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Contributions.

of the

American Entomological Institute.

Volume 16, 1979

A REVISION OF THE ADULT AND LARVAL MOSQUITOES

OF JAPAN (INCLUDING THE RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO

AND THE OGASAWARA ISLANDS) AND KOREA

(DIPTERA: CULICIDAE).

Kazuo Tanaka, Kiyoyuki Mizusawa and Edward S. Saugstad

PREFACE

LaCasse and Yamaguti's (1950) ''Mosquito Fauna of Japan and Korea" has

been utilized for 26 years as the most comprehensive taxonomic manual of the

mosquitoes of the region. During this period, a great quantity of additional

information has accumulated, and is distributed in a variety of publications.

This work synthesizes new data, revises the taxonomic status of species occur-

ring in this region, and presents an up-to-date manual for identification of spe-

cies. The scope of this work is expanded to include the Ryukyu Archipelago

and the Ogasawara islands. We hope this publication will provide useful infor-

mation to workers concerned with mosquito control and prevention of mosquito-

borne diseases in this region.

Sagamihara, Japan

6 December 1976 Ko.

After the completion of the text and submission of the draft to the U. S.

Army Medical Research and Development Command, the U. 8S. Navy assumed

responsibility of the former U. S. Army Medical Laboratory Pacific on 28

February 1977. From February 1977 through April 1978, Dr. Tanaka and

Mr. Mizusawa continued their work through the support of LT R. M. Miller,

MSC, USN, Chief, Department of Entomology, Naval Medical Laboratory

Detachment, Naval Regional Medical Center, Japan and CAPT B. L. Johnson,

MC, USN, Commanding Officer of the Naval Regional Medical Center. At

this time, they made further corrections to the manuscript, prepared a new

chapter on "History of Mosquito Taxonomy in Japan and Korea" (p. 36-43)

and arranged for transfer of specimens to the U. S. National Museum.

Following receipt of the manuscript in Washington, MAJ Saugstad reviewed

it and contributed to the sections on ''Bionomics" and "Relation to Diseases"

for each species treated. Certain portions of the text were further reviewed by

LTC J. F. Reinert and Dr. P. F. Mattingly. In the absence of the senior

author, and to expedite publication, the undersigned was given the responsibility

for final editing and review. The Smithsonian Institution provided space and

facilities for this task under the auspices of the Medical Entomology Project,

while the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research allowed me to devote the

necessary time to this undertaking.

Copies of this work may be obtained from the American Entomological

Institute, 5950 Warren Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, U.S.A.

Ronald A. Ward

Washington, DC

7 September 1979

CONTENTS iil

MABOLTRACT.. eee er Sew: a SEO GER. oe ar a eee 1

EN TRODUC TION 3 i208 OR ae AP oo ee ee ee 2

Background, *(Metheds and Presentation. ao. eA 6 a se ee 0 2

Morphology and Terminolooyes 4k aie BROP ss eS 8s 6 8

AOOLCOSTAPAY 6 6 te ee Re ee ees Bs a eA |

History of Mosquito Taxonomy in Japan and Korea ........... 36

TAXONOMY: = HANDY CURICIDAI iy eho. SOR Bae e 6 8 6 a 8 a8 43

Keys to Sublamilties of Culicidae 7s a er es ks ee 44

LE. -Sublamily Anophelinde:s si Sor er en ee we wh eG ae

13 “Genus Anophetes Meieen te) (oe We ee oe eo ee 45

Keys to-Subgenera of Anopiieles: 2 Pr kc ks we 46

Subgenus Cellia Theobald se Vo 6 S86 ee 6 ew we 47

Keys to Species of inopncles (Celia ri ee 2 . 47

Ls: mints: THOMA y Pee hae cee wk es 48

20. tessellogus: Tebbatdyi VAG HO 6 6 wae ees ol

Subgenus Anopheles MelCeN se VE wh a ww we o3

Keys to Species of Anopheles (Anopheles)........ 54

os) DENSATENSISFIIUET A One ae RoR ee bs a ay

442 omvorit BAKAKIDAPR Be EE a es we ee we we 29

do. bindesayt japonicus Yamada ) oi . 6 6 6 oe wa 61

6: Roveicus. Yamada and Watanabe.) ow se ew ws 65

VAx:- Sapéroi saperot Bonart and Ingram... .... 68

4 SOPCT 01 Ona IMmarONAMAC ES 6 6PS 6 oe 71

B. Sienist Ss WIECeMenne ey a6 PROG IE ei es t2

OSSD earURO OSC SARS RS cok we we 79

10; Gouge Ma wamadasir aah PRR. ne 719

Ito yotsusnivoensis NivamakiCg 808k aoe ee i is 80

124, Stewards Yamada) tiwink. Gh oo rk ee 81

bo lestcw Boteas end Hue ww wi. oe a 83

Tl, . Bubiamaily Cometic, 3 ee ES al os ok ee kc dl a oa 85

Keys to. Tiibesier Culiciiaes. . 463 wie Se le kk we y's 86

(i). v Tribe Culicin, «june ee Bete) SH eOe ke oe ue 87

Keys to Genera of Calico Bee ON. BRE, ww ee wc es we 88

a, “(aenus Jimonyia Theendide we. ieee CR be a 90

subgenus Bioriepitoniiia Meonald 6 A ee 91

Keys to Species of Mimomyia (Etorleptiomyia) ..... 91

14 UZORCU SESE TO Mr RRS Bln as oe ae ae Bs 92

13... elegas (TAVIOU ee ane Rh. se ee a 95

3s, Genus Cutisei Melty pte kis a ee 98

Key.to, Subeenerarol: Culiseld «tienen Wi eee oa ew we 99

Keys to, Species of: C uliseiiuee esa pee ae ol Oe ae 99

Subeens Culiceliai Wel vaio oar wills. «se ar 4s bees 100

16. nipponica LaCasse and Yamaguti......... 100

Subgenus: Culiseta Melt. oOo e ieee a a gs 8 ks xe Go oe 103

1 Ev ukama yanrensisuWamada) ete oe we ac wy ws oc en 104

4, .Genus Onthopodomyia Teas ldy tyne Gite. | eae 107

180. anopheloides (Giles) eri ee 109

o. ,Genus. Mensonia.Blanchardwewge arise Bhiweuiue. 24. 113

Keys to.Subgenera:of Mansenie) wii istt GI a 115

Subgenus: .Wansoneides: Timeobaldvwi ke. aiane ie es kek ks 115

1Sucuntiaruds (Theaeald) ie ce gat ioiw 6 yo does 116

Subgenus Coguillettidia Dyar' =. wii <s ..0%.. . ate) auligane aie 118

CONTENTS

Keys to Species of Mansonia (Coquillettidia). ..... 119

20. OCnVaCes (THEODHEe ec a 3 5, 5 TARPS 119

P1.. CVassipes (Van der WD) has chatiabls heaves 122

6. Genus Culex GEIMNQeGUS. 3.5 <oe ApGamteetre ee fice siversbrrd cs 124

Keys to Subeenera Of Cuiey .. see. 2 oe 8 A yer es 126

Subgenus.Culex Tm naeus so. wrpeyewiedys poten vat we, eos 6 129

Keys to Species of Culex: (Culen) cy oy ction Wi 0. PRO Ye 131

22 FUSCOCEDIOIG THEO A I a aii oi4 deeds) berrestela. «\% ve 135

Zo. Caggs Wiedemann, -.. ahnria diwsiets wi. «belied 138

24. PEPIensS LAMNACUG. 4 take te eae be Meher ie els 141

244A... DIDICNS. GUINQUEJOSCIOIUS SAY. ais ss ace d 2 6 141

Zot, pipiens pallens, COquillell: so. us. siace de . + +. 6s 144

24C. pipiens form molestus Forskal........ 146

AO IIIA CHIONIVNCHUSHOILES. sy oe 48 4 8 ee oe 148

20.5, PSCUGOUISUMUAZONCSS, wis au Fs ee 8 8 we 152

Dlivic SUM CWS: WILCOCIIAI es) avai Cede Ritesh. «ke 8 Ve 155

DD % UAPCOMCINCHIGE) 6 BOs neet eG) Tee 6 oe 158

D9. JOCRSGUI LOW AS Gioia, + Bs 8k ee 161

BU. Wie Cs PNG Re Gs ee oh ee ke 164

Ol. OVDCRIOIS Twas wicenters « @ ss 3 3 we se 167

32 aHOOMUIONS te pBONAFe ye Guy ieetrnd « Rok we 6 8 kk 171

B82 |, D1 CRIOTIVNCNV US GILES ce cage we see ee 173

Ome SINC GTS NCO OR Mela. aie erve and eee 6 ose 9 ess 177

SUDCeCNUS NCOCUION MIVA sie ay od wee hehe es Bice we ee ee 8 179

D0: *UVENSTS SAGA ANG TARANASE wis bie. eon 0 8 8 180

Subgenus Eumelanomyia Theobald. .........+e.6-. 185

Keys to Species of Culex (Eumelanomyia)....... 186

SOR. aVAsOSI1 HaAVOSI21 YAMAdG te ch 46 we 8 oS 187

36B. hayashii ryukyuanus new subspecies ..... 190

BH ch OI Ie AAONEPE 4, 2b) 4, cas phtietlgentd te: We tale eo 191

a Oe CU PODS A GUS) os Ril. oN oiled CANS Ani os 193

Subgenus Lophoceraomyia Theobald. ........... 196

Keys to Species of Culex (Lophocevaomyia)...... 198

Bes i ILHLUS TUAW Resta |, SEAGIG US Bee oe 199

20, . OFC Pe iy See WA MOS Cis holt Moat We en eee 202

a1.s.-yubiinova cis (Leicester )ea. 6. GO kk ee 204

AD CO SAMO CDALA yi eB Boe bes ene ove 207

Be icOC IS DONATUG ree SABHA RNE ce <aice Wwe ce. 210

Subeenus Calrcroniyian a NeODAl Gwe cise lar VIM. tee 214

Keys to Species of Culex (Culiciomyia) .....s.s.- 216

B4. ist peeyens7S BONER ik CA Ow we 217

89, MISTOpuUMCICIUS WMOWALTUS))\\i.) BEG k eve 220

AO Vinal iaarOrvGN TE eGneld Saw we kw 223

47. kyotoensis Yamaguti and LaCasse ....... 226

48. sasai Kano, Nitahara and Awaya........ 228

Subgenus Bbarvaudiusi MGwardss 2 woe! Bs ae 200

40... inatomi. Bantmura and Wada wees 6 2s ee ee 234

subgenus Luizia: Theopaid va. a eee. SIG. ee 237

Keys lo-Species Of Crlevi(Lutaia) rae SO kk. 239

0. -fuscanus Miledemanni i a PANN i. ee 240

Oke HOLTER ENCORE CAV POOI R kes 242

Oa. - SHINONHAZATMEW BPOCIOB WM) ) AIR. 6 ke 245

CONTENTS V

7. Gens Heizmannia. Wudhows <a age pal ene + BR 4 ee ee 247

Subgenus Heizmannia Ludlow. lewis ie 6 Phe wee es 249

Keys to Species of Heizmannia (Heizmannia) .... + see- 249

Dou hOna NEW SPECIOSA Basten Ol. ehectle sel w ee 249

Se 17d WAG Oe SIL TER ROD RR 6 WN ee eis 201

8.., Genus Acdes Meigen,. 0 tiengaess aintawe: +, Oi a, ee eck 8 pe 2230

Keys to Subgenera ol Acdes ite. oie. fae + 2 6 6 2 ees 200

Subgenus Ochlerotatus Lynch Arribalzaga......... 257

Keys to Species of Aedes (Ochlerotatus) ........ 259

DD.. VigianteRMBerGisinn aman gues ue + «68 es 262

56... Ov sa Heri Meleeiucataieiens «bik 4 oe ke we ee 264

BT. . CXCTULIGHEAEN AIROR) ok kd Stead. «6 oe 8 267

08. impiger daisetsuzanus new subspecies. ..... 2th

59.. Sticticus (Meleeninw ontahk enasedee « 3s es 7 A

60. .. COMMUTES De GEBIA Aen Gime te «84 4 4 es 278

Gls, puUncioy (Rip wiRe F staseues «RRs 5 ei < kee es 281

62. hexodontus hokkaidensis new subspecies 286

63. hakusanensis Yamaguti and Tamaboko...... 292

O4.. SB. , «.« Gindedty ete & Wi soe ks 296

GBicnidinueens TAM ta Aneto aa a owe ee 8 296

66. diantaeus Howard, Dyar and Knab........ 299

Subspenus«Filave dieonald anata wore 0. VG. 6 eee ew 8 we 302

Keys to Species of Aedes (Finlaya) .........04.6-. 305

Gi.. faponicus, (Theobatd)). sa Soerwreh aumess so 308

67A. japonicus japonicus (Theobald). ........ 309

67B. japonicus|amamiensis new subspecies..... 312

67C. japonicus yaemensis new subspecies. ..... 313

63. bometen ad edwards) 7 siscstancs auwed. OF. - 322

60.0 HOLA SOA aS Ae REWORK Oh BVM 2 ok 321

10.. Topeetraeo mr IaNiassSichace eiueedie i. ee $31,

TA OCGC VOTER pGnwer ies. le 2620008) 24h Bie ek ks 334

Vexe, SCOULCHS1S mas 880259 6.0L ae wes 337

Fo aelbeeneiis (BAPTA) oe tie 1d. ek we 340

14 RODE Sit Aa i a ed ew kk we 8 8 341

75.. Quyvecosiigius (PGleschallos 1.604. 6 et ke 344

75A. aureostriatus okinawanus Bohart.......-. 344

T5Bi Vaureostriaius taiwanus Liens t 6). 6 ew we 346

76. koveicoides Sasa, Kano and Hayashi....... 348

77. nipponicus LaCasse and Yamaguti........ 351

TOY’ RISTARGWAENEWREPOCIeSs: FokOe Ws Kh AW aw es 6 396

79. oveophilus (Edwards). ....... a ee eee ae 361

80.4 walaseBWVaAmaGda Fie wk CW ct eho ee ce 364

Subgenus Siegowmyia Theobald. «-.. «siti Gienn Wand y 42% 368

Keys to Species of Aedes (Stegomyia). ......... 370

$1,. riversi Bohartiwand Inewramiry 3. wie. ahh es 372

S2.. galloiel. Yamane oO ee BEE ha a 376

83. albapicius Amiga). oR tees kW A 380

84... fRAUORICTAS WAAR ea es ee wl 8 386

84A. flavopictus| flavopictus Yamada. ........ 386

84B. flavopictus downsi Bohart and Ingram ..... 389

84C. flavopictus miyarai new subspecies ...... 390

88.. aegypti (RAMUS a oe a Ne aca 396

vi CONTENTS

06; WadaT NEW SPECIES Pe Oe oe 400

OF=.* CHEMUIPOCNSTS VY aimmada ss BOB we 403

Subgenus Acdimoerpnus Theobald: or ee 405

Keys to Species of Aedes (Aedimorphus) ........ 407

G6. @ieosciieliatus.( Theobald). .6%....4.. 34. 407

89.% penons (NeIgen) » h80 See eh 410

S9A.” wexans nipponit (Theobald) 6: f. 8/8. 6 ee 410

Subventis Gaocrusce-mdwards: (9. 1 se ke ee 414

UO. baveer Ki ehl GRO HO oi ee. ce a 415

Subgenus Neomelaniconion Newstead. .......s.2e.ee. 418

Ole Hed opens (EMGlOW) 8 8 ae ee eo a ee 419

Sube@enis Puvavdsdcdes Bena 3.0 ee 422

OF Ip ICN SAWOILKRCD) .. oP ee oe es 423

Slibcenus Actes NMelve. VPS oe we ee ke 425

Keys to Species of Aedes (Aedes) ....... 2.2 ees 426

95." BSOeiars Vana Pe ia eo hog ue sa 427

94. yamadai Sasa, Kano and Takahasi ........ 432

95. sasai Tanaka, Mizusawa and Saugstad...... 434

subsenus Verraligia Theonald= 6 .6nS eR Se 436

Keys to Species of Aedes (Vervallina). .......se-s 438

JOR MOO URONnTS YAMA. POs Fe i a Se al ws 439

97. iriomotensis Tanaka and Mizusawa. ....... 442

98. atriisimilis Tanaka and Mizusawa ........ 443

9. Genus Aymiceres Tre@bald: Se wl eh a 445

SUDGENUS Agi 2CVES THEODATA oN ek ew wn 447

OO S1ba ais (COguINeiia se .- B le ee ek oe es 447

(il) oh PriberUimnoes eniiii. e e e e 450

10, Genus Uvanoigenm LynclyArribalzaga ie och. 6 eee we 451

Keys tO SubseieraO) U7Qi0tWCMte Wr PO ee 493

Subgenus Pseudoficalbia Theobald .......4.e-+e0e8-s 453

Keys to Species of Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia). ....... 453

HOOT JO CRS ONT TE GWAVdS 5G GER: sedi wo ek ee hw 455

101. ohamai Tanaka, Mizusawa and Saugstad..... 457

102. yaeyamana Tanaka, Mizusawa and Saugstad. .. 460

108... HOVODS CUE BARLAUAS BOW Re eed We ek oe et ws wh we 462

103A. novobscura novobscuva Barraud ........ 462

103B. novobscura ryukyuana new subspecies ..... 465

PORRR Opis 7 IGCLCO DIOR 268 Case. Rk ee nn oo bs nc wh ew 467

Subgenus Uvanotaenia Lynch Arribalzaga.......... 468

Keys to Species of Uvanotaenia (Uranotaenia)...... eve 469

108... GHUGNAOTAT BATH VCS Skee. eRe Be wo we ee es ee 8 469

106... maewaviane!l MGW ars G0 vehi en bee bos we ek won eee

Gib. Tribe Babetninin acer ene om ee 475

Keys fo, Generaron Sapethini aS ae oc ee ec ea 476

11. Genus Pr iplevotd estes eee Se RE kn ok kk eo ak ee ATT

Bupeenus Tr7piervoides Giles 2) s3a\ ees VRE 8 oo ew ws ts 478

LOG. GN OUSE (Vea AR arG ER oc eo si eek oe o> 478

LOTA. bambuse banibusa (Yamada)..38.. 6 6 cece es 478

107B. bambusa yaemamensis new subspecies. .... 481

12. Gemas 9 opariwia MEIC CSOT ania B. SIR sek ei ee ae 482

SUD LENWS SH 9107V 10a TAMPA wor eke oe eles 0) 0. oc es er ene. s 484

10S., yanba viens is INAV Aeyitieniit. Riso 6 eon eee oy 484

CONTENTS vii

13. Genus Malaye Deieester wil Gow eee © Sink gee wig 486

1OO.: SCHUTT OSITIS LeICeStOl oa ue Wee SORE ee ae —487

Gy): Tribe Pomorhy nett. ote vse ee ee ee ee 489

14... Genus: Toxovnynciiies Theobald... sae oe ee a ee 490

subeenus: 7 oxovnynciites: Theobald.) 266k. 6 kee. 8. 492

Keys to Species of Toxorhynchites (Toxorhynchites) ..... 493

A103 & nice ys (dW ards) i) ANG. BO Be ci eS 493

LIOA. gnanicaias yamadar OUCH) <n a soe ee 494

110B. manicatus yaevamae Bonart .. vw. 6 ale 496

LiL. tomadensis (Matsumura) 2) ee a ee ee 498

112... Chyistoplnt (POrtseaIMeky es. i.e eee 502

11S. Sie tiki Mimi ane Beat BS eheent ets Sis 007

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. Pyne ats ee ad ee ha ailing aha gs lke 208

REE RATURE Che Di 3S. yaw Bie a) Boa Aer ee ee ek 5910

LITERATURE CITED (ADDENDA Mia aia AlGR ee ee ek 590

List OF FIGURMSesstiics oe eos ret i awe Cee ales, oy 554

LIST OF FIGURE ABBREVIATIONS i+. Fo tordie 27243) 6 aoe ee 560

GSE OUST ce emu Mentoner era Gah Gi m am UR ys yh i clei Mure key cna) ale eller art ern NS 562

POPPE NDIC BSc skieey sic we erates we erg rei tng he ae es te ae a =e 815

A, Abbreviations so. 6 kor eae a NU ga gu ae a ae 815

Be TBPvel -Chaeterae Tae See arg ar a ie ae cer Nig ath 817

C; Collectiommecordevestas af the saiiis ie Cie ote ws dnote aoa hn. 923

POSTSORIPT Ubon Sos Raia bin. Py eg th Pe ie ei er a me at we 978

A REVISION OF THE ADULT AND LARVAL MOSQUITOES

OF JAPAN (INCLUDING THE RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO

AND THE OGASAWARA ISLANDS) AND KOREA

(DIPTERA: CULICIDAE)!

ee mania 3 -

, Kiyoyuki Mizusawa and Edward S. Saugstad

Department of Entomology,

U. S. Army Medical Laboratory,

Pacific; Kamitsuruma 4054,

Sagamihara City, Kanagawa Pref., Japan 228

(APO San Francisco, California 96343)

Kazuo Tanaka

ABSTRACT

This is a taxonomic revision of the adults and 4th stage larvae of the true

mosquitoes of Japan including the Ryukyu Archipelago and the Ogasawara

islands, and South Korea. The pupa is only briefly considered in the subfami-

ly Anophelinae. The family Culicidae is divided into 2 subfamilies: Anopheli-

nae and Culicinae. The subfamily Culicinae comprises 4 tribes: Culicini,

Uranotaeniini, Sabethini and Toxorhynchitini. No changes are made to the

generic and subgeneric divisions. Culex (Barraudus) inatomii Kamimura and

Wada is elevated to species rank from a subspecies of modestus. Toxorhynchi-

tes (Toxorhynchites) yamadai (Ouchi) and Tx. (Tox.) yaeyamae Bohart are re-

duced to subspecies of manicatus (Edwards). New taxa are as follows: Culex

(Eumelanomyia) hayashii ryukyuanus new subspecies, Cx. (Lutzia) shinonagai

new species, Heizmannia kana new species, Aedes (Ochlerotatus) impiger

daisetsuzanus new subspecies, Ae. (Och.) hexodontus hokkaidensis new sub-

species, Ae. (Finlaya) japonicus amamiensis new subspecies, Ae. (Fin.)

japonicus yaeyamensis new subspecies, Ae. (Fin.) nishikawai new species,

Ae. (Stegomyia) flavopictus miyarai new subspecies, Ae. (Stg.) wadai new

species, Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) novobscura ryukyuana new subspecies,

Tripteroides (Tripteroides) bambusa yaeyamensis new subspecies. The male

of Anopheles (Anopheles) saperoi saperoi Bohart and Ingram and the larva of

Aedes (Geoskusea) baisasi Knight and Hull are described for the first time.

lsupported in part by Project No. 34062110A831 and Research Contract No.

DAMD-17-74C-4086 from the U. S. Army Medical Research and Development

Command, Office of the Surgeon General, Fort Detrick, MD 21701.

2Present address: Department of Parasitology, Institute of Medical Science,

University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Shiroganedai, Minato-ki, Tokyo 108, Japan.

3Present address: 2-8, Oppama-cho, Yokosuka City, Kanagawa Prefecture

237, Japan.

4Present address: Major, MSC, U. S. Army, Health and Environment Activity,

Regional Division-North, Fort Meade, MD 20755.

2 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

The bionomics and relation to diseases, when known, are briefly discussed

for each species. The morphology of the larval maxilla is discussed, and the

following new terms are proposed: lacinial suture, lateral artis, mesostipes,

palpostipes, pseudoartis and stipital sensorium. In addition, a new numbering

system for the maxillary ring-based setae is presented.

INTRODUCTION

Background, Methods and Presentation

Scope

The present work deals with the taxonomy of the adults and the 4th stage

larvae of the true mosquitoes (dixid and chaoborid midges are not included)

from Japan including the Ryukyu Archipelago and the Ogasawara (Bonin)

islands, and South Korea. Pupae are also briefly treated in the subfamily

Anophelinae since many anopheline species cannot be identified without an

understanding of this stage. .

Material

As a rule, the taxonomical studies of this work are based on fresh speci-

mens collected during this project from the field. Only when fresh specimens

were not available, were specimens obtained from other sources (e.g. various

museums, institutions and laboratories). All of the collections were studied

at the U. S. Army Medical Laboratory, Pacific. At the conclusion of the study

they were transferred to the U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C. and to

other suitable museums or institutions in Japan.

Synonymic References

Only synonyms described from this region are listed. Also, in this section,

the first records for each species from Palaearctic Japan, the Ryukyu Archi-

pelago, the Ogasawara islands, and South Korea are listed with the names

reported. Those species with a sex or stage described by LaCasse and

Yamaguti (1950) are also listed.

Descriptions and Keys

All descriptions and keys including those of supraspecific categories were

prepared from specimens collected in this region, unless otherwise stated.

Thus, they are not necessarily applicable to the same species and groups of

other regions.

For an evaluation of the range of variation of structures, as a rule, 10

specimens (from as many localities as possible*) were studied. However,

since there are many exceptions to this rule, and as the reliability of the values

of variation ranges depends largely on the sample size, the number of speci-

mens studied is shown in parentheses in each case after the value, unless 10

specimens were studied. When the specimens studied were 10 or more, and,

if a case occurred with a frequency of 80% or more, the term "usually" is

used.

*Our experience showed this to be a good practical method to cover a tolerably

wide range of variation with a minimum number of specimens.

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 3

Female. This sex is described first, since it generally is more distinct in

scaling and chaetotaxy. Description of the female is an advantage to entomolo-

gists who conduct field studies since they normally encounter this sex. Hara

(1957a, b,c) published papers treating the female genitalia of most Japanese

species and claimed that identification of species was always possible by using

these structures. Our evaluation with a number of species revealed that Hara

had neglected both individual and local variations; our species could not be

identified with the keys he prepared. A thorough revision of the female geni-

talia utilizing a better technique is needed; however, this is not included here.

Male. Males are described using some secondary sexual characters and

other features necessary for comparison with related species. Male genitalic

features were found to be the most important taxonomic characters and were

therefore fully described. Males are, in general, more slender than females,

having larger antennal pedicels, sparser scaling, fewer thoracic bristles,

narrower wings, more slender and hairy abdomens, etc.; such common char-

acters are omitted from most descriptions.

Wing. Capital letters show the cells (e.g., Rg)and lower cases show the

veins (e.g., rg+9).

Larva, Unless otherwise indicated, all descriptions and illustrations were

prepared from exuvia or 4th stage whole larvae. Range of variation in the

branching of the body setae together with notes on size, barbing, etc. are

shown in the larval chaetotaxy tables; all data in these tables is not included

in the descriptions.

Measurements

Approximate Measurements. Obtained on dried pin-mounted specimens by

eye-measurements or with an eyepiece micrometer in a stereoscopic micro-

scope. The values obtained and relative values calculated from the measure-

ments are shown in fractions or to one decimal place (more accurate). Also,

values transferred to mm from the scales of the micrometer are shown to one

decimal place. In these cases, the numbers of specimens measured are not

usually given in the description.

Accurate Measurements. Obtained by an eyepiece micrometer in a com-

pound microscope, or occasionally in a stereoscopic microscope, of slide-

mounted specimens. These are more accurate, and values transferred to mm

from the scale of the micrometer are usually shown to 2 decimal places; com-

parative values calculated from these measurements are usually also shown to

2 decimal places. In these cases, numbers of specimens measured are shown

in parentheses in the descriptions, unless they are 10. The structures mea-

sured in this way are as follows: length of antennal flagellum, flagellomeres,

palpus, palpal segments, proboscis, wing cells and veins, legs, basistyle,

dististyle, its terminal claw, aedeagus, etc., and width of the dististyle,

aedeagus, etc., in the adults; length of head, antenna, siphon, saddle, body

setae, etc., distance between setae 1-C, and width of head, siphon, etc., in

the larvae. The width of the basistyle is often variable according to the degree

of sclerotization of individual specimens. In such cases and in other poorly

sclerotized structures, comparative values related to them (e.g., length-width

ratio of the basistyle) are calculated at most only to one decimal place, even if

measured on slide-mounted specimens.

Methods of measurements in some individual structures are as follows:

ADULT. Length of any segment includes the basal portion often inserted

into the proximal segment. Palpus. Total length of palpus is measured from

the base of the proboscis, then the palpus-proboscis length ratio obtained on

4 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

slide-mounted specimens is comparable with that obtained from pin-mounted

specimens. Pyroboscis. Length includes the labella. Wing. Length measured

from the base of the costa to the apex of the wing. Length of cell Ro is the dis-

tance between the point of the fork and the apex of vein rg. Length of cell

Mj+2 is the distance between the point of the fork and the apex of vein mj49.

Basistyle. Length from the extreme base located on the lateral surface, which

is usually seen as a narrow, more or less triangular process in tergal view.

LARVA. Head. Length from the anterior margin of the labrum to the pos-

terior margin of the collar. Siphon. Length measured on the dorsomedian Line;

maximum, basal and apical widths in lateral view. All measurements were

obtained from specimens with pieces of glass or glass tubes of suitable thick-

ness between cover slips and slides. The index is the ratio of the length to the

basal width. The positions of seta 1-S and the apex of the pecten are deter-

mined by their distances from a vertical line drawn from the base (or apex) on

the dorsomedian line. Saddle. Length measured on the dorsomedian line.

Records of Specimens

The area covered by this work is divided into 14 districts, each district

having its own code letter, A-N (Fig. 1). Prefectures, provinces and minor

islands are shown in Fig. 2. Each collection made at a single habitat (e.g., a

tree hole, a ground pool) is given a serial number. A collection number con-

sists of a code letter and serial number. Collection numbers refer only to col-

lections preserved in this laboratory. Specimens examined in our collection

are shown by the collection numbers for each species and precise data is in-

cluded in the COLLECTION RECORDS Section. Specimens examined from the

other sources are shown by detailed data, together with their locations. Num-

bers of specimens examined are shown in total for each major island, groups

of islands or South Korea.

Figure 1. Area covered*

A - Hokkaido District H - Kyushu District

B - Tohoku District I - Amami Gunto

C - Kanto District J - Okinawa Guntoé

D - Chubu District +—— Honshu K - Miyako and Yaeyama Gunto

E, - Kinki District L - Korean Peninsula

F - Chugoku District M - Cheju Do

G - Shikoku District N - Ogasawara and Volcano islands

*Districts A through K and N are situated in Japan; L and M are in South Korea.

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 9)

a ed

Nore oo waa oor WDE

48.

49.

00.

ol.

OANHOOURWNE

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

Figure 2.

Japanese Archipelago

South Korea

Prefectures of Japan (large bold numerals)

Aichi oe

Akita 14.

Aomori 15.

Chiba 16.

Ehime Li.

Fukui 18.

Fukuoka 19.

Fukushima 20.

Gifu 21.

Gumma 22.

Hiroshima Zoe

Hokkaido 24.

C. Ryukyu Archipelago

D. Ogasawara and Volcano islands

Hyogo 25. Miyazaki

Ibaraki 26. Nagano

Ishikawa 27. Nagasaki

Iwate 28. Nara

Kagawa 29. Niigata

Kagoshima 30. Oita

Kanagawa 31. Okayama

Kochi 32. Okinawa

Kumamoto 33. Osaka

Kyoto 34. Saga

Mie 30. Saitama

Miyagi 36. Shiga

Prefectures, provinces and minor islands

37.

38.

39.

40.

41.

42.

43.

44.

45.

46.

47.

Provinces (Do) of South Korea (large bold numerals)

Cheju

Chollanam

Chollapuk

Chungchongnam

Minor islands (small italic numerals)

Amakusa Shimojima

Amami Oshima

Anijima

Aogashima

Chichijima

Danjo Gunto (Isls. )

Goto Rett6 (Isls. )

Hachijo

Hachijo Kojima

Hahajima

Hamahiga

Hateruma

Hatoma

Henza

Hirado

Honjima

Iejima

Iheya

o2. Chungchongpuk

o3. Kangwon

04. Kyongki

oo. Kyongsangnam

06. Kyongsangpuk

Ikema

Iki

Irabu

Irimote

Ishigaki

Iwojima

Izena

Izu Oshima

Kerama Retto (Isls. )

Koshiki Retté (Isls. )

Kumejima

Kuroshima

Mikura

Minamidaito

Miyagi (Takabanare)

Miyake

Miyako

Mukojima

Shimane

Shizuoka

Tochigi

Tokushima

Tokyo

Tottori

Toyama

Wakayama

Yamagata

Yamaguchi

Yamanashi

Niijima

Oki Gunto

(Isls. )

Okinawa

Okinoerabu

Okushiri

Otdtojima

Rebun

Rishiri

Sado

Taketomi

Tanegashima

Tarama

Tokunoshima

Tsushima

Yakushima

Yonaguni

. Yoron

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea %

8 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

Illustrations

Most figures are self-explanatory, thus only a few comments are provided.

Adult. Figures represent females unless otherwise indicated. In the en-

larged figures of the male antenna of Culex (Lophocevaomyia), only modified

setae are illustrated. Wings represent the dorsal aspect. Legs are drawn

from the anterior aspect (anterodorsal aspect of forefemur), and arranged as

fore-, mid- and hindleg from the left. Toothed or modified claws are illus-

trated and simple claws are usually not. When both anterior and posterior

claws are equal, usually only the anterior claw is illustrated. When 3 sets of

claws are shown, they are of fore-, mid- and hindtarsus from the top or from

the left; when 2 sets, they are of fore- and midtarsus.

Male Genitalia. In general, except for Culex, the dorsal aspect of the left

basistyle, dististyle and most of the proctiger and phallosome are illustrated.

For Culex, the lateral or mesal aspect of the basistyle (or apical half) and

dististyle are shown. Various parts of the terminalia are shown separately as

indicated on the figures.

Larva. As to the head, thorax and abdominal segments I-VI, the left half

represents the dorsal aspect, and the right half the ventral aspect. Apex of

antenna is in dorsal view, unless otherwise stated.

Morphology and Terminology

We adopted widely accepted morphological interpretations and terminology

with afew exceptions. Figures 3-10 show most morphological features and

terminology used. Those limited to certain species are shown in the illustra-

tions for such species. A discussion of new interpretations and new or uncom-

mon usage of terminology employed here follows.

ADULT (Figs. 3 and 4). Vertex and Tempus. The posterior part of the dor-

sal surface of the head is usually termed the occiput, and the remainder the

vertex. However, there is no border line between the two, and the scaling of

these areas is variable and does not indicate any differentiation of the areas.

The occiput is reduced on mosquitoes to a small plate (the nape) projecting

from the back of the head (Natvig 1948). We follow this interpretation, and

call the entire dorsal surface of the head the vertex. The sides of the head

behind the eyes are usually scaled differently from the vertex, the bristles

along the eye on this part are usually finer than those of the vertex, and pro-

jected anteriorly, while the bristles of the vertex are directed anteromesally;

thus these 2 groups of bristles are usually easily discriminated. It may be

reasonable therefore to consider this area as different from the vertex, and

call it the tempus (pl. tempora), again following Natvig (1948). As a result of

this interpretation, the bristles on the vertex are termed the vertical bristles,

and those on the tempus the temporal bristles. In some groups, e.g., Anophe-

les (Anopheles), these bristles are continuously arranged and almost homogene-

ous, and thus it is difficult to discriminate between temporals and verticals.

In these groups a widely used term, the orbital bristle, is employed.

Palpus. Colless (1965) recognized 6 segments in the male palpus of Culex

(Lophocevaomyia). This condition is common in most species having a long

palpus. We, however, consider the first segment as a part of the stipes,

probably the palpifer; it usually has neither setae nor scales. On the other

hand, many setae and scales are present from the apparent 2nd segment (first

segment of the palpus) except for many species of Culex. Thus, as accepted

generally, the male palpus is 5-segmented. The palpus of the female is often

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 9

regarded as 4- or 5-segmented (depending on presence or absence of a minute

apical segment). However, it should be 3- or 4-segmented on the same basis

as the male. The apparent basal segment is homologous to that of the male.

Thus it must be the palpifer or a part of the stipes. It too is always bare. The

true palpal segments are always bristled and scaled; the 3rd segment is long-

est, the 4th is minute or lacking.

Genitalia, Reinert's (1974) terminology is employed for the unusually well

developed male and female genitalia of Aedes (Verrallina). This is also applied

to the male genitalia of Topomyia. The words sternobasal division and tergo-

apical division, and Greek letters a, 8, Y, 5, €, u and X are used for the male

genitalia of Culex. They are explained in the generic description.

LARVA (Figs. 5-10). Mandible (Fig. 6). Special attention has been paid to

the mandible and maxilla throughout this project, as they appear to provide

good phylogenetic and diagnostic characters. In respect to the morphological

interpretation and terminology of the mandible, we chiefly follow Pao and

Knight (1970b) and Knight (1971), and partially Gardner et al. (1973), with the

following 2 exceptions. The mandibular spurs are numbered as MdS, to MdSs5

dorsoventrally, thus, the usually shortest ventralmost spur is to be MdS5;

MdS92 is usually fine and multiple, located a little anteriad of others; MdS3 and 4

are usually similar, when one of them is absent, the remaining one is regarded

as MdSg. As discussed later, we use a new numbering system for the ring-

based setae of the maxilla; consequently, the mandibular setae must be number-

ed differently. Thus, we use 1-Md instead of 0-Mp of Knight (1971). This seta

is found in only Anopheles and Aedes (SStegomyia) in the mosquitoes of this re-

gion.

Maxilla (Figs. 7-10). Recent papers of Pao and Knight (1970a, b and Gardner

et al. (1973) provide much assistance toward understanding the morphology of

the maxilla of mosquito larvae. However, their studies were based only ona

few species of Aedes. As a result of our studies which were based upon an

analysis of 13 genera, 28 subgenera and nearly one hundred species, | including

Dixa (Dixidae), Chaoborus and Mochlonyx (Chaoboridae)| our conclusions are

somewhat different from those of previous authors. They are discussed fully

in this chapter.

1. Cardo

Salem (1931) identified the usually triangular, well sclerotized small scler-

ite at the base of the maxilla as the ‘first segment of the maxillary palp."'

However, many authors (e.g., Cook 1944; Foote 1952; Shalaby 1957a; Pao and

Knight 1970b; Gardner et al. 1973) considered it the "palpifer.'’ Snodgrass

(1959) stated, without giving any reason, that it might be referred to as the

"cardo.'' Pucat (1965) regarded it a fused sclerite, the ''cardo-basistipes, "

based on Hinton's (1958) view; the latter author, working on Panorpoidea,

hypothesized that the stipes was composed of 2 sclerites, the basistipes and

dististipes. Hinton's view was criticized by Badcock (1961) who concluded

that Hinton's dististipes was the fused part of the proximal palpal segment or

segments and the lacinial lobe (after Matsuda 1965). Maslov (1967) had a differ-

ent view, thinking it the ''stipes.'’ A generally accepted definition of the palpi-

fer is as follows: The palpifer is a differentiated part of the maxillary stipes

bearing the palpus distally (Snodgrass 1935; Matsuda 1965). It usually has

neither muscles nor sensory organs. Although identical with this definition in

lacking muscles, this triangular sclerite of mosquito larvae is never associated

with the stipes. It always has a well developed sensory seta (6-MP of Pao and

Knight 1970b) and is often fused with the cranium; partially in Culiseta, Culex,

and most of Aedes (Fig. 9 a,b), completely in Armigeres (Fig. 9 c,d) and

—

ODO WDANAIHDOOPWDHY

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

Figure 3. Morphology (I). Adult - 1

Female - Lateral aspect b. Female head - Dorsal aspect

HEAD 1. eye (compound eye)

eye (compound eye) 2. vertex

vertex 3. interocular space

tempus 4, tempus

clypeus Do. nape

pedicel 6. vertical bristles

etalinat pea 7. temporal bristles

palpifer 8. clypeus

palpus 9. scape

labium 10. pedicel } — antenna

eo rn al ee 11. flagellomere 1

THORAX 12. palpifer

anterior pronotal lobe 13. palpus*

posterior pronotal lobe 14. proboscis (labium)

scutum c. Thorax - Dorsal aspect

scutal suture 1. anterior promontory

scutellum 2. scutal angle

postnotum 3. scutal suture

paratergite 4. fossal area

propleuron D. prescutellar space

spiracular area 6. acrostichal bristles

mesothoracic spiracle 7. anterior dorsocentral bristles

postspiracular area 8. posterior dorsocentral bristles

subspiracular area 9. humeral bristles

prealar knob 10. angular bristles

sternopleuron 11. posterior fossal bristles

mesepimeron 12. supraalar bristles

mesomeron 13. prescutellar bristles

metathoracic spiracle 14. scutellum

metepisternum 15. anterior pronotal lobe

metepimeron }-metapleuron d. Maxilla - Male e. Maxilla - Female

metameron 1. stipes

WING 2. palpifer

wing (forewing) 3. palpus*

halter 4. galea

LEG f. Foretarsomere 5 - Male

hindcoxa 1. ventrobasal swelling

hindtrochanter 2. midventral process

hindfemur 3. anterior claw

hindtibia 4. posterior claw

hindtarsus* 5. empodium

claw g. Foretarsomere 5 - Female

ABDOMEN 1. claw

tergum 2. pulvillus

laterotergite 3. empodium

sternum

GENITALIA

cercus *Segments of these structures are

postgenital plate

indicated by Roman numerals in Fig. 3.

