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Contributions _

of the

American Entomological Institute

No.

Volume 14, 1977

CONTENTS See

Huang, Yiau-Min. Medical Entomology Studies - VII.

The subgenus Stegomyia of Aedes in southeast Asia. II-

The Edwardsi Group of species. II- The W-albus Group

of species (Diptera: Culicidae). Pages1-111.

Huang, Yiau-Min. Medical Entomology Studies - VIII.

Notes on the taxonomic status of Aedes vittatus (Diptera:

Culicidae). Pages 112-132. April 11, 1977.

. Abercrombie, Jay. Medical Entomology Studies -IX.

The subgenus Christophersiomyia of the genus Aedes

(Diptera: Culicidae). 72 pages. August 1, 1977.

Peyton, E. L. Medical Entomology Studies -X. A

revision of the subgenus Pseudoficalbia of the genus

Uranotaenia in southeast Asia (Diptera: Culicidae).

273 pages. August 1, 1977.

as A

Contributions

of the

American Entomological Institute

Volume 14, Number 1, 1977

1s, 2

MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY STUDIES.

VII. THE SUBGENUS STEGOMYIA OF AEDES

IN SOUTHEAST ASIA.

II - THE EDWARDSI GROUP OF SPECIES.

il - THE W-ALBUS GROUP OF SPECIES.

(DIPTERA: CULICIDAE).

Vl. NOTES ON THE TAXONOMIC STATUS OF

AEDES VITTATUS.

(DIPTERA: CULICIDAE).

Yiau-Min Huang

CONTENTS

POS OIRO a a ee ee a ew eS

IN TROD OCCTION. Coo ne ee a ae es eee 8

THE AEDES STEGOM YIA ) EDWARDSI GROUP IN SOUTHEAST ASIA.

KEYS TO THE SPECIES OF THE EDWARDSIGROUP........

DIATE S One Pemates .. 3 6 ks a a oe ew Se

Wiale Teriiiglia.. 3... ok ee a ee ee ek ee

DESCRIPTIONS Of THE SPECIES . ou. 6 oe a eee ee ee ee

edwovdc: (Bored). 6. 0 ss oe a a ee

SCAQIP) MUONS. as a Sa ae a ee ee ee ee

THE AEDES STEGOMYIA) W-ALBUS GROUP IN SOUTHEAST ASIA. .

KEYS £O £68 SVPBC io. 2. 2 Sk Fe oe ee eo ee ea

Miales and Hemales | 4k. 6c 6 ee we ee ee 8

Bale Ternimalig fs. 6 Se eee Be ee ee

PUD gb os a a a a a a ea

Fourth Stage Larvae Be ee ee a ee we ae ee

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SUBGROUPS AND SPECIES ........

Giijgnad ie? SUDSEOUD . 4. 6 nS a ke es be

Guinodgie: (Wheovald), . os 6 be ne i we ee 8 Ss

Cygeee (Bactaud) 26, 6 ee i ee

GESTICICS SUDSGOUD: 6 6k a ec ee 8 Ce a es

Geswioies (Giles). 4 2 ss Me ee eS es

WICCTODUNCIOIUS SUDGTOUD 3796. 6 co se ek ee we ees

WIGIT RIT FINIAN So 5 as ee ey ie ar we ae es es

mediopunctatus (Theobald) ee ee ee ea

Pevplenius (UeICOSteN) 6. ea ks sey ke es

W-Q6Dis SUUETOUR 2S se ee a ke es ee 6 ee Bee

eavdner cavane tt (oadlow): 4.5 6. 8 ke ce ee as

gavdnerit piilidioy. (Leicester) <9... 5. tk eee ee os

WE Gipie ( LCO DALE) 65 5 aoc a 2 eo ewe ee oe Se ee

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. 2225. oo ea a a

LITER AI ORE CIPD a a a ee

APPENDIX A. PRESENT STATUS OF THE AEDES (SSTEGOMYIA)

EDWARDS! GROUP OF SPECIES (tot a. ee ek es

APPENDIX B. PRESENT STATUS OF THE AEDES STEGOMYIA)

W-ALBUs*GROUP OF SPECIES ~. 22% 3% . fre.

le On WA se ee ee ee a es ne

Do rd oa yt a eee a Oe eg ee Fe cece es

OATMDOUUUAIWH eS

MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY STUDIES - VII.

THE SUBGENUS STEGOMYIA OF AEDES IN SOUTHEAST ASIA.

Il - THE EDWARDSI GROUP OF SPECIES.

III - THE W-ALBUS GROUP OF SPECIES.

(DIPTERA: CULICIDAE)!.

Yiau-Min Huang

ABSTRACT

The edwardsi group and the w-albus group of the subgenus Stegomyia

Theobald, genus Aedes Meigen, are characterized. The diagnostic characters

for distinguishing these groups from other Stegomyia are given. Keys to the

identification of the species are provided. Information on the present status of

the edwardsi group of species and the w-albus group of species are summar-

ized in appendices A and B.

The w-albus group is divided further into new subgroups. Four subgroups

(annandalei, desmotes, mediopunctatus and w-albus) are recognized and

defined, and their relationships are discussed.

Aedes horishensis Yamada is regarded as a variety of annandalei Theobald,

berplexus Leicester is elevated to specific status, submediopunctatus Barraud,

sureilensis Barraud and mediopunctatus var. perplexus Knight and Hull are

shown to be synonyms of mediopunctatus Theobald, minutissima Theobald and

indosinensis Borel are recognized as synonyms of imitator Leicester and izmi-

tator Leicester is treated as a subspecies of gardnerii Ludlow.

All the known stages of the 11 Southeast Asian species and subspecies, 2

of which species are in the edwardsi group and 9 species and subspecies in the

w-albus group, are redescribed and illustrated. Information on type-data,

distribution, biology and a taxonomic discussion of all 11 species and subspe-

cies are presented.

The female and larva of cvaggi, the pupae of 3 species (craggi, medio-

punctatus and gardnerii), and the female terminalia of 8 species (edwardsi,

annandalei, craggi, desmotes, mediopunctatus, perplexus, gardnerii and

w-albus) are described and illustrated for the first time. The female termin-

alia of gardnerii imitatoy are described for the first time.

This work was supported by Research Contracts No. DA-49-193-MD-2672 and

DAMD-17-74C-4086 from the U. S. Army Medical Research and Development

Command, Office of the Surgeon General, Washington, D. C.

Medical Entomology Project, Department of Entomology, Smithsonian

Institution, Washington, D. C. 20560.

2 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 1, 1977

New records of 4 species and subspecies are: cvaggi from Thailand, g.

gardnerii from Sabah, w-albus from Thailand and Vietnam, and gardnevii

imitator from Hong Kong and Cambodia.

INTRODUCTION

The w-albus group (Edwards' Group B) is one of the most difficult in the

subgenus Stegomyia. The group has not been properly defined since Edwards' ©

(1932) classification and this has resulted in the assignment of some incorrect

species to it. This study clarifies the situation and also offers a better sys-

tem of classification.

Due to the extreme complexity and highly variable nature of the group,

this study has been handicapped by the lack of adequate material such as pro-

geny rearings from single females of certain species and by the lack of speci-

mens from several important areas.

This paper deals with 2 species groups, the edwardsi group and the w-albus

sroup. Aedes (Stegomyia) edwardsi (Barraud) was originally assigned to

Group B (w-albus group) by Edwards (1932). Belkin (1962) removed edwardsi

from Group B and defined a new group (edwardsi group) for it and its relatives.

Two species of the edwardsi group and 9 species and subspecies of the w-albus

eroup which are definitely known to occur in the Southeast Asia area are

treated here.

This study was based primarily on specimens initially accumulated by the

U. S. National Museum (USNM) and later augmented by The Southeast Asia

Mosquito Project and the Medical Entomology Project. Additional material

was borrowed from the following institutions: Bernice P. Bishop Museum,

Honolulu; Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago; University of Utah;

Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health; California Aca-

demy of Sciences; Medical Zoology Laboratory, The Institute of Medical

Science, University of Tokyo; British Museum (Natural History) and the

Instituut voor Tropische Hygiene, Amsterdam.

All the type-specimens of the included species which are in the British

Museum (Natural History), the U. S. National Museum and the Department

of Parasitology, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo,

have been studied.

The nomenclature chosen for the chaetotaxy of the larva and pupa and the

terminology of structural parts of the adult as used in this paper largely fol-

lows that of Belkin (1962).

An asterisk (*) following the abbreviations used (Oo = male, ¢ = female,

P = pupa, L = larva and E = egg) indicates that all or some portion of that sex

or stage is illustrated. Abbreviations used for the references to the literature

conform to the BIOSIS List of Serials, Biosciences Information Service of Bio-

logical Abstracts, Philadelphia, 1974.

Distribution records are indicated as follows: Country names are in capi-

tal letters, administrative divisions, where known, are in italics and place

names have the first letter capitalized. Place names which could not be lo-

cated in the gazetteers available are spelled according to the labels on the

specimens. The letters, 1 = larval skin, p = pupal skin and L = whole 4th in-

star larva.

The information on the breeding habitats and the distribution presented in

this paper are based entirely on the specimens which I examined.

The edwardsi species group and the w-albus species group are character-

Huang: Aedes (SStegomyia) in Southeast Asia 3

ized. Four subgroups of the w-albus group are recognized and defined, and

their relationships are discussed. All the known stages of the 11 Southeast

Asian species and subspecies, of which 2 are in the edwardsi group and 9 are

in the w-albus group are redescribed and illustrated, and a number of previ-

ously unknown stages are dealt with for the first time. Three new synonyms

are recognized, one subspecies is elevated to species rank, and several spe-

cies are recorded for the first time from certain areas. Keys to the identifi-

cation of the species are provided. Information on the present status of the

edwardsi group of species and the w-albus group of species are summarized

in appendices A and B.

The term ''Southeast Asia" as used in this review is as given in the initial

paper in this series on the scutellaris group of species (Huang 1972b).

In order to verify distributional records, all available specimens, even if

from beyond the confines of Southeast Asia, have been examined, as may be

seen in the distribution of the w-albus group and the annandalei, desmotes,

mediopunctatus, w-albus subgroups (MAPS II, III, IV, V and VI).

THE AEDES STEGOMYIA) EDWARDSI GROUP IN SOUTHEAST ASIA

The Southeast Asia edwardsi group is characterized by the following com-

bination of characters.

MALE. Head, Proboscis dark scaled, without pale scales on ventral side,

slightly longer than forefemur; palpus dark, slightly shorter than proboscis,

with white basal band on each of segments 2-5; those on segments 4, 5 incom-

plete dorsally; segments 4,5 subequal, slender, upturned and with only a few

short setae; antenna plumose, shorter than proboscis; clypeus bare; torus cov-

ered with white scales on inner side only; decumbent scales of vertex all broad

and flat; erect forked scales dark, not numerous, restricted to occiput; vertex

with a patch of broad white scales at anterior median area, with broad dark

ones on posterior and on each side interrupted by a lateral stripe of broad

white scales followed by a patch of white broad scales ventrally. Thorax.

Scutum with narrow dark scales and a prominent small median oval white spot

of narrow scales on anterior third of scutum; a few narrow yellowish pale

scales on lateral margin just before level of wing root; acrostichal bristles

absent; dorsocentral bristles present; scutellum with broad white scales on all

lobes and with a few broad dark ones at the apex of midlobe; anterior pronotum

with broad white scales; posterior pronotum with a small patch of broad white

scales on posterior portion and without dark narrow ones dorsally; paratergite

with broad white scales; postspiracular area without scales; subspiracular

area without scales; patches of broad white scales on propleuron, on the upper

and lower portions of sternopleuron and on the upper and lower portions of

mesepimeron; upper sternopleural scale patch does not reach to anterior cor-

ner of sternopleuron; lower mesepimeral scale patch small and separated from

upper mesepimeral scale patch; lower mesepimeron with bristles; metameron

bare. Wing. With dark scales on all veins except for a minute basal spot of

white scales on costa. Halter. With dark scales. Legs, Coxae with patches

of white scales; knee-spots present on all femora; fore- and midfemora anteri-

orly dark; hindfemur anteriorly with a broad white longitudinal stripe which

widens at base and is separated from apical white scale patch; all tibiae anteri-

orly dark; fore- and midtarsi with basal white bands on tarsomeres 1, 2; hind-

tarsus with basal white bands on tarsomeres 1-4, tarsomere 5 all white; fore-

and midlegs with tarsal claws unequal, larger one toothed, smaller one simple;

hindleg with tarsal claws equal, simple.

4 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 1, 1977

Abdomen. Segment I with white scales on laterotergite; terga II, III with basal

lateral white spots; terga IV-VII with subbasal lateral white spots; sternum II

largely covered with white scales; sterna III- VII each with a basal white band;

sternum VIII largely covered with white scales. Terminalia. Basimere about

3 times as long as wide; its scales restricted to lateral and ventral areas; with

a patch of setae on basomesal area of dorsal surface; mesal surface membran-

ous; claspette well developed, with numerous setae; distimere simple, elon-

gate, about 0.86 as long as basimere, with a spiniform process and a few

setae at apex; aedeagus widened apically, with 6 or 7 apical teeth on each side;

paraprocts without teeth; cercal setae absent; tergum IX with middle part pro-

duced into a large rounded lobe and with a hairy lobe on each side.

FEMALE. Essentially as in male, differing in the following respects:

Head, Proboscis as long as forefemur; palpus 5-segmented, segment 5 minute,

about 0.25 of proboscis, with white scales on less than apical half. Thorax.

Posterior pronotum with a small patch of broad white scales on posterior por-

tion and with or without dark narrow ones dorsally; subspiracular area with or

without scales; lower mesepimeron with or without bristles; mesepimeral

scale patches connected or separated. Legs, Fore- and midlegs with tarsal

claws equal, simple. Abdomen. Terga II-VI with or without basal submedian

lateral white spots, in addition to the usual basal lateral white spots; tergum

VII with subbasal lateral white spots and with or without a medial subbasal

spot; segment VIII largely to completely retracted. Terminalia. Sternum

VIII with a deep U-shaped notch at middle and with conspicuous rounded lateral

lobes; insula longer than broad, with minute setae and with 3 longer ones on

apical 0.25-0. 33; tergum IX with well developed lateral lobes, each with 3-5

setae; post-genital plate with shallow notch; cerci short and broad; 3 sper-

mathecae, one larger than the other 2.

DISTRIBUTION. The Southeast Asia members of the edwardsi group are

known only from the Oriental area of Belkin (1962) (MAP I).

TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION. The edwardsi group was erected by Belkin

(1962) for the nominate species edwardsi (Barraud) 1923 from Andaman Is-

lands, tulagiensis Edwards 1926 and robinsoni Belkin 1962 from Santa Cruz

Islands, South Pacific and the unnamed form from Saigon provisionally identi-

fied as edwardsi by Borel (1928).

My concept of the edwardsi group is the same as that of Belkin (1962), with

the addition of a 4th species, seampi Huang 1974 from the Andaman Islands.

The edwardsi group shows the strongest affinities with the scutellaris

group but can easily be separated from it by the scutal markings which are

much reduced. The immature stages of the Southeast Asia edwardsi are un-

known. Gaps in our knowledge of this group and the need for material from

entire Oriental region, particularly material from Andaman Islands are obvi-

ous.

Based on the present collection data, all the members of the edwardsi

group in Southeast Asia occur in the Oriental region while members of the

South Pacific edwardsi occur in Santa Cruz Islands. The remarkable discon-

tinuous distribution of the group may be altered by the discovery of forms in

intermediate areas. However, it is possible that this is a relict group with

no other representatives surviving as indicated by Belkin (1962: 445).

BIONOMICS. Nothing is known about the biology of the species of South-

east Asia edwardsi. In the South Pacific, the immature stages of fulagiensis

have been collected in a pandanus leaf axil and a tree hole (Belkin 1962: 447);

the immature stages of vobinsoni have been collected in a tree fern stump and

in a large tree hole in a poinciana tree (Belkin 1962: 448),

Huang: Aedes Stegomyia) in Southeast Asia D

MEDICAL IMPORTANCE. Nothing is known of the disease relations of

members of this group.

KEYS TO THE SPECIES OF THE EDWARDSI GROUP

The edwardsi group of species, including those not yet recorded from

Southeast Asia, can be distinguished from other Stegomyia by the following

combination of characters: palpi with white scales; scutum with a prominent

small median oval white spot of narrow scales on anterior third of scutum,

and dorsocentral bristles present; scutellum with broad white scales on all

lobes; hindtarsus with basal white bands on tarsomeres 1-4, tarsomere 5 all

white.

MALES AND FEMALES

1. Posterior pronotum without narrow dark scales on upper portion; lower

mesepimeron with bristles (Fig. 4C)......... edwardsi (p. 6)

Posterior pronotum with narrow dark scales on upper portion; lower

mesepimeron without bristles (Fig. 4F)..........2.2eee- 2

2(1). Abdomen with basal submedian lateral white spots on terga II-VI in

addition to the basal lateral white spots (Fig. 4D). . . seampi (p. 7)

Abdomen without basal submedian lateral white spots on terga II-VI,

with basal lateral white spots only (Fig. 4A). ...........

3(2). Hind tarsomere 4 with white scales on more than basal half. 9

tulagiensts

Hind tarsomere 4 with white scales on less than basal half. . robinsoni

MALE TERMINALIA

1. Tergum IX with middle part produced into a large lobe (Fig. 1C).

edwardsi (p. 6)

Tergum IX with middle part evenly rounded. ..........2+6e-. 2

2(1). Claspette with a long sternal fingerlike process bearing more than 12

SOURCE cha Qin Ps Sane he Wa Ga a a ok pai tulagiensis

Claspette with a short sternal process bearing about 3 setae.

robinsont

The male of seampi and the female of vobinsoni are unknown.

South Pacific species,

6 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 1, 1977

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SPECIES

AEDES (STEGOMYIA) EDWARDSI (BARRAUD)

(Figs, 1; 2: 3A, B, C, D;.4A, B, C)

Stegomyia edwardsi Barraud 1923a: 784 (o°*, 2*); ?Borel 1928; 7: 98.

Aedes (Stegomyia) edwardsi (Barraud), Edwards 1932: 164; Barraud 1934:

232 (67, 2%).

MALE (Fig. 1A). Head. Proboscis dark scaled, without pale scales on

ventral side, slightly longer than forefemur; palpus dark, slightly shorter

than proboscis, with white basal band on each of segments 2-5; those on seg-

ments 4, 5 incomplete dorsally; segments 4,5 subequal, slender, upturned

and with only a few short setae; antenna plumose, shorter than proboscis;

clypeus bare; torus covered with white scales on inner side only; decumbent

scales of vertex all broad and flat; erect forked scales dark, not numerous,

restricted to occiput; vertex with a patch of broad white scales at anterior me-

dian area, with broad dark ones on posterior and on each side interrupted by

a lateral stripe of broad white scales followed by a patch of white broad scales

ventrally. Thorax (Fig. 4C). Scutum with narrow dark scales and a promi-

nent small median oval white spot of narrow scales on anterior third of scu-

tum; a few narrow yellowish pale scales on lateral margin just before level of

wing root; acrostichal bristles absent; dorsocentral bristles present; scutel-

lum with broad white scales on all lobes and with a few broad dark ones at the

apex of midlobe; anterior pronotum with broad white scales; posterior prono-

tum with a small patch of broad white scales on posterior portion; paratergite

with broad white scales; postspiracular area without scales; subspiracular

area without scales; patches of broad white scales on propleuron, on the upper

and lower portions of sternopleuron and on the upper and lower portions of

mesepimeron; upper sternopleural scale patch does not reach to anterior cor-

ner of sternopleuron; lower mesepimeral scale patch small and separated from

upper mesepimeral scale patch; lower mesepimeron with 2 bristles, between

the 2 mesepimeral scale patches; metameron bare. Wing. With dark scales

onall veins except for a minute basal spot of white scales on costa; cell Ro 1.5

times as long as Ro,9. Halter. With dark scales. Legs, Coxae with patches

of white scales; knee-spots present on all femora; fore- and midfemora anteri-

orly dark; hindfemur anteriorly with a broad white longitudinal stripe on about

the basal half; all tibiae anteriorly dark; fore- and midtarsi with basal white

bands on tarsomeres 1,2; hindtarsus with basal white bands on tarsomeres

1-4, the ratio of length of white band to the total length of tarsomere is 0. 25,

0.33, 0.40 and 0.50; tarsomere 5 all white; fore- and midlegs with tarsal

claws unequal, the larger one toothed, the smaller one simple; hindleg with

tarsal claws equal, simple. Abdomen. Segment I with white scales on latero-

tergite; terga II, III with basal lateral white spots; terga IV-VII with subbasal

lateral white spots; sternum II largely covered with white scales; sterna III-VII

each with a basal white band; sternum VIII largely covered with white scales.

Terminalia (Fig. 1C). Basimere about 3 times as long as wide; its scales

restricted to lateral and ventral areas; with a patch of setae on basomesal area

of dorsal surface; mesal surface membranous; claspette large, long, reaching

to 0.66 of basimere, with numerous setae; distimere simple, elongate, about

0.86 as long as basimere, with a spiniform process and a few setae at apex;

Huang: Aedes (Stegomyia) in Southeast Asia 7

aedeagus widened apically, with 6 or 7 apical teeth on each side; paraprocts

without teeth; cercal setae absent; tergum IX with middle part produced into

a large rounded lobe and with a hairy lobe on each side.

FEMALE. Essentially as in male, differing in the following respects:

Head (Figs. 3A,B). Proboscis as long as forefemur; palpus 5-segmented,

segment 5 minute, about 0.25 of proboscis, with white scales on less than api-

cal half. Wing. With cell Rg about twice as long as Ro.3- Legs, Hindfemur

anteriorly with a broad white longitudinal stripe on about the basal 0.6; hind-

tarsus with basal white bands on tarsomeres 1-4, the ratio of length of white

band to the total length of tarsomere is 0.25, 0.33, 0.40and 0. 67; fore- and midlegs

with tarsal claws equal, simple. Abdomen (Figs. 4A,B). Segment VIII com-

pletely retracted. Terminalia (Fig. 2). Sternum VIII with a deep U-shaped

notch at middle and with conspicuous rounded lateral lobes; insula longer than

broad, with minute setae and with 3 longer ones on apical 0.25; tergum IX with

well developed lateral lobes, each with 3-5 setae; postgenital plate with shal-

low notch; cerci short and broad; 3 spermathecae, one larger than the other 2.

PUPA AND LARVA. Unknown.

TYPE-DATA. Stegomyia edwardsi Barraud, holotype male with associ-

ated terminalia slide (YMH-'68 -36), allotype female, in British Museum

(Natural History), London (BMNH); type-locality: Andaman Islands, IX-1911

(S. R. Christophers).

DISTRIBUTION. 19 specimens examined: 60, 52, 6% terminalia, 2 ter-

minalia.

INDIA. Andaman Islands: (IX-1911, S. R. Christophers), 2, 22, 20 ter-

minalia; (1926, G. Covell), 40°, 39, 40% terminalia, 22 terminalia.

TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION. The adult of edwardsi can easily be distin-

guished from that of all other members of the edwardsi group by the presence

of lower mesepimeral bristles and by the absence of narrow dark scales on

the upper portion of the posterior pronotum.

The male terminalia of this species have the claspette large, long, reach-

ing to 0.66 of the basimere, with numerous setae and tergum IX with the mid-

dle part produced into a large rounded lobe and with a hairy lobe on each side

which differ from all other species described in this group.

Aedes edwardsi, an Oriental species of the edwardsi group, is here re-

corded from the Andaman Islands only. I have not seen the Saigon material

mentioned by Borel (1928). The Indochina record of Stone et al. (1959) was

apparently based upon the earlier Borel (1928) citation.

BIONOMICS. Unknown.

AEDES STEGOMYIA) SEAMPI HUANG

(Figs. 3E; 4D, E, F; 5)

Aedes (Stegomyia) seampi Huang 1974c: 137 (2*).

MALE. Unknown.

FEMALE. Head, Proboscis dark scaled, without pale scales on ventral

side, as long as forefemur; palpus about 0.25 length of proboscis, with white

scales on less than apical half; antenna shorter than proboscis; clypeus bare;

torus covered with white scales on inner side only; decumbent scales of ver-

tex all broad and flat; erect forked scales dark, not numerous, restricted to

occiput; vertex with a patch of broad white scales at anterior median area,

with broad dark ones on posterior and on each side interrupted by a lateral

8 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 1, 1977

stripe of broad white scales followed by a patch of white broad scales ventral-

ly. Thorax (Fig. 4F). Scutum with narrow dark scales and a prominent small

median oval white spot of narrow scales on anterior third of scutum; a few

narrow yellowish scales on lateral margin just before level of wing root; acro-

stichal bristles absent; dorsocentral bristles present; scutellum with broad

white scales on all lobes and with a few broad dark ones at the apex of midlobe;

anterior pronotum with broad white scales; posterior pronotum with a small

patch of broad white scales on posterior portion and with a few narrow dark

scales on upper portion; paratergite with broad white scales; postspiracular

area without scales; subspiracular area with scales; patches of broad white

scales on propleuron, on the upper and lower portions of sternopleuron and on

the upper and lower portions of mesepimeron; upper sternopleural scale patch

does not reach to anterior corner of sternopleuron; upper and lower mesepi-

meral scale patches connected; lower mesepimeron without bristles; meta-

meron bare. Wing. With dark scales on all veins except for a minute basal

spot of white scales on costa; cell Ro about twice as long as Roig. Halter. With

dark scales. Legs. Coxae with patches of white scales; knee-spots present

on all femora; fore- and midfemora anteriorly dark; hindfemur anteriorly

with a broad white longitudinal stripe on about the basal 0. 6; all tibiae anteri-

orly dark; fore- and midtarsi with basal white bands on tarsomeres 1, 2; hind-

tarsus with basal white bands on tarsomeres 1-4, the ratio of length of white

band to the total length of tarsomere is 0.25, 0.33, 0.40 and 0.60; tarsomere

5 all white; fore-, mid- and hindlegs with tarsal claws equal, simple. Abdo-

men (Figs. 4D, E). Segment I with white scales on laterotergite; terga II, III

with basal lateral white spots; terga IV- VII with subbasal lateral white spots;

in addition, terga II-VI with basal submedian lateral white spots and tergum

VII with a medial subbasal white spot not connected with the lateral spots;

sterna IJI- VI with a basal white band; segment VIII largely retracted. Ter-

minalia (Fig. 5). Sternum VIII with a deep U-shaped notch at middle and with

conspicuous rounded lateral lobes; insula longer than broad, with minute setae

and with 3 longer ones on apical third; tergum IX with well developed lateral

lobes, each with 4 setae; postgenital plate with shallow notch; cerci short and

broad; 3 spermathecae, one larger than the other 2.

PUPA and LARVA. Unknown.

TYPE-DATA. Aedes (Stegomyia) seampi Huang, holotype female, in

BMNH; type-locality: ANDAMAN ISLANDS, 1926 (G. Covell). Paratype: 12,

with associated terminalia slide (73/292), with same data as holotype, in U. S.

National Museum, Washington, D. C. (USNM).

DISTRIBUTION. 3 specimens examined: 22, 12 terminalia.

INDIA. Andaman Islands: (1926, G. Covell), 22, 12 terminalia.

TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION. Aedes seampi is a member of the edwardsi

group, having palpi with white scales, scutum with a prominent small median

oval white spot of narrow scales on the anterior third of the scutum, and dorso-

central bristles present. The female differs from that of edwardsi in the

presence of narrow dark scales on the upper portion of the posterior pronotum

and by the absence of lower mesepimeral bristles. In this respect, seampzi is

very similar to the 2 South Pacific species (fulagiensis and robinsoni) of the

edwardsi group. However, it can easily be distinguished from all other mem-

bers of the group by the presence of basal submedian lateral white spots on

each of terga II-VI, in addition to the basal lateral white spots.

Aedes seampi, an Oriental species of the edwardsi group, is presently

known only from the Andaman Islands.

BIONOMICS. Unknown.

Huang: Aedes (Stegomyia) in Southeast Asia 9

THE AEDES STEGOMYIA) W-ALBUS GROUP IN SOUTHEAST ASIA

The Southeast Asia w-albus group is characterized by the following com-

bination of characters.

MALE. Head. Proboscis dark scaled, with or without a white patch at

base, and with or without some pale scales on ventral side, as long as or

slightly longer than forefemur; palpus dark, as long as to considerably longer

than proboscis, with white basal band on each of segments 2-5; those on seg-

ments 4,5 incomplete dorsally; sometimes segment 5 with white basal band

on ventral side very small or without white basal band; segments 4, 5 subequal,

slender, upturned, and with only a few short setae; antenna plumose, as long

as or shorter than proboscis; clypeus bare; torus covered with white scales ex-

cept on dorsal side, or sometimes with white scales on dorsal side as well;

decumbent scales of vertex all broad and flat; erect forked scales dark, not

numerous, restricted to occiput; vertex with a median stripe, or a broad medi-

an stripe, or a median patch of broad white scales, with broad dark ones on

each side interrupted by a lateral stripe of broad white scales followed by a

patch of white broad scales ventrally. Thorax, Scutum with narrow dark

scales and a large median white patch, or a broad median longitudinal white

stripe, or 2 lateral longitudinal white stripes, or 2 lateral white patches

of narrow scales on anterior third or more of scutum; with or without narrow

white scales on the anterior prescutal area and on the lateral prescutal area;

there is on each side a large patch of broad white scales on the lateral margin

just before the level of the wing root and above the paratergite, or an antealar

white patch of narrow, or narrow and broad scales present; a posterior dorso-

central white line present and well developed, to absent; a prescutellar white

line present and well developed, to absent; with or without a patch of broad

dark scales on each side of prescutellar space and a patch of broad dark scales

over the wing root and toward scutellum; acrostichal and dorsocentral bristles

absent; prescutellar bristles absent to present and well developed; scutellum

with broad dark scales on midlobe and broad white scales on lateral lobe, or

scutellum with broad white scales on midlobe and broad dark scales on lateral

lobe, sometimes lateral lobe with few pale broad scales as well, occasionally

lateral lobe with all pale broad scales, or scutellum with broad white scales on

all lobes; anterior pronotum with broad white scales; posterior pronotum with

broad white scales and some dark broad or narrow ones dorsally, or with some

white narrow ones dorsally; paratergite with broad white scales; patches of

broad white scales on propleuron, on the subspiracular and postspiracular areas,

on the upper and lower portions of sternopleuron and on the mesepimeron; hypo-

stigial, prealar and metameron areas with or without broad white scales; upper

sternopleural scale patch and prealar scale patch connected or separated;

lower mesepimeron without bristles. Wing. With dark scales on all veins,

with or without a minute basal spot of white scales on costa. Halter. With

dark scales. Legs. Coxae with patches of white scales; knee-spot absent on

forefemur, present on mid- and hindfemora; forefemur anteriorly dark, with

or without a basoventral white line; midfemur anteriorly dark, with or without

a median white spot on anterior surface, or midfemur with 2 white spots on

anterior surface; hindfemur anteriorly with basal 0.67-0.75 white, a complete

dark band present and separates the basal white stripe from the apical white

scale patch, or a triangular dark patch present and separates the basal white

stripe from the apical white scale patch except on the lower portion of anterior

surface; all tibiae anteriorly dark, with or without a white band; hindtibia with

10 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 1, 1977

or without a white stripe on basoventral 0.25; fore- and midtarsi with basal

white band on tarsomere 1, or on tarsomeres 1,2; midtarsus with or without

basal white band on tarsomere 3; hindtarsus with basal white bands on tarso-

meres 1,2; tarsomere 3 with basal white band or all dark; tarsomeres 4, 5 all

white, or with basal white band to all dark; fore- and midlegs with tarsal claws

unequal, all toothed; hindleg with tarsal claws equal, simple. Abdomen. Seg-

ment I with white scales on laterotergite; terga II-VI with basal lateral white

spots; tergum II dark dorsally, or sometimes with a small basal median white

spot, or sometimes with a basal white band; tergum III with or without a basal

white band; terga IV-VI each with a basal or subbasal white band which is, or

is not connected with the lateral spots; tergum VII without or with lateral

white spots only, or sometimes tergum VII with a basal white band as well;

sterna IIJ-VI with basal white bands, or sometimes sternum III largely covered

with white scales; sternum VIII largely covered with white scales. Terminalia.

Basimere 2 to 3 times as long as wide; its scales restricted to dorsolateral,

lateral and ventral areas, or lateral and ventral areas; without or with few to

a patch of setae on basomesal area of the dorsal surface; claspette well de-

veloped, with numerous setae and without or with some specialized ones; disti-

mere simple, elongate, 0.7 to slightly longer than basimere, with setae anda

spiniform process near apex or subapically, or distimere complex, slightly

shorter than basimere, expanded at base and forked apically, with setae and

spiniform process; aedeagus with a distinct sclerotized lateral toothed plate

on each side; paraproct with or without ventral arms; cercal setae absent;

tergum IX with middle part concave, nearly flat, or produced into a lobe and

with a small hairy lobe on each side.

FEMALE. Essentially as in the male, differing in the following respects:

Head. Palpus 4-segmented, or 5-segmented, segment 5 minute, about 0.25

of proboscis, with white scales on less than apical half. Legs, Fore- and

midlegs with tarsal claws equal, all toothed. Abdomen. Tergum VII with

lateral white spots and basal or subbasal white band which is not connected

with the lateral spots; tergum VIII sometimes with lateral white spots and

basal white band which is not connected with the lateral white spots; segment

VIII not retracted to completely retracted. Terminalia, Sternum VIII with a

deep U-shaped notch at middle and with conspicuous rounded lateral lobes;

insula longer than broad, with minute setae and with some (3-10) larger ones

on apical 0.33-0. 50; tergum IX slightly, or much broader than long, to slight-

ly longer than broad, with well developed lateral lobes, each with 3-6 setae;

postgenital plate with, or sometimes without shallow notch; cerci short and

broad; 3 spermathecae, one larger than the other 2.

PUPA. Cephalothorax, Trumpet short, 2.5 to 3.5 times as long as wide

at the middle; seta 1,3-C single or double, longer than 2-C; 6-C single, short-

er than 7-C; 10-C with 1-5 branches, mesad and caudad of 11-C; 11-C single,

stout. Abdomen. Seta 1-I well developed, with more than 10 branches, den-

dritic; 2-I single; 3-I single, long; 2, 3-I not widely separated, distance be-

tween them same as distance between 4, 5-I; 1-II usually branched and den-

dritic, or sometimes with 2-6 branches; 2-IV, V laterad, or mesad of 1-IV, V.

Paddle. Margins with fringe; apex rounded or produced; seta 1-P single.

LARVA. Head. Antenna 0.5 length of head, without spicules; 1-A inserted

near middle, or sometimes before middle of shaft, single, small, spine-like;

seta 4-C well developed, branched, closer to 6-C than 5-C, cephalad and me-

sad of 6-C; 5-C usually single, or sometimes double, long; 6-C with 1-9

branches; 7-C with 1-3 branches; 8-C single; 9-C with 1-3 branches; 10-C

single or double; 11-C with 1-4 branches; 12-C with 2-8 branches; 13-C with

Huang: Aedes (Stegomyia) in Southeast Asia 11

1-6 branches; 14-C with 2-3 branches; 15-C with 1-4 branches; mentum with

8-13 teeth on each side. Thorax. Seta 1-P with 2-4 branches; 2-P single; 3-P

double; 4-P with 1-6 branches; 5-P with 1-3 branches; 6,9-P usually single

(1-2); 7-P single or double; 11-P single; 14-P with 2-3 branches; 5, 7-M

single; 6-M with 1-4 branches; 8-M with 2-5 branches; 9-M with 1-3 branches,

barbed; 10,12-M single, long, stout and barbed; 11-M usually single (1-2);

7-T with 2-6 branches; 9-T with 1-3 branches; 10,11-T similar to those on

mesothorax; 12-T much reduced; basal spine of meso- and metapleural setae

sometimes well developed, long, straight, pointed or blunted at tip. Abdomen.

Seta 6-I, II with 2-4 branches; 7-I single or double; 7-II with 1-5 branches;

6-IIl-V single or 2-branched, sometimes one more slender and shorter than

the other; 6-VI single or double; 7-III with 2-6 branches, smaller to larger

than 9-III; 4-I, II single or with 2-5 branches; 1-VII with 2-4 branches; 2-VII

with 1-4 branches; comb of 3-7 scales in a row, arising from a sclerotized

plate, or comb of 5-10 scales in a single row and without a sclerotized plate,

each scale with fine denticles at the base of the apical spine; sometimes

comb scale with apical spine split at tip; seta 2-VIII distant from 1-VIII; 1,

0- VIII with 1-4 branches; 3-VIII with 2-6 branches; 2,4-VIII single; saddle

incomplete; marginal spicules stout and conspicuous, or very fine and incon-

spicuous; 1-X with 1-4 branches; 2-X with 1-3 branches; 3-X single; ventral

brush with 4 pairs of setae on grid, each seta single, sometimes 1 or 2 proxi-

mal ones double, or sometimes 4d-X very small and no bars; without precratal

tufts; anal papillae about 2 to 3.2 times as long as saddle, sausage-like. Si-

phon. About 1.7 to 3.3 times as long as wide, acus absent; 3-22 pecten teeth,

in a straight or irregular row, each tooth with 1-5 basal denticles, or each

tooth with or without fine basal denticles, and sometimes transparent distally;

1-S with 2-4 branches, inserted about the level of or before last tooth and dor-

sad of the teeth, or inserted beyond last tooth and in line with the teeth.

DISTRIBUTION. The Southeast Asia w-albus group is confined to the Ori-

ental region. It is found from southwestern India, eastern Pakistan in the

west, to the Philippines in the east, from southern China in the north, to Java

in the south, to Taiwan in the northeastern corner and to Alor Island in the

southeastern corner (MAP II).

TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION. Edwards (1932) divided the subgenus Stegomyia

into 4 groups which he designated A,B,C and D. In Group B (w-albus group)

he included 12 species from the Oriental and Palearctic regions, and Mauritius.

Mattingly (1953) transferred Aedes chemulpoensis Yamada and Aedes mas-

carensis MacGregor from Group B to Group A (aegypti group). Belkin (1962)

removed Aedes edwardsi from Group B and defined a new group (edwardsi

sroup) for it and its relatives. Mattingly (1965) transferred Aedes mediopunc -

tatus (Theobald) and Aedes galloisi Yamada from Group C (scutellaris group)

to Group B and assigned Aedes amaltheus de Meillon and Lavoipierre to Group

B. He subdivided Group B (w-albus group) into 3 subgroups known as Sub-

group Bl (w-albus subgroup) (included species: annandalei (Theobald), cvaggi

(Barraud), desmotes (Giles), gardnerii (Ludlow), mediopunctatus, w-albus

(Theobald)), Subgroup B2 (meronephada subgroup) (included species: merone-

pbhada (Dyar and Shannon)), Subgroup B3 (amaltheus subgroup) (included spe-

cies: amaltheus, aurotaeniatus Edwards, galloisi). Huang (1970) removed

Aedes aurotaeniatus from Group B and placed in the subgenus Paraedes

Edwards, and (1972a) transferred galloisi from Group B back to Group C.

Huang (1973) confirmed the assignment of mediopunctatus and its relatives to

the w-albus group, and (1974a) transferred amaltheus from Group B to the

aegypti group and (1974b) confirmed the assignment of chemulpoensis to the

12 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 1, 1977

aegypti group. Aedes meronephada is not a Stegomyia and will be treated in

a separate paper. The w-albus group of the present paper is practically the

same complex of species as Mattingly's Subgroup B1.

At present, the w-albus group of Stegomyia contains 10 species and sub-

species. Nine species and subspecies of these, annandalei, craggi, desmotes,

gardnerii gardnerii, gavdnerii imitator (Leicester), malikuli Huang, medio-

punctatus, perplexus (Leicester) and w-albus, are found within the Southeast

Asia area and one additional species, rvhungkiangensis Chang and Chang 1974

from China, which also occurs in the Southeast Asia area is not treated here

since specimens are not available. In addition, there is one form of w-albus

known but not named from Malaysia (Mattingly 1965: 48). This awaits review

until more adequate material is available.

The 10 species and subspecies of the w-albus group can be divided further

into 4 subgroups, the annandalei subgroup (included species: annandalei,

craggi), the desmotes subgroup (included species: desmotes), the medio-

punctatus subgroup (included species: malikuli, mediopunctatus, perplexus,

rhungkiangensis) and the w-albus subgroup (included species and subspecies:

gardnerii gavdnerii, gardnerii imitator, w-albus). These 4 subgroups all oc-

cur in the Southeast Asia area and extend into the western Oriental region.

In the identification of the species of the w-albus group, the adult stages

appear to be more promising than the immature stages. However, it must be

remembered that specific differences between the members of this group tend

to be very slight. Some members are highly variable in both adult ornamenta-

tion and in the immature stages. Although the males of all species can be

recognized on the basis of morphological features, the females and the imma-

tures are extremely difficult or impossible to distinguish in many instances.

The male terminalia of all species are distinct and the most diagnostic feature

of all is the claspette of the basimere. In dealing with these, special prepara-

tions must be made and care taken to study both lateral and mesal views of the

dissected claspette as well as undissected aspects.

BIONOMICS. The immature stages have been found mainly in bamboo

stumps, bamboo internodes, cut and split bamboos, bamboo cups, tree and

log holes, pandanus and nipa palm axils. Females of 6 species and one sub-

species, annandalei, craggi, desmotes, mediopunctatus, perplexus, w-albus

and gardnerii imitator, are knownto bite man.

MEDICAL IMPORTANCE. Leicester (1908b: 267) reported that in the

laboratory in Malaya, 6 out of 8 desmotes and 3 out of 3 perplexus became

infected with larval stages of "Filaria nocturna" (Wuchereria bancrofti) after

they were fed on a microfilaremic patient. Bailey et al. (1975) reported find-

ing 'desmotes, mediopunctatus and gardnerii, caught while biting humans,

infected with larvae of an unidentified filaria in Kanchanaburi Province of south-

western Thailand.''* Although very little has been reported as regarding the

medical significance of members of this group, the females of several species

attack man readily and can be abundant especially near villages and plantations.

They should be considered of potential public health importance.

I These specimens were probably perplexus and gardnerii imitator.

Huang: Aedes (Stegomyia) in Southeast Asia 13

KEYS TO THE SPECIES

The w-albus group of species can be distinguished from other Stegomyia

by the following combination of characters: palpi with white scales; scutal

markings varied and dorsocentral bristles absent; subspiracular and postspira-

cular areas with broad white scales; hindtarsus with basal white bands on tar-

someres 1,2, tarsomere 3 with basal white band or all dark.

MALES AND FEMALES

1 Tibiae with white ring (Fig. 21A).

(desmotes subgroup) desmotes(p. 26)

Tibiae wWittoul While TING eo ee a a ee a ee Z

2(1). Scutellum with broad dark scales on midlobe and with broad white

scales on lateral lobe (Figs. 9B, D). ... (annandalei subgroup) 3

Scutellum with broad white scales on midlobe and with broad dark, or

white scales, or both on lateral lobe: ........ 2.2.2 sees 4

3(2). Scutum with a large median oval white patch, reaching from anterior

margin, narrows slightly posteriorly and to about the middle of the

scutum; posterior tip of the scutal patch blunt (Fig. 9B).

annandalei (p. 17)

Scutum with a large median triangular white patch, reaching from

anterior margin and about anterior half of the lateral prescutal

area, narrows posteriorly and to the middle of the scutum; posterior

tip of the seutal patch pointed (Fig. 9D). i. fone. craggi (p. 22)

4(2). Scutum with a broad median longitudinal white stripe, extending from

anterior margin, tapering posteriorly and forking at the beginning

of prescutellar space; midfemur without a median white spot on

anterior surface (Fig. 25A).

(mediopunctatus subgroup) malikuli (p. 33)1

mediopunctatus (p. 36)

perplexus(p. 40)

Scutum without such a median longitudinal white stripe; midfemur with

a median white spot on anterior surface (Fig. 21B).

(w-albus subgroup) 5

5(4). Scutum with a broad longitudinal white stripe on either side of midline,

reaching from anterior margin to the middle of the scutum and

fusing with the antealar white patch (Fig. 17D).

gardnerii gardnerii (p. 46)

Scutum with a large median white patch, or 2 lateral white patches, on

anterion third Of SCuluIMns (eee a ewe 5 eee ee Pie a eee

6(5). Scutal median white patch broader than long, with narrow white scales

reaching to the lateral prescutal area on each side; antealar white

Ihe female of malikuli is unknown.

14 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 1, 1977

patch with narrow white scales mainly and with some broad white

ones on the lateral margin just before the level of the wing root

(Figs. 32B, A). Ee Be os ~... gardnerii imitator (p. 50)

Scutal median white patch rather narrow and 65 ai antealar white patch

with all narrow white scales (Figs. 32D, C). - w-albus (p. 55)

MALE TERMINALIA

1. Paraproct with ventral arms (Fig. 14C)........ desmotes (p. “)

Paraproct without ventralarms...... es OAR ee es Se eS

2(1). Tergum IX with a large median lobe lee 19C,. 240, 25C, -29C,

SOG oe eg Sk oe a Shee aes ‘ b Seiee LS eA es a a 3

Tergum IX without a median lobe. .... ig tg Gioia alt eee ee Vals 7

3(2). Distimere simple (Figs. 29C, 33C)...... Sten lerde She ee 4

Distimere complex (Pies. 19C) 216; 250) 0. sw eke SAGE a Oe 5

4(3). Claspette with numerous setae on the expanded distal part and occupying

about half of ii{Fie. 29C),. i. <<. os gardnerii gardnevii (p. 46)

gardnerii imitator (p. 55)

Claspette with numerous widened setae on the expanded distal part and

occupying about 0.67 or more of it (Fig. 33C). . . w-albus (p. 55)

5(3). Claspette simple, with numerous long setae on the slightly expanded

distal part and with few shorter ones on sternal side (Fig. 19C).

malikuli (p. 33)

Claspette large and bilobed, with numerous setae and with a distinct

stout spine-like seta on apicosternal angle of expanded distal

Were Pics 2 O6G a 6

6(5). Claspette with several distinctly long and stout setae on tergal portion

of expanded distal part (Fig. 21C). ... . . mediopunctatus (p. 36)

Claspette without several distinctly long and stout setae on tergal por-

tion of expanded distal part (Fig. 25C)...... perplexus (p. 40)

7(2). Claspette large, with 3 widened, leaf-like setae on tergal side and with

2 stout, spine-like setae on sternal side of expanded distal part,

with several slender setae scattered in between (Figs. 6C, 10B).

e aedaie: (e717)

Claspette long and large, reaching to 0.75 of basimere, with 3 widened

specialized setae on dorsal basal part and with numerous long setae

ventral distal to it (Pies. 110; 10D). 248 ee as craggi (p. 22)

PUPAE

i Seta 2-IV, V laterad of 1-IV,V..... ee Ses Cee RS: es 2

seta 2-IV,. V mesad of P-y eV ae a a os eS Re a

2(1). Seta 2-IV, V laterad of 3-IV, V; seta 1-II usually with 3-6 branches, not

dendritic (Pies MA)e woo 5s a Raa a ae 2 desmotes (p. 26)

3(2).

5(1).

2(1).

Huang: Aedes Stegomyia) in Southeast Asia 15

Seta 2-IV, V mesad of 3-IV, V; seta 1-II usually well developed, with

mIMahy branches, dendyilies vii wake Oe eS 3

Male genital lobe short and broad, about as long as wide (Figs. 19A,

eae 2) Maar ROR! G18 adel ean gtod ne malikuli (p. 33)

mediopunctatus (p. 36)

perplexus (p. =

Male genital lobe long and broad, slightly longer than wide. .....

Male genital lobe with a triangular-shape fold on ventral side (Fig.

PUA es ar ee ee ee 2 ae eee see er craggi(p. 22)

Male genital lobe without a triangular-shape fold on ventral side (Fig.

Bees 7.2 attr a eae year ig oth PET Gare ois otra: Gk Re Gia e annandalei (p. 17)

Seta 9-III- VI strongly developed, thickened, much stouter than 9-II

(Wie BABY ek Kerk Sone Se ane ae a . w-albus (p. 55)

Seta 9-III- VI not strongly developed, slender, about same magnitude

as O-TL (Pia. 294A), cor ee eo ew ws BOvdneri: gardnerii 4p; 46)

gardnerii imitator (p. 50)

FOURTH STAGE LARVAE

Marginal spicules of anal segment well developed and conspicuous. . 2

Marginal spicules of anal segment not well developed, very small

Ce Oly eg ae Rw en ae ae eR ee eee we eh 3

Seta 1-S inserted beyond last tooth and in line with the teeth (Figs. 20C,

Do Ot ey eee On ee ae aa oes malikuli (p. 33)

mediopunctatus (p. 36)

perplexus (p. 40)

Seta 1-S inserted about the level of, or before last tooth and dorsad of

the teeth (Fies. 7C, 12C). .. 3. s iis ahag cet Cas annandalei(p. 17)

craggi (p. 22)

Comb scales in a row, arising from a sclerotized plate (Fig. 15C).

desmotes (p.

Comb scales in a row, without a sclerotized plate. ..........

Ventral brush with 4d-X well developed, single and with bars (Fig.

cE 2 ae et air aia GRA “a peg Paget uP weh or aww cr Mmetbus (OD)

Ventral brush with 4d- X not well developed, single, very small, much

smaller than 4a, b, c-X and no bars (Fig. 30C).

gavdnerii gardnerii (p. 46)

gavdnerii imitator (p. 55)

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SUBGROUPS AND SPECIES

annandalei subgroup

TAXONOMIC CHARACTERS: ADULT. Head. Palpi with white scales.

Thorax. (1) Dorsocentral bristles absent; prescutellar bristles present; (2)

scutum with a large median white patch, reaching from anterior margin to the

16 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 1, 1977

middle of the scutum; (3) with a patch of broad dark scales on each side of pre--

scutellar space; (4) subspiracular, postspiracular areas with broad white

scales; hypostigial, prealar and metameron areas without broad white scales;

(5) scutellum with broad dark scales on midlobe and broad white scales on lat-

eral lobe. Legs. (1) Knee-spot absent on forefemur, present on mid- and

hindfemora; (2) midfemur without a median white spot on anterior surface;

(3) all tibiae anteriorly dark without any white band; (4) hindtarsus with basal

white bands on tarsomeres 1,2; tarsomere 3 all dark or with small basal

white; tarsomere 4 with basal white band or all dark; tarsomere 5 all dark.

Male Terminalia. (1) Tergum IX concave at middle; (2) paraproct without

ventral arms; (3) distimere simple, elongate, slightly longer than basimere,

expanded subapically, with a spiniform process subapically. Female Termin-

alia. Tergum IX slightly broader than long, with well developed lateral lobes,

each with 3 or 4 setae.

PUPA. Abdomen. (1) Seta 1-II usually well developed, with many branches,

or sometimes with 4-8 branches, dendritic; (2) 2-IV, V laterad of 1-IV, V.

Male genital lobe long and broad, slightly longer than wide.

LARVA. Thorax. (1) Seta 9-M usually double, rarely single, barbed;

10, 12-M single, long, stout and barbed; (2) basal spine of meso- and meta-

pleural setae stout, straight and pointed at tip. Segment VIII, Comb scales

ina row, arising from a sclerotized plate. Szphon. 1-S inserted about the

level of, or before last tooth and dorsad of the teeth. Anal Segment. Marginal

spicules stout and conspicuous, each spicule rather short and bluntly rounded

at tip.

DISTRIBUTION. Species of this subgroup are found in northeastern India,

Assam, Burma, Thailand, Vietnam, Taiwan, Java, Bali, Flores and Sulawesi

(MAP III).

TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION. As currently interpreted, the annandalei

subgroup consists of 2 species, annandalei and cvaggt. Both of these are

found within the Southeast Asia area.

On present collection data, both members of the annandalei subgroup in

Southeast Asia occur in the Oriental area of Belkin (1962) while annandalei is

also known to occur in the Indomalayan area (Java, Bali, Flores and Sulawesi).

The annandalei subgroup combines some of the features of the w-albus and

mediopunctatus subgroups; the adult shares the characteristics of some mem-

bers of the w-albus subgroup in scutal markings and the characteristic of the

mediopunctatus subgroup in pleural markings, the male terminalia share some

characteristics of w-albus subgroup and the female terminalia are similar to

both. The pupa is extremely similar to that of the mediopunctatus subgroup

and the female pupae are frequently indistinguishable from those of mediopunc -

latus subgroup. The larva is essentially as in the mediopunctatus subgroup,

except that the basal spine of the meso- and metapleural setae is reduced in

extent and approaches the condition characteristic of the w-albus subgroup.

This subgroup appears to show the characters of the w-albus group better

than the other 3 subgroups.

Yamada (1921) described horishensis as a species from a single female

from Horisha, Formosa. Lien (1962: 626) considered it to be a subspecies of

annandalei characterized by a posterior shifting of the abdominal bands and

Mattingly (1965: 41) regarded it as a variety. Aedes annandalei is one of the

most variable and most common species of the w-albus group in Southeast

Asia. A study of large series of annandalei with associated larval and pupal

skins from India, Thailand and Taiwan (Formosa) indicated that this character

(the posterior shifting of the abdominal bands) is variable. Therefore, I con-

Huang: Aedes Stegomyia) in Southeast Asia 17

sider horishensis Yamada to be a synonym of annandalei.

BIONOMICS. Larvae and pupae are usually found in bamboo stumps and

cut bamboos. Occasionally, they are found in bamboo internodes, split bam-

boo and in tree holes. The females bite man. The immature stages are asso-

ciated with the albopictus subgroup of the scutellaris group and mediopunctatus

subgroup of the w-albus group.

AEDES (SSTEGOMYIA) ANNANDALEI (THEOBALD)

(Figs. 6; 7; 8; 9A, B; 10A, B)

Stegomyia annandalei Theobald 1910a: 10 (9).

Kingia annandalei Theobald 1910b: 139 (different combination).

Aedes horishensis Yamada 1921: 58 (9).

Stegomyia annandalei Theobald, Barraud 1923a: 781 (*, ¢*) (synonymized

Kingia annandalei); Barraud 1923b: 226; Borel 1928: 95 (o*, ¢, L*).

Stegomyia annandalei var. quadricincta Barraud 1923b: 227 (¢).

Aedes (Stegomyia) annandalei (Theobald), Edwards 1922: 464; Edwards 1925:

40 (2); Bonne-Wepster and Brug 1932: 98 ("*, 2, L*); Barraud 1934: 227

(o*, 9*, L*); Mattingly 1965: 39 (**, 2*, P*, L*) (synonymized horishen-

sis).

Aedes (Stegomyia) annandalei horishensis Yamada, Lien 1962: 626 (to sub-

species status).

MALE. Head. Proboscis dark scaled, with some pale scales on ventral

side, as long as forefemur; palpus dark, longer than proboscis, with white

basal band on each of segments 2-5; those on segments 4, 5 incomplete dor-

sally; segments 4, 5 subequal, slender, upturned, and with only a few short

setae; antenna plumose, as long as proboscis; clypeus bare; torus covered

with white scales except on dorsal side; decumbent scales of vertex all broad

and flat; erect forked scales dark, not numerous, restricted to occiput; vertex

with a broad median stripe or a median patch of broad white scales, with broad

dark ones on each side interrupted by a lateral stripe of broad white scales

followed by a patch of white broad scales ventrally. Thorax (Figs. 9A, B).

Scutum with narrow dark scales and a large median oval white patch of narrow

scales which reaches from anterior margin, narrows slightly posteriorly to

about the middle of the scutum; a large patch of broad white scales on the

lateral margin just before the level of the wing root and above the paratergite;

prescutellar space with a few white narrow scales, sometimes all dark; a

patch of broad dark scales on each side of prescutellar space and a few broad

dark scales over the wing root and toward scutellum; acrostichal and dorso-

central bristles absent; prescutellar bristles present; scutellum with broad

dark scales on midlobe and broad white scales on lateral lobe; anterior pro-

notum with broad white scales; posterior pronotum with broad white scales

and a few dark similar ones dorsally; paratergite with broad white scales;

patches of broad white scales on propleuron, on the subspiracular and post-

spiracular areas, on the upper and lower portions of sternopleuron and on the

mesepimeron; lower mesepimeron without bristles; metameron bare. Wing.

With dark scales on all veins, sometimes with a minute basal spot of white

scales onthe costa; cell Ro 1. dtimesaslongas Ro... Halter, Withdark scales.

Legs. Coxae with patches of white scales; knee-spot absent on forefemur,

present on mid- and hindfemora; forefemur anteriorly dark except for a baso-

ventral white line; midfemur without median white spot on anterior surface;

18 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst. , vol. 14, no. 1, 1977

hindfemur anteriorly with basal 0. 67-0. 75 white, a complete dark band present

which separates the basal white stripe from the apical white scale patch; all

tibiae anteriorly dark, without any white band; fore- and midtarsi with basal

white band on tarsomere 1, sometimes midtarsus with a few white scales on

basal area of tarsomere 2 as well; hindtarsus with basal white bands on tarso-

meres 1,2; tarsomere 3 dark; tarsomere 4 with basal 0.67 white band to all

dark; tarsomere 5 dark; fore- and midlegs with tarsal claws unequal, all

toothed; hindleg with tarsal claws equal, simple. Abdomen. Segment I with

white scales on laterotergite; tergum II dark dorsally, with basal lateral white

spots only; terga III-VI each with basal lateral white spots and a basal or sub-

basal white band which is connected to the lateral spots; tergum III with basal

band rather narrow or sometimes incomplete at the middle; tergum VII with

lateral white spots only; sterna IJI-VI with basal white bands; sternum VIII

largely covered with white scales. Tervminalia (Figs. 6C, 10B). Basimere

short, about 2.5 times as long as wide; its scales restricted to dorsolateral,

lateral and ventral areas; with 4 (3-5) setae on basomesal area of the dorsal

surface; claspette well developed, with 3 widened, leaf-like setae on tergal

side and with 2 stout, spine-like setae on sternal side of expanded distal part,

with several thinner (slender) setae scattered in between; distimere simple,

elongate, slightly longer than basimere, expanded subapically, with setae

and a spiniform process; aedeagus with a distinct sclerotized lateral toothed

plate on each side; paraproct without ventral arms; cercal setae absent; ter-

eum IX concave at middle, with a small hairy lobe on each side.

FEMALE. Essentially as in the male, differing in the following respects:

Head, Palpus 4-segmented, or sometimes 5-segmented, segment 5 minute,

about 0.25 of proboscis, with white scales on less than apical half. Legs.

Foretarsomere 2 sometimes with a few white scales on basal area; midtarso-

mere 2 with basal white band; hindtarsomere 4 with basal 0.83 white band;

sometimes hindtarsomere 3 with a few white scales on basal area as well;

fore- and midlegs with tarsal claws equal, all toothed. Abdomen. Tergum

VII with lateral white spots and basal or subbasal white band which is not

connected with the lateral spots; segment VIII largely retracted. Terminalia

(Figs. 8, 10A). Sternum VIII with a deep U-shaped notch at middle and with

conspicuous rounded lateral lobes; insula longer than broad, with minute setae

and with 6 (4-6) larger ones on apical third; tergum IX with well developed

lateral lobes, each with 3 or 4 setae; postgenital plate with shallow notch;

cerci short and broad; 3 spermathecae, one larger than the other 2.

PUPA (Figs. 6A, B). Cephalothorax. Trumpet about 3.5 times as long as

wide at the middle; seta 1, 3-C usually single (1-2), longer than 2-C; 2-C

usually double (1-2); 4-C usually single (1-2); 5-C usually double (2-3); 6-C

single, shorter than 7-C; 7-C usually double (1-2); 10-C usually 2-branched

(2-4), mesad and caudad of 11-C; 11-C single, stout. Abdomen, Seta 1-I

well developed, with more than 10 branches, dendritic; 2-I single; 3-I single,

long; 2, 3-I not widely separated, distance between them same as distance

between 4, 5-I; 1-II with many branches, dendritic; 2-II laterad of 3-II; 2-IV,

V laterad of 1-IV, V; 1-III usually with 4 branches (2-6); 1-IV usually double

(2-5); 3-II, II single, shorter than segment III; 5-III usually single, rarely

double; 5-IV-VI single, or sometimes 5-IV, V with 2 branches, short, not

reaching beyond posterior margin of following segment; 9-I-VI small, single,

simple; 9-VII, VIII longer and stouter than preceeding ones; 9-VII usually

single (1-2), barbed; 9-VIII usually with 2 branches (1-4), barbed, reaching

beyond fringe of paddle. Paddle. Margins with fringe; seta 1-P single.

LARVA (Fig. 7). Head. Antenna 0.5 length of head, without spicules; 1-A

Huang: Aedes Stegomyia) in Southeast Asia 19

inserted near or before middle of shaft, single, small, spine-like; inner

mouth brushes pectinate at tip; seta 4-C well developed, branched, closer to

6-C than 5-C, cephalad and mesad of 6-C; 5-C single, long; 6-C double; 7-C

usually with 2 branches (2-3); 8, 13-C single; 9-C usually double (2-3); 10-C

usually double (1-2); 11, 12-C usually 3-branched (3-4); 14-C double, stout;

15-C usually with 2-3 branches; mentum with 9-11 teeth on each side. Thovax.

Seta 1-P usually 3-branched (2-3); 2-P single; 3-P double; 4-P usually single

(1-2); 5, 7-P usually double (1-2); 6-P single; 9-P single; 11-P single; 14-P

usually double (2-3); 5, 7-M single; 6-M usually 3-branched (2-4); 8-M usually

with 3 branches (2-3); 9-M usually double, rarely single, barbed; 10, 12-M

single, long, stout and barbed; 11-M single, small; 7-T with 2-3 branches; 9,

10 and 11-T similar to those on mesothorax; 12-T much reduced; basal spine

of meso- and metapleural setae stout, straight and pointed at tip. Abdomen,

Seta 6-I, II 2-branched; 7-I single; 7-II usually with 4 branches (3-5); 6-III-V

2-branched, sometimes one more slender and shorter than the other; 6-VI

single; 7-III with 3 or 4 branches, larger than 9-IIT; 4-I, II single; 1-VII usu-

ally with 3 branches (3-4), barbed; 2-VII 3-branched; comb of 4-7 scales ina

row, arising from a sclerotized plate, each scale with fine denticles at the

base of the apical spine; seta 2-VIII distant from 1-VIII; 1, 5-VIII 3-branched;

3-VIII with 4-5 branches; 2, 4-VUI single; saddle incomplete; marginal spicules

stout and conspicuous, each spicule rather short and bluntly rounded at tip;

1-X 2-branched; 2-X usually with 2 branches (1-2), rarely 3-branched; 3-X

single; ventral brush with 4 pairs of setae on grid, each seta usually single,

sometimes 1 or 2 proximal ones double; no precratal tufts; anal papillae about

2 times as long as saddle, sausage-like. Siphon. About 2.2 times as long as

wide, acus absent; 6-13 pecten teeth in a straight or irregular row, each tooth

with fine basal denticles and distally transparent; 1-S usually with 2 branches

(2-3), inserted about the level of or before last tooth and dorsad of the teeth.

TYPE-DATA. Stegomyia annandalei Theobald, type-female in Zoological

Survey of India, Indian Museum, Calcutta, India; type-locality: Sukna, Dar-

jeeling District (base of eastern Himalayas, 500 ft.), West Bengal, INDIA,

VII-1908 (Annandale). Stegomyia annandalei quadricinctus Barraud, type-

female in BMNH; type-locality: Nongpoh, Assam, INDIA, VII-1922 (Capt. P.

J. Barraud). Aedes horishensis Yamada, type-female in the Department of

Parasitology, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo,

Japan; type-locality: Horisha, Formosa, 12-IV-1921 (S. Hirayama).

DISTRIBUTION. 1,535 specimens examined: 3130, 25792, 1650 terminalia,

23¢ terminalia, 12 L, 399 individual rearings (368 1, 397 p).

BURMA, Shan State: Aung Ban (X-1965, de Meillon), 130°, 119, 9° ter-

minalia, 22 individual rearings (2 1, 21 p).

INDIA. Assam: Golaghat- (II-1911, Capt. P. J. Barraud), 1°, 1° ter-

minalia; (I-1912), 12; Nongpoh (VII-1922, P. J. Barraud), 1%, 79, 1° ter-

minalia; Chabua (VII-1943, D. E. Hardy), 12; Tezpur (V-1943, D. E. Hardy),

30°, 3c terminalia. Bengal: Darjeeling Dist. - Sukna (III-1967, S. Ramalin-

eam, E. D. Abraham & E. S. Abraham), 680, 362, 350 terminalia, 22 indivi-

dual rearings (22 1,22 p):

INDONESIA. Java: #3245 (V-1928, Brug), 1°, 1° terminalia; Tjandjoer

(V-1928, Brug), 2%, 2% terminalia; Lembang (XII-1936, Brug), 1°, 1° ter-

minalia; Bandoeng (X-XI-1936, Brug), 20, 3°; Maos (X-1936, Brug), 4°, 19,

30% terminalia. Sulawesi (Celebes): Kalawara, #12253 (II-1937, Brug), 19;

Kabaena: #12782 (V-1937, Brug), 1°, 1° terminalia; #12784 (V-1937, Brug),

12. Lesser Sunda Isiands: Bali; #7752, #7761 (VI-1929), 29°; #7753 (VI-1929),

1c’, 1% terminalia; Flores, Roeteng, #7773 (K-1931), 1°.

20 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 1, 1977

TAIWAN. Formosa: Horisha (12-IV-1921, S. Hirayama), 12; (1950, C.

Y. Chow), 2%, 22, 20° terminalia; (VI-1953, J. C. Lien), 30°, 29, 1% ter-

minalia. Nantou: Yu Chich (VI-1959, T. S. Lo & W. C. Huang), 5, 3% ter-

minalia. Taichung: Sun Moon Lake (VI-1948), 40°, 4% terminalia. Ping-tung:

(IV-1954, H. H. Chen), 29: (IV-1954, C. C. Lien), 19; (VIII-1958, C. J. Kuo

& C. C. Kang), 50°, 52, 50° terminalia; (IX-1968, L. C. Lu & J. H. Lin), 230,

222, 170 terminalia, 62 terminalia, 45 individual rearings (45 1, 45 p).

THAILAND. Ayutthaya: Ban Lain (X-1963), 1°, 1° terminalia, 1 indivi-

dual rearing (11, 1p). Nakhon Ratchasima: (V-VII-1963), 6%, 60 terminalia;

Khao Chang Chalut (IX-1971, Sanit & Sanit), 1°, 1 individual rearing (1 p).

Kanchanaburi; Huai Bong Ti (VI-1965, Kol & Peyton), 3°, 30 terminalia, 3

individual rearings (21, 3 p). Nan: Ban Pha Man (VIII-1966, Kol), 1%, 1°

terminalia. Chon Buri: Khao Yai Li (IX-1968, Kol), 1%, 1° terminalia, 1 in-

dividual rearing (1 p). Lampang: Ban Rai Na Dieo (V-1968, Kol), 1%, 1% ter-

minalia, 1 individual rearing (1 1, 1 p); Huai Mae Phlung (V-1968, Kol &

Harrison), 1°, 1° terminalia, 1 individual rearing (1 p). Nakhon Sawan: Ban

Hok Kak (K-1968, Kol & team), 1°, 1% terminalia, 1 individual rearing (1 p);

Ban Takhian Luan (XI-1968, Kol & team), 4°, 4° terminalia, 4 individual

rearings (1 1, 3 p); Ban-Ko (XI-1968, Kol & team), 4%, 4% terminalia, 4 in-

dividual rearings (41, 4 p); Ko- Klang Dact (XI-1968, Kol & team), 1°, 1¢

terminalia, 1 individual rearing (11, 1p). Lop Buri: Ban Thanon Sung (VI-

1970, Prajim team), 290°, 49°, 27° terminalia, 3° terminalia, 78 individual

rearings (781, 78 p). Lamphun: Doi Khum Tan (IX-1970, Kol & team), 1°,

1“ terminalia, 1 individual rearing(11, 1p). Chiang Mai: Huey Mae Lon

(X-1963, Neely), 1, 1% terminalia, 1 individual rearing (1 p); Huai Phrao

(IV-1970, Kol & team), 20, 20‘ terminalia, 2 individual rearings (2 p); Huts

(VII-1970, Kol & team), 20°, 20° terminalia, 2 individual rearings (2 1, 2 p);

Ban Thung La Khon (VIII-1970, Kol & team), 102; (SEATO Medical Research

Laboratory Insectory material, IV-V-1971), 1130, 95°, 180 terminalia, 14°

terminalia, 12 L, 208 individual rearings (208 1, 208 p).

VIETNAM. Saigon: (XI-1955, H. H. Stage), 39.

REMARKS. I have not seen specimens of annandaleifrom Buru (Edwards

1925: 40), Ceram (Brug 1925: 668), Sumatra (Bonne-Wepster and Brug 1932:

101), New Guinea (Brug and Bonne-Wepster 1947: 185), and China (Chekiang

Province, Hangchow, Li and Wu 1935: 96; Yunnan Province, Chow 1949: 130).

Records from China may refer in part to cvagg1.

There are 2 female specimens, one (1932, L. C. Yeng) from Huchow,

Chekiang Province, China and the other (VIII-1937, R. Crook) from Hain Kai

Si Mt. Omei, 2, 500 ft (ca. 760 m), Szechwan Province, China, in the BMNH

in very poor condition and the specific identification is not possible. However,

these are either annandalei or craggi.

TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION. Aedes annandalei is a member of the annan-

dalei subgroup. The adult differs from all the other members of the desmotes,

mediopunctatus and w-albus subgroups by having the scutellum with broad

dark scales on the midlobe and broad white scales on the lateral lobe. It is

very similar to craggi in having the scutum with a large median white patch of

narrow scales on the anterior half of the scutum, a large patch of broad white

scales on the lateral margin just before the level of the wing root and above

the paratergite; subspiracular and postspiracular areas with broad white

scales, hypostigial, prealar and metameron areas without broad white scales,

and midfemur without a median white spot on the anterior surface. It can be

recognized, however, by the scutum having a large median oval white patch of

narrow scales which reaches from the anterior margin, narrows slightly

Huang: Aedes Stegomyia) in Southeast Asia 21

posteriorly to about the middle of the scutum; in cvaggi the scutum has a large

median triangular white patch of narrow scales which reaches from the anterior

margin to about the anterior half of the lateral prescutal area and narrows

posteriorly to the middle of the scutum.

The male terminalia of @nnandalei are very similar to those of craggt,

having tergum IX concave at the middle, paraproct without ventral arms,

and distimere simple, elongate, slightly longer than basimere, expanded sub-

apically, with setae and a spiniform process. They can easily be distinguished

from those of cvaggi by having the claspette well developed, with 3 widened,

leaf-like setae on tergal side and with 2 stout spine-like setae on sternal side

of expanded distal part, with several thinner (slender) setae scattered in be-

tween.

The larva of annandaleiis very similar to those of craggi, desmotes,

malikuli, perplexus and mediopunctatus in having the basal spine of the meso-

and metapleural setae well developed and large and comb scales in a row, aris-

ing from a sclerotized plate. It is closer to those of craggi, malikuli, per-

plexus and mediopunctatus in having marginal spicules well developed and

conspicuous. The larva of annandalei is indistinguishable from that of cvaggi.

It differs from malikuli, perplexus and mediopuniatus in having seta 1-S in-

serted about the level of, or before last tooth and dorsad of the teeth; marginal

spicules stout, each spicule rather short and bluntly rounded at tip.

The pupa of annandalei is extremely similar to those of cvaggi, malikuli,

Pperplexus and mediopunctatus, having seta 1-II usually well developed, dendri-

tic, with many branches; 2-IV, V laterad of 1-IV, V. It is often indistinguish-

able from those of craggi, malikuli, perplexus and mediopunctatus except in

the male. The male pupa of annandalei differs from malikuli, berplexus and

mediopunctatus in having the male genital lobe long and broad, slightly longer

than wide, and from that of cvaggi in having the male genital lobe without a

triangular-shape fold on ventral side.

The immature stages are often found in association with those of albopic-

tus (Skuse), cvaggi, and perplexus in the field. The larva of annandalei can

easily be distinguished from that of albopictus by having comb scales in a row,

arising from a sclerotized plate, whereas albopictus has comb scales in a row,

without a sclerotized plate. The pupa of annandalei has seta 2-IV, V laterad

of 1-IV,. V and 9-VII usually single (1-2), barbed. It can also be distinguished

from albopictus which has seta 2-IV, V, mesad of 1-IV, V and 9-VII single,

simple. The immature stages of annandalei greatly resemble those of craggi

and perplexus. The discussion under annandalei deals with this matter.

Aedes annandalei is apparently a common species in Southeast Asia. It is

presently known from northeastern India, Burma, Thailand, Vietnam, Taiwan,

Java, Bali, Flores and Sulawesi.

BIONOMICS. The immature stages of annandalei have been collected mainly

in bamboo stumps in Burma, India, Taiwan and Thailand and in cut bamboos

in Java. They have also been found in a bamboo internode and in bamboo cups

in Thailand. The specimens from India were found in plain and hill areas, about

900-600 ft (ca. 150-180 m), in bamboo groves and in secondary rain forests.

Thailand specimens were found in plain, hill, valley and mountain areas, about

20-960 m, in bamboo groves, in rain forests and deciduous forests and in or-

chard plantations in villages. The females have been taken biting man in

secondary deciduous forest in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. The immature

stages were associated with albopictus, cvaggi and perplexus.

22 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 1, 1977

AEDES (STEGOMYIA) CRAGGI (BARRAUD)

(Pigs, OC, D: 10C, D> 11:12: 13)

Stegomyia craggi Barraud 1923b: 227 (*).

Aedes (Stegomyia) purii Barraud 1931: 226 (o*).

Aedes Stegomyia) craggi (Barraud), Barraud 1934: 229 (o'*) (synonymized

puri).

MALE. Head. Proboscis dark scaled, with some pale scales on ventral

side, as long as forefemur; palpus dark, longer than proboscis, with white

basal band on each of segments 2-5; those of segments 4,5 incomplete dorsal-

ly; segment 9 with white basal band on ventral side very small or sometimes

without white basal band; segments 4,5 subequal, slender, upturned, and with

only afew short setae; antenna plumose, as long as proboscis; clypeus bare;

torus covered with white scales except on dorsal side; decumbent scales of

vertex all broad and flat; erect forked scales dark, not numerous, restricted

to occiput; vertex with a broad median stripe or a median patch of broad white

scales, with broad dark ones on each side interrupted by a lateral stripe of

broad white scales followed by a patch of white broad scales ventrally. Thorax

(Figs. 9C, D). Scutum with narrow dark scales and a large median triangular

white patch of narrow scales which reaches from anterior margin and about

anterior half of the lateral prescutal area, narrows posteriorly and to the

middle of the scutum; a large patch of broad white scales on the lateral margin

just before the level of the wing root and above the paratergite; prescutellar

space with some white narrow scales, sometimes with a few broad ones as

well; a patch of broad dark scales, or sometimes with a few broad white

scales as well, on each side of prescutellar space; a few broad dark scales

over the wing root and toward scutellum; acrostichal and dorsocentral bristles

absent; prescutellar bristles present; scutellum with broad dark scales on mid-

lobe and broad white scales on lateral lobe; anterior pronotum with broad white

scales; posterior pronotum with broad white scales and a few dark similar

ones dorsally; paratergite with broad white scales; patches of broad white

scales on propleuron, on the subspiracular and postspiracular areas, on the

upper and lower portions of sternopleuron and on the mesepimeron; lower mes-

epimeron without bristles; metameron bare. Wing. With dark scales on all

veins, sometimes with a minute basal spot of white scales on the costa; cell R

1.5 times as long as Ro 49+ Halter, With dark scales. Legs. Coxae with

patches of white scales; Knee-spot absent on forefemur, present on mid- and

hindfemora; forefemur anteriorly dark except for a basoventral white line;

midfemur without median white spot on anterior surface; hindfemur anteriorly

with basal 0.67 white, a complete dark band present which separates the basal

white stripe from the apical white scale patch, sometimes the dark band not

complete on the lower portion of anterior surface; all tibiae anteriorly dark,

without any white band; fore- and midtarsi with basal white band on tarsomere 1;

hindtarsus with basal white bands on tarsomeres 1,2; tarsomeres 3-5 all dark,

sometimes tarsomere 4 with a few white scales on basal area; fore- and mid-

legs with tarsal claws unequal, all toothed; hindleg with tarsal claws equal,

simple. Abdomen. Segment I with white scales on laterotergite; tergum II

dark dorsally, with basal lateral white spots only; terga III-VI each with basal

lateral white spots and a basal white band which is connected to the lateral

spots; sometimes tergum III with basal band rather narrow or incomplete at

the middle; tergum VII with lateral white spots only or sometimes tergum VII

Huang: Aedes (Stegomyia) in Southeast Asia 23

with basal white band as well; sternum II largely covered with white scales;

sterna III-VI with basal white bands; sternum VIII largely covered with white

scales. Terminalia (Figs. 11C, 10D). Basimere short about 2.3 times as

long as wide; its scales restricted to lateral and ventral areas; claspette long

and large, reaching to 0.75 of basimere, with 3 widened specialized setae on

dorsal basal part and with numerous long setae ventral distal to it; distimere

simple, elongate, slightly longer than basimere, expanded subapically, with

setae and a spiniform process; aedeagus with a distinct sclerotized lateral

toothed plate on each side; paraproct without ventral arms; cercal setae ab-

sent; tergum IX concave at middle, with a small hairy lobe on each side.

FEMALE. Essentially as in the male, differing in the following respects:

Head, Palpus 4-segmented, about 0.25 of proboscis, with white scales on

less than apical half. Legs, Midtarsomere 2 with basal white band; hindtarso-

mere 4 with basal 0.83 white band; sometimes hindtarsomere 3 with a few pale

yellowish scales on basal area; fore- and midlegs with tarsal claws equal, all

toothed. Abdomen. Tergum VII with lateral white spots and basal white band

which is not connected with the lateral spots; segment VIII largely retracted.

Terminalia (Figs. 10C, 13). Sternum VIII with a deep U-shaped notch at mid-

dle and with conspicuous rounded lateral lobes; insula longer than broad, with

minute setae and with 3 or 4 larger ones on apical third; tergum IX with well

developed lateral lobes, each with 3 or 4 setae; postgenital plate with shallow

notch; cerci short and broad; 3 spermathecae, one larger than the other 2.

PUPA (Figs. 11A, B). Cephalothorax, Trumpet 2.5-3.0 times as long as

wide at the middle; seta 1, 3-C usually double (1-2), longer than 2-C; 2-C

usually double (1-2); 4, 5-C usually double (1-2); 6-C single, shorter than 7-C;

7-C usually double (1-2); 10-C usually 2-branched (2-4), mesad and caudad of

11-C; 11-C single, stout. Abdomen. Seta 1-I well developed dendritic, with

more than 10 branches; 2-I single; 3-I single, long; 2, 3-I not widely separated,

distance between them same as distance between 4, 5-I; 1-II with many bran-

ches, or sometimes with 4-8 branches, dendritic; 2-II laterad of 3-II; 2-IV, V

laterad of 1-IV, V; 1-III usually with 2-5 branches; 1-IV usually with 3 branches

(2-6); 3-II, III single, shorter than segment III; 5-III usually single, rarely

double; 5-IV-VI single or sometimes 2-branched, short, not reaching beyond

posterior margin of following segment; 9-I-VI small, single, simple; 9-VII,

VIII much longer and stouter than preceeding ones; 9-VII single, stout and

barbed; 9-VII usually with 3 branches (1-3), barbed, reaching beyond fringe

of paddle. Paddle, Margins with fringe; seta 1-P single. Male genital lobe

with a triangular-shape fold on ventral side.

LARVA (Fig. 12). Head, Antenna 9.5 length of head, without spicules;

1-A inserted near middle of shaft, single, small, spine-like; inner mouth

brushes pectinate at tip; seta 4-C well developed, branched, closer to 6-C

than 5-C, cephalad and mesad of 6-C; 5-C single, long; 6-C double; 7-C usu-

ally with 2 branches (2-3); 8-C single; 9-C usually with 2-3 branches; 10-C

usually double; 11-C usually with 3-4 branches; 12-C usually 3-branched (2-4);

13-C single or double; 14-C double, stout; 15-C usually double (2-4); mentum

with 10-12 teeth on each side. Thorax, Seta 1-P usually 3-branched; 2-P

single; 3-P double; 4-P single; 5, 7-P usually double; 6-P single; 9-P single;

11-P single; 14-P double; 5, 7-M single; 6-M usually 3-branched; 8-M usually

3-branched (3-4); 9-M usually double, rarely single, barbed; 10, 12-M single,

long, stout and barbed; 11-M single, small; 7-T usually 3-branched (3-5); 9,

10 and 11-T similar to those on mesothorax; 12-T much reduced; basal spine

of meso- and metapleural setae stout, straight and pointed at tip. Abdomen.

Seta 6-I, II 2-branched; 7-I usually single (1-2); 7-II usually with 4 branches

24 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 1, 1977

(4-5); 6-III-VI 2-branched, usually one more slender than the other; some-

times 6-VI single; 7-III with 4 branches, large, much larger than 9-III; 4-I

II single; 1-VII usually 4-branched; 2-VII with 3-4 branches; comb of 4-6

scales ina row, arising from a sclerotized plate, each scale with fine denti-

cles at the base of the apical spine; seta 2-VII distant from 1-VIII; 1, 5-VIII

3-branched; 3-VIII 4-branched; 2, 4-VIII single; saddle incomplete; marginal

spicules stout and conspicuous, each spicule rather short and bluntly rounded

at tip; 1-X 2-branched; 2-X usually with 2 branches; 3-X single; ventral brush

with 4 pairs of setae on grid, each seta single; no precratal tufts; anal papillae

about 2 times as long as saddle, sausage-like. Siphon. About 2.5 times as

long as wide, acus absent; 7-15 pecten teeth, ina straight or irregular row,

each tooth with or without fine basal denticles and transparent distally; 1-S

with 2-3 branches, inserted about the level of or before last tooth and dorsad

of the teeth.

TYPE-DATA. Stegomyia craggi Barraud, type-male in BMNH, type-

locality: Haflong, Assam, INDIA, VIII-1922 (Capt. P. J. Barraud). Aedes

(SStegomyia) purii Barraud, 1 cotype male (2144) in BMNH; 1 cotype male in

Malaria Institute of India, Delhi, India; type-locality: Marianbarrie Tea Estate,

near Sukna, North Bengal, INDIA, VIII-1928 (Puri).

DISTRIBUTION. 398 specimens examined: 109°, 18%, 102% terminalia,

72 terminalia, 110 individual rearings (59 1, 103 p).

INDIA. Assam: Haflong (VIII-1922, Capt. P. J. Barraud), 1%, 1o ter-

minalia. Bengal: Darjeeling Dist.-Marianbarrie Tea Estate, near Sukna

(VIII-1928, Puri), 1°°, 1% terminalia: Mungpoo (IIIJ-1967, S. Ramalingam,

E. D. Abraham & E. S. Abraham), 7°, 7° terminalia, 4 individual rearings

(1 1, 4p); Pashok (III-1967, S. Ramalingam, E. D. Abraham & E. S&S.

Abraham), 2%, 2% terminalia.

THAILAND. Nan: Ban Pha Hang (VIII-1966, Peyton), 1°, 1% terminalia,

1 individual rearing (11, 1 p); (VIII-1966, Somboon), 1¢, 1° terminalia; (VIII-

1966, Chaliou), 1°, 1% terminalia. Lampang: Ban Rai Na Dieo (V-1968,

Sumeth & Chaliou), 30°, 30° terminalia, 3 individual rearings (2 p); (V-1968,

Harrison & team), 80, 80 terminalia, 8 individual rearings (7 p); (V-1968,

Kol & Samboon), 2°, 2c‘ terminalia, 2 individual rearings (2 p); Doi Pha Huat

(V-1968, Kol), 20°, 20 terminalia, 2 individual rearings (11, 2 p); San Chao

Pho Pratu Pha (V-1968, Kol), 1°, 1% terminalia. Chiang Mai: Ban Mae Lan

Mae (X-1963, Neely), 1°, 1° terminalia; Luam (V-1964), 2°, 2° terminalia;

Ban Pong Goom (IV-1964), 1°, 1° terminalia; Huai Phrao (IV-VII-1970, Kol

& team), 31%, 310° terminalia, 31 individual rearings (12 1, 30 p); Bam

Choeng Doi Suthep (VII-1970, Chaliou & Anun), 1°, 1¢% terminalia, 1 individual

rearing (1 p); Ban Sop O Nok (VII-1970, Kol & Anun), 8%, 8% terminalia, 8

individual rearings (61, 8 p); Huts (VII- 1970, Kol & team), 120°, 12% termin-

alia, 12 individual rearings (71, 10 p); Ban Tham Klaep (VII-IX-1970, Kol &

team), 40°, 40° terminalia, 4 individual rearings (3 1, 4 p); Ban Thung La Khon

(VIII-1970, Kol & team), 1°, 1° terminalia; Ban Huai Tat (IX-1970, Kol &

team), 20°, 20° terminalia, 2 individual rearings (1 p); Doi Khum Tan (IX-1970,

Kol & team), 30, 30 terminalia, 3 individual rearings (2 p); Amphoe Chiang

Dao (IX-1970, Kol & team), 1, 1% terminalia, 1 individual rearing (1 p); Doi

Pha Daeng (VII-1972, Kol & team), 22, 2 progeny rearings: No. (1) -7¢, 58,

20° terminalia, 49 terminalia, 12 individual rearings (121, 12 p); No. (2) -5°,

112, 3% terminalia, 32 terminalia, 16 individual rearings (16 1, 16 p).

TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION. Aedes craggi is a member of the annandalei

subgroup. The adult has the scutellum with broad dark scales on the midlobe

and broad white scales on the lateral lobe, and can thus easily be distinguished

Huang: Aedes (Stegomyia) in Southeast Asia 20

from all other species except annandalei. It is very similar to annandalei but

can be separated from it by the diagnostic characters mentioned under the dis-

cussion of that species.

The male terminalia of cvaggi are also very similar to those of annandalei

but can easily be distinguished from it by having the claspette long and large,

reaching to 0.75 of basimere, with 3 widened specialized setae on dorsal basal

part and with numerous long setae ventral distal to it.

The larva of cvaggi cannot be separated from that of annandalei. The pupa

of craggi is extremely similar to and often indistinguishable from those of

annandalei, malikuli, perplexus and mediopunciatus except for the male pupa.

The male pupa of craggi has the male genital lobe with a triangular-shape fold

on ventral side, thus differing from all other species that have been described

in this group.

The immature stages are often found in association with those of albopictus,

pseudalbopictus (Borel), annandalei, malikuli and perplexus in the field. The

larva of cvaggi differs from those of albopictus and pseudalbopictus in having

the comb scales ina row, arising from a sclerotized plate, whereas albopictus

and pseudalbopictus have the comb scales ina row, without a sclerotized plate.

The pupa of craggi with setae 2-IV, V laterad of 1-IV, V and 9-VII usually

single (1-2), barbed, can also be distinguished from those of albopictus and

pseudalbopictus which have setae 2-IV, V mesad of 1-IV, V and 9-VII single,

simple. The larva of cvaggi is indistinguishable from that of annandalei but

can easily be distinguished from those of malikuli and perplexus by having

seta 1-S inserted about the level of, or before last tooth and dorsad of the

teeth; marginal spicules stout, each spicule rather short and bluntly rounded

at tip; malikuli and perplexus have seta 1-S inserted beyond last tooth and in

line with the teeth; marginal spicules long, each spicule usually pointed at tip.

The pupa of craggi greatly resembles those of annandalei, malikuli and perplex -

us, (See discussion under crvaggi).

Aedes craggi is apparently confined to the Oriental region. It is known

from northeastern India and the northern part of Thailand. In Southeast Asia

it is reported here for the first time from Thailand (Chiang Mai, Lampang,

Nan).

BIONOMICS. The immature stages of craggi have been collected mainly in

bamboo stumps in India and Thailand. They have also been found in a stump

hole, a split bamboo and in a tree hole in Thailand. The specimens from India

were found in mountainous areas, about 550-920 m, in secondary rain forests

and in bamboo groves and those from Thailand were found in mountainous

areas, 240-980 m, in deciduous forests. Females have been taken biting man

in a deciduous forest in the mountains of Chiang Mai Province and also in

Kanchanaburi Province, Thailand. The immature stages were associated

with albopictus, pseudalbopictus, annandalei, malikuli and perplexus.

desmotus subgroup

TAXONOMIC CHARACTERS: ADULT. Head, Palpi with white scales.

Thorax. (1) Dorsocentral bristles absent; prescutellar bristles present; (2)

scutum with a white longitudinal stripe on either side of midline, extending

from anterior margin, narrowing posteriorly and reaching to the middle of the

scutum; (3) without a patch of broad dark scales on each side of prescutellar

space; (4) hypostigial, subspiracular, postspiracular, prealar and metameron

areas with broad white scales; (5) scutellum with broad white scales on all

26 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 1, 1977

lobes. Legs. (1) Knee-spot absent on forefemur, present on mid- and hind-

femora; (2) midfemur with 2 white spots on anterior surface; (3) all tibiae

anteriorly dark, each with a white band; (4) hindtarsus with basal white bands

on tarsomeres 1-3; tarsomeres 4, 5 all white or with apex dark. Male

Terminalia. (1) Tergum IX nearly flat at middle; (2) paraproct with ventral

arms; (3) distimere simple, elongate, 0.7 as long as basimere, with a short

spiniform process near apex. Female Terminalia. Tergum IX much broader

than long, at least 2 times as wide as long, with well developed, widely sep-

arated lateral lobes, each with 4-6 setae.

PUPA. Abdomen. (1) Seta 1-II usually with 4 branches (3-6); (2) 2-IV, V

distinctly laterad of 1-IV, V. Male genital lobe long and narrow, much longer

than wide.

LARVA. Thorax. (1) Seta 9-M single, long, stout and barbed; 10, 12-M

single, long, more slender than 9-M, barbed; (2) basal spine of meso- and

metapleural setae long, straight and blunt at tip. Segment VIII. Comb scales

in a row, arising from a sclerotized plate. Siphon. 1-S inserted beyond last

tooth and in line with the teeth. Anal Segment. Marginal spicules very small

and inconspicuous.

DISTRIBUTION. The desmotes subgroup, consisting of a single species,

occurs from eastern India in the west, to the Philippines in the east, through

Assam, Thailand to Taiwan in the northeastern corner and through Peninsular

Malaysia, Kalimantan to Sulawesi in the southeastern corner (MAP IV).

TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION. As currently interpreted, the desmotes sub-

group consists of one species, desmotes. This species is found within the

Southeast Asia area.

Based on the present collection data, the monotypic desmotes subgroup in

Southeast Asia occur in both the Oriental and Indomalayan areas.

The desmotes subgroup is well marked in all stages. The ornamentation

of the adult shares many characteristics of the w-albus subgroup. The pupa

shares the characteristic of the annandalei and mediopunctatus subgroups in

having seta 2-IV, V laterad of 1-IV, V. The larva shares most of the char-

acteristics of the mediopunctatus subgroup, except that the marginal spicules

of the anal segment are very small and inconspicuous as in the w-albus sub-

eroup.

This subgroup is well differentiated from the other subgroups in all stages,

including the female terminalia.

BIONOMICS. Larvae and pupae are usually found in bamboo internodes,

split bamboos and bamboo stumps. The females bite man. The immature

stages are associated with those of the mediopunctatus subgroup of the w-albus

group.

AEDES (STEGOMYIA) DESMOTES (GILES)

(Figs. 14; 15; 16; 17A, B; 18A, C; 21A)

Stegomyia desmotes Giles 1904; 367 (9).

Anisocheleomyia (?) albitarsis Ludlow 1905b: 131 (&).

Stegomyia gracilis Leicester 1908a: 81 (¢, £).

Stagomyia albipes Theobald 1910a: 11 (¢).

Stegomyia montana Koidzumi 1918: 141 (“); Koidzumi 1920: 64.

Stegomyia desmotes Giles, Edwards 1913: 225 (synonymized gracilis and

albipes); Barraud 1923b: 224 (o*); Borel 1928: 80 (¢, L*).

Aedes Stegomyia) desmotes (Giles), Edwards 1922: 464 (synonymized

Huang: Aedes (Stegomyia) in Southeast Asia 27

albitarsis); Dyar and Shannon 1925: 74; Bonne-Wepster and Brug 1932:

102 (o*, 9*, L*); Barraud 1934: 225 (o*, 2, L); Knight and Hull 1952:

170 (o'*, 9, L*); Lien 1962: 626; Mattingly 1965: 43 (o*, 9*, P*, L*)

(designated gracilis cotype “, as lectotype).

MALE. Head, Proboscis dark scaled, sometimes with a few pale scales

on ventral side, as long as forefemur; palpus dark, longer than proboscis,

with white basal band on each of segments 2-5; those on segments 4, 5 incom-

plete dorsally; segments 4,5 subequal, slender, upturned, and with only a few

short setae; antenna plumose, shorter than proboscis; clypeus bare; torus

covered with white scales except on dorsal side; decumbent scales of vertex

all broad and flat; erect forked scales dark, not numerous, restricted to occi-

put; vertex with a median stripe of broad white scales, with broad dark ones

on each side interrupted by a lateral stripe of broad white scales followed by

a patch of white broad scales ventrally. Thorax.(Figs. 17A, B). Scutum with

narrow dark scales and a white stripe of narrow scales on either side of mid-

line, the white stripe narrows posteriorly from the anterior margin and

reaches to the middle of the scutum; some white narrow scales on the anterior

prescutal area and on the lateral prescutal area; an antealar white patch

present, with narrow white scales mainly and with some broad white ones on

the lateral margin just before the level of the wing root; a posterior dorsocen-

tral white line which reaches to the middle of the scutum and fusing with the

antealar patch; prescutellar space surrounded by white narrow scales which

continue forwards for a short distance; acrostichal and dorsocentral bristles

absent; prescutellar bristles present; scutellum with broad white scales on all

lobes; anterior pronotum with broad white scales; posterior pronotum with

broad white scales and some narrow white ones dorsally; paratergite with broad

white scales; patches of broad white scales on propleuron, on the hypostigial,

subspiracular, postspiracular and prealar areas, on the upper and lower por-

tions of sternopleuron and on the mesepimeron; upper sternopleural scale

patch does not connect with the prealar scale patch; lower mesepimeron with-

out bristles; metameron with broad white scales. Wing. With dark scales on

all veins, sometimes with a minute basal spot of white scales on the costa;

cell Ro 1.5 times as long as Ro,3. Halter, With dark scales. Legs (Fig. 214).

Coxae with patches of white scales; knee-spot absent on forefemur, present

on mid- and hindfemora; forefemur anteriorly dark except for a basoventral

white line; midfemur with 2 white spots on anterior surface, one before the

middle and one beyond the middle; hindfemur anteriorly with basal 0.67 white,

an oblique dark band present and separates the basal white stripe from the

apical white scale patch; all tibiae anteriorly dark, each with a white band at

about basal third; fore- and midtarsi with basal white bands on tarsomeres 1, 2;

hindtarsus with basal white bands on tarsomeres 1-3; the ratio of length of

white band to the total length of tarsomere is 0.33, 0.40 and 0.40, tarsomere

4,9 all white or sometimes tarsomere 4 with apex dark, or sometimes tarso-

mere 9 also dark at tip; fore- and midlegs with tarsal claws unequal, all

toothed; hindleg with tarsal claws equal, simple. Abdomen. Segment I with

white scales on laterotergite; terga II-VI with large basal lateral white spots;

terga II-VI each with a basal white band which is not connected with the lateral

spots; tergum VII with small lateral white spots only or sometimes tergum VIL

with basal white band as well; sterna III-VI with basal white bands; sternum

VII dark; sternum VIII largely covered with white scales. Terminalia (Fig.

14C). Basimere about 3 times as long as wide; its scales restricted to dorso-

lateral, lateral and ventral areas; claspette with 2 setose lobes, without any

28 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 1, 1977

widened specialized setae; distimere simple, elongate, 0.7 as long as basi-

mere; with numerous short setae and a short spiniform process and subapical

inner side and with several long apical setae; aedeagus with a distinct sclero-

tized lateral toothed plate on each side; paraproct with ventral arms; cercal

setae absent; tergum IX nearly flat at middle, with a small hairy lobe on each

side.

FEMALE. Essentially as in the male, differing in the following respects:

Head (Fig. 18A). Palpus 5-segmented, segment 5 minute, about 0.25 of pro-

boscis, with white scales on less than apical half. Legs. Fore- and midlegs

with tarsal claws equal, all toothed. Abdomen. Terga VII-VIII each with

lateral white spots and basal white band which is not connected with the lateral

spots; segment VIII not retracted. Terminalia (Figs. 16, 18C). Sternum VIII

with a deep U-shaped notch at middle and with conspicuous lateral lobes; insula

longer than broad, with minute setae and with 8 (6-10) larger ones on apical

third; tergum IX short and broad, with well developed, widely separated later-

al lobes, each with 4-6 setae; postgenital plate with shallow notch; cerci short

and broad; 3 spermathecae, one larger than the other 2.

PUPA (Figs. 14A, B). Cephalothorax. Trumpet short, about 3 times as

long as wide at the middle; seta 1, 3-C usually single (1-2), longer than 2-C;

2-C usually single (1-2); 4, 5-C single; 6-C single, slightly shorter than 7-C;

7-C single; 10-C single or 2-branched, mesad and caudad of 11-C; 11-C single,

stout. Abdomen. Seta 1-I well developed, with more than 10 branches, den-

dritic; 2-I single; 3-I single, long; 2, 3-I not widely separated, distance be-

tween them same as distance between 4, 5-I; 1-II usually with 4 branches (3-6);

2-II, Ill laterad of 3-II, III; 2-IV, V laterad of 1-IV, V; 1-III usually with 3

branches (2-4); 1-IV usually double (2-4); 3-II, III single, shorter than seg-

ment III; 5-IV-VI single or double, short, not reaching beyond posterior mar-

gin of following segment; 9-I-VI small, single, simple; 9-VII, VIII much

longer and stouter than preceeding ones; 9-VII usually single (1-2) and barbed;

9-VIII usually with 2 branches (1-4) and barbed, reaching beyond fringe of

paddle. Paddle. Margins with fringe; seta 1-P single.

LARVA (Fig. 15). Head, Antenna 0.5 length of head, without spicules;

1-A inserted near middle of shaft, single, small, spine-like; inner mouth

brushes pectinate at tip; seta 4-C well developed, with 7-10 branches, closer

to 6-C than 5-C, cephalad and mesad of 6-C; 5-C usually single (1-2), long;

6-C with 2-5 branches; 7-C usually single (1-2); 8-C single; 9-C with 2 branches;

10-C usually single (1-2); 11-C with 3-4 branches; 12-C with 6-8 branches;

13-C with 4-6 branches; 14-C with 2-3 branches; 15-C usually single (1-2);

mentum with 11-13 teeth on each side. Thorax. Seta 1-P usually double; 2-P

single; 3-P double; 4-P single; 5, 7-P usually single; 6-P single, thinner than

5-P; 9-P single; 11-P single; 14-P 2-branched; 5-M single; 7-M single, much

smaller than 5-M; 6-M usually single; 8-M with 2 branches; 9-M single, long,

stout and barbed; 10, 12-M single, long, more slender than 9-M, barbed; 11-M

single, small; 7-T with 2 branches; 9, 10- and 11-T similar to those on meso-

thorax; 12-T much reduced; basal spine of meso- and metapleural setae long,

straight and blunt at tip. Abdomen. Seta 6-I-VI 2-branched; 7-I single; 7-II

usually single (1-2); 7-III with 3-4 branches, small, much smaller than 9-III;

4-I, Il with 2-3 branches; 1-VII usually with 3 branches (2-3); 2-VII single or

double; comb of 3-5 scales ina row, arising from a sclerotized plate, each

scale with fine denticles at the base of the apical spine; sometimes comb

scale with apical spine split at tip; 2-VIII distant from 1-VII; 1, 5- VIII usually

with 3 branches (1-3); 3-VIII usually with 4 branches (2-4); 2, 4-VIII single;

saddle incomplete; marginal spicules very small and inconspicuous; 1-X usually

Huang: Aedes (Stegomyia) in Southeast Asia 29

3-branched (1-4), short; 2-X usually 2-branched, rarely single; 3-X single;

ventral brush with 4 pairs of setae on grid, each seta single; 4d-X smaller than

others; no precratal tufts; anal papillae about 3 times as long as saddle,

sausage-like. Siphon. About 2 times as long as wide, acus absent; pecten

teeth usually 3-8 (1-9), evenly spaced, each tooth rather small, with 1-4 basal

denticles; 1-S with 2-4 branches, inserted beyond last tooth and in line with

the teeth.

TYPE-DATA. Stegomyia desmotes Giles, type-female in BMNH; type-

locality: Camp Stotsenberg, Luzon, PHILIPPINES, 1904 (Whitmore).

Anisocheleomyia (?) albitarsis Ludlow, type-female in USNM; type-locality:

Camp Stotsenberg, Luzon, PHILIPPINES, Sept. ? (Whitmore). Stegomyia

gracilis Leicester, 1 cotype male designated lectotype by P. F. Mattingly,

23-I-1964, with terminalia on slide, in BMNH; type-locality: Ulu Klang jungle,

8 miles from Kuala Lumpur, Selangor, MALAYSIA, 22-IX-1903 (G. F. Leices-

ter). Stegomyia albipes Theobald, type-female in Indian Museum; type-locality:

Maddathorai, W. Ghats, Travancore, INDIA, 17-XI-1908 (Annandale). Stego-

myia montana Koidzumi, type-male, location unknown; type-locality: Chikutoki,

Kagi District, TAIWAN, VII-1917 (M. Koidzumi).

DISTRIBUTION. 499 specimens examined: 70, 1959, 340° terminalia,

172 terminalia, 12 L, 97 individual rearings (75 1, 96 p).

INDIA. Bihar: Pusa (22-VII-1900). 12; Kanara: Kodra (IX-1921, P. J.

Barraud), 22; Bengal: Sukna (VIII-1928), 10°, 1° terminalia; Madras: Nilgiris

(X-1915, P. J. Barraud), 1°, 1° terminalia; Assam: Golaghat (IV-1925, P. J.

Barraud), 19.

INDONESIA. Kalimantan (Dutch Borneo): Mahakham, Long Pahangai (IV-

V-1929), 12; Sulawesi: Boeton, Baoe-Baoe (XII-1933), 3°.

MALAYSIA. Peninsular Malaysia: Selangor - Kuala Lumpur (22-IX-1903,

G. F. Leicester), 1°, 1° terminalia; (A. T. Stanton), 2°; Ulu Gombak (I-1956,

W. W. M.), 7%, 72, 2% terminalia, 4 individual rearings (41, 4 p); Ulu Langat

F, R. (X-1966, Ramalingam team), 1°, 1°, 1% terminalia; (VI-1966, Ramalin-

vam team), 192; (VIII-1968, Ramalingam team), 12; Ulu Klang (III-1967, Ram-

alingam team), 3°; Pahang - Benteng (VII-1954), 12; Bentong Rd. (III-1967,

Ramalingam team), 12; Merapoh (IV-1967, Ramalingam team), 1%, 1° ter-

minalia; Kedah - Sintok F. R. (XI-XII-1967, Ramalingam team), 50, 149,

4% terminalia, 22? terminalia, 4 L, 1 individual rearing (11, 1 p), slide only

no adult.

PHILIPPINES. Luzon: Pampanga Prov. , Camp Stotsenberg (1904, &

IX-?, Whitmore), 22; Subic Bay (VII-1964, R. T. Holway), 39; (VI-VII-1945,

Rozeboom, Knight & Laffoon), 3 individual rearings (31, 3 p), 3 slides only no

adult; Olongapo (VII-1945, Rozeboom, Knight & Laffoon), 50°, 4% terminalia;

Mountain Prov. , Lagawe (VI-1969, Huang & Peyton), 40, 169, 20 terminalia,

4° terminalia, 20 individual rearings (13 1, 20 p); Laguna - Los Banos (IX-

1914), 10°, 1% terminalia; Pangil (VI-VII-1969, Huang & Peyton), 2°, 32, 2°

terminalia, 5 individual rearings (51, 5 p); Negros: Occ. - Mailum (V-1906,

C. S. Banks), 12; Palawan: Puerto Princesa (V-1945, Rozeboom, Knight &

Laffoon), 12; Philippine Islands (III-VI-1963), 50°, 1°, 40° terminalia; (no

date), 30°, 49. :

TAIWAN. Taichung: Sun Moon Lake (VI-1948), 20, 3°, 1° terminalia.

THAILAND. Phrae; Rong Kwang (XI-1952, D. C. & E. B. Thurman),

12; Lamphun: Huey Bpong Lee Dist. (XI-1952, D. C. & E. B. Thurman), 39;

Udon Thani: (X-XI-1962, SEATO), 32; Loci: Phukadung (1962, SEATO), 19;

Kanchanaburi: Huai Mae Nam Noi (1965, SEATO), 5c, 19, 50 terminalia, 4 L,

4 individual rearings (11, 4 p); Ban Sai Yok (1965, SEATO), 1°, 32, 1 L, 4

30 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 1, 1977

individual rearings (11, 4 p); Huai Bong Ti (1965, SEATO), 3 L; Nakhon Si

Thammarat: Banna Nabon (1962, SEATO), 132; Ban Sai Koe (1966, SEATO),

22, 2 individual rearings (2 p); Nan: Doisamsop (1966, SEATO), 12; Ban Pha

Man (1966, SEATO), 4°, 4 individual rearings (2 1, 4 p); Lampang: (1968,

SEATO), 189; Nakhon Sawan: Khao Luang Nur (1968, SEATO), 22°; Prachin

Buri: Khao Chang Chalut (VII-1971, SEATO), 142; Chiang Mai: Measanan

(1962, SEATO), 102; Kong Loi (1962, SEATO), 1°; Huai Pao (1970, SEATO),

4 progeny rearings: No. 04459 (1)- 90, 7%, 12 terminalia, 16 individual rear-

ings (12 1, 16 p); No. 04459 (2)- 30°, 32, 10 terminalia, 2° terminalia, 6

individual rearings (51, 5 p); No. 04459 (4)- 4c, 5¢, 22 terminalia, 9 indivi-

dual rearings (91, 9 p); No. 04459 (5)- 90°, 102, 5c’ terminalia, 4? terminalia,

19 individual rearings (19 1, 19 p).

REMARKS. I have not seen specimens of desmotes from Soemba (Brug,

1926: 475).

. TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION. Aedes desmotes, a member of the desmotes

subgroup, is a very clearly marked species in all stages. The adult differs

from that of all other species by the presence of 2 white spots on the anterior

surface of the midfemur and all tibiae anteriorly dark, each with a white band.

It is very similar to that of g. gardnerii, a member of the w-albus subgroup,

having the scutum with a white longitudinal stripe on either side of the mid-

line, extending from the anterior margin to the middle of the scutum, an ante-

alar white patch present, a posterior dorsocentral white line present and

scutellum with broad white scales on all lobes. It can easily be recognized,

however, by the absence from the scutum of the patch of broad dark scales

on each side of prescutellar space which is present in g. gardnerii. It also

closely resembles those of g. gardnerii, gardnerii imitator and w-albus, mem-

bers of the w-albus subgroup, in the pleural markings but can easily be dis-

tinguished from these as the upper sternopleural scale patch is not connected

with the prealar scale patch; in g. gardnerii, gardnerii imitator and w-albus

these patches are connected.

The male terminalia of desmotes have tergum IX nearly flat at the middle

and the paraproct with ventral arms, thus differing from those of all other

species that have been described in this group. The female terminalia of this

species have tergum IX much broader than long, at least 2 times as wide as

long, with well developed, widely separated lateral lobes, each with 4-6 setae,

and can thus easily be distinguished from those of all other species.

The larva of desmotes is very similar to those of malikuli, perplexus and

mediopunctatus in having seta 9-M single, long, stout and barbed; 10, 12-M

single, long, more slender than 9-M, barbed; basal spine of meso- and meta-

pleural setae well developed and long; comb scales ina row, arising from a

sclerotized plate and 1-S inserted beyond last tooth and in line with the teeth.

It can easily be recognized, however, by having the basal spine of the meso-

and meta-pleural setae long, straight and blunt at tip, and marginal spicules

very small and inconspicuous; in malikuli, perplexus and mediopunctatus the

basal spine of the meso- and metapleural setae is long, straight and pointed

at tip, and marginal spicules are well developed and conspicuous.

The pupa of desmotes is very similar to those of anna? dalei, craggi,

malikuli, perplexus and mediopunctatus having seta 2-IV, V laterad of 1-IV,

V but differs in having 2-IV, V laterad of 3-IV, V and 1-II usually with 4

branches (3-6); in annandalei, craggi, malikuli, perplexus and mediopunc -

tatus seta 2-IV, V mesad of 3-IV, V and 1-II usually is well developed, with

many branches and dentritic.

The immature stages are often found in association with those of perplexus

Huang: Aedes (Stegomyia) in Southeast Asia 31

in the field. Great care must therefore be taken in identifying them. The

discussion under desmotes deals with this matter.

Aedes desmotes apparently is a common species in the Southeast Asia

area. It is known from eastern India, Assam, Thailand, Taiwan, Peninsular

Malaysia, Kalimantan, Sulawesi and the Philippines.

BIONOMICS. The immature stages of desmotes have been collected mainly

in bamboo internodes, split bamboos and bamboo stumps in the Philippines,

Malaysia, and Thailand. At Subic Bay, Philippines, Baisas (1974) noted that

desmotes particularly preferred tree holes and bamboos. The females have

been taken biting man in deciduous forest in the mountains of Chiang Mai,

Kanchanaburi and Prachin Buri provinces, Thailand. Specimens from Boeten,

Sulawesi were taken attacking man between 5: 30 and 8:00 P.M. The immature

stages were associated with perplexus in Thailand.

mediopunctatus subgroup

TAXONOMIC CHARACTERS: ADULT. Head. Palpi with white scales.

Thorax. (1) Dorsocentral bristles absent; prescutellar bristles well developed;

(2) scutum with median longitudinal white stripe broader than usual, extending

from anterior margin, tapering posteriorly and forking at the beginning of

prescutellar space; (3) without a patch of broad dark scales on each side of

prescutellar space; (4) subspiracular and postspiracular areas with broad

white scales; hypostigial, prealar and metameron areas without broad white

scales; (5) scutellum with broad white scales on midlobe and with broad dark,

or white, or both on lateral lobe. Legs. (1) Knee-spot absent on forefemur,

present on mid- and hindfemora; (2) midfemur without a median white spot on

anterior surface; (3) all tibiae anteriorly dark without any white band; hind

tibia with white stripe on basal-ventral quarter; (4) hindtarsus with basal white

bands on tarsomeres 1, 2; tarsomere 3 all dark; tarsomere 4 all white or dark

at tip; tarsomere 5 varied, all white to all dark. Male Terminalia. (1) Ter-

cum IX with middle part produced into a large rounded lobe; (2) paraproct

without ventral arms; (3) distimere complex, slightly shorter than basimere,

expanded at base and forked apically, with spiniform process. Female Ter-

minalia, Tergum IX slightly broader than long to broader than long, but

less than 1.5 times as wide as long, with well developed lateral lobes, each

with 3-5 setae.

PUPA. Abdomen. (1) Seta 1-II well developed, with many branches,

dendritic; (2) 2-IV, V laterad of 1-IV, V. Male genital lobe short and broad

about as long as wide.

LARVA, Thorax, (1) Seta 9-M single, long, stout and barbed; 10, 12-M

single, long, more slender than 9-M, barbed; (2) basal spine of meso- and

metapleural setae long, straight and pointed at tip. Segment VIII, Comb

scales ina row, arising from a sclerotized plate. Siphon. 1-S inserted be-

yond last tooth and in line with the teeth. Anal Segment. Marginal spicules

long and conspicuous, each spicule usually pointed at tip.

DISTRIBUTION. Species of this subgroup are found from southwestern

India, Sri Lanka, northeastern India, Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, and

southern China to Taiwan and Palawan (MAP V).

TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION. As currently interpreted, the mediopunctatus

subgroup consists of the 4 species, malikuli, mediopunctatus, perplexus and

rhungkiangensis. All of these occur in Southeast Asia.

On present collection data, all the members of the mediopunctatus sub-

32 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 1, 1977

group in Southeast Asia occur in the Oriental area; mediopunciatus and per-

plexus are also known to occur in the Indomalayan area (Malaya and Palawan).

The mediopunctatus subgroup is well marked in the adult and larva stages.

The adult shares the characteristic of the annandalei subgroup in pleural mark-

ings. The male terminalia share the characteristics of the w-albus subgroup

in tergum IX with the middle part produced into a large lobe and the paraproct

without ventral arms. The female terminalia are as of the annandalei and

w-albus subgroups. The pupa is extremely similar to those of the annandalei

subgroup and the female pupae are often indistinguishable from those of

annandalei subgroup. The larva is essentially as in the desmotes subgroup,

except that the marginal spicules of anal segment are well developed and

conspicuous which is the characteristic of the annandalei subgroup.

Members of this subgroup are extremely variable and difficult to separate

in all stages except forthe male. Theobald (1905a) described mediopunctatus

species from a single female from Peradeniya, Ceylon. The male was unknown

and thus, the true identity of this species cannot be ascertained. Fortunately,

a male was collected by Y.-M. Huang and E. L. Peyton from Sri Lanka (Cey-

lon) in 1975. Based upon an examination of the male terminalia of mediopunc -

tatus from Sri Lanka, it can now be said with certainty that the Indian speci-

mens previously described as mediopunctatus, mediopunctatus var. submedio-

punctatus (Barraud), and mediopunctatus var. sureilensis Barraud by Barraud

(1923a, 1934) as well as the Philippines specimens previously described as

mediopunctatus var. perplexus by Knight and Hull (1952) are all mediopunc-

tatus.

Stegomyia perplexus was originally described by Leicester (1908a: 83) as

a distinct species from Kuala Lumpur, Malaya. Barraud (1934: 231) con-

sidered it to be a variety of mediopunctatus which had the 4th and 5th hind tar-

sal segments entirely white and Mattingly (1965: 46) treated it as a subspecies.

Based on the discovery that the male terminalia of perplexus differ from

mediopunctatus by the absence of several distinctly longer and stouter setae on

the tergal portion of the expanded distal part of the claspette of the basimere,

I have here elevated perplexus to specific status. :

It is now difficult to say what Lien's (1962) record of mediopunctatus var.

berplexus represents. My only Taiwan male specimen (from the Bishop

Museum) of the subgroup is malikuli, It is possible that either mediopunc -

tatus or perplexus is also present in Taiwan. However, no conclusion can be

made without examination of additional Taiwan specimens.

Chang and Chang (1974) described Aedes (Stegomyia) rhungkiangensis

from Kweichow Province, China. Based on the descriptions of this species, I

have here assigned rhungkiangensis to the mediopunctatus subgroup. Since the

claspette of the male terminalia of rhungkiangensis was neither described in

detail nor illustrated, the true identity as well as the relationship of this

species to other members of the subgroup cannot be further discussed until

specimens of rhungkiangensis become available.

However, from Chang and Chang's (1974) description of rhungkiangensis,

this species can be recognized by the following diagnostic characters: In

adult (1) * scutellum without scales on all lobes; 2? scutellum with broad white

scales on midlobe and without scales on lateral lobe; (2) hindtarsomere 5 with

basal half white and apical half dark; (3) claspette with numerous setae and with

2 rod-like modified setae. In larva (1) antenna with seta 1-A branched; (2)

mentum with 7 teeth on each side; (3) segment VIII without a sclerotized plate.

BIONOMICS. Larvae and pupae are usually found in bamboo stumps and

bamboo internodes. They are also found in split and cut bamboos. Occa-

Huang: Aedes (Stegomyia) in Southeast Asia 33

sionally they are found in holes of stumps, logs, and trees, and leaf axils of

pandanus and nipa palm. The females bite man. The immature stages are

associated with the albopictus and scutellaris subgroups of the scutellaris

eroup and with the annandalei and. desmotes subgroups of the w-albus group.

AEDES (SSTEGOMYIA) MALIKULI HUANG

(Figs. 19; 20)

Aedes Stegomyia) malikuli Huang 1973: 225 (**, P*, L*).

MALE. Head. Proboscis dark scaled, sometimes with a white patch at

base and a few pale scales on ventral side, as long as forefemur; palpus

dark, slightly longer than proboscis, with white basal band on each of seg-

ments 2-5; those on segments 4,5 incomplete dorsally; segments 4, 0 sub-

equal, slender, upturned, and with only a few short setae, antenna plumose,

shorter than proboscis; clypeus bare; torus covered with white scales except

on dorsal side; decumbent scales of vertex all broad and flat; erect forked

scales dark, not numerous, restricted to occiput; vertex with a broad median

stripe of broad white scales, with broad dark ones on each side interrupted

by a lateral stripe of broad white scales followed by a patch of broad white

scales ventrally. Thorax. Scutum with narrow dark scales and a broad

median longitudinal stripe of similar white ones which reaches from anterior

margin, tapers posteriorly and forks at beginning of prescutellar space;

prescutellar space surrounded by narrow white scales; a patch of broad white

scales on the lateral margin just before the level of the wing root, extending

forward over the paratergite and the mesothoracic spiracle toward scutal

angle and backward over the wing root toward scutellum; acrostichal and

dorsocentral bristles absent; prescutellar bristles well developed; scutellum

with broad white scales on midlobe and broad dark scales on lateral lobe,

sometimes lateral lobe with few pale broad scales as well; anterior pronotum

with broad white scales; posterior pronotum with broad white scales and a

few dark ones dorsally; paratergite with broad white scales; patches of broad

white scales on propleuron, on the subspiracular and postspiracular areas,

on the upper and lower portions of sternopleuron and on the mesepimeron;

lower mesepimeron without bristles; metameron bare. Wing. With dark

scales on all veins, sometimes with a minute basal spot of white scales on

the costa; cell Rg twice as long as Ro,9. Halter. With dark scales. Legs.

Coxae with patches of white scales; knee-spot absent on forefemur, present

on mid- and hindfemora; fore- and midfemora anteriorly dark; hindfemur

anteriorly with basal 0.67 white, a complete dark band present which separates

the basal white stripe from the apical white scale patch, sometimes the dark

band is not complete on the lower portion of anterior surface; all tibiae anteri-

orly dark; hindtibia with white stripe on basalventral quarter; foretarsus with

basal white band on tarsomere 1; midtarsus with basal white bands on tarso-

meres 1,2; hindtarsus with basal white bands on tarsomeres 1, 2; tarsomere

3 all dark; tarsomere 4 all white, sometimes dark at tip; tarsomere 5 all dark,

sometimes with a few white scales on basal area, or sometimes with basal

half white; fore- and midlegs with tarsal claws unequal, all toothed; hindleg

with tarsal claws equal, simple. Abdomen. Abdominal segment I with white

scales on laterotergite; terga II-VI with large basal lateral white spots; tergum

II with or without a small basal median white spot; terga III-VI each with a

basal white band which is not connected with the lateral spots. Terminalia

34 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 1, 1977

(Fig. 19C). Basimere short and broad, about twice as long as wide; its

scales restricted to lateral and ventral areas; with numerous long setae on

apicomesal area; with a patch of setae (3-10) on basomesal area of dorsal

surface; claspette simple, with numerous long setae on the slightly expanded

distal part and with few shorter ones on sternal side; distimere complex, ex-

panded at base and forked apically, with setae and spiniform process; aedea-

eus with a distinct sclerotized lateral toothed plate on each side; paraproct

without ventral arms; cercal setae absent; tergum IX with middle part pro-

duced into a large rounded lobe and with a small hairy lobe on each side.

FEMALE. Unknown.

PUPA (Figs. 19A, B). Cephalothorax, Trumpet short, about 2.5 times

as long as wide at the middle; seta 1, 3-C single, slightly longer than 2-C;

2-C single; 4, 5-C single; 6-C single, shorter than 7-C; 7-C single; 10-C 2-

branched, mesad and caudad of 11-C; 11-C single, stout. Abdomen. Seta 1-I

well developed, with more than 10 branches, dendritic; 2-I single; 3-I single,

long; 2, 3-I not widely separated, distance between them same as distance

between 4, 5-I; 1-II with many branches, dendritic; 2-II laterad of 3-II; 2-IV,

V laterad of 1-IV, V; 1-III usually with 2 branches (2-4); 1-IV usually double

(2-3); 3-II, III single, shorter than segment III; 5-IV-VI single, or sometimes

5-IV, V with 2 branches, short, not reaching beyond posterior margin of fol-

lowing segment; 9-I-VI small, single, simple; 9-VII, VIII much longer and

stouter than preceeding ones; 9-VII 2-branched, barbed; 9-VIII with 2 branches

and barbed, reaching beyond fringe of paddle. Paddle. Margins with fringe;

seta 1-P single.

LARVA (Fig. 20). Head. Antenna 0.5 length of head, without spicules; 1-A

inserted near middle of shaft, single, small, spine-like; inner mouth brushes

pectinate at tip; seta 4-C well developed, with 5-7 branches, closer to 6-C

than 5-C, cephalad and mesad of 6-C; 5-C single, long; 6-C double; 7-C with

2 branches; 8, 10 and 13-C single; 9-C with 2 branches; 11-C 3-branched;

12-C with 3-4 branches; 14-C double; 15-C usually double (2-3); mentum with

10-11 teeth on each side. Thovax. Seta 1-P usually 3-branched (2-3); 2-P

single; 3-P double; 4-P single; 5, 7-P usually double (1-2); 6-P single; 9-P

single; 11-P single; 14-P usually 2-branched; 5, 7-M single; 6-M 2-branched;

8-M with 2-3 branches; 9-M single, long, stout and barbed; 10, 12-M single,

long, more slender than 9-M, barbed; 11-M single; 7-T with 2-3 branches; 9,

10 and 11-T similar to those on mesothorax; 12-T much reduced; basal spine

of meso- and metapleural setae long, straight and pointed at tip. Abdomen.

Seta 6-I, II 2-branched; 7-I single; 7-II 2-branched; 6-III- V 2-branched, one

more slender than the other; 6-VI single; 7-III with 4-5 branches, small; 4-I,

Il 3-branched; 1-VII usually with 3 branches, barbed; 2-VII 3-branched; comb

of 5 scales in a row, arising from a sclerotized plate, each scale with fine

denticles at the base of the apical spine; 2-VIII distant from 1-VIII; 1, 9- VIII

3-branched; 3-VIII with 3-4 branches; 2, 4-VIII single; saddle incomplete; mar-

ginal spicules long and conspicuous; 1-X 2-branched; 2-X single; 3-X single;

ventral brush with 4 pairs of setae on grid, each seta single; no precratal tufts;

anal papillae about 3 times as long as saddle, sausage-like. Siphon, About 3

times as long as wide, acus absent; 10-18 pecten teeth, evenly spaced, each

tooth with 3-5 basal denticles; 1-S with 2-3 branches, inserted beyond last

tooth and in line with the teeth.

TYPE-DATA. Aedes (Stegomyia) malikuli Huang, holotype male, with

associated larval and pupal skins and terminalia on a slide, in USNM; type-

locality: Huai Phrao, Chiang Mai, THAILAND, 10-VII-1970 (Chaliou & Anun).

Paratypes: 1 male with associated larval and pupal skins and terminalia slide,

Huang: Aedes (Stegomyia) in Southeast Asia 35

with same data as holotype; 1 male with associated larval and pupal skins and

terminalia slide, Huai Mae Nam Noi, Kanchanaburi, THAILAND, 25-V-1965

(Peyton); 2 males with associated pupal skins and terminalia slides, 1-VIII-

1965 (Somboon), 2 males with associated larval and pupal skins and terminalia

slides, 2-VIII-1965 (Kol), Doi Sam Sao, Tak, THAILAND; 1 male with associ-

ated pupal skin and terminalia slide, Khao Salak Phra, Tak, THAILAND,

1-VIII-1965 (Somboon), in USNM.

DISTRIBUTION. 34 specimens examined: 11°, 11° terminalia, 8 indivi-

dual rearings (41, 8 p).

TAIWAN. Taichung: Sun Moon Lake (I-VI-1948), 1%, 1° terminalia.

THAILAND. Chiang Mai: Huai Phrao (VII-1970, Chaliou & Anun), 20%, 2°

terminalia, 2 individual rearings (21, 2p). Kanchanaburi: Huai Mae Nam

Noi (V-1965, Peyton), 1°, 1¢ terminalia, 1 individual rearing (11, 1 p);

Ban Wang Klang (VII-1974, Kol & team), 1°, 1° terminalia; Ban La Wa (VII-

1974, Kol & team), 1°, 1% terminalia. Tak: Doi Sam Sao (VIII-1965, Som-

boon), 2%, 20° terminalia, 2 individual rearings (2 p); (VIII-1965, Kol), 2°, 2°

terminalia, 2 individual rearings (11, 2 p); Khao Salak Phra (VIII-1965, Som-

boon), 1%, 1% terminalia, 1 individual rearing (1 p).

TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION. Aedes malikuli, a member of the mediopunc -

tatus subgroup, is extremely similar to other species of the subgroup. How-

ever, the male terminalia of malikuli have the claspette simple, with numer-

ous long setae on the slightly expanded distal part and with few shorter ones

on the sternal side, thus differing from those of all other species that have

been described.

On the evidence of present collection data, malikuli is a mountain species

extremely similar to perplexus which is widespread in Thailand. Both spe-

cies have been collected as larvae in the same tree hole from the Chiang Mai

area. At present, I am unable to find any reliable characters to separate

them in all stages except male terminalia.

In Thailand, the immature stages are also found in association with those

of craggiin the field. The larva of malikuli can easily be distinguished from

that of craggi by having seta 1-S inserted beyond the last pecten tooth and in

line with the teeth; marginal spicules long, each spicule usually pointed at tip;

in cvaggi seta 1-S is inserted about the level of, or before the last pecten tooth

and dorsad of the teeth; marginal spicules are stout, each spicule rather short

and bluntly rounded at tip. The pupa of malikuli greatly resembles craggi.

The male pupa of malikuli is distinguished from that of craggi by having the

male genital lobe short and broad, as long as wide, and without a triangular-

shape fold on ventral side, whereas in cvaggi the male genital lobe is rather

long and broad, slightly longer than wide and has a triangular-shape fold on

ventral side.

Aedes malikuli is an Oriental species of the mediopunctatus subgroup. It

is presently known from Thailand and Taiwan.

BIONOMICS. The immature stages of malikuli have been collected in bam-

boo internodes, ina bamboo stump, ina small tree hole and in a stream pool

in Thailand. The specimens from Chiang Mai Province were found in a secon-

dary deciduous forest in the mountains, about 393 m. The specimen from

Kanchanaburi Province was found in a bamboo grove in a mountainous area,

about 107 m, and the specimens from Tak Province were found in primary

rain forests in the mountains from 460 to 705 m. The immature stages were

associated with cvaggi and perplexus.

36 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 1, 1977

AEDES (STEGOMYIA) MEDIOPUNCTA TUS (THEOBALD)

(Figs. 21C; 22; 23; 24)

Stegomyia mediopunctatus Theobald 1905a: 240 (2). 3

Stegomyia mediopunctatus var. submediopunctatus Barraud 1923a: 781 (¢).

Stegomyia mediopunctatus Theobald, Barraud 1923a: 780 (o*, °); Barraud

1923b:226; Borel 1928: 87 (o*, 9, L*). 3

Aedes (Stegomyia) mediopunctatus (Theobald), Edwards 1932: 165; Barraud

1934: 230 \o*, 9*, L). |

Aedes Stegomyia) mediopunctatus var. submediopunctatus (Barraud),

Barraud 1934: 231 (taxonomy). :

Aedes Stegomyia) mediopunctatus var. sureilensis Barraud 1934: 231 (%).

Aedes (Stegomyia) mediopunctatus var. perplexus (Leicester), Knight and Hull

1952: 182 (°*, 9, L*). NEW SYNONYMY.

Aedes Stegomyia) submediopunctatus (Barraud), Huang 1973: 231 (o*)

(taxonomy). :

MALE. Head. Proboscis dark scaled, with a white patch at base and

some pale scales on ventral side, as long as forefemur; palpus dark, slightly

longer than proboscis, with white basal band on each of segments 2-5; those

on segments 4,5 incomplete dorsally; segments 4,5 subequal, slender, up-

turned, and with only a few short setae; antenna plumose, shorter than pro-

boscis; clypeus bare; torus covered with white scales except on dorsal side;

decumbent scales of vertex all broad and flat; erect forked scales dark, not

numerous, restricted to occiput; vertex with a broad median stripe of broad

white scales, with broad dark ones on each side interrupted by a lateral stripe

of broad white scales followed by a patch of white broad scales ventrally.

Thorax. Scutum with narrow dark scales and a broad median longitudinal

stripe of similar white ones which reaches from anterior margin, tapers

posteriorly and forks at beginning of prescutellar space; prescutellar space

surrounded by white narrow scales, sometimes with a few broad ones as well;

a patch of broad white scales on the lateral margin just before the level of

the wing root, extending forward over the paratergite and the mesothoracic

spiracle toward scutal angle and backward over the wing root toward scutellum;

acrostichal and dorsocentral bristles absent; prescutellar bristles well devel-

oped; scutellum with broad white scales on midlobe and broad dark scales on

lateral lobe, sometimes lateral lobe with few pale broad scales as well, oc-

casionally lateral lobe with all pale broad scales; anterior pronotum with

broad white scales; posterior pronotum with broad white scales and a few

narrow dark ones dorsally; paratergite with broad white scales; patches of

broad white scales on propleuron, on the subspiracular and postspiracular

areas, on the upper and lower portions of sternopleuron and on the mesepimer- _

on; lower mesepimeron without bristles; metameron bare. Wing, With dark

scales on all veins, sometimes with a minute basal spot of white scales on

the costa;cell Ro 2 times as long as Ro9,9. Halter. With dark scales. Legs.

Coxae with patches of white scales; knee-spot absent on forefemur, present

on mid- and hindfemora; fore- and midfemora anteriorly dark; hindfemur an-

teriorly with basal 0.67 white, a dark triangular patch present and separates

the basal white stripe from the apical white scale patch except on the lower

portion of anterior surface; sometimes hindfemur with a complete dark band

instead of a triangular dark patch which separates the basal white stripe from

the apical white scale patch; all tibiae anteriorly dark; hindtibia with white

Huang: Aedes (Stegomyia) in Southeast Asia a7

stripe on basal-ventral quarter; fore- and midtarsi with basal white band on

tarsomere 1, sometimes midtarsus with a few white scales on basal area of

tarsomere 2 as well; hindtarsus with basal white bands on tarsomeres 1, 2;

tarsomere 3 all dark; tarsomere 4 all white, sometimes dark at tip; tarsomere

5) all dark, sometimes with a few white scales on basal area, or sometimes

with basal half white; (Palawan specimens tarsomere 5 all white, sometimes

dark at tip); fore- and midlegs with tarsal claws unequal, all toothed; hindleg

with tarsal claws equal, simple. Abdomen. Abdominal segment I with white

scales on laterotergite; terga I-VI with basal lateral white spots; tergum II

with or without a small basal median white spot; terga III- VI each with a basal

white band which is not connected with the lateral spots; tergum VII without or

with lateral white spots only; sterna II-VI with basal white bands; sternum

VIII largely covered with white scales. Terminalia (Fig. 21C). Basimere

short and broad, about 2 times as long as wide; its scales restricted to lateral

and ventral areas; with numerous long setae on apicomesal area; with or with-

out a patch of setae on basomesal area of dorsal surface; claspette large, bi-

lobed, with numerous setae and with a distinct stout spine-like seta on apico-

sternal angle of expanded distal part and with several distinctly long and stout

_ setae on tergal portion; distimere complex, expanded at base and forked api-

cally, with setae and spiniform process; aedeagus with a distinct sclerotized

lateral toothed plate on each side; paraproct without ventral arms; cercal setae

absent; tergum IX with middle part produced into a large rounded lobe and with

a small hairy lobe on each side.

FEMALE. Essentially as in the male, differing in the following respects:

Head, Proboscis dark scaled, with or without a white patch at base, with some

pale scales on ventral side; palpus 4-segmented, or 5-segmented, segment 3)

minute, about 0.25 of proboscis, with white scales on less than apical half.

Legs. Foretarsomere 2 sometimes with a few white scales on basal area;

midtarsomere 2 sometimes with basal white band; fore- and midlegs with.

tarsal claws equal, all toothed. Abdomen. Tergum VII with lateral white

spots and basal white band which is not connected with the lateral spots; seg-

ment VIII largely retracted. Terminalia (Figs. 22C, 24). Sternum VIII with

a deep U-shaped notch at middle and with conspicuous rounded lateral lobes;

insula longer than broad, with minute setae and with 6 (3-6) larger ones on

apical third; tergum IX with well developed lateral lobes, each with 3-95 setae;

postgenital plate with shallow notch; cerci short and broad; 3 spermathecae,

one larger than the other 2.

