, 2-3 mm. broad, 0-5-1 cm. long. Peduncles terminal,

2-7 cm. long, racemes densely flowered, subglobose. Flowers up to 1-8 cm. long, pedicellate ;

pedicels 6-7 mm. long; bracts lanceolate, pubescent. Calyx densely pilose, tube 4 mm.

long, 1 cm. in diam., lobes acuminate, 0-7-1 cm. long, much longer than the tube. Vexillum

orbicular, sericeous on the back, 1-4 cm. long, 1-5 cm. broad. Ovary linear, pilose, 9 mm.

long. Style thinly bearded along inner surface. Legumes about 3 cm. long, 6 mm. broad,

densely velvety.

Cape. — Piquetberg district : open mountain side, De Hoek, Taylor 646 (P.).

Transvaal. — Pietersburg district : Magoebas Kloof, Houtboschberg, Burtt Davy

2600 (P.) ; upper slopes of Magoebas Kloof, Obermeyer (T.M., N.) ; New Agatha, Rogers

18886 (K., Z., B.H., T.M.) ; De Hoek, Taylor 646 (P.).

The type specimen was collected by Whyte at Mt. Zomba, Nyasaland in 1896. It has

also been collected in Nyasaland by Buchanan and in Southern Rhodesia by Eyles.

In general appearance T. zombensis Bak. is similar to T. Vogelii Hk. f., but there are

points of difference, particularly in the long acuminate calyx lobes of the former species.

T. zombensis is reputed to have toxic properties similar to those of T. Vogelii.

52. T. Bachmannii Harms in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 26.286 (1899).

Type specimen, Bachmann 616, in Botanisches Museum, Berlin-Dahlem.

A shrub, branching freely, branches ascending, appressedly puberulous when young,

becoming quite glabrous. Leaves 3-6-jugate, shortly petiolate, 1-4 cm. long; leaflets

linear-oblanceolate, narrowed towards the base, apex obtuse or acute, mucronulate, glabrous

above, pubescent below, 1-8-4 -5 cm. long, 2 -5-5 -5 mm. broad. Stipules ovate, acute,

pubescent or subglabrous, 5-nerved, 4-6 mm. long, 2-3 mm. broad. Peduncles up to 5 cm.

long, terminal, few-flowered (2-4 flowers) ; bracts ovate, sericeous, up to 5 mm. long.

Flowers about 2 cm. long ; pedicels 4-7 mm. long, sericeous. Calyx densely fulvous silky,

lobes not longer than the tube, upper lobe lanceolate-ovate, acute ; lateral lobes a little

shorter, deltoid-ovate, acute, lower broadly 2-dentate. Vexillum about 2 cm. long and

broad, densely fulvous silky without. Ovary with long fulvous hairs along the sutures.

Style bearded. Legumes 2-7 cm. long, 0-8 cm. broad, fulvous along the margins.

Cape. — Pondoland : no definite locality, Bachmann 616 (B.).

991

Natal. — Port Shepstone district : near Murchison, Wood 3021 (N.) ; Wood 3101

(K., N.) ; Margate, Rump (N.) ; Oribi Flats, Rump (N.).

A shrub with large showy mauvy-pink flowers. It is readily distinguished from the

other large flowered species by the tawny hairs on the petioles, peduncles, calyx and vexillum

which are a striking contrast to the canescent pubescence of the bracts subtending the

flowers and the undersurface of the leaves.

53. T. Wyliei H. M. Forbes sp. nov., aflinis T. grandiflora^ (Ait.) Pers., sed foliolis floribus

bracteisque multo minoribus differt.

Suffrutex. Caules erecti, glabrescentes vel parce pubescentes. Folia 4-7- jugata,

4-7 -5 cm. longa ; foliola cuneata, apice retusa vel emarginata, 1-2-2 cm. longa, 0-5-1 cm.

lata, mucronata, supra glabra, subtus parce appresse pubescentia ; stipulae ovato-cordatae,

acuminatae, 5-6 mm. longae ; pedunculi usque ad 22 cm. longi ; bracteae ovatae, 3-5 mm.

longae, mox caducae. Flores 1-3-1 -5 cm. longi ; calyx leviter pubescens, dentibus lanceo-

latis tubo subaequilongis ; stylus pilosus. Fructus linearis, 3-5-4 cm. longis, 0-7 cm.

latus, glaber.

Type specimen, Wylie (Wood 5219), in Natal Herbarium, Durban.

Suffrutex. Stems erect, branching, glabrescent, or very slightly pubescent, dark

reddish-brown. Leaves 4-7-jugate, 4-7-5 cm. long; petiole 1 -5-3-5 cm. long before first

pair of leaflets ; leaflets cuneate, apex retuse or emarginate, mucronate, glabrous above,

shortly appressedly pubescent below, 1-2-2 cm. long, 0-5-1 cm. broad. Stipules ovate-

cordate, acuminate, 5-6 mm. long. Peduncles terminal and leaf-opposed, 6-22 cm. long,

few-flowered towards apex. Flowers purple, 1-3-1 -5 cm. long. Bracts ovate, 3-5 mm.

long, soon caducous. Calyx sparsely pubescent, lobes lanceolate, subequal to tube. Style

bearded. Legumes linear, 3-5-4 cm. long, 0-7 cm. broad, glabrous.

Natal. — Elandskop district: Sevenfontein near Boston, Wylie [Wood 5219] (N.) ;

Wylie [Wood 9928] (N., Z., P., B.H.) ; Maritzburg district : Zwartkop, Wood 10235

(N., P.) ; Wood 11142 (N.).

This plant has been named in honour of Mr. J. Wylie who, for many years, worked

with the late Dr. Medley Wood. On his many trips throughout Natal and Zululand he

collected extensively, many of his specimens being new to science.

54. T. grandiflora (Ait.) Pers. Syn. 2.329 (1807) ; DC. Prodr. 2.251 (1825) ; Spreng. Syst.

Veg. 3.232 (1826) ; Ecklon and Zeyher Enum. PI. Afr. Aust. Extratrop. 246 (1835) ;

E. Mey. Comm. Drege PI. Afr. Aust. 1.1.110 (1836) ; Cape Plants, Krauss and Engler,

54 (1846) ; Harvey in Harv. and Sond. FI. Cap. 2.209 (1861-62) ; O. Kuntze Rev.

Gen. PI. 1.175 (1891); Bolus and Wolley Dod in Trans. S.A. Phil. Soc. 14.3.257

(1903) ; Zahlbr. Ann. K. K. Naturhist. Hofmus. 20.3 (1905) : Wood FI. of Natal

42 (1907) : Wood in Trans. S.A. Phil. Soc. 18.2.147 (1908) ; Burtt Davy and Pott

in Ann. Tvl. Mus. 3.3.146 (1912) ; Die Veg. der Erde 9.3.590 (1915) ; Bot. Survey

S.A. Mem. 1.64 (1919) ; Bews FI. Natal and Zululand 111 (1921) ; Watt and Breyer-

Brandwyk Med. and Pois. PI. S.A. 74 (1932).

Syn. Galega grandiflora Ait. Hort. Kew 3.70 (1789) ; Vahl. Symb. 2.84 (1791) ; Thunb.

Prodr. 134 (1800) ; Willd. Sp. PI. 3. ii. 1244 (1803) ; Linn. Syst. Nat. 6.1215 (1806) ;

Ait. Hort. Kew ed. 2.4.356 (1812) ; Thunb. FI. Cap. ed. Schultes 601 (1823) ; Bot.

Reg. 9 1. 769 (1824) ; Juel, in Plantae Thunberg 221 (1918) ; Apodynomene grandiflora

E. Mey. Comm. PI. Afr. Aust. Ill (1835-36) ; Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 2.88 (1843);

Krauss FI. des Cap und Natallandes 54 (1846) ; Galega rosea Lam. Encycl. 2. 599

(1786) sec. Persoon Syn. 2.329 (1807).

992

Type specimen, Alton Cult. Hort. Kew is non extant. Aiton (1789) cites Galega grandi-

flora as being figured in L'Heritier Stirp. nov. t. 44, but according to Britten and Woodward

Journ. Bot. 43.270 (1905), this plate was never published. Alton (1812) withdraws this

reference in the second edition of his “ Hortus Kewensis.”

Fruticose, erect. Stems subglabrous to densely pubescent. Leaves up to 7-5 cm.

long, shortly petiolate, 4-8-jugate ; leaflets variable in length and breadth, cuneate-oblong,

obcordate or sometimes almost lanceolate, obtuse or acute, retuse or mucronulate, glabrous

or pubescent above, canescent below, 1-3-8 cm. long, 0-4-1 -8 cm. broad. Stipules broadly

ovate, 0-5-1 -3 cm. long. Peduncles terminal and opposite leaves, 3-12 cm. long, fasciculato-

corymbose at apex; young flowers enclosed by broad ovate deciduous bracts up to 1-8 cm.

long and 1 cm. broad at base. Flowers up to 2 cm. long, pedicellate ; pedicels 0-5-1 -3 cm.

long. Vexillum densely fulvescent without. Calyx thinly to densely pubescent, tube up

to 3 mm. long, lobes subulate, unequal, two upper slightly shorter than tube, lateral and

lowest 2 -5-3 -5 mm. long, lowest longest. Ovary 1-4-1 -6 cm. long, hairy along sutures.

Style bearded. Legumes 4-7-5 cm. long, 0-9-1 cm. broad, linear, compressed, glabrous,

thinly hairy along sutures.