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 11

Fig. 3

O1 ® W De OANDOOUFRPWDH HE

OMA DIILP WHF

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

Figure 4. Morphology (II). Adult - 2

a. Wing - general

squama 15. vein m3i4

alula 16. cubitus (cu)

costa (c) 17. vein cuy

subcosta (sc) 18. vein cug

remigium 19. first anal vein (1a)

radius (r) 20. humeral cross vein (h)

vein rj 21. radiomedial cross vein (r-m)

radial sector (rs) 22. mediocubital cross vein (m-cu)

vein r9i3 23. spur

vein ro 24. plica

vein rg 29. Cell Ro

vein 1445 26. cell My,5

media (m) 27. fringe scales

vein mj442 |

b. Pale marks or spots of the wing of Anopheles

prehumeral 6. subcostal

humeral 7. preapical

presector 8. apical fringe

sector 9. fringe

accessory sector

Male genitalia

Tergal aspect - Aedes (Ochlerotatus)

Sternal aspect - Aedes (Ochlerotatus)

e. Lateral aspect, with basistyle removed -

Aedes (Finlaya)

tergum IX 10. dististyle

sternum IX 11. claw of dististyle

basistyle 12. tergite X

basal tergomesal lobe 13. paraproct

apical tergomesal lobe 14. cercal tergal srtace [> octiger

mesal membrane 15. cercal setae

claspette stem 16. aedeagus

filament of claspette 17. paramere

interbasal fold 18. basal plate

Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea

Tanaka et al.:

Fig. 4

Say De re ae Feat

| eae 3 4

16 i

19 24 «18

6 7

; |

ea ty as ease oe =e 8

aes a ae

we 27 be ea

- 5S 4+-—# ae ee Ae eee ea

a5 ES ee ae ane

ae se aati [ane me, rR hia: Sere PS ¥ =.

See e © <A ae, SSN Re bap ae et HS *

Spee wi 8 x

= . ;

: SN “wwxvws :

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OOO N OUR WN Ee

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

Figure 5. Morphology (III). Larva

a. Lateral aspect - Culicinae

{

abdomen 11. mandible

acus of saddle 12. maxilla

acus of siphon 13. mesothorax

antenna 14. metathorax

collar | 15. prothorax

comb scales 16. pecten

compound eye 17. saddle

anal gill 18. siphon

erid 19. spiracular valves

head 20. thorax

b. Segment X - Ventral aspect - Anopheles

c. Segment X - Ventral aspect - Aedes

base of cratal hair (4-X) 4. grid

base of anal gill Oo. midventral bar

base of precratal hair (4-X) 6. saddle

d. Head - Ventral aspect (left maxilla removed) - Culex

antenna 14. mentum plate

aulaeum 15. mouth brush (lateral palatal

cardo of maxilla brush)

collar 16. palpostipes of maxilla

compound eye 17. paracoila

dorsal artis of mandible 18. precoila

hypostomal ridge 19. postcoila

hypostomal suture 20. posterior tentorial pit

labiogula 21. rod of paracoila

lateral artis of maxilla 22. stemma

mandible 23. ventral artis of mandible

maxilla 24. ventral stipital seta (4-Mx)

maxillary brush 25. seta1-C.

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 15

16 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

Figure 6. Morphology (IV). Larval mandible

aandc - Dorsal aspect

6 and d - Ventral aspect

e - Dorsal aspect of cutting organ

1. microspines 19. mesal denticle (VT9)

2. mandibular seta (1-Md) 20. mesal denticle (VT3)

3. mandibular ring 21. mesal pecten

4. mandibular spur (MdSj) 22. accessory denticle

5. mandibular spur (MdS9) 23. ventral blade (VB,)

6. mandibular spur (MdSg) 24. ventral blade (VB9)

7. mandibular spur (MdS,) 25. ventral blade (VB3)

8. mandibular spur (MdSs5) 26. pectinate brush

9. mandibular brush 27. piliferous process

10. mandibular comb 28. labula of piliferous process

11. dorsal spine (DS) 29. piliferous process hair (PPH,)

12. dorsal tooth 30. piliferous process hair (PPH92)

13. ventral tooth (VT) 31. piliferous process hair (PPHg)

14. lateral denticle (VT-1) 32. piliferous process hair (PPHy,)

15. lateral denticle (VT-2) 33. piliferous process hair (PPHs)

16. lateral denticle (VT-3) 34. mandibular hairs

17. lateral denticle (VT -4) 35. dorsal artis

18. mesal denticle (VT;) 36. ventral artis

Figure a, 6 Anopheles (Anopheles) lindesayii japonicus

c, a Culex (Culiciomyia) kyotoensis

e Uvranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) ohamai

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 17

Fig. 6

Uranotaenia

( Pseudoficalbia)

Culex (Culiciomyia) 0.1

18 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

Toxorhynchites. This closer association with the cranium suggests that it will

be a more basic sclerite than the palpifer or even the stipes. In Tripteroides

(Fig. 10 c,d) and Malaya, it is fused with the so-called palpus, but is not a

part of the stipes. This so-called palpus may not be the true palpus as dis-

cussed later. As suggested by Cook (1944), the maxilla of Dixa (Fig. 7 a,b),

apparently more primitive than that of the Culicidae, seems to resolve all

questions about this sclerite. Though quadrangular in shape in Dixa this scler-

ite can be easily identified with that of mosquitoes by its position and the

presence of a ring-based seta. The maxilla of Dixa has a single segmented,

typically cylindric palpus, and this palpus is inserted on another larger

sclerite, doubtlessly the stipes. The sclerite in question, bearing a ring-

based seta, does not bear the palpus and is situated between the stipes and

cranium. Thus, this sclerite is neither palpifer nor stipes but should be the

cardo; consequently its ring-based seta is here termed the cardinal seta, 1-Mx

(6-MP of Pao and Knight 1970b). A longitudinal, bar-like, strongly sclero-

tized structure between the so-called palpus and the mesal main sclerite in

Anopheles (Fig. 7 c,d) is no doubt a homologue of the triangular basal sclerite,

the cardo, in most mosquitoes, though it was interpreted as the ''maxillary

apodeme"' by Shalaby (1956, 1958).

2. Stipes, palpostipes and mesostipes

The lateral cylindric sclerite of the maxilla of mosquito larvae has been

unanimously interpreted as the "'palpus.'’' The palpus is the telopodite in the

maxilla, located on the stipes or the palpifer (Snodgrass 1935; Matsuda 1965).

The so-called palpus of mosquito larvae is, however, not located on the stipes

or the palpifer, and has a strong articulation with the mandibular ventral artis,

and both together are attached to the postcoila, an apodeme of the cranium.

Such articulation should be borne by the coxopodite.

As stated above, the mesal main sclerite in Dixa is the stipes and it differs

from the mesal main sclerite in mosquito larvae in having the palpus-bearing

laterobasal part. This laterobasal part appears to be separated from the

mesal part by the presence of a deep membranous notch on the ventral surface,

and is definitely separated on the dorsal surface. Its dorsobasal angle is pro-

duced, strongly sclerotized and articulated with the mandibular ventral artis;

it is also characterized by the presence of a ring-based seta. This latero-

basal part appears identical with the basal area of the so-called palpus of

mosquito larvae. It is especially distinct when the maxilla of Dixa is compared

with that of Anopheles; the latter appears to retain a more primitive condition

than other Culicidae studied, and most resembles Dixa. The apical half of

this sclerite in Anopheles is cylindrical. The basal half has a dorsomesal

unsclerotized portion and a ring-based seta (8-MP of Knight and Laffoon 1971)

remains on this sclerite laterally, though it is specialized into a dendritic

form as in many other body setae of this genus. We believe that in mosquito

larvae the telopodite (palpus) bearing laterobasal part of the stipes together

with its portion articulating with the mandibular ventral artis was separated

from the endite-bearing mesal part, and the true palpus was fused with it.

This fused sclerite is here termed the palpostipes*, the remaining mesal part

of the stipes the mesostipes, and the ring-based seta the lateval stipital seta,

3-Mx (8-MP of Knight and Laffoon 1971). Most Culicidae studied have essen-

tially the same structure of the palpostipes as that of Anopheles, but have lost

It may be more exactly referred to as the palpolaterostipes, but this word is

too long.

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 19

the lateral stipital seta 3-Mx, except for Mimomyia (Fig. 8 a,b). Uvanotaenia

(Pseudoficalbia) (Fig. 10 a,b) is different from all the other Culicidae in the

structure of this sclerite. It is fairly large, well sclerotized, with a very wide

mesal unsclerotized area through its entire length; thus it has no sclerotized

apical cylindric portion. At the membranous apex of this sclerite, there are 2

small unequal sclerotized plates. They may be remnants of the true palpus.

The maxilla of the subgenus Uvanotaenia (annandalei Barraud and macfarlanei

Edwards) appears essentially the same as that of the subgenus Pseudoficalbia

in general structure, but the details of the palpostipes were difficult to observe

owing to its poor sclerotization and extremely small size.

In some species, e.g., Aedes (Ochlerotatus) impiger (Walker), Ae. (Och.)

punctor (Kirby), Ae. (Finlaya) japonicus (Theobald), Ae. (Fin.) koreicus

(Edwards), Ae. (Fin.) hatovii Yamada, Ae. (Fin.) watasei Yamada, Ae.

(Stegomyia) and Toxorhynchites, the palpostipes and mesostipes are ventrally

continuous at the base; this is not a primitive condition, but may be a secondary

fusion for strengthening the maxilla during the process of evolution from filter-

feeders through browsers to predators. A more advanced fusion of sclerites is

seen in predatory species of the subgenus Culex (Lutzia). The overall shape of

the maxilla superficially resembles that of Toxorhynchites. However, there

is a great difference between them, that is, the cardo tends to fuse with meso-

and palpostipes in Lutzia, while it is separated from them, and has become a

part of the cranium in Toxorhynchites. It is definite that the condition of a

cardo separated from the cranium is a more primitive condition. A narrow

mesobasal fusion of the cardo with the cranium is seen in Culiseta, Culex and

Aedes (except for Stegomyia); Lutzia apparently retains a similar condition.

An intermediate cardo exists in Culex (Culex): bitaeniorhynchus Giles and

Armigeres, in which the cardo is fused along its whole basal margin with a

suture in the former species and without it in the latter.

3. Lacinia and galea

Previous interpretations of the mesostipes were the "'stipes'' (Cook 1944;

Farnsworth 1947; Snodgrass 1959), a complex sclerite of the cardo and stipes,

usually including galea and lacinia (Shalaby 1956, 1957a,b,c, 1958, 1959;

Menees 1958; Pao and Knight 1970b; Gardner et al. 1973), the "dististipes"'

(Pucat 1965) and the "'galeolacinia'' (Matsuda 1965). Most authors recognize

the lacinia in mosquito larvae. In Dixa, the laciniaisa hairy dorsomesal area of

the stipes. The presence of the maxillary adductor muscle (the "tergolacinial

muscle'' of Matsuda 1965) attached to the most mesal, well sclerotized border

(Schremmer 1950) substantiates this interpretation. The lacinia is delimited

by a weak dorsal line, the lacinial suture (a homologue of the ''chitinous ridge"

of Salem 1931; Shalaby 1957a,b,c, 1959; Pao and Knight 1970b; ''maxillary

suture" of Gardner et al. 1973), and the mesal margin of the stipes. It has

a tapered apex detached from the body of this sclerite, bearing the ring-based

proximal lacinial seta, 5-Mx (3-MP of Pao and Knight 1970b) on the dorsal sur-

face laterobasally close to the suture, and another, the distal lacinial seta,

6-Mx (7-MP of Gardner et al. 1973) on a protuberance approximately at the

termination of the lacinial suture. The lacinia of Anopheles is similar to that

of Dixa, but the detached apex is somewhat reduced, 5-Mx is removed to the

apical third, 6-Mx loses the basal protuberance, and the lacinial suture is

moderately sclerotized. The corresponding sclerite in most of the other

Culicidae is more developed in size, usually covering the dorsomesal half of

the mesostipes, and is more completely fused with the mesostipes, having lost

the detached apex. The distal lacinial seta, 6-Mx, is almost always located at

the apex of the lacinial suture. The presence or absence of the galea is debat-

20 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

able. In Dixa, if the galea exists, it might be the distal triangular area

delimited basally by an extremely faint transverse line (likely a remnant of

the suture) at the apical third of the ventral surface (there is no such line on

the dorsal surface) and the ring-based galeal seta, 7-Mx (hitherto undescribed),

close to the mesal margin. This part as well as seta 7-Mx remains in

Anopheles, though shortened and losing the transverse basal delimiting line;

all the other Culicidae have lost it together with seta 7-Mx. The maxillary

abductor muscle of Dixa is attached to approximately the laterobasal corner

of the mesal part of the dorsal side of the stipes (Schremmer 1950). It is

also found in the mesostipes of mosquito larvae (''cranial flexor of stipes"' of

Cook 1944; Farnsworth 1947; Menees 1958; '"'tergo-galeal muscle" of Matsuda

1965) and can be called the tergo-stipital muscle.

4, Articulations of the maxilla with the cranium and mandible

Owing to the reduced nature of the cardo in Dixa and mosquito larvae, the

articulation between it and the cranium which is generally membranous, does

not appear to have a primary significance. The articulation between cardo

and stipes is apparently not strong. The direct hinge-like articulation in

Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia), however, seems to have a more important role

in sustaining the mesostipes and palpostipes. The cardo in this subgenus is

quadrangular, its mesal margin attached to the cranial process, the lateral

margin to the ventromesal margin of the palpostipes in the middle, and the

anterior margin to the laterobasal margin of the mesostipes. The palpostipes

is also articulated with the mandibular ventral artis and the cranial postcoila,

but the mesostipes has no strong articulation with the cranium. The cardo of

Orthopodomyia (Fig. 8 c,d) appears to have direct articulations with the stipes

by a long dorsodistal process and with the palpostipes along the lateral margin

at base, but the articulation with the cranium is membranous. Strong modifi-

cation and sclerotization in the cardo of Anopheles suggest that the cardo of

this genus retains some significant articulatory function. In Culiseia, Culex,

most of Aedes, Armigeres and Toxorhynchites, as already stated, the cardo

is partially or totally fused with the cranium, and does not articulate with it.

Two important articulations exist in Dixa and most mosquito larvae. One

is that between the maxillary parartis ('entoparartis" of Shalaby 1956, 1957a,

b,c, 1958, 1959) and the cranial paracoila (Laffoon and Knight 1973). We

interpret the parartis to be the more or less sclerotized and produced meso-

basal corner of the stipes (Dixa) or of the mesostipes (Culicidae), including

the point of the articulation but not limited to it. In Dixa and Anopheles, the

parartis articulates with the paracoila through a long narrow sclerotized rod,

the vod of pavartis ("C-shaped sclerite" of Cook 1944; ''maxillarer

Gelenkstab" of Schremmer 1950; "rod'' of Shalaby 1956, 1958; ''condyle of

cardo'' of Menees 1958). A similar structure is seen also in Orthopodomyia

and Tripteroides, but in these genera, the parartis is situated slightly laterad.

In Armigeres, this articulation is direct and apparently strong. In Uranotaenia,

there is no parartis-paracoila articulation; the mesostipes seems to be only

attached to the apex of the postgenal process, being supported chiefly by the

cardo. The articulation is not strong in Aedes, but another connection with the

cranium is developed. The ventrobasal margin of the mesostipes is produced

at the middle and is usually directly attached to the anterior margin of the

cranium. These 2 sclerotized parts are connected by a narrow membrane,

or sclerotization of this connecting portion is variously developed (varying

individually in Aedes (Ochlerotatus) dorsalis (Meigen), Ae. (Och.) excrucians

(Walker) and Ae. (Och.) punctor). In Ae. (Och.) impiger, Ae. (Verrallina)

nobukonis Yamada and species of the subgenus Stegomyia, this ventrobasal

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 21

process is completely fused with the strip-like narrow, strongly sclerotized

anterior margin of the cranium; this strip-like margin is continuous to the

cardo laterally and to the hypostomal ridge mesally. This connection or fusion

between the ventral mesostipital process and the cranium was considered as

the primary articulation of the maxilla with the cranium by Gardner et al.

(1973). However, this is not seen in many other genera including the more

primitive ones such as Dixa, Anopheles, Mimomyia and Orthopodomyia, and

is restricted to some of the Culex and Aedes among the genera studied. Thus,

it may be thought as a secondary articulation, and is termed here the pseudo-

artis.

The 2nd articulation at the base of the palpostipes with the mandibular ven-

tralartis is found in all species studied and is usually strong. This sclero-

tized articulatory portion, extends at least partially along the postcoila and

reaches the mandibular postartis. It has been called the ''secondary process"

(Cook 1944), "laterales maxillares Gelenk" (Schremmer 1950), ''exoparartis"

(Shalaby 1956, 1957c, 1958, 1959), "exoparartis + maxillary apodeme"'

(Shalaby 1957a; Pao and Knight 1970b) and "maxillary apodeme" (Shalaby 1957b;

Gardner et al. 1973). The exparartis is the "arm of the parartis articulating

on the external surface of the paracoila" (MacGillivray 1923; dela Torre-Bueno

1937). Thus, this term may not be applicable to this articulatory portion of

the palpostipes. The 'maxillary apodeme" has been confused with both the

maxillary structure and the cranial structure. Thus, a new term, the

lateral artis, is proposed.

Oo. Sensory setae and sensoria

As in the antenna, the maxilla should have its own numbering of the ring-

based sensory setae. Most of them have already been discussed in this paper.

They are summarized below in comparison with the numbering of previous

authors.

Present work Previous work

1-Mx cardinal seta 6-MP (Pao and Knight 1970b)

2-Mx dorsal (mesal) stipital seta 4-MP (Pao and Knight 1970b)

3-Mx lateral stipital seta 8-MP (Knight and Laffoon 1971)

4-Mx ventral stipital seta 5-MP (Pao and Knight 1970b)

5-Mx proximal lacinial seta 3-MP (Pao and Knight 1970b)

6-Mx distal lacinial seta 7-MP (Gardner et al. 1973)

7-Mx galeal seta ---

In mosquitoes, the usually twin, thick spiniform appendages found on the

dorsal surface of the mesostipes close to the lacinial suture have been called

"bristles" (Salem 1931), ‘membranous appendages" (Shalaby 1957a), ''finger-

like appendages" (Maslov 1967), "maxillary spurs" (Pao and Knight 1970b) and

"dorsal maxillary setae" (Gardner et al. 1973). They are homologues of the

palpal sensoria; this is especially clear in Uvanotaenia. In this genus, the

palpal sensoria are well developed, as long as or even longer than the stipital

sensoria; the texture apparently the same, often with one or more basal

segment-like structures (basal rings). As they may not be receptors of tactile

stimuli, they should be called sensoria rather than setae. In species of Dixa

studied, there are 2, very small and separated stipital sensoria. Orthopod-

omyia has only a single small sensorium. Anopheles, Mimomyia, Culiseta,

Culex, Aedes, Armigeres, Uranotaenia, (Uranotaenia), Topomyia and Malaya

have twin sensoria, with or without a poorly developed basal ring. Tvipteroides

has 2 unequal sensoria on a common Single basal ring. Toxorhynchites has

22 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

twin sensoria on a common single but partially divided, well developed basal

ring. In Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia), the stipital sensoria have very well and

variously developed basal rings; jacksoni Edwards, ohamai Tanaka, Mizusawa

and Saugstad and yaeyamana Tanaka, Mizusawa and Saugstad have a 2 seg-

mented basal ring, the distal one is very large, the apical sensoria are equal

in size (one is located apically and another laterally); novobscurva Barraud has

slightly unequal apical sensoria and an almost completely divided basal ring;

nivipleuva Leicester has a single basal ring, an apical sensorium of ordinary

Size and a very small lateral sensorium. Antennal seta 5-A with a small

accessory process on the lateral proximal division resembles the stipital

sensoria of Ur. (Pfc.) nivipleurva. This may be a homologue of the sensoria.

Figures 7-10. Morphology (V-VUI). Larval maxilla - 1-4

a and c - Dorsal aspect

6 and d - Ventral aspect

Am ampulla Pst palpostipes

Ca cardo R rod of parartis

Gl galea : Ss stipital sensoria

LAt lateral artis Stp stipes

Le lacinia 1 cardinal seta (1-Mx)

Mst mesostipes 2 dorsal (mesal) stipital seta

MxB- maxillary brush (2-Mx)

Pat parartis lateral stipital seta (3-Mx)

Pl palpus 4 ventral stipital seta (4-Mx)

Pre _ paracoila 5 proximal lacinial seta (5-Mx)

PS palpal sensoria (Sy-S5) 6 distal lacinial seta (6-Mx)

Psc __ postcoila 7 galeal seta (7-Mx)

Figure 7 a, b Dixa sp. (Dixidae)

c,d Anopheles (Anopheles) sp. (Engaru race)

Figure 8 a, Mimomyia (Etorleptiomyia) luzonensis

c, @ Orthopodomyia anopheloides

Aedes (Ochlerotatus) hakusanensis

Figure 9 a, b

c, @ Armigeres (Armigeres) subalbatus

Figure 10 a,b Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) ohamai

c, @ Tripteroides (Tripteroides) bambusa bambusa

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 23

-———— 0]Imm

Dixa sp. (Dixidae)

\C 6

} SS

ly, Ne,

Pat

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

Fig. 8

S 2

NS BY

SRy

LY 2

SS oes

Sy)

= G

5 8)

= cs re)

fos i)

. ae mr]

Set AN == >

= ’

SS =

Sree = oy

oS Ameo

= >)

— >

Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea

Tanaka et al.:

Fig. 9

Figzt0

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

Uranotaenia (Pseudoticalbia)

/} i

[yj

shh I y/f

Tripteroides (Tripteroides )

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 27

Zoogeography

Of the region covered by this work, the Japanese Archipelago (Hokkaido,

Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu) and Korea belong to the Palaearctic region, and the

Ryukyu Archipelago to the Oriental region; the faunal position of the Ogasawara

islands is debatable, but it appears to be Oriental rather than Australian.

The numbers of species referred to in the following discussion are at the

subspecies level. Geographical distribution for each species and subspecies is

given in Table 1. Palaeogeographical information was obtained from

Minato et al. (1965), Ichikawa et al. (1970) and Minato (1974).

1. The Japanese Archipelago

This and Korea belong to the Manchurian subregion. However, the Japan-

ese Archipelago is here discussed separately from Korea, as it consists of

islands separated from the Asiatic continent; this condition possibly effected to

some extent the production of endemic species. Sixty-seven indigenous species

occur in this area. Nine of these have not been found outside this area; they

are: Anopheles (Anopheles) omoriiSakakibara, An. (Ano.) sp. (Engaru race)*,

Aedes (Ochlerotatus) impiger daisetsuzanus n. ssp., Ae. (Och.) hexodontus

hokkaidensis n. ssp., Ae. (Och.) hakusanensis Yamaguti and Tamoboko, Ae.

(Och.) sp., Ae. (Finlaya) koreicoides Sasa, Kana and Hayashi, Ae. (Aedes)

sasai Tanaka, Mizusawa and Saugstad and Toxorhynchites (Toxorhynchites)

towadensis (Matsumora). Among them, Ae. (Aed.) sasaiis likely to occur also

in Siberia (cf. TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION of Ae. sasai). An. (Ano.) sp. )

(Engaru race)*, Ae. (Och.) hexodontus hokkaidensis and Ae. (Och.) sp. are

lowland species, the larval habitat of the former 2 being open ground water,

that of the latter also probably the same. It is likely that these also occur

outside Japan. The remaining 5 (7.5%) may be truly endemic to the Japanese

Archipelago. Such a low endemicity appears to be reasonable, because the

Japanese Archipelago had repeated reconnections with the continent through the

Pliocene and Pleistocene periods. Three of these endemic species are moun-

tain tree hole breeders and may not have been in contact with their continental

congeners through the Pleistocene, because during most of this period. only a

narrow and low land bridge connected the Japanese Archipelago with the contin-

ent at the present Korean straits in the age of regression. Two other species,

Ae. (Och.) impiger daisetsuzanus and Ae. (Och.) hakusanensis appear to be

relics of the Glacial epoch, now restricted to high mountains.

The Manchurian subregion is characterized by a strong invasion of southern

elements, appearing to be especially remarkable in the mosquito fauna. Of 67

Japanese species, 26 (38.8%) are distributed in the Palaearctic region, 11

(16.4%) in the Oriental region, and 21 (31.3%) in both regions; however, 4 of

the lattermost are apparently essentially Palaearctic, with the remaining 17

being Oriental. Four species found only in Japan, but possibly present on the

continent as well, belong also to the Palaearctic stock. Thus, Palaearctic

elements total 34 (50.7%), and Oriental elements 28 (41.8%); 5 (7.5%) are

endemic. Of these 28 species of Oriental stock, 5 species (Culex pipiens

quinquefasciatus Say, Aedes aureostriatus okinawanus Bohart, Ae. watasei,

Ae. riversi Bohart and Ingram and Ae. nobukonis) have been found in limited

localities of southernmost Japan. The other 23 species have penetrated deeply

to the north, 6 species reaching Hokkaido. Thirteen of these species breed in

open ground water and apparently are very common in the tropical region.

* = An. (Ano.) engarensis Kanda and Oguma, 1978.

28 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

These species are Anopheles (Anopheles) sinensis Wiedemann, Mansonia

(Coquillettidia) ochracea (Theobald), Ma. (Mansonioides) uniformis (Theobald),

Culex (Culex) tritaeniorhynchus Giles, Cx. (Cux.) pseudovishnui Colless,

Cx. (Cul.) whitmorei (Giles), Cx. (Cux.) mimeticus Noe, Cx. (Cux.) bitaenior-

hynchus, Cx. (Cux.) sinensis (Theobald), Cx. (Lophoceraomyia) infantulus

Edwards, Cx. (Lop.) rubithovacis (Leicester), Cx. (Culiciomyia) pallidothorax

(Theobald) and Cx. (Lutzia) halifaxii Theobald. Two container breeding species,

Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse) and Armigeres (Armigeres) subalbatus

(Coquillett) are abundant everywhere. These 15 species, apparently, have not

been morphologically modified in the temperate region. Thus, they may be post-

glacial invaders. Further information on morphological modification and/or dis-

tribution is needed to discuss the remaining 8 species: Anopheles (Anopheies)

lesteri Baisas and Hu, Orthopodomyia anopheloides (Giles), Culex (Culicio-

myta) kyotoensis Yamaguti and LaCasse, Cx. (Cui.) sasai Kano, Nitahara and

Awaya, Aedes (Finlaya) hatorii, Ae. (Aedimorphus) alboscutellatus (Theobald),

Ae. (Edwardsaedes) imprimens (Walker) and Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia)

novobscura, It is noteworthy that 5 of them do not occur in the Ryukyu

Archipelago. Uvanotaenia (Pfc.) novobscura is differentiated in the Ryukyus;

An. (Ano.) lesterviand Or. anopheloides are distributed continuously.

There was a broad connection between the Japanese Archipelago and con-

tinental China during the Pliocene; only a narrow land bridge between Korea

and Kyushu existed during the Pleistocene, and at the end of this period, the

Japanese Archipelago was finally separated from the continent by the comple-

tion of the Korean Straits. Thus, in the Holocene of this area, insects must

have crossed over the barrier of the sea in order to reach Japan. Belkin

(1962) enumerated the factors for overseas dispersal of mosquitoes. Among

them, "human agency" may be one of the factors possible in this area, but it

is difficult to accept this cause for most of the above mentioned species. Of

the natural means, "rafts and drift’’ and "'animals'' may also have possibly

contributed to the northward dispersal, because of the presence of the Japan-

ese Oceanic Current (Kuroshio) and many kinds of migratory birds. However,

these may be minor factors for mosquitoes. Passive dispersal by aerial cur-

rent appears to be most important in this area. There is a subperiodic emer-

gence of depressions accompanied by warm fronts in central and south China

from the spring to autumn; the typical course of these is northeastward, cross-

ing over the East China Sea and passing along the Japanese Archipelago.

Numerous insects have been collected on the East China Sea at the time of

passage of these depressions; they include considerable numbers of Sogatella

furcifera (Horvath) and Nilaparvata lugens (st1) (Delphacidae), the most im-

portant pests of rice plants, and some undetermined mosquitoes (Kishimoto

1975). In Japan, a large number of these rice-plant pests have also been

trapped during the passing of the depressions originating from the southwest.

There is another rapid large-scale aerial movement, the typhoon, which

emerges in the Pacific Ocean in an area encompassing 110-1809 E and 5-20° N.

This area includes North Borneo, the entire Philippines and the Micronesian |

islands. - The typhoons are usually directed first northwesterly, then turn to

the northeast; very often they turn in the Ryukyu area, and then pass through

the Japanese Archipelago. It is known that the eye of a typhoon brings numer-

ous winged insects. The weathership located on the Pacific Ocean at 29° N,

135° E, 780 km from Okinawa Is., 450 km off the southern coast of the Japan-

ese Archipelago has received visits of many insects including Culex (Culex)

pipiens pallens Coquillett and Cx. (Cux.) tritaeniorhynchus; a northeasterly

aerial current around the periphery of the Ogasawaran (northern Pacific) anti-

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 29

cyclone also brings many winged insects (Asahina and Turuoka 1967, 1968,

1969, 1970; Asahina 1970). Of course, there is no direct evidence that the

species in question have come from the southern tropical or subtropical region

to temperate Japan by these aerial currents; however, the above facts appear

to support this theory.

2. Korea

This also belongs to the Manchurian subregion. Only Anopheles (Anopheles)

pullus M. Yamada is endemic to Korea; however, there is some doubt as to the

specific status of this species (cf. TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION). As in the Japan-

ese Archipelago, a remarkable encroachment of southern elements is seen in

Korea. Of the 50 Korean species, 21 (42.0%) are apparently Oriental; among

them, 5 (Culex sitiens Wiedemann, Cx. jacksoni Edwards, Cx. fuscanus

Wiedemann, Heizmannia lii Wu and Aedes lineatopennis (Ludlow)) do not reach

the Japanese Archipelago. — .

3. The Ryukyu Archipelago

The border line between the Palaearctic and Oriental regions lies on the

Tokara Straits (the Watase zoogeographical line), and this is also the northern

border of the Ryukyu Archipelago (Tanaka, Saugstad and Mizusawa 1975). Of

70 recorded species, Aedes Stegomyia) aegypti (Linneaus) is an imported species;

Anopheles (Anopheles) saperoi ohamai Ohama is doubtful as to its specific or

subspecific status. Thus, 68 species are indigenous. It is highly possible

that the populations of Culex (Eumelanomyia) hayashii Yamada and Tripteroides

(Tripteroides) bambusa (Yamada) of south China are ryukyuanus n. ssp. and

yaeyamensis,n. SSp., respectively. Excluding these 2 species, 17 (25%) are

endemic to this archipelago. (This amounts to 10 (14.7%) at the species level. )

One of the more distinguished characteristics of the Ryukyus is the high per-

centage of subspecific differentiation (Table 2); 4 species have 2 subspecies

within the archipelago, they are Aedes (Finlaya) japonicus, Ae. (Fin.) aureo-

striatus (Doleschall), Ae. (Stegomyia) flavopictus Yamada and Toxorhynchites

(Toxorhynchites) manicatus (Edwards). An intriguing fact is that Ae. (Fin.)

japonicus is absent in Okinawa Gunto, though it occurs in both Amami Gunt6

(amamiensis n. ssp.) and Yaeyama Gunt6d (yaeyamensis n. ssp.), and also

Palaearctic Japan and Korea (japonicus) to the north, and Taiwan (shintienen-

sis Tsai and Lien) and southern China (eucleptes Dyar) to the south. This spe-

cies is common everywhere within its range. Toxorhynchites (Tox.) manicatus

also occurs in Amami (yamadai) (Ouchi) and Yaeyama (yaeyamae Bohart), but

is lacking in Okinawa, where it is replaced by Tx. (Tox.) sp., an undescribed

species endemic to Okinawa Is. Tvipteroides (Tripteroides) bambusa is com-

mon in Palaearctic Japan and Korea (bambusa), and Yaeyama (yaeyamensis),

but does not occur in Amami and Okinawa Gunt6. Aedes (Finlaya) nishikawai

n. sp. and Heizmannia (Heizmannia) kana n. sp. are found only in Amami

Gunto, their close congeners occur in Palaearctic Japan and Korea, and Taiwan,

respectively, but do not exist in other parts of the archipelago. Uvanotaenia

(Pseudoficalbia) novobscura is differentiated only in the Ryukyu Archipelago

only; however, a more precise comparison is needed between populations of

Southeast Asia and temperate Japan. Such complex specific or subspecific

differentiations appear to correlate with the complicated history of repeated

upheaval and subsidence or connection and separation of the islands of this

archipelago. Much more geological and palaeogeographical information is

necessary for a full understanding of the particular character of the Ryukyu

Archipelago. However, from the evidence of subspecific differentiation of

several species discussed above, it is almost certain that the separation be-

tween Amami and Okinawa was later than the isolation of Yaeyama Gunto.

30 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

Excluding 4 species, Culex (Culex) vagans Wiedemann, Cx. (Cux.) mimeticus,

Aedes (Finlaya) togoi (Theobald) and Ae. (Aedimorphus) vexans nipponii

(Theobald), whose distribution patterns are somewhat perplexing, all the other

mosquitoes of this archipelago are typically Oriental. Five species, Mimomyia

(Etorleptiomyia) elegans (Taylor), Mansonia (Coquillettidia) ochracea, Aedes

(Geoskusea) baisasi Knight and Hull, Culex (Lophoceraomyia) infantulus and

Cx. (Lop.) cinctellus Edwards have been found in the Philippines but not in

Taiwan. It seems more probable to consider that these species were dispersed

by aerial currents rather than assuming a land bridge connection between the

Ryukyus and the Philippines.

4. The Ogasawara (Bonin) islands

Only 10 species have been recorded from these islands, and one of these,

Aedes Stegomyia) aegypti, is apparently extinct. Thus, at present, 9 species

occur there. It is quite interesting that 4 (44. 4%) of them are endemic, and

that 2 of these endemic species, Culex (Culex) boninensis Bohart and Cx.

(Lutzia) shinonagai n. sp. apparently have no close relatives, each appears to

occupy an isolated taxonomical position in their respective subgenera. On the

contrary, the 3rd endemic species, Aedes (Finlaya) savoryi Bohart is very

closely allied to topotypic Ae. (Fin.) togoi in both morphological and behavior-

al characteristics. They may be derived from a common ancestor, with

savoryi being differentiated by isolation in these secluded islands, while togoz

seems to be an artificially introduced species at a later time. The 4th ende-

mic species, Aedes Stegomyia) wadain. sp., was found to belong to the

aegypti group (cf. TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION of Ae. wadai). Thus, it must be

of an Ethiopian stock. Other known species are Culex (Culex) pipiens quinque-

fasciatus, Cx. (Cux.) tritaeniorhynchus, Cx. (Lutzia) halifaxii and Aedes

(Stegomyia) albopictus. The first species is cosmotropical, the other 3 have

very wide distributional ranges, but are essentially Oriental. Bohart 1956

(1957) stated that the general character of the Micronesian mosquito fauna is

more Oriental than Australian. For the Ogasawara islands, 2 endemic species

were added to Bohart (1956 (1957)), with no other changes noted.

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 31

TABLE 1. Geographical distribution of species

EXTRALIMITAL DISTRIBUTION

INTRALIMITAL

DISTRIBUTION

SPECIES

Palaearctic

Oriental

toy | Palaearctic

Q | Korea

A| Ogasawara

> | Nearctic

| Hokkaido

ti | Honshu

| Shikoku

©| Kyushu

mj) Amami

| Okinawa

oH | Yaeyama

eee Oriental

=| Australian

2% | Ethiopian

©| Neotropical

Anopheles (Cellia) minimus

An. (Cel.) tessellatus

An. (Anopheles) bengalensis

An. (Ano.) omorii

An. (Ano.) lindesayii japonicus

An. (Ano.) koreicus

An. (Ano.) saperoi saperoi

An. (Ano.) s. ohamai

An. (Ano.) sinensis

An. (Ano.) sp. (Engaru race)

An. (Ano.) pullus

An. (Ano.) yatsushiroensis

An. (Ano.) sineroides

An. (Ano.) lestert

Mimomyia (Etorleptiomyia) luzonensis

Mi. (Eto.) elegans

Culiseta (Culicella) nipponica

Cs. (Culiseta) kanayamensis

Orthopodomyia anopheloides

Mansonia (Mansonioides) uniformis

Ma. (Coquillettidia) ochracea

Ma. (Coq.) crassipes

Culex (Culex) fuscocephala

Cx. (Cux.) vagans

Cx. (Cux). pipiens quinquefasciatus

Cx. (Cux.) p. pallens

Cx. (Cux.) p. molestus

Cx. (Cux.) tritaeniorhynchus

Cx. (Cux.) pseudovishnui

Cx. (Cux.) sitiens

Cx. (Cux.) whitmoret

Cx. (Cus.) jacksoni

Cx. (Cux.) mimeticus

32 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

TABLE 1 (Continued).

| EXTRALIMITAL DISTRIBUTION

INTRALIMITAL

DISTRIBUTION

Palaearctic

Oriental

SPECIES

yama

Ogasawara

oO oO

Z Ay

M | Okinawa

“| Yae

Cx. (Cux.) orientalis

Cx. (Cux.) boninensis

Cx. (Cux.) bitaeniorhynchus

Cx. (Cux.) sinensis

Cx. (Neoculex) rubensis

Cx. (Eumelanomyia) hayashii hayashii

Cx. (Eum.) h. ryukyuanus

Cx. (Eum.) okinawae

Cx. (Eum.) brevipalpis

Cx. (Lophoceraomyia) infantulus

Cx. (Lop.) cinctellus

Cx. (Lop.) rubithoracis

Cx. (Lop.) bicornutus

Cx. (Lop.) tuberis

Cx. (Culiciomyia) ryukyensis

Cx. (Cui.) nigropunctatus

Cx. (Cut.) pallidothorax

Cx. (Cui.) kyotoensis

Cx. (Cui.) sasat

Cx. (Barraudius) inatomit

Cx. (Lutzia) fuscanus

Cx. (Lut.) halifaxit

Cx. (Lut.) shinonagat

Heizmannia (Heizmannia) kana

Hx. (Hez.) lit

Aedes (Ochlerotatus) vigilax

Ae. (Och.) dorsalis

Ae. (Och.) excrucians

Ae. (Och.) impiger daisetsuzanus

Ae. (Och.) sticticus

Ae. (Och.) communis

Ae. (Och.) punctor |

Ae. (Och.) hexodontus hokkaidensis

Tanaka et al.:

TABLE 1 (Continued),

SPECIES

. (Och.) hakusanensis

. (Och.) sp.

. (Och.) intrudens

. (Och, ) diantaeus

. (Finlaya) japonicus japonicus

. (Fin.) 7. amamiensis

. (Fin.) japonicus yaeyamensis

. (Fin.) koretcus

. (Fin.) hatorii

. (Fin. ) togot

. (Fin.) savoryt

. (Fin. ) seoulensis

. (Fin.) albocinctus

. (Fin.) kobayashit

. (Fin.) aureostriatus okinawanus

. (Fin.) a, taiwanus

. (Fin.) koreicoides

. (Fin. ) nipponicus

. (Fin.) nishikawai

. (Fin.) oreophilus

. (Fin.) wataset

. (Stegomyia) viversi

. tg.) galloisi

. (Stg.) albopictus

. Stg.) flavopictus flavopictus

. (Stg.) f. downsi

. tg.) f. miyarat

. Stg.) aegypti

. Stg.) wadai

. (Stg.) chemulpoensis

. (Aedimorphus) alboscutellatus

. (Adm.) vexans nipponii

. (Geoskusea) baisasi

. (Neomelaniconion) lineatopennis

Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 33

EXTRALIMITAL DISTRIBUTION

INTRALIMITAL

DISTRIBUTION

Palaearctic

Oriental

to ae ee

. fan,

pe i ©

S) i

2 ei Sigua 6.

rab) co Su oH

AH Gr OOP. Lv

CS =i year ea) Biert WD ct O

Oe MO OH DG YO

Z Ay Or O10 tea

AB IJKLMNO

HIJ K{L

J |

J iL

Mea

Igy K4L. MNO

Fa |

LMN

34 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

TABLE 1 (Continued).

| | EXTRALIMITAL DISTRIBUTION

INTRALIMITAL

DISTRIBUTION

SPECIES

Palaearctic

Oriental

>| Nearctic

to| Palaearctic

A| Ogasawara

| Oriental

= #2] Australian

©| Neotropical

| Okinawa

“| Yaeyama

'2| Ethiopian

Ae. (Edwardsaedes) imprimens

Ae. (Aedes) esoensis BIC DE

Ae. (Aed.) yamadai Bl’ DE

Ae. (Aed.) sasat Be DE

Ae. (Verrallina) nobukonis Bi

Ae. (Ver.) iriomotensis

Ae. (Ver.) atriisimilis

Armigeres (Armigeres) subalbatus

Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) jacksont

Ur. (Pfc.) ohamati

Ur. (Pfc.) yaeyamana

Ur. (Pfc.) novobscura novobscura

Ur. (Pfc.) n. rvyukyuana

Ur. (Pfc.) nivipleura

Uranotaenia (Uranotaenia) annandalei

Ur. (Uro.) macfarlanei

Tripteroides (Tripteroides) bambusa

bambusa

Tr. (Trp.) b. yaeyamensis

Topomyia (SSuaymyia) yanbarensts

Malaya genurostris

Toxorhynchites (Toxorhynchites)

manicatus yamadai

Tox. (Tox.) m, yaeyamae

Tx. (Tox.) towadensis 3

Tx. (Tox.) christophi B

Ix... (Tox. ) sp.

Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea

Tanaka et al.:

‘uoTserqns Uendeg oY} UI OSTS SANDIOg

‘uvdE Pr dTJDIvEeTeg JO PURIST JSOUUTEYyNOS oy} “BUITYSNyeA Ul Ajuo punot

‘uoTAeD Wory (pnerieg)

SNUDADUDY “IVA pus ‘eIpU] WO} poqizosep 919M viTey pue eryeqd ‘TeNeM LUOOp “IBA pue (pTeqosy) 2u2a4s "IEA,

SNIDIIUDUL apupiank oo ~opou von -- snypoIUnU (°xXOJ) *XL

rs sisuawm pian -- -- DSNQU DG psnquivg (°¢AL) °FL

DANI SQOQVoUu puontyinsa wnuonkynks puonkyntA DANI S QOUOU paAanasqgoarou (*Ifd) °AQ

-~ LDADAIM ~sumop zSsUumNop snyaidoanf snyoidoanys (°31S) ‘aV

SN] D1AJSOAAND ‘snunm1v} SnUDN1ID] snuvnDnulyo snupnvulyo zSnupmouryo [S74 MAISOIAND (°Uly) “AV

sajdajona ‘sisuauaiqurys sisuampkand -- SISUALU DUD sno1uo dul snoa1uodol (*ulg) *aV

| 2 snumiynts snuonkynts snumntyntA 114 S DADY wysoioy (*uny”) *xXd

ee eo ge ee ae Oe at Se Ph ea eR ie oe ee ee ee

eueAoex CMBUTYO TWeUuly

UOISOY

UuOTSOY [eUSIIO osejedtyory nAynAy dTJIIVIVICg

ee SSS eeeSSSSTV aoe

oSejediyo1y nAyAny ey} UT SeozInbsow jo uoTyelyotoFFIp dIfloadsqns °? ATIGVL

36 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

History of Mosquito Taxonomy in Japan and Korea

In Japan, entomology as a modern science, as well as other natural

sciences, commenced their progress after the Meiji Restoration (1868). The

honor of having identified mosquitoes of this region for the first time with a

Linnean scientific name is awarded to Shonen Matsumura (1872-1960), the last

real polyhistor in entomology (Lindroth 1973), and the pioneer of modern

entomology in Japan. He published nearly 300 papers on entomology between

1892 and 1945. It was saidthat, whenallhis papers were piled upon one another,

the pile far exceeded his height. Two mosquito species, Culex annulatus

(Fabr.) and C. pipiens (L.) were included among an enumeration of names of

Japanese insect pests in his earliest independent publication, "Gaicht Kujo

Zensho" (Compendium of insect pest control) (1897). In 1898, he published

"Nippon Konchtigaku" (The Japanese entomology), the first textbook of ento-

mology published in Japan. The publication of this book greatly promoted

the later progress of this scientific field in Japan. In this textbook, he

enumerated 3 mosquito species with short descriptions. They are Culex fus-

canus (Wied.), C. pipiens (L.) and C. dives (Schn.). The first and last spe-

cies do not appear to be correctly identified. The 2nd species is doubtlessly

the common house mosquito, presently known as Culex pipiens pallens. Later,

in one of his 20 voluminous iconographies of Japanese insects, Matsumura

described Megarrhina towadensis (Toxorhynchites towadensis ) from northern

Honshu (1916). This is the earliest valid mosquito species among those

described as new species by Japanese entomologists.

Yasushi Nawa (1857-1926), a non-government entomologist and one of the

pioneers of applied entomology in Japan, presented a collection of 629 speci-

mens of Japanese Diptera to the United States National Museum. This collec-

tion appears to have been sent through Kakichi Mitsukuri (1857-1909), profes-

sor of Zoology, the Imperial University of Tokyo (presently the University of

Tokyo), who greatly contributed towards establishing modern zoology in Japan.

Daniel William Coquillett (1856-1911), Honorary Custodian of Diptera of the

United States National Museum at that time, worked on this collection and

found 124 species, of which 54 were new (1898). Included among the new spe-

cies were Culex subalbatus and Culex pallens. The former, now known as

Armigeres subalbatus, one of the more common mosquitoes in Japan, was the

first mosquito species described as a new species from this region. The

latter is the common house mosquito, presently treated as one of the compon-

ents of the Culex pipi 1s complex, hereafter being the subject of considerable

research.

One of the greater scientific events at the end of the 19th century was the

discovery by Ross (1897-98), Grassi (1898) and Bignami and Bastianelli (1898),

that malaria was transmitted by mosquitoes. After this discovery, the British

Museum (Natural History) took quick action to promote mosquito taxonomy,

which was essential for research on control of mosquitoes. An enormous

number of specimens was gathered from all over the world. Fred V. Theobald

(1868-1930) exclusively performed mosquito taxonomy from 1899 to 1910 at

the British Museum. He published a magnificent 5 volume series of ''A mono-

graph of the Culicidae or mosquitoes" (1901-10), in addition to 60 smaller

papers on mosquitoes. Two species, Stegomyia fasciata (Fabricius) (Aedes

aegypti) and Stegomyia scutellaris (Walker) (Aedes albopictus) were recorded

' from Japan for the first time, Culex japonicus (Aedes japonicus) was described

as new in Volume I (1901), and 4 new species were described from Japan in

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea oF

Volume IV (1907). Although Theobald recorded Stegomyis fasciata, the well-

known yellow fever mosquito, from Tokyo, its occurence in Palaearctic Japan

was not verified by later surveys until 1944-52, when it became established on

Amakusa, a small island close to Kyushu. The other 2 species are very com-

mon in Japan. Among the 4 new species in Volume IV, Culicada nipponit and

Culicelsa togoi are still valid as Aedes vexans nipponii and Ae. togoi, respec-

tively. Leucomyia plegepennis Theobald is regarded as a synonym of Culex

whitmorei (Giles), but his record is the first of this species from Japan.

Culex osakaensis Theobald is regarded as the common house mosquito, Cyr.

pipiens pallens.

Japanese and European scientists in the medical field reacted concurrently

to the discovery of Ross and others. There was indigenous malaria distributed

sporadically in Japan. As one of the actions taken by the Japanese Government,

in July 1901, the Medical Board of the Imperial Army dispatched J innosuke

Tsuzuki, Surgeon Captain, to Fukagawa, Hokkaido, where the 1st Colonial

Battalion of the 7th Division was located. At that time malaria was probably

most prevalent in this area of Japan except for Taiwan, and involved many

colonial soldiers. Tsuzuki immediately obtained anopheline mosquitoes and

finding oocysts and sporozoites in female mosquitoes, then experimentally

transmitted malaria to a healthy man by an infected mosquito. After 3 months,

on 2 November 1901, the Medical Board sent Tsuzuki to Taiwan for fundamental

research for a malaria eradication program. He found 3 anopheline species

which might transmit malaria.

During a fairly short period from October 1901 to the middle of 1902,

Tsuzuki published at least 8 papers on his surveys of malaria and anopheline

mosquitoes. He also proposed 3 new mosquito names. It is quite regretable

that Tsuzuki, though appearing to be an able medical scientist, with his papers

being ranked as some of the earliest work of mosquito taxonomy in this region,

was not a qualified zoological taxonomist. His way of proposing new scientific

names was obscure, and his disposition of specimens was inadequate. These

circumstances caused some confusion in nomenclature. At this point, it is

appropriate to make rather precise comments on his publications.

On 15 October 1901, Tsuzuki in collaboration with F. Ohmachi, published

a paper entitled (1901a), "A Report on an investigation on the relation between

mosquitoes and malaria in the district under the command of the 7th Division"

[Gun'i-gakkai Zasshi (Journal of the Academy of Military Surgeons) No. 123,

Supplement: 1-70, with 3 appendices (in Japanese)|. This is his first paper

dealing with anopheline mosquitoes, and is an official report responding to the

mandate from the Medical Board. In this paper Tsuzuki and Ohmachi pro-

visionally called the anopheline species they obtained in Hokkaido "Anopheles

'Hokkaido'"' in Japanese characters, as they could not identify it.

At the same time, Tsuzuki made an abstract from Kerschbaumer's 1901

biological study on European Anopheles claviger (Meigen), for Japanese sur-

geons. This was his 2nd paper (1901a), and was published following his first

one (p. 71-80).

Only 10 days later, on 25 October 1901, Tsuzuki published his 3rd paper

(1901b), "Results of an investigation on malaria in Hokkaido" [Saikingaku

Zasshi (Journal of Bacteriology) No. 71: 1-8 (717-24), (in Japanese)]. In this

paper, he gave for the first time a scientific name in Roman characters,

"Anopheles Yesoensis" for "Anopheles 'Hokkaido'"’ (in Japanese characters)

with a very short diagnostic discussion indicating that his species was differ-

ent from European Anopheles claviger by the wing markings.

On 25 February and 25 March 1902, he published a 4th paper (1902a),

38 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

"Report of an investigation on malaria in Taiwan" |Saikingaku Zasshi No. 75:

24-51 (90-117), No. 76: 9-37 (165-193), (in Japanese)|. This paper consists

of 11 chapters and 7 appendices. The main paper and appendix 1 were pre-

pared by Tsuzuki, and appendices 2-7 jointly by he and his collaborators.

Chapters 1-8 were published in No. 75 on 25 February, and chapters 9-11

and appendices 1-7 in No. 76 on 25 March. All the parts relating to taxonomy

were included in the chapters published in No. 75 (25 February). In Chapter

3, he gave descriptions of reasonable magnitude to 3 anopheline species using

the names, A. Jesoensis, A. Formosaeniis I (misprint of Formosaensis) and

A. Formosaensis II, As to the first species, Tsuzuki thought that specimens

from Taiwan were the same as those from Hokkaido. The composite form of

the latter 2 names is inadmissible for species trivial names as stated by Reid

(1968). Formosaensis I is now considered conspecific with Anopheles mini-

mus Theobald, 1901, and Formosaensis II with Anopheles indefinitis (Ludlow,

1904).

The following month (April 1902), Tsuzuki published his 5th paper (1902b)

[Tokyo Iji Shinshi No. 1253: 1-4 (611-4), (in Japanese)], answering

Miyajima's comment (1902) [Mitteil. Med. Ges. Tokyo 16(7): 263-93 (in

Japanese)| on Tsuzuki's work. s

Tsuzuki's 6th paper (1902c), "Uber die Ergebnisse meiner Malariafors-

chung in Hokkaido (Japan)" [Centralbl. f. Bak. Parasit. u. Infekt. Abt. I.

Originale 31(15): 763-8] appeared on 18 June 1902. This was an almost exact

German translation of his 3rd paper written in Japanese. In this German

edition, the name Jesoensis was substituted for the original Yesoensis.

Presumably after June (probably in September) in the same year,

Tsuzuki published in German his 7th paper (1902d), 'Malaria und ihre

Vermittler in Japan" [Archiv f. Schif.-u. Tropen-Hyg. 6(9): 285-95, 1902].

This paper was prepared by a rearrangement of chapters 3, 5 and 6 of his

4th paper, and combined some results reported in his 3rd paper. Conse-

quently, nothing new was presented.

On 10 November 1902, he published his 8th paper (1902e), ''Distribution

of Japanese Anopheles" [Gun'i-gakkai Zasshi No. 132: 909-11 (in Japanese)].

He summarized the records of specimens he identified together with pub-

lished records, and concluded that only one species, Anopheles Jesoensis,

occurred from Hokkaido to Kyushu. Tsuzuki sent his specimens to several

European authorities for proper identification. The results received were

that Theobald identified Jesoensis as sinensis Wiedemann, 1828, and Donitz

identified it as plumiger Donitz, 1901, var. Jesoensis Tsuzuki. Other

authorities did not reply to him. Donitz's plumiger is now regarded as

sinensis. It is quite uncertain, however, whether specimens sent by Tsuzuki

to these specialists were from Hokkaido, Taiwan, or possibly from other parts

of Japan. It is highly probable that Tsuzuki treated more than one species of

the hyrcanus group, 5 species of which are now recognized in this region.

In this respect, a short note on the wings of Tsuzuki's 3 species by Eysell

(1902), cannot be overlooked. This paper, ''Bemerkungen uber die Flugel

der japanischen Anopheles-Mucken," printed following Tsuzuki's 7th paper,

indicated that the wings of Tsuzuki's Anopheles: Jesoensis had the apical to

posterior margin from vein 3 (r4+5) to 6 (la) intensively black. Thus,

this specimen is more likely lestevi than sinensis; the former species is

common in the Fukagawa area, while sinensis rarely occurs there. Thus,

the status of Anopheles Jesoensis is still uncertain, and Tsuzuki's specimens

should be ferreted out for a final clarification. This may be difficult, since

he never designated the type specimens, and it is doubtful if he prepared

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 39

specimens in a proper manner with adequate locality data. During this period,

Tsuzuki appears to have written 2 independent publications in Japanese:

Tsuzuki and Ohmachi (1901b), "Verification of transmission of malaria by

- mosquitoes in Japan, '' and Tsuzuki (1902f), "Malaria Shinsetsu" (Modern

malariology). We could not trace them.

In 1907, after a lapse of 5 years, Tsuzuki published a purely entomological

study on his malaria mosquitoes, "Uber die Anopheles -Arten in Japan and

einige Betrage zur Kenntnis des Entwicklungsgangs der Anopheles -Larven"

[Zool. Jahrb., Abt. Syst. Geogr. Biol. Tiere 25(5-6): 525-56]. This paper

was the last one published by Tsuzuki on Anopheles as far as we know, and

dealt with both the immature and adult life stages. He discussed the possible

identity of sinensis with his jesoensis, though he still retained his jesoensis

(in this paper, he did not capitalize "j"'). The material used in this work,

however, apparently came from Honshu (Sabae) and Taiwan, thus this paper

does not offer any clue to elucidate the true status of Tsuzuki's Jesoensis (or

Yesoensis) of Hokkaido, although his species were better described than before

and well illustrated.

Mikinosuke Miyajima (1872-1944), a parasitologist at the School of

Medicine, the Imperial University of Kyoto (presently the University of Kyoto),

commenced a study on malaria in 1901 in Kyoto and its vicinity while a post-

graduate student. As Tsuzuki, he (January 1903) recognized only a single

species of Anopheles in Palaearctic Japan, but contrary to Tsuzuki, he identi-

fied it as sinensis following Theobald's diagnosis. In the history of mosquito

taxonomy, Miyajima should be noted as the first worker who identified a com-

mon Japanese anopheline species as sinensis, which has been accepted by

almost all later workers. It should be realized that to identify a species, even

though it is a common species, must have been by far more difficult for these

pioneers at that time than to now describe a new species. Miyajima later

became one of the more eminent medical zoologists in Japan.

Charles Lester Marlatt (1863-1954), Division of Entomology, U. S.

Department of Agriculture, made a world trip during 1901-02, and stayed in

Japan from 1 April to 22 September 1901. This trip covered a large part of

Japan from Sapporo to Kyushu. His primary object was to search for natural

enemies of a scale insect, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), in East

Asian countries. During the trip he also gathered mosquitoes from dwellings

where he spent his nights. Thus, most of his collections of mosquitoes were of

the common house mosquito. He sent all his specimens to Coquillett, who

curiously identified all of Marlatt's specimens of the Japanese house mosquito

as Culex pipiens, but not pallens, which he described from Japan only a few

years before. Other species Marlatt obtained in Japan were Anopheles sinensis

and Culex concolor Robineau-Desvoidy. The latter species, though the name

is treated as a synonym of fuscanus, may be Culex halifaxti. His picturesque

accounts of his mosquito survey were published in 1903.

In 1910, only 11 mosquito species, in the current sense, were known from

this region compared to 1,050 species from the world. Daiji Mochizuki, a

physician and an assistant professor of the Department of Internal Diseases,

Fukuoka School of Medicine (presently the School of Medicine, the University

of Kyushu), studied filarial development in 6 mosquito species (1910, 1911).

At the time when there were neither culcid taxonomists nor monographs of

mosquito taxonomy in this region, it was natural that he could identify only one

species, Anopheles sinensis. Then, he turned to taxonomy, and found 11

species in the Fukuoka district, nothern Kyushu, and one species, Stegomyia

fasciata from Okinawa Is., the Ryukyus. Four (including 2 new species, now

40 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

invalid) of the 12 species were new to this region (1913). In addition to

descriptions for the males and females, he also described the male genitalia

for 11 species, the larvae and pupae for 8 species and the eggs for 9 species.

The descriptions of the early stages for 6 species, Culex pallens (Cx. pipiens

pallens), Culex biroi Theobald (Cx. tritaeniorhynchus), Culex tigripes

de Grandpre and de Charmoy (Cx. halifaxii), Culex (?) japonicus (Aedes

togoi), Stegomyia scutellavis (Aedes albopictus) and Desvoidya obturbans

(Walker) (Armigeres subalbatus), appear to be the first ones recorded for

them. The names given by him to the 9 species are not in current use, and

the location of his specimens is uncertain. His descriptions and illustrations,

however, have enabled later workers to identify all of them. It appears that

he published no further papers on mosquito taxonomy.

At the completion of the Panama Canal, the British Government undertook

a survey of the distribution of the yellow fever mosquito, Stegomyia fasciata

(Aedes aegypti), in Oriental countries, due to the potential of this vector dis-

persing to nonendemic geographical areas by the growing traffic between

the Central and South Americas and Asia. They asked Baron Shinken Makino,

Minister of Foreign Affairs, through Sir William Cunningham Greene, British

Ambassador in Japan, to have this subject also investigated in Japan. Shin-

ichirO Yamada (1883-1937), a medical entomologist at the Institute of Infec-

tious Diseases, the Imperial University of Tokyo, was assigned to undertake

the work. The result of his survey was published in 1916. It reported the

occurrence of this species in the Ryukyu islands, Ogasawara (Bonin) islands,

Saipan in the Mariana islands, and Jaluit in the Marshall islands. This is the

first of Yamada's papers on mosquitoes. Up to 1932, he published 8 papers

relating to taxonomy, and described 15 new species (of which 13 are valid) and

recorded 7 species new to this region. His descriptions and drawings are

excellent. His work also covers Korea and Taiwan. Among his papers, a

revision of adult Anopheles from Japan, Korea and Taiwan (1924, 1925) is

most important. His 1927 study of filarial development in 24 mosquito species

has been most frequently cited by later authors from both medical and taxono-

mic fields. He also took part in joint studies on Japanese encephalitis con-

ducted by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. Among the scientists

concerned, Yamada was the first to suspect Culex tritaeniorhynchus as the

principal vector of this disease from the available epidemiological and biologi-

cal data (Mitamura 1933; Yamada 1934a,b,c), and later, this was fully verified.

His untimely death in 1937 during a research trip for kala azar at Tsinan,

North China did not allow him to go on to studies on immature mosquitoes.

Notwithstanding the deficiency that his taxonomic work was limited mostly to

the adult mosquitoes, Yamada should definitely be ranked highest among the

pre-World War II culicid taxonomists of this region.

In 1910, when Theobald was transferred fromthe Museum back to agricul-

tural entomology, Frederick Wallace Edwards (1888-1940) was appointed to the

staff of the British Museum. Edwards is regarded as one of the greater

dipterists in the world. He published 408 papers on Diptera, including numer-

ous ones on mosquitoes. It is not necessary to give an account of his invalu-

able contributions to the classification of world mosquitoes in this treatise.

His contributions to the mosquito fauna of this region were relatively few; the

first one (1917) is the description of a new species, Ochlerotatus (F.) koreicus

(Aedes koreicus). In his excellent revision of mosquitoes of the Palaearctic

region (1921b), he named 3 new species from this region and recorded 3 species

new to the fauna. Much of the material he described from this region was

apparently supplied by Yamada.

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 41

As one of the surveys on the yellow fever mosquito in Oriental countries

planned by the British Government, W. A. Lamborn, Malaria Bureau,

Federated Malay States, visited Nagasaki, Kobe and Yokohama in Japan, as

well as Foochow and Shanghai in China between April and June, 1921. He

found no species new to the fauna of this region. However, one fact cannot

be overlooked, that is, he found Culex fatigans Wiedemann (Culex pipiens

quinque fasciatus) in Nagasaki, both Culex fatigans and Culex pipiens in Kobe,

and that Culex pipiens entirely replaced Culex fatigans in Yokohama. These

data do not conform to present knowledge of the distribution of these forms.

Lamborn's account on his trip was printed in 1922.

The 15 years between Yamada's last paper on mosquito taxonomy (1932)

and the end of World War II was an unproductive period for mosquito taxonomy

here. Three new species and 2 new varieties were described by various

authors, and one species new to this region was recorded. One of the new

species and the 2 varieties are considered invalid, and one newly recorded

species was misidentified. However, 3 important papers were published in

this period. Nakayama (1942) clarified in an experiment that Anopheles

koreicus Yamada and Watanabe and An. edwardsi Yamada were mere varia-

tions produced by different temperature conditions during the immature stages.

This may be the first successful study using an experimental method for mos-

quito taxonomy in this region. Ishihara (1942) described the eggs, 4th stage

larvae and pupae of 8 common species. The study of the immature stages

had been greatly neglected in this region. Under this circumstance, this

paper is significant. The immatures of 2 species, Aedes vexans nipponii and

Ae. japonicus were described for the first time in this paper. Kawase (1943)

found Culex pipiens autogenicus Roubaud (Culex pipiens molestus)Forskal) in

Tokyo. It is unlikely that this form was introduced into Japan at this time.

It should be thought that molestus was recognized by a scientist for the first

time in this region at this occasion. At the end of World War I, 48 species

in the present sense had been recorded and immatures of 14 species had been

described from this region.

After World War II, mosquito taxonomy in this region made remarkable

progress through the labors of the medical entomologists serving with the

U. S. military services. Only 12 species, of which 2 were not given full

scientific names, had been known from the Ryukyu Archipelago when World

War II ceased. After 1945, Richard M. Bohart worked on Okinawa Gunt0 as a

U. S. Navy entomologist, and later on Yaeyama Gunto as a professor of ento-

mology of the University of California, Davis. He published 6 papers, partial-

ly in collaboration with Robert L. Ingram, on Ryukyuan mosquitoes during

1946-59, describing 11 new species (8 are valid), recording 24 species for the

first time from the archipelago, with a total number of 45 species. In the

interim, he published a fine monograph on Micronesian mosquitoes [1956

(1957)|, which included mosquitoes of the Ogasawara islands.

As to Japan proper (Hokkaido-Kyushu), Tsai-Yu Hsiao and R. M. Bohart,

published general accounts of mosquitoes and mosquito-born diseases in

Japan (1946). The 207th Malaria Survey Detachment, Medical Service Corps,

U. S. Army, stationed in Kyoto, carried out a general mosquito survey in-

cluding taxonomy, for 4 years from 1946 to 1949. The results appeared

in a sequence of 3 publications. The first one was introduced as preliminary,

and was entitled, "Mosquitoes of Japan." It was published on 1 May 1947, and

consisted of 2 parts. Part I was a summary of survey data compiled by

Captain Walter J. LaCasse, the commander of the detachment. Part II was

devoted to larval taxonomy, subtitled, "Larvae of the more common mosquitoes

42 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

of Japan, "’ prepared by LaCasse and Satyu Yamaeguti. Yamaguti was a para-

sitologist at the University of Kyoto, and later became the author of "Systema

helminthum" in 5 volumes (1958-63). The larvae of Aedes flavopictus and

Culex kyotoensis were described for the first time, under the names of Aedes

galloisi Yamada and Culex ryukyensis Bohart, respectively. On 15 April 1948,

they published the 2nd edition in a similar format, and entitled it "Mosquito

fauna of Japan and Korea." It included the additional data obtained in 1947

in Part I, and adult taxonomy in Part II. They described a new subspecies,

Aedes (Finlaya) niveus nipponicus, and a new species, Orthopodomyta

nipponica; the former is currently treated as a full species, the latter known

as anopheloides. The 3rd edition, published in 1950, has the same title as

the 2nd, but the taxonomy section came first and Part I of the prior editions

was rewritten and came last as Appendix Il. It resembles a taxonomical pub-

lication more than the 2 previous editions, and a new species of Culisela was

described. Adult drawings were greatly improved and extremely detailed.

They were prepared by 7 Japanese illustrators, and 2 of them, Kei Daishoji

and Saburo Shibata, who were on the junior staff at that time, contributed

largely to our monograph as the senior illustrators. The 3rd edition was

reprinted once in 1955, and has been utilized as the standard reference for

identification of mosquitoes from this region.

In LaCasse and Yamaguti's 3rd edition, 50 species, with 40 immatures

(49 species and 39 immatures in the current sense), were treated from Japan

proper and Korea. Little information on species of high altitudes and Korea

was included. Contemporary to LaCasse and Yamaguti, Manabu Sasa, Depart-

ment of Parasitology, Institute of Infectious Diseases, the University of Tokyo,

his coworkers and other culicidologists of Japan surveyed mountain and north-

ern districts of Japan, and contributed to the discovery of new species, and

hitherto unrecorded species or immatures of known species. Sasa and Asanuma

published a handy manual on Japanese mosquitoes (''Ka o Shiraberu Hito no

Tameni") (1948). In this period, 13 new species were described and 9 species

were added to the fauna of this region; among them 8 new species were valid

and 8 species were veritable new additions to the fauna. Asanuma and

Nakagawa published a series of excellent critical papers on pupal chaetotaxy

on the generic or subgeneric level (1953-54), and Otsuru and Ohmori reviewed

the Japanese species of the Anopheles hyrcanus species group (1960). Thus,

from 1946 to 1960, 44 species and volumes of information on immature stages

were added to the mosquito fauna of this region. The total number of known

species was brought to 92.

During the succeeding 11 years from 1961 to 1971, no new taxa were

described from this region, and only 5 species were added to the fauna.

Another current of study, however, grew during this period. Apparently,

"The Culex pipiens complex" of Mattingly and others (1951) strongly stimu-

lated Japanese culicidologists. Some of the earlier papers on the Japanese

Culex pipiens complex comprising at least more or less a taxonomical aspect

are Ikuzawa (1955), Bekku (1956) and Kamura (1957-59). In the 1960's, many

more papers were published and this trend continues to the present. Some of

these papers are Hori (1960a, b,c), Ishii (1961-78), Sasa and his coworkers

(1963-67). Their works include hybridization experiments, genetics, ecology,

physiology and biochemistry as well as morphology and biogeography. Quite

recent and more interesting works on this group by various advanced methods

along with Kanda and Oguma's cytotaxonomic study on the Anopheles hyr-

canus complex were not fully completed at the time of the completion of this

draft. Nakata's critical paper (1962) on some of the works of Japanese culicid

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 43

taxonomists, including the summary of his own studies and his advocacy of

applying experimental methods to taxonomy, was a unique publication during

this period. The Southeast Asia Mosquito Project (SEAMP) starting in 1966

(the Medical Entomology Project (MEP) from June 1974) at the U. S. National

Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, under the auspices of the

U. S. Army Medical Research and Development Command, has conducted

systematic studies on mosquitoes from Southeast Asia. Since 1967, person-

nel of SEAMP and MEP have published a series of about 30 monographs.

Species of the central and southern Ryukyu Archipelago were treated in some

of these monographs.

Korean mosquitoes have been greatly neglected. Little work was done

before the end of World War II, although 25 species were known at that time.

After the War, Hsiao (1946) added one species, and Chu (1956) summarized

published records and added 7 species to the Korean fauna. In the 1960's

several authors recorded 11 species for the first time from Korea, and Lee

(1971) treated all known species with 2 new additions. Three species were

added quite recently. Fifty Korean species are treated in our present

revision.

During the last 5 years from 1972 to our present revision, a new subspe-

cies and a new species were described from Japan proper by Kamimura and

Wada (1974), and from the Ryukyus by Miyagi (1976), respectively. Sasa,

Kurihara and Kamimura (1976) published a revised and enlarged edition of Sasa

and Asanuma's "'A manual of mosquitoes of Japan"’ (Ka o Shiraberu Hitono

Tameni) (1948). During the present project, starting July 1969 and ending at

this revision, we have described 9 new species and added 4 species to the fauna.

Thus, 113 species are treated in this revision including 3 unnamed taxa.

TAXONOMY - FAMILY CULICIDAE

In this work, only the so-called true mosquitoes are included in the family

Culicidae; dixid and chaoborid midges are excluded as different families.

The following characters may serve to discriminate true mosquitoes from

related families.

ADULT. Ocelli absent. Antenna with scape reduced to a narrow ring;

pedicel globose; flagellum very long, slender, 13 segmented. Palpus not

distinctly incurved. Labium forming a long proboscis. Mesonotal suture

incomplete, short, extending mesocaudally from scutal angle at level just

cephalad of mesothoracic spiracle. Wings long, rounded apically, always

lying flat over abdomen at rest; membrane without network; veins strong,

scaly; vein c continued around margin of wing; sc extending beyond base of

rg; rgi3 straight, in line with rg; cells R and M extending beyond middle of

wing. Legs scaly; coxae short.

LARVA. Head distinct, movable, sclerotized, not retracted into pro-

thorax, usually with pigmented eye spots. Antenna inserted laterally, not

prehensile. Mouth brush well developed, usually consisting of a large number

of slender hairs, rarely modified into 6 to about 10 strong flattened teeth.

Thoracic segments fused into one greatly enlarged area, distinctly broader

than abdomen, without a median proleg. Abdomen without prolegs; setae 0,

8-I and usually 14-I, II absent; only spiracle of segment VIII functional, the

spiracle without 4-5 short fleshy lobes surrounding it; segment X (anal seg-

ment) with 4 caudally projecting gills and a midventral brush (4-X).

Many authors split the family Culicidae (excluding Dixidae and Chaobori-

44 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

dae) into 3 subfamilies: Anophelinae, Toxorhynchitinae and Culicinae. How-

ever, as anophelines appear to be essentially different from the other 2 in all

stages in many morphological characters and also some behavioral characters,

and as most characters of toxorhynchitines are shared with those of culicines,

we divide the family Culicidae into 2 subfamilies, Anophelinae and Culicinae.

KEYS TO SUBFAMILIES OF CULICIDAE

ADULT

Abdomen largely without scales. ......... ANOPHELINAE (p. 44)

Abdomen largely covered with broad flat scales. . . . CULICINAE (p. 85)

MALE GENITALIA

Proctiger completely membranous, without sclerotized paraproct;

claspette well developed; aedeagus tube-like, broadened basally.

ANOPHELINAE (p. 44)

Proctiger usually with sclerotized paraproct; when membranous,

aedeagus divided and toothed. ............ CULICINAE (p. 85)

Siphon absent; spiracle sessile; maxilla with cardo bar-like, its proximal

portion placed under cranium. ......... ANOPHELINAE (p. 44)

Siphon well developed, spiracle at apex of siphon; maxilla with cardo

broad and flat, on same plane as adjacent region of cranium surface.

CULICINAE (p. 85)

I. SUBFAMILY ANOPHELINAE

FEMALE. Head. Vertex and tempus with numerous erect scales, decum-

bent scales very few or absent; interocular space with a tuft of long hair-like

scales and slender pale bristles. Antenna usually shorter than proboscis;

pedicel small. Thorax. Anterior pronotal lobe widely separated, with

bristles. Postnotum and paratergite bare. Pleural scaling poorly developed;

propleural, sternopleural, prealar and upper mesepimeral bristles present;

spiraculars present or absent; postspiraculars and lower mesepimerals absent.

Wing. Squama fringed with hair-like scales; alula bare. Membrane with dis-

tinct microtrichia. Veins all dark scaled or spotted with dark and pale scales;

rs with basal spur; r4,5 with basal spur, often scaled; la terminating beyond

cubital fork. _Legs. Long and very slender, all claws equal and simple; pul-

villi undeveloped. Abdomen. Usually largely unscaled. Only a single seminal

capsule developed, with a number of pale spots.

MALE. Genitalia. Segment IX without bristles; lobes of tergum IX vari-

able. Basistyle simple, without mesal membrane, claspette well developed.

Dististyle simple, slender, arcuate, with a short apical or subapical claw.

Proctiger entirely membranous, without sclerotized paraproct. Aedeagus

tube-like, broadened basally.

PUPA. Trumpet short and widely open. Abdomen with setae 9-III-VI at

posterolateral angle of each segment, usually well developed, stout and /or

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 49

deeply pigmented.

LARVA. Head. Length usually subequal to width, collar broad (head not

very constricted basally); seta 1-C slender; 2-C well developed; 3-C variously

developed, always distinct; 5-7-C often plumose; 11-C strongly plumose; 13-C

close to 11-C. Antenna shorter than head; 2,3-A saber-like. Mouth brush

composed of a large number of simple hairs. Mandible with a row of hair-like

spicules dorsolaterally; seta 1-Md usually present; mandibular ring distinct,

located proximad of the dorsolateral row of spicules; 5 mandibular spurs,

MdSj 3_, strong, pectinate; MdSo fine, hair-like, usually multiple. Mandibu-

lar bfush well developed. Mandibular comb variously developed. Cutting

organ without dorsal spine; one or 2 dorsal teeth; ventral tooth usually well

developed lateral denticles, with or without mesal denticles; mesal pecten a

mass of closely spaced teeth proximad of ventral tooth; ventral blade and

pectinate brush developed. Piliferous process variously developed, the hair-

groups more or less reduced. Mandibular hairs well developed, in a single

row. Maxilla studied only on the genus Anopheles (cf. the description of

Anopheles). Anterior margin of labiogula triangularly produced. Mentum

plate with a few strongly sclerotized teeth on each side, the apical tooth single.

Aulaeum without marginal spicules, but toothed, the apical tooth double.

Thorax. Notched organ, a transparent eversible appendage caudomesad of

0,6-P. Seta 13-P present. Abdomen. Terga with anteromedian sclerotized

plates and often with smaller plates behind them. Setae 1-III-V (often also

1-I, Il, VI, VII) palmate with broad leaf-like branches; 6, 7-I-II and often 6-III

long and plumose; many other thoracic and abdominal setae semiplumose

(branched at more than one point). Comb on segment VIII absent. Siphon not

developed; spiracle on apicodorsal surface of VIII. A pair of lateral pectinate

plates (pecten) developed. Segment X with a posteriorly forked sclerotized

ventral bar which appears to support grid distally; saddle incomplete, with

dorsomedian caudal process; 1-X usually single, 3-X hooked at tip; 4-X of 16

or more, usually semiplumose hairs on grid.

DISTRIBUTION. Worldwide.

The subfamily Anophelinae of this region consists of a single genus,

Anopheles.

1. GENUS ANOPHELES MEIGEN

Anopheles Meigen, 1818:10. Type-species: Anopheles maculipennis Meigen,

1818: Germany.

FEMALE. Head, Eyes narrowly to rather widely separated above, con-

tiguous below. Antennal flagellomere (Flm) 1 1.5-2.2 of Flm 2. Palpus as

long as or only a little shorter than proboscis, 5 segmented; joints of palpifer-

1 and 1-2 indicated by unsclerotized rings, 2-3 usually a complete unsclero-

tized ring, 3-4 and 4-5 usually complete, occasionally tending to be fused to-

gether. Thorax. Posterior pronotal lobe glabrous. Scutum elongate, flat-

tened above, with scales mostly hair-like; all scutal bristles present, mostly

fine and easily confused with hair-like scales. Scutellum evenly rounded, with

evenly distributed bristles. Wing. Cell Ro longer than vein Yo.g- Legs.

Tarsomere 5 of all tarsi shorter than 4.

MALE. Antennal flagellum strongly plumose; flagellomeres 12 and 13

together at most 0.67 of Flm 1-11. Palpus with joint 2-3 usually more com-

pletely fused than in female; 4 and 5 swollen, forming a club dorsolaterally

46 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

turned. Foretarsomere 5, length of or longer than 4, with several stout

setae on ventrobasal swelling; mid- and hindtarsomere 5 shorter than 4. Only

one anterior enlarged claw developed in foretarsus, with blunt-tipped submedi-

an and laterobasal teeth; both claws of mid- and hindtarsi equal and simple.

Genitalia. Sternum IX membranous, without bristles. Basistyle without dis-

tinct lobes, usually with tergobasal differentiated setae (parabasal setae);

claspette usually divided, with free setae and/or fused filaments (club).

Proctiger conical, without cercal setae. Aedeagus often with apical leaflets.

LARVA. Head. Setae 5-7-C often plumose, arranged in a more or less

transverse line behind antennal base; 4-A branched. Mandibular comb com-

posed of bilaterally pectinate, mostly broad teeth; ventral tooth with several

mesal denticles; piliferous process more or less sclerotized, only slightly to

moderately protrudent, with several apical hairs. Maxilla. Cardo longitu-

dinal, bar-like, strongly sclerotized, with its proximal portion concealed

under cranium and reaching about apex of mandibular postartis; cardinal seta

1-Mx at apex, well developed, dendritic or plumose. Mesostipes resembling

parallellogram; parartis produced as a strongly sclerotized narrow process at

mesobasal corner of mesostipes, and articulating with paracoila through

strongly sclerotized rod of parartis; lateral margin with membranous notch;

dorsal surface with a broad sclerotized diagonal band from anterolateral to

posteromesal corner, barely interrupted at lateral 0.33; twin stipital sensoria

just laterad of lacinial suture, short, slender, without basal ring; mesal

_ gtipital seta 2-Mx very small, on anterior marginal area; ventral stipital seta

4-Mx branched. Lacinia occupying about mesal 0.2 of dorsal surface of

mesostipes; lacinial suture moderately sclerotized, subparallel to mesal mar-

gin of mesostipes; proximal lacinial seta 5-Mx near lacinial suture at about

level of stipital sensoria; distal lacinial seta 6-Mx very short, on hairy anteri-

or surface at the termination of lacinial suture, usually difficult to see, being

hidden among numerous longer hairs. Galea a hairy lateroanterior marginal

area, ventrally demarcated by an unsclerotized line parallel to the anterior

margin, apparently composed of 3 layers of as many types of hairs; galeal

seta 7-Mx very short, at about middle of this area. Palpostipes well developed,

longer than mesostipes, apically cylindrical, with basal mesodorsal unsclero-

tized portion dorsolaterally spinulate, articulating with mandibular postartis

at lateral artis; dendritic lateral stipital seta 3-Mx laterally distad of middle;

7 palpal sensory appendages at apex: twin dorsomesal spiniform ones, a tri-

angular dorsolateral flattened spine, a short ventral spiniform one, and a very

broad fan-shaped leaflet and 2 equal moderately broad leaflets in between.

Thovax. Setae 5,7, 8-P, 8-M, 5,7, 8-T long and plumose; 1-M with thick stem,

strongly plumose; 3-T often with narrow simple leaf-like branches. Abdomen.

Setae 1-III-VII usually, and 1-I, II sometimes palmate; 6-III long and plumose;

2-X asymmetrically plumose.

DISTRIBUTION. Worldwide, except New Zealand, New Caledonia, Fiji

and most of the other Pacific islands, unless introduced.

KEYS TO SUBGENERA OF ANOPHELES

ADULT

Costa with at least 4 pale marks in addition to humeral and basal spots;

CieATIALeCLA DTOSOME: wieice ao eis. 6 ele RO A Ss Cellia (p. 47)

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 47

Costa with at most 3 pale marks excluding humeral and basal spots;

crbarial teeth apeenie Cle a ee ee ee Anopheles (p. 53)

Pour parabdsal setae si she ae Fae td Og ee mae eee a Cellia (p. 47)

At moses Carabasa setae) a. Ma it re ee Ss Anopheles (p. 53)

PUPA

Male genital pouch with lobes ending in a knob; trumpet of angusticorn

CE ERS ORS Be ee GS Bs a TER Cellia (p. 47)

Male genital pouch not ending in a knob; trumpet various.