PUPA (Figs. 22A, B). Cephalothorvax. Trumpet short, about 2.8 times

as long as wide at the middle; seta 1, 3-C single, slightly longer than 2-C;

2-C usually single (1-2); 4, 5-C single (1-2); 6-C single, shorter than 7-C;

7-C usually single (1-2); 10-C with 1-3 branches, mesad and caudad of 11-C;

11-C single, stout. Abdomen. Seta 1-I well developed, with more than 10

branches, dendritic; 2-I single; 3-I single, long; 2, 3-I not widely separated,

distance between them same as distance between 4, 5-I; 1-II with many bran-

ches, dendritic; 2-II laterad of 3-II; 2-IV, V laterad of 1-IV, V; 1-III usually

well developed, with 2-14 branches; 1-IV usually with 2-9 branches; 3-Il, Hl

single, shorter than segment III; 5-IV-VI single or double, short, not reach-

ing beyond posterior margin of following segment; 9-I-VI small, single,

simple; sometimes 9-VI rather stout or forked at tip; 9-VII, VIII much longer

and stouter than preceding ones; 9-VII usually 2-branched (1-2), barbed; 9- VIII

usually with 2 branches (2-3) and barbed, reaching beyond fringe of paddle.

Paddle, Margins with fringe; seta 1-P single.

LARVA (Fig. 23). Head, Antenna 0.5 length of head, without spicules;

38 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 1, 1977

1-A inserted near middle of shaft, single, small, spine-like; inner mouth

brushes pectinate at tip; seta 4-C well developed, with 6-9 branches, closer

to 6-C than 5-C, cephalad and mesad of 6-C; 5-C single, long; 6-C usually

double (1-2); 7-C usually with 2 branches (1-3); 8, 10-C single; 9-C usually

with 2 branches (1-2); 11-C usually 3-branched (2-3); 12-C usually with 3

branches (2-4); 13-C single or double; 14, 15-C usually with 2-3 branches;

mentum with 10-11 teeth on each side. Thovax. Seta 1-P with 3-4 branches;

2-P single; 3-P double; 4-P usually single (1-2); 5-P usually with 2-3 branches;

6-P single; 7-P usually double (1-2); 9-P single; 11-P single; 14-P usually

double; 5, 7-M single; 6-M usually double (2-3); 8-M usually with 2-3 branches;

9-M single, long, stout and barbed; 10, 12-M single, long, more slender than

9-M, barbed; 11-M single; 7-T usually with 3 branches (2-3); 9, 10 and 11-T

similar to those on mesothorax; 12-T much reduced; basal spine of meso- and

metapleural setae long, straight and pointed at tip. Abdomen. Seta 6-I-Il

2-branched; 7-I usually single (1-2); 7-II usually 2-branched (1-3); 6-III-V

single, or sometimes 6-III-V 2-branched, one usually more slender than the

other; 7-III with 4-6 branches; 6-VI usually single; 4-I, Il with 2-3 branches;

1-VII usually with 2 branches (2-3), barbed; 2-VII usually with 2-3 branches

(1-3); comb of 6 (4-7) scales in a row, arising from a sclerotized plate, each

scale with fine denticles at the base of the apical spine; sometimes comb scale

with apical spine split at tip; 2-VIII distant from 1-VII; 1, 5-VIII usually with

2-3 branches; 3-VIII usually with 3 branches (2-4); 2, 4-VIII single; saddle

incomplete; marginal spicules long and conspicuous, each spicule usually

pointed at tip, sometimes transparent distally; 1-X 2-branched; 2-X single;

3-X single; ventral brush with 4 pairs of setae on grid, each seta usually

Single; sometimes 1 or 2 proximal ones double; no precratal tufts; anal papil-

lae about 2.4-3.2 times as long as saddle, sausage-like. Szphon. Usually

about 2 (1. 7-3.2) times as long as wide, acus absent; 6-19 pecten teeth in a

straight or irregular row, each tooth usually with 1-5 basal denticles and

transparent distally; 1-S usually with 4 branches (2-4), inserted beyond last

tooth and in line with the teeth.

TYPE-DATA,. Stegomyia mediopunctatus Theobald, type-female in BMNH;

type-locality: Peradeniya, Central, (CEYLON) SRI LANKA, X-1901 (Theo-

bald). Stegomyia mediopunctatus var. submediopunctatus Barraud, type-

female in BMNH; type-locality: Nagargali, Belgaum District, INDIA, 13-VIII-

1921 (P. J. Barraud). Aedes Stegomyia) mediopunctatus var. sureilensis

Barraud, type-female in BMNH; type-locality: Sureil, Darjeeling District,

INDIA, X-1922 (P. J. Barraud).

DISTRIBUTION. 216 specimens examined: 360, 529, 350 terminalia, 9°

terminalia, 15 L, 42 individual rearings (271, 42 p).

INDIA. Assam: Shillong (VI-1922, P. J. Barraud), 1°, 1°, 1° termin-

alia. Bombay: Belgaum District - Nagargali (13-VIII-1921, P. J. Barraud),

12. Bengal: Darjeeling District - Sureil (X-1922, P. J. Barraud), 1°; Sukna

(I1I-1967, S. Ramalingam, E. D. Abraham & E. S. Abraham), 4°, 32, 4c

terminalia, 2° terminalia, 2 L, 5 individual rearings (3 1, 5 p); Tindahari

(III-1967, S. Ramalingam, E. D. Abraham & E. S. Abraham), 30, 59, 3°

terminalia, 2° terminalia, 4 L, 7 individual rearings (71, 7 p); Mungpoo

(III-1967, S. Ramalingam, E. D. Abraham & E. S. Abraham), 9°, 8°, 9°

terminalia, 42 terminalia, 6 individual rearings (21, 6 p); Pashok (III-1967,

S. Ramalingam, E. D. Abraham & E. S. Abraham), 1%, 192, 1¢ terminalia,

2 individual rearings (2 p).

PHILIPPINES. Palawan: Irahuan River (VI-1945, Rozeboom, Knight &

Laffoon), 40°, 62, 40° terminalia, 4 L, 2 individual rearings (21, 2 p); Puerto

Huang: Aedes (SStegomyia) in Southeast Asia 39

Princesa (VI-X-1945, 19th MGL), 90°, 182, 90 terminalia, 5 L, 13 individual

rearings (121, 13 p); Mantalingalan Pinigisan (IX-1961, Noona Dan Exp. 61-

62), 10°, 10 terminalia; Brooks Pt., Isumbo (XII-1967-VI-1968, Alcasid team),

49, 2 individual rearings (11, 2 p); Panakan, Lapulapu (I-V-1968, Alcasid

team), 10°, 22, 1% terminalia, 2 individual rearings (2 p); Iwahig (XI-1968,

Mantubig), 10, 19, 1° terminalia, 2 individual rearings (2 p). Philippine

Islands (1945, Rozeboom, Knight & Laffoon), 1°, 1° terminalia.

SRI LANKA. Central Province: Peradeniya (X-1901, Theobald), 19°;

Kandy District, Udawattekele (VI-1975, Huang & Peyton), 1%, 1° terminalia,

1 individual rearing (1 p).

TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION. Aedes mediopunctatus is a member of the

mediopunctatus subgroup. The adult has the scutum with the median longi-

tudinal white stripe broader than usual, extending from the anterior margin,

tapering posteriorly and forking at the beginning of prescutellar space and the

hindtarsus with tarsomere 3 all dark. It can thus easily be distinguished

from those of all other species except malikuli and perplexus (the other South-

east Asia members of the mediopunctatus subgroup). It is extremely similar

to and is indistinguishable from those of malikuli and perplexus except for

the male terminalia.

The male terminalia of mediopunctatus can easily be distinguished from

those of malikuli by having the claspette large and bilobed, with numerous

setae and with a distinct stout spine-like seta on the apicosternal angle of the

expanded distal part and with several distinctly long and stout setae on the

tergal portion; in malikuli the claspette is simple, with numerous long setae

on the slightly expanded distal part and with few shorter ones on sternal side.

They are closer to those of perplexus with the claspette large and bilobed, but

can be separated by the presence of several distinctly long and stout setae on

the tergal portion of the claspette.

The larva of mediopunctatus cannot be distinguished from either malikuli

or perplexus. The pupa of mediopunctatus is extremely similar to those of

annandalei, craggi, malikuli and perplexus. Only the male pupa of mediopunc -

tatus can be separated from those of annandalei and craggi by having the male

genital lobe short and broad, about as long as wide; in annandalei the male

genital lobe is long and broad, slightly longer than wide and in craggi the male

genital lobe has a triangular-shape fold on ventral side. The pupa of medio-

punctatus is indistinguishable from those of malikuli and perplexus.

Aedes mediopunctatus is an Oriental species of the mediopunctatus sub-

ae It is presently known from Sri Lanka, India and the Philippines (Pala-

wan).

The discontinuous distribution of this species is rather unusual. Speci-

mens of the mediopunctatus subgroup from parts of Southeast Asia such as

China (south of Yangtze Kiang), Hong Kong, Hainan, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia

and Burma, which are absent in all collections, may help resolve this anomaly

if they become available.

BIONOMICS. The immature stages of mediopunctatus have been collected

mainly in bamboo stumps in Sri Lanka, India and the Philippines. They have

also been found in cut bamboos and leaf axils of pandanus and nipa palm in the

Philippines. The specimens from India were found in plain, hill and moun-

tainous areas, from 150 to 910 m, in bamboo groves and in secondary rain for-

ests. The specimens from the Philippines were found in similar areas, from

8 to 150 m, in bamboo groves and in secondary rain forests. The Sri Lanka

male was reared from a pupa found in the stump of a large green bamboo, 1.4

m above ground level, partially shaded, in a bamboo grove, ina secondary

40 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 1, 1977

rain forest located in mountainous terrain, altitude 600 m. The pupa was

associated with Aedes (Stegomyia) krombeini Huang in Sri Lanka. Females

have been taken biting man in Puerto Princesa, Palawan, Philippines.

AEDES (STEGOMYIA) PERPLEXUS (LEICESTER)

(Figs. 25, 26, 27, 28)

Stegomyia perplexus Leicester 1908a: 83 (¢, &).

Aedes Stegomyia) perplexus (Leicester), Edwards 1922: 464.

Aedes Stegomyia) mediopunctatus var. perplexus (Leicester), Edwards

1932: 165; Barraud 1934: 231 (taxonomy); Knight and Hull 1952: 182 (“*,

2, L*) (misidentification); ?Lien, 1962: 627.

Aedes (Stegomyia) mediopunctatus perplexus (Leicester), Mattingly 1965: 46

(“*, 2*, P*, L*)(designated cotype “, as lectotype; cotype 2, as allotype).

Aedes (Stegomyia) perplexus (Leicester), Huang 1973: 231 (**) (taxonomy).

MALE (Fig. 25A). Head. Proboscis dark scaled, with a white patch at

base and some pale scales on ventral side, as long as forefemur; palpus dark,

as long as proboscis, (or slightly longer than proboscis in some Thailand

specimens), with white basal band on each of segments 2-9; those on segments

4,5 incomplete dorsally; segments 4,5 subequal, slender, upturned, and with

only a few short setae; antenna plumose, shorter than proboscis; clypeus bare;

torus covered with white scales except on dorsal side, or sometimes with

white scales on dorsal side as well; decumbent scales of vertex all broad and

flat; erect forked scales dark, not numerous, restricted to occiput; vertex

with a broad median stripe of broad white scales, with broad dark ones on

each side interrupted by a lateral stripe of broad white scales followed by a

patch of white broad scales ventrally. Thorax. Scutum with narrow dark

scales and a broad median longitudinal stripe of similar white ones which

reaches from anterior margin, tapers posteriorly and forks at beginning of

prescutellar space; prescutellar space surrounded by white narrow scales,

sometimes with a few broad ones as well; a patch of broad white scales on the

lateral margin just before the level of the wing root, extending forward over

the paratergite and the mesothoracic spiracle toward scutal angle and back-

ward over the wing root toward scutellum; acrostichal and dorsocentral

bristles absent; prescutellar bristles well developed; scutellum with broad

white scales on midlobe and broad dark scales on lateral lobe, sometimes

lateral lobe with few pale broad scales as well; (Thailand specimens sometimes

have lateral lobe with all pale broad scales); anterior pronotum with broad

white scales; posterior pronotum with broad white scales and a few dark ones

dorsally; paratergite with broad white scales; patches of broad white scales

on propleuron, on the subspiracular and postspiracular areas, on the upper

and lower portions of sternopleuron and on the mesepimeron; lower mesepimer-

on without bristles; metameron bare. Wing. With dark scales on all veins,

sometimes with a minute basal spot of white scales on the costa; cell Ro 2 times

as long as Ro,3. Halter. With dark scales. Legs, Coxae with patches of

white scales; knee-spot absent on forefemur, present on mid- and hindfemora;

fore- and midfemora anteriorly dark; hindfemur anteriorly with basal 0.67

white, a complete dark band present which separates the basal white stripe

from the apical white scale patch, sometimes the dark band not complete on

the lower portion of anterior surface; all tibiae anteriorly dark; hindtibia with

white stripe on basal-ventral quarter; fore- and midtarsi with basal white

Huang: Aedes (Stegomyia) in Southeast Asia 41

band on tarsomere 1, sometimes midtarsus with a few white scales on basal

area of tarsomere 2 as well; hindtarsus with basal white bands on tarsomeres

1,2; tarsomere 3 all dark; tarsomere 4 all white; tarsomere 5 all white, some-

times dark at tip, or sometimes with apical half dark; (Thailand specimens

sometimes with tarsomere 5 all dark); fore- and midlegs with tarsal claws un-

equal, all toothed; hindleg with tarsal claws equal, simple. Abdomen. Seg-

ment I with white scales on laterotergite; terga II-VI with basal lateral white

spots; tergum II with or without a small basal median white spot; terga III-VI

each with a basal white band which is not connected with the lateral spots; ter-

sum VII without or with lateral white spots only; sterna II-VI with basal white

bands; sternum VIII largely covered with white scales. Terminalia (Fig. 25C).

Basimere short and broad, about 2 times as long as wide; its scales restricted

to lateral and ventral areas; with numerous long setae on apicomesal area;

without a patch of setae on basomesal area of dorsal surface; claspette large,

bilobed, with numerous setae and with a distinct stout spine-like seta on

apicosternal angle of expanded distal part; distimere complex, expanded at

base and forked apically, with setae and spiniform process; aedeagus with a

distinct sclerotized lateral toothed plate on each side; paraproct without ventral

arms; cercal setae absent; tergum IX with middle part produced into a large

rounded lobe and with a small hairy lobe on each side. :

FEMALE. Essentially as in the male, differing in the following respects:

Head, Proboscis dark scaled, with or without a white patch at base, with

some pale scales on ventral side; palpus 4-segmented, or sometimes 5-

segmented, segment 5 minute, about 0.25 of proboscis, with white scales on

less than apical half. Legs, Foretarsomere 2 sometimes with a few white

scales on basal area; midtarsomere 2 sometimes with basal white band; fore-

and midlegs with tarsal claws equal, all toothed. Abdomen. Tergum VII with

lateral white spots and basal white band which is not connected with the lateral

spots; segment VIII largely retracted. Terminalia (Figs. 26C, 28). Sternum

VUI with a deep U-shaped notch at middle and with conspicuous rounded later-

al lobes; insula longer than broad, with minute setae and with 6 (3-6) larger

ones on apical third; tergum IX with well developed lateral lobes each with 3

or 4 setae; postgenital plate with or without shallow notch; cerci short and

broad; 3 spermathecae, one larger than the other 2.

PUPA (Figs. 26A, B). Cephalothorax. Trumpet short, about 3 times as

long as wide at the middle; seta 1, 3-C single, longer than 2-C; 2-C usually

single (1-2); 4, 5-C single (1-2); 6-C single, shorter than 7-C; 7-C usually

single (1-2); 10-C 2-branched (2-3), mesad and caudad of 11-C; 11-C single,

stout. Abdomen. Seta 1-I well developed, with more than 10 branches, den-

dritic; 2-I single; 3-I single, long; 2, 3-I not widely separated, distance be-

tween them same as distance between 4, 5-I; 1-II with many branches, den-

dritic; 2-I laterad of 3-II; 2-IV, V laterad of 1-IV, V; 1-III usually with 2

branches (1-12); 1-IV usually single (1-6); 3-II, III single, shorter than seg-

ment III; 5-IV-VI single, or sometimes 5-IV-VI with 2 branches, short, not

reaching beyond posterior margin of following segment; 9-I-VI small, single,

simple; sometimes 9-VI rather stout or forked at tip; 9-VII, VIII much longer

and stouter than preceeding ones; 9-VII usually 2-branched (1-2), barbed; 9-

VIII usually with 2 branches (2-3) and barbed, reaching beyond fringe of pad-

dle. Paddle. Margins with fringe; seta 1-P single.

LARVA (Fig. 27). Head, Antenna 0.5 length of head, without spicules; 1-A

inserted near middle of shaft, single, small, spine-like; inner mouth brushes

pectinate at tip; seta 4-C well developed, with 6-8 branches, closer to 6-C

than 5-C cephalad and mesad of 6-C; 5-C single, long; 6-C double; 7-C usually

42 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 1, 1977

with 2 branches (2-3); 8, 10-C single; 9-C usually with 2 branches (2-3); 11-C

usually 3-branched (3-4); 12-C usually with 3-4 branches (3-6); 13-C single

or double; 14, 15-C usually double; mentum with 10-12 teeth on each side.

Thorax. Seta 1-P usually 3-branched (2-3); 2-P single; 3-P double; 4-P

single; 5, 7-P usually double (1-2); 6-P single; 9-P single; 11-P single; 14-P

usually double; 5, 7-M single; 6-M usually with 2-3 branches; 8-M usually

with 2 branches (2-3); 9-M single, long, stout and barbed; 10, 12-M single,

long, more slender than 9-M, barbed; 11-M usually single (1-2); 7-T usually

with 3 branches (2-3); 9, 10- and 11-T similar to those on mesothorax; 12-T

much reduced; basal spine of meso- and metapleural setae long, straight and

pointed at tip. Abdomen. Seta 6-I-II 2-branched; 7-I usually single (1-2);

7-II usually 2-branched (2-4); 6-III-V 2-branched, one usually more slender

than the other; 7-III with 4-6 branches; 6-VI usually single; 4-I, II with 2-3

branches; 1-VII usually with 3-4 branches (2-4), barbed; 2-VII usually with

2-4 branches; comb of 5(3-7) scales ina row, arising from a sclerotized plate,

each scale with fine denticles at the base of the apical spine; sometimes comb

scale with apical spine split at tip; 2-VIII distant from 1-VIU; 1, 5-VIII usually

with 2-3 branches; 3-VIII usually with 3-4 branches; 2, 4-VII single; saddle

incomplete; marginal spicules long and conspicuous, each spicule usually

pointed at tip; 1-X usually 2-branched (1-3); 2-X single; 3-X single; ventral

brush with 4 pairs of setae on grid, each seta usually single; sometimes 1 or

2 proximal ones double; no precratal tufts; anal papillae about 2.6-3.2 times

as long as saddle, sausage-like. Siphon. Usually about 2.2 (1.9-3.3) times

as long as wide, acus absent; 8-22 pecten teeth in a straight or irregular row,

each tooth usually with 1-5 basal denticles and transparent distally; 1-S usually

with 4 branches (2-4), inserted beyond last tooth and in line with the teeth.

TYPE-DATA. Stegomyia perplexus Leicester, 1 cotype-male designated

lectotype, with terminalia on slide and 1 cotype-female designated allotype

by P. F. Mattingly, 5-IJ-1964, in BMNH; type-locality: cotype-male, in

jungle, The Gap, 23-IV-1904 (G. F. Leicester), cotype-female, Pahang Rd.

jungle, 6 miles from Kuala Lumpur, mid-day, 27-X-1903 (G. F. Leicester),

Selangor, MALAYSIA.

DISTRIBUTION. 1,256 specimens examined: 2440, 3152, 85° terminalia,

182 terminalia, 37 L, 511 individual rearings (255 1, 302 p).

MALAYSIA. Peninsular Malaysia: Selangor - Pahang Rd., 6 mi. from

Kuala Lumpur (27-X-1903, G. F. Leicester), 12; 15 mi. Ulu Gombak (IV-1959,

W. W. Macdonald), 1°, 1% terminalia; Ulu Gombak (XII-1965, Ramakrishnan),

1c’, 10° terminalia, 1 individual rearing (1 p); (11-1968, Chia, James &

Ramakrishnan), 12; The Gap (23-IV-1904, G. F. Leicester), 1°, 1% termin-

alia; (IX-1966, Ramalingam & Ramakrishnan), 12, 1 individual rearing (1 p);

(IX-1966, Ramakrishnan), 40°, 3°, 40 terminalia, 2° terminalia, 4 individual

rearings (4 p); (IX-1966, James), 2%, 2°, 16 terminalia, 12 terminalia, 4

individual rearings (11, 4 p); Ulu Klang (I1[-1967, Ramakrishnan, James &

Sulaiman), 12; Bt. Ulu Bakan (XII-1967, Chia & Ramakrishnan), 20, 1° ter-

minalia, 1 individual rearing (11, 1 p); Bt. Kutu (V-1968, James, Chia &

Ramakrishnan), 10°, 42 terminalia; (VI-1968, James, Chia & Sulaiman), 1°,

4°, 1% terminalia, 32 terminalia. Pahang - Bentong Rd. (III-1967, Rama-

krishnan & Sulaiman), 22; Fraser's Hill (VI-1968, James, Chia & Sulaiman),

30°, 12, 30° terminalia. Pevak - Chior F. R. (X-1967, James), 1°, 1°¢ ter-

minalia. Kedah - Kg. Bagan (XII-1967, James & Sulaiman), 2°, 2% terminalia.

THAILAND. Mae Hong Son: Ban Hua Yung (IX-1966, Somboon), 1%, 1¢

terminalia, 1 individual rearing (1 p). Nan: Ban Pha Man (VII-1966, Kol),

10°, 22, 1% terminalia, 3 individual rearings (2 p); (VIII-1966, Chaliou), 19,

Huang: Aedes Stegomyia) in Southeast Asia 43

1 individual rearing (1 p). Suvat Thani: Ko Samui (X-1967, Kol & team), 19,

1 individual rearing (1 p); (XII-1968, Kol & team), 292, 2 individual rearings

(2 p). Lampang: Ban Rai Na Dieo (V-1968, Harrison & team), 30, 49, 3c

terminalia, 2 L, 9 individual rearings (11, 9 p); (V-1968, Harrison & Sumeth),

10°, 19, 1° terminalia, 2 individual rearings (11, 2 p); (V-1968, Somboon),

22, 1L, 2 individual rearings (2 p); (V-1968, Somboon & Kol), 1 L; (V-1968,

Kol), 40%, 12, 4 terminalia, 5 individual rearings (11, 5 p); Doi Pha Huat

(V-1968, Kol), 1°, 1% terminalia, 1 individual rearing (1 p); (V-1968, Harri-

son & team), 52; Huai Not (V-1968, Harrison & team), 1 L; Ban Pang La (V-

1968, Harrison & team), 1°, 1° terminalia, 1 individual rearing (1 p). Pvra-

chin Buri: Khao Chang Chalut (VIII-1971, SEATO), 72. Chiang Mai: Huai

Phrao (IV-1970, Kol & team), 1°, 69, 1° terminalia, 7 individual rearings

(3 1, 7p); Ban Pang Kwang (VI-1970, Kol & team), 29, 2 individual rearings

(1 p); (VII-1970, Chaliou & Anun), 30°, 30 terminalia, 3 individual rearings

(11, 2 p); (VI-1970, Chaliou & Anun), 52, 5 progeny rearings: No. (A)- 3c,

2¢, 30 terminalia, 5 individual rearings (51, 5p); No. (B)- 130, 122, 130°

terminalia, 4 L, 25 individual rearings (23 1, 25 p); No. (E)- 90, 242, 20°

terminalia, 5¢ terminalia, 35 individual rearings (351, 35 p); No. (F)- 16¢,

82, 60 terminalia, 21 individual rearings (15 1, 21 p); No. (G)- 17", 2292, 8c

terminalia, 3¢ terminalia, 5 L, 39 individual rearings (39 1, 39 p); (SEATO

Medical Research Laboratory Insectory, Il-1971), 1520, 182°, 21% termin-

alia, 23 L, 334 individual rearings (129 1, 129 p).

TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION. Aedes perplexus is a member of the medio-

punctatus subgroup. The adult differs from all the other members of the

annandalei, desmotes, and w-albus subgroups in having the scutum with the

median longitudinal white stripe broader than usual, extending from the anteri-

or margin, tapering posteriorly and forking at the beginning of the prescutel-

ler space, and the hindtarsus with tarsomere 3 all dark. It is extremely simi-

lar to those of malikuli and mediopunctatus, and is indistinguishable from both

except for the male terminalia.

The male terminalia of perplexus are very similar to those of malikuli and

mediopunctatus in having tergum IX with the middle part produced into the large

rounded lobe, paraproct without ventral arms, and distimere complex, slightly

shorter than basimere, expanded at the base and forked apically, with setae and

spiniform process. They are closer to those of mediopunctatus in having the

claspette with the distal expanded part large and bilobed, but can be distin-

guished by the claspette possessing numerous setae and a distinct stout spine-

like seta on the apicosternal angle of the expanded distal part, and the absence

of several distinctly long and stout setae on the tergal portion; in mediopunc -

tatus the claspette has several distinctly long and stout setae on the tergal

portion of the expanded distal part.

The larva of perplexus is very similar to those of desmotes, malikuli and

mediopunctatus with seta 9-M single, long, stout and barbed; 10, 12-M single,

long, more slender than 9-M, barbed; basal spine of meso- and metapleural

setae long and straight; comb scales in a row, arising from a sclerotized

plate; 1-S inserted beyond last tooth and in line with the teeth. The larva of

perplexus is indistinguishable from that of malikuli and mediopunctatus. It

differs from that of desmotes in having the basal spine of the meso- and

metapleural setae pointed at the tip, and marginal spicules well developed

and conspicuous. In this respect, perplexus is very similar to those of

annandalei and craggi. However, it can easily be distinguished from both by

having 1-S in line with the pecten and inserted beyond the last tooth; marginal

spicules long, each spicule usually pointed at tip; in annandalei and craggi

“4 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 1, 1977

1-S is inserted about the level of, or before last tooth and dorsad of the pecten;

the marginal spicules are stout, each spicule rather short and bluntly rounded

at tip.

The pupa of perplexus is extremely similar to those of annandalet, craggi,

malikuli and mediopunctatus in having seta 1-II well developed, with many

branches and dendritic; 2-IV, V laterad of 1-IV, V. Only the male pupa of

perplexus can be separated from those of annandalei and craggi by having the

male genital lobe short and broad, about as long as wide; in annandalei the

male genital lobe is long and broad, slightly longer than wide and in cvaggi

the male genital lobe has a triangular-shape fold on ventral side. The pupa of

perplexus is indistinguishable from those of malikuli and mediopunctatus.

The immature stages are often found in association with those of albopictus,

desmotes, annandalei, craggiand malikuli in the field. The larva of perplexus

can easily be distinguished from that of albopictus by having comb scales ina

row, arising from a sclerotized plate, whereas albopictus has comb scales in

a row, without a sclerotized plate. The pupa of perplexus, with setae 2-IV, V

laterad of 1-IV, V and 9-VII usually 2-branched (1-2), barbed, can also be dis-

tinguished from that of albopictus which have setae 2-IV, V mesad of 1-IV, V

and 9-VII single, simple. The immature stages of perplexus greatly resemble

those of desmotes, annandalei, craggi and malikuli. The discussion under

desmotes and perplexus deals with this matter.

Aedes perplexus is apparently a common species in the Southeast Asia

area. It is known from Peninsular Malaysia and Thailand.

BIONOMICS. The immature stages of perplexus have been collected

mainly from the stumps and internodes of bamboo in Malaysia and Thailand.

They have also been found in split bamboos, in a bamboo cup, and in holes

from stumps, logs and trees in Thailand. The specimens from Peninsular

Malaysia were found in hilly and mountainous areas, from 90 to 1,210 m, in

bamboo groves and in secondary rain forests. The specimens from Thailand

were found in a mountainous area, about 420 to 620 m, in bamboo groves, in

secondary rain forest and deciduous forests. The females have been taken

biting man in a bamboo grove and in secondary rain forests, from 200 to 600

m, in Selangor and Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia; in deciduous forests and in

a bamboo grove, from 420 to 430 m, in Lampang and Chiang Mai provinces,

Thailand. They have also been taken biting man in Prachin Buri and Kanchana-

buri provinces, Thailand. The immature stages were associated with albo-

pictus, desmotes, annandalei, craggi and malikuli in Thailand.

w-albus subgroup

TAXONOMIC CHARACTERS: ADULT. Head. Palpi with white scales.

Thorax. (1) Dorsocentral and prescutellar bristles absent; (2) scutum with a

white broad longitudinal stripe on either side of midline, reaching from anteri-

or margin to the middle of the scutum and fusing with the antealar white patch;

or scutum with a large median white patch, or 2 lateral white patches, on an-

terior third of scutum; (3) with a patch of broad dark scales on each side of

prescutellar space; (4) hypostigial, subspiracular, postspiracular, prealar

and metameron areas with broad white scales; (5) scutellum with broad white

scales on all lobes. Legs. (1) Knee-spot absent on forefemur, present on

mid- and hindfemora; (2) midfemur with a median white spot on anterior sur-

face; (3) all tibiae anteriorly dark without any white band; (4) hindtarsus with

basal white bands on tarsomeres 1-4, tarsomere 5 with basal white band or

Huang: Aedes Stegomyia) in Southeast Asia 45

all dark. .Male Terminalia. (1) Tergum IX with middle part produced into a

large lobe; (2) paraproct without ventral arms; (3) distimere simple, elongate,

as long as basimere, with a rather long spiniform process near apex. Female

Terminalia. Tergum IX slightly broader than long to slightly longer than

broad, with well developed lateral lobes, each with 3 or 4 setae.

PUPA. Abdomen. (1) Seta 1-II usually well developed, branched, den-

dritic, or 1-II with 2-3 branches; (2) 2-IV, V mesad of 1-IV, V. Male geni-

tal lobe short and broad, about as long as wide to rather long, longer than

wide.

LARVA. Thorax. (1) Seta 9-M with 2-3 branches, barbed; 10, 12-M

single, long, stout and barbed; (2) basal spine of meso- and metapleural

setae rather small and pointed at tip. Segment VIII. Comb scales ina single

row, without a sclerotized plate. Siphon. 1-S inserted beyond last tooth and

in line with the teeth. Anal Segment. Marginal spicules very fine and incon-

Sspicuous.

DISTRIBUTION. Species of this subgroup are found from southwestern

India, eastern Pakistan, Nepal, northeastern India, southern China, Hainan,

Hong Kong, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sula-

wesi, Alor Island, and the Philippines (MAP VI).

TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION. As currently interpreted, the w-albus sub-

group consists of the 2 species and one subspecies gardnerii gardnerii, g.

imitatoy and w-albus. All of these are found within the Southeast Asia area.

On present collection data, one member (. gavdnerii) of the w-albus sub-

group in Southeast Asia occurs in the Indomalayan area and the other 2 (gard-

nerit imitator and w-albus) occur in the Oriental area. Aedes gardnerii imita-

tor is also known to occur in the Indomalayan area (southern Thailand and

Malaya).

The w-albus subgroup combines some of the features of the annandalei and

desmotes subgroups; the adult resembles the annandalei subgroup in having a

patch of broad dark scales on each side of prescutellar space and the desmotes

subgroup in pleural and in scutellar markings. The male terminalia share

some characteristics of the annandalei and mediopunctatus subgroups. The

female terminalia are as of the annandalei and mediopunctatus subgroups.

The pupa recalls the scutellaris group in having seta 2-IV, V mesad of

1-IV, V. The larva resembles the desmotes subgroup in having the marginal

spicules of anal segment very small and inconspicuous.

This subgroup is well differentiated from the other subgroups of the

w-albus group in all stages. However, the pupa and larva proper are extreme-

ly similar to those of the scutellavis group and are extremely difficult or im-

possible to distinguish.

Theobald (1907) described argenteomaculata from Narcondam Island (130

km from the Andaman Islands). The type of avrgenteomaculata, a single female

in the BMNH, is in very poor condition and specific identification is impossible.

Thus, the true identity of this species cannot be ascertained until material

from Narcondam Island becomes available.

Stegomyia imitator was originally described by Leicester (1908a: 89) from

Kuala Lumpur, Malaya as a distinct species. The adult of imitator is ex-

tremely variable, particularly in ornamentation of the vertex, scutum and

hindleg. It is the most variable and widespread member of the w-albus sub-

group. Asaresult, it has several synonyms. However, if topotypic material

of argenteomaculata from Narcondam Island becomes available, it may well

prove that imitator is a synonym, and the name argenteomaculata will then have

to replace imitator.

46 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 1,-1977

Ludlow (1905a) described gardnerii species from the Philippines. Although

imitator (Leicester) can easily be distinguished from that of gardnerii (Ludlow)

by the scutal markings (the scutum has a large median white patch, or 2 lateral

white patches, on the anterior third of the scutum, whereas in gardnerii the

scutum has a white broad longitudinal stripe on either side of midline, reach-

ing from anterior margin to the middle of the scutum and fusing with the ante-

alar white patch), the male terminalia of the 2 species are apparently identi-

cal. Based on the present collection data, this adult external morphological

character (the scutal markings) seems to be geographically variable. There-

fore, I have here followed Mattingly (1965) in considering imiiator as a sub-

species of gardnerii.

BIONOMICS. Larvae and pupae are usually found in tree holes, log holes,

bamboo stumps and bamboo cups. The females bite man. The immature

stages are associated with the albopictus subgroup of the scutellavis group.

AEDES STEGOMYIA) GARDNERII GARDNERII (LUDLOW)

(Figs. 17C, D; 18B, D; 21B; 29; 30; 31)

Stegomyia gardnerii Ludlow 1905a: 99 (“, ).

Quasistegomyia gardnerii Ludlow, Theobald 1907: 168 (different combination).

Aedes Stegomyia) gardineri Ludlow, Edwards 1922: 464 (lapsus).

Aedes (SStegomyia) gardnerii (Ludlow), Dyar 1920: 182 (“); Dyar and Shannon

1925: 75: Bonne-Wepster and Brug 1932: 105 (%, 2); Brug 1939: 104 (o*);

Knight and Hull 1952: 172 (**, 9, L)(designated lectotype); Mattingly 1965:

See eee Ls.

MALE. Head. Proboscis dark scaled, with some pale scales on ventral

side, slightly longer than forefemur; palpus dark, longer than proboscis, with

white basal band on each of segments 2-5; those on segments 4, 5 incomplete

dorsally; segments 4,5 subequal, slender, upturned, and with only a few short

setae; antenna plumose, shorter than proboscis; clypeus bare; torus covered

with white scales except on dorsal side; decumbent scales of vertex all broad

and flat; erect forked scales dark, not numerous, restricted to occiput; ver-

tex with a median stripe of broad white scales, with broad dark ones on each

side interrupted by a lateral stripe of broad white scales followed by a patch

of white broad scales ventrally. Thorax.(Figs. 17C, D). Scutum with narrow

dark scales and a white broad stripe of narrow scales on either side of mid-

line, the broad white stripe reaches from anterior margin to the middle of the

scutum; sometimes a few white narrow scales on the anterior prescutal area;

an antealar patch of narrow white scales present and fusing with the white

broad stripe; a posterior dorsocentral white line which reaches to the middle

of the scutum and fusing with the white broad stripe; prescutellar space sur-

rounded by white narrow scales which continue forward for a short distance;

a patch of broad dark scales on each side of the prescutellar space, between

the prescutellar white line and the posterior dorsocentral white line; a patch

of broad dark scales over the wing root and toward scutellum; acrostichal and

dorsocentral bristles absent; prescutellar bristles absent; scutellum with

broad white scales on all lobes; anterior pronotum with broad white scales;

posterior pronotum with broad white scales and some dark similar ones dor-

sally; paratergite with broad white scales; patches of broad white scales on

propleuron, on the hypostigial, subspiracular, postspiracular and prealar

areas, on the upper and lower portions of sternopleuron and on the mesepimer-

Huang: Aedes (Stegomyia) in Southeast Asia 47

on; upper sternopleural scale patch connected with the prealar scale patch;

lower mesepimeron without bristles; metameron with broad white scales.

Wing. With dark scales on all veins except for a minute basal spot of white

scales onthe costa; cell Ro 1. 5timesas longas R943: Halter. Withdark scales.

Legs. Coxae with patches of white scales; knee-spot absent on forefemur,

present on mid- and hindfemora; forefemur anteriorly dark except for a baso-

ventral white line; midfemur with a median white spot on anterior surface;

hindfemur anteriorly with basal 0.67 white, a dark triangular patch present

which separates the basal white stripe from the apical white scale patch except

on ventral side; sometimes hindfemur with a completed dark band instead of a

triangular dark patch which separates the basal white stripe from the apical

white scale patch; all tibiae anteriorly dark, without any white band; fore-

and midtarsi with basal white bands on tarsomeres 1, 2; hindtarsus with basal

white bands on tarsomeres 1-5; the ratio of the length of white band to the

total length of tarsomere is 0.33, 0.40, 0.40, 0.50 and 0.50; fore- and midlegs

with tarsal claws unequal, all toothed; hindleg with tarsal claws equal, simple.

Abdomen. Segment I with white scales on laterotergite; terga II-VI with basal

lateral white spots; terga III- VI each with a basal white band which is not con-

nected with the lateral spots; sometimes tergum III with basal lateral white

spots only; tergum VII with lateral white spots only or sometimes tergum VII

with basal white band as well; sterna II-III largely covered with white scales;

sterna IV-VI with basal white bands; sternum VIII largely covered with white

scales. Terminalia (Fig. 29C). Basimere about 3 times as long as wide,

greatly swollen on the basal half of the ventral side; its scales restricted to

dorsolateral, lateral and ventral areas; with a patch of setae on the basomesal

area of dorsal surface; claspette with numerous setae on the expanded distal

part and occupying about half of it; with a small median mesally directed pro-

jection which bears one large seta and with 4 smaller setae near to it; disti-

mere simple, elongate, as long as basimere; with a spiniform process and a

few setae near apex; aedeagus with a distinct sclerotized lateral toothed plate

on each side; paraproct without ventral arms; cercal setae absent; tergum IX

with middle part produced into a large lobe and with a small hairy lobe on each

side.

FEMALE. Essentially as in the male, differing in the following respects:

Head (Fig. 18B). Palpus 4-segmented, about 0.25 of proboscis, with white

scales on less than apical half. Legs. Midtarsomere 3 sometimes with a small

basal white band; hindtarsomere 4 with basal at least 0.75 white, tarsomere

) with basal at least 0.60 white; fore- and midlegs with tarsal claws equal, all

toothed. Abdomen. Terga III-VII each with basal lateral white spots and basal

white band which is not connected with the lateral spots; segment VIII complete-

ly retracted. Terminalia (Figs. 18D, 31). Sternum VIII with a deep U-shaped

notch at middle and with conspicuous rounded lateral lobes; insula longer than

broad, with minute setae and with 6 (4-6) larger ones on apical 0.33-0. 50;

tergum IX with well developed lateral lobes, each with 3 or 4 setae; postgeni-

tal plate with shallow notch; cerci short and broad; 3 spermathecae, one larger

than the other 2.

PUPA (Figs. 29A, B). Cephalothorax. Trumpet short, about 3 times as

long as wide at the middle; seta 1, 3-C single, longer than 2-C; 2-C single;

4-C usually double (1-2); 5-C usually double (1-3); 6-C single, shorter than

7-C; 7-C single; 10-C with 2-5 branches, mesad and caudad of 11-C, 11-C

single, stout. Abdomen. Seta 1-I well developed, with more than 10 branches,

dendritic; 2-I single; 3-I single, long; 2, 3-I not widely separated, distance

between them same as distance between 4, 5-I; 1-II branched, dendritic; 2-II

48 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 1, 1977

laterad of 3-II; 2-IV, V mesad of 1-IV, V; 1-III usually with 4 branches (3-5);

1-IV usually with 3 branches (2-4); 3-II, II single, shorter than segment III;

o-IV-VI single, short, not reaching beyond posterior margin of following seg-

ment; 9-I-VI small, single, simple; 9-VII, VIII much longer and stouter than

preceding ones; 9-VII usually single, simple; 9-VIII usually single (1-2) and

barbed, reaching beyond fringe of paddle. Paddle. Margins with fringe; seta

1-P single.

LARVA (Fig. 30). Head. Antenna 0.5 length of head, without spicules; 1-A

inserted near middle of shaft, single, small, spine-like; inner mouth brushes

pectinate at tip; seta 4-C well developed, with 6-10 branches, closer to 6-C

than 5-C, cephalad and mesad of 6-C; 5-C single, long; 6-C double; 7-C usually

with 2 branches (2-3); 8, 9 and 13-C single; 10-C usually with 2 branches (1-2);

11-C with 3 branches; 12-C with 2-4 branches; 14-C with 2-3 branches; 15-C

usually with 2 branches (2-6); mentum with 9-10 teeth on each side. Thorax.

Seta 1-P usually 3-branched; 2-P single; 3-P double; 4-P with 3 branches; 9-P >

single; 6-P usually single (1-2); 7-P usually double; 9-P single; 11-P single;

14-P 3-branched; 5, 7-M single; 6-M 3-branched; 8-M with 4-5 branches; 9-M

usually with 3 branches (2-3); 10, 12-M single, long, stout; 11-M single,

small; 7-T with 4-6 branches; 9-T usually with 2 branches (2-3); 10, 11-T

similar to those on mesothorax; 12-T much reduced. Abdomen. Seta 6-I, I

usually with 3 branches (3-4); 7-I usually single (1-2); 7-II usually double

(2-3); 6-II[-V 2-branched; 7-III with 3 branches; 6-VI single; 4-I, Il with 2-3

branches; 1-VII usually with 3 branches (2-4); 2-VII single; comb of 6-10

scales in a single row, each scale with fine denticles at the base of the apical

spine; 2-VIII distant from 1-VIII; 1, 5-VIII with 3-4 branches; 3-VIII with 4-6

branches; 2, 4-VIII single; saddle incomplete; marginal spicules very fine and

inconspicuous; 1-X 2-branched; 2-X 2-branched; 3-X single; ventral brush with

4 pairs of setae on grid, each seta single; 4d-X very small and no bars; no

precratal tufts; anal papillae about 2.5 times as long as saddle, sausage-lLike.

Siphon. Short, about 2.4 times as long as wide, acus absent; 4-12 pecten

teeth, evenly spaced, each tooth with 1-4 basal denticles; 1-S with 2-4 bran-

ches, inserted beyond last tooth and in line with the teeth;

TYPE-DATA. Stegomyia gardnerii Ludlow, 1 cotype male, designated

lectotype by Knight and Hull (1952) in USNM; type-locality: Bulacao, Mindoro,

PHILIPPINES, (Gardner). Paratypes: 1 male, 3 females, Bulacao, Mindoro,

PHILIPPINES (Gardner), in USNM.

DISTRIBUTION. 494 specimens examined: 1470, 150%, 39° terminalia,

162 terminalia, 3 L, 83 individual rearings (56 1, 83 p).

INDONESIA. Sulawesi: Kalawara (I-IJ-1937, S. L. Brug), 4%, 39, 3c

terminalia, Alor I.: Idagoe (III-1926, Van Beek), 19.

MALAYSIA. Malaysia: Sabah - Kudat (VI-1966), 12; Pulau Banggi (V-

1970, Ramalingam team), 2°, 69, 1% terminalia, 22 terminalia, 3 individual

rearings (3 1, 3 p); Kota Belud (IV-1970, Ramalingam team), 192; Tuaran (IV-

1970, Ramalingam team), 12; Tambunan (IV-1970, Ramalingam team), 80,

5%, 40° terminalia, 2° terminalia, 3 L, 4 individual rearings (31, 4 p); Tenom

(IV-1970, Ramalingam team), 10°, 3°, 1% terminalia, 12 terminalia, 1 indi-

vidual rearing (1 p); Mt. Kinabalu (III-1970, Ramalingam team), 19.

PHILIPPINES. Luzon: (V-VI-1945), 40°, 39, 20 terminalia; Subic Bay

(VI-1945, Rozeboom, Knight & Laffoon), 1“, 42, 1° terminalia; (VII-1964,

R. T. Holway), 32; La Union - Saragosa (VI-1945, A. B. Gurney), 59; San

Fernando (1945, A. B. Gurney), 22; Balaoan (VI-1945, A. B. Gurney), 2°,

2°; Calongboyan (VI-1945, A. B. Gurney), 20°, 12; Camansi (VII-1945, A. B.

Gurney), 1%; Batangas - (VIII-1945, 19th MGL), 1°, 1° terminalia; (X-1968,

Huang: Aedes (Stegomyia) in Southeast Asia 49

Alcasid team), 2°, 12, 3 individual rearings (11, 3 p); Nueva Vizcaya. - Aritao

(VI-1969, Huang & Peyton), 9%, 169, 1% terminalia, 32 terminalia, 25 indivi-

dual rearings (17 1, 25 p); Nueva Ecija - Kaointalan (VI-1969, Huang & Peyton),

20°, 5°, 7 individual rearings (41, 7 p); Mountain Province - Lagawe (VI-1969,

Huang & Peyton), 3%, 49, 7 individual rearings (51, 7p); Laguna - Los Banos

(VII-1914-IN-1915), 20°, 22, 20° terminalia; Pangil (VI-VII-1969, Huang &

Peyton), 190%, 122, 20 terminalia, 3° terminalia, 28 individual rearings (21 1,

28 p). Leyte: Carigara (KI-1944, E. S. Ross), 3%, 2°, 1% terminalia, Cebu:

Toledo (IX-1906, R. C. McGreger), 1°, 1° terminalia. Negros: Or. (VII-

1964, M. Delfinado), 2, 2c’ terminalia. Mindoro: Bulacao (Gardner), 2°,

32; APO 321 (V-VI-1945, E. S. Ross), 500°, 362, 40 terminalia, 2? termin-

alia; San Jose (III-VII-1945, E. S. Ross), 150°, 12°, 80 terminalia, 2° termin-

alia; Oviental - Victoria, Alcate (VII-1969, Huang & Peyton), 1°; Naujan, San

Augustin (VII-1969, Huang & Peyton), 20, 1°, 1° terminalia, 1° terminalia,

3 individual rearings (3 p). Mindanao: San Ramon (1945, Rozeboom, Knight

& Laffoon), 1°, 12. Palawan: (X-1945, 19th MGL), 1°; Puerto Princesa

(1945), 62; (QC. 64.71), 1% terminalia slide only, no adult; Iwahig (XI-1968,

Alcasid team), 1%, 19, 2 individual rearings (21, 2p). Jolo Jolo;: (Maj.

Ewing), 50°, 12, 20’ terminalia. Philippine Islands: (C. S. Banks), 20, 19,

1“ terminalia; (1914, Ludlow), 2°.

REMARKS. Ihave not seen specimens of gardnerii from Soemba (Brug,

1926: 475).

TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION. Aedes g. gardnerii, a member of the w-albus

subgroup, differs from all other taxa in having the scutum with a white broad

longitudinal stripe on either side of midline, reaching from the anterior mar-

gin to the middle of the scutum and fusing with the antealar white patch; with

a patch of broad dark scales on each side of prescutellar space and scutellum

with broad white scales on all lobes. It is very similar to desmotes, a mem-

ber of the desmotes subgroup, in scutal and pleural markings but can easily

be distinguished from it by the patch of broad dark scales on each side of

prescutellar space and by the continuity of the upper sternopleural and prealar

scale patches. It is also very similar to those of annandalei, craggi, gardnevrii

imitator and w-albus with which it shares the patch of broad dark scales on

each side of the prescutellar space. It resembles gardnevii imitator and w-

albus rather than annandalei and craggi in lacking prescutellar bristles,

presence of broad white scales on hypostigial, subspiracular, postspiracular,

prealar and metameron areas, scutellum with broad white scales on all lobes

and midfemur with a median white spot on anterior surface. It can be recog-

nized, however, by the broad white longitudinal stripe on either side of mid-

line, reaching from anterior margin to the middle of the scutum and fusing

with the antealar white patch; in gardnerii imitator and w-albus the scutum has

a large median white patch, or 2 lateral white patches, on the anterior third

of the scutum.

The male terminalia of g. gardnerii are very similar to those of gavdnerii

imitatoy and w-albus in having tergum IX with the middle part produced into a

large lobe, paraproct without ventral arms, and distimere simple, elongate,

as long as basimere, with a spiniform process and a few setae near the apex.

The male terminalia are indistinguishable from those of gardnerii imitator.

They can easily be distinguished from those of w-albus by the numerous setae

on the expanded distal part of the claspette occupying about half of it; in

w-albus the claspette has numerous broad setae on the expanded distal part,

occupying about 0.67 or more of it.

The larva of g. gardnevii is very similar to those of desmotes, gardnevrii

50 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 1, 1977

imitator and w-albus in having the marginal spicules very fine and inconspicu-

ous. It resembles those of gardnerii imitator and w-albus in having the basal

spine of the meso- and metapleural setae rather small and pointed at tip; comb

scales in a single row, without a sclerotized plate and 1-S inserted beyond the

last tooth and in line with the pecten. The larva of g. gavdnerii is indistin-

euishable from that of gardneriiimitater. It differs, however, from that of

w-albus in having the ventral brush with 4d-X single, very small, much smal-

ler than 4a, b, c-X and no bars; in w-albus 4d-X is well developed, single and

has bars.

The pupa of g. gardnerii is very similar to those of gardnerii imitator and

w-albus in having seta 2-IV, V mesad of 1-IV, V. It is closer to that of

gardnevrii imitator than to that of w-albus with seta 1-II usually well developed,

branched and dendritic. The pupa of g. gardnevii is indistinguishable from

that of gardnerii imitator. It can be separated from that of w-albus with seta

9-I-VI small, single, simple; in w-albus 9-I, Il are small, nce simple

and 9-III-VI are strongly developed, thickened.

Aedes g. gardnerii, an Indomalayan member of the w-albus subgroup, is

apparently confined to the Eastern part of Indomalayan area. It is presently

known from the Philippines, Sabah, Sulawesi and Alor Island. In Southeast

Asia it is reported here for the first time from Sabah.

BIONOMICS. The immature stages of g. garvdnerii have been collected in

tree holes and bamboo stumps in the Philippines, Sabah and Sulawesi. Baisas

(1974) noted that g. gardnerii was usually found in bamboos and the adults were

probably zoophilic at Subic Bay Naval Reservation, the Philippines.

AEDES (SSTEGOMYIA) GARDNERII IMITATOR (LEICESTER)

(Figs. 32A, B)

Stegomyia imitator Leicester 1908a: 89 (9).

?Stegomyia argenteomaculata Theobald 1907: 184 (9).

Stegomyia minutissima Theobald 1910a: 9 (¢). NEW SYNONYMY.

Aedes (Stegomyia) christianus Dyar 1921: 148 (o, 9).

Stegomyia indosinensis Borel 1928: 93 (“, 2). NEW SYNONYMY.

Aedes (Stegomyia) gardnevii imitator (Leicester), Mattingly 1965: 36 (o*, 2*,

P*, L)(designated imitator cotype ¢, as lectotype; sym niecdienristenis).

MALE. Head. Proboscis dark scaled, with some pale scales on ventral

side, slightly longer than forefemur; palpus dark, longer than proboscis, with

white basal band on each of segments 2-5; those on segments 4, 5 incomplete

dorsally; segments 4,5 subequal, slender, upturned, and with only a few short

setae; antenna plumose, shorter than proboscis; clypeus bare; torus covered

with white scales except on dorsal side; decumbent scales of vertex all broad

and flat; erect forked scales dark, not numerous, restricted to occiput; ver-

tex with a median stripe or a median patch of broad white scales, with broad

dark ones on each side interrupted by a lateral stripe of broad white scales

followed by a patch of white broad scales ventrally. Thorax (Figs. 32A, B).

Scutum with narrow dark scales and a large median white patch of narrow

scales on anterior third of scutum; the scutal median white patch broader

than long, with narrow white scales reaching to the lateral prescutal area

on each side; sometimes the scutal median white patch reduced posteriorly at

middle area; or sometimes the scutal median white patch completely inter-

rupted by narrow dark scales at middle area and formed into 2 lateral white

Huang: Aedes (Stegomyia) in Southeast Asia ol

patches; an antealar white patch present, with narrow white scales mainly and

with some broad white ones on the lateral margin just before the level of the

wing root; antealar white patch extending inward and reaches to dorsocentral

area; sometimes a few narrow white scales on posterior dorsocentral area;

prescutellar space with some narrow white scales which sometimes continue

forwards for a short distance; a patch of broad dark scales on each side of

prescutellar space and a patch of similar scales over the wing root and toward

scutellum; acrostichal and dorsocentral bristles absent; prescutellar bristles

absent; scutellum with broad white scales on all lobes; anterior pronotum with

broad white scales; posterior pronotum with a large patch of broad white scales;

paratergite with broad white scales; patches of broad white scales on the pro-

pleuron, on the hypostigial, subspiracular, postspiracular and prealar areas,

on the upper and lower portions of sternopleuron and on the mesepimeron; upper

sternopleural scale patch connected with the prealar scale patch; lower mese-

pimeron without bristles; metameron with broad white scales. Wing. With

dark scales on all veins except for a minute basal spot of white scales on the

costa; cell Ro 1.5 times as long as Ro,9. Halter. With dark scales. Legs.

Coxae with patches of white scales; knee-spot absent on forefemur, present on

mid- and hindfemura; forefemur anteriorly dark except for a basoventral white

line; midfemur with a median white spot on anterior surface; hindfemur anteri-

orly with basal 0.67-0.75 white, a dark band separates the basal white stripe

from the apical white scale patch; sometimes hindfemur with a dark triangular

patch instead of a completed dark band which separates the basal white stripe

from the apical white scale patch except on the ventral side; all tibiae anteri-

orly dark, without any white band; fore- and midtarsi with basal white bands

on tarsomeres 1,2; hindtarsus with basal white bands on tarsomeres 1-95; the

ratio of the length of white band to the total length of tarsomere is 0.25, 0.33,

0.33. 0.33-0.50 and 0.33-0.50; sometimes tarsomere 5 all dark; fore- and

midlegs with tarsal claws unequal, all toothed; hindleg with tarsal claws equal,

simple. Abdomen. Segment I with white scales on laterotergite; terga H-VI

with basal lateral white spots; terga IV-VI each with a basal white band which

is not connected with the lateral spots; tergum VII with lateral white spots only

or sometimes tergum VII with basal white band as well; sterna II-III largely

covered with white scales; sterna IV-VI with basal white bands; sternum VIII

largely covered with white scales. Tervminalia. Basimere about 3 times as

long as wide, greatly swollen on the basal half of ventral side; its scales re-

stricted to dorsolateral, lateral and ventral areas; with a patch of setae on

the basomesal area of dorsal surface; claspette with numerous setae on the

expanded distal part and occupying about half of it; with a small median me-

sally directed projection which bears one large seta and with 3 or 4 smaller

setae near to it; distimere simple, elongate, as long as basimere; with a

spiniform process and a few setae near apex; aedeagus with a distinct sclero-

tized lateral toothed plate on each side; paraproct without ventral arms; cer-

cal setae absent; tergum IX with middle part produced into a large lobe and

with a small hairy lobe on each side.

FEMALE. Essentially as in the male, differing in the following respects:

Head, Palpus 4-segmented, about 0.25 of proboscis, with white scales on

less than apical half. Thorax. Posterior pronotum with broad white scales

and some dark similar ones dorsally, or sometimes as in the male. Legs.

Midtarsomere 3 sometimes with basal white band; hindtarsus with basal white

bands on tarsomeres 1-5; the ratio of the length of white band to the total

length of tarsomere is 0.25-0.33, 0.33-0.40, 0.33-0.50, 0.50-0.75 and 0. 33-

0.67; fore- and midlegs with tarsal claws equal, all toothed. Abdomen. Terga

52 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 1, 1977

IV-VII each with basal lateral white spots and basal white band which is not

connected with the lateral spots; sometimes tergum III with basal white band

as well; segment VIII completely retracted. Terminalia. Sternum VIII with

a deep U-shaped notch at middle and with conspicuous rounded lateral lobes;

insula longer than broad, with minute setae and with 6(4-6) larger ones on

apical 0.33-0.50; tergum IX with well developed lateral lobes, each with 3 or

4 setae; postgenital plate with shallow notch; cerci short and broad; 3 sper-

mathecae, one larger than the other 2.

PUPA. Cephalothorax. Trumpet short, about 2.6 times as long as wide

at the middle; seta 1, 3-C single, longer than 2-C; 2-C single; 4-C usually

single (1-2); 5-C usually single (1-3); 6-C single, shorter than 7-C; 7-C usually

single (1-2); 10-C usually single (1-3), mesad and caudad of 11-C; 11-C single,

stout. Abdomen. Seta 1-I well developed, with more than 10 branches, den-

dritic; 2-I single; 3-I single, long; 2, 3-I not widely separated, distance be-

tween them same as distance between 4, 9-I; 1-II branched, dendritic; 2-II

mesad of 3-II; 2-IV, V mesad of 1-IV, V; 1-III usually with 2-3 branches; 1-IV

usually with 1-2 branches; 3-II, II single, shorter than segment III; 5-IV-VI

single, short, not reaching beyond posterior margin of following segment;

9-I-VI small, single, simple; 9-VII, VIII much longer and stouter than pre-

ceding ones; 9-VII usually single, simple; 9-VIII usually single (1-2) and

barbed, reaching beyond fringe of paddle. Paddle. Margins with fringe; seta

1-P single.

LARVA. Head, Antenna 0.5 length of head, without spicules; 1-A inserted

near middle of shaft, single, small, spine-like; inner mouth brushes pectinate

at tip; seta 4-C well developed, with 8-12 branches, closer to 6-C than 5-C,

cephalad and mesad of 6-C; 5-C single, long; 6-C usually single (1-2); 7-C

usually with 2 branches (2-3); 8, 9 and 13-C single; 10-C usually double (1-2);

11-C usually with 2 branches (1-3); 12-C with 2-4 branches; 14-C usually

double (2-3); 15-C usually with 2 branches (2-4); mentum with 9-10 teeth on

each side. Thorax, Seta 1-P usually 3-branched; 2-P single; 3-P double;

4-P with 3 branches; 5-P single; 6-P usually single (1-2); 7-P usually double;

9-P usually single (1-2); 11-P single; 14-P with 2-3 branches; 5, 7-M single;

6-M with 2-3 branches; 8-M with 4-5 branches; 9-M usually with 2 branches

(2-3); 10, 12-M single, long, stout; 11-M usually single (1-2), small; 7-T

with 3-6 branches; 9-T usually with 2 branches (1-3); 10, 11-T similar to

those on mesothorax; 12-T much reduced. Abdomen. Seta 6-I, Il usually with

3 branches (3-4); 7-I usually double (1-2); 7-II usually double (2-3); 6-III-V

2-branched; 7-III with 2 branches; 6-VI single; 4-I, II with 3-4 branches; 1-VII

usually double (2-3); 2-VII single; comb of 5-9 scales in a single row, each

scale with fine denticles at the base of the apical spine; 2- VIII distant from

1-VIII; 1, 5-VII with 2-4 branches; 3-VIII with 3-6 branches; 2, 4-VIII single;

saddle incomplete; marginal spicules very fine and inconspicuous; 1-X

2-branched; 2-X 2-branched; 3-X single; ventral brush with 4 pairs of setae on

erid, each seta single; 4d-X very small and no bars; no precratal tufts; anal

papillae about 3 times as long as saddle, sausage-like. Siphon. Short about

2.4 times as long as wide, acus absent; 5-16 pecten teeth, evenly spaced,

each tooth with 1-4 basal denticles; 1-S with 2-4 branches, inserted beyond

last tooth and in line with the teeth.

TYPE-DATA. Stegomyia imitator Leicester, 1 cotype female (No. 62),

selected by P. F. Mattingly, 5-VII-1963 as lectotype, in BMNH; type-locality:

Jungle 5 miles from Kuala Lumpur, Selangor, MALAYSIA, 11-II-1904 (G. F.

Leicester). Stegomyia argenteomaculata Theobald, type-female in BMNH; type-

locality: Narcondam I. (80 miles from Andaman and Nicobar Islands), Bay of

Huang: Aedes (Stegomyia) in Southeast Asia o3

Bengal, [IX-1905 (G. Rogers), Stegomyia minutissima Theobald, type-female

in Zoological Survey of India, Indian Museum, Calcutta, India; type-locality:

Sukna (500 feet base of E. Himalayas), Darjeeling District, West Bengal,

INDIA, VII-1908 (Annandale). Aedes christianus Dyar, lectotype male

(selected by Stone and Knight, 1956), lectotype male terminalia mounted on

slide in USNM; type-locality: Canton, CHINA, 3-IV-1920 (C. W. Howard).

Paratypes: 1 male, 1 female, with same data as lectotype, in USNM. Stego-

myia indosinensis Borel, type-male and female non-existent; type-locality:

Indochina.

DISTRIBUTION. 329 specimens examined: 81°, 949, 590° terminalia, 6°

terminalia, 22 L, 40 individual rearings (271, 40 p).

CAMBODIA. Kandal: Phnom-Penh (V-VII-1967, J. M. Klein), 3c, 59,

30 terminalia; Chrui Chang War (XI-1967, J. M. Klein), 1%, 1% terminalia.

Kompong Speu: (VII-1967, J. M. Klein), 1%, 12, 1° terminalia. "Ari

Gsatr" (V-1967, M. Delfinado), 1°.

CHINA. Kwangtung: Canton (IV-1920, C. W. Howard), 20%, 19, 1¢° termin-

alia. Hainan: (1934), 17°, 16%, 40% terminalia.

HONG KONG. Hong Kong: (VII-1935, R. B. Jackson), 22. New Terri-

tories: Taipokau (VIII-1965, Lee K. M. & Hui W. M.), 1°.

INDIA. Bengal: Darjeeling Dist. - Sukna (I1I-1967, S. Ramalingam, E. S.

Abraham & E. D. Abraham), 2°, 20° terminalia. Bihar: Purnea (IV-1967,

S. Ramalingam & E. D. Abraham), 2°, 20% terminalia.

MALAYSIA. Peninsular Malaysia: Negri Sembilan - Port Dickson (VII-

1958, W. W. Macdonald), 70, 119, 50° terminalia; Selangor - Athlone Estate

(X-1954), 12; Rantau Panjang (I-1959), 1%, 1o° terminalia; Kuala Lumpur - (II-

1904, G. F. Leicester), 12; (Dr. A. T. Stanton), 1%, 19, 10° terminalia; (IV-

1968, A. Ganapathipillai), 180°, 189, 180° terminalia, 6% terminalia, 20 L, 16

individual rearings (16 1, 16 p).

NEPAL. Hetaura, 2,000 ft. (I-V-1955, W. Peters), 1°, 1% terminalia.

THAILAND. Ang Thong: Ban Chawai (IV-1969, Kol & team), 19, 1 indivi-

dual rearing (11, 1 p); Ban in Pra Nun (IV-1969, Kol & team), 1, 1 individual

rearing (11, 1p); Ban Bang Chao Cha (IV-1969, Kol & team), 20°, 12, 1° ter-

minalia, 3 individual rearings (21, 3 p). Ayutthaya: Ban Lau (VI-1963, Kol),

10°, 10° terminalia. Chiang Mai: (I-1953, D. C. & E. B. Thurman), 1°, 1¢

terminalia; Doi Sutep (1962-1963), 20°, 22, 10° terminalia; (1963), 40°, 5¢; Ban

Chang Khian (III-1970, Kol & team), 1°, 1° terminalia, 1 individual rearing

(1 p). Chon Buri: (VIII-1963, Dr. Udaya team), 12; Bang Phra (IX-1968,

Sanit), 10°, 1% terminalia, 1 individual rearing (1 p). Khon Kaen: Phuwiang

(VII-1966, Chaliou), 1°, 1° terminalia, 1 individual rearing (1 p). Lampang:

(1968, SEATO), 12; Ban Pha Huat (V-1968, SEATO), 1 L; Ban Rai Na Dieo

(V-1968, Harrison & team), 2°, 192, 20 terminalia, 3 individual rearings (3 p);

Ban Pang La (V-1968, Somboon), 3°, 1 L, 1 individual rearing (1 p); Ban Nong

Hiang (V-1968, Sumeth), 2°, 20 terminalia, 2 individual rearings (2 p).

Lamphun: (VII-1952, D. C. Thurman, Jr.), 52, Nakhon Nayok: (VI-1964,

Kol, Sumeth & Chalong), 12. Nakhon Sawan: Ban-Ko (X-1968, Kol & team),

12; Ban Kaeng (XI-1968, Kol & team), 1°; Ban Tak Hian Luan (XI-1968, Kol &

team), 20, 12, 2% terminalia, 3 individual rearings (3 1, 3 p); Ban Nua Sathani

(XI-1968, Kol & team), 10°, 39, 1° terminalia, 3 individual rearings (3 1, 3 p).

Prachuap Khiri Khan: Bo-Pia (IV-1968, Kol), 12. Surat Thani: Koh - Samui

- Klong Ban Kwiau (XII-1968, Kol & team), 12; Ban Phang Ka (XII-1968-I-1969,

Kol & team), 30°, 19, 30° terminalia, 4 individual rearings (11, 4p). Udon

Thani: Ban Kau Noi (X-1962, Sripong), 19; (VII- VOI-1963, Pravet), 2°. Siam:

(VII-1933, O. R. Causey), 1%, 1% terminalia.

54 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 1, 1977

_ VIETNAM. Darlac: Ban Me Thuot (V-1960, L. W. Quate), 1%, 1° ter-

minalia. Pleiku: (XI-1966, R. Hochman), 19.

REMARKS. I have not seen specimens of gavdnerii imitator from Poeloch

Weh (as w-albus Brug, 1926: 475).

TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION. Aedes gardnerii imitator, a member of the

w-albus subgroup, has the prescutellar bristles absent and midfemur with a

median white spot on the anterior surface, and can thus easily be distinguished

from all other taxa except g. gardnerii and w-albus. The adult of gardnevii

wmitator resembles that of annandalei, craggi and w-albus in having the scutum

with a large median white patch and a patch of broad dark scales on each side

of the prescutellar space. It is closer to that of w-albus than to those of annan-

dalei and cvaggi, having the scutum with a large median white patch, or 2

lateral white patches, on the anterior third of the scutum, hypostigial, sub-

spiracular, postspiracular, prealar and metameron areas with broad white

scales, scutellum with broad white scales on all lobes, and midfemur with a

median white spot on anterior surface. It differs from that of w-albus by

having the scutal median white patch broader than long, with narrow white

scales reaching to the lateral prescutal area on each side; antealar white patch

with narrow white scales mainly and with some broad white ones on the lateral

margin just before the level of the wing root; in w-albus the scutal median

white patch is rather narrow and long and antealar white patch has all narrow

white scales. The adult of gardnerii imitator is also very similar to that of

g&. gavdnerii, an Indomalayan subspecies of the w-albus subgroup, in all

respects except for the scutal markings. It can, however, easily be distin-

guished from g. gardnevii in having the scutum with a large median white

patch, or 2 lateral white patches, on the anterior third of scutum, whereas in

gardnerii the scutum has a white broad longitudinal stripe on either side of

midline, reaching from the anterior margin to the middle of the scutum and

fusing with the antealar white patch. :

The male terminalia of gardnerii imitator are very similar to those of

& gardnerit and w-albus. They are indistinguishable from those of g. gardnervii,

but can easily be distinguished from those of w-albus in having the claspette with

numerous setae on the expanded distal part and occupying about half of it.

The larva of gardnerii imitatory is indistinguishable from that of g. gardnervii,

but can be separated from that of w-albus by having 4d-X single, very small,

much smaller than 4a, b, c-X and no bars. The pupa of gardnevrii imitator is

also indistinguishable from that of g. gardnerii, but can be distinguished from

that of w-albus by seta 1-II usually well developed, branched and dendritic,

and 9-I-VI small, single, simple.

The immature stages greatly resemble those of albopictus and since the 2

often occur in the same breeding places, care must be taken in identification.

The larva of gardnerii imitator can be distinguished from that of albopictus by

having 4d-X which is single, very small, much smaller than 4a, b, c-X and

without bars, whereas in albopictus 4d-X is well developed, single and with

bars. The pupa of gardnerii imitator can be distinguished from that of albo-

pictus only in the male which has the genital lobe rather long and broad, longer

than wide, whereas in albopictus the male genital lobe is short and broad, as

long as wide. The immature stages are also found in association with those of

w-albus in the field. Thus, great care must be taken in identifying them. The

discussion under w-albus deals with this matter.

The type of argenteomaculata, a single female, from Narcondam Island

(128 km from the Andaman and Nicobar islands), in the BMNH, is in very poor

condition and its true identity cannot be ascertained until material from

Huang: Aedes (Stegomyia) in Southeast Asia 00

Narcodam Island becomes available.

Aedes gardnerii imitator is apparently a common species in the Oriental

area and extends into the western part of the Indomalayan area. It is present-

ly known from Nepal, northeastern India, southern China, Hainan, Hong Kong,

Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam and Peninsular Malaysia (Malaya). In Southeast

Asia it is reported here for the first time from Hong Kong and Cambodia (Kan-

dal, Kompong, Speu).

Due to the lack of specimens from certain important areas, the taxonomic

status of imitatoy and the problem as to whether or not it may be conspecific

with or specifically distinct from gardnerii can not be definitely determined.

For the present, I regard imitator as a subspecies of gardnerii on the basis

of the scutal markings, the only character that imitator can be distinguished

from gardneriias described above. This morphological character seems to

be geographically variable. Specimens of the w-albus subgroup from parts of

the Indomalayan area such as Sarawak and Kalimantan, which are absent in all

collections, are essential in determining the taxonomic status of this form.

BIONOMICS. The immature stages of gardnerii imitator have been col-

lected mainly in log holes and bamboo cups in Thailand and from a tree hole

in India. They have also been found in a stump hole, a bamboo stump, a bam-

boo pot and in domestic water jars in Thailand. The Malaysian larvae were

obtained from eggs laid by wild caught females in the laboratory. The speci-

mens from India were found in plain and hill areas, about 60-180 m, in secon-

dary rain forest and in bamboo groves. The specimens from Thailand were

found in plain, hill, valley and mountainous areas, about 10-520 m, in secon-

dary deciduous forests and rain forests, in orchard plantations in villages and in

bamboo groves. The females have been taken biting man in secondary for-

ests in mountain area, about 60 m, in Prachuap Khiri Khan Province and in an

orchard plantation in village, in Nakhon Sawan Province, Thailand. They have

also been taken biting man in Chiang Mai, Chon Buri, Kanchanaburi and Udon

Thani provinces, Thailand. The immature stages were often associated

with albopictus and once with w-albus.

AEDES (SSTEGOMYIA) W-ALBUS (THEOBALD)

(Figs. 32C, D; 33; 34; 35)

Stegomyia w-alba Theobald 1905b: 74 (2*).

Stegomyia w-alba Theobald, Barraud 1923: 782 (“*, 2*).

Aedes (Stegomyia) w-albus (Theobald), Edwards 1922: 465; Barraud 1934: 232

(*, 9*); Rajagopalan 1956: 481 (P*, L*).

MALE. Head. Proboscis dark scaled, with some pale scales beneath,

slightly longer than forefemur; palpus dark, longer than proboscis, with white

basal band on each of segments 2-5; those on segments 4, 5 incomplete dor-

sally; segments 4,5 subequal, slender, upturned, and with only a few short

setae; antenna plumose, shorter than proboscis; clypeus bare; torus covered

with white scales except on dorsal side; decumbent scales of vertex all broad

and flat; erect forked scales dark, not numerous, restricted to occiput; ver-

tex with a median stripe of broad white scales, with broad dark ones on each

side interrupted by a lateral stripe of broad white scales followed by a patch

of white broad scales ventrally. Thovax (Figs. 32C, D). Scutum with narrow

dark scales and a large median white patch of narrow scales on anterior third

of scutum; the scutal median white patch rather narrow and long, sometimes

26 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 1, 1977

reduced at middle posteriorly; or sometimes the scutal median white patch

completely interrupted by narrow dark scales at middle area and formed 2

lateral white patches; an antealar white patch present, with all narrow white

scales, extending forward toward scutal angle area and inward toward dorso-

central area; sometimes antealar white patch connected with the scutal white

patch and formed a W-shaped white marking; sometimes a few narrow white

scales on posterior dorsocentral area; prescutellar space with some narrow

white scales; a patch of broad dark scales on each side of prescutellar space

and a patch of similar scales over the wing root and toward scutellum; acro-

stichal and dorsocentral bristles absent; prescutellar bristles absent; scutel-

lum with broad white scales on all lobes; anterior pronotum with broad white

scales; posterior pronotum with broad white scales and some dark ones an-

teriorly and dorsally; paratergite with broad white scales; patches of broad

white scales on propleuron, on the hypostigial, subspiracular, postspiracular

and prealar areas, on the upper and lower portions of sternopleuron and on the

mesepimeron; upper sternopleural scale patch connected with the prealar scale

patch; lower mesepimeron without bristles; metameron with broad white scales.

Wing. With dark scales on all veins except for a minute basal spot of white

scales onthe costa; cell Ro 1. 5timesaslongas R913. Halter. Withdark scales.

Legs. Coxae with patches of white scales; knee-spot absent on forefemur,

present on mid- and hindfemora; forefemur anteriorly dark except for a baso-

ventral white line; midfemur with a median white spot on anterior surface;

hindfemur anteriorly with basal 0.67 white, a dark band separates the basal

white stripe from the apical white scale patch; all tibiae anteriorly dark, with-

out any white band; foretarsus with basal white bands on tarsomeres 1, 2; mid-

tarsus with basal white bands on tarsomeres 1-3; hindtarsus with basal white

bands on tarsomeres 1-4; the ratio of the length of white band to the total length

of tarsomere is 0.33-0.40, 0.40, 0.40-0.50 and 0.67-0.75; tarsomere 5 all

dark, or sometimes tarsomere 5 with basal third white; fore- and midlegs

with tarsal claws unequal, all toothed; hindleg with tarsal claws equal, simple.

Abdomen. Segment I with white scales on laterotergite; terga II-VI with basal

lateral white spots; terga II-VI each with a basal white band which is not con-

nected with the lateral spots; sometimes tergum II with basal white band as

well; tergum VII with lateral white spots only or sometimes tergum VII with

basal white band as well; sternum II largely covered with white scales; sterna

IlI-VI with basal white bands; sternum VIII largely covered with white scales.

Terminalia (Fig. 33C). Basimere about 3 times as long as wide, greatly

swollen on the basal half of ventral side; its scales restricted to dorsolateral,

lateral and ventral areas; with a patch of setae on the basomesal area of dor-

sal surface; claspette with numerous widened setae on the expanded distal part

and occupying about 0.67 or more of it; with a small median mesally directed

projection which bears one large seta and with 3 or 4 smaller setae near to it;

distimere simple, elongate, as long as basimere; with a spiniform process and

a few setae near apex; aedeagus with a distinct sclerotized lateral toothed plate

on each side; paraproct without ventral arms; cercal setae absent; tergum IX

with middle part produced into a large lobe and with a small hairy lobe on

each side.

FEMALE. Essentially as in the male, differing in the following respects:

Head, Palpus 4-segmented, about 0.25 of proboscis, with white scales on

less than apical half. Thorax. Posterior pronotum with a patch of broad

white scales, sometimes mixed with a few narrow white scales anteriorly and

some dark broad scales anteriorly anddorsally. Wing. Cell Ro 2timesaslongas

Roi3- Legs. Hindtarsus with basal white bands on tarsomeres 1-4; the ratio

Huang: Aedes (SStegomyia) in Southeast Asia o7

of the length of white band to the total length of tarsomere is 0.40, 0.50, 0.50

and 0.75-0.83; tarsomere 5 all dark; fore- and midlegs with tarsal claws

equal, all toothed. Abdomen. Terga II-VII each with basal lateral white spots

and basal white band which is not connected with the lateral spots; segment VIII

completely retracted. Tevminalia (Fig. 35). Sternum VIII with a deep U-

shaped notch at middle and with conspicuous rounded lateral lobes; insula longer

than broad, with minute setae and with 4 (4-6) larger ones on apical 0. 33-0. 50;

tergum [X with well developed lateral lobes, each with 3 or 4 setae; postgenital

plate with or without shallow notch; cerci short and broad; 3 spermathecae, one

larger than the other 2.

PUPA. (Figs. 33A, B). Cephalothorax. Trumpet short, about 2.5 times

as long as wide at the middle; seta 1, 3-C single, longer than 2-C; 2-C single;

4-C usually double (2-3); 5-C usually double (2-4); 6-C single, shorter than 7-C;

7-C usually double (1-2); 10-C with 2 branches, mesad and caudad of 11-C;

11-C single, stout. Abdomen. Seta 1-I well developed, with more than 10

branches, dendritic; 2-I single; 3-I single, long; 2, 3-I not widely separated,

distance between them same as distance between 4, 5-I; 1-II with 2 or 3

branches; 2-II mesad of 3-II; 2-IV, V mesad of 1-IV, V; 1-III usually with 2

branches (2-4); 1-IV usually with 2-4 branches; 3-II, III single, shorter than

segment III; 5-IV-VI single, short, not reaching beyond posterior margin of

the following segment; 9-I, II small, single, simple; 9-III- VIII strongly devel-

oped, thickened; 9-VI-VIII much longer and stouter than preceding ones; 9-VI

single, simple; 9-VII usually single, simple; 9-VIII usually single and barbed,

reaching beyond fringe of paddle. Paddle. Margins with fringe; seta 1-P

single.

LARVA (Fig. 34). Head. Antenna 0.5 length of head, without spicules;

1-A inserted near middle of shaft, single, small, spine-like; seta 4-C well

developed, with 8-10 branches, closer to 6-C than 5-C, cephalad and mesad

of 6-C; 5-C single, long; 6-C double; 7-C with 2 branches; 8, 9, 10 and 13-C

single; 11-C with 2-3 branches; 12-C with 3-4 branches; 14-C double; 15-C

with 2-3 branches; mentum with 8 teeth on each side. Thorax. Seta 1-P 3-

branched; 2-P single; 3-P double; 4-P with 6 branches; 5-P single; 6-P single;

7-P double; 9-P single; 11-P single; 14-P 3-branched; 5, 7-M single; 6-M

3-branched; 8-M with 3 branches; 9-M double; 10, 12-M single, long, stout;

11-M single, small; 7-T with 4 branches; 9-T double; 10, 11-T similar to

those on mesothorax; 12-T much reduced. Abdomen. Seta 6-I with 3 branches;

6-II double; 7-I single; 7-II with 4 branches; 6-III-VI single; 7-III with

3 branches; 4-I, Il with 4-5 branches; 1-VII with 3 branches; 2-VII single;

comb of 5-6 scales in a single row, each scale with fine denticles at the base

of the apical spine; 2-VIII distant from 1-VIII; 1, 5-VIII with 2-3 branches;

3-VIII with 4 branches; 2, 4-VIII single; saddle incomplete; marginal spicules

very fine and inconspicuous; 1-X 3-branched; 2-X 2-branched; 3-X single; ven-

tral brush with 4 pairs of setae on grid, each seta single; no precratal tufts.

Siphon, Short, about 1.7 times as long as wide, acus absent; 4-8 pecten teeth,

evenly spaced, each tooth with 1-4 basal denticles; 1-S with 2 branches,

inserted beyond last tooth and in line with the teeth.

TYPE-DATA. Stegomyia w-alba Theobald, type-female in Mayyar Nem-

zeti Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary; type-locality: Matheran, India Orientalia,

1902 (Biro).

DISTRIBUTION. 66 specimens examined: 140, 24°, 120° terminalia, 129

terminalia, 3 individual rearings (11, 3 p).

INDIA. India; (labeled as compared with type), 18. Bombay: (VII-1921,

P, J. Barraud), 3%, 2%, 1% terminalia; (6-VII-1921, P. J. Barraud), 30,

98 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 1, 1977

22, 3c’ terminalia, 1? terminalia.

PAKISTAN. Lahore: (1962, D. J. Gould), 50, 7%, 40 terminalia, 4° ter-

minalia.

THAILAND. Chiang Mai: Chang Kien (VI-1962, Preecha), 1%, 12 ter-

minalia. Khon Kaen: Phuwiang (VII-1966, Chaliou), 1%, 12, 1% terminalia,

12 terminalia, 2 individual rearings (2 p). Lampang: (1968, SEATO), 19, 19

terminalia; Ban Pang La (V-1968, Harrison & Kol), 1% terminalia, 1 indivi-

dual rearing (11, 1p). Lamphun: (IX-1965, L. W. Quate), 1%, 1° termin-

alia. Nakhon Ratchasima: Pak Thong Chai (1963, SEATO), 19, 1¢ termin-

alia. Nakhon Sawan: Khao Luang Nua (XI-1968, Kol & team), 22, 12 termin-

alia. Udon Thani: (VIII-1963, Pravet), 12, 12 terminalia; Ban Nong Bua

(VIII-1963, Pravet), 1%.

VIETNAM. Khanh Hoa: Cam Ranh 4158, 4159, 4162, 4733 (V-VII-1967,

R. Hochman), 1°, 3¢, 1° terminalia, 12 terminalia. Pleiku: Cheo Reo (VII-

1966, 20th PMU), 19.

TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION. Aedes w-albus is a member of the w-albus

subgroup. The adult differs from all the other members of the annandalei,

desmotes, and mediopunctatus subgroups in having prescutellar bristles ab-

sent and the midfemur with a median white spot on the anterior surface. It

is very similar to those of g. garvdnerii and gardnerii imitator, the other

members of the w-albus subgroup, in having the scutum with a patch of broad

dark scales on each side of the prescutellar space; an antealar white patch

present; hypostigial, subspiracular, postspiracular, prealar and metameron

areas with broad white scales and scutellum with broad white scales on all

lobes. However, it can easily be distinguished from that of g. gardnerii by

the presence of a large median white patch, or 2 lateral white patches, on the

anterior third of the scutum; in g. gardnerii the scutum has a white broad longi-

tudinal stripe on either side of midline, reaching from anterior margin to the

middle of the scutum and fusing with the antealar white patch. It can also be

distinguished from that of gardnerii imitator by the diagnostic characters

mentioned under the discussion of that form.

The male terminalia of w-albus are also very similar to those of g.

gardnerii and gardnerii imitator; they can, however, easily be distinguished

from both by the presence of numerous widened setae on the expanded distal

part of the claspette occupying about 0.67 or more of it; in g. gardnerii and

gavdnerii imitator the claspette has numerous setae on the expanded distal

part, occupying about half of it.

The larva of w-albus is very similar to those of g. gardnerii and gardnerii

imitator, it can, however, be distinguished from both by 4d-X which is single,

well developed and with bars; in g. gardneviiand gardnerii imitator 4d-X is

single, very small, much smaller than 4a, b, c-X and without bars. The pupa

of w-albus is also very similar to those of g. gardneriiand gardnerii imitator,

However, it can easily be distinguished from both by seta 1-II which has 2 or

3 branches; 9-I, II which are small, single, simple and 9-III-VI strongly

developed, thickened; in g. gardnerii and gardnerii imitator seta 1-II is well

developed, branched and dendritic and 9-I-VI are small, single, simple.

The immature stages are found in association with those of albopictus and

gavdnerii imitator in the field. The larva of w-albus is indistinguishable from

that of albopictus. The pupa of w-albus can easily be distinguished from that

of albopictus by having seta 9-I, Il, small, single, simple and 9-III-VI strong-

ly developed, thickened, whereas in albopictus has 9-I-VI small, single,

simple. The immature stages of w-albus greatly resemble those of gardnerii

imitator but they can be distinguished by the diagnostic characters mentioned

Huang: Aedes Stegomyia) in Southeast Asia o9

under the discussion of w-albus.

Aedes w-albus is an Oriental species of the w-albus subgroup. It is pre-

sently known from eastern Pakistan, India, Thailand and Vietnam. In South-

east Asia it is reported here for the first time from Thailand (Chiang Mai,

Khon Kaen, Lampang, Lamphun, Nakhon Ratchasima, Nakhon Sawan, Udon

Thani) and Vietnam (Khanh Hoa, Pleiku).

BIONOMICS. The immature stages of w-albus have been collected ina

small tree hole in secondary scrub, in the plains, about 200 m and in a hollow

log on the ground in a mountainous area, about 410 m, in Thailand. The females

have been taken biting man in a garden in Chiang Mai Province and in secon-

dary deciduous forest in a mountainous area, about 700 m in Nakhon Sawan

Province, Thailand. The immature stages were associated with albopictus

and gardnerii imitator.

Bhat (1975) collected adults that were hovering adjacent to and biting humans

indoors and outdoors, and in forest and semiforest environments between

0600 and 2000 hrs. A few adults were also collected while resting indoors and

from forest vegetation in the Himalayan region of Uttar Pradesh, India.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I wish to express my sincere appreciation to Dr. Ronald A. Ward, Dr.

Peter F. Mattingly, Dr. Bruce F. Eldridge, Dr. Douglas J. Gould and Mrs.

Rampa Rattanarithikul for a critical review of the manuscript and for their

valuable comments.

Iam most grateful to Dr. P. F. Mattingly, Department of Entomology,

British Museum (Natural History), London, for the loan of several types and

other material in the British Museum; Dr. M. Sasa, Director, The Institute of

Medical Science, the University of Tokyo, for Yamada's type specimen of

horishensis. The Thailand material from Dr. D. J. Gould and his staff of the

SEATO Medical Research Laboratory, Bangkok; the Philippine material from

Dr. G. L. Alcasid and his staff, Department of Education, National Museum,

Manila; the Malaysian and Indian material from Dr. S. Ramalingam and his

staff, Department of Parasitology, the University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur,

are acknowledged with sincere appreciation. I wish to thank also the follow-

ing institutions for the loan of material: Bernice P. Bishop Museum; United

States National Museum; Field Museum of Natural History; University of Utah;

Johns Hopkins School of Public Health; California Academy of Sciences; Medi-

cal Zoology Laboratory, The Institute for Medical Science, University of Tokyo;

British Museum (Natural History) and the Instituut voor Tropische Hygiene,

Amsterdam.

I also wish to express my gratitude to Mr. Vichai Malikul, for preparing

the drawings; Miss Virginia Ford, for her help in rearing and preparing the

specimens; Mrs. Janet D. Rupp for typing the manuscript for offset reproduc-

tion, and finally to my parents and friends for their kind encouragement.

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 1, 1977

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the Philippine Islands and Angola; with some incidental remarks

upon classification. J. Trop. Med. 7: 365-9.

A note on Aedes aurotaeniatus Edwards (Diptera: Culicidae).

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 72: 281-8.

Lectotype designation for Aedes (Stegomyia) galloisi Yamada

with a note on its assignment to the scutellaris group of species

(Diptera: Culicidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 74: 253-6.

Contributions to the mosquito fauna of Southeast Asia. XIV.

The subgenus Stegomyia of Aedes in Southeast Asia. I - The

scutellaris group of species. Contr. Am. Entomol. Inst.

(Ann Arbor). 9(1): 1-109.

A new species of Aedes Stegomyia) from Thailand and notes

on the mediopunctatus subgroup (Diptera: Culicidae). Proc.

Entomol. Soc. Wash. 75: 224-32.

A redescription of Aedes (Stegomyia) amaltheus de Meillon and

Lavcipierre with a note on its assignment to the aegypti group

of species (Diptera: Culicidae). Mosq. Syst. 6: 27-31.

Lectotype designation for Aedes Stegomyia) chemulpoensis

Yamada with a note on its assignment to the adegypii group of

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 1, 1977

species (Diptera: Culicidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 76:

208-11.

1974c. A new species of Aedes Stegomyia) from the Andaman Islands

(Diptera: Culicidae). Mosq. Syst. 6: 137-41.

KNIGHT, K. L. and W. B. HULL.

1952. The Aedes mosquitoes of the Philippine Islands II. Subgenera

Skusea, Christophersiomyia, Geoskusea, Rhinoskusea, and

Stegomyia (Diptera, Culicidae). Pac. Sci. 6: 157-89.

KOIDZUMI, M.

1918. Onthe Stegomyia mosquitoes of Taiwan (in Japanese). Trans.

Nat. Hist. Soc. Formosa 38: 139-45.

1920. Prophylactic studies on the mosquitoes of Taiwan (in Japanese).

8th Rep. Govt. Inst. Formosa 8: 1-158.

LEICESTER, G. F.

1908a. The Culicidae of Malaya. Stud. Inst. Med. Res. Fed. Malay

States 3(3): 18-261.

1908b. Notes as to the pathogenicity of certain mosquitoes with respect

to Filaria Nocturna and malignant tertian malaria. Stud. Inst.

Med. Res. Fed. Malay States 3(3): 267-9.

Li, F.-S. and 8. -C. wu.

1935. Notes on the morphology of culicine larvae in Hangchow. 1934

Yr. Bk. Bur. Entomol. Hangchow, Chekiang, China (1935).

Yr. Book No. 4: 95-120.

LIEN, 5. °C;

1962. | Non-anopheline mosquitoes of Taiwan: annotated catalog and

bibliography. Pac. Insects 4: 615-49.

LUDLOW, C. S.

1905a. Mosquito notes. - No. 3. Can. Entomol. 37: 94-102.

1905b. Mosquito notes. - (continued) No. 3. Can. Entomol. 37: 129-35.

MATTINGLY, P. F.

1953. The sub-genus Stegomyia (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Ethiopian

region. Il. Distribution of species confined to the East and

South African sub-region. Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.)

Entomol. London 3: 1-65.

1965. The culicine mosquitoes of the Indomalayan Area. Part VI.

Genus Aedes Meigen, subgenus Stegomyia Theobald (Groups A,

Band D). Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), London. 67 p.

RAJAGOPALAN, P. K.

1956. Larva and pupa of Aedes Stegomyia) w-albus Theobald, 1905

(Diptera-Culicidae). Indian J. Med. Res. 44: 481-9.

STONE, A., K. L. KNIGHT and H. STARCKE.

1959. A synoptic catalog of the mosquitoes of the world (Diptera,

Culicidae). Thomas Say Found., Entomol. Soc. Amer.

Washington, D. C. vol. VI, 358 p.

Huang: Aedes Stegomyia) in Southeast Asia 63

THEOBALD, F. V.

1905a.

1905b.

1907.

1910a.

1910b.

YAMADA, S.

1921.

Some new mosquitoes from Ceylon. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.

16: 237-50.

A catalogue of the Culicidae in the Hungarian National Museum

with descriptions of new genera and species. Ann. Mus. Natl.

Hung. 3: 61-119.

A monograph of the Culicidae or mosquitoes. Vol. IV. Br. Mus.

(Nat. Hist.), London. 639 p., 16 pl.

Second report on the collection of Culicidae in the Indian Museum,

Calcutta, with descriptions of new genera and species. Rec.

Indian Mus. 4: 1-33.

A monograph of the Culicidae or mosquitoes. Vol. V, Br. Mus.

(Nat. Hist.), London. 646 p., 6 pl.

Descriptions of ten new species of Aedes found in Japan, with

notes on the relation between some of these mosquitoes and the

larva of Filaria bancrofti Cobbold. Annot. Zool. Jap. 10: 45-81.

64 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 1, 1977

APPENDIX A. PRESENT STATUS OF THE AEDES (SSTEGOMYIA) EDWARDSI

GROUP OF SPECIES

SPECIES STAGES BIOLOGY

Oot Foes. aE

edwardsi . De ee Unknown

robinsoni! Ke KR Larval habitats known

seampi =. Kt. = - - Unknown

tulagiensis} xk a x Larval habitats known

x Stage or sex described and illustrated.

Stage or sex unknown.

Stage or sex described.

South Pacific species.

be TE tl

Huang: Aedes (Stegomyia) in Southeast Asia

APPENDIX B. PRESENT STATUS OF THE AEDES (STEGOMYIA) W-ALBUS

GROUP OF SPECIES

SPECIES

ANNA NDA LEI SUBGROUP

annandalei

craget

DESMOTES SUBGROUP

desmotes

MEDIOPUNCTATUS

SUBGROUP

malikuli

mediopunctatus

perplexus

rhungkiangensis

W-ALBUS SUBGROUP

gardnerii gavdnevit

gardnerit imitator

w-albus

| ee | a

xX*

xXx

xX*

STAGES

xX*

xX *

Stage or sex described and illustrated.

Stage or sex unknown.

Stage or sex described.

BIOLOGY

Larval habitats known

Female bites man

Larval habitats known

Female bites man

Larval habitats known

Female bites man

Larval habitats known

Female bites man

Larval habitats known

Female bites man

Unknown

Larval habitats known

Female bites man

Larval habitats known

Female bites man

66 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 1, 1977

LIST OF MAPS

1. Distribution of the EDWARDSI GROUP.

2. Distribution of the W-ALBUS GROUP.

3. Distribution of the annandalei subgroup.

4. Distribution of the desmotes subgroup.

2. Distribution of the mediopunctatus subgroup.

6. Distribution of the w-albus subgroup.

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Huang: Aedes (Stegomyia) in Southeast Asia 13

LIST OF FIGURES

Aedes Stegomyia) edwardsi (Barraud) A, male adult; B, aedeagus;

C, male terminalia.

Aedes (SStegomyia) edwardsi (Barraud A, B, C, D, female terminalia.

Aedes Stegomyia) edwardsi (Barraud) A, female palpus; B, female head;

C, male hindleg; D, female hindleg;

Aedes Stegomyia) seampi Huang E, female hindleg.

Aedes (Stegomyia) edwardsi (Barraud) A, B, female abdomen; C, thorax;

Aedes Stegomyia) seampi Huang D, E, female abdomen; F, thorax.

Aedes (Sltegomyia) seampi Huang A, B, C, D, female terminalia.

Aedes (Stegomyia) annandalei (Theobald) A, B, pupa; C, male terminalia.

Aedes (SStegomyia) annandalei (Theobald) A, B, C, larva.

Aedes (Stegomyia) annandalei (Theobald) A, B, C, D, female terminalia.

Aedes (Stegomyia) annandalei (Theobald) A, B, thorax;

Aedes (Stegomyia) craggi (Barraud) C, D, thorax.

Aedes (Stegomyia) annandalei (Theobald) A, female terminalia; B, claspette;

Aedes Stegomyia) craggi (Barraud) C, female terminalia; D, claspette.

Aedes (Stegomyia) craggi (Barraud) A, B, pupa; C, male terminalia.

Aedes Stegomyia) craggi (Barraud) A, B, C, larva.

Aedes (Stegomyia) craggi (Barraud) A, B, C, D, female terminalia.

Aedes (Stegomyia) desmotes (Giles) A, B, pupa; C, male terminalia.

Aedes (Stegomyia) desmotes (Giles) A, B, C, larva.

Aedes (Stegomyia) desmotes (Giles) A, B, C, D, female terminalia.

Aedes (Stegomyia) desmotes (Giles) A, B, thorax:

Aedes (Stegomyia) gardnerii gardnerii ‘(Guaiow C.D. thorax.

Aedes Stegomyia) desmotes (Giles) A, female palpus; C, female terminalia.

Aedes (Stegomyia) gardnerii gardnerii ‘(Ladiow) B, fale palpus; D, female

terminalia.

Aedes Stegomyia) malikuli Huang A, B, pupa; C, male terminalia.

Aedes (Stegomyia) malikuli Huang A, B, C, larva.

Aedes Stegomyia) desmotes (Giles) A, fore-, mid-, and hindlegs;

Aedes (Stegomyia) gardnerii gardnervii (Ludlow) B, midfemur;

Aedes (Stegomyia) mediopunctatus (Theobald) C, male terminalia; D,

claspette.

Aedes (Stegomyia) mediopunctatus (Theobald) A, B, pupa; C, female

terminalia.

Aedes (Stegomyia) mediopunctatus (Theobald) A, B, C, larva.

Aedes (Stegomyia) mediopunctatus (Theobald) A, B, C, D, female

terminalia.

Aedes (Stegomyia) perplexus (Leicester) A, male adult; B, aedeagus;

C, male terminalia.

Aedes Stegomyia) perplexus (Leicester) A, B, pupa; C, female

terminalia.

Aedes (Stegomyia) perplexus (Leicester) A, B, C, larva.

Aedes (Stegomyia) perplexus (Leicester) A, B, C, D, female terminalia.

Aedes (Stegomyia) gardnerii gardnerii (Ludlow) A, B, pupa; C, male

terminalia.

Aedes (SStegomyia) gardnerii gardnerii (Ludlow) A, B, C, larva.

Aedes Stegomyia) gardnerii gardnerii (Ludlow) A, B, C, D, female

terminalia.

32,

34,

35,

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 1, 1977

Aedes (Stegomyia) gardnerii imitator (Leicester) A, B, thorax;

Aedes (SStegomyia) w-albus (Theobald) C. D. thorax.

Aedes (Stegomyia) w-albus (Theobald) A, B, pupa; C, male terminlia.

Aedes (Stegomyia) w-albus (Theobald) A, B, C, larva. |

Aedes (Stegomyia) w-albus (Theobald) A, B, C, D, female terminalia.

Fig.1

aedeagus

distimere WAZA

dorsocentral

bristles

paraproct A

/X th tergum

basimere

aedeagus

Aedes (Stegomyia) edwardsi (Barraud)

postgenita/l plate

/X th tergum

Vill th tergum

haifa full

Vil/th sternum 02

Aedes (Stegomyia)edwardsi (Barraud)

eens,

Aedes (Stegomyia)edwardsi (Barraud )

basal lateral white spot

Aedes (Stegomyia) edwards (Barraud)

Fig.4

basal submedian lateral white spot

Aedes (Stegomyia) seampi Huang

postgenital

plate

IXth tergum

/—_—. 0-1 —___

spermathecae

Villth tergum

irae iii. Uihas{ltalhol

Vil th sternum

Aedes (Stegomyia) seampi Huang

Aedes (Stegomyia) annandalei (Theobald)

Aedes (Stegomyia) annandale/ (Theobald)

cerc/

postgenital plate

IX th tergum

b+ 0-41 ———+

ERR Law

insula

Villth tergum

Vill th sternum D ‘ of Jn fale

/—_—— 0:2. ——_

Aedes (Stegomyia) annandalei (Theobald)

Aedes (Stegomyia) craggi (Barraud )

sternal aspect

Aedes (Stegomyia) enhances (Thecbuid)

Aedes (Stegomyia) craggi benteud) |

Aedes (Stegomyia) craggi (Barraud )

Aedes (Stegomyia) cragg/ (Barraud )

cerc/ F g 4 3

postgenita/l plate

IX th tergum

bt 8 OO. ea ed

Vill th sternum

/—— 0:2 ———4

Aedes (Stegomyia) craggi (Barraud )

Aedes(Stegomyia) desmotes (Giles)

Aedes (Stegomyia) desmotes (Giles)

cerc/

postgenita/ plate

/Xth tergum

|}+__—_01 ———

Ville, tergum

V///th sternum 0:2 | eh, fi Lb /

Aedes (Stegomyia) desmotes (Giles)

Aedes (Stegom yia) gardnerii gardnerii ( Ludlow)

Fig.18

iles)

Aedes (Stegomyia) desmotes

Aedes (Stegomyia) gardnerii gardnerii (Ludlow)

ee Aedes (Stegomyia)desmotes (Giles)

Af l

TG fyi

Aedes (Stegomyia) gardnerii garanerii (Ludlow )

it \

ae.

| PAR fr mS ie =

Vis

aia

NTR agai

iipiite

Aedes (Stegomy/a) malikuli Huang

Fig. 2

midfemur

Aedes (Stegomyia) gardnerii gardnerii (Ludlow)

Aedes (Stegomyia) mediopunctatus (Theobald )

cerc/

Jude wud by?

1X th tergum

See © rae | SEE

lth t

Villth sternum Vill th tergum

-————— 0:2 —"_+4

AL Sol

Aedes (Stegomyia) mediopunctatus (Theobald )

aedeagus

Aedes (Stegomyia) perplexus (Leicester )

icester)

Leices

yia) perplexus (

(Steg

Aedes

RWS

H 0

Aedes (Stegomyia) perplexus (Leicester)

cerc/

Fig.28

postgenital

plate

Siena + siege

an Vetta Harsedqia baad by aN Lbs badeg 8 1"

cPLA AR alee Darr i) PaGeaih aca pa e aati eee tty,

We herhana eye (HN Tee iui iaretaaue de ere

jak H " ‘ 1

re ig tee hha te weet iisinets hal cine pen ee

CHES eR MAR ok nO sete a SoMa LIC ln SUM Ve Mee

1X th tergum

/—_—— 0-1 ————

Vill th tergum

Vill th sternum

peti Ga

Aedes (Stegomyia) perplexus \Leicester

Aedes (Stegomyia) gardnerii gardnerii (Ludlow)

aa]

ii |

Hips

cerc/

plate

MA?

ila i

Ni)

V///th sternum

-——————————_ 0°2 ——"_4

Aedes (Stegomyia)gardnerii gardnerii (Ludlow)

postgenital

IXthtergum

pom Qe

V//1 th tergum

Uchai/Mtalehul,

LEELA bg hs

ie Pee

peo

Aedes (Stegomyia) w-albus (Theobald)

i tt , Mi

WD on

heobald)

Aedes (Stegomyia) w- albus (T

an Fig.35

postgenital plate

bahay, f

& ae ay

ays uy ss jausius es be?

IX th tergum

-————_ 0-1. —————"—"“

Vill th tergum

VIII th sternum UichaifMolihah

-/—— 0:2 ——+

Aedes (Stegomyia) w- albus (Theobald)

110 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 1, 1977

INDEX

Names of valid taxa are in roman type; synonyms are in italic type. Italic

numerals refer to the principal text references. Roman numerals refer to sec-

ondary text references; the suffix "k"' indicates mentioning in a key and the suf-

fix "'t'' indicates mentioning in a table. Roman numerals in parentheses without

a suffix refer to the figures and with the suffix ''m" indicates mentioning to a

map.

Aedes Meigen 1 gardnerii (Ludlow) 1, 2, 11, 12, 13k,

aegypti group 11, 12 14k, 15k, 30, 45, 46, 48, 49, 50,

albipes Theobald 26, 29 04, 55, 58, 65t, (91, 92, 95, 103,

albitarsis Ludlow 26, 27, 29 104, 105)

albopictus (Skuse) 21, 25, 44, 54, 55, gracilis Leicester 26, 27, 29

08, 59

albopictus subgroup 17, 33, 46 horishensis Yamada 1, 16, 17, 19

amaltheus de Meillon and Lavoipierre

11 imitator (Leicester) 1, 2, 12, 14k, 15k,

amaltheus subgroup 11 30, 45, 46, 49, 50, 52, 54, 55,

annandalei (Theobald) 1, 11, 12, 13k, 58, 59, 65t, (106)

14k, 15k, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 25, indosinensis Borel 1, 50

30, 39, 43, 44, 49, 54, 65t, (80,

81, 82, 83, 84) krombeini Huang 40

annandalei subgroup 1, 3, 12, 13k,

ia, 16, 20, 24, 26, 32, 33, 43; malikuli Huang 12, 13k, 14k, 15k, 21,

45, 58, 65t, (69m) We 30, 41. 32, 33.52, 25 38.

argenteomaculata Theobald 45, 50, 43, 44, 65t, (93, 94)

02, 94 mascarensis MacGregor 11

aurotaeniatus Edwards 11 mediopunctatus (Theobald) 1, 11, 12,

13k, 14k, 15k, 21, 25, 30, 31,

bancrofti (Wuchereria) 12 32, 36, 38, 39, 43, 44, 65t, (95,

96, 97, 98)

chemulpoensis Yamada 11 mediopunctatus subgroup 1, 3, 12, 13k,

christianus Dyar 50 a0, 17, 20. 26. 317, 32, 35, 39,

craggi (Barraud) 1, 2, 11, 12, 13k, 43, 45, 58, 65t, (71m)

14k, 15k, 16, 20, 21, 22, 24, meronephada (Dyar and Shannon) 11,

25, 30, 35, 39, 48, 44, 49, 54, 12

65t, (83, 84, 85, 86, 87) meronephada subgroup 11

minutissima Theobald 1, 50

desmotes (Giles) 1, 11, 12, 13k, 14k, montana Koidzumi 26, 29

15k, 21, 26, 29, 30, 31, 43, 44,

49, 65t, (88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 95) nocturna (Filaria) 12

desmotes subgroup 1, 3, 12, 13k, 20,

25, 26, 29, 32, 33, 43, 45, 49, Paraedes Edwards 11

58, 65t, (70m) perplexus (Leicester) 1, 12, 13k, 14k,

Ta 21, 85. 30, 31. 32, 35,.°39,

edwardsi (Barraud) 1, 2, 4, 5k, 6, 7, 4), 42, 43, 44, Got, (99, 100,

8, 11, 64t, (75, 76, 77, 78) 101, 102)

edwardsi group 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, pseudalbopictus (Borel) 25

11, 64t, (67m) puri Barraud 22, 24

galloisi Yamada 11 quadricincta Barraud 17, 19

Huang: Aedes (Stegomyia) in Southeast Asia 111

rhungkiangensis Chang and Chang 12, sureilensis Barraud 1, 32, 36, 38

$1, 32, Got

robinsoni Belkin 4, 5k, 8, 64t tulagiensis Edwards 4, 5k, 8, 64t

scutellaris group 3, 4, 11, 17, 33, w-albus (Theobald) 1, 2, 11, 12, 14k,

45, 46 15k, 30, 45, 49, 50, 54, 55, 57,

scutellaris subgroup 33 58, 59, 65t, (106, 107, 108, 109)

seampi Huang 4, 5k, 7, 8, 64t, (77, w-albus group 1, 2, 3, 9, 11, 12, 13,

78, 79) 16, 17, 26, 33, 45, 65t, (68m)

Stegomyia Theobald 1, 2, 5, 11, 12, w-albus subgroup 1, 3, 11, 12, 13k,

13 16, 20, 26, 30, 32, 43, 44, 45,

submediopunctatus Barraud 1, 32, 36, 49, 50, 54, 55, 58, 59, 65t,

38 (72m)

CxXli

CONTENTS

ABSTRACT. 00. oe aN aS Be Been a et ei a eee cee eee ee EES

Perm UC TION 2 one occ ee ee eae ee eerie eo, ori we es Ne 113

Aeaes Aodiniorpiius) viligiys (Bigot). we oe eg le oe ee os 114

ACKNOWUBDGEVIENTS . 2 si hie eb ew he ee ee, oe le 121

LPT BRATURE CIPEBD 26 66 eee ie ee ee wens Gea megs 122

BSP OF IGOR BO ss we a ate Wh a PO esas ew os 124

PGR Scio os ee ee ee Hen Sh we Sere oe eos se ee tare, S 125

MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY STUDIES - VIII.

NOTES ON THE TAXONOMIC STATUS OF AEDES VITTATUS

(DIPTERA: CULICIDAE)!,

Yiau-Min Huang

ABSTRACT

Aedes vittatus (Bigot) heretofore placed in the subgenus Stegomyia Theo-

bald is transferred to the subgenus Aedimorphus Theobald. This conclusion

was reached after a critical study and consideration of all known stages. Both

sexes, larva and pupa of this species are redescribed, illustrated and its

affinity is discussed.

INTRODUCTION

Edwards (1932) divided the subgenus Stegomyia Theobald of Aedes into 4

groups which he designated A, B, C and D, and placed Aedes vittatus (Bigot)

in 'Group D,'' a monotypic species group. Barraud (1934), Hopkins (1952),

Mattingly (1965) and Service (1970) also placed it in the subgenus Stegomyia

and considered it as an atypical or aberrant species of Stegomyia. Aftera

critical study of both adults and the immature stages I believe that it is nota

Stegomyia and should be removed from this subgenus. It shows a close resem-

blance to the subgenus Aedimorphus Theobald of Aedes, particularly with some

rather basic genitalic characters in common with the vexans group of the sub-

genus Aedimorphus. Therefore, I am placing it in this subgenus.

The nomenclature for the chaetotaxy of the larva and pupa and the termin-

ology of the structural parts of the adult as used in this paper largely follows

Belkin (1962).

1 This work was supported by Research Contract No. DA-49-193-MD-2672 and

DAMD-17-74C-4086 from the U. S. Army Medical Research and Development

Command, Office of the Surgeon General, Washington, D. C.

2Medical Entomology Project, Department of Entomology, Smithsonian

Institution, Washington, D. C. 20560.

114 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 1, 1977

Aedes (Aedimorphus) vittatus (Bigot)

(Figs. 1A; 2B, C; 3; 4; 5; 6)

Culex vittatus Bigot 1861: 227 ().

Stegomyia sugens Theobald (nec Wiedemann) 1901: 300; Edwards 1912: 9

(synonymized Scutomyia sugens, Stegomyia brumpti and Reedomyia

albopunctata).

Scutomyia sugens Theobald 1905: 19.

Stegomyia brumpti Neveu-Lemaire 1905: 9 (“, ¢*).

Reedomyia albopunctata Theobald 1907: 262 (2).

Stegomyia vittata (Bigot), Edwards 1917: 210 (synonymized Culex vittatus,

Stegomyia sugens, Stegomyia brumpti and Reedomyia albopunctata);

Barraud 1923: 777 (“*, 2); Borel 1928: 77 (o*, ¢, L*).

Aedes (Stegomyia) vittatus (Bigot), Edwards 1925: 265; Edwards 1932: 161; Bar-

raud 1934: 245 (o'*, 9*, L*); Edwards 1941: 155 (o*, ?*), 391 (P*); Hop-

kins 1952: 160 (L*); Mattingly 1952: 255, 291 (zoogeography); Senevet and

Andarelli 1954: 320 (L*); Mattingly and Knight 1956: 93, 100 (L*; taxono-

my); Senevet and Andarelli 1958: 273 (P*); Mattingly 1965: 53 (o*, 2*,

P*, L*); Service 1970: 129 (“*, 9*, P*, L* ; biology and taxonomy).

MALE (Fig. 1A). Head. Proboscis dark scaled, without pale scales on

ventral side, as long as forefemur; palpus dark, distinctly longer than pro-

boscis, with white basal band on each of segments 2-5; segments 4, 5 subequal,

slender, upturned and with a few short setae; segment 4 with some distinct long

bristles along ventral-lateral sides as well; antenna plumose, shorter than

proboscis; clypeus bare; torus covered with white scales on inner and outer

sides; decumbent scales of vertex largely broad and flat; erect forked scales

dark, not restricted to occiput; vertex with a median stripe of broad white

scales mixed with a few narrow white ones, with broad dark ones on each side

interrupted by a lateral stripe of broad white scales followed by a patch of

white broad scales ventrally; a few narrow white scales scattered on occiput

area and a few broad white scales on eye margin. Thorax. Scutum with nar-

row dark scales and 3 pairs of prominent small white spots of narrow scales

on anterior 0.67 of scutum (on fossal area, posterior fossal area and on about

the level of wing root); the anterior 2 pairs of white spots usually larger than

the posterior pair; some narrow white scales on anterior promontory and a

few narrow white ones on scutal angle area; a patch of broad white scales on

lateral margin just before level of wing root and some narrow white ones

dorsally; a few narrow white scales on posterior portion of supra-alar area;

prescutellar space surrounded by narrow white scales and a few narrow white

scales on posterior dorsocentral area; acrostichal and dorsocentral setae

present; scutellum with broad white scales on all lobes and with a few broad

dark ones at the apex of midlobe; postnotum bare; anterior pronotum with

broad white scales, sometimes with a few dark ones towards midline; posteri-

or pronotum with broad white scales mixed with a few narrow white ones

above and with some broad and narrow dark scales dorsally; spiracular setae

absent; postspiracular setae present; paratergite without or with a few broad

white scales; patches of broad white scales on propleuron, on the postcoxal

membrane, hypostigial, subspiracular, postspiracular and prealar areas, on

the upper and lower portions of sternopleuron and on the upper portion of mese-

pimeron; upper sternopleural scale patch does not reach to anterior corner of

sternopleuron; lower mesepimeron with 2 (1-3) setae; metameron bare. Wing.

Huang: Status of Aedes vittatus 115

With dark scales on all veins except for a minute basal spot of white scales on

costa; Ry about equal to Ro 43° Halter. With pale scales. Legs. Coxae with

patches of white scales; knee-spots present on all femora; all femora anteri-

orly dark with some white scales scattered, more so on mid- and hind- than on

forefemur and each with a white band at about apical 0.29; all tibiae dark, each

with a subbasal white spot and a white band at about basal 0.33 on fore- and

mid- and at about 0.5 on hindtibia; fore- and midtarsi with basal white bands

on tarsomeres 1-3; hindtarsus with basal white bands on tarsomeres 1-4; the

ratio of length of white band to the total length of tarsomere is 0.40, 0.40, 0.50

and 0.75; tarsomere 5 all white or sometimes with a few dark scales on the

apical ventral side; fore- and midlegs with tarsal claws unequal, all toothed;

hindleg with tarsal claws equal, simple. Abdomen. Segment I with white

scales on laterotergite; tergum I with a large median white spot; terga II-VII

each with a basal white band and with lateral white curved markings which do

not connect with the basal bands; sternum VIII largely covered with white

scales. Terminalia (Fig. 3). Basimere elongate, about 3.5 times as long as

wide, its scales restricted to lateral and ventral areas, with a patch of bristles

on apicomesal area of ventral surface; claspette present, large, with spines

along mesal edge, recurved setae on basal corner of expanded distal part, with

some setae scattered on inner apical area and very fine setae on outer basal

area; distimere irregular in shape, about 0.74 as long as basimere, greatly

expanded apically, with numerous fine setae and some longer ones on dorsal

side and with numerous spine-like setae on ventral side; a few setae near base

of terminal appendage, which is a long, strongly curved spiniform process at

the base of expanded distal part; aedeagus complex, rather small, widened

subbasally, with several lateral teeth and about 4 apical curved ones on each

side; paraprocts without teeth; cercal setae absent; tergum IX narrowed medi-

ally and with a distinct setose lobe on each side; tergum VIII rounded apically

and with numerous long, stout bristles.

FEMALE. Essentially as in male, differing in the following respects:

Head (Figs. 24, B). Proboscis with pale yellowish scales occupying about

middle 0.33-0.40; palpus 5-segmented, about 0.33 of proboscis, with white

scales on less than apical half and with 2 or 3 white scales on the apex of 3rd

segment, or sometimes with a few white scales on the base of 3rd segment as

well, segment 5 small; antenna with some broad white scales on the inner side

of first flagellomere; clypeus with a small patch of narrow white scales on each

side; erect forked scales more numerous extending forward on to the vertex

than in male; vertex with a median stripe of narrow white scales and with a

few narrow white scales scattered on occiput area and on eye margin. Thorax.

Anterior pronotum with broad white scales mixed with a few narrow white ones

towards outside and with some broad and narrow dark scales towards midline;

lower mesepimeron with 2-5 setae. Wing. With basal costal spot and a few

pale scales scattered on costa and radius (R) veins; cell Ry about 1.5 times

as long as Ro+3- Legs. Fore- and midlegs with tarsal claws equal, all

toothed. Abdomen. Segment VIII completely retracted. Terminalia (Figs.

4C, 6). Sternum VIII with deep notch at middle; insula longer than broad, with

minute setae and with 6 (5-10) longer ones on apical 0. 25-0.33; tergum IX with

well developed lateral lobes and with 5-7 setae; post-genital plate rather nar-

row and small, sometimes with shallow notch; cerci long; 3 spermathecae,

one slightly larger than the other 2.

PUPA (Figs. 4A, B). Cephalothovax. Trumpet short, about 3 times as

long as wide in the middle; seta 1, 3-C usually single, longer than 2-C; 2-C

usually single (1-2); 4-C single or 2-branched, longer than 5-C; 5-C with 2 or

116 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 1, 1977

3 branches; 6-C usually single (1-2), much shorter than 7-C; 7-C with 2 or 3

branches; 8-C at a short distance before the base of the trumpet; 10-C with 2-6

branches, mesad and caudad of 11-C; 11-C single, long, stout and barbed.

Abdomen. Seta 1-I well developed, with more than 10 branches, dendritic;

2-I single; 3-I single, long; 2, 3-I widely separated, distance between them

twice the distance between 4, 5-I; 1-II well developed, usually with 8-14

branches; 1-III usually with 3 branches (3-4); 1-IV usually with 4 branches

(3-5); 2-III-V mesad of 1, 3-III-V; 3-II, III single, or sometimes 3-I

2-branched, shorter than segment III; 5-IV-VI single, not reaching beyond

the posterior margin of the following segment; 4-VII usually single, longer

than 5-VII; 6-VI single, longer than 9-VI; 9-I-VI small, single; 9-VII, VIII

strongly developed, branched; 9-VII usually with 3 branches (2-6) and barbed;

9-VIII usually with 6 branches (6-10) and barbed. Paddle. Oval, margins

without hair-like fringe, with small, short spines on basal 0.8 of outer mar-

gin; inner margin very faint and without spines; seta 1-P single, strongly de-

veloped, thickened. Genital lobe with fine spicules laterally and apically.

LARVA (Fig. 5). Head. Antenna 0.5 length of head, with a few fine spi-

cules; 1-A inserted on basal half of shaft, usually with 2-4 branches and

barbed; inner mouth brushes pectinate at tip; seta 4-C very small, with 2-3

branches, closer to 6-C than 5-C, caudomesad of 6-C; 6-C single, stout; 4,

6-C at about level of antennal base; 5-C single, long and barbed, considerably

caudad and slightly mesad of 6-C; 7-C with 4 or 5 branches and barbed; 8, 9

and 10-C single; 11-C with 3 branches; 12-C small, with 2 or 3 branches; 13,

14-C single; 15-C with 3 or 4 branches; mentum with 13-14 teeth on each side.

Thorax. Seta 1-P single, long and barbed; 2-P single; 3-P double; 4-P single;

5, 6-P single, long and barbed; 7-P usually with 3 branches (2-3), long and

barbed; 8-P with 2 or 3 branches, long and barbed; 9-P single; 11-P usually

with 2 branches (1-2); 14-P double; 5, 7-M single, long and barbed; 6-M with

4-7 branches, long and barbed; 8-M usually with 6 branches, long and barbed;

9-M with 4-6 branches, long and barbed; 10 and 12-M single, long, stout and

barbed; 11-M single, small; 7-T with 4-7 branches, long and barbed; 9-T

usually with 3 branches (2-3), long and barbed; 10 and 11-T similar to those on

mesothorax; 12-T single, much reduced. Abdomen. Seta 6-I-IV usually with

2 branches, long and barbed; 7-I, II usually with 2 branches (2-3), long and

barbed; 6-V, VI single, long and barbed; 12-I not present; 5-II-V single,

small; 13-III-V single; 1-VHI small, with 4-6 branches; 2-VIII distant from

1-VIII; 2,4-VIII single; 3- VIII well developed, with 7-9 branches and barbed;

o- VIII much larger than 1-VIII, with 2-4 branches and barbed; comb of 6-10

(usually 8) scales in a single irregular row, each scale with fine denticles or

fringes at base and with long apical spine. Saddle incomplete, without margin-

al spicules; 1-X single, short; 2-X with 5 branches; 3-X single, long; ventral

brush (4-X) with 4 pairs of setae on grid, each with 3-7 branches; with 4 pre-

cratal tufts, each with 5-9 branches; anal papillae long, about 4 times as long

as saddle, slender and tapered. Siphon. Short, about 2 times as long as wide;

acus present; 19-25 pecten teeth, the more proximal smaller, close-set, the

distal one widely spaced, each tooth with 1-4 basal denticles; seta 1-S with 4-6

branches and barbed, inserted before last tooth and beyond middle of siphon.

TYPE-DATA. Culex vittatus Bigot, type-female, non-existent; type-

locality: Corsica; Stegomyia brumpti Neveu-Lemaire, cotypes, male and

female, non-existent; type-locality: Harrar, (Hararge), Ethiopia; Reedomyia

albopunctata Theobald, type-female, in poor condition, in BMNH; type-locality:

Sierra Leone (Major Smith).

DISTRIBUTION. 1,818 specimens examined: 612°, 552°, 60% terminalia,

Huang: Status of Aedes vittatus 117

382 terminalia, 56 L, 359 individual rearings (161 1, 339 p).

ADEN. (II-1895), 12; Hriotalon (Dr. Patton), 1°, 32; Hinterland, 12; W.

Aden Protectorate, Jebel Jihaf, 7,100 ft (X-1937), 40, 49.

BOTSWANA. (BECHUANALAND PROTECTORATE), Kasane (1946, B. De

NM) .te, Le.

CAMBODIA. Kandal: Oudong (VII-1968), 100°, 52, 20 terminalia.

CAMEROON. (CAMEROONS), Yaounde (J. Rageau) 1°.

CHINA. Hainan I. - (1934), 6, 59.

ETHIOPIA. (ERITREA), Mt. Ramlu, 3, 000-4, 000 ft (II-1950, H. Merlin), 20.

FRANCE. Corsica: San Nicolao (VIII-1944), 50°, 39; (X-1968, J.

Mouchet), 20°, 12; Ponte Leccia (X-1968, J. Mouchet), 6, 69, 20 terminalia,

4? terminalia; Banyuls, (IX-1952), 19.

GHANA. (GOLD COAST), Bole (1911, Dr. A. Ingram), 20°, 19;

Sunyani, Ashanti (1915, Dr. A. Ingram), 19.

INDIA. (Christophers), 1“, 22, 1% terminalia; (James), 3%, 20 terminalia;

(1910, Giles), 19; (1921), 1°; 10%, 1%, 1% terminalia; Bihar: Darbhanga - Pusa

(15-VII-13), 29; Delhi: (XIl-1968, M. K. K. Pillai), 60°, 19; Kanara: Karwar

(Dr. H. Cogill), 3o%°, 39; Punjab: Umballa (25-VIII-05, H. J. W. Borrow),

22; (VIII-1905), 12; Ambala (VIII-1923, P. J. Barraud), 2%, 2¢; Pinjaur near

Kalka (IX-1931, P. J. Barraud), 50, 19.

ITALY. Sardinia: Riopicocca (VII-VII-47), 32; Sarrabus Ponte Picocca

(VII-1947), 12.

KENYA. Nairobi (VI-1935), 30, 52, 8 individual rearings (81, 8 p).

MALAWI, (NYASALAND), (XI-29), 1°.

MALAYSIA. Peninsular Malaysia: Langkawi Is. - (IV-1928), 1°; Penang

Is, - Telok Kumbor (I-1969, James, Chia & Sulaiman), 1%, 29, 1° terminalia,

12 terminalia, 3 individual rearings (2 1, 2 p).

NIGERIA. Oshogbo (IV-1911, Dr. T. F. G. Mayor), 1°, 19; Baro (X-

1910), 12; Lokoja, 10°; Anara, Arora, Ioria, Jos, Kaduna River (VI-1960-VIII-

1961, M. W. Service), 60, 4°.

SAUDI ARABIA. Wadiyain (VIII-1936), H. St. J. B. Philby), 2°.

SIERRA LEONE. (Major Smith), 1°; Freetown (IX-99, E. E. Austen),

20°, 2°, 1% terminalia; Daru (VI-1911, Dr. J. C. Murphy), 12; (VI-1912), 19;

(II-1925, Major Fraser), 19. ,

SOMALIA. (BR. SOMALILAND), Buran, 3, 000 ft (IX-1930), 30°, 29.

SOUTH AFRICA. Messina, Groot Belai (III-1934), 192; Johannesburg, N.

Bryanston (A30/46), 1%, 1°; Transvaal: Brits (1913), 1°, 1°; Tzaneen

(VI-1934), 1°; Potgietersrus (1953), 12; Sabie Bungalow Hotel (SAIMR, CSIR-

54, Coll. No. E. T. 562, J. Muspratt), 10°, 12; Natal, Keate's Drift (1952),

1c.

SOUTHWEST AFRICA. Okimbahe (1950, B. De M.), 10%, 19.

SPAIN. Cacares Province - Cuartos (? = Cuacos), (1935, J. Gil Collado),

1c’, 19: (1935), 19.

SRI LANKA. (CEYLON), (1921, P. J. Barraud), 49; Central Province:

Suduganga (IX-1919), 30°; Kandy Dist. - Peradeniya (I-1971, Piyadasa & Soma-

pala), 10°; North Central Province: Anuradhapura Dist. - Hunuwilagama,

Wilpattu, 200 ft (I1l-1970, D. R. Davis & W. H. Rowe), 30, 1% terminalia;

Northern Province: Vavuniya Dist. - Paraiyanalankulam, 100 ft (III-1970,

D. R. Davis & W. H. Rowe), 1°; Sabavagamuwa: Ratnapura Dist. -

Ugegalkaltota, 350 ft (I-II-1970, D. R. Davis & W. H. Rowe), 10, 19; Pana-

mure, 500 ft (X-1970, O. S. Flint, Jr.), 19.

SUDAN. Hills E. of Erkowit (II-1908), 192; (IV-34), 1°.

TANZANIA. (TANGANYIKA), Ukava I. (1915, A. Smith), 62; (1952), 2°:

Lindi (1923, Dr. W. E. Haworth), 1°, 19.

118 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 1, 1977

THAILAND. Chiang Mai: Huey Keo (IJ-1952-0-1953, D. C. & E. B.

Thurman), 1190", 712, 60 terminalia; Doi Suthep, Maerim, Muang (1962-

1964, SEATO), 150°, 229, 40° terminalia; Rong Rian Choeng Doi (IV-1970, Kol

& Sanit), 90°, 162, 40° terminalia, 72 terminalia, 21 L, 25 individual rearings

(211, 22 p); Ban Om Kut, Ban Pang Kwang (VI-X-1970, Kol & team), 10°,

119, 32 terminalia, 21 individual rearings (101, 13 p); Chon Buri: Bang La

Mung, Had Hin Klom, Ko Si Chung (1963-1964, SEATO), 190, 2792, 11° ter-

minalia; Bangphra (1967, SEATO), 30, 19, 4 individual rearings (11, 4 p);

Kanchanaburi: Huai Bong Ti, Huai Lan Sang, Huai Mae Nam Noi, Khao Na

Chang, Sapan Mae Nam Kwde, Tamakam (1964-1965, SEATO), 39°, 43%;

Khon Kaen: Ban Maung Kao, Ban Nong Khu, Phu Wiang (VII-1966, Somboon,

Chaliou, Kol), 21%, 229, 30° terminalia, 1 individual rearing (1 p); Lampang:

Ngao (VII-1952, SEATO), 10, 19; (V-1968, Harrison), 50, 50 terminalia,

3 L, 5 individual rearings (5 p); Mae Hong Son: Mae Sariang (V-1969, Chaliou

& Samarn), 430", 369, 3% terminalia, 9? terminalia, 56 individual rearings

(22 1, 56 p); Nakhon Nayok: Huey Tak Kong, Khao E. To (1964, SEATO), 7°,

32: Nakhon Ratchasima: Koraj Pak Chong, Lamu Huey Tha Krong (1964-1965,

SEATO), 2c", 59, 1° terminalia; Ban Phak Kong Thang, Ban Wang Mut (V-1967,

SEATO), 1%, 62, 7 individual rearings (6 p); Nakhon Sawan: Ban Talat Tai

(XI-1968, Kol & team), 20", 22, 20° terminalia, 4 individual rearings (11, 4 p);

Prachin Buri: Ban Bu Phram (VII-1971, Kol & team), 72, 4¢ terminalia, 7

individual rearings (3 1, 7 p); Prachuap Khiri Khan: Huai Yang Phrach Khwa

(IV-1968, Chaliou, Somboon, Kol), 330, 21°, 32 terminalia, 5 L, 48 individual

rearings (29 1, 48 p); Swrat Thani: Khao Phlu, Khao Yai (1966, SEATO), 8°,

332, 6% terminalia, 22 terminalia; Ko Samui I. - Ban Lamai, Laem Chong

Klum, Laem Thong Lak, Laem Yai (IX-X-1967, SEATO), 109°, 61%, 119

individual rearings (52 1, 116 p); (1968, SEATO), 220, 27°, 4° terminalia,

27 L, 41 individual rearings (3 1, 37 p); Ao Thong Yang (XI-1971, Kol & team),

40°, 62, 10 individual rearings (91, 10 p); Tak: Huai Lan Sang (1965, SEATO),

GC; 39.

UGANDA. (VIII-1910), 1°; Metu (III-1953), 30°, 62; Entebbe (V-1911),

UPPER VOLTA. Bobo-Dioulasso (1949, M. Holstein), 3.

VIETNAM. Bien Hoa: (1964), 3%, 62; Binh Dinh: An Khe (V-1966), 19;

Darlac: Ban Me Thuot, 500 m (V-1960, L. W. Quate), 12; Khanh Hoa: Cam

Ranh Bay (VI-VIII-1966), 20°, 12; Duc My (IX-X-1966), 60, 692, 40 terminalia,

12 terminalia; Pleiku: 300 m (V-1960, L. W. Quate), 80°; Quang Nam: Kim

Lien Miller (IX-1968), 50°, 12; Quang Tri: (VI-1961), 19.

YEMEN. Socotra lI,: Kallansiya (4-I-43), 19. | ,

ZAIRE. Stanleyville (XI-1927, Dr. J. Schwetz), 1°; (1930, Dr. Richard),

20°, 12; Matadi (V-1948, P. H. Vercammen), 1°.

ZAMBIA. (N. RHODESIA), Livingstone (1946), 1°.

ZANZIBAR. (1919), 1%.

TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION. Aedes vittatus, formerly placed in the sub-

genus Stegomyia, differs greatly from all other members of Stegomyia and

should be excluded from that subgenus. It is more similar in both adult and

immature stages to members of the subgenus Aedimorphus than to Stegomyia,

particularly in having some rather basic genitalic characters in common with

the vexans group of Aedimorphus. I believe that it should be placed in the sub-

genus Aedimorphus rather than in the subgenus Stegomyia.

Adults of both sexes of this species can easily be distinguished from those

of Stegomyia by the numerous erect forked scales on the head, not restricted

to occiput and presence of acrostichal setae. The male terminalia of this

species can easily be distinguished from those of Stegomyza by the irregularly

Huang: Status of Aedes vittatus 119

shaped distimere which is greatly expanded apically, with a long, strongly

curved spiniform process subapically. The female terminalia of this species

can easily be distinguished from those of Stegomyia by sternum VIII which

has a deep medial V-shaped notch and by the long cerci. On the other hand,

these characters which are markedly different from Stegomyia, are character-

istics of Aedimorphus.

Superficially, the male palpus of vittatus resembles that of Stegomyia

(except the albolineatus group which has the palpus dark) in having a white

basal band on each of segments 2-5, segments 4, 5 subequal, slender, up-

turned and with a few short setae. However, it differs in having the white

basal band on segments 4, 5 complete dorsally. The female palpus of vittatus

is very similar to that of Stegomyia (except the albolineatus group which has

palpus dark) in having white scales on the apex. However, it differs from that

of Stegomyia in the presence of a few white scales on segment 3 and with seg-

ment 5 well developed. These characters recall Aedimorphus. The male pal-

pus of this species is by no means a typical Aedimorphus type but a rather

reduced one. It is most nearly matched by some members of the Ethiopian

Aedimorphus (Aedes aerarius McIntosh and Aedes gibbinsi Edwards).

The most important adult characters for determining the subgeneric posi-

tion in the genus Aedes Meigen are those of the male terminalia. The male

terminalia of this species appear to have some rather basic characters in com-

mon with 4 subgenera in genus Aedes, namely, Aedimorphus, Diceromyia

Theobald, Stegomyia and Ayurakitia Thurman, suggesting affinities with these

4 subgenera. However, they have more characters reminiscent of Aedimorphus

than of Stegomyia. In addition, with respect to the pupal and larval characters,

vittatus does not conform to the subgenus Stegomyia at all.

The pupa of vittatus with seta 8-C slightly cephalad of the trumpet base,

1-II well developed, branched, 2-III-V distinctly mesad of 1-III-V, 9-VII, VIII

strongly developed, branched, and barbed, paddle margins without hair-like

fringe, with small, short spines on basal 0.8 of outer margin, inner margin

very faint and without spines, 1-P single; can easily be distinguished from that

of Stegomyia. On the other hand, these characters are shared with Aedimor-

phus.

The larva of vittatus is strikingly different from that of Stegomyza in having

seta 4-C very small, mesad and caudad of 6-C; 4, 6-C at about level of antennal

base and anal segment with 4 well developed precratal tufts. On the other

hand, these characters are also those of Aedimorphus.

Reinert (1973) divided the male terminalia of Oriental species of Aedimor-

phus into 2 types. The male terminalia of vittatus are characteristic of Type

II vexans group). The larva of vitiatus has seta 4-C very small, closer to

6-C than 5-C and mesad of 5, 6-C; 4, 6-C at about level of antennal base and

o-C considerably caudad and slightly mesad of 6-C which are also as in the

vexans group. Differences from the vexans group include the broad, decumbent

scales on the vertex and all lobes of the scutellum which recall some members

of the alboscutellatus group of Aedimorphus. However, the closest affinities

of Aedes vittatus are with the vexans group. It thus seems that A edimorphus

is the most suitable subgenus for vittatus among the currently accepted sub-

genera of genus Aedes, and Iam here making the subgeneric transfer.