Cape. — Humansdorp district: Clarkson, Penther 2473 (V., B.) ; Thode A 812 (K.,

N., P.) ; Kabeljouws river, Penther 2469 (B.) ; Humansdorp, Rosenbrock 456 (B.) ; West 92

(K.) ; about 7 m. N. of Humansdorp, Schonland 3044 (A.M.) ; between Gamtoos River and

Humansdorp, West 207 (B.H.) ; Uitenhage district : Diep Valley, Zitzikamma, Fourcade

780 (A.M.) ; Zitzikamma, Krauss 29 (V.) ; ad sylv. marginis in Zitzikamma, Murray 39

(Z., B.) ; among shrubs in district of Uitenhage, Ecklon and Zeyher (B.) ; Hofman’s Bosch

near St. Albans, Britten 1053 (A.M., Pa.) ; on banks of the Krom River, Bowie 1 (K., B.M.) ;

Krom River, Zeyher (A.M.) ; Thunberg (U., B.M.) ; Pappe (K.) ; Albany district : in

humidis vallibus pr. Grahamstown, Read (K.) ; hill above Grahamstown, Prior (K.) ;

Featherstown Kloof, Rennie 179 (S.A.C.) ; Grahamstown, Rogers 1579 (K.) : Rogers 336

(B.M.) ; Schonland (Z., B.) ; Schlechter 2617 (B., A.M.) ; Williamson 20 (B.M.) ; Daly and

Sole 131 a (P.) ; and Daly and Sole 1013 (A.M.) ; Gower 4 (P.) ; Alexander 112 (K.) ; Bolus

(T.M.) ; Haagner 235 (Z., B.) ; ad ripas fluviorum pr. Grahamstown. MacOuan 1929 (A.M.) ;

MacOwan 206 (B.M., Z., N.) ; edge of forest, Howison’s Poort, Zeyher (S.A.M.) ; dry rocky

hills at Grahamstown, Bunbury 41 (B.M.) ; Signal Hill, Bolus 1930 (B.H.) ; in collibus

inter Grahamstown and Coldstream, Bolus 10634 (B.H.) ; inter Grahamstown and Assegai

Bosch, Zeyher (K., S.A.M.) ; on stony hills between Grahamstown and Assegai Bosch,

Zeyher 191 (V., 0.) ; Flats, Oudebosch, Fourcade 866 (K., Z., A.M.) ; Trapps Valley,

Daly 631 (A.M., P.) ; Garrow, Burtt Davy 11597 (P.) ; Albany, Harvey 191 (K, B.M.) ;

Victoria district, near Alice, Cooper 374 (K, B.M., Z., V., P.) ; Kingwilliamstown district :

Drege (K.) ; Hoffmanskloof and Driefontein, Drege (S.A.M.) ; Stockenstroom district :

Elands River above Waterfall, Stockenstroom, Scully 216 (P.) ; Stutterheim district :

Amabele, Moss 20491 (W.) ; Fort Cunynghame, Schonland 80 (A.M.) ; pr. Fort Cunyng-

hame, Bolus 21777 (B.H.) : Bathurst district : Port Alfred, Rogers 28073 (Z.) ; East London

district : East London, Breyer (T.M.) ; Galpin 3299 (A.M, P.) ; Rogers 17015 (Z., W.) ;

Thode (S.) ; Ottley 2529 (B.M., W.) ; Nahoon River Valley, Smith 3750 (K, P.) ; Blood River

Valley, Southernwood, Smith 3666 (P.) ; Kei Road, Schlechter 6134 (B., A.M.) ; along

road to Buffalo Bridge, Colmer (G.U.C.) ; Komgha district : among shrubs near Komgha,

Flanagan 632 (Z, S.A.M., B.H., A.M.) ; Komgha, Krook [Penther 2540 and 2545] (V., B.) ;

Kentani district : Pegler 458 (K., B.M., P., S.A.M., A.M.) ; Qutosa, Kentani, Edwards

[Moss 17581] (W.) ; Kaffraria, Cooper 82 (K., B.M, Z, G, V, N, P, B.H.) ; Pondoland

district : Port St. Johns, Schonland 4046 (A.M.) : Moss 2723 (W.) ; Bachmann 618 (B.) ;

Libode, Schonland 3895 (A.M.) ; apud litus ad ostia fl. Umkwani, Tyson 2624 (K, B.M,

Z, S.A.M.) ; Pondoland, Bachmann 609 and 610 (B.) ; Bachmann 611 (B.M, B.); Bachmann

612 (Z, B.) ; an moorig Rand v. Sandsteinbachen, Beyrich 252 (B.) : inter Omsamwubo

and Omsamcabo Rivers, Drege (K.) ; Umtata district : Colossa-Umtata, Krook, [Penther

1612] (V,B.) ; East Griqualand, Mt. Ayliffe district: In montibus pr. Mt. Ayliffe, Tyson

2752 (P, S.A.M, S.).

993

Natal. — Port Skepstone district : Margate, Beardmore [Moss 15139] (W.) ; near

Murchison, Wood 3022 (K., N.) ; Marburg, Rogers 544 (B.M.) ; Ixopo district : open ground,

Umgoye, near Dumisa, Wood 3865 (B.M., Z.) ; Umzinto district : Ifafa, Rudatis 42 (B.) ;

Durban district : coastland, Sutherland (K.) ; Pinetown district : Northdene, wood near

Krantzkloof, Rogers 24460 (T.M.) ; Camperdown district : near, river Umlaas, Evans 345

(N.) ; Impendhle district : Boston, Wylie [ Wood 9928] (B.M.) ; Inanda district : Inanda,

Rehnann 8420 (Z.) ; edge of wood, Inanda, Wood 5589 (B.) ; Inanda, Wood 289 (B.M..

N., K., S.A.M., B.H.) ; Zululand, Eshowe district : margins of forest, Eshowe, Galpin

12159 (K., V., P.) ; Eshowe, Rogers 24460 (Z., A.M., W.) ; Forbes [N.H. 20538] (N.) ;

Forbes 708 (N.) ; plantations, Port Durnford, Kotze 22 (P.) ; Nkandhla district : Melmoth,

Mogg 4574 (P.) ; Babanango, King 450 (N.) ; Ngoye, Wylie [Wood 10363] (Pa.) ; no definite

locality, Gerrard and McKen 302 (K., B.M., Pa., V.) ; Gerrard 1087 (K.) ; Gerrard 1752

(K., B.M., Pa.).

No Definite Locality. — Ecklon and Zeyher 1629 (O., Pa., G., V., B.) ; Zeyher 2395

(P.) ; Barber (A.M.) ; Drege [Herb. E. Meyer 5468] (B.) ; Drege [Herb. E. Meyer 5469]

(B.) ; Drege 415 and 416 (V.) ; Drege (0.) ; Drege 2395 (V.) ; Ecklon and Zeyher 810 (Z.) ;

Krebs 110 (G.) ; Krebs s.n. (B.) ; Rohde (V.) ; Talbot (K.) ; Verreaux (G.) ; Burchell 3867

(K.) ; Cooper 2224 (K.) ; Corvailla (V.) ; Hennegart (P.) ; Mund and Maire (B.) ; Masson

(B.M.).

A decoction of the root of this plant, known to the Zulus as “ iHlozane ” is used as a

parasiticide.

55. T. glomerulifiora Meisn. in Hook. Bond. Journ. Bot. 2.86 (1843) ; Cape Plants, Krauss

and Engler 54 (1846) ; Harvey in Harv. and Sond. FI. Cap. 2.209 (1861-62) ; Wood

FI. Natal 42 (1907) ; Wood in Trans. S.A. Phil. Soc. 18.2.147 (1908) ; Bews FI.

Natal and Zululand 111 (1921).

Type specimen, Gueinzius, in Herbarium, Kew.

Suffruticose, erect, whole plant more or less greyish pubescent. Stems branching,

terete. Leaws-3-I2-jugate, 3-10-5 cm. long, petiolate ; leaflets 1-5-4 cm. long, 0-5-1 -2 cm.

t broad, narrow oblong, obtuse or subacute, mucronate, thinly pilose or glabrous above,

more or less densely canescent below ; petiolules about 2 mm. long. Stipules lanceolate or

ovate-lanceolate, striate, 0-5-1 cm. long. Peduncles terminal and leaf-opposed, 11-20 cm.

long. Flowers 1-8-2 -2 cm. long 2-3 together in interrupted spicate glomerules. Bracts

ovate, acuminate, 0-9-3 -5 cm. long, deciduous. Pedicels up to 1-2 cm. long, short at

first but lengthening as the flower develops. Calyx- tube 0-9-1 -5 cm. in diam., lobes 3-5

long and two ujijier connate and slightly shorter. Yexillum sericeous without, 1-8-2 cm.

mm. long, and broad. Ovary 1-4—1 -8 cm. long, densely hairy along sutures. Style

0-6-1 cm. long, bearded. Legumes hairy along sutures, compressed, 5-6 cm. long,

8-9 mm. broad.

Cape.- — Pondoland : hillside, Signal Hill, Port St. Johns, Galpin 9537 (K., P.) ; forests,

Port St. Johns, Moss 2740 (W.) ; amongst rocks in sea sand, Port St. Johns, Houlett 52 (P.).