Anopheles (p. 53)

LARVA

Seta 2-C wide apart and closer to 3-C than to one another. . Cellia (p. 47)

Seta 2-C close together, or at most separated by a distance almost ©

equal‘to that between 2, 3-Ce i) Or ee Sh ie, Anopheles (p. 53)

SUBGENUS CELLIA THEOBALD

Cellia Theobald, 1902: 181; 1903: 107. Type-species: Anopheles pharoensis

Theobald, 1901d; Cairo.

Myzomyia Blanchard, 1902: 795. Type-species: Anopheles rossi Giles, 1899;

Calcutta.

ADULT. Cibarial teeth of female well developed; propleural and spiracular

bristles present or absent; wing almost always spotted, costa with at least 4

pale marks excluding humeral and basal spots; male genitalia with 4 para-

basal setae, not on protuberances; usually a more slender seta laterodistad

of the parabasal group; no markedly long seta on sternomesal margin; aedeagus

with apical leaflets.

PUPA. Trumpet of angusticorn type; male genital pouch with lobes ending

in a knob.

LARVA. Seta 2-C wide apart and closer to 3-C than to one another; 1-A

always single, minute, near base of shaft.

DISTRIBUTION. Oriental, Ethiopian and Australian regions.

KEYS TO SPECIES OF ANOPHELES (CELLIA)

ADULT

Femora and tibiae not speckled with pale spots. ..... minimus (p. 48)

Femora and tibiae speckled with pale spots. ..... tessellatus (p. 51)

MALE GENITALIA

Sternal lobe of claspette with 2-4 setae. ......... minimus (p. 48)

Sternal lobe of claspette with a single seta. ...... tessellatus (p. 51)

48 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

PUPA

Seta 9-VII 0.5 or more length of segment; 1-P long, hooked or sinuate.

minimus (p. 48)

Seta 9-VII less than 0.25 length of the segment; 1-P short and straight.

tessellatus (p. 51)

LARVA

Abdominal tergal plates nearly as wide or wider than distance between

MEcHOCIVe SOC Fa ee ks sb ack fave ee a ee * minimus (p. 48)

Abdominal tergal plates much narrower than distance between respective

aU ee ee ae a eck aku es Sues oh ea, os ava yeah eae tessellatus (p. 51)

1. ANOPHELES (CELLIA) MINIMUS THEOBALD

(Figs. 11, 12, 162; Table 41)

Anopheles minimus Theobald, 1901d: 186 (2). Type-locality: Pokfulam,

Hong Kong.

Anopheles formosaensis I : Miyasaki, 1903: 66, IshigakiIs., Ryukyu Archi-

pelago.

FEMALE (Fig. 162). Wing length 3.1-3.4 mm. Head. Eyes rather

widely separated above. Interocular space with a tuft of very long, slender,

white scales and shorter narrow white scales. Vertex covered with white or

yellowish white, medioanterior erect scales and dark erect scales otherwise, the

latter scales extending onto upper tempus; usually 3 pairs of bronze-yellow

vertical bristles and 6 dark temporal bristles along eye margin on each side.

Clypeus dark brown, without scales. Antenna: pedicel tawny yellow, mesal

side a little infuscate, with small hairs and scales; flagellum 0. 67-0. 71 (3)

of proboscis, rather thick; flagellomere 1 1.88-2.16 of Flm 2, with many

white narrow scales. Palpus 0.84-0.95 (3) of proboscis; joint 2-3 a complete

pale membranous node; 1 and 2 with erect dark scales; patches of white scales

at joints 2-3, 3-4, and apex of 4; 5 entirely white scaled; length ratio of 2-5;

3. 69-4. 82 : 4.28-5.50 : 2.34-2.91 : 1.00 (3). Proboscis 1.10-1.15 (3) of

forefemur, dark scaled, with several dark basal bristles. Buccopharynx with

4 papillae before cibarial armature of about 10 long teeth and as many short

teeth. Thovax. Pronotal integument dark brown; anterior lobe without scales,

bearing more than 10 bristles. Scutal integument appearing grayish brown

on disk and dark brown in fossal and lateral areas, this varying according to

direction of light; apical and lateroapical tufts of long narrow erect white

scales present; disk covered with rather long, yellowish white, narrow, curved

or hair-like scales. Scutellum covered roughly with pale hair-like scales

and bearing a row of more than 10 long brown bristles. Pleural integument

dark brown, appearing partly gray according to light, with a continuous trans-

verse pale stripe across middle sternopleuron and on lower margin of mese-

pimeron; only a few scales on sternopleuron; one (rarely 2) stout propleural

bristle; 1-3 (usually 2) minute spiraculars, several prealars and upper mese-

pimerals, 6-8 sternopleurals divided into upper and lower groups. Wing.

Vein c with humeral pale spot and presector, sector, subcostal and preapical

pale marks; sc with the same pale spot and marks. Remigium pale;

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 49

r proximally pale to presector pale mark, accessory sector pale mark fused

with sector pale mark, subcostal and preapical pale marks equal in length to

those on c, apex of r shortly pale; rs with a basal and a median pale mark;

ro pale at base and apex; rg pale at base and apex, and with a median pale

mark; r4,5 pale with a very small basal dark spot, and a little longer sub-

basal and subapical dark spot; m pale in basal 0.33 and with a pale mark at

r-m or just distal to m-cu; mj,9 and Mg, pale at base and apex; cu pale,

with a basal dark mark and a dark spot at fork: cu, with pale spots just distad

of m-cu and at apex, and a long median pale mark; cug with a long subbasal

pale mark and an apical pale spot; la with pale marks at base and proximal

to middle, tip pale. Apical pale fringe extending from just above termination

of rj to r9, often divided in 2; pale fringe spots at terminations of rg, 14,5,

M1+2, Mg,4, Cuy and cug; an indistinct pale fringe spot sometimes at termina-

tion of la. Cell Ro 2.38-2.76 (3) of vein r9,3. Halter with dark scaled knob.

Legs. Femora, tibiae and tarsi dark scaled, without distinct pale bands.

Hindtarsomere 1 1. 16-1. 20 (3) of tibia. Abdomen. Terga and sterna hirsute,

especially tergum I. A few scales sometimes present on terga VI- VIII.

MALE (Fig. 12). Wing length 2.7-3.4 mm. Antennal flagellum 0. 77-0. 81

(3) of proboscis, flagellomeres 12 and 13 together 0.54-0.57 (3) of proboscis,

Flm 12 1.55-1.70 of Flm 13. Palpus (Fig. 162) 0.97-1.05 (2) proboscis, with

apex of segment 3 a little swollen, with long bristles and white scales; 4 and 5

swollen, fused together leaving a fine suture, with marginal bristles; 4 with a

patch of mesoapical pale scales, 5 covered with pale scales on more than api-

cal half. Proboscis 1. 36-1. 41 (3) forefemur. Cell Ro 1.59-2.06 (9) of vein

r9i3. Hindtarsomere 1 1.15-1.21 (5) of hindtibia. Genitalia. Tergum IX

with a narrow longitudinal sclerotized plate on each side, median area mem-

branous. Sternum IX membranous. Basistyle subcylindrical, broadened

from middle toward base, bristled except on apical 0.4 of tergomesal surface

and lateral surface at base, scaled on lateral surface; 4 parabasal setae, a

long seta present a little laterodistal to parabasal group; tergal lobe of clas-

pette with a club of 2-5 fused filaments*; sternal lobe with 2 (rarely 3) stout

setae, lower seta larger, both extending beyond apex of club; hairy on mesal

side. Dististyle gently arcuate, slender, a little swollen at base and apex,

longer than basistyle, moderately pigmented except apex, with a bristle on

concave side near base; claw short, pigmented. Aedeagus with 3, 4 apical

serrate leaflets of different sizes on each side.

LARVA (Fig. 11). Head. Width 0.57-0.62 mm; about as wide as long;

brown, with following dark brown patches: a pair of lateral rounded spots

before antennal level, a median transverse zigzag broad stripe connected with

a posteromedian patch and a pair of anterosubmedian longitudinal broad stripes,

a patch along posterior part of frontal ecdysial line, and a pair of postero-

lateral patches (attachment of mandibular adductor muscle); labrum deeply

concave on apical margin; seta 1-C directed mesad, length of distance

between bases; 2-C separated by a distance twice that as between 2, 3-C; 3-C

more than half as long as 2-C; 4-C extending beyond base of 2-C, reaching

apex of clypeus; 5-7-C plumose; 5-C usually slightly anterior to, and 6-C

slightly posterior to 7-C; 8-10-C about on same level; 8-C slightly mesad of

or almost tandem with 6-C; 14-C very small, apparently subplumose; 15-C

located ventrad of basal articulation of mentum with hypostomal ridge, subplu-

*In one specimen (#2778), the left claspette has 2 clubs and each club con-

sists of 2 fused filaments.

20 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

mose. Antenna 0.22-0.26 mm long, straight, dark brown, with a paler meso-

basal portion, spinulate excepting lateral surface, spinules on ventromesal

surface stronger; seta 1-A single, short, laterodorsally inserted at basal

0. 25-0. 33; 2,3-A equal, dark brown; 4-A longer than 2-A, 5-7 branched; 6-A

shorter than transparent 5-A. Mandible with minute microspines ventro-

laterally, and fewer and stronger ones dorsolaterally; a row of broad, apically

branched hair-like spicules dorsally proximad of this spinose area; seta 1-Md

reduced; MdS; simple, pale brown, rather slender, evenly curved; MdsS3 sub-

equal to MdS 1 in length; MdSg very slightly pigmented, somewhat sigmoid,

finely pectinate; MdS4_5 depigmented, somewhat sigmoid, pectinate, the pec-

tination fine and mesal on basal half, turning ventrally about at middle, with

strong teeth nearly parallel to stem on apical half. Cutting organ with 2 dor-

sal teeth, most mesodorsal tooth large, simple or bicuspid; mesal pecten of

numerous densely planted, blunt-tipped teeth laterodorsally progressively

larger, most laterodorsal tooth outstandingly large, subequal to mesal dorsal

tooth; ventral tooth with 2 strong lateral denticles, more lateral denticle

(VT-4) larger, subequal to, but not reaching apex of VTo; 3 mesal denticles,

VT, rather blunt, ventrobasad of VTg 9 3 smaller, acutely triangular; 3 ven-

tral blades, VB, (dorsalmost) with mésal pectination of short teeth and some

laterobasal small teeth, VBy mesally and ventrolaterobasally pectinate, VBs

more slender than others, mesally pectinate, seemingly without laterobasal

pectination; pectinate brush of apparently 3 mesal pectinate hairs. Mandibular

hairs about 20 or more, each hair apically frayed. Maxilla. Cardo basally

tapered, with 1-Mx subplumose. Mesostipes and lacinia typical for the genus.

Palpostipes fusiform, middorsally minutely spinulate, with several stronger

mesodorsal spinules; 3-Mx located dorsolaterally at apical 0.33, dentritic,

with numerous branches; apex with 7 appendages typical for the genus. Men-

tum plate usually with 9 teeth including basal small ones. Thorax. Setae 1,

2,4,5, 7, 8-P, 1, 8-M, 5, 7,8-T plumose; 5-P with very fine branches; 9-P sub-

plumose, a little shorter than 12-P which is somewhat shorter than 10-P;

11-P fairly long, more than half as long as 9-P, about 0.4 of 10-P; 13-P

slender; 6-M, T usually 4 branched; 3-T with slender simple leaflets, their

apices very short, truncate; 4-T usually triple; 9-T branched in apical 0. 33-

0.67. Abdomen. Anterior tergal plate usually narrower than (occasionally

equal to) distance between setae 1 on segment I, narrower on II and III, nar-

rower to subequal on IV, narrower to broader on V and VI, broader on VII

and VIII; seta 0 located posterolaterad of lateral edge of anterior tergal plate

on II-VI, posterolaterad to posteromesad of it on VII, posteromesad of it on

VIII; small rounded median plate most frequently free from anterior tergal

plate, occasionally fused with it anteriorly on II, most frequently completely

enclosed by anterior tergal plate, occasionally fused with it anteriorly only on

III, completely enclosed by it on IV-VII; I-VII with a pair of small, trans-

versely oblong, submedian plates. Seta 1-I as well developed as 1-II-VII, or,

often several basal leaflets or occasionally all leaflets simple; leaflets of

1-II- VII moderately pigmented, each with an apical filament, serrate at base

of the filament; 2-IV, V rather stiff; 6-VI as well developed as 6-IV, V; 2-VIII

subplumose; 0-III, VIII usually single; 0-IV, V, VII usually double; 11-I,

10-12-III, 3,11, 12-IV, 10-V, 6,10-VI, and 13-VII usually triple; usually, 12-I,

7-VII, 4-II and 9-II with 4,5,6 and 7 branches respectively. Pecten with 12-

14 pectinate teeth of various sizes; 2,6,8,9-S with 7-9, 3-4, 6-10 and 6-9

branches respectively. Segment X spiculate, more strongly on lateroapical

portion; saddle covering 0.67 of the segment, well sclerotized; 1-X longer than

saddle; 2-X with 13-19 long, dorsal and 5-8 short, ventral branches; 3-X with

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea ol

9,6 long, dorsal and 4-7 short, ventral branches; 4-X of 18 subplumose hairs,

rarely 16. Anal gills short, 0.84-1.15 length of saddle.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO. 240, 202, 99 L,

21, 36 p: Yaeyama Gunto (K-0953, K-0954, K-0955, K-0964, K-0975,

K-1005, K-1067, K-1476, K-1477, K-2294).

DISTRIBUTION. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO (Miyako and Yaeyama Gunto).

ORIENTAL REGION (except most parts of Malaya and Borneo).

BIONOMICS. Larvae are found usually in sluggish streamlets at the foot

of mountains, often associated with An. sinensis. During the course of this

study, larvae of minimus were only collected in November and December of

1971 on Ishigaki Is. (Tanaka, Saugstad and Mizusawa 1975). Wilkinson et al.

(1974) reported that in Thailand, adults are usually found in open areas near

forested foothills, that they feed on cattle and water buffalo as well as on

humans and that development from egg to pupa took 8-26 days at 24°C.

RELATION TO DISEASES. Throughout many areas of Southeast Asia,

minimus has been considered an important vector of malaria (Wilkinson et al.

1974). Anopheles minimus was the principal vector of malaria in Yaeyama

and Miyako Gunto until the period of World War II, with malaria being one of

the greatest social problems in Yaeyama Gunto. After the war, an eradication

campaign conducted by the Yaeyama Provisional Government (directed by

Dr. Shinken Ohama, head of the Public Health Department) and supported by

the U. S. Military Government, southern Ryukyus, successfully controlled

this species. Due to land development procedures, the habitat of this species

has been further restricted and populations of minimus have not increased.

For 20 years now, minimus has been regarded as a very rare species, and

malaria is no longer a serious problem inthis region. However, occasional

small-scale outbreaks of this species were recently reported (Tanaka,

Saugstad and Mizusawa 1975; Kamimura 1975). Continuous monitoring for this

Species may still be necessary.

2. ANOPHELES (CELLIA) TESSELLA TUS THEOBALD

(Figs. 12, 13, 163, 164; Table 42)

Anopheles tessellatus Theobald, 1901d: 175 (2). Type-locality: Taipan,

Straits Settlements, Malaya.

Anopheles (Cellia) tessellatus: Miyagi, Iha and Kishimoto, 1969: 33, Haneji

and Ishikawa, Okinawa Is. ; Otomi and Sonae, Iriomote Is. ; Ryukyu

Archipelago.

Descriptions based on specimens from Taiwan.

FEMALE (Figs. 163, 164). Wing length 2.8-2.9 mm. Head. Eyes rather

widely separated above. Interocular space with a tuft of long wavy white nar-

row scales and short white narrow scales; vertex covered with white or yel-

lowish white erect scales in anterior half and dark erect scales elsewhere,

the dark scales also covering upper tempus; several bronze-brown vertical

bristles and 6-8 dark temporal bristles on each side. Clypeus grayish brown,

without scales. Antenna: pedicel yellowish brown, with minute hairs; flagel-

lomere 1 1.73-1.80 (2) of Flm 2, covered mesally with pale scales. Palpus

0. 93-0. 96 (2) of proboscis; joint 2-3 a complete membranous node, 3-4 and

4-5 normal; 1 and base of 2 with erect dark scales; 2 with yellowish pale

scales dorsobasally; joint 2-3, apical half of 3, apical 0.67-0. 75 of 4 and 5

white scaled, 3 with a patch of dorsal yellowish pale scales; palpus otherwise

SP Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

dark scaled; length ratio of 2-5; 2.22-2.41 : 3.00-3.24 : 1.50-1.65 : 1.00 (2).

Proboscis 1.10-1.13 (2) of forefemur, clothed with dark scales in basal half

and pale ochreous scales in apical half, with a few dark bristles at base.

- Cibarial armature of 2 lateral simple teeth and 8 median basally denticulated

teeth, apex of latter a single spine or fimbriated. Thorax. Anterior pronotal

lobe with integument dark brown, bearing more than 10 bristles; posterior

pronotal lobe with integument brown. Scutal integument uniformly light brown,

covered roughly with pale yellowish hair-like scales, with apical tuft of narrow

white erect scales, lateroapical tuft with broader white or yellowish white

erect scales above and dark ones below; scutal bristles bronze-yellow to

brown. Scutellum dark in middle, with scales similar to those of scutum, and

a row of 11-18 long bristles. Pleural integument brown to dark brown, a pale

transverse stripe across middle sternopleuron to lower margin of mesepimer-

on; one or 2 propleural bristles, one or 2 prealars, a number of sternopleur-

als, several upper mesepimerals, apparently no spiraculars. Wing. Veinc

with humeral, presector, sector, subcostal and preapical pale marks, the

marks becoming distally longer, a prehumeral pale mark usually present; r

with basal pale area extended to a little beyond level of costal presector mark;

rj with accessory sector pale mark distinct and not fused with sector mark,

subcostal mark variable in length, often divided in 2, a pale mark between

accessory sector and subcostal marks occasionally present; rs, rg and rg

with variable pale marks or spots, rs pale at base, rg pale at apex, rg dark at

apex with pale scales mixed; r4;5 speckled with dark and pale spots; m pale

from base to about level of base of rs, distally dark; m;,5 and m3,, usually

pale at base and apex, with variable pale medial spots; cu speckled with pale

and dark spots; la with 4-5 pale marks or spots; ance pale fringe from above

ry to ryis, divided by a dark spot between ro and re ; pale fringe spot at

termination of each posterior vein. Legs. Renters: spotted by pale scales,

hindfemur with apical pale fringe. Tibiae spotted by pale scales, very nar-

rowly pale at apex. Tarsomere 1 dark at base, spotted by pale scales

medially; foretarsomeres 1-4 with apical pale ring, 2-4 with basal pale ring;

midtarsomeres 1-3 with apical pale ring, 2 and 3 with indistinct basal pale

ring; hindtarsomeres 1-4 with apical pale ring, 2 with one or 2 pale spots.

Femora, tibiae and tarsi otherwise dark. Forefemur slightly swollen basally.

Abdomen hirsute, devoid of scales.

MALE (Fig. 12). Wing length 2.3-2.5 mm. Antennal flagellum 0. 86

(1) of proboscis; flagellomere 12 2.12 (1) of Flm 13, both together 0. 44 of

Flm 1-11. Palpus 1.12 (1) of proboscis; joint 2-3 fused together, traceable

by a rather indistinct node and pale integumental ring, 3-4 complete, 4-9

traceable by a slight difference in sclerotization and different scaling; segment

2 with pale bands at base and apex, 3 pale in apical 0.33 and with a long pale

patch medially above, 4 and 5 pale with a dark basal band; length ratio of 2-5;

289-2, 92°* 3,54£3, 612.1.17-12 23 24.00 (1).° Proboscis 1. 39 (1) forefemur.

Foretarsomere 5 longer than 4. Genitalia. Tergum IX membranous, lightly

pigmented. Basistyle oblong, a little incurved, laterally and sternally

bristled, laterally scaled, with a few small tergal bristles in parabasal area;

4 parabasal setae, subequal in thickness and length; a long slender seta

present laterodistad of parabasal group; tergal lobe of claspette bearing a

club formed by fusion of apparently 4 filaments; sternal lobe pilose, bearing a

slender curved seta much longer than club. Dististyle longer than basistyle,

slender, arcuate, basally and apically swollen, pigmented, with scattered

minute setae on concave side with one larger subbasal seta on concave side

and another subapical seta on convex side; claw short, stout, pigmented.

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea Do

Aedeagus with several fairly long leaflets at apex on each side.

LARVA (Fig. 13). Head. Width 0.60 mm in somewhat compressed speci-

mens; about as wide as long; labrum deeply concave on apical margin; seta 2-C

separated by a distance about twice that as between 2,3-C;3, 4-C very fine;

o-7-C subplumose; 5-C on level of 7-C or a little posterior to it; 6-C slightly

posterior to 5-C or on its level. Antenna 0.24-0.25 mm long, straight,

spiculate; seta 1-A single, fine, inserted at basal 0. 21-0.38 of shaft; 4-A

double. Mentum plate with 9 teeth including a basal abortive tooth on each

side. Thovax. Setae 2-P and 5-T subplumose; 4, 5, 8-P,1,8-M and 6, 7-T

plumose; 11-P moderately long, apically filamentous; 3-T with apparently less

than 10 transparent, simple, rather slender leaflets. Abdomen. Anterior

tergal plates very small, less than 0.33 as wide as distance between setae 1

on I; plate of II much smaller than that of I; plate of VIII broader than that of

I, narrower than distance between 1-VIII, 1.8-2.0 times as broad as long; IV-

VI with or without a small median plate; VII with a small median plate.

Setae 1-I, II with ordinary branches; 1-IJI-VII with rather broad, transparent,

usually simple leaflets; 6-VI as well developed as 6-V. Pecten with 4 large

and 7 small simple teeth; 2-S with 3-5 branches; 6, 8,9-S each 2-3 branched;

1-X subequal to saddle in length. Anal gill 2.7-3.3length of saddle.

saddle.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. TAIWAN. 2°¢, 29, 2 L: Neihu, Taipei Hsien,

7 XI 1967, Chung and Lo. |

DISTRIBUTION. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO (Okinawa and Yaeyama Gunto).

ORIENTAL REGION. MOLUCCAS.

BIONOMICS. Anopheles tessellatus appears to be very rare in this region.

Miyagi et al. (1969) reported a number of females collected in light and dry

ice traps on Iriomote and Okinawa Is. No other record exists.

RELATION TO DISEASES. This species has been reported as a malaria

vector in parts of Southeast Asia (Reid 1968) and associated with filariasis

transmission (Reisen, Burns and Basio 1972), but its apparent rarity in our

region would seem to make it of negligible medical importance.

SUBGENUS ANOPHE LES MEIGEN

Anopheles Meigen, 1818: 10. Type-species: Anopheles maculipennis Meigen,

1818, Germany.

Myzorhynchus Blanchard, 1902: 795. Type-species: Anopheles sinensis

Wiedemann, 1828, Canton, China.

ADULT. Cibarial teeth undeveloped; propleural bristle always present,

spiracular bristles present or absent; wing veins entirely dark or spotted,

costa with at most 3 pale marks excluding humeral and basal spots; male

genitalia with at most 3 parabasal setae, at least one of them on a protuber-

ance; a markedly long bristle on sternomesal margin; aedeagus with or without

apical leaflets.

PUPA. Trumpet of angusticorn or laticorn type; male genital pouch with

lobes not ending in a knob.

LARVA. Seta 2-C close together, or at most separated by a distance

almost equal to that between 2- and 3-C; 1-A usually branched, rarely single

and minute.

DISTRIBUTION. Worldwide, except New Zealand, New Caledonia, Fiji and

most of other Pacific islands.

6(3).

7(6).

8(7).

9(8).

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

KEYS TO SPECIES OF ANOPHELES(ANOPHELES)

ADULT

Wine without markings. 6) 4 6 a a se 2

Wihe with markings... 08) 6 a ee a re Pe es 3

Erect forked scales of vertex dark. ........ bengalensis (p. 57)

Erect forked scales pale in middle of vertex. ..... omorii (p. 59)

Clypeus without clumps of scales; palpus unbanded. ......... 4

Clypeus with clumps of scales laterally; palpus pale banded. .... 6

Spiracular bristles absent; hindfemur with a broad pale submedian

band < 2eGGN ji. a es SHAS a lindesayii japonicus (p. 61)

Spiracular bristles present; hindfemur without submedian band. ... 5

Costa with subcostal pale mark very short, not including veins sc and

rj; remigium dark scaled; rj without basal pale mark; fringe spot

at-termination, of. cug-absent. + 2.256...) . eee saperoi (p. 68)

Costa with subcostal pale mark long, including veins sc and rj1;

remigium pale, usually with a dark spot; ry with basal pale mark;

pale fringe spot at termination of cug present. . . Roreicus (p. 65)

Midcoxa without upper patch of pale scales (a few scales occasionally

present, but not forming a definite patch); pale fringe spot at termina-

ti6n of Veins absents' Suniel aie ei ee lesteri (p. 83)

Midcoxa with a distinct upper patch of pale scales; pale fringe spot at

termination of vein cuy usually present. .......- +++ ees 7

Costa usually with pale humeral spot; presector pale mark well-defined;

vein 1a with 3 dark marks; hindtarsomere 4 with pale basal band.

sineroides (p. 81)

Costa usually without pale humeral spot; presector pale mark ill-defined

or obsolete; vein 1a with 2 dark marks; hindtarsomere 4 usually

Wathout pare basal Weel ee whi a eG 8

Wing without pale apical fringe spot. .......... pullus (p. 79)

Wing with pale apical fringe spot (very rarely absent) a al a enw & 9

Pale basal band of palpal segment 3 broader than other pale bands.

yatsushiroensis (p. 80)

Pale basal band of palpal segment 3 at most as wide as other pale bands.

sinensis (p. 72)

sp. (Engaru race) (p. 79)

OL).

4(3).

6(3).

7(6).

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea a5)

MALE GENITALIA

Aedeagus. without leaflets. . . 2. < ensitews ela punt eed ep ihonele 2

Aedeagus. with leaflets, . 20. 6 < sti ale tleerdlor wales vile ee eee 3

Tergal lobe of claspette with a club and 2 basally fused filaments;

sternal lobe of claspette with 3 setae. ..... bengalensis (p. 57)

Tergal lobe of claspette with 3 free filaments; sternal lobe of claspette

with 4 seiteuiwn Aitwinic how: ovate be ds ee omorii (p. 59)

Tergum Ts with shox broad lobes. 3.4 a vie aa ee ae OE oes 4

Tergum IX with long, narrow, rod-shaped capitate lobes (sinensis

GROUP: wo, oo, ae RH LR ee a Ae be ro ees Os 6

Basistyle not scaled; aedeagus with more than 10 simple leaflets on

each side; both parabasal setae on a protuberance; most tergal seta

of sternal lobe of claspette longer than others.

lindesayii japonicus (p. 61)

Basistyle laterally scaled; aedeagus with 3-4 leaflets on each side;

lateral parabasal seta not on protuberance; most sternal seta of

sternal lobe of claspette longer than others. ........-+.e+.-. 9)

Lobes of tergum IX strongly sclerotized, horn-shaped, with apex

DOME se 6 wires: Gabe aia Her les woes ea od pope dees Tateak saperoi (p. 68)

Lobes of tergum IX moderately sclerotized, with apex usually broadly

rounded or truncate, occasionally bluntly pointed.

koreicus (p. 65)

Basistyle with pale scales on sternal surface. .... sinensis (p. 172)

pullus (p. 79)

yatsushiroensis (p. 80)

sp. (Engaru race) (p. 79)

Basistyle without pale scales on sternal surface. .........4.4-. 7

ARoedeacus with 4d Callet sive ic nvrsiamum ovseue seus wen lesteri (p. 83)

Aedeagus with 6-11 leaflets. ............ sineroides (p. 81)

PUPA

Trumpet-of anaustioorn bY Pe w wadyar otk yay .0) be ee sedis we ieen eas 2

Trumpet ,of. LAtic OPIN TVG. je. cnchd acess) Bemuihine ln Gena Sale ean ns 4

Setae 1-V-VII longer than5........ lindesayii japonicus (p. 61)

Sotao: le Ve. Vilishorter- than. Bis /.024." adhe tren Anamerd: fe Siete aah meee Maumee. 3

Genital pouch without setae. .......+.-+ eee. bengalensis (p. 57)

Genital pouch with setae. <1.+) «1.4. 4 emcee ee omorii (p. 59)

Setae 9-III-VIII pigmented, with apex more or less pointed; male palpal

sheath not prolonged, not definitely longer than infemale. .... +)

9(7).

10(9).

11(6).

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

Setae 9-III-VII not pigmented, with apex rounded; male palpal sheath

prolonged, definitely longer than infemale. ............ 6

Species of Palaearctic region. .......24-+4+se468-6 koveicus (p. 65)

Species of Ryukyu Archipelago; : < 6 6 2a se O OEY saperoi (p. 68)

Rin or traniger not serrates SY oe A ON a ee 7

Bae Oe Ure mieee Ser rae. ere Ee re aS, 11

Hii Of trumipec than and Paley ss se 2k ek RRR ww 8

Wa OF Liber tes On CAL. 60. wie wee ke ee ee 8 9

Setae 9-V-VII narrower, distinctly tapering from base, with apex nar-

POW POU er eke ae” hh ah gt Ml ah ws sinensis (p. 72)

Setae 9-V-VII broader, almost parallel-sided or elongate oval, with

apex broadly rounded. {°F fe. ee sp. (Engaru race) (p. 79)

Setae 9-V-VII narrower, distinctly tapering from base, with apex nar-

rowly rounded; cephalothorax with a pair of dark patches.

lesteri (in part) (p. 83)

Setae 9-V-VII broader, almost parallel-sided or elongate oval, with

apex broadly rounded; cephalothorax without dark patches... . 10

Seta 5-V with about 20 or more branches. ....... pullus (p. 79)

Seta -0-V with 2-13 branches. + 0s <4. 2 3°s 85 sineroides (p. 81)

Setae 9-V-VII broader, only slightly tapering apically, with apex

broadly rounded; cephalothorax without dark patches.

yatsushiroensis (p. 80)

Setae 9-V-VII narrower, distinctly tapering from base, with apex

narrowly rounded; cephalothorax often with a pair of dark patches.

lesteri (in part) (p. 83)

LARVA

Seta 2-C 4-7 branched, separated by a distance about equal to that

OES err ea a a eee eo he bengalensis (p. oy

Seta 2-C Single, close tocether. 2. 6 8 kk oe ee ee le we es

Antenna smooth; seta 1-A and 5-7-C single. ...... omorii (p. 59)

Antenna spinulate, seta 1-A branched; 5-7-C plumose. ....... 3

Seta 3-C single; 8-C single or double; 1-I 1-4 branched simple seta.

lindesayii japonicus (p. 61)

Seta 3-C at least 4 branched; 8-C at least 5 branched; 1-I with many

slender tneerrace: legtlete oe ek kre eee wee ee ee ed 4.

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea ov

4(3). Seta 3-C with 10 to numerous branches. ....... sinensis (p. 72)

sp. (Engaru race) (p. 79)

pullus (p. 79)

yatsushiroensis (p. 80)

sineroides (p. 81)

lesteri (p. 83)

Seta 3-C wit atimost o branches, 46. os ea ee ae eee ,

5(4); Species of Palaearctic revion eee eee koveicus (p. 65)

Species of Ryukyu Archipelago. Pe ne eee: saperoi'(p. 68)

3. ANOPHELES (ANOPHELES) BENGALENSIS PURI

(Figs. 14, 15, 165; Table 43)

Anopheles aitkenii var. bengalensis Puri, 1930: 955 (*, L). Type-locality:

Marianbarie (Bengal Terai) and Sukna, India.

Anopheles bengalensis Reid, 1965: 118. We

Anopheles aitkenii bengalensis: Kamimura, 1966: 8, Amami Oshima and

Tokunoshima, Ryukyu Archipelago.

FEMALE (Fig. 165). Wing length 3.0-3.3 mm. Head. Many long narrow

dark erect scales on posterior part of vertex and tempus; more than 10 dark

ocular bristles in an irregular row from interocular space to lower tempus,

the series remote from eye margin except on interocular space; integument of

head rather dark-brown, showing silvery reflection, especially on eye mar-

gin, according to direction of light. Clypeus dark brown, without scales.

Antennal flagellum 0.68 (2) of proboscis, pedicel brown to dark brown, with a

few small hairs; flagellomere 1 1.50-1.63 (2) of Flm 2, with a few scales.

Palpus 0.87-0.90 (2) of proboscis, dark scaled; joint 2-3 an unsclerotized node,

4-5 indicated by a very fine suture; length ratio of 2-5 : 3.70-4.16 : 5.04-5. 92 :

1.78-2.34 : 1.00 (2). Proboscis 0.95-0.97 (2) of forefemur, dark scaled.

Thovax. Pronotal lobes without scales; anterior lobe bearing about 10 or less

dark bristles. Scutum with integument light brown, devoid of scales; scutal

bristles many, bronzy dark brown; a row of acrostichals extending onto middle

of prescutellar space, but not reaching posterior margin. Scutellum without

scales, bearing a row of more than 10 dark brown bristles together with

another anterior row of short bristles. Pleural integument pale brown, upper

sternopleuron somewhat darker; one propleural bristle, one or 2 spiraculars,

one or 2 prealars, 2 upper and 3-5 lower sternopleurals, 2-7 upper mesepim-

erals. Wing. Veins dark scaled, without pale area. Cell Ro 2.22-2.94 (3)

length of vein 9,3. Halter with dark scaled knob. Legs, Coxae pale brown.

Femora, tibiae and tarsi entirely dark scaled. Hindtarsomere 1 1.12-1. 23

(2) of tibia. Abdomen. Integument dark brown, hirsute, without scales.

MALE (Figs. 15, 165). Wing length 2.3-2.7 mm. Antennal flagellum

0. 60-0. 62 (2) of proboscis; flagellomere 12 1. 43-1. 76 (2) of Flm 13, both

0.58-0. 67 (2) of Flm 1-11. Palpus 0. 85-0. 87 (2) of proboscis; joint 2-3 fused,

3-4 apparently complete; 4,5 and apex of 3 swollen; 5 hairy; length ratio of

2-9 : 2.65-3.56 : 3.80-5.10 : 1.30-1. 73 : 1.00 (2). Proboscis 1.15-1.17 (2)

of forefemur. Cell Ro 1.97-2.21 (3) times as long as vein r9,3. Genitalia,

Tergum IX membranous. Basistyle oblong, twice as long as wide in tergal

view, bristled except at base; 2 parabasal setae, outer seta longer than inner

one; a long apically curved seta near apex on sternomesal surface; tergal

58 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

lobe of claspette with a club consisting of one or 2 fused wide spatulate fila-

ments and 2 incompletely fused setiform filaments; sternal lobe of claspette

bearing 3 setae, tergal 2 subequal in thickness, sternal one more slender

than others, all the setae about equal to club in length. Dististyle slender,

gently arcuate, longer than basistyle, with about 10 scattered minute setae;

claw short, stout, lightly pigmented. Aedeagus rather wide at apex, without

leaflets.

PUPA. Trumpet of angusticorn type, deeply cleft, with short meatus

about 0.33 of its length; rim simple. Wing sheath without patch. Abdominal

setae 1-V-VII branched, weak, shorter than respective setae 5, about half as

long as their respective segments or shorter; 5-V-VII shorter than their

respective segments; 9-III minute; 9-IV-VII slender, setiform, lightly pig-

mented, usually simple; 9-VII about 0.4 length of segment VII, occasionally

apex of seta furcate; 9-VIII usually plumose with thick stem and many

branches. Paddle rather narrow, with long fringe hairs. Genital pouch

without seta.

LARVA (Fig. 14). Head. Width 0.50-0.53 mm; about as wide as long;

brown with 4 dark brown frontoclypeal patches (middle, posterior and a lateral

pair); labrum deeply concave on apical margin, seta 1-C as long as distance

between bases or a little shorter; 2-C most frequently 5,6 branched at basal

0. 25-0. 33, distance between bases subequal to that between 2,3-C (the latter

very slightly wider); 3-C less than half as long as 2-C, forked distad of middle,

usually bifid at tip; 5-7-C plumose, 5-C slightly anterior to 6-C which is on

level of 7-C; 8-10-C approximately on same level; 14-C very small, with

relatively stout stalk and about 10 fine apical branches; 15-C single or bifid at

tip; usually 10-C double and 12-C triple. Antenna straight, 0.21-0.24 mm

long, less than half length of head, spinulate, spinules in one or 2 rows on

mesodorsal and lateroventral aspects much stronger than others; seta 1-A

inserted at basal 0. 14-0. 23 (x = 0.17), with 5-9 short branches; 2-A as long

as 3-A; 4-A longer than 2-A, 5-10 branched; 6-A shorter than translucent 5-A.

Mandible with only a few, very fine hair-like microspines midlaterally on dor-

sal surface; a row of hair-like spicules just proximad of this spinose area,

distal spicules short and simple, others long, strongly and densely barbed;

twin apically frayed seta 1-Md just dorsad of this row of spicules; MdS 1 brown,

rather slender, evenly curved; MdS»o apparently a short hair-like spur, single

or bifid; MdS3_5 subequal to MdSj in length; MdSg paler but stouter than Mdsj1,

laterally pectinate; MdS4 and MdSz pale, apically frayed, mesally pectinate on

apical half. Cutting organ with a single unicuspid dorsal tooth; mesal pecten

of densely planted, numerous, bluntly pointed teeth, progressively smaller on

mesal aspect; ventral tooth with 2 lateral denticles (VT-1,4), VT-4 larger, as

large as but not reaching tip of VI; 3 mesal denticles, VT, on ventromesal

side of VIg, VTo 3 small, pale, acutely triangular; 3 ventral blades; VB,

curved, stout, basally broadened, slightly exceeding tip of VTo, with mesal

pectination of coarse and short teeth, and with laterobasal pectination of a few

sharp teeth; VB, almost reaching apex of VB,, curved, basally narrowed,

apparently teed with VB, at base, with mesal pectination of longer and more

slender teeth; VB. straight, basally broadened, with fine mesal pectination;

pectinate brush oF 3 mesally pectinate hairs. Piliferous process somewhat

sclerotized, with a group of apical hairs. About 25 mandibular hairs, each

hair apically frayed. Maxilla: cardo with seta 1-Mx dendritic. Palpostipes

fusiform, dorsally spinulate on basal half, with dendritic 3-Mx laterally at

apical 0.33; apex with ordinary 7 appendages (not different from those of An.

sinensis); mesostipes and lacinia not different from those of An. sinensis.

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 29

Mentum plate usually with 7 teeth, occasionally with a basal abortive tooth on

each side. Thorax. Setae 2,4, 5, 7,8-P,1,8-M,5,7,8-T plumose; 1-P subplu-

mose; 9-P usually triple, branched at basal 0. 25-0.33, shorter than 10, 12-P;

11-P single or 2-4 forked at apex, more than twice as long as process of

basal tubercle; 9-M occasionally bifid at basal 0.33-0.40, subequal to 10-M

in length; 12-M much shorter; 1-T single or forked at apex; 3-T with many

slender simple leaflets; 11-T extremely fine; 9-T apically forked, subequal .

to 10-T; 4, 7-M and 4-T usually triple. Abdomen. Integument very finely

spiculate ventrally on II-VII, both ventrally and laterally on VIII, entirely

and more distinctly on X. Anterior tergal plates narrower than distance

between bases of setae 1; IV-VII each with a small longitudinal median plate.

Seta 1-I with 7 to more than 10 simple branches, which occasionally develop

into slender simple leaflets; 1-II with nearly 20 simple or slightly serrate

leaflets; 1-IJI-VII with broad, serrate, usually poorly pigmented leaflets;

3-I, 8-IV and 2-VI usually single; 12-I, 4, 10, 11-III, 11-IV, 10-V, 12-VI and 3-VII

usually triple; 6-V usually 5 branched; 2, 3-VIII subplumose; pecten of 12-15

pectinate teeth; 2-S with 10-13 dendritic branches; 6, 8, 9-S with 2-4, 6-8 and

3-5 branches respectively. Saddle 0.25-0.27 mm long; seta 1-X as long as

saddle; 2-X with 13-19 long, dorsal and 2-6 short, ventral branches; 3-X with

7-10 long, dorsal and 5-9 short, ventral branches; 4-X usually with 18 sub-

plumose cratal hairs. Anal gills subfusiform, shorter than saddle.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO. 9°, 62; with

associated skins (51, 5p); 22 L, 5 P, 71,12 p: Amami Gunto (I-0284, 1-0285,

I-1870, I-1893).

DISTRIBUTION. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO (Amami Guntd). TAIWAN.