Aedes vittatus is a very interesting species. Present evidence shows that

it is somewhat a combination of several species groups of Aedimorphus. It

exhibits similarity to the members of the subgenus Aedimorphus from both

Oriental and Ethiopian regions as described above. On this basis, I am tenta-

tively placing vittatus in a separate group. At present, it is felt that the taxo-

120 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 1, 1977

nomic position of vittatus and its relationship to other members of Aedimor-

phus can not be further discussed until a careful study of all stages of Ethio-

pian Aedimorphus has been completed.

Aedes vittatus is mainly confined to the Ethiopian region and the Oriental

area (of Belkin 1962), with extensions into the southern part of the Palearctic

and the northwestern part of the Indomalayan area.

Sharma and Chaudhry (1974) reported that they found a special strain which

differed from the typical Aedes vitiatus in the pattern of hindtarsus banding.

In my opinion, their special strain has the same pattern of hindtarsus banding

as the typical Aedes vittatus whose hindtarsus has basal white bands on tarso-

meres 1-4, tarsomere 5 all white. Infact, Barraud (1934) did not describe

the hindtarsus banding and the picture on Plate VII (Fig. 4) has the hindlegs

incomplete. It only shows 4 tarsomeres; tarsomere 5 either was broken off

or has all the white scales faded out. Therefore, the last tarsomere did not

show clearly on the plate.

Since I have examined more than 1, 000 adult specimens of Aedes vittatus

through the entire range including topotypic material, museum type-material

and Barraud's specimens, I have no doubt that the typical vitiatus has the

hindtarsus with basal white bands on tarsomeres 1-4, tarsomere 9 all white.

Thus, the pattern which they thought to be "abnormal form" (Fig. 1, B) is, in

fact, the typical form (normal form). In response to my request in August

1974, Dr. George B. Craig, Jr. of the University of Notre Dame, Indiana,

has examined specimens from his 2 laboratory colonies of vittatus. The band-

ing on the hindtarsi agrees with my interpretation of typical Aedes vitiatus.

BIONOMICS. The immature stages of vittatus have been found mainly in

rock pools and rock holes in Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indiaand Africa. They

have also been found in log holes in Thailand and Vietnam, in bamboo cups and

tree trunks in Thailand. Presence of larvae in coconut palm crowns at Lindi,

Tanzania, was an artifact resulting from deliberate introduction by the native

collector (see Lester 1927, Wiseman et al. 1939). Immature stages have been

found in association with Aedes Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse), Aedes Stego-

myis) malayensis Colless, and Culex sp. in Thailand, and with Aedes malayen-

sis in Malaya.

Mattingly (1952: 271) stated that vittatus preferred rock pools, occasional

utensils, hoofprints, boats, wells, tree holes and bamboo pots. Boorman

(1961: 721) found that deep rock holes usually contained larvae of vitiatus,

particularly those where the water was clear and there was a layer of mud and

a few dead leaves. Service (1970: 104) stated that larvae of this species are

found predominantly in pools in rock outcrops or river beds, or even in pools

formed in coral and on several occasions at the peak of the breeding season

in open floodwater concrete drains.

In Thailand, this species was found mainly in partially shaded temporary

small rock pools with fresh, colored water without algae in secondary deciduous

forests or secondary rain forests, in a mountain area about 550-660 m or in

small temporary rock pools surrounded by coconut palms and unshaded or

partly shaded, situated in villages or beaches, along the sea coast, in that

country at about sea level or 5-20 m. These contained brackish, clear or

colored water, without algae.

Boorman (1961: 724) found that eggs survived desiccation for 10 weeks but

not for 18 weeks. Service (1970: 141) found that eggs, fourth instar larvae and

pupae were killed after 2 days exposure to 8-119C and below, but little mor-

tality resulted from exposure down to 15°C.

Boorman (1961: 720) took vittatus biting man in northern Nigeria in fair

Huang: Status of Aedes vittatus 121

numbers. Over most of its range it appears to bite man freely and will at

least occasionally enter villages to bite. Mattingly (1965: 56) states that it is

usually recorded as biting man freely, but not in South Africa. Service in

northern Nigeria (1970: 141) found that no adults were caught in a Magoon trap

baited with goats, sheep, monkeys and a pig; porcupine was the most important

host in the area. He also stated that vitiatus has a relatively short crepuscu-

lar biting period, with maximum activity between 1800 and 2100 hours.

MEDICAL IMPORTANCE. Aedes vitiatus is a potential vector species. It

can transmit yellow fever virus from monkey to monkey in the laboratory

(Philip 1929) and has been suspected as a vector in the Nuba Mountain epidemic

in Sudan (Lewis 1943).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I wish to express my sincere appreciation to Dr. Ronald A. Ward, Dr.

Peter F. Mattingly, Dr. Alan Stone, Dr. John N. Belkin, Dr. Elizabeth N.

Marks, Dr. Botha de Meillon and Mr. E. L. Peyton for a critical review of the

manuscript and for their valuable comments.

Iam grateful to Dr. J. Mouchet, O.R.S.T.O.M., Bondy, France, for

topotypic material of vittatus; to Dr. P. F. Mattingly, Department of Ento-

mology, British Museum (Natural History), London, for the loan of type-

specimen of Reedomyia albopunctata and other material in the British Museum;

to Dr. M. W. Service, The Nature Conservancy, Monks Wood Experimental

Station, Huntingdon, England, for his personal specimens. The Thailand

material from Dr. D. J. Gould and his staff of the SEATO Medical Research

Laboratory, Bangkok; The Malayan material from Dr. S. Ramalingam and his

staff, Department of Parasitology, the University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur

and the Sri Lanka material from Dr. K. V. Krombein and his collection teams,

Department of Entomology, U. S. National Museum (Natural History), Wash-

ington, D. C., are acknowledged with sincere appreciation. I wish to thank

also the following institutions for the loan of material: Bernice P. Bishop

Museum, British Museum (Natural History), South African Institute for Medi-

cal Research and United States National Museum. Thanks are extended to

Mr. Vichai Malikul, for preparing the drawings, and to Mrs. Janet D. Rupp

who typed the manuscript for offset reproduction.

122

BARRAUD,

1923.

1934,

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 1, 1977

LITERATURE CITED

Pod.

A revision of the culicine mosquitoes of India. Part I. Indian J.

Med. Res., 10: 772-88, pl. XLITI-LIX.

The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Diptera

V, Family Culicidae. Tribes Megarhinini and Culicini. Taylor

and Francis, London, 463 p., 8 pl., 1 map.

BELKIN, J. N.

1962.

BIGOT, M.

1861.

BOORMAN,

1961.

BOREL, E.

1928.

EDWARDS,

1912.

1917.

1925.

1932.

1941,

The mosquitoes of the South Pacific. (Diptera, Culicidae). Univ.

Calif. Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 2 vols., 608 and 412 p.

Trois Dipteres nouveaux de la Corse. Ann. Soc. Entomol. Fr.

(4)1: 227-9.

aks P, Ts

Observations on the habits of mosquitos of Plateau Province,

Northern Nigeria, with particular reference to Aedes Stegomyia)

vittatus (Bigot). Bull. Entomol. Res. 52: 709-25.

Les moustiques de la Cochin-chine et du Sud-Annam. II. Arch.

Inst. Pasteur Indo-Chinie, 7: 75-106.

F, W.

A synopsis of the species of African Culicidae, other than Anopheles.

Bull. Entomol. Res. 3: 1-53.

Notes on Culicidae, with descriptions of new species. Bull.

Entomol. Res. 7: 201-29.

Mosquito notes.-V. Bull. Entomol. Res., 15: 257-70.

Diptera, Fam. Culicidae. Jn P. Wytsman, Genera Insectorum,

Desmet-Verteneuil, Brussels. Fasc. 194, 258p., 5 pl.

Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian region III. - Culicine adults and pupae.

Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), London, 499 p., 4 pl.

HOPKINS, G. H. E.

1952.

Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian region. I. - Larval bionomics of

mosquitoes and taxonomy of culicine larvae. 2nd edition with

notes and addenda by P. F. Mattingly. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.),

London, 355 p.

LESTER, A. R.

1927.

LEWIS, D.

1943,

The coconut palm. Its potentialities for providing breeding places

for mosquitoes. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 30: 136-45.

Mosquitoes in relation to yellow fever in the Nuba Mountains,

Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol., 37: 65-76.

Huang: Status of Aedes vittatus 123

McINTOSH, B. M.

1975. A taxonomic revision of certain Aedes species (Diptera: Culicidae)

of the subgenus Aedimorphus in southern Africa. J. Entomol.

Soc. South. Afr. 38: 251-87.

MATTINGLY, P. F.

1952. The subgenus Stegomyia (Diptera, Culicidae) in the Ethiopian

region I. A preliminary study of the distribution of species

occurring in the West African sub-region with notes on taxonomy

and bionomics. Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Entomol. 2: 233-304.

1965. The culicine mosquitoes of the Indomalayan area Part VI: Genus

Aedes Meigen, subgenus Stegomyia Theobald (Groups A, B and D).

Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), London, 67 p.

MATTINGLY, P. F. and K. L. KNIGHT.

1956. |The mosquitoes of Arabia. I. Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Ent.

4: 89-141.

NEVEU-LEMAIRE, M.

1905. Mission du Bourg de Bozas. Description d' une nouvelle espece de

Stegomyia recueillie par le Docteur Brumpt a Harar. Bull. Soc.

Zool. Fr. 30: 8-11.

PHILIP, C. B.

1929. Preliminary report of further tests with yellow fever transmission

by mosquitoes other than Aedes aegypti. Am. J. Trop. Med.

9: 267-9.

REINERT, J. F.

1973. Contributions to the mosquito fauna of Southeast Asia. -XVI.

Genus Aedes Meigen, subgenus Aedimorphus Theobald in Southeast

Asia. Contr. Am. Entomol. Inst. 9(5): 1-218.

SENEVET G. and L. ANDARELLI.

1954. Le genre Aedes en Afrique du nord I. -Les larves. Arch. Inst.

Pasteur Alger. 32: 310-51.

1958. Le genre Aedes en Afrique du nord Il. -Les nymphes. Arch.

Inst. Pasteur Algéer., 36: 266-86.

SERVICE, M. W.

1970. Studies on the biology and taxonomy of Aedes Stegomyia) vittatus

(Bigot) (Diptera: Culicidae) in Northern Nigeria. Trans. R.

Entomol. Soc. Lond. 122: 101-43.

SHARMA, G. P. and S. CHAUDHRY.

1974. A strain of Aedes Stegomyia) vittatus Bigot with an unusual pattern

on the tarsi (Diptera: Culicidae). Mosq. Syst. 6: 163-5.

THEOBALD, F. V.

1901. A monograph of the Culicidae or mosquitoes. Vol. I, Br. Mus.

(Nat. Hist.), London, 424 p.

1905. Genera Insectorum. Diptera, Fam. Culicidae. Fasc. 26, Belgium,

50 p., 2 pl.

124 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 7, 1977

1907. A monograph of the Culicidae or mosquitoes. Vol. IV, Br. Mus.

(Nat. Hist.), London, 639 p., 16 pl.

WISEMAN, R. H., C. B. SYMES, J. C. McMAHON and C. TEESDALE.

1939. Report on a malaria survey of Mombasa. Government Printer,

Nairobi, 60 p.

LIST OF FIGURES

1. Aedes edimorphus) vittatus (Bigot) - A, male adult;

Aedes Stegomyia) aegypti (Linnaeus) - B, male adult.

2. Aedes (Aedimorphus) vittatus (Bigot) - A, female palpus; B, female head;

Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Linnaeus) - C, female palpus; D, female head.

Aedes (Aedimorphus) vittatus (Bigot) - A,B,C,D, E, F, male terminalia.

Aedes (Aedimorphus) vittatus (Bigot) - A,B, pupa; C, female terminalia.

Aedes (Aedimorphus) vitta‘us (Bigot) - A,B,C, larva.

Aedes (Aedimorphus) vittatus (Bigot) - A, B,C,D, female terminalia.

Distribution of Aedes (Aedimorphus) vittatus (Bigot).

IMD oF PP ©

acrostichal

bristles

Fig.1

erect forked scales

dorsocentral bristles

era eae

Aedes (Aedimorphus) vittatus (Bigot)

Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Linnaeus)

erect forked scales

2 palpus

erect forked scales

Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Linnaeus)

/X th tergum

VII th tergum

claspette

Paraprocts

0-2

Sa SHA

ey;

SSE:

basimere XY

—___/X th tergum

daififialthel

Aedes (Aedimorphus ) vittatus (Bigot)

9] 6

Seg

plate

[Xthtergum

Aeaes (, Aedimorphus) vittatus ( Bigot )

Aedes (Aedimorphus) vittatus (Bigot)

Shallow notch

postgenital plate ———

insula

ee 2 :

( Hs

Vill tn tergum

VII th sternum

choc /Atalchah

Aedes (Aedimorphus) vittatus ( Bigot )

‘youjnd au} Aq uaas suawideds uo pasog

‘(yobIg) snyoyyin (snydsowlpay) sapay 40 UOl_NGIYSIQ «

Ad0H 0009

4O 3dV9

VIIVYLSNY

Vises

vievy Pas

v IGanws

132 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 1, 1977

INDEX

Names of valid taxa are in roman type; synonyms are in italic type. Italic

numerals refer to the principal text references. Roman numerals refer to

secondary text references. Roman numerals in parentheses without a suffix

refer to the figures and with the suffix 'm"' to a map.

Aedes Meigen 1, 7 Diceromyia Theobald 7

Aedimorphus Theobald 1, 6, 7, 8

aegypti (Linnaeus) (13, 14) gibbinsi Edwards 7

aerarius McIntosh 7

albolineatus group 7 malayensis Colless 8

albopictus (Skuse) 8

albopunctata Theobald 2, 9 Stegomyia Theobald 1, 6, 7

alboscutellatus group 7 sugens Theobald 2

Ayurakitia Thurman 7

vexans group 1, 6, 7

brumpti Neveu-Lemaire 2 vittatus (Bigot) 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9,

(1s, 14, 2-15, 16; 17, 18, 19m)

Culex sp. 8

Contributions

of the

American Entomological Institute

Volume 14, Number 2, 1977

oy"

MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY STUDIES - Ix.

THE SUBGENUS CHRISTOPHERSIOMYIA

OF THE GENUS AEDES

(DIPTERA: CULICIDAE).

Jay Abercrombie

CONTENTS

IR a a es 1

a a i a ae ee See 1

GENUS AEDES, SUBGENUS CHRISTOPHERSIOMYIA ...... +42 2

KEYS TO ADULTS, PUPAE AND FOURTH STAGE LARVAE OF

CHRIS TOPUERSIONYIA 2s Ve een eb ee PE ee 6

OP ee ee ea ae ae 7

ees ea) ee ee 7

Pes et a a ee a a oe es 11

WOE PCN Ss IR a a Cp ee ae ee eG 14

7005 ACTA. Fo a a 17

oe TINO ee ee ee ee 21

Pe re Se ee ae We 24

a ea a ee a 209

Be Oe UR, ee ee ee ae ee eee a 29

Ce ee te a ieee ee ke eS 30

a ee a ee oe as 49

TABLES 1-4. Records of the branching of the setae of the pupae

of Aedes (Christophersiomyia) species .... 20

es a a ea 20

EE eS a ee es o3

RO ee a ee ees 56

TO a a a ee ea ee eS 59

TABLES 5-6. Records of the branching of the setae of the larvae

of Aedes (Christophersiomyia) species ...... : 62

TAO a PORNOSTAR es ee ee 62

TAP Os One a ee eae 67

MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY STUDIES - IX.

THE SUBGENUS CHRISTOPHERSIOMYIA OF THE GENUS AEDES

(DIPTERA: CULICIDAE)!.

Jay Abercrombie“

ABSTRACT

The subgenus Christophersiomyia Barraud of Aedes Meigen is revised.

Descriptions, illustrations and keys are presented for the adults, pupae and

larvae of the 5 included species: annulirostris, chionodes, gombakensis,

ibis and thomsoni. Aedes brayi Knight is synonymized with zbis Barraud.

Information is presented on the distribution and bionomics of each species.

INTRODUCTION

Christophersiomyia Barraud (1923a) was erected as a new genus for the

inclusion of 2 species (thomsoni Theobald and aunulirostris Theobald) pre-

viously included in Stegomyia Theobald. Barraud (1931) subsequently reduced

Christophersiomyia to a subgenus of Aedes and included a third species, ibis

Barraud. Three additional species (brayi Knight (1947), gombakensis Matting-

ly (1959) and chionodes Belkin (1962)) were later added.

The subgenus occurs throughout tropical Asia, from Pakistan east to the

Philippines, and into the southwestern South Pacific islands.

Five species are recognized: annulirostris, chionodes, gombakensis,

ibis and thomsont. Aedes brayi is considered as a synonym of ibis.

The larvae and pupae of chionodes and ibis are described and illustrated

for the first time. In addition, descriptions and illustrations of the female,

male, larva and pupa of all 5 species are given and keys are presented for

their separation. No eggs were available for study.

I This work was supported in part by Research Contracts DA-49-193-MD-2672

and DAMD-17-74-C-4086 from the U. S. Army Medical Research and Develop-

ment Command, Office of the Surgeon General and carried out at the Medical

Entomology Project, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. 20560.

2Captain, Medical Service Corps, U. S. Army, Department of Entomology,

Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D. C. 20012. Present

address: U. S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, Regional Division -

North, Fort George G. Meade, Maryland 20755.

2 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 2, 1977

This revision is based mainly on specimens in the United States National

Museum (USNM). Other specimens were borrowed from the British Museum

(Natural History) (BMNH), the Bernice P. Bishop Museum (BPBM) and the

Field Museum of Natural History (FMNH).

Morphological terms for the adult, pupa and larva follow Belkin (1962), as

slightly modified by later workers, particularly Huang (1972).

The lists of synonyms which begin each species discussion provide informa-

tion on that species as given in the literature. The abbreviations (A = adult,

So =male, 2? =female, P = pupa and L = larva) indicate the stage dealt with in

the article. An asterisk (*) denotes that all or some portion of that stage is

illustrated. Abbreviations used in the distribution sections are the same as

above with the addition of: p = pupal exuvium and 1 = larval exuvium. Abbre-

viations used for the references follow the BIOSIS List of Serials, BioSciences

Information Service of Biological Abstracts, Philadelphia, 1974. |

Distribution records have the country in capital letters, the province or

administrative division (where known) in italics, followed by the specific locali-

ty. A few place names could not be located in gazetteers; these are placed in

quotes. The known distribution of the subgenus as a whole is not increased

significantly by new information presented in this revision. However, indivi-

dual species are shown to have much more extensive geographic ranges than

previously reported.

GENUS AEDES MEIGEN

SUBGENUS CHRISTOPHERSIOMYIA BARRAUD

Type-species: Stegomyia thomsoni Theobald 1905a: 18 (by original

designation, Barraud 1923a: 787).

Stegomyia of Theobald 1905a: 18 (in part, S. thomsoni only), nec Stegomyia

Theobald 1901.

Stegomyia of Theobald 1905b: 239 (in part, S. annulirostris only), nec Stego-

myia Theobald 1901.

Christophersiomyia Barraud 1923a: 786.

Aedes (Christophersiomyia) Barraud, of Barraud 1931: 610; Knight 1947: 73;

Knight and Hull 1952: 162; Stone et al. 1959: 177; Belkin 1962: 433.

Aedes (Christophersiomyia) Barraud, of Edwards 1932: 159; Barraud 1934:

212; Mattingly 1959: 51.

FEMALE. Ornate, small. Head. Decumbent scales all broad and flat;

erect scales restricted to occiput; clypeus bare; proboscis slender, about

length of forefemur, with a postmedian complete or incomplete white scaled

ring; palpus dark scaled, short, about 0.25-0.35 of proboscis length, 4

segmented, segment 4 short; antenna longer than proboscis. Thorax. Scutel-

lum with broad, flat scales; pleuron with white scales, apn predominantly with

long, narrow curved scales, some broadened; paratergite apparently with

scales; pra with scales; acrostichal and dorsocentral bristles lacking; 1 or 2

upper stp bristles; 1-4 lower mepbristles. Wing. Scales all dark except for

a small white patch at base ventrally. Legs. Ornate, usually with distinctive

rings or spots; both claws of all legs with small subbasal tooth. Abdomen.

Laterotergite completely white scaled; most tergites with basal. median tri-

angular patches and subapical lateral triangular patches of white scales.

Abercrombie: Aedes (Christophersiomyia) 3

MALE. Essentially as infemale. Antenna. Flagellar whorls with numer-

ous long bristles extending dorsally and ventrally; flagellomeres 12 and 13

elongate. Legs, Claws slightly longer than infemale. Genitalia. Tergite IX

shallowly to moderately emarginate in the middle of caudal border, forming

pair of short, lateral, tergal lobes bearing a group of short setae; basimere

simple, without lobes other than short claspette, mesal membrane present,

scales restricted to lateral and ventral surfaces; claspette small, thin basally,

much stouter apically, bearing numerous simple bristles; distimere simple,

with 1 or 2 simple subapical setae; spiniform process simple, rather long;

aedeagus simple, without denticles or spicules (except gombakensis), swollen

distally in dorsal aspect; proctiger lightly sclerotized except for paraproct

which ends in a single heavy spine; cercal setae lacking.

PUPA. Cephalothorax. Setae 1,2-C single to 7 branched; 3, 4, '7-C single

to 6 branched; 5, 9-C single to 5 branched; 6-C single or double; 8-C single to

8 branched. Metanotum. Seta 10-C triple to 15 branched; 11-C single; 12-C

single to 8 branched. Respiratory trumpet. Moderately pigmented; a few

short setae on inner surface of meatus; index 2.83-5.50. Abdomen. Setae

0-II, VIII single; 0-III- VII single or double; 1-I 10-18 branched; 1-II 6-34

branched; 1-III double to 23 branched; 1-IV single to 12 branched; 1-V single

to 10 branched; 1-VI single to 7 branched; 1-VII single to 4 branched; 2-I, III,

IV, VI, VII single; 2-II, V single or double; 3-I, II single; 3-III, VII single to

triple; 3-IV single to 7 branched; 3-V single to 4 branched; 3-VI single or

double; 4-I double to 15 branched; 4-II double to 11 branched; 4-III double to

6 branched; 4-IV, VII single to triple; 4-V triple to 8 branched; 4-VI single to

6 branched; 4-VIII single or double; 5-I single to 4 branched; 5-II single to 10

branched; 5-III double to 10 branched; 5-IV single to 7 branched; 5-V single to

5 branched; 5-VI single to triple; 5-VII single or double; 6-I, II single; 6-III- VI

single or double; 6-VI single to 6 branched; 7-I single to 6 branched; 7-II, II

single to 4 branched; 7-IV single to 5 branched; 7-V double to 7 branched; 7-VI

single or double; 7- VII single; 8-III single to 8 branched; 8-IV single to 5

branched; 8-V double to 5 branched; 8-VI double to 6 branched; 8-VII single to

6 branched; 9-I-VI single; 9-VII single to 5 branched; 9-VIII single to 7

branched; 10-II single to 4 branched; 10-IV single to 5 branched; 10-V, VII

single or double; 10-VI single; 11-III, VII single or double; 11-IV-VI single;

14-II-VIII single. Paddle. Ovoid; midrib lightly to moderately pigmented,

never reaching apex; 1-P moderately long, single (rarely triple); index 1.19-

1.94.

LARVA. Head. Moderately pigmented; setae 0,1,3-C single; 4-C triple

to 13 branched; 5-C triple to 10 branched; 6-C, 6-MP [| basal maxillary hair

(bmh) | single to triple; 7-C triple to 12 branched; 8, 15-C double to 5 branched;

9, 13-C triple to 9 branched; 10-C single to 5 branched; 11-C with 4-11

branches; 12-C double to 12 branched; 14-C single or double; 1-C short, stout,

on ventral surface; 4-C short, well caudad of anterior margin of head, mesad

and slightly cephalad of 6-C; 5-C long, only slightly caudad of 6-C; 6-C long to

very long, well caudad of anterior margin of head, well mesad and slightly

caudad of 7-C; 7-C long, well caudad of anterior margin of head, well laterad

and slightly cephalad of 6-V; mental plate heavily pigmented with 19-27

anteriorly-directed teeth; mouth brush with simple setae. Antenna. Short,

moderately pigmented, with scattered spicules on shaft; 1-A long, double to 5

branched, attached 0.40-0.58 from base; 2-6-A single, attached apically; 5-A

short, peg-like. Thorax. Seta 0-P with 6-22 branches; 1-P double to 6

branched; 2-P single or double; 3, 8-P double or triple; 4, 7,14-P double to

4 branched; 5, 6,10, 12-P single; 9-P single to triple; 11-P double to 7 branched;

A Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 2, 1977

1, 6-M double to 5 branched; 2-M single to 4 branched; 3, 5, 7,10, 12-M single;

4-M double or triple; 6-M double to 5 branched; 8-M triple to 8 branched; 9-M

triple to 5 branched; 11-M single to 5 branched; 13-M with 5-30 branches;

14-M with 4-32 branches; 1-T with 4-9 branches; 2,5,6-T single or double;

3-T with 5-10 branches; 4-T double to 6 branched; 7-T with 4-9 branches; 8-T

with 4-14 branches; 9-T triple to 5 branched; 10, 12-T single; 11-T double to

5 branched; 13-T triple to 6 branched. Abdomen. O-II-VIII single; 1-I with

4-20 branches; 1-II with 5-9 branches; 1-III-V single to 4 branched; 1-VI

double to 4 branched; 1-VII single to triple; 1-VIII single to 5 branched, 2-I-III,

VIII single or double; 2-IV-VII single; 3-I, II double or triple; 3-III double; 3-IV,

VI single or double; 3-V single; 3-VII double to 8 branched; 3-VII with 4-7

branches; 4-I with 4-17 branches; 4-II with 5-10 branches; 4-III double to 6

branched; 4-IV double to 4 branched; 4-V with 4-7 branches; 4-VI double or

triple; 4-VII, VIII single; 5-I double to 7 branched; 5-II double to 11 branched;

5-III, VII double to 9 branched; 5-IV single to 8 branched; 5-V, VI single to 7

branched; 5-VIII double to 4 branched; 6-I double to 4 branched; 6-II double or

triple; 6-III single to triple; 6-IV, V double; 6-VI single or double; 6-VII with

6-15 branches; 7-I, VII single or double; 7-II double to 8 branched; 7-III, V

triple to 9 branched; 7-IV with 4-9 branches; 7-VI double to 6 branched; 8-I

single to triple; 8-III, V single or double; 8-IV single; 8-VI double to 10

branched; 8-VII with 4-16 branches; 9-I, II single or double; 9-III-VI single;

9- VII single to 6 branched; 10-I-V, VII single or double; 10-VI single; 11-1, III-

VII single to triple; 11-II single; 12-II triple to 6 branched; 12-III, IV double or

triple; 12-V single or double; 12-VI, VII single; 13-I single or double; 13-II

with 5-24 branches; 13-III single to 5 branched; 13-IV, V single to 4 branched;

13-VI with 4-26 branches; 13-VII single to 6 branched; 14-III, V single; 14-IV,

VI, VII single; VIII with comb composed of 9-18 scales in one row; 1-X moder-

ately long, slender, single to triple, attached near posterior margin of sad-

dle; 2-X long, stout, single or double; 3-X long to very long, stout, single;

4-X composed of 4 pairs of setae on grid: 4a single to triple, 4b,d single to

5 branched, 4c single to 4 branched; 4a, b moderately long; 4c,d rather short;

no precratal setae; saddle moderately pigmented, with a few inconspicuous

spicules on posterior margin, acus absent; 4 anal papillae. Siphon. Pig-

mented, acus absent, index 1.72-3.90; pecten on basal 0.47 of siphon, com-

posed of 4-14 evenly spaced teeth, each tooth with a slender attenuated fila-

ment with 1 or 2 small denticles on ventral margin; 1-S moderately long,

double to 7 branched, attached on basal 0.53 of siphon, distad to apical pecten

tooth; 2-S short, single, on apical margin of siphon; 6,9-S short, single; 7-S

short, single or double; 8-S short, single to triple.

EGG. Not known.

DISCUSSION. Christophersiomyia is a very homogenous subgenus. The 5

known species are closely related, with only thomsoni being distinctly differ-

ent in all stages. The adults, particularly the male, of gombakensis are also

rather distinct, although they closely resemble those of chionodes. The im-

mature stages of gombakensis are very similar to those of annulirostris and

ibis,

Another indication of the homogeneity of Christophersiomyia is its markedly

isolated position within Aedes. Mattingly (1959) pointed out that the male ter-

minalia are more like those of other genera, especially Ficalbia Theobald, than

than those of most Aedes. Within Aedes, Christophersiomyia appears to have

its closest affinities with the subgenus Bothaella Reinert. Theobald (1905a,

1905b), who examined only females of thomsoni and annulirostris, placed these

species in Stegomyia. Barraud (1931), who described ibis from a single

Abercrombie: Aedes (Christophersiomyia) 9)

female, questionably placed this species in Christophersiomyia, stating that it

may properly belong in Finlaya Theobald.

Reinert (1973) outlined the following characters of adults of Bothaella which

differ from Christophersiomyia: prosternum bare, propleuron with 2 or 3

dark setae, postpronotum and paratergite bare, scutum with dark scales and

distimere club-like apically. In contrast, Christophersiomyia possesses pro-

sternum with white scales, propleuron with 6-14 light-colored setae, post-

pronotum and apparently paratergite with white scales, scutum with white

scales and distimere simple.

The pupae of Bothaella and Christophersiomyia are readily separated by

seta 1-P onthe paddle. In Bothaella, this seta is short, multiple branched

and barbed. In Christophersiomyia, seta 1-P is longer, single (rarely

triple in gombakensis) and simple.

The fourth-stage larvae of the 2 subgenera are separated by the following

combination of characters. Bothaella possesses: seta 5-C single, 4-C mod-

erately long, near anterior margin of head, 5-C well caudad of 6-C and 13-P

well developed. Christophersiomyia possesses: seta 5-C triple to 10 branched,

4-C short, well caudad of anterior margin of head, 5-C only slightly caudad of

6-C and 13-P lacking.

Adults of Christophersiomyia are separated from those of Stegomyia by

having a proboscis with complete or incomplete ring and a simple aedeagus,

without lateral sclerotized plates.

Pupae of Christophersiomyia differ from those of most Stegomyia by lack-

ing a fringe on the paddle. Pupae of most Stegomyia have the fringe well

developed.

The placement of head setae 4-6-C is the best character for distinguishing

mature larvae of Stegomyia and Christophersiomyia. Inthe former, they are

far forward; in the latter, they are well caudad of the anterior margin of the

head.

Adults of Christophersiomyia are separated from those of Finlaya by hav-

ing a short palpus (in the male), proboscis with complete or incomplete post-

median ring, erect scales on head restricted to occiput, hindleg claws toothed

and cercal setae lacking in the male genitalia.

More study of Finlaya is needed before diagnostic characters of the pupa

can be compared with those of Christophersiomyia.

Mature larvae of the 2 subgenera are separated by the following combina-

tion of characters. Finlaya has: setae 5,6-C moderately short, 12-I developed

and comb scales on VIII arranged in a subtriangular patch. Christophersiomyia

has: setae 5,6-C well developed, 12-I lacking and comb scales arranged ina

single row.

DISTRIBUTION. Christophersiomyia is known from Pakistan, India, Sri

Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh, Thailand, China (Hainan Island), Cambodia,

Vietnam, Malaysia (Selangor and Sabah), Philippines (Luzon), Papua New

Guinea (Papua) and the Solomon Islands (Bougainville). Species of this sub-

genus occur in the Oriental, Indomalayan, Papuan and South Pacific faunal

areas as defined by Belkin (1962).

BIONOMICS. Christophersiomyia is apparently rarely collected since it is

poorly represented in museum collections. Field workers have collected

specimens, usually only a few in number, in relatively scattered locations.

Adults are apparently thamnophilous.

The immature stages are found in similar habitats as those of Stegomyia,

as listed by Huang (1972). Indeed, Peters and Dewar (1956) collected speci-

mens of both subgenera from the same tree hole. Eggs of Christophersiomyia

6 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 2, 1977

are similar to those of Stegomyia in that they undergo diapause and are resis-

tant to desiccation (Howlett 1913; Peters and Dewar 1956).

Larvae and pupae have been collected in tree holes (gombakensis and

thomsoni); tree holes, stump holes, water butts and woodpecker holes (@nnuli-

rostris); tree holes, woodpecker holes and stream rock pools (bis); and coco-

nut shells and spathes (chionodes),

MEDICAL IMPORTANCE. Although several of the species have been col-

lected vi aaah: on man, none has been implicated as a vector of human patho-

vens.

KEYS TO THE SPECIES OF AEDES (CHRISTOPHERSIOMYIA)

ADULTS

1. Hindtibia with a white band at basal 0.3; metameron with white

SCALES oe ae es ee a ee thomsoni (p. pe

Hindtibia without a white band; metameron bare. .......2e-e-ee-.

2(1). Anterior surface of forefemur with a white spot or mark at apical

Ooo ee ee a se Oe eae ibis (p. 17)

Anterior surface of forefemur completely dark scaled or with scattered

white scales basally. 4. 66.c ee ee ee ee i es a

3(2). White band of proboscis entire; all lobes of scutellum white

scaled. pa GE i a annulirostris (p. 7)

White band af proboscis interrupted dorsally; scutellum with midlobe

white or pale scaled and lateral lobe dark scaled. ........ 4

3)s Femiles,. 6. le eS a a we ee 5

Melee ec Nee ke Gs Oe a ie a ee ee ee a ee 6

5(4). Abdominal tergites II and III with white basal median triangular

patches, and with quite large similar markings on posterior

1OPSIESi go a a ae a ee chionodes (p. 11)

Abdominal tergites II and III dark scaled, and with only minute white

basal median omanaa patches on posterior tergites.

gombakensis (p. 14)

6(4). Aedeagus without denticles. .........0.se-see0-6 chionodes (p. 11)

Aedeagus with 3 denticles on each side. ...... gombakensis (p. 14)

PUPAE

1. Seta 12-C single; seta 5-II single; seta 6-V double. . chionodes (p. 11)

Seta 12-C with 2 to 8 branches; seta 5-II with 2 to 10 branches; seta

Oe V BINGE Gd Ve ea a es ec ee 2

2(1). Seta 1-III with 11 to 23 branches; seta 1-VII double to 4 branched.

thomsoni(p. 21)

Seta 1-III with 2 to 7 branches; seta 1-VII single. .......... 3

Abercrombie: Aedes (Christophersiomyia) 7

3(2). Paddle with spicules on apical 0.50-0.55 of both outer and inner

MAPS) aeRO 6 Wea ERO ene eg pitgtispe 1h

Paddle with spicules limited to apical 0.33 ofA inner margin and

covering practically entire outer margin. .... pH leita es Lats 4

4(3). Seta 1-P 0.45-0.53 (mean = 0.49) length of paddle; seta 1-P single.

annulirostris (p. 7)

Seta 1-P 0.27-0. 40 (mean = 0.33) length of paddle; seta 1-P single

OF Triple? wei Ger wal oe eee es gombakensis (p. 14)

FOURTH STAGE LARVAE

di: Seta 6-C single; seta 10-VII double. ........ . . thomsoni (p. sy

Seta 6-C double or triple; seta 10-VII single. ........-26.26-.

2(1):. Seba tB+ Vib einele.. 6 yi ee aes i ees ae chionodes nt 11)

Seta 13-VII double to 4 branched... wee wh ee ee ee Ee

3(2). Mesal mouth brush hairs comb-like. ........ annulirostris (p. 7)

Mesal mouth brush hairs simple. ........ ENG hE Nes Sita tee

4(3). Comb scales 6-11; seta 3-VII with 4 to 8 branches, 11-VII double or

triple; seta 1-A attached 0.48-0.53 from base of antenna.

gombakensis (p. 14)

Comb scales 14 or 15; seta 3-VII triple, 11-VII single; seta 1-A

attached 0.40-0.44 from base of antenna. ......... ibis (p. 17)

SPECIES TREATMENT

AEDES (CHRISTOPHERSIOMYIA) ANNULIROSTRIS (THEOBALD)

(Pies. 1,./2; 3; 4)

Stegomyia annulirostris Theobald 1905b: 239 (2); Theobald 1907: 173 (9, key);

Brunetti 1907: 329 (distribution); Theobald 1910: 154 (key); Green 1911:

234 (distribution); Brunetti 1912: 444 (distribution); Brunetti 1920: 129

(distribution); Senior-White 1923: 62 (distribution).

Aédes Stegomyia) annulirostris of Edwards 1917: 210 (c).

Aedes (Stegomyia) annulirostris of Edwards 1922: 256 (key).

Christophersiomyia annulirostris of Barraud 1923a: 788 (o'*, ¢*, distribution,

key); Senior-White 1927: 62 (distribution).

Aedes (Christophersiomyia) annulirostris of Barraud 1931: 611 (taxonomy);

Edwards 1932: 159 (taxonomy); Knight 1947: 75 (key); Horsfall 1955: 410

(distribution); Rao and Rajagopalan 1957: 11 (biology); Stone et al. 1959:

Ae (distribution); Belkin 1962: 433 (taxonomy); Joshi et al. 1965: 139

(distribution); Stone and Delfinado 1973: 292 (distribution).

Aédes (Christophersiomyia) annulirostris of Barraud 1934: 215 (o*, 2*, L);

Carter 1950: 92 (references); Peters and Dewar 1956: 39 (L*, P*);

Mattingly 1959: 54 (key).

FEMALE (Figs. 1, 2). Wing: 1.9-2.8 mm. Proboscis: 1.0-1.6 mm.

Forefemur: 1.2-1.7 mm. Abdomen: 1.8 mm. Head. Decumbent scales

8 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 2, 1977

white except for diffuse patch of dingy scales dorsolaterally and laterally at

about level of apn; erect scales pale beige; labium with complete postmedian

ring of white scales, sharply defined, length of ring about 0. 22-0. 26 of labium

length; palpus dark scaled; torus with prominent patch of broad white scales

on median surface. Thorax. Integument brown; densely covered with white

scales throughout except pale beige in color in prescutellar space and in small

area posterad of scutal angle; mesonotal scales predominantly long and narrow;

midlobe of scutellum with white scales, lateral lobe with 3 or 4 white scales;

paratergite almost completely covered with white scales, narrow anteriorly,

broader posteriorly; pleural scaling entirely white, scales all broad except

for some on apn and on upper ppn, apn with broad flat scales anteriorly, nar-

row curved scales in the middle, broader curved scales posteriorly and

longer broader curved scales ventrally; ppn almost completely covered with

white scales, narrow above, broad below and intermediate in the middle;

ppl with a large patch of white scales; acx and pcx with a few white scales; psp

with a few scales caudad of bristles; ssp with a large scale patch continuous

with patch on upper sip; a small scale patch below pva bristles; stp with a large

upper patch of scales continuous with that of ssp and a large separate lower

patch; mep with a scale patch below upper bristles, usually extending ventrad

to lower mep bristles; prescutellar and supra-alar bristles well developed;

usually 2 lower mep bristles, equal in character; 2 strong upper sip bristles,

posterior row with 5 or 6 moderately strong bristles, several small hairs

between the 2 scale patches in front of posterior row of bristles. Legs. All

coxae with white scales, except forecoxa which has dark scales medially; tro-

chanters with white scales; forefemur predominantly dark scaled but with a

conspicuous white marking on posterior surface restricted to basal 0.5, a few

scattered white scales posteriorly near distal end; midfemur dark scaled ex-

cept for conspicuous apical white ring; hindfemur with white scales anteriorly

except for basal dark ring, dark scales posteriorly on apical 0.5, continued

dorsally as a dark spot; foretibia predominantly dark scaled except for dingy,

white scales on apical 0.75 posteriorly; midtibia entirely dark scaled; hind-

tibia dark scaled except for white streak on basal 0. 4 ventrally; tarsi dark

scaled except for the following white markings, (1) small basal rings on seg-

ments 1-3 of foretarsus, (2) midtarsus pale scaled with narrow basal rings on

segments 1-3, except sometimes incomplete dorsally on segment 3, (3) dis-

tinct, broader basal rings on segments 1-4 of hindtarsus. Wing. Scales all

dark except for small, inconspicuous basal white patch on costa; remigial

bristles lacking; plical area without scales at base ventrally. Halter. Knob

predominantly with dark scales at base, a few whitish scales below in front,

distal part with pale scales. Abdomen. Tergite I dark scaled, sometimes with

2 or 3 white scales basally on median, laterotergite densely covered with white

scales; tergites II-V largely dark scaled, with basal median triangular patches

narrowed distad and subapical lateral triangular patches of white scales,

patches narrowed basad; tergites VI, VU with similar triangular patches of

white scales, remainder of tergum covered with dingy, light beige scales

except for small white patches laterally; sternites II-VI largely white scaled

and with progressively broader apical bands of dark scales; sternite VII large-

ly pale scaled.

MALE (Figs. 2, 3). Essentially as in female but smaller; head with white

scales only; thorax with pale beige scales restricted to prescutellar space;

terminalia as figured and as described for the subgenus; aedeagus without

denticles.

PUPA (Fig. 3). Chaetotaxy as recorded in Table 1. Respiratory trumpet,

Abercrombie: Aedes (Christophersiomyia) 9

Moderately pigmented; a few setae on inner surface of meatus; index 3.0-5.5,

mean = 3.94. Cephalothorax. Seta 12-C double to 4 branched. Abdomen.

Seta 1-II with 6-18 branches; 1-II double to 5 branched; 1-IV double or triple;

1-VII single; 5-I with 1-4 branches; 5-II double to 5 branched; 5-IV, V single

or double; 6-V single. Paddle. Ovoid, with minute spicules on apical 0. 85-

0.90 of outer and 0.20-0.25 of inner margins; midrib moderately pigmented,

not reaching apex; 1-P moderately long, single; index 1.56-1.73, mean = 1. 64.

LARVA (Fig. 4). Head. Seta0-C single; 1-C long, thin, single; 3-C minute,

single; 4-C short, dendritic, with 7-13 branches, well caudad of anterior margin

of head, mesad and slightly cephalad of 6-C; 5-C long, with 4-10 branches,

caudad of 6-C; 6-C long, double or triple, well caudad of anterior margin of

head, well mesad and slightly caudad of 7-C; 7-C long, with 5-12 branches,

well caudad of anterior margin of head, well mesad of base of antenna, laterad

and slightly cephalad of 6-C; 8-C triple or 4 branched; 9-C triple to 7 branched;

10, 15-C double to 5 branched; 11-C with 7-10 branches; 12-C with 4-8

branches; 13-C with 5-9 branches; 14-C single or double; 6-MP single to

triple; mental plate with 20-24 teeth; ventromentum with long, pectinate setae;

mouth brush with comb-like setae mesally. Antenna. Short, moderately pig-

mented; 1-A long, triple to 5 branched, attached 0.48-0.53 from base; 2-A

single, longer than 3-6-A; 3-6-A single, short; 5-A blunt, peglike. Abdomen.

Setae 0-VII, VIII single; 1-VII single; 1-VIII double or triple; 2-VII, VII single;

3-VII triple to 6 branched; 3-VIII with 5-7 branches; 4-VII, VIII single; 5-VII

with 4-8 branches; 5-VIII double or triple; 6-VII with 9-14 branches; 7-VII

single or double; 8-VII with 8 to 12 branches; 9-VII single to 5 branched; 10-

VII single; 11-VII single or double; 12-VII single; 13-VII double to 4 branched;

14-VIII single; 1-X moderately long, slender, single to triple; 2-X long,

double; 3-X very long, single; 4-X composed of 4 pairs of setae on grid; 4a

double or triple; 4b, c double to 4 branched; 4d triple to 5 branched; 4c, d

shorter than 4a,b; VII with comb composed of 10-18 scales in one row; 4

anal papillae, long and slender; dorsal margin of saddle 0.25-0.30 total length

of anal papillae. Siphon. Pigmented, acus absent, index 1.72-3.18 (mean =

2.13); pecten on basal 0.36-0.43 of siphon, composed of 6-12 evenly spaced

teeth, each tooth with a slender attenuated filament with 2 or 3 small denticles

on ventral margin and one on the dorsal margin; 1-S moderately long, with 5-7

branches, attached at about 0.5 of siphon, distad to posteriormost pecten

tooth; 2,6, 7,9-S single; 8-S double.

DISCUSSION. The adult of annulirostris is distinguished from other mem-

bers of the subgenus by the following combination of characters: hindtibia

wholly dark scaled except for a small white streak ventrally, anterior surface

of forefemur with only a few pale scales basally, metameron without scales,

white band of proboscis entire and all 3 lobes of scutellum with white scales.

The pupa of annulirostris is very similar to that of gombakensis. Aedes

annulivostris has seta 1-P always single and rather long, about 0.5 the length

of the entire paddle while Aedes gombakensis has seta 1-P single or triple

and short, only about 0.33 the length of the paddle. Aedes annulirostris is

also very similar to ibis and can be distinguished only by careful examination

of the spicule pattern on the paddle. Spicules cover practically the entire

outer paddle margin of annulirostris but only about the apical 0.33 of the inner

margin. The paddle of ibis has spicules on the apical 0.50-0.55 of both the

outer and inner margins. Aedes annulirostris is separable from other mem-

bers of the subgenus by having setae 12-C double to 4 branched, 1-III and 5-II

double to 5 branched, and 1-VII and 6-V single.

The description of the larva of annulirostris is based on 7 poorly preserved

10 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 2, 1977

exuviae and one whole slide-mounted larva, also in poor shape. The thoracic

and abdominal segments are particularly difficult to interpret. Only the char-

acters on the head and terminal abdominal segments, particularly segment X

and the siphon, were sufficiently distinguishable for inclusion in the description

and in the key.

| The larva, as the pupa, of annulirostris shows close affinities with gom -

bakensis and ibis. Aedes annulirostris is best distinguished by having comb-

like mesal hairs on the mouth brush; both gombakensis and ibis have simple

hairs throughout the mouth brush. Aedes annulirostris has seta 1-A attached

0.48-0.53 from the base of the antenna, as does gombakensis, but zbis has

seta 1-A closer to the head, at about 0. 40-0. 44.

TYPE-DATA,. The holotype female of annulirostris is in the BMNH.

Type-locality: Peradeniya, [| Central],CEYLON [| SRI LANKA], I-1902. I

have not seen the type.

DISTRIBUTION. 56 specimens examined: 10°, 140, 90 terminalia, 1 L,

Tl, 1d-p.

INDIA. Mysore, Belgaum (4-8-1921, P. J. Barraud), 20, 22; Karwar,

N. Kasiara (II-1931, P. J. B.), 1°, 11, 1 p: "Najargah" (VIII-1921, P. J.

Barraud), 1°.

NEPAL. Hetaura, 27° 26' N, 85° 02' E (I-V-1955, W. Peters), 40°, 2“ ter-

minalia, 1 L, 21, 4p.

SRI LANKA. Kandy. Udawattehele (22-VI-1975, Peyton and Huang), 3c,

3% terminalia.

THAILAND. Chiang Mai. Chiang Mai (25-V-1952, D. C. and E. B.

Thurman), 1°, 1% terminalia; Doi Suthep, Chom Cheng Peak (13-XI-1952,

D. C. and E. B. Thurman), 1° terminalia, (13-II-1953, Manop Ratanapradi),

1%‘; Doi Suthep, Ban Chang (10-VII-1970, Chailou and Anun), 1°, 11, 1p;

"Changpuak Chang Kien" (5-9-1962, U. S. Army - SMRL), 1°. Kanchanaburi.

Huai Mai Nam Noi (24-V-1965, Peyton and Somboon), 1 p, (28-V-1965,

Sumeth), 1°, 11, 1p. Lampang. Ban Rai Na Dieo (16-V-1968, Harrison and

team), 30°, 2% terminalia, 32, 21, 7p.

BIONOMICS. Aedes annulirostris breeds in tree holes and water butts

(Barraud 1934). Immature stages in Thailand were collected in a small stump

hole in secondary deciduous forest in partial shade at 800 m by Chailou and

Anun, in a small tree hole about 3.8 cm in diameter and about 7.5 cm deep

in a primary bamboo grove in partial shade at 2.3 m by Sumeth and in a wood-

pecker hole in a log laying on the ground in a cultivated field in partial shade

at 520 m by Harrison and his team. Larvae and pupa of ibzs also were col-

lected in the same woodpecker hole.

Adult specimens from the BMNH collected by Barraud in 1921 in Belgaum,

India, bear the notation "barrel.'' Barraud's notes on other specimens from

Karwar, India, indicate that he reared the adults from tree hole material.

Peters and Dewar (1956) collected eggs of annulirostris in dried residue

in holes in mango trees in Nepal at 610 m. They wrote (p. 38), ''These eggs

had survived at least seven months since the last rainy season and hatched

within a day or two of the addition of water."' Eggs of annulirostris were

found in the same holes with those of Aedes (Stegomyia) w-albus (Theobald)

and A. (S.) albopictus (Skuse).

Joshi et al. (1965), obtained a female of annulirostris outdoors in the

jungle in Kosi, Sunsari, Dharan, Nepal in June 1961.

MEDICAL IMPORTANCE. Green (1911) reported that annulirostris was

"scarce and of no importance" in Sri Lanka. In an extensive study of the

Culicidae of Poona District, India, Rao and Rajagopalan (1957) found annuli-

Abercrombie: Aedes (Christophersiomyia) 11

rostris "in fair numbers" at each of their 3 collecting localities. They col-

lected adults in all months except February, Marchand April. They observed

that adults rest in the bushes of the forest and readily bite man, both during

the day and after sunset. A total of 86 females were collected biting outdoors.

None were ever found indoors, but a few were taken in outdoor shelters.

Nothing is known of the disease vector status of this species.

AEDES (CHRISTOPHERSIOMYIA) CHIONODES BELKIN

(Pigs. 5, 6,78)

Aedes (Christophersiomyia) chionodes Belkin 1962: 434 (*, 2); Stone 1963:

128 (distribution); Steffan 1966: 210 (distribution); Huang 1968: 176

(A*, biology, distribution).

Aedes (Christophersiomyia) chinodes of Steffan 1966: 187 (error).

FEMALE (Fig. 5). Essentially as described by Belkin (1962). Wing:

2.8-3.1 mm. Proboscis: 1.8-2.1 mm. Forefemur: 1.8-2.0 mm. Abdomen:

2.7-2.8 mm. Head. Decumbent scales all white except for diffuse patches

of darker scales laterally at about level of apn; erect scales beige, labium

with an incomplete postmedian ring of snowy white scales, divided longitudinal-

ly by a narrow streak of dark scales dorsally, length of ring about 0.15-0.18

of labium length; palpus dark scaled; torus with patch of white scales on medi-

an surface; flagellar segment 1 with rather large patch of dark scales. Thovax.

Integument brown; densely covered with white scales throughout except pale

beige in color in prescutellar space; mesonotal scales predominantly long and

narrow; midlobe of scutellum with white scales, lateral lobe predominantly

with white scales but with a few dingy scales laterally; paratergite almost com-

pletely covered with broad white scales; pleural scaling entirely white, scales

all broad except some on apn and on upper pin; apn with broad flat scales

anteriorly, narrow curved scales in the middle, broader curved scales pos-

teriorly, and longer broader curved scales ventrally; ppn almost completely

covered with white scales, narrow above, broad below, and intermediate in the

middle; ppl with a large patch of white scales; acx and pcx with a few white

scales; psp with a few scales caudad of bristles; ssp with a large scale patch

often joined with patch on sip; a large scale patch below pra bristles; stp with

a large upper patch of scales more-or-less continuous with those of ssp and

mep and a large separate lower patch; mep with a very large scale patch from

upper to lower bristles, extending to anterior margin throughout and prolonged

ventrad behind lower mep bristles; prescutellar and supra-alar bristles well

developed; 2-4 lower mep bristles, usually 1 quite strong; usually only 1

small upper stp bristle, posterior row also weak except for 2 heavy lower

bristles, several small hairs between the 2 scale patches in front of posterior

row of bristles. Legs, All coxae with snow-white scales, except forecoxa

which has dark scales medially; trochanters with snow-white scales; fore-

femur predominantly dark scaled except for a conspicuous white marking on

posterior surface starting in basal 0.1, broadening and extending to dorsal

and ventral margins to about 0.5 and then continuing as a narrow posteroven-

tral streak to about 0.9; midfemur similar but with the posterior white marking

less extensive and with a conspicuous subapical dorsal white spot; hindfemur

predominantly with white scales, anterior surface with a narrow apical dark

ring and a dorsal dark streak from about 0.6 to 0.7, this dark streak continu-

ing as a dark band on posterior surface to the ventral margin; foretibia pre-

12 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 2, 1977

dominantly dark scaled with a few scattered pale scales on posterior and ven-

tral surfaces; midtibia dark scaled; hindtibia mostly dark scaled with a few

pale scales apically on anterior surface; tarsi dark scaled except for the fol-

lowing white markings, (1) a small basal dorsal spot on segment 1 of foretar-

sus, (2) a narrow basal ring on segment 1 and a narrower incomplete basal

ring or basal dorsal patch on segment 2 of midtarsus, and (3) distinct, some-

what broader basal rings on segments 1-3 and a few dingy scales at base of

segment 4 of hindtarsus. Wing. Scales all dark except for small, inconspicu-

ous basal white patch on costa; 1 or 2 inconspicuous remigial bristles; plical

area without scales at base ventrally. Halter. Knob predominantly with dark

scales at base, a few whitish scales below in front, distal part with pale scales.

Abdomen. Tergite I dark scaled; laterotergite densely covered with snow-white

scales; tergites II-VI largely dark scaled, with subapical lateral triangular

patches of white scales, patches narrowed basad, reaching base of segment on

Ii-IV, progressively smaller and more distant from base on V and VI; tergite

VII with a narrow lateral border of white scales; tergites II-VI with basal

median white markings separate from lateral patches, usually only a few

scales on II, progressively longer on III-VI, and occupying more than half the

length of tergite VII; sternites II-VI largely white scaled and with progressively

broader apical bands of dark scales; sternite VII largely dark scaled and with

a few pale scales on distal margin in the middle.

MALE (Figs. 5, 6, 7). Essentially as in female but smaller; head and

thorax with white scales only; labium with an incomplete postmedian ring of

snowy white scales, divided longitudinally by a narrow streak of dark scales

dorsally, length of ring about 0.15-0.18 of labium length; palpus dark scaled;

torus with patch of white scales on median surface; foretibia with pale white

inconspicuous streak on ventral surface; genitalia as figured and as described

for the subgenus; aedeagus without denticles.

PUPA (Fig. 7). Respiratory trumpet. Length: 0.46 mm; greatest width:

0.11mm; index 4.18. Moderately pigmented; afew short setae on inner surface

of meatus. Cephalothorax, Setae 1-3,5,6,8,9,12-C single; 4-C double or

triple; 7-C single or double; 10,11-C missing; 12-C long and slender. Abdo-

men, Seta 0-II-VUOI single; 1-I with 17 or 18 branches, 1-II-VI missing, 1-VII

single; 2-I missing, 2-II-V, VII single; 3-I, II, IV missing, 3-II, VII single,

3-V double; 4-I, II, V triple, 4-III double or 4 branched, 4-IV double, 4-VI

single or double, 4-VII, VIII single; 5-I triple, 5-II, III, VII single, 5-VI miss-

ing; 6-I-III single, 6-IV missing, 6-V double, 6-VI single or double; 7-1, II,

VI, VII single, 7-IV double, 7-III, V triple or 4 branched; 8-II missing, 8-III

double or triple, 8-IV, V, VII double, 8-VI triple; 9-I, III-VI single, 9-II, VU,

VIII missing; 10-II, VI missing, 10-IV double, 10-V, VII single; 11-II-VII

single; 14-III- VIII single; 1-VII very small and short; 5-I very small and short;

5-II moderately long and slender; 6-V moderately long and slender. Paddle.

Length: 0.61 mm; greatest width: 0.51 mm, index 1.19; ovoid, with minute

spicules on apical 0.35 of outer and apical 0.20 of inner margin; midrib mod-

erately pigmented, not reaching apex; 1-P short, single.

LARVA (Fig. 8). Record of the branching of the setae follows. Head,

Seta 0-C single; 1-C short, stout, single, on ventral surface; 3, 14-C single;

4-C short, dendritic, with 8 or 9 branches, well caudad of anterior margin of

head, mesad and slightly cephalad of 6-C; 5-C long, triple to 5 branched, only

slightly caudad of 6-C; 6-C long, double, well caudad of anterior margin of

head, well mesad and slightly caudad of 7-C; 7-C long, with 5 or 6 branches,

well caudad of anterior margin of head, well laterad and slightly cephalad of

6-C; 8, 15-C triple; 9-C with 4 to 6 branches; 10-C single to triple; 11-C with

Abercrombie: Aedes (Christophersiomyia) 13

6 or 7 branches; 12-C double to 5 branched; 13-C triple to 7 branched; mental

plate with 24 or 25 teeth; mouth brush with simple setae. Antenna. Short,

moderately pigmented; seta 1-A long, double to 4 branched, attached 0.45

from base; 2-A single, much longer than 3-6-A; 3-6-A single, short; 5-A

blunt, peglike. Thorax. Seta 0-P dendritic, with 14 to 17 branches; 1-P

double to 4 branched; 2,9-P single or double; 3,11, 14-P double or triple; 4,

T-P triple; 5, 6,10, 12-P single; 8-P double; 1-M with 4 or 5 branches; 2-M

single or double; 3,5, 7,10,12-M single; 4-M double; 6-M double to 4 branched;

8-M triple to 6 branched; 9, 14-M with 4 branches; 11-M single to triple; 13-M

dendritic, with 8 to 11 branches; 1,3-T dendritic, with 6 to 10 branches; 2,5,

6,10,12-T single; 4-T double to 4 branched; 7-T with 4-6 branches; 8-T with

4 or 5 branches; 9,13-T triple or 4 branched; 11-T double or triple. Abdo-

men. Seta 0-II-VIII single; 1-I dendritic, with 9-15 branches; 1-II with 5 or 6

branches; 1-III-V, VII single; 1-VI double or triple; 1-VIII single or double;

2-I, Il, 1V-VIII single; 2-III single or double; 3-I-III double; 3-IV single or

double; 3-V, VI single; 3- VII double to 4 branched; 3-VIII with 4-6 branches;

4-I dendritic, with 7 or 8 branches; 4-II dendritic, with 5 to 8 branches; 4-III

triple to 5 branched; 4-IV, VI double or triple; 4-V with 4 or 5 branches; 4-VII,

VIII single; 5-I double to 5 branched; 5-II triple to 6 branched; 5-III double to

4 branched; 5-IV-VI single; 5-VII with 4 or 5 branches; 5-VIII double; 6-I, IV,

V double; 6-II double or triple; 6-III, VI single; 6-VII dendritic, with 6 to 10

branches; 7-I, VII double; 7-II, VI double or triple; 7-III with 4-6 branches;

7-IV with 5-8 branches; 7-V with 4 or 5 branches; 8-II single or double; 8-III-

V single; 8-VI with 5 branches; 8-VII with 8 branches; 9-I, VII single or double;

9-II double; 9-III-VI single; 10-I-VII single; 11-I single or double; 11-lI-VU

single; 12-II triple or 4 branched; 12-III, IV double or triple; 12-V, VII single;

12-VI missing; 13-I, III-V, VII single; 13-II dendritic, with 6-15 branches; 13-

VI dendritic, with 16-18 branches; 14-II-VI missing; 14-VII, VIII single; 1-X

moderately long, slender, single; 2-X long, single or double; 3-X long, single;

4-X composed of 4 pairs of setae on grid; 4a-c single or double; 4d single to

triple; 4c,d shorter than 4a, b; VUI with comb composed of 9-12 scales in one

row; 4 anal papillae, long and slender; dorsal margin of saddle 0. 40-0. 43

total length of anal papillae. Siphon. Pigmented, acus absent, index 2.13-

2.27 (mean = 2.20); pecten on basal 0.38 of siphon, composed of 6-10 evenly

spaced teeth, each tooth with a slender attenuated filament with a small denti-

cle on ventral margin; 1-S moderately long, triple or 4 branched, attached on

basal 0.44 of siphon; distad to posteriormost pecten tooth; 2, 6, 8, 9-S single;

7-S single or double. :

TYPE-DATA. The holotype male of chionodes with terminalia slide

(590601-2) is in the School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, University

of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. Type-locality: Torokina, Bougainville, Solo-

mon Islands [| PAPUA NEW GUINEA], IV-1945, F. N. Ratcliffe. Allotype: 8,

with same data as holotype. Paratypes: one ?, with same data as holotype;

one ?, with same data as holotype, except collected V-1945. I have seen none

of the type-series.

DISTRIBUTION. 14 specimens examined: 3°, 4°, 4c terminalia, 2 L,

1p.

INDONESIA. Ambon Island, Waai (1-VI-1966, A. M. R. Wegner), 32.

PAPUA NEW GUINEA. Papua. 35 miles east of Port Moresby, Rigo Road

(29-XII-1965, S. Sirivanakarn), 1°, 10° terminalia; Southeast Central District,

Rigo Road (29-XII-1965, S. Sirivanakarn and H. Lake), 30, 3c‘ terminalia,

a ly 4B

DISCUSSION. Aedes chionodes is the only species in Christophersiomyia

14 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 2, 1977

known to occur outside of the Oriental-Indomalayan faunal areas. It occurs in

both the South Pacific and Papuan faunal areas as defined by Belkin (1962).

Belkin theorized that a dispersal of Papuan forms colonized the Solomons; the

discovery of chionodes on New Guinea and on Ambon Island as well as in the

Solomons tends to support his hypothesis. However, he thought that chionodes

itself was an example of an insular preservation of a form of a relict group

since it was unknown to him from the neighboring Papuan and Australian faunal

areas.

The adult of chionodes is very similar to that of gombakensis. Females

of the 2 species can be most reliably separated by characters on the abdomen.

Aedes gombakensis has abdominal tergites II and III dark scaled and has only

minute white basal median triangular patches on the other tergites. Aedes

chionodes has tergites II-VII with white basal median triangular patches, quite

large progressively on tergites III-VII. Males of the 2 species are separated

rather easily by the presence of denticles on the aedeagus of gombakensis; the

aedeagus of chionodes lacks denticles. Aedes chionodes can be distinguished

from the other members of the subgenus by the following combination of char-

acters; lateral lobe of scutellum with a few dingy or dark scales, anterior sur-

face of forefemur predominantly dark scaled, and hindtibia almost completely

dark scaled, lacking white rings.

This description of the pupa of chionodes is based ona single mounted

exuvium from New Guinea. The specimen is in rather poor shape, with many

setae missing. Nevertheless, the pupa is easily distinguishable from others

in the subgenus by the following combination of characters: seta 12-C single,

seta 5-II single and seta 6-V double; annulirostris has seta 12-C double to 4

branched, 5-II double to 5 branched and 6-V single; gombakensis has seta

12-C triple to 5 branched, 5-II double to 4 branched and 6-V single; ibis has

seta 12-C double to 7 branched, 5-II double to 6 branched and 6-V single; and

thomsoni has seta 12-C 4-8 branched, 5-II 6-10 branched and 6-V single.

This description of the larva of chionodes is based on 2 specimens from

New Guinea. They clearly belong to Christophersiomyia, and can be separ-

ated from other members of the subgenus by the following distinctive setae:

5-C triple to 5 branched; 6-C double; 11-P double or triple; 13-M dendritic,

with 8-11 branches; 14-M with 4 branches; 5-II triple to 6 branched; 7-II

double or triple; 1,6,10,11,13-III, 1,5,13-IV, 1,5,11,13-V, 10, 11, 13-VII,

8-S single; 5-III double to 4 branched; 7-V with 4 or 5 branches; 8-VI double

to 5 branched; 3-VII double to 4 branched; 1-VIII single or double; 1-S triple

or 4 branched.

BIONOMICS. Belkin (1962) theorized that chionodes breeds in tree holes

or possibly rock holes. Huang (1968) reported it from coconut shells in New

Guinea. The immature stages also have been collected in coconut spathes in

New Guinea.

MEDICAL IMPORTANCE. Females of chionodes were taken biting ina

forest in Indonesia by Wegner. Nothing is known of its disease vector status.

AEDES (CHRISTOPHERSIOMYIA) GOMBAKENSIS MATTINGLY

(Figs. 9, 10, 11, 12)

Aedes (Christophersiomyia) sp. Macdonald 1957: 19 (biology).

Aédes (Christophersiomyia) gombakensis Mattingly 1959: 56 (*, *, L*, P*).

Aedes (Christophersiomyia) gombakensis of Stone 1961: 41 (distribution);

Belkin 1962: 433 (taxonomy); Stone and Delfinado 1973: 292 (distribution).

Abercrombie: Aedes (Christophersiomyia) 15

FEMALE (Figs. 9, 10). Wing: 2.7-3.0 mm. Proboscis: 1.7-1.9 mm.

Forefemur: 1.6-1.7 mm. Abdomen: 2.4mm. Head. Decumbent scales

all white except for a large patch of dark scales dorsolaterally and laterally

on each side at about level of apn, sometimes reaching hind margin of eye but

usually interrupted by scattered white scales along this margin; erect scales

light brown; labium with an incomplete postmedian ring of white scales, sharp-

ly defined ventrally and laterally but divided by a narrow line of dark scales

dorsally, length of ring about 0.11-0.18 of labium length, anda very small api-

cal patch of light-brown scales; palpus dark scaled; torus with median patch

of broad white scales; flagellum 1 with a few white scales basally. Thorax.

Integument brown; fossa with pale scales laterally, interrupted medially by a

broad prolongation of dark scales from mesonotum, sometimes reaching an-

terior margin of thorax; mesonotal scales long and narrow; midlobe of scutel-

lum with broad white scales except broad brown scales posteriorly and later-

ally, lateral lobe with broad brown scales; paratergite apparently with a few

curved, narrow white scales but all specimens wholly or partially denuded in

this area; pleural scaling white, scales all broad except for some on apn and

on upper ppn; apn with broad flat scales on anterior surface, narrow curved

scales in the middle and broader curved scales posteriorly; ppn with thin

vestiture of white scales, narrow above and broad below; ppl with large patch

of white scales extending to pst; acx and pcx with 2 or 3 white scales each; psp

apparently with a few scales; ssp with a large scale patch continuous with

patch on upper sip; a large scale patch below pra bristles; stp with a large

upper patch of scales continuous with that of ssp and a large separate lower

patch; mep with a large scale patch extending from upper to lower bristles and

prolonged only slightly ventrad behind lower mep bristle; prescutellar and

supra-alar bristles well developed; 1 lower mep bristle; 1 or 2 upper sip

bristles, posterior row with 3 or 4 weak or moderately strong bristles, several

hairs between the 2 scale patches in front of posterior row of bristles. Legs,

Coxae with white scales; trochanters with white scales; forefemur predomin-

antly dark scaled but with a conspicuous white marking on posterior surface

restricted to basal 0.5, broad, and extending to dorsal and ventral margins,

sub-apical pale patch; midfemur very dark scaled except for subapical dorsal

white spot in most specimens; hindfemur largely white anteriorly except for

basal dark ring, posteriorly with dark area on apical 0.9; all tibiae dark

scaled except for small apical white spot ventrally on hindtibia; all tarsi dark

scaled except for the following white markings, (1) foretarsus with small pale

markings basally on ventral surface of segments 1 and 2, (2) midtarsus with

basal white rings on segments 1 and 2 and an often incomplete basal pale ring

on segment 3, (3) hindtarsus with basal white rings on segments 1-3 and an

often incomplete basal pale ring on segment 4. Wing. Scales all dark except

for a few pale scales at base of costa; remigial bristles lacking; plical area

without scales at base ventrally. Halter. Knob with dark scales dorsally,

pale beige scales ventrally. Abdomen. Tergites I-III dark scaled; lateroter-

gite with pale and white scales; tergites IV-VI with only a few white scales

medially; tergites II-VI with subapical lateral triangular patches of white

scales, patches narrowed only slightly basad; tergite VII with lateral border of

white scales; sternites II-VI largely white scaled, with progressively broader

apical bands.

MALE (Figs. 10, 11). Essentially as infemale, differing in the following

respects: head with white decumbent scales throughout; scutum more exten-

sively dark scaled; hindfemur with dark anterodorsal stripe; abdominal ter-

gites II and IV-VII with basal median pale or white triangular patches, pro-

16 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 2, 1977

gressively larger on posterior tergites; tergite III variable, with or without

basal median triangular patch; genitalia as figured and as described for the

subgenus, but aedeagus unique in possessing 3 teeth on each side.

PUPA (Fig. 11). Chaetotaxy as recorded in Table 2. Respiratory trumpet.

Moderately pigmented; a few short setae on inner surface of meatus; index

3.50-4.64, mean = 3.93. Cephalothorax. Seta 12-C triple to 5 branched.

Abdomen. Seta 1-II with 13-21 branches; 1-III triple to 7 branched; 1-IV

triple to 5 branched; 1-VII single; 5-I, IV single to triple; 5-II double to 4

branched; 5-V single; 6-V single. Paddle. Ovoid, with minute spicules on

outer margin and apical 0.25-0.33 of inner margin; midrib moderately pig-

mented, almost reaching apex; 1-P short, single to triple; index 1. 69-1. 83,

mean = 1.73.

LARVA (Fig. 12). Chaetotaxy as recorded in Table 5. Head. Seta 4-C

short, dendritic, with 9-11 branches, well caudad of anterior margin of head;

d-C long with 4-7 branches, only slightly caudad of 6-C; 6-C long, double or

triple, well caudad of anterior margin of head, well mesad and slightly caudad

of 7-C; 7-C long, with 4-7 branches; mental plate with 20-25 teeth; mouth

brush with simple setae. Antenna. Short, moderately pigmented; seta 1-A

long, triple, attached 0.48-0.53 from base. Thorax. Seta 11-P triple to

7 branched; 13-M dendritic, with 15-22 branches; 14-M dendritic, with 14-32

branches. Abdomen, Seta 5-II double to 4 branched; 7-II moderately long,

with 4-8 branches; 1,10-III single; 5-III double to 4 branched; 6, 13-III double

or triple; 11-III double; 1-IV double; 5, 13-IV double or triple; 1,5-V single or

double; 7-V with 6-8 branches; 11-V double; 13-V single to triple; 5-VI double

or triple; 8-VI double to 5 branched; 3-VII with 4-8 branches; 10, 14-VII single;

11, 13-VII double or triple; 1-VIII double; 1-X moderately long, slender, single;

2-X long, single or double; 3-X long, single; 4-X composed of 4 pairs of setae

on grid; 4a,b single to triple; 4c single to 4 branched; 4d double to 5 branched;

4c,d slightly shorter than 4a, b; VIII with comb composed of 6-11 scales in one

row; anal papillae long and slender; dorsal margin of saddle 0. 43-0. 50 total

length of anal papillae. Siphon. Pigmented, acus absent, index 2.10-2. 40

(mean = 2.23); pecten on basal 0.35-0.40 of siphon, composed of 4-14 evenly

spaced teeth, each tooth with a slender attenuated filament with 1 or 2 (usually

2) small denticles on ventral margin; 1-S moderately long, double to 5 branched,

attached on basal 0.48-0.55 of siphon, distad to posteriormost pecten tooth; 2,

6, 7,9-S single; 8-S single to triple.

DISCUSSION. The adult of gombakensis is very similar to that of chionodes,

The 2 species can be separated by characters discussed under the latter species.

Aedes gombakensis is the only species of Christophersiomyia which possesses

denticles on the aedeagus, of which there are 3 teeth on each lateral surface.

The teeth are small and simple, quite unlike the sclerotized lateral toothed

plates in the subgenera Stegomyia and Bothaella. This, combined with other

morphological characters in the adult and immature stages, indicate clearly

that gombakensis is properly placed in Christophersiomyia.

The pupa of gombakensis is very similar to that of annulirostris. The

latter species has seta 1-P single, about 0.5 the length of the paddle; gom-

bakensis has seta 1-P single or triple, and only about 0.33 the length of the

paddle. The pupa of gombakensis is distinguished from other members of the

subgenus by the following combination of characters: paddle with minute spi-

cules covering practically the entire outer margin but restricted to the apical

0.33 of the inner margin, abdominal setae 1-III triple to 7 branched, 1-VII

and 6-V single.

The larva of gombakensis also is very similar to that of annulirostris, It

Abercrombie: Aedes (Christophersiomyia) 17

is likely that good characters exist on the thorax and abdomen of annulirosiris,

as on other larvae of the subgenus, that would aid in species determination.

Until more specimens are available for study, the most reliable means of dis-

tinguishing between the 2 species are the mesal hairs of the mouth brush.

Those of gombakensis are simple while those of annulirostris are comb-like.

Aedes gombakensis is also very similar to ibis. They are best separated

by the characters given in the key. Aedes gombakensis is separated from

other members of the subgenus by the key characters and by the diagnostic

setae described above.

Mattingly (1959) speculated that his paratype female may represent a dif-

ferent species since the associated larval skin has head seta B (seta 6-C here)

short, strongly plumose and triple. Other larvae of gombakensis have seta

6-C long, barbed and double. The additional adult specimens examined are

in such poor shape (all females have missing abdomens) that an answer to

Mattingly's speculation must still await additional material.

Aedes gombakensis is the only species in Christophersiomyia restricted to

the Indomalayan region of Belkin (1962). Aedes ibis is found in both the Indo-

malayan and Oriental regions.

TYPE-DATA. The holotype male (993/15) of.gombakensis is in the BMNH.

Type-locality: 16th mile, Ulu Gombak, Selangor, [ MALAYSIA], II-1956, J. A.

Reid. Allotype: 2 (993/8), with same data as holotype. Paratypes: ? (993/

16), 20° (993/12, 993/13), with same data as holotype. All with associated lar-

val and pupal exuviae. I have seen the allotype with associated exuviae and the

3 paratypes, all with associated larval and pupal exuviae.

DISTRIBUTION. 31 specimens examined: 50, 30 terminalia, 52, 91,

9 p.

MALAYSIA. Selangor. 16th mile, Ulu Gombak (II-1956, J. A. Reid),

30°, 10° terminalia, 22, 51, 5 p; 15th mile, Ulu Gombak (25-X-1956, J. A.

Reid), 2%, 2% terminalia, 32, 41, 5p.

BIONOMICS AND MEDICAL IMPORTANCE. Macdonald (1957) collected

females biting man in Malaysia and reported that this species breeds in tree

holes. Nothing is known of its disease vector status.

AEDES (CHRISTOPHERSIOMYIA) IBIS BARRAUD

(Figs. 4, 13, 14, 15)

Aedes (Christophersiomyia?) ibis Barraud 1931: 610 (2).

Aédes (Christophersiomyia) ibis of Barraud 1934: 215 (taxonomy); Mattingly

1959: 54 (key).

Aedes (Christophersiomyia) brayi Knight 1947: 73 (“*, 2) NEW SYNONYMY; of

Knight and Hull 1951: 219 (key); Knight and Hull 1952: 162 (taxonomy);

Horsfall 1955: 410 (distribution); Stone et al. 1959: 177 (distribution);

Belkin 1962: 433 (taxonomy); Basio 1971: 13 (list); Stone and Delfinado

1973: 292 (distribution).

Aedes (Christophersiomyia) ibis of Knight 1947: 75 (key); Horsfall 1955: 410

(distribution); Stone et al. 1959: 177 (distribution); Belkin 1962: 433 (tax-

| onomy); Stone and Delfinado 1973: 292 (distribution).

Aedes (Christophersiomyia) brayioft Mattingly 1959: 55 (**, taxonomy).

FEMALE (Figs. 13, 14). Wing: 2.1-2.8 mm. Proboscis: 1.2-1.6 mm.

Forefemur: 1.3-1.8 mm. Abdomen: 1.7-2.4 mm. Head, Decumbent

scales all white except for large patch of dark scales dorsolaterally and later-

18 _ Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 2, 1977

ally on each side at about level of apn, not reaching hind margin of eye; erect

scales light brown; labium with a postmedian ring of white scales, sharply

defined ventrally and laterally but sometimes interrupted dorsally by a line of

dark scales, length of ring about 0.10-0.18 of labium length, a hairstreak of

white scales ventrally near apex, a small apical patch of light colored scales;

palpus dark scaled; torus with median patch of broad white scales; flagellum

1 with a few white scales mediobasally. Thorax. Integument brown; fossa

with white scales; mesonotal scales long and narrow; midlobe and lateral lobe

of scutellum with broad pale brown scales; paratergite with curved, narrow

white scales; pleural scaling white, scales all broad except for some on apn

and on upper ppn,; apn with broad flat scales on anterior surface, narrow

curved scales in the middle, and broader curved scales posteriorly; ppv with

white scales narrow above and broad below, continuous with patch on ssp be-

low; Ppl with large patch of white scales extending to pst; acx and pcx with

dense vestiture of white scales; psp with a few scales; ssp with a large scale

patch continuous with patches on lower ppn and upper sip; a large scale patch

below pra bristles; stp with a large upper patch of scales continuous with that

of ssp and a large separate lower patch; mep with a large scale patch extend-

ing from upper to lower bristles and prolonged very slightly ventrad behind

lower mep bristles; prescutellar and supra-alar bristles strongly developed;

usually 1 lower mep bristle; 1 or 2 upper stp bristles, posterior row with

4-6 strong bristles. Legs. All coxae with white scales, except forecoxa

which has middle with dark scales; trochanters with white scales; anterior

surface of forefemur with intergrading light beige and dark scales except for

prominent white scaled marking ventrally on apical 0.3, posterior surface

dark scaled at base, remainder white scaled except for a broad dark scaled

band beginning at about 0.5, and a few diffuse dark scales distally; midfemur

dark scaled throughout except for apical white ring, continued basally on ven-

tral surface as hairstreak; hindfemur white scaled throughout except for dark

scaled marking posteriorly on apical 0.45 often continued as light beige scales

on anterior surface, and with basal dark scales dorsally; foretibia and mid-

tibia dark scaled except for a few white scales ventrally on foretibia; hind-

tibia dark scaled except for pale beige scales on basal 0.5 ventrally and pos-

teriorly; tarsi dark scaled except for the following white markings, (1) small

basal ring on segment 1 of foretarsus, (2) narrow basal rings on segments 1-3

of midtarsus, often inconspicuous on segment 3, (3) conspicuous, broader

basal rings on segments 1-4 of hindtarsus. Wing. Scales all dark except for

small, inconspicuous basal white patch on costa; remigial bristles lacking;

plical area without scales at base ventrally. Halter, Knob predominantly

dark scaled, except for a few whitish scales below infront. Abdomen. Ter-

gite I dark scaled, laterotergite densely covered with white scales; tergites

II and II largely dark scaled, with only a few white scales basally on median

and subapical lateral triangular patches of white scales, patches narrowed

basad; tergites IV and V largely dark scaled, with basal median triangular

patches narrowed distad and lateral triangular patches of white scales similar

to tergites II and III; tergites VI and VII with similar median and lateral tri-

angular patches of white scales, remainder of tergum covered with dingy light

beige scales; sternites II-VI largely white scaled and with progressively

broader apical bands of dark scales; sternite VII largely pale scaled.

MALE (Figs. 14, 15). As in female but head lacking dorsolateral dark

patch; thorax with white scales only; abdominal segments V-VII with less ex-

tensive white basal median triangular patches; genitalia as figured and as

described for the subgenus; aedeagus without denticles.

Abercrombie: Aedes (Christophersiomyia) 19

PUPA (Fig. 15). Chaetotaxy as recorded in Table 3. Respiratory trumpet.

Moderately pigmented; a few short setae on inner surface of meatus; index 2. 83-

4.12, mean = 3.36. Cephalothorax. Seta 12-C double to 7 branched. Abdo-

men. Seta 1-II with 8 to 15 branches; 1-III double to 6 branched; 1-IV single to

4 branched; 1-VII single; 5-I single to triple; 5-II double to 6 branched; 5-IV

single or double; 5-V single; 6-V single. Paddle. Ovoid, with minute spi-

cules on apical 0.55-0.60 of outer and inner margins; midrib moderately

pigmented, almost reaching apex; 1-P moderately long, single; index 1. 45-

1.94, mean = 1.68.

LARVA (Fig. 4). Head. Seta 0-C single; seta 1-C stout, single; 3-C,

6-MP single; 4-C short, dendritic, with 5-12 branches, well caudad of anteri-

or margin of head, mesad and slightly cephalad of 6-C; 5-C long, with 7-9

branches, caudad of 6-C; 6-C long, double or triple, well caudad of anterior

margin of head, well mesad and slightly caudad of 7-C; 7-C long, with 6-12

branches, well caudad of anterior margin of head, mesad and slightly caudad

of base of antenna, laterad and slightly cephalad of 6-C; 8-C double to 4 bran-

ched; 9-C triple to 5 branched; 10-C triple; 11-C with 6-11 branches; 12-C

with 6 or 7 branches; 13-C with 5 to 7 branches; 14-C single or double; 15-C

double or triple; mental plate with 22-26 teeth; mouth brush with simple setae.

Antenna. Short, moderately pigmented; seta 1-A long, triple or 4 branched,

attached 0. 40-0. 44 from base; 2-A single, slightly longer than 3-6-A; 3-6-A

single, short; 5-A blunt, peglike. Abdomen. Setae O-III, VIII single; 1-VIl

single; 1-VIII single or double; 2-VII, VIII single; 3-VII triple or 4 branched;

3-VIII with 5 to 7 branches; 4-VII, VIII single; 5-VII double or triple; 5- VIII

double; 6-VII with 7 to 9 branches; 7, 13-VII double; 8-VII with 5 to 14 branches;

9-12-VII single; 13-VII double; 14-VII, VIII single; 1-X moderately long, slender,

single; 2-X long, double; 3-X very long, single; 4-X composed of 4 pairs of

setae on grid; 4a double; 4b double or triple; 4c double to 4 branched; 4d triple

to 5 branched; 4c,d shorter than 4a, b; VIII with comb composed of 14 or 15

scales in one row; anal papillae missing. Siphon. Pigmented, acus absent,

index 1.96-2.12 (mean = 2.04); pecten on basal 0. 28-0. 34 of siphon, composed

of 7 to 10 evenly spaced teeth, each tooth with a slender attenuated filament

with 1 or 2 small denticles on ventral margin and 1 on the dorsal margin; 1-S

moderately long, with 4 branches, attached at about 0.5 of siphon, distad to

posteriormost pecten tooth; 2,6, 7,9-S single; 8-S single or double.

DISCUSSION. Aedes ibis is closely related to gombakensis and annuliros -

lyis, It can be separated from these species, as well as from chionodes, by

the prominent white spot on the anterior surface of the forefemur at about 0.3

from the apical end. The other species have the forefemur dark near the apex.

The immature stages are more difficult to separate. The pupa of ibis has

the paddle with spicules scattered subequally on the apical 0.50-0.55 of both

the outer and inner margins. Aedes annulirostris and gombakensis have spi-

cules covering practically the entire outer margin but restricted to the apical

0.33 of the inner margin.

The larva of ibis is described from only 3 exuviae from Thailand. All are

in rather poor shape, with the chaetotaxy of the thorax and most abdominal seg-

ments uncertain. The larva is quite close to that of gombakensis but can be

most easily separated by the comb scales; ibis has 14 or 15 while gombakensis

has 6-11.

Aedes ibis was described by Barraud (1931) from a single unique female

from Darjeeling, India, in the foothills of the Himalayas. Knight (1947) sub-

sequently described brayi from the Philippines. Until now, the 2 species were

thought to be allopatric and completely distinct. With the accumulation of

20 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 2, 1977

additional specimens from Thailand and the Indochina peninsula, it is seen

that the 2 species are connected by intermediate, intergrading populations.

Hence it is necessary to place bDvayi into synonymy with ibis. It is possible

that ibis may be a polytypic species. The 2 type-localities from India and the

Philippines are the western and eastern extremes, respectively, of its known

range. Until more specimens, particularly of immature stages, are collected

in the Philippines and show otherwise, ibis and brayi should be considered con-

specific. Aedes ibis is the only species of Christophersiomyia known to occur

in both the Oriental and Indomalayan faunal areas.

TYPE-DATA. The holotype female (2556) of zb7s is in the BMNH. Type-

locality: Sukna, North Bengal, [ Darjeeling, INDIA], VIII-1928, Sobha Ram,

"caught in jungle."’ Barraud (1934) reported the elevation as 500 feet [ = 152

m]|. The holotype male of brayi (F280(b)-x), withterminalia slideis inthe USNM.

Type-locality: San Jose, Luzon, Nueva Ecija, [| PHILIPPINES], 15-IX-1945,

D. Bray. Paratype: ? (F280 (b)), with same data as holotype. I have seen

Barraud's holotype and Knight's holotype and paratype.

DISTRIBUTION. 97 specimens examined: 32°, 10° terminalia , 289, 31, 24p.

CAMBODIA. Kompong Speu. Kirirom (19-XII-1969, J. M. Klein), ry.

"Pichnil, Stungchral" (22-V-1969, J. M. Klein), 19.

CHINA. Kwangtung. Hainan feland (1934, C. Ho), 1°.

INDIA. Darjeeling. Sukna, North Bengal (VIII-1928, Sobha Ram), 12.

MALAYSIA. Sabah. Tenom (Dept. Parasit., U. Malaya), 10, 1° ter-

minalia.

PHILIPPINES. Nueva Ecija. Luzon, San Jose (15-IX-1945, D. Bray),

1¢°, 1° terminalia, 12. Cagayan. Luzon, Alcola (23-VII-1945), 50°, 40 ter-

minalia, 3°.

THAILAND. Chiang Mai. Doi Suthep, Chom Chen Pk. (13-II-1953, Manop

Ratanapradith), 1°; Doi Suthep, "Dr. Buker's Cabin" (4-III-1953, Thurman),

12. Khon Kaen. Tham Pho Ti Yan (1962, U. S. Army-SMRL), 1°; Pa Dong

Larn (1962, U. S. Army-SMRL), 22. Lampang. Ban Rai Na Dieo (V-1968,

Harrison and team), 190, 40° terminalia, 132, 31, 24 p. Kanchanaburi.

Huae Mae Nam Niu (V-1965, Peyton and Somboon), 1, 1°. Nakhon Si Tham -

marat, Ban Thuan Lek (VI-1966, U. S. Army- SMRL), 1c,

VIETNAM. Thua Thien. Phi Bai (15-IX-1966, ‘A. Garcia), 12. Binh

Dinh, Qui Nhon (1966, Institut Pasteur), 19. Pleiku, Plei Djereng (XII-1966,

R. H. Hochman), 1°, 1°. Binh Duong. Lai Khe (IV-1966, 20th Preventive

Medicine Unit), 1°.

BIONOMICS. Knight (1947) reported that this species was reared from a

stream rock pool. Mattingly (1952) pointed out that such habitats, if shaded,

often contained tree hole breeding species.

Field data of specimens collected in Thailand and Vietnam indicate that

tbis breeds in tree holes. It was collected in a tree hole in a bamboo grove in

heavy shade at an elevation of 107 m by Peyton and Somboon. A male from

Ban Thuan Lek, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand, was bred from tree hole

material collected in a primary rain forest in mountainous terrain at 76 m.

Harrison and his team collected zbis and annulirostris from a hole in a log on

the ground at an elevation of 520 m.

Data on the labels with pinned adults from Cambodia read "'repos sous

bois" and "cascade, foret."’ Adults also have been taken at light traps in Chiang

Mai, Thailand, and Thua Thien, Vietnam. Nothing is known of its disease

vector status.

Abercrombie: Aedes (Christophersiomyia) 21

AEDES (CHRISTOPHERSIOMYIA) THOMSONI (THEOBALD)

(Pies; ::16;°17, 18, 19)

Stegomyia thomsoni Theobald 1905a: 18 (2); Theobald 1907: 174 (¢, key);

Brunetti 1907: 335 (distribution); Howlett 1909: 574 (distribution);

Theobald 1910: 155 (key); Christophers 1911: 48 (distribution); Brunetti

1912: 450 (distribution); Howlett 1913: 75 (biology); Brunetti 1920: 129

(distribution); Senior-White 1923: 71 (distribution).

Stegomyia Thomsoni of Howlett 1909: 574 (error).

Aédes (Stegomyia) thomsoni of Edwards 1917: 210 (o*).

Aedes (Stegomyia) thomsoni of Edwards 1922: 256 (key).

Christophersiomyia thomsoni of Barraud 1923a: 787 (o*, 2*, distribution, key);

Barraud 1923b: 503 (L*); Senior-White 1927: 68 (L). |

Aedes (Christophersiomyia) thomsoni of Edwards 1932: 159 (taxonomy); Knight

1947: 75 (key); Knight and Hull 1952: 162 (larva); Horsfall 1955: 410 (dis-

tribution); Rao and Rajagopalan 1957: 11 (biology); Ansari 1959: 25 (dis-

tribution, key); Stone et al. 1959: 177 (distribution); Belkin 1962: 433

(taxonomy); Baker and Aslamkhan 1969: 46 (karyotype*); Aslamkhan and

Salman 1969: 192 (biology); Reuben 1971: 120 (biology); Aslamkhan 1971:

152 (distribution); Aslamkhan and Wolfe 1972: 31 (disease relationships);

Stone and Delfinado 1973: 292 (distribution).

Aédes (Christophersiomyia) thomsoni of Barraud 1934: 213 (o*, 9*, L*); Carter

1950: i (distribution); Peters and Dewar 1956: 40 (P*); Mattingly 1959:

53 (key).

FEMALE (Figs. 16, 17). Wing: 2.3-3.5 mm. Proboscis: 1.5-2.0 mm.

Forefemur: 1.5-2.1 mm. Abdomen: 2.1-2.9 mm. Head. Decumbent scales

white except for patch of brown scales dorsolaterally at about level of upper

part of apn and a smaller patch of brown scales below it at about level of lower

part of apn; erect scales pale beige; labium with complete postmedian ring of

white scales, sharply defined, length of ring about 0.10-0.14 of labium length;

palpus dark scaled; torus with patch of broad white scales on median surface.

Thorax. Dark brown, covered with white scales throughout except brown in

color in prescutellar space and in small area posterad of scutal angle; meso-

notal scales long and narrow; midlobe and lateral lobe of scutellum with dense

vestiture of broad white scales; paratergite almost completely covered with

white scales, narrow anteriorly, broader posteriorly; pleural scaling entirely

white, scales all broad except for some on apn and on upper ppn; apn with

broad, flat scales on anterior face and narrow, curved scales in the middle,

posteriorly and ventrally; ppn almost completely covered with white scales,

narrow above, broad below; Pp/ with a dense patch of white scales; acx and pcx

with a dense vestiture of white scales; Psp densely covered with white scales;

Ssp with a large scale patch continuous with patch on upper sip; a large scale

patch below pra bristles, continuous with patch on mep and sometimes upper

Sip; stp with a large upper patch of scales continuous with that of ssp and mep

and sometimes prva,and a large separate lower patch; mep with a large scale

patch extending from upper to lower bristles and prolonged ventrad behind lower

mep bristles; metameron with white scales; prescutellar and supra-alar bristles

well developed; 2 or 3 lower mep bristles, at least 1 strong; usually 2 moder-

ately strong upper sfp bristles, posterior row with 5-8 weak or moderately

strong bristles, several prominent hairs between the 2 scale patches in front

of posterior row of bristles. Legs. Coxae with white scales, except fore-

and midcoxae with a few dark scales; trochanters with white scales; forefemur

22 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 2, 1977

predominantly dark scaled but with a conspicuous white marking on posterior

surface restricted to basal 0.5, broad, and often extending to dorsal and ven-

tral margins, a few scattered white scales posteriorly near distal end; midfe-

mur dark scaled except for diffuse white spot on ventral margin about 0.3

from base, spreading to posterior and anterior surfaces, and conspicuous

apical white ring; hindfemur predominantly white scaled except for basal dark

ring and a variable dark scale marking near apex that usually covers 0.1 of

anterior surface and about 0.3 of posterior surface, sometimes extending to

dorsal and ventral margins and interrupting line of white scales to apex; all

tibiae predominately dark scaled except for a small unique ring, usually com-

plete, of white scales at 0.3, most prominent and always complete on hind-

tibia and least prominent on foretibia; foretibia with pale scales ventrally on

apical 0. 70-0. 75; all tarsi dark scaled on dorsal surface but usually white or

dingy white on ventral surface and with the following prominent white markings,

visible dorsally, (1) basal rings on segments 1-3 of foretarsus, (2) basal rings

on segments 1-3 and sometimes incomplete basal ring on segment 4 of mid-

tarsus, (3) prominent, broad basal rings on segments 1-5 of hindtarsus, this

tarsus otherwise completely dark scaled dorsally and ventrally. Wing. Scales

all dark except for small, inconspicuous basal white patch on costa; remigial

bristles lacking; plical area without scales at base ventrally. Halter. Knob

with very dark scales at base, distal part with dingy beige scales. Abdomen.

Tergite I dark scaled; laterotergite densely covered with white scales; tergites

II-V largely dark scaled (lighter on tergite V) with basal subtriangular white

patches and subapical lateral triangular patches of white scales, patches nar-

rowed basad; tergites VI, VII with basal median triangular patches narrowed

distad, surrounded by light beige scales and with lateral patches of white

scales on both segments; sternites II, III largely white scaled; sternites IV, V

with narrow basal bands of white scales, remainder dark scaled; sternite VI

usually with only 1-3 basal white scales, remainder dark scaled; sternite VII

with few basal white scales, remainder of scales light beige in color.

MALE (Figs. 17, 18). Essentially as in female but smaller; genitalia as

figured and as described for the subgenus; aedeagus without denticles.

PUPA (Fig. 18). Chaetotaxy as recorded in Table 4. Respiratory trumpet.

Moderately pigmented; a number of scattered, short setae on inner surface of

meatus; index 3.70-4.75, mean = 4.01. Cephalothorax. Seta 12-C with 4-8

branches. Abdomen. Seta 1-II with 24-34 branches; 1-III with 11-23 branches;

1-VII double to 4 branched; 5-I with 1-4 branches; 5-II with 6-10 branches;

o-IV with 4-7 branches; 5-V triple to 5 branched; 6-V single. Paddle. Ovoid,

with minute spicules on apical 0. 75-0. 80 of outer and 0.3-0.4 of inner margins;

midrib moderately pigmented, not reaching apex; 1-P moderately long, single;

index 1.46-1.70, mean = 1.56.

LARVA (Fig. 19). Chaetotaxy as recorded in Table 6. Head. Seta 4-C

short, dendritic, with 6-10 branches, well caudad of anterior margin of head;

o-C long, triple to 5 branched, only slightly caudad of 6-C which is very

long, single, well caudad of anterior margin of head, well mesad and slightly

caudad of 7-C; 7-C long, with 6-8 branches; mental plate with 19-24 teeth;

mouth brush with simple setae. Antenna, Short, moderately pigmented; 1-A

long, double, attached 0.5-0.6 from base. Thorax. Seta 11-P with 5-7

branches; 13-M dendritic, with 12-30 branches; 14-M dendritic, with 20-30

branches. Abdomen, Seta 5-II with 7-11 branches; 7-II moderately long, with

4-7 branches; 1-II double to 4 branched; 5-III with 6-9 branches; 6, 10, 11-III

double; 1-IV triple to 4 branched; 5-IV with 5-8 branches; 13-IV with 4 branches;

1-V triple or 4 branched; 5-V with 4-7 branches; 7-V with 6-9 branches; 11-V

Abercrombie: Aedes (Christophersiomyia) 93

single to triple; 13-V with 4 branches; 5-VI with 7 branches; 8-VI with 9 or 10

branches; 3-VII double to 4 branched; 10, 14-VII double; 11-VII single to triple;

13-VII with 4-6 branches; 1-VIII triple to 5 branched; 1-X moderately long,

slender, double; 2-X long, double; 3-X very long, single; 4-X composed of 4

pairs of setae on grid; 4a double or triple; 4b, c triple or 4 branched; 4d with

4 or 5 branches; 4c,d slightly shorter than 4a, b; VII with comb composed of

12-17 scales in one row; 4 anal papillae, relatively short. Siphon. Pigmented,

acus absent, index 2.48-3.90 (mean = 2. 86); pecten on basal 0. 44-0. 51 of

siphon, composed of 10-14 evenly spaced teeth, each tooth with a slender at-

tenuated filament with 1 or 2 small denticles on ventral margin; 1-S moderate-

ly long, with 4-6 branches, attached on basal 0.50-0.57 of siphon, distad to

posteriormost pecten tooth; 2,6, 7,9-S single; 8-S double or triple.

DISCUSSION. Aedes thomsoni is easily identifiable in all stages from other

members of the subgenus. The adult is ornate, with strikingly banded legs.

The pupa is characterized by long, multibranched setae, particularly setae

1-I1I- VII and 5-IV-VI and by the very long, single setae 6-I-VI. In addition,

the larva has many long, multibranched setae but is distinguished most easily

with seta 6-C single, very long and seta 10-VII double.

It was the first species of Christophersiomyia to be described, probably

due to the obvious scale patterns on the adult and its relative abundance on the

Indian subcontinent. Barraud (1923a) established thomsoni as the type-species

of Christophersiomyia. :

TYPE-DATA. The holotype female of thomsoni is inthe BMNH. Type-

locality: North West Provinces, INDIA [ now Peshawar Division, PAKISTAN].

I have not seen the type.

DISTRIBUTION. 142 specimens examined: 17°, 80 terminalia, 419,

22 Ly 28 ly 26 0b.

INDIA. [| Bihar|. Pusa (26,27-V-1909, 3,4-V-1912, H. N. S.), 1°, 1°

terminalia, 49; (25-IN-1913, Md. S.), 12. Pusa, Tried-al-Karnal (III-1931,

P, J. Barraud), 18 L. [| Madras|. Madras (II-1916, Patton and Barraud),

12. [| East Punjab]. West Himalayas near Kasauli (VIII-1923, P. J. Barraud),

30°, 2°. Koli near Kalka, West Himalayan Foothills (VIII-1923, P. J. Barraud),

11. Patiala City (II-1931, P. J. B.), 2%, 52, 31, 3 p. [| Maharashtra].

Bombay (1921, P. J. Barraud), 1 L, 11. Bombay Harbour, Elephanta Island

(6-VIII-1921, P. J. Barraud), 11, 1p. Bombay Harbour, Trombay (16-VII-

1921, P. J. Barraud), 11, 1p. ''Debra boon" (Major Thomson), 1°.

PAKISTAN. [| Peshawar]. Kohat (VII-1916, Sinton and Barraud), 1°.

[ West Punjab]. Lahore (IX-1923, J. A. Sinton and P. J. Barraud), 20°, 39,

11; (IV-1963, ICMRT), 41, 4p; (IX-1963), 20°, 22. Lahore District (1962,

D. J. Gould), 179.

THAILAND. Chiang Mai. Hoad, Huay Mae Lon (8-X-1963, Neely,

Oonruan and Sahem), 6, 6% terminalia, 59, 3 L, 161, 16 p. Nakhon Si

Thammarat, Ban Thuan Lek (VI-1966), 1p. Phvae. Ban Phai Thon (XI-

1961), 1° terminalia.

In addition to the above, Carter (1950) reported thomsoni from Ceylon

(Sri Lanka). Aslamkhan (1971) and Aslamkhan and Wolfe (1972) reported it

from East Pakistan (Bangladesh).

BIONOMICS. Howlett (1913) found that thomsoni and scutellaris (Walker)

[ = Aedes (Stegomyia) sp. | (which he noted were the 2 most common species

at Pusa, India) survive cold and dry weather as dry eggs and not as adults.

Peters and Dewar (1956) made the same observations on annulirostris in Nepal.

Edwards (1917), Barraud (1923b), and Ansari (1959) reported that the

larvae are found in tree holes. Barraud (1934) and Ansari (1959) called

24 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 2, 1977

thomsonia common monsoon species. Aslamkhan and Salman (1969) also

found this species "fairly common during the monsoon from Peshawar to

Lahore" in Pakistan, but collected only small numbers. Rao and Rajagopalan

(1957) found thomsoni in Poona District, India, in October resting in outdoor

shelters and in bushes. Baker and Aslamkhan (1969) studied thomsoni karyo-

typically and discovered that its diploid chromosome number is 6.

MEDICAL IMPORTANCE. Aslamkhan and Salman (1969) reported that 45

specimens of thomsoni (0. 13% of the total mosquitoes collected) were found

biting man in the early afternoon during a 7 month survey in Pakistan. All

of the thomsoni were collected during the day, and none were found on cattle.

However, they found that a magoon trap baited with a calf and placed over-

night in a forest yielded 26 thomsoni (0. 30% of the total mosquitoes collected)

during a 5 month period.

In Bangladesh, Aslamkhan and Wolfe (1972) found thomsoni among the

mosquitoes in 2 villages in a non-urban focus of nocturnally periodic ban-

croftian filariasis. Five thomsoni were collected while biting man and dis-

sected, but all were found negative for filarial larvae. No thomsoni were

found resting in houses, nor were any taken biting cattle.

Reuben (1971) processed mosquitoes for isolation of Japanese encephalitis

virus in Madras, India. Although ¢homsoni was collected, no virus isolations

were obtained from this species.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

It is a pleasure to acknowledge the help and encouragement of many friends

and colleagues who contributed to the successful completion of this revision.

Iam very much indebted to Ronald A. Ward for critically reviewing and editing

the manuscript, and for making arrangements for obtaining specimens for

study. Grateful appreciation is expressed to the following people for critically

reading the manuscript and offering many helpful suggestions: Botha de Meillon,

Bruce F. Eldridge, Yiau-Min Huang, E. L. Peyton and John F. Reinert. The

following individuals and institutions loaned type-specimens and other material

for examination: Peter F. Mattingly, British Museum (Natural History),

London; Wallace A. Steffan, Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu; and Henry

S. Dybas, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago.

I also am deeply grateful to the illustrators of the former U. S. Army

406th Medical Laboratory, Tokyo, Japan, for preparing the illustrations of

most of the adults and particularly to Gloria Gordon, who prepared the illus-

trations of the immature stages and assisted in checking, correcting, and

collating all of the illustrations. Finally, special acknowledgments are

expressed to staff members of the Medical Entomology Project (formerly the

South East Asia Mosquito Project) for their invaluable assistance, particularly

Thomas V. Gaffigan, Susan Hevel and Janet D. Rupp.

Abercrombie: Aedes (Christophersiomyia) 20

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Abercrombie: Aedes (Christophersiomyia) Zt

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MACDONALD, W. W.

1957. Malaysian parasites--XVI. An interim review of the non-anopheline

mosquitoes of Malaya. Stud. Inst. Med. Res. Malaya 28: 1-34.

MATTINGLY, P. F.

1952. The subgenus Stegomyia (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Ethiopian

region I, A preliminary study of the distribution of species occur-

ring in the West African sub-region with notes on taxonomy and bio-

nomics. Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. 2: 235-304.

1959. The culicine mosquitoes of the Indomalayan area. Part IV. Genus

Aédes Meigen, subgenera Skusea Theobald, Diceromyia Theo-

bald, Geoskusea Edwards and Christophersiomyia Barraud. Br.

Mus. (Nat. Hist.), London. 61 p.

PETERS, W. and S. C. DEWAR.

1956. A preliminary record of the megarhine and culicine mosquitoes of

Nepal with notes on their taxonomy (Diptera: Culicidae). Ind. J.

Malariol. 10: 37-51.

RAO, T. R. and P. K. RAJAGOPALAN.

1957. Observations on mosquitoes of Poona District, India, with special

reference to their distribution, seasonal prevalence and the biology

of adults. Indian J. Malariol. 11: 1-54.

REINERT, J. F.

1973. Contributions to the mosquito fauna of Southeast Asia. - XIX.

Bothaella, a new subgenus of Aedes Meigen. Contrib. Am.

Entomol. Inst. (Ann Arbor) 10(3): 1-51.

REUBEN, R.

1971. Studies on the mosquitoes of North Arcot District, Madras State,

India. Part 1. Seasonal densities. J. Med. Entomol. 8: 119-26.

SENIOR-WHITE, R.

1923. Catalogue of Indian insects. Part 2 - Culicidae. Superintendent

Government Printing, India. Calcutta. 124+ ii p.

1927. Notes on Ceylon mosquitoes, Il. The larvae of the commoner non-

anopheline mosquitoes. Spolia Zeylon. 14: 61-76, pl. VI-XI.

STEFFAN,

1966.

STONE, A.

1961.

1963.

STONE, A.

1973.

STONE, A.

1959.

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 2, 1977

W.A.

A checklist and review of the mosquitoes of the Papuan subregion

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A synoptic catalog of the mosquitoes of the world (Diptera,

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1901.

1905a.

1905b.

1907.

1910.

A monograph of the Culicidae or mosquitoes. Vol. I. Br. Mus.

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Abercrombie: Aedes (Christophersiomyia) 29

LIST OF FIGURES

Aedes (Christophersiomyia) annulirostris, ¢ dorsal view

Aedes (Christophersiomyia) annulirostris, ? femora, posteroventral

views; ¢ legs, anterodorsal views; ¢ head and thorax, lateral view;

So head, dorsal view

Aedes (Christophersiomyia) annulirostris, pupa; % genitalia, dorsal view

Aedes (Christophersiomyia) annulirostris, larva; tbis, larva

Aedes (Christophersiomyia) chionodes, % dorsal view; 2 abdomen, dorsal

view

Aedes (Christophersiomyia) chionodes, % head and thorax, lateral view;

So legs, anterodorsal views; “ femora, posteroventral views

Aedes (Christophersiomyia) chionodes, pupa; 5 genitalia, dorsal view

Aedes (Christophersiomyia) chionodes, larva

Aedes (Christophersiomyia) gombakensis, ¢ dorsal view

Aedes (Christophersiomyia) gombakensis, ? head and thorax, lateral view;

? legs, anterodorsal views; ? femora, posteroventral views; % head,

dorsal view _

Aedes (Christophersiomyia) gombakensis, pupa; % genitalia, dorsal view

Aedes (Christophersiomyia) gombakensis, larva

Aedes (Christophersiomyia) ibis, 2, dorsal view

Aedes (Christophersiomyia) ibis, ¢ head and thorax, lateral view; ¢ legs,

anterodorsal views; 2? femora, posteroventral views; “ head, dorsal

view

Aedes (Christophersiomyia) ibis, pupa; o genitalia, dorsal view

. Aedes (Christophersiomyia) thomsoni, ¢ dorsal view

Aedee (Christophersiomyia) thomsoni, 2 head and thorax, lateral view;

° legs, anterodorsal views; ? femora, posteroventral views; ~ head,

dorsal view

Aedes (Christophersiomyia) thomsoni, pupa; ° genitalia, dorsal view

. Aedes (Christophersiomyia) thomsoni, larva

POSTEROVENTRAL VIEWS

’

forefemur

hindfemur

midfemur

ANTERODORSAL VIEWS

foreleg

hindleg annulirostris

trumpet

distimere

claspette

paraprocts

aedeagus

annulfrostris

1.0

chionodes

C Oh talor

t+— 0.5 ——_J

chionodes

POSTEROVENTRAL VIEWS

ANTERODORSAL

VIEWS

forefemur

midfemur hindfemur

hindleg

S Chtawe |

Fig.10

gombakensis

POSTEROVENTRAL VIEWS

forefemur

hindfemur

ANTERODORSAL

VIEWS

hindleg

foreleg

‘2

Fig. 14

POSTEROVENTRAL VIEWS

ANTERODORSAL

VIEWS

—forefemur midfemur

foreleg

7 Ande

thomsoni

ANTERODORSAL VIEWS POSTEROVENTRAL VIEWS

hindfemur

forefemur midfemur

foreleg

{

l 14 -

F777!

thomson

.e)

.@)

“ee

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 2, 1977

TABLE 1. Record of the branching of the setae on the

pupae of Aedes (Christophersiomyta)

annulirostris (10 specimens).

Seta Range Mode Mean Seta Range Mode Mean

Cephalothorax(C) Abdomen II

1 1-6 3 3.5 0 1 1 1.0

2 2-3 2 2.5 1 6-18 15 12.3

3 1-3 2 2.0 2 1 1 1.0

4 1-3 1 1.3 3 1 1 1.0

5 1 1 1.0 4 4-6 6 5.4

6 1-2 1 1.0 5 2-5 3 3

7 1 1 1.0 6 1 1 1.0

8 1-4 2 1.8 7 1-3 1 1.5

9 1-2 1 13 9 1 1 1.0

Metanotum(C) 14 1 1 1.0

10 3-9 4 4.7 Abdomen III

11 1 1 1.0 0 1 1 1.0

12 2-4 3 3.2 1 2-5 3 oo

Abdomen I 2 1 1 1.0

1 12-17 14 13.8 3 1 1 1.0

2 1 1 1.0 4A 2-5 3 3

3 1 1 1.0 3 2-5 3 3.7

a 4-8 si 6.2 6 1 1 1.0

) 1-4 2 es | 7 1-4 3 2.4

6 1 1 1.0 8 1-7 2 3.4

7 1-2 1 is ? 1 1 1.0

Abercrombie: Aedes (Christophersiomyia)

TABLE 1 (Continued).

Seta Range Mode Mean Seta Range Mode Mean

Abdomen III (Cont. ) Abdomen V (Cont. )

11 1 if 1.0 6 1 k 1.0

14 1 1 1.0 7 2-5 4 3.9

Abdomen IV 8 2-95 3 3.2

0 1 1 1.0 9 1 1 1.0

1 2-3 2 2.3 10 1 1 1.0

2 1 1 1.0 11 1 1 1.0

3 1-5 3 3.2 14 1 1 1.0

a 1-2 1 1.3 Abdomen VI

5 1-2 Z 1.8 0 ib 1 i

6 1 1 1.0 1 1-2 1 1.0

7 1-3 2 1,6 2 1 1 1.0

8 1-4 3 2.6 3 1 1 1.0

9 1 1 1.0 4 2-4 2 3.0

10 1-3 1 1.6 5 1-2 1 io

11 1 1 1.0 6 1 1 1.0

14 1 1 4,0 de 1 1 1.0

Abdomen V 8 3-9 4 3.9

0 1 1 1.0 9 1 1 1.0

1 1-3 1 1.3 10 1 1 1.0

2 1 1 1.0 11 1 1 1.0

3 1-2 1 2 Abdomen VII

4 3-6 4 4.5 0 1 1 1.0

9) 1-2 1 1,1 1 1 1 1.0

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 2, 1977

TABLE 1 (Continued).

Seta Range Mode Mean Seta Range Mode Mean

Abdomen VII (Cont. ) Abdomen VII (Cont. )

2 1 1 1.0 10 1 1 1.0

3 1-3 1 1.4 11 1 1 1.0

4 1 1 1.0 Abdomen VIII

5 1 1 1.0 0 1 1 0

6 1-6 3 3.5 4 1 1 1.0

a 1 1 1.0 9 3-7 4 4.1

8 2-6 3 3.3 14 1 1 1.0

9 1-4 2 2.0 Paddle(P)

1 1 1 1.0

Seta

Abercrombie: Aedes (Christophersiomyia) o3

TABLE 2. Record of the branching of the setae of the

pupae of Aedes (Christophersiomyia)

gombakensis (5 specimens).

Range Mode Mean Seta Range Mode Mean

Cephalothorax(C) Abdomen II

2-4 3 28 0 1 1 1.0

3 3 3.0 1 13-21 17 16.5

2-3 2 2.3 2 1-2 1 1.1

1 1 1.0 3 1 1 1.0

1 1 1.0 4 5-8 7 6.5

1-2 1 14 5 2-4 3 2.9

1 1 1.0 6 1 1 1.0

2-4 3 2.8 7 1-2 2 L.7

1-3 2 | 9 1 1 1.0

Metanotum(C) 14 1 1 1.0

3-7 D 0.0 Abdomen III

1 1 1.0 0 1 1 1.0

3-5 5 4.4 1 3-7 4 5.4

Abdomen I 2 1 1 1.0

10-16 14 10.9 3 1-3 1 1.4

1 1 1.0 4 3-6 3 3.7

1 1 1.0 5 2-6 5 4.2

5-8 6 6.9 6 1 1 1.0

1-3 ; 1.4 7 1-3 3 2.4

1 1 1.0 8 4-8 4 4.7

2 2 2.0 9 1 1 1.0

04 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 2, 1977

TABLE 2 (Continued).

Abdomen III (Cont. ) Abdomen V (Cont. )

11 1-2 1 1.3 6 1 1 t. 6

14 1 1 1.0 A o-7 5 a. f

Abdomen IV 8 2-5 ) 4.0

0 1 1 1.0 9 1 1 1.0

1 3-5 4 3.9 10 1 1 1.0

2 1 1 1.0 11 1 1 1.0

3 3-6 6 0.0 14 1 1 1.0

4, 2-3 3 2.6 Abdomen VI

D 1-3 2 2.0 0 i 1 1.0

6 1 1 1.0 1 1-3 2 1.8

7 3-5 4 3.7 2 i! 1 1.0

8 3-5 3 3.9 3 1 1 1.0

9 1 1 1.0 4 3-5 3 3.5

10 1-2 2 1.8 5 1-2 1 12

11 1 1 1.0 6 1 1 1.0

14 1 1 1.0 i 1 1 1.0

Abdomen V 8 4-6 4 4.6

0 1 1 1.0 2 1 1 1.0

1 1-6 2 208 10 1 1 1.0

2 1 i 1.0 11 1 1 1,0

3 1-4 1 1,98 14 1 1 1.0

4 3-7 4 o.2 Abdomen VII

o 1 1 1.0 0 1 1 1.0

Abercrombie: Aedes (Christophersiomyia)

TABLE 2 (Continued).

Seta Range Mode Mean Seta Range Mode Mean

Abdomen VII (Cont. ) Abdomen VII (Cont. )

1 1 1 1.0 10 i 1 1.0

2 1 1 1.0 11 1-2 1 Loe

3 1-2 1 1.2 14 1 i L230

A 1-3 3 1.8 Abdomen VIII

5 1-2 1 Lid 0 1 1 1.0

6 2-4 3 2.5 4 1 1 1.0

7 1 1 1.0 9 5-7 6 6.0

8 3-6 4 4.6 14 1 1 1.0

9 2-5 4] oo Paddle(P)

1 1-3 1 1.4

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 2, 1977

TABLE 8. Record of the branching of the setae of the

pupae of Aedes (Christophersiomyia) ibis

(10 specimens).

Seta Range Mode Mean Seta Range Mode Mean

Cephalothorax(C) | Abdomen II

if 2-3 2 2.2 0 1 1 1.0

2 3-7 3 3.4 1 8-15 8 10.2

3 1-3 2 1.8 2 1 1 1.0

4 1-3 | 1.6 3 1 1 1.0

5) 1-2 1 fot & 2-6 4 4.3

6 1-2 1 1.0 5) 2-6 A 3.90

7 1 1 1.0 6 1 1 1,0

8 1-3 2 1.8 7 1-2 1 1.3

9 1-4 2 17 9 1 1 1.0

Metanotum(C) Abdomen III

10 4-10 4 5.3 0 1 1 1.0

11 ek 1.0 1 2-6 3 3.8

12 2-7 3 4.0 2 1 1 1.0

Abdomen I 3 1 1 1.0

1 11-16 14 13.2 4 2-5 3 3.0

2 1 1 10 5 2-4 3 3.0

3 1 1 1.0 6 1-2 1 Le

4 2-9 5 5. 1 7 1-3 2 2.0

5 1-3 2 mit 8 2-4 3 3.0

6 1 1 1.0 9 1 1 1.0

7 1-3 2 L8 10 1-2 2 1.6

Abercrombie: Aedes (Christophersiomyia)

TABLE 3 (Continued).

Abdomen III (Cont.) Abdomen V (Cont. )

14 1 1 1.0 7 2-6 D 4.3

Abdomen IV 8 2-4 2 2.8

0 1 1 1.0 ) 1 1 1.0

1 1-4 2 2.0 10 1 1 1.0

z 1 1 1.0 11 1 1 1.0

3 2-5 4 3.6 14 1 1 1.0

4 1-3 2 1.8 Abdomen VI

D 1-2 2 1.6 0 1 1 1.0

6 1-2 : 1.0 1 1-2 1 1.0

7 1-3 2 iS 2 1 1 1.0

8 1-4 3 2.9 3 1-2 1 1.2

9 1 1 1.0 4. 1-4 4 3.4

10 1-2 1 1.4 5 1 1 1.0

11 1 1 1.0 6 1 1 1.0

14 1 1 1.0 7 1 1 1.0

Abdomen V 8 2-9 3 3.2

0 1 1 1.0 9 1 i i

1 1-2 1 1.0 10 1 1 1.0

2 1 1 1.0 11 1 1 1.0

3 1-3 a 1.7 14 1 1 1.0

4 3-9 3 3.8 Abdomen VII

5 1 1 1.0 0 1 1 1.0

6 1 1 1.0 1 1 1 1.0

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 2, 1977

TABLE 3 (Continued).

Seta Range Mode Mean Seta Range Mode Mean

Abdomen VII (Cont. ) Abdomen VII (Cont. )

2 1 1 1.0 11 1 1 1.0

3 1-2 2 1,6 14 1 1 1.0

4. 1-2 1 1.0 Abdomen VIII

D 1-2 1 LZ 0 i 1 1330

6 1-5 3 3.6 4 | 1 1.0

7 1 1 1.0 2 3-5 4 4.4

8 1-3 2 2.2 14 1 1 1.0

9 1-3 ee 1.6 Paddle(P)

10 1 1 1.0 1 1 1 1.0

Abercrombie: Aedes (Christophersiomyia)

TABLE 4. Record of the branching of the setae of the

pupae of Aedes (Christophersiomyia) thomsoni

(10 specimens).

Seta Range Mode Mean

Cephalothorax(C)

1 2-7 4 4.2

2 1-3 2 aso

3 3-6 5 4.5

4 3-6 5 4.4

5 1-5 4 3.5

6 1 1 ¥..0

7 2-6 “ 3.8

8 3-8 6 9.7

9 2-5 3 3.6

Metanotum(C)

10 7-15 12 11.4

11 1 1 1.0

12 4-8 6 6.0

Abdomen I

1 11-15 12 12.0

2 1 1 1.0

3 1 1 1.0

4 7-15 8 9.4

O 1-4 3 2.3

6 1 1 1.0

7 2-6 4 3.8

9 1 1 1.0

Seta

Range Mode

Abdomen II

1 1

24-34 30

1 1

4-11 8

6-10 10

1 1

2-4 3

1 1

J 1

Abdomen III

1-2 1

11-23 15

1 1

2-6 5

5-10 fi

1-2 1

1-5 3

3-6 5

1 I

2-4 3

Mean

29.2

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 2, 1977

TABLE 4 (Continued).

Seta Range Mode Mean

Abdomen III (Cont. )

11 1 1 1.0

14 1 1 1.0

Abdomen IV

0 1-2 1 1.2

1 6-12 8 8.9

2 1 1 1.0

3 3-7 5 4.8

4 1-2 1 1.2

D 4-7 4) D.3

6 1 1 1.0

7 1-2 1 1.4

8 2-4 4 3.2

9 1 1 1.0

10 2-5 & o.6

11 1 1 1.0

14 1 1 1.0

Abdomen V

0 1-2 1 1.2

1 5-10 5) 6.5

2 1 1 +0

3 1-3 3 2.9

& 4-8 6 0.8

seta

Range

Abdomen V (Cont. )

Mode

1 1

o-7 6

2-9 4

1 1

1-2 1

1 1

Abdomen VI

1-2 1

2-7 3

1 1

1-2 1

3-6 ‘

2-3 2

1-2 1

3-6 5

1 1

Abdomen VII

1-2

Mean

1.0

6.0

3.8

1.0

1.1

3.8

1.0

4.4

2.3

1.1

Lik

4.8

1.0

159

Abercrombie: Aedes (Christophersiomyia) 61

TABLE 4 (Continued).

Seta ss Range Mode Mean Seta. Range Mode Mean

Abdomen VII (Cont. ) Abdomen VII (Cont. )

1 2-4 3 2.9 11 1 1 1.0

2 1 1 1.0 14 1 1 1.0

3 1-3 2 2.2 Abdomen VIII

4 1-2 1 1.2 0 1 1 1.0

5) 1-2 2 1.6 4 1-2 1 I

6 3-6 5) 4.7 9 1-3 1 2.0

si 1 1 1.0 14 1 1 1.0

8 3-6 “ 4.6 Paddle(P)

9 | 1-2 1 : es 1 1 1 je

10 1-2 1 1.2

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 2, 1977

TABLE 5. Record of the branching of the setae of the

larvae of Aedes (Christophersiomyia)

gombakensis (5 specimens).

"Seta Range Mode Mean Seta Range Mode Mean

Antenna Head (C) (Cont. )

1 3 3 3.0 6-MP 1-3 1 1.4

2 1 1 1.0 Prothorax(P)

3 1 1 1.0 0 12-22 18 16.6

4 1 i 1.0 1 4-6 4 4.6

5) 1 a 1.0 2 1 1 1.0

6 1 1 1.0 3 2 2 2.0

Head (C) 4 2-3 2 2.0

0 1 1 1.0 5) 1 1 1.0

1 1 1 1.0 6 1 1 1.0

3 1 1 1.0 7 3-4 3 3.2

4 9-12 10 10.4 8 2-3 2 2.1

5) 4-7 6 2.6 9 2-3 3 2.6

6 2-3 2 2.2 10 1 1 1.0

7 4-7 6 6.0 11 3-7 5) 4.9

8 3-90 4 3.9 12 1 1 1.0

9 4-6 5) o. 1 14 2-4 3 3.0

10 3-5 4 3.9 Mesothorax(M)

11 5-7 6 5.8 1 2-4 oo a

12 8-11 10 9.8 2 2-4 2 2.0

13 0-6 5) Dd 3 1 1 10

14 1-2 1 es 4. 2 2 2.0

Abercrombie: Aedes (Christophersiomyia)

TABLE 5 (Continued).

Seta Range

Mode Mean

Mesothorax(M) (Cont. )

2-4 3 3.1

1 1 1.0

o-8 6 6.2

3-5 4 4.1

1 1 1.0

2-3 2 ban

1 1 1.0

15-22 18 18.0

14-32 20 20.6

Metathorax(T)

7-9 7 1,0

1 1 1.0

8-10 8 9.0

2-5 3 3.9

1 1 1.0

1-2 1 1.1

6-9 8 ae

8-11 8 9.0

3-5 4 4.1

1 1 1.0

2 2 2.0

1 1 1.0

3-6 4 4.6

Seta

Range Mode

Abdomen I

10-20 11

1-2 1

2-3 2

7-12 11

4-7 4

2-4 &

1-2 2

1-2 1

1-3 2

1-2 1

Abdomen II

1 1

o-9 8

1 1

2-3 2

0-10 8

2-4 3

2-3 2

4-8 5

1-2 1

1 1

Mean

14.0

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 2, 1977

TABLE 5 (Continued).

Seta Range Mode Mean Seta Range Mode Mean

Abdomen II (Cont. ) Abdomen IV (Cont. )

11 1 1 1.0 3 2 2 2.0

12 3-6 4 4.3 4 2-4 3 3.0

13 12-21 16 16.2 5 2-3 3 vat |

Abdomen III 6 2 2 2:0

0 1 1 1.0 7 7-8 8 7.8

1 1 1 1.0 8 1 1 1.0

2 1 1 1.0 9 1 1 +.0

3 2 2 2.0 10 1-2 2 1.5

a 3-6 5) 4.7 11 2 2 2.0

5 2-4 2 es) 12 2-3 2 2.9

6 2-3 2 2.2 13 2-3 2 2.5

7 5-7 7 6.2 14 1 1 1.0

8 1 1 1.0 Abdomen V

9 1 1 1.0 0 1 1 1.0

10 1 1 1.0 1 1-2 2 1.8

11 2-3 2 2.2 2 1 1 1.0

ie: 3 3 3.0 3 1 1 1.0

13 2-3 2 Zs9 4 4-7 5 D2

14 1 1 1.0 4) 1-2 1 1.3

Abdomen IV 6 2 2 2.0

0 1 1 1.0 7 6-8 7 6.8

1 2 2 ZV 0 8 1-2 1 12

Abercrombie: Aedes (Christophersiomyia) 65

TABLE 5 (Continued).

Seta Range Mode Mean Seta Range Mode Mean

Abdomen V (Cont. ) Abdomen VII (Cont. )

10 1 1 1.0 1 1-2 1 al

11 2 2 2.0 2 1 1 1,0

12 1-2 2 1.5 3 4-8 4 5.9

13 1-3 2 eee 4 1 1 1.0

14 1 1 1.0 5 0-8 ; 8 7.0

Abdomen VI 6 7-13 10 10.7

0 1 1 1.0 7 2 2 2.0

1 2 2 2.0 8 8-16 11 11.7

2 1 1 1.0 9 1-4 2 2.3

3 1 1 1.0 10 1 1 ae

4 2-3 2 2.9 11 2-3 2 2.5

5 2-3 2 2.5 12 1 1 1.0

6 1-2 1 1.2 13 2-3 2 2.2

7 2-3 3 2.8 14 1 1 1.0

8 2-9 3 3.3 Abdomen VIII

9 1 1 1.0 0 i 1 1.0

10 1 1 1,0 1 2 2 2.0

11 1-2 2 i.8 2 1 1 1.0

12 1 1 10 3 4-6 6 5.5

13 13-26 18 17.3 4 1 1 1.0

14 1-2 2 1.5 5 2 2 2.0

Abdomen VII 14 1-2 ; 1.3

0 1 1 1.0

66 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 2, 1977

TABLE 5 (Continued).

- Seta Range Mode Mean Seta Range Mode Mean

Abdomen X Siphon(S) (Cont. )

1 1 1 1.0 2 1 1 1.0

2 1-2 1 1.2 6 1 1 ; 1.0

3 1 1 1,0 7 1 1 1.0

4 4. te 4.0 8 1-3 2 19

Siphon(S) 9 1 1 1.0

1 2-9 4 3.9

Abercrombie: Aedes (Christophersiomyia) 67

TABLE 6. Record of the branching of the setae of the

larvae of Aedes (Christophersiomyia)

thomsoni (10 specimens).

Seta Range Mode Mean Seta Range Mode Mean

Antenna Head(C) (Cont. )

1 2 2 2.0 6-MP 1 1 1,0

2 1 1 1.0 Prothorax(P)

3 1 1 1.0 0 15-20 20 17.8

4 1 1 1.0 1 3-4 4 3.9

D 1 1 20 2 1 1 1.0

6 1 1 1.0 3 2 2 2.0

Head(C) 4 3-4 3 3.1

0 1 1 1.0 D 1 1 1.0

1 1 1 1,0 6 1 1 1.0

3 1 1 1.0 1 2-3 2 2.1

4 6-10 8 7.9 8 2 2 2.0

5 3-5 4 4.4 9 3 3 3.0

6 1 1 1.0 10 1 1 1.0

7 6-8 7 12 11 o-7 D 0.4

8 3-5 4 3.9 12 1 1 1.0

9 3-9 5 0.8 14 2-3 3 2.8

10 2-3 Z ie | Mesothorax(M)

11 4-7 5 0.9 1 4-5 4 4.2

te 6-12 8 9.1 2 1-2 1 1.4

13 4-6 5) 4.9 3 1 1 1.0

14 1 1 1.0 S 2-3 3 2.8

68 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 2, 1977

TABLE 6 (Continued).

"Seta Range Mode Mean —CSeta’«sRange += Mode Mean __

Mesothorax(M) (Cont. ) Abdomen I

6 3-5 3 3,6 1 12-18) 2418 13,1

ff 1 1 1.0 2 i 1 1,0

8 6-7 6 6.5 3 2-3 2 2.2

9 3-5 4, 3.8 4 11-17 13 13.5

10 1 1 1.0 5) 3-4 3 3.2

11 4-5 4 4.9 6 3 3 3.0

12 1 1 1.0 7 2 Z 2.0

13 12-30 12 15.9 2 1-2 2 1.5

14 (peg Bb 24.0 10 he 1 1.0

Metathorax(T) 11 i 1 1.0

1 6-8 8 7.6 13 1 1 1.0

2 1-2 2 1.9 Abdomen II

3 6-10 7 8.0 0 1 1 1.0

4 4-6 5) 0.0 1 o-7 5) 5.9

5) 1 1 1.0 a 1-2 1 Lt

6 1 1 1.0 3 2 2 2.0

7 7-9 7 ae 4 8-10 9 o.9

8 8-14 10 10.9 5) 7-11 7 8.1

9 3-4 4 3.8 6 2 2 ne

10 i 1 1.0 7 4-7 6 009

11 3-5 4 4.2 8 2-3 3 2.6

12 1 1 1.0 9 1 i 1.0

Abercrombie: Aedes (Christophersiomyia) 69

TABLE 6 (Continued).

Seta Range Mode Mean Seta Range Mode Mean

Abdomen II (Cont. ) Abdomen IV (Cont. )

11 1 1 1.0 2 1 1 1.0

12 3-4 3 3.4 3 2 2 2.0

13 15-24 19 18.2 4. 2-3 3 2.6

14 1 1 1.0 5 5-8 8 6.6

Abdomen III 6 2 2 2.0

0 1 1 1.0 7 7-9 8 7.8

1 2-4 2 2.2 8 1 1 1.0

2 1 1 2.0 | 9 1 1 1.0

3 2 2 2.0 10 1-2 2 1.9

4 2-4 3 2.8 11 1-3 2 Oe

5 6-9 8 1,5 12 2-3 2 2.5

6 2 2 2.0 13 4 4 4.0

7 7-9 8 8.0 14 1-2 1 1.3

8 1-2 1 1.1 Abdomen V

9 1 1 1.0 0 1 1 1.0

10 2 a 2.0 1 3-4 3 3.4

11 2 2 2.0 2 1 1 Pal)

12 2-3 3 2.9 3 1 1 1.0

13 3-5 4 3.8 4 5-6 6 D.7

14 1 1 1.0 5 4-7 5 0.9

Abdomen IV 6 2 2 2.0

0 1 1 1.0 7 6-9 8 A

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 2, 1977

TABLE 6 (Continued).

"Seta Range Mode Mean Seta Range Mode Mean —

Abdomen V (Cont. ) Abdomen VII

4 1 1 1.0 0 1 1 1.0

10 1-2 2 1.5 1 2-3 3 2.8

if 1-3 2 1.8 2 i 1 1.0

12 1 1 1.0 3 2-4 3 3.1

13 4 4 4.0 : 4 1 1 1.0

14 1 1 1.0 4) 6-9 8 7.9

Abdomen VI 6 10-15 12 15.0

0 1 1 1.0 7 2 2 2.0

1 2-4 3 3.0 8 8-12 10 10.0

2 1 1 1,0 9 3-6 A 4.9

3 1-2 2 1. 10 2 2 2.0

4 2 2 2.0 11 1-3 2 1.6

9) o- 7 6 6.0 12 1 1 1.0

6 1 1 1.0 13 4-6 4. 4.5

7 3-6 4 4.9 14 2 2 2.0

8 9-10 9 o.2 Abdomen VIII

9 1 1 1.0 0 1 1 1.0

10 1 1 1.0 1 3-5 3 3.90

11 1-3 3 2.0 2 1-2 1 i,t

12 1 1 1.0 3 o-7 6 6.1

13 20-26 20 22.90 4 1 1 1.0

14 1 i 1.0 o 3-4 3 3.2

Abercrombie: Aedes (Christophersiomyia) 71

TABLE 6 (Continued). :

Seta Range Mode Mean Seta Range Mode Mean

Abdomen VIII (Cont. ) Siphon(S)

14 2 2 2.0 I 4-6 5) 4.8

Abdomen X 2 1 1 1.0

1 2 2 2.0 6 1 1 1.0

2 2 2 2.0 7 1 1 420

3 1 1 1.0 8 2-3 2 Ave

(es Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 2, 1977

INDEX

Names of valid taxa are in roman type; synonyms are in italic type.

Italicized pages are those which contain the principal text references. The

letters ''k" and "'t" after page numbers indicate a key or table, respectively.

Numbers in parentheses refer to the figures.

Aedes Meigen 1, 2, 4, 7, 11, 13, 14, gombakensis Mattingly 1, 3, 4, 5,

17, 19, 20, 21, 23 Gr. Tk, 9.210, 18>:14-17, 19;

albopictus (Skuse) 10 53t-55t, 62t-66t, (9-12)

annulirostris (Theobald) 1, 2, 4, 6k,

"ic, 7-11, 13, 16, 17, 19, 20, 23, ibie Barraud 1, 4, 6k, 7k, 9, 10,

50t-52t, (1-4). 13, 17-20, 56t-58t, (4, 13-15)

Bothaella Reinert 4, 5, 16 scutellaris (Walker) 23

brayi Knight 1, 17, 19, 20 Stegomyia Theobald 1, 2, 4, 5, 6,

uo 10, 16,°21,' 23

chionodes Belkin 1, 4, 6k, 7k, 11-14,

16, 19, (5-8) thomsoni (Theobald) 1, 2, 4, 6k,

Christophersiomyia Barraud 1, 2-6, 7k, 13, 21-24, 59t-61t, 67t-71t

4, 41, 40, 14, 10. 27, 20, 21, 25 (16-19)

Ficalbia Theobald 4 w-albus (Theobald) 10

Finlaya Theobald 5

: ry

Pos MER eh

TAO IG) A

Contributions

of the

American Entomological Institute

Volume 14, Number 3, 1977

MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY STUDIES - X.