Natal. — Port Shepstone district : sandy grassy places near beach, Uvonga, Thode

(B., S.) ; Umzinto district : Park Rynie, Wood 12367 (N., P., T.M.) ; Friedenau, Umgaiflat,

Rudatis 280 (B., P.) ; Durban district : Port Natal, Gueinzius (K.) ; Berea, Durban, Wood

4843 (B.M., G., N., P., B.H.) ; cult, in Botanic Gardens, Durban, Wood 12564 (K., N.) ;

Sydenham, Wood 11927 (A.M.) ; Rooikop near Sydenham, Forbes 543 (N., T.M.) ; Spring-

field, Wood 13062 (N., T.M.) ; Pinetown district : inter Pinetown and Umbilo, Rehmann

8044 (K.) ; Greytown district : near Greytown, Wood 5984 (V., B., B.H., N.) ; Impendhle

district : Boston, Wood 11400 (N.) ; Tugela district : Chaka’s Kraal, Thode (B.) ; Zulu-

land, Mtunzini district: Mtunzini, Wood 11360 (N.,P.) ; Mogg 4348 (A.M., P., B.H.) ;

Eshowe district : Port Durnford Plantations, Kotze 22 (P.) ; Ngoye, Wylie [Wood 10345]

994

(N., P.) ; Wood 10363 (P.) ; Wylie [ Wood 8482] (B.) ; Wylie [ Wood 5654] (G., P.) ; open

ground, Wood 722 (B.M., B.) ; Wood 3865 (K., S.A.M., B.M.) ; Umfolosi district : St.

Lucia Bay, Pole-Evans 3647 (P.).

No Definite Locality. — Gueinzius 306 (V.).

56. T. subulata Hutch, and Burtt Davy in FI. Tvaal. 1.2. p. XXI and p. 377 (1932).

Type specimen, Galpin 843, in Herbarium, Kew.

Suffruticose, stems erect or ascending. Leaves pinnate, 4-8-jugate, 5-10 cm. long ;

leaflets 1-4' 3 cm. long, O' 5-1 -5 cm. broad, oblong, retuse, mucronulate. Stipules broad,

more or less ovate, striate, sparsely ciliate and pilose without. Peduncles terminal and

axillary, up to 2 cm. long, few flowered. Flowers 1-5-2 cm. long ; bracts acute, 5-7 mm.

long, striate, subglabrous, caducous; pedicels 6 mm. long. Calyx-tube 2-5-3 mm. long,

8 mm. in diam., lobes linear-subulate, 4^7 mm. long, much longer than the tube, subglabrous.

Vexillum 1-5-1 -7 cm. long, 1-1-1 -8 cm. broad, pubescent without. Ovary 11-1-5 cm.

long, thinly hairy along the sutures. Style 5 mm. long, bearded along the inner side.

Immature pods 4-5 cm. long, 0-6 cm. broad, glabrous.

Cape. — East Griqualand: in graminosis ad rivulos “ Clydesdale ” ad flumen Umziin-

kulu, Tyson 1434 (K., A., G , V , B., P., S.A.M., S.) ; apud rivulos circa Clydesdale, Tyson

2047 (K., Z., P.).

Natal. — Umzinto district : Friedenau, Umgai Flat, Rudatis 308 (B.) ; Pinetown

district : Trappisten Kolonie, Mariannhill, Landauer 236 (B.) ; Greytown district : grassy

places near streams, De Rust, Greytown, Thode (B.).

Transvaal. — Barberton district : Highland Creek, Barberton, Galpin 843 (K., N.,

P.. S.A.M.) ; Moodies Hill near stream, Thorncroft (K., T.M.) ; Roses Creek, Thorncroft

36 (T.M.).

57. T. shiluwanensis Schinz in Vierteljahrsschr. Nat. Ges. Zurich 52.425 (1907) ; Burtt

Davy FI. Tvaal. 1.2.379 (1932).

Syu. Tephrosia spathacea Hutch, and Burtt Davy in FI. Tvaal. 1.2. pp. XXXI and 377

(1932) in part.

Tephrosia Meisneri Hutch, and Burtt Davy l.c.

Type specimen, Junod 2355, in Botanisches Museum, Zurich.

Suffruticose, erect, sparsely branched, branches grey-pilose when young, at length

glabrous. Leaves 3-6-jugate, petiolate, 5-5-13 cm. long; leaflets oblong-obovate or

cuneate, truncate or emarginate, mucronate, glabrous above, thinly appressedly grey-

pilose below, 1-4-5 cm. long, 0-4-1 -3 cm. broad. Stipules ovate-acuminate, pilose, densely

ciliate along the margins, 0-5-1 cm. long. Peduncles axillary and terminal, racemosely

few-flowered at apex, 8-11 cm. long, terminal peduncle occasionally up to 20 cm. long ;

pedicels 2-9 mm. long ; flowers subtended by broad ovate bracts, soon caducous. Flower

1-5 cm. long. Calyx long pilose, tube 3 mm. long, 8 mm. in diam., lobes unequal, 2-5-

3-5 mm. long. Vexillum densely clothed with adpressed silky golden-brown hairs without,

about 1-5 cm. long and 1-4 cm. broad. Ovary 1-1 cm. long. Style 5 mm. long, bearded

along inner side. Legume 4 cm. long, 7 mm. broad, glabrous.

Transvaal. — Zoutpansberg district : bas pays, Shiluwane, Junod 2355 (Z., G.) ;

Junod 1106 (K., Z.) [cited as T. spathacea in FI. Tvaal.] ; Junod 117 (Z., G.); in cliv. mont.

Houtboschberg, Schlechter 4417 (B.) ; Houtbosch, Rehrnann 6228 (K.) ; and 6229 (K., Z.);

Lydenburg district : hillsides, Sabie Valley, Galpin 13598 (B.M., P.) ; Governments Spruit,

north of town, Lydenburg, Wilms 341 (K.), [type of T. spathacea Hutch, and B. Davy]

Spitzkop Goldmine, Wilms 341 bis (Pa., G.) ; Louis Trichardt, Young, in Herb. Moss 17248

(W.) ; Ermelo district : rock crevices, Blaaupan A. Moss 16326 (W.).

995

58. T. albissima H. M. Forbes sp. nov., affinis T. macropodae Harv., sed caulibus multo

brevioribus, omnibus partibus dense longeque albido-pilosis, lobis calycis tubo

longioribus differt.

Caules simplices, ascendentes vel decumbentes, e basi ramosi, pilis longis albidis pilosi.

Folia 1-6-jugata, 2-5-11 cm. longa ; foliola obovato-cuneata, retusa, mucronata, 2-5-

5-5 cm. longa, 0-8-2-2 cm. lata, supra glabra, subtus pilosa ; stipulae ovatae, pilosae,

0-7-1 -5 cm. longae, 3-5 mm. latae, 5-7 nervatae ; pedunculi 7-12 cm. longi ; bracteae

ovatae, mox caducae. Flores 1-8-2 cm. longi; pedicelli 5-8 mm. longi; dentes calycis

lineari-lanceolati tubo excedentes ; ovarium marginibus pilosis ; stylus pilosus.

Type specimen, Wylie (N.H. 21590), in Natal Herbarium, Durban.

Stems simple, ascending or decumbent, branching from the base, clothed with long white

hairs. Leaves 1-6-jugate, 2-5-11 cm. long ; leaflets obovate-cuneate, retuse, mucronate,

glabrous above, pilose below, 2 -5-5 -5 cm. long, 0-8-2 -2 cm. broad. Stipules broad, ovate,

5-7 nerved, pilose, 0-7-1 -5 cm. long, 3-5 mm. broad. Peduncles terminal, 7-12-5 cm. long,

flowers almost capitate in a short dense raceme at the apex. Flowers purple, 1-8-2 cm.

long ; pedicels 5-8 mm. long, pilose, bracts ovate, soon caducous. Calyx pilose, lobes

longer than tube, linear-lanceolate. Ovary with margins densely pilose. Style bearded.

Natal. — Krantzkop district : Greytown, Wylie (N.H. 21590) (N.. P.).

59. T. cordata Hutch and Burtt Davy in FI. Tvaal. 1.2 p. XXXI and p. 377 (1932).

Type specimen, Burtt Davy 2886, in Herbarium, Kew.

Suffruticose. Stems ascending, soon glabrescent. Leaves pinnate, 5-6- jugate, 3-

13-5 cm. long; leaflets oblong, 1-3-4 cm. long, 0-4-1 -7 cm. broad, mucro up to 2 mm.

long, glabrous above, thinly appressedly pilose beneath. Stipules broadly cordate at base,

broadly ovate, very acute, 1-2-5 cm. long, 0-5-1 -2 cm. broad. Peduncles terminal, few-

flowered towards apex, 4-14 cm. long, pedicel 0-5-1 cm. long. Calyx pilose, tube 9 mm.

in diam., 3 mm. long, lobes lanceolate, all about 2 mm. long. Vexillum pilose without, 1-4

cm. broad, 1-6 cm. long. Ovary 1-3 cm. long, hairy along the margins. Style 8 mm.

long, bearded along inner surface. Legumes 3-5-5 cm. long, 6-8 mm. broad, glabrous,

narrow-oblong, flat.

Transvaal. — Ermelo district : crevices, Blaaupan A. Moss 16326 (W.) ; Carolina

district : Billy’s Ylei, Mitchell (Pa.) ; Lydenburg district : Kluft bei Stephen Schumaan

1. v. Lydenburg, Wilms 344 (B.M., B.) ; amongst rocks, Suikerbos Kop, Dullstroom, Galpin

13134 (K., B.H., P.) : Barberton district: Kaapscke Hoop, Rogers 21041 (P.) ; Rogers

21111 (K., B.M., Z., P., W.) ; Duivels Kantoor near Kaapsche Hoop, Pole-Evans 1001

(P.) ; Zoutpansberg district : Louis Trichardt, Young in Moss Herb. 17248 (W.).