PHILIPPINES. BORNEO. JAVA. SOUTH CHINA. HONG KONG. INDOCHINA.

MALAYA. THAILAND. BURMA. EAST INDIA (Bengal and Assam).

BIONOMICS. This species reaches its northern limits in the Ryukyus

(Tanaka, Saugstad and Mizusawa 1975). Larvae are found in streamlets at the

foot of mountains. According to Kanda and Kamimura (1967), they are also

found in irrigation ditches, springs, stream beds, rock pools, etc. of lowland

forests on Amami Oshima and Tokunoshima, and occasionally associated with

Culex hayashii, Cx. ryukyensis and Cx. orientalis Edwards (? = mimeticus).

From April to November, they are said to live under shelter, while in Janu-

ary to March they are found in sun-lit places. Harrison and Scanlon (1975)

state that in Thailand, bengalensis is associated with clear, cool, usually

slowly running water, and indicate that records of this species biting man are

suspect due to recent changes in the aitkenii group of the subgenus Anopheles.

4, ANOPHELES (ANOPHELES) OMORIISAKAKIBARA

(Figs. 15, 16, 166; Table 44)

Anopheles omorii: Sakakibara, 1958: 95 (nomina nuda).

Anopheles (Anopheles) omovii Sakakibara, 1959: 288 (*, 2, P, L, E). Type-

locality: Mt. Tochi, Shizuoka Pref., Japan.

FEMALE (Fig. 166). Wing length 3.3mm. Head, Eyes narrowly sep-

arated above. Middle of vertex covered with pale erect scales, tempora and

sides of vertex covered with dark erect scales, pale narrow scales covering

anteromedian part of vertex including interocular space; more than 10 ocular

bristles including those on interocular space on each side, mesal 3, 4 pale

yellowish, lateral ones dark, remote from eye margin. Clypeus dark brown,

60 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

without scales. Antennal pedicel dark brown; flagellum shorter than proboscis;

flagellomere 1 apparently twice as long as Flm 2. Palpus very slightly shorter

than proboscis, dark scaled. Proboscis slender, as long as forefemur, dark

scaled. Thorax. Pronotal lobes with integument brown, devoid of scales;

anterior lobe with more than 10 brownish bristles. Scutal integument dark

brown, with pale long slender scales on anterior promontory, and hair-like

scales along acrostichal and dorsocentral lines and on prescutellar space;

series of acrostichal bristles nearly reaching posterior margin; fossal area

with more than 10 scattered short bristles. Scutellum with integument rather

brown, bearing 20 bristles mostly in a single row, one or 2 lateralmost ones

out of the row. Pleural integument brown, without scales; bristles yellowish

to dark brown, 7-9 propleurals, 3-5 spiraculars, several prealars, more

than 10 sternopleurals, 4,5 upper mesepimerals. Wing. Veins dark scaled;

la ending at level of m-cu. Cell Ro 2.6 length of vein r9,9. Halter with dark

scaled knob. Legs. Coxae pale brown, without scales. Ravina tibiae and

tarsi dark scaled. Forefemur only slightly basally swollen. Hindtarsomere

11.2 of tibia. Abdomen. Dark brown, hirsute, without scales.

MALE (Figs. 15, 166). Wing length 2.8 mm. Antennal flagellum 0.75 of

proboscis; flagellomere 12 1.5 of Flm 13, both 0.67 of Flm 1-11. Palpus

0.9 of proboscis; Flm 4 and Flm 5 broadened. Proboscis slightly longer than

forefemur. Cell Roy 2.5 length of vein r 43° Genitalia. Tergum IX with

fairly broad cereale parts on both les without definitely differentiated

lobes. Basistyle about twice as long as wide in sternal view, bristled except

for tergobasal area, with long sternoapical bristles; 2 parabasal setae, each

on a protuberance, lateral one stronger than other; a long, apically curved

sternomesal seta at apical 0.2; tergal lobe of claspette apparently well

sclerotized, elliptical in tergal view, with 3 free spatulate filaments; sternal

lobe of claspette bearing 4 setae, tergolateral 2 long and thick, extending be-

yond apex of filaments, sternomesal 2 short. Dististyle slender, about as long

as basistyle, with about 10 or more minute setae on sternomesal side and a

few on other side near apex; claw short, stout, pigmented. Aedeagus lacking

apical leaflets.

PUPA (After Sakakibara 1959). Trumpet of angusticorn type. Abdominal

setae 1-VI, VII forked, weak, shorter than respective setae 5; 5-VI 0.38

length of segment VII, with 6-8 slender branches, or spiniform with barbs;

5- VII 0.45 length of segment VIII, spiniform, barbed; 9-VI, VII spiniform,

simple or barbed; 9-VIII spiniform, barbed. Paddle rather narrow, with

short stiff fringe spicules. Genital pouch with a pair of 1-3 branched setae.

LARVA (Fig. 16). Head. Brown; labrum concave on apical margin; all

dorsal setae single except for 3-C; 2-C rather close together; 3-C separated

from 2-C by a little more than distance between bases of 2-C; 14-C moderately

developed. Antenna straight, 0.19-0.25 mm long, brown, smooth; 1-A single,

very short, inserted at basal 0.33-0. 52 (5) of shaft; 4-A 3-5 branched. No

dissected specimen available for mouthparts description. Thorax, Prothorax

ventrally spiculate; 2, 4,5, 7, 8-P,1,8-M,5,7,8-T plumose; 1-P usually with a

few lateral branches; 6-P fairly long; branches of 8-P rather short; 9-P

stronger than 10, 12-P; 11-P minute; 9-M, T markedly stronger than 10-M, T

respectively, medially with strong barbs or short branches; 3-T not modified.

Abdomen. Integument spiculate on small areas around setae 10-13-I, entire

ventral surface on segments JI-VII and entire surface except for a narrow

dorsomedian area on VIM. Anterior tergal plates much narrower than dis-

tance between bases of setae 1, that of VII 1.97-2.72 (4) times as wide as

long; segments III-VII each with a small deformed median plate. Seta 1-I

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea : 61

simple, usually single; 1-II-VII with broad translucent serrate leaflets, usually

colorless, occasionally brownish on II-VI, each leaflet with apex narrowly

truncate; 6-II-VI plumose or subplumose; 2-IV fairly long, 2-IV-VI stronger

than respective setae 3. Pecten with 12-20 teeth of equal size and 2-7 addi-

tional small teeth. Saddle 0.26-0.31 mm long excluding dorsoapical process;

seta 4-X of 16-18 subplumose cratal hairs. Anal gills 0.7-1.0 (3) length of

saddle.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN. 1c, 12, 4.L: Honshu

(Mt. Tochi, Shizuoka Pref., 27 VIII 1956, tree hole, Sakakibara, KKCOL).

DISTRIBUTION. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN (Honshu).

DISCUSSION. Anopheles (Anopheles) omorii, endemic to Japan, has no

close congeners in the adjacent areas; its closest relatives appear to be the

west Eurasian An. (Ano.) plumbeus Stephens and North American An. (Ano.)

barberi Coquillett and An. (Ano.) judithae Zavortink. It is interesting that

only omorii is confined to a very small area (Honshu), while 2 of the other

species are distributed over vast areas. It might be inferred that these spe-

cies had a common origin, with omovii inhabiting East Asia, but omorii be-

came extinct on the continent and remained on this Japanese island as a relic.

BIONOMICS. One of the rarest mosquitoes in Japan; the larvae are found

in tree holes in mountains. Biological data were given by Sakakibara (1960);

the larvae were found throughout the year, and hibernate in the first and 2nd

instar. It is not known to bite man; however, its relative An. barberi does

bite man and has transmitted vivax malaria under experimental conditions

(Zavortink 1969 (1970)).

2. ANOPHELES (ANOPHELES) LINDESAYI JAPONICUS YAMADA*

(Figs. 17, 18, 163, 164; Table 45)

Anopheles japonicus Yamada, 1918: 689 (2). Type-locality: Kanayama and

Rubeshibe, Hokkaido, Japan.

Anopheles (Anopheles) lindesayi japonicus: LaCasse and Yamaguti, 1950: 17

(", 2, L); Whang, 1962: 39, Guidandong, Korea.

FEMALE (Figs. 163, 164). Wing length 4.1-5.4 mm. Head, Eyes nar-

rowly separated above. Interocular space with white, very long, slender

scales and pale yellowish slender bristles; vertex with white anteromedian

patch formed by narrow pointed scales and erect scales; remainder of vertex

and tempus covered with dark erect scales; about 10 or more dark brown

bristles along eye margin, those on vertex a little distant from eye, a few

most mesal bristles pale brown. Clypeus dark brown, without scales.

Antenna: pedicel brown, infuscate on mesal surface, with only a few minute

setae or none, without scales; flagellum 0. 60-0.65 (4) of proboscis; flagello-

mere 1 1.79-1.86 (4) of Flm 2, with scales, remaining flagellomeres lacking

scales. Palpus 0.86-0.97 (5) of proboscis, entirely dark scaled, scales on

segment 1 and base of 2 somewhat erect (the segments appearing not very

shaggy), becoming decumbent distally on 2; length ratio of 2-5: 1.64-2.33 :

2.36-2.83 : 1.26-1.78 : 1.00 (5). Proboscis 1.05-1.23 (5) of forefemur,

clothed with dark decumbent scales, with several basal bristles. Thorax.

Pronotal integument dark brown; anterior lobe densly covered with dark brown

erect scales, anterodorsally bearing more than 10 bristles. Scutum with

*The nominal subspecies does not occur in this region. Several additional

subspecies occur elsewhere.

62 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

light grayish brown broad median area contrasting with dark brown lateral

areas, covered with brown hair-like scales; anterior margin with a clump of

white long narrow scales at middle, several dark narrow scales on lateral

aspect; scutal bristles brown to dark brown. Scutellum light brown, bearing

more than 20 mostly dark bristles arranged densely laterally and sparsely

mesally, several mesal bristles pale brown; more than 10 short bristles or

hair-like scales also present. Pleura dark brown, with a rather ill-defined

pale stripe across middle sternopleuron and lower margin of mesepimeron;

midposterior sternopleuron often with some dark scales; pleural bristles

brown to dark brown, 2-6 propleurals, 9 to more than 10 prealars, 2-5 upper

sternopleurals, 3-7 midposterior sternopleurals, 2-9 rather stiff upper mese-

pimerals, no spiraculars. Wing. Costa with a single apical pale mark also

covering apices of veins ry and ro; h bare; remigium dark scaled; r with basal

pale spot, occasionally formed by only 2 or 3 scales; re with a rather short

median pale mark; ry4,5 with subbasal pale mark and often (33%) with a small

apical pale spot; m4,9 with subbasal pale mark; mg, , usually (90%) with apical

pale spot; cu, with a small basal pale spot, a short median pale mark just

distal to m-cu, and subapical pale mark, rarely (10%) with one or 2 pale

scales at tip; cug with a short basal pale mark and frequently with apical pale

spot (47%) or a few pale scales at tip (32%); la with apical pale spot; rather

obscure pale fringe spots usually (89%) present at termination of CUg and

occasionally at terminations of m3,,4 (11%), cuy (22%) and la with apical pale

spot; rather obscure pale fringe spots usually (89%) present at termination of

cg and occasionally at terminations of m314 (11%), cu, (22%) and la (6%).

Cell Rg 2.29-2.66 (5) length of vein r9,9. Halter with dark scaled knob. Legs.

Coxae pale, without scales. Femora with pale apical fringe and pale basal

band, the latter narrowest in forefemur, broadest in hindfemur (0.17-0. 25

length of the femur and usually not ventrally broadened); hindfemur with a

broad pale band just distal to middle, and band slightly widened ventrally,

subequal to apical dark area in length; tibiae with pale apical fringe; legs

otherwise dark scaled. Forefemur slightly swollen basally; hindtarsomere 1

1. 03-1. 26 (5) of tibia. Abdomen. Dark brown, without scales, covered with

brownish hairs.

MALE (Fig. 17). Wing length 3.7-5.1 mm. Antennal flagellomere 12

1.56-1.75 (5) of Flm 13, both 0. 54-0.60 (5) of Flm 1-11. Palpus 0. 80-0. 94

(5) of proboscis; 4,5 and apex of 3 swollen; apex of 3 and margins of 4 bearing

long bristles; length ratio of 2-5; 1.31-1.56 : 1.77-2.08 : 0.92-0.96 : 1.00

(5). Proboscis 1.38-1.47 (5) of forefemur. Wing. Usually with pale scaled

area longer than in female; vein r and basal area of la occasionally with pale

scales; r4,;5 with subbasal pale mark occasionally well developed and reaching

apical 0.25. Cell Ro 1.71-2.30 (5) length of vein Yo,3- Foretarsomere 5 as

long as 4; hindtarsomere 1 1.14-1.34 (5) of tibia. Genitalia. Tergum IX with

lobes broadly triangular, widely separated, not very protrudent and moder-

ately sclerotized. Basistyle 2.1-2.6 (3) times as long as wide, without scales,

bristled except on dorsobasal area; 2 (rarely 3) parabasal setae, both located

on a protuberance, lateral one longer than other; one long sternomesal seta;

dorsal lobe of claspette sclerotized, bearing a club formed by 2-4 (usually 3)

basally fused filaments; sternal lobe of claspette pilose, bearing 2 or 3 setae,

dorsalmost always longest and extending a little beyond apex of club, other

one or 2 setae quite variable in size. Dististyle 1.1-1.3 (4) of basistyle,

curved, narrowest in middle, minutely ciliate on convex side near base, with

a row of minute setae on sternal side, and a few minute setae on convex side

near apex; claw short, stout, pigmented. Aedeagus 0.33-0.40 length of

basistyle, apex with 14-19 simple leaflets of various sizes on each side.

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 63

PUPA. Trumpet of angusticorn type, deeply cleft, with meatus 0. 33-0. 40

of its length; rim simple. Wing sheath with occasionally obsolete, dark,

rather broad longitudinal stripes. Abdominal setae 1-V-VII usually single,

occasionally double, as long as or longer than their respective segments,

longer than respective setae 5; 5-V-VII slightly shorter than their respective

segments; 9-III minute; 9-IV-VII slender, a little curved, brownish, simple;

9-VII about 0. 4 or slightly less of the segment; 9-VIII subplumose. Paddle

narrow, with long fringe hairs; 1-P slender, hooked at tip.

LARVA (Fig. 18). Head. Width 0.69-0.79 mm; length equal to or a little

exceeding width; seta 1-C curved mesad, longer than distance between bases;

2-C single, close together; 3-C single, about 0.5 of 2-C; 5-7-C plumose, 5, 7-

C usually on same level, 6-C slightly posteriad of them; 8-10-C approximately

on same level; 8-C usually single; 14-C brush-like. Antenna 0.31-0.38 mm

long, slightly curved, apically infuscate, finely spinulate, sparse dorsolateral

spinulation; 1-A very short, inserted at basal 0.11-0.18, 3-8 branched; 2,3-A

subequal; 4-A 3-9 branched, longer than 2-A; 5-A transparent, longer than

6-A. Mandible with many microspines midlaterally on dorsal surface, fewer

and finer ones on ventral surface; proximal to the dorsal spinose area, a row

of rather broad hair-like spicules present, distal spicules apically branched,

proximal spicules long with lateral branches or long barbs; twin 1-Md on about

same level as this row of spicules but on ventral surface, both setae usually

simple, occasionally with fine barbs, proximal seta slightly longer than the

other; MdS, simple, pigmented, evenly arcuate; MdS» consisting of a few

short hairs; MdSg equal to MdS, in length, depigmented, sigmoid, Md8g finely

pectinate, MdS4 5 with pectination fine and mesal in basal half, turned ven-

trally distal to middle and becoming coarser toward apex. Cutting organ with

dorsal tooth single, simple, stout, triangular, very dark; mesal pecten of

numerous teeth progressively finer and paler mesoventrally, most laterodor-

sal tooth outstandingly large, a little larger than dorsal tooth; ventral tooth

with 2 strong dark lateral denticles (VT-1, 4) and 4 small mesal denticles

(VT1.4), VI-1 as long as VTg, VT, larger than VT9_4, VT4 bi- or tricuspid;

3 ventral blades, dorsalmost (VB 1) with fine mesoventral and laterobasal pec-

tination, VBo, 3 progressively shorter, both with strong mesal pectination;

pectinate brush of 3 mesoapically pectinate hairs. Piliferous process only a

little protrudent, moderately sclerotized, with several short hairs apically.

Mandibular hairs 22-26, barbed laterally and frayed apically. Maxilla with

spinules on palpostipes stouter than those of sinensis; 2 ventromedian leaf-like

appendages unequal in length, depigmented apically; otherwise identical with

sinensis. Thorax. Setae 1, 2,4,5, 7, 8-P,1,8-M, 5, 7,8-T plumose; 9, 10,12-P

equal in length; 11-P 5-7 times as long as process of basal tubercles; 13-P

slender, somewhat dendritic; 11-M, T very short; 12-M, T short; 3-T with

simple slender transparent leaf-like branches; 1,11-T usually single; usually,

6-M triple and 12-T double. Abdomen. Integument ventrally spiculate from

segment II, gradually extending laterally toward posterior segments, X only

dorsobasally smooth. Anterior tergal plates I- VII much narrower than dis-

tance between bases of setae 1; that of VIII largest, about 3 times as broad as

long; II- or III- VII each with a small median plate. Seta 1-I short, simple;

1-II- VII palmate with pigmented serrate leaflets, apex of each leaflet very

narrow; 6-III very sparsely plumose, with both stem and branches distinctly

more slender than in 6-I, II; 8-II and 12-VI usually single; 11-VII usually

double; 12-IV, 2, 7-VI and 13-VII usually triple. Pecten with 17-24 strongly

pectinate teeth; 1-S usually triple; 2, 6,8, 9-S with 6-9, 2-4, 2-4 and 3-6

branches respectively. Saddle 0.33-0.39 mm long; seta 1-X 1.4-1.7 times as

64 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

long as saddle; 2-X with 12-17 dorsal and 2-5 ventral branches; 3-X with 6-8

long dorsal and 3-5 short ventral branches; 4-X of 17-18 plumose hairs.

Dorsal anal gill 1.0-1.5 length of saddle, ventral gill usually shorter than

dorsal gill, at most equal to it.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN. 60, 69, 12 L:

Hokkaido (A-0200). 270, 18°; with associated skins (11, 1p); 56 L, 11 1,

30 p: (C-0390, C-1141, C-1147, C-1159, C-1480, D-0751, D-1579, E-1698).

KOREA. 1°, 1°: Cheju Do (M-0861, M-0862).

DISTRIBUTION. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku,

Kyushu, Yakushima, Tsushima). KOREA (Korean Peninsula, Cheju Do).

NORTH CHINA.

TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION. The Japanese population of An. lindesayi has

been distinguished as subspecies japonicus primarily on the absence of a pale

terminal spot on vein rg, the presence of a pale terminal spot on cuy, the

much broader "outstanding" scales of the wing veins, the shorter pale basal

area of the hindfemur (0.17 length of the femur), and the more slender para-

basal setae (spines) (Yamada 1924). Christophers (1933) stated, "There is a

considerable amount of variation in the pale spots at the ends of certain veins

in the type-form. Most usually there is a pale spot at the end of 3, 4.2, 5.2

and 6, . ... '' Many of the Japanese specimens are identical with this most

usual form in the type-form. The extent of the basal pale area of the hindfe-

mur is utilized by Christophers (1933) and Reid (1968) for discrimination of 6

local forms. The subspecies japonicus is said to have this pale area 0.17

length of the femur and more extensive below than above. Actually, it varies

up to nearly 0.25 length of the femur, and is not always longer ventrally than

dorsally. We examined many specimens of subspecies pleccau Koidzumi from

Taiwan at the U. S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 2 laboratory. The

basal pale area varies from a very narrow ring to nearly 0.25 length of the

femur, and is not always longer ventrally than dorsally. This wide variation

in pleccau ranges from the narrowest nilgivicus Christophers type through the

intermediate benguetensis King and cameronensis Edwards type to the japoni-

cus type (next to the broadest type-form). Thus, the scaling of the wing and

hindfemur lose their strong bases for separating these local forms. However,

it is still possible that more or less discrete local populations of lindesayi

may have evolved, as its distribution ranges from the tropics to the northern

temperate district, and its habitat is usually restricted to mountainous areas.

The apparent absence of this species through the Ryukyu Archipelago, though

it is common in both Taiwan and palaearctic Japan, suggests a complex history

for this species. There is some variation in the immature stages. Pupal seta

1-V is single or double in Japanese specimens (31 from 4 localities), 3 to more

than 10 branched (branching irregular) in 5 Taiwanese specimens (2 in TPMPI,

3 in USNM), and double in 1 specimen from Calso, Luzon (USNM). Larval

seta 1-S is 3-6 branched (20; usually 3-4) in Japanese specimens, 6-8 (9;

x = 6.8) branched in Taiwan specimens (1 specimen in TPMRI, 8 in USNM),

4-6 (14; x = 4.5) branched in specimens from Yunnan, south China (USNM) and

3-8 (24; x = 5.6) branched in specimens from the Philippines (USNM). Imma-

ture stages of the tropical population should be studied in detail. Yamada

(1924) also indicated that the shape of the wing scales and the parabasal seta

should be restudied. Until further studies are accomplished, we are retaining

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 65

japonicus as a subspecies.

BIONOMICS. Larvae occur most frequently in pools on stream beds in

mountains from 2 to 1,500 m altitude. They also are found in stagnant,

even occasionally turbid water. Common throughout Japan, but usually not

attracted to light traps in any numbers.

6. ANOPHELES (ANOPHELES) KOREICUS YAMADA AND WATANABE

(Figs. 17, 18, 163, 164; Table 46)

Anopheles koreicus Yamada and Watanabe, 1918: 206 (2). Type-locality:

Pyeoncheing, Korea.

Anopheles (Anopheles) punctibasis Edwards, 1921b: 274 (“,?). Type-locality:

Nagasaki, Kyushu, Japan.

Anopheles edwardsi Yamada, 1924: 238 (2). Type-locality: Inokashira,

Tokyo, Japan; Nakayama, 1942: 95 (synonymy).

Anopheles koreicus var. hisaoe Tsuchimoto, 1944 (1948): 366 (“, 2, L). Type-

locality: Kameyama-mura, Hiroshima Pref., Japan; Kamimura,

1966: 8 (synonomy).

Anopheles (Anopheles) koreicus koreicus: LaCasse and Yamaguti, 1950: 27

(S,%,L).

Anopheles (Anopheles) koreicus edwardsi: LaCasse and Yamaguti, 1950: 32

(C23 1);

FEMALE (Figs. 163, 164). Wing length 3.6-5.3 mm. Head. Eyes

narrowly separated above. Interocular space with white slender scales and

long pale yellowish brown bristles; vertex with a large white anteromedian

patch formed by pointed scales and erect scales, occasionally reaching

posterior margin; remainder of vertex and tempus covered with dark brown

erect scales; about 10 or more ocular bristles, those on pale scaled area of

vertex pale brown and a little distant from eye, those on dark scaled area dark

brown. Clypeus very dark, without scales. Antenna: pedicel tawny brown,

infuscate and with dark grayish brown scales mesally; flagellum 0. 68-0. 75

(4) of proboscis; flagellomere 1 2.0-2.1 (3) of Flm 2, with many gray scales;

remaining flagellomeres lacking scales. Palpus 0.90-1.04 (4) of proboscis,

entirely dark scaled, segments 1 and 2 with erect scales; length ratio of 2-5:

1.94-2.74 : 3.13-4.10 : 1.44-2.00 : 1.00 (4). Proboscis 1. 03-1. 06 (2) of

forefemur, dark scaled, basal area with somewhat erect scales and several

bristles. Thorax. Pronotal integument dark brown; anterior pronotal lobe

with a cluster of dark gray scales dorsally, bearing more than 10 fine bristles.

Scutum pale grayish brown medially and dark brown laterally in dorsal view,

usually with a pair of rather indistinct median eye spots and a distinct dark

spot on posterior margin, the latter extending onto scutellum; pale yellowish

brown hair-like scales covering scutum; anterior margin with white narrow

scales mesally and pale grayish brown, somewhat broader scales laterally;

scutal bristles mostly pale brown, short and easily confused with hair-like

scales, only posterior dorsocentrals and some of supraalars long and distinct.

Scutellum with about 20 or more pale brown bristles together with concolorous

hair-like scales, only several lateral bristles dark brown. Pleura dark brown,

upper and midposterior sternopleuron usually with pale narrow scales; upper

mesepimeron often with 1 or 2, pale or dark, narrow scales; pleural bristles

fine, pale yellowish brown, only occasionally some of upper mesepimeral

bristles dark brown; 4-7 propleurals, 6 to more than 10 spiraculars, 6 to

66. Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

more than 10 upper sternopleurals, about 10 or more lower sternopleurals,

6-12 upper mesepimerals. Wing. Costa with basal, humeral, subcostal and

apical pale marks; frequently (40 and 50% respectively) basal and humeral

mark very short; subcostal pale mark including veins sc and rz; apical pale

mark including ry and ro; often sector pale mark present. Humeral cross-

vein bare. Remigium usually (82%) with a single dark or pale brown small

spot, or entirely pale; r with basal pale spot, presector and sector pale marks,

presector pale mark occasionally shortened or mixed with dark scales; ry

with several pale scales proximad of subcostal pale mark, occasionally

developed to a distinct mark; rs entirely dark or with median pale mark;

ro,g entirely dark or with apical pale mark; tip of 1) dark; rg with median

pale mark as long as basal dark area but shorter than apical dark area; r4,5

dark at base and tip, variously scaled in-between; m entirely dark, or witha

few pale scales at base and long median pale mark on level of sector pale mark

Or ry; My,9 and mg, 4 each with 2 median pale marks; cu pale, with median

dark mark; cu, pale, with 4 dark marks, basal dark mark often very short;

cug pale, with subapical dark spot; la pale, with basal dark spot, median and

apical dark marks; apical pale fringe from rg to P4i55 4 pale fringe spot at

termination of cuy9. Cell Rg 2.11-3.32 (7) of vein ro9,3. Halter with dark

scaled knob. Legs. Coxae dark brown, only hindcoxa occasionally with a few

small scales. Femora and tibiae with pale basal band and apical fringe; mid-

and hindfemora posteroventrally pale, the pale area apically narrowed, not

reaching apex; fore- and midtarsomeres 1, 2 and hindtarsomeres 1-4 with both

basal and apical pale bands, fore- and midtarsomere 3 and hindtarsomere 95

with basal pale band. Forefemur basally swollen; hindtarsomere 1 1.05-1.18

(5) of tibia. Abdomen. Integument dark brown, covered with dark brown

hairs; sternum VII with a cluster of medioapical dark scales.

MALE (Fig. 17). Wing length 3.6-4.5 mm. Antenna: pedicel glabrous;

flagellum 0.78-0.85 (2) of proboscis; flagellomere 12 1.83-1.93 (2)

of Flm 13, both 0.52-0.53 (2) of Flm 1-11. Palpal segments 4,5 and apex of

3 swollen, apex of 3 and margins of 4 with long bristles; length ratio of 2-5:

1. 80-1. 88 : 2.40-2.58 : 0.92-0.95 : 1.00 (2). Some of spiracular bristles

occasionally replaced by white rather broad scales. Wing with humeral pale

spot rarely lacking; presector pale mark on vein r and presubcostal pale mark

of ry more developed than in female; rg,5 largely pale except for basal and

apical dark spots. Cell Ro 2.15-2.40 (4) of vein ro,3. Foretarsomere 5 as

long as 4. Abdominal sternum VII without cluster of scales. Genitalia. Ter-

gum IX with moderately sclerotized, moderately protrudent, widely separated,

trapezoidal lobes. Sternum IX somewhat sclerotized. Basistyle subcylindri-

cal, heavily covered with dark lateral scales, bearing apical and lateral long

bristles, short bristles otherwise; 2 parabasal setae, mesal one thicker but

shorter, located on a protuberance; a long sternomesal seta; tergal lobe of

claspette sclerotized, bearing a club formed by 4-5 incompletely fused fila-

ments; occasionally one filament free; sternal lobe of claspette pilose, with 2

or 3 setae, sternal seta longest, tergal seta extending beyond apex of club,

median seta fine or reduced. Dististyle arcuate, broadest at base, narrow-

est in middle, minutely ciliate basally on convex side, with a row of minute

setae on sternal side, and a few minute setae apically on convex side; claw

short, stout, pigmented. Aedeagus with 3-6 apical leaflets on each side;

most distal leaflet shortest, laterally serrate, usually shortly bifurcate api-

cally; 2nd leaflet longest, then leaflets diminishing in size towards most proxi-

mal leaflet.

PUPA. Male palpal sheath not markedly prolonged, and not definitely

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 67

longer than in female. Trumpet of laticorn type, with simple thin rim. Wing

sheath with dark longitudinal stripes, occasionally obsolete. Abdominal seta

1-V 1-5 (most frequently 1; (5)) branched, 1-VI, VII single or double, shorter

than their respective segments, a little longer than respective setae 5; 9-III-

VIII dark brown; 9-III, IV short but stout, blunt-tipped; 9-V-VII normally

developed, tapered from base to bluntly pointed apex; 9-VII 0. 16-0. 20 (5;

x = 0.18) length of the segment; 9-VIII with many slender lateral branches.

Paddle broad, with short fringe spicules lateroapically; 1-P not hooked at tip.

LARVA (Fig. 18). Head. Width 1.07-1.19 mm (4); slightly longer than

wide; seta 1-C curved mesad, longer than distance between bases; 2-C single,

close together; 3-C distally branched, not typically dendritic, a little more

than half as long as 2-C; 4-C apically bifid or single; 5-7-C plumose, usually

5,6-C on about same level and a little posteriad of 7-C; 8,9-C subplumose,

9-C a little anterior of 8-C; 14-C plumose with relatively thick stem and fine

branches; 15-C subplumose or dendritic. Antenna 0.29-0.37 mm long,

straight, narrowly dark brown apically, spinulate except laterally, spinules

finer ventrally; surface covered with somewhat whorled pattern; seta 1-A

inserted at basal 0.21-0.31 of shaft, short, 4-8 branched, occasionally

dendritic; 4-A longer than 2-A, 4-6 branched; 5-A transparent, larger than

6-A. Mandible (1 dissected specimen) with a group of microspines laterally

(the spinose area extending both dorsally and ventrally), dorsal microspines

a little stronger; proximad of this dorsal spinose area, a row of strongly

barbed hair-like spicules, some distal spicules thick basally and branched

apically; twin 1-Md in ventral spinose area, strongly barbed or almost plu-

mose with stout branches; MdS, rather slender, brown, arcuate; MdSo of 2

long and several short hairs; MdS3_5 equal to MdSj in length, a little broader

than it, somewhat sigmoid; MdSg3 with fine pectination, Md84, 5 with basally

fine and apically strong pectination. Cutting organ with apparently a single

dorsal tooth (difficult to see - this area extremely dark); mesal pecten of

numerous blunt-tipped teeth, becoming weaker and paler mesoventrally, most

laterodorsal tooth largest; ventral tooth with 2 strong dark lateral denticles

(VT-1,4), both not reaching apex of VTg; 3 mesal denticles, VT; rather

strong, VT» smallest; 2 ventral blades, VB, almost reaching apex of VTo,

with rather obscure mesoapical and fine laterobasal pectination, VBog only

slightly shorter than VB, with distinct mesal pectination; pectinate brush

2 haired. Piliferous process moderately protrudent and moderately sclero-

tized, with several apical hairs, at least one of the hairs strongly thickened

basally. Mandibular hairs about 20, each apically frayed, several median

hairs also anterolaterally frayed. Maxilla essentially not different from that

of sinensis. Mentum plate with 9 teeth (3). Thorax. Setae 2,4, 5,7, 8-P, 1,

8-M, 5,7,8-T plumose; 9, 10,12-P subequal in length; 11-P 3-6 times as

long as process of basal tubercle; 9-M, T longer than 10-M, T respectively;

11-M, T very short; 12-M, T short; 3-T with simple transparent leaflets;

usually, 11-T single, 4-M double, 11-P and 13-T triple. Abdomen. Integu-

ment ventrally spiculate from segment II, the spiculate area broadened toward

posterior segments, X dorsobasally glabrous only. Anterior tergal plate

distinctly narrower than distance between setae I, that of VIII 1.65 (1) times

as broad as long; III- VII with small median plates. Setae 1-I, II with narrow

simple transparent leaflets; 1-III- VII with broad serrate pigmented leaflets,

apex of each very narrow and unpigmented, but not filamentous; 6-III plumose;

usually, 11-I triple, 2-V double and 1-VIII single. Pecten with 18-29 teeth

(8-12 long and 9-18 short); 2, 6,8,9-S with 6-11, 2-4, 4-6 and 5-8 branches

respectively. Saddle 0.80-0.91 mm long; 1-X a little longer than saddle; 2-X

68. Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

with 13-16 dorsal and 4-6 ventral branches; 3-X with 6-9 long dorsal and 2-4

short ventral branches; 4-X of 18 cratal plumose hairs. Anal gills 1.3-2.0

length of saddle.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN. 49, 4L, 3 p: Honshu

(C-0171, C-1479, C-2296). KOREA. 30, 99; with associated skins (2 1, 2 p):

Korean Peninsula (L-2022, L-2023).

DISTRIBUTION. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku,

Kyushu). KOREA (Korean Peninsula). NORTH CHINA.

TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION. Nakayama (1942) elucidated that edwardsi was

a type produced by low-temperature conditions in the immature stage.

BIONOMICS. Larvae are found more frequently in low mountain regions

in relatively cool water, such as springs and stream bed pools. Apparently

relatively uncommon. Biery and Burns (1973a,b) found koveicus to comprise

well under 1% of the total anophelines collected at Misawa Air Base and a little

over 1% of those collected at Yokota Air Base, and not quite 3% of anophelines

collected at several U. S. Air Force installations in Korea.

7A. ANOPHELES (ANOPHELES) SAPEROI\SAPEROI/BOHART AND INGRAM*

(Figs. 19, 20, 167, Table 47)

Anopheles (Anopheles) saperoi Bohart and Ingram, 1946a: 46 (¢,L,E). Type-

locality: Chizuka, Okinawa Is., Ryukyu Archipelago.

FEMALE (Fig. 167). Wing length 3.7-4.5 mm. Head. Interocular space

with white slender scales and long pale yellow bristles; vertex with a white

anteromedian patch of erect scales, remainder of vertex and tempus covered

with dark erect scales; about 10 or more ocular bristles, several mesal

bristles bronze-yellow and a little distant from eye, others dark and close to

eye. Clypeus dark brown, without scales. Antenna: pedicel dark brown,

with scales; flagellum 0.70 (1) of proboscis; flagellomere 1 1.76 of Flm 2,

with dark scales, remaining flagellomeres lacking scales. Palpus 0.95 (1) of

proboscis, entirely dark scaled; joint 2-3 a node of complete unsclerotized

ring, joints 3-4 and 4-5 normal; 1 and 2 with erect scales; length ratio of 2-5:

2.15-2.20 : 3.45-3.55 : 1.75-1.80: 1.00. Proboscis 1.07 (1) of forefemur,

dark scaled, with erect scales and several bristles at base. Thorax. Pronotal

integument rather dark brown; anterior pronotal lobe with a cluster of dark

erect anterodorsal scales, with more than 10 bristles. Scutal integument pale

erayish brown mesally, dark brown laterally in dorsal view, covered roughly

with bronze-yellow hair-like scales; most scutal bristles hardly distinguish-

able from hair-like scales, only posterior dorsocentrals and some of supra-

alars long and distinct. Scutellum dark in middle, pale grayish brown lateral-

ly, with scattered pale yellowish hair-like scales, bearing 16-18 dark brown

bristles together with a number of short bristles. Pleural integument dark

brown; occasionally sternopleuron with a few scales; 4-6 propleural bristles,

3-5 spiraculars, more than 10 prealars, 2-5 upper sternopleurals, 4-8 mid-

posterior sternopleurals, 6-11 upper mesepimerals. Wing. Costa with very

small humeral pale spot (occasionally lacking), subcostal pale spot and apical

pale mark; subcostal pale spot at most extending only onto anterior side of vein

rj; apical pale mark covering rj and ry. Humeral crossvein bare. Remigium

with dark scales; r with presector and sector pale marks; rg with subbasal

pale mark as long as basal dark area; r4,5 with subbasal pale mark, apical

dark area mixed with a few pale scales; m basally dark, becoming apically

*The 2 subspecies of Anopheles sapevoi occur in this region.

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 69

lighter; my,9 and mg,, with subbasal pale mark, apical dark area mixed with

pale scales; cu pale, with subbasal dark mark, apical pale area mixed with

dark scales; cuy pale, with 4 dark marks: at base, m-cu, apex and between

m-cu and apex; cug with apical dark mark, basal pale area mixed with dark

scales; la pale, with a few dark scales at base, with median and apical dark

marks, basal pale area with scattered dark scales. Apical pale fringe from

cell Ry to R4,5; no pale fringe spots at terminations of posterior veins. Cell

Ro 2.17-3.0 (4) of vein r9,3. Halter with dark scaled knob. Legs, Coxae

brown, devoid of scales. Femora with pale narrow basal band and apical

fringe; tibiae with pale scales at apex; tarsomeres 1-3 of fore- and midtarsi

and 1-4 of hindtarsus with both basal and apical pale bands; hindtarsomere 5

with pale basal band; occasionally in fore- and midtarsi, apical band of 3

indistinct, or joint 4-5 also with an articular band. Forefemur basally

swollen; hindtarsomere 1 1.16-1.17 (3) of tibia. Abdomen. Dark brown,

hirsute; sternum VII with a cluster of medioapical dark scales.

MALE (Figs. 20, 167). Wing length 3.5-3.6 mm. Antenna: pedicel

glabrous; flagellum 0.8 (1) of proboscis; flagellomere 12 2.09 (1) of Flm 13,

both 0.55 of Flm 1-11. Palpus 1.03 (1) of proboscis; joint 2-3 fused, 3-4 and

4-5 normal; 4,5 and apex of 3 swollen, apex of 3 and margins of 4 with rather

long bristles; length ratio of 2-5 : 2.00: 2.84: 1.15: 1.00 (1). Proboscis

1.19 (1) of forefemur. Wing with usually more pale scales than in female:

subcostal spot on vein c as long as apical pale mark and extending onto both

sides of rj, r4,5 only dark at base and apex, mj+9 and mg,, with long median

pale mark, cug only narrowly dark at apex. Foretarsomere 5 as long as 4;

hindtarsomere 1 1.18-1.21 (2) of tibia. Abdominal sternum VII without

cluster of scales. Genitalia. Tergum IX a moderately sclerotized broad band

in middle, lobes short, broadly horn-shaped, moderately sclerotized, widely

separated. Basistyle subcylindrical, a little broadened basally, twice as long

as wide, bristled except tergobasal area, with dark lateral scales; 2 parabasal

setae, mesal seta shorter but stouter, located on a protuberance; a long sterno-

mesal seta; tergal lobe of claspette sclerotized, bearing a club formed by

incomplete fusion of 4,5 spatulate filaments; sternal lobe of claspette pilose,

bearing 2 apically curved long setae, tergal seta shorter than sternal one,

both extending beyond apex of club. Dististyle longer than basistyle, gently

arcuate, broadest at base, narrowest in middle, ciliate on convex side near

base, with a row of minute setae on sternal side and a few at apex on convex

side; claw pigmented, short, stout. Aedeagus with 3-5 setiform apical leaf-

lets of assorted lengths on each side, apicalmost leaflet shortest, less than

half length of longest second leaflet, apically bifid; others simple; 5th (basal-

most) very fine.

PUPA. Male palpal sheath not markedly prolonged, and not definitely

longer than in female. Trumpet of laticorn type, with simple thin rim. Wing

sheath with dark longitudinal stripes. Abdominal seta 1-V 2-4 (13; most fre-

quently 3) branched, 1-VI, VII single or double, a little shorter than their

respective segments, a little longer than the respective setae 5; 9-III- VIII

dark brown; 9-III variable in length, but always shorter than 9-IV, 9-III, IV

blunt-tipped; 9-V-VII in general slightly longer and with more acute apices

than in koreicus; 9-VII 0.21-0.30 (14; x = 0.26) length of the segment; 9- VIII

a little paler, with 4 to about 10 lateral branches. Paddle broad, with short

fringe spicules lateroapically; 1-P not hooked at tip.