A REVISION OF THE SUBGENUS PSEUDOFICALBIA

OF THE GENUS URANOTAENIA IN SOUTHEAST ASIA

(DIPTERA: CULICIDAE).

E. L. Peyton

CONTENTS

A ie kg a ee ee ep ae asia eae ie aoa graeme ie at ow 1

I ee ee ew a ee pee ee wee ee 2

RE ee a PO ea aa ae a A el Se a eS ee ee 3

A RG INGE oe a ae ee ei eo ge We gee eek ea 5)

iS OR ATOT APNE ee ay, 6 eee el a ae le ke a es 5)

SUG IN GS Por OORT A IA ee a a ae ee eee oS 6

REYS TO THE SUBGENERA OF URANOTAENTA . foe ce ee ee ee 12

KEYS TO THE SECTIONS OF THE SUBGENUS PSEUDOFICALBIA .... 183

KEYS 10 THE SPECIES OF FeLZUROFICALSIA ge a es 14

ise ee ee ten Gn gg es yea arte iem oe we Ae eh ee 28

Paevieo SOLIS AB I@e. B48 a Ga kl ew he a ae 8 28

POUT SON WIE SDE CIOS 5. esa a ek ay gee ge HS ans wae Gk ww Oe 29

GICGIOT SCVICS Aides Go Oe lei Ate Cok we Pe a ee 32

CUSIViHsG VlewW SUCCICS wow ee es ok ee a ee 35

OPDVONILIG MEW SPECIES. 6 ee ee eee Hee oe 38

BC OTOy ete St i rte ae wale Wu G aa eR a ea le ew 41

demeiiion: Peyton and Ratlanarithikul ..0. 6s ek ee ee es 47

SOG? POVPOD ANG SEIN cera 2 ate Oa es, ee ee we 00

Pe SCS ICC RCE Sig cite ghee eg ge ee gh ee oe oe ay)

ObSEiG TMOWaArds 6 a 3 hae a Bao ide eee tee ig 57

binngerigin sevice | bies..1,2,19=46) ke kw 63

ye ae teks ea ey hick ie lee 8 ee we 64

CSC roOle Oe ere FP Se ee a ee ee oe 66

De ea ICC ele Bee ee ee we ee ee 69

ee eee Ge a Sets se eee ce Pe le ee we 8 72

igs OSS, RISO BABU SS ats Geol Och aig 7 aural DO gan ea a et a 76

TCH OLetire eICOCet Ge gs ee ee ee we 79

Ode se CCC Sees ta ee a ee pe ea 83

IHOUMCOTHEW SUCCIOS 5 Siw 5s a eR eR oe 86

OU OO Ue ib sea GP a eek ee Re ee ee ss 88

PDC ie OT ee ae aaa a ke ee ew, ee 92

WOUGDS CTO BATTAUG Ss so. soe 6. a ee A Wo a ie a eo 96

Ie Ow GUC CICG 6 glare ww eek ee ee ee else ees 103

DUORTIGNG BOW SROCCICS sk oa, Sa se ae A ee ee 106

pseudomaculipleura Peyton and Rattanarithikul.......... 109

OUEST PON eSIANOW SUCEICE cys one ae A eee wk es 112

guinguemacuiaia bomne-Wepster... 6.6 ke ee 115

WOT ie PE OC SCE O Sale “aby fe oe aes ea ee ee, a 116

WOTTON BO WATOS fo aie 6 eR ee a we es 118

veconaiia serics (Pies, 1/2, 47274). cn ke ee 122

Cr Gea oes oo er ae Se EO Pi Sk ee 120

Ce Ne ena sale ene oak Selah 8 hg oe weir wee! om wnt eee 129

CHS aticd Mew SPeClee Wein. ee ee wk eb ke ee ew ee a 133

HUF SUPE OFE LORS Og cial e a EARS ee ee we Ba eke 136

VONBOY, GAlIAeG Oem ee a ge eee ia eee 6 ee eee ee 139

REE SO Oars ce ee eat yi cartal eo ca aca fee we 141

ROLE ET OvEOn Gn LCI ie Se ete a Ss Re eR Ee Re ee 145

HOCTICD IO OW SU CC 108 5 oe Se oe ee ee ag ee be. ees 149

ohamai Tanaka, Mizusawa and Saugstad..........+4+.2.e-. 152

PUTT Pee eee ries eee aM wn, tg bole eg lg 155

CONTENTS

POSSE DEW MING 0 Gio ise ae i ee eo eae ee ees

spicuiosa Peyton and Rattanarithikw. 3. foa-4 Boe a aa es

SIFECRINNG, AREA BO ee ora Me Te, hse ete ad es

Sumeth? Peyton and Rattanarigikit <P ee SS

yaeyamana Tanaka, Mizusawa and Saugstad ..........

otc Ga I Sb, 2 enema e earth OME nM ALE D L.'s CanyiterMan ih RR Sine 2 ufiabet engage gion fais acre

MANGE SELISS TEIGS. TS. 2G ea nee Le ee ani oe Galea oe

PROX TIVG EAA ode, eh gk sc there ah ee SO a ee he

BCUKNOWLEDGRIEINT SS: a'U cs 5 ee ts ete sae a ae eR ee Poe a

BD eae eg See Pe aaa TP Te deeent he Salen uBR RMN ge Ae a we qrereannD tena Salas

Bi bied Ge Raa hae gs oe le DA ee ete ane eae Wal ae Gale Dial Go Gag ag

BPS Ly eX OS a RP Ripe ei Ey al a le eee AL cee Be tee eee ya aa ge, Tayo SE

CONSPECTUS OF TAXONOMIC CHANGES «2 gies de eo. wae

INDEX

ili

DEDICATED

STANLEY J. CARPENTER, FRANKLIN S. BLANTON

and

PEDRO GALINDO

in acknowledgment of their inspirational teaching of mosquito systematics

and their contribution to the study of American mosquitoes.

MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY STUDIES - X.

A REVISION OF THE SUBGENUS PSEUDOFICALBIA

OF THE GENUS URANOTAENIA IN SOUTHEAST ASIA

(DIPTERA: CULICIDAE)!

Bi ka Peyton”

ABSTRACT

This revision of the subgenus Pseudoficalbia Theobald, genus Uvanotaenia

Lynch Arribalzaga of Southeast Asia deals with 42 species. The taxonomic

treatment of the subgenus includes a revised morphological description, fol-

lowed by a review of the distribution, taxonomic discussion, internal classifi-

cation and bionomics. Treatment of individual species follows essentially the

same format. A new internal classification with separate discussions and

descriptions of 5 groups is presented. The 5 groups, with world mosquito

faunal regions as defined by Belkin (1962), are as follows: harrisoni series

(Indomalayan), bicolor series (Ethiopian, Indomalayan, Malagasy, North

Australian, Oriental, Papuan and South Pacific), bimaculata series (Indo-

malayan, Oriental and Palaearctic), maxima series (Indomalayan, Nearctic,

Oriental and Palaearctic), vecondita series (Indomalayan, North Australian,

Oriental and Papuan). Where known, extralimital species are assigned to the

eroups defined for Southeast Asia.

Of the 42 species treated, 13 are described as new and 29 are revalidated

and redescribed. The 13 new species are: abdita (Cambodia and Thailand),

abstrusa (Philippines), albipes (Thailand), approximata (Thailand), confusa

(Philippines and Sulawesi, Indonesia), enigmatica (Thailand), harrisoni

(Mindoro Island, Philippines and Sabah, Malaysia), moufiedi (Sabah, Malay-

sia), nocticola (Thailand), patriciae (Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore and

Thailand), propinqua (Malaysia), qvasimodesia (Sabah, Malaysia) and reinerti

(Sabah, Malaysia). Seventy-six full-page plates of illustrations are provided

of the following: adult habitus parts (16 species), pupa (35 species), larva

(37 species) and male terminalia (40 species). A majority of these are pre-

sented here for the first time. Keys to the adults, pupae and fourth stage

larvae of Southeast Asian species are provided.

IThis work was supported by Research Contracts No. DA-49-193-MD-2672

and DAMD-17-74-C-4086 from the U. S. Army Medical Research and

Development Command, Office of the Surgeon General, Washington, D. C.

2Miedical Entomology Project, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C.

20560.

2 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

New synonyms proposed here are: kalabahensis Haga and lagunensis

Baisas (= bicolor Leicester). Lectotypes for bicolor Leicester, fusca Leicester,

lutescens Leicester, maxima Leicester, modesia Leicester, and papua Brug

are designated. Uvanotaenia luteola Edwards and vecondita Edwards are

excluded from the fauna of Southeast Asia.

INTRODUCTION

The subgenus Pseudoficalbia was originally described by Theobald (1911)

as a distinct genus based on the single Ethiopian species inornata (Theobald),

and in 1912 Theobald again applied the name as new and included nepenthes

Theobald, nigvipes Theobald and pandani Theobald, in addition to inornata,

Edwards (1912) suggested that Pseudoficalbia ''should not be considered even

as a subgenus" and from that date until Peyton (1972) the subgenus had not been

accorded formal rank by definition, even though there are numerous published

references to the Pseudoficalbia either as a subgenus or as a non-defined

(except Edwards' 1932) group. Peyton (1972) gave an extensive historical

review of the genus Uvanotaenia and revalidated the subgenus Pseudoficalbia,

In Peyton (1972) the subgenus was defined in all stages for the first time and

a new scheme of internal classification somewhat similar to that developed by

Reid and Knight (1961) for the subgenus Anopheles Meigen, genus Anopheles

Meigen was proposed. The proposed infrasubgeneric division is further

developed in this revision with descriptions and discussion of additional groups

not covered in Peyton (1972).

The subgenus is diverse and widespread in Southeast Asia and adjacent

areas. Although there are several excellent regional papers on the genus

Uvanotaenia, which include several species of Pseudoficalbia, there is no

single definitive reference dealing with Pseudoficalbia as a subgenus. Some

significant regional treatments for Southeast Asia are as follows: Baisas 1935

(Philippines), Barraud 1926, 1934 (India, Ceylon and Burma), Bonne-Wepster

1954 (Indonesia and New Guinea), Borel 1930 (Indochina), Delfinado 1966b

(Philippines), and Leicester 1908 (Malaya). Other important references to

species of the subgenus are: Belkin 1953, 1962 (South Pacific), Belkin and

McDonald 1956 (southwestern U.S.A.), Edwards 1941 (Ethiopian), Hopkins

1952 (Ethiopian) and Galindo, Blanton and Peyton 1954 (American). Only 3

of the above (Belkin 1953, 1962; Edwards 1941; and Galindo, Blanton and

Peyton 1954) attempted to divide the species of the genus into groups. However,

some of the earlier attempts at dividing species into natural groups were

severely limited by an incomplete knowledge of species occurring beyond the

regions treated and a lack of information on many of the life stages, especially

the immatures. A great majority of the early descriptions of species from

Southeast Asia were based almost entirely on the adult, usually the female.

For example, Leicester (1908) described 18 species from Malaya, without

describing or illustrating a single male terminalia or immature stage and

most of these have remained undescribed until this revision. The latter dis-

covery of several of these stages has resulted in the synonymy of a few widely

used names (see also Peyton 1972). The adults of many species of Pseudofi-

calbia are without striking features as often seen in the nominate subgenus

Uvranotaenia. Several are very similarly marked and are not easily separated

without accompanying associated stages. Others are apparently indistinguish-

able in adult habitus features and are recognized for certain only in the male

terminalia or immature stages. Several species with wide geographical

Peyton: Uvranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) 3

ranges exhibit considerable variation in adult ornamentation and have often

been confused with similar but distinct species or in some cases treated as

distinct species. Consequently, many forms can still be easily confused and

can not be separated on the basis of previous keys and descriptions. There is

little information in previous treatments of almost every Southeast Asian

species on the range of morphological variation which is essential in determin-

ing the specific status of closely similar forms and interpreting the diversity

of various species. The present interpretation of most species treated is

based upon a critical examination of the original and subsequent descriptions

in the literature, combined with a detail comparative study of all available

types, numerous topotypic and other specimens, including many with associated

immature stages from a wide geographical range.

This study revises the subgenus Pseudoficalbia on a much broader regional

basis. It is restricted to Southeast Asia rather than the entire Indomalayan and

Oriental regions because specimens of several very poorly known Indian forms

could not be obtained. However, the coverage includes most species reported

from India and Sri Lanka and the one species from Palaearctic Japan, since

these also occur in Southeast Asia. Species from India not included in this

revision are briefly discussed for comparative purposes. In this revision,

42 species of the subgenus Pseudoficalbia are recognized and of these, 13 are

new and 29 are revalidated and redescribed. In treating the previous nominal

species, I am following Peyton (1972) but propose 2 additional synonyms based

on new material made available after that date. These are: kalabahensis and

lagunensis (= bicolor). The 13 additional new species recognized are: abdita

(Cambodia and Thailand), abstrusa (Philippines), albipes, approximata, enig-

matica and nocticola (Thailand), confusa (Philippines and Sulawesi, Indonesia),

harrisoni (Mindoro Island, Philippines and Sabah, Malaysia), moufiedi, quasi-

modesta and reinerti (Sabah, Malaysia), patriciae (Peninsular Malaysia,

Singapore and Thailand), and propinqua (Malaysia). Lectotypes for bicolor,

fusca, lutescens, maxima, modesta and papua are designated.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

A considerable portion of the Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) material for

this study was accumulated at the Southeast Asia Mosquito Project (SEAMP)

(now the Medical Entomology Project (MEP)), Department of Entomology,

Smithsonian Institution. Most of this material came from,collections made by

personnel of the U. S. Army Component, SEATO Medical Research Laboratory,

Bangkok, Thailand; the Mosquitoes of Malaysia Project, University of Malaya;

U. S. Army Medical Units in South Vietnam, Japan, Malaysia, the Ryukyus and

the Philippines. The most significant of the Philippines material includes the

World War II collections of E. S. Ross, and K. L. Knight, L. E. Rozeboom

and J. L. Laffoon. Numerous additional specimens have been obtained from

recent collections by MEP in Sri Lanka through the ''Biosystematic Studies

of the Insects of Ceylon Project" directed by K. V. Krombein; in Java, Indo-

nesia by S. Ramalingam; in Nilgiri Hills, southern India by B. N. Mohan; in

Cambodia by J. M. Klein; in Papua New Guinea, by N. V. Dobrotworsky; in

Ryukyus by K. Tanaka; in Lesser Sundas, Indonesia by T. Kurihara and from

loans made to the project by the British Museum (Natural History) (BMNH);

Field Museum of Natural History; California Academy of Sciences (CAS), San

Francisco; Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; Bernice P. Bishop

Museum, Honolulu; Instituut Voor Tropische Hygiene, Amsterdam and South

A Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

African Institute for Medical Research, Johannesburg (through Botha de

Meillon). I have re-examined most of the existing types or topotypic speci-

mens of previous nominal species of Uvanotaenia originally described or sub-

sequently reported from Southeast Asia except for the types of hirsutifemora

Peters and hongayi Galliard and Ngu. The majority of types of the Indomalayan

and Oriental regions are in the BMNH. Included among the type material are

several specimens identified by Edwards, Barraud, Leicester and others from

various localities. All of these specimens have been re-examined and con-

firmed and are included in the distribution data. In my efforts to develop a

scheme for the natural classification of the genus Uranotaenia I examined

small numbers of specimens of every available stage of all species in the

National Museum of Natural History (USNM), BMNH or other sources through

loans, gifts or exchanges from as many parts of the world as possible. This

has made it possible to extend the range of some of the various groups defined

for Southeast Asia into most zoogeographical regions of the world.

The format followed here is essentially the same as that followed in earlier

publications of the SEAMP. The synonymy section includes all of the significant

references to the taxonomy of the species. It does not include references to

faunal check lists or other abbreviated references unless the reference has

significant bearing upon the identity of the taxon, such as misidentifications,

erroneous distribution and so on. A few references to comprehensive ecologi-

cal observations are also included. Within the parentheses following each

citation the symbols “, ¢, P, L and E indicate that the publication deals with

at least some part of the male, female, pupa, larva or egg respectively; an

asterisk following the symbol indicates that at least some portion of the stage

was illustrated. Abbreviations used in the distribution section are the same

as in the synonymy but with the following additions, p = pupal skin and 1 = lar-

val skin. Abbreviations for references conform to the ''BIOSIS 1974 List of

Serials, '' Bio-Sciences Information Service of Biological Abstracts, Phila-

delphia, Pennsylvania.

Species assigned to each series are treated in alphabetical order. Illus-

trative plates of pupa, larva and male terminalia are presented in the same

order to facilitate ease of comparison between species and series. The syn-

onymy is followed by a diagnosis, in which each species is described in detail,

and includes the female, male, pupa, larva and egg (when known). For the

most part morphological terminology employed follows Belkin (1962), particu-

larly the chaetotaxy of the pupal and larval stages. A few terms of the male

terminalia are those established by the SEAMP starting with Bram (1967).

Additional terminology, where applicable, follows Knight (1970, 1971), Knight

and Laffoon (1970, 1971) and Laffoon and Knight (1973). I have introduced a

new term for the larva. The term "'tracheal filament" is applied to the caudo-

apical sclerotized filament on each trachea which is present in some species

and was first described by Montschadsky (1930) for wnguiculata Edwards. The

term is expressed as ''TF" on the illustrations (Figs. 5, 9, 13, 75).

Each species is usually accompanied by 2 plates illustrating the pupa, lar-

va and male terminalia. Additional plates are provided for adult habitus fea-

tures of several species to illustrate special thoracic ornamentation or other

features. At least one plate of each stage is fully labeled for a better under-

standing of the terms and abbreviations used in the text. The illustrations of

the male terminalia are presented with terga IX, X and proctiger removed as

a unit from the rest of the terminalia so that the relationship between these

very important structures can best be seen. A lateral view of an aedeagal

plate is drawn above the tergal view of the aedeagus to provide a clearer view

Peyton: Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) D

of the arrangement of apical teeth, some of which are often obscured in tergal

view.

Species descriptions are followed by a type-data section for the species.

The status of the type-specimens, holotype, lectotype or syntypes, including

stages or other associated specimens of all nominal forms (if clearly indicated

in the original or subsequent descriptions) are included and specified. The

type-localities are as stated in the original descriptions unless subsequently

proven to be inerror. All other data presented in the original description are

included along with a discussion of conflicting information data observed on

the labels of a few types.

Distribution records are indicated as follows: countries are in capital

letters; islands, provinces and primary administrative districts are in italics;

and place names have the first letter capitalized. The number of specimens

examined from each island or province follows the last place name of the

island or province. Two slightly different styles of punctuation are used in

the presentation of distribution data for countries occupying a single land mass

and divided into provinces and for countries divided into several separate land

masses (usually islands), which are further divided into states or provinces,

such as Malaysia, the Philippines, etc. A semicolon separates distinct locali-

ties within a country, island or province. A comma between semicolons

separates a series of names taken from a collection record representing a

single collection locality, these are often more precise than a single name

entry. Localities in the literature not confirmed by my examination of speci-

mens are placed at the end of the list and where appropriate their validity is

discussed. The spelling of provincial and locality names was taken from the

Official Standard Names Gazetteers of The United States Board on Geographic

Names, prepared by the Defense Mapping Agency Topographic Center and the

U. S. Department of Interior. Locality names not found in the gazetteers

were spelled according to the collection data-sheets or from the labels on the

specimens.

Information in the BIONOMICS section of each species is taken from the

collection data-sheets, labels attached to the specimens and from personal

observations. Biological data from published literature are also given and

the sources are cited. To make the data presented on the immature habitat

more meaningful I have included the total number of collections examined from

a particular habitat in parentheses following the listed habitat. Habitats listed

in the literature and not confirmed by an examination of specimens are listed

separately.

Southeast Asia, in this study, is composed of Assam, Andaman and Nicobar

Islands, Bangladesh, Burma, Cambodia, Hainan, Indonesia (west of Wallace's

line), Laos, Malaysia, Philippines, Ryukyu Islands, Singapore, southern

China, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam. With the exception of Southeast Asia

all major faunal areas referred to in this revision follow the ''World Mosquito

Faunal Areas" of Belkin (1962).

TAXONOMIC TREATMENT

GENUS URANOTAENIA LYNCH ARRIBALZAGA

Uranotaenia Lynch Arribalzaga 1891: 375. Logotype: Uvanotaenia pulcherrima

Lynch Arribalzaga (Neveu-Lemaire 1902: 227).

(Complete synonymy for the genus is given in detail by Stone et al.

6 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

1959 and Stone 1961).

Generally, species of the genus Uvanotaenia are easily recognized by the

following characters. Adult. Palpus very short, rarely more than 0.15 length

of proboscis, with a single segment beyond palpifer; wing membrane with ex-

tremely minute and numerous microtrichia which are not visible under ordin-

ary magnification, vein scales usually all broad and small, truncate or rounded

apically, cell Ro always shorter than vein Ro,9 and never longer than cell Mo,

vein M usually bare on basal 0.75 dorsally, rarely with a few scattered scales,

vein 1A always sharply curved apically and ending before fork of Cu; female

with a single large spermatheca. Pupa. Paddle with inner half deeply exca-

vated towards base, toothed or with filamentous fringe on inner and outer mar-

gins. Larva. Seta 1-C arising on a distinct apical process of the median

labral plate; 14-C always near cephalic border at base of maxilla; maxillary

suture absent; segment VIII usually with a sclerotized plate bearing a single

row of comb scales on posterior margin; siphon with a single pair of subven-

tral or sublateral setae (1-S) arising beyond basal 0.25; siphon usually with a

few to many pecten teeth.

For a more complete diagnosis of the genus see Belkin (1962). Mattingly

(1971) presents excellent keys to the various stages of the genus.

SUBGENUS PSEUDOFICALBIA THEOBALD

Pseudoficalbia Theobald 1911: 272. Haplotype: Ficalbia inornata Theobald.

Pseudoficalbia Theobald, 1912: 89. Logotype: pandani Theobald 1912: 90

(Howard, Dyar and Knab 1917: 899).

FEMALE. Minute to moderately large sized species. Head, Proboscis

usually shorter than forefemur (0. 73-1.10); labium somewhat swollen apically;

1 or more pairs of labial basal setae present; palpus 0.10-0.18 of proboscis;

antennal pedicel usually with a few minute setae dorsomesally; flagellum

usually conspicuously longer than proboscis (1.10-1.82); flagellomere 1 with

a few small scales basomesally; interocular space long and narrow or broadly

and deeply V-shaped posterodorsally; ocular setae 4-8; decumbent scales

broad, flat (rarely moderately broad), usually dull colored, never bright irri-

descent or metallic, rarely with sharply defined pale ocular line, never form-

ing frontal tuft; erect scales present, individual scales with long narrow basal

stems and broadly expanded apices, varied in number, length and arrangement,

most often distributed over entire vertex. Thovax. Scutal integument varied

in color, a paired dorsocentral bare line and a paired supra-alar bare line

present; scales usually mostly narrow, curved, rather sparse, a few species

with small patches of broad scales on anterior promontory, scales on lateral

margin anterior to wing root narrow (except species of Section B) (the Ethio-

pian shillitonis series has all scutal scales broad and no bare lines); dorso-

central and supra-alar setae strongly developed; acrostichal setae present

(except for some species of shillitonis series); scutellar scales broad on both

lobes (rarely narrow in a few species of maxima series); median lobe of scutel-

lum usually with 4 strong marginal setae, outer lobes usually with 3 strong

marginal setae; mesopostnotum bare; paratergite bare (except spiculosa Peyton

and Rattanarithikul); pleuron varied, scales usually present on some sclerites,

most often on sternopleuron (sip); pleural scales always small, broad and

appressed (except for narrow scales on pin in a few species of maxima series);

Peyton: Uyvranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) fi

anterior pronotum @pn) with or without scales and with 2 strong upper and 1

strong lower setae, rarely 1 or 2 extra strong setae in some species; posteri-

or pronotum (ppn) with or without scales, with 1 or more setae present on

upper posterior corner; spiracular area (sp) with 1, 2 setae; postspiracular

area (psp) usually bare, rarely with a few scales; propleuron (ppl) with 1-11

setae; prealar area (pva) never separated from sternopleuron by a suture,

usually with 1 seta, rarely more; sternopleuron (stp) with 6-26 setae on upper

and posterior margins; mesepimeron (mep) with 1-13 upper setae and 1 well

developed lower seta. Wing. Scales usually dark, pale scales when present

restricted to basal portion of vein R, never bright irridescent or metallic;

cell Ro 0. 36-0. 77 of Ro ,q; alula with or without scales. Legs. Femora with

a few stout setae at apex; forefemur with setae on anteroventral and postero-

dorsal margins, varied in number and arrangement according to species, addi-

tional setae on various surfaces often present; midfemur with a few setae on

basal 0.5 of dorsal margin, additional setae present or absent according to

species; hindtarsomere 1 length 0. 94-1. 40 of tibia; claws of all legs short,

simple and subequal (Fig. 2). Abdomen. Terga with or without pale scaled

bands, bands when present usually basal (except albipes and Ethiopian species

of annulata series); laterotergite with scales. Genitalia. Not studied in de-

tail, appear to be very similar in most species; cercus and postgenital plate

short and broad, insula with a small patch of setae; with a single large sperma-

theca.

MALE. Essentially as infemale. Head. Proboscis never with long

setae dorsally; labium usually more distinctly swollen; antennal flagellum

slightly shorter than female, sparsely to strongly plumose; flagellomeres 12

and 13 moderately long, usually each about 2.0-3.0 the length of flagellomere

11; erect scales often slightly shorter and less numerous. Wing. Scales

usually less numerous; cell Ro often slightly shorter. Legs. Setae of femora

as in female but occasionally more numerous; tibiae and tarsi never modified

or with modified setae or scales; claws of midleg modified, anterior one al-

ways enlarged, posterior one reduced (Fig. 2); claws of foreleg and hindleg

short, simple and subequal (species of the maxima series have the claws of

foreleg similar to those of midleg). Abdomen, Pale scaling of terga, when

present, usually more extensive. Terminalia, Very short and inconspicuous;

segment VIII long and wide containing retracted terminalia; tergum IX moder-

ately long and sclerotized, apical margin varied according to series, broadly

rounded, produced at middle or rarely slightly emarginate, without distinct

lateral lobes, with or without setae, surface finely spiculate at least laterally,

basal emargination varied but usually quite broad; tergum X lightly sclerotized,

usually complete dorsally but often weak and indistinct tergomesally, usually

at least partially extending beyond apical margin of tergum IX but occasionally

not reaching apical margin of tergum IX or the apical margins of both fused

and continuous tergomesally, often with distinct median apical emargination

producing short broad or long finger-like tergolateral lobes or occasionally

without emargination and produced into a single broad median apical lobe;

basimere short and broad, entire surface finely spiculate, tergomesal surface

with numerous setae of varied development, lateral and ventral surfaces with

stronger but fewer setae, scales restricted to a few on lateral and ventral

surfaces, basal mesal lobe well developed, with a varying number of long stout

setae tergoapically, often the more apical seta of the group arising on a dis-

tinct finger-like process, usually 1, 2 long stout setae on sternoapical mar-

gin, distinctly removed from the more tergoapical group; distimere variable,

usually rather slender and tapered to narrow apex, occasionally (Section B)

8 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

rather stout and distended on tergal subapical margin; spiniform varied,

small, stout, acutely pointed or blunt, minute and inapparent or rarely appar-

ently absent; aedeagus rather simple, composed of 2 lateral sclerotized plates,

each bearing a varying number of teeth apically and joined by a narrow sclero-

tized median tergal and sternal (except nivipleura Leicester) transverse

bridge; ventral parameres very strongly developed, broad at base; proctiger

almost completely membranous, without sclerotized paraprocts, cercal setae

present or absent.

PUPA. Cephalothorax, All setae present, varied in development; 6-CT

single, usually very strongly developed; 8-CT close to but posteromesad of

trumpet. Respivatory Trumpet. Varied in length and development, index

rarely more than 7.0, usually widely separated and closer to wing pad than to

middorsal line, rarely closer to middorsal line than to wing pad; tracheoid

area present or absent, usually reduced to short area on anterobasal side;

pinna usually diagonally truncate; meatus rarely slit. Abdomen. Integument

of segments II-VIII with a few minute spicules at least posteromesally; seta

1-I moderately to strongly developed and with secondary branching; 2-II single,

usually well developed, varied in position; 5-IV-VI often strongly developed;

6,9-VII rarely dorsal; 9-VIII well developed, single or branched, usually in-

serted at posterolateral corner; 1-IX present or absent. Paddle. Varied in

shape, usually rather broad; outer and inner margins toothed or with filamen-

tous spicules; outer and inner parts varied in width, outer part often wider

than inner; 1-P present or absent, 2-P present in some species of the bicolor

series.

LARVA. Head, Varied in shape, with or without ocular bulge, rarely very

darkly pigmented; median labral plate with distinct apicolateral processes

bearing seta 1-C, processes varied in shape and distance apart; 1-C single,

varied in development, minute and inapparent, stout spine-like or foliform

and expanded apically; 4-6-C usually placed well forward on anterior 0.33 of

head 0-C rarely approaching middle, each varies considerably in position;

4-C rarely anterior to level of 6-C, occasionally distinctly posterolaterad of

6-C, 5-C (except maxima) and 6-C not stout spike-like, apical 0.25 or more

always strongly attenuate, single or branched; mentum toothed. Antenna.

Varied, never long; seta 1-A small, single or branched, position varied, 2-4,

6-A simple, never modified. Thorax, Setae 1-3-P on a small common

sclerotized tubercle, 3-P often long and strongly developed, 13-P rarely

present, 14-P single or multiple branched, often exceptionally well developed;

8,9-M, 7,9-T well developed and strongly barbed but rarely strongly plumose.

Abdomen, Setae 6, 7-I, II usually strongly developed and barbed, nearly equal

in development (except for 7-II which is usually greatly reduced in species of

Section B), both inserted on a common weakly sclerotized plate; other setae

varied according to species; comb scales always present, usually ina single

row on posterior margin of sclerotized plate, rarely in a small patch and with-

out plate, scales varied in shape, length and character of fringe. Segment X,

Saddle complete or incomplete; seta 4-X varied, with 4,5 or 9 pairs of setae,

usually on simple grid, and usually surrounded by weak sclerotization which

is rarely prolonged basally or joined to saddle midventrally; accessory saddle

seta rarely present. Siphon. Well developed; usually with an acus; pecten

teeth usually present (absent? in browni Mattingly) with or without fringe,

never exceptionally long and broad; seta 1-S varied in development and position

but never on basal 0.25; valves usually small; 13-S minute and inapparent; tra-

cheae well developed, occasionally terminating in a distinct sclerotized fila-

ment in some species.

Peyton: Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) 9

EGG. Not adequately described; apparently not resistant to desication;

laid in boat-shaped rafts (anhydor Dyar and colocasiae Edwards), on the water

surface and laid singly (novobscura Barraud and ascidiicola de Meijere) on the

water surface (current information on the eggs of Uvanotaenia species is sum-

marized in Mattingly 1970).

DISTRIBUTION. Species of Pseudoficalbia occur principally in subtropical

and tropical regions of the Old World, with the exception of some island groups

in the Pacific and Atlantic. It is absent from the New World except for a small

relict complex of 2 subspecies of the maxima series found in southwestern

United States and Mexico. The Arctic areas are free of Pseudoficalbia, Only

novobscura and unguiculata are known to occur beyond 27° N. with novobscura

reported as far north as Tokyo, Japan. By far the greatest diversity and abun-

dance of species is centered in the Indomalayan and Oriental regions. South-

east Asia is particularly rich in species and no reasonably large island or por-

tion of the mainland is without representative species. Our current knowledge

of distribution of many species is severely limited by the paucity of collections

from several major countries. Only Peninsular Malaysia, Thailand, and some

islands of the Philippines have been heavily collected and this is directly re-

flected in the greater number of species reported from these localities. Sev-

eral species are known only from isolated collections or some show widely dis-

junct distribution. These patterns will surely change as more collections are

made and it is anticipated that many additional species will be found.

DISCUSSION. Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) is one of the most poorly known

of all major groups of mosquitoes. The subgenus has attracted Little attention

since it was first described by Theobald in 1911, mainly because it is of little

known economic importance. In addition most species are extremely small

and the adults are rather drab in ornamentation; with many looking very much

alike superficially. Although without striking features, the adults of most

species are rather well characterized by ornamentation of the head, thorax,

legs, wing and abdomen. Adults can generally be separated to species on ex-

ternal features, but these features are often of little use in characterizing in-

frasubgeneric groups. The female terminalia are of little apparent practical

value in differentiating species or subgenera. The male terminalia are very

important at the subgeneric, section and series level using terga IX, X and

proctiger, basal mesal lobe of basimere, distimere, spiniform and the aedea-

cus but are of limited value in differentiating a number of species. The imma-

ture stages are extremely diverse and offer many good characters for subgen-

eric, group and specific determinations. These are often of paramount

importance in the diagnosis of species with extremely similar adults and male

terminalia.

I have not recognized any subspecies in this review primarily because of a

lack of evidence of behavioral or distributional patterns that correlate with

morphological variations. Most collections of several widely distributed spe-

cies are represented by very small samples from widely scattered localities.

A very complex problem is involved in at least 2 forms treated here and when

sufficient material from various islands and intermediate areas becomes avail-

able, a case might be made for the separation of the Okinawan form of novob-

scura and the Philippine form of lagunensis (= bicolor here). These 2 vary

slightly from island to island in one or more characters but essentially con-

form to the species assigned. The immature stages are not so well known,

and I do not know the full value of differences in the branching of some of the

setae, especially since there is some evidence to suggest that branching of

individual setae is often influenced by environmental factors. The factors,

10 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

other than geographical isolation, which affect these insular forms are not

clear. Based on the material available, it seems best to recognize these

small differences as variations of a single species.

Several adult characters treated in the descriptions and used in some key

couplets deserve further discussion since several of these have not been ade-

quately described in earlier works. Many of the adults of Pseudoficalbia are

inadequately described in the literature. I have therefore given relatively com-

plete descriptions here.

Some characters are much more qualitative than quantitative but are oc-

casionally useful. This applies especially to relative lengths of proboscis,

palpi, antennal flagellum, wing cells and tarsomeres. Setae of the femora

are described in detail and are generally based on a fair sample of specimens.

These are often of specific value and are essentially similar in both sexes,

however, setae of the legs are subject to at least some damage due to collect-

ing methods. The number of setae on the femora was derived, for the most

part from reared specimens in good condition. Generally, exact numbers of

setae are not critical. However, the placement and arrangement on the femur,

especially in those species with numerous setae, are often significant and a

few species such as hirsutifemora, for example, might prove difficult to

indentify if the femora are damaged.

Internal classification, Peyton (1972) divided the subgenus Pseudoficalbia

into 2 major groups designated as Sections A and B. In this article, Section

B was treated in some detail, since it was considered annectant between the

subgenera Uvanotaenia and Pseudoficalbia, The species of Section B were

further divided into 2 series and each was defined in all stages. The 2 series

defined for Section B were the annulata and maxima series. The maxima

series was the only one represented in Southeast Asia, and the annulata series

was exclusively Ethiopian. Another Ethiopian group, the shillitonis series

(= group D of Edwards 1941) was also briefly discussed. I still support this

scheme as a valid means of dividing the subgenus into what appear to be very

natural groups. Iadd the definition of 4 additional series for Section A in this

revision, making a total of 7 recognized for the world. Series are based pri-

marily on characters of the male terminalia, larva and pupa in that order of

importance. However, the Ethiopian shillitonis series is based on the adult

stage since only a few of the immature stages are known. All known species

are assignable to either Sections A or B, and it also appears that all known

species will fit equally well into the 7 series recognized here. The recogni-

tion of major groups as Sections and series appears to be very similar to that

by Reid and Knight (1961) for the subgenus Anopheles. As in 1972, I feel that

none of these groups deserve consideration as subgenera but that each is a

distinct super-group above the traditional species groups level and this hypothe-

Sis is strengthened by the geographical distribution of each group. The series

recognized here are of equal rank and are as follows: annulata series (Ethio-

pian, = Edwards’ 1941 group B, in part), bicolor series (Ethiopian, Indomalay-

an, Malagasy, North Australian, Oriental, Papuan and South Pacific, includes

Edwards' 1941 group C), bimaculata series (Indomalayan, Oriental and Palae-

arctic), harrisoni series (Indomalayan), maxima series (Indomalayan, Nearc-

tic, Oriental and Palaearctic), recondita series (Indomalayan, North Australi-

an, Oriental and Papuan), and the shillitonis series (Ethiopian = Edwards'

1941 group D). As discussed under the series treated here, species within

the series could in many cases be treated as species groups on a regional

basis when convenient to do so.

BIONOMICS. Very little information has been published on the bionomics

Peyton: Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) 11

of Pseudoficalbia species. Much of the data presented here under the series

and species discussions are new.

The range of habitats utilized by the immature stages of Pseudoficalbia is

great. The majority of species utilize small restricted natural container type

habitats, both on or above ground level, such as: small fresh water crab

holes, rock holes or pools, tree holes, bamboos, leaf axils, plant parts lying

on the ground, inflorescences of plants and Nepenthes pitchers. Other species

are found in more exposed ground pools in swamps and marshes, stream mar-

gins, stream pools, animal foot or hoof prints, cave pools, seepages, tem-

porary ground pools and ditches. A few of these also utilize artificial con-

tainers on occasion and some species utilize a variety of both categories.

Individual species vary greatly in specific requirements and tolerance of en-

vironmental conditions, particularly light, cover, vegetation and organic con-

tent. No species has yet been found in habitats with an appreciable salt con-

tent. Some evidence suggests a correlation between the general class of habi-

tat utilized and some of the series. These are described in more detail under

the series and individual species.

Larvae of a few species of Pseudoficalbia rest and feed parallel to the

water surface and have movements and the appearance of early instars of

anophelines. Most species that utilize plant containers and crab holes hang

down from the water surface, spend considerable time feeding on the bottom

and have an appearance and movements similar to many species of Aedes

Meigen. The larvae of several species develop very slowly and require 10-30

days in rearing containers to mature, the pupal stage usually lasts 2 or more

days.

Egg laying habits have been described for 4 species; 2 lay their eggs in

rafts and 2 lay them singly on the water surface. It would seem that the 2

types of egg laying habits would be suggestive of at least 2 types of habitats

such as possibly ground water habitats and plant containers, but this does not

appear to be the case. The 2 species reported to lay eggs in rafts are colo-

caste and anhydor; colocasiae is found principally in a wide variety of dead

or living plant containers; anhydor is found in ground water. The 2 species

laying eggs singly on the water surface are ascidiicola and novobscura, both

utilize plant containers. The 4 species are representatives of 3 different

series: anhydor (maxima series), colocasiae (bicolor series), and ascidiicola

and novobscura (bimaculata series).

Few observations have been reported on the biting habits of Pseudoficalbia

species. Chapman (1964) fed a colony of anhydor very successfully on toads

and a bullfrog and they apparently would not feed upon an exposed arm, sala-

mander or chicken. Davis and Philip (1931) found chicken blood in the gut of

several specimens of the Ethiopian annulata Theobald. Hsiao and Bohart

(1946) report that novobscura is attracted to toads in Japan. Service (1965)

found by precipitin testing of blood-meals of 50 wild-caught females of mash-

onaensis Theobald that they had fed on reptiles (4%), birds (24%), bovids (18%)

and man (29%). Corbet and Ssenkubuge (1962) found Uranotaenia spp., includ-

ing U. (P.) nigromaculata Edwards, to be attracted to mammals, birds and

reptiles but do not give details species by species. These seem to be the only

confirmed observations on the feeding habits of Pseudoficalbia species. Re-

ported here for the first time, are specimens of nivipleura biting a pig, 2 fe-

males of bicolor collected off an exposed human leg in the evening and a single

female of gouldi taken in a human biting collection between the hours of 0500-

0600. It is not known for certain that either of the 2 females of bicolor were

actually biting and took blood. Adults of several species rest on damp rocks

2 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

or other moist surfaces near the breeding sites and are often found in large

numbers. Many species come readily to light and are occasionally found in-

side houses resting on walls near a light source.

A Group B virus (Jugra) was isolated by A. Rudnick in 1972 from a pool of

Uvranotaenia spp. collected at Tanjong Roback, Selangor, Malaysia (Berge 1975).

KEYS TO THE SUBGENERA OF URANOTAENIA

ADULT

Prealar area separated from sternopleuron by a suture; alula bare;

erect head scales usually absent or, when present, usually

restricted to a few small stout ones on occiput or rarely a few long

slender ones of] VErleXs 2 (iso 2G ee we ee Uranotaenia

Prealar area not separated from sternopleuron by a suture; alula

with a few broad dorsomarginal scales (except Section B) or

erect head scales with long slender basal stems and broadly

expanded apices, numerous, and covering most of the vertex.

Pseudoficalbia

MALE TERMINALIA

Lateral plates of aedeagus distinctly connected dorsally only; basal

mesal lobe of basimere poorly developed or occasionally

apparently absent; distimere very short and stout, usually with

tergal subapical margin distended. .......... Uranotaenia

Lateral plates of aedeagus distinctly connected dorsally and ventrally

(except nivipleura); basal mesal lobe of basimere well developed,

usually produced tergoapically into a very distinct finger-like

lobe; distimere moderately long, usually slender and tapered to

narrow apex, occasionally (Section B) rather stout and distended

on tergal subapical marcin. :o. ws Sales eS Pseudoficalbia

PUPA

Trumpets set close together (nearer to middorsal line than to wing

pad), (except wysockii Belkin), always (?) strongly tracheoid on

aca 0.2 Or mOre.o 2 ko ee eS Uranotaenia

Trumpets set far apart (nearer to wing pad than to middorsal line),

(except anhydor, syntheta Dyar and Shannon and montana Ingram

and de Meillon); indistinctly tracheoid on anterior basal 0.3 or

less (except Section Band harrisoni)........ Pseudoficalbia

LARVA

Setae 5 and 6-C very stout and spine- or spike-like, apex acute

or often fringed (except wysockii), always set far back on head,

with 6 on level with or posterior to antennal base and 5 approaching

Peyton: Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) 13

middle; grid of segment X always (?) distinctly joined midventrally

tO SAGAEE AE: See ace a ea ae Acree a ee Uranotaenia

Setae 5 (except maxima) and 6-C not stout, spine- or spike-like,

apical 0.25 or more strongly attenuate, usually set far forward

on anterior third of head, rarely far back approaching middle;

grid of segment X rarely joined (@nhydor, painei Edwards,

harrisoni, and abstrusa) midventrally to saddle. . . Pseudoficalbia

KEYS TO THE SECTIONS OF THE SUBGENUS PSEUDOFICALBIA

ADULT

Alula with a few broad dorsomarginal scales; interocular space long

and narrow, median pair of ocular setae (interoculars) not dis-

tinctly set between the eyesv sea ee Oe Section A

Alula bare; interocular space broadly and deeply V-shaped postero-

dorsally, interocular setae set distinctly between the eyes.

Section B

MALE TERMINALIA

Lateral plates of aedeagus with one or more large, conspicuous

teeth or processes; distimere usually slender, slightly curved,

broad at extreme base and tapered to narrow apex, never dis-

tended on tereal subapical marein. 1... 0.0 bo Skea os. Section A

Lateral plates of aedeagus with, at most, a few small inconspicuous

teeth or hooks; distimere rather straight, stout, at least slightly

distended on tergal subapical margin. .......... Section B

PUPA

Trumpet without slit in meatus, indistinctly tracheoid on anterior

basal 0.3 or less (except harrisoni, with trumpet index of 3);

sidex TaPreclyD OF MOres . Oo Ra a eS Pee Section A

Trumpet with slit in meatus, usually distinctly tracheoid on basal

0.3 or more; index usually 5or more. ......... Section B

LARVA

Seta 7-II very stout, usually single, occasionally 2 or more branched,

near equal in degree of development to 7-I and 6-I; setae 5, 6-C

usually rather weakicey Aaa Ee Wes Caran ee a Section A

Seta 7-II a tuft of 2-5 branches, distinctly shorter and weaker than

7-I and 6-II; setae 5,6-C conspicuously stout but not spine-like

fexeeptS<C Of wea. ae os he Se aw we Section B

a(t).

3(2).

4(3).

5(4).

6(5).

7(6).

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

KEYS TO THE SPECIES OF PSEUDOFICALBIA

ADULT*

Alula with a few broad dorsomarginal scales; scutum with or without

a lateral marginal line of pale scales, scales always narrow. .. 2

Alula bare; scutum with a distinct broad lateral marginal line of white

scales, some of which are distinctly broad. .... maxima (p. 178)

Terga II-VI with narrow apical white bands, VII with median apical

While DALCHs os che Ge Pe a ess albipes (p. 64)

Terga II-VI uniformly dark scaled or, 2 or more terga with basal

pale bands or basolateral: patches. «9. ok 6a Eh ee EAA. 3

Tarsi with distinct basal and apical white bands; decumbent head

séales uniformly blacke . «<0 i284 shoes xanthomelaena (p. 118)

Tarsi uniformly dark; decumbent head scales rarely all black. ... 4

Abdomen with terga uniformly dark scaled. ............. 5)

Abdomen with pale basal bands or basolateral patches of scales on

27OP Mote teres. a ee ea a Se 29

Scutal integument with 5 distinct, large brownish black spots; one

pair over wing root, one pair on scutal fossae and a large spot

on prescutellar space. .9s6 2 hea es quinquemaculata (p. 115)

Scutal integument without large dark spots or with at most 3 distinct

larec datk brownor DIACK Spots? so Ph se SA 6

Scutal integument with a very distinct, large oval, bare, shiny supra-

alar dark spot, with at least a narrow pale area on anterior

margin separating it from darker areas of scutum. ....... 7

Scutal integument without a large distinct oval, shiny supra-alar

dark spot, but the area may occasionally appear slightly darker

‘thanthe surrounding dark areas... 2 6025.06 bo ae 8

Anterior pronotum without scales; erect head scales numerous, very

conspicuous, evenly distributed over entire vertex; when present,

scales on posteromesal margin of supra-alar dark spot light or

dark brown; midscutellar lobe with 4,5 long stout marginal setae;

remigium of wing usually with a few pale ochreous or grayish

scales or entirely pale grayish white...... novobscura (p. 96)

Anterior pronotum with a few (3-6) broad grayish translucent scales

at middle; erect head scales few, restricted mostly to a marginal

row on occiput and on ocular line, those on ocular line very small

and inconspicuous; scales on posteromesal margin of supra-alar

dark spot grayish white; midscutellar lobe usually with 3, rarely

4 long, stout, marginal setae; remigium completely dark scaled.

bimaculata (p. 69)

Or PRY SILAGE TERE EET

Uva

notaenia hongayi is insufficiently known to be included in the above key;

males of albipes and quinquemaculata unknown.

8(6).

9(8).

10(9).

11(10).

12(11).

13(11).

14(13).

15(14).

Peyton: Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) 15

Forefemur with a row of 15-20 closely set, very short, stout,

spiniform setae on basal 0.6 of anteroventral margin; pva with

2-5 setae; mep with a median patch of grayish translucent scales.

rossi (p. 159)

Forefemur without very short, stout, spiniform setae on anteroventral

margin; pra usually with 1 seta, rarely 2; mep with or without a

ACCU OL BCR LCS 5) SG ce es eee oe wie 8 ew 9

Pleural integument with a distinct, broad, dark band across upper

half or with 2 or more distinct dark areas involving at least upper

stp and whole of mep, which strongly contrast with the remaining

very pale areas; if occasionally there is little contrast with mep

then it has a median patch of shiny colorless scales. ..... 10

Pleural integument uniform in color, or occasionally a few of the

darker species with ppn or Psp and upper edge of stp indefinitely

darker but when this occurs mep always without a median patch of

SCATOR 6 ae hk Ra ee i iw Bie 18

Midfemur with numerous setae encircling middle; apn and ppn with

dark grayish scales; mep with a median patch of shiny colorless

Ge). Me a ea Coe RIE TONGA veal SLE a is cB rarer eee yaeyamana (p. 174)

Midfemur without numerous setae encircling middle; apn rarely with

scales, ppnand middle mep always bare. ...........-. 11

Anterior and posterior pronotum uniformly pale yellow or yellowish

brown, strongly contrasting with dark areas of stp and mep. . 12

Anterior and posterior pronotum dark. ...........2+4.see-. 13

Scutal integument uniformly dark rust brown with a very strong deline-

ation between lateral margin and upper margin of pale pleuron;

ppl with 5,6 setae; upper mep with 4,5 setae; midfemur without

devuge setae on bacdl 0:33. ee ee ee reinerti (p. 116)

Scutal integument bicolorous, distinctly lighter on acrostichal and

lateral marginal lines, delineation between lateral margin and

upper margin of pleuron not strongly indicated; ppl and upper

mep each with 2 setae; midfemur densely covered with fine setae

on-call agpecte:- of bagal 0; 83.60% eines cow eo moufiedi (p. 86)

Scutum with a distinct lateral marginal line of narrow gray-white

scales; pleuron. devoid of sGales. ss 6 ae es 14

Scutum without a lateral marginal line of gray-white scales; pleuron

with at least a small patch of light translucent scales on upper

Oy DOR BEDS aos x a ROR A OT te Be en Sea 16

Scutal fossa with a rather large, oval dark brown or black shiny, bare

spot, which is accentuated by the surrounding gray-white scales;

a small dark supra-alar spot usually present. . propinqua (p. 106)

Scutal fossa without a dark bare spot; supra-alar area not darker.

Scutal integument uniformly dark brown or brownish black, except for

pale narrow lateral marginal line. ......... modesta (p. 83)

Scutal integument very light brown, except for very pale narrow

16(13).

17(16).

18(9).

19(18).

20(18).

21(20).

22(21).

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

lateral marginal line, acrostichal line a little lighter in color

than outer: dorsocentral area. > . 06 64-0o-% 64 patriciae(p. 103)

Midfemur densely clothed on all aspects of basal 0.25 with short

delicate setae, usually 4-7 much longer setae dorsally; apn with

a few broad light brown scales; stp with a closely set row of 20-22

strong setae along upper and posterior margins, with 5-8 across

WDDORIMAYOINs 6.6 4 oe ee Se maculipleura (p. 79)

Midfemur with at most 4,5 long delicate dorsal setae on basal 0.25,

apn bare; stp with 9-14 rather weak setae on upper and posterior

margins, with only 3,4 across upper margin. .......... 17

Scutal integument uniformly light yellowish brown, covered with dark

bronzy brown scales which strongly contrast with light integument;

metapleuron uniformly pale grayish; hindtarsomere 1 about 1.2

Of bila: 6660S ee ee ee pseudomaculipleura (p. 109)

Scutal integument mostly dark brown, narrowly and indefinitely

lighter on acrostichal line, covered with light grayish or bronzy

brown scales which are never darker than integument; metapleuron

darker on lower 0.5; hindtarsomere 1 about 1.0 of tibia.

quasimodesta(p. 112)

Integument of scutum and mesopostnotum dark reddish or rust brown

except for occasional narrow pale lateral marginal line, very sharp-

ly contrasting with a uniformly pale yellow or yellowish orange

DiCtPOH | a i ee er ee 19

Integument of scutum and mesopostnotum usually light or pale brown

with no contrast or only slight contrast with pleuron, if dark reddish

brown then pleuron alse darker... 664 eee oe 20

Scutum with integument narrowly pale yellowish on lateral margin and

with a narrow lateral marginal line of long narrow white or yellowish

scales to anterodorsocentral line; @p” without scales.

nivipleura (p. 92)

Scutum with integument uniformly dark, without pale lateral scales;

apn with a few light brown scales. ......... confusa (p. 129)

Interocular space with a double row of small, broad grayish translucent

scales extending to frons; femora distinctly grayish white or white

ventrally; apn and stp without scales. ....... gouldi (p. 50)

Interocular space without a row of scales; femora usually light brown

ventrally never distinctly grayish white; apn or stp occasionally

without scales but never both without. .............. 21

Wing cell Ro equal in length to cell M, or barely shorter; apn without

SCQOS ee a he eee ee 22

Wing cell Ro distinctly shorter than cell M,; apn rarely without

SCOtCG os ae ee a er a ee 23

Anterior pronotum with 3 strong upper setae; ppl with 2 setae; Dra with

2 setae; stp with 4 marginal setae and with a few scattered shiny

transparent scales on upper portion only. ..... harrisoni (p. 29)

23(21).

24(23).

25(24).

26(25).

27(25).

Peyton: Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) C7

Anterior pronotum with 2 strong upper setae; ppl with 3 strong, 1-3

weaker setae; pva with 1 seta; stp with a marginal row 10-11

setae and with a patch of shiny translucent scales which narrowly

extend down posterior margin to upper margin of mesomeron.

lui (p. 76)

Decumbent head scales uniformly black or slate gray; erect scales

few, restricted mostly to a row on occiput, none on anterior half

of vertex; abdominal sterna pale creamy yellow. . moultoni (p. 88)

Decumbent head scales light brown or pale grayish with scales on

ocular line and laterally at least faintly grayish white; erect scales

numerous and distributed over most of vertex; abdominal sterna

dark or light grayish brown, especially on terminal segments. . 24

Lower apn with 2,3 long stout setae and usually 1-2 short weaker ones;

midfemur densely setose on basal 0.33 with the more delicate setae

concentrated on ventral surface; stp with a group of 3-6 very fine

opaque setae on midanterior margin just above midanterior angle

(extremely difficult to detect at some angles). .... bylei (p. 155)

Lower apn with a single long stout seta but may have a few small

weak setae in addition; midfemur without a concentration of setae

on basal 0.33; stp without fine setae on anterior margin. .... 29

Integument of scutum and mesopostnotum a very light, pale brown or

yellow; pleuron uniformly pale grayish, almost whitish brown, both

sharply contrasting with darker abdominal terga. ....... 26*

Integument of scutum and mesopostnotum dark brown or scutum

occasionally light brown with narrow darker median and sub-

median lines or with a few broad scales on anterior margin

and stp without scales; pleuron uniformly dark brown or a dingy

brown with indefinite darker areas, but never uniformly pale,

scutum and mesopostnotum with little or no contrast with abdominal

VOC a a ee ee a ee ate

Anterior pronotum with numerous light brown scales, lower margin

with one long, stout and 4-8 small weak setae; head with a distinct

narrow ocular line of dull grayish white scales; ppv with a distinct

patch of 10 or more broad light brown translucent scales on upper

posterior: Corners ses & 4 ro eee ee ee ae sumethi(p. 170)

Anterior pronotum without scales and only one long, stout seta on

lower margin; decumbent head scales uniformly dull grayish; ppn

with 2-4 broad light brown translucent scales on upper posterior

CORNER Le ee ee nocticola (p. 149)

Scutum with 3 small patches of broad pale grayish or bronzy translucent

scales on anterior promontory at acrostichal and dorsocentral lines;

sip without apateh of scales. 60. i a. obscura (p. 57)

*Occasional specimens of obscura are rather light in color, but always have a

few broad translucent scales on the anterior margin of the scutum which the

others do not.

28(27).

29(4).

30(29).

31(29).

32(31).

33(32).

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

Scutum without broad scales on anterior promontory; stp with a patch

of scattered grayish translucent or transparent scales on upper

0.33 or more, with a few extending down posterior margin. . . 28

Midfemur with numerous long setae encircling middle between 0. 45-

0.10; popu without scales... hirsutifemora(p. 136)

Midfemur without setae encircling middle 0.45-0.70; ppn with a few light

erayish translucent scales. ........-.... abstrusa (p. 35)

Femora distinctly gray-white or pearly white ventrally; maxillary

palpus at least 2.0 the length of antennal flagellomere 1; abdominal

terga II-VII with large basolateral patches of creamy white

Femora never distinctly gray-white or pearly white; maxillary palpus

never more than 1.5 the length of flagellomere 1; abdominal terga

II-VII without distinct basolateral patches of creamy white scales,

but with distinct basal pale bands on 2 or more terga...... 31

Basolateral pale scale patches of terga triangular with apex reaching

to or beyond 0.5 of lateral width of each tergum and without dorsal

extension; prosternum without a line of scales. . . gigantea (ps 72)

Basolateral pale scale patches of terga not triangular, much less than

0.5 the width of each tergum, occasionally with narrow dorsal exten-

sion on some terga; prosternum with a distinct narrow line of scales

near tO median sinures <6. ee ascidiicola (p. 66)

Pleural integument with several distinct dark brown or black areas

or dark areas involving at least apn and ppn which strongly contrast

with the remaining very pale areas, or predominantly dark brown.

Pleural integument uniformly pale, usually yellow, pale grayish brown

or whitish; psp and extreme upper edge of sf may appear indefinite-

ly darker in a few specimens of jacksoni but there is little or no

Beutre a. a a ee ee ee 37

Pleural integument predominantly dark brown with an indefinite pattern

of narrow pale marginal areas on some sclerites, lower 0.5 of sip

dark, a narrow lighter brown line across upper 0.3 of sfpand a

slightly broader light brown line across middle mep, a very distinct

pale grayish line across lower edge of mepand upper edge of

mesomeron; stp with two separate patches of scales, one small

patch on lower 0.6 of posterior margin. ...... bicolor (p. 41)

Pleural integument with a distinct pattern of dark and light areas

or spots, lower 0.25 or more of stp always pale; mesomeron

entirely pale; stp with a patch of scales on upper 0.5 and usually

with a narrow continuous extension down posterior margin. .. 33

Anterior pronotum, ppn, psp and extreme upper edge of stp dark, re-

maining sclerites very pale incolor. .........4+s+s+e46-. 34

As above, but stp with 2 large distinct dark spots, or upper 0.5 dark;

mep entirely dark or with distinct upper and lower dark spots. . 35

34(33).

35(33).

36(35).

37(31).

38(37).

39(37).

Peyton: Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) 19

Terga II-VI with complete pale ochreous basal bands, each conspicu-

ous and near equal in width; stp with 14-17 setae on upper and pos-

terior margins; lower mep seta long and stout, at least twice the

length of upper stp and mep setae; ocular setae 6-7. ohamai(p. 152)

Terga with complete pale ochreous basal bands on IV-VI but very

narrow and conspicuous only on V, VI; stf with 7-11 setae on upper

and posterior margins; lower mep seta short and weak, not longer

than setae on upper stp or mep; ocular setae 4-5.

approximata (p. 38)

Sternopleuron dark on upper 0.25 and with a large midanterior dark

spot; ppl dark; pspbare; paratergite bare. ........... 36

Sternopleuron with one dark area involving upper 0.5 or more; ppl

pale; psp with a small posterior patch of grayish scales; paratergite

with a few grayish translucent scales on posterior 0.5.

spiculosa (p. 162)

Mesepimeron dark except for very narrow pale margins and with a

median patch of grayish white translucent scales.

stricklandi (p. 166)

Mesepimeron with a broad median pale area separating an upper and

lower dark spot, without median scales. ........ koli(p. 145)

A few scales on anterior margin of scutum grayish white or white;

lower mep seta long, stout, at least 1.5 the length of upper stp and

mep setae; erect head scales long, greater than 0.5 the length of

antennal flagellomere 2, dense; hindtarsomere 1 about 1.1 or less

ie Lenotn OF Ciba. eG EES ON Chee iig Mak! Bier Gee VEaLey ie eae 38

Scales on anterior margin of scutum light brown or dark brown; lower

mep seta short, weak, not longer than setae on upper stp and mep;

erect head scales short and rather sparse, less than 0.5 the length

of antennal flagellomere 2; hind tarsomere 1 at least 1.3 the length

OPTI eae Aa AE Bg VOR eS Te EO ong a 39

Terga II-VII with complete, narrow creamy white basal bands, with

those on V-VII each-of uniform width to lateral margins; sftp without

a patch of delicate opaque setae on midanterior margin; midfemur

without setae on midanterior surface. ........ abdita (p. 125)

enigmatica (p. 133)

Terga II-VII with incomplete, narrow ochreous basal bands which are

usually narrowed laterally and do not quite reach lateral margins;

Stp with a patch of 3-6 very delicate opaque setae on midanterior

margin just above anterior angle; midfemur with a patch of 4-7 long

setae on midanterior surface........... jacksoni (p. 141)

Terga IV-VI with broad basal ochreous bands occupying over 0.25

the length of each terga, each band conspicuously broadened laterally

and usually not reaching lateral margin; terga II, III, VII usually with

narrow bands; tergum VIII entirely creamy white; ppz without

pe a Ra RIT oe A oP ae RN CE OE oa lutescens (p. 53)

Terga IV-VI with very narrow basal ochreous bands occupying less

than 0.25 the length of each terga, conspicuous only on V, VI and of

uniform width to lateral margin; when present, bands on terga III,

20 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

VII only faintly indicated, VIII light brown; ppm with a distinct

upper posterior patch of scales. ........ demeilloni (p. 47)

PUPA*

Li Outer margin of paddle fringed with long filamentous spicules. ... 2

Outer margin of paddle with very short stout serrations. ..... 11

2(1). Paddle very small, not longer than segment VII, inner margin

straight from about basal 0.15 to apex; seta 9-VI-VIII large, with

very stout, barbed, darkly pigmented branches; 9-VIII 2.0 or more

the length of paddle (Fig. 20).......... ascidiicola (p. 66)

Paddle large, considerably longer than segment VIII, inner margin

distinctly rounded; seta 9-VI-VII not large or with very stout,

barbed, darkly pigmented branches; 9-VIII much less than length of

3(2). Paddle elliptical, about as wide as long, outer part extending latero-

apically well beyond inner part and about 2.0 the width of inner

part (hie c46)e 58S OG ee Cos xanthomelaena (p. 118)

Paddle not elliptical, longer than wide, outer part extending at most

only slightly beyond inner part apically, much less than 2.0 the width

OR AWMET Darts eo en 4

4(3). Paddle dark brown, marginal spicules strong; outer part narrower

than inner part( Fic. 44). <6) viene chit quasimodesta (p. 112)

Paddle pale yellowish brown, occasionally dark at base, marginal

spicules, weak, delicate; outer part at least as wide as inner,

USUAIy WIdets 45 HG i a Se a ee ee 5)

ay Seta 9-VIII located dorsally and distinctly anteromesal to posterolateral

corner of segment; 4-VI more than 0.6 the length of segment

Cee ee ee patriciae (p. 103)

Seta 9-VIII located at posterolateral corner of segment, or ventral;

4-VI not more than 0.6 the length of segment. .......... 6

6(5). Seta 9-VIII located anteroventral to posterolateral corner of segment;

integument dark brown (Fig. 32).......... moultoni (p. 86)

Seta 9-VIII located at posterolateral corner of segment; integument

HO Cr reer ie ae es ee ee

7(6). Respiratory trumpet broad, index less than 3.0 (Fig. 28)

maculipleura (p. 79)

Respiratory trumpet rather slender, index greater than 3.0..... 8

*Uvanotaenia hongayi is insufficiently known to be included in the above key;

pupa of albipes, confusa, gigantea, moufiedi, quinquemaculata and reinerti

unknown.

8(7).

9(8).

10(8).

11(1).

12(11).

13(12).

14(13).

15(14).

Peyton: Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) Zt

Midrib of paddle uniformly light or dark brown from base to apex;

seta 5-VIl as long as or longer than 1-VII............. 9

Midrib of paddle not uniformly pigmented entire length, usually

evanescent apically; seta 5-VII minute, much less than length

of 1-VII, not significantly greater than 2-VI].......... 10

Seta 1-P present; outer part of paddle usually produced slightly

beyond inner part apically; 3-II, III without strong brush tip;

seta 5-IV, V about as long as each succeeding segment (Fig. 36).

novobscura (p. 96)

Seta 1-P absent; outer part of paddle not produced beyond inner

part apically; 3-H, III usually with strong brush tip appearance;

seta 5-IV, V each, usually conspicuously longer than succeeding

seoment (Pieie22)o § io 6 as Pele oe bimaculata (p. 69)

Seta 5-IV, V single strong, longer than each segment, usually curved

or hooked apically, paddle fringe of long spicules (Fig. 30).

modesta (p. 83)

Seta 5-IV, V single, stiff not curved or hooked, not more than 0.75

the length of each segment; paddlefringespicules short (Fig. 40).

propinqua (p. 106)

Inner margin of paddle with strong apically hooked spicules;

respiratory trumpet with distinct slit in meatus, index about

SQ get 4h hei Sarah he, tas aa see naa: harrisoni (p. 29)

Inner margin of paddle without strong hooked spicules; respiratory

trumpet without slit in meatus or if present, index greater than

Respiratory trumpet with distinct slit in meatus, distinctly tracheoid

on basal 0, 35-0240 (Fis. tO) ee a woes maxima (p. 178)

Respiratory trumpet without slit in meatus, indistinctly tracheoid

onwnterobasal0733 orilesss st. «aia wiitamiw WIAA ss 13

Paddle with a conspicuous deep apical emargination, with inner and

outer parts pointed apically; seta 1-P absent (Fig. 42).

pseudomaculipleura (p. 109)

Paddle with at most a very shallow apical emargination, inner and

outer parts never both pointed apically; seta 1-P present. ... 14

Outer margin of paddle with broad saw-like teeth, which are blunt

apically; seta 1-V stout, single, 1.5-2.0 the length of segment

VAAP ICs 1Q)ies aie cihion Siete ates Ae lutescens (p. 53)

Outer margin of paddle with fine spicules; seta 1-V single or

branched, never stout and as long as segment VI. ....... 15

Seta 9-IV-VII long, very stout, single to triple, progressively longer

to VII; on VII it is as long as or longer than segment VIII and

inserted near posterolateral corner; 1-P strong, hooked apically

(Pie, iB) tier Leads 8 eked & eR epee eek & obscura (p. 57)

Seta 9-IV-VI short, single, subequal, usually very weak, strong or

weak on VII but never inserted at posterolateral corner or as long

as segment VIII; 1-P not stout and hooked apically. ...... 16

16(15).

17(16).

18(17).

19(18).

20(19).

21(20).

22(21).

23(21).

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

Seta 5-IV-VI longer than each succeeding segment; 2-II significantly

longer than segment III; 6-CT exceptionally long, usually more

than 2.0 or respiratory trumpets. 80. ae ae Oe. 24

Seta 5-IV significantly shorter than segment V, 5-V, VI not longer

than each succeeding segment; 2-II less than length of segment IIT;

6-CT about 1.0 or less of trumpet. . 2. 8. ek es 17

Seta 5-V-VII single, stout, about as long as each succeeding segment;

outer part of paddle produced apically beyond inner part; I-IX

posemt (Pig 20)". Pas ee ae SE lui (p. 76)

Seta 5-V-VII branched or single; weak and significantly shorter than

each succeeding segment; outer part of paddle not distinctly pro-

duced apically beyond inner part; 1-IX present. ......... 18

Seta 1-II single or double; 8-CT single or double (Fig. 34).

: nivipleura (p. 92)

Seta 1-II 4-9 branched; 8-CT 3-12 branched. ........... 19

Respiratory trumpet very short, conspicuously expanded apically,

bell-shaped, pinna with lateral margin produced into a distinct

leaflet, extending beyond an otherwise truncate end (Fig. 14).

gouldi (p. 50)

Respiratory trumpet not as above. ...........+s8e+4-eee-8 20

Seta 8-CT 8-12 branched; 9-CT 6-9 branched; 7-I 5-7 branched; 1-CT

4-6 branched; 4-CT 6-10 branched; 5-CT 7-10 branched; 12-CT

AS pramcned: (Wig: Go 4 8 abstrusa (p. 35)

Seta 8-CT 3-6 branched; 9-CT single to 4 branched; 7-I single to 4

branched; 1-CT single to triple; 4-CT single to 5 branched; 5-CT

single to 5 branched; 12-CT single totriple........... 21

Seta 5-IV single or double; 9-VIII with 2-7 stout, barbed, darkly pig-

iented. DEANC Ned. ae i ee a TS. 22

Seta 5-IV 3-5 branched; 9-VIII with 2-6 simple, weak branches, not

daficly Giementeds soe SE a 23

Seta 5-IV-VI stout, usually double, rarely single or triple, barbed,

darkly pigmented; inner part of paddle not wider than outer and

slightly angled from about 0.5 to apex (Fig. 8).

approximata (p. 38)

Seta 5-IV-VI weak, single or double, simple, not darkly pigmented;

inner part of paddle distinctly wider than outer and evenly rounded

to more rounded apex (Fig. 12)...... demeilloni (p. 47)

Seta 1-IX absent; 2-P absent; 5-II lateral to 2-II and closer to 4-II

than to 3-II; segments VII, IX and genital pouch dark brown;

spicules on inner apical margin of paddle sharp (Fig. 54).

hirsutifemora (p. 136)

Seta 1-IX present; 2-P present; 5-II mesal to 2-II and closer to 3-II

than to 4-II; terminal segments pale yellowish brown; spicules

on inner apical margin of paddle blunt (Fig. 10). . bicolor (p. 41)

24(16).

25(24).

26(24).

27(26).

28(26).

29(28).

30(28).

31(30).

Peyton: Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) 23

Seta 2-III-VII long, very stout, spike-like, darkly pigmented. .. 25

Seta 2-III-VII short, usually weak, spiniform but never stout spike-

TR a a et OG ae Sit he ee aa Gee ees 26

Seta 2-II-VII anterior to 3, 4-III- VII and closer to middle of segment

than to posterior margin; 9-I], IJ near posterior margin of seg-

ment; 1-III,1V, 9-VII with barbed, forked branches; 6-VII ventral;

_5-CT with normal branches (Fig. 52). .... enigmatica(p. 133)

Seta 2-III-VII never anterior to 3, 4-III-VII, inserted closer to posteri-

or margin than to middle of segment; 5-H, IJ near middle of seg-

ment; 1-IJ],1V, 9-VIII with simple branches; 6-VII dorsal; 5-CT

with long, stout, acutely pointed branches (Fig. 64). pylei (p. 155)

Integument of segments III- VIII usually strongly spiculate over entire

dorsal, ventral and lateral surfaces, strongest and always conspi-

cuous on lateral margin and on segments VU, VIII. ....... 27

Integument of segments III- VIII with median dorsal and ventral

spicules, never strongly spiculate on lateral margins. .... 28

Seta 6-VI as long as or longer than segment VII; 5-IV-VI each longer

than 2 succeeding segments; 9-VII shorter and weaker than 6-VII

(Pie HA rea ae es a, abdita (p. 125)

Seta 6-VI less than length of segment VII; 5-IV, V each less than

length of 2 succeeding segments, 5-VI about as long as 2 succeeding

segments or less; 9-VII longer and stronger than 6-VII (Fig. 68).

spiculosa (p. 162)

Seta 9-VIII with 5-12 strongly barbed branches, some branches often

with numerous terminal branches or fringe. ...... gee 30

Seta 9-VIII single to 4 branched, branches simple or at mo st with a

few eCarl ered Dares 5) 6 ee IOS PES OES ESS 29

Seta 9-VIII with a single strong branch as long as or longer than paddle

and 1-3 much shorter weaker branches on one side; 6-VII strong

single or double, located dorsally; 3-VII stiff, single (Fig. 66).

rossi(p. 159)

Seta 9-VIII single or branched, significantly shorter than paddle and

when branched each branch equal in thickness, with branches

toward center progressively longer; 6- VII weak, single or double,

located ventrally; 3-VII weak, usually double (Fig. 74).

yaeyamana (p. 174)

Inner margin of paddle with 8-15 long, very stout, uncurved, widely

spaced spicules from at least basal 0.5 to apex (Fig. 58).

koli(p. 145)

Inner margin of paddle without long stout widely spaced spicules,

spicules stronger and concentrated near apex and usually only

on apical 0.33, always minute when basal to this. ........ 31

Seta 5-IV-VI double or triple, rarely single on one side or one segment;

10-CT with distal branches and without middle fringe. ..... 32

Seta 5-IV-VI single; 10-CT single with a conspicuous barbed lateral

fringe at or slightly beyond middle (Fig. 72). . . sumethi (p. 170)

g2(34).

33(32).

34(33).

2(1).

3(2).

4(3).

5(4).

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

Seta 5-VII much longer than segment VIII; 6-VI significantly shorter

than segment VII; 8-CT with 10-14 simple branches (Fig. 56).

jacksoni (p. 141)

Seta 5-VII shorter than segment VUI; 6-VI longer than segment VII;

8-CiT with.6-10 barbed branches. « ..4. «<5... 2. 6 sca. es 33

Seta 1-II with 7-12 branches; 6, 9-VII single to 4 branched, simple,

not longer and stronger than 8-VII and less than 0.5 of segment

Vi (ie. G2). a a a es ee ohamai (p. 152)

Seta 1-IJ with 14-29 branches; 6, 9-VII near equal, with 2-4 stiff

branches, usually lightly barbed, longer and stronger than 8-VII

and usually 0.5 or more of segment VIII. ............ 34

Setae 11-CT, 3-I-ID strongly brush-tipped; 9-VIII longer than segment

Wil (Pic (GO) nach. a ei Gee. ee he a nocticola (p. 149)

Setae 11-CT, 3-I-III not brush-tipped, with only a few distal branches;

9-VIII not longer than segment VII (Fig. 70). . stricklandi (p. 166)

LARVA*

Seta 1-C narrow at base and distinctly expanded apically, blade-

like, club-like or foliform; apical process of median labral

plate with a distinct angular apical projection on basomesal

eee MUS Os TON TA ee ee 2

Seta 1-C very weak, minute, inapparent; apical labral process more

or less rounded, without apicomesal projection (Fig. 21). ... 14

Seta 1-C conspicuous, strong at base and tapered to apex, spine-

like; apical labral process rounded or angular but without distinct

apical projection on basomesal side of 1-C (Figs. 3,5)... . 27

Seement X with complete saddle... 2. s4.5 6065 Foe oe ee 3

Seement X with incomplete saddle... 2... ek eee eee ee 8

Seta 5-III-VI with 3 or more stout branches; one or more distal pecten

PECL One, Silos i es ea Eh eee se. 4

Seta 5-III- VI single, weak or stout spine-like; pecten teeth short

WIth APICal SPICULES. <2 4 8s hae ee ee eer ek 6

Seta 13-P stout, stellate with 4-7 branches; 9-III-VI single, short

stout, much less than 0.5 the length of each segment (Fig. 67).

Spiculosa (p. 162)

Seta 13-P paces 9-III-VI single, stout, longer than 0.5 the length

of each segment ee i SS a tte rere a a 5)

All pecten teeth simple, spine-like; integument of thorax and abdomen

with dense fine setiform spicules (Fig. 51). . . enigmatica (p. 133)

*Uranotaenia hongayi is insufficiently known to be included in the above key;

larva of albipes, hirsutifemora, moufiedi, quinquemaculata and reinerti

unknown.

6(3).

10).

8(2).

9(8).

10(8).

11(9).

12(11).

13(12).

14(1).

Peyton: Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) 25

Apical 1-3 distal pecten teeth simple, spine-like, remainder with

strong spicules apically; integument of thorax with scattered,

minute, stout, acute spicules (Fig. 47). ...... abdita (p. 125)

Seta 5-C with 3-9 branches; mentum with 13-19 teeth; 5-II-VI, 9-II-V

single, exceptionally long, stout, acutely pointed........ 7

Seta 5-C single; mentum with 9-11 teeth; 5-III-VI minute, weak, single

or double; 9-II-V short, stout, single (Fig. 71). sumethi (p. 170)

Seta 14-P with 5-12 stout branches, each branch barbed to apex, ends

acute or frayed; 1-A single (Fig. 61)....... ohamai (p. 152)

Seta 14-P with 16-24 branches, each branch barbed to near apex,

ends finely pointed; 1-A double (Fig. 57). ...... Roli (p. 145)

Segments I-VII with several stout stellate setae of 15 or more branches;

2-II-VII with 9 or more branches (Fig. 63). ... pylei (p. 155)

Segments I-VI without stout stellate setae of 15 branches; 2-HI-VII

sinvle Or GOUDIG:, . 0... a a ee a 9

Seta 5-C single; 2-I with 3-5 stout branches. ............ 10

Seta 5-C with 2-9 branches; 2-I single or double, minute or long,

stoutspine- like. iiss et ee a 11

Comb with 13-18, apically rounded, laterally and apically spiculate

scales; 5-III-VI and 9-II-VI single, short, weak; 3-VII single,

much longer than 1-VII (Fig. 65). .......... rossi (p. 159)

Comb with 8-11 apically pointed, laterally spiculate scales; 5-II-VI

and 9-II-VI single, long, stout; 3-VII with 3-4 branches, only

slightly longer than 1-VII (Fig. 59). ..... nocticola (p. 149)

Seta 6-IV-VI single; 6-M short, weak, 2-4 branched; 9-II-V single

short. .weak (hic. 49)... 13.9. ek ere. confusa (p. 129)

Seta 6-IV-VI with 2-4 branches; 6-M single, long, strong; 9-II-V

single, long, stout, acutely pointed, spine-like. ........ 12

Apical 2-4 pecten teeth long simple spine-like, slightly detached

from others; 6-V, VI, double, branches subequal; dorsal postero-

lateral margin of saddle on X with 2-4 exceptionally long, stout

spicules in addition to many much smaller spicules. ...... 13

All pecten teeth with distinct apical spicules, none detached; 6-V, VI

with 3-4 unequal branches; dorsal posterolateral margin of saddle

on X with short, stout, near uniform spicules (Fig. 69).

stricklandi (p. 166)

Seta 2-I, II slightly longer than antenna; 4a-X with 4-7 branches

(Fa V8) eee eee gk a lg aie Deeg yaeyamana (p. 174)

Seta 2-I, II not longer than antenna; 4a-X with 8-11 branches

(Bie Sis ee ee eh be ee ie ree _jacksoni (p. 141)

Siphon shorter than segment X, index 2.0 or less; seta 4-X on very

dark strongly sclerotized boss; pecten teeth 2-6. ........ 15

15(14).

16(15).

17(14).

18(17).

19(18).

20(19).

21(20).

22(21).

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

Siphon longer than segment X, index 2.0 or more; seta 4-X not on

strongly sclerotized boss, but with sclerotized barred area; pecten

PEON O=28 oe hd Ge Rea es ee I PS ea 17

Segment VIII with a large sclerotized plate with a row of 4-7 comb

scales on posterior margin; setae 1, 3-II-VI minute, weak, not

inserted on sclerotized basal plates (Fig. 45).

xanthomelaena (p. 118)

Segment VIII without sclerotized plate, comb scales 2-5 in an

irregular row or small patch; setae 1, 3-II-VI with 3-9 long,

very stout branches, each inserted on conspicuous sclerotized

basal plate. ae a a eee Se ee 16

Setae 8-M, 2, 3, 7-T, 1, 3-II-VII with 6-9 stout stiff branches; head

1.7-2.0 as long as wide (Fig. 19). ..... ascidiicola (p. 66)

Setae 8-M, 2,3, 7-T and 1, 3-II-VII with 2, 3 stout stiff branches;

head only slightly longer than wide. ...... gigantea (p. 72)

Head small, long and narrow; seta 4-X with 9 pairs of setae; 8-S with

3 very long barbed branches (Fig. 31)....... moultoni (p. 88)

Head larger, not long and narrow, usually broad and rounded or with

very prominent ocular bulge; seta 4-X with 5 pairs of setae; 8-S

without tone barbed branches. >. ... 0°... poe eee ek 18

Sipnonar imcex 1696 On 6.5. a a ee ww es 24

Siptonal wdex-4.0 or ereater. 6 a 19

Saddle of segment X incomplete; pecten teeth and base of seta 1-S not

reaching 0.5 of siphon; seta 6-M long, stout, single (Fig. 21).

bimaculata (p. 69)

Saddle of segment X complete; pecten teeth reaching at least 0.5

and 1-S inserted beyond 0.5 of siphon; seta 6-M minute, single or

DYACNCC a a OR a EA a ee 20

Comb scales each with 1-4 stout basolateral denticles, rounded

apically; setae 6, 7-I, II with stout acute ends; 7-C with 5-9

branches (Fie6 41), 5. oe. pseudomaculipleura (p. 109)

Comb scales without stout denticles basally, pointed apically;

setae 6, 7-I, II with fine filamentous ends; 7-C single. ..... 21

Siphon, and saddle of segment X pale brown or pale yellowish brown;

seta 1-S longer than siphon and inserted on distal 0. 76-0.90 of

siphon; 4-P with 5-7 branches; 6-III-V with 2-5 branches (Fig. 37).

patriciae (p. 103)

Siphon and saddle dark rust-brown at least on middle portion; seta

1-S less than length of siphon and never inserted beyond 0.72

from base of siphon; 4-P with 1-4 branches; 6-II]-V single. . . 22

Seta 1-S double, greater than 0.5 the length of siphon; 6-III long,

strong, equal to length of 7-II or more; 2, 4-VIII noticeably longer

than 3-VIIL (Figs 4302 eee quasimodesta (p. 112)

Seta 1-S with 3-5 branches and much less than 0.5 of siphon; 6-III weak

much shorter than 7-II; 2,4-VII shorter than 3-VHI....... 23

23(22).

24(18).

25(24).

26(25).

27(1).

28(27).

29(28).

30(29).

31(30).

32(31).

Peyton: Uyvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) 27

Seta 1-A single, strong; 1-X single or double; 4a, b-X triple (Fig. 29).

modesta (p. 83)

Seta 1-A double, weak; 1-X 3-6 branched; 4a, b-X double (Fig. 39).

bropingqua (p. 106)

Saddle of segment X complete; seta 4-C multiple branched; 1-A 2-4

DMARCREG soo el a a ee ee es ee 25

Saddle of segment X incomplete; setae 4-C and 1-A single (Fig. 33).

nivipleura (p. 92)

Seta 7-C with 4-12 branches; 6-M long, stout; 1-S with 3-5 weak

FOU AMO iil a i a i ga ee ee 26

Seta 7-C single; 6-M minute, weak; 1-S double, stiff (Fig. 27).

maculipleura (p. 79)

Comb scales each with 1,2 short, stout, basolateral denticles; seta

14-P double to 5 branched; 3, 4-P double to 6 branched (Fig. 35).

novobscura (p. 96)

Comb scales without short, stout basolateral denticles; seta 14-P

singte; 3,4-P single (Pie. 25). 5 2. swe 6 i oe lui (p. 76)

Thorax and abdomen with numerous stout, multiple branched, stellate

setae; 5-C very stout, spike-like (Fig. 75)... . maxima (p. 178)

Thorax and abdomen without stout, multiple branched, stellate setae;

ae NOL SEOUL ANG spice Ie as ik or aha a ei we 28

Seta 1-C long, strong, but slender, tapered to fine point, distance be-

tween bases much less than length of individual seta; 4-X with 4

pairs of setae (Pie: 3) ios dh Gow eee harrisoni (p. 29)

Seta 1-C short, stout, acutely pointed, distance between bases much

greater than length of individual seta; 4-X with 5 pairs of setae.

Comb plates joined dorsally; pecten teeth 2-9; seta 7-I, II double to 5

bearehed (Fig AT) oso, neo bee ew Bs obscura (p. 57)

Comb plates not joined dorsally; pecten teeth 11-30; 7-I, II single. . 30

Setae 4,7-P, 8-M and 6-I, II single (Fig. 15). .... lutescens (p. 53)

Setae 4,7-P, 8-M and 6-I, I at least double. ............ 31

Seta 8-M double or triple; '7-T double to 4 branched; saddle index less

than 1.0; siphon index 2.0-2.6; trachea without terminal sclerotized

PAA iin: issih getty a aie ag i ik rt ah ceca ce se eh ak a 32

Seta 8-M with 4-7 branches; 7-T 5-10 branched; saddle index greater

than 1.0; siphon index at least 2.8; trachea terminating in a

BOLO HOE Ti mae i gigi ng i Bi ah i eh aay ees ia i 33

Comb scales and pecten teeth terminating in a distinct simple spine;

Se cre Tita os an i: Deanne Se ae ne tone ane alee demeilloni (p. 47)

Comb scales and pecten teeth without a terminal spine longer than

rest of fringe; 9-T double or triple (Fig. 7). . approximata (p. 38)

28 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

33(31). Seta 6-C located considerably laterad of 5-C and on level with or

posterior to 7-C; antenna with stout conspicuous spicules dorsally

and ventrally; seta 14-C a very broad pigmented spine. ....

Seta 6-C not noticeably laterad of 5-C and considerably anterior to

7-C; antenna with at most a few small scattered inconspicuous

spicules; 14-C stout and frayed apically (Fig. 9). . bicolor (p. 41)

34(33). Seta 6-C on diagonal line with and about midway between 5, 7-C; 7-M

double to 4 branched; 1-S inserted on basal 0. 43-0. 48 of siphon

(Pig. 19) ee oe rr gouldi (p. 50)

Seta 6-C not on line with 5, 7-C, inserted about on level with and

mesal to 7-C; 7-M single; 1-S inserted on basal 0. 51-0. 56 of

Siption (Fis. Bye re eS es abstrusa (p. 35)

SECTION A, Peyton (1972)

For characters see key onp. 13.

harrisoni series

DISCUSSION. Only one species is currently known for the series. The

species appears to be an isolated relict, showing no apparent relationship to

any of the other known groups or species of the genus. In comparison with the

other described series of Section A, this series is best characterized by the

male terminalia, pupa and larva. In adult habitus features it does not differ

significantly from the adult of the other series of Section A. However, a few

gseneral features for the adult are presented below.

ADULT. Proboscis longer than forefemur (“); decumbent head scales

uniformly pale, without distinct ocular line of pale scales; erect scales moder-

ately long, about 2.5-3.0 the apical width, usually sparsely covering vertex;

scutal scales uniformly dark; dorsocentral setae moderately strong, length

less than half the width of scutum; apn devoid of scales, with 3 strong upper

setae; pleuron without a distinct patch of scales; ppl with 2 setae; stp with 4

setae; pra with 2 setae and upper mep with 1 seta; wing without distinct pale

scale patches or lines; cell Ry near equal in length to cell My; midfemur with-

out rows or patches of setae; claws of male forelegs small and subequal, an-

terior claw of midleg enlarged, strongly curved.

MALE TERMINALIA. Tergum IX convex apically, without setae or lobes;

tergum Xa complete, weakly sclerotized band extending well beyond margin

of tergum IX, with narrow median emargination but without distinct, indepen-

dent lateral lobes; basal mesal lobe of basimere with strong setae on tergal

margin but without strong setae on sternoapical margin; distimere with promi-

nent spiniform; aedeagus with prominent, curved teeth on apicosternal margin;

paramere barlike, not greatly expanded basally; proctiger without cercal

setae,

PUPA. Seta 6-CT distinctly closer to 7-CT than to 5-CT and noticeably

shorter than 7-CT and trumpet; trumpet short, index about 3.0, expanded on

apical half, tracheoid on basal 0,25, with deep meatal cleft and distinct slit;

seta 10-CT minute, significantly shorter than 12-CT; seta 2-II inserted far

laterad of 5-II and close to 4-II; 1-IX present; paddle with conspicuous median

apical emargination and with small toothlike serrations on outer margin, inner

Peyton: Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) 29

margin with a few greatly enlarged, widely spaced, strong and hooked teeth;

inner part distinctly wider than outer part; 1-P present, 2-P absent.

LARVA. Seta 1-C moderately long, strong, spine-like, bases set very close

together, arising from a small rounded apical process of the median labral

plate; mentum with 13 teeth; seta 1-P single; 3-P with 8-10 branches; 4-P with

3-5 branches; 7-P strong, single; 13-P present; 14-P multiple branches;

6-I-II with 4,5 strong branches; 7-II long, stout, single, 2-X with 7-8 branches;

3-X single; 4-X with 4 pairs of multiple branched setae on grid; plate of seg-

ment VIII very large.

URANOTAENIA (PSEUDOFICALBIA) HARRISONI NEW SPECIES

(Figs. 3, 4)

FEMALE. Head. Proboscis about 1.1 mm (forelegs missing on the single

available female); prementum pale beige scaled, a few small setae at apex; 1

pair of labial basal setae; palpus about 0.1 of proboscis and equal to antennal

flagellomere 1; clypeus pale yellow; antennal pedicel pale grayish brown

(inner aspect not visible but no apparent setae or scales); flagellum about 1.2

of proboscis or exceeding proboscis by combined length of flagellomeres 12,

13; Flm 1 about equal to Flm 2 and with 2,3 pale brown scales near base;

flagellar whorls each with 5, 6 setae; 1 long, stout interocular and 5 ocular

setae; decumbent scales uniformly pale grayish or creamy brown; erect scales

moderate in length, few, unevenly distributed over vertex. Thorax, Scutal

integument light yellowish brown; scales sparse, very narrow (some seta-like),

curved, uniformly light grayish brown; prescutellar space bare; scutellum

light brown (denuded); mesopostnotum light brown, slightly darker medially;

paratergite light brown; pleuron uniformly light yellowish brown; apn devoid

of scales, with 3 strong darkly pigmented upper setae; ppn with 1 weak seta

and no apparent scales (rubbed?, see “ below); sp with 1 weak seta; ppl with

2 setae and no scales; stp with 4 weak marginal setae (1 upper and 3 posterior),

and with a few scattered shiny transparent scales on upper 0.5, very difficult

to detect in certain lights; pra with 2 setae; mep with a single upper seta.

Wing. Scales light brown on anterior veins, pale grayish translucent on pos-

terior veins; cell Rp about 0.97 of Ro, 2 and equal to or barely shorter than

cell Mg. Legs, Coxae and trochanters same color as pleuron; C-I with a few

light golden translucent scales anteriorly; C-II with a few transparent scales

anterolaterally; C-II without scales; mid- and hindfemora light brown scaled

dorsally, light grayish ventrally, with only 1-3 inconspicuous dorsal setae;

tibiae and tarsi light brown scaled; hindtarsomere 1 about 1.3 of tibia, tarso-

mere 4 about 3.3 of tarsomere 5. Abdomen, Terga uniformly light bronzy

brown scaled, with very weak purple-green reflections; laterotergite without

apparent scales; tergum I devoid of scales except for a very small dorsal patch;

sterna uniformly grayish or dingy brown scaled.

MALE. Essentially as in female except for sexual differences and in

those few characters missing or damaged in the single female specimen. Head,

Proboscis about 1.1 of forefemur; 2,3 pairs of labial basal setae; antennal

flagellum about equal to or barely longer than proboscis; Flm 12, 13 long, with

13 longest and equal to more than combined length of flagellomeres 9-11; flagel-

lar whorls strongly plumose, each with 20 or more setae. Thorax. Scutal

integument light but more brownish in type “; scutellum light grayish brown,

scales brown, restricted to a small patch on midlobe and 2,3 moderately broad

scales on lateral lobe, midlobe with 5 strong marginal setae and 1,2 small

30 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

weak setae, lateral lobe with 3 strong marginal setae and 2 small weak setae;

pleuron light grayish brown; ppv with 3, 4 flat grayish scales on dorsal border;

forefemur with 8 conspicuous setae on posterodorsal margin and about 5 simi-

lar setae on anteroventral margin; midfemur without marginal setae. Termin-

alia (Fig. 4). Tergum IX without setae or lobes, apical border more or less

convex, or with only a very slight indentation at middle; tergum X a complete

weakly sclerotized band extending beyond margin of tergum IX with narrow

median emargination but not produced into distinct independent lobes; basimere

with few long stout tergolateral setae, setae on tergomesal surface weak,

sparse; basal mesal lobe of basimere well developed with 3 long, stout setae

on tergal margin and 4-6 much smaller setae, the largest and most apical of

the group arising from a prominently extended fingerlike process; distimere

tapered and gently curved from base, spiniform prominent; aedeagus broad,

plates widely separated and joined by a prominent tergal and sternal bridge,

sternal bridge broadly expanded at middle, each plate with 5,6 short, stout

recurved teeth on apicosternal margin; proctiger without cercal setae.

PUPA (Fig. 4). Chaetotaxy as figured. Diagnostic characters as in

series description and the following. Integument uniformly light brown.

Cephalothorax, Seta 6-CT single, shorter than 7-CT; 7-CT with 2-4 branches.

Respiratory Trumpet, Dark brown. Abdomen, Seta 6-I-II with 2-4 stout

branches; 7-I-II with 2-6 stout branches; 1-II small with 7-11 delicate branches;

1-IJI-VI, becoming progressively longer and stronger to VI, each with 6-10,

4-8, 5,6 and 6-8 branches respectively; 6-III-V with 2-4 branches; 6-VI with

3-6 branches; 6-VII located ventrally with 5-8 branches; 5-IV-VI approximat-

ing the length of each succeeding segment and with 2, 3 lightly barbed branches

which occasionally exhibit a few secondary terminal branches; 9-VIII short,

with 6-11 finely barbed branches. Paddle, Midrib darkly pigmented; outer

margin with small sharp serrations from about basal 0.3 to apex, inner mar-

gin with 4-5 large, strong, apically hooked teeth and with a few small spicules

apically.

LARVA (Fig. 3). Chaetotaxy as figured. Diagnostic characters as follows:

Head, Shape more or less quadrate, light brown, with prominent rounded api-

colateral projection above antennal bases; labral emargination narrow, with

bases of seta 1-C set very close together; lateral anteroventral margin of

cranium with strong spine-like serrations; seta 1-C slender, simple; 4-C single,

close to midline and near clypeolabial suture; 5-C single, minute; 6-C single

or double, minute, set far anterolaterad of 5-C near anterior border and

slightly above level of 4-C; 7-C set posterolaterad of antennal base, with 13-

18 lanceolate branches; 11-C prominent, with 6-10 branches; 14-C a long stout

pigmented spine; mentum with 13 teeth. Antenna, Short, stout, index about

3.0-3.5, a few minute spicules dorsally; seta 1-A with 3-5 lateral branches

on one side of a stout main stem; 2,3-A long, stout, darkly pigmented. Thorax.

Seta 1-P single with lightly frayed tip; 7-P long, stout, single; 13-P with 2,3

weak branches; 14-P with 8-13 branches; 13-M, 8-T stellate. Abdomen,

Seta 6-I-II with 4, 5 barbed branches; 3,4-I, 1,3,13-II and 1, 13-III-VI with flat-

tened, lanceolate, unpigmented branches; 3-VIII with 5-6 strongly barbed

branches which are split into a varied number of uneven end branches; plates

of segment VIII very large, closely approximated dorsally; comb scales 8-10,

each scale a strong pointed spine with fine lateral spicules on basal 0.5, one

scale near middle 1.5 to 2.5 the length of those to each side. Segment X,

Saddle complete, with numerous very fine spicules on posterolateral margin,

integument sculptured, light brown; 2-X with 7-10 branches of graduated

lengths; 4-X with 4 pairs of setae on grid which is narrowly connected to

Peyton: Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) 31

saddle midventrally, each seta (4a-d-X) with 6-9 branches. Siphon. Short,

of uniform width, index about 2.0-2.3; pecten teeth 11-13, extending well

beyond middle of siphon, each tooth lightly fringed on both sides, apical fringe

slightly stronger; 1-S with 9-13 branches, inserted at about middle of siphon.

TYPE-DATA. Holotype male with slides of associated pupal and larval

skins, and terminalia with the following information: PHILIPPINES, Mindoro

Island, Oriental, Victoria District, San Antonio, 9 July 1969, B. A. Harrison

and K. Mongkolpanya, collectors, collection number 470-7, terminalia pre-

paration number 70/101, SEAMP accession number 192, collected as a larva

from a small freshwater crab hole, at the edge of a seepage spring, bordering

a cultivated field; 1 paratype male (470-6) with slide of associated pupal and

larval skins, same data as holotype; 2 paratype larvae, Mindoro, Oriental,

Victoria District, Matungao, 16 July 1969, collection number 476 and 2 larvae,

San Pedro, 18 July 1969, collection number 512, both collected by Y.-M.

Huang and E. L. Peyton from small freshwater crab holes in mountainous

terrain in a secondary rainforest; and the following paratypes all from Mindoro,

Occidental, San Jose, collected from crab holes located in forest or jungle, on

various dates in 1945 by E. S. Ross: 1 female with associated pupal and larval

skins on 2 separate slides, 21 March; 2 males (in very poor condition) with

slides of terminalia, 3 March; 1 larva, 15 February; 2 larvae, 26 February;

4 larvae, April; and 2 larvae, May. The holotype and majority of paratypes

are deposited in the USNM. Two paratype slides of whole larvae will be de-

posited in each of the following: BMNH and California Academy of Sciences.

DISTRIBUTION. Material examined in addition to the type-series: 1°

and 3 1, 2 p without associated adults from:

MALAYSIA. Sabah, Jesselton, 1%.

PHILIPPINES. Mindoro: Oriental - Victoria, San Pedro, 21, 2 p; Mindoro:

Occidental, San Jose, 11.

DISCUSSION. This is one of the smallest known species in Southeast Asia.

Although the adult is rather drab in color and superficially resembles several

other small unornamented species of the subgenus, it can be distinguished with-

out difficulty from most. In general coloration it appears closest to lui Lien

but is readily distinguished from it by the characters presented in the key. |

The single female of harrisoni is in poor condition, retaining only one mid-

and one hindleg and a few other characters which are questionable. However,

2 males are from associated rearings and are in excellent condition. Salient

points in harrisoni are as follows: absence of scales on apn; 3 strong upper

apn setae; pra with 2 setae and a single small seta on ppn and upper mep, 4

weak setae on stp; wing cell Ro about equal to length of cell My. The short

antennae of male and female are also significant.

The pupa and larva are unique in several characters and are readily sepa-

rated from all known species. The unusual hooked serrations on the inner

margin of pupal paddle are known elsewhere only in the Ethiopian montana

Ingram and de Meillon, and the form of the trumpet differs from all known

species of the subgenus. The peculiar larval head, including the general

shape, setal development and placement, have no equal in the genus. Seta

1-II- VI with the flattened lanceolate branching is also unusual. This species

is dedicated to Dr. Bruce A. Harrison in recognition of his work on mosquitoes

in Southeast Asia.

BIONOMICS. The species has been found only in small freshwater crab

holes (10) along the edge of seepages or shallow forest streams. It does not

appear to be common in any area and requires considerable effort to collect

the immature stages. In 1969, great numbers of crab holes were examined by

32 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

Y.-M. Huang and E. L. Peyton in the Victoria District of Mindoro but only a

very small number contained larvae or pupae of this species and most produced

only a single specimen. In one such collection several larvae of rossz Delfinado

were also encountered. The larvae of this species are small and have a typical

anopheline resting and feeding attitude, just below the water surface, and are

easily mistaken for anopheline larvae. It was not observed if surface feeding

was similar to that of the anophelines but larvae isolated in rearing cups for

about 2 weeks were never observed dropping to the bottom and when disturbed

would only move across the water surface in typical anopheline movements.

The adult male from Malaysia was attracted to a light in the evening and col-

lected off a wall by D. H. Colless in 1956. The widely disjunct distribution of

this species is probably due wholly to the absence of collections from fresh-

water crab holes on the islands between Mindoro and Sabah.

bicolor series

DISCUSSION. Although represented in the Oriental and Indomalayan re-

gions by only 7 species, this series contains a greater number of species than

any of the others currently recognized. Representatives occur in several geo-

graphic regions which include the Ethiopian, Indomalayan, Malagasy, North

Australian, Oriental and South Pacific. The series could be viewed as repre-

senting the typical Pseudoficalbia since it includes all of the Ethiopian species

originally included in Edwards' (1941) group C, including the ''Haplotype"’

inornata (Theobald) (= fusca (Theobald)). It probably also includes a majority

of the species of Section A of Peyton (1972) of Pseudoficalbia of the Malagasy

and Ethiopian regions, but several of these are insufficiently known at present

to assign them. Mattingly ix Mattingly and Brown (1955: 89) suggested a close

relationship between the 3 Seychelles species of Pseudoficalbia and Belkin's

(1953) Section Cy of quadrimaculata Edwards of the Solomon Islands and related

Papuan species, and that on evidence then available it seemed, "best to regard

the Seychelles species as a Malagasy group with Malayan affinities.'' I agree

with this view. While it seems quite clear that species from the above listed

faunal regions belong to the bicolor series as defined and are therefore appar-

ently phylogenetically related, it is just as evident that the species within

the series are further represented by several distinct, independent, species

eroups with definite zoogeographic limits. Although I have not attempted to

define groups below the series level, principally because of difficulties in de-

fining the adult stage, I do recognize the existence of such possible groupings

within the series on the basis of similarities in one or more life stages. It is

believed that an attempt to define these on the basis of small differences in

characters not yet fully known or understood would at best be tenuous and

would serve no useful purpose. As an example, I believe that obscura Edwards

of the Oriental, Indomalayan and Papuan regions is very closely related to atva

Theobald and diagonalis Brug of Papua and quadrimaculata of the Solomon

Islands, and that these 4 species represent a distinct species group, in the

traditional sense, within the bicolor series. This group could be defined by the

following; in the adult: a few small broad scales on anterior margin of scu-

tum, sternopleuron without a patch of scales, tergum IX of male only slightly

produced at middle on apical margin; in the pupa: seta 1-P strong, 2-P weak;

and in the larva: seta 6-C inserted near clypeolabial suture, comb plates con-

nected dorsally. Further, it seems to me, that painei Edwards of the Fiji

Islands is more similar to the Indomalayan and Oriental abstrusa, bicolor,

Peyton: Uyvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) 33

gouldi Peyton and Klein and probably approximata, demeilloni Peyton and Rat-

tanarithikul and lutescens but these become a little more difficult to define

than the atva group. As can be seen in the illustrations of the male terminalia

of abstrusa and gouldi, tergum IX is only moderately produced at the middle,

somewhat intermediate between the atva group and the very strongly produced

tergum IX of the others. In addition the adult of gouldi is without scales on the

sternopleuron. The Ethiopian fusca group is more similar to the latter group

than to the atva group. However, much of this is based on general similarities

in the immature stages and to a somewhat lesser extent in the male terminalia.

While pupal and larval characters are recognized as probable indicators of

affinities at the series level, I am not confident that these and other characters

provide a true index of affinities below this level. I am therefore reluctant to

attempt a definition of what could appear to be somewhat superficial species

groups. Extralimital species which appear to belong to the bicolor series are:

atra, browni, colocasiae, diagonalis, fusca, mashonaensis, nepenthes, n1-

gripes, nigromaculata, ornata Theobald, painei, pandani and quadrimaculata.

All of these belong to Section A of Peyton (1972) and the series is rather

easily separated from the other series of Section A defined here. The most

distinctive characters for the series is the development of tergum IX of the

male terminalia, for it is without known exceptions. The presence of pupal

seta 2-P is known only in this series but it is absent in some species, a very

well developed pupal seta 1-IX is present in all species. The stout rather

widely spaced, spine-like seta 1-C of the larva serves to separate all species

from other series of Section A of the Indomalayan and Oriental regions. The

adults are not strongly distinguished from the adults of other series, especial-

ly when treated as a group and some superficially resemble those of the

vecondita series rather closely. The generally shorter erect head scales,

the distinctly shorter, weaker, dorsocentral and supra-alar setae of the scutum

and the lower number of ocular setae usually distinguish the adults of this

series from those of the recondita series.

Species of the bicolor series utilize a wide variety of natural and artificial

habitats. Some are restricted to such natural container habitats as bamboo,

tree holes, leaf axils, and Nepenthes pitchers while others are found in rock

pools, ground or stream pools, forest swamps, marshes or seepage pools,

large fallen leaves of various kinds, coconut shells and various discarded arti-

ficial containers. Egg laying habits have been described for only one species.

Paine (1943) described the eggs of colocasiae as laid in small parallel-sided

rafts, similar to that of Culex Linnaeus but less in number. Mattingly (1970)

discusses the egg laying habits of this species and several others of the genus

Uranotaenia .

ADULT. Head, Proboscis 0.85-1.10 of forefemur; antennal flagellum of

female 1.25-1.55 of proboscis; ocular setae 5 (rarely 6 on obscura), an extra

minute interocular seta present; erect scales short, less than 0,5 the length

of antennal flagellomere 1, usually numerous. Thorax, Scutal scales varied

in color, never white on margin, usually uniformly narrow, curved, a few

small broad scales on anterior margin at dorsocentral and acrostichal line in

a few species; dorsocentral and supra-alar setae only moderately long and

stout, less than 0,5 the width of scutum never exceptionally long and stout as

in vecondita series or as in most species of the bimaculata series; pleuron

uniformly pale or with distinct darker areas on some sclerites; apn with or

without scales; ppn usually with scales (except lutescens and occasionally

bicolor); ppl with 3-5 setae; stp with 5-12 setae on upper and posterior mar-

gins, with or without scales; upper mep with 2-5 setae, lower seta very weakly

34 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

developed in some species. Wing. Cell Ro 0.38-0. 48 of Ro+3 and distinctly

shorter thancell M9. Legs. Hindtarsomere 1 always longer thantibia (1. 14-1. 40).

MALE TERMINALIA. Tergum IX distinctly produced apicomesally,

mesal projection varied in length and width, short, very broad and rounded

apically, long narrow, truncate or rounded apically, intermediate, or rarely

long, narrow and tapered from base to very narrow, rounded, apex (Ethiopian

mashonaensis, Edwards (1941: 59) defines it as "finger-like process''); without

setae; tergum X complete, usually as a narrow weakly sclerotized band tergo-

mesally where it is fused with and produced the same as tergum IX, apical

margins of both continuous along the produced portion; neither extending beyond

the other, without lateral lobes; basal mesal lobe of basimere well developed,

often darkly pigmented with several long, stout, setae grouped tergoapically

and with or without a long, stout seta on sternoapical margin; distimere usually

rather slender, straight or slightly curved, with more or less blunt or rounded

apex with a narrow membranous, apical, lateral, flange or hood from under

which the stout, acute spiniform arises (except abstrusa and, gouldi); plates of

aedeagus usually closely approximated, never widely separated, usually (Indo-

malayan and Oriental species) with a more or less continuous apical, tergo-

sternal, marginal row of strong, straight or slightly curved, simple, pointed

teeth, usually the more tergomesal teeth less curved, directed apically or api-

colaterally, and usually not as distinctly separated from the more strongly

curved teeth on apicosternal margin as in vecondita and others; proctiger with-

out cercal setae,

PUPA. Cephalothorax, Seta 6-CT never exceptionally long and strong as

in vecondita series, often shorter than 7-CT and rarely longer than respira-

tory trumpet, inserted nearer to 7-CT than to 5-CT; respiratory trumpet

varied, rarely darkly pigmented, without expansion near base on anterior sur-

face. Abdomen. Seta 2-II mesal or lateral to 5-II, usually strong, rarely

approaching length of segment III; 6-VI never significantly longer than 6-V;

1-IX strongly developed, Paddle, Inner and outer margins with stout, spicu-

late serrations; inner part wider or rarely narrower than outer part; 1-P

present; 2-P frequently present, usually minute.

LARVA. Head, Apical process of median labral plate prominent, usually

broadly rounded or slightly angled apicomesally, never with distinct apico-

mesal projection on basomesal side of setal-C. 1-C stout, spine-like, in-

serted within a distinct socket on labral process, bases separated by more

than length of individual seta; 5-C single, 6-C single or double, both simple

or barbed, 7-C usually branched (1-10); mentum with 15-27 teeth. Antenna,

Usually slender; with or without spicules; never darkly pigmented; seta 1-A

single or rarely double. Thorax, Seta 1-P single, 3-P with 2-7 branches,

4-P single to 7 branched, 7-P usually single or double (1-4), 14-P single or

rarely double; 1-M, T weak; 5-T small, weak. Abdomen. Without stout stel-

late setae; 6-I-II single to 4 branched, ends acuminate; 5, 9-III-VI, never stout

or spine-like; 6-II-VI usually significantly shorter than 6-II; comb plate usu-

ally large, (except approximata) complete dorsally in some species; 1, 2- VIII

inserted on a common triangular sclerotized plate in some species; 4, 5-VIII

widely separated, but never as conspicuously separated as in the “econdita

series. Segment X, Usually lightly imbricate, with or without spicules on

posterolateral margin; seta I-X stout, double to 6 branched (all Indomalayan

and Oriental species); 4-X with 5 pairs of setae branched as follows: 4a-X

1,2,b 1-3, c 1,2, d 1-3, e 1-5, 4e-X often greatly reduced. Siphon. Seta 1-S

subventral.

Peyton: Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) 35

URANOTAENIA (PSEUDOFICALBIA) ABSTR USA NEW SPECIES

(Figs. 5, 6)

Uranotaenia philippinensis Delfinado 1966a: 37 (in part, distribution data only).

Uranotaenia lagunensis of Delfinado 1966b: 45 (in part, L*. figs. 81-3).

FEMALE. Head. Proboscis about 0.9 of forefemur; prementum dark

brown scaled, with a few small setae at apex and a paired dorsal submedian

row of a few small inconspicuous apically directed setae on apical 0.5; 1 pair

of labial basal setae; palpus about 0.11 of proboscis and about equal to anten-

nal flagellomere 1; clypeus dark brown; antennal pedicel dark brown mesally,

light yellowish brown laterally, with a few minute setae dorsomesally; flagel-

lum about 1.36 of proboscis or exceeding proboscis from about base of flagel-

lomere 11; Flm 1 about equal to Flm 2 and with a few light brown scales baso-

mesally; flagellar whorls each of 6 setae; 1 long, strong and 1 weak interocu-

lar and 4 ocular setae; decumbent scales dark brown without pale ocular line,

faintly grayish with weak blue-green reflections at sides; erect scales rather

large, numerous, covering most of vertex, dark bronzy brown. Thorax,

Scutal integument uniformly dark chestnut brown; scales rather dense, nar-

row, curved, uniformly light bronzy brown; prescutellar space largely scaled,

with a small posterior bare space; scutellum light brown, scales light grayish

brown with very weak bluish green reflections on midlobe; mesopostnotum

dark brown, lighter on basolateral corners; paratergite dark brown; pleuron

uniformly brown, very little contrast with scutum; apn with numerous incon-

spicuous grayish translucent scales; ppn with 1 strong seta and 4-8 inconspicu-

ous grayish translucent scales on upper posterior corner; sp with 1 seta; ppl

with 3 setae of near equal development; stp with 3,4 upper and 6-8 weaker

irregularly spaced posteromarginal setae and with a small inconspicuous

patch of sparsely arranged shiny transparent scales on upper 0.33 and a single

row extending down posterior margin (difficult to detect in some lights); upper

mep with 2,3 setae. Wing. Scales dark brown; cell Ro about 0.44 of Ro.

Legs. Coxae and trochanters light brown; C-I with a few very inapparent

grayish translucent scales on anterior surface; C-II, III with at most a few

scattered transparent scales; femora dark brown scaled dorsally, light gray-

ish brown with strong purple-green reflections at some angles ventrally, with-

out conspicuous grouping of setae; forefemur with 3, 4 setae on anteroventral

margin beyond middle, 9-12 setae on posterodorsal margin from basal 0.3 to

near apex; midfemur with 6, 7 setae on basal 0.6 of dorsal margin, 12-14 con-

spicuous setae scattered on anterior and posteroventral margin, occasionally

a few minute inapparent setae also visible on ventral margin; hindfemur with

2,3 conspicuous dorsal setae beyond middle and a few minute, very inapparent

setae on ventral margin; tibiae and tarsi dark brown scaled; hindtarsomere 1

about 1.3 of tibia, tarsomere 4 about 3.0 of tarsomere 5. Abdomen. Terga

uniformly dark brown scaled, not much darker than thorax, with bronzy or

weak bluish green reflections depending on angle of light; laterotergite with a

few transparent scales; sterna light dingy brown with pale brown or grayish

scales, usually indefinitely darker on sterna VII, VIII.

MALE. Essentially as in female except for sexual differences. Head,

Antennal flagellum strongly plumose, whorls each of more than 20 setae,

about 1.1 of proboscis or exceeding proboscis by less than length of flagello-

mere 13; flagellomeres 12,13 about equal. Terminalia (Fig. 6). Tergum IX

very broadly produced in middle, rounded on apical margin, basal emargina-

36 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

tion broad, deep; tergomesal surface of basimere with numerous long, strong

setae and a few scattered short, weak setae; basal mesal lobe of basimere with

7-9 long, stout, tergoapical setae and 4-7 weak basal setae, 1,2 weak setae on

sternoapical margin; distimere rather strong, more or less straight, tapered

to pointed apex, with numerous rather long, stiff setae on apical 0.33; spini-

form stout, acute, not arising from under a membranous hood; plates of

aedeagus each with 6-9 short, slightly curved teeth, in a single or irregular

double row on apical margin, with the most tergal 1,2 teeth strongest, occa-

sionally a few very small, stout submarginal teeth and a few minute, spini-

form spicules basolateral to apical teeth.

PUPA (Fig. 6). Chaetotaxy as figured. Diagnostic characters as in

series description and the following. Integument uniformly pale brown. All

setae except 1-I and 12-CT with simple branches. Cephalothorax. Setae 1, 2-

CT with 4-6 branches, 3-CT with 4-7 branches, 4,5-CT with 7-10 branches,

8-CT with 8-12 branches. Respiratory Trumpet, Pale brown, tracheoid on

anterobasal 0.25; short, broad, slightly expanded, pinna produced and distinctly

concave on lateral apical margin; index about 2.4-2.7. Metanotum, Seta 10-

CT with 3-6 branches, 11-CT single or with several distal branches, 12-CT

with 4-5 lightly barbed branches; alveolus of 13-CT present, occasionally

with small raised spur; 6-I, II double; 1-II lightly dendritic with 3-5 stiff pri-

mary branches, 3-II, III double to 5 branches from beyond base; 1-III with 5-9

branches, 6-III-VI with 3-5 delicate branches; 1-IV, V with 5-7 branches, 5-IV

with 5-8 branches, slightly shorter than 1-IV; 5-V with 5-7 branches, slightly

shorter than 1-V; 1-VI with 4-7 branches, 5-VI with 3-6 branches, about equal

to 1-VI; 1-VII with 4-6 branches, 5-VII with 4,5 branches, slightly longer than

1-VII, 6-VII located ventrally, small with 3-6 very weak branches; 9- VIII with

4-6 weak branches. Paddle. Midrib pale brown on basal 0.8; outer margin

serrate on apical 0.5; inner margin with a few very small spicules on apical

0.2; seta 2-P minute, rather inapparent.

LARVA (Fig. 5). Chaetotaxy as figured. Diagnostic characters as in

series description and the following. Head, Pale yellow; seta 4-C with 3-5

delicate branches, 5,6-C strong, barbed, 6-C conspicuously lateral to 5-C and

on level with 7-C, 7-C with 6-10 lightly barbed branches, 11-C very small,

with 3-5 weak branches, 14-C very stout, darkly pigmented, spine-like, area

surrounding base darkly pigmented; mentum with 21-23 teeth. Antenna, Pale

brown, with scattered stout, sharp spicules dorsally and ventrally on basal

0.75 with those middorsally distinctly stronger; seta 1-A single, stiff, about

0.5 of antenna. Thorax, Seta 3-P with 5-7 lightly barbed branches, 4-P

triple, lightly barbed, 7-P double, lightly barbed; 1-M with 5, 6 branches;

7-M single, 8-M with 5-7 branches, 9-M with 4-6 branches, 14-M minute,

dendritic; 1-T with 3-5 branches, 7-T with 5-8 branches, 9-T with 4-6 bran-

ches, 13-T with 5,6 long weak branches. Abdomen, Seta 1-I minute, 3-I with

4,5 branches, 6-I, II double, barbed, ventral branch shorter and weaker than

dorsal branch; 1-II with 3-6 branches, 13-II with 3, 4 branches; 1-III with 4-6

branches, 6-III-VI with 3-5 simple branches, considerably shorter than 6-I],

13-III-V with 4,5 branches; 1-IV with 4-6 branches; 1-V with 6, 7 branches;

1-VI with 5,6 branches; 1-VII with 6 stiff lightly barbed branches, 3-VII with

5-7 stiff, lightly barbed branches, 13-VII with 3-5 stiff, lightly barbed bran-

ches; 1-VIII with 3, 4 finely barbed branches, inserted on small triangular

sclerotized plate with 2-VIII, 3-VIII with 5, 6 barbed branches, 5-VIII with 4-7

finely barbed branches; comb scales 9-13 on a large sclerotized plate, each

tapered to sharp point apically, finely fringed laterally to near apex, median

scales slightly longer than those to each side. Segment X, Saddle complete,

Peyton: Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) 37

pale yellowish brown, without conspicuous imbrications, except near posteri-

or margin, posterior margin without spicules, but the more apical imbrica-

tions with a few minute spicules; seta 1-X double, very stout, strongly barbed,

2,3-X double, 4a,b-X double, 4c-e-X single, 4e-X very short. Szphon, Pale

yellowish brown, dark brown dorsally near base and on narrow basal ring; in-

conspicuously imbricate on basal 0.6, imbrications without spicules; index

3.7-4.9; pecten teeth 24-29, very inconspicuous, without pigmentation, each

tooth very short, broad, rounded apically, about as wide as long, fringed api-

cally with fine spicules, reaching to about 0.56 of siphon; seta 1-S with 7-9

stiff, finely barbed branches, inserted within distal 1-3 pecten teeth at 0.51-

0.56 of siphon; trachea terminating in a distinct sclerotized filament.

TYPE-DATA. Holotype female with slide of pupal and larval skins, with

the following collection data: PHILIPPINES, Mindoro, San Jose, 30 January

1945, E. S. Ross, collector, number C-63, collected as a larva from a for-

est swamp. Paratypes: 2 females, numbers C-67 (with larval skin), C-64

(with larval and pupal skins) each bearing paratype label of Uvanotaenia philip-

pinensis Delfinado, 1 male number C-61 (with larval and pupal skins), 3 fourth

stage larvae on slides, all with same data as holotype; 6 females (2 on slides),

7 males, same data as holotype except 22 February 1945, without number; 1

female, 4 fourth stage larvae on slides, same data as holotype except 3 March

1945, without number; 4 females, 2 males, same data as holotype except

February 1945, without number; 1 female, same data as holotype except 29

January 1945, without number; 1 female, with terminalia on slide, bearing

paratype label of Uvanotaenia philippinensis Delfinado, same data as holotype

except 9 March 1945, without number. The 3 above specimens labeled as

paratypes of philippinensis are not the same as the type of philippinensis which

is treated here as a synonym of obscuva Edwards (see further comments under

discussion).

The holotype and paratypes are deposited in the USNM. Paratypes of 2c,

22 and 1 larva will be deposited in the BMNH and 20, 22 and 1 larva will be

deposited in the California Academy of Sciences. The holotype is in good con-

dition. The paratypes are in good to fair condition.

DISTRIBUTION. Material examined (including type-series): 20°, 212,

19 L; 9 with associated skins (91, 8 p), 16 unassociated skins (101, 16 p).

PHILIPPINES. Mindoro: Occidental - San Jose, 10%, 169, 8L, 141,

16 p. Luzon: Pampanga - Clark Air Force Base, 4, 19, 4L, 61, 6p.

Zambales - Subic Naval Base, Kalayaan River, 40, 42, 7L, 2p. Mindanao;

Cotabato-Kabacan, 2°.

DISCUSSION. The small uniformly dark brown adult of this species, is

without striking features and could be confused with a few other brown un-

marked species. Superficially it resembles hirsutifemora and obscura but

there is no suggested relationship between the 3. The male terminalia and

immature stages differ significantly from both of these. The immature stages

resemble those of gouldi but the 2 are easily separated on a number of char-

acters, and the adults of gouldi are quite different.

The adult differs from the adult of obscura and hirsutifemora primarily in

the characters in the adult key, and other differences found under the descrip-

tions of each.

Delfinado (1966a) confused the adult of this species with philippinensis

(= obscura) (Peyton 1972). In Delfinado (1966b) the larva was confused with

that of lagunensis (= bicolor). The paratype series of philippinensis in the

USNM contains 2 females and 3 males of abstrusa. These specimens and the

type of philibpinensis are not conspecific. It appears that Delfinado did not

38 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

include these in any significant way in the description except for a reference

to the pleuron which reads, . . . ''Few translucent scales on posterior lobes

and sternopleura (in older specimens these scales may be rubbed off but al-

ways present on anterior pronotal lobes).'' Actually this character is one of

the more significant for separating abstrusa and philippinensis (= obscura).

The sternopleuron is devoid of scales on the type of philippinensis and other

specimens of obscura, One of the above female paratypes, number C-64,

San Jose, Mindoro P. I., 30 January 1945, E. S. Ross, has a slide with the

associated pupal and larval skins, but it is labeled in Delfinado's handwriting

as Uranotaenia lagunensis, Apparently Delfinado did not have the slide avail-

able or overlooked it when preparing the description of philippinensis, In

Delfinado (1966b: 45) the larva of lagunensis was described as, "The larva has

the head h-5 & 6 less modified and shows marked individual variations in the

branching of abdominal hairs, the size and shape of siphon, and the presence

of spicules along caudal margin of saddle. These variations are particularly

noticeable among specimens breeding in forest swamps and hoof prints."

Actually she described the larva of both lagunensis (= bicolor) and abstrusa,

since she illustrated (figs. 81-3) the larva of abstrusa, It appears the illustra-

tion may have been made from slide C-64. The variations mentioned are pre-

cisely the differences observed in the 2 species. Larval slide C-64 is from a

forest swamp and those from hoof prints were probably lagunensis. Baisas

(1974, Fig. 79a) reproduced Delfinado's (1966b) illustration of the larva of

lagunensis (= abstrusa).

Three of the above paratype adults of philibpinensis are in poor condition

and could easily be confused with obscura even though there are a few scales

on the sternopleuron. The absence of broad scales on anterior margin of scu-

tum was not mentioned in the description of philippinensis, which may help fur-

ther to explain the confusion.

BIONOMICS. Immature collections have been examined from the following

habitats: stream pool (4), forest swamp (2), shaded pool (1), creek (1). Lar-

vae were found in association with lagunensis in 2 stream pool collections.

No other data are available on the bionomics of this species.

URANOTAENIA (PSEUDOFICALBIA) APPROXIMATA NEW SPECIES

(Figs. 7, 8)

FEMALE. Very similar to demeilloni except for the following. Head,

Proboscis about 0.91-0.95 of forefemur; decumbent scales darker brown with

grayish sheen on vertex, grayish with blue green reflections at sides, without

pale ocular line; erect scales more numerous, rather evenly distributed over

vertex. Thorax, Scutal scales more uniformly light or dark bronzy brown;

pleuron light grayish or whitish brown with distinct darker areas as follows:

apn, ppn, psp and extreme upper edge of sip; scales on apn and ppn distinctly

grayish with weak bluish green reflections; ppv with 1 seta and usually less

than 5 (3-8) scales on upper posterior corner; stp with scales more numerous,

forming a distinct patch of slightly overlapping scales on upper 0.3 but quite

inapparent in some lights due to transparency of individual scales. Abdomen,

Pale scaled basal tergal bands less conspicuous, absent on III, very faint or

absent on IV, VU, readily apparent on V, VI only, usually not quite reaching

lateral margin on either, VIII light grayish brown with weak bluish reflections.

MALE. Very similar to male of demeilloni and differing only in head and

thoracic ornamentation as infemale. Tervminalia (Fig.8). Terga IX, X with

Peyton: Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) 39

apical margins produced into a long, moderately broad, median, apically

truncate lobe; a small inconspicuous tubercle on tergolateral surface of ter-

cum IX; tergomesal surface of basimere with numerous short, weak setae,

3, 4 long strong setae sternoapical to basal mesal lobe; basal mesal lobe of

basimere with 2 long stout, widely separated tergomesal setae on small dis-

tinct processes, 2,3 similar slightly weaker setae in a row basal to these near

tergal margin; 6-8 scattered, short, weak basal setae; distimere rather stout,

long, slightly curved, of near uniform width to near tapered blunt apex; spini-

form small, stout, acute, arising from under a distinct membranous hood;

plates of aedeagus each with 2 stout, slightly curved apicolaterally directed,

subapical, tergomesal teeth, 3 curved, subequal teeth on apicosternal margin

and 0-2 small lateral, subapical teeth.

PUPA (Fig. 8). Chaetotaxy as figured. Diagnostic characters as in series

description and the following. Integument pale brown. Cephalothorax, Seta

1-CT single or double, 2,3-CT single to triple, 4-CT single or double, 5-CT

double or triple, 6-CT only slightly longer than 7-CT, 8-CT with 2-4 simple

branches. Respiratory Trumpet, Yellowish brown; index 3.2-3.7, not noti-

ceably expanded apically; indistinctly tracheoid on anterobasal 0.2. Metanotum.

Seta 10-CT single, bifid or trifid, 11-CT strong, single or bifid, usually

barbed near middle, 12-CT single, weaker than 11-CT, alveolus of 13-CT not

apparent. Abdomen, Seta 6-I-VII single, located dorsally on VI; 1-II very

small, usually weakly dendritic with 2-4 primary forked branches or with 3, 4

simple branches, 2-II strong, shorter than 3-H, 3-I], III strong, single to

triple; 1-III small, with 3-5 weak branches; 1-IV double or triple, stiff, con-

siderably longer than 1-III, 5-IV-VI double, rather stout, darkly pigmented,

usually with a few lateral barbs near middle, about 0.75 the length of each

succeeding segment; 1-V single or double, stiff; 1-VI single or double, stiff;

1-VII single, 5-VII single or double, stiff, about 0.75 of segment VII; 9-VII

with 3-5 strong, pigmented, sparsely barbed branches, as long as or slightly

longer than segment VIII. Paddle, A darkly pigmented line across basal por-

tion; midrib faintly pigmented from base to apex; very broad, slightly tapered

apically; inner margin rounded to base and not as abruptly excavated basally

as most other species of the subgenus; outer part as wide as or wider than

inner part; outer margin with serrations from about basal 0.25 to apex; inner

margin with numerous small sharp spicules of varied lengths from about basal

0.3 to apex and several smaller submarginal spicules toward middle; seta 2-P

absent.

LARVA (Fig. 7). Chaetotaxy as figured. Diagnostic characters as in

series description and the following. Head, Light yellowish brown, dark brown

on collar; seta 4-C double, inserted posterolaterally to 6-C, 5,6-C simple,

bases of 5-C considerably farther apart than those of 6-C, 7-C double or triple,

branches stiff, simple, 11-C minute, single to triple, 14-C single, weak; men-

tum with 21-23 teeth. Antenna. Pale brown, without spicules; seta 1-A single.

Thorax, Seta 3-P double to 4 branched, lightly barbed, 4, 7-P double, Lightly

barbed, 14-P single, 1-M, T with 3-5 branches, 8-M double, 9-M with 3, 4

branches; 14-M minute, dendritic; 7-T with 3,4 branches, 9-T double or |

triple. Abdomen. Seta 6-I, II double, strongly barbed; 1-II-IV small, with 3, 4

weak branches, 13-II-IV with 3, 4 weak branches; 6-III double or triple, strong,

lightly barbed, considerably longer than 6-IV, 6-IV-VI triple or rarely double,

lightly barbed; 1-V, VI double or triple, 13-V double or triple; 1-VII minute,

double; 1-VIII small, double or triple, with 2-VIII not inserted on sclerotized

plate, 3-VIII with 6,7 lightly barbed branches; comb scales 9-11 ona small,

oval, weakly sclerotized plate, each rather long broad, slightly tapered api-

40 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

cally, with conspicuous uniform fringe of long slender spicules on lateral and

apical margins. Segment X. Saddle complete, pale brown, lightly imbricate

apically; without spicules on posterolateral margin, but the apical imbrications

with numerous long slender spicules and a few stronger ones which extend be-

yond or arise very near posterior margin of saddle and occasionally appear as

marginal; index less than 1.0; seta 1-X double, stout, lightly barbed, 2,3-X

double, branching well beyond base, 4a-c-X double, long, 4d,e-X single, very

short. Siphon, Light brown; indistinctly imbricate on basal 0.5; short, broad,

index 2.5-3.0; pecten teeth 16-20 in an irregular row, each broad, longer than

wide, with a conspicuous lateral and apical fringe of long slender spicules,

apical spicules slightly longer, pecten reaching to about 0.50-0.57 of siphon;

seta 1-S with 6-8 simple branches, inserted at about 0.55-0.58 from base of

siphon and usually slightly beyond distal pecten tooth.

TYPE-DATA. Holotype female with slide of pupal and larval skins with

the following collection data: THAILAND, Chiang Mai, Chiang Dao, Ban Sop

O Nok, 17 July 1970, Kol Mongkolpanya and Anun Poosiri, collectors, collec-

tion number 4548-8, SEAMP accession number 241, collected as a larva from

a bamboo pot at an elevation of 600 m. Allotype male with slides of terminalia

and pupal and larval skins, same data as holotype, except number 4548-3,

SEAMP terminalia preparation number 71/22. Paratypes: 3 males, 4 females,

with slides 4548-1, -2, -4, -7, -9; 1 male, 1 female (both mounted on slide)

with associated pupal and larval skins, same data as holotype except numbers

4540-11, -14.

The holotype, allotype and paratypes are deposited in the USNM. Paratypes

of 1 male, 1 female with pupal larval skins will be deposited in the BMNH. The

holotype and allotype are in excellent condition.

DISTRIBUTION. Material examined (including type-series): 11%, 8°, 1 L;

19 with associated skins (17 1, 19 p).

THAILAND. Navathiwat: Waeng, 4%, 12, 1 L, 51, 5p. Chiang Mai:

Chiang Dao, Ban Sop O Nok, 50, 62, 91, 11 p. Kanchanaburi: Ban Nong

Plang Khong, 2%, 12, 31, 3p.

DISCUSSION. The adult of this species is rather similar to that of

demeilloni and differs primarily in the ornamentation of the pleuron (see dis-

cussion under demeilloni). The immature stages are distinctive and are easily

recognized. The reduced very weak lower mepseta of the adult is rather

unusual for species of the subgenus and is found elsewhere only in demeilloni

and lutescens.

BIONOMICS. This species appears to be rare in Thailand considering

the thousands of collections made over the past 15 years. However, it also

appears that it is widely distributed, since the 3 provinces in which collections

were made, cover the entire length of the country from the extreme southern

province of Narathiwat to the northern province of Chiang Mai, a distance of

approximately 1,400 km. The province of Kanchanaburi lies near midway

between these 2 provinces. It has been collected from bamboo habitats a total

of 5 times. Two of these collections are recorded only as bamboo and the

others as bamboo pots or cup. In the 2 collections of the type-series, the

bamboo pots were cut, cured, open internodes strategically placed by person-

nel of the SEATO Medical Research Laboratory, Bangkok for periodic collec-

tions of mosquito larvae. The collections are recorded at elevations of 160-

600 m. All of the adults were reared from immature stages.

Peyton: Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) 41

URANOTAENIA (PSEUDOFICALBIA) BICOLOR LEICESTER

(Figs. 2, 9, 10)

Uranotaenia bicolor Leicester 1908: 225 (“, 2); Barraud 1934: 83 (%, 9).

Uranotaenia fusca Leicester 1908: 227 (“, 2, preoccupied by Theobald 1907),

Edwards 1922: 436 (synonymy).

Uvanotaenia leicesteri Edwards 1913: 239 (nom. nov. for fusca Leicester);

Edwards 1922: 460 (synonymy).

Uvanotaenia kalabahensis Haga 1925: 43 (2). NEW SYNONYMY.

Uranotaenia lutescens of Barraud 1926: 344 (¢, in part, Andaman Is. record,

misidentification); Borel 1930: 129 (**, 2, L*).

Uvanotaenia luteola of Edwards in Barraud 1934: 80 (2, in part, Andaman Is.

record, misidentification).

Uranotaenia lagunensis Baisas 1935: 70 (*, 2, L*); Delfinado 1966b: 45

(in part, o*, 2, L, P, except figs. 81-3). NEW SYNONYMY.

Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) bicolor Leicester, Peyton 1972: 36.

FEMALE. Head, Proboscis about 0.85 of forefemur; prementum dark

brown scaled, with a few minute apically directed setae on distal dorsal and

ventral margins and a few small setae at apex; 1 (1, 2) pair of labial basal

setae; palpus about 0.12 of proboscis and slightly less than antennal flagello-

mere 1 (0.87); clypeus dark brown; antennal pedicel light brown mesally, light

yellowish laterally, with 4,5 minute setae dorsomesally; flagellum about 1.:25-

1.35 of proboscis or exceeding proboscis from about base of flagellomere 12

or 11; Flm 1 slightly longer than Flm 2 and with a few light brown scales

basomesally; flagellar whorls each with 6 setae; 1 long, strong and 1 weak

interocular and 4 ocular setae; decumbent scales mostly dark brown with

grayish sheen, an indistinct, narrow ocular line of about 1 row of gray-white

scales and a few similar scales at sides; erect scales large, numerous, cover-

ing most of dorsal surface, dark brownish black. Thorax (Fig. 2). Scutal

integument light yellowish or orange-brown, often faintly darker on prescutel-

lar space, supra-alar area and scutal fossa; dorsocentral and supra-alar bare

lines present but ill-defined; scutal scales narrow, curved, variable in color,

light grayish, pale golden or bronzy brown, usually becoming darker posteri-

orly; prescutellar space bare on posterior 0.5; scutellum light brown with light

or dark brown scales; mesopostnotum light brown, occasionally darker on nar-

row median dorsal line; paratergite dark brown; pleuron predominantly dark

brown but with light grayish areas with ill-defined borders giving the appear-

ance of a distinct dark and light pattern; a broad but ill-defined light line

across lower ppn, upper 0.4 of stp and middle mep; a distinct narrow light

line across lower edge of mep and upper edge of mesomeron; apn with a few

loosely arranged grayish scales with faint bluish reflections; ppn with 1 long

seta and usually 1-7 grayish scales with greenish reflections on upper posteri-

or corner but often devoid of scales; sp with 1 long seta; pp/ with 1 long,

strong, and 3,4 smaller setae and a few grayish translucent scales; stp with

10,11 setae on upper and posterior margins, 5,6 of these on the upper dark

area and with a distinct broad line or patch of grayish translucent scales with

faint blue-green reflections across the lighter area of upper 0.4 and a separate

small patch of similar scales on lower 0.6 of posterior margin; upper mep

with 4,5 setae. Wing. Scales dark brown; cell R, about 0.48 of Ro,,. Legs,

Coxae mostly light brown, slightly darker basally; C-I with a distinct patch of

erayish brown scales on anterior surface; C-II with a small anterolateral patch

42 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

of shiny grayish translucent scales; C-III with a few less apparent scales on

anterolateral and posterolateral surfaces; femora dark brown scaled dorsally,

light grayish brown ventrally; forefemur with 4-7 short setae on anteroventral

margin of distal 0.5, 11-13 setae on posterodorsal margin for most of length,

3,4 small inconspicuous setae scattered along ventral margin; midfemur with

8-13 setae on basal 0.6 of dorsal margin, a few weak setae on ventral margin

from base to near middle followed by 4-8 longer setae slightly beyond middle

and frequently with a patch 6-18 setae near middle on anterior surface; hind-

femur with a few minute inapparent setae on ventral margins, 1,2 conspicuous

setae on distal dorsal margin; tibiae and tarsi dark brown scaled; hindtarso-

mere 1 about 1.3 of tibia, tarsomere 4 about 3.3 of tarsomere 5. Abdomen.