Swaziland. — In kloofs, Mbabane, Burtt Davy 2886 (K., B.M., P.) ; Rogers 11610

(B.H.) ; grassy hillsides near Dalriach, Mbabane, Bolus 11819 (B.H.).

Portuguese East Africa. — Mozambique, Schlechter s.n. ( B. ).

60. T. spathacea Hutch, and Burtt Davy FI. Tvaal. 1.2. pp. XXXI and 377 (1932).

Suffruticose. Stems erect or ascending, thinly pilose when young, glabrous later.

Leaves 2-4-jugate, 2-5-8 cm. long, petioled ; leaflets elliptic- or oblong-cuneate, mucronate,

thinly pilose below when young, glabrous on both sides later, 1-5-3 cm. long, 0-6-1 -5 cm.

broad. Stipules ovate-acuminate, up to 1 cm. long, 0-5-0 -6 cm. broad. Peduncles terminal

and leaf-opposed, few flowered towards apex. Flowers small, bracts acuminate. Calyx

teeth scarcely exceeding the tube, subulate acuminate. Legumes linear, flat, very sparsely

ciliate along sutures, later quite glabrous.

Tembuland. — In collibus prope flumen Chwenka, Bolus 8877 (P.).

996

Natal. — Maritzburg, Phillips 3461 (P.) ; Zululand, Mahlabathini, Gerstner 4247 (N.) .

Swaziland. — Hlatikulu, Pierce (P.).

Transvaal. — Middelburg district : Pan, Middelburg, Burtt Davy 13254 (P.) ; Hodgsop

(P.) ; near Witbank Stn., Gilfillan (P.) : Zoutpansberg district : New Agatha, McCallum(P .) .

61. T. Galpinii H. M. Forbes sp. nov., affinis T. albissimae H. M. Forbes, sed caulibus

longioribus, foliis nunquam albido-pilosis, lobis calycis tubo aequilongis differt.

Caules ascendentes vel decumbentes. Folia 1-4- jugata, 2-5-8 cm. longa ; foliola

elliptica vel oblongo-cuneata, mucronata, 2-4 cm. longa, 0-5-0 -7 cm. lata, supra glabra

subtus leviter pubescentia vel glabrescentia ; pedunculi 10-22 cm. longi ; bracteae ovatae!

5-7 mm. longae, mox caducae. Flores 1-3-1 -5 cm. longi ; dentes calycis tubo aequilongi ;

stylus leviter pilosus. Fructus non visus.

Type specimen, Galpin 14755, in National Herbarium, Pretoria.

Stems ascending or decumbent, simple or branching a little, glabrescent. Leaves

petioled, 1-4- jugate, 2-5-8 cm. long; leaflets elliptic- or oblong-cuneate, mucronate, gla-

brous on both sides or sparsely appressedly pubescent below, 2-4 cm. long, 0-5-1 -5 cm.

broad. Stipules broadly ovate, acuminate, 1 cm. long, 0-5-0 -7 cm. broad. Peduncles

10-22 cm. long, terminal and axillary, few flowered towards apex. Bracts ovate, 5-7 mm.

long, soon caducous. Flowers purple, 1-3-1 -5 cm. long. Calyx glabrous or very sparsely

pilose, calyx teeth equal in length to tube. Style thinly bearded. Legumes not seen.

Natal.— Greytown district : Greytown, Galpin 14755 (P., N.) : Galpin 14727 (P.) ;

Wylie (N.).

The late Mr. E. E. Galpin, in whose honour this plant has been named, was well-known

in the botanical world. He was an indefatigable collector and a keen botanist, and his

contribution to the botanical knowledge of South Africa is invaluable.

62. T. unifolia H. M. Forbes sp. nov., affinis T. Galpinii H. M. Forbes, sed caule breviore,

folio unico, nervis secundis nigrescentibus differt.

Caules decumbentes vel ascendentes, graciles, parce pubescentes. Folia 1-3- jugata,

0- 5 -1-7 cm. longa; foliola elliptico-oblonga, mucronata, supra glabrescentia pallidaque,

subtus parce pubescentia, usque ad 7 mm. longa ; pedunculi 7-23 cm. longi, pauciflorae ;

bracteae ovato-acuminatae, 3-4 mm. longae. Flores 1-6-1 -7 cm. longi; pedicelli 5-5-

8 mm. longi ; dentes calycis tubo subaequilongi ; stylus pilosus. Fructus complanatus.

Western Zululand. — No definite locality, March 1895, Baker [Evans 566]. Type in

Natal Herbarium.

Stems decumbent or ascending, slender, thinly pubescent. Leaves shortly petioled,

1- 3-jugate, 0-5-1 -7 cm. long; leaflets elliptic-oblong, mucronate, mucro usually recurved,

glabrous and light green above, thinly hirsute, secondary veining dark below, 1 -7-4-5 cm.

long, 0-4-1 cm. broad. Stipules ovate-acuminate, up to 7 mm. long. Peduncles 7-23 cm.

long, laxly few-flowered towards apex. Bracts subtending young flowers, ovate, acuminate,

3-4 mm. long, soon caducous ; pedicels 5-5-8 mm. long. Flowers purple-red, 1-6-1 -7 cm.

long. Calyx pubescent, lobes sub-equal to or very slightly longer than tube. Vexillum

densely silky without. Style bearded. Legumes (immature) 3-5 cm. long, 6 mm. broad,

flat, appressedly hairy along sutures.

Only one gathering of this plant was seen. Apparently several stems arise from the

root-stock, each stem bearing only one leaf and one or two peduncles.

63. T. radicans Welw. ex Baker in Oliv. FI. Trop. Afr. 2.121 (1871) ; 0. Kuntze Rev. Gen.

PI. 1 (1891) ; Hie Veg. der Erde 9.589 (1915) ; Bak. f. Leg. Trop. Afr. 1.214 (1926).

997

Syn. Cracca radicans (Welw.) 0. Kuntze, Hiern in Cat. Afr. PI. Welw. 122 ; Tephrosia

radicans Welw. var. rhodesica Bak. f. in Journ. Bot. 37.430 (1899).

Type specimen, Welwitsch 2082, in Herbarium, British Museum (Natural History),

South Kensington, London.

A wide trailing perennial herb with copiously branched, slender, flexuous, prostrate

stems, 6-9 m. long, densely clothed with fine spreading pubescence. Leaves petiolate,

5-7- jugate ; leaflets obovate-oblong, truncate, mucronate, grey-green and glabrescent

above, persistently grey-silky below, midrib tawny, 0-7-2-5 cm. long, 0-4-1 -3 cm. broad.

Stipules ovate, 3-5 mm. long. Peduncles usually terminal, laxly 6-15 flowered, 2-5-10 cm.

long. Flowers 1-11 cm. long; pedicels 0-3-1 cm. long; bracts lanceolate, minute.

Calyx pubescent, tube 5-7 mm. in diani., 2-2-5 mm. broad, lobes lanceolate, cuspidate,

two upper approximately 1-5 mm. long, lateral and lowest 2-3 mm. long. Vexillum silky

on back, 1-1.1 cm. long, 7-8 mm. broad. Ovary 4-5 mm. long, densely and finely pubescent.

Style bearded along inner surface. Legumes 2-3 seeded, oblong, 1-2-5 cm. long, 5-7 mm.

broad, pubescent.

Angola. — Huilla, in pratis humidis ad formicar monticul de Varzeas de Catumba,

Welwitsch 2082 (K., B.M., Pa., G., B.) ; high plateau between Humpata and Lubuyo,

Pearson 2589 (K., B.).

Transvaal. — Petersburg district : in plantiebus graminosis prope pagum, Pietersburg,

Bolus 10876 (K., V., B., Z., N., S.A.M., B.H.) ; Makapansberge, Streydpoort, Rehmann

5529 (K.) ; Marabstad, Schlechter 4679 (B., A.M., T.M., Pa., B.H.) ; Pyramid Estate near

Potgietersrust, Galpin 8959 (Z., P.) ; Barberton district : near Research Station, Nelspruit,

Liebenberg 2581 (P.).

Southern Rhodesia. — Plumtree, Eyles 3295 (S.A.M., B.H.) ; Bulawayo, Rogers

13662 (P., S.A.M., A.M.) ; Rand 52 (B.M., A.M.) ; Matopos, Rattray 407 (B.M.) ; Flanagan

3099 (B.H.) ; Lvdiate Siding, Eyles 955 (K., S.A.M.) ; Odanzi River Valley, Teague 471

(K., H.B., S.A.M.) ; no definite locality, Hislop 779 (K.).

Northern Rhodesia. — Makolu, Young 6 (B.M.) ; Kalomo, Rogers 820 (K.) ; Trapnell ;

1015 (K.) ; Choma, Rogers 8011 (K., A.M., Z.) ; Mazabuka, Rogers 8730 (K., N., T.M.)

Rogers 25127 (K., Z., T.M.) ; Mumbuwa, Macaulay 391 and 1151 (K.).