LARVA (Fig. 19). Head. Width 0.68-0.74 mm in somewhat compressed

Specimens; about as wide as long; labrum concave on apical margin; seta 2-C

Single, close together; 3-C rather irregularly branched, longer than distance

70 | Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

between bases, shorter than or subequal to 2-C; 4-C usually a little thickened

in basal half, apically filamentous, single or 2,3 branched apically, occasion-

ally with a branch in basal half; 5-7-C plumose, 5,6-C on a level slightly

posterior to 7-C; 8-C posterior to 9-C which is about on level of 10-C; 14-C

tufted. Antenna 0.25-0.28 mm long, straight, spiculate except laterally,

spicules usually apically sparse; seta 1-A short, inserted at basal 0.20-0. 36,

reaching about middle of shaft or a little beyond; 4-A a little longer than 2-A;

6-A shorter than transparent 5-A. Mandible with a group of microspines

laterally (the spinose area extending both dorsally and ventrally), dorsal

microspines stronger than ventral ones; proximad of this spinose area dorsally,

a row of strongly barbed hair-like spicules; twin 1-Md in ventral spinose area,

stout, barbed or irregularly branched, proximal seta stronger, MdS, rather

slender, brown, arcuate; MdSg of 3 hair-like spurs; MdS3_5 subequal to Mds,;

in length, a little broader, somewhat sigmoid; MdS3 with fine pectination;

MdS4, 5 with basally fine, apically strong pectination. Cutting organ with 2

unicuspid dorsal teeth; mesal pecten of numerous blunt-tipped teeth, becoming

weaker and mesoventrally paler, most laterodorsal tooth largest; ventral tooth

with 2 strong lateral denticles (VT-1, 4), both not reaching apex of VTQ; 3

mesal denticles, VT, dorsobasally appressed on VT,, VT9 very small, VT3

of moderate size; 3 ventral blades, VB, almost reaching apex of VTo, with

mesal pectination in apical half; VBo slightly shorter and definitely more

slender than VB,, with pectination more distinct than in VB;, VB distinctly

shorter than VBg, with pectination similar to VBo; pectinate ener of 3 long

hairs. Piliferous process well protrudent, moderately sclerotized, with an

anteroapical hair-group. Mandibular hairs 23-28, each apically frayed, most

posterior hairs also anterolaterally frayed. Maxilla not significantly different

from that of sinensis. Mentum plate with 7 strong and a pair of basal abortive

teeth; median and 2 pairs of laterobasal teeth subequal, submedian pair dis-

tinctly smaller. Thorax. Setae 1,2-P subplumose; 4,5,7,8-P plumose; 9, 10,

12-P subequal (12-P usually slightly longer); 11-P slender, more than twice

as long as process of basal tubercle; 13-P short; 2-M forked just at tip, or

single; 8-M sparsely plumose; 12-M, T short and weak; 1-T occasionally forked

just at tip; 3-T with many transparent simple slender leaflets, appearing

brush-like; 5,7,8-T plumose; usually, 0-P and 11-T single, 4-M double, and

6-M triple. Abdomen. Dorsal plate I narrower than distance between 1-I,

dorsal plate VII 1.47-1.61 (5) times as broad as long. Setae 1-I, II with

transparent slender simple leaflets (similar to 3-T), usually with fewer leaf-

lets than 1-III-VI; 1-IIJ-VIII palmate, with serrate, basally pigmented and

apically translucent leaflets; 6-III plumose; 2- VIII subplumose; 6-IV and 2-V

usually double; 5, 11-1, 4, 11, 12-IV, 11-V, 7- VI and 6-VII usually triple; 5-IV

and 7-V usually 4 branched. Pecten with 7-10 long and 10-12 short teeth; seta

1-S usually 5 branched; 2, 6, 8,9-S with 4-9, 2-3, 3-5 and 5-7 branches

respectively; 2-X subplumose with much fewer branching ventrally; 3-X with

6-8 long, apically curved, dorsal and a few short ventral branches. Segment

X spiculate as in An. (Ano.) lesteri. Anal gills approximately length of saddle.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO. 2c, 59, 21 L, 10 P,

23 p: Okinawa Gunto (J-0503, J-0539, J-0904, J-1493, J-2076, J-2108,

—J-2209, J-2295).

DISTRIBUTION. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO (Okinawa Gunto).

TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION. Endemic species. Reid (1968) placed this

species in the "'albotaeniatus group,"' but resemblance in the male genitalia

and especially larvae suggests that saperoi will be more closely allied to

koreicus (Tanaka, Saugstad and Mizusawa 1975).

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 71

7B. ANOPHELES (ANOPHELES) SAPEROI OHA MAI OHAMA

Anopheles ohamaiOhama, 1947b: 9 (*, 2, L). Type-locality: Ishigaki Is.,

Ryukyu Archipelago.

Anopheles (Anopheles) sapevroi ohamai: Tanaka, Saugstad and Mizusawa,

1975: 210.

Anopheles ohamai was treated as a synonym of saperoi by Teller and

Gentry (1955); it was regarded as a distinct species by Ohama (1955) and

Bohart (1959). Sasa and Kamimura (1971) suggested the necessity of restudy-

ing its status. Tanaka, Saugstad and Mizusawa (1975) provisionally treated

ohamai as a subspecies of saperoi. The differentiating characteristics indi-

cated by Ohama (1955) and Bohart (1959) are: 1) the pale subcostal spot on

vein c is shorter than the pale apical mark in saperoi, as long as it is in

ohamai; 2) larval seta 3-C 4-7 branched in saperoi, 3-5 in ohamai; 3) 4-C

is longer in saperoi than in ohamai, We examined 6 males, 6 females and 16

larvae of ohamai which were compared with 2 males, 5 females and 20 larvae

of saperoi from Okinawa. The pale subcostal mark on c in the female is in

general elongate and longer in ohamaz than in saperoi, not different in the

male. Larval seta 3-C is 4-7 branched in saperoi, 3-6 in ohamai; 4-C does

not appear to be different. The larval seta 3-VIII, one of the 2 characters in

question (Tanaka, Saugstad and Mizusawa 1975), was found to be 9-15

branched in saperoi, 7-12 branched in ohamai. The differences in 3-C and

3-VIII may not be of specific significance. We still lack enough material to

evaluate another character in question, the relative length of hindtarsomere 1

to the tibia in the male. However, this difference also does not seem to be so

important. Though differences detected are very slight, material of both

species is insufficient and the knowledge of the pupa, one of the most impor-

tant stages, of ohamazi is lacking. Thus, it is still difficult to ascertain the

status of ohamai. Therefore, we retain our provisional treatment of 1975,

until new material becomes available.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO. 6c, 69, 19 L:

Yaeyama Gunto (topotypes 40°, 62: Ishigaki Is., Ohama, USNM: i2 L: Ishigaki

Is., mountain stream pool, Ohama, USNM. 1 L: Fannan Riv., Ishigaki Is.,

17 X 1951, Bohart, USNM. 1 L: Sakieda, Ishigaki Is., 2711964, stream,

Miyara, YHS; 2 L: Sakieda, IshigakiIs., 9 IV 1964, stream, Miyara, YHS.

2 L: Iriomote Is., 21 VII 1965, blocked stream, Sasa, KKCOL; 1 L:

Iriomote Is., 17 Ix 1965, blocked stream, Sasa, KKCOL. 20: K-1492).

DISTRIBUTION. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO (Yaeyama Gunto).

BIONOMICS. Subspecies saperoi appears to be restricted to the northern

mountain region of Okinawa Island. We obtained it at Mt. Onishi and Yona; 2

larvae were found on a rapid streamlet in the dark woods of Mt. Onishi.

According to Ohama (1947a), subspecies ohamai was fairly common at that

time; the larvae breed exclusively on mountain streamlets but have never been

found associated with minimus. It now appears very rare; the latest known

specimen being a larva collected on Iriomote Is. in 1965 (Tanaka, Saugstad and

Mizusawa 1975). United States Air Force records of saperoi from Palaearctic

Japan and Korea (Biery and Burns 1973a, b) may be misidentifications, and

should be restudied.

> Contrib, Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

8. ANOPHELES (ANOPHELES) SINENSIS WIEDEMANN

(Figs. 18, 20, 168, 169; Table 48)

Anopheles sinensis Wiedemann, 1828: 547 (%, 2). Type-locality: Canton,

China; Miyajima, 1903: 23, Shirakawa, Tokyo, Kanagawa, Hamamatsu,

Nagoya and Otsu, Honshu, Japan.

Anopheles jesoensis: Tsuzuki, 1902d: 286, Jeso and Hondo, Japan (in part);

Miyasaki, 1903: 66, Ishigaki Is., Ryukyu Archipelago.

Anopheles yesoensis: Office of the Surgeon, the Japanese Army in Korea,

1907; Korea (after M. Yamada, 1936: 191).

Anopheles hyrcanus var. sinensis: Yamada, 1924: 223.

Anopheles (Anopheles) sinensis: LaCasse and Yamaguti, 1950: 12 (“, 9, L).

_ Anopheles niggerimus: Sasa, Ogata, Hara and Kano, Mar. 1961: 20 (mis-

spelling of nigerrimus) (misidentification).

Anopheles (Anoph.) niggerimus: Hara, July 1961: 161; Hara, 1966: 1 (mis-

spelling of nigerrimus); Tanaka, Saugstad and Mizusawa, 1975: 211

(misidentification of Hara).

FEMALE (Figs. 168, 169). Wing length 3.7-4.8 mm. Head, Eyes nar-

rowly separated above. Interocular space with white long slender scales and

pale-yellowish slender bristles; anteromedian part of vertex covered with

white erect scales, remainder of vertex and tempus covered with brown erect

scales becoming darker laterally; more than 10 dark brown bristles along eye

margin, those on vertex a little distant from eye. Clypeus brown to dark

brown, with a clump of dark brown erect scales laterally. Antenna: pedicel

rather dark brown, with short bristles and white or pale brown small scales;

flagellum 0. 68-0. 78 of proboscis; flagellomere 1 1.71-1.89 of Flm 2; basal

3-5 flagellomeres with pale scales. Palpus 0.92-0.98 (8) of proboscis; joint

2-3 a node consisting of a complete unsclerotized ring, 3-4 and 4-5 complete;

segments 1 and 2 with dark brown erect scales becoming distally decumbent

on 2, often a number of mesodorsal pale scales on 2; 3-5 with dark decumbent

scales, 3 often (67%) with a small dorsobasal patch of pale scales and occasion-

ally with several pale dorsal scales; joints 3-4 and 4-5 each with a mesoven-

trally incomplete ring of pale scales; apical 0.33-0.50 of 5 pale scaled, occa-

sionally apical pale area and basal pale ring developed and most of the segment

covered with pale scales; length ratio 2-5 : 1.50-2.23 : 2.35-3.07:1.41-1.71 :

1.00. Proboscis 1.07-1.15 (5) of forefemur, dark scaled, with erect scales

and several basal bristles. Thovax. Pronotal integument rather dark brown,

anterior pronotal lobe densely covered with anterodorsal dark brown erect

scales, bearing more than 10 bristles. Scutal integument brown, covered

with pale yellowish hair-like scales; anterior margin with white long slender

scales mesally and broader and darker scales laterally; posterior dorsocentral

and supraalar bristles brownish, rather long, all the other scutal bristles fine

and pale brown, usually difficult to discriminate from hair-like scales. Scu-

tellum with pale hair-like scales and a row of about 20 bristles, several

lateral ones long and brownish, median ones usually shorter and paler. Pleura

pale brown to dark brown according to light; in side view, 2 dark brown trans-

verse bands across side of thorax, one from posterior pronotal lobe through

postspiracular area and upper mesepimeron to upper metapleuron and extend-

ing to laterotergite of abdominal segment I, another from propleuron to meso-

meron; occasionally prealar knob and usually upper and midposterior sterno-

pleuron with a few pale narrow scales; 5-12 propleural bristles, 3-9 spiracu-

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 13

lars, about 10 or more prealars, 2-10 upper sternopleurals, 5 to about 10

midposterior sternopleurals, 6 to more than 10 upper mesepimerals. Wing.

Vein c with distinct subcostal and preapical pale marks; subcostal pale mark

usually (87%) including sc and rj, occasionally (12%) posterior side of ry dark

scaled, very rarely (1%) both sides of rj dark; preapical pale mark including

rj and r9; area proximal to subcostal pale mark frequently (57%) with scattered

pale brown scales on posterior margin. Humeral crossvein often (60%) with

one or a few scales. Basal half of sc unscaled dorsally, sparsely dark scaled

ventrally, distal half dark scaled except tip. Remigium with usually 2, rarely

1, spots of brown scales on posterior side, the spots occasionally developed

to long dark marks and rarely fused together; r-r, with mixed pale and dark

scales in proximal 0.20-0.25, sector pale mark distinct, a short area distad

of sector pale mark very dark (rs begins from this area), area between this

dark area and subcostal pale mark with mixed dark and pale scales, occasion-

ally almost entirely dark or almost entirely pale, area distad of subcostal

pale mark quite dark or with an irregular row of pale scales proximally, tip

of rj dark; rs dark at base, remainder with mixed pale and dark scales or

entirely pale; r9,3 with mixed pale and dark scales in basal 0.33, pale in dis-

tal 0.67, or entirely pale; ro dark except subapical pale mark; rg basally

dark, gray to dark apically and pale inbetween, basal dark and median pale

areas equal in length, apical gray to dark area a little longer and often mixed

with pale scales, tip darker; ry pe with basal and apical dark spots and a sub-

basal white spot, area between subbasal white spot and apical dark spot with

mixed pale and dark scales, gradually darker distally; m entirely pale scaled,

or mixed with dark gray scales, becoming paler distally; m 4,9 with basal and

apical dark spots, pale inbetween, mixed with gray or dark scales in the distal

half; m3,4 with basal dark spot and apical dark mark, pale inbetween, mixed

with gray scales in the distal half; cu occasionally with 1 or 2 dark scales at

base, with distinct subbasal dark mark approximately equal to basal pale area

in length or slightly shorter, remainder pale scaled; cuj with basal, m-cu and

apical dark spots, and almost always (97%) with an ill-defined, rather long mark

of gray or dark scales in apical pale area, rarely (6%) basal and m-cu spots

fused together; cuy pale scaled except dark apical spot; 1a with median and

apical dark marks, apical dark mark covering distal 0.1-0.3 of the vein,

rarely (5%) one dark scale present at base, or one or a few dark scales

between base and median dark mark; subbasal dark mark of cu separated from

median dark mark of la by a little more than to more than twice its length;

apical pale fringe spot from cell R, to middle of R4,5 and almost always dis-

tinct, rarely (3%) grayish brown or lacking; pale fringe spot at termination of

cug usually (80%) present, variable in size, and usually not distinctly pale.

Cell Ro 1.70-2.25 of vein r9,3. Halter with dark scaled knob. Legs, Fore-

coxa with both pale and dark scales on anterior surface, pale scales postero-

apically; midcoxa with both upper and lower patches of pale scales; hindcoxa

with some pale scales. Midfemur pale on posterior surface, with apical pale

fringe occasionally indistinct; hindfemur pale on both anterior and posterior

surfaces, the pale area apically narrowed and not reaching apex, apical pale

fringe occasionally indistinct; foretibia ventrally pale; midtibia pale on dorso-

posterior aspect; hindtibia ventrally pale, with apical pale fringe; fore- and

midtarsomere 1 with pale ventral scales, 1-3 with pale apical bands, the bands

occasionally rather obscure ventrally in midtarsus, 4 sometimes with a few

pale scales at apex dorsally; hindtarsomeres 1-4 with pale apical bands

occasionally obscure ventrally; these tarsal pale bands as long as to nearly

twice as long as tarsal width; hindtarsomeres 4 and 5 occasionally with a com-

74 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

plete (1% and 8% respectively), or incomplete (10% and 14% respectively) pale

basal band; femora, tibiae and tarsi otherwise dark scaled. Forefemur

basally swollen; hindtarsomere 1 1.10-1.19 of tibia. Abdomen. Dark brown,

covered with bronze-yellow hairs; sternum VII with a clump of dark scales

medioapically, often pale scales present apically and basally in the clump.

MALE (Figs. 20, 168). Wing length 3.7-4.7 mm. Antenna: pedicel with-

out scales and bristles; flagellum 0. 76-0. 81 of proboscis; flagellomere 12

1.39-1.56 of Flm 13, both 0.59-0.67 of Flm 1-11. Palpus 0.94-1.05 (9) of

proboscis; joint 2-3 fused, 3-4 and 4-5 normal; 4 and 5, and apex of 3 swol-

len; 4 and apex of 3 with numerous long mesoventral tufted bristles; 2 with

pale erect dorsal scales among dark ones; 3 without basal band of pale

scales, often with pale scales above; 4 pale scaled dorsally and basally; joint

4-5 with ring of pale scales; apex of 5 pale scaled laterodorsally; length ratio

of 2-5: 1.24-1.47 : 1. 74-2. 04 : 0.83-0.92 : 1.00 (9). Proboscis 1.30-1.39

(5) of forefemur. Subcostal pale mark almost always covering both sides of

vein rj; humeral crossvein frequently (71%) lacking scales; cu, frequently

(62%) without dark mark between m-cu and apical dark spot; cell Ro 1. 63-2. 05

of vein r9;3. Foretarsomere 5 about as long as 4, with several stout ventro-

basal setae. Hindtarsomere 5 often with a complete (16%) or incomplete (29%)

pale basal band. Hindtarsomere 1 1.04-1.18 of tibia. Foretarsal claw single,

with median and laterobasal teeth. Genitalia. Tergum IX with a pair of paral-

lel, rod-shaped, capitate, well sclerotized and widely separated lobes.

Basistyle about twice (1.9-2.4) as long as wide, with pale scales sternally

and dark scales laterally, covered with rather short bristles throughout,

rather long bristles laterally; parabasal setae usually 2, rarely (4%) 3, the

mesal seta located on a protuberance, shorter but stouter than lateral seta,

just curved at apex; a long sternomesal seta about at middle; dorsal lobe of

claspette moderately sclerotized, with a club formed by fusion of 4-6 filaments;

sternal lobe of claspette pilose, with 2 (rarely 3) setae, both longer than club,

sternomesal seta longer than the other. Dististyle slightly longer than basi-

style, well arcuate, broadest at base, narrowed distally a little beyond middle,

then broadened again apically, with a row of minute setae on concave side and

a few minute setae at apex; claw short, stout and pigmented. Aedeagus half

as long as basistyle; apex with 3-6 (most frequently 5) leaflets on each side

apically; most distal leaflet largest, apically serrate and basally denticulate;

middle medium-sized ones usually basally denticulate, weakly serrate or

simple apically; proximal short slender leaflets usually simple.

PUPA. Male palpal sheath markedly prolonged and much longer than in

female. Trumpet of laticorn type, with simple thin rim. Wing sheath usually

with rows of dark spots, rarely quite pale, never with checkered stripes.

Abdominal setae 1-V-VII branched, shorter than the segment, a little longer

than respective setae 5; 5-V 5-19 branched; 9-III-VII unpigmented, apically

tapering, with blunt tip; 9-III half as long as 9-VII; 9-VII about 0.14-0.17 as

long as the segment; 9-VIII plumose with thick stem and many slender branches.

Paddle broad, with some short fringe spicules apically.

LARVA (Fig. 18). Head. Width 0.66-0.70 mm; usually somewhat longer

than wide, brown; seta 1-C curved mesad, a little longer than distance between

bases; 2-C single, close together; 3-C strongly dendritic, a little more than

half as long as 2-C, with branches fine and tapering; 5-7-C plumose, on about

same level or 5, 6-C slightly posteriad of 7-C; 8,10-C on about same level,

9-C anterior to them; 13, 15-C subplumose; 14-C apparently subplumose, with

thick stem and fine branches; usually, 4-C triple and 10-C double. Antenna

0.29-0.34 mm long, a little less than half as long as head, straight, narrowly

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea fas

dark at apex, spinulate, spinules fine laterodorsally and sparse apically; 1-A

inserted at basal 0.37-0.45 of shaft, 2-8 branched, not reaching apex of shaft;

4-A longer than 2-A, 3-10 branched; 5-A transparent, as long as 6-A, but

broader. Mandible with a number of needle-like microspines midlaterally on

dorsal surface, also several very fine ones on ventral surface; proximad of

this dorsal spinose area, a row of strongly and irregularly barbed, rather

broad hair-like spicules, occasionally some of the spicules apically branched;

twin barbed 1-Md directly ventrad of this row of spicules, proximal seta longer.

MdSj pigmented, slender, curved; MdS» consisting of several short hairs;

Md8S3-5 as long as MdSj, broader, unpigmented, somewhat sigmoid; MdS3

finely pectinate; MdS4 5 finely pectinate basally, strongly apically. Cutting

organ with 2 unicuspid dorsal teeth ; mesal pecten of numerous blunt-tipped

teeth, several most dorsolateral teeth as large as dorsal teeth, others becom-

ing more slender and paler mesoventrally; ventral tooth with 2 strong lateral

denticles (VT-1, 4), both not reaching apex of VTg, 3-4 rather small mesal

denticles; 3 ventral blades, VB, (dorsalmost) broadest, reaching apex of VT,

coarsely serrate mesoapically and laterobasally; VBo as long as VBy, with

distinct mesoapical pectination; VBg shorter than VBoy, with distinct, basally

finer pectination; pectinate brush of 3 fairly long, sigmoid, mesoapically

pectinate hairs. Piliferous process moderately protrudent and moderately

sclerotized, with several short hairs anteroapically. Mandibular hairs 21-30,

several distal hairs simple, others laterally barbed and apically frayed.

Maxilla, Cardo with dendritic 1-Mx near apex. Mesostipes sclerotized on

caudal 0.67-0.75 of ventral surface; dorsal surface very hairy; twin stipital

sensoria close to lacinial suture at middle, posterior sensorium somewhat

shorter; 4-Mx at middle of anterior margin of sclerotized area. Palpostipes

fusiform, dorsomedially spinulate, with dendritic 3-Mx distal to middle; apex

with ordinary 7 appendages. Mentum plate with 7 teeth. Thorax. Seta 1-P

single or 2,3 forked at tip; 2-P subplumose; 4, 5, 7, 8-P, 1, 8-M, 5, 7, 8-T plu-

mose; 9, 12-P usually equal and slightly longer than 10-P; 11-P 1.5-3.5 times

as long as process of basal tubercle; 9-M, T longer than 10-M, T respectively;

11-M, T very short; 12-M, T short; 3-T with transparent simple slender leaf-

lets; usually, 0-P and 2-T single, 12-T double, 7-M and 13-T triple. Abdo-

men. Integument ventrally spiculate, only spiculate on a single anterior area

between setae 13 on segment I, on 2 anterior and posterior areas between

setae 13 on II-VII; segment X ventrally spiculate, apically and dorsomedially,

apical membranous area with numerous stiff hairs. Anterior tergal plate

narrower than distance of setae 1, that on VIII 1. 60-1. 81 times as broad as

median length; III-VII each with a small median plate. Setae 1-I, II with trans-

parent simple slender leaflets; 1-IJI-VI[ with pigmented, serrate, rather broad

leaflets, apices of leaflets unpigmented and narrow but not filamentous; 6-III

plumose; 2-VIII subplumose; 3-II usually single; 8-III, 6-IV, V and 10, 11-VI

usually double; 0-II,IV usually triple. Pecten with 8-10 long and 11-16 small

pectinate teeth (20-25 in total); 2,6, 8,9-S with 4-7, 1-3, 4-7 and 6-9 branches

respectively; 1-X longer than saddle; 2-X with 14-17 dorsal and 3-8 ventral

branches; 3-X with 5-9 long dorsal and 3-5 short ventral branches; 4-X of 18

cratal subplumose hairs. Anal gills tapering to bluntly pointed apex, 1.0-2.1

length of saddle.

EGG. Deck broad.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN. 320, 449, with associ-

ated skins (36 1, 36 p); 11, 26 p: Honshu (C-0046, C-1497, C-1503, C-1823,

C-1826, C-1900, C-1901, C-1902, C-1904, C-1905, C-1956, D-0051, D-0057,

D-0064, D-0066, D-0393, D-0394, F-0226, F-0231). 12 with associated skins

76 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

(11, 1p): Shikoku (G-1276). 690°, 97°; with associated skins (311, 31 p); 1 P,

31, 37 p: Kyushu (H-0078, H- 1895, H-1977, H-1979, H-1980, H- 1981, H- 1982,

H- 1983, H-1984, H-1986, oo 1988, HE 1989, H- 1990, tHe 1991, ‘He 1996, oe 1997,

H- 1998, H-2001, H-2002, H- 2015, H- 2016, H- 2017, H-2018, H- 2019, H- 2020,

H- 22977, H-2298, H- 2299). Tso", 89: with ajsaceinted skins (8 1, 8 p); 6 p:

Tsushima (H- 2009, H-2010, H- 2011, H-2012). KOREA. 140°, 279; with asso-

ciated skins (30 1, "30 py: 1 P, 6 p: oe 0834, L-0840, L-0841, L- 0872, L-1958,

L-1964, L-1966, L-1967, L- "1968, L-1969, L-1974, L-1975, L-1976, L-2022).

RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO. ae. 119: with aasociated skins 6 1, 5p): Amami

Gunto (Anopheles niggerimus af Hara, 3¢: Ariya, Amami Oshima, JHCOL.

I-0234, I-0307, I-0310, I-0313, I- 1855, I-1875). 10, 62: Okinawa Gunto

(J - 0530, J- 0533, J- 0534, J- 1494). 186", 272; with associated skins (11, 1p);

Pe 0: Yaeyama Gunté (K-0145, K- 0588, K-0597, K-0625, K-0656, K-0664,

K- 0665, K-0666, K-0722, K-0726, K-0975, K-0996, K-0997, K-1036, K-1070,

K- 1071, K- 1301, K- 1303, K- 1386, K- 1398, K- 1495). 40 L, "20 p from a colony

at the 406th Medical Laboratory, originated in Sagamihara, Kanagawa Pref.,

Japan.

DISTRIBUTION. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku,

Kyushu, Tsushima). KOREA (Korean Peninsula, Cheju Do). RYUKYU

ARCHIPELAGO (Amami, Okinawa, Miyako and Yaeyama Gunto). ?SIBERIA.

2?MANCHURIA. NORTH AND SOUTH CHINA. TAIWAN. HONG KONG.

VIETNAM. CAMBODIA. THAILAND. MALAYA. SINGAPORE. SUMATRA.

BURMA. ASSAM. AFGHANISTAN.

TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION. Larvae of An. (Ano.) sinensis, sp. (Eugaru

race), sineroides Yamada and lesteri are almost indistinguishable. Slightly

different patterns in the branching of some body setae observed are shown

in Tables 3 and 4. For a detailed discussion of relationships within the Az.

hyrcanus complex, see Harrison (1972, 1973).

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea

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"(096T) TxoWYO pue nans3O UI 09-ZZ esueY,

8T (§°S) 8-F 02 (6°) 9-F 02 (¥F°9) 8-G oS (PP) 9-¢ Al-P

er 2) OT-9 IT (6°6) ci-: 0c = CD: = SI-01 “06> 46-6) 21=9- = H6

cE 6?) 9-§ OL (€°S) 9-G cg (0°9) 8-G og (P'D) G-p II-?

8I (8°9) 6-G Oc <{e6) PI-9 Ob —(6' st)” . Gis OS= (ret) GT=00 <= F-6

SE =") TI-9 EL: (G61) ci-6 eb a(S Sie Seer - Ge eee PI-8 II-¢

CF =) 02-S 62... =(05 LI) vI-8 OF. 2 Sp): - Fi-0b = Oe {9°S)) o-ck . WPI

er = @L) TI-¢ Ode aS 2) Lime OF 2(e°9) 6-S os (T°9) 8-¢G 9-6

ree Py oH Lie 4 AES) 61-1 = Of “(PGI = €2-9F = 6c A(T '6P) €c-9E-° Dd.

9L (2°18) 9-91 O02 (0°S2%) ghe-st- FI (G°8h) .G8-9¢ Bt (9°9h) {68-08 O-8

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1491S 9] SOplOAIUlsS soeL NICSUY S2SUBULS

JO 9VAILT 9Y} JO 9e}aS ApOg OWOS jo SuUIYOUBIQ Jo UOSTIedWIOD

"SOTIOdS pdTIT[e S}I pue szsuauzs (sajzaydoup) sajaydouy

‘€ HIGAVIL

78 | Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

TABLE 4. Comparison of branching of some body setae of the larvae

of Anopheles (Anopheles) sinensis and its allied species.

Species sinensis Engaru race sineroides lesteri

Specimens examined 123 69 26 25

Seta Branches % % % %

| 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0

2 89.5 33.4 53.8 26.1

6-IV 3 8.1 39.1 30.8 65.2

4 1.6 26.1 a) 8.7

5 0.0 1.4 3.8 0.0

1 4.5 0.0 0.0 0.0

6-V 2 89.2 66.1 42.8 32.0

3 6.3 S22 D2: 0 68.0

A 0.0 1% 4.8 0.0

BIONOMICS. Anopheles sinensis is the most common anopheline species

in Japan including the Ryukyu Archipelago, and excluding Hokkaido. The lar-

vae are found most frequently in rice fields and open stagnant but relatively

clean water, also in stream pools or sluggish streams. They are most often

associated with Culex tritaeniorhynchus. Culex hayashii is also frequently

found together with An. sinensis (LaCasse and Yamaguti 1950). This species

hibernates in the adult stage, and also in the larval stage in the Ryukyus.

Harrison and Scanlon (1975) found larvae in Thailand from a variety of habi-

tats, from marshes to ditches and swamps. They stated that all of these habi-

tats were normally fresh, shallow, usually with emergent vegetation, and

exposed to the sun. These authors also found sinensis to be largely zoophilic,

rarely biting man. In laboratory studies, Miyagi (1972b) found sinensis to

feed far more readily on birds (chicks) than mammals (mice).

RELATION TO DISEASES. Since the publication of Tsuzuki's early in-

vestigations (1901b), An. sinensis has long been suspected to be the most im-

portant vector of malaria in temperate Japan including Hokkaido and Okinawa

Is. However, indigenous malaria in Japan has occurred only sporadically, and

recently it appears to have been almost extinguished even though this species

is always abundant throughout Japan except for Hokkaido. This may be due to

past misidentifications of lesteri as sinensis. Kamimura (1966) suggested

that Tsuzuki's yesoensis (jesoensis) might be lestevi. Harrison (1973) con-

cluded that lesteri and not sinensis might well be the most significant parasite

vector in much of Asia. Harrison and Scanlon (1975) stated, "Apparently

sinensis is of little or no significance to human health in Thailand."" They

found the species zoophilic, exophilic and its distribution not correlated with

areas of malaria transmission. The role of this species to indigenous malaria

of Japan is now doubtful and should be restudied. Kanda, Joo and Choi (1975)

considered sinensis a likely vector of Brugia malayi (Brug) in Korea and cited

other authors reaching the same conclusion for China.

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 79

9, ANOPHELES (ANOPHELES) SP. (ENGARU RACE)*

(Fig. 21; Table 49)

Anopheles sp. Oguma and Kanda, 1972: 231. Engaru, Hokkaido, Japan.

Wing length 4.2-6.1 mm (female), 4.1-5.5 mm (male).

Differing from sinensis in the following characteristics.

ADULT. Costa occasionally (6% in female, 50% in male) with a small pale

humeral spot; humeral crossvein always bare; vein cu, (male) more often

(94%) with a dark mark between m-cu and apical dark spot; la more frequently

(30% in male, 59% in female) with one or a few dark scales at or near base;

seta of sternal lobe of claspette more often (40%) 3.

PUPA. Wing sheath with rows of usually more obscure dark spots,

occasionally with slight indication of checkered stripes. Abdominal seta 5-V

5-11 branched; 9-V-VII not tapered from base, but parallel-sided or

elongate-oval.

LARVA (Fig. 21). No definite differences were detected between this

species and sinensis, vide Tables 3 and 4.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN. 200, 23°, with

associated skins 43 1, 43 p); 1 P, 24 p: Hokkaido (A-1642, A-1655, A-1912,

A-1913, A-1914, A-1916, A-1928, A-1933, A-1939, A-1940, A-1943, A-1946,

A-1947, A-1949, A-1950).

DISTRIBUTION. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN (Hokkaido).

DISCUSSION. This species is apparently a dominant species in Hokkaido

except for the most southern district. Oguma and Kanda (1972) found that this

species could not be hybridized with sinensis (F1 male was sterile), and

recognized it as a distinct species. This species is quite difficult to discrim-

inate from sinensis phenotypically; as described above, only the pupa has one

definite differentiating character.

BIONOMICS. The larvae are found chiefly in rice fields, also in ground

pools and ponds. Kanda and Oguma (1978) stated that larvae were also found

in small creeks, and that the adults feed on caitle.

10. ANOPHELES (ANOPHELES) PULLUS M. YAMADA

(Figs. 20, 169)

Anopheles (Anopheles) pullus M. Yamada, 1937: 238 (, 2, P, L, E). Type-

locality: Seiryori, Keiki-do; Keijo; Ronzan, Sintoson and Saisen, South

Tyusei-do; Korea.

Wing length 4.2-5.6 mm (female), 4.4-5.0 mm (male).

Differing from sinensis in the following characteristics.

ADULT (Figs. 20, 169). Female flagellomere 1 1. 83-2.10 (2) of Flm 2.

Male palpus with ratio of segments 2-5: 1.12: 1.69: 0.81: 1.00 (1). Costa

*This species has subsequently been described as An. (Ano.) engarensis by

Kanda and Oguma (1978). Their character separating the larvae of this

taxon from those of sinensis was not found by us (sum of branches of setae

5-II + 5-V).

BO, Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

more often (89% in female, 60% in male) lacking pale scales in an area proxi-

mal to subcostal pale mark; subcostal pale spot most frequently (55% in female,

40% in male) extending to only anterior side of vein rj, otherwise including tip

of sc only (33% in female, 20% in male), or covering both sides of rj (11% in

female, 40% in male); female occasionally (30%) lacking subapical pale spot;

humeral crossvein usually (92% in female) or always (male) bare; remigium

frequenay (73% in female, 60% in male) lacking dark spots; r (female) often

(44%) with a distinct presector pale mark; cu, (female) with basal and m-cu

dark spots more often (38%) fused together; female without apical fringe spot;

fringe spot at termination of cug absent (female, male). Aedeagus with 0-8

apical leaflets on each side, shape of the leaflets not different from that of

sinensis.

PUPA. Trumpet rim dark and apparently thick, but not serrate (similar

to that of sineroides); wing sheath with checkered stripes, occasionally

transverse stripes faint and broken; abdominal setae 9-II-VII only slightly

tapering apically (similar to those of sineroides), 9-II variable in length,

0. 24-0. 64 (4) of 9-VII; 9-VII broader and more widely rounded at tip than in

sinensis 0.11-0.15 (4) as long as segment VII.

LARVA. Seta 1-A often reaching apex of shaft; 1-IJI-VII usually more

deeply pigmented than in sinensis.

EGG. Deck narrower than in sinensis (M. Yamada 1937).

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. KOREA. 8, 112 with associated skins (4 1,

4p); 31: Korean Peninsula (L-0881, L-1486, L-2028, L-2029, L-2134,

L-2135).

DISTRIBUTION. KOREA (Korean Peninsula).

TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION. Anopheles (Anopheles) pullus appears morpho-

logically distinct from An. (Ano.) sinensis. Kanda and Oguma (1971) reported

the fertility and normal pairing of the salivary gland chromosomes of the

hybrid F, between these 2 species. Their hybridization experiments were

based on induced copulation. It must be clarified whether or not a mating or

premating isolating mechanism exists between these 2 species.

BIONOMICS. According to M. Yamada (1937), larvae of An. pullus

occur in relatively cool water (about 19°C), where Potamogeton crispus,

Najas graminen, Ceratophyllum demersum, etc., grow. They are found from

April to November, and in July and August in shaded springs, ponds and other

ground pools of highlands, but not in the rice fields of lowlands, where the

population of An. sinensis becomes highest in this season, while pullus is most

abundant in autumn. He found numerous engorged females in houses and

stables. This species was not reported as occurring in light trap collections

made at several U. S. air bases in Korea during 1970-72 (Biery and

Burns 19732). ,

11. ANOPHELES (ANOPHELES) YATSUSHIROENSIS MIYAZAKI

(Fig. 163)

Anopheles yatsushiroensis Miyazaki, 1951: 195 (“, 2, E). Type-locality:

Yatsushiro, Kyushu, Japan; Hong and Ree, 1968: 119, Seoul; Asan Gun,

Chungchong Namdo; Chungup Gun, Cholla Pukdo; Andong Fun and

Chongsong Gun, Kyongsang Pukdo, Korea.

Wing length 4.1-5.5 mm (female), 4.8 mm (male).

Differing from sinensis in the following characteristics.

Tanaka et al.: | Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 81

ADULT (Fig. 163). Palpus usually with more pale scales above; female

with pale band of joint 3-4 broader than those on joint 4-5 and at apex of seg-

ment 5. Costa (female) more often (6/7) lacking pale scales in an area proxi-

mal to subcostal pale mark; remigium frequently (6/7 in female, 1/4 in male)

lacking dark spots; vein r (female) frequently (5/7) with a well developed pre-

sector pale mark, occasionally whole area proximal to sector pale mark en-

tirely pale. Legs occasionally lacking all pale tarsal bands; pale apical band

of hindtarsomere 4 apparently more often lacking.

PUPA. Trumpet with thick and partially serrate rim (slightly thicker

than in sineroides, the serration weaker than in typical lesteri). Wing sheath

with faint checkered stripes, usually intersecting points darker, occasionally

appearing as rounded spots. Abdominal seta 5-V 37 (1) branched (usually

about 20 or more); 9-III-VII only slightly tapering apically or elongate oblong,

rounded at apex (the shape similar to those of sineroides); 9-VII 0.13 (2) as

long as the segment.

LARVA. Seta 1-A 8-11 (3) branched, fully reaching apex of shaft in one

specimen, extending beyond it in 2; 4-M 4-10 (3) branched.

EGG. Deck narrower than in sinensis, and slightly broader than in lestevi

(Otsuru and Omori 1960).

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. KOREA. 20, 112, 31, 3p: Korean Peninsula

(L-0882, L-0883, L-0884, L-1487, L-2133, L-2136, L-2137, L-2138, L-2139).

DISTRIBUTION. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN (Honshu, Kyushu). KOREA

(Korean Peninsula). NORTH CHINA.

TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION. Anopheles (Ano.) yatsushiroensis apparently

has not been collected during the past 10 years in Japan. All material of this

species was provided from Korea mainly by Mr. Lee. Wing pale marks, and

palpal and tarsal pale bands seem to be more variable than in An. (Ano.)

sinensis. Pupae of yatsushiroensis have a thick and serrate margin of the

trumpet, and the wing sheath has checkered stripes, but no rows of dark

spots. The egg has a narrow deck (Otsuru and Ohmori 1960). These charac-

ters may be sufficient to treat yatsushiroensis as distinct from sinensis.

Kanda and Oguma (1971) found the fertility and complete pairing of the salivary

gland chromosomes of the hybrid F; between these 2 species. As is the case

with pullus and sinensis, presence of absence of an isolating mechanism at

mating or premating stage need to be determined, as Kanda and Oguma's

hybridization experiments were done by induced copulation.

BIONOMICS. According to Otsuru and Ohmori (1960), the larvae of An.

yatsushiroensis are found in paddy fields, irrigation ditches, creeks and so

forth; adult populations are highest in June and October.

12. ANOPHELES (ANOPHELES) SINEROIDES YAMADA

(Figs. 18, 20, 163, 169; Table 50)

Anopheles sineroides Yamada, 1924: 233 (“, ). Type-locality: Bibai,

Hokkaido, Japan; M. Yamada, 1936: 195, Seiryori, Roryoshin, Keiryusan,

Ronzan, Taiden and Heisho, Korea.

Anopheles (Anopheles) sineroides: LaCasse and Yamaguti, 1950: 23 (“, 2, L).

Wing length 3.3-6.5 mm (female), 3.9-5.6 mm (male).

Differing from sinensis in the following characteristics.

ADULT (Figs. 20, 163, 169). Head. Several most mesal vertical bristles

pale yellowish brown; male with antennal flagellomeres 12 and 13 together

S25 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

0.56-0.58 of Flm 1-11, and Flm 12 1.63-1.75 of Flm 13; palpal segment 3

usually (97% - female) or always (male) with basal band or dorsobasal patch

of pale scales. Thorax. Propleuron and prealar knob usually with several

pale scales, occasionally spiracular area and upper mesepimeron with a few

pale scales. Wing. Contrast of pale and dark markings more distinct. Costa

usually (94% - female, 87% - male) with humeral pale spot, basal pale spot

present in 28% of females, basal area proximal to subcostal pale mark with

scattered pale scales in 39% of females and 42% of males, only 4% of females

and 6% of males with the area entirely dark; remigium with one (70% - female,

8% - male) or 2 (15% - female, 85% - male) brown spots, occasionally (15% -

female, 8% - male) entirely pale: vein r often (22% - female, 48% - male)

with a distinct presector pale mark, or else presector area with mixed pale

and dark scales; subcostal pale mark always covering both sides of rj; m dark

scaled at base, white or pale-gray scaled at apex and variously scaled inbe-

tween; mj+9 and mg.,4 often with a distinct median dark mark; cu often with

scattered dark scales distad of subbasal dark mark; cu, always with dark mark

between m-cu and apical dark spots; la with a distinct subbasal dark mark

(73% - female, 36% - male), or else with several dark scales in addition to

median and apical dark marks; pale fringe spot at termination of cug always

present and distinct. Legs. Hindtarsomere 2 sometimes (7% - female, 13% -

male) with incomplete pale basal band; tersomere 3 often (42% - female, 91% -

male) with complete or incomplete pale basal band; tarsomere 4 with pale

basal band always complete in males, ventrally interrupted in 25% of females;

tarsomere 5 often (34% - female, 83% - male) with complete or incomplete

pale basal band. Male genitalia. Basistyle usually without scales on sternal

surface; aedeagus with 6-11 apical leaflets on each side; 1-4 most apical leaf-

lets largest, apically serrate and basally denticulate; middle 2-6 slender, but

equal to apical ones in length, basally denticulate; most proximal 1-4 short,

slender and simple.