Terga dark brownish black scaled with narrow creamy white scaled basal

bands on II-VI, each not quite reaching lateral margin, tergum I with or with-

out pale scales, usually with a very narrow basal band on VII but almost al-

ways partially or completely hidden by overlapping VI, VIII completely pale

grayish; laterotergite with a few grayish translucent scales; sterna dingy

brown with grayish brown translucent scales, becoming slightly darker brown-

ish on terminal sterna.

MALE. Essentially as in female but scaling of abdominal terga much more

extensive. Head. Proboscis about 0.95 of forefemur; antennal flagellum

strongly plumose, whorls each of more than 20 setae, about 1.1 of proboscis,

Flm 13 longer than Flm 12. Wing. Cell R, about 0.4 of Ro 43° Legs. Mid-

femur often with a few more conspicuous setae near middle, giving it a distinct

"hairy" appearance, especially on anterior surface but also without setae on

anterior surface. Abdomen. Terga I-VIII with broad creamy white basal

bands, broadest on II-VI and covering 0.5 or more the length of each tergum,

usually reaching lateral margin on one or more proximal terga; I occasionally

completely creamy white; VIII with a few median apical pale scales in addition

to basal band or occasionally completely pale grayish white. Terminalia (Fig.

10). Terga IX, X distinctly produced into a broad median apical lobe which is

rounded on apicolateral corners and more or less truncate apically; with a small

distinct tubercle on mid-tergolateral surface which often appears as a setal

alveolus; tergomesal surface of basimere with very small, weak setae;

basal mesal lobe of basimere with 2 long, stout, tergoapical setae, each ona

distinct apical projection, 2,3 stout, but slightly weaker setae basal to these,

4-7 short weak basal setae and without strong setae on sternoapical margin;

distimere rather strong, of near uniform width to more or less blunt apex;

spiniform stout, acute, arising from under a distinct membranous hood; plates

of aedeagus each with 2 short stout straight, superimposed, apically directed,

subapical, tergomesal teeth with the sternal-most smallest and partially ob-

scured by the stronger tergal tooth, apicosternal margin with 3 equal curved,

sternolaterally directed teeth, occasionally one plate with 2 or 4 teeth on api-

costernal margin.

PUPA (Fig. 10). Chaetotaxy as figured. Diagnostic characters as in series

description and the following. Integument pale brown, darker onposterior 0.33

of scutal plate and on metanotum. All setae except 1-I with simple branches.

Cephalothorax. Seta 1-CT single or double, 2-CT double to 4 branches, 3-CT

double, 5-CT double or triple, 8-CT with 3-5 branches. Respiratory Trumpet.

Light brown; index about 3.2-3.6, slightly expanded apically. Metanotum.,

Seta 10-CT single or with 2-4 branches from beyond base, 11-CT single, bifid

or trifid, 12-CT with 2-4 distal branches, 13-CT usually present as a small

pigmented spur. Abdomen. Seta 6-I-VI single or double; 1-II lightly dendritic,

with 2-4 primary branches, 3-II single to triple; 1-III with 3-6 branches, 3-II

Peyton: Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) 43

single or with 2-4 distal branches; 1-IV with 3, 4 branches, 5-IV with 3-5

branches, shorter than 1-IV; 1, 5-V double to 4 branched,about equal in length;

1-VI double or triple, 5-VI single to triple, usually longer than 1-VI, 1,5-VU

single or double, about equal in length, 6-VII located ventrally; 9-VIII with 3-5

simple branches, about 0.5 the length of segment. Paddle. Light brown at

base; midrib pale brown from base to apex; outer margin serrate from about

basal 0.33 to apex; inner margin with numerous strong, blunt spicules on about

apical 0.33 and numerous very small, blunt, irregularly spaced submarginal

spicules from about basal 0.4 to near apex; apex more or less rounded, not

noticeably emarginate; seta 2-P minute.

LARVA (Fig. 9). Chaetotaxy as figured. Diagnostic characters as in

series description and the following. Head, Light yellowish brown, darker

posterolaterally and on collar; seta 4-C double to 4 branched, 5, 6-C strong,

finely barbed, 7-C with 4-6 simple branches, 11-C small, double to 4 branched,

14-C stout, brush-tipped; mentum with 23-27 teeth. Antenna, Pale brown,

with a few very small, scattered, spicules dorsally and ventrally; seta 1-A

single. Thorax. Seta 3-P with 4, 5 barbed branches, 4-P with 3,5 barbed

branches, 7-P usually double (2-4), strongly barbed, 8-P double or triple,

with 1 branch about 2.0 the length of other branches, 14-P single; 1-M, T

with 3,4 branches and with 1, 2 branches longer than the others, 8-M with

0-7 branches, 9-M with 4-6 branches, 14-M minute, dendritic; 7-T with 6-9

branches, 9-T with 3-5 branches, 13-T with 4-6 branches. Abdomen. Seta

1-I minute, with 3-4 branches, 3-I with 3,4 branches, with a median branch

longer and stronger than the others, 6-I, I double, strongly barbed, ventral

branch shorter than dorsal branch; 1-II triple, with median branch long, 3-I-

VI long, single, 13-I-V with 3, 4 branches of unequal lengths; 1-III-VII with

3,4 branches, usually with median branch longest, 6-III-VI with 4, rarely 3

branches, occasionally sparsely barbed; 3-VII triple, 13-VI with 3, 4 branches;

1-VIII single, inserted on small triangular sclerotized plate with 2-VII, 5-VI0

with 4,5 branches; comb scales 8-12 on a large sclerotized plate, each scale

rather long, tapered to sharp point, conspicuously fringed laterally with long

fine spicules from base to about distal 0.7, the scales toward the middle of

each row slightly longer than those at each end. Segment X. Saddle complete,

pale brown, very lightly imbricate, with numerous strong and fine sharp spi-

cules on posterolateral margin and a few submarginal spicules; seta 1-X double,

rarely triple, very stout, darkly pigmented, lightly barbed, 2,3-X double,

dorsal branch shorter than ventral branch, 4a-d-X double, 4e-X single, very

short. Siphon, Light yellowish brown, narrowly darker at base, lightly im-

bricate for most of length but inconspicuous distally, imbrications without spi-

cules; index about 2.80-3.80, rather broad, not strongly tapered, with a dis-

tinct bulge midventrally; pecten teeth 20-30, each very short, broad, rounded

apically, as wide as long, fringed with fine spicules laterally and longer sharp

spicules apically, without pigmentation, very inapparent, reaching to about

0. 56-0. 61 of siphon; seta 1-S with 5-9 stiff, lightly barbed branches, inserted

at about 0.54-0.58 from base of siphon, usually within distal 2-6 pecten teeth

but occasionally slightly beyond distal tooth.

TYPE-DATA. There are 2 specimens marked ''Co-type" (12, 1°°) in the

BMNH with the following data on the underside of a circular label, ‘Larvae by

Daniels, marshy bank of stream, Kuala Lumpur 24/4/03.'' The female was

selected and labeled as Lectotype by E. L. Peyton, 17 December 1968, and

is in excellent condition.

Two syntypes (1°, 1°°) of fusca are in the BMNH with the following data:

U, fusca, Fed. Malay States, G. F. Leicester, BM1912-350. These are both

44 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

in rather poor condition. I hereby select the female as lectotype .

Uranotaenia kalabahensis was originally described from 2 syntype females

"bred from larvae by Lt. K. A. Aarstad at Kalabahi, Isle of Alor, Lesser

‘Sunda Islands."' One of these is in the BMNH labeled as ''Type, '' presumably

by Edwards, with the following data, "Kalaba, Sunda Is., Dr. Haga, BM 1925-

108.'' The whereabouts of the other female is unknown. The female in the

BMNH is in poor condition, as there is a pin through the middle of the pleuron,

the legs on one side are missing or damaged and it appears to be teneral. The

abdominal segments are partially retracted and the legs that remain are typi-

cally curled as in many newly emerged adults.

The holotype and allotype of lagunensis were lost during World War II.

There are 2 specimens (1°, 19) in the USNM from the type-locality, with data

labels in pencil by Baisas. These 2 specimens do not have numbers cor-

responding to the type, but were collected at Los Bands, Laguna, during the

same month as the type. Baisas listed 8 males and 7 females as "'Isotypes"

without listing collection numbers. The 2 specimens in the USNM may be a

part of this series, since Baisas usually deposited a few specimens of all his

new species in the USNM, though not always of the type-series. The male is

labeled as follows: "Loc. L. B. Coll. [ Los Bands College], 22 March 30,

Lot 53, Uvanotaenia lagunensis.'' The female is labeled the same except for

14 March 30. The specimens are in excellent condition except that they area

little paler in color.

DISTRIBUTION. Material examined: 5140, 5702, 364 L; 615 with associ-

ated skins (316 1, 615 p).

CAMBODIA. Kompong Speu: Kirirom, O-Tachat; Pichnil, Stung Chral;

50. oe:

INDIA. Andaman Island: 22. Mysore: Mudigere, 19.

INDONESIA. Java: Bogor, 50, 42. Lombak: Sesaot, 20, 1lp. Alor:

Kalabahi: 19. Flores 1 L.

MALAYSIA. Malaysia: Sabah - Beaufort; Rayoh, Tenom; Kemabong,

Tenom; Sapulut, Pensiangan; Sandakan; Keningau; 330, 309, 41, 10 p. Penin-

sular Malaysia: Kepong; 1°, 12. Chetah; 30°, 5°. Perlis - Golf Course;

Bukit Bintang; 30°, 22, 21, 4p. Selangor - Ulu Gombak; Templer Park; Ulu

Langat, Pansoon 14th mile Gombak Rd.; Bukit Ulu Bakau; Ulu Klang; Kuala

Lumpur; Sungei Limbing; 24°, 162, 31, 12 p. Pahang - Ulu Jempol; Kuantan;

Kualu Lipis; Gunong, Benom; Chegar Perah; 380, 45%, 2 L, 141, 29 p.

Kelantan - Gua Musang; Bertam; 120, 139, 7L, 71, 7p. Pevak - Chior,

Forest Reserve; 21st mile Cameron Highlands Rd. ; Kompong Kinjang,

Chenderiang; Ipoh, Pulai; 5?, 2 L. Johore - Hock Lee Estate, 15 miles from

Lapis; 1°, 12, 11, 1p. Kedah - Kompong Bagan, Naka, 30°, 72, 2 L, 1p.

PHILIPPINES. Palawan: Panitan; Balsahan River; Irahuan River; 7°, 139,

11 p. Samar: Osmena; Sohoton; 320, 392, 6 L. Leyte: Tacloban, 260, 139,

13 L, 81, 7p. Mindanao: Zamboanga - Pasanco, 2%, 1%. Lanao Del. N. -

Kolambugan, 2°, 9°, 11. Cotabato - Parang, 32. Mindoro: Oriental - Alcate;

San Antonio; Minas; Mataptap; 240°, 292, 32 L, 421, 53 p; Occidental - San

Jose, 80°, 69, 67 L, 131, 4p. Luzon: Zambales - Olongapo; Subic Bay; 36¢,

362, 22 L, 111, 11 p. Pampanga - Clark Air Force Base; Pantaiwan Creek;

2°, 22, 2L, 31, 3p. Nueva Ecija - Putlan; Kaointalan; 4°, 13 L, 11, 4p.

La Union - Aringay, 6 L. Cagayan - Gattaran, 5 L. Laguna - Balian; Pangil;

Los Bands; Mt. Makiling; 360°, 442, 2 L, 721, 73 p. Mountain: Baguio;

Burgos; 50°, 4%, 21, 2 p.

SRI LANKA. Sabaragamuwa: Vaddagala, Sinharaja Forest Reserve, 1°¢,

12, 15 L, 11, 1 p. Southern: Kanneliya, Sinharaja Forest Reserve, 19,

Peyton: Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) 45

172, 20 L, 161, 34 p. Western: Labugama, 160, 199, 30 L, 111, 35 p.

THAILAND. Songkhla: Ton Nga Chang; Boriphat; 40%, 11°, 3 L, 71, 15 p.

Chanthaburi: Khao Rong; Ban Bo Phu; Khao Sai Dao; Ban Tha Mai; 160, 308,

5 L, 111, 33 p. Chumphon: Ban Wang Phi, 1%, 11, 1 p. Nakhon Nayok:

Huay Ta Khong; Khao Yai; 40, 39, 2 L, 11, 6p. Ranong: Huey Keo Rakung;

Klong Set Ta Kuat; Khao Hin Chang; Ban Chatri; Khao Chatri; Khlong Bang

Yang; 70°, 42, 14L, 51, 8p. Sava Buri: Kaeng Noi, 2%, 29, 11, 2p.

Chiang Mai: Doi Sutep; Chiang Dao; Chiang Dao, Ban Pa Miang; 10, 12, 1 L.

Chon Buri: Khao Mai Kaeo; Huai Kum; Khao Mai Ha Wa; 100, 11°, 14L, 21,

22 p. Trang: Muang, 1°. Phrae: Ban Phitan, 1°. Kanchanaburi: Huai

Mae Nam Noi; Ban Sai Yok; Huai Bong Ti; Khao Saeng; 140°, 21°, 7 L, 101,

35 p. Narathiwat: Khao Lau; Chang Tai; Ruso; Waeng; 29%, 23°, 7L, 141,

50 p. Satun: Guan Ga Long, 12, 11, 1 p. Nakhon Si Thammarvat: Chuang

Khao, 2%, 2%, 51, 3.1, 4 p.. Phangnoa: Nam-Tai,.5°, 2%, 51, 7 p. Lam-

pang: Ban Rong Na; Ban Pha Daeng; 120, 11°, 2 L, 11, 20 p. Surat Thani:

Ko Samui, 340°, 429, 35 L, 261, 66 p. Kvabi: Khlong Thom; Ban Mai Kaen

Tai; 19, 4L, 11, 1 p. Mae Hong Son: Mae Sariang, Ban Mae Tia, 5 L.

Phuket: Khao Prathin; Ban Huai Luk; Laen To Mayading; Ban Borae; 17°,

269, 14:1: 1511, .36p. ,

Reported also from Hainan, CHINA, by Chu 1957 and from INDOCHINA by

Borel (1930) as lutescens.

Barraud (1926) reported 2 females from the Andaman Islands and 3 males

and 1 female from Malabar Coast as lutescens and later in Barraud (1934),

Edwards (in footnote), re-evaluated the 1926 identification and decided these

were new. He named Barraud's specimens from the Andaman Islands and

Malabar Coast, INDIA as luteola. The 2 females from the Andaman Islands

and 1 male from Malabar coast were apparently sent to Edwards for deter-

mination prior to the 1926 paper by Barraud and were not returned to Barraud.

A female and male of luteola from Malabar Coast are in the BMNH and each

is labeled ''type."’ In 1968 the 2 females from the Andamans and 1 male from

Malabar Coast were in the BMNH, pinned with minuten on a single long block

of cork, labeled as lutescens (apparently by Edwards) and in a tray marked

lutescens. There is little doubt these are the specimens first referred to as

lutescens in 1926 and as luteola 1934, since the data correspond to those given

in botharticles. The 2 females are specimens of bicolor andthe male is the saameas

the types of Iuteola. Subsequent to my examination of these specimens in 1968, Peter

Mattingly cut an end of the cork piece with the male of luteola and sent it to me for

study. The2females of bicolor remain together onthe same cork block inthe BMNH.

DISCUSSION. This is an easily recognized species but there is consider-

able variation in the adult stage, especially the thorax. There are also notice-

able but subtle geographic variations in the color of the adult. The male ter-

minalia and immature stages are less variable and are rather typical from all

areas, though there are noticeable differences in development of larval setae

associated with different habitats. The generally light brown scutum, banded

abdominal terga, dingy brown sterna, predominently dark brown pleuron with

indefinite lighter areas, 2 separate patches of scales on the sternopleuron and

dark brown decumbent scales of vertex distinguishes the adult of this species

from all other Indomalayan and Oriental Pseudoficalbia.

There is noticeable variation in the pale basal abdominal bands but some

of this is due to contraction of segments, and most especially in reared speci-

mens where some are obviously teneral. Two species, fusca and kalabahen-

sis, were recognized on the basis of this type of variation. In the case of

fusca, pale basal bands can be seen under the overlying terga on the co-type

46 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

female in the BMNH. The female "type" of kalabahensis in the BMNH does

not show evidence of pale scales beyond tergum II but there seems little doubt

the specimen is teneral and the abdominal segments are contracted. I have

seen a small number of specimens from various localities similar to both of

these. Most of the specimens were with associated immature stages confirm-

ing the identification. There is considerable variation in the number of setae

on the midfemur. Specimens from Philippines, Sri Lanka and Lesser Sundas

show considerable reduction in the number of setae and are usually without a

distinct patch on the midanterior surface, but some specimens, especially

males from Malaysia have a distinct "hairy" appearance at the middle.

Scales on the posterior pronotum are also quite variable. There are usually

1-7 scales present. They are very infrequently absent on specimens from

Thailand and Malaysia, commonly absent on specimens from Sri Lanka and

rarely present on specimens from the Philippines. The general color of the

thoracic integument varies slightly. Adults from the Philippines are generally

lighter than specimens from other areas, but some specimens from Mindoro

are as dark as typical Malaysian specimens.

The pupa is rather consistant in all areas. Abdominal seta 6-I-VI varies

more noticeably. In most areas except the Philippines it is most commonly

double on all segments but in most Philippine specimens it is usually single,

however, it is more commonly double on specimens from the southwestern

island of Palawan. The larva shows only minor variations in all areas in

branching of various setae and other structures. Specimens collected from

some tree holes and rock pools often have various setae noticeably heavier and

longer than specimens from other habitats, but there are no differences in the

number of individual branches of these setae or in other structures. This phen-

omenon occurs in all areas and seems to suggest an environmental influence

rather than genetic. This species has a wider range of habitat utilization than

all other known Pseudoficalbia, utilizing a wide variety of ground water habi-

tats and natural and artifical container habitats throughout its range. Although

such a wide range of habitat utilization by a single species is rather uncommon,

I find no evidence to suggest more than one species involved. The larva

resembles that of abstrusa and gouldi in several respects but is easily distin-

suished from both of these. The distinct sclerotized tracheal filament of the

larva is known only in these 3 species of the bicolor series and in maxima and

unguiculata of the maxima series. This peculiar structure was first demon-

strated in unguiculata by Montschadsky (1930).

Delfinado (1966b, Figs. 81-3) illustrated the larva of what she presumed to

be lagunensis (= bicolor) but it is in fact the larva of abstrusa. Her descrip-

tion of the larva of Jagunensis included characters of both species (see also

discussion under abstrusa). Baisas (1974, Fig. 79b) reproduced Delfinado's

illustration of the larva of lagunensis (= abstrusa).

BIONOMICS. This is the most common and widely distributed species in

Asia. The immature stages are found in a greater variety of habitats than

any other species of Pseudoficalbia and it is probably this ability which has

contributed to its successful dispersal and dominance in most of the Oriental

region.

Two hundred and sixty-nine separate immature collections have been

examined during this study. Collections have been examined from the follow-

ing habitats. Those from the Philippines have been separated from the rest

of the region in order to demonstrate the similarity of habitat utilization be-

tween 2 very distinct regions with sufficient collections from each to demon-

strate this point. In the Philippines these are: rock pool (29), stream pool

Peyton: Uyvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) 47

(22), animal hoof prints (10), tree hole or hole in log (10), metal cans (paint

or tin) (6), swamp or marsh pools (4), seepage pools (3), wooden bucket (2),

coconut shell or cup (2), auto tire (1), ground pool (1), bamboo stump (1),

well (1). In other areas these are: rock pool (59), stream pool or margin (27),

tree hole or stump (26), elephant foot print (13), ground pool (8), marsh pool

or depressions (11), metal cans, small or large (6), seepage pools (3), bam-

boo stump (4), crab hole (4), gem pits (4), split or fallen bamboo (3), swamp

(2), auto tire (2), clay pot (1), ditch (1), animal hoof print (1), coconut spathe

(1), coconut shell (1). The species occurs from sea level to 1,000 m, but of

the 140 collections with recorded elevation, 95 percent are below 305 m.

Two females were collected on an exposed leg during a human biting col-

lection between the hours of 1900-2200 in southeastern Thailand. It is not

known if they actually took blood from the collector.

URANOTAENIA (PSEUDOFICALBIA) DEMEILLONI

PEYTON and RATTANARITHIKUL

(Figs. 11, 12)

Uranotaenia demeilloni Peyton and Rattanarithikul 1970: 404 (2, “, L, P).

Uvanotaenia, N° 86, type obscura ? of Borel 1930: 134 (A, L*).

Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) demeilloni Peyton and Rattanarithikul, Peyton

1972: 36.

FEMALE. Head. Proboscis about equal to forefemur (0.98-1.10); pre-

mentum dark brown scaled, with a few small setae at apex; 1 pair of labial

basal setae; palpus about 0.11 of proboscis and about equal to antennal flagel-

lomere 1; clypeus light brown; antennal pedicel light brown mesally, yellowish

laterally, with a few minute setae dorsomesally; flagellum about 1.25 of pro-

boscis, or exceeding proboscis from about base of flagellomere 12; flagellar

whorls each of 6 setae; 1 long, strong and 1 weak interocular and 4 ocular

setae; decumbent scales light grayish or creamy brown, slightly lighter with

bluish green reflections at sides, without pale ocular line, though the tips of

scales on ocular line may occasionally appear distinctly grayish in some

lights; erect scales short, moderate in number, scattered over most of vertex,

yellowish brown or dark brown. Thorax, Scutal integument light straw-brown;

scales dense, narrow, curved, usually grayish brown anteriorly, slightly

darker bronzy brown posteriorly or less frequently uniformly dark brown; pre-

scutellar space largely scaled, bare only on small posterior area; scutellum

light yellowish brown with dark brown scales; mesopostnotum dark brown, pale

whitish on basolateral corners; paratergite light grayish brown; pleuron uni-

formly light grayish or whitish brown; apn with conspicuous light or dark

brown scales with weak blue-green reflections; ppn with 1-3 setae and a distinct

patch (10 or more scales) of overlapping, grayish or brownish translucent

scales with blue-green reflections on upper posterior corner; sp with 1 seta;

ppl with 1 long, strong, and 2,3 weaker setae; stp with 3, 4 rather weak upper

and 4-7 irregularly spaced posterior marginal setae and with a few scattered

near colorless translucent scales on upper 0.3 with a few extending down pos-

terior margin; mep with 3-5 upper setae, lower seta somewhat small and weak,

about equal or slightly less in degree of development to upper sftp and mep

setae. Wing. Scales dark brown; cell Ro about 0.43 of Ro,9g. Legs, Coxae

and trochanters same color as pleuron; C1 with several light brown translu-

cent scales on anterior surface; C-II with a few transparent scales antero-

48 | Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

laterally; C-III with a very few transparent scales on anterior and postero-

lateral surfaces; femora dark brown scaled dorsally, light grayish brown ven-

trally, without conspicuous arrangement of setae; forefemur with 3,4 setae on

apical 0.33 of anteroventral margin, 6,7 setae from basal 0.3 to near apex of

posterodorsal margin; midfemur with 2-4 setae on basal 0.5 of dorsal margin,

6-12 somewhat weaker setae scattered along ventral margin; hindfemur with 1

strong subapical dorsal seta and several minute setae along ventral margin;

tibiae and tarsi dark brown scaled with strong purple-green reflections; hind-

tarsomere about 1.3 of tibia, tarsomere 4 about 3.0 of tarsomere 5. Abdomen.

Terga mostly dark brownish black scaled with narrow ochreous or creamy white

basal bands on III-VII, usually complete to sides on IV-VI and not noticeably

expanded laterally, very narrow and indistinct on III, IV, VII or occasionally

absent on III, VI, narrow but almost always conspicuous and of uniform width

on V, VI, scales on VIII a lighter brown than on preceeding terga; laterotergite

with very few grayish scales; sterna pale whitish brown with shiny translucent

scales.

MALE. Essentially as in female but pale scaling of abdominal terga much

more extensive. Head, Proboscis usually slightly longer than forefemur

(1.0-1.1); 1,2 pairs of labial basal setae; antennal flagellum strongly plumose,

whorls each of more than 20 setae, length about 1.1 of proboscis or exceeding

proboscis by less than flagellomere 13; Flm 12 slightly longer than Flm 13.

Legs. Hindtarsomere 1 about 1.30-1.45 of tibia. Abdomen. Pale basal bands

on terga III-VII, each of near equal width to sides, very narrow and inconspi-

cuous or often inapparent on II, IV, VII, broad and most conspicuous on V, VI

with each near equal to 0.5 of tergal width, VIII occasionally mostly pale gray.

Terminalia (Fig. 12). Terga IX, X with apical margin strongly produced into

a long, moderately broad, median, apically truncated or rounded lobe; a small

tubercle usually present on median tergolateral surface of tergum IX; tergome-

sal surface of basimere with numerous short, weak setae; 2,3 long, strong,

setae sternoapical to basal mesal lobe; basal mesal lobe of basimere with 2

long stout, tergoapical setae on distinct processes, 3-5 similar, slightly weak-

er setae in a row basal to these, near tergal margin, 6-8 short, weak, scatter-

ed basal setae; distimere rather stout, long, straight, near uniform in width

to near blunt apex; spiniform small, stout, blunt or notched apically, arising

from under a membranous hood; plates of aedeagus each with 1 stout slightly

curved, apically directed, subapical, tergomesal tooth, 2,3 strong, curved

subequal teeth on apicosternal margin.

PUPA (Fig. 12). Chaetotaxy as figured. Diagnostic characters as in

series description and the following. Integument light brown. All setae ex-

cept 1-I and 9-VIII with simple branches. Cephalothorax, Seta 1-CT single,

2,3-CT single or double, 4,5-CT single to triple, 6-CT slightly shorter than

7-CT, 8-CT with 3-5 branches. Respiratory Trumpet, Light yellowish brown;

index about 3.3, slightly expanded apically, indistinctly tracheoid on antero-

basal 0.2. Metanotum. Seta 10-CT with 2-4 branches, 11-CT single to

triple, 12-CT single or double, alveolus of 13-CT not apparent. Abdomen.

Seta 6-I-VII single, rarely double, located dorsally on VII; 1-II usually lightly

dendritic with 2-5 weak single bifid or trifid branches, 2-II strong, shorter

than 5-II, 3-II double or triple; 1-III double or triple, 3-III double to 4 branched;

1-IV single or double, 5-IV single or double, about same length of 1-IV; 1-V-

VII single or double, 5-V-VII single, stiff, rarely double, occasionally with a

very few fine lateral barbs, each about equal in length and about 0.50-0.75 the

length of each succeeding segment, 9-VIII with 2-7 strong branches, individual

branches varied, simple or barbed, single, bifid or trifid. Paddle. Midrib

Peyton: Uyvranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) 49

faintly pigmented on basal 0.5; outer margin serrate from basal 0.33-0. 50 to

apex; inner margin with small spicules on apical 0.15, with the more basal

spicules minute; rounded apically, without apical emargination; seta 2-P absent.

LARVA (Fig. 11). Chaetotaxy as figured. Diagnostic characters as in

series description and the following. Head. Light yellowish brown, dark

brown on collar; seta 4-C double or triple, 5,6-C simple, 7-C with 3, 4 simple

branches, 11-C double or triple, 14-C single, minute; mentum with 17-19

teeth. Antenna, Light brown with a few scattered, minute spicules dorsally;

seta 1-A single, long, about 0.4 the length of antenna. Thorax. Seta 3-P with

4,5 strongly barbed branches, 4-P with 2-4 strongly barbed branches, 7-P

double, strongly barbed; 1-M, T with 4,5 branches, 8-M double, 9-M single,

14-M with 5-9 branches; 7-T double or triple, 9-T single, 13-T with 5,6

branches. Abdomen, Seta 1-I minute, single to 4 branches, 6-4, II double,

strongly barbed, branches subequal; 1-II-IV with 3, 4 very weak branches;

13-I, II with 4,5 branches; 6-III double, rarely triple, branches long, strong,

barbed, pigmented, similar to 6-II, except slightly shorter; 6-IV-VI with 4

(3-5) stiff barbed branches, 13-IV with 3-5 branches; 1-V-VII double or triple,

13-V with 3,4 branches; 1-VIII minute, double to 4 branched, not inserted on

sclerotized plate with 2-VIII, 3-VII with 4-6 strongly barbed branches; comb

scales 6-8 on a small oval, weakly, sclerotized plate, each scale near equal

in length, tapered to sharp spine-like,fringed with conspicuous fine later-

al spicules from base to about distal 0.75-0.80. Segment X. Saddle complete,

pale brown, without imbrications, very short, index less than 1.0, with a few

very small spicules on posterolateral margin; seta 1-X double, stout, barbed,

2,3-X single, 4a-X double, 4b-e-X single. Siphon. Light brown, very lightly

imbricate; short, broad, index 2.00-2.52; pecten teeth 14-20, each broad,

long, lightly fringed laterally and with 1-3 long slender spicules apically,

usually 1 of these conspicuously longer and stronger than the others, pecten

reaching to 0. 48-0. 60 of siphon; seta 1-S with 3-6 simple or finely barbed

branches, usually inserted slightly beyond distal pecten tooth but occasionally

within distal 1,2 teeth at 0.58-0. 64 of siphon.

TYPE-DATA. Holotype female with slide of associated pupal and larval

skins in the USNM with the following collection date: THAILAND, Ranong,

Klong Bang Man, 13 July 1967, S. Maneechai, collector, collection number

02127-4, SEAMP accession number 117, collected as a larva from a bamboo

stump at an elevation of 60 m. Allotype male and several paratypes also in

USNM; 2 males, 2 females with associated pupal and larval skins will be de-

posited in the BMNH.

DISTRIBUTION. Material examined: 550, 6692, 33 L; 87 with associated

skins (371, 87 p).

MALAYSIA. Malaysia: Sabah - Melalap, Tenom, 2“, 39, 5p. Peninsular

Malaysia: Perak - Chior, 2%, 49, 21, 2p. Perlis - Wang Kelian, Kaki

Bukit, 7°, 992. Selangor - Ulu Gombak, 20, 11, 1 p.

PHILIPPINES. Luzon: Mountain - Baguio, 7, 49, 31.

THAILAND. Chiang Mai: Phrao; Chiang Dao, Ban Sop O Nok; 11°, 219,

12 L, 121, 32 p. Nan: Pak Chom Po; Ban Wang Mo; Ban Pha Man; 2c, 32,

3 L, 21, 5p. Kanchanaburi: Huai Lin Thin, 40, 19, 31, 5p. Chanthabuvi:

Ban Tha Mai, 1°, 29, 3p. Prachin Buri: Ban Bu Phram, 4, 52, 2 L, 21,

9p. Mae Hong Son: Ban Mae Ho Nua, 1°, 4L. Ranong: Khlong Bang Man:

Khao Chatri; 120°, 149, 12 L, 121, 26 p. Lampang: Ngao, Ban Si Pan; 1c.

Borel (1930: 134) described the female and illustrated the larva of a species

he called Uvanotaenia No. 86, type obscura from INDOCHINA. The adults were

reared in the laboratory from larvae and although the description of the adult is

50 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

not clear on some points, I believe the larva illustrated is that of demeilloni.

DISCUSSION. This species appears to be related to approximata,. In adult

habitus features the 2 are very similar and differ primarily in the ornamenta-

tion of the pleuron. In demeilloni the pleuron is uniformly pale while in ap-

proximata the apn, ppn, psp and extreme upper edge of sip are distinctly darker

than the remaining pale areas, though not as sharply defined as some species

with dark and pale areas. In the females the reduced pale basal tergal bands

are similar, with the bands on V, VI readily apparent and the others only faintly |

indicated or absent. Some of this may be due to teneral conditions of some of

the reared specimens, but it seems unlikely thatthe entire series of both spe-

cies should exhibit this characteristic. The male terminalia of these 2 are

somewhat similar, especially in the apically produced terga IX, X, but differ

in the number and distribution of teeth on the aedeagal plates and slightly in

the number and arrangement of long stout setae on the basal mesal lobe. The

pupa and larva of these 2 species are easily separated on a number of charac-

ters and each is easily separated from other species of the subgenus.

BIONOMICS. This species occurs principally in secondary forest with bam-

boo growth. It is found in a variety of bamboo habitats on or near the ground

at elevations of 30-1,070 m. Specimens have been examined from the follow-

ing habitats: split bamboo (8), bamboo stump (7), bamboo internode (with small

entrance hole) (6), bamboo pot (3), auto tire (1). It is occasionally found in

association with species of Aedes, and was collected once in association with

approximata, All available adults were reared from immatures.

URANOTAENIA (PSEUDOFICALBIA) GOULDI PEYTON and KLEIN

(Figs. 13, 14)

Uranotaenia gouldi Peyton and Klein 1970: 248 (A, “, L, P).

Uvranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) gouldi Peyton and Klein, Peyton 1972: 36.

FEMALE. Head, Proboscis about 0.89 of forefemur; prementum dark

brown scaled, with numerous small inconspicuous, curved, apically directed

setae on dorsal and ventral margins and a few similar setae at apex; 1 pair

of labial basal setae; palpus about 0.13 of proboscis and slightly less that an-

tennal flagellomere 1; clypeus light brown; antennal pedicel dark brown me-

sally, light yellowish brown laterally, with a few minute setae and 2,3 trans-

parent scales dorsomesally; flagellum about 1.55 of proboscis or exceeding

proboscis from near base of flagellomere 10; Flm 1 about 1.33 of flagellomere

2 and with a few light brown scales basomesally; flagellar whorls each of 6

setae; 1 long, strong and 1 weak interocular and 4 ocular setae; decumbent

scales light creamy or beige brown on vertex, narrowly pale grayish white

on ocular line and entirely grayish white with blue-green reflections at sides,

a paired row of short, broad, grayish translucent scales on interocular space

reaching to frons; erect scales moderately long, numerous, covering most of

vertex, dark brown. Thorax. Scutal integument uniformly light orange-

brown; scales narrow, curved, mostly pale bronzy brown, a few on supra-alar

area and on anterior promontory distinctly grayish; prescutellar space bare on

posterior 0.5 or less; scutellum light brown, scales light grayish brown; meso-

postnotum and paratergite light brown; pleuron uniformly pale yellowish or

grayish brown, except for dark apn; apn without scales; ppn with 1 weak seta

and a conspicuous patch of pale grayish translucent scales on upper posterior

corner; sp with 1 long, strong seta; ppl with 1 long, strong and 2,3 weaker

Peyton: Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) 51

setae and 2,3 inapparent grayish scales; stp with 11,12 rather evenly spaced

setae on upper and posterior margins, upper 3,4 much more prominent and

darkly pigmented, devoid of scales; upper mep with 3,4 setae. Wing. Scales

dark brown; cell Ry about 0.48 of Ro,9. Legs. Coxae and trochanters same

color as pleuron; C1 with numerous light brown scales on anterior surface;

C-II with a few inapparent, shiny transparent scales; C-III without scales;

femora mostly dark brown scaled dorsally, narrowly pale grayish basally,

distinctly grayish white with strong bluish or pearly white reflections ventrally

depending on angle of light; forefemur with 5,6 conspicuous setae on antero-

ventral margin of distal 0.5, 11-13 similar setae on posterodorsal margin and

with a varying number (few to many) of conspicuous but much weaker setae on

ventral surface of apical 0.33, and usually a few scattered minute setae near

base; midfemur with 3, 4 setae on dorsal margin of basal 0.5, several minute,

inapparent setae on ventral margin from near base to near middle, followed

by 10-13 conspicuous setae on anterior and posterodorsal margin, usually with

a few to many conspicuous but weak setae on anterior and ventral surfaces of

apical 0.33; hindfemur with 1,2 conspicuous dorsal subapical setae and a few

very inconspicuous, minute setae on ventral margin; tibiae dark dorsally, dis-

tinctly dull grayish ventrally; tarsi dark; hintarsomere 1 about 1.14 of tibia,

tarsomere 4 about 3.0 of tarsomere 5. Abdomen, Terga uniformly very light

brown (beige) scaled, with soft blue-green-gray reflections in some lights;

laterotergite with a few transparent scales; sterna pale grayish brown with

grayish translucent scales.

MALE. Essentially as in female except for sexual differences. Head,

Antennal flagellum strongly plumose, whorls each of more than 20 setae, only

slightly longer than proboscis; Flm 13 longer than Flm 12. Wing, Cell Ro

about 0.45 of Ra:3. Terminalia (Fig. 14). Tergum IX rather narrow, broad-

ly produced in middle and rounded apically, with a small distinct tubercle on

mid-tergolateral surface; tergum X a very narrow band tergomesally, with

very small, short, rounded lobes tergolaterally which barely extend beyond

apical margin of tergum IX; tergomesal surface of basimere with long, strong

and short, weak setae intermingled, the strongest located apical to basal

mesal lobe; basal mesal lobe of basimere with 5,6 long, stout, tergoapical setae

and 5-8 weak basal setae, 1 long, stout and 1,2 weak setae on sternoapical mar-

gin; distimere rather strong, slightly curved, of near uniform width to distal

0.66 and tapered to pointed apex, with several rather long, stiff setae on api-

cal 0.33; spiniform stout, acute, not arising from under a membranous hood;

plates of aedeagus each with 2 short, stout, straight superimposed, apically

directed, subapical tergomesal teeth, with the sternal-most smallest and al-

most totally obscured by the stronger tergal tooth, apicosternal margin with 3

curved laterally directed teeth, the sternal-most tooth longest.

PUPA (Fig. 14). Chaetotaxy as figured. Diagnostic characters as in

series description and the following. Integument pale brown, slightly darker

on metanotum laterally. All setae except 12-CT, 1-I and 5-VII with simple

branches. Respiratory Trumpet. Light brown, slightly darker apically, tra-

cheoid on anterobasal 0.2; very short, broad, bell-shaped, pinna with lateral

margin produced into an angular leaflet which extends beyond an otherwise

truncate margin. Cephalothorax, Seta 1-3-CT double to 4 branched, 4-CT with

9-8 branches, 5-CT with 4-6 branches, 8-CT with 6-8 branches. Metanotum.,

Seta 10-CT double to 5 branched at various points from beyond base, 11-CT

double, 12-CT with 3-5 sparsely barbed branches, alveolus of 13-CT present.

Abdomen, Seta 6-I, II double; 1-Il weakly dendritic with 2-4 strong primary

branches, 3-II, III double to triple; 1-III with 5-9 branches, 6-II, IV double to

o2 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

2 branches; 1-IV with 5-8 branches, 5-IV with 5-8 branches; 1-V with 3-5

branches, 5-V with 4-6 branches, 6-V, VI double or triple; 1-VI with 4, 5

branches, 5-VI double to 4 branched; 1-VII double to 4 branched, 5-VII double

or triple, branches usually finely barbed distally, 6-VII located ventrally,

small, double or triple; 9-VIII with 3,4 branches. Paddle. Midrib pale

yellowish on about basal 0.75, a very faint darker line across basal portion; .

very broad, almost round, slightly extended apically, without apical emar-

gination; outer margin serrate from about basal 0.25 to apex; inner margin

with a few small spicules at apex and a few scattered, minute, submarginal

spicules towards base; outer part slightly produced beyond inner part apically;

seta 2-P minute.

LARVA (Fig. 13). Chaetotaxy as figured. Diagnostic characters as in

series description and the following. Head, Pale yellowish brown, narrowly

darker on collar; seta 4-C with 3-5 delicate branches, 5,6-C strong, barbed,

6-C considerably lateral to 5-C and on diagonal line with 5 and 7-C, 7-C with

0-8 lightly barbed branches, 11-C very small with 3-5 branches, 14-C very

stout darkly pigmented, spine-like; mentum with 23-25 teeth. Antenna, Pale

brown with numerous, scattered stout spines on dorsal and ventral surfaces

of basal 0.75, those on middorsal surface strongest and darkly pigmented;

seta 1-A single, stiff, about 0.6 the length of antenna. Thorax. Seta 3-P with

0-7 barbed branches, 4-P triple, barbed, 7-P double, 14-P single; 1-M with

3-9 branches, 7-M double to 4 branched, 8-M with 6,7 branches, 9-M with

4-6 branches, 14-M minute dendritic; 1-T with 3, 4 branches, 7-T with 5-9

branches, 9-T with 4-6 branches, 13-T with 4-6 branches. Abdomen. Seta

1-I minute, 3-I with 3-6 branches, 6-I,II double, barbed, ventral branch

significantly shorter than dorsal branch; 1-II with 3,4 branches, 13-II-IV with

3,4 branches; 1-III with 4,5 branches, 6-II-V with 4,5 branches; 1-IV with 4-6

branches; 1-V with 6 branches; 13-V with 4, 5 branches; 1-VI with 6 branches,

6-VI with 5,6 branches; 1-VII with 5,6 simple branches, 3-VII with 7-10 simple

branches; 1-VIII with 3,4 branches, inserted on a small triangular sclerotized

plate with 2-VIII, 5-VIII with 7-9 branches; comb scales 7-12, on large sclero-

tized plate, each tapered to sharp point apically, lightly fringed laterally to

near apex, median scales slightly longer than those on each side. Segment X,

Saddle complete, pale yellowish brown, distinctly imbricate, with the more

apical imbrications with conspicuous setiform spicules; posterolateral margin

with a few scattered small, strong, spicules; seta 1-X double, very stout,

strongly barbed, 2,3-X double, 4a, b-X double, 4c-eX single, 4d, e-X very

short. Siphon, Pale yellowish brown, darker dorsally near base and on narrow

basal ring, conspicuously imbricate on about basal 0.6, imbrications without

spicules; index 4.8-5.6; pecten teeth 22-30, very inconspicuous, without pig-

mentation, each tooth very short, broad, rounded apically, about as wide as

long, fringed with fine spicules apically, pecten reaching to about 0.5 or

slightly more of siphon; seta 1-S with 6-8 stiff, finely barbed branches,

inserted within distal 1-6 pecten teeth at basal 0. 43-0. 48 of siphon; trachea

terminating in a distinct, long, sclerotized filament.

TYPE-DATA. Holotype female with slide of pupal skin in USNM with the

following collection data: THAILAND, Phangnga, Khao Sung, 17 October 1966,

E. L. Peyton, collector, collection number 01711-1, SEAMP accession num-

ber 84, collected as a pupa from a swamp at an elevation of about 15 m. Allo-

type male and a few paratypes also in USNM; 1 female paratype with slide of

pupal and larval skin will be deposited in the BMNH.

: DISTRIBUTION. Material examined: 2°, 7°, 1 L; 6 with associated skins

S 1, 6 p).

Peyton: Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) o3

CAMBODIA. Kompong Speu: Kirirom, 18.

THAILAND. Chiang Mai: Ban Sop Mae Klang, 1°. Phangnga: Khao Sung,

2%, 3°, 41, 5p. Trang: Tung Ka Beau, 1 L. Narathiwat; Waeng, Khau Lau,

12, 11, Pp. Chon Buvi; Gane Lamune, 1°.

DISCUSSION. This species is distinctively marked in all stages. The bare

sternopleuron of the adult is very uncommon in the subgenus and is known else-

where in obscura and the extralimital diagonalis, however, it differs from both

of these in the much lighter color of thorax and abdomen, dark bare apn, ab-

sence of small patches of pale broad scales on anterior margin of scutum and

the broad grayish scales on interocular space to frons. The latter character

is unique to gouldi, but similar scales are present on some Southeast Asian

species of the genus Malaya Leicester. The male terminalia are somewhat

similar to those of abstrusa in the development of terga IX, X and distimere

but differ in the number of stout setae on basal mesal lobe of basimere and

number and size of apical teeth on the aedeagal plates. The immature stages

also resemble those of abstrusa very closely but there are a number of sig-

nificant differences. The pupa and larva of gouldi each have a unique charac-

ter which readily distinguishes them from all currently known species. These

are: the very distinctively shaped respiratory trumpet of the pupa and the

position of head setae 5 and 6-C of the larva. The adult of abstrusa is very

different from the adult of gouldi,

BIONOMICS. Immature stages have been collected from the following

habitats: swamp (1), seepage pool or bog (2), stream pool (1). Two of these

are recorded at elevations of 15 and 75m. A single female is recorded as

taken in a biting collection between the hours of 0500-0600, however, the speci-

men does not appear to be engorged.

URANOTAENIA (PSEUDOFICALBIA) LUTESCENS LEICESTER

(Figs. 15, 16)

Uranotaenia lutescens Leicester 1908: 222 (, 2); Peyton and Rattanarithikul

1970: 404 (o, 9).

Uranotaenia lutescens, type N° 2 of Borel 1930: 132 (?, L*).

Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) lutescens Leicester, Peyton 1972: 37.

FEMALE. Head, Proboscis about 0.9 of forefemur; prementum dark

brown scaled, with a few small setae at apex; 1 pair of labial basal setae;

palpus about 0.11 of proboscis and about equal to antennal flagellomere 1;

clypeus light brown; antennal pedicel dark brown mesally, light brown later-

ally, with a few minute setae dorsomesally; flagellum about 1.27 of proboscis

or exceeding proboscis from base of flagellomere 12 or slightly more; Flm 1

slightly longer than Flm 2 and with a few brown scales basomesally; flagellar

whorls each with 6 setae; 1 long, strong and 1 minute interocular and 4 ocular

setae; decumbent scales uniformly light beige or creamy golden dorsally, with-

out ocular line, a few scales at sides grayish with bluish green reflections;

erect scales rather short, few, sparsely scattered over most of vertex, light

brown or straw. Thorax. Scutal integument uniformly light or pale yellow;

scales narrow, curved, light bronzy brown; prescutellar space largely bare;

scutellum pale yellow, scales dark brown; mesopostnotum usually pale yellow,

occasionally light brown; paratergite pale yellow; pleuron uniformly pale yel-

low; apn with a few sparsely arranged light grayish translucent scales; ppn with

1 seta, without scales; sp with 1 seta; ppl with 2,3 setae of about equal devel-

D4 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

opment; stp with 2,3 small upper setae and 3,4 similar, irregularly spaced

setae on posterior margin, and with a few scattered, inapparent, grayish

translucent or transparent scales on upper 0.33; mep with 2, 3 upper setae,

lower seta very weak, lightly pigmented, inapparent, not quite as well devel-

oped as larger setae of upper s¢/ and upper mep. Wing. Scales dark ©

brown; cell Ro about 0.43 of R 49: Legs. Coxae and trochanters pale yellow;

C-I with several light brown translucent scales on anterior surface; C-II with

a few transparent scales anterolaterally; C-II. with a few light brown translu-

cent scales posterolaterally; femora dark brown scaled dorsally, light grayish

brown with strong purple-green reflections ventrally; forefemur with 2,3 short

setae on distal 0.66 of anteroventral margin, 7,8 setae from near base to

near apex on posterodorsal margin; midfemur with at most 2,3 very inconspi-

cuous setae on basal 0.5 of dorsal margin, 3,4 slightly longer setae scattered

beyond middle on ventral surface; hindfemur without conspicuous setae except

for the usual apical ones, a few minute setae on ventral margin; tibiae and

tarsi dark brown scaled, becoming somewhat lighter toward distal tarsomeres;

hindtarsomere 1 about 1.35-1.43 of tibia, tarsomere 4 about 3.0-3.5 of tarso-

mere 5. Abdomen, Terga mostly dark brownish black scaled, with basal

ochreous or creamy white bands on II-VII, tergum VIII completely creamy

white, bands on II, VII very narrow, frequently incomplete dorsally and re-

duced to small sublateral patches, broadest and most conspicuous on IV-VI,

each conspicuously broadened laterally and usually not reaching lateral mar-

gin; tergum I usually with a small patch of pale scales laterally; laterotergite

with a very few light brown scales; sterna yellowish with similar colored trans-

slucent scales, occasionally light brownish scaled on sterna VI-VIII.

MALE. Essentially as in female, except pale scaling of abdomen which is

much more extensive. Head. Proboscis about 1.0 of forefemur or barely

less; 1,2 pairs of labial basal setae; antennal flagellum strongly plumose,

whorls each of more than 20 setae, about 1.0-1.1 of proboscis; Flm 12 longer

than Flm 13. Wing. Cell Ro about 0.4 of Ry,,. Abdomen, Tergum I usually

with a patch of yellowish white scales lateratiy: occasionally completely yel-

lowish white, terga II- VIII with very broad pale basal bands, each broadened

laterally and reaching lateral margin, often completely yellowish white later-

ally and forming a continuous broad lateral line, with the dark scales reduced

to small dorsoapical triangular patches on all terga, pale bands on II-VI

broadest and usually occupying more than 0.5 the width of each. Terminalia

(Fig. 16). Terga IX, X with apical margin produced into a broad, apically

rounded, median lobe and with a small distinct tubercle on tergolateral surface;

tergomesal and sternomesal surfaces of basimere with numerous short, weak

setae only; basal mesal lobe of basimere short, narrow, without the usual ter-

goapical projection, 3,4 long, stout, setae in a row on tergoapical margin, 5-7

short, weak basal setae, 1 long stout and 1 small seta on sternoapical margin;

distimere rather stout, long, very slightly curved, of uniform width to near

tapered blunt apex; spiniform small, stout, acute, arising from under a dis-

tinct membranous hood; plates of aedeagus each with 2 stout, straight apically

directed, subapical tergomesal teeth, somewhat superimposed but the sternal-

most tooth projecting apically beyond the stronger tergal tooth, 5-7 strong,

curved teeth in an irregular double row on apicosternal margin, with tergal-

most 2,3 broadest, occasionally with a small short apicolateral tooth.

PUPA (Fig. 16). Chaetotaxy as figured. Diagnostic characters as in

series description and the following. Integument uniformly pale yellowish

brown. All setae without lateral barbs. Cephalothorax, Seta 1-CT double to

4 branched, 2,3-CT double or triple, 4-CT double to 4 branched from beyond

Peyton: Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) oO

base, 5-CT with 4,5 branches, 8-CT with 3-5 branches. Respivatory Trumpet.

Pale yellowish brown, indistinctly tracheoid on anterobasal 0.2; index about

4.3-5.3 usually slightly expanded apically. Metanotum, Seta 10-CT single,

very weak, 11-CT double to 4 branched, 12-CT double or triple, alveolus of

13-CT present. Abdomen, Seta 6-I single or double; 1-II single, delicate,

inserted conspicuously anterior to posterior margin of segment, 3-II double or

triple, 6-II single, 1-III single to 4 branched, 3-III double, 6-III single to

triple; 1,5-IV single or double, weak, each about equal in length, 6-IV single;

1-V single, stout, pigmented, long, about 1.5-2.0 the length of segment VI,

5-V similar, about 1.25-1.50 the length of segment VI, 6-V single, strong,

stiff about 0.'75-1.00 the length of segment VI; 1-VI single, strong, about 0. 75-

1.00 the length of segment VII, 5-VI single, strong about 1.00-1.25 the length

of segment VII, 6-VI with 3-5 stiff branches; 1-VII single, rather weak, about

0.50-0. 75 the length of segment VIII, 5-VII single, stronger than 1-VII, about

1.0 or more the length of segment VIII, 6-VII located ventrally; 9- VII with

3-6 branches. Paddle, Light brown at base and on external buttress, with a

dark line crossing near base; midrib very faintly pigmented; distinctly tapered

and slightly produced apically; inner part 1.5 or more the width of outer part;

outer margin with broad saw-like teeth which are blunt apically and extend from

about basal 0.25 to apex; inner margin with very small scattered spicules from

about 0.5 to apex; seta 2-P present.

LARVA (Fig. 15). Chaetotaxy as figured. Diagnostic characters as in

series description and the following. Several setae of thorax and abdomen ex-

ceptionally long. Head, Pale yellow, dark brown on collar; seta 4-C double

to 4 branched, inserted posterolateral to 6-C, 5,6-C simple, 7-C with 4-7

stiff, simple branches, 11-C minute double to 5 branched, 14-C single, long,

slender; mentum with 17-19 teeth. Antenna, Light brown, without spicules;

seta 1-A single. Thorax, Setae 1,4-7-P single, exceptionally long, 1-P more

than 2.0 the length of thorax, 5, 7-P about 3.0-3.8 the length of thorax, each

lightly barbed; 3-P with 3-5 long, lightly barbed branches, 14-P single; 1,2-M

single, long slender, 5,6-M single, exceptionally long, each about 3.0 or

more the length of thorax, 8-M single, exceptionally long, about equal to 5,

6-M, 9-M with 3, 4 exceptionally long branches, but significantly shorter than

single 10-M; 2,6-T single, very long, slender, 7-T with 6-8 branches, 9-T

double, about 1.5 the length of thorax. Abdomen, Seta 6-I,II single, stout,

barbed, 6-II exceptionally long, about equal to length of abdomen; 1-II-V

single, exceptionally long on IV, V, 3-II-VII single, very long; 13-II-V with

3, 4 branches; 6-III-VI single, simple; 1-VI double; 1-VII minute, not inserted

on sclerotized plate with 2-VII, 3-VIII with 5-7 strongly barbed branches; comb

scales 6-9 ona large, inapparent, weakly sclerotized plate, each rather long,

slender, of near uniform length, tapered to narrow blunt apex, with very fine

spiculate lateral fringe to near apex. Segment X, Saddle complete; pale yel-

lowish; very lightly imbricate, with a few strong spicules on dorsal postero-

lateral margin followed ventrally by numerous very fine spicules; seta 1-X

double, strong, lightly barbed; 2,3-X single, 4a-c,e-X single, or double, 4d-X

single. Siphon, Very pale yellowish brown; inconspicuously imbricate; index

4.0-4.7, noticeably tapered ventrally from about point of insertion of seta 1-S

to apex; pecten teeth 20-31, each short, broad, rounded apically, fringed with

lateral and apical spicules, with 1 median apical spicule conspicuously stronger

and as long as or longer than tooth; pecten reaching to about 0.66-0.80 of si-

phon; seta 1-S single to triple, stiff, simple or occasionally very sparsely

barbed, inserted at about 0.66-0.69 from base of siphon, usually within distal

1-4 pecten teeth, occasionally barely beyond distal tooth.

56 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

TYPE-DATA. There are 3 males and 7 females of the original series in

the BMNH, each with a BM ''Co-type" label. A male, with terminalia on

plastic stage below adult on pin has the following information on underside of

circular label: "'cut bamboo, Ulu Klang jungle, 5 miles from Kuala Lumpur,

Fly 9/3/03, “ of sc. -40, BM 1912-350, '' selected and labeled as Lectotype

by E. L. Peyton, December 1968. The specimen is in good condition.

DISTRIBUTION. Material examined: 2920, 3162, 146 L; 208 with associ-

ated skins (136 1, 209 p, 1 incomplete).

CAMBODIA. Pichnil, 1%, 19.

MALAYSIA. Malaysia: Sabah - Sipitang, Lingungan; Sook, Keningau;

Keningau; 50°, 8°, 21, 2p. Savawak-1°%. Peninsular Malaysia; Selangor -

Ulu Langat; University Field Station Gombak; 13 miles from Gombak; 45th

mile Gap Road; Kuala Kubu, Gap Road, Ponsoon, Ulu Klang; Ampang; Ulu

Gombak; Ulu Lui; Bukit Kutu, Kuala Kutu Barhu; Genting Simpah; 2 miles from

Gap; Pahang Rd.; 390, 429, 5L, 91, 18 p. Negri Sembilan - Kompong Long-

kap, 20°, 62, 21, 2p. Pahang - 23 1/2 miles Pahang Rd. ; Sungei Temay;

Frasers Hill; 7°, 129, 2 L, 71, 8p. Pevak - Chior Forest Reserve; 9th

mile Cameron Highlands Rd.; 11%, 212, 11, 5p. Kedah - Sintok; Sintok 17

mile stone; 102%, 929, 1 L, 221, 31 p.

THAILAND. Ranong: Khao Chatri; Kraburi; 4“, 62, 1 L, 41, 6p.

Phangnga: Khao Pak Chaung; Nam Tai; 7“, 82, 9 L, 81, 15 p. Chumphon:

Ban Wang Phi, 1%, 1°, 2 L, 11, 1 p. Kanchanaburi: Huai Lin Thin; Huai

Mae Nam Noi; Ban Sai Yok; 430°, 479, 113 L, 741, 85 p. Tak: Doi Sam Sao;

Khao Salak Phra; 3c, 592, 1 L, 61, 8p. Nakhon Si Thammarat: Ban Sai Koe;

Chaung Khao; 6, 42, 5 L, 9p. Nan: Doi Sam Sop; Ban Wang Mo; 32, 1 p.

Chiang Mai: Phrao, Doi Sutep; Ban Huai Tat; Chiang Dao - Ban Pa Miang;

Ban Sop O Nok; Ban Tham Kraeb; 360, 37%, 14 L, 1 lp. Lampang: Doi Khun

Tan, Doi Pha Huat, 17%, 142, 7L, 17 p. Chiang Rai: Fang 6c, 92. Mae

Hong Son: Ban Mae Ho Nua, 1°, 1 p.

Borel (1930: 132) listed this species fromthe area of Giaray, INDOCHINA

as lutescens Leic., type No. 2. His description appears to fit lutescens.

Stone et al. (1959) list this species from India and Andaman Islands. These

records were derived from Barraud (1926: 344). Edwards iz Barraud (1934:

80) reevaluated the earlier 1926 determination of lutescens and named Bar-

raud's (1926) lutescens from India and the Andamans as luteola n. sp. Upon

reexamination of Barraud's specimens in the BMNH in 1968, the 2 females

listed by Barraud (1926 and 1934) from Andaman Islands proved to be bicolor

(see also under bicolor).

DISCUSSION. This is an easily recognized species in all stages. Super-

ficially the adult is closest to approximata and demeilloni but differs from

these 2 in several respects. The most striking adult features include: the very

light creamy decumbent head scales; entire thorax uniformly light yellow, with-

out contrast between any areas except occasionally a very slight contrast with

mesopostnotum; the greatly reduced number of pleural setae and the reduced

development of the lower mep seta; very broad basal ochreous bands of terga,

which are conspicuously expanded laterally and the completely white tergum

VIII of female. All of these features differ from approximata and demeilloni

except the pleural setae, and especially the small weak lower mep seta which

is unique to these 3 species. The development of the basal mesal lobe of

basimere of the male terminalia is unique. All other known species have the

basal mesal lobe somewhat triangular, slightly to strongly produced tergoapi-

cally, and with at least one very stout seta distinctly more apical than other

Similar stout setae.

Peyton: Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) D7

In the pupa there are several significant characters for recognition of the

species, but the very distinctive broad, blunt, serrations on outer margin of

paddle readily separates the pupa from all known species. The larva is easily

recognized by the arrangement of head setae 4-7-C and the exceptionally long

setae of thorax and abdomen.

BIONOMICS. In Malaysia and Thailand, this is one of the most common

species encountered in secondary forest or scrub where bamboo habitats are

abundant. Although occasionally found in artificial containers or other natural

container habitats, this species shows a clear preference for a variety of bam-

boo habitats located on or near the ground. Collections have been examined

from the following habitats; split bamboo (48), bamboo internodes, with small

or moderate entrance holes (39), bamboo stump (31), cut bamboo or pot (7),

tree stump (2), rusty tin (1), 55 gallon drum (1), auto tire (1), hole in log (1),

rock pool (1). Several of these collections are recorded as pooled samples

indicating a greater number of habitats than those listed, especially for split

bamboo and internodes. One hundred and seventeen collections have recorded

elevation of 30-1, 520 m with the majority below 600 m. Macdonald and Traub

(1960), reporting on the ecology of forest mosquitoes in the lowland dipterocarp

forest of Selangor, Malaysia listed the following collections for lutescens:

fallen split bamboo (12), bamboo internodes with moderate holes (5), bamboo

stump (2), artificial container (2), and tree hole (1). In the natural habitat

the larva of this species spends most of the time feeding on the bottom. Due

apparently to the extremely long setae of the thorax and abdomen it is very slow

in its movements and seems almost to struggle in quick jerking motions to

surface or submerge. The living larvae are pale whitish in color.

URANOTAENIA (PSEUDOFICALBIA) OBSCURA EDWARDS

(Figs. 2, 17, 18)

Uranotaenia obscura Edwards 1915: 285 (A); Edwards and Given 1928: 338 (L);

Peyton and Hochman 1968: 380 (<*).

Uranotaenia papua Brug 1924: 441 (2); Haga 1925: 44 (A, taxonomy); Lee 1944:

33 (L*); Bonne-Wepster 1954: 26 (?, L*); Peyton 1972: 37 (synonymy).

Uranotaenia novobscura Barraud 1934: 84 (in part, “, 2, except type © and lp

skins, see also novobscura); Qutubuddin 1951: 107 (A, °*); Mattingly in

Qutubuddin 1951: 108 (c*).

Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) papua Brug, Penn 1949: 29 (P*); Bick 1951: 405

(ecology); Peyton 1972: 37 (synonymy).

Aedes species unknown of Knight and Hull 1953: 480 (L); Peyton 1973: 161

(assignment). |

Uranotaenia philippinensis Delfinado 1966a: 36 (in part, 2 L*, P*, except &,

Fig. 1b and distribution data, see also abstrusa and confusa); Delfinado

1966b: 51 (in part, o'*, 9, L*, P*, except “ description and distribution

data); Peyton 1972: 37 (synonymy).

Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) obscura Edwards, Peyton 1972: 37.

FEMALE. Head, Proboscis about 0.8 of forefemur; prementum blackish

brown scaled, with a few to several conspicuous setae on distal ventral sur-

face and at apex, occasionally a few similar setae dorsally between middle and

apex; 1 pair of labial basal setae; palpus about 0.1 of proboscis and slightly

less than antennal flagellomere 1; clypeus light brown; antennal pedicel light

brown, with a few very minute inapparent setae and 2,3 small transparent

08 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

scales dorsomesally; flagellum about 1.4 of proboscis or exceeding proboscis

from about base of flagellomere 10; Flm 1 about 1.2 of Flm 2 and with a few

pale brown scales basomesally; flagellar whorls each with 6 (6-8) setae; 1 long,

‘strong and usually 1 weak interocular and 4 (4,5) ocular setae; decumbent

scales light grayish brown dorsally, distinctly grayish white with weak bluish

ereen reflections laterally; erect scales large, moderate in number, covering

most of dorsal surface, black. Thorax. Scutal integument dark chocolate or

rust brown; dorsocentral and supra-alar bare lines present but rather ill-

defined; scales rather dense, mostly narrow, curved, dark bronzy brown,

often with purplish sheen, several small, flat, broad, pale grayish or bronzy

translucent scales on anterior margin, forming small patches at dorsocentral

and acrostichal lines with varying reflections of weak bluish green, bluish white

or colorless depending on angle of light and condition of specimen; prescutellar

space largely scaled, a small median posterior bare space; scutellum dark

brown with dark bronzy or mauve-brown scales on both lobes; mesopostnotum

light brown; paratergite dark brown; pleuron dark brown or a lighter dingy

brown with distinct grayish sheen, especially on mepand metapleuron, usually

faintly darker on pspand upper edge of stp; apn with a distinct line of grayish

or bronzy brown scales; ppn with 1 (1, 2) strong seta and a conspicuous patch of

light brown translucent scales on upper posterior corner, varying in reflections

from bronzy, gray, bluish green, bluish white to colorless and inapparent de-

pending on angle of light; sp with 1 seta; prausually with 1 seta, rarely 2; ppl

with 1 long strong and 1,2 weak setae; stp with 6-9 moderately strong,

irregularly -spaced setae on upper and posterior margins, and devoid of scales

or rarely 1-3 small scales near upper setae; upper ™ep with 4,5 setae. Wing.

Scales dark brown; cell Rg about 0.38 of Ro,,. Legs (Fig. 2). Coxae and

trochanters light grayish brown, lighter than pleuron; C-I with a few scattered

inconspicuous, shiny grayish translucent scales on anterior surface; C-II, Ii

with similar but fewer scales; femora dark brown scaled dorsally, light gray-

ish brown with weak bluish or purple-green reflections ventrally; forefemur

with 5,6 setae on anteroventral margin beyond middle, 8-11 similar setae on

posterodorsal margin from near base to near apex; midfemur with 1-4 weak

inconspicuous setae on dorsal margin, rarely a few scattered setae on ventral

margin; hindfemur without conspicuous setae, except for the usual apical setae;

tibiae and tarsi dark brown scaled; hindtarsomere 1 about 1.2 of tibia; hind-

tarsomere 4 about 3.0 of tarsomere 5. Abdomen, Terga uniformly dark

bronzy or blackish brown scaled with strong purple-green reflections in some

lights; laterotergite with a small patch of light brown scales; sterna light gray-

ish brown, with pale grayish translucent scales, occasionally slightly darker

on VII, Vil.

MALE. Essentially as in female except for sexual difference. Head,

Antennal flagellum strongly plumose, whorls each of more than 20 setae,

about 1.1 of proboscis; Flm 13 longer than Flm 12. Wing. Cell Ro about

0.32 of Rog. Legs. Midfemur with 3-5 conspicuous setae on dorsal mar-

gin of basal 0.5 and 2-4 similar setae near middle on ventral margin; hind-

tarsomere 1 about 1.36 of tibia, tarsomere 4 about 3.2 of tarsomere 5. Ter-

minalia (Fig. 18). Terga IX, X distinctly produced into a short, very broad,

apically rounded lobe; tergomesal surface of basimere with numerous short,

weak setae, and with 3, 4 conspicuously long, stout setae, 2,3 long, stout

setae sternoapical to basal mesal lobe; basal mesal lobe of basimere almost

entirely covered with 10-14 long, stout setae and 5-8 short weak basal setae;

distimere rather strong, more or less straight, gradually tapered to blunt

apex; spiniform small, stout, bluntly pointed, arising from under a distinct

Peyton: Uyranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) D9

membranous hood; plates of aedeagus each with 2 short, stout rather straight

apical, tergomesal teeth followed by a double row of 6-9 curved, subequal

teeth on apicosternal margin.

PUPA (Fig. 18). Chaetotaxy as figured. Diagnostic characters as in

series description and the following. Integument light brown, finely spiculate

on dorsal and lateral surfaces of segment II-VIII. Abdominal setae quite vari-

able in relative lengths and in the presence or absence of lateral barbs on some

of the stronger setae. Position of some dorsal setae on segments II, HI also

variable. Cephalothovax, Seta 1-3-CT single or double, 4-CT single to 4

branched, 5-CT double to 6 branched, 6-CT single, very long, 8-CT double to

4 branched. Respiratory Trumpet, Dark orange-brown; short, broad, index

about 2.5. Metanotum, Seta 10-CT single or bifid, 11-CT single, long, stout,

12-CT single to triple, weak, a well developed single or double 13-CT often

present. Abdomen. Seta 6-I, II single or double; 1-3, 5-II single, stout, darkly

pigmented; 1-III single or double, weak, 2-III single, strong, noticeably larger

and stronger than 2 on succeeding segments; 3-III single to triple, stout, 5-TIII

single, 6-III-VI single to triple, located dorsally on VU, 9-III-VIUI long, stout,

darkly pigmented, with or without a few lateral barbs, each progressively

longer from III-VIII, about 0.25 the length of segment on III, 0.6-1.0 length of

segment on VII, 1.5-2.0 length of segment on VIII, single or bifid on III-V,

single or double on VI, single to triple on VII, VIII and inserted at or very near

posterolateral corner; 1-IV-VII single to triple, weak, 5-IV-VI single, moder-

ately stout, darkly pigmented, each about 1.0 or slightly more the length of

each succeeding segment, rarely slightly less. Paddle. Midrib very faintly

pigmented from base to apex; a narrow dark line across basal portion; very

broad, rounded or slightly protrudent apically; outer margin with closely set

serrations from about basal 0.2-0.3 to apex and with a few to numerous scat-

tered, minute, submarginal spicules; inner margin with numerous short,

strong, spicules from about basal 0.4-0.5 to apex and with a few much smaller.

submarginal spicules; seta 1-P stout, hooked apically, darkly pigmented, 2-P

long, weak.

LARVA (Fig. 17). Chaetotaxy as figured. Diagnostic characters as in

series description and the following. Head, Dark brown or yellowish brown;

seta 4-C single, inserted very near clypeolabral suture, 5-C single, stiff,

simple, 6-C double or triple or rarely single, stiff, inserted near clypeolabral

suture and lateral to 4-C, 7-C single, weak, inserted anteromesal to antennal

base and posterior to 6-C, 11-C minute, double or triple, 14-C single, weak;

mentum with 17-19 teeth; mouth brushes often pectinate. Antenna, Yellowish

brown, without spicules; distinctly curved outwardly; seta 1-A single, inserted

near apex. Thorax, Seta 3-P short, with 3,4 barbed branches, 4-P stellate,

with 5-7 stiff, finely barbed branches, 7-P single, stout, strongly barbed, 8-P

stellate, with 7-12 stiff, lightly barbed branches; 1-M, T minute, with 2-4

branches, 8-M stellate, with 3-5 stout, lightly barbed branches, 9-M single,

14-M with 8-13 branches; 7-T stellate, with 3-5 stout, lightly barbed branches,

9-T single, 13-T with 8-13 branches. Abdomen, Seta 1-I double or triple

6-I double or triple, 7-I double to 5 branched, 6-II double to 4 branched, 7-II

double to 5 branched; 13-II-VI with 4-6 branches; 1-III-VI with 3-5 branches,

branches usually stiff, pigmented on IV-VI, 6-II[ with 3-6 stout, lightly barbed,

darkly pigmented branches; 6-IV stellate, with 4-6 stout, barbed branches; 6-V,

VI stellate, with 5-9 stout, barbed branches; 1-VIII small, double or triple,

inserted on small posterior extention of comb plate, 3- VIII with 4-7 lightly

barbed branches; comb scales 4-9 on large sclerotized plates which are con-

nected dorsally by a narrow saddle, each scale broad at base and tapered to

60 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

pointed apex, with a varying number of slender basolateral spicules. Segment

X. Saddle complete, very short, index about 0.5, light brown, very lightly

_imbricate, usually without spicules on posterolateral margin, but often with

numerous small, stout, scattered, submarginal spicules; seta 1-X with 2-6

stout, barbed, darkly pigmented branches, 2,3-X single, with sparse, strong

lateral barbs, 4-X with a paired divergent row of 5 setae, 4e-X much wider

apart than 4a-X, without apparent barred area or grid, each seta strongly

barbed, darkly pigmented, branched as follows: 4a,b-X single, 4c,d-X single

or double, 4e-X with 2-5 branches, much shorter than the others, 4a-c-X

often anomalously bent, twisted, or swollen near base, with heavy lateral

barbs or with occasional abortive twisted branches. Siphon, Light brown,

very lightly imbricate on basal 0.5; sides almost straight, index 2.9-3.0;

pecten teeth usually 5-7 (1-9) often very widely and irregularly spaced, reach-

ing to basal 0.20-0.73 of siphon, highly variable from side to side, each

tooth broad at base with long, sharp median spine, very fine or rather long

slender basolateral spines on one or both sides; seta 1-S with 4-11 stiff, light-

ly barbed branches, inserted at about 0.57-0.64 from base of siphon, beyond

or within distal pecten teeth with equal degree of frequency.

TYPE-DATA. Six females and 3 males of the 14 original syntypes are

in the BMNH with the following label data; Sarawak, Kuching, Pres. by J. C.

Moulton, 1914-409. One male bears a BM "'Type" label, which was apparently

affixed by Edwards. The specimen is in good condition.

The 2 original syntype females of U. papua Brug, from Pionierbivak,

Mamberano River, North Coast of New Guinea [| Western N. G. | are in the

BMNH and are in good condition. I hereby select one of these specimens as

lectotype.

The holotype male, with terminalia on slide, of philippinensis Delfinado

is in the USNM with the following data: PHILIPPINES, Mindoro, San Jose,

15 January 1945, E. S. Ross, collector, terminalia preparation number U-5,

25 November 1963. The specimen is in excellent condition.

DISTRIBUTION. Material examined: 2250°, 2602, 101 L; 182 with associ-

ated skins (1241, 200 p).

CAMBODIA. Pichnil, Stung Chral 2°.

INDIA. N. Bengal: Sukna ac, or.

INDONESIA: Sulawesi: Lambarese; Pedamaran; 1%, 12. West Irian:

Pionierbivak, Mamberano River, 292.

MALAYSIA: Malaysia: Sabah - Sapulut, Pensiangan; Labuk Sugut, meine

Rd.; Sandakan Tepulid Rd.; Bukit Blachan, Lahad Datu; Papar; Keningau;

Tawau: 120, 139..61, 11 D. Sarawak - Kuching, 3c, 69. Peninsular Malaysia:

Selangor - Ampang Forest Reserve; Bukit Kutu, Kuala Kubu Baharu; Klang

Telok; Ulu Gombak; Ulu Langat; Tanjong Robak; Telok, Banting Rd.; 42°,

452, 2L, 131, 23 p. Perak - Tanjong Tualong; Ipoh, Menglembu; Lasah; 5c,

19,.3.1, 3 p. Pahang - Kuantan, 60, 72, 51, 7p.

NEW GUINEA. Lake Sentani; Cyclops Mountain and various unrecorded

localities 150°, 149, 10 L, 91, 12 p.

PHILIPPINES. Mindoro: Occidental - San Jose, 130, 9°, 8L, 11, 1p.

Luzon: Mt. Mayon, 1%; Laguna - Pangil; Mt. Makiling; 260, 232, 401, 39 p.

Negros: Cuernos de Negros, 3%. Leyte: Mahaptag; Tacloban; 50°, 502, 19 L,

81, 6p. Palawan: Panitan; Irahuan River; Iwahig; 90, 212, 18 L, 11, 14 p.

Samar: Osmena, 192.

SINGAPORE. 29.

SRI LANKA. Western: Kalatuwawa, 10¢, 112, 20 L, 21 p.

THAILAND. Suvat Thani: Ko Samui - Khlong Ta Kwian: Khao Khwang;

Peyton: Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) 61

Ban Suan Phrao; Khao Phu Noi; Leam Yai; Ban La Mai; Leam Chong Kham; Ban

Suan Ma Phrao; Wat Chaeng; 17°, 269, 10 L, 131, 32 p. Chiang Mai: Doi

Sutep, 12. Lampang: Doi Khun Tan, 12, 3 L. Ranong: Vat Pra Chum

Pharam, 10°, 12. Chumphon: Ban Wang Phi, 20, 12. Tvat: Ko Chang, 1¢,

22, 2L, 31, 3p. Phangnga: Tak Khet, 12. Kanchanaburi: Huai Bong Ti;

Khao Saeng; 22. Chanthaburi: Ban Bo Phu, 6%, 59, 1 L, 111, 11 p.

The species is also reported from Sumatra, Bengkulu, Air Prioeken by

Brug and Edwards (1931: 256), Hainan Island by Chu (1957: 147), Milne Bay,

NEW GUINEA by Lee (1944, as papua), Isle of Haroekoe, near Amboina [| Haruku

Island, near Ambon, Moluccas INDONESIA | by Haga (1925: 44 as papua) and

Padaido Island (Geelvink Bay), Hollandia, Mainak (Mandobo), Tanahmerah and

Kimann, NEW GUINEA by Assem and Bonne-Wepster (1964: 75, as papua).

DISCUSSION. This species shows much variation in all stages. In the

adult it is most notable in the coloration of the thorax. The chaetotaxy of the

immature stages is more variable than in any other Pseudoficalbia from South-

east Asia, and includes the number of setal branches, degree of development

and position of individual setae. In the pupa there is noticeable shifting of

some setae, occasional duplication of setae, occasional anomalous development

of a seta or increased thickness, length and presence of lateral barbs of setae

5-IV-VII and 9-III-VIII. In the larva there is considerable variation in the

branching and degree of development of setae 6-I-VI, 7-I, I] and to a lesser

extent 1-IV-VI. The number and length of comb scales and pecten teeth are

particularly unstable. The general length of comb scales and pecten teeth

suggest a clinal variation between western and eastern populations, with those

from the Philippines and New Guinea generally noticeably longer than those

from other areas to the west. Although the usual number of pecten teeth is

5-7, it is not uncommon to find a specimen with only 1 or 2 near the base or

very widely separated.

Even with the variations noted, this species is rather easily distinguished |

from other Southeast Asian Pseudoficalbia. Its nearest apparent relatives are

extralimital and include atra, diagonalis and quadrimaculata, These 3 species

utilize very similar habitats and are also apparently quite variable, especial-

ly in the immature stages (see Belkin 1962 for an analysis of quadrimaculata).

I have not made a detailed study of these species except to assure that each

is distinct from obscura, The primary distinguishing characters of the adult

are: the uniformly dark brown color, presence of small patches of broad

scales on anterior margin of scutum, conspicuous scales on the anterior pro-

notal lobes and posterior pronotum and absence of a scale patch on the ster-

nopleuron. The male terminalia are very distinctive and differ significantly

from all Southeast Asian species in the shape of terga IX, X, the number of

setae on the basal mesal lobe of basimere and number and arrangement of teeth

on the aedeagal plates. The pupa and larva are quite distinctive.

The original description of papua states, "Anterior border | of scutum |

with a row of gray flat scales, somewhat bluish in some lights. . . Pleurae

ereyish yellow without ornamentation. Prothoracic lobes unscaled . . . This

species is especially characterized by the presence of pale flat scales on the

anterior border of the mesonotum in the absence of such scales on any other

part of the mesonotum or the pleurae.'' Haga (1925) pointed out a discrepancy

in the original description and added the following: ''The proepimeron shows

a patch of small flat scales (in perfect specimens 18 scales) just in front of

the single proepimeral bristle; these scales are greyish but in some lights

bluish. Prothoracic lobes with three strong bristles and several small flat

broad greyish scales.'' Examination of the 2 syntype females in the BMNH

62 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

confirms this addition to the original description.

In the paratype-series of Philippinensis there are included a few speci-

mens of abtrusaand confusa (see discussion under these 2 species). The

original description and illustration of the male terminalia of philippinensis

(1966a) does not conform to that of the holotype and was probably drawn from

one of the paratypes which is here treated as confusa. In Delfinado (1966b)

the original description of the male terminalia of philippinensis was reproduced

but in Fig. 103 the terminalia of the holotype male were apparently illustrated.

Since all of the original specimens of philippinensis were not available for ex-

amination it is not possible to determine for certain which of the localities

listed apply to philippinensis sensu strictu, except for those from San Jose,

Mindoro.

The specimens listed by Barraud (1934) from Sukna, VIII, 1928, (Sobha

Ram), as part of the original series of novobscura are all obscura and are not

the same as the holotype of novobscura (see discussion under novobscura). It

appears that the original adult description of movobscuva was based entirely

upon the above specimens of obscura, but the description of the larval skin is

that of the type of nmovobscura. The 2 species are not related and do not re-

semble each other in any stage. Barraud's confusion of the adults of this

species with novobscura was due entirely to the very poor teneral condition of

the reared holotype male of novobscura,

BIONOMICS. This species is found in a variety of habitats, usually con-

taining small amounts of water and includes both natural and artificial contain-

ers. However, it has a clear preference for large fallen tree leaves on the

forest floor or large fallen leaf bracts, spathes or fronds of various palms,

abaca, banana etc. or occasionally large green leaves that grow on or near

the ground and are capableof retaining small amounts of pooled water. It is

often found in these habitats in association with species of Aedes, Armigeres

Theobald, Culex and Zeugnomyia Leicester. Specimens have been examined

from the following habitats: fallen leaves (various types) (32), live leaves on

ground (2), cut bamboo sections or pots on or near ground (16), tin cans (6),

coconut shells (5), latex cups (3), palm tree stumps (2), rock pool (1 in Thai-

land, 1 in Philippines) (2), cup fungus (1), bamboo stump (1), small wooden

box (1), banana leaf axil (1), Pandanus leaf axil (1). These habitats often have

very small amounts of water with barely enough for the larva to move around

freely. A few of the collections examined have notations of one ounce or 50 cc

of water present. The species has also been recorded by others from fallen

leaves, tin cans and discarded helmets in the jungle. Bonne-Wepster (1954)

records a collection from the inflorescence of Curcuma sp., Bick (1951) lists

habitats from New Guinea for papua (= obscura) as: artificial containers (9),

spathes or leaves (8), coconut shells (3), rock holes (2), tree holes (1),

puddles (1).

Macdonald and Traub (1960) report obscura as quite common in the low-

land dipterocarp forest of Selangor, Malaysia and collected the species 11

times from fallen leaves. They observed, "Ur, obscura like Z, gracilis is

confined to wet, fallen leaves on the forest floor, and when the water of a leaf

is poured off, the obscura larvae may be seen anchoring themselves by their

mouth parts to resist the flow of water. The larvae are in fact quite difficult

to dislodge.'' I have also observed this interesting habit a number of times

in Thailand, Sri Lanka and the Philippines. This is an adaptive protective

habit, since I have observed the larvae on exposed leaves with a very shallow

stand of water do this during very heavy rains. In one instance Iam sure the

larvae would have been washed off the leaf by the very heavy splashing raindrops

Peyton: Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) 63

had they not anchored themselves.

bimaculata series

DISCUSSION. Eighteen species are currently assigned to this series. The

series is Indomalayan, Oriental and Palaearctic in distribution with the great-

est concentration of species in the Indomalayan region. Most species have a

rather restricted distribution, but nivipleura is very widely distributed and

occurs in most countries of the Indomalayan and Oriental regions. Uvanotaenia

novobscura also has a rather wide distribution and extends into Palaearctic

Japan as far as Tokyo. It is the only species known to occur north of Okinawa.

Adults of this series range in size from minute (modesta) to quite large (ascidi-

icola and gigantea) with the majority being very small. In adult habitus fea-

tures, members of the series do not differ significantly from the adults of the

other series of Section A, for ascidiicola and gigantea Brug are somewhat

atypical for the series. Although there are a few exceptions to the characters

presented below, the presence of setae on tergum IX of the male and the dev-

elopment of larval seta 1-C in all species sets this series apart from all known

Indomalayan and Oriental Uvanotaenia. The Ethiopian species, (shillitonis

series, Peyton 1972: 31), henrardi Edwards and shillitonis Edwards, in Ed-

wards (1941), pseudohenrardi Peters (1955) and devemyi Hamon [ 1954 (1955) |,

are reported to have numerous setae on tergum IX of the males but too little

else is known of these species to suggest a relationship with the Indomalayan

and Oriental group. There is some evidence to suggest that species within the

bimaculata series could be further divided into conventional ''species groups"

or "complexes, '' based on similarities in one or more stages. Ihave not

chosen to do so because of the difficulty in defining the adults on general habitus

features, and further I see no real advantages in doing so. The suggested

esroupings appear to be as follows: (1) albipes, bimaculata, Leicester, lui,

nivipleura, novobscura, quinquemaculata; (2) ascidiicola, gigantea, moultoni,

Edwards, xanthomelaena Edwards; (3) modesta, patriciae, propinqua, quasi-

modesta; (4) pseudomaculipleura Peyton and Rattanarithikul, reinerti and (5)

maculipleura Leicester, moufiedi. Although the immature habitat is unknown

for a few species, it appears that they utilize, almost exclusively, restricted

natural container habitats such as bamboos, tree holes, pitcher plants and leaf

axils. Rarely cana species also be found in an artificial container, especially

if it contains decaying leaves. Egg-laying habits have been described for

ascidiicola and novobscura (as bimaculata) and in each case eggs are reported

to be laid singly on the water surface.

ADULT. Generally dark brown or black species with no pale scaling of

legs or abdominal terga (except albipes, ascidiicola, gigantea and xantho-

melaena). Female proboscis usually very short, 0.73-0.92 the length of fore-

femur; antennal flagellum of female usually exceptionally long, 1.21-1.80 the

length of proboscis, usually exceeding proboscis from base of flagellomere 11

or more (only 1.1 in ascidiicola and gigantea); erect head scales numerous or

sparse but generally no longer than 0.5 the length of antennal flagellomere 1;

ocular setae 6-8; dorsocentral setae generally very long about equal to half

the width ofscutum or more, rarely less; apn and ppn usually without scales,

or rarely apn or ppn with a very few scales (both profusely scaled in ascidiicola

and gigantea); ppl setae usually 1-3 (1-7); stp setae few, usually 6-11, (16-22

in veinerti and maculipleura); upper mep setae usually 1-4 (1-6); wing cell Ro

0. 44-0. 72 the length of Ro,3, rarely less than 0.5, distinctly shorter than

64 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

cell My (except Juz).

MALE TERMINALIA. Tergum IX broadly rounded apically, without lobes

but with a subapical patch or row of 2-12 long setae on each side of midline;

tergum X well developed, complete and strongly sclerotized tergomesally,

usually produced into a broad median apical lobe with a shallow median apical

emargination or with distinct short broad lateral lobes, usually extending well

beyond apical margin of tergum IX (except Jui) and apparently never fused or

continuous with apical margin of tergum IX: distimere slender more or less

straight or only slightly curved on inner margin; spiniform minute, inappar-

ent or occasionally apparently absent (except bimaculata, lui and novobscura);

plates of aedeagus each with a single large strongly curved tooth on apical ter-

gomesal margin which usually projects apically or laterally beyond the 2, 3

sternoapical teeth; proctiger with cercal setae (except novobscura). 3

PUPA. Seta 6-CT rather short, rarely much longer than 7-CT or trumpet,

inserted much closer to 7-CT than to 5-CT; 5-II mesad of 2-II and usually

closer to 3-II than to 4-II (except ascidiicola); 6-VII located dorsally; 1-IX

absent (except nivipleura); paddle fringed on inner and outer margins with

filamentous spicules (except lui, nivipleura and pseudomaculipleura); outer

part of paddle usually as wide as, or wider than inner part, rarely less; seta

1-P absent (except ascidiicola, lui, nivipbleura, novobscura and xanthomelaena);

2-P absent.

LARVA. Seta 1-C minute, very weak, often inapparent, inserted apically

on a prominent, usually rounded, apical process of the median labral plate,

with the process often directed somewhat mesad; 7-C usually weakly developed,

the majority single to triple (1-15); mentum with 11-19 teeth; antenna usually

darkly pigmented, and usually darker than the head capsule, rarely with a few

inconspicuous spicules; seta 1-P single; 3-P usually with less than 4 branches

(1-6); 4-P usually with less than 4 branches (1-7); 7-P rarely with more than

2 branches (1-5); 14-P with 1-12 branches; 1-M, T minute, with very weak

branches; 6-M often greatly reduced; 1, 2-VIII not inserted on common basal

sclerotized plate, but 1-VIII often inserted on posterior margin or small pos-

terior extension of comb plate when present; 6-I-II single (except nivipleura);

2-X single or double (triple on nivipleura); 4-X with 5 pairs of setae (9 pairs

on moultoni) on a weak grid or strongly pigmented sclerotized boss, each

seta single or branched from near base as follows: 4a-X 1-7, b 1-5, c 1-3,

d 1-4, e 1,2 and in moultoni f 3,4, g,h 3, i 2,3, 4b-X usually with equal

branches on each side; seta 1-S usually sublateral or lateral, often on line

with or dorsal to row of pecten teeth.

URANOTAENIA (PSEUDOFICALBIA) ALBIPES NEW SPECIES

FEMALE. Head, Proboscis about 0.87 of forefemur; prementum uniform-

ly dark brown scaled, a very few minute setae at apex only; palpus about 0.15

of proboscis and about 1.20 of antennal flagellomere 1; clypeus blackish brown;

antennal pedicel dark brown, with a small inconspicuous dorsomesal patch of

minute setae and colorless scales; flagellar whorls each of 6 setae; flagello-

meres 11-13 missing, Flm 1 about 1.44 of Flm 2 and with a basal patch of

light brown or bluish-white scales; 1 long, golden interocular and 5 ocular

setae, the most mesal one very near interoculars and golden, the remainder

black; decumbent scales bicolorous, forming a distinct, narrow creamy white

ocular line which broadens laterally and extends posteromesally to nape, scales

on vertex and postgena brown; erect scales large and moderately long, numer-

Peyton: Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) 65

ous but not dense, scattered over entire dorsal surface to ocular line, pale

yellowish white posteriorly and brownish black along ocular line. Thorax,

Scutal integument mostly dark brown with very sharply defined lateral and

anterior borders, extending over anterior margin as a broad dark V-shaped

area to upper level of @)”, pale white on lateral margin; a narrow lateral

marginal line of long narrow, pale white scales reaching to anterior dorsocen-

tral line, remaining scales narrow, curved, dark brownish black; prescutellar

space bare only at extreme posterior edge; scutellum brown, median lobe with

> and lateral lobe with 4 strong, black marginal setae; mesopostnotum dark

brown dorsally, pale white laterally; paratergite bare, white; pleuron uniform-

ly pale white; apn devoid of scales; ppv with a small patch of whitish translu-

cent scales and a single seta on upper posterior corner; sp with 1 seta; ppl

with 2 setae; stp with a few scattered shiny transparent scales on upper 0.3

and down posterior margin to base of coxa II, and with 2 pigmented upper setae,

1 pigmented and 3 whitish lower posterior setae; upper mep with 3 whitish

setae. Wing. ScalesonC, Sc, Rand R, dark brown except for remigium

which is pale creamy brown or blue-white depending on light angle, remaining

scales pale gray translucent; cell Ry about 0.61 of Ro +3- Legs. Coxae and

trochanters pale white; C-I with a few whitish translucent scales on upper an-

terior surface; coxa II, III with a very few colorless scales basolaterally; fe-

mora, tibia and tarsi mostly brown scaled; femora light brown ventrally;

tarsi with faint narrow whitish basal bands on tarsomeres 1-4, which are more

obvious on posterior side, 5 completely white; hindtarsomere I about 0.9 of

tibia. Abdomen. Terga mostly dark brown scaled with blue-green reflections,

with distinct narrow creamy white apical bands on II-VI which do not quite

reach lateral margin on II, VI, a small median apical white patch on VII; ter-

cum I light creamy brown scaled; laterotergite pale whitish with a few colorless

scales; sterna I-VI pale white with whitish translucent scales, VII light brown

basally and narrowly whitish apically.

MALE, PUPA, LARVA. Unknown.

TYPE-DATA. Holotype female with the following collection data: THAI-

LAND, Nakhorn Nayok, Khao Yai National Park, Ko-Ang waterfalls, 18 June

1964, Kol Mongkolpanya and Sumeth Chunchulcherm, collectors, collection

number NY 249-41, SEAMP accession number 79. Except for missing fore-

and midtarsomeres 4 and 5 on one side, the specimen is in excellent condition

and it is deposited in the USNM.

DISTRIBUTION. Known only from the type-locality.

DISCUSSION. Ordinarily I would be very reluctant to establish a new taxon

based ona single specimen. This species is, however, so well marked that I

have no hestiation in naming it. The species is readily separated from all

other Pseudoficalbia, The dark brown scutal disk and dark mesopostnotum,

with the remainder of thorax, coxae and trochanters white, tarsomeres 5 white

and white apical tergal bands make this species unique in the Pseudoficalbia,

Only 2 Ethiopian species of the annulata series (Peyton 1972), Section B, are

known to have apical tergal bands. Tergal bands or patches of pale scales in

all other known species of Pseudoficalbia are basal. Only nivipleura has the

thorax rather similarly marked. Uvanotaenia xanthomelaena has banded legs

with tarsomeres 5 white. Even though the male terminalia and immature

stages are prime stages for series assigment, I feel confident that this species

belongs to the bimaculata series and will prove to be most closely related to

nivipleura when these stages are known.

BIONOMICS. The type-female was reared from a larva collected from a

tree hole. The skins were apparently discarded.

66 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

URANOTAENIA (PSEUDOFICALBIA) ASCIDIICOLA DE MEIJER

(Figs. 19, 20)

Uranotaenia ascidiicola de Meijere 1910: 925 (“*, 2, L*, P*, E*),; Edwards

1922: 435 (“, key); Brug 1931: 6 (A, L, taxonomy); Mattingly 1957: 11

(P, key).

Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) ascidiicola de Meijere, Peyton 1972: 36.

FEMALE. Head, Proboscis about 0.78 of forefemur; prementum dark

brown scaled, with a few inconspicuous delicate setae on ventral margin near

middle and at apex; 3 pairs of labial basal setae; palpus about 0.18 of probos-

cis and about 2.0 of antennal flagellomere 1; clypeus dark brownish black;

antennal pedicel dark brownish black mesally, lighter laterally with a small

patch of minute setae and a few light brown scales dorsomesally; flagellum

about 1.1 of proboscis or exceeding proboscis by less than length of flagello-

mere 13; Flm 1 about equal to Flm 2 and with a conspicuous basomesal patch

of grayish brown scales with blue-white reflections; flagellar whorls each of 6

setae; 1 long, strong, bronze interocular and 5 black ocular setae; decumbent

scales light grayish brown with blue-green reflections dorsally, gray-white

laterally; erect scales exceptionally large, conspicuous, moderately long,

rather dense, covering most of dorsal surface, dark brown in color. Thorax.

Scutal integument uniformly dark orange-brown; scales mostly narrow, curved,

rather dense, especially on scutal fossa, mostly light bronzy brown, a short

anterolateral marginal line of gray-white scales from about middle of pp to

dorsocentral bare line where they are more concentrated and broadened, a

small patch of slightly broader gray-white scales at anterior acrostichal line;

prescutellar space mostly scaled, with a small posterior bare space; scutellum

same color as scutum, scales dark brown with blue-green reflections, lateral

and midlobes each with 4 strong marginal setae; mesopostnotum dark orange-

brown; paratergite rust-brown; pleuron light brown with apn, ppn, psp, and

upper edge of stp slightly darker rust-brown; apn with a conspicuous line of

eray-white scales; ppn with a large conspicuous upper posterior patch of gray-

white scales and 4 setae; sp with 1 seta; ppl with 4 strong golden setae and with

a few gray-white scales on anterolateral margin, a distinct patch on antero-

mesal surface, continuing as a distinct narrow line across prosternum to near

suture; stp with an upper patch of grayish scales which narrowly extends down

posterior margin to below base of midcoxa and with about 3 upper and 9

posterior marginal setae; upper ™ep with 5, 6 setae; all pleural scales with

strong blue-green reflections. Wing. Scales dark brown; cell Ro about 0. 46

of Ro+3 and about 0.73 of cell My. Legs, Coxae and trochanters light brown;

C-I with a distinct anterior patch of gray-white translucent scales; C-II, III

each with an anterolateral patch of near colorless translucent scales, much

less conspicuous than those on C-I; femora dark brown scaled with purple-

green reflections dorsally, distinctly gray-white with strong blue-green reflec-

tions ventrally, without conspicuous arrangement of setae or spines, except on

forefemur which has about 14 very short setae on posterodorsal margin and

about 8 similar setae on anteroventral margin from basal 0.33 to near apex;

tibiae and tarsi dark brown; hindtarsomere 1 about 1.2 of tibia; hindtarsomere

4 about 2.0 of tarsomere 5. Abdomen, Terga mostly dark brown scaled dor-

sally; terga II-VIII with broad basolateral patches of ochreous or gray-white

scales, some of which extend dorsally as a thin faint basal line, but do not

form complete distinct bands; laterotergite with a few grayish scales; sterna

Peyton: Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) 67

with creamy white translucent scales, sterna VI, VII with narrow apical band

of brown scales.

MALE. Essentially as in female except for sexual differences. Head,

Proboscis about 0.85 of forefemur; 5 pairs of labial basal setae; antennal

flagellum strongly plumose, whorls each of 20 or more setae, length about

0.82 of proboscis; Flm 12 longer than Flm 13. Terminalia (Fig. 20). Apical

margin of tergum IX not apparent tergomesally where it may be fused with apical

margin of tergum X, tergum IX with a subapical patch of 10-13 long stiff setae

on each side of midline, surface strongly spiculate; tergum X complete tergo-

mesally, produced into a pair of distinct short, broad, rounded, closely appro-

ximated lobes, apparently extending beyond apical margin of tergum IX; tergo-

mesal surface of basimere with numerous strong and weak setae, 2 setae apical

to basal mesal lobe conspicuously strong; basal mesal lobe of basimere with 1

long stout apical seta and a subapical row of 4 similar slightly shorter setae,

11-14 small weak setae basal to these, 1 long, strong and 2, 3 weak sternoapical

setae; distimere strong, of near uniform width to near apex and then strongly

curved and tapered to pointed apex; spiniform minute, inapparent; plates of

aedeagus each with a strong curved laterally directed, subapical, tergomesal

tooth, a similar larger more sternal apicomesal tooth, followed by 2 smaller

curved teeth on sternoapical margin; proctiger with most of tergal surface

strongly spiculate, with 5,6 stiff cercal setae on each side.

PUPA (Fig. 20). Chaetotaxy as figured. Diagnostic characters as in

series description and the following. Integument light brown. Most setae

dark brown, very small, single or with a few fine terminal branches. Cephalo-

thorax. Setae 1-9-CT short, weak, single or bifid. Respiratory Trumpet.

Dark brown, without tracheoid area; expanded apically, index about 4. 0,

pinna diagonally truncate on apical 0.4. Metanotum. Seta 10-CT strong,

single, alveolus of 13-CT not apparent. Abdomen. Seta 1-I with 7-10 very

stout primary branches, dark brownish black; 1-II-VII short, strong, single

or with 2-4 fine terminal branches, 6-II posteromesal to 7-II, 8-II-VI minute,

located dorsally, 9-II short, stout, single; 9-III-V very stout, brownish black,

with split ends, about 0.33 or more the length of segments, located near ven-

tral posterolateral corner; 9-VI similar, with 3 strongly barbed branches and

slightly longer; 9-VII with 7-9 very stout strongly barbed branches, located

anteroventral to posterolateral corner, longer than segment VIII; 9-VIII with

11,12 very stout, strongly barbed branches, located anteroventral to postero-

lateral corner, at least 2.0 the length of paddle. Paddle. Very small, not

longer than segment VIII; light brown; midrib faintly indicated at base only;

outer margin with closely set strong filamentous spicules, with those nearer

to apex stronger and split into 2 or more fine points; inner margin straight

from about basal 0.15 to apex, with small rather inconspicuous spicules; outer

part wider than inner part, seta 1-P present.

LARVA (Fig. 19). Chaetotaxy as figured. Diagnostic characters as in

series description and the following. Several dorsal and ventral setae with

very stout, acutely pointed, darkly pigmented branches, individual branches

alternating in length with a few considerably longer than the others, branches

simple or with inconspicuous lateral barbs, each seta with most branches

radiating from base on a single plane, in a more or less fan or palmate form,

or occasionally a few of the shorter branches arising on a different plane giv-

ing an indefinite stellate form, each stout seta arising from a distinct raised

sclerotized basal tubercle. Head, Light brown; very small, long and narrow,

1.7-2.0 as long as wide; seta 4-C double or triple, 5,6-C weak, 7-C single

or bifid; mentum with 11 teeth. Thorax, Setae 5,7-P single, stout, on

68 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

common sclerotized base which does not encompass the very weak single 6-P;

8-M stellate, with 6-8 very stout branches, 9-M single; 2,3-T with 7-11 stout

branches, 7-T stellate, with 6-8 very stout branches, 9-T single. Abdomen.

Seta 1-VII with 7-10 stout branches, 2-II, V-VII with 6-9 stout branches, 3,

4-I-VII, with 5-8 stout branches, 6,7-I-V long, stout, single, equal in develop-

ment, inserted on a common sclerotized basal plate, 11-I with 7-9 stout

branches, 13-I stellate, with 9-12 stout branches; 10-II-VII with 5-9 stout

branches; 13-II-V, VII with 7-11 stout branches; 6-VI single, similar to 6-V,

7-VI with 6-8 stout branches, not on plate with 6-VI; 7-VII with 5-7 stout

branches; 3-VII minute, double or triple, 4,5-VII with 2-5 stout branches;

segment VIII without a sclerotized plate; comb scales 3-5 in a patch between

setae 1,4-VIII, each scale a stout simple spine. Segment X, Saddle complete,

yellowish brown, without imbrications and spicules on posterolateral margin;

longer than siphon, index about 1.9; seta 1-X single, stout, 4a-e-X single,

stout, lightly barbed, inserted on a strongly sclerotized boss. Siphon. Yel-

lowish brown, without imbrications and acus; short, index about 2.0; pecten

teeth 2-4, each a stout simple spine; 1-S minute, double, inserted beyond

and dorsal to distal pecten tooth.

EGG. Described by de Meijere (1910) as follows, ''Die Eier sind langges-

treckt, ca. 0,85 mm. lang und 0,2 mm breit, von weisser Farbe, die Ober-

flache ist glatt, ohne Sculptur. Sie schwimmen auf dem Wasser in den

Bechern.'' His figure is reproduced in Mattingly (1970).

TYPE-DATA. Type-male with terminalia on slide in Rijksmuseum,

Amsterdam, Netherlands. Type-locality: Tjibodas (1,500 m.) near

Buitenzorg | Bogor], Java, INDONESIA, collected by Dr. Jensen 1909. I have

not seen the type of this species, however, I have seen a female and male of

the type-series, and there is also a male with slide mounted terminalia in the

BMNH which is apparently from the original series. The specimen in the

BMNH is labeled, Java, Tjibodas, from Nepenthes, Jensen 1909.

DISTRIBUTION. Material examined: 40, 29, 12 L; 2 with associated

skins (1 1, 2 p).

INDONESIA. Java: Tjibodas (Bogor); Salak.

DISCUSSION. This species is large and very similar to gigantea in the

adult stage but it cannot be confused with any known species in the pupal or

larval stage. The differences in adult and immature stages of these 2 species

are discussed under gigantea. The male terminalia are very similar to those

of gigantea and apparently differ only in the following: tergum X bilobed ter-

gomesally, broad truncate in gigantea; 2 strong curved, laterally directed

mesal teeth of aedeagal plates distinctly separated, with the more sternal of

the 2, apical to the more tergal, these 2 teeth with bases touching in gigantea;

tergal surface of tergum IX and proctiger strongly spiculate, these finely spi-

culate in gigantea.

BIONOMICS. This species is apparently endemic to Java where it breeds

in Nephenthes pitchers at elevations of 1,500-1,600 m. Eggs are reported to

be laid singly on the water surface and not in rafts as described for a few other

Uvanotaenia species.

Peyton: Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) 69

URANOTAENIA (PSEUDOFICALBIA) BIMACULATA LEICESTER

(Fics 2,721; 22)

Uranotaenia bi-maculata Leicester 1908: 226 (o", 9).

Uranotaenia bimaculata Leicester, Edwards 1921: 283 (A, “, in part, Malay

Peninsula record); Edwards 1922: 436 (“, taxonomy); Mattingly in

Delfinado 1966b: 41 (“*, lectotype selection).

Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) bimaculata Leicester, Peyton 1972: 36.

FEMALE. Head, Proboscis about 0.89 of forefemur; prementum dark

brown scaled dorsally, narrowly and indistinctly gray ventrally, no conspicu-

ous setae except a few small scattered ones along ventral margin; one pair of

labial basal setae; palpus about 0.15 of proboscis and about 1.23 of antennal

flagellomere 1; clypeus reddish brown; antennal pedicel dark brown mesally,

lighter laterally, with a small inconspicuous patch of minute setae and 3-5

colorless scales dorsomesally; flagellum about 1.21 of proboscis, exceeding

proboscis from base of Flm 11 or slightly more; Flm 1 about 1.12 of Flm 2

and with a few grayish basomesal scales; flagellar whorls each of 7, 8 setae;

1 stout, black interocular and 5 ocular setae; decumbent scales pale grayish

brown dorsally, distinctly whitish laterally; erect scales rather small but

typical, sparse, more numerous on occiput with a few scattered on vertex,

individual scales pale gray and inconspicuous. Thovax (Fig. 2). Scutal integu-

ment a moderate rust or yellowish brown, a large, bare, oval, velvety black

supra-alar spot, which is usually set off from remainder of dark scutum by a

broad pale yellow or orange line on anterior and mesal border; scales mostly

narrow, curved, light brown or grayish brown, except for a few similar gray-

white ones on mesal border of supra-alar dark spot and a few moderately broad

gray-white ones on anterior promontory; prescutellar space largely bare; dor-

socentral and supra-alar setae, long, stout, but not exceptionally so; scutellum

light brown, scales light grayish brown; mesopostnotum dark rust-brown,

lighter basolaterally; paratergite light or dark brown; pleuron mostly pale

grayish brown, usually indistinctly darker on apn, ppn, psp, upper stp, mep,

and metapleuron, occasionally uniformly pale; apn with a few inconspicuous

pale gray scales near middle; ppv with 1 small seta; sp with 1,2 setae; ppl with

1 strong and 1 weak seta; stp with 2 upper and 4,5 weak, posterior marginal

setae and with an inconspicuous broad patch of grayish translucent scales on

upper 0.33, with a few scattered similar scales extending down posterior mar-

gin; upper mep with 3,4 setae. Wing. Scales dark brown on anterior veins,

lighter on posterior veins; cell Ro about 0.62 of R +3 and 0.79 of M,. Legs.

Coxae and trochantérs pale grayish brown, with a Tew inconspicuous translucent

scales; femora dark brown scaled dorsally, gray ventrally; forefemur with

8,9 short weak setae on posterodorsal margin, 3-5 similar setae on distal

anteroventral margin; midfemur with a single small dorsal seta and a few

minute setae on ventral margin; hindfemur with a single stiff seta on distal

dorsal margin; tibiae and tarsi uniformly brown scaled; hindtarsomere 1 about

1.0 of tibia. Abdomen, Terga dark mauve-brown scaled; laterotergite with a

few scattered grayish scales; sterna light grayish brown.

MALE. Essentially as in female except for sexual differences. Head,

Proboscis about 0.88 of forefemur; 3 pairs of labial basal setae; antennal flagel-

lum strongly plumose, whorls each of 20 or more setae, length about 1.16 of

proboscis or exceeding proboscis by no more than Flm 13; Flm 12 longer than

Flm 13. Terminalia (Fig. 22). Tergum IX rather shallow, broadly rounded

70 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

on apical margin, with a subapical row of 2-6 weak setae on each side of mid-

line; basal emargination very broad; tergum X well developed, produced tergo-

laterally into short broad, truncate lobes which extend slightly beyond apical

margin of tergum IX; tergomesal surface of basimere with a mixture of strong

and weak setae; basal mesal lobe of basimere with 1 very stout tergoapical

seta, 4-6 stout subapical setae and 2-3 much smaller setae basal to these, 1

long, stout and 1-3 smaller setae on sternoapical margin; distimere more or

less straight, of uniform width on basal 0.5, tapered to pointed apex on distal

tergomesal margin; spiniform short, stout; plates of aedeagus widely separ-

ated, joined by a narrow tergal and sternal sclerotized bridge, not noticeably

rounded on lateral margin below teeth, each plate with 1 stout outwardly

curved, apical, tergomesal tooth and 2 curved teeth on sternoapical margin,

the median tooth shortest, a small tooth on tergolateral margin; proctiger

usually with 1 cercal seta on each side.

PUPA (Fig. 22). Chaetotaxy as figured. Diagnostic characters as in

series description and the following. Integument uniformly light yellowish

brown. Cephalothorax, Seta 1-CT single, 2,3-CT single or double, 4,5-CT

double or triple, 6-CT single, shorter than 7-CT, 8-CT with 3 (3-7) branches.

Respiratory Trumpet. Light yellowish brown; index about 4.0, slightly ex-

panded on apical half; tracheoid area inapparent. Metanotum,. 10-CT single

to triple, 11-CT with 3-6 branches, 12-CT single, lightly barbed, alveolus of

13-CT not evident. Abdomen. Seta 3-I with 3-7 branches from about 0.5; 1-I

small with 12-20 very fine branches, 2-II single, longer than 0.5 the length of

segment, 3-II with 6-12 branches from about basal 0.4 of stout basal stem;

1-III- VII weak, single to triple, 3-II[ long, stout on basal 0.5, with 4-12

branches beyond, with a distinct brush appearance, 6-III-V single or double;

5-IV-VII single, longer than succeeding segment on IV-VI; 6-VI single, signi-

ficantly longer than 6 on preceeding segments; 6-VII with 2-5 branches, lo-

cated dorsally; 9-VIII with 4-7 bifid or trifid branches. Paddle. Pale yellow-

ish brown; midrib light brown from base to apex; outer margin with closely

set, long, filamentous spicules from about basal 0.25 to apex, inner margin

with similar shorter more widely spaced spicules; outer part slightly wider

than inner part; apical emargination shallow; 1-P absent.

LARVA (Fig. 21). Chaetotaxy as figured. Diagnostic characters as in

series description and the following. Most setae of thorax and abdomen small

and with few simple branches. Head, Yellowish brown, darker on collar;

seta 4-C with 4-6 weak branches, 5-C single, longer than 6-C, 7-C with 8-15

weak branches, 11-C small, with 3-6 branches; mentum with 15 teeth. Anten-

na. Dark brown; seta 1-A with 4-6 branches. Thorax. Seta 1-3-P long,

single, strongly barbed, 4-P with 3,4 strongly barbed branches; 7-P double

or triple, strongly barbed, 14-P long, single; 8-M with 3-5 branches, 9-M

double; 7-T with 4-6 branches, 9-T double. Abdomen. Seta 1-II minute, with

6-13 very weak branches; 1-III-V with 2-4 weak branches, 6-III-V double,

strongly barbed; 6-VI single, strongly barbed; 1-VIII minute, multiple

branched, inserted on posterior margin of comb plate, 3-VIII with 5-7 strong-

ly barbed branches; comb scales 4-8 on large sclerotized plate, each tooth

fringed laterally and apically, fringe stronger apically. Segment X, Saddle

incomplete, pale brown, posterior margin without spicules, but a few very

fine spicules on the more apical imbrications; 1-X double or triple, strongly

barbed, 2,3-X single, 4a-X double or triple 4b-e-X usually single, rarely

double. Siphon, Pale brown on basal 0.5-0.8, always distinctly dark brown

distally; index 4.5-6.0, sides straight and gradually tapered from base to

apex; pecten teeth 10-12, each tooth variable in shape, usually broad and not

Peyton: Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) 71

noticeably tapered apically, finely fringed laterally and apically, reaching to

about basal 0.27-0.38; 1-S with 3-5 barbed branches, inserted at basal 0.38-

0.47 and on line with row of pecten teeth.

TYPE-DATA. Lectotype-male in the BMNH with the following data on the

underside of a round circular label: ''By edge of stream in jungle, The Gap,

16/4/04, Dr. G. F. Leicester, BM1912-350."' Selected and labeled as ''Lec-

totype"’ by P. F. Mattingly, 10 March 1964 and reported by Maitingly in

Delfinado (1966b: 41). Three males and 1 specimen without head or abdomen

in BMNH with the same data as the lectotype and labeled as paratypes.

The lectotype male is in good condition but with a fore- and hindleg missing

On one side.

DISTRIBUTION. Material examined: 110“, 139°, 42 L; 89 with associ-

ated skins (75 1, 89 p).

MALAYSIA. Peninsular Malaysia: Selangor - Ulu Gombak; The Gap; 45th

mile Gap Rd; Bukit Kutu; Ulu Langat; Ulu Bakau; 560, 822, 13 L 371, 43 p.

Pahang - 16th mile Betong Rd.; Frasers Hill; 260, 19°, 7L, 101, 13 p.

Kedah - Sintok, 12. Perak - 9th and 27th mile of Cameron Highlands Rd.,

{ic 215; S156 pe

THAILAND. Tak: Doi Sam Sao; Khao Salak Phra; 30, 1°, 2 L, 51, 4p.

Phangnga: Khao Pak Chaung; Pathum; Nam Tai; Tang Mai; 100", 129, 15 L,

151, 19 p. Ranong: Ban Chatri; Khlong Bang Man; Khao Chatri; 1, 22, 5 L,

1p. Chiang Mai: Chiang Dao, Ban Tham Kreab, 2°, 1L, 1p. Lampang:

Doi Khun Tan, 1°, 1 L, 1 p.

Listed in Stone et al. (1959) from Philippines. This is a very doubtful

record, probably taken from Bohart and Ingram (1946b: 58). Most other pub-

aot records of this species refer to novobscura (see discussion of novob-

scura).

DISCUSSION. This species resembles “ovobscura very closely in general

adult habitus features and in the male terminalia. Because of this general

resemblance, the 2 species have often been misidentified. Although the 2

species show a number of obvious similarities, both are quite distinct and

exhibit significant morphological differences in all stages.

The adult is variable but is easily distinguished from all but novobscura,

The color of the scutal integument varies from light yellowish brown to a

darker rust-brown. The dark supra-alar spot is always velvety black and

sharply contrasts with the remainder of the dark scutum. The pale area

around the anterior and mesal border of the dark spot is almost always dis-

tinctly yellow or orange, but an occasional specimen has the posteromesal

area brown and blending somewhat with the dark central portion of the scutum

and the dark supra-alar spot. There are always a few scales on mesal mar-

gin of the dark spot and the more posterior ones are distinctly whitish. The

supra-alar dark spot on zovobscura is not as black, the scutum is generally

darker especially in southern populations and usually there is only a pale area

on anterior border of the dark spot, the posterior mesal border blends with

the dark central portion of the scutum, the few scales, when present on the

posteromesal margin of the dark spot are usually always more brownish.

Although the pale whitish scales on the anterior promontory have been

used as a key character by Edwards (1922) they are not very distinct in many

specimens. The color pattern of the pleural sclerites is variable but some of

this may be directly attributable to the teneral condition of many of the reared

specimens in the collection studied. The presence of broad pale gray scales

on the @pn is quite significant and this character alone will separate this spe-

cies from novobscura, but the scales are often very inconspicuous, almost

72 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

colorless and represented by as few as 4 or 5.

The immature stages are only moderately variable in a few characters,

but they are easily distinguished from all species including novobscura,

The length of larval siphon varies considerably but the general shape,

position of seta 1-S and distribution of pecten teeth in relation to ratio of si-

phon are rather constant. The extent of the light colored basal portion of the

Siphon varies considerably but the siphon is always distinctly darker on at

least apical 0.2 and this is usually readily detectable without a lens.

BIONOMICS. This species is commonly encountered in secondary rain

forest where bamboo is more abundant. Like novobscura it prefers bamboo

for egg laying, but in contrast to an indicated preference for bamboo stumps

and artificial containers by novobscura, this species seems to have a distinct

preference for bamboo internodes with small entrance holes or partially closed

split bamboo, which are usually fallen on or near the ground and dried. The

immature stages have been collected in Malaysia and Thailand from the follow-

ing habitats: bamboo internode (27), split bamboo (11), bamboo stump (4),

Panrdanus leaf axil (1) and hole in log (1). Thirty-nine of these collections are

with recorded elevations of 30-1,076 m.

In the natural habitat, larvae are very pale in color, hang down from the

water surface in an almost vertical position; and have a slow undulating move-

ment similar to that of many Aedes species.

The only recorded adult collections are those of Leicester (1908) from

Malaysia in which he states, ''The mosquito is fairly common in damp places

in the jungle at ''The Gap" though so far it is the only place I have takenit...

It is always found in the neighbourhood of streams or settled on rocky boulders

over which water drips."

URANOTAENIA (PSEUDOFICALBIA) GIGANTEA BRUG

(Figs. 23, 24)

Uranotaenia gigantea Brug 1931: 6 (A, L*).

Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) gigantea Brug, Peyton 1972: 36.

FEMALE. Head, Proboscis about 0.81 of forefemur; prementum dark

brown scaled, with a few short inconspicuous setae scattered along ventral

margin and at apex; 3 pairs of labial basal setae; palpus about 0.17 of probos-

cis and at least 2.0 of antennal flagellomere 1; clypeus dark brownish black;

antennal pedicel light rust-brown, only faintly darker mesally, and witha

small patch of minute setae and colorless scales dorsomesally; flagellum about

1.1 of proboscis or exceeding proboscis by less than length of flagellomere 13;

Flm 1 about 1.0 of Flm 2 and with a conspicuous basomesal patch of grayish

brown scales; flagellar whorls each of 6 setae; 1 long, strong, bronze inter-

ocular and 5,6 ocular setae, mesal 3 bronze or golden, lateral 2,3 black; |

decumbent scales pale creamy brown in center, narrowly and indistinctly gray-

ish white on ocular line, completely white at sides, all scales appearing whit-

ish with blue-green reflections at some angles; erect scales exceptionally

large and conspicuous, moderately long, dense, reaching to near ocular line,

pale yellow in color. Thorax. Scutal integument uniformly dark orange or

light rust-brown; an incomplete bare line on mesal border of supra-alar area,

most noticeable posteriorly; scales mostly narrow, curved, rather dense

especially on scutal fossa, light bronzy brown, a short anterolateral marginal

line of gray-white scales from above middle of ppn to dorsocentral bare Line,

Peyton: Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) 73

a very distinct small patch of slightly broader gray-white scales at anterior

acrostichal line; prescutellar space covered with scales except for very small

posterior bare space; scutellum same color as scutum, scales grayish brown

with blue-green reflections, midlobe with 6 and lateral lobe with 4, 5 strong

marginal setae; mesopostnotum dark reddish brown; paratergite rust-brown;

pleuron light orange or rust-brown, with ppn, psp, pra and upper edge of stp

indistinctly darker rust-brown, apn with a distinct line of gray-white scales

with blue-green reflections; ppn with a large conspicuous upper posterior

patch of gray-white, moderately broad scales with bluish reflections and with

1-2 setae; sp with one seta; psp with a few semierect grayish translucent scales

on posterior margin; ppl with several grayish scales and 3 stout golden setae;

2-3 grayish translucent scales on prosternum; stp with a broad upper patch of

grayish translucent scales which narrowly extends down posterior margin to

below base of midcoxa and with about 3 upper and 8 posterior marginal setae;

upper mep with 6-7 golden setae. Wing. Scales dark brown; cell Ro about

0.46 of Ry,. and about 0.81 of cell Mo. Legs, Coxae and trochanters same

color as fictter areas of pleuron; C-I with anterior surface covered with pale

grayish white scales, C-II, III each with an anterolateral patch of similar

scales; femora dark brown scaled dorsally, distinctly gray-white or pearly

white ventrally, without conspicuous setae except on forefemur which has 13-

14 very short setae on posterodorsal margin from near base to near apex, a

similar anteroventral row of 8 setae from about middle to near apex; hindtar-

somere 1 about 1.26 of tibia; hindtarsomere 4 about 2.0 of tarsomere 5. Ad-

domen. Terga mostly dark brown scaled; terga II-VII with rather large baso-

lateral somewhat triangular patches of creamy white scales, reaching at least

0.5 lateral width of each terga; laterotergite with a few grayish translucent

scales; sterna uniformly covered with creamy white translucent scales.

MALE. Essentially as in female except for sexual differences. Head,

Proboscis about 0.91 of forefemur; antennal flagellum strongly plumose,

flagellar whorls each of more than 20 setae, length about 0.77 of proboscis;

Flm 13 slightly longer than Flm 12. Thorax. Postspiracular area bare.

Terminalia (Fig. 24). Very similar to ascidiicola. Apical margin of tergum

IX not clearly apparent on single specimen available; a subapical patch of

strong alveoli of 11,12 setae present on each side of midline; tergum X com-

plete tergomesally, produced into a short, broad, apically truncate median

lobe; basal mesal lobe with 1 long, stout tergoapical seta on a distinctly pro-

duced apical finger-like process, 2 similar setae immediately basal to this

one, 3 shorter, slightly weaker setae basosternal to these and 14-17 much

weaker setae; 2 long strong, and 3 weaker sternoapical setae; distimere

rather stout, of uniform width to near apex and then strongly curved and tap-

ered to pointed apex; spiniform minute, inapparent; plates of aedeagus widely

separated, each plate with 1 strong curved, laterally directed, apical, tergo-

mesal tooth, a similar longer slightly stronger tooth immediately sternoapical

to the tergal tooth, with bases of the 2 touching, sternoapical margin with 2, 3

teeth with the most basal strongest; proctiger with 4 cercal setae on each side,

tergoapical surface finely spiculate.

PUPA. Not known.

LARVA (Fig. 23). Chaetotaxy as figured. Diagnostic characters as in

series description and the following. Most setae of thorax and abdomen ex-

ceptionally stout, very darkly pigmented, all stout setae with short strong

lateral barbs. Head, Rather small, longer than wide, sides parallel, uni-

formly dark brown; seta 4-C double or triple, close to 6-C, 5-C single, weak,

6-C located very close to clypeolabral suture, 7-C small, weak, bifid or tri-

74 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

fid; mentum with 13 teeth. Thorax, Setae 1,5-P very stout, single, 2-4,6-P

short, weak, single, 7-P very stout, single or double; 8-M short, stout,

double, 9-M, T single; 2,3-T stout, triple, 7-T short, stout, double or triple.

Abdomen, Setae 1-I-VI, 4-I, VI, 11-I, 2-II, V, VI, 3-I-V, 10-II-VI, 13-II-V

all very stout, acutely pointed, triple, rarely one of these with 4 branches on

one side, each inserted on a raised sclerotized tubercle; 6-I-VI and 7-I-V

single, stout, equally developed and inserted on a common, pigmented sclero-

tized basal plate and each on a raised tubercle; 7-VI short, stout, triple not

on plate with 6-VI; 1,3, 4,6, 7,10, 13-VII similar to the short stout setae on

preceeding segments, double or triple; 3-VIII minute, multiple branched, 4, 5-

VII stout, double or triple; segment VIII without a sclerotized plate; comb

scales 2-5 small, rounded with spiculate fringe apically, arranged in an ir-

regular patch between setae 1-3-VIII. Segment X. Saddle complete, light

brown, without sculpturing; index about 1.9, noticeably longer than siphon;

1-X single, long stout, barbed, 4a-e-X single, stout, barbed, inserted ona

darkly pigmented sclerotized boss. Siphon. Light brown, without sculpturing

and apparently without acus; index about 1.7 or less; pecten teeth 2, simple,

spine-like or with 1-3 very fine lateral spicules on one side; 1-S minute,

inserted laterally beyond middle of siphon.

TYPE-DATA. Type-larva on slide in BMNH with the following label data:

right hand label in pencil, Uvan. gigantea, Hoeta gindjang, Nepenthes, 16.492,

T5c, with "Type" [ written in pen across lower right hand corner and appar-

ently marked by Brug]. Left hand label with BMNH printed label: N. Suma-

tra, Mt. Toba Lake, 1450 m., 29.iii.1929, Dr. A. Thienemann, B. M. 1930-

511. There are 3 other slides of whole larvae in the BMNH labeled same as

the type, except each is numbered 16.488, 16.487 and 16.493, none has a

type-label. None of the 4 larvae appear to be fourth stage and 2 are definitely

not fourth stage larvae. There are also 1% and 1¢ in the BMNH which are

apparently from the same collection but with label data: N. Sumatra, Tobah,

29.iii.1929, Dr. A. Thienemann, B.M. 1930-511, larva in Nepenthes, num-

bers 16.485 and 16.486. These are also without type-labels.

Reference was not made to a type in the original description but it seems

reasonable to accept the larva in the BMNH as the type of gigantea Brug. In

the original description there were 20%, 2¢, 2 pupal skins and 13 larvae from

Nepenthes, Hoeta Gindjang, 29.III.1929 and 3.1V.1929; 3 larvae from Nepen-

thes between Balige and Siborong-borong, 17.IV.1929 and 1 larva from a

Nepenthes from Samosir, 12.IV.1929. Stone et al. (1959) list the type-locality

as: Balige, Siborong-borong, Samosir, [ Tapanuli|, Hoeta Gindjang, Sumatra.

Since these were listed as 3 separate collection localities by Brug, the type-

locality should be that which appears on the labels of the type-larva, namely:

Hoeta Gindjang, Mt. Toba Lake, N. Sumatra.

Brug (1931) based the recognition of his species primarily upon significant

differences in the larva of gigantea and a@scidiicola. He stated that this mos-

quito differs from ascidiicola chiefly in the larval stage and noted further that

there were a few minor differences in the adults of the 2, especially since he

had observed discrepancies in de Meijere's description of the adult of ascidi-

icola, Brug did not have adults with associated larval skins but he stated,

"We are obliged to accept that the larvae and adults belong to one another, not

only because they come from the same breeding place but also no other Uvano-

taenta of this size is known from Sumatra. The larvae occur exclusively in

Sumatra. In Java one only finds ascidiicola'' (Translated from German). It

is probably for these reasons that he wisely marked a larva as the type.

DISTRIBUTION. Material examined: 1°, 22, 4L.

Peyton: Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) 75

INDONESIA. Sumatra: Balige, Siborong-borong; Hoeta Gindjang, Mt.

Toba Lake; Samosir; Toba Lake. All of these localities are in northcentral

Sumatra near Lake Toba.

DISCUSSION. This very large species is closely related to ascidiicola and

the 2 are not easily separated in the adult stage. The larva is easily recog-

nized and differs from all species including ascidiicola in numerous respects.

The number of available adult specimens of gigantea and ascidiicola is

much too small to make generalizations about differences in the adults of the

2. What seem to be apparent differences in the few available specimens might

well prove to be of little significance in a larger sample. Differences which

appear to be of some value in separating the adults are essentially those pre-

sented in the adult key. In addition the decumbent scales of the vertex and on

ocular line are slightly lighter in gigantea, the erect head scales are pale yel-

lowish in gigantea and dark brown in ascidiicola, The setae present on the

posterior pronotum and propleuron of gigantea are fewer, but this difference

would very likely disappear ina larger sample. The most significant differ-

ence between the adults of the 2 species appears to be the basolateral pale

scaled patches of the abdominal terga. The patches are much broader and

somewhat triangular in gigantea and these apparently do not extend dorsally

as do those of ascidiicola, Inthe original description of ascidiicola, de

Meijere states that the abdomen is banded, but Brug (1931) indicated that he

had reexamined de Meijere's material and some specimens had unbanded abdo-

mens. Of the few specimens I have examined of ascidiicola, the basolateral

patches are quite clear, but there is a very narrow basal dorsal extention,

not reaching the dorsum or with one or 2 segments with a very faint indication

of a complete basal band represented by about a single row of scales.

The larva of gigantea differs from the larva of ascidiicola in many char-

acters, but the 2 share a number of rather unique characters for the genus

Uvanotaenia. These are: large stout setae of thorax and abdomen inserted on

sclerotized basal plates; setae 6, 7-I-V of equal development and on a common

sclerotized basal plate; seta 3-VIII minute; segment VIII without a sclerotized

comb plate; comb scales in a patch between setae 1 and 4; segment X much

longer than siphon; seta 4-X inserted on a strongly sclerotized boss; siphon

without an acus and seta 1-S inserted laterally. A few of these characters are

also present in xanthomelaena which is also a Nepenthes breeder. Specific

differences are too numerous to list and can be easily seen in the illustrations.

The most notable are as follows; stout branched setae of thorax and abdomen

with fewer branches, in stellate form, those of ascidiicola with many branches

and in fan or palmate form; abdominal segments I-VII with 2, 3, 2,2, 3,3, 3 pairs

of very stout branched dorsal setae respectively, in ascidiicola these are 3, 4,

3,3, 4,4, 4 pairs respectively; comb scales fringed with apical spicules, comb

scales simple and spine-like in ascidiicola, Although the available larvae of

gigantea are not in the fourth stage of development these differences are valid

since I have compared some early stages of ascidiicola also.

The larva of both gigantea and ascidiicola have a rather unusual arrange-

ment of abdominal setae on most segments. The placement of some of the dor-

sal setae in relationship to adjacent setae is considerably different from that

of most Pseudoficalbia species. The numbering of some of these are purely

arbitrary on my part.

BIONOMICS. This species probably breeds exclusively in Nepenthes

pitchers at high elevation. It is apparently endemic to the island of Sumatra.

16 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

URANOTAENIA (PSEUDOFICALBIA) LUI LIEN

(Figs. 25, 26)

Uranotaenia lui Lien 1968: 10 (o*, 2, L*, P*).

Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) lui Lien, Peyton 1972: 36.

FEMALE. Head. Proboscis about 0.8 forefemur; prementum dark

bronzy brown, a few inconspicuous setae along midventral margin and at

apex; 2 pairs of labial basal setae; palpus about 0.14 of proboscis and about

equal to antennal flagellomere 1; clypeus dark brown; antennal pedicel dark

brown mesally, lighter laterally, with 1 minute seta and 1 scale visible dorso-

mesally; flagellum about 1.4 of proboscis or exceeding proboscis from near

base of flagellomere 10; Flm 1 slightly longer than Flm 2 and with a few gray-

ish brown scales basomesally; flagellar whorls each with 6 setae; 1 interocu-

lar and 5,6 ocular setae; decumbent scales light brown, appearing dull gray-

ish white with faint greenish tinge in some lights, scales along ocular line and

at sides slightly more grayish but forming no distinct line around eyes; erect

scales, long, numerous, covering most of dorsal surface, light straw colored.

Thorax, Integument light brown, slightly lighter grayish on scutal fossa,

scales narrow, curved, light grayish brown with bronzy reflections; prescutel-

lar space bare; dorsocentral and supra-alar setae exceptionally long, stout,

dark bronzy brown; scutellum and scutum concolorous, scales light grayish

brown; mesopostnotum same color as scutum, lighter basolaterally; parater-

gite light yellowish brown; pleuron uniformly light yellowish brown, slightly

lighter than scutum; apn devoid of scales, ppn with 2,3 light grayish translu-

cent scales and 1 seta on upper posterior corner; Sp with 1 seta; Ppl with 3, 4

rather long setae and 1,2 shorter weak setae, scales absent; sftp with an in-

distinct upper patch of light brown translucent scales which narrowly extends

down posterior border to near level of midcoxa, and with 10-11 rather weak

setae on upper and posterior margins; upper mep with 3,4 setae and no scales.

Wing. Scales dark brown on anterior veins, lighter on posterior veins, cell

Rg about 0.73 of Ro,3 and near equal to cell Mj. Legs, Coxae and trochanters

same color as pleuron; C-I with an indistinct anterior patch of light brown

translucent scales, C-II, III with a few similar, scattered scales; femora dark

brown scaled dorsally, weak grayish brown scaled ventrally, no conspicuous

arrangement or grouping of setae or spines, forefemur with 8,9 setae on

anteroventral margin extending from near base to near apex, approximately 7

similar setae from near basal 0.33 to near apex on posterodorsal margin;

midfemur with 3 small setae on basal 0.5 of dorsal margin; hindfemur with a

single long seta at distal 0.8; tibiae and tarsi dark brown scaled, with distal

tarsomeres becoming somewhat lighter grayish; hindtarsomere 1 about 1.1 of

hindtibia; hindtarsomere 4 about 2.8 or more of tarsomere 5. Abdomen,

Terga light bronzy beige scaled, with bright purple-green reflections; latero-

tergite with a few light brown translucent scales; sterna light dingy grayish

brown. |

MALE. Essentially as infemale. Head, Proboscis about 0.85 of fore-

femur; antennal flagellum strongly plumose, about 1.1 of proboscis or ex-

ceeding proboscis by slightly less than Flm 13; flagellomeres 12,13 nearly

equal in length, each equal to Flm 10-11 combined. Legs, Hindtarsomere 1

Peyton: Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) 1¢

very slightly shorter than tibia. Wing. Cell Ry about 0.70 of R +3 and about

equal to cell Mg. Terminalia (Fig. 26). Tergum IX very long, broadly

rounded apically, with a subapical row of 3, 4 setae on each side of midline,

basal emargination very shallow and broad; tergum X well developed, weakly

complete dorsally, produced laterally into short rounded lobes which are re-

tracted within segment IX and do not extend beyond apical margin of tergum IX;

tergomesal surface of basimere with a few small setae, 2 setae near tergo-

lateral margin of basal mesal lobe noticeably stronger than the rest; basal me-

sal lobe with 1 very strong tergoapical seta, 3 similar though weaker subapical

setae and 4,5 short weaker setae basad of these, 1 long, stout and 3, 4 smaller

setae on sternoapical margin; distimere more or less straight on basal 0.8 of

sternolateral margin and curved inward apically, broad at base and gradually

tapered on tergomesal margin to apex, with several small scattered setae

from basal 0.4 to apex; spiniform stout, acute; plates of aedeagus widely sep-

arated, joined by a strong tergal and narrow sternal bridge, broadly rounded

laterally below teeth, each plate with 1 rather short broad outwardly curved,

apical, tergomesal tooth and with 2 short and 1 long curved sternoapical teeth,

the most sternal one largest, strongly curved and directed basally; proctiger

with 1 cercal seta on each side.