In the Journal of Botany 37.430 (1899), Baker fib, describes a variety, var. rhodesica,

which he says differs from T. radicans as follows : “ Leaflets generally 7, rather broader

than in the type. Legume broader than type.” In my opinion I do not think this variety

can stand, for the type specimen, Welwitsch 2082, has quite a few leaves with seven leaflets,

alsc the breadth of the leaflets and legumes is too variable a character to differentiate between

tvpical T. radicans and the variety.

64. T. zuluensis H. M. Forbes sp. nov., affinis T. macropodae sed petiolis brevioribus differt.

Caules decumbentes vel ascendentes, pubescentes. Folia 2-3-jugata, 1 cm. longa,

petiolis brevibus ; foliola cuneato-oblonga, obtusa, mucronulata, 1-7-3 -5 cm. longa, 0-75-

1-5 cm. lata, supra glabra, subtus parce pubescentia ; stipulae ovato-cordatae, acuminatae,

5-6-5 mm. longae, 3-5-5 mm. latae ; pedunculus usque ad 24 cm. longus ; bracteae ovatae,

usque ad 6-5 mm. longae. Flores 1-5 cm. longi ; pedicelli 5-5 mm. longi, pubescentes;

dentes calycis lanceolati, tubo excedentes ; stylus pilosus. Fructus circiter 4-2 cm.

longus, 0-6 mm. latus, marginibus hirsutis.

Zululand. — Nkanclhla, J. Wylie (Wood 8966) in Natal Herbarium, Type.

Stems procumbent or ascending, pubescent. Leaves 2-3-jugate, 1 cm. long, petioles

very short ; leaflets cuneate-oblong, obtuse, mucronate, glabrous above, thinly pubescent

and with dark brown secondary veining below, 1 -7-3-5 cm. long, 0-75-1-5 cm. broad;

998

petiolules 1 mm. long, densely pilose. Stipules ovate-cordate, acuminate, pilose, 6-8-nerved,

5-6-5 mm. long, 3-5-5 mm. broad. Peduncles terminal and axillary, up to 24 cm. long,

few-flowered at apex. Bracts broadly ovate, pilose, up to 6-5 mm. long, soon caducous ;

pedicels up to 5-5 mm. long, lengthening as flowers develop, pilose. Flowers 1-5 cm. long,

purple. Vexillum suborbicular, densely silky without. Calyx lobes longer than the tube,

lanceolate, long pilose. Style bearded. Legumes (immature), 4-2 cm. long, 6 mm. broad,

flat, pilose along margins, 7-8 seeded.

Except for the very short petioles, this plant has the appearance of T. macropoda,

particularly the more robust forms of that species.

65. T. macropoda Harv. in Harv. and Sond. FI. Cap. 2.210 (1861-62) ; 0. Kuntze Rev.

Gen. PI. 1.175 (1891) ; Zahlbr.'Ann. K. K. Naturhist. Hofmus. 20.3.25 (1905) ; Wood

FI. Natal 42 (1907) ; Wood in Trans. S.A. Phil. Soc. 18.2.147 (1908) ; Marloth

Diet. Common Names 112 (1917) ; Pott in Ann. Tvl. Mus. 6.4.128 (1920) ; Bews

FI. Natal and Zululand 111 (1921); Watt and Breyer-Brandwyk Med. and Pois.

PI. S.A. 74 (1932).

Syn. Apodynomene macropoda E. Mey. Comm. PI. Afr. Austr. 112 (1836) ; Hook. Lond.

Journ. Bot. 2.88 (1843) ; Cape Plants, Krauss and Engler 54 (1846) ; Tephrosia

triphylla Harms . in 0. Kuntze Rev. Gen. PI. 3.2.57 (1893). Cracca macropoda (E.

Mey) 0. Kuntze Rev. Gen. PI. 3.2.57 (1893).

Type specimen, Drege (Herb. Meyer 5471), in Botanisches Museum, Berlin-Dahlem.

The two co-type specimens Drege (inter Gekau and Bashee) and Drege (inter Omtata

and Omgaziana) are in the Herbarium, Kew.

Stems several from a large tuberous root-stock, procumbent, more or less robust, up

to 3 feet long. Leaves 1-3-jugate, 6-14-5 cm. long, petioles usually long before first pair

of leaflets ; leaflets narrow to broadly elliptical or oblong, glabrous above, pubescent or

glabrescent below, 2-6-5 cm. long, 0-6-3 cm. broad. Stipules broadly cordate-ovate,

0- 5-1 -2 cm. long, 0 5-1 cm. broad. Peduncles terminal and leaf-opposed, up to 48 cm.

long, few-flowered at apex; bracts broadly ovate, bilobed at apex, soon caducous, 0-7-

1- 3 cm. long. Flowers large, 1-4-2 -2 cm. long. Calyx teeth linear to linear-lanceolate,

longer than tube. Style bearded. Legumes linear, flattened, glabrous, hirsute along sutures,

up to 6 cm. long and 0-8 cm. broad.

Cape. — Albany district : grassy places, Botha’s Hill Spruit, MacOwan 452 (N., S.A.M.);

Kingwilliamstown district : Keiskamma, Hutton (K.) ; Korngha district : grassy hills

near Korngha, Flanagan 511 (G., P., S.A.M., B.H.) ; Kentani, Pegler 1362 (P., B.H.) ;

Transkei district : inter Gekau and Bashee, Drege (K.) ; Umtata district : in monte Engcobo,

Bolus 8877 bis (B.H., P.) ; Baziza, Baur 59 (K.) ; inter Omtata and Omgaziana, Drege (K.).

Natal. — Port Shepstone district : Port Shepstone, Weeks 44 (W.) ; Beach Terminus,

Thode (S.) ; flats behind dunes, Marburg, Bachmann 608 (B.) ; Dumisa, Rudatis 874 (K.,

B.M., V., Z., G., B., P.) ; Ixopo district : Ixopo, Mogg 2299 (P.) ; Scottburgh, Howes

(P.) ; Mid Illovo, Thode (S.) ; Durban district: Merebank, Wood 235 (N., B.M., S.A.M.,

B.H.) ; Hilltop, Brighton Beach, Forbes 512 (N.) ; Jacobs, Conrath 236 (Z., B.) ; Port

Natal, Sutherland (K.) ; Port Natal, Gueinzius 28 (V.) ; Port Natal, Krauss 451 (K., B.M.,

G., P.) and Krauss 244 (K., B.M., G.) ; near Durban, Wood 5494 (Pa., B.) ; Umgeni, Rehmann

8701 (Z.) ; Pinetown district : Pinetown, Acutt (P.) ; New Germany, Indian Collector

(N.) ; among grass, Fields Hill, Evans 178 (N.) ; Krantzkloof, Kuntze (K.) ; Inchanga,

Engler 2638 (B.) ; Stohr 27 (B.M.) ; Frith 122 (W.) ; Drummond, Galpin 10299 (P.) ; Bothas

Hill, McClean 102 (P., N.) ; Camperdown district : Camperdown, Franks (K., N.) ; Rehmann

7722 (Z.) ; Pietermaritzburg district : Pietermaritzburg, Wilms (K., B.M.) ; Alberton

near Maritzburg, Mogg 2177 and 6590 (P.) ; Cedara, Phillips 3461 (P.) ; Shafton, Howick,

Evans (N.) ; Inanda district : Avoca, Oliver 158 (N.) ; in graminosis, Phoenix, Schlechter

999

2904 (B., A.M.) ; Oakfort, Rehmann 8514 (Z.) ; Inanda, Wood 816 (K., B.M., N., P.) ;

Zululand, Mtunzini, Mogg 4436 and 5812 (P.) ; Eshowe, Gerstner 3830 (N.). No definite

locality, Gerrard 31 (V., Pa., B.M.).

Transvaal. — Witwatersrand district : Brakpan, Murray (0.) ; Pretoria district :

Koedoespoort, Rehmann 4629 (Z.) ; Middelburg district : Waterval Boven, Rogers 14405

(B.M., Z., W ) ; Dullstroom, Galpin 13074 (K., P.) ; Witbank, Rand 45 (B.M.) ; Middelburg

Hewitt (T.M.) ; Barberton district: eastern slopes, Saddleback Mountains, Galpin 1172

(P.) ; top and upper parts of Mt. Schagen, Barberton, Liebenberg 2498 (P.) ; Tweefontein

Experimental Area, Sabie, Wager B.172 (P.) ; between Pilgrims Rest and Sabie, Rogers

21765 (Z.) ; Pietersburg district : Houtbosch, Rehmann 6232 (Z.) ; The Downs, Pietersburg,

Moss and Rogers 325 and 326 (P.) ; Modjadjes near Pietersburg, Rogers 18029 (Z.) ; Zout-

pansberg district : Messina, Moss and Rogers 25 bis (Z.) ; in clivis Mt. Elandspruitbergen,

Schlechter 3997 (Z.).

Orange Free State. — Bloemfontein. Snoek (G.U.C.).

South Africa. — No definite locality: Drege 417 (V.); Drege (O.); Hennegart (Pa).

Gueinzius (K., Pa., V., AM., S.) ; Gerrard and McKen (K., B.M., Pa., V.) ; Junoid 904

(Pa.) ; (G., Z) and 2532 (Z.) ; Rehmann 6231 (Z.) [cited as T. spathacea in FI. Tvaal.] ;

Watt and Brandwyk 686 (P.).

T. macropoda is an extremely variable species. Meyer, in his description in Comm.

PI. Afr. Austr., divides the material into two varieties, as follows : —

A. latifolia. Leaves 2- 3 - jugate, leaflets broad, oblong, obtuse, roughly hairy

below or subglabrous; peduncles generally hispidulous.