PUPA. Trumpet rim thick, not serrate. Wing sheath without rows of dark

spots, quite pale or with checkered dark stripes. Abdominal seta 5-V 2-13

branched; 9-V-VII parallel-sided or elongate-oval, not tapered from base.

LARVA (Fig. 18). Seta 3-C in general with fewer branches and branches

rather stiff up to apex; no other definite differences were detected between

this species and sinensis; cf. Tables 3 and 4.

EGG. Deck narrower than in sinensis, slightly broader than in lesteri

(Otsuru and Omori 1960).

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN. 150, 10%; with

associated skins (12 1, 12 p); 1 p: Hokkaido (A-1911, A-1916, A-1928,

A-1934, A-1937, A-1942, A-1947). 120°, 22°; with associated skins (4 1,

4p); 16 p: Honshu (B-0355, B-1196, C-1496, C-1497, C-1498, C-1499,

C-1500, C-1501, C-1502, C-1503, C-1900, C-1905, C-1956). KOREA. 3¢,

112; with associated skins (8 1, 8 p); 21, 8p: Korean Peninsula. (L-0816,

L-1968, L-1969, L-1976, L-2023). 30°, 129: Cheju Do (M-0852, M-0853,

M-0877).

DISTRIBUTION. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku,

Kyushu, Yakushima, Tsuchima). KOREA (Korean Peninsula, Cheju Do).

NORTH CHINA. ?

BIONOMICS. Anopheles (Ano.) sineroides occurs more frequently at higher

elevations than in lowlands in Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu. Larvae were

obtained from ponds and ground pools, also from rock holes in Cheju Do;

found associated with An. lestevi, An. sp. (Engaru race) and Culex rubensis

Sasa and Takahashi in Hokkaido. They occur in fresh clean water in well

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 83

shaded margins of small streams, ditches and ground pools, and are associ-

ated with An. koreicus, An. lindesayi Giles, An. sinensis and Cx. rubensis

(LaCasse and Yamaguti 1950). Biery and Burns (1973a, b) found sineroides

to be the 2nd most abundant anopheline collected in light traps in Japan and

Korea in 1970-72 (23.1% of all Anopheles collected in Japan, 31.7% in Korea).

Their only collecting site which had a preponderance of sineroides over

sinensis was the northernmost, Chitose Air Base on Hokkaido.

13. ANOPHELES (ANOPHELES) LESTERI BAISAS AND HU

(Figs. 22, 163, 169, 170; Table 51)

?Anopheles yesoensis Tsuzuki, 1901b: 717 (A). Type-locality: Sapporo,

Fukagawa and Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan.

?Anopheles jesoensis: Tsuzuki, 1902d: 286 (in part).

Anopheles hyrcanus var. lestevi Baisas and Hu, 1936: 229 (?, P, L, E).

Type-locality: Santa Mesa of Manila, Luzon, Philippines; Otsuru,

1949: 144 (KE), Fukuoka, Kyushu, Japan.

Anopheles (Anopheles) lesteri: Whang, 1962: 39, Tansan, Wondang,

Guidandong and Susan, Korea.

Anopheles lesteri: Tanaka, 1971b: 80, Okinawa Is., Ryukyu Archipelago.

Wing length 3.3-5.4 mm (female), 3.1-5.3 mm (male).

Differing from sinensis in the following characteristics.

ADULT (Figs. 163, 169, 170). Head. Male palpus with ratio of segments

2-5: 1.12-1.29 : 1.60-1.75 : 0.75-0.81: 1.00. Female palpal joint 2-3 more

frequently (91%) with an incomplete ring or a dorsal patch of pale scales.

Thorax. Pleural bristles rather fewer, 3-10 propleurals, 1-6 spiraculars,

3-9 prealars, 2-6 upper sternopleurals, 3-15 upper mesepimerals. Wing.

Costa proximal to subcostal pale spot usually (94% - female) or always (male)

entirely dark; subcostal pale spot shorter, most frequently (62% - female,

47% - male) expanding to only anterior side of vein rj, occasionally (5% -

female, 47% - male) covering both sides of rj, or including only tip of sc

(33% - female, 6% - male). Humeral crossvein always bare; r with sector

pale mark usually less distinct, often mixed with gray or dark scales; area

proximal to sector pale mark occasionally (29% - female, 5% - male) almost

entirely dark; rg,5 with median pale area usually mixed with fewer dark

scales and often (44% - female) entirely pale; cu, with basal and m-cu spots

more often (25% - female, 11% - male) fused together; no pale fringe spot at

termination of cug. Cell Ro (female) 2.00-2.49 of veinro,3. Legs. Upper

midcoxa usually (82% - female, 89% - male) lacking scales, occasionally

(18% - female, 11% - male) with a few pale or grayish brown scales, but not

forming a definite patch; lower midcoxa frequently (64% - female, 70% -

male) with more scales than upper area, but not forming a distinct patch as

in sinensis, male rarely (5%) with a distinct patch of pale scales, otherwise

(36% - female, 25% - male) unscaled. Tarsal pale apical bands usually

narrower, that of hindtarsomere 4 usually incomplete, rarely lacking; hind-

tarsomere 4 less frequently (7% - female, 0% - male) with pale basal band,

male usually (94%) lacking pale basal band on tarsomere 5, otherwise (6%)

with only an incomplete band. Male genitalia. Basistyle without pale scales

on sternal surface, occasionally with only a few brownish scales.

PUPA. Trumpet rim thick and serrate, the serration weak in Hokkaido

population; cephalothorax with or without a pair of dark spots near base of

oA. Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

trumpets; wing sheath without rows of dark spots but with checkered dark

stripes. Abdominal seta 5-V 10 to about 30 branched.

LARVA (Fig. 22). Branches of seta 3-C rather stiffer up to apex; 9-II

5-9 branched (10-18 in sinensis). No other definite differences were detected

between this species and sinensis; cf. Tables 3 and 4.

EGG. Deck narrowest among the species of sinensis group of this region.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN. 1°, 8°; with associ-

ated skins (3 1, 3 p); 2 p: Hokkaido (A-1916). 370°, 4°; with associated skins

(11, 1p), 8L, 31, 21 p: Honshu (F-0229, F-0230, F-0231). RYUKYU

ARCHIPELAGO. 1c’, 19; with associated skins (21, 2 p): Amami Gunto

(I-0292, I-1855). 20°, 29; with associated skins (41, 4p): Okinawa Gunté

(J-1481, J-1481a). 30°, 72, 3p: Yaeyama Guntd (K-0666, K-0919, K-1021,

K-1056, K-1069, K-1070, K-1386).

DISTRIBUTION. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN (Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu).

KOREA (Korean Peninsula). RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO (Amami, Okinawa and

Yaeyama Gunt6). SOUTH CHINA. HONG KONG. PHILIPPINES. BORNEO.

VIETNAM. THAILAND. MALAYA. SINGAPORE.

TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION. The characteristic serrate margin of the pupal

trumpet is constant in specimens from Utoma, Okayama Pref., western

Honshu and the Ryukyu Archipelago. In the Hokkaido population, it is not dis-

tinctly serrate and apparently similar to that of sineroides. These 2 species

are, however, easily separated by the shape of abdominal setae 9-II-VII.

Paired dark spots near the trumpet bases indicated by Ohmori (1959) as a

specific character, were constantly found in the specimens we examined from

Hokkaido, Honshu and Okinawa Is., and 1 female from Amami Oshima; they

are lacking in specimens from Yaeyama and 1 male from Amami Oshima.

(Tanaka, Saugstad and Mizusawa 1975). |

Japanese populations of lesteri have been regarded as the nominate sub-

species of lesteri described from the Philippines. This relationship has not

been well studied, however, and they may not be homogenous populations, as

the above mentioned characters suggest. Recently, Xu and Feng (1975)

described subspecies anthropophagus from central and south China. One of

the subspecific characters indicated by them is that the size of the egg (in

microns) is larger than lesteri (s.s.), x = 558.6 x 192.4 in anthropophagus,

516.3 x 178.3 in lesteri (s.s.) (Baisas and Hu 1936). In Japanese lesteri, it

appears variable, 636.4 x 234.8 in ?Honshu (Otsuru and Ohmori 1960),

560 x 207 in Kyushu, and 540 x 189 in Okinawa (Otsuru et al. 1976). The deck

is narrowest in Japanese lestervi (5.7-14.3 - Otsuru and Ohmori 1960),

broadest in lesteri (s.s.) (16. 6-33.2; x = 21.6 - Baisas and Hu 1936), inter-

mediate in anthropophagus (12.9-20.6; x = 18. 5-Xu and Feng 1975). Subspe-

cies anthropophagus has a pair of dark spots at the trumpet bases; this char-

acter appears to be constant in the population of Palaearctic Japan, but vari-

able in the Ruykyu population (Tanaka, Saugstad and Mizusawa 1975) and also

in Hong Kong (Harrison 1973). Subspecies anthropophagus is said to be

strongly anthropophilic contrary to subspecies lestevi and subspecies pavaliae

Sandosham. Japanese lesteri needs further study concerning feeding prefer-

ences.

Kamimura (1968, 1976a,b) suspected that Tsuzuki's (1901b, 1902d) yesoensis

(jesoensis, in part) described from Hokkaido might be lesterz. This is fairly

reasonable, since true sinensis is very rare in most of Hokkaido. On the other

hand, lesteri is common in Hokkaido including the Fukagawa area, where

Tsuzuki made an investigation of indigenous malaria and anopheline mosquitoes.

Eysell (1902) indicated that Tsuzuki's specimens had the entirely dark fringe

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 85

scales from vein ry,5 to la (pale fringe spot at the termination of cug absent).

Tsuzuki (1901b) claimed that he verified transmission of malaria by his

yesoensis. The role of sinensis in malaria transmission has been doubted in

China (Ho et al. 1962) and Thailand (Harrison and Scanlon 1975), and lestevri

anthropophagus assumes this role in central and south China (Ho et al. 1962;

Xu and Feng 1975). Japanese lestevi is still uncertain as to its subspecific

position, but the evidence mentioned above suggests that it might be closer to

anthvopophagus than lesteri (s.s.). This may support Kamimura's view, and

here, yesoensis and jesoensis (in part) are treated as doubtful synonyms of

lesteri (s.1.). If the type-specimens of jesoensis (or yesoensis), (their loca-

tion is presently unknown) are found to verify this conjecture, the name

jesoensis (or yesoensis) is to replace lesteri, as jesoensis (or yesoensis) is

senior to it.

BIONOMICS. The distribution of An. lesteri is apparently sporadic in

Honshu and Kyushu, but appears to be ubiquitous in the Ryukyus and Hokkaido.

However, further investigation is necessary in Honshu and Kyushu, because

this species has been confused with sinensis by most medical entomologists of

this region. In Honshu and Kyushu, this species has been found more fre-

quently in coastal regions than inland. The larvae occur in marshes, ground

pools, ponds, rice fields and other impounded waters in Yaeyama, a collection

of larvae was taken from a sluggish stream. Contrary to sinensis, lesteri

seems to prefer places which are cooler and shaded. Peaks in the adult popu-

lation occur during June and October in Honshu and Kyushu (Otsuru and Ohmori

1960), and during the summer season in Hokkaido (Kamimura 1976b).

RELATION TO DISEASES. It appears very probable that the primary vec-

tor of indigenous malaria in Japan may be lestevi rather than sinensis, as

suggested by Otsuru (1949) and Kamimura (1968). Recent studies on the tax-

onomy of the An. hyrcanus complex by Harrison (1972, 1973) lend greater

credulence to this possibility.

Il. SUBFAMILY CULICINAE

ADULT. Vertex covered with decumbent scales, erect forked scales

usually present. Female palpus short. Scutum usually short, moderately to

strongly arched, covered with narrow or broad scales. Abdomen usually

mostly covered with broad flat scales. Male genitalia. Proctiger usually

with more or less strongly sclerotized paraproct (excepting Uranotaeniini).

Aedeagus never with apical leaflets.

LARVA. Most body setae, when multiple, branched at one point, not

plumose as in Anophelinae; 2-C absent or rudimentary, 3-C usually very short.

Maxilla. Cardo broad and flat, on same plane as adjacent cranial surface;

lateral stipital setae 2-Mx lacking in most groups; galea together with galeal

seta 7-Mx absent. Palpostipes with 5 or less sensory appendages (palpal sen-

soria) at apex, all spiniform, 81,2, 4 ring-based. Prothorax without eversible

appendage (notched organ); 13-P present or absent. Abdominal setae 1-I-VII

never palmate. Siphon always developed, spiracle at apex of siphon.

DISTRIBUTION. Worldwide.

86 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

KEYS TO TRIBES OF CULICINAE

ADULT

Le Proboscis strongly curved ventrocaudally about at middle, rigid in

basal half, slender in apical half; scutellum evenly rounded; cell

Ro shorter than vein roi; spiracular bristles present.

TOXORHYNCHITINI (p. 489)

Proboscis usually straight or nearly so, of even thickness, occasionally

swollen apically, seutellum trilobed. 2. 0°... ir Z

2(1). Spiracular bristles usually absent; when present, vein sc with many

ventral bristles at base; squama with fringe scales.

CULICINI (p. 87)

Spiracular bristles present; vein sc without many ventral bristles at

3(2). Wing membrane without distinct microtrichia; cell Ro shorter than vein

Yoi9, Squama bare; vein la ending at or proximad of level of cubital

{OUR as PN a es ea URANOTAENIINI (p. 450)

Wing membrane with distinct microtrichia; cell Ro longer than vein

Y943; squama and vein la variable. ....... SABETHINI (p. 475)

MALE GENITALIA

Proctiger nearly membranous, without strongly sclerotized paraproct.

URANOTAENIINI (p. 450)

Proctiger with strongly sclerotized paraproct. . .. CULICINI (p. 87)

SABETHINI (p. 475)

TOXORHYNCHITINI (p. 489)

LARVA

1; Maxilla with cardo becoming a part of cranium, indicated only by pre-

sence of seta 1-Mx; mouth brush of 6 to about 10 strong teeth; ab-

dominal segments I-VII each with 3 strongly sclerotized calli on each

side, most setae arising from these calli in groups.

TOXORHYNCHITINI (p. 489)

Maxilla with cardo distinct, when completely fused with cranium,

recognized as a triangularly produced portion of cranium; mouth

brush of numerous slender to stiff hairs; abdomen without strongly

GEVELOPCa CAM Ge eee ca eee

2(1). Maxilla with cardo hinged with cranial process; mesostipes transverse,

including lacinia with 3 ring-based setae; palpostipes distinctly longer

than mesostipes, with palpal sensoria as strongly developed as stipital

sensoria; setae 14-C and 1-Mx close together; hypostomal suture ab-

sent or incomplete, never reaching posterior tentorial pit.

: URANOTAENIDNI (p. 450)

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 87

Head without cranial process bearing cardo; mesostipes rarely trans-

verse, including lacinia usually with 4 ring-based setae; palpostipes

variable, usually short, palpal sensoria very short; setae 14-C and

1-Mx separated; hypostomal suture varied. .........ee-. 3

3(2). Seta 3-C dorsal; 4-X usually of 4 or more hairs; grid usually developed.

CULICINI (p. 87)

Seta 3-C ventral; 4-X of a single hair; grid absent.

SABETHINI (p. 475)

(i) TRIBE CULICINI

FEMALE. Head. Decumbent scales of vertex variable; vertical bristles

usually in a continuous row, projecting anteromesally; temporal bristles

finer, directed anteriorly. Palpus 3-4 segmented; 4, when present, always

minute. Proboscis slender, of even thickness, straight or slightly bent ven-

trally, occasionally swollen apically. Thorax. Anterior pronotal lobes widely

or narrowly separated, usually with many bristles; posterior pronotal lobe

with at least one, usually several to many bristles posteriorly. Scutal

bristles variable. Scutellum trilobed, with bristles grouped on lobes, absent

between lobes: scutellar scales variable. Postnotum bare or bristled.

Paratergite narrow to moderately broad. Pleural bristles variable in number,

often many on propleuron, prealar knob, sternopleuron and upper mesepimeron;

spiracular bristles usually absent (except for Culiseta in this region), post-

spiraculars and lower mesepimerals present or absent, sternopleurals usually

along upper to posterior margin. Level of base of hindcoxa variable. Wing.

Membrane with distinct microtrichia. Squama and alula with fringe scales.

Cell Ro usually as long as or longer than vein 6913; '445 without basal spur;

m-cu proximad of r-m; la extending beyond level of cubital fork. Legs. Hind-

tarsomere 1 shorter to longer than tibia. Claws usually equal; pulvilli vari-

able.

MALE. Palpus extremely variable. Fore- and midtarsomeres 4 and 5

often modified. Anterior claw of fore- and midtarsi usually enlarged; hind-

tarsal claws equal. Genitalia. Quite variable. Proctiger with strongly

sclerotized paraproct.

LARVA. Head. Seta 3-C dorsal; 5-8-C not ina line. Antenna with 2,3-A

distad of 1-A. Mouth brush of numerous slender or fewer stiff hairs. -Man-

dible with 3-5 spurs. Maxilla. Cardo triangular, separated from cranium,

or narrowly fused with it mesobasally, or completely fused along its entire

basal margin, the suture present or absent, when absent, the cardo recognized

as a triangularly produced portion of cranium, the cardinal seta 1-Mx located

on this portion. Mesostipes variable, most often longer than wide, usually

with 2 ring-based setae (2,4-Mx). Lacinia occupying mesal half of dorsal

surface of mesostipes, usually with 2 ring-based setae (5,6-Mx). Palpostipes

usually not very strongly developed, palpal sensoria very small. Mentum

plate not very short, usually triangular or somewhat pentagonal. Aulaeum

fringed. Thovax. Usually pale, seta 13-P usually absent. Abdomen. Usually

pale; I- VII without strongly developed calli; comb scales of VIII usually

present. Siphon. Acus and pecten present or absent; 1-S variable; 4-X of at

least 4 hairs, most often 8 or more.

DISTRIBUTION. Worldwide.

88 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

KEYS TO GENERA OF CULICINI

FEMALE ADULT

i= Spiracular bristles present; vein sc with ventral bristles at base. |

Culiseta (p. 98)

Spiracular bristles absent; vein sc lacking ventral bristles at base. . 2

2(1). Postspiracular bristles usually absent. ....... +22 eee eee 3s

Postspiracular bristles usually present. ..... 1... ee ee eee 7

3(2). Proboscis more or less swollen distally. ..... Mimomyia (p. 90)

PYGDOsCIS GIMDIOr fy one 6 ee he ee Re

4(3).° Palvilliwell developed es OP Culex (p. 124)

PulVilli absent Or inCORSplCUONGS. 65 Pe Soe ee ea 5)

5(4). Anterior pronotal lobes approximated; postnotum usually with bristles.

Heizmannia (p. 247)

Anterior pronotal lobes widely separated; postnotum bare. ...... 6

6(5). Foretarsomere 1 shorter than 2-5 together.

Mansonia (in part) (p. 113)

Foretarsomere 1 longer than 2-5 together. . . Orthopodomyia (p. 107)

7(2). Most wing scales asymmetrical and very broad.

Mansonia (in part) (p. 113)

Wing scales symmetrical and narrow. ...... +. s+ se eee ees 8

8(7). Paratergite narrow; base of mesomeron slightly to well above that of

hinge@oka proboscis straiont, 3. eee Aedes (p. 253)

Paratergite rather broad; base of mesomeron at level of that of hindcoxa;

proboscis rather stout, somewhat curved ventrally in repose.

Armigeres (p. 445)

MALE GENITALIA

1, Basistyle with subapical lobe bearing modified thick setae; dististyle

inserted On-verticar plane. 0 BO ee ae I a 2

Basistyle without such subapical lobe; dististyle inserted obliquely or

HOriZOMmaly. fe eee Ce es Eee a se ee eee ee 8

2(1). Paraproct with apical crest of many spines. ...... Culex (p. 124)

Paraproct with apex simple... 05 22 ee Heizmannia (p. 247)

3(1). Dististyle with a comb-like row of 4 or more apical claws; paraproct

without strongly sclerotized apical teeth. ... Ayvmigeres (p. 445)

Dististyle with a single apical (occasionally removed basally) claw or

without it; paraproct with at least one strongly sclerotized apical

LEE. UL) ORI ta ea ERR erm CDEC A EU Ma Caen ST reer OE gg gee gv tg 4

4(3).

5(4).

6(5).

7(4).

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 89

Basityle without mesal membrane; claspette a triangular basal lobe,

with stout apical setae and finer tergal bristles. .......... 5)

Basistyle with mesal membrane; claspette variable, or absent... . 7

Tereum, VIN-Simelety Yalu) AOS) ke es ee Mimomyia (p. 90)

Tergum VIII with a medioapical lobe. ... 1... 2.2 see ee ee es 6

Medioapical lobe of tergum VIII with bristles or modified setae; tergum

IX more or less medioapically concave, usually with many bristles

Oh -C&Ch Sider Loe y Oe: 3 OR oe Se ie Culiseta (p. 98)

Medioapical lobe of tergum VIII without bristles or setae; tergum IX

medioapically convex, without bristles or with only a few on each

Sider pete I AES ob an ih le ee ape Orthopodomyia (p. 107)

Paraproct with at least 3 apical teeth. ........ Mansonia (p. 1138)

Paraproct with at most 2 apical teeth, or a uniformly sclerotized rod-

Tike structure. Oh) 4 eee a RY Vee Aedes (p. 253)

LARVA

Median dorsal valve of siphon strongly developed, fixed, with serrate

dorsal nivarains 4, "Ree 6 te ea ine oo, oe Oe Ar Mansonia (p. 113)

Median dorsal valve of siphon short, movable, simple. ........ 2

. Antenna articulated just distad of setae 2,3-A; palpostipes with lateral

stipital Beta Je Meee. Pe 4 SP Py Mimomyia (p. 90)

Antenna not articulated; palpostipes without lateral stipital seta 2-Mx.

OSeta PiStor S oF More Baits lS VSS ae ee as Culex (p. 124)

Barats Gl a emia Pare. se ee eer ees Se ee as 4

5 POPE e POSEN yd Me ee ae Oe oe a ee) ee. 8) eee ee 5)

Becton Sse ls eee Soe ee ee ee EN eee es ees 7

Veta See nt Base of siphon’, fs YP Oe OTe ne” are Culiseta (p. 98)

Seta 1-S well distad from base of siphon. ........+.s4-s++s-ee- 6

. Seta 6-C with a single main and one or a few much finer branches.

Heizmannia (p. 247)

Seta 6-C single, or with equal branches, or fan-shaped. . Aedes (p. 253)

. Abdominal segment VIII with a large sclerotized plate bearing comb

scales of different types; cardo free from cranium; a single stipital

SOMSOe a ee get Aether Aare pee Orthopodomyia (p. 107)

Abdominal segment VIII without sclerotized plate; comb scales of a

single type; cardo completely fused with cranium along its entire

basal margin; twin stipital sensoria. ....... Armigeres (p. 445)

90 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

2. GENUS MIMOMYIA THEOBALD

Mimomyia Theobald, 1903: 304. Type-species: Mi. splendens Theobald,

1903, Africa; Mattingly, 1971: 1 (resurrection to genus).

Small to medium-sized mosquitoes, often beautifully ornamented by scales

and integumental patches. Larvae characterized by segmented antennae.

FEMALE. Head. Eyes contiguous or separated above. Scaling of vertex

variable. Antenna as long as or longer than proboscis; flagellomere 1 1.0-1.95

of Flm 2 (subgenera Etorleptiomyia and Ravenalites) or 1.5-3.0 (subgenus

Mimomyia). Palpus less than 0.33 of proboscis. Proboscis longer than fore-

femur, with apex scarcely to distinctly swollen. Thovax. Anterior pronotal

lobe well separated; both pronotal lobes usually with broad scales, occasionally

anterior lobe with some narrow scales; posterior pronotal bristles along pos-

terior margin, less than 10 (Mimomyia and Etorleptiomyia) or 10 or more

(Ravenalites). Scutum strongly arched, scales mostly narrow; acrostichal

bristles present or absent, other scutal bristles developed. Scutellar scales

variable, all narrow (Mimomyia), or all or mostly broad (Etorleptiomyia and

Ravenalites). Postnotum bare. Paratergite narrow, unscaled. Pleura with

scale patches on propleuron, postspiracular area, sternopleuron and mesepi-

meron; propleural, sternopleural and prealar bristles present; spiracular,

postspiracular and lower mesepimeral bristles absent; upper mesepimeral

bristles usually confined to upper area, occasionally some fine bristles scat-

tered on lower area. Base of mesomeron well above that of hindcoxa. Wing.

Squama fringed with hair-like scales (Mimomyia and Etorleptiomyia) or with

broad scales (Ravenalites); alula bare (Mimomyia) or with broad scales

(Etorleptiomyia and Ravenalites). Basal remigial bristles absent. Veins with

very broad scales, occasionally nearly bare apically (Mimomyia). Cell Ro

shorter to longer than vein ro ,9, usually shorter in Mimomyia, much longer in

Etorleptiomyia and Ravenalites. Legs. Pulvilli undeveloped. Claws equal

and simple. Abdomen. Blunt tipped; tergum I hirsute, extensively scaled;

laterotergite unscaled. Seminal capsules one or 3.

MALE. Antenna strongly plumose; flagellomere 12 and Flm 13 elongate.

Palpus 4-segmented, as long as or longer than proboscis and with apex hairy

(Mimomyia), or shorter than proboscis and with apex not hairy (Etoleptiomyia

and Ravenalites). Proboscis apically swollen. Foretarsomere 4 a little

shortened, about 3 times as long as wide; 5 longer than 4, moderately modified,

with 2 pairs of short curved setae on top of ventrobasal swelling and one pair

of stiff lateral setae; midtarsomere 5 not modified, as long as or a little

shorter than 4. Anterior claw of fore- and midtarsi enlarged, with a sharp

laterobasal tooth; posterior claw short and simple; both claws of hindtarsus

equal and simple. Genitalia. Tergum IX poorly sclerotized, with lobe single

or paired, bristled. Sternum IX semicircular, without bristles. Basistyle

scaled, with claspette (basal lobe) bearing thick setae, without mesal membrane

and apical lobe. Dististyle simple, with terminal claw. Cercal seta present;

paraproct with a few sclerotized apical teeth. Aedeagus poorly sclerotized,

paired, simple.

LARVA. Head. Distinctly wider than long; ventral side of head capsule

very short; seta 2-C absent; 4-7-C at about level of antenna; 11-C very long.

Posterior tentorial pit close to collar; hypostomal suture usually absent.

Antenna long, with membranous ring just distad of 2,3-A (appearing segmented);

1-A well developed, branched; 2,3-A removed from apex; 2-4-A single

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 91

(Mimomyia, Etorleptiomyia) or branched (Ravenalites). Mouth brush of

numerous fine hairs. Mandible. Microspines of dorsolateral surface long.

Mandibular spurs 4 (Mimomyia, after Knight 1971) or 5 (Etorleptiomyia).

_ Mandibular brush well developed; mandibular comb rather reduced. Cutting

organ with 2 dorsal teeth; ventral tooth with lateral denticle VT-4; 2 ventral

blades, VB1 far extending beyond apex of VTg; pectinate brush developed.

Membranous process protrudent, with usual 5 hair groups. Mandibular

hairs divided into 2 groups, hairs of distal group irregularly spaced, those

of proximal group closely spaced. Maxilla. Studied in detail only in Mi. (Eto.)

luzonensis (Ludlow). Cardo free; mesostipes longer than wide, without spine-

like strong spicules; 2 stipital sensoria, distad of middle; dorsal stipital seta

2-Mx short; ventral stipital seta 4-Mx longer. Maxillary brush with very long

hairs. Parartis without sclerotized protrusion. Pseudoartis undeveloped.

Lacinia occupying mesal half of dorsal surface of mesostipes; proximal lacinial

seta 5-Mx at about middle, proximad of level of stipital sensoria; distal

lacinial seta 6-Mx simple. Palpostipes short; lateral stipital seta 3-Mx

present; apex with ampulla and 5 palpal sensoria. Mentum plate triangular.

Thovax. Setae 1-3-P without basal callus; 12-P strong, much longer than 9,

10-P; 13-P absent; basal calli of 9-12-M, T very large, each with a prominent

spine; 7-T with basal callus. Abdomen. Setae 6-I-VI and 7-I strong; 12-I

present; 4-III-VI mesad of respective setae 1. Comb scales in a single row or

a patch. Siphon usually markedly narrowed apically, with acus free or attached;

pecten absent or greatly reduced, of at most 4 teeth; 1-S of a single pair of sub-

ventral setae, inserted at not less than basal 0.25 of siphon; 2-S apical, some-

times branched. Saddle complete, with apical margin spiculate; 4-X of 4-8

hairs; grid poorly developed.

DISTRIBUTION. Oriental region, Papuan subregion, Solomon Is.,

Northern Australia, Ethiopian region (except for Malagasy subregion).

Two species of the subgenus Etorleptiomyia occur in the Ryukyu Archi-

pelago.

SUBGENUS ETORLEPTIOMYIA THEOBALD

Etorleptiomyia Theobald, 1904a: 71. Type species: Eto. mediolineata

Theobald, 1904a, Tropical Africa.

The subgeneric characteristics are given in the description of the genus.

DISTRIBUTION. Same as that of the genus.

KEYS TO SPECIES OF MIMOMYIA (ETORLEPTIOMYIA)

FEMALE ADULT

Acrostichal bristles present; abdominal terga with a dark longitudinal

median band through IT-VIII. .... 3 se as luzonensis (p. 92)

Acrostichal bristles absent; abdominal terga each with pale mediobasal,

lateral and laterobasal patches. .... .. 8... elegans (p. 95)

92 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

MALE GENITALIA

Aedeagus weakly broadened in apical half, about 1.5 as long as wide.

luzonensis (p. 92)

Aedeagus more strongly broadened in apical half, about 1.2 as long as

PC a RE RE AIST” SRA Ane ee A, aegis elegans (p. 95)

LARVA

Seta 1-C trifid; comb scales in a single row, with apical spine distinctly

larger. than, lateral Soieules. (..4 cies st + luzonensis (p. 92)

Seta 1-C simple; comb scales in a double row, more or less uniformly

fringed with spicules (after Mattingly 1957a). ... elegans (p. 95)

14. MIMOMYIA (ETORLEPTIOMYIA) LUZ ONENSIS (LUDLOW)

(Figs. 23, 24, 171; Table 52)

O'Reillia luzonensis Ludlow, 1905a: 101 (¢). Type-locality: Bayambang, Luzon,

Philippines.

Ficalbia (Etorleptiomyia) luzonensis: Bohart and Ingram, 1946b: 60, Okinawa

Is., Ryukyu Archipelago.

Descriptions based on specimens from Ryukyu Archipelago and Taiwan.

FEMALE (Fig. 171). Wing length 2.2-2.9 mm. Head. Vertex covered

with narrow white curved scales in middle and broad dark scales on both

sides; tempus covered with white or gray scales, an indistinct patch of

rather dark scales close to eye; erect forked scales large, covering posterior

half of vertex; median scales each with broad pale apex and narrow brownish

base; lateral scales dark; 5-7 vertical and 3 temporal bristles on each side.

Clypeus dark brown. Antennae about as long as proboscis; pedicel deep brown,

roughly covered with white moderately broad scales; flagellomere 1 about 1.33

of Flm 2, with white moderately broad scales. Palpus about 0.17 of proboscis,

clothed with very dark scales, apex white scaled, a few white scales scattered

elsewhere. Proboscis longer than forefemur, somewhat swollen on apical 0.2,

clothed with very dark scales at about basal 0.2 and at extreme tip, otherwise

clothed with pale yellowish scales and speckled with dark scales, with 4 ven-

trobasal bristles. Thorax. Integument of pronotal lobes dark brown; anterior

lobe with white broad scales, bearing more than 10 bristles; posterior lobe

largely covered with anterodorsal dark broad scales and posteroventral white

scales, bearing 3-5 dark bristles. Scutal integument dark brown, covered with

whitish and pitchy brown scales, the whitish scales forming a very wide anteri-

or median stripe and a pair of rather ill-defined ocellate patches just behind

scutal suture; white scales also present along humeral margin, on prefossal

portion and prescutellar area; a group of large dark upright scales on supra-

alar area; all scutal bristles developed, 1-3 posterior fossal bristles just

behind level of scutal angle. Scutellum mostly covered with white broad

scales, afew dark broad scales on each lateral lobe and many at base of

median lobe; 4-6 black stout scutellar bristles, a few small yellowish ones

often present. Pleural integument dark brown on post- and subspiracular

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 93

areas and greater anterior part of sternopleuron, pale dirty yellow in posterior

margin of sternopleuron and mesepimeron; patches of broad white scales on pro-

pleuron, postspiracular area, upper sternopleuron, lower posterior sterno-

pleuron and upper mesepimeron; pleural bristles rather few, 4-5 (4) propleurals,

3-7 (4) prealars, 6-10 (5) sternopleurals and several upper mesepimerals.

Wing. Alula with pale brown scales. Veins mottled with dark and pale scales,

most scales very broad, many asymmetrical; cell Ro 5 times length of vein

r9+3- Halter with dark scaled knob. Legs. Forecoxa pale scaled and mottled

with dark scales; midcoxa dark scaled and speckled with pale scales; hindcoxa

usually only with dark scales. Forefemur with anterior surface and apical 0.33

dark scaled and speckled with pale scales, remainder pale scaled; mid- and

hindfemora dark scaled at apex and on anterior surface and speckled with pale

scales, remainder pale scaled. Tibiae speckled with dark and pale scales,

pale scales predominant posteroventrally. Tarsi clothed with pale yellowish

scales; tarsomere 1 speckled with dark scales and having a dark subapical

band, 2 with dark narrow subbasal and subapical bands, 3-9 each with a dark

broad, usually incomplete median band, underside of tarsomeres pale scaled.

Abdomen. Tergum I covered with pale broad scales, with a pair of latero-

posterior ill-defined patches of dark scales; II- VIII with a continuous median

broad line of dark scales, pale scaled and speckled with dark scales on both

sides, dark scales predominant on laterobasal and lateral margins. Sterna

mainly pale scaled and speckled with dark scales. Seminal capsule single.

MALE (Figs. 24, 171). Wing length 2.5mm. Palpus 0.8 of proboscis,

clothed with pale yellowish scales and speckled with dark scales; 2 and 3 very

long; 4 (apical segment) short, dark scaled, with 5-6 subapical setae, apex

rounded and fringed with white scales. Proboscis considerably swollen on

apical 0. 40-0. 44 and speckled with dark and pale scales, dark scaled at base,

otherwise clothed with pale yellowish scales. Hindtarsomere 1 0.90-0.96 (2)

of tibia. Genitalia. Tergum IX with lobes well protrudent and separated, each

bearing 3-6 fairly long bristles. Basistyle subcylindrical, 2.5-2.8 times as

long as wide, bristled over entire surface, laterally scaled and ventrally;

claspette conical, poorly sclerotized, bearing 2 stout setae and more than 10

bristles. Dististyle gently arcuate, swollen at base, about 0.6 length of

basistyle; claw short and stout. Paraproct strongly sclerotized at apex and

usually with 3 teeth, lateral teeth directed lateroapically, median tooth largest,

recurved; 3-5 cercal setae. Aedeagus poorly sclerotized, fairly large, 1.43-

1.62 (4) as long as wide, constricted at middle, open tergally and sternally,

apparently with only membraneous connections at apex and base; tergal orifice

wide at base and narrowed toward apex; sternal orifice rather wide at base,

nearly closed at middle (sometimes both edges overlapping), then widened

again toward apex.

LARVA (Fig. 23). Head. Width 0.86-0.97 mm; brownish yellow, 1.24-

1.40 times as wide as long, seta 1-C stout, with a short lateral branch on

each side near base; 4-C cephalad of 7-C, substellate, the branches noticeably

unequal, occasionally with 1 or 2 barbs; 5, 6-C longer than cranium, 6-C a little

longer than, well laterad and a little cephalad of 5-C, caudad to level of 7-C;

7-C usually a little caudad of a line drawn through 5,6-C; 11-C usually triple,

about as long as, or longer than cranium; 14-C well caudad of anterior margin

of cranium, almost directly mesad of 12-C. Antenna 0.53-0.61 mm long,

slightly bowed, pale except for some light basal pigmentation, bearing numerous

large spicules on lateral, dorsal and ventral aspects of proximal part, and a

few on lateral aspect of distal part, portion proximad of 2,3-A about 4.5 times

length of distal articulated portion; 1-A 8-12 branched, barbed, a little shorter

94 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

than shaft, inserted at basal 0. 46-0.55 (x = 0.50); 2,3-A subequal, about 0.75

of shaft length; 4-A a little shorter. Mandible (1 dissected specimen) with a

patch of long, needle-like microspines confined to the proximal portion of the

lateral aspect; MdS 1 longest, dark yellow; MdS9 multiple, pale, about 0.5

length of MdS;; MdSg very short, yellowish; MdS 4 about 0.75 length of MdSj,

pale yellow; MdS5 a little shorter than MdS9, pale yellow, fairly broad,

coarsely pectinate on mesal margin. Cutting organ with simple dorsal teeth,

the lateral tooth very small, the mesal tooth as large as VTQ; a bicuspid

denticle immediately mesad of it; ventral tooth with VT-4 spiniform, nearly

attaining tip of VT0Q; VIo9 subacute, deeply emarginate at base, VT 1-3 subequal,

weakly sclerotized, very pale, elongate-triangular, VT, blunter than the others;

VB, finely pectinate on caudal margin; pectinate brush of about 6-8 bilaterally

pectinate hairs, the most proximal one somewhat reduced. Piliferous process

moderately protrudent, labula not extending beyond apex of anterior part, with

a basal flap or lobe-like structure. Mandibular hairs (4-6) + (8-11), 14-15 in

total. Maxilla (a single dissected specimen). Cardo with 1-Mx 2-4 branched.

Mesostipes 1.4-1.5 times as long as wide, the mesal margin with a row of

several rather stiff medial spicules and several rather thick basal unilaterally

pectinate spicules; stipital sensoria on distal 0.33; 2-Mx near apex; 4-Mx

moderately pigmented, longer and much stouter than 2-Mx. Maxillary brush

consisting of a dorsal row of slender hairs and a lateroventral group of strongly

barbed shorter hairs, several most distal dorsal hairs very long, rather

broadened, sparsely and finely barbed. Lacinia with 5-Mx at about middle,

6-Mx short. Palpostipes excluding lateral artis less than 0.5 as long as

mesostipes, apically narrowed, with lateroventral longitudinal unsclerotized

band from near base to apex, 3-Mx on basal 0.33 of dorsolateral aspect; apex

with ampulla and 5 palpal sensoria, S3 > Sj 7 Sg = S4 =Ss5 in length, S3_5

mesally close together on apex. Mentum plate with 21-22 teeth, the apical

tooth subacute, 2.5 times as broad as closest flanking teeth. Aulaeum without

median tooth. Thovax. Setae 1-3-P nearly tandem, 1-P a little shorter than

cranium, strongly barbed on basal 0.33, 2-P smooth, 3-P lightly barbed; 4-P

occasionally lightly barbed; 5, 7-P usually triple, 7-P noticeably larger than

o-P; 12-P about 1.5 times length of cranium, lightly barbed; 6-M usually

triple; 5-T sometimes lightly barbed; 7-T 1.5 times length of cranium; 12-T

often basally single, then apically splitting into 2 or more branches. Abdomen.