PUPA (Fig. 26). Chaetotaxy as figured. Diagnostic characters as in series

description and the following. Integument uniformly yellowish brown; branches

of most setae arising well beyond base, generally more so than other species.

Cephalothorax, Setae 1-3-CT bifid or trifid, 6-CT strong, simple, about 2.0

the length of 7-CT, 8-CT with 5,6 branches arising near base. Respiratory

Trumpet, Dark reddish brown; index about 3.5-4.2. Metanotum. Setae 10-

12-CT simple, bifid or trifid, alveolus of 13-CT not evident. Abdomen, Seta

6-I, I long, strong, single; 1-II minute, with 4,5 very weak branches, 2-II,

strong, single, less than half the length of segment, 3-II, HI stout, with 4-6

branches from about middle; 1-III, V-VII stiff, single or bifid, 6-HI-V small,

with 3-5 branches; 1-IV with 3 stiff, pigmented branches, 5-IV with 4, 5 stiff,

pigmented branches; 5-V-VII stout, single, simple, darkly pigmented, each

about as long as each succeeding segment; 6-VI stiff, single or double, about

0.5 the length of segment; 6-VII small, with 3,4 branches, located dorsally;

9-VIII with 2,3 stiff, pigmented, finely barbed branches, one usually forked.

Paddle, Midrib light brown from base to apex; outer margin with closely set

sharp serrations on apical 0.5 and crenulate towards base, inner margin with

a few small scattered serrations on apical 0.3; inner part barely wider than

outer part; 1-P single.

LARVA (Fig. 25). Chaetotaxy as figured. Diagnostic characters as in

series description and the following. Head, Light brown; seta 4-C with 11-14

branches, each branch split into 2-5 finer distal branches, 5-C simple, longer

than 6-C, 6-C strong, single, bifid or trifid, 7-C with 10-12 weak branches,

11-C small, single; mentum with 15-17 teeth. Antenna, Dark reddish brown,

with a few minute spicules on mesal surface; seta 1-A double or triple.

Thorax, Setae 1-6-P single, 7-P single or double, 14-P small, single; 6-M

long, stout, 8-M with 3 strong branches, 9-M with 3 branches; 1-T minute,

7-T with 5-7 branches, 9-T with 4 branches, 13-T minute, multiple branched.

Abdomen. Seta 6-III-VI single, long, stout, barbed, darkly pigmented, 6-III

about 0.75 the length of 6-II; 1, 2-VIII minute, bifid or trifid, neither inserted

on basal sclerotized plate, 3-VIII with 4,5 strongly barbed, brush-tipped

branches; comb scales 8-10 on large sclerotized plate, each tooth lightly

fringed on both sides from base to apex. Segment X, Saddle complete, light

brown, without spicules on posterior margin but with a few very fine spicules

78 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

on the more apical imbrications; 1-X small, with 3 weak branches, 2-X double, -

4a-d-X with 4-5, 2,2,2 branches respectively, 4e-X minute, single, less than

0.1 the length of 4a-d-X. Siphon. Dark brown; index 2.0-2.5; pecten teeth

12,13, reaching to slightly beyond 0.5 of siphon, each tooth short, broad, very

lightly fringed on side toward base of siphon and apically; 1-S with 4,5 lightly

barbed branches and inserted beyond distal pecten tooth.

TYPE-DATA. Holotype male with larval and pupal skins (62032. 6), ex

tree-hole, Chihtuan of Loswei village (1,200 m), Tatung, Ilan Hsien, Septem-

ber 9, 1961, C. L. Chung and L. C. Lu; allotype female and several paratype

females and males with same data as holotype, deposited in the Taiwan Pro-

vincial Malaria Research Institute, Nanking, Taipei, Hsien, Taiwan. One

female and one male paratype with associated pupal and larval skins, with

same data as holotype deposited in USNM.

DISTRIBUTION. Material examined: 12, 1°, with associated skins (2 1,

2 p). Known only from type-locality.

DISCUSSION. The adult is ornamented somewhat like harrisoni, moultont,

pbylei and sumethi Peyton and Rattanarithikul but the 4 are not apparently very

closely related. This species is rather easily distinguished from these and

others by the very light colored thorax, light scutal scales, light decumbent

head scales, numerous long erect head scales, light bronzy beige terga,

dingy brown sterna, numerous pf! setae, 2,3 almost transparent scales on

pbn, patch of shiny, near transparent scales on sip and wing cell Rog equal

to length of cell Mo. The long wing cell Ro is probably the most significant

character, for this feature rarely occurs in the subgenus. The description

presented in this paper is based on one paratype female and paratype male

with associated skins of pupa and larva. There are several notable discre-

pencies between these adults and the original description. The female was

reported to have "4 propleural bristles" and antennal flagellomere 1 was

"about one-half as long as the second." In the paratype, 6 propleural setae

are on each side and antennal flagellomere 1 is about equal to Flm 2. The

male was reported to have "narrow scales" on scutellum, "pfu apparently with

no scales", "broad grayish translucent scales on sternopleuron and mesepi-

meron.'’ Both paratypes have broad scales on the scutellum (my interpreta-

tion), and 2,3 pale scales on the ppn, both are without any evidence of scales

on the mesepimeron. The male terminalia also differ from the original illus-

tration in which no setae are shown on tergum IX, but the paratype has 4 long

setae on one side and 3 on the other. This compares with other members of

the bimaculata series and was probably overlooked on the type of Jui. Prior

to Peyton (1972) and this study, it was generally accepted that tergum IX of

the male was bare in most Oriental Uvanotaenia. The male terminalia of this

species are quite similar to those of novobscura and bimaculata, The teeth

on the aedeagal plates are rather similar but they are much shorter than those

of novobscura and bimaculata, Plates of the aedeagus are widely separated

and rounded on lateral margin basal to the teeth as in novobscura, The devel-

opment of tergum X is also similar to that of movobscura, These 3 species

are the only known members of the bimaculaia series with a strong well de-

veloped spiniform on the distimere.

Illustrations of the male terminalia, pupa and larva were prepared from

the paratype specimens in the USNM.

BIONOMICS. The immature stages of this species were encountered in

tree holes at a rather high elevation (1,400 m) in association with nivipleura,

Peyton: Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) 79

URANOTAENIA (PSEUDOFICALBIA) MACULIPLEURA LEICESTER

(Figs. 1, 27, 28)

Uranotaenia maculipleuva Leicester 1908: 223 (9).

Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) maculipleura Leicester, Peyton 1972: 37.

FEMALE. Head, Proboscis about 0.84 of forefemur; prementum dark

brown scaled, a few inconspicuous setae along ventral margin and at apex; one

pair of labial basal setae; palpus about 0.11 of proboscis and 0. 81 of antennal

flagellomere 1; clypeus dark brown; antennal pedicel light yellow or orange-

brown, with a few minute setae and no scales dorsomesally; flagellum about

1.5 of proboscis or exceeding proboscis from at least base of Flm 10; Flm 1

about 1.15 of Flm 2 and with 3-5 light brown scales basomesally; flagellar

whorls each of 6 setae; 1 stout, golden interocular and 7 ocular setae; decum-

bent scales mostly light fawn or golden brown, scales on ocular line grayish

but forming no distinct line, scales at sides gray-white with blue-green reflec-

tions; erect scales large, moderately long, numerous, distributed over entire

vertex to near ocular line, light brown. Thorax (Fig. 1). Scutal integument

dark orange or rust-brown, no distinct bare line on mesal border of supra-alar

area though scales are sparse; scales narrow, curved, dark bronzy brown;

dorsocentral and supra-alar setae very strong, long; prescutellar space bare;

scutellum orange-brown, scales dark brown; mesopostnotum uniformly orange-

brown; paratergite light brown; pleuron with whole of apn, ppn, psp, upper

0.33-0.50 of stand most of mep dark brown, remainder pale orange or straw-

brown; apn with a few light brown scales; ppv with 1 seta and usually no scales

on upper posterior corner, rarely 2,3 light brown scales present; sp with 1

seta; ppl with 4-6 prominent setae and 3, 4 light brown scales; stf with a con-

tinuous row of 20-22 strong, closely set setae on upper and posterior margins

and a large patch of broad, light brown scales covering upper 0.33 or more

and extends down lower posterior margin, scales often with shiny gray or

golden reflections in certain lights; pva with 1 (rarely 2) seta; upper mep with

4-6 setae. Wing. Scales dark brown on anterior veins, lighter on posterior

veins; cell Ro about 0.53 of Ro ,9- Legs, Coxae and trochanters same color

as pale areas of pleuron; C-I with a distinct anterior patch of brown scales,

C-II, I with a very few inconspicuous grayish brown scales; femora dark

brown scaled dorsally, not markedly lighter ventrally; forefemur densely and

finely setose on basal posterior 0.25, a row of about 16 prominent setae on

anteroventral margin, the distal 6,7 distinctly shorter and spine-like, a row of

9 long prominent setae on posterodorsal margin from base to near 0.5, fol-

lowed by 6,7 much shorter spine-like setae extending to near apex; midfemur

densely and finely setose on all aspects of basal 0.25-0.33, more obvious and

concentrated on posterior aspect, each individual seta single; 4,5 much longer

setae on distal anterior aspect; hindfemur with a very few fine setae on dorsal

surface near base; tibiae and tarsi uniformly dark brown scaled; hindtarsomere

1 about 1.2 of tibia, hindtarsomere 4 about 2.9 of tarsomere 5. Abdomen,

Terga dark brown scaled, with bronzy, golden or violet reflections; lateroter-

gite with light brown scales; sterna with light shiny grayish brown scales.

MALE. Essentially as in female except for sexual differences. Head,

Proboscis 0.82-0.90 of forefemur; antennal flagellum strongly plumose, whorls

each of 20 or more setae, length about 1.22 of proboscis or exceeding probos-

cis from base of Flm 12 or slightly less; Flm 1 about 1.6 of Flm 2; Flm 13

longer than 12. Terminalia (Fig. 28). Tergum IX broadly rounded apically,

80 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

rather shallow, with an apical patch of 4,5 (2-5) long slender setae on each side

of midline, basal emargination moderately deep and broad; tergum X well

developed, produced into a broad median apical plate-like lobe which is more

or less truncate with a small median indentation apically and extending well

beyond apical margin of tergum IX; tergomesal surface of basimere with a few

scattered, small, weak setae, 1 seta slightly tergoapical to basal mesal lobe

significantly longer and stronger than the rest; basal mesal lobe of basimere

with 1 long, stout, tergoapical seta and 2 rather similar subapical setae and 3-9

much smaller setae basal to these, 1 long, strong and 2-4 smaller setae on

sternoapical margin; distimere long, slender, slightly tapered and curved to

apex, with a few minute setae on apical 0.5; spiniform not apparent; plates of

aedeasus with lateral margins more or less straight, each plate with 1 very

broad, stout, apicolaterally curved, apical, tergomesal tooth and 2 broad,

strongly curved, subequal, sternoapical teeth; proctiger with 1 cercal seta

on each side. :

PUPA (Fig. 28). Chaetotaxy as figured. Diagnostic characters as in

series description and the following. Integument uniformly light yellowish

brown, most setae small and with few branches. Cephalothorax, Seta 1-CT

single, 2-4-CT bifid or trifid, 5-CT with 3,4 branches; 6-CT short, strong,

about equal to length of 7-CT, 8-CT with 5,6 branches, 9-CT with 2,3 bran-

ches. Respiratory Trumpet, Light brown; index 2.2-2.8, rather broad,

abruptly reduced near base. Metanotum. Seta 10-CT minute with 3, 4 branches,

11,12-CT bifid, alveolus of 13-CT not evident. Abdomen. Seta 6-I signifi-

cantly shorter than 6-II, bifid, 1-II minute, with about 9 very weak branches,

2-II strong, single, less than 0.5 the length of segment, 6-II strong, single or

bifid, longer than segment; 1-HI-VII very small, with 3-5 weak branches, 6-III-

V very small, with 3,4 weak branches; 5-IV-VI, stout, single, lightly pigmented,

as long as segment on IV and slightly shorter on V, VI; 6-VI weak, double,

about equal in length to seta 6 on preceeding segments; 5-VIL minute, double,

6-VII small, weak, with 3-4 branches, located dorsally; 9-VIII with 2,3 stiff,

simple, branches. Paddle, Light brown at base and on basal 0.3 of outer

margin; midrib light brown from base to apex; outer margin with closely set

filamentous spicules from basal 0.4-0.6 to apex and a few minute crenulations

towards base, inner margin with slightly longer filamentous spicules from

basal 0.3 to apex; outer part slightly wider than inner part; 1-P absent.

LARVA (Fig. 27). Chaetotaxy as figured. Diagnostic characters as in

series description and the following. Most setae of thorax and abdomen very

small and weak. Head, Light brown, darker in region of collar; seta 4-C

with 9-12 fine delicate branches, slightly longer than 6-C, 5-C single, longer

than 6-C, 6-C located near clypeolabral suture, 7-C single, 11-C minute,

double; mentum with 17 teeth. Antenna, Darker than cranium; seta 1-A with

4 branches. Thorax. Setae 1,2-P single, finely barbed, 3-P stout, double,

lightly barbed; 4, 7-P single or double, 14-P small, single; 5,6-M small, weak,

8-M with 3,4 stout, barbed branches, noticeably shorter than the similar 4

branched 9-M; 7-T with 5,6 stout, barbed branches, noticeably shorter than

the similar 4-5 branched 9-T. Abdomen, Seta 6-I,II single, short, stout,

barbed, darkly pigmented; 6-III long, single or double, stout, barbed; 6-IV-VI

long, single, stout, strongly barbed and darkly pigmented; 1-VIII minute, lo-

cated on posterior edge of comb plate, 2-VIII single, weak, not inserted on

basal sclerotized plate, 3-VIII with 3-5 stout, strongly barbed, darkly pig-

mented branches; comb scales 6,7 on large sclerotized plate, each tooth

tapered to a rather blunt point and finely fringed laterally to near apex.

Segment X, Saddle complete, dark brown, with a very few short, stout spi-

Peyton: Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) 81

cules on dorsal posterolateral margin; 1-X stout, barbed, bifid; 2-X single or

double; 4a, b-X single or double, 4c-e-X single. Siphon, Dark brown; index

about 3.0; pecten teeth 14-16, reaching to 0.65 of siphon, each tooth very

finely fringed laterally and apically, apical spicules slightly longer and strong-

er; 1-S double, stiff, finely barbed, inserted at about 0.74 from base of siphon

and on line with or slightly dorsal to row of pecten teeth.

TYPE-DATA. Type-female in BMNH with the following data: Beside

jungle stream, 6 miles from Kuala Lumpur, Leicester. The original descrip-

tion was based entirely upon the type. The specimen is in fair condition,

retaining only one mid- and hindleg, but most significant diagnostic features

are intact. Wattal and Kalra (1965) described what they believed to be the

"allotype-male" of this species from Dehra Dun, India. This determination is

incorrect, see discussion section below.

DISTRIBUTION. Material examined: 160, 21°; 2 with associated skins

(21, 2p).

MALAYSIA. Peninsular Malaysia: Selangor - Ulu Bahau, Kuala Kubu

Bahru; Kuala Lumpur; 160, 182. Pahang - Gunong Benom, 38, 21, 2 p.

Reported also from India, by Barraud (1934: 82) and Wattal and Kalra

(1965: 312) and from Taiwan by Chow (1950: 282) and Lien (1962: 621). I be-

lieve these records to be incorrect; see discussion section.

DISCUSSION. This is a rather well marked species in all stages and

easily distinguished from most Oriental Pseudoficalbia. The species is known

for certain only from Peninsular Malaysia. However, since the original des-

scription was based on the female stage, and the most distinguishing charac-

ter was the dark marking of pleural sclerites, several species with dark

pleural markings have been incorrectly determined as this species. The male

terminalia, pupa and larva are treated for the first time in this revision.

Barraud (1934) described a female of what he presumed to be maculipleura

from 'DARJEELING DIST.: Marianbarrie Tea Estate*, near Sukna, c. 500’,

viii. 1928, caught in jungle (Sobha Ram)."' This specimen, which I examined,

is in the BMNH and in good condition and is marked very much like maculi-

pleura but with a few significant differences. The most significant of which

are the 2 dark areas on the sternopleuron mentioned in Barraud's description.

The specimen in the BMNH has the extreme upper edge of stf dark and a small

midanterior dark spot, somewhat similar to that which occurs in stvicklandi

and koli. The upper 0.33 or more of stfis dark in maculipleuva and there is

no small midanterior spot. The apn in the Indian specimen is pale and the

scales are pale grayish white. In maculipleuvathe apn is dark and the few

scales are light brown. The Indian specimen has numerous long wavy setae

on all femora, somewhat similar to maculipleura but the number and general

distribution is quite different. Although, the type of maculipleura and Bar-

raud's Indian specimen resemble each other rather closely, I do not believe

the 2 are conspecific.

Wattal and Kalra (1965) described and illustrated the terminalia of a male

specimen from Ramgarh forest, Dehra Dun, India, which they erroneously

designated as the allotype of maculipleura Leicester. In addition to this speci-

men they had in their possession one male from Zizag hills, Visakhapatnam,

one female from Ramgarh forest and 2 females from Kalsi forest. The adult

description comes rather close to that of maculipleura and Barraud's descrip-

tion of the Indian species. However, it is quite clear from the description

and illustration of the male terminalia, that the maculipleura of Wattal and

Kalra is not maculipleura sensu strictu. The specimen described by Wattal

82 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

and Kalra and that described by Barraud could well represent the same species.

It is not possible at this time to suggest that the species is new and should be

renamed. From the illustration of the male terminalia, it is difficult to deter-

mine definite affinities but it resembles members of the vrecondita series more

closely than species of the other series. There are 2 Indian species described

by Qutubuddin, husaini [ 1946 (1947)] and mattinglyi (1951), which are also

inadequately known. I have not examined any of these, except for a female and

male (without terminalia) of mattinglyi, These 2 also appear to belong to the

recondita series and should be thoroughly re-examined along with the specimens

identified as maculipleura from India, before a new name is applied to any of

them. Iam unable to contribute to this, because the specimens of Indian

maculipleura and husaini were unavailable for examination.

Chow (1950) and Lien (1962) report maculipleura from Taiwan but it seems

quite certain that the Taiwan specimens also represent a separate and distinct

species. I also have not seen specimens of maculipleura from Taiwan. From

Lien's account of the larva, it would appear that the species might possibly

belong to the vecondita series, and is probably a new species. Of the larva of

Taiwan maculipleura, Lien states, ''Larva breeds in very shaded small pools

at edge of streams and in pools in tunnels in area below 500 m. Morphologi-

cally, the larva agrees fairly well with that of stonei [ = jacksoni Edwards |

except for anal segment which is completely ringed and also for some minor

details.'' Since at least 3 species of the recondita series (jacksoni, ohamai

Tanaka et al. and yaeyamana Tanaka et al.) are now known to occur in the

Ryukyu Islands, it would not be unreasonable to expect to find representatives

of this series in Taiwan also.

There are several species of Pseudoficalbia with dark and light pleural

markings of the adult, some of which are quite similar to the pattern in maculi-

pleura. Ina few of these, the pleural pattern alone is not diagnostically con-

clusive. The dark and light pleural pattern in pseudomaculipleura is almost

exactly the same as that in maculipleura, but there are several other signifi-

cant points of difference, and in the male terminalia, pupa and larva there are

very striking differences. The male terminalia of moufiedi are very similar

to the terminalia of maculipleura but the adults differ significantly in general

habitus features. The adult of both species have numerous setae encircling

basal 0.33 of midfemur but in moufiedi each seta is bifid. This is an unusual

character which I have not observed in any other species of Uranoiaenia.

The most significant character in the larval stage is the greatly reduced

thoracic setae, especially setae 5,6-M. Several species of the bimaculata

series have a greatly reduced 6-M, and the character is known only in this

series and confusa of the recondita series, but a similarly reduced seta 5-M

is known only in maculipleura and xanthomelaena. Although this observation

is made from 2 larval skins which are oriented rather poorly, they are in

sufficiently good condition to reasonably interpret this character.

BIONOMICS. The immature stages have been collected on only 2 occa-

sions and therefore little is known of its breeding habits. It has been collected

from a rusty tin can at an elevation of 533 m and a tree hole at an elevation of

853 m, both from Peninsular Malaysia.

Peyton: Uyranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) 83

URANOTAENIA (PSEUDOFICALBIA) MODESTA LEICESTER

(Figs. 29, 30)

Uranotaenia modesta Leicester 1908: 213 (C, $).

Uranotaenia tubanguii Baisas 1935: 69 (*, 2, L*); Delfinado 1966b: 55 (o*,

?, L*, P*); Peyton 1972: 37 (synonymy).

Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) modesta Leicester, Peyton 1972: 37.

FEMALE. dead. Proboscis about 0.76 of forefemur; prementum dark

brown scaled, with a few small inconspicuous setae at apex; one pair of labial

basal setae; palpus about 0.12 of proboscis and 0.6-0.8 of antennal flagello-

mere 1; clypeus dark brown; antennal pedicel dark brown mesally, lighter

laterally, a few minute setae and no scales dorsomesally; flagellum 1. 65-1. 82

of proboscis or exceeding proboscis from at least base of flagellomere 9; Flm

1 about 1.2 of Flm 2 and with 2,3 light brown scales basomesally; flagellar

whorls each of 6 setae; decumbent scales light creamy or grayish brown, tips

of ocular scales faintly lighter, but forming no distinct line, scales at sides

erayish white; erect scales rather small, short, sparse, but conspicuous, pale

yellow and scattered over vertex to ocular line. Thorax, Scutal integument

uniformly dark chocolate brown or brownish black except along lateral and an-

terior margin which is narrowly pale grayish translucent; scales narrow,

curved light bronzy brown or grayish brown dorsally, distinctly grayish white

on narrow lateral marginal line, with those immediately above paratergite more

concentrated, long, narrow, semierect; prescutellar space bare; scutellum

light brown, scales grayish brown; mesopostnotum dark brown, lighter later-

ally; paratergite light brown; pleuron with a broad dark band across upper half;

apn, ppn, Psp, upper half of stp, whole of mep and metapleuron dark brown,

remainder pale grayish or whitish brown, devoid of scales; ppv, and speach

with a single setae; ppl with 1 strong and 1 very weak seta; stp with 2, 3 upper

and 5,6 weak posterior setae; upper mep with 1-3 setae. Wing. Scales dark

brown on anterior veins, lighter on posterior veins; cell Ro 0.44-0.76 of Roig

and about 0.82 of cell M9. Legs. Coxae and trochanters pale grayish brown,

C-I-III with very few scattered, inconspicuous, translucent scales; femora

dark brown scaled dorsally, light brown ventrally, without conspicuous mar-

ginal setae; forefemur with a few small inconspicuous setae on anteroventral

and posterodorsal margins; midfemur with 2-4 setae near base on dorsal mar-

gin and scattered minute setae on ventral margin; tibiae and tarsi brown scaled

with gray, bronze or blue-green reflections; hindtarsomere 1 about 1.05 of

tibia, hindtarsomere 4 about 3.0 of tarsomere 5. Abdomen, Terga dark brown

or mauve scaled, with distinct gray sheen or bright purple reflections depending

on light; laterotergite with a few pale translucent scales; sterna dark dingy

brown, little contrast with terga.

MALE. Essentially as in female except for sexual differences. Head,

Proboscis about 0.82 of forefemur; antennal flagellum strongly plumose,

whorls each of more than 20 setae, length about 1.32 of proboscis or exceeding

proboscis from base of Flm 12 or slightly more; Flm 13 slightly longer than

Flm 12. Wing, Cell Ro 0.41-0.57 of Ro... Terminalia (Fig. 30). Tergum

IX rather shallow, broadly rounded on apical margin, with an irregular sub-

apical row or patch of 2-6 long setae on each side of midline, usually with at

least 3 on one side; tergum X well developed, complete dorsally and produced

into a large broad median apical lobe which has a very uneven and variable

apical emargination, with broad unequal lateral corners (lobes) extending well

84 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

beyond apical margin of tergum IX; tergomesal surface of basimere with a

very few weak setae and 1 conspicuously long, strong seta near tergolateral

margin of basal mesal lobe; basal mesal lobe of basimere with a tergoapical

group of 3,4 long, stout setae, 2,3 slightly shorter, strong setae basal to

these and no small weak basal setae, 1,2 long, very stout and 1 small seta on

sternoapical margin; distimere slender, more or less straight to near curved

apex; spiniform minute, inapparent; plates of aedeagus each with 1 very strong,

broad, apicolaterally curved, apical, tergomesal tooth and 2 smaller curved

sternoapical teeth with the most sternal largest; proctiger with 1 cercal seta

on each side.

PUPA (Fig. 30). Chaetotaxy as figured. Diagnostic characters as in

series description and the following. Integument brown with posterior 0.95 of

scutal plate, metanotal plate and segments I-IV noticeably darker than remain-

ing areas; all setae with simple branches, without lateral barbs. Cephalo-

thorax, Setae 1-3-CT single to triple, 5-CT lightly dendritic, 6-CT shorter

than 7-CT and inserted about 2.0 the width of alveolus from 7-CT, 8-CT usu-

ally dendritic, with 4-10 branches. Respiratory Trumpet. Dark brown; index

about 3.7-4.2, not noticeably flared apically, indistinctly tracheoid on antero-

basal 0.2. Metanotum,. Setae 10-12-CT rather weak, single to 5 branched

beyond base, alveolus of 13-CT faintly indicated in some specimens, apparent-

ly absent in others. Abdomen, Seta 6-I single, weaker and shorter than 7-I;

1-II rather small, multiple branched, frequently dendritic, generally with 15-30

very delicate branches, 2-II single, stiff, less than length of segment, 3-II with

2-5 branches from near middle; 1-III-VII weak, with 2-5 branches, often light-

ly dendritic; 3-III single to 4 branched, 6-III-VI single to trifid; 5-IV, V single,

strong, longer than succeeding segments and strongly curved or hooked api-

cally, located near posterior margin of segment and near level of 1-IV, V;

5-VI single, weak, slightly more than 0.5 the length of segment VII; 5- VII

minute, single or double, 6-VII dendritic, with 4-7 fine branches, located dor-

sally; 9-VIII with 4-6 rather strong branches, less than 0.5 the length of seg-

ment. Paddle, Darkly pigmented at base; midrib light brown to near apex;

outer margin with closely set, long filamentous spicules from about basal

0.33 to apex; inner margin with similar, slightly longer spicules from about

basal 0.4 to apex; outer part slightly wider than inner part; 1-P absent.

LARVA (Fig. 29). Chaetotaxy as figured. Diagnostic characters as in

series description and the following. Head, Light brown with collar region

dark brown; seta 4-C dendritic, with 5-12 fine branches, located lateral to 6-C

and closer to 5-C, 5-C simple and about 3.0 the length of 6-C, 7-C single,

stiff, 11-C minute, with 2-4 branches; mentum with 19 teeth. Antenna, Dark

brown; seta 1-A single, strong. Thorax, Seta 1-P single, 2.0 or more length

of 2-P, 3-P double to 4 branched, 4-P single or double, as long as 5-P, 5-7-P

single; 14-P single; 6-M minute, single, 8-M with 5-7 branches, 9-M with

4-7 branches; 7-T with 6-10 branches, 9-T with 4-7 branches. Abdomen,

Seta 1-I, I minute, single to 4 branched, 6-III-VI single, simple; 1-II min-

ute, double to 6 branched; 1-IV-VI small, double to 5 branched; 1-VIII minute,

with 2-6 branches, inserted on comb plate near posterior margin, 2, 4-VIII

long, strong, with 2-6 terminal branches, 3-VIII with 3-5 strongly barbed

branches; comb scales 6-10, each scale tapered to point and very finely fringed

laterally to near apex. Segment X, Saddle complete, dark brown, with few

fine spicules on posterior margin but the more dorsoapical imbrications with

a concentration of rather large and fine spicules which often give the appear-

ance of being on posterior margin of saddle; 1-X single or double, 2-X single,

4a,b-X triple, 4c-X double or triple, 4d,e-X single. Siphon, Dark reddish

Peyton: Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) 85

or rust-brown, tip light yellowish brown; index 4.1-6.5; pecten teeth 13-20,

reaching to 0.50-0. 62 of siphon, each tooth, short, broad, rounded and finely

fringed apically; 1-S with 3-5 simple branches, inserted beyond distal pecten

tooth at 0.61-0.72 and on line with row of pecten teeth.

TYPE-DATA. A syntype-male and female in the BMNH labeled as follows:

Cotype, Kuala Lumpur, Fed. Malay States, Dr. G. F. Leicester, BM1912-

350 and on underside of label, Hollow of tree, Ampang Jungle, 28/8/03. The

male syntype with terminalia on slide, selected and labeled as lectotype by

EF. L. Peyton, December 1968. The female is labeled as paralectotype. Both

specimens are in poor condition. The male has most of the legs missing and

the thorax is somewhat collapsed, however, most diagnostic features are

intact.

The type of tubanguii Baisas, was originally deposited in the Philippine

Bureau of Health, Manila. The type and several paratypes of the species

were subsequently destroyed during World War II. A male and female para-

type are in the USNM with the following label data: Uvanotaenia tubanguii,

Kolambugan, Lanao, 1934, USNM paratype label No. 51399. Both specimens

are in excellent condition.

DISTRIBUTION. Material examined: 211%, 241°, 78 L; 128 with associ-

ated skins (101 1, 138 p, 10 incomplete).

MALAYSIA. Malaysia: Sabah - Mt. Kinabalu; Sapulut; Pensiangan; Labuk,

Telupid Rd.; Silam, Lahad, Datu; Mt. Pyramid, Tawau; 530, 642, 1 L, 61,

10 p. Peninsular Malaysia; Selangor - Kuala Lumpur; Ulu Gombak; Ampang;

Ginting Simpah; Ulu Langat; Tanjong Robak; Bukit Kutu; 51°, 76°, 10 L, 311,

ol p. Pahang - 16th Mile Betong Rd.; Fraser Hill; Gunong Benom; Kuala

Lipis; Kuantan, Chendar; 9°, 72, 1 L, 41, 4p. Perak - Chior, Forest Re-

serve; 21st mile Cameron Highlands Rd.; 82, 112, 5 L, 51, 7p.

PHILIPPINES. Luzon: Bataan - Paysawan, 5“, 62. Mountain - Baguio,

30°. Quezon - Tayabas; Mt. Banahao; 20°, 2°, 2 L. Laguna - Pangil; Mt.

Makiling: 110. 107; 18:15:18 1, 21 p.. Nueva Ecija. --Calso, 40, 79,:4 Le TA,

9p. Nueva Viscaya - Malete, 3%, 19, 3 L, 31, 4p. Pampanga - Angeles,

ao, 2°, 41, 5p. Camarine Sur, - Isarog, 11“, 52. Leyte: Tacloban; Lago

Lago; 160, 149, 20 L, 71, 7p. Mindoro: Oriental - Victoria, Minas; Vic-

toria, Alcate; 4%, 4°, 4L, 61, 8p. Occidental - San Jose; 50, 22, 41, 2p.

Palawan: Mt. Molinao; Irahuan; Boloshan R. 29, 5L, 11, 2p. Samar:

Osmena, 3°, 3°, 1 L, 51, 5p. Mindanao: Lanao Del. N. - Kolambugan,

120°, 182. Davao - Santa Cruz 1c. Angusan - San Francisco, 3 L. Zamboan-

gaDelS, - 20°, 49. Negros: Occidental - Fabrica, 2%, 42. Calicoan: 12.

THAILAND. Phatthalung; 42 km. Trang Rd., 3c, 12, 1p. Nakhon Si

Thammarat: Ban Thuan Lek, 1°, 1 p.

DISCUSSION. This minute dark species is apparently closely related to

patriciae, propinquaand quasimodesta and could be confused with either of the

3 in the adult stage. The male terminalia are very similar and differ only in

minor details. The immature stages show significant differences in all 4 spe-

cies.

In the adult stage the very dark scutal integument and lateral marginal line

of grayish white scales are very similar to propinqua. It differs from pro-

binqua only in the absence of the large oval bare spots on the scutal fossae and

the indistinctly darker spot on supra-alar area. The scutal integument of

patriciae is much lighter in color with the median portion very pale brown and

with an indefinite darker oblique sublateral line. The dark band across the

pleuron of patriciae is narrower on stpand mep, In modesta the mepiis en-

tirely dark but in patriciae the lower 0.4 of more is pale. In this respect

86 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

patriciae differs from all of the others. The scutal integument and dark band

across upper pleuron in quasimodesta is similar to modesta but it is without

a lateral marginal line of gray-white scales on scutum.

The male terminalia of modesta differ from the aforementioned species in

the greater number of strongly developed setae on the basal mesal lobe.

There are noticeable variations in the larval and pupal stages. In the pupa

the most notable variation is in the development of seta 1-II. It varies from a

very small delicate multiple branched seta, to a larger, basally stout, dendritic

seta. This condition is observed in all areas but the stout dendritic seta is

much more common in specimens from Peninsular Malaysia. The peculiar

long, strong, curved or hooked seta 5-IV, V readily separates the pupa of this

species from the other species. The most significant variations in the larva

are the length of siphon and the spicules on the posterolateral area of anal

saddle. The siphon varies from rather short and stout to long and slender, but

the position of 1-S and the distance from base to distal pecten tooth in rela-

tionship to overall siphon length remain fairly constant. The spicules on the

saddle vary from a few very fine ones to a concentrated patch of very stout

and fine spicules near dorsal posterolateral margin. These variations are

noted in specimens from all areas, but specimens from the Philippines more

frequently have stronger spicules on the anal saddle.

BIONOMICS. This is a rather commonly encountered forest dwelling spe-

cies in Malaysia and the Philippines. It is found in both secondary and pri-

mary rain forest at elevations ranging from sea level to 1, 189 m for the 68

separate collections with recorded elevation.

The available collection data indicate a clear preference for tree holes for

the immature habitat, with bamboo and leaf axils of lesser importance. Im-

mature collections have been examined from the following habitats: tree hole

(85), tree stump (2), bamboo stump (26), bamboo internode (on ground) (2),

Pandanus leaf axils (5), Nepenthes pitcher (1), artificial container (1). In ad-

dition to those examined during this study, Macdonald and Traub (1960) re-

cord collections of modesta in lowland dipterocarp forest of Selangor, Malaysia

from the following: tree holes (15), bamboo stumps (12) fallen split bamboo

(4), bamboo with moderate holes (4). This observation also confirms the pre-

ference for tree holes. In Malaysia the immatures were collected on 4 differ-

ent occasions in association with the immatures of propingqua.

In the natural habitat the larva feeds near the water surface and gives the

superficial appearance of an anopheline larva. The larva is extremely small

even for a Uvanotaenia. The head, abdomen and terminal appendages are dark

and the thorax is whitish. This is especially noticeable in the colored tree

hole water where the larva is almost undetectable except for the light thorax

appearing as a small oval white dot near the surface. The larva moves across

the water surface in a quick jerking motion more similar to that of an anophe-

line than to most culicines.

URANOTAENIA (PSEUDOFICALBIA) MOUFIEDI NEW SPECIES

(Figs. 1, 24)

FEMALE. Head. Proboscis about 0.74 of forefemur; prementum dark

brown scaled, with a few very inconspicuous setae at apex; one pair of labial

basal setae; palpus about 0.1 of proboscis and about 0.66 of antennal flagello-

mere 1; clypeus light brown; antennal pedicel pale yellowish brown or bright

yellow, with a few minute setae and no scales dorsomesally; flagellum about

Peyton: Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) 87

1.66 of proboscis or exceeding proboscis from base of Flm 9 or more; Flm 1

about 1.2 of Flm 2 and with 2 or 3 light brown scales basomesally; flagellar

whorls each of 6 setae; 1 stout, golden interocular and 5 black ocular setae;

decumbent scales uniformly pale brown, but appearing in some lights as uni-

formly pale gray-white with blue-green reflections; erect scales rather small,

light yellow in color, restricted to a few on occiput and an occasional 1-3 near

ocular line. Thorax (Fig. 1). Scutal integument light yellow or orange brown

on a broad median longitudinal line between dorsocentrals, darker brown sub-

laterally, narrowly pale yellowish on lateral marginal line, scutal fossa notice-

ably darker, supra-alar area and prescutellar space usually indistinctly dark-

er; scales narrow, curved, mostly dark bronzy brown, black over darker

integumental areas; prescutellar space bare; scutellum light brown, scales

dark brown; mesopostnotum pale brown, usually with a darker, narrow, medi-

an longitudinal line; paratergite pale brown; pleuron with psp, upper 0.5 of sip,

whole of mep and lower 0.5 of metapleuron dark reddish brown, remainder

pale yellowish brown; pleural sclerites devoid of scales except for a very few

light brown appressed scales on upper posterior 0.5 of stb, those nearest

upper margin more concentrated, forming an ill defined patch; ppn and sp each

with 1 seta; ppl with 1 strong and 1 weak seta; stp with about 4 upper and 9

posterior marginal setae, which become progressively weaker ventrally;

upper mep with 2 setae. Wing. Scales dark brown, somewhat lighter on pos-

terior veins; cell Ro about 0. 64 of Roig and about 0.81 of cell Mo. Legs.

Coxae and trochanters same color as lighter areas of pleuron, C-I with sever-

al brown scales on anterior surface but forming no distinct patch, C-II, III with

similar but fewer scales; femora dark brown scaled dorsally, lighter ventral-

ly; forefemur with a row of about 9 setae on posterodorsal margin from base

to near apex and 2,3 setae at middle on anteroventral margin; midfemur dense-

ly covered with fine setae on all aspects of basal 0.33 or more, each individu-

al seta bifid from about middle, 3 longer conspicuous dorsal setae; tibiae and

tarsi uniformly dark brown scaled; hindtarsomere 1 about 1.13 of tibia, hind-

tarsomere 4 about 2.8 of tarsomere 5. Abdomen, Terga uniformly dark

brown scaled, with bronzy or violet reflections; laterotergite with a few scat-

tered brown scales; sterna with light grayish brown scales.

MALE. Essentially as in female except for sexual differences. Head,

Proboscis about 0.84 of forefemur; antennal flagellum sparsely plumose, re-

sembling that of female except that the whorls are each of 8 or 9 setae, length

of flagellum about 1.4 of proboscis or exceeding proboscis from base of flagel-

lomere 11; flagellomeres 1-11 subequal, not exceptionally short, Flm 12 bare-

ly longer than Flm 11 and Flm 13 about 1.3 of Flm 12. Terminalia (Fig. 24).

Tergum IX broadly rounded apically, with an irregular subapical row or patch

of 3-5 long slender setae on each side of midline; tergum X complete, pro-

duced beyond apical margin of tergum IX into a broad median apical lobe with

somewhat angular apicolateral corners and a shallow median U- or V-shaped

notch; tergomesal surface of basimere with a few scattered stiff setae, 1 seta

tergolateral to basal mesal lobe conspicuously longer and stronger than the

others; basal mesal lobe of basimere with 3 stout tergoapical setae, the most

apical on a distinct finger-like projection, usually 1 much smaller seta basal

to these; 1 long, stout and 2-4 smaller setae on sternoapical margin; disti-

mere expanded at base, gently curved and tapered to apex; spiniform minute

and often inapparent; plates of aedeagus each with 1 prominent, more or less

straight, laterally directed, subapical tergomesal tooth and 2 strongly re-

curved, subequal, sternoapical teeth, the most sternal occasionally duplicated

on one side; proctiger with 1 cercal seta on each side.

88 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

PUPA and LARVA. Not known.

TYPE-DATA. Holotype male with terminalia on slide, MALAYSIA, Sabah,

‘Mt.Kinabalu, 19 March 1970, Suliaman bin Omar, Chia Yiew Wang and Samuel

Wilson James, collectors, collection No. S-110, terminalia preparation No.

71/14, SEAMP Accession No. 243, collected resting in a cave at 1, 463 m.

Four male and 2 female (1 on slide) paratypes with same collection data as

holotype: 3 male paratypes with same collection data as holotype, except

collection No. S-176, 22 March 1970, 1,585 m. The holotype and 8 paratypes

are deposited in the USNM and 1 paratype male will be deposited in the BMNH.

The holotype is in good condition, missing a foreleg and several scutal

setae, but retaining all significant diagnostic features. The paratypes are all

slightly rubbed, a few legs missing on some and are at best, in fair condition.

DISTRIBUTION. Material examined: 8°, 2°. |

MALAYSIA. Known only from type-locality.

DISCUSSION. The adult of this species resembles maculipleura in some

respects but is easily recognized by the very distinctive thoracic ornamenta-

tion. The reduced number of setae of flagellar whorls of the male antenna,

very pale apn and ppn of pleuron, absence of scales on apn, sparse scaling on

stp, and number of ppl setae differ from that of maculipleura, The setae sur-

rounding the midfemur appear very similar to maculipleura under low magnifi-

cation but under high magnification each is forked, whereas in maculipleura

they are simple. This unusual character has been observed only in this spe-

cies.

The male terminalia of moufiedi and maculipleura are extremely similar

and differ only in very minor detail, which can best be appreciated by a com-

parison of the illustrations of the 2. A few setae on the tergomesal surface of

the basimere of mou/fiedi are stiff and longer, setae on maculipleura are uni-

formly short and weak. The large tergomesal tooth of the aedeagal plates is

stronger in maculipleura. There is a slight difference in the general shape of

the tergomesal lobe of tergum X.

This species is dedicated to Dr. Moufied A. Moussa in recognition of his

many years of support of mosquito systematics.

BIONOMICS. Little is known of the habits of this species. The adults of

the type-series were collected resting in 2 different caves at elevations of

1,463 and 1,585 m, in association with several adults of reinerti.

URANOTAENIA (PSEUDOFICALBIA) MOULTONI EDWARDS

(Figs. 315-32)

Uranotaenia moultoni Edwards 1914: 128 (%, 2).

Uvranotaenia brevirostris Edwards 1915: 284 (, ); Edwards 1926: 115 (L*);

Peyton and Hochman 1968: 380 (“*); Peyton 1972: 37 (synonymy).

Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) moultoni Edwards, Peyton 1972: 37.

FEMALE. Head, Proboscis about 0.79 of forefemur; prementum dark

brownish black, with a few inconspicuous setae at apex only; one pair of labial

basal setae; palpus about 0.12 of proboscis or slightly less than antennal flagel-

lomere 1; clypeus dark brown or black; antennal pedicel blackish, with a few

minute setae dorsomesally; flagellum about 1.42 of proboscis or exceeding

proboscis from apical 0.8 of flagellomere 9; Flm 1 barely longer than Flm 2

and with a very few blackish scales basomesally; flagellar whorls each of 7, 8

setae; 1 strong, black and 1 minute, golden interocular and 5 ocular setae; de-

Peyton: Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) 89

cumbent scales uniformly black or slate gray, depending on light, always with

violet-green reflections; erect scales broad, moderate in length, very few,

restricted mostly to a single line on occiput, occasionally a few scattered to

midvertex, light brown in color. Thovax,. Scutal integument light yellow or

pale orange-brown; scales, narrow, curved, pale and dark scaling variable in

extent, usually mostly light grayish or grayish brown, rarely mostly black,

but those on posterior dorsocentral line and mesal border of supra-alar area

always distinctly dark, usually black; prescutellar space largely bare; scutel-

lum same color as scutum, scales dark brown; mesopostnotum and scutum

concolorous; paratergite light yellow; pleuron light yellow or pale grayish

brown, occasionally with a faint narrow, darker brown line across apn, psp,

upper sip, upper mep and metapleuron, often the darker areas completely ab-

sent or reduced to dark apn and spot on metapleuron; Pp and sp each with 1

seta; ppl usually with 2,3 light translucent scales and 2,3 setae; stp usually

with 2-10small, broad, inconspicuous, light brown or transparent scales on upper

posterior surface, but frequently devoid of scales, and with 7-8 marginal set-

ae; upper mep with 2,3 setae. Wing. Scales dark brown; cell Roy about 0.57 of

R 43 and about 0.7 of cell Mo. Legs, Coxae and trochanters same color as

on. C-I with a distinct anterior patch of light brown scales; C-II, II with

a few inconspicuous pale translucent scales; femora dark brown scaled dor-

sally, faintly grayish brown ventrally, without conspicuous arrangement or

grouping of setae or spines, forefemur with 10-13 short, stiff setae on postero-

dorsal margin from near base to near apex and 3-5 small, stronger setae on

distal anterodorsal margin; midfemur with a single dorsal setae near base

and 2,3 short stiff setae on distal posterior margin; tibiae and tarsi dark

brown; hindtarsomere 1 about 1.17 of tibia; hindtarsomere 4 about 2.88 of

tarsomere 5. Abdomen. Terga uniformly dark brownish black scaled, with

purple reflections; laterotergite with a few dark brown scales; sterna uniform-

ly pale yellow.

MALE. Essentially as in female except for sexual differences. Head,

Proboscis about 0.83 of forefemur; antennal flagellum strongly plumose,

whorls each of 20 or more setae, length about 1.2 of proboscis or exceeding

proboscis by slightly more than length of Flm 13; Flm 12 and 13 nearly equal

in length. Legs, Hindtarsomere 4 about 3.33 of tarsomere 5. Terminalia

(Fig. 32). Tergum IX broadly rounded apically, rather deep, with an apical

patch of 4-7 long, stiff setae on each side of midline; tergum X well developed,

produced tergally into a very large, broad, median, apically rounded, plate-

like lobe, with or without small median apical indentation, extending well be-

yond apical margin of tergum IX; tergomesal surface of basimere with a few

scattered weak setae and 1 very long stout seta near tergoapical margin of

basal mesal lobe; basal mesal lobe of basimere with 1 long stout tergoapical

seta on a distinctly produced finger-like process, 1 similar seta just basoter-

gal to this one, 4,5 slightly shorter weaker setae basosternal to these, a row

of 4, 5 weak setae on tergal margin and 1 long, stout seta and 1, 2 weak setae

on sternal margin, no typical weak basomedian setae; distimere of near uni-

form width from base to near pointed apex; spiniform minute, inapparent;

plates of aedeagus widely separated, sides more or less straight, each plate

with 1 very strong, slightly curved, laterally directed, apical tergomesal

tooth and 2 rather slender sternoapical teeth, with the most sternal longer,

usually a very small raised spur basosternal to the large tergal tooth; proc-

tiger with 3, 4 cercal setae on each side.

PUPA (Fig. 32). Chaetotaxy as figured. Diagnostic characters as in

series description and the following. Integument uniformly medium or dark

90 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

brown. All setae except 1-I and 9-VIII with simple branches. Cephalothorax,

Seta 1-CT with 2-4 branches, 2-CT with 3-7 branches, 3-CT with 3-6 branches,

o-CT with 3,4 branches, 8-CT with 3-7 branches, individual branches occa-

sionally bifid, 9-CT single or double. Respivatory Trumpet. Medium brown;

rather slender, not noticeably expanded apically; index 4.2-4.5. Metanotum.

Seta 10-CT double to 4 branched, 11, 12-CT double or triple, alveolus of 13-CT

present. Abdomen. Seta 6-I single to triple, with an occasional branch bifid

or trifid, shorter than 7-I, 1-II small, with 4-6 delicate branches; 2-II less than

length of segment III, 3-II double to 4 branched, 6-II double to 5 branched;

1-III small, with 3-4 weak branches, 3-III single to 4 branched, 6-III-V double

to 4 branched; 1-IV weak, double to 4 branched, 5-IV, V strong, single, about

1.5 or more of each succeeding segment, occasionally with a few fine lateral

barbs; 1-V weak, double to 4 branched; 1-VI, VII very small, weak, double to

4 branched, 5-VI strong, single, occasionally with frayed ends, 0.75 or more

the length of VII, 3-VII stiff, single or bifid, 5-VII single or double, 6-VII with

4-7 branches, located dorsally; 9-VIII with 4-7 dendritic branches, located

distinctly anteroventral to posterolateral corner of segment; sides of segment

VIII gently rounded and tapered to narrower apex. Paddle, Midrib pale brown

on basal 0.75; outer margin with closely set, long filamentous spicules, short-

er and stronger towards base; inner margin with similar slightly longer spi-

cules from basal 0.33 to apex; outer part as wide as or slightly less than inner

part; 1-P absent.

LARVA (Fig. 31). Chaetotaxy as figured. Diagnostic characters as in

series description and the following. Head, Medium or dark brown; small,

long and narrow, about 1.5 as long as wide; seta 4-C with 5-8 fine branches,

located slightly posterolateral to 6-C, 7-C single, 11-C minute, multiple

branched. Antenna, Dark brown; seta 1-A double or triple. Thovax, Seta

1-P long, stout, strongly barbed, 3.0 or more the length of 2,3-P, 3-P strong,

with 3-9 strongly barbed branches, often 1 branch noticeably longer and

stronger than the rest, 4-P strong, single or double, strongly barbed, 5-7-P

stout, single, strongly barbed, 5-P about 2.0 or more the length of 6, 7-P,

14-P with 8-12 stiff, lightly barbed branches; 6-M reduced, minute, double to

4 branched, 8-M with 8,9 strong plumose branches, 9-M with 8-12 strong

plumose branches; 7-T with 10-12 strong plumose branches, 9-T with 5, 6

strong plumose branches. Abdomen, Setae 6-I,II single, long, stout, heavily

barbed or spiculate, 7-I, II similar but shorter; 1-III variable, single to 4

branched, usually long, stout, barbed, occasionally greatly reduced and weak,

branches simple, 6-III-VI single, long, stout, strongly barbed; 1-IV-VI single,

long, stout, strongly barbed, occasionally 1-VI reduced, weaker; 3-VII single,

long, stout, strongly barbed; 1-VIII minute, inserted on posterior margin of

comb plate, 3-VIII with 6-8 strongly barbed branches, 5-VIII inserted very

close to 4-VIII; comb scales usually 14-16 (9-16) on a very large oval sclero-

tized plate, each scale rather long and slender, blunt apically, lightly spicu-

late laterally to near apex. Segment X, Saddle complete, dark brown, lightly

imbricate, with a few scattered stout spicules and numerous fine spicules on

dorsal posterolateral margin; seta 1-X single, strong, barbed, 2,3-X single,

4-X with 9 pairs of setae, inserted on a weak grid. Siphon. Dark brown; of

near uniform width from base to apex; index 3.7-4.3; pecten teeth 16-21,

reaching to about 0.75 of siphon; each tooth long, slender, lightly spiculate

from base to apex on side toward base of siphon; 1-S with 3-5 stiff, barbed

branches, long, about 0.8 or more of siphon length, inserted at about 0.8

from base of siphon and on line with pecten teeth; 6-S single, stiff, barbed;

8-S with 3-5 stiff, barbed branches, long, about equal to length of siphon.

Peyton: Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) 91

TYPE-DATA. Type-male with terminalia on slide in the BMNH and with

the following label data: Sarawak, Kuching, 6. 111. 1914, J. C. Moulton,

BM 1914-287. One female and 1 male with same data but without type labels

also in BMNH. The type is in good condition.

Type-male of brevirostris with terminalia on plastic piece on pin shaft in

BMNH with the following label data: Sarawak Kuching, Pres. by J. C.

Moulton, BM. 1914-409. Three females and 7 males with same data but with-

out type labels also in BMNH. The type of brevirostris is in good condition.

DISTRIBUTION. Material examined: 1540, 1589, 38 L; 53 with associ-

ated skins (43 1, 53 p).

MALAYSIA. Malaysia; Tarakan 6f, 5L, 11, 1p. Sabah - Mt. Kinabalu;

Sipitang Forest Reserve, 1°, 32, 41, 3p. Savrawak- Kuching, 10°, 49%, 3 L.

Peninsular Malaysia: Trengganu - Kemaman, 6, 10°. Selangor - Kuala

Selangor; Betong Benjuntai; Ulu Lui; Tanjong Robak; 87°, 96°, 22 L, 23 1,

26 p. Johore: Sedili, 11°, 152, 91, 9p. Pahang: Kuantan, 90°, 109, 21,

2D;

SINGAPORE. 2°, 32; Pearce Reservoir, 1%, 1°, 2 L, 11, 1p; Ulu

Pandan, 6, 122, 21, 4p; War Dept. Area, Clementi Rd., 1°; Macritche

Reservoir, 1°, 3°, 1 L, 31, 3 p; Nee Soon Rifle Range, 4°, 42, 5 L, 71,

1D:

Brug (1934) also reports this species as brevirostris from INDONESIA,

Kalimantan, Mandor, near Pontianak and Brug and Edwards (1931) record it

from Sumatra as moultoni from Bengkulu and Air Prioekan, and as brevivos-

tvis from Djambi and Moeara Tebo.

- DISCUSSION. Edwards (1914) described moultoni from a series of females

and males collected by J. C. Moulton at Kuching, Sarawak, in 1914. These

specimens were accessioned at the BMNH with accession number 1914-287.

At a later date in 1914, additional females and males collected in 1907, by J.

Hewitt at Kuching, bred from a pitcher plant, were received at the BMNH and

accessioned 1914-409. Edwards (1915) described the latter as brevirostris

and noted that it differed from moultoni ''in the yellow instead of black scales

on the mesonotum, and in the somewhat less striking contrast in colour be-

tween the thorax and abdomen." Interestingly, Moulton (1914) published both

these names ina check list of mosquitoes in the Sarawak Museum before the

descriptions appeared.

This is a well marked, easily recognized species in all stages, but there

is considerable variation in adult ornamentation. There is a dark form anda

slightly lighter form in the adult but intermediates are common. The darker

form has the decumbent head scales black, the scutal integument slightly dark-

er, scutal scales more uniformly dark and occasionally with a faint darker

brown line across upper pleuron. The lighter form has the decumbent head

scales more uniformly slate gray, scutal integument lighter, scutal scales

distinctly lighter grayish on anterior 0.5, and the dark line across upper

pleuron reduced or absent. These variables are noted in all samples from all

areas and even in the same collection, which leads me to believe that much of

this may be due more to age than any other factor. Almost all of the specimens

used in this study were freshly reared and killed or died at varying intervals

after emergence. This is also true of the type-series of brevirostris and the

lighter forms could well be a manifestation of a teneral condition. The type-

series of brevirostris exhibits the above variations to some extent, but the type

male has lighter decumbent head scales, lighter thorax and lighter grayish

anterior scutal scales, the posterior scales are distinctly black as they are

in all specimens of both forms. These differences are rather subtle and not

- 92 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

very striking. The male terminalia of the 2 type-males are the same.

The pupa and larva are quite distinct and most characters are rather typi-

cal. The larva exhibits a few significant variations. The most significant are:

the development of seta 1-H] and 1-VI. Seta 1-III is frequently long, very

strong and barbed, similar to 1-IV, V, less commonly 1-III is shorter, weak

and with few simple branches, 1-VI is usually similar to 1-IV, V but it is often

reduced, much weaker than 1-IV, V; 3-P varies significantly in length and in

thickness of individual branches. The larva is similar to those of ascidiicola,

gigantea and xanthomelaena in the small long narrow head but differs from all

3 species in numerous obvious characters. Unique characters in the larva of

moultoni are as follows: 9 pairs of setae for 4-X; extremely long, well de-

veloped 8-S; strongly plumose setae 8, 9-M and 7,9-T; long, stout, single

strongly barbed 1-IV, V.

BIONOMICS. The immature stages occur almost exclusively in Nepenthes

pitchers at a rather low elevation. From the available data it also appears the

species has a distinct preference for pitchers of N. ampullaria Jack. Thirty-

two immature collections were examined from the following: Nepenthes (30),

bamboo stump (1) and Pandanus axil (1). Eleven of the collections with specific

identification of the pitcher plant are all N. ampullavria. Barr and Chellapah

(1963) report brevirostris (= moultoni) as a common inhabitant of N. ampullaria

in Singapore and Brug (1934) reported bDrevirostris (= moultoni) from N. ampul-

laria in western Borneo (Kalimantan). Twenty-seven of the collections examined

are with recorded elevations of sea level to 152 m with 18 of these at sea level.

URANOTAENIA (PSEUDOFICALBIA) NIVIPLEURA LEICESTER

(Figs. 33, 34)

Uranotaenia nivipleura Leicester 1908: 219 (“, 2); Barraud 1926: 343 (9);

Barraud 1934: 76 (, 2); Bohart and Ingram 1946b: 57 (“, 2); Peyton

and Hochman 1968: 380 (c‘*).

Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) nivipleura Leicester, Peyton 1972: 37.

FEMALE. Head. Proboscis about 0.92 of forefemur; prementum uni-

formly dark brown scaled, with a very few minute setae at apex; one pair of

labial basal setae; palpus about 0.11 of proboscis and about 1.0 of antennal

flagellomere 1; clypeus light or dark brown; antennal pedicel dark brown on

mesal half, lighter laterally, with a small inconspicuous dorsomesal patch

of minute setae and colorless scales; flagellum about 1.21 of proboscis or

exceeding proboscis from base of Flm 11; Flm 1 about 1.12 of Flm 2, witha

few grayish brown scales basomesally; flagellar whorls each of 6 setae; 1

strong, golden interocular and 5 ocular setae, the most mesal one very near

interocular and golden, remainder black; decumbent scales usually indistinctly

bicolorous, those in center and on postgena grayish brown or light creamy

fawn, scales on ocular line narrowly and indistinctly grayish or creamy, usu-

ally becoming more whitish laterally and extending posteromesally to nape;

erect scales moderately long, numerous but not dense, distributed over entire

vertex to ocular line, a varying number of pale white ones posteriorly and

black anteriorly. Thorax. Scutal integument reddish rust-brown, extending

over anterior margin as a dark V-shaped area to upper level of apn, indistinct-

ly darker on supra-alar area and scutal fossa, narrowly pale yellowish on lat-

eral marginal line; scales narrow, curved, dark brown in center, a few pos-

terior lateral prescutellar scales straight and moderately broad, a narrow

Peyton: Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) 93

lateral marginal line of long narrow white or yellowish scales, interrupted at

anterior dorsocentral setae, a small patch of similar scales at anterior acro-

stichal line; prescutellar space bare on posterior 0.5 or less; dorsocentral

and supra-alar setae exceptionally long, stout, black; scutellum dark brownish

black, scales similar in color, broad; mesopostnotum dark brown dorsally,

yellowish laterally; paratergite yellowish; pleuron uniformly pale yellowish

(light straw) and sharply contrasting with very dark scutum; apn devoid of

scales; ppn with 1 stout seta and 2-6 inconspicuous light gray translucent

scales on upper posterior corner; sp with 1 seta; ppl with 2 strong setae; stp

with 7-10 setae on upper and posterior margins, and a broad upper patch of

broad, near colorless, translucent scales, which narrowly extends down posteri-

or margin to upper level of coxa II; upper mep with 3,4 whitish setae. Wing.

Scales on C, Sc, Rand Ry; dark brown, remigium often exhibiting a varying

degree of gray or creamy white scales, remaining scales light grayish brown;

cell Ry about 0.48 of R m and 0.8 of Mo. Legs. Coxae and trochanters pale

yellow, C-I witha patch ot light grayish brown scales on anterior surface;

C-II, Ill with a few similar though less conspicuous scales basolaterally; fe-

mora dark brown scaled dorsally, light brown ventrally; forefemur with 3, 4

short stiff setae on apical 0.5 of anteroventral margin and 5-7 short, weak

setae on posterodorsal margin, no rows of setae on mid- or hindfemur; tibiae

and tarsi dark brown scaled; hindtarsomere 1 about 1.0 of tibia. Abdomen.

Terga tawny brown scaled, reflecting various colors of dusty gray, violet-

green or golden depending on angle of light and age of specimen, tergum I

usually lighter; laterotergite pale yellow, with a few scattered pale gray

scales; sterna light grayish brown.

MALE. Essentially as in female except for sexual differences. Head,

Proboscis about 1.0 of forefemur; 2 pairs of labial basal setae; antennal flagel-

lum about 1.0 of proboscis, strongly plumose, whorls each of at least 20 setae;

flagellomeres 12,13 subequal, each as long as combined length of 9-11. Ter-

minalia (Fig. 34). Tergum IX broadly rounded on apical margin, with a sub-

apical patch of 3-6 conspicuous setae on each side of midline, basal emargina-

tion shallow; tergum X complete dorsally, produced tergolaterally into short,

broad lobes which are produced into angular apicolateral corners and distinctly

shorter on mesal corner, extending beyond apical margin of tergum IX; tergo-

mesal surface of basimere with several setae of unequal lengths; basal mesal

lobe of basimere with 1 long, stout tergoapical seta arising from a distinct

finger-like process, 3,4 similar though shorter subapical setae and 1,2 smal-

ler setae basal to these; 1 long, strong and 2,3 weaker setae on sternoapical

margin; distimere long, slender, rather straight, gradually tapered from base

to apex, with 2,4 small distal setae; spiniform minute, inapparent; plates of

aedeagus widely separated, joined by a broad tergal bridge and a membran-

ous sternal bridge, broadly rounded laterally basal to teeth, each plate with

1 large, broad leaf-like, apically curved, pointed, tergoapical tooth, a stout

slightly curved apical, sternomesal tooth and a rather distinct median sternal

arm which terminates ina small, strongly curved, basally directed tooth;

proctiger with 4-6 prominent cercal setae on each side, tergal apicolateral

surface strongly spiculate.

PUPA (Fig. 34). Chaetotaxy as figured. Diagnostic characters as in

series description and the following. Integument uniformly light yellowish

brown, all setae small and short, with very few simple branches. Cephalo-

thorax, Setae 1-5-CT single or double, 6-CT strong, longer than 7-CT,

8-CT single or double. Respivatory Trumpet. Light yellow; index about 3.5;

tracheoid area inapparent. Metanotum. Setae 10-12-CT usually single, occa-

«94 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

sionally bifid, near equal in length; alveolus of 13-CT not evident. Abdomen,

Seta 1-II-V weak, single or double, 2-II short, stout, single, 3-II stiff,

single; 3-III single or double, 5-III stout, spine-like, 6-III-VII short, weak,

single; 5-IV-VII single, not more than 0.5 the length of each succeeding seg-

ment; 9-VIII with 2-5 stout, darkly pigmented, simple branches; 1-IX stout,

single. Paddle. Midrib pale brown to near apex; outer margin with very fine,

rather widely spaced serrations from basal 0.25 to apex, inner margin with

minute, irregularly spaced spicules on apical 0.4; outer part significantly nar-

rower than inner part; 1-P usually single occasionally bifid or trifid.

LARVA (Fig. 33). Chaetotaxy as figured. Diagnostic characters as in

series description and the following. Head, Dark brown; seta 4-C single,

7-C double or triple, placed anterolateral to 4,6-C, 11-C with 3-5 branches;

mentum with 13 teeth. Antenna. Darker than cranium; seta 1-A single or

double. Thorax. Seta 1-P single, 3-P double or triple, 4-P double, 7-P

double or triple, 14-P single; 8-M triple, 9-M double; 7-T with 4, 5 branches,

9-T double. Abdomen. Seta 1-I small, single or double, 6-I, II usually

double, rarely triple; 1-II-IV with 2-4 branches; 6-III-V double, lightly barbed;

1-V double or triple; 1-VI single or bifid, 6-VI single or double; 1-VIII double

or triple, inserted on posterior margin of comb plate, 3-VIII with 2,3 lightly

barbed branches; comb scales 7-13, ona large oval sclerotized plate, each

scale slightly expanded and rounded apically, finely spiculate laterally and

apically. Segment X. Saddle incomplete, light brown, posterior margin

without spicules, but the more apical imbrications very finely spiculate; seta

1-X double, stout, strongly barbed, darkly pigmented, 2,3-X triple, barbed,

4a-d-X double or triple, barbed, 4e-X short, weak, single or double, barbed.

Siphon, Dark brown; very broad at base and tapered to narrow apex, sclero-

tized portion broadly and deeply excavated on basoventral 0.3 or more, entire

area between pecten teeth to base membranous; index about 2.0; pecten teeth

9-15, when above 10, usually in an irregular row and several teeth out of line,

reaching to about basal 0.4; each tooth finely fringed laterally and apically,

variable in shape; 1-S double or triple, inserted slightly beyond and ventral

to distal pecten tooth.

TYPE-DATA. Type-male with terminalia on slide in BMNH with the fol-

lowing data on the underside of large circular label "In jungle, The Gap, 24/

4/04," and with B.M. "Type" label. The species was originally described

by Leicester from the above male and one female sent him "by Dr. Finlayson

of Singapore which he bred from a larva found in a pitcher plant.'’ I could not

find the Singapore specimen in the BMNH. Leicester (1908) did not designate

a holotype for any of his species, but since the above specimen is the only one

in the BMNH with a type-label, presumably placed by Edwards, I accept it as

such and see no need for a lectotype designation.

DISTRIBUTION. Material examined: 470, 579, 8 L; 31 with associated

skins (271, 31 p).

CAMBODIA. Kompong Speu: Kirirom, O-Tachat, 19.

HONG KONG. Taipokau, 1%, 22.

INDIA. Muktesar, Kumaon, 5, 3°.

INDONESIA. Java, 198.

JAPAN. Ryukyu Islands, Okinawa: Chizuka, 2°.

LAOS. Ban Van Heue, 1°, 32.

MALAYSIA. Malaysia: Sabah -19 km. N. of Kalabakan, 1“. Peninsular

Malaysia: Johore - Bekok, 2“, 21, 2p. Penang - Penang Hill, 3c, 19.

Pahang - Frasers Hill; Bentong; 8“, 82, 2 L, 11, 1 p. Selangor - Kapar;

The Gap; 50°, 42, 41, 4p.

Peyton: Uyranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) 95

SRI LANKA. Central: Kandy, Peradeniya, 16“, 159, 171, 14 p. Sabara-

gamuwa;: Ratnapura, Uggalkaltota, 1%.

THAILAND. Nakhon Si Thammarvat; Ban Tha Phra Nabon, 1°. Chiang

Mai: Doi Sutep; Suan Ma Yao; 52. Chon Buri: Khao Wai, Khao Mai Kaeo, 2§.

Trang: Khao Chong, 12. Yala: Baraket, 1°. Chanthaburi: Khao Sai Dao,

So 5° B9e-8 Le @aAt: 1p.

VIETNAM. Binh Dinh: An Khe, 12.

Reported also from SINGAPORE by Leicester (1908), and from TAIWAN by

Lien (1962).

DISCUSSION. This is a well marked species in all stages and not likely to

be confused with any other Oriental species of Pseudoficalbia, The adult

exhibits considerable variation in pale scaling of head, thorax and wing. The

decumbent head scales are usually indistinctly grayish or creamy on ocular

line and grayish brown on the vertex, but some specimens have no apparent

lighter scales on the ocular line and all scales are uniformly creamy brown.

The number of black and white erect scales vary from mostly black to mostly

white. The lateral marginal line of pale scales on scutum vary from white to

yellow and pale scales on remigium of wing from 2,3 pale creamy basal scales

to entirely whitish. These variations not withstanding, the adult is easily

recognized by the very distinctive ornamentation of the thorax. The male

terminalia are unique for Pseudoficalbia, in having a membranous sternal con-

nection of the aedeagal plates. The numerous prominent cercal setae of the

proctiger are rather characteristic of this species. The only species with

similar cercal setae are ascidiicola and gigantea,

A single gynandromorph of this species was encountered in the USNM col-

lection from Malaya with the following label data: No. 1375, Frasers Hill,

Pahang, Malaya, Uvanotaenia nivipleura, Det. A. G. 1969, Mosquitoes of

Malaysia, Dept. Parasit., U. Malaya. The specimen is an anterior-posterior

eynander, with the anterior, including head and thorax female and the termin-

alia male. There are 5 normal females and 5 males from the same collection

No. 1375 inthe USNM. Gynandromorphism is a rather common naturally

occuring phenomenon in the Culicidae and has been reported for a considerable

number of species in several different genera. This specimen is of interest

merely because it is the first confirmed record of its occurrence in the genus

Uranotaenia,

The immature stages of this species are moderately variable in some char-

acters. In the pupa there is noticeable shifting in position of setae 2-5-II, Il

and the general arrangement on III is somewhat atypical from other members

of the series. The broad basoventral membranous area of the siphon readily

distinguishes the larva from all other species.

BIONOMICS. The immature stages have been collected from the following:

tree stump (4), tree hole (3) (all dead, fallen), auto tire (2) and rusty tin (1).

Several adults were collected either in traps or resting in forest but 2 adult

collections are of interest. One female is recorded as being collected in

Thailand between the hours of 1900-2000, biting a pig. Another female is re-

ported as resting in a house. Observations on biting behavior of Uranotaenia

species are extremely rare. Both adult and immature collections have been

made in forest and domestic environments at elevations ranging from 61-

2,286 m.

- 96 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

URANOTAENIA (PSEUDOFICALBIA) NOVOBSCURA BARRAUD

(Figs. 2, 35;°36)

Uranotaenia novobscura Barraud 1934: 84 (in part, type “ and L only).

Uranotaenia bimaculata of Edwards 1921: 283 (in part, A, “, Japan record);

Barraud 1926: 346 (“*, °); Barraud 1934: 78 (“*, 2); Roth 1946: 67 (L*,

P* taxonomy); Bohart and Ingram 1946b: 57 (o, 9*, L*, P*, E*);

Asanuma and Nakagawa 1954: 372 (P*); Mattingly 1957: 11 (P); Hara

1957a: 49 (2*) Hara 1957b: 284 (2*); Sasa et al. 1971: 139 (2*).

Uvranotaenia (Uranotaenia) bimaculata of LaCasse and Yamaguti 1950: 42 (o*,

OF Lt, PF).

Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) novobscura Barraud, Peyton 1972: 37.

FEMALE. Head, Proboscis about 0.8 of forefemur; prementum dark

brown scaled dorsally, narrowly and indistinctly gray on ventral margin, no

conspicuous setae except a few very small scattered ones along ventral mar-

gin and at apex; one pair of labial basal setae; palpus about 0.12 of proboscis

and 1.1 of antennal flagellomere 1; clypeus reddish brown; antennal pedicel

dark brown mesally, faintly lighter laterally, with a few small inconspicuous

setae and 3, 4 colorless scales dorsomesally; flagellum about 1.3 of proboscis

or exceeding proboscis from about base of Flm 11; Flm 1 equal to or slightly

less than length of Flm 2 and with a small basomesal patch of light brown

scales; flagellar whorls each with 6,7 setae; 1 stout interocular and 5 ocular

setae; decumbent scales dark grayish brown or creamy brown, often with

faint blue-white reflections, scales at sides distinctly gray-white; erect scales

conspicuous, moderately long, numerous but not dense, distributed over entire

vertex to near ocular line, pale yellowish brown or whitish. Thorax (Fig. 2).

Scutal integument dark brown or brownish black, often with grayish sheen,

with a large bare, oval, dark brown or velvety black, supra-alar spot which

is usually set off from remainder of dark scutum by at least a narrow pale

area on anteromesal margin; scales mostly narrow, curved, dark bronzy

brown or grayish brown, a few moderately broad white scales on anterior pro-

montory and occasionally a few narrow grayish white scales on anterior mar-

gin of supra-alar dark spot; prescutellar space largely bare; dorsocentral

and supra-alar setae long, stout, but less than half the width of scutum; scu-

tellum dark brown, with broad brown scales; mesopostnotum a deep dark

brown, lighter basolaterally; paratergite dark brown; pleuron mostly light

grayish or yellowish brown with ppn, psp, upper sip, and mep usually darker

brown; apn devoid of scales; ppn with 1 strong seta and no scales; sp with 1

seta; ppl with 1 strong and 2 weak setae and a few conspicuous translucent

scales; stp with a distinct patch of broad flat grayish translucent scales on

upper 0.3 which narrowly extends down posterior margin to below base of mid-

coxa, setae few, small, weak, 2 upper and 6-7 posterior; upper mep with 4

setae. Wing. Scales dark brown, those on posterior veins lighter; remigium

usually entirely grayish white or ochreous, occasionally reduced to 3, 4 pale

ochreous scales basally or rarely all dark; cell R, about 0.5 of Ro +3 and about

0.77 of cell Mg. Legs, Coxae and trochanters pale grayish brown with a few

inconspicuous 4ranslucent scales; femora brown scaled dorsally, gray ventral-

ly, tibiae and tarsi uniformly brown; forefemur with 8-12 short stiff setae on

posterodorsal margin, 4-7 similar setae on apical 0.5 of anteroventral mar-

gin; midfemur with 3-6 setae on basal 0.5 of dorsal margin, 2-4 short stiff

setae on apical posterior margin and several small weak setae on ventral mar-

Peyton: Uvranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) 97

gin; hindfemur with 1-4 stiff setae on dorsal margin and 2-4 short, stiff setae

on apical 0.5 of posterior margin; hindtarsomere 1 about equal to length of

tibia. Abdomen. Terga dark brown scaled, with purple reflections; lateroter-

gite with a few grayish scales; sterna light grayish brown.

MALE. Essentially as in female except for sexual differences. Head,

Proboscis about 0.85 of forefemur; 3 pairs of labial basal setae; antennal fla-

gellum strongly plumose, about 1.1 of proboscis in length or exceeding pro-

boscis by slightly less than length of Flm 13; Flm 12 longer than 13 and about

equal to combined length of 9-11; flagellar whorls each of 20 or more long

setae. Terminalia (Fig. 36). Tergum IX broadly rounded apically, with an ir-

regular subapical row of 2-4 setae on each side of midline, usually with at

least 3 on one side, basal emargination very shallow and broad; tergum X well

developed, complete dorsally, produced laterally into short angular lobes

which usually project a little beyond apical margin of tergum IX but occasion-

ally are retracted well within segment IX; tergomesal surface of basimere

with several long setae, a few of which are quite stout; basal mesal lobe of

basimere with 1 long, very strong, tergoapical seta, 4,5 similar but shorter

subapical setae and 1-3 small setae basal to these, 1 long, stout and 1-3 smaller

setae on sternoapical margin; distimere more or less straight, of uniform

width on basal 0.6 and tapered from apical 0.4 on tergomesal side to apex,

apical 0.4 with several small setae, spiniform stout, acute; plates of aedeagus

widely separated, joined by narrow tergal and sternal bridges, broadly rounded

laterally below teeth, each plate with 1 very stout outwardly curved, apical,

tergomesal tooth and 2 rather long strong apicosternal teeth, with the more

tergal of the 2 long, straight and directed laterally, a small short subapical

tooth near tergolateral margin; proctiger without cercal setae but with numer-

ous fine spicules apically.

PUPA (Fig. 36). Chaetotaxy as figured. Diagnostic characters in series

description and the following. Integument uniformly brown. Cephalothorax.,

Seta 1-CT single or double, 2-CT double or triple, 3-CT with 1-4 branches,

5-CT small, with 2-6 delicate branches, 6-CT single, strong, darkly pigmented,

about equal to or slightly longer than 7-CT; 8-CT with 3-6 branches; 9-CT

single to triple. Respiratory Trumpet, Dark reddish brown, faintly tracheoid

on anterobasal 0.2; index about 3.8-4.5, of near uniform width from basal

0.25 to apex. Metanotum, Seta 10-CT very small, with 2-5 weak branches,

12-CT single or double, a well-developed single or double 13-CT rarely pres-

ent. Abdomen, Seta 3-I single to triple; 1-II small, usually with 7-16 very

weak branches from a strong basal stem, occasionally basal stem bifid and

each division with 5-12 branches, 2-II single, less than length of segment III;

3-II strong, with 2-4 weak branches at or beyond middle, rarely single; 1-II

small, with 2-4 weak branches, 3-II strong, with 2-5 weak branches beyond

middle, 6-III-V single or double; 1-IV-VII small, with 2-3 (2-5) weak branches,

o-IV-VI single, darkly pigmented, about as long as succeeding segment on IV,

V, usually shorter on VI; 6-VI single, longer than 6 on preceeding segments;

6-VII small, with 2-5 branches, located dorsally; 9-VIII usually with a strong,

pigmented basal stem, with 4-8 branches from various points on basal 0.5,

often with dendritic branching. Paddle, Darkly pigmented at base and on

basal 0.3-0.95 of outer margin; midrib darkly pigmented to apex; outer and

inner parts equal in width; outer margin with closely set saw-toothed spicules,

each of which has a long fine terminal filament, inner margin with a fringe of

longer filamentous spicules; 1-P single or double.

LARVA (Fig. 35). Chaetotaxy as figured. Diagnostic characters as in

series description and the following. Head, Dark reddish brown; seta 4-C

—©98 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

with 11-26 fine branches, 5-C strong, single, considerably longer than 6-C,

7-C usually with 5-7 (4-10) branches, 11-C small, with 7-12 very weak branches;

mentum with 13-15 teeth. Antenna, Darker brown than cranium, seta 1-A

double or triple, 2-6-A darkly pigmented. Thorax, Seta 3-P with 2-6

branches, 4-P with 3 (2-4) branches, 7-P usually double or triple (1-4), 14-P

with 2-4 stiff, lightly barbed branches; 6-M long, stout. Abdomen, Seta 1-I-

VI small, weak, with 2-9 branches; 6-III,IV with 3 (1-4) barbed branches,

much shorter than 6-I-II, VI; 6-V with 3 (1-3) barbed branches and slightly

longer than 6-III, IV; 6-VI single (1-4), strong, barbed, darkly pigmented,

significantly longer than 6-IJI-V; 1-VIII minute, multiple branched, 2- VIII in-

serted on a small sclerotized plate, 3-VIII with 4 (3-8) strongly barbed bran-

ches; plate of segment VIII large; comb scales 8 (6-12), each with 1-3 short

stout spicules on each side at base, very finely spiculate laterally to tapered

apex, apical spicules only slightly stronger. Segment X. Saddle complete,

dark reddish brown, strongly sculptured, posterolateral margin and the more

apical imbrications with very fine sharp spicules; seta 1-X with 4-8 barbed

branches, 2-X double, 4a-e-X with 4-7, 2-4, 2-3, 1-2, 1-2 branches respec-

tively. Siphon. Dark reddish brown; index about 2.5-3.2; pecten teeth usually

17-20 (15-32), extending to 0.55-0.75 from base of siphon, each tooth short,

broad, very finely spiculate laterally and apically, often a few teeth out of

line and well above or below the others, especially in those specimens with

more than 20 teeth; 1-S with 3-6 branches which are usually strongly barbed

distally, usually inserted within the distal 1-3 pecten teeth but occasionally

slightly beyond the most distal tooth.

EGG. Description taken from Bohart and Ingram (1946b). 'Length about

0.6 mm.; black, dorsal surface dull granular and delimited by a low ridge,

sides and bottom smooth and shining."

TYPE-DATA. Originally described by Barraud (1934) from: 'Sukna,

Darjeeling dist., c. 500', x .1922 (Barraud). TYPE: ©, No. 1276/1861

| with slide of associated larval and pupal skins|; allotype ¢ and other speci-

mens from same place, viii. 1928 (Sobha Ram).'' The holotype male and 8

other specimens (50°, 32) are inthe BMNH. There are slight discrepancies

between the above published type-data and those on the labels attached to the

specimens. The labels on the holotype male bear the following information:

on 2 small labels affixed on minuten pin below specimen, one is with "No.

1276, '' the other with ''No. 1861,''a BMNB circular ''TYPE" label is on the

shaft of a larger pin and a second label below this is with, ''Suriel, E. Himal-

ayas, Darjeeling dist., X-1922 (Barraud), larva from bamboo." The slide

of the associated larval and pupal skins of the type-male is labeled as follows:

"No. 1276, Uvanotaenia novobscura Barr., Suriel, Darjeeling dist., C. 5000'

from Bamboo, X-1922, P. J. Barraud, BM 1935-622., larval and pupal skin

of type “.'' In the original text (1934: 85), Barraud indicated that the fourth

stage larva was "described from one damaged skin, from which type ¢ re-

sulted.'' This is an error as the pupal skin is clearly that of a male. The

other specimens from Sukna, consisting of 5 males (2 with terminalia mounted

on slides) and 3 females, all bear similar information. Although none bear

type-labels, it is clear these are the "'allotype and other specimens from

same place... .'' referred to by Barraud and are labeled as follows: U.

novobscura, P. J. Barraud, Sukna, N. Bengal, Cow Pen, Sobha Ram viii.

1928. All 8 specimens from the latter collection are obscura Edwards and

only superficially resemble the holotype in adult habitus features.

The holotype male is in rather poor condition, being badly rubbed, scutum

somewhat collapsed and torn, pinned through middle of pleuron and with fore-

Peyton: Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) oo

and midleg missing on one side. It is obviously teneral and quite pale, which

in part contributes to its resemblance to obscura, The terminalia were in-

tact and only partially rotated when I clipped and slide-mounted them (Decem-

ber 1968). The mounted terminalia are quite different from those prepared by

Barraud of one of the obscura specimens which he described.

It appears that the original description of the adult female and male of

novobscura was based almost entirely upon specimens of obscura from Sukna

and not upon the labeled holotype of novobscura from Suriel. Consequently,

the original description of the species is represented by the very adequate

description of the holotype larval skin, and the type-locality becomes Suriel,

not Sukna.

DISTRIBUTION. Material examined: 93°, 91%, 85 L; 53 with associated

skins (31 1, 53 p).

CAMBODIA. Kompong Speu: Kirirom, O-Tachat, 19.

CHINA. Chekiang: Hangchow, 2%, 2°. Hainan, 1%.

HONG KONG. New Territories: Kowloon, 9%, 1°.

INDIA. Darjeeling: Suriel; Kurseong; 2°, 1°, 11, 1 p.

JAPAN. Kyoto: 3%, 42, 3L. Tokyo: 20, 492, 2L. Sagiyama;: 1°, 29.

Ryukyu Islands: Okinawa: Ikebaru; Shido; Metaniku; Okuma; Aku; Moromi;

Nakasoni; Chizuka; Taira; 300, 249, 73 L, 61, 25 p.

LAOS. Ban Van Heue, 18.

MALAYSIA. Peninsular Malaysia; Pahang - Frasers Hill; Robinson Falls,

Cameron Highlands; Sungai Menson, Cameron Highlands; Gunong Beremban,

Cameron Highlands; 140", 189, 4L, 151, 17 p. Pevak- Maxwells Hill, 19.

TAIWAN. Yo-chih Nan-Tou; Mei-Shan Chia-I; Ta-Keng-Poi Tan; Taipei;

Chuchi Chuchi; 7“, 6%.

THAILAND. Chiang Mai: Doi Sutep; Kuan Kwinnin; 18“, 20°, 1 L, 51,

5p. Lampang: Ngao, 1°. Nakhon Ratchasima: Khao Yai, 1%. Kanchana-

buvi: Huai Mae Nam Noi, 22, 21, 2p. Tak: Doi Sam Sao, 2%, 29, 21, 4p.

Chanthaburi: Khao Sai Dao, 2 L.

Reported by Tanaka, Saugstad and Mizusawa (1975) (as bimaculata) as com-

mon throughout the Ryukyu Archipelago. Reported also from Anhwei,

Hwangshan, CHINA (as bimaculata) by Feng (1938).

DISCUSSION. The identity of this species has been thoroughly confused,

since publication of the original description. As far as I can determine, it

has not been correctly recognized since that date, and even Barraud confused

it with obscura when he described it from a mixed series of the 2 species.

His adult key will identify this species as obscura, I have seen several speci-

mens of obscuya, especially from Thailand, labeled as novobscuva, Fortun-

ately, except for Thurman (1959), these records were never published.

Qutubuddin (1951) also treated obscura as novobscura but in this case he and

Mattingly (in collaboration) selected one of the male terminalia slides of

obscura from Barraud's original series (cited above under Type-data) for

illustration and comparison with that of mattinglyi. This is confirmed by the

fact that the terminalia of the holotype of novobscuva were still intact in 1968.

The species has been collected frequently in a number of countries but has

been consistently misidentified and reported as bimaculata, Consequently,

most of the published records of bimaculata pertain to novobscura, Prior to

this study there were no confirmed records of bimaculata beyond Peninsular

Malaysia.

In an effort to clarify the confusion surrounding this species, the following

information is presented. The original description of 0tmaculata Leicester

(1908) was based totally upon adult habitus features, without accompanying

100 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

illustrations. Except for a sketch of the basal mesal lobe of the terminalia of

the lectotype male, by Mattingly in Delfinado (1966b) no other stage has been

treated to date. The most distinguishing adult feature of bimaculata, prior

to the description of novobscuyva was the very conspicuous dark supra-alar

spots of the scutal integument.

In 1926, Barraud described the adult and illustrated the male terminalia

of what he considered to be bimaculata (here confirmed as novobscura) from a

series of adult specimens in the Central Malaria Bureau collection, "from

Kurseong, Mungpoo and Suriel, Eastern Himalayas, bred from larvae found in

water in tree holes September and October 1922.'' In 1934 he again treated

this series as bimaculata with very slight modification in the adult description

and reproduced the earlier illustration of the male terminalia. The localities

were essentially the same but also with slight modification and one addition as

follows: DARJEELING DIST.: Kurseong, Suriel and Mungpoo, 5-6, 000', ix &

x. 1922 (Barraud); Marian barrie Tea Estate, near Sukna, c. 500’, viii. 1928

(Sobha Ram). There is one female, No. 2037 and one male, No. 2034 in the

BMNH labeled, bimaculata, Kurseong, 22.6.22, M. O. T. Iyengar, Tree hole.

These may be the specimens from Kurseong listed by Barraud. I did not lo-

cate any of the other specimens of Barraud's bimaculata in the BMNH. The

descriptions and the illustration of male terminalia of bimaculata in Barraud

(1926 and 1934) and the 2 specimens listed above from Kurseong compare very

well with the holotype of novobscura, Barraud specifically pointed out the pale

remigial scales of the adult wing in the Indian specimens of bimaculata and

these are quite obvious on the type of movobscura, The only obvious difference

is the much paler teneral condition of the holotype. Although Barraud did not

note it, the dark supra-alar spot on the scutum of the holotype of novobscura

is rather indistinct, but it is clearly present. Comparing the collection data

on the labels of the holotype of novobscura and Barraud's bimaculata from

Suriel, it would appear these specimens were collected at the same locality

and elevation (5, 000-6, 000'), possibly at the same time in x. 1922, but from

different habitats; bamboo and tree hole. It would also appear that somehow

these collections were mixed and Barraud did not originally intend to include

the male from Suriel in the type-series of novobscura, since he did not list

Suriel as one of the localities and listed Sukna as the type-locality with data

corresponding only to that on the labels of the obscura specimens collected

by Sobha Ram in 1928. However, since it is the only specimen with a type-

label, it must be treated as such.

This confused treatment consisting of a very inadequate description of

novobscura from a mixed series and a more complete description of the adult

and adequate illustration of the male terminalia of the same species under the

name of bimaculata in the same publication, set the stage for future recogni-

tion of the species as bimaculata, Following this, Roth (1946) made a compre-

hensive study of the immature stages of Okinawan specimens and described

and illustrated these for the first time as bimaculaia, Later, in the same

year Bohart and Ingram (1946b) added a description and illustration of the egg.

LaCasse and Yamaguti (1950) provided the last complete treatment of the spe-

cies, as bimaculata, from Palaearctic Japan, along with a well-illustrated

male terminalia which compared very favorably with those of bimaculata in

Barraud (1926 and 1934). The original description of bimaculata Leicester

seems to have been lost somewhere in the above process.

The male terminalia, larva and pupa of bimaculata are described and

illustrated for the first time elsewhere in this revision. While the 2 species

are very similar in adult habitus features, they differ significantly in the male

Peyton: Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) 101

terminalia, pupa and larva. It can also be noted under the description and il-

lustrations of obscura that there is little resemblance to novobscura,

This species is quite variable in all stages. The adult shows a clinal vari-

ation in color, especially in the scutum, which varies from very dark, almost

black, in specimens from the southern extreme of Malaysia to a lighter brown

for the more northern populations. The pale scales of the remigium of the

wing are usually more obvious in southern specimens, often the remigium

being entirely pale grayish white, whereas some specimens from northern

Japan show only a few pale ochreous scales. There is considerable variation

in the pleural markings which occurs throughout the range of the species

though they are generally darker in specimens from the south. A few speci-

mens havealmost uniformly pale pleura or, only faintly darker on some scler-

ites. Adults from the Ryukyus show a marked departure from both the sou-

thern regions and northern Japan. Specimens are much lighter in color and

the supra-alar dark spot is smaller and brown, never blackish. In specimens

from the islands of Amami Oshima and Okinawa, scales on the remigium are

always dark. Specimens from Ishigake and Iriomote are also lighter but the

remigium has pale scales usually on the basal half (information on specimens

from Amami Oshima, Ishigake and Iriomote islands kindly provided by Dr.

Kazuo Tanaka; personal communication). The variation in color of adults may

also be correlated somewhat with elevation, but information on elevation of

northern collections is insufficient to substantiate this. Collections from India,

Malaysia and Thailand with recorded elevation, range between 213-1, 829 m

with the majority above 914 m. None of the northern specimens in the USNM

have information on elevation, but LaCasse and Yamaguti (1950) reporting on

394 larval collections made over a 4 year period in Palaearctic Japan stated,

"The species does not apparently occur at altitude, and undoubtedly winters

over readily in the larval stage."

Roth (1946) recognized 2 larval forms from Okinawa which he designated

Forms A and B. Differences in the 2 forms were mainly in the degree of

ocular bulge of the head and branching of abdominal seta 6-III-VI. He also

noted several other variable characters such as general size, branching of pro-

thoracic setae, number of comb scales and pecten teeth, however, he found

these to be similar in both forms and "not only variable between specimens

but often differ on either side of the same larva.'' Form A was small in size

“with a slight bulging of the sides of the head, and with the lateral abdominal

hairs on segments III-V triple and on segment VI double or triple.'' Form B

was larger, more robust, ''with a more decided bulge in the eye region, great-

ly enlarged thorax and with the lateral abdominal hairs on segments II-VI

usually simple.'' However, from a large series of larvae of both forms he

found these differences to be variable and was unable to identify some speci-

mens as either form A or B "'because of overlapping of characters.'’ He was

also unable to find any differences in reared adults of the 2 forms.

Roth also noted a few minor differences in the size and color of pupal

skins of Forms A and B but indicated the colors were found in both. He con-

cluded that the Okinawan specimens represented a single highly variable spe-

cies.

Bohart and Ingram (1946b) reported on 11 larvae from Okinawa and ob-

served the same general variation reported by Roth but also reported a single

specimen with seta 6-III-VI single on one side and triple on the other.

Based on a study of larval specimens from Okinawa in his collection, Dr.

Kazuo Tanaka (personal communication) states, ''There seems to be some

seasonal difference in the branching of hairs. Specimens obtained during

102 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

November and December have fewer branches than those obtained during

August and September. This should be verified by more extensive collecting

throughout the year."' His specimens from Palaearctic Japan and Okinawa

also show considerable variation in the adult and larva. The adults from

Palaearctic Japan are more like those from Malaysia and those from the Ryu-

kyu Archipelago are as stated above. In larvae of his collections from the

former, pecten teeth are 20-32 and abdominal seta 6-VI is always single. In

those of the later, pecten teeth are 15-29 and abdominal seta 6-VI is 1-4

branched but in specimens from Ishigake and Iriomote islands 6-VI is most

commonly single.

I have noted all of these variations in specimens from all localities but the

samples from most localities, except for Okinawa, are too small to analyze

for any significant trends. Of the larvae available for study it is clear that

the most common branching of abdominal seta 6-III-VI is as illustrated in

figure 35. However, just about any combination of branching can be found from

side to side on any segment in a series of specimens. The number of pecten

teeth and the distance from base of siphon to the most distal tooth varies con-

siderably in all areas but the northern specimens tend to have a greater num-

ber of teeth and the position of seta 1-S is more commonly inserted within the

row of teeth. In specimens from India, Malaysia and Thailand, pecten teeth

are 15-23 and the position of 1-S is more often slightly beyond the distal pec-

ten tooth.

: The pupa exhibits much less variation in the branching of individual setae

and all appear to be within the normal expected limits. There is slight vari-

ation in the shape of the pupal paddle but this is not associated with any one

locality. Roth (1946) also noted some variation in shape of the paddle of

Okinawan specimens, ''sometimes slightly elongate, or wide and rounded."

The apical margin of paddle is with or without a shallow emargination.

Until additional reared, associated series from several localities become

available for a more comprehensive analysis, I must conclude, as did Roth

(1946) for Okinawan specimens, that the various populations studied represent

a single plastic species and that the adult population from Okinawa is a recog-

nizable variant.

BIONOMICS. Immatures of this species are most commonly encountered

in bamboo stumps, tree holes and tree stumps, but they have also been col-

lected from various artificial containers and from a banana leaf axil. In

Japan it appears to occur more frequently in bamboo stumps and artificial con-

tainers at lower elevations than in Malaysia and Thailand. Roth (1946) listed

"Earthenware containers, tin cans, tree holes, cut bamboo, pottery (tea pots,

saucers, etc.)."’ LaCasse and Yamaguti (1950) state that in Palaearctic Japan

larvae occur primarily in the stumps of cut bamboo in heavily shaded portions

of bamboo groves. Occasionally they are found in other artifical containers

offering environmental conditions approximating those existing in bamboo

stumps. Bohart and Ingram (1946b) also found them rarely in rock holes. I

have examined collections from the following habitats: tree holes (14), tree

stumps (9), bamboo stumps (10), cement tank or pit (2), earthenware, jar or

urn (7) auto tire (1), tin can (1) and banana leaf axil (1). Of the 8 collections

from Malaysia, 6 were from fern tree stumps and 2 from tree holes, all at

elevations of 1,189-1,646 m. Six collections from Thailand have recorded

elevations of 213-1,326 m. There are several adult collections recorded as

taken resting in forest (14).

The larvae hang almost vertically from the water surface and have a move-

ment similar to Aedes Stegomyia) species. The immatures are often collected

Peyton: Uyvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) 103

in association with tree hole and bamboo breeding species of Aedes, Tvipte-

voides Giles and Culex.

Bohart and Ingram (1946b) obtained a batch of 50 eggs from a female in

the laboratory. The eggs were laid "flat on the water and single."’ Mattingly

(1970) suggested that from the general appearance of the egg it would seem

that this is most probably true also in nature. |

Hsiao and Bohart (1946), in reporting on mosquitoes of Japan stated, ''The

adults do not feed on man but have been reported to attack toads.'’ They did

not cite the source of this report.

URANOTAENIA (PSEUDOFICALBIA) PATRICIAE NEW SPECIES

(Figs. 2, 37, 38)

FEMALE. Head. Proboscis about 0.83 of forefemur; prementum light

brown scaled, with a few inconspicuous setae at apex; one pair of labial basal

setae; palpus about 0.15 of proboscis and 1.0 of antennal flagellomere 1;

clypeus pale brown; antennal pedicel pale brown, faintly darker mesally, with

a few minute setae dorsomesally; flagellum about 1.53 of proboscis or exceed-

ing proboscis from base of flagellomere 10; Flm 1 about 1.25 of Flm 2 and with

a few light brown basomesal scales; flagellar whorls each of 5,6 setae; 1_

strong and 1 weak, golden interocular and 5 black ocular setae; decumbent

scales mostly light creamy or grayish brown, scales at sides dull white;

erect scales small, but typical, sparsely scattered over vertex, more conspi-

cuous on occiput. Thorax (Fig. 2). Scutal integument pale yellowish brown

in center, broadly pale grayish white on lateral margin, an indistinct narrow

oblique darker brown line on mesal border of lateral pale area, extending from

anterior dorsocentral line to supra-alar area or this line occasionally incom-

plete at middle and apparent on scutal fossa and supra-alar area; scales nar-

row, curved, pale grayish on light integumental areas, grayish brown on

darker areas, distinctly grayish white on narrow lateral marginal line with

those immediately above paratergite long, narrow, semierect; prescutellar

space largely bare; scutellum light brown, scales grayish brown; mesopostno-

tum light brown, occasionally with a narrow dark median line; paratergite pale

grayish brown; pleuron with a distinct dark brown line across upper 0.5 as

follows: apn, ppn, psp, upper 0.25 of stp, upper 0.6 of mep and lower meta-

pleuron dark brown, remaining areas pale grayish brown or whitish, all

sclerites devoid of scales; Ppv and sp each with 1 seta; ppl with 1 strong and 1

weak seta; stp with 1, 2 strong upper and 4, 5 weaker posteromarginal setae;

upper mep with 2 setae. Wing. Scales dark brown on anterior veins, lighter

on posterior veins; cell Ro about 0.63 of Ro,. and about 0.69 of cell Mo.

Legs, Coxae and trochanters pale grayish brown; C-I-III each with very few

inconspicuous light brown translucent scales; femora dark brown scaled dor-

sally, grayish brown ventrally, with only a few scattered small inconspicuous

marginal setae; tibiae and tarsi dark brown scaled; hindtarsomere 1 about 1.0

of tibia; hindtarsomere 4, 2.7-2.8 of tarsomere 5. Abdomen. Terga bronzy

brown scaled, with blue-green reflections; laterotergite with a few brown

scales; sterna light brown scaled.

MALE. Essentially as in female except for sexual differences. Head,

Proboscis about 0.89 of forefemur; antennal flagellum strongly plumose,

whorls each of 20 or more setae, length about 1.31 of proboscis or exceeding

proboscis from near base of flagellomere 12; Flm 13 longer than Flm 12.

Terminalia (Fig. 38). Very similar to modesta except for the following.

104 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

Tergum IX not as rounded on apical margin; setae on tergum IX 4-7 in a patch

and usually at least 5 on one side; median apical lobe of tergum X produced

laterally into more definite rounded lobes, with apical emargination variable

but generally narrower, deeper; basal mesal lobe of basimere with 3 long stout

tergoapical setae, with the most apical arising from a prominent finger-like

process, 3-5 small weak setae basal to these, 1 long, stout and 1, 2 weak

setae on sternoapical margin; apical tergomesal tooth of aedeagal plates smal-

ler, upper sternoapical tooth broader and more acutely pointed, either of the

2 sternoapical teeth occasionally duplicated on one or both plates; paramere

not as broad at base and rounded on mesal margin; proctiger with 1 cercal

seta on each side.

PUPA (Fig. 38). Chaetotaxy as figured. Diagnostic characters as in

series description and the following. Integument pale yellowish brown with

faintly darker median areas on segments I-VI or uniformly light brown; all

setae with simple branches, without lateral barbs. Cephalothorax., Seta 1-CT

2-4 branched, 2-CT with 3-5 branches, 3-CT single to triple, 5-CT with 3-6

branches, 6-CT slightly longer than 7-CT, inserted about 3.0-4.0 the width

of alveolus from 7-CT, 8-CT with 3-6 branches. Respiratory Trumpet, Light

brown; index 3.8-4.5, of near uniform width to apex; indistinctly tracheoid on

anterobasal 0.2. Metanotum. Seta 10-CT small, 3-5 branched, 11-CT bifid to

7 branched, 12-CT with 2-4 branches from near middle, alveolus of 13-CT

present. Abdomen. Seta 6-I single, shorter than 7-I; 1-II minute, with about

11-14 fine branches, 2-II single, stiff, less than length of segment, position

variable; 1-III with 3-6 delicate branches, 3-III with 5-8 branches, 6-III-VI

single to triple; 1-IV with 2-5 delicate branches, 5-IV-VI usually double or

triple branched from varied points beyond base, rarely single on one side,

each as long as or slightly longer than succeeding segment; 1-V, VI with 3, 4

delicate branches; 4-VI long, with 3-6 stiff branches; 5-VII small, weak, single

to 4 branched; 6-VII small, weak, with 3-5 branches, located dorsally; 9-VIII

with 5-8 rather weak branches, located dorsally and distinctly anteromesal

to posterolateral corner of segment, length about 0.5 of segment. Paddle,

Pale brown, with basal portion occasionally darker; midrib light brown to near

apex; outer margin with closely set, long filamentous spicules from about

basal 0.3 to apex; inner margin with similar very slightly longer spicules;

inner and outer parts about equal in width; 1-P absent.

LARVA (Fig. 37). Chaetotaxy as figured. Diagnostic characters as in

series description and the following. Head. Light yellowish brown, with col-

lar and occasionally posterolateral area dark brown; seta 4-C dendritic,

multiple branched, occasionally with long basal stem and branching well beyond

base; usually in line with and posterior to 6-C, 5-C simple, only slightly

longer than 6-C, 7-C single, 11-C minute, with 4-6 branches; mentum with

17-19 teeth. Antenna. Dark brown; seta 1-A with 3-4 branches. Thorax,

Seta 1-P single, exceptionally long, more than 2.0 the width of thorax, 3-P

with 2-4 strongly barbed branches, 4-P with 5-7 strongly barbed branches,

7-P with 2,3 strongly barbed branches, 8-P stellate, with 5-12 barbed

branches, 9-P with 4-7 strongly barbed branches, 14-P usually with 5-10

strongly barbed branches, occasionally single or double, stout, barbed; 2-M, T

long, single, 6-M small, with 3-5 branches. Abdomen. 6-I, II exceptionally

long, with 6-II near equal to length of abdomen; 1-II-VI small, weakly devel-

oped; 6-II[-VI weak, double to 4 branched; 13-III-V long, well developed, with

4-6 branches; 1-VIII minute, inserted on posterior edge of comb plate, 2, 4-

VIII long, with 3-5 distal branches, 3-VIII very long, with 3-5 strongly barbed

branches; comb scales 7-9 on a rather large sclerotized plate which is a very

Peyton: Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) 105

pale yellowish brown and not readily apparent, especially on whole larvae, each

scale tapered to point and with fine lateral spicules to near apex. Segment X.

Saddle complete, pale brown or yellowish, without spicules on posterolateral

margin, but the more dorsoapical imbrications with fine spicules, some of

which extend to posterior margin giving the appearance of marginal spicules;

1-X branched from beyond base, double or triple, 4a-c-X double, 4d, e-X

single. Siphon. Pale brown or yellowish; index 5.2-6.7; pecten teeth 18-28,

reaching to 0.67-0.80 of siphon, each tooth rounded apically with fine lateral

and apical spicules, teeth from base progressively longer and narrower, distal

tooth 1.5-2.0 the length of basal teeth; 1-S longer than siphon double or triple,

simple, inserted beyond distal pecten tooth at 0.76-0.90 of siphon and on line

with or slightly dorsal to row of pecten teeth.

TYPE-DATA. Holotype female with associated larval and pupal skins on

slide, MALAYSIA, Selangor, The Gap, 19 August 1967, Shivaji Ramalingam,

collector, collection number 761-13, SEAMP Accession number 183; collected

as a larva from a bamboo stump at an elevation of 762 m. Four male and 9

female (6 with skins) paratypes, 15 April 1967, collection number 479; 2 male

paratypes, 15 April 1967, collection number 487; 5 female paratypes (1 with

pupal skin), 26 September 1966, collection number 260; 1 male paratype with

pupal skin; 26 September 1966, collection number 258-102, all from same

locality as holotype.

The holotype and paratypes are deposited in the USNM and 1 male and 1

female paratype will be deposited in the BMNH.

The holotype is in excellent condition. The paratypes are all in good

condition.

DISTRIBUTION. Material examined (including type-series): 29°, 599,

5 L; 40 with associated skins (201, 41 p).

MALAYSIA. Peninsular Malaysia; Selangor - Ulu Langat; Univ. Fld.

Station; Gombak; The Gap; Ulu Bahan, Kuala Kubu Bahan; Bukit Kutu; 2 miles

from The Gap; 17°, 432, 4L, 111, 14p. Pahang - 16th mile Betong Rad. ;

Frasers Hill; i¢, 12, 1:1, 1p.

SINGAPORE. Bukit Tinah Nature Reserve, 12.

THAILAND. Ranong: Ban Chatri, 40, 12, 5p. Phangnga: Nam Tai, 6c,

of, 1 L, 31, 11 p. Kanchanaburi: Huai Mae Nam Noi, 19, 11, 1p. Tak:

Doi Sam Sao; Khao Salak Phra; 1“, 72, 51, 10 p.

DISCUSSION. This small light brown species is rather well marked in all

stages and easily recognized from similar species, modesta, propinqua and

quasimodesta. The very distinctively marked scutal and pleural integument

readily separates the adult from the others. The male terminalia are very

similar in all 4 species and differ in very minor detail (see descriptions).

The pupa and larva resemble those of modesita, propinqua and quasimodesta

in several respects, however, this species is very easily separated from the

others by several unique characters. In the pupa the most significant are the

long, branched, seta 5-IV-VI and the position of seta 9-VIII. In the other 3

species, seta 5-IV-VI is single or much shorter except for 5-IV, V on modesta

and seta 9-VIII arises from the posterolateral corner of segment VIII. In the

larva the most significant are the greater number of branches of setae 4, 9,

14-P, the exceptional length of 1-P and 6-II, the very pale brown anal saddle

and siphon, the exceptionally long seta 1-S and its position beyond 0.75 from

base of siphon and the distance attained by the most distal pecten tooth from

base. Setae 1-P and 6-II are also quite long in propinqua, but less than

patriciae.

The adult is fairly constant in most characters, except for the faintly

106 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

darker oblique line on the scutum which is occasionally difficult to detect.

The pale scales on lateral margin in front of the wing root are occasionally

very few and inconspicuous, but are always prominent on the anterior margin.

There is some shifting of position of abdominal setae on the pupa, especial-

ly noticeable is the position of 2,5-II. Often 2-I is anterior to 3-5-II and

occasionally immediately above 5-II with 5-II being closer to 4-II than illus-

trated. The lengths of 5-IV-VI vary but are generally as long as each suc-

ceeding segment.

The larva exhibits the greatest degree of variation in some setae,

especially prothoracic setae. There are 2 distinct forms similar to ones

noted in several species of other genera as "hairy" and ''non-hairy"' forms.

This is most pronounced in setae 3, 4, 7,9, 14-P in which the "hairy" form

usually has a greater number of individual branches and each branch is strong-

ly barbed. In the ''non-hairy" form the branches are fewer in number and

most branches are simple or only very lightly barbed. The extreme of this

form is in 14-P which is very stout, single or rarely double as opposed to

5-10 in the other form. The most common form is the one with the greater

number of strongly barbed branches, represented in all specimens from

Malaysia. The less common form is represented in most specimens from

southern Thailand.

This species is dedicated to my daughter, Patricia Ann Peyton, who has

always shown a great interest in my work on mosquitoes.

BIONOMICS. This species occurs most commonly in secondary rain for-

est where bamboo is more abundant. It appears the immatures occur almost

exclusively in bamboo habitats with a decided preference for closed bamboo

internodes. Although the collection records are not very specific as to the

nature of habitats listed as bamboo internode, it would appear from the pre-

ponderance of collections recorded as from internodes by experienced col-

lectors from Malaysia and Thailand, that most are closed internodes, either

with small rot holes or insect holes. It is known that several species of

Aedes and Armigeres favor this kind of habitat over the more open split bam-

boo or bamboo stumps and it is the case with this species. It is found in the

same general areas with modesta but due to the marked differences in habitat

preference the 2 have not been collected from the same habitat together.

Immature collections have been examined from the following habitats:

bamboo internode (19), split bamboo (11) bamboo stump (5) tree hole (2). Of

the bamboo internode and split bamboo collections all are indicated as fallen,

on ground, except for one upright internode. For 28 collections the elevation

is recorded from 91-823 m. All available specimens were collected in the

immature stages and the adults were reared from these.

URANOTAENIA (PSEUDOFICALBIA) PROPINQUA NEW SPECIES

(Figs. 2, 39, 40)

FEMALE. Head, Proboscis about 0.79 of forefemur; prementum dark

brown scaled, with a few small inconspicuous setae scattered on ventral mar-

gin and at apex; one pair of labial basal setae; palpus about 0.13 of proboscis

and about 0.71 of antennal flagellomere 1; clypeus light brown; antennal pedi-

cel dark brown mesally, lighter laterally, with 1-3 minute setae dorsomesally;

flagellum about 1.68 of proboscis or exceeding proboscis from about base of

flagellomere 9; Flm 1 about 1.4 of Flm 2, and with a few brown basomesal

scales; flagellar whorls each of 6 setae; 1 long, stout and 1 weak golden inter-

Peyton: Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) 107

ocular and 5 black ocular setae; decumbent scales light creamy or grayish

brown, dull white with blue-green reflections at sides, tips of scales on ocular

line lighter but forming no distinct line; erect scales rather small, sparsely

scattered over vertex, more obvious on occiput, pale yellow in color. Thovax

(Fig. 2). Scutal integument mostly dark brownish black, distinctly pale grayish

brown on very narrow lateral marginal line, indistinctly darker on supra-alar

area, with a distinct oval, dark brown or black shiny, bare spot on scutal fossa,

completely surrounded by narrow, curved, gray-white scales; scales narrow,

curved gray-white dorsally, distinctly whiter on narrow lateral marginal line,

with those immediately above paratergite more concentrated, long, semierect

and slightly broader than the rest; prescutellar space bare; scutellum light

brown, scales grayish brown; mesopostnotum dark brown, lighter laterally;

paratergite light brown; pleuron with a broad dark band across upper 0.5 as

follows: whole of apn, ppn, psp, upper 0.5 of stp, most of mepand metapleu-

ron dark brown, remaining areas pale grayish or whitish brown; all sclerites

devoid of scales; sp, ppn, ppl and upper mep each with a single seta; stp with

2,3 upper setae and 4-6 much weaker posteromarginal setae. Wing. Scales

dark brown on anterior veins, lighter on posterior veins; cell Roy about 0.61 of

R 43 and about 0.8 of cell M,. Legs. Coxae and trochanters pale whitish;

C-I-III with a very few scattered, inconspicuous light brown translucent

scales; femora dark brown scaled dorsally, light brown ventrally, with a few

scattered small inconspicuous marginal setae on fore- and midfemora; tibiae

and tarsi dark brown; hindtarsomere 1 about 1.1 or less of tibia; hindtarso-

mere 4 about 3.2 of tarsomere 5. Abdomen, Terga dark bronzy brown

scaled with blue-green reflections; laterotergite with a few light brown scales;

sterna dark grayish brown.

MALE. Essentially as in female except for sexual differences. Head,

Proboscis about 0.84 of forefemur; antennal flagellum strongly plumose,

whorls each of 20 or more setae, length about 1.35 of proboscis or exceeding

proboscis from near base of flagellomere 12; Flm 13 longer than Flm 12.

Terminalia (Fig. 40). Very similar to modesia except for the following.

Setae on each side of tergum IX 3-6; median apical lobe of tergum X broader,

apical emargination also uneven and variable but narrower and more definite,

with lateral corners produced into unequal broadly rounded lobes; basal mesal

lobe of basimere with 2 very long stout tergoapical setae, 1 slightly shorter,

strong, more basal seta and 2,3 very weak setae usually basal to these, 1 long

stout and 1, 2 weak setae on sternoapical margin.

PUPA (Fig. 40). Chaetotaxy as figured. Diagnostic characters as in

series description and the following. Integument light brown with terminal

abdominal segments slightly lighter; all setae except 1-I with simple branches,

without lateral barbs. Cephalothorax, Setae 1,3-CT double to 4 branched,

2-CT double to 6 branched, 5-CT with 4-6 branches, 6-CT shorter than 7-CT

and inserted about 2.0 the width of alveolus from 7-CT, 8-CT with 4-6 bran-

ches. Respiratory Trumpet, Dark brown, index 3.3-4.2, not noticeably ex-

panded apically, indistinctly tracheoid on anterobasal 0.2. Metanotum. Seta

10-CT small, with 2-6 branches, 11-CT with 4-6 branches, 12-CT with 2-4

distal branches, alveolus of 13-CT faintly indicated. Abdomen. Seta 6-I single,

longer than 7-1; 1-II very small, with 10-20 extremely fine branches; 2-II single,

stiff, much less than length of segment, 3-II with 3-7 branches; 1-III weak,

double to 4 branched, 3-III with 3-7 branches, 6-III single to 4 branched; 1-IV,

V double to triple, 5-IV-VI single, stiff, about 0.75 or less the length of suc-

ceeding segments, inserted considerably anterior to level of seta 1 and to

posterior margin of segment; 6-IV single to 4 branched; 6-V single or double;

—108 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

1-VI usually double, rarely triple, 6-VI double or triple; 1-VII double, 5-VII

minute, single, 6-VII with 3-5 branches, located dorsally; 9-VIII stout, double

or triple. Paddle. Light brown on basal portion; midrib light brown on basal

0.9; outer margin with closely set filamentous spicules from basal 0.3-0.4 to

apex; inner margin with similar spicules from about basal 0.3 to apex; outer

part slightly wider than inner part and slightly produced on apical margin; 1-P

absent.

LARVAE (Fig. 39). Chaetotaxy as figured. Diagnostic characters as in

series description and the following. Head, Light brown, with collar and

posterolateral corners darker brown; seta 4-C with 12-16 extremely fine

branches, occasionally lightly dendritic, located on line with or lateral to 6-C

and closer to 5-C, 5-C single, at least 3.0 the length of 6-C, 7-C single, stiff,

11-C minute, 3-5 branched; mentum with 19 teeth. Antenna, Dark brown;

seta 1-A double. Thovax, Seta 1-P single, at least 2.0 the length of 2-P and

about 6.0 the length of 3-P, 3-P with 3-5 branches, 4-P with 3 (2-4) branches,

5-P single to triple, 7-P with 2 (1-5) branches, 9-P with 3-4 branches, 14-P

usually double or triple (2-5); 8-M with 8 branches, 9-M with 6, 7 branches;

7-T with 8-10 branches, 9-T with 7-8 branches. Abdomen. Seta 1-1, II min-

ute; 6-II single, 1.5 or more the length of 6-I; 1-HI-IV small, with 2-6 delicate

branches, 6-III-V single, simple; 6-VI single or double; 1-VIII minute, inserted

on posterior edge of comb plate, 2,4-VIII long, strong, with 4-7 terminal

branches, 3-VIII with 3 strongly barbed branches; comb scales 7 (6-12) on

large plate, each scale tapers to pointed apex, fringed laterally to near apex.

Segment X, Saddle complete, dark brown, without spicules on posterolateral

margin, the more dorsoapical imbrications with a few fine spicules; 1-X with

strong basal stem and 3-7 branches beyond basal 0.33, 4a-c-X double, 4d, e-X

single. Siphon. Dark brown, distinctly lighter toward base and apex; index

4.1-5.6; pecten teeth about 16 (12-20), reaching to 0.51-0.61 of siphon, each

tooth, short, broad, rounded and finely spiculate apically, a few finer spicules

on basal side; 1-S with 3, 4 long simple branches, inserted beyond distal pec-

ten tooth at 0.60-0.69 and on line with or dorsal to row of pecten teeth.

TYPE-DATA. Holotype female with associated larval and pupal skins on

slide, MALAYSIA, Selangor, Ulu Bakau, 30 December 1967, Chia Yiew Wang

and K. Ramakrishnan, collectors, collection number 1086-14, SEAMP acces-

sion number 110; collected as a larva from a large tree stump at an elevation

of 518 m. Four female paratypes, each with associated larval and pupal skins

on slide, same data as holotype. Two female paratypes, MALAYSIA, Selangor,

University Field Station, Gombok, 19 September 1966, collection number 228,

and 1 female 20 September, collection number 237. Five male and 2 female

paratypes, MALAYSIA, Selangor, Ampang Forest Reserve, 14 March 1967,

collection number 463. Three male and 6 female paratypes, MALAYSIA,

Pahang, Gunong Benom, 2 September 1968, collection number 1734, 2 male

and 2 female paratypes same locality, collection number 1735.

The holotype and paratypes are deposited in the USNM and 1 male and 1

female paratype will be deposited in the BMNH.

The holotype is in excellent condition. The paratypes are all in good con-

dition and 12 have associated larval and pupal skins and 2 have pupal skins.

DISTRIBUTION. Material examined (including type-series): 25°", 329,

1 L; 19 with associated skins (171, 19 p).

MALAYSIA. Malaysia: Sabah - Labuk, Tepulid Rd.; Sepilok, Sandakan;

12%, 129, 31, 3p. Peninsular Malaysia: Selangor - Univ. Fld. Station

Gombak; 2 mile from Gap; 15th mile Ulu Gombak; Ampang Forest Reserve;

Ulu Bakau; Bukit Kutu; Tanjong Robak; 80, 12°, 71, 9p. Pahang - Gunong

Peyton: Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) 109

Benom: 50, 82, Tis i.

DISCUSSION. This is a well marked, easily recognized species, which

exhibits a number of similarities with modesia in all stages. Although sharing

many characters in common, the adult is readily separated from modesta by

the distinctively marked scutum. The pupa differs most in the development of

abdominal seta 5-IV-V, shape of the paddle and the shorter filamentous spi-

cules on the inner and outer margins of the paddle. The larva differs most

in seta 1-A, total number of branches of 3-7-P, 14-P, 1,4-X and length of

1-S.

The adult of the species exhibits little variation in overall ornamentation.

The larva varies considerably in some of the prothoracic setae, but other

characters are rather typical.

BIONOMICS. This species, like modesta, appears to be an inhabitant of

forests and has a preference for tree holes and bamboos for depositing eggs.

The 2 species are sympatric, with most collections of Propinqua coming from

the same general areas where several collections of modesia were also made

and on 4 occasions specimens of both species were in the same collection.

These may have been mixed collections but it is rather doubtful since 3 of the

collections were from Peninsular Malaysia and the other was from Sabah,

Malaysia. The species appears to be much less common than modesta,

The immatures have been collected from the following habitats: tree hole

(7), tree stump (1), bamboo stump (2), fallen split bamboo (1), fallen bamboo

internode with small holes (2). Ten of these collections have recorded eleva-

tions of 30-701 m. All available specimens were collected as immatures.

URANOTAENIA (PSEUDOFICALBIA) PSEUDOMACULIPLEURA

PEYTON AND RATTANARITHIKUL

(Figs. 1, 41, 42)

Ls).

Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) pseudomaculipleura Peyton and Rattanarithikul,

Peyton 1972: 37.

FEMALE. Head. Proboscis about 0.84 of forefemur; prementum dark

brown scaled, with a few minute inconspicuous setae on midventral line

and at apex; one pair of labial basal setae; palpus about 0.12 of proboscis

and about 0.84 of antennal flagellomere 1; clypeus dark brown; antennal

pedicel light brown, with a few minute setae and no scales dorsomesally;

flagellum about 1.6 of proboscis or exceeding proboscis from base of flagello-

mere 9; Flm 1 about 1.18 of Flm 2 and with 2,3 pale brown basomesal scales;

flagellar whorls each of 6 setae; 1 stout, black interocular and 5 ocular setae;

decumbent scales light brown, tips of scales on ocular line and at sides faintly

grayish, but not forming a distinct line; erect scales, moderately long, numer-

ous, extending to near ocular line, dark brown in color. Thorax (Fig. 1).

Scutal integument uniformly light yellowish brown; scales uniformly, narrow,

curved, dark bronzy brown; dorsocentral and supra-alar setae exceptionally

long, stout; prescutellar space mostly bare; scutellum light brown, scales

darker; mesopostnoum light brown; pleuron with distinct contrasting dark and

light areas; apn, ppn, psp, upper 0.5 of stp and whole of mep except for very

narrow pale edges, dark brown, remainder pale grayish brown; sclerites devoid

of scales, except for an inconspicuous patch of sparsely arranged, broad,

110 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

light brown translucent scales on upper 0.5 with narrow extention down posteri-

or margin of stp; ppn and sp each with 1 seta; ppl with 1 strong and 2, 3 weaker

setae; stp with 12-14 rather small marginal setae, those on lower posterior

margin much less conspicuous; upper mep with 3,4 setae. Wing. Scales dark

brown on anterior veins, slightly lighter on posterior veins; cell Rj about 0.53

of Ro . and about 0.71 of cell Mj. Legs, Coxae and trochanters same color

as pale areas of pleuron; C-I with an anterior patch of sparsely arranged,

light brown scales; C-II, III with a very few inconspicuous, pale brown trans-

lucent scales; femora dark brown scaled dorsally, light grayish ventrally,

without conspicuous arrangement of setae or spines; forefemur with a row of

about 8 short stiff setae on posterodorsal margin from near base to near apex,

4 similar setae on distal anteroventral margin; midfemur with 2-4 long deli-

cate setae on dorsal margin near base, 2,3 short setae on distal posterior

margin and 1-3 long stiff setae on distal anteroventral margin; tibiae and tarsi

uniformly dark brownish black scaled; hindtarsomere 1 about 1.2 of tibia.

Abdomen, Terga dark brown scaled, with light bronzy or violet-green reflec-

tions; laterotergite with at most 2,3 light brown scales; sterna light grayish

brown with pale grayish or brownish translucent scales.

MALE. Essentially as in female except for sexual differences. Head.

Proboscis about 0.88 of forefemur; one pair of labial basal setae, rarely an

extra seta present; antennal flagellum strongly plumose, whorls each of more

than 20 setae, length about 1.22 of proboscis, or exceeding proboscis by

slightly more than length of Flm 13; Flm 13 slightly longer than Flm 12.

Legs. Hindtarsomere 1 about 1.25 of tibia. Terminalia (Fig. 42). Tergum

IX long, broadly rounded apically, with an apical row of 5-7 (3-7) fine setae on

each side of midline; tergum X well developed, complete and distinctly sclero-

tized tergomesally, produced tergolaterally into short, rounded apicolaterally

directed lobes which project slightly beyond apical margin of tergum IX; ter-

gomesal surface of basimere with a few scattered weak setae and 3, 4 long,

very stout setae on tergal side of basal mesal lobe; basal mesal lobe of basi-

mere with 3 long, very stout, tergoapical setae, 3,4 weak setae basal to

these and 1 long stout and 1-3 weak setae on sternal margin; distimere, long,

slender, more or less straight to pointed apex; spiniform minute, inapparent;

plates of aedeagus with lateral margins more or less straight but with dis-

tinct rounded apicolateral shoulders below teeth, each plate with 1 very stout,

apical, tergomesal tooth which is acutely curved and directed laterally, a

very small pointed spur basosternal to this tooth and 2 curved sternoapical

teeth, with the most tergal of these 2 broadest; proctiger with 2,3 minute

cercal setae on each side.

PUPA (Fig. 42). Chaetotaxy as figured. Diagnostic characters as in

series description and the following: integument uniformly pale brown and all

setae except 1-I and 9-VIII with simple branches. Cephalothorax. Seta 1,3-

CT double to 4 branched, 2-CT with 4,5 branches, 5-CT with 4-8 branches,

6-CT long, single, stout, 8-CT with 5-7 branches. Respivatory Trumpet,

Light brown; indistinctly tracheoid on anterobasal 0.15; index 4.0-4.5, of

near uniform width to apex. Metanotum, Seta 10-CT small, with 3-6 bran-

ches, 11-CT single or with 2-5 distal branches, 12-CT triple; alveolus of 13-

CT faintly indicated. Abdomen, Seta 6-I,II single, longer than 7-I, II; 1-0

with 10-22 fine branches, 2-II single, stout, longer than segment III; 3-II

with 3-5 branches beyond middle; 1-III, IV 2-4 branched, 3-III with 3-5 weak

branches beyond middle, 6-III- VI double or triple; 5-IV-VI single, stout, at

least 1.75 the length of each succeeding segment, occasionally 2.0 or more;

1-V-VII double or triple; 5-VII minute, 3-7 branched, 3-VII long, strong, with

Peyton: Uvranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) 111

2-4 branches from near middle, 6-VII with 5-7 stiff branches, located dor-

sally; 9-VIII with 8-10 stiff, strongly barbed branches, the lateral branches

shorter than the median branches, which are at least as long as the segment.

Paddle, Light brown at base; midrib light brown from base to apex; outer

part usually slightly wider than inner part, never less; outer margin serrate

on apical 0.5 with a few crenulations basally; inner margin with similar ser-

rations on apical 0.12-0.16; apex very deeply emarginate, with outer and

inner part usually distinctly pointed apically; seta 1-P absent.

LARVA (Fig. 41). Chaetotaxy as figured. Diagnostic characters as in

series description and the following. Head, Light brown, darker on collar;

seta 4-C dendritic, with very weak branches, 5-C considerably longer than

6-C, 7-C with 5-9 simple branches, 11-C small, weak, lightly dendritic.

Antenna, Dark brown; 1-A double. Thovax, Seta 1-P single, long, barbed,

- 3-P with 3,4 barbed branches, 4-P with 3-5 finely barbed branches, 7-P with

2-4 finely barbed branches, 14-P with 4-12 stiff, lightly barbed branches; 6-M

greatly reduced, with 6-10 weak branches, 8-M with 6-9 lightly plumose bran-

ches; 9-M with 5-7 similar branches; 7-T with 6-9 lightly plumose branches,

9-T with 5,6 similar branches. Abdomen. Setae 6, 7-I,II very stout, barbed,

darkly pigmented, acutely pointed, 7 slightly longer than 6 on each segment;

1-II with 5-8 weak branches; 1-III with 3-6 branches, 6-III single to triple,

occasionally finely barbed, much weaker and shorter than 6-IV-VI; 1-IV double

or triple, 6-IV-VI single, long, strong, barbed; 1-V single or double; 6- VII

small, with 5-9 weak branches; 1-VIII small, with 6-8 fine branches, inserted

on small posterior extention of comb plate, 3- VIII with 6-9 strongly barbed

branches; comb scales 8-10, of near uniform size, evenly spaced, each scale

slightly expanded and rounded apically with 1-4 stout basolateral denticles

becoming progressively reduced to fine spiculate fringe apically; sclerotized

plates large, closely approximated dorsally. Segment X. Saddle complete,

dark brown dorsally, lighter laterally and ventrally, with a few very fine

spicules on posterolateral margin or a few fine spicules on the more apical

imbrications only; seta 1-X with 3,4 barbed branches, 2,3-X single, 4a-e-X

with 4-5, 3-5, 2-3, 2-3, 1-2 branches respectively. Siphon. Dark reddish

rust-brown; not significantly tapered from base to apex; index 3.8-5.0; pecten

teeth 16-22, reaching to about 0.50-0.56 of siphon, each tooth rather broad,

rounded with very fine spiculate fringe apically; seta 1-S with 3-5 conspicuous-

ly barbed branches, inserted beyond distal pecten tooth at 0.57-0.62 of siphon

and on line with or slightly ventral to row of pecten teeth.

TYPE-DATA. Holotype female with slide of pupal andlarval skins in the

USNM with the following information: THAILAND, Nam Tai, Phangnga, 22

October 1966, Kol Mongkolpanya, collector, collection number 01830-6,

SEAMP accession number 84, collected as a larva from split bamboo at an

elevation of about 150 m. The allotype male and several paratypes also in

the USNM; 2 females and 2 males of the paratype series to be deposited in

the BMNH.

DISTRIBUTION. Material examined: 430, 639, 39 L; 89 with associated

skins (28 1, 89 p).

THAILAND. Ranong: Ban Chatri; Khlong Bang Man; Pra Chum Pharam;

15%, 26°, 17 L, 121, 28 p. Phangnga: Khao Pak Chaung; Thap Wen; Nam

Tai; 260%, 322, 15 L, 141, 54p. Tvang: Trang National Park, 1°, 11, 1p.

Tak: Doi Sam Sao, 10°; 67, 7, 11,6 b.

I have seen a small collection of 6 males and 2 females from Tawau,

Sabah, Malaysia, which are probably this species. The male terminalia of

these specimens are very similar to pseudomaculipleura, The specimens

112 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

were taken by D. R. Colless in a sweeping collection, No. 22/60, from the

jungle on 22 February 1960. Although appearing to be in good condition, the

specimens appear also to have possibly been overexposed in a killing bottle,

thereby altering the pleural pattern and color of the thorax. In view of this I

think it best to wait until further material becomes available from Sabah before

deciding the identity of these particular specimens. All of the specimens are

in the BMNH.

DISCUSSION. In general adult habitus features this species resembles

maculipleura rather closely. However, the male terminalia are very similar

to that of reinerti. In the adult it resembles maculipleuva more closely in the

light and dark integumental pattern of the pleuron, as it is generally the same

in both species. It differs from maculipleura in several respects but the most

significant differences are as follows: apn devoid of scales; stp with a few

small scattered scales and with 9-14 weak setae on upper and posterior mar-

gins; fore- and midfemora without dense setae on basal 0.33. Uyvanotaenia

maculipleuva has scales on the apn, stphas a large distinct patch of scales

and 20-22 stronger marginal setae, fore- and midfemora with dense setae on

basal 0.33. Differences in the male terminalia of maculipleura and veinerti

are discussed under the treatment of the latter.

The pupa and larva are both very distinctively marked and show only mod-

erate variation in a few characters.

BIONOMICS. The immature stages occur most commonly in bamboo

habitats. Collections have been examined from the following: split bamboo

(5), cut bamboo sections on ground (4), bamboo internodes with small entrance

holes (4), bamboo stump (3), tree stump (2), tree hole (1) and banana leaf axil

(1). All collections are with recorded elevations of 18-488 m. The species

has not been collected in the adult stage. The known distribution is rather

curious since several thousand bamboo collections have been made by person-

nel of the SEATO Medical Research Laboratory, Bangkok over the past 19

years with only 20 collections containing this species. The localities run

along a direct north-south line of the western border of Thailand from the

province of Tak to the province of Trang, a distance of approximately 1, 000

km.

URANOTAENIA (PSEUDOFICALBIA) QUASIMODESTA NEW SPECIES

(Figs. 43, 44)

FEMALE. Head. Proboscis about 0.73 of forefemur; prementum dark

brownish black scaled, with a few minute inconspicuous setae along median

ventral margin and at apex; one pair of labial basal setae; palpus about 0.14

of proboscis and about 0.71 of antennal flagellomere 1; clypeus dark brown;

antennal pedicel dark brown mesally, light brown laterally; flagellum about

1.4 of proboscis or exceeding proboscis from at least base of Flm 10; Flm 1

about 1.4 of Flm 2 and with a very few brownish black scales basomesally;

flagellar whorls each of 6 setae; 1 long, golden interocular and 5 ocular setae,

with mesal 3 golden, lateral 2 black; decumbent scales light bronzy brown

with gray-green reflections, tips of ocular scales appearing indistinctly

erayish in some lights but forming no line; erect scales, moderately long,

conspicuous, light brown, sparsely scattered over most of vertex. Thorax,

Scutal integument mostly dark brown, rather indefinitely lighter brown on

acrostichal line, narrowly dingy brown on lateral margin which emphasizes

the broad sublateral darker area; scales uniformly light.grayish or bronzy

Peyton: Uyvranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) 113

brown; dorsocentral and supra-alar setae long, not exceptionally stout; pre-

scutellar space bare; scutellum dingy brown, scales light grayish brown; meso-

postnotum light dingy brown; paratergite light grayish brown; pleuron with

apn, psp, ssp, lower 0.6 of ppn, upper 0.5 of stp, whole of mep, and lower

0.5 of metapleuron very distinctly dark brown, contrasting sharply with re-

maining light grayish brown areas; sclerites devoid of scales except for a

small patch of a few light grayish transparent scales on upper sip; ppbn and sp

each with 1 seta; ppl with 1 strong and 1 weak seta; stf with 4 upper setae and

about 5 weaker lower posterior marginal setae; upper m™ep with 2 setae. Wing.

Scales light brown; cell Ry about 0.72 of R i and about 0.8 of cell M,. Legs.

Coxae and trochanters same color as light areas of pleuron; C-I-III with a few

light brown translucent scales, more obvious on C-I but no distinct patch; fe-

mora dark brown scaled dorsally, indistinctly lighter brown ventrally, without

conspicuous arrangement of setae or spines; forefemur with about 10 very

small setae on anteroventral margin from near base to near apex, 4 similar

setae on distal posterodorsal margin; tibiae and tarsi dark brown scaled;

hindtarsomere 1 about 1.0 of tibia; hindtarsomere 4 about 3.1 of tarsomere 5.

Abdomen, Terga dark bronzy brown scaled, with purple reflections; latero-

tergite with 2,3 colorless scales; sterna light gray or dingy brown with a few

scattered light bronzy scales.

MALE. Essentially as in female except for sexual differences. Head,

Proboscis about 0.87 of forefemur; antennal flagellum moderately plumose,

whorls each of 10-12 setae; Flm 13 longer than Flm 12. Thorax, Stpwith 2

transparent scales (appears rubbed on single specimen available). Terminalia

(Fig. 44). Very similar to modesta except for the following. Setae on each

side of tergum IX 3, 4; median apical lobe of tergum X broad with a narrow,

shallow, median apical emargination, lateral corners not produced into distinct

broad lobes, apicolateral margins more or less truncate; basal mesal lobe of

basimere with 1 very stout tergoapical seta arising from a prominent finger-

like process, 1 very long, stout and 2 shorter, strong subapical setae and 3

weak setae basosternal to these, 1 long, stout and 1,2 weak setae on sternoapi-

cal margin; apical tergomesal tooth of aedeagal plates stronger, upper sterno-

apical tooth much smaller.