B. angustifolia. Leaves 3-5 jugate, leaflets lanceolate-oblong, sericeous-argente-

ous ; peduncles glabrescent or sparsely appressedly pilose.

Harvey in “ Flora Capensis ” does not maintain the varieties.

After a preliminary examination of a large amount of material, it seemed feasible to

resuscitate the variety angustifolia. A further study of the material, however, showed

that it would be very difficult to differentiate clearly, except between the forms with the

very broad leaflets and the forms with the very narrow leaflets, for leaflets on the same

specimen vary from broad to medium and medium to narrow.

The form with the narrowest leaflets seems to occur chiefly in the Eastern Province

of the Cape and is very frequently confused with T . aemula. The most robust form with

very broad leaflets occurs chiefly along the coastal areas of Natal and Zululand. Further

inland in Natal and throughout the Transvaal the plants become less robust and the leaflets

narrower.

Another variable character is the trifoliolate leaf, a character which led Harms to

describe this plant as T. triphylla. Sometimes all the leaves on one stem will be trifoliolate

while other stems arising from the same root-stock will bear 2-3-jugate leaves.

Three specimens collected by Tyson in East Griqualand are, in my opinion, dwarf

forms of T . macropoda. The stems and petioles are shorter than in typical T. macropoda ,

but they agree otherwise.

These specimens are Tyson 1430 (K., S.A.M., P.) ; Tyson 1579 (K., B.H.) and Tyson

2092 (K., S.A.M., B.H.).

This plant is widely known as a fish-poison and the Zulus also use the powdered root

as an insecticide, as well as for medicinal purposes. The Zulu name is “ iLozane.”

66. T. aemula (E. Mey) Harv. in Harv. and Sond. FI. Cap. 2.210 (1861-62) ; 0. Kuntze

Rev. Gen. PI. 1.174 (1891) ; Wood FI. Natal 41 (1907) ; Wood in Trans. S.A. Phil.

Soc. 18.2.147 (1908) ; Bot. Survey S.A. Mem. 1.64 (1919) ; Bews FI. Natal and

Zululand 110 (1921).

1000

Syn. Apodynomene aemula E. Mey. Comm. PL Afr. Austr. 113 (1836). Cracca aemula

(E. Mey.) 0. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PI. 3.2.57 (1893).

Type specimen, Drege s.n. in Botanisches Museum, Berlin-Dahlem.

Subherbaceous. Stems very slender, procumbent, glabrous or thinly pubescent.

Leaves 1-2-jugate, 3-11 cm. long, long petioled; leaflets elliptic- or cuneate-oblong, subobtuse,

mucronulate, glabrous above, thinly appressedly pubescent below, 1-2-5 cm. long, 0-5-

0-8 cm. broad. Stipules ovate, acuminate, 4-6 mm. long. Peduncles terminal and leaf-

opposed, 10-25 cm. long, laxly few-flowered at apex ; bracts ovate, bi-lobed at apex, 4-6 mm.

long, caducous. Flowers 0-8-1 -3 cm. long. Calyx- teeth subulate, acuminate, sub-equal

to or slightly longer than tube. Style bearded. Legumes linear, flat, 2 -7-3 -5 cm. long,

0-5-0 -7 cm. broad, glabrous or very shortly appressedly pubescent along margins, about

10-, seeded.

Cape. — Komgha district : between Zandplaat and Komgha, Drege (B.) ; Cape, Belfort,

Jacottet 124 (Z. ) .

Natal. — Alexandra district : Dumisa, Rudatis 885 (B.M., V., G,, P.) ; Durban district :

pr. Durban, Wood (N.) ; Wood 6356 (K., N.) ; Clairmont, Wood 8027 (N.) ; Merebank,

Wood 234 (B.M. ) ; Pinetown district : Trappisten Kolonie, Mariannhill, Landauer (B.).

This species is frequently confused with the narrow-leaved form of T. macropoda.

It may be distinguished, however, by its 1-2-jugate leaves, more slender stems, etc., and

its more glabrescent habit.

67. T. diffusa Harv. in Harv. and Solid. FI. Cap. 2.210 (1861-62) ; O. Kuntze Rev. Gen.

PL 1.175 (1891) ; Wood FI. of Natal 41 (1907) ; Wood in Trans. S.A. Phil. Soc.

18.2.147 (1908) ; Burtt Davy and Potts in Ann. Tvl. Mus. 3.3.146 (1912) ; Bews

FI. Natal and Zululand 110 (1921) ; Watt and Breyer-Brandwyk Med. and Pois.

PL of S.A. 74 (1932).

Syn. Apodynomene diffusa E. Mey. Comm. PL Afr. Aust. 113 (1836). Cracca diffusa (E,

Mey) O. Kuntze Rev. Gen. PL 1.175 (1891).

Type specimen, Drege (Herb. Meyer 5478), in Botanisches Museum, Berlin-Dahlem.

Suffruticose, procumbent. Stems and branches subfiliform. Leaves 2-4-jugate,

2-4 cm. long, long petioled; leaflets subcuneate-oblong, appressedly puberulous, 0-8-

2-5 cm. long, 3-7 mm. broad. Stipules ovate, striate, 5-7 mm. long, 2-3 mm. broad near

the base. Peduncles leaf-opposed, few flowered, 1-5-6 cm. long. Flowers subtended by

ovate, deciduous bracts, 5-6 mm. long and deeply bi-lobed at apex. Calyx- tube 2 mm.

long, 6 mm. in diam., lobes unequal, subulate, acuminate, very shortly ciliate, four lobes

equalling tube, lowest longer. Vexillum 1-3 cm. long, 0-9 cm. broad. Stamens diadelphous.

Style about 5 mm. long, thinly bearded. Legumes subglabrous, 2-2-5 cm. long, 4 mm.

broad.

Cape. — East Griqualand: Kokstad, Thode (B.) ; New Amalfi, Forbes 1123 (N.) ; hill-

side above Matatiele, Galpin 14077 (N., P.) ; Pondoland : inter Omsamouba and Omsamcaba,

Drege [Herb. Meyer 5478] (K., B.) ; Pondoland, Beyrich 256 (B.).

Natal. — Inanda district : Inanda, Wood 886 (K., N.) ; Umliloti, Wood 713 (K., N.)

Harding district : Murchison Flats near Oribi Flats, McClean 305 (N., P.) ; Bulwer district ,

top of the Peak, Byrne, Galpin 11974 (K., V., Pa., P., B.H.) ; New Hanover district;

Noodsberg, Wood 886 (N.) ; Drakensberg district : Dooley Slopes, Mont-Aux-Sources:

Bayer and McClean 206 (P.) ; Umlambonya Valley, Cathedral Peak Area, Schelpe 977 (N.).

This plant is called “ iHlozane ” by the Zulus, who use it as a parasiticide. It is said

to be very poisonous.

1001

acaciaefolia

aemula

albissima

amoena

angustissima . .

apiculata

apollinea

aurantiaca ....

Bachmannii. . .

Burchellii

canescens

capensis

contorta

cordata

Damarensis . . .

delagoensis

diffusa

Dinteri

discolor

Dregeana

Ehrenbergiana

elongata

euchroa

Evansii

Eorbesii

Calpinii

glomeruliflora .

gracilenta

gran diflora. . . .

griseola

incana

inandensis . . . .

Krauss'ana. . .

lac tea

longipes

lupinifolia

lurida

macropoda. . . .

marginella. . . .

Medlevi

IXDEX TO SPECIES.

Page

954

999

995

968

979

989

972

977

999

983

962

934

960

995

964

968

1000

961

9, >9

966

Meisneri

monophylla

multijuga

natalensis

noctiflora

otaviensis

oxygona

pallens

pallida

Pietersii

plicata

polystachya

polystachy oides

pseudocapitata

pseudosphaerosperma .

purpurea

radicans

retusa. .

rhodesica

972

977

969

975

956

996

993

958

991

974

972

976

salicijolia,

semiglabra. . . .

shiluwanensis. .

sparsiflora

spathaca

spathacea

sphaerosperma .

stricta

subulata

ternatifolia. . . .

transvaalensis.

tzaneenensis. . .

unifolia

970 villosa

998 virgata

980 Woodii

958 Wyliei

979

Zombensis

998 Zoutpansbergensis

954 Zuluensis

968

EXCLUDED SPECIES.

T. avasmontana Dtr. — Dolichos linearis E. Mey.

T. oblongifolia E. Mey— Ophrestia oblongifolia

(E.M.) H.M. Forbes.

Page.

994

957

981

988

965

976

973

967

970

957

959

963

971

988

956

974

996

984

972

954

982

994

971

995

994

955

963

994

984

975

977

996

972

956

981

991

990

973

997

II. THE GENUS OPHRESTIA Forbes Gen. Nov.

In the course of an examination of the South African material of the genus Tephrosia,

the marked difference of the venation of the leaflets of T. oblo7igifolia E. Mey. to those of

any other species of this genus was noticed. One of the most conspicuous characteristics

of Tephrosia is the close parallel veining of the leaflets, and this feature is not present in

T. oblongifolia, whose leaflets show 5-7 prominent veins.

Burtt Davy also appears to have been puzzled by this plant, for, according to a note

attached to a sheet in the National Herbarium, Pretoria, he made a new combination,

Glycine oblongifolia (E. Mey.) B. Davy, which, however, he did not publish. In “ The

Flora of Transvaal and Swaziland” I, 2 (1932) he adheres to the old name, although

he used the distinctive character of “ 4-5 veins ” to key out the species.