PUPA (Fig. 44). Chaetotaxy as figured. Diagnostic characters as in

series description and the following. Integument medium brown, including

paddle; all setae except 1-I and 9-VIII very small and weak. Cephalothorax,

Setae 1-3-CT single to triple, 5-CT double or triple, 6-CT shorter than 7-CT

and inserted about 3.0 the width of alveolus from 7-CT, 8-CT with 3-5 bran-

ches. Respiratory Trumpet. Dark brown; index about 3.2; indistinctly tra-

cheoid on anterobasal 0.2. Metanotum. Seta 10-CT very small, with 3-5 bran-

ches, 11-CT single, 12-CT single or bifid; alveolus of 13-CT present. Abdo-

men. Seta 6-I shorter than 7-I; 1-II minute, multiple branched, 2-II single,

stiff, less than 0.5 the length of segment, 3-II triple; 1-III-V small, weak,

double or triple, 3-III double or triple, 6-III-VI single; 5-IV bifid, weak, about

0.6 the length of segment V; 5-V single, weak, about 0.5 the length of segment

VI; 1-VI small, weak, double or triple, inserted considerably anterior to

posterior margin of segment, 5-VI single, weak, much less than 0.95 the length

of segment; 5-VII short, weak, 6-VII double or triple, located dorsally; 9- VIII

double, stout spine-like. Paddle, Uniformly medium or dark brown, witha

dark horizontal line near base; midrib brown on basal 0.6; outer margin with

closely set, very long, stong, filamentous spicules from about basal Q.25 to

apex; inner margin with similar, more widely spaced spicules from about basal

0.33; outer part not as wide as inner part and distinctly produced apically

114 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

beyond inner part.

LARVA (Fig. 43). Chaetotaxy as figured. Diagnostic characters as in

series description and the following. Head, Light brown; seta 4-C longer

than 6-C, strongly dendritic with many delicate branches, inserted slightly

lateral to 6-C and closer to 5-C, 5-C single, weak, nearly 3.0 the length of

6-C, 7-C single, 11-C minute, double or triple; mentum with 17-19 teeth.

Antenna. Dark brown; seta 1-A double. Thovax, Seta 3-P with 3, 4 lightly

barbed branches, 4-P with 2-4 simple branches, 7-P single or double, lightly

barbed, 14-P single; 6-M weak, single. Abdomen. Seta 1-I-VI minute,

rather inapparent; 6-III single, equal to length of 7-II; 6-IV-VI single; 4- VII

strong, exceptionally long, bifid or trifid; 1-VIII minute, inserted on posterior

margin of comb plate, 2,4-VIII strong, with 3-5 terminal branches, longer

than 3-VIII, 3-VIII with 3 strongly barbed branches; comb scales 7-10, on

large sclerotized plate, each scale tapered to point and finely spiculate later-

ally to near apex. Segment X. Saddle complete, dark brown, with a few

fine spicules on dorsal posterolateral margin and few similar spicules on the

more apical imbrications; seta 1-X triple, 4a, b-X triple, 4c-X double, 4d-X

single or double, 4e-X single. Siphon, Dark brown in middle, lighter towards

base and at apex; index 4.3-5.2, broad on basal 0.6 and tapered to narrow apex;

pecten teeth 18-28, reaching to 0.54-0.58 of siphon, each tooth rather long,

narrow, rounded apically and finely fringed laterally and apically; 1-S double,

about 0.75 the length of siphon, inserted beyond distal pecten tooth at 0. 70-

0.72 of siphon and on line with or slightly dorsal to row of pecten teeth.

TYPE-DATA. Holotype male with associated slides of pupal skin and

male terminalia, MALAYSIA, Sabah, Mt. Kinabalu, 21 March 1970, Suliaman

bin Omar, Samuel Wilson James and Chia Yiew Wang, collectors, collection

number S-156-101, SEAMP Accession number 243 and SEAMP terminalia pre-

paration number 71/71, collected as a larva from a tree stump covered with

moss, at an elevation of 1,630 m. Five fourth stage and one third stage larval

paratypes mounted on slides, same date as holotype except all with collection

number S-156; allotype female with slide of associated pupal skin, same data

as holotype, except, 18 March 1970, and collection number 100-100; 2 fourth

stage larval paratypes on slides, same data as allotype, except both with col-

lection number 100.

The holotype, allotype and paratypes are deposited in the USNM and 2

paratype larval slides will be deposited in the BMNH.

The holotype and allotype are in good condition.

DISTRIBUTION. Material examined; 1“, 1%, 8 L; 2 with associated skins

2 p). |

MALAYSIA. Known only from type-locality.

DISCUSSION. The recognition of this species as new rests very heavily

upon the very distinctively marked immature stages. While the 2 adults

appear to be in excellent condition, I am a bit dubious of the 2 strongest

characters which appear to distinguish this species from modesita, In general

features the adult resembles modesta very closely. The absence of a lateral

marginal line of gray-white scales on scutum and the presence of a small

patch of transparent scales on the sternopleuron readily separates this species

from modesia if these are valid constant characters. However, the knowledge

that the distinction is based upon 2 reared, possibly teneral specimens, sug-

gests caution. The transparent scales on the sternopleuron of the female are

quite clear at some angles but undetectable at others; the male has at most 2

transparent scales on the sternopleuron. These were probably rubbed but

with only one specimen known, it would not be wise to assume that a larger

Peyton: Uyvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) 115

sample would confirm this. However, the moderately plumose antenna of the

male, with flagellar whorls of 10-12 setae is much different from the very

strongly plumose antenna of modesta and related species.

The 2 pupal skins and 8 whole larvae are very different from those of

modesta and the other apparently related species of propinqua and patriciae.

The differences are numerous and quite stable. Little variation occurs in the

small sample from 2 different collections, and based on this I have no hesita-

tion in recognizing this as a dinstinct taxon. Association of the larva with the

adult and pupa is presumptive but seems reasonable. Larval specimens are

available for both collections from which each of the 2 adults were reared and

no other Uvanotaenia larvae were in these 2 collections. The most significant

characters in the pupa are as follows: the greatly reduced setae on all abdo-

minal segments; setae 1, 5-VI, VIII well removed from posterior margin of

segments; the stout, spine-like seta 9-VIII; the uniformly brown pigmented

paddles; the long, strong, filamentous spicules on paddle margins; the narrow

outer part of paddle and the apical extention of outer part. The most signifi-

cant differences in the larva are as follows: the long, stout, seta 6-III; the ex-

ceptionally long, terminally branched setae 4-VII, 2, 4-VIII; the very distinc-

tively shaped siphon (Fig. 43); long, narrow pecten teeth; exceptionally long,

double branched seta 1-S and its relative position in relation to the distal pec-

ten tooth and distance from base of siphon.

BIONOMICS. Little is known of the habits of this species. Of the 2 imma-

ture collections examined, one was from a moss covered tree stump in the

forest at an elevation of 1,630 m and the other from a tree hole at an elevation

of 1,920 m. Inthe same general area of these collections on the same dates

in March 1970, but at elevations between 1, 158-1,585 m, 4 collections of

modesta were made. The 1,585 m collection represents the maximum eleva-

tion recorded for modesta in any area and it may suggest that the 2 species do

no compete for what appears to be a similar habitat preference. The failure

to collect this species at the lower elevations while collecting several modesta

leads me to speculate that modesta is replaced by quasimodesta at the higher

elevations and when more collecting is done at higher elevations, this species

may prove to be the one more commonly found.

URANOTAENIA (PSEUDOFICALBIA) QUINQUEMACULATA BONNE-WEPSTER

(Fig. 1)

Uranotaenia quinquemaculata Bonne-Wepster 1934: 276 (?*); Bonne-Wepster

1954: 27 (2*).

Uvranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) quinquemaculata Bonne-Wepster, Peyton 1972: 37.

FEMALE. Head, Proboscis about 0.86 of forefemur; prementum uniformly

dark brown scaled, with a few scattered, small, inconspicuous setae along

ventral margin and at apex; one pair of labial basal setae; palpus about 0.14 of

proboscis and about 1.1 of antennal flagellomere 1; clypeus dark brown; anten-

nal pedicel dark brownish black, with a few minute setae dorsomesally; flagel-

lum about 1.44 of proboscis or exceeding proboscis from about base of flagel-

lomere 10; Flm 1 about 1.0 of Flm 2, with a small basomesal patch of bronzy

brown scales; flagellar whorls each of 5, 6 setae; 1 stout, black interocular

and 5 ocular setae; decumbent scales uniformly light brown, with gray or green-

ish tinge; erect scales moderately long, numerous, but not dense, scattered

over entire vertex to near ocular line. Thorax (Fig. 1). Scutal integument

- 116 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

light orange-brown, with 5 distinct large brownish black spots as follows:

one pair at supra-alar area, one pair on scutal fossae and a single spot occu-

pying prescutellar space; scales all narrow, curved, dark brown; prescutellar

space largely bare; dorsocentral and supra-alar setae exceptionally long,

stout; scutellum light brown, scales dark; mesopostnotum dark brown, light

basolaterally; paratergite yellow-orange; pleuron uniformly yellowish orange;

apn devoid of scales, a few inconspicuous gray translucent scales on upper

stp, but forming no patch; ppv and sp each with 1 seta, without scales; ppl

with 1 strong and 1 weak seta; stp with 2 upper and 4 lower posterior marginal

setae of about equal development; upper mep with 2 setae. Wing. Scales

dark on anterior veins, lighter on posterior veins; cell Ry about 0.5 of R f

and about 0.73 of Mo. Legs. Coxae and trochanters yellow-orange, with a

few inconspicuous translucent scales; femora dark brown scaled dorsally,

light brown ventrally, without conspicuous setae; tibiae and tarsi uniformly

dark brown scaled; hindtarsomere 1 slightly longer than tibia. Abdomen,

Terga dark bronzy brown scaled and reflecting green or purple depending on

angle; laterotergite with a few light brown scales; sterna light creamy brown.

MALE, PUPA and LARVA. Not known.

TYPE-DATA. Type-female, INDONESIA, Java, Tjisarua (nr. Buiten-

zorg) [ Bogor], altitude 1,400 m. April 1932, in BMNH with accession num-

ber BM 1934-305. Specimen reared from a single pupa found in a rot hole of

a fallen tree. The pupal skin was not found in the BMNH and it is quite unlike-

ly that it was retained. The type is in perfect condition.

DISTRIBUTION. Material examined: 22.

INDONESIA. Java, Tjisarua, near Buitenzorg (Bogor), 19.

MALAYSIA. Sabah: 19 km north of Kalabakan, 12.

DISCUSSION. This is a well marked species in the adult stage and is

easily recognized by the very distinct dark integumental spots on the light

brown scutum and the uniformly pale pleuron, without patches of scales.

Superficially it resembles bimaculata and novobscura more closely than any

other Southeast Asian Pseudoficalbia,

Macdonald and Traub (1960: 93) briefly described a species collected at

Ulu Gombak, MALAYSIA, which could, quite reasonably be ascribed to quin-

quemaculata, The description is as follows, "Species no. 4. - Rather like

bimaculata, but in addition to the pair of prominent, dark-brown spots in front

of the wings, there is another pair anteriorly, above the posterior pronotum.

There is also a dark-brown spot in front of the mid-lobe of the scutellum.

Ground colour of mesonotum light brown, pleurae pale, legs dark-brown,

abdominal tergites dark-brown."

BIONOMICS. Little is known of the habits of this species, due to the

paucity of collections. The type was collected at a rather high elevation of

1,400 m in Java and Macdonald and Traub's (1960) (quinquemaculata ?) collec-

tions at Ulu Gombak were made in lowland dipterocarp forest around 305 m.

The single specimen from Sabah is without recorded elevation but was collec-

ted in a ''forest camp" and the general topography of Kalabakan is mountainous.

URANOTAENIA (PSEUDOFICALBIA) REINERTI NEW SPECIES

(Figs. 1, 24)

FEMALE. Head, Proboscis about 0.9 of forefemur; prementum dark

blackish brown scaled, with a few inconspicuous setae on midventral margin

and at apex; one pair of very long and one pair of short delicate labial basal

Peyton: Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) 117

setae; palpus about 0.15 of proboscis, equal to or slightly less than antennal

flagellomere 1; clypeus dark brownish black; antennal pedicel dark yellow-

brown, with a conspicuous patch of fine setae dorsomesally; flagellum about

1.32 of proboscis or exceeding proboscis from base of flagellomere 10; Flm

1 barely longer than Flm 2 and with a small basomesal patch of black scales;

flagellar whorls each of 6 setae; 1 long, stout, black interocular and 5 ocular

setae; decumbent scales pale creamy white or gray-white depending on angle of

light, distinctly and narrowly white on ocular line and at sides, but forming

no well differentiated line, all scales reflecting blue-green at various angles;

erect scales large, moderately long, numerous, reaching ocular line, pale

yellow. Thorax (Fig. 1). Scutal integument a deep dark rust-brown, lateral

and anterior margins sharply delimited; a narrow dorsocentral bare line, but

surrounding scales overlap the bare line; scales uniformly narrow, curved,

brownish black; dorsocentral and supra-alar setae very strong, long, black;

prescutellar space largely bare; scutellum dark rust-brown, midlobe with

4,5 strong setae, scales dark brownish black with blue-green reflections;

mesopostnotum a little lighter than scutum, light brown laterally; paratergite

pale brown; pleuron with psp indistinctly darker than pale areas; upper 0.5 of

stp, whole of mepand a small spot at suture between sff and subspiracular

area dark rust-brown, remainder of pleuron pale grayish or yellowish brown,

devoid of scales except for a large dense patch of grayish translucent scales

covering most of upper 0.5 of stp with a few on posterior edge extending a

short distance below dark area; ppv and sp each with 1 seta; ppl with 1, 2 long,

stout, and 4 short, weak setae; stp with a continuous row of 19 closely set

setae on upper and posterior margins, upper 13, prominent, strongly pigment-

ed, lower 6 more delicate, light yellow; upper mep with 4,5 setae. Wing.

Scales dark brown on anterior veins, lighter on posterior veins; cell R, about

0.6 of Ro,9 and about 0.77 of M,. Legs. Coxae and trochanters same color

as lighter areas of pleuron; C-I with an anterior patch of light brown scales;

C-II, II with a very few inconspicuous grayish translucent scales; femora

dark brownish black scaled dorsally, indistinctly lighter ventrally; forefemur

with a posterodorsal row of about 13 stiff setae extending from near base to

near apex, those on basal 0.5 much longer than those on distal 0.5, an antero-

ventral row of 7, 8 similar setae from about basal 0.4 to near apex; midfemur

with 3,4 long delicate setae near base on dorsal margin, 3 long, stiff setae

on anteroventral margin and usually a patch of about 10-20 much smaller,

conspicuous, semierect, setae on distal anterior 0.33, a row of 4,5 weak

setae on posterior margin of distal 0.5 and a few very weak, opaque setae

near middle on ventral margin; hindfemur with a posterodorsal row of very

short, fine setae on basal 0.5 and 3,4 long, stout setae on distal posteroven-

tral margin, and a row of very short, fine, inconspicuous, setae on anteroven-

tral margin; tibiae and tarsi uniformly dark brownish black scaled; hindtarso-

mere 1 about 1.27 of hindtibia. Abdomen. Terga dark brownish black scaled,

with bronzy or violet reflections; laterotergite with a few scattered light brown

scales; sterna light grayish brown with pale gray or brown translucent scales.

MALE. Essentially as in female except for sexual differences. Head,

Proboscis about 0.93 of forefemur; antennal flagellum moderately plumose,

whorls each of about 20 setae, length about 1.12 of proboscis or exceeding

proboscis by not more than Flm 13; Flm 13 longer than Flm 12. Thorax. Stp

with 16-19 setae. Legs. Distal anterior patch of fine setae on midfemur

less conspicuous than onfemale. Terminalia (Fig. 24). Very similar to

pseudomaculipleura and differing only in minor detail as follows: tergum Ix

with a subapical row of 4-9 setae on each side of midline which barely reach

118 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

apical margin of tergum; tergum X broader between tergolateral lobes; tergo-

mesal surface of basimere with 5-7 conspicuously long, strong setae tergo-

lateral to basomesal lobe; basal mesal lobe of basimere with 5,6 long, stout

tergoapical setae and 2-4 much smaller setae basal to these, 1 long, strong

and 3-5 smaller setae on sternoapical margin; small short aedeagal tooth

sternobasal to the large apical tergomesal tooth distinctly rounded apically,

large, apical, tergomesal tooth not as acutely curved apically.

PUPA and LARVA. Not known.

TYPE-DATA. Holotype female, MALAYSIA, Sabah, Mt. Kinabalu, 22

March 1970, Suliaman bin Omar, Chia Yiew Wang and Samuel Wilson James,

collectors, collection No. S-176, SEAMP Accession No. 243, collected rest-

ing in cave at 1,585 m. Allotype male with terminalia on slide, preparation

No. 71/8 and 17 male (2 on slides) paratypes with same data as holotype; 1

male paratype, collection No. S-109 and 2 male paratypes collection No. S-110,

same data as holotype except, 19 March 1970, collected resting in cave at

1,463 m. .

The holotype is in excellent condition except for missing hindtarsomeres

2-5. The allotype and paratypes are in good condition. The holotype, allotype

and 17 paratypes are deposited in the USNM. Two paratype males will be

deposited in the BMNH and 2 paratype males will be deposited in the Shivaji

Ramalingam Collection at the University of Malaya.

DISTRIBUTION. Material examined: 22°, 19.

MALAYSIA. Known only from type-locality.

DISCUSSION. This is another of several species of the bimaculata series

with very distinct dark and light integumental color patterns of the adult scutum

and pleuron. The pleural dark marks are very similar to those of moufiedi

except for the completely pale metapleuron. The male terminalia are extreme-

ly similar to that of pseudomaculipleura, differing significantly only in the

number of long stout tergoapical setae of the basal mesal lobe of the basimere.

In general adult habitus features it is a distinct, rather striking species and is

easily distinguished from the adult of moufiedi and pseudomaculipleura, The

uniformly creamy white decumbent head scales, the uniformly deep dark rust-

brown scutum and mesopostnotum sharply contrasting with the pale pleuron

and the large dense patch of scales on upper sfp, serve to separate this spe-

cies from both moufiedi and pseudomaculipleura, In general size the adult of

reinerti is nearly twice that of the other 2 species. Other differences in the

3 species are noted under the descriptions of each.

This species is dedicated to Dr. John F. Reinert in recognition of his work

on mosquitoes in Southeast Asia.

BIONOMICS. Little is known of the habits of this species. The adults of

the type-series were collected resting in caves on 3 different occasions at

elevations of 1,463 and 1,585 m in association with several adults of moufiedi

in 2 of the collections.

URANOTAENIA (PSEUDOFICALBIA) XANTHOMELAENA EDWARDS

(Figs. 2, 45, 46)

Uranotaenia xanthomelaena Edwards 1925: 259 (o, L).

Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) xanthomelaena Edwards, Peyton 1972: 37.

FEMALE. Head, Proboscis about 0.85 of forefemur; prementum brownish

black scaled, with a few inconspicuous setae at apex only; one or 2 pairs of

Peyton: Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) 119

labial basal setae; palpus about 0.1 of proboscis and about equal to antennal

flagellomere 1 or slightly less; clypeus dark brownish black; antennal pedicel

brownish black mesally, lighter laterally, with a few minute setae dorsomesal-

ly; flagellum about 1.32 of proboscis or exceeding proboscis from about base

of flagellomere 11; Flm 1 about 1.15 of Flm 2 and with a few blackish scales

basomesally; flagellar whorls each of 7 setae; 1 long, strong, black interocu-

lar and 5 ocular setae, mesal 3 very strong, black; decumbent scales uniform-

ly black, with greenish reflections; erect scales broad, moderate in length,

rather sparse, more numerous on occiput, pale yellow incolor. Thovax,

Scutal integument pale straw-brown, faintly lighter grayish anteriorly; scales

narrow, curved, mostly light grayish brown, distinctly whitish on anterior

margin; prescutellar space with scattered scales, a small bare area posteri-

orly; scutellum pale brown, scales grayish brown; mesopostnotum slightly

darker than scutum; paratergite yellowish brown; pleuron uniformly pale straw-

brown or light grayish brown; apn usually devoid of scales but occasionally

with 1,2 small brown scales; ppn with 1 seta, rarely with 1,2 small, light

brown scales; sp with 1,2 setae; ppl with a few inconspicuous translucent scales

and 1 strong and 1 weak seta; stp with a few scattered shiny translucent scales

along posterior margin to below base of midcoxa, and with 6-7 marginal setae;

upper mep with 4,5 setae. Wing. Scales dark brownish black; cell Ro about

0.5 of Ro,. and about 0.77 of Mj. Legs, Coxae and trochanters same color

as pleuron; C-I with a distinct anterior patch of light brown scales; C-II, III with

a few inconspicuous almost colorless translucent scales on anterolateral sur-

face; femora black scaled dorsally, not noticeably lighter ventrally; tibiae

black, narrowly tipped with white scales, more obvious on hindtibia; fore- and

midtarsomeres 1-3 with narrow indistinct grayish white basal and apical bands,

basal pale scales more obvious on posterior aspect, tarsomere 4 almost com-

pletely whitish, usually with a small incomplete band or anterior patch of

black scales at middle, tarsomere 5 completely grayish white; hindtarsomeres

1-4 with basal and apical bands more obvious and white, with basal bands

wider than apical bands except for narrow basal band on tarsomere 1, tarso-

mere 5 completely white; hindtarsomere 1 about 1.2 of tibia. Abdomen, Ter-

gal scaling highly variable, with varying degrees of dark blackish brown and

pale creamy white or light golden brown scales, generally as follows: terga

II-VII mostly blackish brown with a large conspicuous basal sublateral triangu-

lar patch of pale scales which is narrowly connected dorsally, occasionally

pale patches not connected dorsally and entire dorsal surface dark, or rarely

black scales reduced to a large dorsoapical triangular patch and a wide lateral

marginal band; tergum VIII pale ochreous dorsally, dark laterally; sterna whitish

with creamy white translucent scales.

MALE. Essentially as in female but thoracic integument generally much

lighter and the pale scaling of abdominal terga usually much more extensive.

Head, Proboscis about 0.89 of forefemur; antennal flagellum strongly plumose,

whorls each of more than 20 setae, length about 1.1 of proboscis or exceeding

proboscis by less than length of flagellomere 13; Flm 13 longer than Flm 12.

Thorax. Scutal integument occasionally pale grayish white and scales uni-

formly grayish white. Legs (Fig. 2). Posterior midclaw small but conspicu-

ous. Abdomen. Tergal scaling variable but generally as follows: terga II-VII

with a large dorsoapical triangular patch and a narrow lateral marginal line of

blackish brown scales, remainder pale creamy or golden brown, giving the

appearance of a continuous narrow lateral marginal line of dark scales anda

continuous broad sublateral line of pale scales, occasionally dark scales re-

duced to a few scattered scales laterally and a faint speckling dorsally, tergum

120 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

VIII mostly dark, indistinctly pale laterally. Terminalia (Fig. 46). Tergum

IX shallow, broadly rounded on apical margin, with 1-5 long slender subapical

setae on each side of midline; tergum X complete, weakly sclerotized, pro-

duced into a broad median apical lobe which has a variable median apical emar-

gination with broad rounded lobed corners and extends well beyond apical mar-

gin of tergum IX; tergomesal surface of basimere covered mostly with short

slender setae but 4, 5 setae apical and tergolateral to basal mesal lobe signifi-

cantly longer and stronger than the rest; basal mesal lobe of basimere with

6-8 long, stout, setae near apex and on sternal margin, all rather closely

grouped, 6-12 shorter, strong setae basal to these, without the typical weak

basal setae, 3-6 smaller, stiff setae on sternoapical margin; distimere gently

curved and tapered on distal 0.5; spiniform minute, inapparent; plates of aede-

agus not very widely separated, slightly flared basolaterally, each plate with

1 strong, laterally curved, apical, tergomesal tooth and 2 strong curved sternal

teeth, with the sternal-most longest and subapical, occasionally with 1,2 very

small median sternoapical teeth; proctiger with 3-7 cercal setae on each side,

apical tergolateral surface strongly spiculate.

PUPA (Fig. 46). Chaetotaxy as figured. Diagnostic characters as in

series description and the following. All setae except 1-I and 9-VIII small,

single or with few weak simple branches. Integument uniformly light yellow-

ish brown. Cephalothorax, Setae 1-9-CT very small, weak, single to triple,

6-CT considerably shorter than 7-CT. Respiratory Trumpet. Bright yellow-

ish, very broad bell-shaped; index about 1.9; indistinctly tracheoid basally;

inner wall conspicuously separated from outer wall and strongly constricted

just beyond middle. Metanotum, Seta 10-CT with 3,4 branches, 11,12-CT

single to triple, 13-CT often present, single or double. Abdomen. Seta 1-I

rather weakly developed, with 2-5 primary dendritic branches, 6-I, II small,

weak; 1-II minute, with 4-6 branches and located considerably anterior to

posterior margin of segment; 1-III-VI with 2-4 very weak branches, each

located considerably anterior to posterior margin of segment; 5-IV, V single,

strong, darkly pigmented, about 0.5 of segment length on IV and 0.33 on V,

each located significantly anterior to posterior margin of segment; 5-VII simi-

lar but weaker; 1-VII single or double, 9-VII single, strong; 9-VIII long, stout,

Single, very dark, with a few strong lateral barbs near middle. Paddle, Ellip-

tical in shape, much wider than long, outer part at least 2.0 the width of inner

part, and broadly rounded and produced lateroapically beyond inner part; mid-

rib inapparent except near base; outer margin with very fine filamentous spi-

cules, inner margin with similar but fewer spicules; seta 1-P present.

LARVA (Fig. 45). Chaetotaxy as figured. Diagnostic characters as in

series description and the following. Most dorsal and ventral setae of thorax

and abdomen minute, with few very weak branches, most lateral setae long,

very stout, single, darkly pigmented, barbed. Head, Light brown; very small,

long, narrow, about 1.5 as long as wide; seta 4-C double, 7-C single, 14-C

3,4branched. Antenna. Darkbrown;1-Adoubleortriple. Thovax. Setae1-3-P

single, long, stout, 4-6-P single, long, stout, on a common darkly pigmented

sclerotized basal plate, 7-P single, long, stout, on separate raised sclero-

tized plate; 5-7-M greatly reduced, weak, 8,9-M single, long, stout; 7,9-T

Single, long, stout, 13-T single, stout. Abdomen. Seta 6-I-VI single, long,

stout, equal in development except for shorter 6-VI, each on a raised sclero-

tized plate; 7-I-III similarly developed and inserted on sclerotized basal

plate with 6; 13-III-V single, very stout, barbed, darkly pigmented, eachona raised

sclerotized plate; 3-VII similar to 13-DI-V; 1,5-VUI minute, both inserted on

comb plate near posterior margin, 3-VIII single or double, stout, barbed, or

Peyton: Uyvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) 121

strongly frayed distally, darkly pigmented; comb scales 4-6 on a large oval

sclerotized plate, each scale of near uniform width from base to rounded

apex, fringed with uniform spicules laterally and apically. Segment X. Saddle

complete, light brown, lightly imbricate, without posteromarginal spicules;

longer than siphon, index 1.5 or more; seta 1-X single or double, stout,

barbed, darkly pigmented, 2,3-X single, simple, 4a-e-X each double, simple,

inserted on strongly sclerotized boss. Siphon, Dark brown; very short, index

0.90-1.25; pecten teeth 4-6, variable, usually distal 3, 4 teeth strong, simple,

spine-like or with a few small lateral spicules arising at varied points from

base on one side, basal 2,3 teeth most often with strong lateral spicules, or

occasionally rounded with apical spicules; seta 1-S single, strong, simple,

inserted laterally and usually beyond distal pecten tooth.

TYPE-DATA. Holotype male with slides of terminalia and associated

larval skin in the BMNH bearing the following label data: U. xanthomelaena,

Type H. T. Fed., Malay States, Kuala Lumpur, I. 1923, Dr. H. P. Hacker,

BM-1923-318. Larval skin on slide 942, Pitcher Plants, Ravine J9.

DISTRIBUTION. Material examined: 250, 27°, 10 L; 24 with associated

skins (241, 22 p).

MALAYSIA. Malaysia: Sabah - Sipitang Forest Reserve, 1“, 19, 21,

2p. Peninsular Malaysia: 3%, 6°. Selangor - The Gap; Kuala Lumpur; 1°,

12, 11. Pahang - Cameron Highlands; Kuantan, Pekan Rd.; 1%, 1°, 1 L, 11,

1p. Perak: 23rd and 28th mile, Cameron Highlands Rd., 160, 159, 9 L,

18 1; 18-p,

SINGAPORE. 2, 32, 11. Ulu Pandan, 1°, 11, 1 p.

DISCUSSION. This species cannot be confused with any other known species

of the subgenus. All life stages are very distinct, with each exhibiting one or

more unique characters. The immature stages show a number of similarities

with ascidiicola and gigantea but these do not necessarily suggest a close rela-

tionship. Rather, it appears that several characters result from adaptation to

the highly acid environment of the Nepenthes pitcher habitat. These include

the exceptionally stout, barbed, darkly pigmented setae, often with reduced

branches, stout setae on raised sclerotized basal plates, sclerotization in

general stronger, head reduced in size, siphon very short and segment X gen-

erally longer. This phenomenon is observed to a greater or lesser degree in

Nepenthes breeding species of the genera Aedes, Armigeres, and Tripteroides,

The adult is rather strikingly ornamented with banded legs, banded golden

and black scaled abdomen, very pale integument of thorax and black decumbent

head scales. Although there is considerable variation in the adult, especially

in the pale and dark scaling of the abdomen it remains a distinctively marked

species. The abdomen varies from being predominently black with large sub-

lateral patches of ochreous scales which narrowly connect dorsally, to most of

terga pale ochreous or golden and only a speckling of black scales dorsoapically

and laterally. The male more frequently has fewer black scales and most

often the sublateral pale patches are complete to apical margin of each tergum

and form a continuous sublateral pale line from terga I-VII and a continuous

narrow lateral black line. One male specimen had only a speckling of black

scales.

The pupal chaetotaxy is particularly variable with considerable shifting of

most dorsal setae. This can be observed on a single specimen where the setal

placement on one side of a given segment is totally dissimilar to that of the

other side. A well developed 13-CT is present in about 50% of specimens.

Several duplicate setae were also observed in the larva and on one specimen

a perfectly developed duplicate of the large stout seta 1-X with separate alveo-

122 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

lus, was present.

BIONOMICS. The immature stages of xanthomelaena occur almost exclu-

sively in Nepenthes pitchers. Of the collections examined, 8 were from

Nepenthes and one was from ginger inflorescence, all from elevations between

30-1,372 m. The species apparently utilizes 3 common species of Nepenthes

(N. ampullaria Jack, N. gracilis Knorth. and N, vafflesiana Jack. ). In Malay-

sia and Singapore, but Barr and Chellapah (1963) report it as a rather rare

inhabitant of N. gracilis,

vecondita series

DISCUSSION. This series was first recognized by Peyton (1970) asa

natural group. In the intervening years much additional information and ma-

terial has become available. Currently 15 species are recognized from South-

east Asia and are treated here. Additionally, one probable species from Tai-

wan and 6 extralimital species are provisionally recognized. These 7 species

are as follows: Taiwan, maculipleura of Lien (1962); India, husaini Qutubuddin

(2), luteola, maculipleura of Wattal and Kalra (1965) (?), mattinglyi Qutubud-

din (?), recondita and from Sri Lanka, svilankensis Peyton. Since the discus-

sion of this group by Peyton (1970), 11 new species have been recognized as

a direct or indirect result of this study. A few of these have been published

and the remainder are treated here for the first time. Published species

include: koli Peyton and Klein (1970), spiculosa and sumethi Peyton and

Rattanarithikul (1970), svilankensis Peyton (1974) and ohamai and yaeyamana

Tanaka, Mizusawa and Saugstad (1975). Although vecondita is listed in Stone,

et al. (1959) from Thailand and Hainan Island, there are no specimens avail-

able to confirm this and its occurrence in Southeast Asia is highly improbable.

Sources for these records were probably Thurman (1959: 121) and Chu (1958:

111). The series is represented by one or more species in most Asian coun-

tries as follows: Cambodia (3), Hong Kong (1), India (6), Indonesia (1), Malay-

sia (1), Philippines (3), Japan (Ryukyu Islands) (3), Singapore (1), Sri Lanka

(1), Taiwan (1?), Thailand (7) and Vietnam (3). One species, hirsutifemora,

occurs also in Papua New Guinea and in northern Australia. The dispropor-

tionate number of species in some countries can in most cases be attributed

to a lack of collections from the highly specialized habitat of the immature

stages of most species. A majority of species utilize small fresh water crab

holes along the margins of shallow, running, mountain or foothill streams or

at the edges of springs or seepages generally under the cover of secondary or

primary forest. Only Thailand has a reasonable number of collections from

this habitat and this is directly reflected in the greater number of species from

that country. The fresh water crab hole habitat has been very inadequately

sampled in all countries including Thailand and I predict that many additional

species will be discovered. In addition to the crab hole habitat, a few species

appear to be specifically adapted to other natural habitats as follows: hirsuti-

femora. - pools in forest swamp or marsh, nocticola - cave pools, pylei -

tree holes, vecondita - tree holes, and sumethi - cave pools. Others that

appear to be primarily crab hole inhabitants are occasionally found in small

deep rock holes, crevices, rock pools, cave springs or rarely tree holes.

Adults of husaini and mattinglyi were collected resting in crab holes and the

immature stages will probably be found in this habitat also. In the natural

habitat the larva of all species of the series hang vertically from the water

surface and resemble Aedes very closely in feeding attitude and movements.

Peyton: Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) 123

In general morphology there is also a strong resemblance to many species of

Aedes,

The immature stages of the Ethiopian annulata series (Peyton 1972) re-

semble those of the recondita series very closely in general morphology and

in the habitats of fresh water crab holes and cave pools but the 2 groups are

not closely related. The adults of the annulata series are quite different from

those of the vecondita series and belong to the rather extensively ornamented

Section B to which the Southeast Asian maxima belongs.

The series is best characterized in the male terminalia and pupal and lar-

val stages. Although several species are generally recognizable in gross

adult habitus features they do not differ significantly from the adult of other

series of Section A. Generally, the erect head scales are more prominent,

usually exceptionally long, numerous or often quite dense; dorsocentral and

supra-alar scutal setae usually exceptionally long and stout, and pleural setae

generally more numerous, especially on ppl, stp and upper mep; femora often

with numerous setae in addition to the usual anteroventral and posterodorsal

rows; tarsi always dark scaled; abdominal terga with or without pale scaled

basal bands.

The male terminalia are well defined in this series, especially in the de-

velopment of terga IX and X, aedeagus, distimere and usually the presence of

cercal setae, but the aedeagus resembles that of the bicolor series somewhat

in the general arrangement of teeth on each plate.

The combination of the position of pupal setae 6-CT and 2, 5-II and absence

of the seta 1-IX is typical of this series.

The very distinctively shaped larval seta 1-C and the distinct apicomesal

projection of the apical process of the median labral plate readily distinguishes

this series from all other known Pseudoficalbia,

ADULT. Head, Proboscis 0. 83-1.00 of forefemur; antennal flagellum of

female 1.10-1.62 of proboscis; ocular setae usually 6,7 (4-7) and often with

an extra weak seta on interocular space; erect scales usually exceptionally

long, usually 0.5 or more the length of antennal flagellomere 1. Thorax,

Scutal scales narrow; dorsocentral and supra-alar setae exceptionally well

developed, usually as long or longer than 0.5 the width of scutum (except

hirsutifemora); pleuron uniformly very pale or with distinct darker areas on

some sclerites; apn with scales (except nocticola); ppn with some scales,

usually a distinct patch (except hirsutifemora); ppl with 4-7 setae; stp with

10-26 setae on upper and posterior margins, never devoid of scales, usually

with a very distinct patch on upper 0.5; upper ™ep with 3-13 setae but gener-

ally with 5 or more, with or without scales. Wing. Cell Ro 0.36-0.54 of

Roig (0.61-0.77 in hirsutifemora) and distinctly shorter than cell Mp.

MALE TERMINALIA. Tergum IX moderately sclerotized, finde rounded

on apical margin, neither produced at middle or lateral corners, without

setae, basal emargination variable, usually quite broad; tergum X weakly

sclerotized, usually complete tergomesally, but median tergal area often

narrowed and very weakly sclerotized or rarely membranous, usually with

noticeable shallow median emargination but rarely with more or less truncate

apical margin, with very short lateral lobes (except hirsutifemora), lobes

usually very broad, rounded, rarely pointed (srilankensis), usually extending

well beyond apical margin of tergum IX (except hirsutifemora) and apparently

never fused with tergum IX; basal mesal lobe of basimere distinctly sclerotized

and usually lightly pigmented with a varying number of long stout setae tergo-

apically and at least 1 stout seta separate from these on sternoapical margin,

surface lightly spiculate; distimere rather long, slender, slightly to strongly

124 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

curved and tapered from about apical 0.66 to pointed apex; spiniform promin-

ent, stout, acute, not arising from under membranous hood; plates of aedeagus

each with 1,2 strong, subapical tergomesal teeth, which are usually slightly

curved and directed apicolateral or lateral (when the more common 2 teeth are

present they ave superimposed and the sternal tooth is almost totally obscured

in tergal view) and with 1-7 curved teeth of varied development on apicosternal

margin, usually with 1 or more of these stout and distinctly grooved on posteri-

or margin (except hirsutifemora); proctiger with 1-3 pairs of cercal setae

(except confusa, hirsutifemora and sumethi).

PUPA. Cephalothorax, Seta 6-CT usually exceptionally long and strong,

2.0-3.0 the length of respiratory trumpet (except hirsutifemorva), always well

separated from 7-CT and usually closer to 5-CT; respiratory trumpet never

darkly pigmented, usually with a small, rounded, lobed, expansion near base

on anterior surface or strongly constricted on anterobasal side. Abdomen.

Seta 5-II lateral to 2-II and closer to 4-II than to 3-II, 2-II closer to 3-II and

usually very strong, as long as or longer than segment III; 6-VI usually more

strongly developed than 6-V; 1-lX absent. Paddle. Inner and outer margins

with stout spiculate serrations; inner part wider than outer part; 1-P present,

2-P absent.

LARVA. Head, Labral process, prominent, with a distinct angular apico-

mesal projection on basomesal side of seta 1-C, varied according to species,

apically rounded or pointed, 0.25-0.50 or more of 1-C; 1-C narrow at base

and distinctly expanded apically, never spine-like, usually more or less

straight on mesal margin and rounded on lateral margin, varied, blade-like,

club-like or leaf-like; 5-C single or branched, rarely barbed, 6-C single,

simple, 7-C with 4-13 branches; mentum with 11-19 teeth. Antenna, Usually

slender, without conspicuous spicules, never darkly pigmented; seta 1-A

single to triple. Thovax, Seta 1-P double to 17 branched, 3-P with 5-19

branches, 4-P with 5-18 branches, 7-P double to 8 branched, 14-P stellate,

with 5-39 branches, branches strong to exceptionally stout, sharp or acutely

pointed and at least lightly barbed; 1-M, T usually stellate, with stout, sharp or

acutely pointed branches, 5-T stout, spine-like, occasionally with stout,

acutely pointed branches. Abdomen. Usually with a few to many setae very

stout, spine-like or stellate, with stout, acutely pointed branches at least on

segment I (except confusa), seta 5-III-VI usually stout, single, spine-like or

stellate, often single and very long; 6-I, II usually double, rarely single or

triple; 6-III-VI usually as long as or longer than 6-II; 11-I often very stout,

long; 9-II-V usually very stout, spine-like, frequently very long (branched on

pylei); comb plate usually very small, comb scales varied, usually each of

near equal length and width, long, evenly spaced; 1, 2-VIII inserted on a com-

mon, long, narrow sclerotized plate (except pylei and rossi); 5-VIII inserted

considerably ventral to 4-VIII and comb plate. Segment X. Saddle always con-

spicuously imbricate, with numerous spicules on posterolateral margin; seta

1-X usually double to triple, rarely single on an occasional specimen; 4-X

with 5 pairs of setae, branched as follows: 4a-X 3-13, b 2-13, c 3-12, d 3-11,

e 2-11, individual branches usually arising at different points on a single plane

presenting a fanned appearance (this feature not well presented in illustrations

due to small scale at which each is drawn), 4b-X on one side often with signi-

ficantly fewer branches and considerably longer than 4b-X on opposite side.

Siphon. Seta 1-S subventral.

Peyton: Uvranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) 125

URANOTAENIA (PSEUDOFICALBIA) ABDITA NEW SPECIES

(Figs. 47, 48)

FEMALE. Head, Proboscis about 0.89 length of forefemur; prementum

dark brown scaled, a few small setae scattered on dorsal and ventral mar-

gins and at apex; one pair of labial basal setae; palpus about 0.12 length of

proboscis and about equal to or slightly greater than length of flagellomere 1;

clypeus dark brown; antennal pedicel dark brown mesally, light yellowish

brown laterally, with a few minute setae and 1,2 colorless scales dorsomesal-

ly; flagellum about 1.3 length of proboscis or exceeding proboscis from about

base of flagellomere 11; Flm 1 about 1.15 length of Flm 2, with a few brown

basomesal scales; flagellar whorls each with 6 setae; 1 long, strong, and 1

minute interocular and 5 ocular setae; decumbent scales mostly grayish brown

with blue-green reflections, tips of ocular scales appearing more grayish at

some angles but forming no distinct line, scales at sides distinctly grayish

with bright blue-green reflections; erect scales with exceptionally long slender

basal stems and broadly expanded apices, dense and covering most of dorsal

surface, with the posterior scales lighter in color than the anterior ones.

Thorax, Scutal integument medium or light orange-brown; scales narrow,

curved, mostly light bronzy brown, narrowly grayish white around anterior

margin; prescutellar space usually mostly bare but occasionally reduced to a

small posterior bare space; scutum and scutellum concolorous, scales on

each lobe dark brown; mesopostnotum dark brown, distinctly darker than scu-

tum; paratergite light brown; pleuron pale grayish or whitish brown, psp often

faintly darker; apn with a line of light brown scales; pon with 1 (1-3) seta and

a conspicuous upper posterior patch of light translucent scales which are

mostly grayish white with blue-green reflections, a few anterior scales light

brown; sp with 2 (2-3) setae; ppl with 1 long, strong and 4-6 delicate setae, and

a few light grayish translucent scales; psp usually with 2-4 transparent scales

on posterior edge; stp with 13-15 setae on upper and posterior margins, lower

5-6 weak without pigmentation, and a large patch of appressed, shiny, near

colorless translucent scales covering most of upper 0.5; mep with 5-8 upper

setae, and a few shiny transparent scales intermingled with upper setae and

usually a small patch or a few scattered transparent scales near middle (unde-

tectable at some angles). Wing. Scales dark brown; cell R, about 0.4 (0. 37-

0.45) of Ro +3 distinctly shorter than cell M,. Legs. Coxaé, trochanters and

pleuron concolorous; C-I with light brown scales on upper and grayish trans-

lucent scales on lower anterior surface; C-II-III with a few transparent scales

anterolaterally; femora dark brown scaled dorsally, light grayish ventrally,

without conspicuous groupings of setae or spines; forefemur with 11-14 short,

stiff setae on posterodorsal margin; 7-8 short, stiff setae on distal anteroven-

tral margin and usually a few minute, weak, semierect setae scattered on basal

0.5; midfemur with 4-7 long delicate setae on dorsal margin, 7-11 rigid setae

on distal posteroventral margin, 3-5 more delicate setae on distal anteroven-

tral margin and often with numerous fine, semierect setae on apicoventral

margin; hindfemur with a few very small weak setae scattered along dorsal,

anterior and posterior margins, a long stout dorsal seta at apical 0.75, 5-6

short conspicuous setae on distal posteroventral margin; tibiae and tarsi dark

brown scaled; hindtarsomere 1 about 1.0 length of hindtibia, hindtarsomere 4

about 2.2 length of tarsomere 5. Abdomen. Terga mostly dark brownish black

scaled, with purple reflections, terga II-VII with complete narrow creamy

white basal bands, band on III and occasionally IV indistinct, those on V-VII

126 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

usually occupying about 0.25 or less the length of each tergum; tergum VIII,

when extended, showing faint gray-white basal scales and a few median apical

light brown scales; sterna mostly creamy white scaled, sterna VII- VIII usually

light brown scaled apically.

MALE. Essentially as in female except for sexual differences. Head.

Proboscis about 0.92 of forefemur; 2 pairs of labial basal setae; antennal flagel-

lum strongly plumose with at least 20 setae in each whorl, about equal in

length to proboscis, flagellomeres 12,13 long with 13 longest. Legs. Hind-

tarsomere 4 about 2.35 of tarsomere 5. Abdomen, Terga IV-VII with nar-

row basal pale bands which are usually more conspicuous than those in female

but not exceeding 0.33 the length of each tergum; tergum III usually with a very

faint indication of a pale band involving about a single row of grayish scales;

tergum VIII rarely with a few basal pale scales dorsally but often with a few

dull grayish or ochreous scales basolaterally; sterna VII mostly dark brown

scaled. Terminalia (Fig. 48). Tergum IX very broadly rounded on apical

margin; basal emargination shallow and broad; tergum X complete, weakly

sclerotized, produced into short, broad tergolateral lobes which project be-

yond apical margin of tergum IX; tergomesal surface of basimere with long

slender setae with none conspicuously stronger than others and with a few

weak setae basally; basal mesal lobe of basimere with 2 very long stout apical

setae, each on a raised process, 3,4 similar setae just basal to these and

6-9 short, weak, more basal setae, 1 long, stout and 2-4 weak setae on sternal

margin; distimere rather strongly curved and tapered to pointed apex; spini-

form small, stout, acute; plates of aedeagus each with 2 strong subapical

tergomesal teeth and a row of 3-5 teeth on apicosternal margin, the most

tergal of these strongest, grooved, curved and directed apicolaterally, the

most sternal, strong and grooved, the median 1-3 teeth much smaller, usually

very short, peg-like, always with blunt or rounded apices; proctiger with 1

cercal seta on each side.

PUPA (Fig. 48). Chaetotaxy as figured. Diagnostic characters as in

series description and the following. Integument light yellowish brown, darker

at intersegmental areas of some segments, densely spiculate on dorsal, ven-

tral and lateral surfaces of segments DI-VIII, spicules becoming progressive-

ly stronger and prominent to segment VIII. Cephalothorax, Seta 1-CT bifid

or trifid, 2-CT double to 4 branched from near middle, 3-CT double to 4

branched from near base; 4-CT with 4-5 branches, 5-CT with 4-7 lightly

barbed branches, 8-CT with 4-7 lightly barbed branches. Respiratory Trum-

pet. Light yellowish brown except for small dark basoanterior spot; indis-

tinctly tracheoid on anterobasal 0.2; short and broad slightly expanded apically,

index about 3.0. Metanotum. Seta 10-CT stout on basal 0.5, single or with 2-

4 branches beyond 0.5, 11-CT similar but considerably longer, 12-CT with

4-6 simple or finely barbed branches; alveolus of 13-CT present, occasionally

with minute spur. Abdomen. Seta 4-I with 4,5 strong, lightly barbed branches,

6,1 double, each branch often bifid or trifid; 1-II with 5-9 barbed branches,

some branches much stronger than others, 3-II strong, bifid or trifid, 6-Il

double, occasionally strongly barbed distally, 1-III with 3-6 barbed branches,

3-I0 with a few to several weak terminal branches, position variable, usually

anterior to or slightly mesal to 1-III, 6-III double; 1-IV with 3-5 barbed

branches, often ends strongly frayed, 5-IV-VI usually single, occasionally

double on one side or less frequently double on all 3 segments, strong, pig-

mented, each longer than 2 succeeding segments, usually with sparse fine

lateral barbs, 6-IV with 3-5 branches; 1-V with 2-4 barbed branches, 6-V

double to 4 branched; 1-VI single to triple usually barbed distally, 6-VI single,

Peyton: Uvranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) 127

strong, longer than segment VII; 1-VII single or double, usually barbed distal-

ly, 5-VII single, less than length of segment VIII, 6-VII single to triple, located

ventrally; 9-VIII with 4-6 stout barbed branches, with 1,2 median branches

2.0 or more the length of lateral branches and as long or longer than paddle,

shorter lateral branches always with strongly frayed or branched ends.

Paddle, Midrib pale yellowish brown to near apex; outer margin with closely

set serrations from about basal 0.3 to apex; inner margin with closely set,

strong, straight, spicules on apical 0.36-0.41 with a few minute crenulations

occasionally towards base; apex with a very shallow emargination.

LARVA (Fig. 47). Chaetotaxy as figured. Diagnostic characters as in

series description and the following. Integument of thorax and abdomen,

sparsely spiculate, spicules usually extremely short giving a granular rather

than spiculate appearance, very apparent on skins, less so on whole larvae.

Several setae of thorax and abdomen stellate with very stout, lightly barbed,

darkly pigmented, acutely pointed branches. Head, Bright orange-brown,

darker posterolaterally and on collar; seta 4-C with 5-8 delicate branches,

0, 6-C single, simple, 7-C with 7-10 branches, 11-C with 3-5 branches; mentum

with 17teeth. Antenna. Seta 1-Adouble. Thorax. O-P with3-6 stout, barbed

acutely pointed branches; 3-P with 6-10 strongly barbed branches, 4-P with 6-11

strongly barbed branches, 7-P with 5-7 strongly barbed branches, 14-P with

12-16 strong, barbed, sharp pointed branches; 1-M, stellate, with 4-7 stout

branches, 14-M stellate, with 4-9 stout branches; 3-T stellate, with 3-6 stout

branches, 9-T single, very stout, acutely pointed, darkly pigmented. Abdo-

men, Seta 1-I stellate, with 4-7 stout branches, 2-I, II stellate, with 3-5 stout

branches, 6-I, II double, very stout, barbed, acutely pointed, posterior branch

shorter than anterior branch, 11-I stellate, with 3-6 stout branches; 1-II stel-

late, with 3-6 stout branches, 5-II with 2-5 stout branches, 9-II-VI single, long,

very stout, darkly pigmented, acutely pointed, usually lightly barbed basally,

13-II-V stellate, with 3-6 stout branches; 1-III,IV usually stellate, with 2-4

stout branches, 5-III-VI similar to seta 1, with 3 (3,4) branches, 6-III-VI with

3, rarely 4, strong, barbed unequal branches; 1-V stellate, with 3, 4 stout

branches, 4-V double or triple, strong, barbed acutely pointed, 13-V stellate

with 3,4 stout branches; 1-VI double or triple stout, 13-VI stellate, short,

with 4-11 stiff, acutely pointed branches; 1-VII triple, rarely double, stout,

3-VII with 3, long, stout, barbed, unequal branches, 13-VII stellate, with 3-4

stout branches; 1-VIII stout, double, inserted on long narrow sclerotized plate

with 2-VIII, 3-VIII with 6-10 strongly barbed branches, 5-VIII double or triple,

branches stout, acutely pointed; comb scales 13-19, on a small narrow weakly

sclerotized plate, all of equal length and width, evenly spaced, each rather

long, narrow, more or less rounded apically, with spiculate fringe on lateral

and apical margins, apical fringe slightly stronger, occasionally a few scales

with a stronger apical spicule. Segment X. Saddle complete, light yellowish

brown, strongly imbricate, with numerous stout, sharp spicules on posterior

margin; seta 1-X with a single strong branch and usually 1,2 very short weak

basolateral branches, 2,3-X double, rarely one single or triple, 4a-e-X with

7-10, 6-8, 5-7, 6-9, 5-8 branches respectively. Siphon. Bright yellowish or

orange-brown, strongly imbricate from base to apex; index 3.1-3.8; pecten

teeth 17-23, reaching to about 0.5 of siphon, all long, narrow, evenly spaced,

distal 1-5 teeth stronger and simple, spine-like, more basal teeth always with

an apical fringe of strong spicules; seta 1-S with 5-9 strong, conspicuously

barbed branches, inserted barely beyond distal pecten tooth.

TYPE-DATA. Holotype male with slides of terminalia and pupal and lar-

val skins with the following collection data: THAILAND, Lampang, Ban Rong

128 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

Na, 10 April 1967, Kol Mongkolpanya, collector, collection number 1940-6,

SEAMP accession number 104 and SEAMP terminalia preparation number

69/1535, collected as a larva from crab hole at margin of mountain stream at

an elevation of 700 m. Paratypes: 10 females (1 on slide), 8 males with

associated skins on slides, same data as holotype, numbers 1940 -1, -2, -3,

-4, -5, -7, -8, -9, -10, -11, -12, -13, -14, -15, -100, -103, -104 and -105,

and 3 fourth stage larvae on slides number 1940; 4 females, 1 male, 5 pupal

skins, 3 larval skins and 2 fourth stage larvae, same data as holotype, except

Kol Mongkolpanya and Somboon Maneechai,collectors, collection number 1942,

association subnumbers -2, -3, -4, -5 and -102.

The holotype and paratypes are in good condition and are deposited in the

USNM. Paratypes of 2 males and 2 females with associated skins will be de-

posited in the BMNH.

DISTRIBUTION. Material examined (including type-series): 49°, 379,

76 L; 78 with associated skins (67 1, 78 p).

CAMBODIA. Kompong Speu: Kirirom, O-Tachat, 1.

THAILAND. Ranong: Ban Bang Hin, 12, 1 L, 11, 1p. Lampang: Ban

Pa Khoi; Bang Rong; Ban Rong Na; 10“, 142, 32 L, 191, 24 p. Nakhon

Ratchasima: Khai Phai, 2 L. Kvabi: Ban Mai Kaen Tai, 1°. Kanchanaburi:

Ban Sai Yok; Khao Na Chang; 7“, 42, 4L, 91, 10 p. Prachinburi: Ban Bu

Phram, 5c, 32, 19 L, 11, 6p. Chiang Mai: Chiang Dao, Ban Pa Miang; Ban

Mae Nam Nauk; 220", 139, 22 L, 321, 32 p. Chanthaburi: Khao Sai Dao, 1¢,

5 L, 11, 1 p.. Nan:. Ban Wang Mo; Ban Pha Man; 2¢, 22, 1 L, 31, 5p.

Chu (1958: 111) lists luteola as a new record from Hainan, China. There

is evidence that luteola does not occur in Southeast Asia. Although I have not

seen specimens from Hainan, it is quite possible that Chu's specimens were

either abdita or enigmatica (see discussion below).

DISCUSSION. This species is very similar to enigmatica and luteola in

the adult stage. In general adult habitus features the adults of abdita and

enigmatica are indistinguishable and that of luteola differs only in minor

detail. The male terminalia exhibit differences in all 3 species, however,

this observation is based on the examination of one terminalia preparation of

enigmatica, 2 of luteola and 28 of abdiia. The immature stages of abdita and

enigmatica differ significantly, and the immature stages of luteola are unknown.

Although luteola was reported by Barraud (1934) from the Andaman Islands,

there is no available evidence to indicate its occurrence in Southeast Asia.

Barraud's record of luteola from the Andaman Islands was based on 2 mis-

identified females of bicolor (see under discussion of bicolor). At present,

luteola is known for certain only from 2 males and 1 female syntype in the

BMNH from Malabar Coast, India. Uvanotaenia abdita and enigmatica are

sympatric at least in northeastern Thailand.

The adult of luteola differs from abdita in the following: scutum without

pale grayish white scales on anterior promontory; scales on ppm unicolorous;

pspand mepbare, without transparent scales; tergum II with distinct narrow

basal band of pale scales and, according to Barraud (1934), hindtarsomere 4

more than 3 times the length of tarsomere 5 (missing on syntypes). In abdita

there are a few scales on anterior promontory of scutum grayish white; scale

patch on ppn with anterior scales light brown and posterior scales grayish

white; psp and mep usually with a few transparent scales (usually quite diffi-

cult to detect but quite conspicuous when properly oriented to light source);

tergum II without basal band of pale scales and hindtarsomere 4 usually less

than 2.5 of tarsomere 5. The male terminalia of luteola differ from abdita in

having 7 long stout tergoapical setae on basal mesal lobe of basimere and only

Peyton: Uvanotaenia.(Pseudoficalbia) 129

one is truly apical; the distimere is about the length of basimere as is that of

abdita, but it is more slender and curved on distal 0.5, curved from near base

on abdita; plates of aedeagus (Fig. 48) each with 2 typical, though slightly

longer subapical tergomesal teeth, but the 3, 4 teeth on apicosternal margin are

equal, curved, very broad, leaf-like with edges overlapping on lateral view,

appear to be grooved on posterior margin. The apicosternal teeth of aedeagal

plates of abdita always with the medial 1-3 teeth much smaller, with blunt or

rounded apex, rather straight and distinctly separated. Differences in enzg-

matica are discussed separately under that species.

The immature stages are distinct and should not prove difficult to recog-

nize from other members in the series. The general chaetotaxy of the larva

resembles. that of enigmatica and spiculosa Peyton and Rattarithikul, especially

in the very stout-branched stellate seta 5-III-VI. Most other members of the

series, except pylei, have seta 5-III-VI single and spine-like, occasionally

weak and branched on III. The number of branches of 5-III-VI is generally

lower and typically 3 branched in abdita. These 3 species differ in a number of

characters in the larval stage but the most significant is the spiculate apical

fringe of all but the distal 1-5 pecten teeth in abdita. Both enigmatica and

spiculosa have all pecten teeth long, simple, spine-like.

BIONOMICS. The immature stages occur principally in small freshwater

crab holes at the margins of shallow running mountain or foothill streams, or

at the edge of springs or seepages and generally under the cover of secondary

or primary forests. They are also encountered in the same type of terrain in

small deep rock holes or crevices where direct light is denied. These habi-

tats simulate the crab hole or quite possibly often are occupied by the crab.

In one such case in Thailand, I collected pupae and larvae of this species from

a deep fissure high on the face of a granite cliff. The small fissure was well

concealed near the base of an outcropping, and the water level was about 0.6

m below the surface. About 7.6 liters of water was extracted, and in the pro-

cess of siphoning out the last amount of water remaining, a medium sized crab

emerged through the fissure and escaped. This obvious symbiotic relationship

appears to be quite specific for abdita and several other members of the vecon-

dita series. The immature stages have been collected in association with

enigmatica (?), kolt Peyton and Rattanarithikul, spiculosa and stricklandi

Barraud in Thailand.

Immature collections have been examined from the following habitats:

crab hole (22), rock hole (3), ground hole (crab hole ?), on sloping bank of

stream (1). Adults have been collected resting on rocks over streams.

Twenty-two of these collections have elevations of 30-1,000 m. The larvae,

when extracted from the habitat, are pale white in color. The very darkly

pigmented, stellate and spine-like setae of thorax and abdomen are readily

visible without the aid of alens. The larvae do not at all resemble the typical

Uranotaenia, nor do they exhibit any of the more commonly observed anopheline

feeding and resting characteristics, rather, they are deceptively similar to

several species of subgenera Stegomyia or Finlaya of Aedes,

URANOTAENIA (PSEUDOFICALBIA) CONFUSA NEW SPECIES

(Figs. 49, 50)

Uranotaenia philippinensis Delfinado 1966a: 36 (in part, o* Fig. 1b only);

Delfinado 1966b: 51 (in part, “*, except Fig. 103); Peyton and Klein

1970: 246 (); Bright and Hogue 1972: 43 (bionomics).

130 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

FEMALE. Head. Proboscis about 0.85 of forefemur; prementum dark

brown scaled, with a few small setae at apex; 1 pair of labial basal setae; pal-

pus about 0.1 of proboscis and slightly less than antennal flagellomere 1;

clypeus dark brown; antennal pedicel dark brown, with a few minute setae

dorsomesally; flagellum about 1.3 of proboscis or exceeding proboscis from

base of flagellomere 10; Flm 1 slightly longer than Flm 2, with a few light

brown scales basomesally; flagellar whorls each with 6 setae; 1 long, stout and

1 weak interocular and 3 ocular setae; decumbent scales uniformly pale creamy

brown, with strong pearly-blue reflection at some angles in center and always

at sides; erect scales long, moderate in number, covering most of vertex.

Thorax. Scutal integument dark reddish rust-brown, very sharply contrasting

with pale pleuron, usually indefinitely darker on supra-alar area; without con-

spicuous bare lines but scales on mesal border of supra-alar area sparse;

scales narrow, curved, uniformly dark bronzy brown; supra-alar and dorso-

central setae moderately long, stout; prescutellar space largely bare; scutel-

lum dark, rust-brown, scales dark brown; mesopostnotum dark reddish brown,

pale yellowish at basolateral corners; paratergite pale yellow; pleuron uni-

formly pale yellow or yellowish orange, contrast between upper border and dark

scutum strongly marked; apn with a few light brown scales; ppn with 1 seta and

2,3 inapparent translucent scales near upper posterior corner; sp with 1 seta;

ppl with 1 strong and 2,3 weak setae; stp with 11-13 setae on upper and posteri-

or margins, upper 9-7 strongest and a few scattered light bronzy brown or

colorless translucent scales (depending on angle) on upper 0.33; upper mep

with 3,4 setae. Wing. Scales dark brown on anterior veins, pale translucent

on posterior veins; cell Ro about 0. 42 of Ro 49° Legs. Coxae and trochanters

same color as pleuron; coxae with at most a ae scattered inapparent light

yellowish-brown scales; femora dark brown scaled dorsally, light bronzy or

erayish brown ventrally; forefemur with a few scattered weak setae on anteri-

or and anteroventral margins, 8-10 more conspicuous setae on posterodorsal mar-

gin; midfemur with 8-10 long delicate setae on dorsal margin and several

scattered less apparent setae on anterodorsal margin of basal 0.5, followed

by 3, 4 longer setae on anterior and posterior margins of apical 0.5; hindfemur

with 8-10 delicate setae on dorsal margin and scattered short, fine, inappar-

ent setae on anterior, posterior and ventral surfaces; tibiae and tarsi dark

brown scaled; hindtarsomere 1 about 1.14 of tibia, hindtarsomere 4 about

3.33 of tarsomere 5. Abdomen. Terga uniformly dark bronzy brown scaled

with purple-green reflections; laterotergite with a few light bronzy-brown

scales; sterna light dingy or yellowish brown.

MALE. Essentially as in female except for sexual differences. Head,

Proboscis about 0.9 of forefemur; antennal flagellum strongly plumose,

whorls each of more than 20 setae, about 1.13 of proboscis or exceeding

proboscis by not more than length of flagellomere 13; flagellomeres 12, 13

about equal in length. Wing. Cell Ro about 0.38 of Ro 43° Terminalia (Fig.

50). Tergum IX long, very broadly rounded on apical margin; tergum X com-

plete but very narrow tergomesally, very weakly sclerotized, produced tergo-

laterally into very short broad apicolaterally rounded lobes which project

slightly beyond apical margin of tergum IX; tergomesal surface of basimere

with numerous long moderately strong setae, none conspicuously stronger

than others and a few weak setae basally; basal mesal lobe of basimere usually

with 4, rarely with 5, long stout tergoapical setae, the most apical on raised

process, 4-7 short weak setae basal to these, 1 long, stout and 2,3 weaker

setae on sternoapical margin; distimere long, slender, curved distally; spini-

form stout, acute; plates of aedeagus each with 2 strong apical tergomesal

Peyton: Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) 131

teeth, the tergal-most with a distinct narrow membranous apical margin, 3, 4

strong curved teeth on apicosternal margin, each near equal to the tergal

and sternal-most teeth, grooved on posterior margin; proctiger without cercal

setae.

PUPA. Not known.

LARVA (Fig. 49). Chaetotaxy as figured. Diagnostic characters as in

series description and the following. Head, Light brown; seta 4-C with 3, 4

branches, 5-C with 4-6 stiff branches, 6-C strong, single, occasionally finely

barbed, 7-C with 7-11 stiff branches, 11-C with 3-5 branches; mentum with

17 teeth. Antenna, With a few minute scattered spicules near middle; seta

1-A double, inserted at about basal 0.45. Thorax. Seta 0-P with weak

branches, 3,4-P with 9-12 strongly barbed branches, 7-P with 4-6 strongly

barbed branches, 14-P with 18-26 stiff, barbed, sharp, pointed branches; 1-M

with 3,4 branches; 1-T with 3,4 branches, 5-T single, stiff, spine-like, 13-T

with 5-7 branches. Abdomen. Seta 1-I single, minute, 2-I, II single, minute,

6-I, II double, very stout, barbed, ends acuminate, ventral branch shorter

than dorsal branch, 11-I double or triple, weak; 1-II double or triple, 5-II

weak, double or triple, 9-II-VI single, stiff, spine-like, pigmented, subequal,

slightly shorter than 5-IV-VI, 13-II-V with 3,4 branches, greater than 0.5

the length of each segment on HI-V; 1-III-V with 3,4 branches, 5-III minute,

double or triple, 6-III-VI single, strong, sparsely barbed; 5-IV-VI single,

strong, acutely pointed, pigmented, about 0.33 or less the length of 1-IV-VI;

1-VI double or triple; 1,3-VII double or triple; 1-VIII double or triple, 3-VIII

with 8,9 strongly barbed branches, 5-VIII with 2-4 stiff branches; comb

scales 15-17, ona small, narrow, sclerotized plate, all of near even length

and width, evenly spaced, each rather long, narrow, rounded apically with

fine spiculate fringe on lateral and apical margins, apical fringe slightly

stronger. Segment X. Saddle incomplete, light yellowish brown, imbricate,

posterior margin with a few stout spines, the more dorsal strongest; seta 1-X

2-4 branched, 2,3-X double, 4a-e-X with 6-7, 5-7, 7-9, 6-7, 6-8 branches

respectively. Siphon. Light brown, slightly darker apically, strongly imbri-

cate from base to apex, spicules of imbrications not setiform but very strong

with surface of siphon resembling the surface of a rasp; index about 3.3-3.6;

pecten teeth 12-15, reaching to about 0.5 of siphon, each short, rather broad,

slightly broadened and rounded apically, apex uniformly fringed with fine spi-

cules; 1-S with 8-10 stiff, very sparsely barbed branches, inserted barely

beyond distal pecten tooth.

TYPE-DATA. Holotype male with terminalia on slide with the following

collection data: PHILIPPINES, Mindoro, San Jose, 3 March 1945, E. S. Ross,

collector, SEAMP terminalia preparation number 70/930, collected as an

adult resting ina crab hole. The following paratypes from same locality and

collector as follows; 8 females, 10 males (2 females on slides) same data as

holotype; 2 males, 1 larva, 15 February 1945, crab hole; 3 males, 9 March

1945 crab hole; 1 male, 21 February 1945, crab hole; 3 females, 2 males, 12

March 1945, crab hole; 22 larvae, February 1945, crab hole; 1 larva, 14

February 1945, crab hole; 3 larvae, March 1945, crab hole; 7 larvae, April

1945, crab hole; 16 larvae, 26 February 1945, crab hole; 2 males, each on

slide, 22 February 1945, one from crab hole the other captured in jungle.

Two of the above paratype males with terminalia on slides, collected 15 Febru-

ary 1945, number G 151 and 9 March 1945, also bear paratype labels of Ur.

philippinensis Delfinado. These 2 specimens are not the same as the type of

philippinensis which is treated here as a synonym of obscura (see further com-

ments under discussion).

132 Contrib. Amer: Ent..Inst., vol..14, no. 3,..1977

The holotype and paratypes are deposited in the USNM. Paratypes of 2

males, 2 females and 4 larvae will be deposited in the BMNH and 1 male, 1

female and 4 larvae will be deposited in the CAS. The holotype is in good con-

dition. The paratypes are in good or fair condition.

DISTRIBUTION. Material examined: 30%, 12%, 50 L.

INDONESIA. Sulawesi: Palu; Pedamaran; Lambarese; 8, 19.

PHILIPPINES. Mindoro: Occidental - San Jose, 21%, 11°, 50 L. Min-

danao: Cotabato - Kabacan, 1%.

DISCUSSION. The identity of this species was originally confused with

that of philippinensis Delfinado. I contributed further to this by discussing the

male terminalia of this species as philippinensis in Peyton and Klein (1970)

and provided Bright and Hogue (1972: 43) with notes on bionomics as philippin-

ensis, In view of the aforementioned and ensuing comments, I have selected

the name confusa to reflect earlier treatment of the species.

Delfinado (1966a) described philippinensis from a series of specimens from

several different localities in the Philippines. An examination of the paratype

series revealed 3 distinct species identified as Philippinensis and included

among these are 2 specimens of confusa. Superficially the adults do resemble

each other somewhat but the male terminalia and immature stages of each are

quite distinct. Although Delfinado selected a male with terminalia preparation,

as the holotype for philippinensis, she apparently elected to describe and illus-

trate the terminalia preparation of a paratype male (= confusa). This was

probably the specimen listed by her from San Jose, Mindoro, 9.111.495, slide

G151, since this preparation compares very favorably with the illustration in

Delfinado (1966a, Fig. 1b). The description and illustration of the male ter-

minalia of philippinensis (Delfinado 1966a) does not in any way compare with

the terminalia of the holotype male. The paratype male and terminalia prepara-

tion numbered G151 is listed above under type-data as a paratype of confusa,

Delfinado (1966b) reproduced the original description of the male terminalia

(= confusa) but this time the terminalia of the holotype male of philippinensis

was illustrated in Fig. 103 and it does not compare with the description.

This species is recognized in the adult stage primarily by the sharply

contrasting, very dark scutal integument and the very pale pleuron, 4 long

ocular setae and the uniformly pale creamy brown decumbent head scales.

The dark scutum and pale pleuron are somewhat similar to that of nivipleura,

though the pleuron is more whitish and the contrast is usually more pronounced

in nivipleura, The scutum is also without the lateral marginal line of pale

scales present in nivipleuva. While the ornamentation of the thoracic integu-

ment is somewhat similar, these 2 species are not related and there is no dif-

ficulty in separating them. Of the species of the recondita series without banded

abdomens, none have very dark scutal integument and each has 5-7 long ocular

setae and usually a faint ocular line of pale scales. The male terminalia are

rather typical for members of the series, except for the absence of cercal

setae. They differ little from most other members especially in development

of the aedeagus.

The larva is very distinct and easily recognized. The chaetotaxy is the

least developed of all known species of the series. Most species have several

stellate setae with very stout, darkly pigmented branches or conspicuous

long, stout, single spine-like setae or both, on the thorax and various abdominal

segments. The prothoracic setae on confusa are similar to other members of

the series but the individual branches of the stellate setae of thorax and abdo-

men are much weaker and not as acutely pointed as in the others. Setae 5-IV-

VI and 9-II-VI are single and spine-like but they are much shorter and weaker

Peyton: Uyvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) 1335

on each segment than all the others with these setae single. These differences

along with the branched seta 5-C, greatly reduced 6-M, and incomplete saddle

of segment X readily distinguishes the larva of confusa from all other members

of the vecondita series.

Although this species does not resemble other species of the series in adult

habitus features, characters of the male terminalia and larva suggest possible

affinities with jacksoni, koli, ohamai, stricklandi and yaeyamana. These

include the general configuration and the number and arrangement of teeth of

the aedeagal plates, branched seta 5-C and single spine-like seta 5-IV-VI of

the larva and most pecten teeth fringed apically.

There are no adults with associated immature skins available, but there is

sufficient information available to reasonably assure the association of the

larva with the adults treated here. E. S. Ross collected 3 species of Uvano-

taenia from crab holes in San Jose, Mindoro, during a brief period of early

1945. Although each of his collections was without a collection number, his

field notebook has dates and notes for each collection made for that date and

the identification of the species collected. In the case of confusa and others

which he did not recognize by a known name, he assigned a species number.

He marked adult and larval specimens of confusa as number 15. Since he

assigned different numbers to all of the specimens of the other 2 species taken

from crab holes in the same areas, I am satisfied that he confirmed the asso-

ciation of adult and larvae of his species 15.

BIONOMICS. The immature stages have been taken only from fresh water

crab holes (9) at San Jose, Mindoro. Adults were taken once resting in crab

holes at San Jose and once resting along a creek at Kabacan, Mindanao, and

3 Malaise trap collections at different locations in Sulawesi.

URANOTAENIA (PSEUDOFICALBIA) ENIGMATICA NEW SPECIES

(Figs. 51, 52)

FEMALE. Apparently indistinguishable from abdita,

MALE. Indistinguishable from abdita in general habitus features. Ter-

minalia (Fig. 52). As in abdita except for the following: basal mesal lobe of

basimere with 6 long, stout tergoapical setae, 2 distinctly apical as in abdita,

plates of aedeagus with only 3 curved teeth on apicosternal margin, with the

tergal-most tooth only slightly longer and stronger than the others and grooved

on posterior margin, the median tooth arising basolateral to the larger tergal

tooth, tapered to sharp point and not significantly smaller than the sternal-

most tooth.

PUPA (Fig. 52). Chaetotaxy as figured. Diagnostic characters as in

series description and the following. Integument light brown, darker at inter-

segmental areas of some segments, lightly spiculate on dorsal, ventral and

lateral surfaces of segments III-VII, more densely spiculate on VIII and very

conspicuous on posterolateral surface. Cephalothorax, Seta 1,2-CT bifid or

trifid, 3-CT double or triple, 4-CT single to triple, barbed, branches distally

frayed; 5-CT double or triple. Respivatory Trumpet. Light yellowish brown,

indistinctly tracheoid on anterobasal 0.1; not noticeably expanded apically;

index 5.4-6.9. Metanotum, Seta 10-CT bifid or trifid, lightly barbed,

11-CT single, 12-CT with 3, 4 lightly barbed branches; alveolus of 13-CT

present. Abdomen, Seta 4-II double or triple, strong, lightly barbed, 6-I, II

double, each branch usually bifid; 1-II with 5-10 lightly barbed branches, 3-II

Single, long, strong, 9-II, HI with 3,4 branches, inserted near posterior mar-

134 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

gin of segment, 1-III strong, double to 4 branched, each branch usually lightly

barbed and bifid or trifid, 2-ID[-VII unusually long, stout, spike-like, darkly

pigmented and finely barbed, each inserted considerably anterior to posterior

margin, usually anterior to setae 3,4 of each segment and nearer to middle of

segment than to posterior margin, 2-III inserted anterolateral to 1, 3-H, 3-I

long, stout, bifid or trifid, inserted anteromesal to 1-III, 5-III inserted near

posterior margin of segment and much closer to 1-III than to 4-III, 6-III-V

double or triple; 1-IV strong, double or triple, each branch usually bifid or

trifid, 5-IV strong, single, about 1.5 of segment V; 1-V strong, double,

rarely triple, branches finely barbed and bifid or trifid, 5-V, VI single, strong,

each as long as or longer than 2 succeeding segments; 1-VI single or double,

stiff, finely barbed, 6-VI strong, single, longer than segment VII; 1-VII single,

stiff, simple or barbed, 5-VII single, much less than length of segment VIII,

6-VII with 3,4 stiff branches, located ventrally; 9-VIII with 4,5 stout, lightly

barbed branches, with 1 median branch more than 2.0 the length of lateral

branches and about length of paddle, each shorter lateral branch with 2-5 stiff

distal branches. Paddle. Midrib light brown to near apex; outer margin with

closely-set serrations from about basal 0.25 to apex; inner margin with fewer

stout, straight, more widely-spaced spicules from about 0.66 to apex, usually a

few minute submarginal spicules towards base; apex with very shallow emar-

gination; outer part produced apically slightly beyond inner part.

LARVA (Fig. 51). Chaetotaxy as figured. Diagnostic characters as in

series description and the following. Integument of thorax and abdomen

densely spiculate, individual spicules long, fine, setiform. Several setae of thorax

and abdomen stellate with very stout, darkly pigmented, acutely pointed branches,

most individual branches usually simple or rarely with a few fine scattered

barbs. Head, Light yellowish brown; seta 4-C with 5-7 delicate branches, 5,

6-C single, simple, 7-C with 9-12 branches, 11-C with 5,6 branches; mentum

with 16,17 teeth. Antenna, Seta1-A double. Thorax. Seta 0-P stellate, with

4-6 long, stiff, barbed branches, 3-P with 7-10 strongly barbed branches, 4-P

with 12-15 strongly barbed branches, 7-P with 5 barbed branches, 14-P with

15-17 strong, stiff branches, ends acute or split; 1-M stellate, with 6,7 stout

branches, 14-M stellate, with 7-12 stout branches; 1-T stellate, with 5,6 stout

branches, 3-T stellate, with 4,5 stout branches, 5-T single, very stout, acutely

pointed, about as long as 3-T, 13-T stellate, with 6,7 stout branches. Abdo-

men. Seta 1-I stellate, with 6-9 stout branches, 2-I, II stellate, with 4,5 stout

branches, 6-I, II double, very stout, barbed, each branch acutely pointed,

ventral branch shorter than dorsal branch, 11-I stellate, with 5-7 stout

branches; 13-I stellate, with 5-7 short, stout branches; 1-II stellate, with 4-6

stout branches, 5-II, III stellate, with 4,5 stout branches, 9-II-VI single,

simple, long, very stout, darkly pigmented, acutely pointed, 13-I, II stellate,

with 5-8 stout branches; 1-III stellate, with 3-5 stout branches, 2-III single to

triple, stout, 2-III-VI inserted considerably anterior to dorsal setae of each

segment, 6-III-VI with 3 strong, barbed, unequal branches; 1-IV stellate, with

4 stout branches, 5-IV-VI stellate, with 5 stout branches, 13-IV-V stellate,

with 4,5 long, stout, finely barbed branches; 1-V stellate, with 4 stout branches,

4-V double, strong, finely barbed, darkly pigmented; 1-VI stellate, with 3, 4

stout branches, 13-VI stellate, with 6-8 strong, short, acutely pointed, pig-

mented branches; 1-VII stellate, with 3,4 stout branches, 3-VII with 3, 4 long,

stout, lightly barbed, acutely pointed branches, 13-VII stellate, with 3, 4 stout

branches; 1-VIII stout, double, 3-VIII with 6-8 strongly barbed branches, 5-

VIII stellate, with 4 stout branches; comb scales 17-21, ona small, narrow,

weakly sclerotized plate, all of near equal length and width, evenly spaced,

Peyton: Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) 135

each rather long, narrow, more or less rounded apically with fine spiculate

fringe on lateral and apical margins, apical fringe slightly stronger, occasion-

ally a few scales with a stronger apical spicule. Segment X, Saddle complete,

light yellowish brown, strongly imbricate and densely spiculate, with numer-

ous stout, sharp spicules on dorsal posterolateral margin, each rather evenly

spaced with a few of the more ventral spines conspicuously longer than the

others; seta 1-X with a long, strong branch and 2 short, weak basolateral

branches, 4a-e-X with 10-12, 6-9, 6-9, 6-7, 5-7 branches respectively.

Siphon. Bright yellowish or orange-brown, strongly imbricate and densely

covered with setiform spicules from base to apex; index 3. 5-3.9; pecten teeth

14-23 but usually at least 17 onone side, reaching to about basal 0. 48 of siphon,

each long, narrow, simple, spine-like, progressively longer from baseto excep-

tionally long distal teeth, 1-3 basal teeth occasionally reduced; seta 1-S with

7-9 strong, conspicuously barbed branches, inserted about 0. 54 from base of

Siphon.

TYPE-DATA. Holotype female with slide of associated pupal and larval

skins in the USNM with the following collection data: THAILAND, Nan, Ban

Wang Mo, 8 August 1966, Kol Mongkolpanya, collector, collection number

1402-1, SEAMP accession number 79, collected as a larva from a small fresh

water crab hole in secondary forest at an elevation of 400 m. Allotype male

with slides of terminalia and pupal skin same data as holotype except number

1402-100 and SEAMP terminalia preparation number 68/1305. Paratypes: one

female with slide of pupal and larval skins same data as holotype except num-

ber 1402-4 and 2 larvae on slides same data, number 1402; 2 females, (one

mounted on slide) each with slides of pupal skin, same data as holotype except,

Ban Pha Man, 9 August 1966, collection number 1439-101, -102, elevation

437 m.

The holotype female can at best be described as in fair condition with

scutum rubbed, most setae and median scales missing. The paratypes are

either in fair or poor condition. The associated immature stages are all in

excellent condition. All specimens deposited in USNM.

DISTRIBUTION. Material examined: 1°, 49, 2 L; 5 with associated skins

(21, 5 p).

THAILAND. Nan: Ban Wang Mo; Ban Pha Man.

DISCUSSION. There appear to be no differences in adult habitus features

of this species and abdita,. The 4 female specimens examined are in poor

condition but most characters can be seen. The single male specimen is in

very poor condition, being partially collapsed and rubbed on scutum and pleuron

and some of the legs, antennae and proboscis are moistened by the adhesive

used for pinning. The single male terminalia are somewhat typical for mem-

bers of this series but differ from abdita in the shape and size of the 3 teeth

on apicosternal margin of the aedeagal plates. The aedeagal plates of the allo-

type are asymetrical; one plate is with the very typical pair of subapical tergo-

mesal teeth but the other side has only the larger tergal-most tooth. The 3

apicosternal teeth are the same on each plate and the median tooth is curved

and tapered to a pointed apex, arising basolateral to the slightly larger, more

tergal tooth and near equal to the sternal-most tooth. In abdita the median

teeth vary in number from 1-3 but these are always shorter and smaller than

the teeth to each side, blunt or rounded apically and arising distinctly between

the tergal and sternal-most teeth. Although this feature is known only from

a single specimen of enigmatica, I have not seen a similar abdita specimen in

28 terminalia preparations.

The sample of the immature stages is rather small but each is quite distinct

136 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

and differs significantly from those of abdita and most other species of the

recondita series. It is for these very significant differences in the pupal and

larval stages and secondarily the difference in the male terminalia that enigma-

tica is treated a distinct taxon. The very unique development and position of

pupal seta 2-III-VI differs from all presently known species. Uvanotaenia

pylei has this seta exceptionally well developed though not as long and stout

and the position is significantly different. Except for abdominal seta 2, pylei

differs significantly from enigmatica in other characters in the pupal stage.

The length of the respiratory trumpet is significantly greater than in most spe-

cies of the vecondita series. The position of larval seta 2-III-VI of enigmatica

correlates with that of the pupa. In both stages this seta is inserted signifi-

cantly more anterior on the segment than other known species. The larva is

more similar to that of spiculosa than to other members of the series, es-

pecially in the densely spiculate integument of thorax and abdomen and the

long, simple, spiniform pecten teeth; but these 2 also differ in a number of

characters. The most significant are: absence of 13-P in enigmatica and the

presence of a well-developed stellate 13-P in spiculosa; the very long, stout,

spine-like seta 9-III-VI in enigmatica and the greatly reduced seta 9-III-VI in

spiculosa. In spiculosa, this seta is moderately long on III and progressively

shorter to VI where it is a very short spine. A long, stout abdominal seta 9

is present on one or more segments in the majority of species in the vecondita

series, but it is very long on VI and similar to seta 9 on preceeding segments

only on abdita, enigmatica and nocticola, Only abdita, enigmatica, pylei and

spiculosa have seta 5-III-VI stellate with 3 or more very stout branches.

Others of the series have 5-III-VI usually single, stout, spine-like.

BIONOMICS. Known only from the 2 immature collections of the type-

series. Both were collected from fresh water crab holes at 2 localities in

northeastern Thailand. These were situated in secondary rain forests in

mountainous terrain at elevations of 400 and 437 m. The 2 sites are about 8

km apart. Both collections also contained a small number of specimens of

abdita, I cannot be sure that these are true associations since I have personal

knowledge that some crab hole collections from Thailand often consisted of

pooled samples from several holes in the immediate vicinity, especially if the

number of specimens were exceptionally low as in the case of these 2 collec-

tions. Nevertheless, the 2 do coexist in the same general locality of north-

eastern Thailand and occupy the same ecological niche and, therefore, must

either be recognized as distinct taxa or anomalous variations of a single taxon.

The very distinct consistent differences in the pupa and larva of both, seem

to me, to be overwhelmingly in favor of the former.

URANOTAENIA (PSEUDOFICALBIA) HIRSUTIFEMORA PETERS

(Fig. 53, 54)

Uvranotaenia hirsutifemora Peters 1964: 21 (o*, 9).

Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) hirsutifemora Peters, Peyton 1972: 36.

FEMALE. Head. Proboscis about 0.9 of forefemur; prementum dark

brown scaled, with a few weak setae at apex; 1 pair of labial basal setae;

palpus about 0.11 of proboscis and about 0.75 of antennal flagellomere 1;

clypeus light brown; antennal pedicel light yellowish brown, with 2-4 minute

setae dorsomesally; flagellum about 1.62 of proboscis or exceeding proboscis

from near base of flagellomere 9; Flm 1 barely longer than Flm 2, with a few

Peyton: Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) 137

pale brown scales basomesally; flagellar whorls each of 6 setae; 1 long, strong

and 1 weak interocular and 4 ocular setae; decumbent scales mostly light gray-

ish or bronzy brown, scales on ocular line appear more grayish at some

angles but form no distinct line, scales at sides distinctly gray with bluish

reflections; erect scales long, numerous, covering most of vertex, dark

brown incolor. Thorax. Scutal integument dark brown or occasionally light

brown with narrow indistinct darker median and submedian lines; scales sparse,

narrow, curved, light or dark bronzy brown; prescutellar space largely bare;

dorsocentral and supra-alar setae long, stout, but not exceptionally so; scutel-

lum light brown, scales darker brown; mesopostnotum dark or light brown,

often slightly darker on narrow median longitudinal line; pleuron uniformly dingy

brown or occasionally lighter yellowish brown on lower 0.5, with apn and ppn

indefinitely darker; apn with a few light grayish brown scales; ppn with 1 weak

upper posterior seta and no scales; sp with 1 strong seta; ppl with 3-5 setae and

2,3 inapparent translucent scales; stp with 14-16 weak setae on upper and pos-

terior margins with only the upper 2,3 readily apparent and with scattered light

grayish or bronzy translucent scales on upper 0.5 and narrowly continued down

posterior margin, scales inapparent, difficult to detect at some angles; upper

mep with 3-5 setae. Wing. Scales dark brown on anterior veins, lighter on

posterior veins; cell Ro 0.35-0.45 of R9+3 and distinctly shorter than M2. Legs.

Coxae and trochanters light brown; C-I with a few light brown scales on anterior

surface; C-II, III with a very few inapparent transparent scales laterally; femora

dark brown scaled dorsally, light brown ventrally; forefemur with a conspicu-

ous but varying number of setae more or less as follows; about 12 setae on an-

teroventral margin and about 12 similar setae on posterodorsal margin, 4-6

stronger setae on distal dorsal margin, 4-10 setae scattered between distal

0.50-0. 75 on ventral surface, in addition there are often many very short, fine,

inconspicuous, semierect setae on ventral and anteroventral surfaces; midfe-

mur with similar but more conspicuous setae, more or less as follows: 8-10

long sinuous setae on dorsal margin from near base to 0.66, 8-14 setae on ven-

tral margin from near base to about 0.7, 3-6 setae on posterior margin from

0.6 to near apex, 8-16 scattered setae on anterior surface between basal 0. 45-

0.70, 2-6 similar setae on posterior surface giving the middle 0.45-0.70 a very

hirsute appearance, occasionally there are also numerous minute, inapparent,

semierect setae intermingled with the larger setae; hindfemur with a few small

scattered, inapparent setae on ventral margin and 2-4 conspicuous setae on dor-

sal margin; tibiae and tarsi dark brown scaled; hindtarsomere 1 about 1.18 of

tibia, tarsomere 4 about 3.35 of tarsomere 5. Abdomen. Terga dark brown

scaled with weak purple-green reflections; laterotergite with 3-5 translucent

scales; sterna light fawn with mauve reflection in some angles of light.

MALE. Essentially as in female except for sexual differences. Head.

Antennal flagellum strongly plumose, whorls each of 20 or more setae, length

about 1.27 of proboscis or exceeding proboscis by slightly more than length of

Flm 13; flagellomeres 12,13 subequal. Wing, Cell Ro about 0.53 of Ro 13:

Legs. Hindtarsomere 1 about 1.19 of tibia, tarsomere 4 about 2.9 of tarso-

mere 5. Terminalia (Fig. 53). Tergum IX very broadly rounded apically;

tergum Xa narrow, complete, weakly sclerotized band, uniform in width,

tergoapical margin continuous with and not extending beyond apical margin of

tergum IX; tergomesal surface of basimere with numerous long, strong setae

with only a few short weak setae basally; basal mesal lobe of basimere with

6,7 long, stout, setae apically, with one of these distinctly inserted on sternal

margin but not noticeably separated from the others, 4,6 small weak setae

basal to these, 1,2 small weak setae occasionally present on lower sternal

138 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

margin; distimere slender, slightly curved and tapered to pointed apex; spini-

form short, stout, acute; plates of aedeagus each with 2 strong subapical ter-

gomesal teeth and a cluster of 3,5 short, curved, laterally directed apico-

sternal teeth, all about equal; aedeagus with a strong tergal subapical bridge,

with a small very distinct membranous or weakly sclerotized apicomesal leaf-

like projection; proctiger without cercal setae.

PUPA (Fig. 54). Chaetotaxy as figured. Diagnostic characters as in

series description and the following. Integument dark brown on leg and mouth-

part cases, posterior half of wing case, lateral margins of metanotum, ter-

minal 3,4 abdominal segments and genital pouch, remaining areas pale brown.

All setae except 8-CT and 1-I with simple branches. Cephalothorax. Seta

1-CT double or triple, 2-CT double to 4 branched, 3-CT triple to 5 branched,

0-CT with 4,5 branches, 8-CT with 4-6 rather strong, finely barbed branches.

Respiratory Trumpet, Medium brown basally and apically, light yellowish

brown in middle; rather broad, slightly expanded apically; index 2.8-3.3; dis-

tinctly tracheoid on anterobasal 0.2. Metanotum, Seta 10-CT very small,

weak, double or triple, 11-CT double, 12-CT long, double or triple; alveolus

of 13-CT present, occasionally with small distinct spur. Abdomen. Seta

6-I double, longer than 7-I, II; 1-II with 6-9 extremely fine branches, 2-II

slightly less than length of segment III; 3-II single to triple; 1-III with 5-8

branches, 3-III double to 4 branched; 6-III-V double or triple; 1-IV with 4-6

branches, 5-IV similar, with 4,5 branches; 1-V with 4,5 branches, 2-V-VII

lateralto 1-V-VII, 5-V similar to 1-V with 3-5 branches; 1-VI with 3-5 branches,

0-VI with 4,5 branches, slightly longer than 1-VI, 6-VI double, noticeably

longer than 6 on preceeding segments; 1-VII with 3, 4 branches, 5-VII with 2-4

branches, longer than 1-VII; 9-VIII with 3, 4 weak branches, slightly less than

length of segment VIII. Paddle, Pale brown at extreme base; more or less

rounded apically with very shallow apical indentation; outer margin with small

closely set serrations; inner margin with a few small spicules near apex and

a few minute crenulations.

LARVA. Not known.

TYPE-DATA. Holotype male deposited in the Department of Entomology

C.S.I.R.O., Canberra, Australia, with the following information: PAPUA:

Port Moresby, Central District, 22.11.1957 (Dr. W. Peters). I have not seen

the holotype, though I have examined 3 males from Papua through the courtesy

of Dr. N. V. Dobrotworsky of the University of Melbourne, Parksville,

Australia.

en ese a Material examined: 190, 129; 8 with associated skins

8 p).

AUSTRALIA. Queensland: Innisfast, 2.

CAMBODIA. Kompong Sela, 2°. Kampot: Sihanoukville, Tuk Sap, 80",

at.

INDONESIA. Sumatra: Bengkalis, 1“, 29.

MALAYSIA. East Malaysia: Sabah - Jesselton; Tawau; 49.

PAPUA NEW GUINEA. New Hanover: Lavongai, 3.

SINGAPORE. Nee Soon Rifle Range, 50", 32, 8 p.

This species has an unusual distribution, especially since it seems to be

very uncommon in most areas. The widely disjunct distribution does not

necessarily suggest a lack of collections, for extremely heavy collecting in

Peninsular Malaysia and Thailand has been in progress for a number of years

without encountering this species. Uvranotaenia obscura is the only other

Southeast Asian species known to extend into the Papuan region.

In addition to the above, Peters (1964) records hirsutifemora from PAPUA,

Peyton: Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) 139

Miwa Fly River, Western District and Marks (1970: 166) records it from

Queensland, Branston Beach, AUSTRALIA.

DISCUSSION. This is a rather nondescript species exhibiting no apparent

affinities with other Southeast Asian Pseudoficalbia but also possessing no

striking adult habitus features for ready separation from several unornamented

species of the region. It is a small uniformly brown species in the adult stage

and except for the numerous setae of midfemur it could easily be confused with

several similarly colored species. This could prove especially troublesome

with trapped material. The specimens available from Papua and Australia

are from either trap or sweeping collections and almost all of the setae are

missing. There is considerable variation in the color of the thorax, varying

from light brown to very dark brown. The specimens from Southeast Asia

are generally darker than the specimens from Papua and Australia. The

scaling of stp is sparse and very inapparent in Southeast Asian specimens and

the Papuan and Australian specimens examined are badly rubbed. The origin-

al description of hirsutifemora records, ‘Scales covering about upper one-

half and posterior one-third of lower half of stp,'' The illustration in Peters

(1964) shows a rather conspicuous patch of scales on upper and posterior mar-

gins of the stp. A few of the more significant characters of the adult are as

follows: light brown decumbent head scales, without distinct pale ocular line;

exceptionally long female antenna; scaled apn; bare ppn; sp seta long and stout,

longer and stronger than setae on ppn and stp; very weak inapparent stp setae

and numerous setae on midfemur. The male terminalia are very distinctive

and are quite different from those of other Southeast Asian species. The

terminalia are well described and illustrated in Peters (1964) and all of the

Southeast Asian specimens conform well to this. This structure has most

strongly influenced my decision to treat the Southeast Asian specimens as hir-

sutifemora, The peculiar median apical projection from tergal bridge of the

aedeagus is a rather unique character noted elsewhere only in spiculosa, but

not as prominent. The immature stages of typical hirsutifemora from Papua

have not been described. The description and illustration of the pupa presented

here are based entirely upon a small series of skins from Singapore.

Although the species is somewhat atypical of the vecondita series in general

adult habitus features and in some features of the pupa, the male terminalia

and pupa suggest a closer affinity with this series than any of the other series

described.

BIONOMICS. The 2 immature collections from Singapore were taken from

a marshy depression and a swamp, both near sea level on 17 and 19 March

1968. No other species of this series has been collected in this type of habitat

but most are common inhabitants of crab holes often in marsh-Swamp areas.

The remaining specimens of hirsutifemorva were collected as adults in resting,

sweeping or trap collections. Two of these collections are recorded as from

marsh or forest swamp. Three other adult collections from Jesselton, Sabah,

are recorded as found resting on walls in a house in early morning, on 22, 27

July 1956 and 1 August 1956, by D. H. Colless.

URANOTAENIA (PSEUDOFICALBIA) HONGAYI GALLIARD AND NGU

(Fig. 50)

Uranotaenia hongayi Galliard and Neu 1947: 77 (A, L); Galliard and Ngu 1950:

671% 8. Lato. Re),

Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) hongayi Galliard and Ngu, Peyton 1972: 36.

140 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

The exact status of this species is very unclear and I have seen no speci-

mens that could be ascribed to it. A rough translation of the original (1947)

description, in French, and a subsequent (1950) more complete description of

the species is presented below. Figures of male terminalia and larva are re-

produced (Fig. 50) from Galliard and Ngu (1950: 65).

Original description: "Uranotaenia hongayin. sp. - The adult approaches

U. maxima for its large size, but clearly differs in the absence of white bands

on the abdomen. The larva differs from all known species of the Oriental Re-

gion by the great number of teeth (18) on segment 8. Larvae were found ina

rocky excavation along the coast of Tonkin (Baie d'Along)."

Description of 1950: "Uvanotaenia sp. This species was found in a grotto

of the Baie d'Along (Surprise Islet) in the larval stage. It is remarkable for

its large size, but different from U. maxima (fig. 5, 6, 7), | Fig. 5 repro-

duced here in Fig. 50].

FEMALE. Large, brown. Legs entirely dark. Head. Border of bluish-

white scales on orbital margin. Erect scales on vertex dark brown. Palpus

extremely short. Thovax. Integument brown, bristles dark brown, shiny

white scales on anterior pronotal lobe and sternopleuron. Brown lanceolate

scales on either side of the median line, from anterior promontory to clypeus

[ probably a mistake for scutellum]. Laterally, dense scaling from anterior

border to insertion of wing, more scattered posteriorly. Wing. No white

scales. As large as those of U. maxima, Abdomen, Scales flat, brown.

Without pale bands. Pupa. Segments UI, Ill, IV, with 2 tufts of 5 to 6 branches.

Hair B [| seta 5] of V, VI, VII greatly developed, simple, as long as two seg-

ments. Larva. Head and antennae dark brown. Antennae short (270 u). An-

tennal hair 3 branched, at outer third. Hairs of the extremity | antennal hairs

2-6?]| short, simple. Clypeal hairs foliform, very short. Hairs B and C

simple, long and slender (270 u). Hair A very short. Thoracic hairs as well

developed as the hairs on the 1st and 2nd abdominal segments. Comb of seg-

ment VIII with 18 finely fringed teeth, borne on a sclerotized plate. Siphon

index 3, pecten of 19 simple teeth. A tuft of 4 branches near the end of the

pecten.

In summary, this species is as large as U. maxima but differs from it by the

absence of white bands on the abdomen. It is larger than U, macfarlanei

which has white bands on the abdomen.

The larva differs also from those of all other oriental species by the high

number of teeth of the eighth segment, with apex rounded and fringed.

We have provisionally given it the name Uvanotaenia hongayi."'

TYPE-DATA. No reference was made to a type or other specimens of

this species in either article by the authors. Efforts to locate the type or

other specimens of hongayi were unsuccessful. I examined the mosquito col-

lection at the Pasteur Institute, Saigon and Bruce A. Harrison searched the

Paris Museum collection for specimens of this species. Ina letter to Dr.

Botha de Meillon, in 1969, Professor Henri Galliard indicated that the type-

series were not in Paris and that all of his notes and manuscripts were left

behind in Hanoi when he departed in 1946. He does not recall what happened

to the specimens.

DISTRIBUTION. Known only from the type-locality.

VIETNAM. Baie d'Along, Tonkin.

DISCUSSION. Although the original description is extremely brief and pro-

vides no conclusive characters for the recognition of the species, it apparently

satisfies the requirements of articles 11 and 13 of the International Code of

Zoological Nomenclature. Stone et al. (1959) list 1947 as the date of avail-

Peyton: Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) 141

ability of the name. The subsequent 1950 article provisionally proposed the

name hongayi and it is assumed both articles refer to the same species,

though the habitat of the larva was listed slightly differently for the second

article and no reference was made of the earlier use of the name.

From the 1950 description and illustrations of the male terminalia and

larva it is clear that the species is a member of the vecondita series. The

adults of several species of this series have pale scaled abdominal bands and

are therefore readily separated from hongayi. However, confusa, nocticola,

pylei, vecondita, rossi, srilankensis, sumethi and yaeyamana are without pale

abdominal bands, but the adult description of Hongayzis insufficient to separate

it from any of these. The larva of all but svilankensis of the unbanded species

are well known and none have all pecten teeth simple as described for hongayt.

It therefore seems that hongayi is a distinct taxon and should be easily identi-

fied in the adult stage if accompanied by the associated larval stage. I have

not reproduced the illustration of the pupa because it is very diagramatic and

shows little of any significance.

URANOTAENIA (PSEUDOFICALBIA) JACKSONI EDWARDS

(Figs. 55, 56)

Uvranotaenia jacksoni Edwards 1935: 130 (“).

Uranotaenia stonei Bohart and Ingram 1946a: 47 (o*, ¢, L*); Bohart and

Ingram 1946b: 59 (“, 2, L*, P*); Peyton 1972: 36 (synonymy).

Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) jacksoni Edwards, Peyton 1972: 36.

FEMALE. Head, Proboscis about 0.87 of forefemur; prementum dark

brown scaled with a dorsal submedian row of 6-8 inconspicuous, apically

directed setae on distal 0.5 and a few small ones at apex; 1 pair of labial

basal setae; palpus about 0.1 of proboscis and slightly shorter than antennal

flagellomere 1; clypeus dark brown; antennal pedicel light yellowish brown

with a few minute setae and scales dorsomesally; flagellum about 1.3 of pro-

boscis or exceeding proboscis from base of Flm 11; Flm 1 barely longer than

Flm 2, with a few light brown scales basomesally; basal flagellar whorls each

with 6 setae; 1 long, strong and 1 weak interocular and 5, 6 ocular setae; de-

cumbent scales mostly light brown (beige), narrowly and faintly lighter on ocu-

lar line, but forming no well defined line, scales grayish white with faint blu-

ish green reflections laterally; erect scales long and conspicuous, moderate

in number, covering most of dorsal surface, golden brown in color. Thorax.

Scutal integument uniformly light orange-brown or brown; without conspicuous

bare lines; scales narrow, curved, mostly light bronzy brown, a few scales on

anterior promontory grayish or creamy white and somewhat broader at acro-

stichal line, occasionally inconspicuous and easily overlooked; prescutellar

space bare on posterior 0.5; scutellum light brown, scales light or dark brown,

a few basal scales often grayish with faint bluish reflections; midlobe with 4

(4,5) and lateral lobes with 3 (3, 4) strong marginal setae; mesopostnotum dark

brown, light grayish on basolateral corners; paratergite pale yellowish; pleuron

light yellowish brown, with psp and extreme upper corner of stp usually inde-

finitely darker; apn with several loosely arranged light grayish translucent

scales over most of anterior and lateral surfaces; ppn with 1 long, stout and

1,3 weak setae and a few light brownish translucent scales near upper posteri-

or corner (scales difficult to detect at some angles); sp with 1 strong seta; pp/

with 1 strong and 4-8 weaker setae and with a few small inapparent grayish

142 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

translucent scales; pra with 1-3 setae; st with 11-14 rather conspicuous setae

on upper and posterior margins to basal 0.33, several very small delicate

opaque setae anterior to the larger posteromarginal setae from near 0.95 to

well below base of coxa, a separate patch of 3-6 very delicate opaque setae

on anterior margin just dorsal to midanterior angle (very difficult to detect

except from a lateral angle) and with an inconspicuous patch of scattered gray-

ish translucent scales on upper 0.5 with a few similar scales scattered down

posterior margin; ep with 7-12 upper setae and usually with a few small

transparent scales at middle and upper margin. Wing. Scales dark brown;

cell Ro 0.36-0.46 of Ro... Legs. Coxae and trochanters same color as

pleuron; C-I with scattered light grayish.translucent scales on anterior surface;

C-II, II] with a few transparent scales anterolaterally; femora dark brown scaled

dorsally, grayish brown with weak blue-green reflections ventrally; forefemur

with 7-9 setae on anteroventral margin, 11-13 setae on posterodorsal margin

and 3,4 similar setae near middle on dorsal and ventral surfaces, numerous fine

minute setae usually visible dorsally on basal 0.5; midfemur with 9-11 conspicu-

ous setae on dorsal margin from base to 0.75, 10, 11 staggered setae along an-

teroventral and posteroventral margins from near basal 0.33 to near apex, a

patch of 4-7 scattered setae near middle on anterior surface, numerous fine

minute, inapparent, semierect setae usually visible on various aspects of basal

0.5; hindfemur with rows of very inconspicuous setae on dorsal, ventral and

posterior margins, 4,5 more conspicuous setae beyond 0.5 on posteroventral

margin and 2,3 larger setae on dorsal margin; tibiae and tarsi dark brown;

hindtarsomere 1 about 1.0 or less of tibia, hindtarsomere 4 about 2.2 of tarso-

mere 5. Abdomen. Terga dark brown scaled with weak purple-green reflec-

tions and with narrow indistinct ochreous or gray-white scaled basal bands on

terga DI-VII, each rarely reaching lateral margin, very inapparent or rarely

absent on VU; laterotergite with a patch of shiny grayish translucent scales;

sterna light yellowish or grayish brown, with pale grayish or creamy translu-

cent scales on II-V, light brownish on VI-VIII.

MALE. Essentially as in female except for sexual differences. Head,

Antennal flagellum barely longer than proboscis, strongly plumose, basal

flagellar whorls each of more than 20 setae; flagellomeres 12,13 subequal.

Legs. Hindtarsomere 1 always slightly longer than tibia. Abdomen, Pale

basal tergal bands broader, more whitish, usually reaching lateral margin;

tergum I with a varying amount of grayish white or creamy brown scales dor-

sally, II occasionally with a very narrow basal pale band. Terminalia (Fig.

56). Tergum IX broadly rounded on lateral apical margin, very slightly emar-

ginate apicomesally; tergum X complete, weakly sclerotized produced tergo-

laterally into short, broad, apicolaterally rounded lobes which extend slightly

beyond apical margin of tergum IX; tergomesal surface of basimere with

numerous long slender setae, 1 seta tergal to basal mesal lobe conspicuously

longer and stronger than the rest; basal mesal lobe of basimere with 2 very

long, stout, tergoapical setae, each on raised process, 2,3 significantly

shorter, weaker, strong setae basal to these and 8-12 scattered, short, weak

setae, 1,2 long, strong and 1-3 weak setae on sternoapical margin; distimere

rather long, slender, slightly curved and tapered to pointed apex; spiniform

small, stout, acute; plates of aedeagus each with 2 stout subapical tergomesal

teeth and 2-4 strong, curved teeth on apicosternal margin with the tergal and

sternal-most teeth strongest and near equal, the median teeth always slightly

smaller and rarely absent or only a rudimentary tooth present; proctiger

usually with 2,3 (1-3) cercal setae on each side.

Peyton: Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) 143

PUPA (Fig. 56). Chaetotaxy as figured. Diagnostic characters as in

series description and the following. Integument pale brown, occasionally

indefinitely darker on posterior scutal plate, leg cases and metanotum. All

setae except 1-I and 9-VIII with simple branches. Cephalothorax, Seta 1-CT

with 2-4 branches, 2-CT with 3-5 branches, 4-CT with 4-6 branches, 5-CT

with 4-7 branches, 8-CT with 10-14 branches. Respiratory Trumpet, Light

yellowish brown; tracheoid on anterobasal 0.2; index about 3.0, not noticeably

expanded apically. Metanotum, Seta 10-CT with stout basal stem and 3-4

stiff branches from about basal 0.33, 11-CT varied, usually single or double,

each branch with 3-6 distal branches, 12-CT with 4-6 branches; alveolus of

13-CT present but rather inapparent. Abdomen, Seta 6-I, II double; 1-II with

about 15-20 delicate branches, allrather tightly grouped, rather brush-like, 3-II,

III stout basally, with 4-7 branches from about basal 0.3 or beyond, 5-H, Ill

with 9-16 branches; 1-III with 9-12 branches, 6-III-V with 3-5 branches; 1-IV

with 7-10 branches, 5-IV double (2-5) slightly longer than segment V; 1-V with

4-6 branches, 5-V double or triple, about 1.25 or more of segment VI; 1-VI

with 4,5 branches, 5-VI double or triple, about 1.25 or more of segment VII,

6-VI double, shorter than segment VII; 1-VII double or triple, 5-VII double

(1,2), significantly longer than segment VIII, 6-VII located ventrally; 9- VII

with 8-10 barbed branches, about equal in length to segment. Paddle, Midrib

pale brown to apex; outer margin with rather widely spaced serrations from

about basal 0.25 to apex; inner margin with a few sharp spines at apex and

distinctly smaller serrations towards base on apical 0.4; apex without notice-

able emargination.

LARVA (Fig. 55). Chaetotaxy as figured. Diagnostic characters as in

series description and the following. Head, Light yellowish brown; seta 4-C

double to 4 branched, on line with, or slightly posterior to 5-C, 5-C with 2-4

stiff branches, 7-C with 5-9 simple branches, 11-C with 3-5 branches; men-

tum with 15-17 teeth. Antenna, Seta 1-A double. Thorax, Seta 0-P with

4-6 weak branches, 3-P with 7-9 strongly barbed branches, 4-P with 7-10

lightly barbed branches, 7-P with 3-5 strongly barbed branches, 14-P with

12-16 strong, sharply pointed, barbed branches; 1-M, T stellate, with 3-5

strong, lightly pigmented, acutely pointed branches, 14-M similar but branches

weaker; 3-T single to triple, each branch strong, acutely pointed, 5-T single,

stout, acutely pointed, darkly pigmented, 13-T with 4,5 stiff branches. Abdo-

men. Seta 1-I single, minute, 2-I, II single, stout, acutely pointed, darkly

pigmented, about 1.0 or less than length of antenna, 6-1, II double, branches

barbed, acuminate, ventral branch shorter, 11-I stout, spine-like, similar to

2-I,II, slightly longer; 1-II-IV single or rarely double, stiff, pigmented, 5-1

minute, 9-II-V single, long, stout, stiff, pigmented, 5-II minute, 9-II-V

single, long, stout, acutely pointed, darkly pigmented, 13-II-V double, stiff;

5-III single, short, strong, acutely pointed, 6-III-VI usually double (1, 2); 5-IV-

VI single, stout, very similar to 2-I, II and slightly shorter than similar 9-II-

V, usually finely barbed towards base; 1-V, VI single or double; 1-VIII single

or double, usually lightly barbed, 3-VIII with 7-9 strongly barbed branches;

comb scales 15-21, on a small weakly sclerotized plate, each scale near equal

in length and width, evenly spaced, rather long, narrow, rounded apically,

with very fine spiculate lateral fringe and stronger apical fringe. Segment X.

Saddle’ incomplete, pale yellowish, lightly imbricate, with 2-4 exceptionally

long, stout spines on dorsal posterolateral margin followed by numerous stout

and weak interspersed spicules ventrally, several scattered short, stout

submarginal spicules near the very large dorsal marginal spines; 1-X double,

4a-e-X with 8-11, 2-6, 8-10, 6-9, 6-7 branches respectively, 4b-X on one

144 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

side consistantly double or triple and significantly longer than the others.

Siphon. Light yellowish brown; index 3.7-4.0; pecten teeth 16-24, reaching to

0.49-0.52 of siphon; apical 1-3 teeth longer and stronger, simple, spine-like

and slightly detached from others, more basal teeth fringed with rather strong

spicules apically; seta 1-S with 5-10 barbed branches, usually longer than

siphon width, inserted slightly beyond distal pecten tooth at 0.57-0.60 of si-

phon.

TYPE-DATA. Holotype male with terminalia on slide in the BMNH with

the following label data: Type, Uvanotaenia jacksoni, Det. F. W. Edwards

1934, China (Hongkong) 1934, R. B. Jackson. It is in rather good condition.

Holotype male of Uranotaenia stonei with terminalia on slide in USNM

with the following collection data: Chizuka, Okinawa, September 1945, R.

Bohart and R. Ingram, collectors, collected on damp rocks above a stream.

It is in excellent condition.

DISTRIBUTION. Material examined: 31%, 169, 14 L; 7 with associated

skins (71, 7p).

HONG KONG. 1°.

JAPAN. Ryukyu Islands, Okinawa: Chizuka; E. Taira; Ganjanokobanta;

Hedo; 300, 164, 14 b,:71, 7p:

Bohart (1959) reported stonei (= jacksoni) from Ishigaki Island but this

record was based on misidentified specimens of ohamai and yaeyamana (see

under these species).

DISCUSSION. The adult of this species is recognized primarily by the

characters presented in the key. There are only about 4 other species of

Pseudoficalbia in Southeast Asia with pale scaled basal tergal bands and uni-

formly pale or indefinitely marked pleuron. Only 2 of these belong to the

recondita series. These are abdita and enigmatica. The remaining 2, de-

metlloni and lutescens belong to the bicolor series and in addition to the key

characters presented, there are also characters in the series description

which help to separate these 2 species. Although the original descriptions

of jacksoni and stonei referred specifically to the darker postspiracular area

and a small dark spot on upper sternopleuron this is not a very conspicuous

character on the types of either. These 2 areas could at best be termed as

indefinitely darker, for they are not very distinct. The delicate opaque setae

on anterior margin of the sternopleuron, just above the midanterior angle,

are diagnostic, but they are difficult to detect at some angles, due to the lack

of pigmentation. If the specimen is properly oriented the setae are rather

conspicuous and were present on all specimens examined, including the types

of jacksoni and stonei. The only other known species of Pseudoficalbia with

similar setae on the anterior margin of the sternopleuron is pylez, but this

species is without pale scaled abdominal bands.

The male terminalia are very similar to those of yaeyamana and do not

differ significantly from this species. In jacksoni, the apical margin of tergum

IX is usually very slightly emarginate, tergum X is more strongly developed

tergomesally, usually the median teeth on apicosternal margin of aedeagal

plates are only slightly smaller than the tergal and sternal-most teeth. In

yaeyamana, tergum IX is more rounded on apical margin, tergum X is very

weakly developed and membranous tergomesally and the median teeth on api-

costernal margin of aedeagus are conspicuously smaller than the tergal and

sternal-most teeth.

The larva is most similar to that of yaeyamana and could easily be con-

fused with this species. Differences between the larva of the 2 are discussed

under yaeyamana, The pupa is most similar to ohamai and differs mainly in

Peyton: Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) 145

characters presented in the Key.

BIONOMICS. Immature stages have been examined from the following

habitats: deep rock hole of narrow diameter in rocky clay bank above a

stream (1), cliffside rock hole (1) and crab hole (1). Bohart and Ingram

(1946b) report, ''Larvae occur in deep rock holes along banks of streams.

They are shy and difficult to find even when adults are abundant. We founda

total of 4 larval breeding places, all during late August and September 1945.

Three of these were in heavily shaded rock holes and the other was a hillside

spring. The spring was a foot below the surface in gravelly ground and opened

to the surface by a hole with a diameter of 1 1/2 inches. It contained about 2

gallons of water, about 100 larvae and pupae of stonei and a few larvae of

Culex tritaeniorhynchus. WLarvae of U. stonet hang straight down from the

water surface and have a very sinuous movement when disturbed. Adults rest

in hillside spring holes and in other damp situations along streams. They

were not observed to bite.'' From the above observations it would appear

that the immature habitat is rather typical of several members of the vecondita

series, namely, fresh water crab holes or small concealed holes simulating

the crab hole environment. More recent collections of jacksoni, made by per-

sonnel of the U. S. Army Medical Laboratory Pacific are from crab holes

(Kazuo Tanaka, personal communication).

URANOTAENIA (PSEUDOFICALBIA) KOLI PEYTON AND KLEIN

ities ch, 5 1,..58)

Uranotaenia koli Peyton and Klein 1970: 246 (A, “, L, P).

Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) koli Peyton and Klein, Peyton 1972: 36; Tanaka,

Mizusawa and Saugstad 1975: 30 (A, L, taxonomy).

FEMALE. Head, Proboscis about 0.9 of forefemur; prementum dark

brownish black, a few fine inconspicuous setae scattered on dorsal and ventral

aspects near apex; 1,2 pairs of labial basal setae; palpus about 0.1 of pro-

boscis and slightly less than length of antennal flagellomere 1; clypeus dark

brownish black; antennal pedicel light brown with a few minute setae and gray-

ish translucent scales dorsomesally; flagellum about 1.34 of proboscis or ex-

ceeding proboscis by combined length of flagellomeres 11-13, Flm 1 about

equal to Flm 2, with a small patch of brown scales near base; flagellar whorls

each with 6 setae; 1 long, strong and 1 very weak interocular and 5,6 ocular

setae; decumbent scales dark brown on vertex, surrounded by a narrow con-

tinuous line of gray scales on anterior, lateral and posterior margin, gray

scale line on posterior margin meeting at nape and extending forward to mid-

vertex; erect scales long, numerous, covering most of dorsal surface, dark

brownish black. Thorax (Fig. 1). Scutal integument light orange-brown, a

narrow anterolateral grayish area above ppn; scales mostly narrow, curved,

light bronzy brown, small distinct patches of narrow and moderately broad

gray-white scales with bluish reflections on anterior margin from about middle

of ppn to dorsocentral line and at acrostichal line; prescutellar space with

scales on anterior half; scutellum orange-brown, scales dark brown; meso-

postnotum dark brown or brownish black, whitish at basolateral corners; para-

tergite light brown; pleuron yellowish white with very conspicuous dark brown-

ish black areas as follows: whole of apn, ppn, psp, ppl, upper ssp and pra

lobe, stp dark on upper 0.25 and with a large midanterior dark spot, mep dark

on upper posterior corner and with a large dark spot involving most of lower

146 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

0.33; apnwith a line of loosely arranged light grayish brown scales; ppn with

1 seta and a conspicuous upper posterior patch of brownish black scales with

weak blue-green reflections; sp with 1,2 setae; pp/ with 1,2 strong and 5,6

delicate setae and 2,3 gray translucent scales; stp with 15,16 setae along

upper and posterior margin, upper 6,7 more darkly pigmented than lower 9,

10 and with a large inconspicuous patch of flat shiny colorless translucent

scales on upper 0.33-0.40, with a narrow extension down posterior margin;

mep with 4-6 upper setae and 2,3 pale translucent scales near upper setae.

Wing. Scales dark brown; cell R, about 0. 42 of Ry 3° Legs. Coxae, tro-

chanters and pale areas of pleuron concolorous; cof with a distinct basal an-

terior brown spot, covered with dark brown scales; C-II, III each, with a few

inapparent anterolateral translucent scales; femora dark brown scaled dorsally,

light grayish brown ventrally; forefemur with about 14 setae along length of

posterodorsal margin and 20-30 long setae scattered on all aspects between

basal 0.25 and 0.75, longest and more concentrated near middle, a dense

patch of minute, shiny, semierect setae usually visible on middorsal surface;

midfemur with a distinct dorsal row of 9-11 long sinuate setae from near base

to beyond 0.5 and 28-32 long setae scattered about anterior, ventral and pos-

terior aspects, longest and more concentrated near 0.5, a dense patch of

minute, shiny semierect setae usually visible on midposterior surface; hind-

femur with a few inconspicuous setae on dorsal margin; tibiae and tarsi uni-

formly dark brown scaled; hindtarsomere 1 about 1.1 of tibia, hindtarsomere

4 about 2.4 of tarsomere 5. Abdomen. Terga predominantly dark brownish

black scaled with very distinct creamy white scaled basal bands on III-VI,

bands equal to about 0.25 the length of each tergum dorsally, narrowing later-

ally but usually reaching lateral margin; terga II, VII with narrow incomplete

basal pale bands or a few dorsal pale scales only, tergum VIII entirely whitish

or ochreous scaled dorsally, light brown scaled laterally; laterotergite with a

small patch of gray translucent scales; sterna with pale creamy white integu-

ment and scales, with distinct narrow basal bands of light brown scales on VI,

VII and occasionally V.

MALE. Similar to female in general habitus but with the following differ-

ences. Head, Proboscis about 0.98-1.00 of forefemur; flagellum strongly

plumose, length about 0.98-1.00 of proboscis, flagellomeres 12,13 subequal

in length, each longer than combined length of 10-11; flagellar whorls each of

20 or more setae. Wing. Cell Ro about 0.45 of R,,,. Legs. Hindtarsomere

1 about 1.14 of tibia, hindtarsomere 4 about 2.38 bi farsomere 5. Abdomen.

Terga III-VI with creamy white basal bands wider, occupying about 0.3-0.5

the length of each tergum, pale band on II narrow but more obvious than in fe-

male, band on VII incomplete as in female but usually 0.25 or more the length

of tergum; VIII (when visible) with a basolateral and median apical patch of

creamy white scales. Terminalia (Fig. 58). Tergum IX lightly pigmented,

basal emargination shallow and broad; tergum X complete dorsally but very

weakly sclerotized, produced tergolaterally beyond apical margin of tergum

IX into short, broad, rounded lobes; tergomesal surface of basimere with

numerous long slender setae but with one seta tergolateral to basal mesal lobe

conspicuously longer and stronger than the rest; basal mesal lobe of basimere

with 1 very long stout apical seta and 1,2 similar but shorter subapical setae,

several short weaker setae basal to these, 1 long strong and several short

weaker setae along sternal margin; distimere slender, curved and tapered at

apex, distal 0.3 with several small setae, spiniform small, stout, acute;

plates of aedeagus each with 2 strong subapical tergomesal teeth and a row of

3 (3, 4) broad grooved teeth on apicosternal margin, the median 1, 2 not signi-

Peyton: Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) 147

ficantly smaller than the others; proctiger with 1,2 cercal setae on each side.

PUPA (Fig. 58). Chaetotaxy as figured. Diagnostic characters as in

series description and the following. Most setae with rather stout primary

branches which are often split into numerous, highly variable, secondary end

branches or with heavy lateral barbs distally, which often produce a brush-

tipped appearance. Generally, the higher the range of individual branches for

a given seta, the weaker, more simple, the branches and in the lower range,

the stronger the branches and the more extensive the distal splitting or lateral

barbs. Integument light brown, slightly darker on posterior 0.95 of scutal

plate, on metanotal plate and segments II, III. Cephalothorax, Setae 1-3-CT

with 2-6 branches from beyond base, 5-CT with 3-7 branches, 8-CT with 6-8

branches, 9-CT with 2-9. Respiratory Trumpet, Light brown, indistinctly

tracheoid on anterobasal 0.2; index 3.8-5.1, not noticeably expanded distally.

Metanotum, Seta 10-CT single with 2-5 distal branches, 11-CT single or

double with a few distal branches, 12-CT with 3-6 primary branches, with or

without heavy distal barbs. Abdomen. Seta 1-II with 3-9 branches, 2-H

single, longer than segment III, 3-II, III stout, single, usually distally barbed

or weakly brush-tipped; 1-III with 2-5 barbed branches, 6-III-V short, with

2-4 lightly barbed branches; 1-IV with 3-6 branches, 5-IV usually single,

rarely double, about 1.5 the length of segment V; 1-V double or triple, 5-V

single, about equal to combined length of segments VI, VII; 1-VI usually double

(1-3), 5-VI single, longer than combined length of segments VU, VIII, 6-VI

usually double, rarely single, longer than 6 on preceeding segments but less

than length of segment VI; 1-VII single with distal branching, 5-VII single or

double, usually rather strong with fine distal barbs, usually slightly less than

length of segment VIII, 6-VII with 2-4 barbed branches, located ventrally,

9-VII single to triple; 9- VII with 7-12 stout, strongly barbed branches. Paddle.

Outer margin with short saw-tooth spicules from about basal 0.25 to apex,

inner margin with 8-15 long, stout, straight, widely spaced spines, each spine

usually expanded at margin of paddle and then tapered to a narrowed, often

pointed, lightly pigmented base which is anchored well within the paddle margin,

a few spines toward base much smaller.

LARVA (Fig. 57). Chaetotaxy as figured. Diagnostic characters as in

series description and the following. A few stellate setae of thorax and abdo-

men with stout, pigmented, acutely pointed branches. Head, Light brown,

darker posterolaterally and on collar; apicomesal projection of labral process

short and rounded, about 0.25 of 1-C; seta 4-C with 3-6 branches, inserted on

line with and mesad of 5-C, 5-C with 5-9 stiff branches, 7-C with 9-13 branches,

11-C with 3-6 branches, 14-C single; mentum with 15-17 teeth. Thorax. Seta

0-P dendritic, 1-P double, 3-P with 8-13 branches, 4-P with 7-12 branches,

7-P with 4-6 branches, 14-P with 16-24 stout, barbed branches; 13-M dendri-

tic; 14-M stellate, with 4-7 stout branches; 3-T with 3-4 stout branches, 13-T

with 5-8 branches. Abdomen. Seta 1-I stout, pigmented, usually single,

spine-like, occasionally branched (2-4), 2-I, II a long stout acutely pointed,

simple or finely barbed spine, 6-I double, with ventral branch slightly shorter,

11-I with 2,3 long, stout, acutely pointed simple branches; 1-II with 2-4 stout

branches, rarely single, 5-II stout spine-like about 0.25 of 2-0, 6-II double,

significantly shorter than 6-I, 9-II-V a long, stout, acutely pointed, simple

spine, longer than antenna and slightly longer than the very similarly developed

5-II-VI, 13-II-VI with 3,4 stout, sharp pointed branches; 1-III, V with 3, 4

stout, sharp pointed branches, 6-III-V with 2 (2,3) subequal branches; 1-IV

with 4 stout, sharp pointed branches; 1-VI with 2-4 stout, sharp pointed bran-

ches, 6-VI with 3 unequal branches, 9-VI a small simple spine; 1-VII stout,

148 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

double or triple; 1-VIII with 3 long, stout, lightly barbed branches, inserted on

a long narrow sclerotized plate with 2-VIII; comb scales 11-16 ona small

sclerotized plate, scales of near uniform length and width, each lightly fringed

laterally from base to apex, terminal spicules slightly stronger. Segment X.

Saddle complete, with a few short, stout, sharp spines on posterolateral

margin; 1-X triple, branches subequal, 4a-e-X with 5-8, 3-7, 7-8, 6-8, 95-8,

branches respectively. Siphon. Light brown; index 3.6-4.0; pecten teeth

14-22, not extending beyond 0.5 of siphon, each tooth with fine fringe of spi-

cules on side toward base of siphon and on apex, apical spicules only slightly

stronger; 1-S with 6-11 strong, lightly barbed branches, about 1.5 the median

width of siphon, inserted at about basal 0.48 of siphon and slightly beyond dis-

tal pecten tooth.

TYPE-DATA. Holotype female with slide of pupal and larval skin in the

USNM with the following information: THAILAND, Khao Sai Dao Mountain,

Chanthaburi, 24 March 1966, Kol Mongkolpanya, collector, collection number

00937-1, SEAMP accession number 79, collected as a larva from a small

fresh water crab hole along the bank of mountain stream at an elevation of

700 m. The allotype male and several paratypes also in USNM; 2 males, 2

females and 2 larvae of the paratype series are to be deposited in the BMNH.

DISTRIBUTION. Material examined: 38°, 439, 92 L; 66 with associated

skins (13 1, 66 p).

CAMBODIA. Kompong Speu: Kirirom, O-Tachat, 2.

THAILAND. Chon Buri: Khao Mai Ha Wa; Bang Lamung; 50, 99, 22 L,

61, 11 p. Tak: Khao Salak Phra, 12, 41,1L, 1p. Pvrachin Buri: Ban Bu

Phram, 6%, 112, 16 L, 17 p. Chanthaburi: Khao Sai Dao, 220, 15%, 35 L,

21, 30p. Lampang: Ban Pa Khoi, 4 L. Nakhon Ratchasima: Khao Suan Hom;

Khai Phai; 3c, 39, 11 L, 5p. Chiang Mai: Ban Mae Nam Nauk, 22, 2p.

VIETNAM. Tuyen Duc: Fyan, 29.

DISCUSSION. In general adult ornamentation, this species is very similar

to stricklandi and to a lesser extent spiculosa, The dark areas of the pleuron

vary from a light brown to occasionally black but the 2 separate dark areas on

stp and mep are always visible and the middle of mepis always bare. The

immature stages of this species, ohamai and stricklandi are also similar but

the differences in the keys and descriptions are constant for the sample exa-

mined. The chaetotaxy of the pupa is quite variable, as many of the individual

setae have stout primary branches with secondary branching or strong lateral

barbs or split ends. However, the general pattern of branching is somewhat

typical and recognizable for the species. As stated earlier the nature of indi-

vidual branches varies with the range of primary branching. The fewer the

branches the more extensive the lateral barbs or terminal splitting and the

ereater the number of branches for an individual seta the more simple the in-

dividual branches. Some specimens with a seta in the higher range of branch-

ing have the individual branches often simple. These conditions appear to be

environmentally induced since it has been observed from most localities and

in crab holes from the same locality. Specimens of both types were observed

in single collections but crab hole collections from Thailand were often pooled

and therefore it is not possible to say that this occurs ina single habitat. By

far the most common form is with fewer, heavily barbed branches as figured.

The spicules on the inner margin of paddle are typical for the species and

there is little variation within the various populations.

The multiple-branched seta 5-C of the larva of Roli is rather unusual for

the genus and is known elsewhere only in confusa, jacksoni, ohamati, strick-

landi and yaeyamana, all of which belong to the vecondita series. Variation of

Peyton: Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) — 149

individual setae is within normal limits, there are no obvious differences that

can be correlated with the pupal differences although a few specimens exhibit

slightly stronger branches of some setae. Generally, the stout stellate setae

of thorax and abdomen are stronger and more acutely pointed than in stvick-

landi and yaeyamana,

BIONOMICS. This species is restricted to forested hills and mountainous

areas. The immature stages have been collected in Thailand from the follow-

ing habitats: crab holes along the banks of shallow fresh running streams (27);

elephant footprint in a bog where crab holes were present (1). On 29 occasions

it has been recorded at elevations of 15-1,000 m. The species was often col-

lected in Thailand in association with abdita and spiculosa both of which are

common crab hole breeders. Adults have been collected resting on vegetation

or rocks along stream margins.

URANOTAENIA (PSEUDOFICALBIA) NOCTICOLA NEW SPECIES

(Figs. 59, 60)

FEMALE. Head. Proboscis about 0.92 of forefemur; prementum dark

brown scaled and with a few inapparent setae on distal ventral and dorsal mar-

gins and at apex; 1 pair of labial basal setae; palpus about 0.12 of proboscis

and slightly longer than antennal flagellomere 1; clypeus dark, brownish black;

antennal pedicel light yellowish brown, bare; flagellum about 1.2 of proboscis

or exceeding proboscis from near apex of flagellomere 11; Flm 1 slightly

longer than Flm 2 and with a few brown scales basomesally; flagellar whorls

each of 8-9 setae; 1 long, stout interocular and 5, 6 ocular setae; decumbent

scales uniformly dull gray with a tinge of light brown in center in some lights

and with faint bluish green reflections laterally; erect scales long, numerous,

covering most of dorsal surface, dark brown in color. Thorax, Scutal integu-

ment uniformly pale yellowish or straw-brown; scales narrow, curved, uni-

formly light grayish brown; prescutellar space mostly scaled, a very small

posterior bare space; scutellum same color as scutum, scales a medium brown

with strong blue-green reflections; mesopostnotum and paratergite light gray-

ish brown; pleuron uniformly pale grayish brown, almost whitish, no strong

contrast with slightly darker scutum; apn with usual number (2 upper, 1 lower)

of strong setae and devoid of scales; ppv with 1 seta and 2-4 broad light brown

translucent scales on upper posterior corner; sp with 1 seta; ppl with 1 long,

strong and 3-5 short, weak, setae; stp with 13-16 setae on upper and posterior

margins, upper 7-8 long, strong, remainder short, delicate, and with a few

scattered, broad light brown translucent scales on upper 0.5; upper mep with

3-5 setae. Wing. Scales dark brown; cell Ry about 0.4 of Ro.9. Legs.

Coxae and trochanters same color as pleuron; C-I with a few scattered, light

brown translucent scales on anterior surface; C-II, III with a few similar, less

apparent scales anterolaterally; femora dark brown scaled dorsally, lighter

grayish brown ventrally, without a conspicuous arrangement of setae; forefemur

with the usual anteroventral and posterodorsal rows of setae and midfemur

with a few dorsomarginal setae on basal 0.5; tibiae and tarsi dark brown

scaled; hindtarsomere 1 about 1.13 of tibia, hind tarsomere 4 about 2.30 of

tarsomere 5. Abdomen. Terga uniformly dark brown scaled with purple-

green reflections; laterotergite with a few light brown translucent scales;

sterna uniformly light grayish brown.

MALE. Essentially as in female except for sexual differences. Head,

Proboscis about 0.9 of forefemur; 1,2 pairs of labial basal setae; antennal

150 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

flagellum strongly plumose, whorls each of more than 20 setae, about 1.1 or

slightly less of proboscis; flagellomeres 12,13 subequal or 12 slightly longer.

Wing. Cell Ro about 0.35 of Roi3. Legs. Hindtarsomere 4 about 2.0 of

tarsomere 5. Terminalia (Fig. 60). Tergum IX long, broadly rounded on api-

cal margin; tergum X complete tergomesally, weakly sclerotized, produced

tergolaterally into short, very broad rounded lobes which project beyond api-

cal margin of tergum IX; tergomesal surface of basimere with numerous scat-

tered, short, weak, setae only; basal mesal lobe of basimere with 2 long stout,

tergoapical setae, each on raised process, 2,3 strong but much shorter and

weaker setae slightly basal to these and 8-11 short, weak, basal setae, 1 long,

strong, and 1,2 weak setae on sternal margin; distimere curved and tapered

to pointed apex; spiniform small, stout, acute; plates of aedeagus each with 2

stout subapical tergomesal teeth and a row of 3 (2-4) stout curved teeth on

sternoapical margin, each nearly equal to the tergal and sternal-most teeth,

grooved; proctiger with 1 cercal setae on each side.

PUPA (Fig. 60). Chaetotaxy as figured. Diagnostic characters as in

series description and the following. Integument pale brown. Cephalothorax,

Seta 1-CT with 3,4 branches, 2,3-CT with 2-4 branches, occasionally bifid or

trifid, 4,5-CT with 3-5 sparsely barbed branches, 8-CT with 5-7 sparsely

barbed branches. Respivatory Trumpet. Pale brown, distinctly tracheoid

on anterobasal 0.2; index about 3.8, not noticeably expanded apically.

Metanotum, Seta 10-CT single to 4 branched, 11-CT single, strongly brush-

tipped, 12-CT with 2-4 sparsely barbed branches; alveolus of 13-CT very

inapparent or occasionally absent, developed 13-CT very rarely present (1

specimen). Abdomen. Seta 3-I single, strongly brush-tipped, 6-I-II single

or double very lightly barbed; 1-II with 14-25 branches, individual branches

varied, simple, sparsely barbed or with terminal fringes, 3-II, III stout

basally, strongly brush-tipped; 1-III with 5-8 sparsely barbed branches, 6-III-

V single or double, usually finely barbed; 1-IV with 4-6 sparsely barbed

branches, 5-IV double, rarely single, lightly barbed, occasionally with split

ends, about 1.25-1.50 of segment V; 1-V with 2-4 sparsely barbed branches,

5-V usually double,occasionally single on one or both sides, sparsely barbed

about 1.5 or more of segment VI; 1-VI usually double, rarely triple, sparsely

barbed, 5-VI usually double, occasionally single, sparsely barbed, 1.5 or

more of segment VII, 6-VI single or double or with 2-5 terminal branches,

longer than segment VII; 1-VII single or double, sparsely barbed, 5-VII single

or double, slightly less than length of segment VIII, 6-VII located ventrally,

single or double, branches stiff, lightly barbed, 0.5 or more of segment VIII,

9-VII similar to 6-VII with 2-4 stiff branches; 9- VII with 5-8 strongly barbed

branches, individual branches often with terminal branching, significantly

longer than segment VIII. Paddle, Midrib light brown from base to apex;

outer margin with rather widely spaced serrations from about basal 0.33 to

apex; inner margin with scattered spicules on apical 0.33 and a few smaller

submarginal spicules, spicules toward apex slightly stronger and more concen-

trated; apex with very shallow emargination.

LARVA (Fig. 59). Chaetotaxy as figured. Diagnostic characters as in

series description and the following. Head, Light yellowish brown; seta 4-C

with 3-6 delicate branches, 7-C with 6-10 simple or finely barbed branches,

11-C with 3,4 branches; mentum with 13 or 15 teeth. Antenna, Light brown,

slightly darker than cranium, seta 1-A double or triple. Thorax, Seta 0-P

small, with 4,5 weak branches, 3-P with 7-9 barbed branches, 4-P with

9-12 branches, 7-P with 3-6 strongly barbed branches, 14-P with 18-23

strong, sharply pointed branches, each with short, stout, lateral barbs to

Peyton: Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) 151

near apex; 1-M stellate, with 6-9 strong, simple or finely barbed, sharply

pointed branches, 14-M stellate, with 7-9 stiff branches; 1-T with 4-6 strong,

acutely pointed, lightly barbed branches, 3-T stellate, with 4-7 strong, sharply

pointed, sparsely barbed branches, 5-T single to 4 branched, each strong,

acutely pointed, 13-T stellate, with 6,7 strong, sharply pointed branches.

Abdomen, Seta 1-I stellate, with 4-6 moderately stout, acutely pointed, lightly

barbed, darkly pigmented branches, 2-I, II with 3-5 similar branches, 6-1, II

double, moderately stout, acuminate, strongly barbed, 11-I stellate, with 4-8

moderately stout, acutely pointed, lightly barbed, darkly pigmented branches;

1-II-VI stellate and similar to 1-I except that individual branches become pro-

gressively longer, weaker and less acutely pointed on each segment, 9-II with

2-4 stiff branches; 9-II-VI single, stout, acutely pointed, spine-like, darkly

pigmented, long, each about equal in length; 13-II-V stellate, with 4, 5 stiff,

simple or finely barbed branches; 2-III double or triple, branches long, mod-

erately stout, acutely pointed, darkly pigmented, 5-III-VI single, long, stout,

spine-like, darkly pigmented, sparsely barbed, slightly shorter than similar

9-II-VI, 6-ID-VI with 3 unequal, barbed branches; 2-IV-VII single (rarely

double), long, spine-like, simple or sparsely barbed on basal 0.5; 1, 3-VII

with 3,4 long, barbed branches; 1-VIII double, long, strong, barbed, 3-VIII

with 5-7 heavily barbed branches; comb scales 8-10, ona small distinctly

sclerotized plate, all scales of near equal length and width, closely approxi-

mated, bases usually touching, each scale long, broad, sharply pointed, with

conspicuous short stout lateral spicules from base to near apex, distal spi-

cules slightly stronger. Segment X, Saddle incomplete, pale brown, very

weakly and inconspicuously imbricate on basal 0.80, more apical imbrications

strongly spiculate, with several (8-11) short, stout, subequal, darkly pigmented

spines on dorsal posterolateral margin, followed by numerous fine marginal

and submarginal spicules; seta 1-X double or triple, 4a-e-X with 4-6, 2-3,

3-4, 3-4, 2-4 branches respectively, branches of each arising from near the

same point, 4b-X on one side, conspicuously longer than 4b-X on opposite side

and the others. Szphon, Light brown, inconspicuously imbricate from base

to apex; index about 3.3-4.0; pecten teeth 16-20, reaching to about 0. 42 of

Siphon; each tooth conspicuously fringed apically with strong sharp spicules,

variously fringed laterally, usually with fine spicules on side toward base of

siphon and a few teeth often with a few fine spicules on opposite side; seta 1-S

with 7,8 barbed branches, inserted beyond distal pecten tooth at about 0. 48-

0.50 of siphon.

TYPE-DATA. Holotype male with slides of terminalia and pupal and larval

skins with the following collection data: THAILAND, Chiang Mai, Chiang Dao,

26 September 1970, Kol Mongkolpanya, collector, collection number 4832-16,

SEAMP accession number 241 and SEAMP terminalia preparation number

70/1119, collected as a larva from a pool inside a cave at an elevation of

1,520 m. Paratypes: 7 females (3 on slides), 8 males (2 on slides), each

with associated skins on slides, same data as holotype, numbers 4832-2, -3,

-4, -6, -7, -8, -9, -10, -12, -13, -14, -15, -17, -100, -101, -102, -103

and 6 fourth stage larvae on slides, number 4832, SEAMP accession number

a1.

The holotype and paratypes are in excellent condition and are deposited

in the USNM. Paratypes of 1 male and 1 female with associated skins will be

deposited in the BMNH.

DISTRIBUTION. Material examined (including type-series): 12°, 79,

6 L; 19 with associated skins (141, 19 p).

THAILAND. Chiang Mai: Chiang Dao, 120, 62, 6 L, 141, 18 p. Kan-

152 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

chanaburi: Ban Sai Yok, 1%, 1 p.

DISCUSSION. This species resembles pylez and sumethi in adult habitus

features but differs significantly from these 2 species in the male terminalia

and immature stages. Although the sample is rather small, characters in all

stages appear to be stable and each stage is distinctive. The species does not

appear to be closely related to either of the above 2 species. The most signi-

ficant adult characters for separating this species from pylei and sumethi are

discussed under sumethi. The most significant characters of the male ter-

minalia are as follows: all setae on tergomesal surface of basimere are uni-

formly short and weak; plates of aedeagus with 2 stout superimposed, subapical,

tergomesal teeth; basal mesal lobe with 2 long stout tergoapical setae and 2, 3

strong but significantly weaker setae basal to these. In the other 2 species the

setae on tergomesal surface of basimere are of varied lengths and thickness,

at least some long and usually strong; plates of aedeagus with a single broad

subapical tergomesal tooth; basal mesal lobe with 3 or more stout tergoapical

setae. The 2 stout setae on basal mesal lobe of noticola are the least developed

of all species in the vecondita series. At least one of these setae on the other

species is exceptionally stout.

The pupa is easily separated from that of pylei and sumethi by characters

in the key. Abdominal seta 5-IV-VI varies from single to double but it is

usually double. One specimen has 5-V single on both sides, but generally

seta 5-V is single only on one side of one or 2 segments, but never single on

all segments. This seta is single in both pylei and sumethi, therefore, the

character used in the key will separate this species. The strong brush-tipped

setae 11-CT, 3-I-III are not as heavily brush-tipped as on sumethi. Seta 3-II

on the holotype pupa is mesal to 2-II on the right side of the specimen but on

the left side the position of 3 and 2-II are reversed. This appears to be a true

case of shifting since both setae on each side are equally developed.

The most significant larval characters are as follows: seta 14-P with

18-23 branches; moderately stout branched seta 2-I-III and long, single, spine-

like 2-IV-VII; long, single, stout, spine-like setae 5-III-VI and 9-II-VI; 8-10

apically pointed comb scales with short stout lateral spicules; incomplete

saddle of segment X. All of these differ from the aforementioned species.

BIONOMICS. The species has been collected in the immature stages on

2 occasions from pools inside caves. A single pupa was collected from a pool

far inside a cave at Ban Sai Yok, Kanchanburi Province at an elevation of

130 m in 1965 and again in 1970 (type-series). The 2 localities are widely

separated but both are from the same mountain range along the northwestern

border of Thailand. The cave in Kanchanaburi Province is located only a few

miles west of the Gang Lawa cave where sumethi was commonly found. Since

caves have not been systematically examined in Southeast Asia, very little is

known of their fauna. The 2 known cave inhabiting species may prove to be

rather widely distributed in Thailand.

URANOTAENIA (PSEUDOFICALBIA) OHAMAI

TANAKA, MIZUSAWA AND SAUGSTAD

(Figs. 61, 62)

Uvanotaenia stonei of Bohart 1959: 196 (in part, misidentification).

Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) ohamai Tanaka, Mizusawa and Saugstad 1975:

at (4, 25%),

Peyton: Uyvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) 153

FEMALE. Head. Proboscis about 0.92 of forefemur; prementum dark

brown scaled, with a few small inconspicuous setae on ventral margin and at

apex; one pair of labial basal setae; palpus about 0.11 of proboscis and about

1.0 of antennal flagellomere 1; clypeus dark brown; antennal pedicel dark

brown mesally, lighter laterally, with a few fine setae and scales dorsomesal-

ly; flagellum about 1.3 of proboscis or exceeding proboscis from base of flag-

ellomere 11; Flm 1 about 1.0 of Flm 2 or slightly less, with a few light brown

scales basomesally; flagellar whorls each of 6 setae; 1 long, strong and 1

weak interocular and 6 ocular setae; decumbent scales dark grayish brown in

center, narrowly grayish or creamy white on ocular line and at sides; erect

scales exceptionally long, dense, covering vertex to ocular line. Thorax,

Scutal integument uniformly pale brown; scales narrow, curved, uniformly gray-

ish brown; prescutellar space scaled on anterior 0.5; scutellum same color as

scutum, scales dark brown; mesopostnotum a darker brown than scutum; para-

tergite whitish brown; pleuron mostly very pale brown or grayish brown with

small distinctly dark brown areas on upper apn, whole of ppn, psp and upper

0.25 of stp; apn with grayish brown translucent scales, those on upper part

faintly darker; ppn with 1,2 setae and a few translucent scales near upper pos-

terior corner; sp with 1,3 setae; ppl with 1,2 strong and 4-6 weak setae; stp

with 14-17 setae on upper and posterior margin, upper 4-6 strong, dark and

with a distinct patch of near colorless translucent scales on upper 0.33 with

a few narrowly extending down posterior margin; upper mep with 5-7 setae

and with a few pale transparent scales. Wing. Scales dark brown; cell R

about 0.5 of Ro,3. Legs. Coxae and trochanters pale brown; C-I with ae

gray scales on anterior surface; C-I, III with a few transparent scales antero-

laterally; femora dark brown scaled dorsally, grayish ventrally towards

base; forefemur with 13-16 strong setae on posterodorsal margin for most of

length, 3-5 stronger setae on distal anterodorsal margin and 3-5 stiff setae

near middle on dorsal surface; midfemur with 9-12 weaker setae on dorsal

margin of about basal 0.6, midanterior surface with about 8-10 scattered

setae, apical 0.5 of posterior surface with about 8-10 scattered setae; tibiae

and tarsi dark brown scaled; hindtarsomere 1 about equal to or slightly longer

than tibia. Abdomen. Terga predominantly dark brownish black scaled, with

complete pale creamy white scaled basal bands on III-VI, each band near equal

in dorsal width, VII sometimes with an indistinct basal pale band; laterotergite

with a few pale scales; sterna pale whitish, covered with creamy white scales,

VI, VII often with a few darker scales.

MALE. Essentially as in female except for sexual differences. Head,

Antennal flagellum strongly plumose, whorls each of more than 20 setae.

Terminalia (Fig. 62). Tergum IX broadly rounded on apical margin; tergum

X weakly developed, apparently membranous tergomesally, produced into

short broad weakly sclerotized lateral lobes; tergomesal surface of basimere

with a conspicuously long strong seta tergolateral to basal mesal lobe in addi-

tion to several smaller setae; basal mesal lobe of basimere with 2 long, stout

tergoapical setae, 1 smaller strong seta and several weak setae basal to these,

1 long, stout and 2-4 weak sternoapical setae; aedeagus similar to other mem-

bers of vecondita series, sternoapical margin of each plate with 3, 4 curved teeth,

with the most sternal strongest; distimere gently curved and tapered to apex;

proctiger with 1, 2 cercal setae on each side.

PUPA (Fig. 62). Chaetotaxy as figured. Diagnostic characters as in

series description and the following. Integument light brown on posterior

scutal plate, metanotum and first 2-4 abdominal segments, lighter on other

areas. Cephalothovax, Seta 4-CT with 4-6 branches; 5-CT with 5-9 strong,

154 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

lightly barbed branches; 8-CT with 6-10 strong, lightly barbed branches; 9-CT

with 5,6 branches. Respiratory Trumpet. Light brown, distinctly tracheoid

on anterobasal 0.25; index about 4.0. Metanotum. Seta 10-CT with 3-8

branches usually from about 0.5, 11-CT single to triple; 12-CT with 5, 6

branches; alveolus of 13-CT present. Abdomen. Seta 1-II with 7-12 branches,

2-I1 1.5 or more the length of segment III; 3-II, HI stout on basal 0.5 or more,

with 5-10 delicate terminal branches; 1-III with 5, 6 branches; 5-HI with 5-10

branches; 1-IV with 5 (3-6) branches, 5-IV strong, double about 1.5 the length

of segment V; 1-V with 3, 4 branches, 5-V, VI strong, double, each about equal

to 2.0 the length of succeeding segments; 1-VI double or triple, 6-VI strong,

single, longer than segment VII; 1-VII single or double, 5-VII single or double,

slightly less than length of segment VIII, 6-VII located ventrally, with 2-4

branches; 9-VIII strong, with 6-10 strongly barbed branches, some strongly

frayed terminally, longer than segment VIII. Paddle, Midrib lightly pig-

mented to apex; outer margin with fine saw-tooth spicules, with a few apically

much closer together, straight and spine-like; inner margin with fewer straight

Spicules on apical 0.3, with a few minute crenulations towards base; apex very

shallowly emarginate.

LARVA (Fig. 61). Chaetotaxy as figured. Diagnostic characters as in

series description and the following. All stout setae of thorax and abdomen

dark brown, most stout setae of abdomen with acutely pointed branches. Head,

Light yellowish brown, collar darker; seta 4-C double to 4 branched, on level

with 5-C; 5-C with 3-7 stiff branches, 6-C single, stout on basal 0.5, 7-C

with 7-11 branches, 11-C double or triple, 14-C single; mentum with 14-16

teeth. Thorax. Seta 3-P with 5-10 barbed branches, 4-P with 4-9 barbed

branches, 7-P with 3, 4 barbed branches, 14-P stellate, with 5-12 stout, barbed

branches, ends acute or frayed; 1-M with 3-7 and 1-T with 4-6 acute branches.

Abdomen. Seta 1-I single to 4 branched, stout, 2-I single, long, single, spine-

like, 11-I double or triple, long, stout; 1-II double to 4 branched, stout, 2-II

single, long, stout, spine-like, 6-II double, branches equal, shorter than 6-I

and slightly shorter than 6 on succeeding segments, 9-II-V single, long, stout,

spine-like, 13-II-V with 2-4 stout branches; 1-III single to 4 branched, stout,

o-III-VI single, long, stout, 6-III single to triple, lightly barbed; 1-IV-VII with

2-4 stout branches, 6-IV-VI double or triple, branches equal; 4-V double or

triple, stiff; 13-VI with 3-7 stiff branches; 3-VIJ triple, branches unequal;

1-VIII double or triple, 3-VIII with 6-9 barbed branches; comb scales 13-17,

on a small poorly sclerotized plate, each scale long, narrow, of near uniform

width from base to apex, fringed with fine spicules laterally and slightly

stronger ones apically. Segment X, Saddle narrowly complete ventrally,

light yellowish brown, posterolateral margin with short stout spicules; 1-X

double or triple. Szphon. Light yellowish brown; index 3.5-4.0; pecten teeth

14-24, evenly spaced, reaching to basal 0.40-0.48, each tooth fringed with

spicules on basal side and on apex, those on apex slightly stronger; 1-S with

4-7 lightly barbed branches, usually inserted slightly beyond distal pecten

tooth, longer than width of siphon.

TYPE-DATA. Holotype male with slides of terminalia and pupal and larval

skins deposited in the National Science Museum, Tokyo, with the following

information: JAPAN, Yaeyama Guntd, Yashigawa, Iriomote Is., 18 Novem-

ber 1971, K. Mizusawa, collector, collection number K-1028-7, collected as

a larva from crab hole. A small paratype series of 2 males and 2 females

with associated pupal and larval skins are deposited in the USNM. The holo-

type was not examined and the illustrations here were made from the paratype

series.

Peyton: Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) 155

DISTRIBUTION. Material examined: 9°, 3%, 2 L; 9 with associated

skins (9 1, 9 p).

JAPAN. (Taken principally from Tanaka, Mizusawa and Saugstad 1975).

Iriomote Island: Yashigawa, Funaura, Itokawa-rind6, Mt. Goza, Shirahama,

Sonai, Yashigawa, Uehara. Ishigaki Island: Arakawa, Kabira, Mt. Banna,

Mt. Maeshi, Yarabu, Yoshiwara.

Bohart (1959) reported this species from Ishigaki Island as stonei, however,

I have borrowed most of Dr. Bohart's specimens from Ishigaki and find a mix-

ture of ohamai and yaeyamana. I have not seen specimens of stonei (= jack-

sont) from Ishigaki. Specimens of ohamai kindly loaned to me by Richard M.

Bohart consist of 1 male and 7 females, all from sweeping on Mt. Banna and

Mt. Maeshi (see also under yaeyamana).

DISCUSSION. Superficially this species resembles approximata in general

adult habitus features, but the 2 are not related and the characters presented

in the adult key will separate them. Of species in the vecondita series, it

appears to be more closely related to koli and stricklandi. The general re-

semblance of the 3 is greatest in the larval stage. In the adult stage, ohamai

differs most significantly in the dark and light pleural pattern. In both kolz

and stvicklandi the sternopleuron has 2 distinct dark spots and the mesepimer-

on is all dark in stricklandi and with 2 dark spots in koli. In the larva, ohamai

differs significantly from Roli in the following: seta 4-C, 1-A, 14-P. It differs

from stricklandi significantly in the following: fewer teeth on mentum; complete

anal saddle; fewer and stouter branches of 14-P; fewer and equal length

branches of 6-III- VI; fewer branches of 1-S.

BIONOMICS. Tanaka, Mizusawa and Saugstad (1975) record the immature

habitat as fresh water crab holes along shaded streamlets in lowlands or at

the foot of mountains, very often found associated with U. yaeyamana and

Culex (Lophoceraomyia) tuberis Bohart, occasionally with C. (L.) minor

(Leicester), C. (L.) infantulus Edwards and C. (Culiciomyia) ryukyensis Bo-

hart, and rarely with A. (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse) - group and U. (U.)

macfarlanei (Edwards. The adults were commonly found resting in shrubbery

or crab holes.

URANOTAENIA (PSEUDOFICALBIA) PYLEI BAISAS

(Figs. 2, 63, 64)

Uranotaenia pylet Baisas 1946: 45 (*, 2, P*, L*). Delfinado 1966b: 52

(", 2, L, P); Peyton and Rattanarithikul 1970: 411 (A, taxonomy).

Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) pylei Baisas, Peyton 1972: 37.

FEMALE. Head (Fig. 2). Proboscis about 0.82 of forefemur; premen-

tum dark brown scaled, no conspicuous setae except a few small ones at apex;

2 pair of labial basal setae; palpus about 0.13 of proboscis or about equal to

antennal flagellomere 1; clypeus dark brown; antennal pedicel light yellowish

brown with 1,2 minute setae dorsomesally; flagellum about 1.3 of proboscis

or exceeding proboscis from about flagellomere 11; Flm 1 barely longer than

Flm 2 and with a few light grayish brown scales basomesally; flagellar whorls

each of 6 setae; 1 strong and 1 minute interocular and 4,5 ocular setae; decum-

bent scales light grayish or beige brown on vertex, narrowly and distinctly dull

erayish white on ocular line but forming no sharply defined ocular line; grayish

white with distinct blue-green reflections at sides; erect scales exceptionally

long, numerous, covering most of dorsal surface, dark brown. Thorax,

156 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

Scutal integument light brown or a pale straw-brown; scales narrow, curved,

uniformly light grayish or bronzy brown; prescutellar space mostly scaled, a

very small posterior bare space; scutellum same color as scutum, scales

dark brown; mesopostnotum dark brown, light grayish brown at basolateral

corners; paratergite light yellowish brown; pleuron uniformly pale, light yel-

lowish or grayish brown, little contrast with slightly darker scutum; apn with

2,3 long, strong and 1-3 short, weak, lower setae and with a few loosely ar-

ranged, broad grayish brown scales; ppv with 3-5 setae and several scattered,

light brown, broad, translucent scales with faint blue-green reflections on

upper posterior corner; sp with 1,2 setae; psp with a few inapparent, broad,

shiny, transparent scales on posterior edge; ppl with 2,3 long, strong, and

5-8 short, weak, setae; pra with 1,2 setae, stp with a continuous row of 15-18

setae on upper and posterior margins, upper 12,13 long, strong, remainder

short, delicate, 3-6 delicate, opaque setae on midanterior margin just above

midanterior angle and with a few small, broad, light brown translucent scales

scattered over upper 0.5; upper mep with 5-7 setae and a few inapparent light

erayish brown translucent scales, middle mep with a few small, scattered

inapparent light transparent scales, which are difficult to detect at some

angles. Wing. Scales dark brown; cell R, about 0.4 of Ro.9. Legs. Coxae

and trochanters same color as pleuron; C-I with a few scattered light brown

translucent scales; C-II, III with a few inapparent anterolateral scales; femora

dark brown scaled dorsally, except near base, light grayish brown near base

ventrally; forefemur with 9-12 setae on anteroventral margin, 9-12 setae on

posterodorsal margin, 2-4 long setae at about middle on dorsal surface; mid-

femur densely setose on basal 0.33, all setae conspicuous but distinctly longer

and more sinuous on dorsal and anterior surfaces, shorter and much more

dense on posteroventral surface, and with 2,3 small setae beyond middle; hind-

femur with a few inconspicuous setae on ventral margin and 2,3 longer ones

on dorsal subapical surface; tibiae and tarsi uniformly dark brown scaled;

hindtarsomere 1 about 1.33 of tibia, hindtarsomere 4 about 3.0 of tarsomere

5. Abdomen. Terga dark bronzy brown scaled with strong purple-green re-

flections; laterotergite with a few pale brown translucent scales; sterna uni-

formly dingy, grayish or yellowish brown scaled.

MALE. Essentially as in female except for sexual differences. Head.

2,3 pairs of labial basal setae; antennal flagellum slightly longer than pro-

boscis, exceeding proboscis by less than length of flagellomere 13, strongly

plumose, whorls each of 20 or more setae; Flm 13 longer than Flm 12. Legs.

Hindtarsomere 4 about 2.7 of tarsomere 5. Tervminalia (Fig. 64). Tergum

IX rather short, broadly rounded on apical margin; tergum X complete, mod-

erately sclerotized, very strongly spiculate laterally, produced apically into

very distinct, short, moderately broad, apically rounded, tergolateral lobes

which extend beyond apical margin of tergum IX; tergomesal surface of basi-

mere with numerous long, slender and a few weaker setae basally; basal mesal

lobe of basimere with 3 long, stout tergoapical setae, 4-7 scattered weak

setae basal to these, 1 long, stout and 1,2 weaker setae on sternal margin;

distimere rather straight, gradually tapered from base to pointed and slightly

curved apex; spiniform small, stout, acute; plates of aedeagus very widely

separated, joined by a narrow tergal and sternal sclerotized band, each with

2 large apical, tergomesal, laterally directed teeth, with the more tergal

strongest, very broad at base, rounded on posterior margin, and tapered to

pointed apex, the more sternal slender, longer, straight, and slightly apical

to the larger tooth, apicosternal margin with 1 very large, twisted, basally

directed tooth which is deeply grooved on outer (posterior) margin with a dis-

Peyton: Uvranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) 157

tinct pigmented ridge on lateral margin and narrowly membranous on mesal

margin; proctiger strongly spiculate tergoapically, with 2-4 cercal setae on

each side.

PUPA (Fig. 64). Chaetotaxy as figured. Diagnostic characters as in

series description and the following. Integument uniformly brown. All setae

except 1-I and occasionally 9-VIII with simple branches. Cephalothorax.

Seta 1-CT double, 2,3-CT with 3,4 branches, 4-CT with 3-5 branches, 5-CT

with 4-6 long, stout, acutely pointed, darkly pigmented branches, 8-CT with

6-9 branches. Respiratory Trumpet, Dark brown, lighter apically, tracheoid

on anterobasal 0.3-0.4; index about 4.25-4.80, slightly expanded apically.

Metanotum. Seta 10-CT with 5-9 branches, with 1-3 branches usually strong-

er and longer than the rest and longer than single or double 11-CT, 12-CT with

4,5 branches, alveolus of 13-CT conspicuous. Abdomen, Seta 6-I, II single,

rarely double; 1-II with 7-9 (6-13) delicate branches, inserted noticeably an-

terior to posterior margin of segment, 3-II double or triple, 5-II with 4-6

delicate branches, inserted at or anterior to middle of segment; 1-III with 4-6

branches, 2-III-VII subequal, long, very stout, spine-like, darkly pigmented,

inserted conspicuously mesad of seta 1 and posterior to seta 3 of each seg-

ment, 3-III single, strong, pigmented, usually longer than segment, 5-III with

8-10 delicate branches, inserted near middle of segment, 6-III- VI subequal,

with 3-5 weak branches, each inserted conspicuously sublateral, 9-III-VII sub-

equal, moderately long, spine-like, darkly pigmented; 1-IV with 4, 5 branches,

o-IV-VII single, strong, about 1.5-2.0 the length of each succeeding segment;

1-V, VI with 3-5 branches; 1-VII double to 4 branched, 6-VII located dorsally,

with 4-6 weak branches; 9-VIII with 4-6 unequal branches, with at least 1

branch conspicuously longer and stronger than the others, the strongest branch

usually very lightly barbed near base. Paddle. Midrib faintly pigmented on

basal 0.5; outer margin with closely set serrations from about basal 0.2 to

apex; inner margin with a few small, well spaced spicules on apical 0.25;

apex with distinct shallow emargination.

LARVA (Fig. 63). Chaetotaxy as figured. Diagnostic characters as in

series description and the following. Thorax and abdomen with numerous

stellate setae, each with very stout, darkly pigmented, barbed branches,

with a varying number of branches of each either acutely pointed or distinctly

notched apically. Head, Light brown; seta 4-C with 4-6 delicate branches,

bases of 5-C farther apart than bases of 6-C, 7-C with 3, 4 simple branches,

11-C double or triple; mentum with 13 or 15 teeth. Antenna, Seta 1-A single.

Thorax. Setae 0-4, 8-P stellate, rather similar, with 12-18 branches, 7-P

with 3,4 barbed branches, 9-P stellate, with 6-11 branches; 14-P stellate,

with 24-39 branches; 1, 13,14-M stellate, with 20-35 branches; 1,3,13-T

stellate, with 15-32 branches, 5-T, short, stellate, with 5-8 branches, 8-T

stellate, with 12-15 branches. Abdomen, Seta 1-I-VII stellate, with 14-25

branches, 2-I-VII stellate, with 9-22 branches, 6-II-VI double, barbed; 11-I

stellate, with 17-23 branches; 5-II-VII stellate, with 7-15 branches, inserted

anterior to 6-IJI-VI, 9-II-VII stellate, with 6-11 branches, 13-II-VII stellate,

with 14-28 branches; 7-III-VI stellate, with 6-13 branches; 6, 8, 11-VII stellate,

with 8-17 branches; 1-VII minute, triple, not inserted on plate with 2-VII,

o- VIII stellate, with 8-12 branches; comb scales 32-43, ona very large,

strongly spiculate, sclerotized plate which nearly meets the plate on opposite

side dorsally, each scale, long, narrow, finely fringed laterally and pointed

apically, a few teeth near middle exceptionally long, narrow. Segment X,

Saddle incomplete, light brown, covered with dense setiform spicules, entire

posterolateral margin with long, very stout, closely set spines and numerous

158 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

smaller spines some of which are submarginal, the more dorsal 2-4 large

spines simple but most others with an apical fringe of sharp spicules; seta

2-X with 6-8 branches, 3-X single, 4a-e-X with 11-13, 11-13, 9-12, 8-11,

5-7 branches respectively. Siphon. Light brown, lightly imbricate from base

to apex; index about 3.0; pecten teeth 12-15, reaching to 0.75-0.95 of siphon;

each varied in length, usually long, slender and tapered apically, fringed on

side toward base of siphon and at apex, becoming progressively shorter,

broader, apically rounded and fringed on both sides toward apex; seta 1-S

small, single to triple, inserted at about 0.73 from base of siphon.

TYPE-DATA. Holotype male (Lot No. TH-II-7) and allotype female (Lot

No. TH-II-9), both with larval and pupal skin mounts, collected as larvae

from a tree hole in Llavac, Laguna, Luzon, Philippines on 7 December 1940,

F. E. Baisas, were designated in the original description along with several

paratypes 'from the same tree hole obtained at different dates by Mr. Pablo

Sunico."' Stone et al. (1959) list the location of these in the Philippine Bureau

of Health (PBH). Although F. E. Baisas was then located at the PBH he does

not reference it in the text of his 1946 article as to the repository of types.

Delfinado (1966b) lists the types as lost and Stone (1970) lists them as non-

extant. None of the paratypes are in the USNM or BMNH. However, there

is a male specimen with terminalia mounted on slide by Delfinado, 26 Febru-

ary 1964, labeled "Lot No. TH II-2"'. While this specimen is not sufficiently

labeled to positively associate it with the original series, Iam assuming it

is of the series, since lot No. TH-II was used only with pylez in the text. It

is probably a specimen sent to Dr. Alan Stone for confirmation, which Baisas

- indicated in the 1946 article. Although the specimen is not in the best of con-

dition, it exhibits most of the more significant diagnostic features. No slide

of immature stages was found in the USNM.

DISTRIBUTION. Material examined: 150, 9°, 17 L; 8 with associated

skins (8 1, 9 p, 1 incomplete).

PHILIPPINES. Luzon: Nueva Ecija - Calso, 2°, 4L, 31, 3 p; Nueva

Viscaya - Malete, 3c, 29, 11 L, 21, 5 p; Quezon - Lucban, Tayabas; Mt.

Banahao; 30°, 19°, 2 L; Pangasinan - Llavac, 1°. Negros: Occidental -

Fabrica, 40°, 29, 31, 1p. Samar: Osmena, 1°, 2°, Mindanao: Surigao - Mt.

Cantugas, 1°, 29.

DISCUSSION. A uniformly brown species without striking features in the

adult stage but very distinctive in the male terminalia, pupa and larva. The

adult resembles nocticola and sumethi in the general brown color and uniform-

ly pale pleuron, but each is quite distinct. Except for the general resemblance

in color of the adults of these 3 species, pylei does not seem to be closely

related to any species of the series. Differences from the adults of nocticola

and sumethi are discussed under each of these species. The few delicate,

opaque setae on midanterior margin of sternopleuron are significant but are

extremely difficult to detect. If the sternopleuron is viewed from the posterior

side at about a 60-80° angle the setae are conspicuous. Such setae on anterior

margin of sternopleuron are known elsewhere only in jacksoni, This feature in

combination with the numerous setae on lower apn and the dense setae encircl-

ing basal 0.33 of midfemur readily distinguishes this species from all others.

The very distinctive aedeagus of the male terminalia is unique. The immature

stages possess several unique characters. The stout multiple branched stel-

late setae of the larva suggest a resemblance to the larva of maxima, the only

known species with somewhat similar branched stellate setae but there are

multiple differences between the 2.

BIONOMICS. The immature stages are found almost exclusively in tree

Peyton: Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) 159

holes in dense forest at relatively high elevation. Collections were examined

from the following habitats: tree hole (9), cut bamboo (2). Six collections

have recorded elevations of 610-1,128 m. Baisas (1946) states, "Larva:

Strikingly different from other known larvae of Philippine Uvanotaenia in hav-

ing many large stellate tufts on the thorax and abdomen, and in attitude when

at rest - the head and body being straight downward. When feeding, it crawls

rapidly like a legged organism in and through the debris at the bottom of the

breeding water. In movements and appearance closely similar to treehole

breeding Ficalbia and Finlaya,'' I can personally attest to this, having made

the same observations along with Dr. Yiau-Min Huang in June 1969. We col-

lected several larvae of this species in northern Luzon and were completely

unaware that they were larvae of Uvanotaenia until we had actually reared an

adult from one of the larvae. In the natural habitat the larvae are rather pale

white in color.

URANOTAENIA (PSEUDOFICALBIA) ROSSI DELFINADO

(Figs. 1, 65, 66)

Uvanotaenia rossi Delfinado 1966a: 36 (o'*, 2); Delfinado 1966b: 53 (o*, 2);

Peyton and Hochman 1968: 380 (o"*).

Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) rossi Delfinado, Peyton 1972: 37.

FEMALE. Head, Proboscis about 0.9 of forefemur; prementum dark

brown scaled, with a few small setae at apex; 2 pairs of labial basal setae;

palpus about 0.1 of proboscis and slightly shorter than antennal flagellomere

1; clypeus dark brown; antennal pedicel light brown mesally, yellowish later-

ally, with a patch of minute setae dorsomesally; flagellum about 1.29 of pro-

boscis or exceeding proboscis from about base of flagellomere 11; Flm 1

slightly longer than Flm 2, with a few light gray scales basomesally; flagellar

whorls each of 6 setae; 1 long, strong and 1 very weak interocular and 5, 6

ocular setae; decumbent scales mostly dark brown with bluish green reflec-

tions, but often appearing light bronzy brown or grayish depending on light

angle, narrowly and faintly dull grayish on ocular line but forming no well

differentiated line, grayish white with blue-green reflections laterally; erect

scales exceptionally long, numerous, covering most of dorsal surface, dark

brown. Thorax (Fig. 1). Scutal integument dark brown or light rust brown,

without conspicuous bare lines; scales narrow, curved, uniformly dark bronzy

brown; prescutellar space bare on posterior half; scutellum light brown,

scales dark brown; mesopostnotum dark rust-brown, light yellowish brown at

basolateral corners; paratergite dark brown; pleuron mostly dark brown but

with a very distinct pleural pattern of light grayish or yellowish brown areas

surrounding the dark sclerites; distinct dark areas are as follows: apn, ppn,

psp, ppl, part of ssp, usually pva lobe, all of stp except for narrow line on

lower posterior edge, all of mep except for narrow pale margins, lower half

of mesomeron; apn with 2 long, stout and 2-3 weak lower setae, covered with

sparsely arranged grayish scales with bluish green reflections; Dpn with 2-4

setae and a conspicuous patch of broad light grayish brown scales with strong

blue-green reflections on upper posterior corner; sp with 1,2 setae; ppl with

7-11 setae, usually 2-4 are stout and the remainder weaker, and a very few

light gray translucent scales usually present; pva with 2-5 setae, (rarely 1);

stp with 24-26 setae on upper and posterior margins, upper 12-14 closely set,

evenly spaced, long, stout, lower posterior setae short, weak, and with a

160 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

very large patch of broad, shiny, grayish translucent scales on upper 0.33

and down posterior margin; mep with 6-8 upper setae, and a large conspicuous

patch of loosely arranged, broad, grayish translucent scales covering most of

sclerite. Wing. Scales dark brown; cell Ro about 0.54 of R 43° Legs. Coxae

and trochanters same color as pale areas of pleuron; C-I with an anterior

patch of light brown translucent scales; C-II, III with a few inapparent, translu-

cent scales; femora dark brown scaled dorsally, light grayish brown ventrally;

forefemur with an anteroventral row of 16-20 very short, stout, darkly pig-

mented spiniform setae from base to 0.75 followed by 3,4 longer setae, a

posterodorsal row of 12-14 long setae from base to near apex, and numerous,

short, fine, setae on basal 0.25 of ventral surface; midfemur usually conspicu-

ously and densely setose on all aspects of basal 0.33 with individual setae vari-

able in degree of development, predominently fine, but 5-8 on dorsal margin

_and 3,4 on anterior margin distinctly longer and stronger, a few similar setae

near apex on ventral surface; hindfemur with at most 1-4 conspicuous setae on

dorsal margin; tibiae and tarsi uniformly dark brown scaled; hindtarsomere 1

about 1.33 of tibia, hindtarsomere 4 about 2.8 of tarsomere 5. Abdomen.

Terga dark brown scaled, usually with strong purple-green reflections; latero-

tergite with a patch of grayish translucent scales; sterna dingy grayish brown

scaled.

MALE. Essentially as in female except for sexual differences. Head,

Proboscis about 0.95 of forefemur; 2,3 pairs of labial basal setae; antennal

flagellum slightly longer than proboscis, exceeding it in length by much less

than flagellomere 13, strongly plumose, whorls each of 20 or more setae;

flagellomeres 12,13 subequal. Wing, Cell Ro about 0.44 of Ro,.. Legs.

Hindtarsomere 1 about 1.4 of tibia, hindtarsomere 4 about 2.65 of tarsomere

5. Terminalia (Fig. 66). Tergum IX rather short, rounded on apical margin,

slightly produced apicomesally; tergum X complete, rather broad, lightly

sclerotized, produced tergoapically into short, apically rounded, laterally

projected, closely approximated, tergolateral lobes, most of sclerotized ter-

sum and lobes extending conspicuously beyond apical margin of tergum IX;

tergomesal surface of basimere with numerous short, weak setae only, a long

stout, seta slightly sternoapical to basal mesal lobe; basal mesal lobe of basi-

mere with 6 long, stout, tergoapical setae, the most apical on a distinct finger-

like process, at least 4 of the more basal setae arise from distinct raised

bases and are usually exceptionally broad and stout with curved or wavy ends,

often stronger than the more apical of the group, usually 2-4 small weak setae

basal to these, 1 long, stout and 1,2 weak setae on sternoapical margin; disti-

mere straight, of near uniform width to tapered and pointed apex; spiniform

small, stout, acute; plates of aedeagus very widely separated, joined by a long,

very narrow sclerotized tergal bridge and a similar slightly broader sternal

bridge, each plate with 2 large apical, tergomesal teeth, the tergal-most

short, very broad, rounded, foliform, with small pointed apex directed later-

ally, the sternal-most long, narrow, grooved, slightly curved, directed later-

ally and slightly apical to the broader tergal tooth, sternoapical margin with

a single large, curved, basally directed tooth; proctiger with 3, 4 cercal setae

on each side.

PUPA (Fig. 66). Chaetotaxy as figured. Diagnostic characters as follows.

Integument uniformly light brown. All setae except 1-I simple, most single,

few with very few branches. Cephalothovax. Setae 1-3-CT single to triple,

4,5-CT double or triple, 8-CT 3,4 branched. espivatory Trumpet, Light

brown, indistinctly tracheoid on anterobasal 0.2; index about 3.8-4.2, not

noticeably expanded apically. Metanotum. Seta 10-CT stiff, with a few fine

Peyton: Uyvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) 161

terminal branches, 11,12-CT single or bifid; alveolus of 13-CT conspicuous

often with slightly raised spur. Abdomen, Seta 6-I, II long, single; 1-II usu-

ally weakly dendritic, with 7-13 delicate branches, 3-II single, strong; 1-III

single to triple, 3-III single, strong, slightly mesal to 1-III, about as long as

segment IV, 6-III-VII single, stiff, longer on VI but significantly shorter than

segment VII, located dorsally and rarely double on VII; 1-IV single or double,

stiff, 5-IV-VI single, strong, about equal to 2 succeeding segments in length;

1-V-VII single, stiff, 3-V, VI mesal to 1-V, VI; 5-VII single, stiff, less than

length of segment VIII; 9-VIII with a single strong branch as long as or longer

than paddle and 1-3 much shorter weaker branches on one side of stronger

branch. Paddle. Midrib light brown from base to apex; outer margin with

rather widely spaced serrations from about basal 0.2-0.4 to apex; inner mar-

gin with a few scattered, small spicules on apical 0.2 followed by a few minute

spicules or crenulations toward base; apex not noticeably emarginate.

LARVA (Fig. 65). Chaetotaxy as figured. Diagnostic characters as in

series description and the following. Thorax and abdomen with several stel-

late setae with stout, acutely pointed, darkly pigmented branches, with those

on thorax and segment I generally stronger, more acutely pointed and usually

finely barbed at least near base, generally progressively weaker, more sharp-

ly pointed and simple on II-VII. Head, Light yellowish brown, darker pos-

terolaterally and on collar; seta 4-C double to 4 branched, 7-C with 4-6

simple branches, 11-C double or triple; mentum with 15 or 17 teeth. Antenna.

Seta 1-A single. Thorax. Seta 0-P stellate, with 4-7 strong, sharply pointed

branches, 1-P with 5-9 long, barbed branches, 3-P with 6-9 barbed branches,

4-P with 7-10 barbed branches, 7-P triple, strongly barbed, 14-P stellate,

with 13-18 strong, acutely pointed, lightly barbed branches or occasionally

branches with only a few scattered fine lateral barbs; 1-M stellate, with 4-6

branches, 14-M stellate, with slightly weaker simple branches; 1, 3-T stellate,

with 4,5 branches, 5-T single, stout, spine-like, 8-T with 3 stiff branches,

13-T stellate, with 5-8 strong, sharply pointed, simple branches; 1-I stellate,

with 4 branches, 2-I stellate, with 3-5 branches, 4-I stellate, short, with 4

branches, 6-I, II double, strongly barbed, ventral branch shorter than dorsal

branch, each branch sharply or acutely pointed, 11-I stellate, long, with 3-5

simple branches; 1-II-VII stellate, with 3,4 branches, occasionally double on I,

o-II double or triple, branches stout, acutely pointed, darkly pigmented, 9-II-

VI single, short, strong, spine-like, 13-II-VII stellate, with 3-5 branches,

shorter and slightly weak on VI; 5-III-VI single, short, strong, spine-like,

each about equal in length and slightly longer than similar 9-III-VI, 6-II-VI

double, lightly barbed; 3-VII single, long, stout, barbed; 1-VIII double or

triple, not inserted on sclerotized plate with 2-VIII, but inserted at the pos-

terior edge of comb plate and often appearing as if on plate, 3-VIII with 8-10

strongly barbed branches; comb scales 13-20, on a large distinctly sclerotized

plate, each scale rather long, narrow, near equal in length and width, slight-

ly tapered and rounded apically with fine lateral spiculate fringe and slightly

stronger apical fringe. Segment X. Saddle incomplete, pale yellowish brown,

lightly imbricate, with numerous irregularly spaced, long, stout, spines and

a few weaker spines intermingled on posterolateral margin; seta 1-X with 3

stiff branches, 2-X double, 3-X single, 4a-e-X with 8-9, 8-10, 6-9, 7-10,

5-6 branches respectively. Siphon. Light brown, strongly imbricate from

base to apex, spicules of imbrications producing a rasp-like surface; index

3.3-3.7; pecten teeth 14-20, reaching to about 0.58-0.61 of siphon; each con-

spicuously fringed with sharp spicules apically and on side toward base of

siphon, occasionally a few similar spicules on opposite side of some teeth;

162 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

seta 1-S with 5,6 stiff, simple branches, inserted slightly beyond distal pec-

ten tooth at 0.64-0.69 of siphon.

TYPE-DATA. Holotype male with terminalia on slide in the USNM with

following data: PHILIPPINES, Mindoro, San Jose, 21 March 1945, E. S.

Ross, collector, genitalia slide U-2 prepared 4 March 1964. The specimen

is in good condition.

DISTRIBUTION. Material examined: 165°, 122°, 91 L; 25 with associ-

ated skins (10 1, 27 p, 2 incomplete).

MALAYSIA. Malaysia: Sabah - Kudat 1c, 1%.

PHILIPPINES. Palawan: Panitan; Mt. Molinao; Iwahig; Tinabog; Tarampi-

tao; 860", 612, 25 L, 16 p. Busuanga: St. Nicolas; 4km. N. San Nicolas; 4°,

72. Mindoro: Occidental - San Jose, 65%, 499, 53 L, 11. Oviental -

Victoria, San Antonio; Alcate; Mataptap; San Pedro; 9°, 4%, 14 L, 91, 11p.

DISCUSSION. This species is moderately variable in adult habitus fea-

tures but it is rather easily distinguished from all species of the series. The

dark scutal integument and the predominately dark pleuron with narrow distinct

pale areas, pale coxae and trochanters, uniformly dark scaled terga, and

conspicuous anteroventral row of short spiniform setae on forefemur readily

distinguishes this species from all other known species. In addition, the nu-

merous setae usually present on the prealar lobe and the number of setae on

lower anterior pronotum are unusual. Most species, except harrisoni and

jacksoni, usually have a single pra seta with an occasional specimen exhibiting

2, none have 4,5 as is rather common on vossi and all others except nocticola,

_ pylei and sumethi have a single strong lower apn seta but each of these 3 has

a very pale pleuron and differs in numerous other features. The male termin-

alia are quite distinctive but the aedeagus resembles that of pylez more closely

than any of the other members of the series. The immature stages are dis-

tinct and easily recognized. Although there are similarities in the male ter-

minalia of this species and pylez, no significant features in any stage suggests

a closer affinity with any particular species within the series.

BIONOMICS. This species appears to be specifically adapted to the fresh

water crab hole habitat. These small crab holes are common along the banks

of small fresh running streams and seepages on Mindoro Island. Those that

contain larvae are usually encountered only in situations with some vegetative

cover. However, breeding is not necessarily restricted to forested areas.

Larvae of this species were collected from small crab holes along the bank of

a small spring-fed stream at the edge of a cultivated field in Victoria, Mindoro,

in 1969. Immature collections from 14 crab holes from Mindoro were exam-

ined. In addition, E. S. Ross collected many adults resting in crab holes at

San Jose, Mindoro. Several larvae and pupae were examined from Palawan

Island but the habitat for these was not recorded. The male holotype was col-

lected by E. S. Ross in 1945 resting under tree bark. Living larvae are

similar to most species of this series in having the same general appearance

and movements as Aedes,

URANOTAENIA (PSEUDOFICALBIA) SPICULOSA

PEYTON AND RATTANARITHIKUL

(Figs. 1, 67, 68)

Uvanotaenia spiculosa Peyton and Rattanarithikul 1970: 409 (A, “, L).

Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) spiculosa Peyton and Rattanarithikul, Peyton

1972: 37.

Peyton: Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) 163

FEMALE. Head. Proboscis about 0.92 of forefemur; prementum dark

brown, a few fine setae at apex; 2 pair of labial basal setae; palpus about 0.13

of proboscis and equal to or slightly greater than antennal flagellomere 1;

clypeus brownish black; antennal pedicel light brown mesally, light yellowish

brown laterally, with a few minute setae and 2,3 light grayish translucent

scales dorsomesally; flagellum about 1.3 of proboscis or exceeding proboscis

from base of Flm 11 or more; Flm 1 only slightly longer than Flm 2, witha

few grayish brown scales near base; flagellar whorls each of 6 setae; 1 long, strong

interocular and 4,5 ocular setae; decumbent scales fawn-brown, tips of scales

on ocular line often appearing grayish white but forming no distinct line, usu-

ally grayish white with blue-green reflections laterally; erect scales long,

dense, covering most of dorsal surface, light brown. Thorax (Fig. 1). Scutal

integument uniformly light yellowish or rust-brown; scales narrow, curved,

predominantly light bronze-brown, inconspicuous patches of grayish white or

ochreous scales on anterior margin at dorsocentral and acrostichal lines of

setae, a few of these scales slightly broader than those on midscutum; pre-

scutellar space mostly bare; scutellum light brown, scales dark brown; meso-

postnotum dark brown, whitish at basolateral corners; paratergite light brown,

with a few broad, inconspicuous, grayish translucent scales posteriorly;

pleuron light grayish brown with very distinct dark brown or brownish black

areas as follows; whole of apn, ppn, psp, pra, and mep, upper half or more

of sth, most of metapleuron; apn with light brown scales; ppn with 1 seta and

a patch of brown scales with blue-green reflections on upper posterior corner;

sp with 1 seta; psp with a small patch of flat, grayish translucent scales on

posterior edge; ppl with 1 long, strong and 5, 6 delicate setae and a few pale

grayish translucent scales; stp with 16,17 setae and a large patch of flat

erayish translucent scales on upper 0.3; mep with 5-8 upper setae and 3, 4

translucent scales, a large patch of grayish translucent scales at middle.

Wing. Scales dark brown; cell Ro about 0.43 of Ro,3, distinctly shorter than

My. Legs. Coxae and trochanters same color as light areas of pleuron; C-I

light brown basoanteriorly and with a distinct patch of light brown scales; C-II,

III each with an inapparent patch of shiny, translucent scales; femora dark

brown scaled dorsally, light gray with purple greenish reflections ventrally,

without conspicuous groupings of setae, forefemur with a posterodorsal row

of 12,13 setae from base to near apex, an anteroventral row of 5,6 stronger

setae from near middle to apex; midfemur with a row of 4,5 long setae and

several minute setae on basal 0.25 of dorsal aspect, 5,6 short setae on anteri-

or and posterior ventral margins beyond middle; hindfemur with a few scat-

tered inconspicuous setae; tibiae and tarsi uniformly dark brown; hindtarso-

mere 1 about 1.1 or slightly more of tibia, hindtarsomere 4 about 2.405 of

tarsomere 5. Abdomen, Terga predominantly dark brownish black scaled

with conspicuous narrow creamy white scaled basal bands on II-VI, bands on

II-VI near equal in width, each occupying about 0.2 or slightly more length

of each tergum and reaching lateral margin at least on V, VI, much less con-

Spicuous on I, a very narrow incomplete basal band usually present on VII;

laterotergite with a few grayish translucent scales; sterna mostly pale creamy

white, V, VI with light brown scaled apical bands, VII completely light brown.

MALE. Essentially as infemale. Head, Proboscis about 0.95 of fore-

femur; antennal flagellum slightly longer than proboscis, exceeding it by less

than flagellomere 13, strongly plumose; flagellar whorls each of more than

20 setae; flagellomeres, 12,13 long, near equal, each about equal to com-

bined length of flagellomeres 10,11. Wig. Cell Ry about 0.4 of R +3°

Abdomen, Pale basal tergal bands generally slightly wider than in fomale, a

164 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

very narrow incomplete band on tergum VIII: sternum IV with an indistinct

light brown scaled apical band, VI mostly light brown with a narrow creamy

white basal band. Tevminatia (Fig. 68). Tergum IX very broadly rounded on

apical margin; tergum X complete, well developed tergomesally, produced

into a broad median apical lobe with shallow median apical emargination and

broadly rounded lateral corners which extends well beyond apical margin of

tergum IX; tergomesal surface of basimere with numerous long setae, those

on apical 0.5 significantly longer and stronger than the basal-most; basal

mesal lobe of basimere with 2 very long stout apical setae, each on raised

process, 3 similar slightly shorter setae basal to these and 6-10 short, weak,

more basal setae, 1 long, stout and 2-4 weak setae on sternal margin; disti-

mere rather strongly curved and tapered to pointed apex; spiniform small,

stout, acute; plates of aedeagus each with 2 strong subapical tergomesal teeth

anda row of 3-5 strong curved teeth on sternoapical margin, with the tergal

and sternal-most strongest and grooved, the median 1-3 usually slightly

smaller; median tergal bridge of aedeagus with small indistinct apical mem-

branous projection; proctiger with 1 cercal setae on each side.

PUPA (Fig. 68). Chaetotaxy as figured. Diagnostic characters as in

series description and the following. Integument light yellowish brown, darker

at intersegmental areas of some segments, densely spiculate on dorsal, ven-

tral and lateral surfaces of segments III-VIII, spicules becoming progressive-

ly stronger and prominent to segment VIII. Cephalothorax. Seta 1-CT bifid

or trifid, 2-CT with 3, 4 terminal branches, 3-CT with 2-4 bifid branches,

4-CT with 3-5 barbed branches, 5-CT with 3-7 barbed branches, 6-CT sparse-

_ly barbed, 8-CT with 3-6 barbed branches, ends often frayed. Respiratory

Trumpet, Pale brown; index 3.1-3.8, not noticeably expanded apically,

tracheoid on anterobasal 0.2. Metanotum, Seta 10-CT bifid or trifid, barbed

11-CT single or with a few terminal branches, 12-CT with 3-5 lightly barbed

branches; alveolus of 13-CT usually distinct, occasionally a small raised pig-

mented spur or rarely a well developed seta present. Abdomen. Seta 4-I

with 3-9 stiff, barbed branches, 6-I, II single or double, each branch usually

with a few fine terminal branches; 1-II with 6-10 barbed or frayed branches,

3-II with 2-5 distal branches; 1-III with 3-5 barbed or terminally fringed

branches, 3-III stout, single or double or with 2-4 branches beyond middle,

6-IlI-V 2-4 branched; 1-IV with 2-4 barbed or terminally fringed branches,

o-IV single, rarely double on one side, sparsely barbed, at least 1.5 of seg-

ment V; 1-V double or triple, barbed, 5-V single, rarely double, sparsely

barbed, about 1.75 of segment VI; 1-VI double or triple, barbed, 5-VI single,

sparsely barbed, about equal to or slightly less than 2 succeeding segments,

6-VI single, strong, about 0.75 of segment VII; 1-VII single, rarely double,

simple or sparsely barbed, 5-VII single, simple, about 1.0 or slightly less of

segment VIII, 6-VII located ventrally with 2-4 weak branches, 9-VII single to

4 branched, branches stiff or strong, lightly barbed or when single, lightly

brush-tipped, longer and stronger than 6-VII; 9-VIII with 4-7 stout, strongly

barbed branches, 1,2 median branches significantly longer than lateral

branches, shorter lateral branches always frayed or branched terminally and

longer median branches occasionally with distal branches. Paddle. Midrib

light brown to near apex; outer margin with serrations widely spaced on basal

0.5 and closely set on apical 0.5; inner margin with numerous strong, sharp

spines from about apical 0.4 to apex and several scattered small submarginal

spicules on apical 0.5; apex with very shallow emargination.

LARVA (Fig. 67). Chaetotaxy as figured. Diagnostic characters as in

series description and the following. Integument of thorax and abdomen with

Peyton: Uvranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) 165

dense setiform spicules. Several setae of thorax and abdomen stellate with

very stout, darkly pigmented, acutely pointed branches, usually with sparse,

fine lateral barbs at least near base, but occasionally branches simple, es-

pecially on ventral setae. Head, Bright orange-brown, slightly darker post-

erolaterally and on collar. Seta 4-C with 4-7 delicate branches, 7-C with

8-10 simple or very sparsely barbed branches, 11-C with 4, 5 branches; men-

tum with 14-17 teeth. Antenna, Coloration same as head capsule; seta 1-A

usually double, rarely single. Thovax, Seta 0-P usually stellate, with 3-5

branches, occasionally double, 3-P with 7-9 barbed branches, 4-P with 10-13

barbed branches, 6-P usually single, occasionally double, 7-P with 4-7 strong-

ly barbed branches, 13-P stellate, with 4-7 branches, 14-P with 11-17 stout,

acutely pointed, heavily barbed branches; 1-M stellate, with 4-6 branches,

14-M stellate, with 3-6 branches; 1-T stellate, with 3-7 branches, 3-T stel-

late, with 3-5 branches, 5-T single, stout, acutely pointed, 13-M stellate,

with 4-6 branches. Abdomen, Seta 1-I stellate, with 5-9 branches, 2-I

stellate, with 3-5 branches, 4-I stellate, with 3-5 branches, similar to 2, 3-I

but branches, simple and slightly weaker, 6-I, II double, strongly barbed,

sharply pointed, ventral branch shorter than dorsal branch, 11-I stellate,

with 4-6 branches, 13-I stellate, with 4-6 branches; 1-II-V stellate, with 4-7

branches, 2-II stellate, with 3-4 branches, 5-II stellate, with 3-5 branches,

similar to 1, 2-II but branches simple, shorter and slightly weaker, 9-II single

or double, stout, acutely pointed, long, near 0.5 of segment length, 13-II-V

stellate, with 4-7 branches; 5-III, IV stellate, with 4-6 branches, 6-III-VI with

3 unequal, barbed branches, 9-III-VI single, stout, acutely pointed, 9-III about

0.5 the length of 9-II and each becomes progressively shorter and weaker on

each succeeding segment; 1,5,13-VI stellate, each with 3-5 branches; 1-VIII

double, 5-VII double or triple, branches stout, acutely pointed; comb scales

15-16 (14-19), on a small weakly sclerotized plate, all of near equal length

and width, each rather long, narrow, more or less rounded apically, fringed

laterally and apically withfine spicules, apical fringe slightly stronger.

Segment X, Saddle complete, light yellowish brown, strongly imbricate, with

numerous strong spines on posterolateral margin; seta 1-X with 1 long branch

and 1 very short, weak branch, 4a-e-X with 9-13, 6-8, 7-9, 7-9, 7-10

branches respectively. Siphon, Light brown, strongly imbricate from base

to apex, setiform spicules of imbrications very conspicuous; index about 3.3-

3.7; pecten teeth 18-24, reaching to about 0.53-0.58 of siphon; each tooth

long, stout, simple, spine-like, except an occasional 1-3 poorly developed

basal teeth; seta 1-S with 7-9 barbed branches, inserted slightly beyond distal

pecten tooth.

TYPE-DATA. Holotype female with slide of associated pupal and larval

skin in USNM with the following collection data: THAILAND, Chon Buri,

Khao Mai Ha Wa, 30 June 1965, E. L. Peyton, collector, collection number

00247-15, SEAMP accession number 79, collected as a larva from a crab

hole at the edge of a small stream at an elevation of 150 m. Allotype male and

several paratypes also in USNM; 2 males, 2 females and 2 fourth stage larvae

will be deposited in the BMNH.

DISTRIBUTION. Material examined: 130, 21°, 37 L; 24 with associated

skins (151, 24 p).

CAMBODIA. Battambang: Pailin, 1°.

THAILAND. Chon Buri: Siracha, Bang Phra; Ban Rai; Khao Mai Ha Wa;

80°, 122, 27 L, 111, 19 p. Khon Kaen: Tham Photi Yan, 12. Pyvachin Buri:

Ban Bu Phram, 3 L. Chanthaburi: Khao Sai Dao, 5 L. Sava Buri: Saohai,

Ban Pukae, 40, 7%, 2 L, 41, 5p.

166 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

VIETNAM. Quang Tri: An Khe, 19.

DISCUSSION. This species is well marked in all stages. Superficially it

resembles koli and stricklandi in the adult habitus and especially in the light

and dark pleural integument. The larva is quite different from those of koli

and stricklandi and resembles the larva of enigmatica more closely than

others of the series. Inthe adult, spiculosa differs mainly in the characters

presented in the adult key. Differences in the larva of spiculosa and enigma-

tica are fully discussed under enigmatica and abdita. The larva of hongayi

is the only other known member of the series besides enigmatica with pecten

teeth all simple, however, the adult is apparently very unlike the adult of

spiculosa and few other characters of the larva are known. Except for the

more obvious affinities shared with all members of the vecondita series this

species does not appear to be more closely related to one than to another.

Features of all stages show little variation. In the adult stage the dark

integumental areas of the pleuron vary from light brown to blackish but ap-

pear to be somewhat dependent upon age of the specimen, an inherent problem

with freshly reared specimens. This species was originally described from a

series of reared specimens. The dark areas on most of these specimens

were a moderate brown and a few were light brown yet still conspicuously

contrasting with the very pale areas. Some of the specimens are obviously

teneral. Since the original description I have examined a small series of

adults collected while resting in crab holes in Thailand by Bruce A. Harrison.

These specimens have the dark areas of the pleuron very dark blackish. Due

to the darker background most of the scales are more conspicuous, and

- especially those on the paratergite and postspiracular area, which are gen-

erally inconspicuous on some of the lighter (teneral?) specimens. The pres-

ence of scales on the paratergite is apparently unique.

BIONOMICS. The immatures stages have been collected only in Thailand

from small fresh water crab holes (15) along the banks of shallow running

streams, generally with heavy forest cover at elevations ranging from 20-650

m. Adults have been collected on 3 occasions resting in crab holes. Speci-

mens of koli and abdita are found in crab holes in the same general areas or

occasionally in association with this species in the same crab hole.

URANOTAENIA (PSEUDOFICALBIA) STRICKLANDI BARRAUD

(Figs. 1, 69, 70)

Uvanotaenia stricklandi Barraud 1926: 345 (“*, 2); Barraud 1934: 80 (O*, $);

Peyton and Klein 1970: 246 (A, L, taxonomy); Peyton and Rattanarithikul

1970: 409 (A, taxonomy).

Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) stricklandi Barraud, Peyton 1972: 37; Tanaka,

Mizusawa and Saugstad 1975: 30 (A, L, taxonomy).

FEMALE. Head, Proboscis about 0.83 of forefemur; prementum dark

brownish black, with a few fine inconspicuous setae scattered along ventral

margin and a few at apex; one pair of labial basal setae; palpus about 0.13 of

proboscis and near equal to antennal flagellomere 1; clypeus dark brownish

black; antennal pedicel light brown with a few minute setae and light brown

scales mesally, light yellowish laterally; flagellum about 1.33 of proboscis

or exceeding proboscis from about base of flagellomere 11; Flm 1 about 1.2

of Flm 2 and with a small but conspicuous patch of light grayish scales near

base; flagellar whorls each with 6 setae; 1 long, strong and 1 very delicate

Peyton: Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) 167

interocular and 6 ocular setae; decumbent scales light grayish brown, nar-

rowly and indistinctly grayish white on ocular line and occasionally at nape,

grayish with blue-green reflections laterally; erect scales conspicuously

long, numerous, covering most of dorsal surface, light brown. Thorax

(Fig. 1). Scutal integument predominantly medium brown, supra-alar area

slightly darker and narrowly light yellowish brown anterolaterally from scu-

tal angle to anterior dorsocentral line; scales, narrow, curved, mostly light

bronzy brown, a few inconspiuuous grayish or ochreous scales on anterior

margin; prescutellar space largely bare; scutellum light brown; mesopostno-

tum dark brownish black, whitish at basolateral corners; paratergite light

brown; pleuron pale grayish or whitish brown with very conspicuous dark

brownish black areas as follows: whole of apn, ppn, psp, ppl, upper ssp,

most of pra, a large spot on upper 0.25 and a large midanterior spot on Sép,

most of mep except for narrow rim on lower and posterior margin; apn with a

few loosely arranged light gray or brownish scales; pp with 1 seta and an

upper posterior patch of light brown translucent scales; sp with 1 seta; ppl

with 1 long, strong and 3, 4 delicate setae and a few gray translucent scales;

stp with 14,15 setae, upper 6,7 conspicuous and with a conspicuous patch of

eray-white translucent scales between the 2 dark areas with a narrow exten-

sion down posterior margin; mepwith 4,5 upper setae, 2,3 upper translucent

scales, and a distinct patch of gray-white scales at middle. Wing. Scales

dark brown, cell Ry about 0.5 of Ro,3. Legs. Coxae, trochanters and pale

areas of pleuron concolorous; C-I with a distinct basal anterior light brown

spot, covered with light bronzy brown scales; C-II, II each with an inapparent

anterolateral patch of shiny, translucent scales; femora dark brown scaled dorsally,

light gray with purple greenish reflections ventrally; forefemur with a con-

spicuous arrangement of setae as follows: anteroventral margin with about

5,6 stout setae, posterodorsal margin with about 12 setae, a distinct patch of

fine, minute, shiny setae and 4,5 longer setae just beyond middle of posteroven-

tral aspect; midfemur with a dorsal row of 9-11 long delicate setae from base

to 0.5, 18-22 long setae scattered about middle on anterior, ventral and pos-

terior surfaces; hindfemur with a few inconspicuous setae along dorsal aspect;

tibiae and tarsi uniformly dark brown; hindtarsomere 1 about equal to hindtibia

or barely longer, hindtarsomere 4 about 2.3 of tarsomere 5. Abdomen,

Terga predominantly dark brownish black scaled, with indistinct, narrow, basal

ochreous scaled bands on III-VI, widest on V, VI and usually reaching lateral

margin, tergum I light brown; laterotergite with a small patch of shiny gray-

ish translucent scales; sterna pale creamy white with faint basal bands of

grayish brown scales on VI and VII.

MALE. Essentially as infemale. Head, Proboscis about 0.95 of fore-

femur; antennal flagellum about equal to proboscis or barely longer, strongly

long-plumose; whorls each of 20 or more setae; flagellomeres 12,13 long,

with 12 longest and greater than combined length of 10,11. Wing. Cell Ro

about 0.4 of Ro,,. Legs. Hindtarsomere 1 about 1.1 of tibia; hindtarsomere

4 about 2.14 of tarsomere 5. Abdomen, Basal ochreous bands slightly more

conspicuous than on female, width of bands on terga V, VI about 0.25 of ter-

eallength. Terminalia (Fig. 70). Very similar to koli except for the follow-

ing: basal mesal lobe of basimere with 1 very long stout apical seta and 2,3

shorter stout subapical setae; plates of aedeagus with an apicosternal row of

4,5 teeth as follows: a single, broad grooved tooth on tergal and sternal

ends and 2,3 small short simple median teeth.

PUPA (Fig. 70). Chaetotaxy as figured. Diagnostic characters as in

series description and the following. Integument light brown, slightly darker

168 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

on posterior 0.5 of scutal plate, on metanotal plate and segments II, II.

Branches of most setae simple with little or no secondary branching or lateral

barbs. Cephalothorax, Setae 1-3-CT with 3-5 branches, 5-CT with 5-9

branches, 8-CT with 6-10 lightly barbed branches, 9-CT with 4-6 branches.

Respiratory Trumpet. Light brown, indistinctly tracheoid on anterobasal

0.25; index about 3.5, distinctly expanded distally. Metanotum. Seta 10-CT

with 2-6 branches from about basal 0.4, 11-CT with 4-10 branches from

about basal 0.4, 12-CT with 4-6 branches. Abdomen. Seta 1-II with 21-29

delicate branches, 2-II single, as long as or slightly longer than length of

segment III, 3-H, UI with 2,3 strong primary branches from beyond base,

each with 2,4 secondary fine end branches or lateral barbs; 1-III with 4-8

branches, 6-III-V short, weak, single or double; 1-IV with 4-6 branches,

5-IV double or triple and 1.5-2.0 the length of segment V; 1-V with 2-4

branches, 5-V double, rarely single or triple on one side, about equal to or

slightly greater than combined length of the 2 succeeding segments; 1-VI

single or double, 6-VI single or double, strong, about equal to or slightly

ereater than length of segment VII; 1-VII usually single, rarely double on one

side, 5-VII single or double, less than length of segment VIII, 6-VII double

or triple, located ventrally, 9-VII with 2-4 branches, about equal to 6-VII;

9-VIII with 8-12 barbed branches, about 0.6 of paddle. Paddle. Outer mar-

gin with fine saw-tooth spicules, inner margin with straight sharp pointed

spines on apical 0.5 and a few very short submarginal spines.

LARVA (Fig. 69). Chaetotaxy as figured. Diagnostic characters as in

series description and the following. A few stellate setae of thorax and abdo-

-men with stiff, pigmented, acutely pointed branches. Head, Light brown,

darker on collar; apicomesal projection of labral process short and rounded,

about 0.25 length of 1-C; seta 4-C inserted on line with and mesad of 5-C,

with 4-7 branches, 5-C with 5-8 stiff, lightly barbed branches; 7-C with 9-

13 branches; 11-C with 3-6 branches, 14-C with 3-7 weak branches; mentum

with 17 or 19 teeth. Thovax. Seta 0-P stellate, with 3-7 weak branches;

1-P double, 3-P with 8-12 branches, 4-P with 9-13 branches, 7-P with 4-6

branches, 14-P with 17-21 stiff, lightly barbed branches; 13-M dendritic,

14-M with 7-12 branches; 3-T with 3,4 stout branches; 13-T with 7-10 bran-

ches. Abdomen. Seta 1-I stout, spine-like, single or double, 2-I, II a long

stout, acutely pointed, simple spine, 6-I double, with dorsal branch shorter

than ventral branch, 11-I with 2-4 long, stout, acutely pointed, simple bran-

ches; 1-II with 4,5 stiff branches, 5-IIl stout, spinelike, about 0.5 of 2-H,

6-II double, significantly shorter than 6-I, 9-II-V a very long stout, darkly

pigmented, simple, acutely pointed spine, longer than antenna and slightly

longer than the similarly developed seta 5-III-VI; 1-III-VI with 4 (3, 4) stiff

branches, 6-III-VI with 3 (3, 4) unequal branches; 9-VI a small simple spine;

1-VII with 3,4 branches; 1-VII stout, double, lightly barbed, inserted ona

long narrow sclerotized plate with 2-VIII; comb scales 10-13, on a small

lightly sclerotized plate, scales of near uniform length and width, each lightly

fringed from base to apex, terminal spicules slightly stronger. Segment X,

Saddle incomplete ventrally, with a few sharp spines on posterolateral margin,

a few fine spicules arising from the more apical imbrications; 1-X with 3, 4

equal branches; 4a-e-X with 8-10, 2-10, 9-12, 7-10, 6-8 branches respective-

ly. Siphon. Light brown; index about 3.0-3.6; pecten teeth 14-20, not ex-

tending beyond 0.5 of siphon, each tooth with fine lateral spicules on basal

side and strong sharp spines apically; seta 1-S with 8-11 strong, lightly

barbed branches, about 1.7 the median width of siphon, inserted at about

basal 0.48 of siphon and slightly beyond distal pecten tooth.

Peyton: Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) 169

TYPE-DATA. Type-male with terminalia on slide in BMNH with the fol-

lowing information: Type “ 1880 U. stricklandi Barraud, India E. Himalayas,

Kurseong Balasum River, June 1923 (C. Strickland), Capt. P. J. Barraud,

BM 1926-262. There is also a female labeled "'type'' in the BMNH (see discus-

sion section). Barraud did not specifically designate the above male as the

holotype and it is not labeled as such. However, the evidence clearly suggests

that this was his intention and therefore, I do not see a need to designate this

specimen as "lectotype.'’ Barraud specifically referred to the female as

"Allotype"' and further, listed the type-locality for the male in first order,

and named the species in honor of Strickland based on the specimen collected

by Strickland. This is a critical point since the female quite likely represents

a different species and should be viewed as such until further material from

Nilgiri Hills, southern India, becomes available.

DISTRIBUTION. Material examined: 4c, 7°, 7 L; 10 with associated

skins (81, 10 P).

INDIA. Darjeeling: Kurseong, Balasum River, 1°.

THAILAND. Chiang Mai: Chiang Dao, Ba Pa Miang; 2%, 72, 6L, 7 1,

9p. Lampang: Ban Pha Daeng, 1%, 11, 1 p. Kanchanaburi: Khao Na Chang,

tT das

Chu (1957: 147) records this species from Hainan Island, CHINA, but I

have not seen specimens from this area. Specimens recorded as this species

may refer to koli or spiculosa since both have been encountered in southern

Vietnam.

DISCUSSION. This is a well-marked species with only slight variation in

the adult. In general the adult appears closest to Roli and spiculosa but differs

in a number of respects as seen from the description of these 3 species.

Barraud (1934) described the female allotype and briefly stated that the male

type had similar markings. He failed to point out a very significant difference

in the 2 specimens before him. The type-male has a conspicuous median

patch of gray-white scales on the mesepimeron. The female allotype shows

no such patch but has a few scales near upper mepsetae. These may have

been rubbed off in the allotype female but most likely they were not. The 2

specimens came from widely separated localities in India with the female from

the Nilgiri Hills, southern India. I have recently obtained 8 reared specimens

of males and females from Coonoor, Nilgiri Hills, southern India, which

resemble the type very closely except for the absence of scales on the middle

mep and a few other minor points. The associated immature stages differ

significantly from those of stricklandi from Thailand. Although the adult speci-

mens from Coonoor are in a poor, rubbed condition (or somewhat smashed),

it seems quite unlikely that all would have the meprubbed, especially since

all have most of the scales on upper s/f intact. Barraud also said of strick-

landi that the dorsum of abdomen was with well-marked basal ochreous bands

but the female allotype shows rather indistinct bands on IV-VI only. Abdo-

minal segments of the type-male are missing and some are mounted with the

terminalia. The basal abdominal bands on female specimens from Thailand

are rather indistinct but appear to be partly due to the teneral condition of

most specimens.

In view of the above, Iam provisionally recognizing the ''allotype"’ female

of stricklandi and other specimens from Nilgiri Hills, southern India, as

representing a new unnamed form to be treated at a later date when additional

adult specimens in good condition become available. The allotype female in

the BMNH is labeled as follows: Type ¢ 1881 U. stricklandi, India, Malabar

Coast, Oct. 1915 (Kazan Chand) Capt. P. J. Barraud, BM 1926-262. Since

170 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

all Thailand specimens have a patch of scales on middle mesepimeron and are

otherwise marked as the type-maleof stricklandi, Iam treating the 2 as con-

specific. The illustrations of the immature stages were made from Thailand

specimens, as immatures from the type-locality of stvicklandi are unknown.

There seems little doubt at the moment that this interpretation is correct.

However, the collection of immature stages from the type-locality of strick-

landi may show that a complex of closely related species exists, since several

species within the vecondita series show greatest divergence in these stages.

BIONOMICS. The data sheets for the 3 Thailand collections of immatures

are unclear as to the specific nature of the habitats. Two of these are recorded

as small rock pools. One of the pools was in volcanic rock at the base of a

mountain and contained larvae of Ae. albopictus (Skuse), An. maculatus Theo-

bald and C. (Eumelanomyia) species. The second was from a pool in the mid-

dle of a stream and contained larvae of U. (P.) bicolor, U. (U.) macfarlanet

Edwards and C. (Lophoceraomyia) species. Most of these species are often

found in rock pools, so it is assumed the 2 collections were from rather typi-

cal rock pool habitats. The third collection was recorded as a "ground hole"

with the added notation that it was on the sloping bank of a seepage area. Lar-

vae of abdita were also present in this collection. Larvae of abdita are most

commonly found in fresh water crab holes or small deep rock crevices. It is

assumed that the latter collection was from either a crab hole or simulated

crab hole near the seepage area which is typical for most species of this

series. The 3 collections are recorded at elevations of 75, 700 and 1, 000 m.

URANOTAENIA (PSEUDOFICALBIA) SUMETHI

PEYTON AND RATTANARITHIKUL

(Figs. 71, 72)

Uvanotaenia sumethi Peyton and Rattanarithikul 1970: 411 (A, “, L, P).

Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) sumethi Peyton and Rattanarithikul, Peyton

1972: 37, |

FEMALE. dead. Proboscis about 0.83 (0.81-0.89) of forefemur; pre-

mentum uniformly light bronzy brown scaled, a few minute setae at apex; 1

pair of labial basal setae; palpus about 0.13 of proboscis and about 1.2 of

antennal flagellomere 1; clypeus light brown; antennal pedicel a very pale

yellowish brown, a few minute setae and scales usually present dorsomesally;

flagellum about 1.33 of proboscis or exceeding proboscis from base of flagel-

lomere 11; Flm 1 barely longer than Flm 2 and with several light brown scales

basomesally; flagellar whorls each of 8,9 setae; 1 long, stout and 1 minute

interocular and 4 ocular setae; decumbent scales light grayish brown in center,

narrowly and distinctly dull grayish white on ocular line and at sides; erect

scales exceptionally long, dense, covering most of vertex, light golden brown

in color. Thorax. Scutal integument uniformly pale straw or grayish brown;

scales narrow, curved, uniformly light bronzy brown; prescutellar space

largely bare; scutellum, mesopostnotum and paratergite same color as scutum;

scutellar scales broad, dark brown; pleuron uniformly pale grayish or whitish

brown, only slightly lighter than scutum; apn covered with light grayish brown

scales and with 1 long, stout and 4-8 shorter delicate setae on lower margin;

ppn with 1, 2 setae and a patch of light brown scales with blue-white reflections

on upper posterior corner; sp with 1,2 setae; ppl with 1 long, strong and 3, 4

shorter, weaker setae and with a few inconspicuous pale bronzy brown scales;

Peyton: Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) 171

stp with 16-18 setae on upper and posterior margins, upper 9,10 long, strong,

remainder short delicate, and with a very inconspicuous patch of near color-

less translucent scales on upper 0.5; upper mep with 4,5 setae. Wing. Scales

dark brown; cell R, about 0.4 (0.31-0. 40) of Roig. Legs. Coxae, trochanters

and pleuron concolorous; C-I with a few light brown scales on anterior surface;

C-Il, If with a few inapparent translucent scales anterolaterally; femora dark

brown scaled dorsally, indistinctly lighter ventrally, without conspicuous

arrangement of setae; forefemur with about 5 setae on anteroventral margin,

11-13 setae on posterodorsal margin and occasionally several very short,

fine setae on basal 0.5 of anterior surface; midfemur with 3, 4 long setae on

basal dorsal margin, 4,5 similar ones on mid-posteroventral margin, 7, 8

on anteroventral margin and a very few scattered minute setae on basal anteri-

or or posterior surfaces; tibiae and tarsi dark brown scaled; hindtarsomere 1

about equal to tibia or barely longer, hindtarsomere 4 about 2.4 of tarsomere

0. Abdomen, Terga uniformly light bronzy brown scaled with weak purple-

green reflections; laterotergite with a few light grayish brown scales; sterna

pale whitish or creamy brown with shiny translucent scales.

MALE. Essentially as in female except for sexual differences. Head,

Proboscis about 0.9 (0.85-0.92) of forefemur; 1,2 pairs of labial basal setae;

antennal flagellum strongly plumose, whorls each of 20 or more setae, about

1.1 of proboscis; flagellomeres 12,13 subequal, or 13 barely longer. Legs.

Hindtarsomere 4 about 2.8 of tarsomere 5. Terminalia (Fig. 72). Tergum

IX long, broadly rounded on apical margin, basal emargination very broad

and shallow; tergum X complete, but very narrow tergomesally, produced

tergolaterally into short apicaly rounded finger-like lobes which extend be-

yond apical margin of tergum IX; tergomesal surface of basimere with numer-

ous long slender setae, a few of the more basal setae shorter and weaker;

basal mesal lobe of basimere with 3 long stout tergoapical setae and 1, 2

shorter, moderately strong setae slightly basosternal to these and 8-10 weak

more basal setae, 1,2 long, stout and 2,3 weak setae on sternal margin; disti-

mere long, slender, slightly curved, of near uniform width to near tapered

apex; spiniform stout, acute; plates of aedeagus each with 1 broad, flat,

apically expanded, subapical tergomesal tooth and 2 strong, curved, apicosternal

teeth, with the tergal-most shortest and directed laterally; proctiger without

cercal setae but with numerous minute setiform spicules apicolaterally.

PUPA (Fig. 72). Chaetotaxy as figured. Diagnostic characters as in

series description and the following. Integument pale brown. Cephalothorax.

Seta 1-CT double or triple, 2,3-CT usually double (2,3), branches barbed

and occasionally frayed distally, 4-CT with 4,5 lightly barbed branches, 5-CT

with 4,5 distally barbed branches, 6-CT with scattered, fine lateral barbs,

8-CT with 6-9 branches which are strongly barbed distally. Respiratory

Trumpet, Light brown; index about 3.9-4.6, not noticeably expanded apically.

Metanotum, Seta 10-CT single, with a conspicuous lateral fringe at or near

middle, 11-CT single or double, strongly brush-tipped, 12-CT with 3, 4 dis-

tally barbed branches; alveolus of 13-CT not evident. Abdomen. Seta 3-I

single or double, strongly brush-tipped, 6-I single or bifid, barbed or frayed

distally; 1-II with 5-11 strongly barbed branches, 3-II long, stout, strongly

brush-tipped, 6-II single or double, occasionally with strong lateral fringe

distally; 1-III with 4-8 barbed branches, 3-III long, stout, lightly barbed

basally and strongly brush-tipped, 6-III-V double; 1-IV with 4-7 finely barbed

branches, 9-IV single, lightly barbed, 1.5 or more the length of segment V;

1-V double or triple, lightly barbed, 5-V-VII single, lightly barbed, about 2.0

the length of each succeeding segment; 1-VI single or double, lightly barbed,

£2 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

6-VI single, occasionally bifid or trifid, 0.75 or more the length of segment

VII; 1-VII single, lightly barbed, 6-VII located ventrally, strong, single or

double, barbed; 9-VIII with 6-10 strongly barbed branches. Paddle, Midrib

pale brown to apex; outer margin with closely set serrations from about basal

0.33 to apex and a few scattered, smaller submarginal spicules; inner margin

with a few straight spicules on apical 0.25 and a few smaller submarginal ones;

apex with a very shallow emargination.

LARVA (Fig. 71). Chaetotaxy as figured. Diagnostic characters as in

series description and the following. Head. Light yellowish brown; seta 4-C

with 3,4 delicate branches, 7-C with 5-7 simple branches, 11-C with 5, 6

branches; mentum with 11-13 teeth. Antenna, Light yellowish brown;

darker basally; seta 1-A double or triple, inserted beyond 0.5 of shaft.

Thorax, Seta 0-P with 4-6 weak branches, 3-P with 5-7 barbed branches,

4-P with 6-9 barbed branches, 7-P double or triple, barbed, 14-P with 6-9

moderately stout, acutely pointed, strongly barbed branches; 1-M with 3, 4

stiff, sharply pointed branches, 14-M with 4-7 weak branches; 1-T with 2,3

stiff, sharply pointed branches, 3-T stellate, with 3,4 strong, sharply pointed

branches, 5-T single, strong, spine-like about equal in length to 3-T, 13-T

stellate, with 4-6 rather weak, sharply pointed branches. Abdomen, Seta 1-I

double or triple, branches stout, acutely pointed, light brown, 2-I branches

similar to 1-I, single to 4 branched, 6-I, II double, very stout, barbed, ends

acuminate, ventral branch shorter than dorsal branch; 11-I branches similar

to 1,2-I but longer, double or triple; 1-II single, strong, sharply pointed,

lightly pigmented, 2-II single, stout, spine-like, darkly pigmented, very

disimilar to much weaker 2-III-VII, 5-II-VI single, short, stiff, acuminate,

6-III-VI single or double, long, stout, conspicuously barbed; 9-II-VI single,

moderately long, stout, acutely pointed, progressively shorter and slightly

weaker to VI; 13-II-V with 3,4 moderately strong, sharply pointed branches;

1-III, VI usually single (1,2), strong, sharply pointed, lightly pigmented;

1-IV, V, similar, usually double (1-2); 1,3-VII single or double, long, stout,

barbed, sharply pointed, 13-VII double or triple, branches strong, sharply

pointed; 1-VIII single or double, strong, sparsely barbed, 3-VIII with 6-8

branches, each strongly barbed and brush-tipped, 5-VIII double to 4 branched,

branches strong, sharply pointed; comb scales 8-14, on a small narrow weakly

sclerotized plate, all of near equal length and width, evenly spaced, each

rather long and tapered to pointed apex, darkly pigmented medially from base

to apex, appearing as sharp narrow single spines but with narrow unpigmented

finely spiculate lateral border to near apex. Segment X. Saddle complete,

pale brown, lightly imbricate, with several short stout spines on dorsal pos-

terolateral margin and numerous fine spicules ventral to these; seta 1-X single,

2-X usually double (1,2), 3-X single or double, 4a-e-X with 3-4, 2-3, 3-5,

4-5, 3-4 branches respectively, with the 2 branched 4b-X on one side signifi-

cantly longer than the others. Siphon. Light brown, imbricate from base to

apex; index about 4. 0-4.8; pecten teeth 21-23 (20-30), reaching to 0.50-0. 61

of siphon, each tooth short, broad, with conspicuous apical fringe of spicules,

a few teeth also laterally fringed, occasionally several teeth out of line with

the others; seta 1-S with 3-5 strong, barbed branches, individual branches

often expanded apically and occasionally lightly brush-tipped, inserted slightly

beyond distal pecten tooth at 0.60-0.65 of siphon.

TYPE-DATA. Holotype male with slides of terminalia and pupal and lar-

val skins in the USNM with following collection data: THAILAND, Kanchana-

buri, Gang Lawa Cave, Huey Bong Ti, 18 March 1964, Sumeth Chunchulcherm

and Kol Mongkolpanya, collectors, collection number KB35-11, SEAMP ac-

Peyton: Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) 173

cession number 79 and SEAMP terminalia preparation number 68/1248, col-

lected as a larva from a clear, shallow pool on floor of cave at an elevation

of about 200 m. Allotype female and several paratypes also in USNM; 2

males, 2 females and 2 larvae of the paratype series will be deposited in the

BMNH.

DISTRIBUTION. Material examined: 9°, 17°, 50 L; 14 with associated

skins (51, 14 p).

THAILAND. Kanchanaburi: Huai Bong Ti, Gang Lawa Cave, 9%, 179,

45 L, 51, 14 p. Nakhon Nayok: Khao Yai National Park, Pha Kleuy Mai, 5 L.

DISCUSSION. In general adult habitus this species is most similar to

nocticola and pylei however, the 3 do not appear to be closely related. The

male terminalia of each are distinct in a number of characters but most es-

pecially in the aedeagal plates. The immature stages of these are also very

distinct. The adults of pylei look much like sumethi in the general light brown

thoracic integument and brown scaled abdominal segments but differ most

significantly from sumethi in the following: apn with 2,3 long, stout and 1-3

short weak lower setae; ppn with 3-5 setae and scattered scales on upper pos-

terior corner; stp with a few small scattered, inapparent light brown scales

on upper 0.33; mep with similar scales at middle; mesopostnotum dark brown,

contrasting with pale pleuron; abdominal terga dark bronzy brown; basal 0.33

of midfemur densely setose. In sumethi these are as follows: apn with only

1 long, stout and 4-8 short delicate setae on lower margin; pp with 1,2 setae

and a distinct patch of scales; stp with a patch of colorless translucent scales

on upper 0.5; mep without scales; mesopostnotum same color as scutum and

not sharply contrasting with pleuron; abdominal terga light bronzy brown

scaled; midfemur not densely setose on basal 0.33. Uvanotaenia nocticola has

pleural scaling somewhat like pylei but differs from both pylez and sumethi

in having only a single lower seta and no scales on the apn.

BIONOMICS. The immature stages have been collected on several occa-

tions from clear shallow pools (13) on the floor of a single cave during the

months of January, March, June and August and once from a tree hole (?).

In the natural habitat the large larvae are pale white in color and have a slow,

sluggish, undulating movement and can remain immobile on the bottom for

long periods. Immatures were difficult to rear to the adult stage. Larvae

collected in June 1965 remained alive in the laboratory for more than a month

with only a few emerging as adults.

McClure et al. (1967) refer to a similar cave-inhabiting species in Kuala

Lumpur, Malaysia. It is not possible to determine which species these

authors observed but their observations were somewhat similar to mine for

sumethi. They state, ''Uvanotaenia sp.(Table 18) was found breeding in

semidarkness in PoolBin1959 andinthe Geometric Pools. The population

was a winter one and the larvae were very slow to develop. In both 1960 and

1961 only one generation of larvae developed in the Geometric Pools followed

by several months of absence." In view of the very slow development of the

larvae of sumethi, the above cited months of collections may not necessarily

indicate more than one or 2 generations a year for this species also. However,

collections of sumethi for the year 1964 from the same cave were made in

January, March and August and the following year in June.

174 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

URANOTAENIA (PSEUDOFICALBIA) YAEYAMANA

TANAKA, MIZUSAWA AND SAUGSTAD

(Figs. 2, 73, 74)

Uvanotaenia stonei of Bohart 1959: 196 (in part, misidentification).

Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) yaeyamana Tanaka, Mizusawa and Saugstad

1975: SPAS * SL);

FEMALE. Head, Proboscis about 0.85 of forefemur; prementum dark

brown scaled, with a few scattered minute setae on ventral margin and at

apex; one pair of labial basal setae; palpus about 0.11 of proboscis and about

equal to antennal flagellomere 1; clypeus dark brown; antennal pedicel yellow-

ish brown, with a few minute setae and scales dorsomesally; flagellum about

1.4 of proboscis or exceeding proboscis from near base of flagellomere 10;

Flm 1 about equal to or slightly less than Flm 2 and with a few pale brown

scales basomesally; flagellar whorls each of 6,7 setae; 1 strong and 1 weak

interocular and 5 ocular setae; decumbent scales dark grayish brown in center,

narrowly grayish or creamy white on ocular line and at sides; erect scales

exceptionally long, dense, covering vertex to ocular line. Thorax (Fig. 2).

Scutal integument light brown; scales mostly narrow, curved, grayish brown,

occasionally a few rather grayish scales on anterior promontory with a few in

front of acrostichal line broader; prescutellar space bare on posterior 0.5;

scutellum pale brown, scales dark brown; mesopostnotum not noticeably

darker than scutum; paratergite pale brown; pleuron mostly pale grayish

brown, with ppn, psp, upper 0.2 of stp and most of mep distinctly darker

brown, occasionally apn and midanterior stp indefinitely darker; apn covered

with dark gray scales; ppn with 1, 2 setae and a patch of grayish brown scales

near upper posterior corner; sp with 1 seta; ppl with 1 strong and 4-7 weak

setae; stp with 14-16 setae on upper and posterior margins, the upper 9-12

strong and dark, lower 4-6 fine, yellowish and with a distinct patch of rather

scattered pale grayish translucent scales on upper 0.5 and a few scattered down

posterior margin; mep with 5-13 weak upper setae, a few translucent scales

on upper posterior corner and with a distinct median patch of sparsely arranged

erayish translucent scales. Wing. Scales dark brown; cell Ro about 0.4 of

Roi3. Legs. Coxae and trochanters pale grayish brown; C-I with a few gray-

ish brown scales on anterior surface; C-II, HI with a few inconspicuous pale

translucent ones anterolaterally; femora dark brown scaled dorsally, grayish

brown ventrally towards base, with very distinct arrangement of setae on fore-

and midfemora; forefemur with 14-16 stiff setae on posterodorsal margin from

base to near apex, about 7 stronger setae on anterodorsal margin from basal

0.45 to near apex and 4, 5 well spaced setae on distal anteroventral margin;

3, 5 stiff setae on middorsal margin, a dense patch of minute, shiny semierect

setae on dorsal surface near middle, not visible in some angles of light; mid-

femur with numerous setae encircling middle, with a greater concentration

on anterior surface and a dense patch of minute, shiny semierect setae on

posterior surface, 7-10 long delicate setae on basal 0.5 of dorsal margin and

a few small scattered setae distally; tibiae and tarsi dark brown scaled; hind-

tarsomere 1 about 1.0 of tibia. Abdomen. Terga uniformly dark brown

scaled; laterotergite with a few pale scales; sterna pale grayish brown, cover-

ed with pale grayish or creamy translucent scales.

MALE. Essentially as in female except for sexual differences. Head,

Proboscis about 0.93 of forefemur; antennal flagellum about 1.13 of proboscis

Peyton: Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) 175

or exceeding proboscis by less than length of flagellomere 13, strongly plu-

mose, whorls each of more than 20 setae; Flm 13 barely longer than Flm 12.

Terminalia (Fig. 74). Tergum IX broadly rounded on apical margin; tergum

X weakly developed, membranous tergomesally, produced into short broad

weakly sclerotized lateral lobes; tergomesal surface of basimere with a con-

spicuously long, strong seta basolateral to basal mesal lobe in addition to

several smaller setae; basal mesal lobe of basimere with 2 very long, stout,

tergoapical setae, 2,3 shorter strong more basal setae and 6-8 weaker setae

basal to these, 1 long, stout and 3, 4 weaker sternoapical setae; aedeagus simi-

lar to other members of the vecondita series; apicosternal margin of each

plate with 2-4 (usually 3) curved teeth, the most tergal largest and grooved,

middle 1,2 very small, occasionally reduced or absent; distimere curved and

tapered to apex; proctiger with 1,2 cercal setae on each side.

PUPA (Fig. 74). Chaetotaxy as figured. Diagnostic characters as in

series description and the following. Integument uniformly pale brown. All

setae except 1-I and 9-VIII without lateral barbs. Cephalothorax. Seta 4-CT

with 3-5 branches, 5-CT with 2-5 branches, 8-CT with 5-7 branches, 9-CT

with 3,4 branches. Respiratory Trumpet. Light brown, tracheoid on antero-

basal 0.2; index about 3.5. Metanotum. Setae 10,11-CT single, 12-CT double

or triple, alveolus of 13-CT present. Abdomen, Seta 1-II with 7-13 branches,

2-II single, strong, slightly longer than segment III, 3-II, III single or double,

usually with a very few terminal branches; 1-III, IV with 3,4 branches, 6-III-V

double or triple; 5-IV-VI single, strong, each slightly longer than succeeding

segment; 1-V double; 1-VI single or double, 6-VI single, strong, about 0.75 the

length of segment VII; I-VII usually single, occasionally double, 5-VII single,

weak, about 0.5 the length of segment VIII, 6-VII single or double, located

ventrally; 9-VIII single to triple, strong, branches simple or very lightly

barbed, as long as or longer than segment VIII. Paddle. Midrib light brown

from base to near apex; outer margin with fine saw-tooth spicules, with a few

apically longer and straight; inner margin with fewer stout straight spicules

which become more widely spaced and much smaller towards base; apex with

narrow, shallow emargination.

LARVA (Fig. 73). Chaetotaxy as figured. Diagnostic characters as in

series description and the following. Stout spine-like setae of abdomen darkly

pigmented and acutely pointed. Head. Light brown; seta 4-C double to 5

branched, on level with 5-C, 5-C with 3-6 stiff branches, 7-C with 7-10 bran-

ches, 11-C with 4-7 branches, 14-C double to 4 branched; mentum with 14-17

teeth. Thorax, Seta 1-P usually double, occasionally single, 3-P with 7-13

strongly barbed branches, 4-P with 8-12 lightly barbed branches, 7-P strong,

with 3-6 barbed branches, 14-P stellate, with 9-20 strong, heavily barbed

branches; 1-M with 3-6 strong, acutely pointed branches; 1-T with 2-5 strong,

acutely pointed branches. Abdomen. Seta 1-I single or double, spine-like,

2-1, 1 long, stout, single, longer than antenna, 11-I double or triple, long,

stout, 6-I, II with unequal branches; 1-II, IV-VII with 2-4 stiff branches, 5-II

small, weak, 9-II-V long, stout, single, 13-II with 2-6 stiff branches; 1-III

single to 4 branched, stiff, 5-III single, short, stiff, spine-like, 6-III-VI

double or triple, long, strong, branches equal, lightly barbed, 13-III, IV with

2-5 stiff branches; 5-IV-VI single, long, stout; 13-V with 2-4 stiff branches;

1-VII single, long, 3-VIII with 6-9 strongly barbed branches; comb scales

13-20, on a small poorly sclerotized plate, each scale uniform in width to

near apex, slightly tapered apically, fringed with fine spicules laterally and

apically, with apical spicules slightly stronger. Segment X. Saddle incom-

plete, light yellowish brown, posterolateral margin with stout and weak

176 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

spicules interspersed, 2-4 more dorsal spicules exceptionally long, stout, about

equal to length of comb scales; 1-X double to triple, 4a-e-X with 4-7, 2- 7,

4-8, 5-7, 4-6 branches respectively, 4b-X on one side usually with only 2

branches and significantly longer than 4b-X on opposite side. Siphon. Light

yellowish brown; index 3.2-4.0; pecten teeth 15-24, apical 2-4 distinctly

longer, stronger, simple, spine-like and detached from others, more basal

teeth fringed with rather strong spicules apically, reaching 0.58-0.64 of siphon;

1-S with 4-7 barbed branches, as long as width of siphon, inserted beyond dis-

tal pecten tooth at 0.61-0.68 of siphon.

TYPE-DATA. Holotype male with slides of terminalia and pupal and lar-

val skins deposited in the National Science Museum, Tokyo, with the following

information: JAPAN, Yaeyama Gunto, Funaura, Iriomote Is., 28 November

1971, K. Mizusawa, collector, collection number K-1094-28, collected as a

larva from a crab hole. A small series of male and female paratypes with

associated pupal and larval skins deposited in USNM. The holotype was not

examined and the illustrations and pupal description in this revision were made

from paratypes from the same collection (K-1094) as the holotype.

DISTRIBUTION. Material examined. 10°, 132, 25 L; 8 with associated

skins (8 1, 8 p).

JAPAN. (Taken principally from Tanaka, Mizusawa and Saugstad 1975).

Iriomote Island: Funaura, Itokawa-rind6, Mt. Goza, Shirahama, Sonai,

Uehara. Ishigaki Island: Arakawa, Mt. Banna, Mt. Kawara, Mt. Maeshi,

Mt. Omoto, Yarabu Peninsula, Yoshiwara.

Bohart (1959) reported this species from Ishigaki Island as stonei, how-

ever, borrowed specimens from Dr. Bohart from Ishigaki showed a mixture

of yaeyamana and ohamai, No specimens of stonei (= jacksoni) from Ishigaki

have been seen by me. Specimens of yaeyamana kindly loaned to me by

Richard M. Bohart consist of 5 males, 10 females and 23 whole larvae.

DISCUSSION. This is a rather easily recognized species in the adult

stage but the larva is very similar to that of jacksoni, Eight species of the

recondita series are without pale scaled abdominal bands in the adult, but

except for a dark posterior pronotum in svilankensis, all are without light

and dark pleural markings. Superficially the adult resembles a few members

of the bimaculata series with somewhat similar pleural markings but these

are all without a patch of scales on the mesepimeron and except for maculi-

pleura all have the anterior pronotum bare and usually the posterior pronotum

bare or with at most a few scattered scales. Although, several species of the

recondita series have numerous setae on midfemur, the setae encircling the

midfemur in yaeyamana are significant when considered with other features

such as the absence of pale abdominal bands and the rather distinctly marked

pleuron. The dark areas of the pleuron are distinct but are not as dark and

sharply contrasting with pale areas as most species having distinct pleural

patterns of light and dark. The mesepimeron is occasionally only faintly dark-

er or the middle indefinitely lighter, however, the median patch of scales

readily distinguishes it from others that might be confused with it. The male

terminalia are similar to terminalia of several other species of the series and

are not readily distinguished from them. The weakly sclerotized tergum X

differs from several species but is similar to that in ohamai, The aedeagus

is more like that of stricklandi and jacksoni with only minor differences in the

size of teeth on the apicosternal margin of each plate.

The larva is closest to that of jacksoni. Differences are few but the char-

acters presented in the key separate the 2. The following is from Tanaka,

Mizusawa and Saugstad (1975) since their analysis was based upon a much

Peyton: Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) 177

larger sample of both species. ''In the larva, the labral process | apicomesal

projection of labral process] at the base of 1-C is pointed and longer than the

basal width in yaeyamana, rounded and as long as the basal width in jacksoni,

The detached apical pecten teeth are much larger than the basal fringed teeth

and more widely spaced in yaeyamana, only a little larger and not very widely

spaced in jacksonti; 1-S is as long as the siphon diameter and located at apical

0.32-0.39 (x:0.36) in yaeyamana, longer than the siphon diameter and located

at apical 0.40-0.46 (x:0.43) in jacksoni. Setae 1-M and 1-T are a little longer

and stiffer in yaeyamana; 2-I-II are longer than the antenna in yaeyamana,

equal to the antenna in jacksoni; 1-II-IV have more branches in yaeyamana;

x:1.9, 1.9, 2.1 in yaeyamana; 1.0, 1.1, 1.2 in jacksoni, respectively."

Little can be added to this except for the difference in branching of seta 4a-X

(used in the key) and 13-II-V is generally lower in average number of branches

in jacksoni, Of all of the species with branched seta 5-C (except confusa)

and very long, stout, pigmented spine-like abdominal setae 5 and 9 of various

segments, yaeyamana and jacksoni are the only ones with a weakly developed

o-II and greatly reduced 5-III. The others have 5-II reduced but stout, spine-

like and 9-III is about equal in length to 5-IV-VI.

BIONOMICS. According to Tanaka, Mizusawa and Saugstad (1975) the habits

of this species are very similar to that of ohamai. Immature stages are often

found together in fresh water crab holes and seem to be rather common on

Iriomote and Ishigaki islands. These species apparently do not occur on

Okinawa where the closely related jacksoni is fairly common in fresh water

crab holes. Bohart (1959) reported this species as stonei from cave springs,

rock holes and crab holes from Ishigaki Island. The specimens from Ishigaki

borrowed from Richard M. Bohart are labeled with the following biological

data: Yarabu Peninsula, rock hole No. 43, and tree hole No. 42; Kawara,

cave spring No. 6; Mt. Banna and Mt. Maeshi, sweeping. All were collected

by Bohart in October 1951.

SECTION B, Peyton (1972)

For characters see key on p. 13.

maxima series

DISCUSSION. This series was first described by Peyton (1972). The fol-

lowing taxa are currently known for the series, anhydor and ssp. syntheta,

maxima, unguiculata Edwards and ssp. pefflyi Stone. Only maxima occurs in

Southeast Asia. Species of this series are well marked in all stages and are

easily separated from all other known species of Pseudoficalbia, Adults are

highly ornamented and are marked much like many species of the subgenus

Uranotaenia, They all utilize ground water habitats for egg laying but maxima

is occasionally found in tree holes, bamboo, and artificial containers.

ADULT. As previously listed for Section B and with the following. Head,

Proboscis shorter than forefemur; erect head scales strong, numerous, cover-

ing vertex. Thorax. Scutum with a distinct supra-alar and prescutal line of

white or blue-white scales, at least some of the scales distinctly short, broad.

Wing. Vein R with at least a basal anterior row of pale scales extending beyond

humeral crossvein (usually extensively pale); cell R, long, near equal to cell

Moy; microtrichia more obvious than in any other Uvanotaenia species. Legs,

178 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

Claws of male foreleg same as those of midleg.

MALE TERMINALIA. Tergum IX without setae; tergum X well developed,

produced tergolaterally beyond apical margin of tergum IX into long fingerlike

lobes; distimere with prominent spiniform; plates of aedeagus with very short,

stout, hooked teeth on apicosternal margin; proctiger with cercal setae.

PUPA. As previously listed for Section B and with the following: abdom-

inal segment IX strongly developed, wrinkled only at basolateral corners; seta

1-IX conspicuous; trumpets with weak inconspicuous denticles basally; paddle

with marginal spiculate serrations; 1-P present, 2-P absent.

LARVA. As listed for Section B and with the following: seta 1-C strong,

spine-like, distance between the bases greater than the combined length of

both; 5-C distinctly shorter and stronger than 6-C; mentum with 11-13 teeth;

4-X with 5 pair of setae usually on grid.

URANOTAENIA (PSEUDOFICA LBIA) MAXIMA LEICESTER

(Figs. 75, 76)

Uvranotaenia maxima Leicester 1908: 221 (2); Barraud 1934: 77 (**, ¢, L*).

Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) maxima Leicester, Peyton 1972: 37.

FEMALE. Head, Proboscis about 0.85 of forefemur; prementum uniform-

ly dark brown scaled, a dorsal submedian row of small inconspicuous curved

setae along most of length and a few very small ones apically and ventrosub-

apically; one pair of labial basal setae; palpus about 0.1 of proboscis and

slightly less than length of antennal flagellomere 1; clypeus dark brownish

black; antennal pedicel light yellowish brown with a few minute setae and small

brown scales on inner aspect; flagellum about 1.1 of proboscis or exceeding

proboscis by length of Flm 13; Flm 1 about 1.5 of Flm 2 and with a few light

brown scales near base; flagellar whorls each with 10-12 setae; 1 long, stout

and 1 short delicate interocular and 4 ocular setae; decumbent scales dark

brown except for a conspicuous, narrow, dull gray-white ocular line expanded

laterally; erect scales moderately long, numerous, covering most of vertex,

black in color. Thorax, Scutal integument dark orange-brown with prescutel-

lar space slightly darker brown; scales mostly narrow, curved, dark brown,

a broad continuous band of white scales around lateral margin, narrowly inter-

rupted only at anterior dorsocentral line, band composed of scales as follows:

exceptionally long, lanceolate and erect near wing root, progressively shorter

and semierect to scutal angle, with some being distinctly broad, decumbent

from scutal angle to anterior margin, narrow, except for a few small broad

ones at anterior dorsocentral and achrostichal lines; prescutellar space

densely scaled, at most a very small posterior bare space; dorsocentral and

supra-alar setae moderately long and stout; scutellum dark brown, scales

dark and broad, midlobe with 4,5 long stout marginal setae, lateral lobe with

3,4 long, stout, marginal setae and 5-8 much smaller setae; mesopostnotum

light orange; paratergite dark brown; pleuron a dark yellow to light orange

brown with distinct dark brown areas as follows: whole of apn, ppn and psp,

upper 0.2, lower 0.3 and usually a faint to dark line across middle of stp, pra,

upper and lower edges of mep, lower edge of metameron and upper area of

metapleuron; apn with a conspicuous line of short, broad, white scales; ppn

with one strong seta, devoid of scales; sp with 1 seta; ppl with 1 strong and

2-5 small, delicate setae and with a small but distinct patch of grayish white

scales; stp with about 9 strong upper and 7 weaker lower posterior setae and

Peyton: Uyvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) 179

with a broad line of flat white scales across upper 0.33 and a separate small

patch of semierect shiny white scales on lower posterior margin; ™ep with

4-7 upper setae. Wing. Scales mostly dark; costa with 2-3 pale grayish or

ochreous scales or a distinct small patch of white scales at extreme base;

remigium usually with white, gray, or light ochreous scales, usually extend-

ing to basal 0.2 or more of R, occasionally reduced to a few grayish scales

intermixed with dark scales in this area or rarely 4,95 light grayish scales

beyond remigium only; cell Ro about 0.61 of Ro,9 and about equal to cell Mg

or barely less. Legs. Coxae and trochanters pale grayish white; C-I cover-

ed with shiny, grayish white scales on anterior surface; C-I, Ill with a few

inconspicuous, pale translucent scales anterolaterally; femora dark brown

scaled dorsally, distinctly gray-white with bright pearly white reflections

from base to near apex ventrally; forefemur with 10-12 short stiff setae from

base to near apex on posterodorsal margin and 5-7 similar setae from near

middle to near apex on anteroventral margin; mid- and hindfemora with at

most 2,3 small inconspicuous setae on distal dorsal margin; tibiae and tarsi

dark brown scaled; hindtarsomere 1 about 0.94 of tibia. Abdomen. Terga

dark brown scaled, occasionally with very faint, narrow incomplete grayish

basal bands on one or more terga from II-VII, usually without visible pale

bands but with a basolateral white scale patch on VII; laterotergite with 2-4

light grayish translucent scales; sterna creamy white scaled.

MALE. Essentially as in female but pale scaling of wing and abdomen

much more conspicuous and stable. Head, Proboscis about 0.92 of forefemur;

1,2 pairs of labial basal setae; antennal flagellum slightly less than proboscis

in length; Flm 13 longest and slightly greater than combined length of flagello-

meres 9-11; flagellar whorls strongly plumose, each with 20 or more setae.

Wing. Cell Ry about 0.5 of Ro.3; basal 0.2-0.3 of R usually always conspicu-

ously white or grayish white scaled, rarely reduced to a few scattered ochre-

ous scales. Legs. Anterior claw of foreleg enlarged, posterior claw small,

very similar to claws of midleg; hindtarsomere 1 about equal to or barely

less than length of tibia. Abdomen, Terga usually with broad basal white

bands on II-VII, not reaching to sides on II-VI, always complete to sides on

VII, occasionally II extensively pale scaled with a broad subdorsal line from

base to apex; sterna VII, VIII dark scaled. Terminalia (Fig. 76). Tergum IX

with apical margin slightly concave and with very slightly produced, rounded,

tergolateral corners; basimere with several long, stout tergolateral setae,

tergomesal surface covered with a mixture of long and short setae, the short-

er and weaker ones generally more basal; basal mesal lobe of basimere well

developed with 2 long, strong tergoapical setae, 1 strong sternoapical seta

and 5,6 much smaller setae; distimere slightly curved and near uniform width

on basal 0.33, distended on apical tergomesal 0.33 and tapered to pointed apex;

aedeagus with 2 very short closely-set tergal apicolateral teeth and 3 very

short closely-grouped sternoapical teeth appearing on tergal view as short,

stout hooks; tergum X complete but narrowly and weakly sclerotized between

the lobes; lobes rounded apically; proctiger with 1,2 stiff cercal setae on

each side.

PUPA (Fig. 76). Chaetotaxy as figured. Diagnostic characters as in

series description and the following. Integument light brown with median

basal areas of abdominal segments distinctly darker. Cephalothorax. Setae

1-3-CT double or triple; 6-CT distinctly closer to 7-CT than to 5-CT and

about 2.0 the length of 7-CT; 7-CT single to triple. Respiratory Trumpet,

Light brown, slightly darker on tracheoid area; index 4.5-5.2; pinna diagonal-

ly truncate, a distinct slit in meatus. Metanotum, Seta 10-CT well developed

180 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

with 3-6 branches and longer than 12-CT; alveolus of 13-CT clearly visible,

but no seta present. Abdomen. Seta 1-II with 5-10 branches, 2-II mesad of

5-II, 3-II single or bifid, 6-II single or double; 1-III with 4-7 branches, 3-II

single or double, 6-III-VI single; 1-IV with 4-6 branches, 5-IV with 2-4 bran-

ches and longer than segment V; 1-V with 2-5 branches, 5-V with 2-4 bran-

ches and longer than segment VI; 1-VI double or triple, 5-VI double or triple

and about equal in length to segment VII; 1-VII double, 5-VII single or double

and about equal to or slightly less than length of segment VIII, 6-VII double or

triple; 9-VIII short, with 6-9 strong branches, a few of which are often bifid;

1-IX stout, darkly pigmented. Paddle. Midrib darkly pigmented; outer mar-

gin with closely-set, sharp serrations on apical 0.5 or more, inner margin

with apical serrations gradually becoming much smaller, more widely-

spaced and submarginal towards base; inner part distinctly wider than outer

part.

LARVA (Fig. 75). Chaetotaxy as figured. Diagnostic characters as in

series description and the following. Thorax and abdomen with numerous

stellate setae of stout, darkly pigmented individual branches, each branch with

stout, lateral barbs and notched apically into 2,3 minute sharp points. Head,

Brown; seta 1-C lightly pigmented, 4-C weak with 2-4 branches and about on

level with 6-C, 5-C short, very stout, spike-like, darkly pigmented, 6-C

single, long, slender, about 2.0 times the length of 5-C; 7-C with 4, 5 branches,

14-C small, stout, spine-like; mentum with 11-13 teeth. Thorax. Seta 0-P

stellate, with 17-19 strong branches, 1-P double or triple, 3-P with 12-16

branches, 4-P with 3,4 branches, 7-P with 3,4 branches, 8-P stellate, with

16-24 strong branches, 14-P stellate, with 29-38 branches. Abdomen. Seta

1-I-VII stellate, with 21-31 branches, 2-I-VI single, 4-I stellate, with 9-16

branches, 11-I stellate, with 21-28 branches; 4-II, V distinctly stronger than

on other segments, pigmented and single to triple, 5-II stellate, with 9-12

branches, 7-II with 3-5 branches, 9-II stellate, with 3-6 branches, 13-I-VII

stellate, with 21-37 branches; 5-III stellate, with 12-15 branches; 7-III-V

stellate, with 9-12 branches; 5-IV stellate, with 14-21 branches; 5-V stellate,

with 12-17 branches; 5-VI stellate, with 12-14 branches; plate of segment VIII

large, comb scales 14 (11-21), each scale long, slender, sharp pointed, with

fine lateral fringe from base to slightly to beyond 0.66. Segment X, Saddle

complete, light brown, posterolateral margin with dense, long, pointed

spines, a few of which are split into 2,3 short, sharp points and with many

fine spicules arising from the more apical imbrications; 2-X triple, 3-X

double, 4-X with 5 pairs of setae, without apparent grid but surrounded by

darkly sclerotized barred area, 4a-e-X with 5-7, 2, 2-3, 2-3, 2-4 branches

respectively. Siphon. Yellowish brown with basal 0.5 often darker brown

and a narrow basal brown band, exceptionally broad on basal 0.5 and tapered

to rather narrow apex, index 3.3-3.8; seta 1-S with 7, 8 barbed branches,

inserted before middle and slightly beyond distal pecten tooth; pecten of 14-16

long teeth with conspicuous lateral fringe gradually increasing in length to

distinct sharp spines distally; trachea terminates in a short, curved, strongly

sclerotized filament.

TYPE-DATA. Leicester (1908) did not designate a holotype for any of his

new species of Malayan Uvanotaenia, Two cotype females are in the BMNH.

A female cotype with the following data on the underside of label, selected

and labeled as LECTOTYPE by E. L.. Peyton, Dec. 1968: 'In Jungle, The Gap,

24/4/04, Leicester."’ The other female designated as paralectotype, bears

the following information on the underside of the label: "By edge of stream in

jungle, The Gap, 16/4/04, Leicester."’ The lectotype is in good condition but

Peyton: Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) 181

it has both hindlegs and one midleg missing. The paralectotype is in fair con-

- dition with one wing and all legs missing on one side.

DISTRIBUTION. Material examined: 260°, 30°, 15 L; 24 with associated

skins (211, 26 p, 2 incomplete).

INDIA. Darjeeling: Suriel, 1%, 22, 11.

INDONESIA. Java, 1 L.

MALAYSIA. Peninsular Malaysia: Pahang - Tana Rata, Cameron

Highlands; Frasers Hill; Robinson Falls, Cameron Highlands; Sunong

Brinchang, Cameron Highlands; 160, 199, 4L, 141, 17 P. Perak - 23rd and

27th mile Cameron Highlands Rd., 30, 5%, 2 L, 31, 3p. Selangor - The Gap,

THAILAND. Chiang Mai: Doi Sutep; Doi Inthanon, Doi Pak Kha; 3, 19,

1 Le Takr Doi Sam See, 365-12, 7 Lk, 3 6 p.

Reported also from Hainan, CHINA by Chu (1957: 147).

DISCUSSION. This species shows no apparent relationship to any South-

east Asian Pseudoficalbia, It is one of the largest species found in the region.

The species showing closest relationship to maxima is unguiculata which

occurs principally in the Eastern Mediterranean Region and apparently does

not occur east of Pakistan. The adult ornamentation is highly variable and

that of wing vein R and abdomen of female is particularly unstable. Even

though an occasional female exhibits one or more narrow, basal, pale scaled

tergal bands, the bands are generally absent. The males always exhibit pale

scaled bands on 3 or more terga. The short male antenna is rather unusual

since most known species of Pseudoficalbia have the antenna slightly longer

than the proboscis. The pupa has a distinct slit in the meatus of the respira-

tory trumpet which differs from all Southeast Asian Pseudoficalbia except

harrisoni. The very strong spike-like seta 5-C of the larva is atypical of

Pseudoficalbia and is found elsewhere only in species of the subgenus Uvano-

taenia, In species of the subgenus Uvanotaenia, both 5 and 6-C are usually

spike-like. The stellate setae of the larval thorax and abdomen have a higher

range of individual branches than in any other Indomalayan or Oriental species.

Only pylei has stellate setae approaching this range but there are numerous

other differences between the 2 species. The development of seta 7-II is

greater in maxima than in all other known species of Section B, but still sig-

nificantly less in degree than either 7-I or 6-II. The peculiar tracheal fila-

ment is similar to that reported in unguiculata by Montschadsky (1930).

BIONOMICS. This species appears to be confined to the forested moun-

tains of Southeast Asia. On 18 separate occasions it has been recorded at

elevations of 731-1, 829 m, with 11 above 1,219 m. It does not appear to be

common in any area but this may be due to restricted collecting at the higher

elevations. Habitats based on 15 confirmed immature collections are as fol-

lows: rock pool (5), tree hole (3), split bamboo (2), stream or seepage pool

(3), elephant footprint (1), and artificial container (1). Adults have been col-

lected in the forest resting on tree trunks or rocks on 6 occasions. All of the

above were in partial to heavy shade. The utilization of both ground water

and container habitats by this species is rather unusual, but there are no ap-

parent morphological differences in specimens from either type of habitat.

Collection records indicate that fallen, decaying leaves were a common de-

nominator in most of the collections. It is not uncommon to find tree hole

breeding species of other genera in small ground water pools, especially rock

pools, if there is sufficient shade and an abundance of dead leaves and sticks

in the habitat.

182 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I wish to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Botha de Meillon for his

continued support, encouragement and assistance while serving as Principal

Investigator of SEAMP and for critically reviewing the manuscript; to Dr.

Peter F. Mattingly, British Museum (Natural History), London for his in-

valuable assistance over a number of years and for reviewing the manuscript;

to Dr. Ronald A. Ward, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research and Medical

Entomology Project, Smithsonian Institution, for reviewing the manuscript,

for many helpful suggestions and overseeing and assisting in the final prepara-

tions for publication. Special appreciation is expressed to Major John F.

Reinert, Entomology Research Branch, U. S. Army Research and Develop-

ment Command for many helpful suggestions and for reviewing the manuscript;

to Major Bruce A. Harrison, for continued encouragement and for many use-

ful discussions.

I am particularly indebted to Drs. John E. Scanlon and Douglas J. Gould,

former Chiefs of the Department of Medical Entomology, U.S. Army Medical

Component-SEATO, Bangkok and to Dr. Shivaji Ramalingam, University of

Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, for their support and direction of the large scale field

surveys and technical curatorial assistance required in Thailand and Malaysia;

to my very able and devoted field and laboratory assistants who, during my

assignment in Thailand, collected and prepared a majority of the specimens

examined: Messrs. Kol Mongkolpanya, Sumeth Chunchulcherm, Chaliou

Diraphat, Somboon Maneechai and Mrs. Rampa Rattanarithikul, Miss Supanee

Sandhinand, Mrs. Rachanee Likitvanichkul, Mrs. Suda Ratnawong, and Mrs.

Prasertsri Rohitaratana.

I am also grateful to the following individuals and institutions for their

generous support in sending material on loan or as gifts: Drs. J. L. Gressitt

and W. A. Steffan, Bishop Museum, Honolulu Hawaii; Henry S. Dybas, Field

Museum of Natural History, Chicago; California Academy of Sciences; Academy

of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; South African Institute for Medical Research,

Johannesburg; Instituut Voor Tropische Hygiene, Amsterdam, Holland; British

Museum (Natural History), London; J. M. Klein, Office de la Recherche

Scientifique et Technique Outre-Mer (ORSTOM), Bondy, France; B. N. Mohan,

Coonoor, Madras, India; T. Kurihara, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan;

G. L. Alcasid, National Museum, Manila, Philippines; J. C. Lien, U. S.

Naval Medical Research Unit No. 2, Taipei; Richard M. Bohart, Department

of Entomology, University of California, Davis; N. V. Dobrotworsky, Senior

Research Fellow, University of Melbourne, Australia; Karl V. Krombein,

Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History; Smithsonian

Institution; K. Tanaka, U. S. Medical Laboratory-Pacific, Tokyo.

My special thanks to Mrs. Ann L. Hoskins Dery and Mrs. Gloria Gordon

Zimmer for preparing the illustrations and to Mr. Young T. Sohn for assisting

with final corrections of a few plates; Mrs. Owilda J. Curtis, Miss Ann G.

Manion, Mrs. Linda Y. Benton and Mrs. Sharon G. Harrison for typing por-

tions of the first draft and Mrs. Janet D. Rupp for typing the manuscript for

offset reproduction.

I extend my special appreciation to Miss Lotte B. Schiff, Mrs. Thelma Ford

Smith and Mr. Thomas F. Gaffigan of the Medical Entomology Project for their

invaluable technical assistance provided throughout the course of this study.

Peyton: Uyvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) 183

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BAISAS, F. E.

| 1935. Notes on Philippine mosquitoes, II. Uvanotaenia

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1963. The mosquito fauna of pitcher plants in Singapore.

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BARRAUD, P. J.

1926. A revision of the culicine mosquitoes of India.

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Harpagomyia, with descriptions of five new species.

Indian J. Med. Res. 14: 331-50, pl. 15.

1934. The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and

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BELKIN, J. N.

1953. Mosquitoes of the genus Uvanotaenia in the Solomon

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1962. The mosquitoes of the South Pacific (Diptera,

Culicidae). Univ. Calif. Press, Berkeley and Los

Angeles. 2 vol., 608 and 412 p.

BELKIN, J. N. and W. A. McDONALD.

1956. A population of Uvanotaenia anhydor from Death

Valley, with descriptions of all stages and discussion

of the complex (Diptera, Culicidae). Ann. Entomol.

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Peyton: Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) 191

LIST OF FIGURES

Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) koli, maculipleura, moufiedi,

pseudomaculipleura, quinquemaculata, reinerti, rossi, spiculosa

and stvicklandi--adult habitus parts

Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) bicolor, bimaculata, novobscura, patriciae,

bropinqua, pylei and yaeyamana--adult habitus parts: obscura--

claws of female foreleg; xanthomelaena--midtarsus of male

Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) harrisoni--larva

Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) harrisoni--pupa and male terminalia

Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) abstrusa--larva

Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) abstrusa--pupa and male terminalia

Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) approximata--larva

Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) approximata--pupa and male terminalia

Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) bicolor--larva

Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) bicolor--pupa and male terminalia

Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) demeilloni--larva

Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) demeilloni--pupa and male terminalia

Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) gouldi--larva

Uvranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) gouldi--pupa and male terminalia

Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) lutescens--larva

Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) lutescens--pupa and male terminalia

Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) obscura--larva

Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) obscura--pupa and male terminalia

Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) ascidiicola--larva

Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) ascidiicola--pupa and male terminalia

Uvranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) bimaculata--larva

Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) bimaculata--pupa and male terminalia

Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) gigantea--larva

Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) gigantea, moufiedi and reinerti-- male

terminalia

Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) lui--larva

Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) lui--pupa and male terminalia

Uvranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) maculipleura--larva

Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) maculipleura--pupa and male terminalia

Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) modesta--larva

Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) modesta--pupa and male terminalia

Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) moultoni--larva

Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) moultoni--pupa and male terminalia

Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) nivipleura--larva

Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) nivipleuva--pupa and male terminalia

Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) novobscura--larva

Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) novobscura--pupa and male terminalia

Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) patriciae--larva

Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) patriciae--pupa and male terminalia

Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) propinqua--larva

Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) propinqua--pupa and male terminalia

Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) pseudomaculipleura--larva

Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) pseudomaculipleura--pupa and male

terminalia

Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) quasimodesta--larva

Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) quasimodesta--pupa and male terminalia

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) xanthomelaena--larva

Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) xanthomelaena--pupa and male terminalia

Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) abdita--larva

Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) abdita--pupa and male terminalia;

luteola--lateral view of aedeagal plate

Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) confusa--larva

Uvranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) confusa--male terminalia; hongayi--larva

and male terminalia

Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) enigmatica--larva

Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) enigmatica--pupa and male terminalia

Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) hirsutifemora--male terminalia

Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) hirsutifemora--pupa; wing (general);

sumethi and abdita erect head scales

Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) jacksoni--larva

Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) jacksoni--pupa and male terminalia

Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) koli--larva

Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) koli--pupa and male terminalia

Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) nocticola--larva

Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) nocticola--pupa and male terminalia

Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) ohamai--larva

Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) ohamai--pupa and male terminalia

Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) pylei--larva

Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) pylei--pupa and male terminalia

Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) rossi--larva

Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) rossi--pupa and male terminalia

Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) spiculosa--larva

Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) spiculosa--pupa and male terminalia

Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) stricklandi--larva

Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) stricklandi--pupa and male terminalia

Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) sumethi--larva

Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) sumethi--pupa and male terminalia

Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) yaeyamana --larva

Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) yaeyamana --pupa and male terminalia

Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) maxima--larva

Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) maxima--pupa and male terminalia

Fig. 1

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Fig. 44

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j ty YP \ y Ye Sg YI | ,

Ze Vip n js s \ : Yj G- : I\ Lp

LZ Z EZ ie peat Ye A os LE y Zs Pe ! 2; : “e SV) Soe Hd WV

AZZ Z —_ = = re] =a tZ=-BZ- 5 aaa “. Ff] om La

-_ ZA Z - = __ a SS a 0 — ah [e) — (o) a fA p Oo “ -

= == = = - yy ly

maxima

270 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

CONSPECTUS OF TAXONOMIC CHANGES

NEW TAXA

BE a gs So Le ae its, ok he a Me ae aa ap ae Se ae td

Pre oe ees SS hate aoe Nae ae eta as Se uri he an Bede

QNDE ae te ee ee Be a eos ee ee hols Ss

COM LSD Fore re Oe a ee ee a de Pe She 6 ew

PROG. eg Bae ie ha ow eg Gs RE eine Se. WRK ee a

Bavas i ok ee 8 et oa tk ee ae ee ee 8 PO ee

EGU CCD Oe a ee ee ee eke ae eee 8

VEO re ae SOLE eM gba Se yl is Cah at a a MRR oe pa ela Ye

PE ECI Ge ek ee th Ea ee es ae Et SOE ee ee Le

PPO UIGNE Ee aa Ss ee igs oe ee OPS Si ere Fak aa Lome era

PRISE OIESTD. OS Ae pe ae ae ay tS) ee aes

WOM ee a es ee ee se SR eh cones ta. OS Eee 5 at ce UG

CHANGES IN TAXONOMIC STATUS

QUO MEN GTS evMG@in lg ot oe te gs GA Cs ote ce ee STE ee

MUCUS ES sy AOI I oe ae lg ae pate a SE eye eae le we

AS OG e250 an ete ee eget Be eee Se ee se) we

Peyton: Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) 271

INDEX

Valid names are set in roman type, synonyms and nonvalid names are

italicized. Italicized pages refer to the primary treatment of the taxon, arabic

numerals refer to secondary text references and numbers in parentheses refer

to figures.

abdita 1,°19, 23;°25; “125; 228,;--192;

133, 135, 136, 144, 149, 166,

170 (47, 48, 54)

abstrusa 1, 3,-13,--18, -22, 29; 32,

33, 34, 35, 38, 46, 53, 57, 62

(5, 6)

Aedes 11, 50, 57, 62, 72, 103, 106,

121,: 122, 128, 129, 162;..155,

170

albipes 1, 3, 7, 14, 20, 24, 63, 64

albopictus, Aedes (Stegomyia) 155,

170

ampullaria (Nepenthes) 92, 122

anhydor 9, 11, 12, 15,/04%

annulata 11

annulata series 7, 10, 65, 123

Anopheles 2, 10

approximata 1, 3, 19, 22, 27; 33,

34, 38, 50, 56, 155 (7, °8)

Armigeres 62, 106, 121

ascidiicola 9, 11, 18, 20, 26, 63,

64, 66, 73, 74, 92, 95, 121

(19, 20)

atra 32, 33, 61

atra group 33

bicolor 2, 3,9, Ff, 22,20," 32,

38, 41, 45, 46, 56, 128 (2, 9,

10)

bicolor series 1, 8, 10, 11, 18, 32,

33, 46, 123, 144, 170

bimaculata 1, 4, 21, 26, 63, 64,

65,69, 78,° 82,96, 98.100,

216, ee 20122)

bimaculata series 1, 10, 11, 63, 78,

118, 176

brevirostris 88, 91, 92

browni 8, 33

colocasiae 9, 11, 33

conftusa 1, 3, 16, 20, 25, 57. G2.

82, 124, 129, 132, 133, 141,

148, 177 (49, 50)

Culex 33, 62, 103, 145, 155, 170

Curcuma 62

demeilloni 20, 22, 27, 33, 38, 40,

47, 50, 56, 144 (11, 12)

devemyi 63

diagonalis 32, 33, 53, 61

enigmatica 1, 3, 19, 23, 24, 128,

129, 133, 135, 136, 144,

166 (51, 52)

Eumelanomyia (Culex) 170

Ficalbia 6, 159

Finlaya (Aedes) 129, 159

fusca group 33

fusca Leicester 2, 3, 43, 45

fusca Theobald 33

gigantea 18, 20, 26, 63, 68, 72,

74, 92, 95, 121 (23, 24)

gouldi 11, 16, 22, 27, 33, 34, 37,

46, 50, 53 (13, 14)

eracilis (Nepenthes) 122

gracilis (Zeugnomyia) 62

Group B virus (Jugra) 12

harrisoni 1, 3, 10, 12,°138, 16, 21,

2h, 29,84. 18, 162, Tet

(3, 4)

harrisoni series 1, 28

henrardi 63

hirsutifemora 4, 10, 18, 22, 24,

37, 122, 123, 124, 136, 138,

139 (53, 54)

hongayi 4, 14, 20, 24, 139, 140,

141, 166 (50) |

husaini 82, 122

infantulus, Culex (Lophoceraomyia)

155

inornata 2, 6

jacksoni 19, 24, 25, 82, 133, 141,

144, 145, 148, 155, 158, 162,

1796, 177 (85,° 56)

kalabahensis 2, 3, 44, 45, 56

212 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 14, no. 3, 1977

koli 19. 23, 25, 61, 120. 139..145,

148, 155, 166, 169 (1, 57, 58)

lagunensis 2, 3, 9, 35, 37, 38, 44,

Lophoceraomyia (Culex) 155, 170

lui 17, 22, 27, 68, 64, 76 @5, 36)

luteola 2, 45, 56, 122, 128 (48)

lutescens 2, 3, 19, 21, 27, 33, 40,

45, 53, 57, 144 (15, 16)

macfarlanei (Uranotaenia) 140, 155,

170.2 3

maculatus (Anopheles) 170

maculipleura 16, 20, 27, 63, 79, 81,

$2,260, £12,°122, 176 (1,.27,

28)

Malaya 53

mashonaensis 11, 33, 34

mattinglyi 82, 99, 122

maxima 2, 3, 8, 13, 14, 21, 27, 46,

123, 740, 1585 -44745.41 78, 181

(75, 76)

maxima series 1, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 46,

123. 177, 481

minor, Culex (Lophoceraomyia) 155

modesta 2, 3, 15, 21, 27, 63, 83,

85, 86; 203, 105, .106,:. 107,109,

113, 114, 115 (29, 30)

montana 12, 31

mouticedi 1,°3,.15, 20, 24, 63, 82, 86,

88, 118 (1, 24)

moultoni 17, 26, 20, 63, 64, 78, 88,

91 S231. 32)

Nepenthes 11, 33, 68, 74, 86, 92, 121,

nepenthes 2, 33

nigripes 2, 33

nigromaculata 11, 33

nivipleura 8, 11, 12, 16, 22, 27, 63,

64, 65, 78, 92, 95, 132 (33, 34)

nocticola 1, 3, 17, 24, 25,422, 123,

136, 141, 149, 452, 158, 162,

173 (59, 60)

novobscura 9, 11, 14, 21, 27; 57, 62,

63, 64, T1, 78, 96, 98, 99, 100,

1015 °116:(27 35:36)

obscura 17, 21, 27, 32; 37;:38, 47,

49, 53, 56, 57, 61, 62, 98, 99,

100, 101.431, 138,(2,..17%:.18)

Ohamai 19, 24.25, 62, 122, 133,

144, 148, 152, 155, 176, 177

(61, 62)

ornata 33

painei 13, 32, 33

pandani 2, 6, 33

Pandanus 62, 86, 92

papua 2; 3,57, Gl

patriciae 1, 3,546, 20, 26, 63, 35,

0, 103, 105s 115 (2) 37-38)

pefflyi 177

philippinensis 35, 37, 38, 57, 62,

129, 131,.132

propindua 17°39, £5, 21,° 27,: 63, 85,

Oo, 105, 206; 109, 175:(2. 39,

40)

Pseudoficalbia 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 10, 11,

12, 13, 32, 45, 46, 61, 65, 81,

82, 95, 116, 123, 139, 144,

177, 181

pseudohenrardi 63

pseudomaculipleura 16, 21, 26, 63,

64, 62, 109, 141, 217, dA8ah

41, 42)

pulcherrima (Uranotaenia ) 5

pylei 17, 23, 25, 78, 122, 124,

129, 136, 141, 144, 152, 155,

198; 162, 173,181 (2,:63, 64)

quadrimaculata 32, 33, 61

quasimodesta 1, 3, 16, 20, 26, 63,

85, 86, 105, 772, 115 (43, 44)

quinquemaculata 14, 20, 24, 63,

1715; 116 (1)

rafflesiana (Nepenthes) 122

recondita 2, 122, 141

recondita series 1, 10, 33, 34, 82,

1225 493, 129.2132;. 133, 136,

139, 141, 144, 145, 148, 152,

155,% 166, 170;. 475, 176

reinerti 1, 3, 15, 20, 24, 63, 88,

1i2,°716¢ 118 (1,. 24)

rossi 1d, 23, 25, 32, 124, 141, 159,

162 (1, 65, 66)

ryukyensis, Culex (Culiciomyia) 155

Section A 10, 13, 28, 123

section B 8, 10; 12,13, :65,: 277

shillitonis 6, 63

shillitonis series 6, 10