In Engler’s Jahrb. 26,302 (1899) Harms described a Transvaal plant as Glycine ? Wilmsii,

but material so named was all incQrporated under T. oblongifolia, and the name G. ? Wilmsii

became a synonym. Although Harms described this plant tentatively as a Glycine, he

does not seem to have been quite satisfied that the genus was correct. The number of

leaflets probably accounted for this doubt, although he cites examples of two species having

more than three leaflets.

An examination of all the material placed under T. oblongifolia indicates that there

are four distinct species.

The plant first described as T. oblongifolia occurs in Natal and extends to the Eastern

Cape Province as far south as East London. It is readily recognised by its oblong leaves.

Two species occur in the Transvaal, one a robust trailing plant, more or less densely

hairy in all parts, and with leaflets having a retuse apex with a recurved mucro ; the other

with shorter stems, and leaflets with a straight acute apex.

The fourth species occurs in Swaziland.

The differences in the leaves and other characters are, in the writer’s opinion, sufficient

reasons to remove this group of plants from both the genera Tephrosia and Glycine. With

two or three exceptions, Glycine has 3-foliolate leaves and, according to the material seen

and to the descriptions of the various species, the leaves are distinctly long-petioled : the

leaflets are generally of a membranous texture and stipellate. The group of plants under

discussion all have subsessile leaves with leaflets almost coriaceous in texture and no

stipellae.

There are also floral characters which differentiate this group from the two other genera.

In Tephrosia and Glycine the vexillum is orbicular or suborbicular and may or may not be

slightly auriculate. In these other plants the vexillum is “ almost lyriform,” as Harms

aptly describes it, and distinctly tailed. The carina and alae are narrow and oblong, and

are also distinctly tailed.

The epithet Ophrestia, an anagram of Tephrosia, is chosen for the new genus.

Ophrestia H. M. Forbes gen. nov., herba, e basi ramosa ; caules procumbentes vel

adscendentes, le viter flexuosi, pubescentes : folia brevissime petiolat.a, 1-5 foliolata ;

stipulae lineares vel lineari-subulatae ; foliola elliptico-oblonga vel ovato-oblonga vel

oblongo-lanceolata, 5-7-nervata, nerviis subtus prominentibus. Pedunculi axillares,

graciles vel robusti, pauci vel multi florae ; flores purpurei ; pedicelli breves : lobi calycis

1004

tubo subaequilongi vel longiores, ovato-acuti vel lanceolato-acuminati ; vexillum oblongum,

superne dilatatum, fere orbiculatum, medio paullo constrictum, apice rotundatum vel

emarginatum, basi auriculatum, extra pilosum- ; alae sub-oblanceolatae, auriculatae, extra

pilosae ; carina oblonga, auriculata, extra pilosa ; stamina monadelpha, stamine vexillare

ad medium liberum ; ovarium pilosum, 2-4 ovulatum ; stylus brevis, glaber vel breviter

barbatus ; stigma capitata. Legumen linearis, compressum, glabrescens.

Herb, branching from the base, stems ascending or procumbent, slightly flexuous,

pubescent. Leaves subsessile, 1-5- jugate ; stipules linear to linear-subulate ; leaflets

elliptic-oblong, ovate-oblong or lanceolate-oblong, apex obtuse, acute or retuse, mucrouate,

mucro sometimes recurved, nerves 5-7, prominent below, impressed above. Peduncles

axillary, slender or robust, sometimes much exceeding the leaves, few to many-flowered.

Flowers shortly pedicelled, petals mauve ; calyx usually densely hirsute, lobes ovate to

lanceolate-acuminate, equaling or longer than the tube ; vexillum oblong, upper part

dilated, almost orbicular, rotund or emarginate, slightly conftricted in the middle, auriculate

at base, pilose without ; alae almost oblanceolate, base auriculate, pilose without ; carina

oblong, base auriculate, pilose without ; stamens monadelphous, vexillary stamen free

from the middle ; ovary 2-4 ovulate, pilose ; style short, glabrous or slightly hairy ; stigma

capitate ; legume linear, compressed, becoming glabrous.

KEY TO SPECIES.

Leaves obovate to cuneate-oblong, apex obtuse or retuse A.

Leaves oblanceolate to lanceolate, apex acute B.

A. Mucro not recurved, apex obtuse

Mucro recurved, apex retuse

B. Leaves lanceolate, up to 1-5 cm. broad, stipules linear-lanceolate

Leaves oblanceolate, up to 2 cm. broad, stipules narrow subulate-

acuminate

1. oblong if olia.

2. retusa.

3. swazica.

4. nervosa.

1. 0. oblongifolia (E. Mey.) H. M. Forbes, comb, nov.; Tephrosia oblongifolia E. Mey. Comm.

PI. Afr. Aust.r. 108 (1836) : Hook. Solid. Journ. Bot. 2.86 (1843) ; Krauss in FI. des

Cap und Natallands 54 (1846) ; Harvey in FI. Cap. 2.209 (1861-62) ; O. Kuntze

Rev. Gen. PI. 1.175 (1891) ; Wood FI. Natal 42 (1907) ; Wood in Trans. S.A. Phil.

Soc. 18.2.147 (1908) ; Burtt Davy and Pott in Ann. Tvl. Mus. 3. 3.146 (1912) ;

Bews FI. Natal and Zululand 111 (1921) ; Burtt Davy FI. Tvaal. 1.2.377 (1932).

Glycine ? Wilmsii Harms in Engl. Jahrb. 26.302 (1899) in part.

Stems long and trailing, thinly pubescent. Leaves 1-5- jugate, subsessile, common

petiole 2-7-5 cm. long; stipules linear, 3-6 mm. long; leaflets elliptic-oblong, entire,

mucronate, glabrous above, pilose on the veins below, 2-5-7 cm. long, 0-9-2 -5 cm. broad ;

petiolules short, densely pilose. Peduncles axillary, 6-32 cm. long. Flowers up to 1-2 cm.

long, 2-4 together ; pedicels about 1-2 mm. long. Calyx densely hairy ; petals hairy

without. Style glabrous or with a few hairs along one side. Legume 3-5-4 cm. long,

7-5 mm. broad. Seeds small, blackish.

Type specimen, Drege in Botanisches Museum, Berlin-Dahlem.

Natal. — Inanda district : Inanda, Wood 402 (K., N., P., Z., B. H.) ; Pinetown district :

Fields Hill, Wood 11072 (Z., P.) ; Ixopo district : Dumisa, Rudatis 1530 (K.) ; Rudatis

1792 (P.) ; Port Natal, Krauss 174 (K.) ; no definite locality, Drege (K., B., 0., Pa., V., G.).

Var. velutinosa H. M. Forbes var. nov., a typo foliola utrinque velutinosa, pedunculis et

calycibus velutinosis differt.

Type of the variety, Gerrard 1082, in Natal Herbarium.

1005

Natal. — Ixopo district : Dumisa, Rudatis 520 (P.) ; Izotsha, Thode (N.) ; no definite

locality, Gerrard 1082 (K., N., V., Pa.).

The variety appears to be a slightly more robust plant and is much more pubescent

in all parts than typical 0. oblongifolia.

2. 0. retusa H. M. Forbes, sp. nov., affinis 0. oblongifoliae (E. Mey.), H. M. Forbes, sed

foliolis apicibus retusis, mucrone reflexo differt.

Caules procumbentes, leviter flexuosi, pubescentes, usque ad '90 cm. longi. Folia

breviter petiolata, 2-4-foliolata, 2-8 cm. longa; stipulae subulato-lanceolatae, 3-6 mm.

longae ; foliola cuneato-oblonga 2-4-5 cm. longa, 1-2 cm. lata, utrinque leviter pubescentia,

apice mucronata, retusa, nerviis subtus prominentibus dense pubescentibus. Pedunculi

usque ad 25 cm. longi, axillares, pubescentes. Flores 1-3 cm. longi; bracteae setaceae,

circiter 4 mm. longae ; pedicelli circiter 1 -5 mm. longi ; bracteolae 3 mm. longae, setaceae.

Calycis dentes tubo excedentes, dense pubescentes ; vexillum 1 -3 cm. longum, apice emargina-

tum ; stylus 1-5 mm. longus, glaber.

Stems procumbent, up to 90 cm. long, slightly flexuous, pubescent. Leaves subsessile,

2-4-jugate, 2-8 cm. long ; stipules subulate lanceolate, 3-6 mm. long ; leaflets cuneate-

oblong, 2-4-5 cm. long, 1-2 cm. broad, thinly pilose on both sides, apices retuse, mucronate,

mucro recurved, nerves very prominent on the lower surface, veining reticulate, midrib

and veins below more densely pilose. Peduncles up to 25 cm. long, axillary, pubescent.

Flowers 1-3 cm. long, 2-4 together; bracts setaceous, about 4 mm. long; pedicels about

1-5 mm. long; bracteoles 3 mm. long, setaceous. Calyx- teeth longer than tube, densely

pubescent ; vexillum 1 -3 cm. long, about 5 mm. broad at upper and widest part, emarginate,

auriculate, pilose on outer surface ; carina and alae slightly shorter than vexillum, about

2 mm. broad, auriculate, pilose on outer surface. Ovary 4 mm. long, densely pilose ; style

1-5 mm. long, glabrous.

Type specimen, Dyer and Verdoorn 3405, in National Herbarium, Pretoria.

Transvaal. — Lichtenburg district : Klipveld, Liebenberg 87 (P.) ; Grasfontein, Sutton

302 (P.) ; Pretoria district : Bryntirion, Smith 3353 (P.) ; Rietondale Pasture Research

Stn., T rapnell 635 (K.) ; “ The Willows,” Pretoria, Burtt Davy 2526 (B.H., P.) ; Koedoes-

poort, Mogg (P.) ; Daspoort, Leendertz 580 (Z., B.H.) ; Magaliesberg, Dyer and Verdoorn

3405 (P.) ; Burke 358 (K., Z.) ; Rustenburg district : Matlapansberge, Rehmann 5551

(K., Z.) ; Rustenburg, Nation 85 (K., B.H.) ; Vlakfontein, Liebenberg 138 (P., G.).

3. 0. swazica H. M. Forbes sp. nov., affinis 0. retusae H. M. Forbes, sed foliolis lanceolatis

apicibus acutis differt.

Caules graciles, leviter pilosi, ascendentes vel procumbentes, usque ad 48 cm. longi.

Folia breviter petiolata, 1-3-jugata ; petioli 0-5-2 -7 cm. longi ; stipulae lineares, 2-6 mm.

longae; foliola lanceolata, mucronulata, 2-5-8 cm. longa, 0-6-1 -5 cm. lata, mucrone circiter

1 mm. longa, supra glabra, subtus nerviis parce pilosis. Pedunculi axillares, usque ad 9 cm.

longi ; bracteae setaceae, 3 mm. longae ; pedicelli circiter 3 mm. longi ; bracteolae setaceae,

circiter 1-5 mm. longae. Flores 1-5 cm. longae; dentes calycis tubo excedentes; stylus

1-5 mm. ongus, glaber vel parce pilosus.

Stems slender, thinly pilose, ascending or procumbent, up to 48 cm. long. Leaves, ;

shortly petiolate, 1-3-jugate, petiole 0-5-2-7 cm. long; stipules linear, 2-6 mm. long;

leaflets lanceolate, 2-5-8 cm. long, 0-6-1 -5 cm. broad, mucronate, glabrous above, thinly

pilose on the veins below. Peduncles axillary, up to 9 cm. long, few flowered near the apex;

bracts setaceous, 3 mm. long ; pedicel about 3 mm. long. Calyx-lobes lanceolate, longer

than the tube , tube 3 mm. long, lobes 6 mm. long; vexillum 1-5 mm. long, glabrous

or with a few hairs along one side. Mature legumes not seen.

Type specimen, Bolus 11845, in National Herbarium, Pretoria.

1006

Swaziland. — In collibus, in terra “ High Veld ” dicta inter Dalriach et Forbes’ Beef

Bolus 11845 (P., K., A.M., B.H.).

4. 0. nervosa H. M. Forbes sp. nov., affinis 0. swazicae H. M. Forbes, sed foliolis oblanceo-

latis snbtus nervis valde prominentibus differt.

Caules procumbentes, leviter flexuosi, pubescentes. Folia 1-3-jugata, 1-4 cm. longa ;

stipulae angusto-subulatae vel lineares, 4-7 mm. longae ; foliola oblanceolata, apice acuta,

mucronata, nervis subtus valde prominentibus, utrinque parce pilosa, 2 -8-5 -5 cm. longa,

1-7-2 cm. lata. Pedunculi axillares, 5-13 cm. longi ; bracteae setaceae, 2 mm. longae;

pedicelli 1 -5 mm. longi ; bracteolae setaceae, 3 mm. longae. Flores 1 • 1 cm. longi ; vexillum

1-1 cm. longum, apicem versus 4 mm. latum. Ovarium pilosum ; stylus 1-5 mm. longus,

glaber.

Stems procumbent, slightly flexuous, pubescent. Leaves 1-3-jugate, common petiole

1-4 cm. long ; stipules narrow-subulate to linear, 4-7 mm. long ; leaflets oblanceolate,

apex acute, mucronate, nerves very prominent on lower surface, thinly pilose on both

sides, 2 -8-5 -5 cm. long, 1-7-2 cm. broad. Peduncles axillary, 5-13 cm. long; bracts

setaceous, 2 mm. long : pedicels 1-5 mm. long ; bracteoles setaceous, 3 mm. long. Flowers

1-1 cm. long. Vexillum 1-1 cm. long, 4 mm. broad towards the apex; alae and carina

2 mm. broad, alae slightly shorter than carina. Ovary pilose, 4 mm. long ; style 1-5 mm.

long, glabrous. Legume up to 3-5 cm. long and 0-8 cm. broad, shortly pubescent.

Type specimen, Thode A 1394 in Natal Herbarium, Durban.

Transvaal. — Marico district : Zeerust, Thode A 1394 (N., P.) ; Lydenburg district :

Lydenburg, Wilms 383 (K., B.) ; Lydenburg, Schlechter 3962 (Z., B.H.) ; no definite locality

” Bushveld,” Rehmann 5186 (Z.) ; Zeyher 520 (K.).

A NEW SPECIES OF FICUS FROM THE BORDERS

OF MOCAMBIQUE AND NYASALAND.

By A. J. W. Hornby.

Ficus kiloneura A. J. W. Hornby sp. nov., affims F. populifoliae Vahl, sed receptaculis

majoribus non reticulatis cortice cinereo (non luteo) differt.

Arbor magna circa 15m. alta, multo ramosa ; ramuli cortice cinereo glabro obtecti.

Stipulae glabrae, lanceolatae, 1 cm. longae, caducae. Folia late ovata, breviter acuminata,

basi late cordata vel rotundata, 9-18 cm. longa, 7-11 cm. lata, chartacea, glabra ; costa

media supra impressa vel proparte prominens, subtus prominens apice extenuata ; nervi

laterales utrinsecus circa 15, utrinque prominentes, angulo 70° abeuntes, pellucidi, paralleli,

marginem versus conjuncti ; veni numerosi utrinque prominentfes, reticulati ; margines

integri, incrassati ; petioli 4-5-10 cm. longi, glabri, sulcati. Receptacula axillaria, ped-

unculata, oblongo-globosa, 1-5-2 cm. diametro, glabra, aureo-lepidota, umbonata ; ostiolum

bilabiatum bracteis -omnibus in receptacula descendentibus ; pedunculi 1-8 cm. longi.

Bract eae basales rudimentalae.

N. Mocambique. — Province do Niassa, Hornby 2471 in National Herbarium, Pretoria

(type); 2581; 2571.

Large trees up to 15 metres, much branched, flat crowned. Trunk buttressed by

anastomosing growths, aerial roots present. Profuse exudation of milky juice on wounding,

which is used as bird lime. Branches numerous, grey, irregularly ribbed and cracked.

Bark on trunk irregularly cracking, or widely reticulate ; on branches smooth and grey with

vertical and horizontal' cracks. Assimilating green tissue lightly covered with thin bark

on younger trees. Stipules about 1 cm. long, lanceolate, glabrous, caducous ; petiole

4-5-10 cm. long, slender, glabrous, channelled; leaf margin decurrent on upper side of

petiole. Leaf -blade broadly ovate, 9-18 cm. long, 7-11 cm. broad, chartaceous, glabrous

and dull on both sides ; midrib depressed or partly prominent above, prominent below,

continued to apex; lateral veins about 15 pairs, spreading from the. main vein at about

70°, prominent above and below, looping prominently near the. margin, pellucid, lowest

three main lateral veins arising from cordate base and curving upwards, the rest straight,

parallel, net veins very numerous, close and slender, forming prominent reticulation above

and below ; margin entire, thickened ; apex acute to shortly acuminate, acumen about

8 mm. long ; base widely cordate or rounded. Receptacles, axillary in pairs, pedunculate,

oblong-globose, not over 2-0 cm., usually 1-5 cm. diameter, glabrous, golden-lepidote,

umbonate, osteole pore-like, bracteoles descending into fig ; basal bracts, rudimentary at

apex of peduncle ; peduncle up to 1-8 cm. long.

Occurrence. — Type specimens found 100 yards south of Nvasaland Police and Customs

Post at Chiponde fork roads west of frontier between Provincia do Niassa, Mocambique

and Nvasaland.

This species of Ficus also occurs as single large trees in the south-western zone of the

Province of Niassa near the frontier of Nvasaland at an altitude of about 750 metres and

where the average annual rainfall is about 900 mm. They are found both in Brachystegia

associations on fertile sandy loams under dominant B. spicaeformis, and in open woodland

on deep brown loams associated with large Ostryoderris stuhlmannii, Pseudolachnostylis

maprouneifolia, and smaller trees of V oacanga lutescens, Vitex buchananii, Schrebera sp.,

Strychnos spinosa, Bauhinia petersiana, Ficus stuhlmannii.

1008

There is extensive shrub growth in these open woodlands consisting of Cassia petersiana,

Cassia absus, Crotalaria intermedia, C. comosa, C. natalitia, Byrsocarpus tomentosus, Temno-

calyx obovatus, Clerodendrum triplinerve with medium high species of Hyparrhenia

Cymbopogon, Brachiaria, etc.

The zone in which this species of Ficus occurs is regarded as one of the best for cultivation

of flue-cured tobacco.

I should like here to add my acknowledgement and thanks to the Division of Botany

and Plant Pathology, Pretoria, for assistance in determinations <?f specimens during my

ecological work in the sub-tropical region of S.E. Africa.

.lift