Setae 1, 2-I usually double, 2-I rarely lightly barbed; 6-I, II usually 5 branched,

6-III-VI usually double; 7-II relatively small, but with a few strong barbs; 9,

12-II usually double; 1-III-VI usually 4 branched, lightly barbed, branches of

1, 3-VII usually greatly unequal; 12-VII shorter than 7-VII; 1-VIII usually

triple, one branch usually much smaller than the others, barbing variable;

2,4-VIII usually double, slender; 3-VIII usually 5 branched, strongly barbed;

o0-VIII usually 4 branched and smooth. Comb scales 8-15 in a single somewhat

sinuate row, individual scales elongate, with a rather weak apical spine, later-

ally fringed, with fairly large spicules, the apical spine distinctly larger than

the lateral spicules. Siphon yellowish to yellow-brown, with a narrow dark

basal ring, indistinctly darker on apical 0.33, with acus free, slightly to mod-

erately curved, a little constricted near base, inflated to greater than basal

diameter at about basal 0.33, then tapering gradually, apical diameter about

0.33 of maximal diameter; pecten absent; length 1.04-1.29 mm, index 4. 78-

6.15 (x = 5.68); microsculpture of fish scale-like imbrication, becoming

fainter distad; 1-S inserted at basal 0.27-0.37 (x = 0.32), 1.9-2.6 times

diameter at insertion in Okinawa specimens (1.7-2.1 times siphon diameter

at insertion in Taiwan specimens as they tend to have slightly more inflated

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 95

siphons); 2-S short, stout, bifurcate, apices acute. Saddle 0.27-0.32 mm long,

with numerous laterodorsal spicules except on median dorsal line, becoming

strong and spinelike on caudal aspect, largest between bases of 1, 3-X; 1-X

about 3 times saddle length, 2-X usually 4 branched, branches progressively

longer ventrad (shortest branch 1.5-2.0 of saddle length, longest branch 3.5-

4.0 of saddle length): 3-X usually triple, a little longer than 2-X, branches

progressively longer ventrad; 4-X of 6-8 cratal hairs, the caudalmost 2

usually double, remainder single, up to 5 times saddle length. Anal gills fusi-

form, 0.67-0.88 length of saddle, ventral gill usually slightly longer than dorsal

gill. i

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO. 3c, 42, 5 L: Okinawa

Gunto (J-1624, J-1625, J-2150, J-2151, J-2152, J-2307). TAIWAN. 9, 108,

6 L (50, 52: Neihu, Taipei Hsien, 22 XI 1973, ground pool, Lien; 20, 39, 6 L:

Neihu, Taipei Hsien, 1 XII 1973, blocked stream, Lien and Mizusawa; 2%, 29:

Taiwan mainland).

DISTRIBUTION. RUYKYU ARCHIPELAGO (Amami, Okinawa and

Yaeyama Gunto). ORIENTAL REGION.

BIONOMICS. Apparently not common. Adults are attracted to light. Lar-

vae were obtained in ground pools. In the Philippines, they have also been

reported from ponds, carabao wallows and rice fields by Dowell, Libay

and Baisas (1965). Basio, White and Reisen (1970) noted an apparent preference

for open field-type pools containing decayed rice plants and green algae. This

species is of no medical importance.

15. MIMOMYIA (ETORLEPTIOMYIA) ELEGANS (TAYLOR)

(SENSU MATTINGLY, 1957a)

(Figs. 24, 172)

Dixomyia elegans Taylor, 1914: 703 (2). Type-locality: Townsville,

Queensland, Australia.

Ficalbia (Etorleptiomyia) elegans: Mattingly, 1957a: 46; Tanaka, Saugstad

and Mizusawa, 1973: 284, Ishigaki and Iriomote Is., Ryukyu Archipelago.

FEMALE (Fig. 172) (description based on 4 specimens). Wing length 3.0-3.3

mm. Head, Eyes narrowly separated above; interocular space covered with

pale yellowish brown, narrow curved scales; vertex covered with pale yellow-

ish brown, narrow or crescent-shaped scales and concolorous long erect

forked scales in middle; sides of vertex covered with dark broad scales and

posteriorly with dark erect forked scales; tempus covered with dark broad

_ scales, with a patch of pale yellowish brown broad scales close to eye; 5-7

dark vertical bristles including 2 on interocular space and 2-3 dark temporal

bristles on each side. Clypeus dark brown. Antenna: pedicel brown, infuscate

above, covered with pale yellowish brown broad scales, bearing small mesal

hairs; flagellum 1.2 of proboscis; flagellomere 1 pale in basal half, dark other-

wise, with broad pale scales on mesal side of basal half, 1.3 length of Flm 2.

Palpus 0.25 of proboscis, dark scaled with pale apical fringe. Proboscis 1.2 of

forefemur, a little swollen in apical 0.2; basal 0.25 and apical swollen part

dark scaled, intervening area clothed with pale yellowish brown scales, with

scattered dark dorsal scales. Thovax. Anterior pronotal lobe with integu-

ment dark brown in upper 0.67 and lower margin, pale in lower 0.33, covered

with dark erect broad scales on dark area and pale erect broad scales on pale

area, bearing more than 10 bristles which are dark on dark area and pale on

IO Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

pale area; posterior pronotal lobe with integument dark brown, covered with

broad dark scales intermixed with a few broad pale scales, bearing 5-7 brown

bristles. Scutal integument dark brown, covered with yellowish brown and

dark narrow or crescent-shaped scales; the yellowish brown scales forming a

wide median stripe extending posteriorly along posterior dorsocentral lines

and laterally behind fossal area on both sides; an irregular ill-defined stripe

of yellowish brown scales along or near side margin from apex to scutal angle

on each side; supraalar area above paratergite covered with white crescent-

shaped scales, the scales on posterior part very long, erect and outstanding;

posterior supraalar area with outstanding dark erect long scales; prescutellar

space covered with dark scales intermixed with pale yellowish brown ones;

acrostichal bristles absent except for 2 brownish apical pairs; other scutal

bristles developed, blackish brown except pale brown antealars; 3-4 humerals,

2-3 angulars, a short row of bristles on posterior fossal area close to anteri-

or dorsocentral series. Scutellum with integument paler than scutum; each

lobe covered with dark broad basal scales and pale apical ones, sometimes

pale scales reaching base on median lobe, each lobe bearing 9-9 dark bristles

of various sizes, 4 bristles on each lateral lobe and 7 on median lobe large.

Pleural integument pale brown, with a conspicuous very dark brown patch

occupying anterior half of postspiracular area and uppermost part of sub-

spiracular area; a dark brown smaller patch just below anterior angle of

sternopleuron and a small brown patch on posterior margin on level of the

anterior patch; upper margin of sternopleuron, upper and lower mesepimeron

slightly infuscate; lower end of sternopleuron and lower half of mesepimeron

becoming dark; patches of broad pale scales on propleuron, posterior post-

spiracular area, upper sternopleuron above dark integumental patches, lower

sternopleuron below posterior integumental patch, and on upper mesepimeron;

pleural bristles yellowish brown or pale brown except for a few dark long

bristles in the dark patch of posterior margin of sternopleuron; 5-6 propleurals,

3-4 of them long; 4-5 prealars, more than 10 sternopleurals along upper to

posterior margin, 9-15 upper mesepimerals. Wing. Alula with pale and

dark broad scales. Veins dark scaled and speckled with pale scales. Cell

Ry 5.19-5. 26 (2) of vein r94+3. Halter with dark scaled knob. Legs. Fore-

and hindcoxae pale, midcoxa dark brown, each covered with broad scales on

anteriolateral surface; scales of forecoxa pale in upper half and dark in lower

half, scales of midcoxa all dark, those of hindcoxa dark in upper half and pale

in lower half. Forefemur pale scaled in basal 0.25, mottled with dark and

pale scales otherwise on anterior surface, with apical pale fringe, posterior

surface mainly pale scaled, with narrow apical dark area; midfemur dark

scaled, with scattered pale scales on anterior surface, posterior surface

mainly pale scaled, with apical 0.25 dark scaled and intermixed with pale

scales; hindfemur dark scaled on anterior surface, pale scaled on basal

0. 80-0. 84 of posterior surface. Tibiae dark scaled, speckled with pale

scales, with pale apical fringe. Tarsi dark scaled, tarsomeres 1-4 with

both basal and apical pale bands, 5 usually with pale basal band, sometimes

obsolete, 1 with scattered pale scales in median dark area, pale scales some-

times forming an incomplete band at middle. Hindtarsomere 1 0. 84-0. 85 (3)

of tibia. Abdomen. Tergum I medially pale scaled and laterally dark

scaled; II- VII dark scaled, each with a pair of laterobasal spots, a pair of

ill-defined lateromedian patches and a mediobasal patch of pale scales, the

lattermost spot becoming smaller toward posterior segments and faded away on

VI and/or VU; the laterobasal spots larger on VII; VIII dark scaled and with

laterobasal spots. Sterna pale scaled, each sternum with laterobasal and

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 97

medioapical small spots of dark scales. Seminal capsule single; postgenital

plate broadened apically, deeply concave at middle of apex.

MALE (Figs. 24, 172) (description based on 1 specimen). Wing length 3.1

mm. Antenna as long as proboscis; flagellomere 12 slightly shorter than Flm

13, both longer than Flm 1-11. Palpus 0.8 of proboscis, dark scaled from

base of segment 2, length of the dark-scaled area equal to basal dark area of

proboscis, palpus otherwise pale scaled with 2 bands of dark scales at joint of

3 and 4 and at swollen apex of 4, the latter very dark, dark scales scattered

on pale area especially on dorsal surface; 5 very short, pale scaled. Pro-

boscis considerably swollen in apical 0.33, dark scaled in basal 0.2, witha

distinct pale band just proximal to swollen part, intervening part pale scaled

with scattered dark scales forming an incomplete band just proximal to the

pale band; apical swollen part clothed with dark scales and with scattered pale

scales. Cell Ro 3.55 of vein r9,3. Abdominal terga with pale scales more

diffused than infemale. Genitalia. Tergum IX with lobes distinctly produced

and rather narrowly separated, each bearing 7-10 bristles. Basistyle sub-

cylindrical, about twice as long as wide, covered with moderately long bristles

over entire surface, scaled throughout except mesal half of tergal surface;

claspette rather long, moderately protrudent, more strongly sclerotized than

other part of basistyle, bearing 3 stout setae and less than 10 bristles. Disti-

style 0.6 length of basistyle, slender, gently arcuate, broadened at base; claw

0.1 of dististyle, spatuliform. Cercal setae 3; paraproct moderately sclero-

tized, with 3 strongly sclerotized acute teeth at apex, most mesal tooth largest.

Aedeagus poorly sclerotized, 1.21 times as long as wide, bulbous, tergal side

widely open, the opening apparently constricted at apical 0.4; sternal side nar-

rowly open.

LARVA. Specimens from this region not available.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO. 1°: Okinawa Gunto

(J-1779). 10, 39: Yaeyama Gunto (K-1401, K-1402, K-1417).

DISTRIBUTION. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO (Okinawa and Yaeyama Gunté).

PHILIPPINES. MALAYA. THAILAND. SUMATRA. NEW GUINEA.

BISMARCK ARCHIPELAGO. SOLOMON ISLANDS. AUSTRALIA.

TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION. Belkin (1962) stated that typical elegans from

Queensland, Australia, was markedly different from specimens seen from all

other areas including Southeast Asia. He described 2 species from the elegans

complex of the South Pacific. We concur that the species of Southeast Asia

may be different from both typical elegans and also species of the South Pacific,

however, no other name is available for the species of this area. Hence, we

follow Mattingly (1957a) in using the taxon elegans. Ryukyuan specimens appear

to have the patterns of pale scales on the scutum and abdomen more developed

than in those of the other areas (Tanaka, Saugstad and Mizusawa 1975).

BIONOMICS. Mimomyia elegans is apparently very rare in this region.

Kamimura (1976b) obtained larvae of this species in a ground pool on Iriomote

Island. One female was obtained in a light trap.

98 | Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

3. GENUS CULISETA FELT

Culiseta Felt, 1904: 391c. Type-species: Culex absobrinus Felt, 1904;

United States.

Medium-sized to large mosquitoes; larvae with seta 1-S at base of siphon.

FEMALE. Head. Eyes contiguous or narrowly separated above and below.

Vertex with decumbent scales all narrow; erect scales numerous, covering

almost entire vertex, occasionally excepting anterior part; rather many ver-

tical bristles and several temporals on each side. Antenna shorter than

proboscis; flagellomere 1 1.1-1.5 of Flm 2. Palpus less than 0.33 of pro-

boscis; minute 4 present. Proboscis as long as or longer than forefemur.

Thorax. Anterior pronotal lobes widely separated, scaled and bristled;

posterior pronotal lobe with bristles near posterior margin, often scaled.

Scutum with narrow scales only; all scutal bristles present, rather short,

occasionally middle of fossal area lacking bristles. Scutellum usually with

narrow scales only, rarely with broad scales. Postnotum bare. Paratergite

narrow, scaled or bare. Pleura with scale patches variable, metameron

sometimes scaled; propleuron, spiracular area, upper to posterior sterno-

pleuron and upper mesepimeron with bristles; postspiracular area without

bristles or with a few fine bristles close to paratergite; 2 or more lower

mesepimeral bristles usually near anterior margin in middle. Base of meso-

meron well above that of hindcoxa. Wing. Often with dark pattern of scales

and infuscation of membrane. Squama and alula fringed with hair-like scales.

Base of vein sc with many bristles at base ventrally; remigium with a few

dorsal bristles; cell Ro longer than vein r9,9; lasomewhat sinuous. Legs.

Fore- and midtarsomere 9 as long as or a little longer than 4; hindtarsomere

1 shorter than tibia. Pulvilli undeveloped. Claws equal and simple. Abdo-

men, Tergum I hirsute; laterotergite unscaled. Seminal capsules 3, equal.

MALE. Antenna strongly plumose, distinctly shorter than proboscis;

flagellomeres 12 and 13 elongate. Palpus at least as long as proboscis; apical

2 segments not shortened, with or without long bristles. Proboscis longer

than forefemur. Fore- and midtarsomere 4 shortened; fore- and midtarso-

mere 5, much longer than 4, modified, with several stout setae on ventrobasal

swelling, setiferous midventral process developed in foretarsomere 5, not

developed in midtarsomere 5. Anterior claw of fore- and midtarsi enlarged,

with blunt-tipped median and laterobasal teeth, posterior claw with a subbasal

tooth; both claws of hindtarsus equal and simple. Genitalia. Tergum VIII with

median caudal lobe bristled, the bristles occasionally modified. Tergum IX

with lobes barely to distinctly protrudent, bristled. Sternum IX with or without

bristles. Basistyle long, usually unscaled, with mesal surface completely

sclerotized; claspette (basal mesal lobe) short, usually with a few strong

setae together with many fine bristles. Dististyle simple, with terminal claw.

Cercal setae present; paraproct with strongly sclerotized apical tooth (teeth).

Aedeagus rather simple, cylindrical or conical, usually with a wide tergo-

basal opening and a narrow median sternal slit.

LARVA. Head. Distinctly wider than long; seta 2-C absent; 5, 6-C

posteriad of 7-C. Antenna variable in length, spiculate; 1-A branched, vari-

able in position; 2-6-A variable in development and position. Mandible with a

group of simple microspines dorsolaterally near base. Mandibular spurs 5,

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 99

MdS, longest; MdS5 multiple, slender; MdSg 4 similar to MdS but shorter;

MdSs5 short. Mandibular brush well developéd; mandibular comb variable.

Cutting organ with a single dorsal spine; 2 dorsal teeth, lateral tooth smaller;

ventral tooth with 1-3 lateral (VT-1, 2,4) and 3 mesal (VTj_3) denticles; ven-

tral blade extending beyond apex of VTo, mesally pectinate; pectinate brush

well developed. Piliferous process well protrudent, distinctly apically cleft,

with 3-5 hair groups; labula not extending beyond apex of anterior part. Man-

dibular hairs divided into 2 groups. Maxilla. Cardo triangular, mediobasally

fused with cranium. Mesostipes variable; stipital sensoria twinned; parartis

without strongly sclerotized protrusion, articulating with a sclerotized rod of

paracoila; pseudoartis undeveloped. Palpostipes variable in size, with or

without lateral stipital seta 3-Mx; apex with ampulla and 5 palpal sensoria.

Mentum plate triangular; aulaeum with or without median tooth. Thorax.

Setae 1-3-P on a common callus; 13-P absent. Abdomen. Setae 6-I-VI and

often 7-I strong, 6-I,II more or less differentiated from 6-III-VI; 12-I present;

13-II, VI and often 4-I, 6-VII and some of setae 7 dendritic; 1-III-VII and

13-III-VI often more or less developed. Comb scales present. Siphon with

acus and pecten; 1-S at or near base of siphon, accessory subventral and sub-

dorsal setae occasionally present. Saddle complete; 2-X multibranched; 3-X

single or branched; 4-X of 10 or more cratal hairs, precratal hairs present.

DISTRIBUTION. Worldwide.

Seven subgenera have been recognized; 3 of them were raised to full gener-

ic status by Maslov (1967), but Dobrotworsky (1971) still treated them as sub-

genera. We have just 2 groups in our region, Culicella and Culiseta; both are

definitely subgenera of Culiseta and only well defined by larval characters.

KEY TO SUBGENERA OF THE GENUS CULISETA

LARVA

Antenna nearly length of head; seta 1-A inserted in apical 0.4 of shaft;

siphon without a row of simple hairs distad of pecten.

Culicella (p. 100)

Antenna about 0.5 length of head; seta 1-A inserted in basal half of

shaft; siphon with a row of simple hairs distad of pecten.

Culiseta (p. 103)

KEYS TO SPECIES OF THE GENUS CULISETA

FEMALE ADULT

Yellowish species; abdomen uniformly yellow scaled; tarsi pale banded.

nipponica (p. 100)

Dark species; abdominal terga dark scaled, with pale basal bands; tarsi.

incaiied. . oe ee ee ake kanayamensis (p. 104)

100 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

MALE GENITALIA

Aedeagus roughly square, only slightly constricted at apical 0.4, apex

more strongly sclerotized than remainder. ... nipponica (p. 100)

Aedeagus roughly triangular, broadest near base, strongly constricted

at basal 0.25, tapering from middle toward apex, which is as well

sclerotized as remainder. .......... kanayamensis (p. 104)

LARVA

Antenna nearly length of head; seta 1-A inserted at apical 0.33 of

shaft; aulaeum with a triangular sclerotized apical tooth; siphon

without a row of simple hairs distad of pecten. . nipponica (p. 100)

Antenna about 0.5 length of head; seta 1-A inserted at basal 0.4 of

shaft; aulaeum without apical tooth; siphon with a row of simple

hairs immediately distad of pecten...... kanayamensis (p. 104)

SUBGENUS CULICELLA FELT

Culicella Felt, 1904: 391c. Type-species: Culex dyavi Coquillett, 1902;

United States.

FEMALE. Spiracular bristles many (scanty in Australian species). Wing

membrane without distinct spots; bristles on underside of base of subcosta

usually numerous (scanty in Australian species); vein m-cu distinctly proximad

of r-m. Tarsi pale banded.

MALE. Palpus as long as or longer than proboscis, segments 4,5 and

apex of 3 hairy. Tergum IX without protrudent lobes; basistyle without sub-—

apical lobe or subapical patch of hairs.

LARVA. Head broad; antenna about as long as head; seta 1-A inserted

distad of middle, well developed; 2,3-A long, removed from apex. Mouth

brush well developed. Mandible: mandibular comb of more than 10 spiculate

prominences, each prominence with a single long filamentous spicule.

Maxilla of filter-feeding type. Mesostipes distinctly longer than wide, without

strong spine-like spicules; hairs of maxillary brush very long and slender.

Lacinia with all spicules slender. Palpostipes very short, less than half as

long as mesostipes. Aulaeum with median tooth. Abdomen. Comb scales

numerous in a patch. Siphon long; pecten of spine-like teeth only, without

simple hairs distally; 1-S at base of siphon, no accessory setae. Seta 3-X

branched; 4-X with precratal hairs on saddle.

DISTRIBUTION. Holarctic and Australian regions. The subgenus is

represented by a single species in this region.

16. CULISETA (CULICELLA) NIPPONICA LACASSE AND YAMAGUTI

(Figs. 25, 26, 173; Table 53)

Theobaldia (Culicella) sp.: Shogaki, 1950: 3, Akan-kohan, Hokkaido, Japan.

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 101

Culiseta (Culicella) nipponica LaCasse and Yamaguti, 1950: 84 (L). Type-

locality: Lake Akan, Hokkaido, Japan; Stone, 1961: 44, Korea.

FEMALE (Fig. 173). Wing length 5.1-5.7 mm. Head. Eyes contiguous

above and below. Vertex covered with pale golden yellow narrow curved scales

and dark long erect forked scales, several erect scales also on upper tempus,

a small group of dark hair-like scales close to eye margin on each side near

middle; tempus covered with pale rather narrow scales; 7-10 vertical and

several temporal dark bristles on each side. Clypeus brown. Antenna:

pedicel brown, with dark small bristles on mesal surface; flagellomere 1 1. 48

(1) of Flm 2, with a few brownish scales on mesal side. Palpus brown in

middle, infuscate at apex and base, 0.25 length of proboscis, bearing many

dark bristles especially on 2; segment 3 2.32 (1) of 2; 4 very small. Proboscis

light brown in basal 0.75, dark in apical 0.25, about as long as forefemur.

Thorax. Anterior pronotal lobe yellowish brown, with bronzy dark narrow

curved scales and many dark bristles; posterior pronotal lobe yellowish brown,

covered with bronzy dark hair-like curved scales and bearing 7-9 dark bristles

along posterior margin. Scutum with integument mostly dark brown, light

brown in a pair of submedian longitudinal lines, lines along scutal suture and

in supraalar and prescutellar areas, covered with bronzy dark narrow curved

scales except on submedian lines, scutal suture, prescutellar space, and

posterior part of supraalar area where the integument is bare; scales on supra-

alar margins and on margin of prescutellar space paler; scutal bristles dark

bronzy. Scutellum roughly covered with pale golden yellow narrow curved

scales and bearing 8-10 bronzy dark or bronzy brown long bristles on each

lobe, lateral lobes with 1-3 small additional bristles. Pleural integument

yellowish brown; propleuron with pale golden yellow narrow or rather narrow

scales; subspiracular area bare; pale golden yellow narrow curved scales on

postspiracular area, upper and posterior margins of sternopleuron and on

upper mesepimeron; many dark or pale yellow propleural bristles, 6-8 spiracu-

lars, no postspiraculars; many fine yellow sternopleurals along upper to post-

erior margin, 2 long and dark bristles at middle of posterior margin; many

fine upper mesepimerals, 2 lower mesepimerals. Wing. Base of vein r4+5

densely scaled. Halter with pale scaled brown knob. Legs. Forecoxa covered

with brown rather narrow scales on anterior surface, with pale yellowish latero-

basal scales; mid- and hindcoxae with pale yellowish rather narrow scales.

Femora, tibiae and tarsi clothed with dark brown scales except on the parts

described below. Forefemur pale scaled in posterior half; midfemur pale

scaled on most posterior surface; hindfemur basally pale scaled on lower half

of anterior surface and most of posterior surface; foretibia mostly pale scaled;

midtibia with a white streak on each side, the streak on posterior side wide,

that on anterior side obscure; hindtibia with a white streak on each side; fore-

tarsomere 1 with a white streak on each side, the streak on anterior side rather

obscure, 1-5 each with a pale basal band, the bands usually incomplete, 1 and

2 with white scales at apex forming articular bands with white basal bands of

2 and 3, midtarsomeres 1 and 2 with a pale streak on posterior side and with

both basal and apical incomplete pale bands, 3-5 each with incomplete pale

basal band, the band of 5 usually indistinct; hindtarsomeres 1 and 2 with a pale

streak on each side, 3 with a pale streak on anterior side, 1 and 2 with both

basal and apical incomplete pale bands, 3 and 4 each with an incomplete pale

basal band. Foretarsomere 5 slightly longer than 4; hindtarsomere 1 0. 76-

0. 86 (3) of tibia. Abdomen. Covered with golden yellow scales.

MALE (Figs. 26, 173). Wing length 4.5-4.8 mm. Antenna slightly more

102 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

than half as long as palpus. Palpus nearly half as long again as proboscis,

clothed with pale golden scales; segment 3 with a basal and a subapical band of

dark brownish scales; 4,5 and basal half of 2 with scattered dark brownish

scales; length ratio of 2-5: ).8:1.6:1.0:1.0. Proboscis slightly longer

than forefemur. Genitalia. Tergum VIII slightly protrudent at middle of apical

margin, with several stout setae. Tergum IX with lobes barely protrudent,

wide, bearing 7-13 bristles. Sternum IX crescent-shaped, without bristles.

Basistyle subtriangular, apically tapering, about 2.3 times as long as basal

width, bristled except on ventral basal part, lateral bristles larger; claspette

triangular, with 6,7 stout setae at apex (apicalmost one largest), covered with

bristles on tergal surface; apical lobe absent. Dististyle 0.6 length of basistyle,

narrow, slightly widened basally, curved before apex, with several minute

setae on apical half; claw very short. Paraproct strongly sclerotized at apex,

usually with 3 (sometimes 2) stout recurved spine-like teeth; cercal setae 4-7.

Aedeagus slightly constricted at about apical 0.6, 1.45-1.77 (2) times as long

as wide, divided by a wide tergal orifice and a narrow sternal median slit,

apparently connected only at apex tergally, more or less protrudent at middle

of apex, well sclerotized at apex and mesosternal edges.

LARVA (Fig. 25). Head. Width 1.58-1.69 mm (2); yellowish brown, 1. 47-

1.50 (2) times as wide as long; labrum with anterior margin straight; seta 1-C

slender, poorly pigmented, 0.38-0.50 (8) as long as distance between bases;

4-C about on level of 7-C; 5, 7-C on a line; 6-C occasionally with a short acces-

sory branch at base; usually, 8-C double and 14-C single. Antenna 0.91-1. 03

mm (2) long, nearly as long as head, somewhat sigmoid, brown at base and

distad of 1-A, strongly spiculate excepting apex; 1-A inserted at apical 0. 29-

0.36, with about 30 barbed branches, extending far beyond tip of shaft; 2,3-A

at apical 0.10-0.14 (6), fairly long, pigmented; 4,6-A apical; 4-A subequal to

2-A; 6-A short; 5-A shorter than 6-A, with an accessory sensorium on proxi-

mal division. Mandible (1 dissected specimen) with a number of hair-like

microspines dorsolaterally near base; MdSq lightly pigmented, MdS3 and MdS4

progressively shorter, pale; MdS» about half as long as MdS 1; MdSs pale, 0.5

of MdS,. Mandibular comb of 14-17 hairy prominences (teeth). Cutting organ

with 2 simple dorsal teeth, mesal tooth larger than VT9; ventral tooth with one

lateral (VT-4) and 3 mesal denticles (VT1_3), VT» longer than VTj and VT3;

ventral blade rather slender, with fine mesal pectination; pectinate brush of 16

hairs. Piliferous process with only 3 groups of hairs (PPH, 9 4); a rather

large sclerotized round prominence about at the site of PPH3; 4 few denticles

basally on anterior surface and posteriorly on dorsal surface. Mandibular

hairs (8-10) + 12, laterally barbed; hairs of anterior group apically frayed,

those of posterior group apically tufted. Maxilla (1 dissected specimen).

Cardo rather broadly fused mesobasally with cranium, the fusion not strength-

ened by a striplike thickening of the cuticle along the anterior margin of

cranium; 1-Mx single or double. Mesostipes 1.35 times as long as wide, peach-

shaped; parartis at confluence of lacinial suture and strongly sclerotized dorso-

basal margin; lateral surface smooth; stipital sensoria equal, at basal 0. 4;

4-Mx lightly pigmented; 2, 5, 6-Mx unpigmented; 4 = 5 > 6 > 2-Mx in length;

5-Mx between stipital sensoria and base. Palpostipes short, apically narrowed,

excluding lateral artis about 0.33 as long as mesostipes; Sj broadest, S37

S5 7 Sy =So =Sy4 in length. Mentum plate broadly triangular, with 19-23 teeth,

median tooth larger than immediate flanking teeth, flanking teeth progressively

larger laterally. Aulaeum with a sclerotized triangular median tooth. Thorax.

Barbing of strong thoracic setae usually rather weak and sparse except for 7,

8-P, 8,9-M and 7,9-T; 9,12-P longer than 10-P; usually, 14-P double, 4-M

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 103

triple and 5-T single. Abdomen. Setae 4-I, 13-II, 13-VI and 6-VII with many

apical secondary branches; 6-I shorter but more strongly pigmented and barbed

than 6-III-VI; 7-I and 6-II rather short but pigmented and strongly barbed;

13-III-V each consisting of a large main branch and 2 short branches; 1-IV- VII

and 3-VII rather well developed; 1-IV-VI and 10-VII smooth to distinctly but

sparsely barbed; 14-IV, VI, VII and 3, 12-V usually single; 13-I, 7-VI and 3, 4,

7-VII usually double; 11-I and 8-IV usually triple. Comb scales about 60 to

100 in a patch; individual scales elongate, broad-based, laterally and apically

fringed with spicules, the apical spicules slightly longer. Szphon long and

slender, light brown, very dark on basal margin except for attaching point of

acus, broadest at base, apex 0. 58-0. 63 as wide as base; length 2.04-2.40 mm,

index 5. 73-6. 45 (3); microsculpture of short rows of minute denticles; pecten

reaching only basal 0.11-0.23, of 7-12 teeth, a few teeth basad of siphon, 1-4

apical teeth detached; each tooth with several long denticles, detached teeth with

fewer denticles; 1-S at base subventrally on somewhat prominent base, longer

than siphon diameter; 2-S at apex, very short. Saddle 0.50-0.55 mm long, with

weakly sclerotized acus; microsculpture similar to siphon laterally and ven-

trally, but the rows shortened and the denticles dorsally developed into short

acute spicules; 1-X as long as or shorter than saddle; 3-X with 3 unequal

branches; 4-X of 11-13 cratal and 6-7 precratal tufts (18-19 in total), the

latter placed on saddle, most proximal tuft fairly close to base of saddle,

each tuft with 5 to about 10 branches. Anal gills tapering to pointed apex,

0.9-1.9 (5) length of saddle, ventral gill usually slightly longer than, occasional-

ly equal to dorsal gill.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN. 2°¢, 62, 11 L, 41:.

Hokkaido (A-0038, A-0043, A-1662, A-1681, A-2077, A-2078, A-2125,

A-2126, A-2127).

DISTRIBUTION. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN (Hokkaido, Honshu). KOREA.

BIONOMICS. Not common in Hokkaido, apparently rare in Honshu. Larvae

were obtained in ground pools in Hokkaido. The species may emerge twice a

year or more; the larvae are found frequently associated with Anopheles

sinensis (? = Engaru race) and Culex orientalis (Sato and Iwase 1959). While

disease relationships of this species are not known, several members of the

genus have been found naturally infected with arboviruses (Dobrotworsky 1971),

and therefore should be considered of potential medical importance.

SUBGENUS CULISETA FELT

Culiseta Felt, 1904: 391c. Type-species: Cs. absobrinus Felt.

FEMALE. Spiracular bristles usually many. Wing membrane often with

dark spots; bristles on underside of base of subcosta numerous; vein m-cu

close to r-m or well proximad of it. Femora and tibiae without marks other

than apical fringe spots; tarsi all dark or pale banded. Abdominal terga usually

with pale basal bands.

MALE. Palpus as long as or longer than proboscis; segments 4,5 and apex

of 3 hairy. Tergum IX without protrudent lobes. Basistyle often with subapical

lobe or subapical patch of hairs.

LARVA. Head moderately broad; antenna about half as long as head; seta

1-A moderately developed, at or proximad of middle; 2, 3-A close to apex,

moderately long. Mouth brush of moderate size. Mandible: mandibular comb

of stout setiform teeth. Maxilla of browsing type, mesostipes about as long as

104 | Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

wide, with some spine-like stout spicules on mesal margin; hairs of maxillary

brush rather short, some hairs stiff. Lacinia also with some hairs stiff.

Palpostipes rather short, a little more than half as long as mesostipes.

~Aulaeum without median tooth. Abdomen. Comb scales many in a patch.

Siphon short or moderately long; pecten followed by a row of simple hairs

distally; 1-S at or near base of siphon, no accessory setae. Seta 3-X

branched; 4-X with or without precratal hairs.

DISTRIBUTION. Holarctic region.

Only one species occurs in this region.

17. CULISETA (CULISETA) KANAYAMENSIS (YAMADA)*

(Figs. 26, 27, 174; Table 54)

Theobaldia kanayamensis Yamada, 1932: 218 (2). Type-locality: Kanayama,

Hokkaido, Japan.

Culiseta (Culiseta) kanayamensis: LaCasse and Yamaguti, 1950: 80 (¢, §,

L); Stone, 1961: 44, Korea.

Culiseta (Culiseta) impatiens: Suzuki, 1975: 299, Oze, Honshu, Japan;

Kamimura, 1976b: 241 (misidentification of Suzuki).

FEMALE (Fig. 174). Wing length 6.3-6.8 mm. Head, Eyes narrowly

separated above and below. Vertex covered with pale yellowish narrow curved

scales, eye margin more densely scaled; numerous dark brown erect forked

scales over vertex excepting anterior area; tempus heavily covered with pale

yellowish, rather broad scales; more than 10 vertical bristles and 4-5 tem-

poral bristles on each side, bristles on or near interocular space yellowish

brown, others dark. Clypeus dark brown. Antennal pedicel brown, mesal

side darker, with pale small scales and fine bristles; flagellum 0. 75-0. 79

(3) of proboscis; flagellomere 1 1. 06-1.18 (3) of Flm 2, with pale small scales

on mesal side; Flm 3 longer than Flm 1. Palpus 0.19-0.21 (3) of proboscis,

dark scaled, with fairly many pale scales basally; segment 3 2. 15-2. 84 (3) of

2,4 very small, papilliform. Proboscis 1. 22-1.24 (2) of forefemur, dark

scaled, with several ventrobasal bristles. Thorax. Pronotal integument very

dark brown; anterior lobe covered with pale yellowish narrow curved and whit-

ish crescent-shaped scales, rather narrow, flat truncate scales anterolaterally,

many pale to dark brown bristles of various sizes over entire surface; posteri-

or lobe covered anterodorsally with yellowish narrow curved scales and pos-

teroventrally with white, rather broad scales, bearing more than 10 yellowish

to dark brown bristles of various sizes near posterior margin. Scutum with

integument dark brown, with a pair of light brown integumental submedian

stripes from anterior promontory to prescutellar space, covered with dark

brown and yellow narrow curved scales except for unscaled apices of sub-

median integumental stripes, scutal angle, prescutellar space and narrow

lateral parts of posterior margin; the yellow scales predominant on anterior

*After the completion of the manuscript, Danilov (1976: 185) synonymized

kanayamensis with bergrothi (Edwards 1921c: 50. Type-locality: Sweden).

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 105

margin, supraalar area and margin of prescutellar space, forming a rather

obscure median line and a pair of distinct sublateral stripes just laterad of

series of posterior dorsocentral bristles, the scales near posterior margin

whitish; scutal bristles dark brown, rather short except for most posterior

bristles. Scutellum covered with white narrow curved scales on median lobe,

yellow narrow curved scales on lateral lobes, each lobe bearing about 10 or

more dark brown long bristles and several short yellowish ones. Paratergite

with rather broad white scales. Pleural integument brown to dark brown;

patches of rather broad white scales on propleuron, postspiracular area, sub-

spiracular area, lower flank of prealar knob, posterior sternopleuron and upper

0.67 of mesepimeron; metameron with several white scales; pleural bristles

whitish yellow to yellowish brown, many on propleuron, prealar knob, upper to

posterior sternopleuron and upper mesepimeron, 7 to more than 10 spiraculars,

3-5 anterolower mesepimerals; a few pale fine bristles on postspiracular area

close to paratergite. Wing. Veins dark scaled. Membrane slightly darkened

and veins more densely scaled at bases of rs and r4;i5, thus forming 2 rather

obscure dark spots. Cell R92 1.96-3.18 (6) of vein r9,3. Halter knob dark,

pale scaled. Legs. Forecoxa mainly pale scaled, dark scales mixed on anteri-

or surface; mid- and hindcoxae pale scaled. Femora with distinct pale apical

spot; forefemur with a narrow pale streak on anterior surface, pale on posterior

half of underside; midfemur with a narrow pale streak on anterior surface, pale

on posterior surface excepting subapical area; hindfemur pale in lower half of

anterior surface, the pale area basally broadened and apically narrowed,

posterior surface pale except subapical area. Tibiae with pale apical fringe;

fore- and midtibiae with pale streak on posterior surface. Femora, tibiae and

tarsi otherwise dark scaled. Foretarsomere 5 as long as or slightly longer than

4; hindtarsomere 1 0. 83-0. 93 (6) of tibia. Abdomen. Tergum I with median

patch of pale scales; II-VII dark scaled, each with a basal band of pale scales,

the band apparently extending distally on lateral aspect. Sterna pale scaled,

with rather obscure dark apical bands or lateroapical spots. |

MALE (Figs. 26, 174). Wing length 5.9-6.3 mm. Antennal pedicel dark

brown, glabrous; flagellum 0.58 (1) of proboscis; flagellomere 12 1.13 (1) of

Flm 13, both 1.17 of Flm 1-11. Palpus 1.10 (1) of proboscis, dark scaled,

apical 0.75 of ventral side of segment 3 with numerous long bristles, 4 and 5

also bristled; length ratio of 2-5 : 0.67: 1.27: 0.88: 1.00 (1). Proboscis 1.32

(1) length of forefemur. Cell Ro 1.23-1.48 (2) of vein roi3. Tarsomere 4 of

fore- and midtarsi about twice as long as broad; foretarsomere 5 1. 77-1. 94 (3)

length of 4; midtarsomere 5 1.47-1.56 (3) length of 4. Anterior claw of fore-

tarsus somewhat sinuate, anterior claw of midtarsus more evenly arcuate.

Genitalia. Tergum VIII with a short narrow medioapical lobe bearing 10-17

short stout setae densely arranged on the apical margin; [IX well sclerotized,

lobes broad, convex, moderately separated, each bearing 18-25 bristles.

Sternum IX short, moderately sclerotized in basal half, membranous in apical

half, with 0-2 apical bristles at middle. Basistyle subcylindrical, broadest at

sternal base, about 3 times as long as wide, sternobasally scaled, bristled over

entire surface, the bristles long laterally and apically, sparse sternally;

claspette rather weakly protrudent, bearing 2 or 3 apical setae; apical lobe

absent. Dististyle lightly pigmented, 0.63-0.71 (2) length of basistyle, slender,

arcuate, with a number of minute apical setae, 1 or 2 stouter setae about at

basal 0.33 on concave side; claw short, apical. Cercal tergal surface weakly

sclerotized; 4 cercal setae on each side; paraproct laterally well sclerotized

and apically strongly sclerotized, apex 3-toothed. Aedeagus well sclerotized,

broadest near base, strongly constricted at basal 0.25, expanded at middle and

ee Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

apically narrowed, 1.85-2.02 (2) times as long as wide, 2.17-2.38 (2) times

as long as median width, broadly open tergobasally, the tergal opening apically

narrowed, the lateral walls almost overlapping each other in middle; sternal

side open in a narrow median slit, the slit interrupted in basal 0.33 by a weakly

sclerotized broad bridge.

LARVA (Fig. 27). Head. Width 1.30-1.43 mm; light brown, 1.22-1.36

(7) times as wide as long; apical margin of labrum concave; seta 1-C pig-

mented, rather slender; 4-6-C a little posterior to 7-C; 4-C slightly anteriad

of 6-C; 5-C with 2-5 more branches than 6-C; 6-C nearly on or slightly

anteriad of a line between 5, 7-C; 10-C usually 2-4 forked, rarely single; 11-C

moderately developed; usually, 9-C double and 14-C single; 18, 19-C present,

single or double. Antenna 0.48-0.58 mm long, becoming apically brownish,

finely spiculate, usually somewhat swollen at insertion of 1-A; 1-A inserted at

basal 0.35-0.42, with 11 to about 20 barbed branches, barely reaching apex of

shaft. Mandible with a number of, occasionally only a few, simple micro-

spines dorsolaterally near base; MdSj1 3,4 long, arcuate, progressively

shorter; MdS»5 about half as long as MdSj; MdS5 nearly straight, more than

half as long as MdS;. Mandibular comb with teeth setiform, stout, as well

developed as in Aedes (Ochlerotatus) spp. Cutting organ with a single strong

dorsal spine nearly attaining tip of VT-4; lateral dorsal tooth smaller, 2 or 3

cuspid or with 1 or 2 mesobasal denticles; mesal dorsal tooth smaller than

VTo, with several mesobasal denticles and a few accessory denticles; ventral

tooth with 2 or 3 lateral (VT-1, 2, 4) and 3 mesal denticles (VT1_3), VT-1, 2

small, VT-4 as long as mesal dorsal tooth but more slender, VT9 longer than

VT and VT93; ventral blade single, strong, with well developed mesal pectina-

tion in a Single row in basal half, in a double row in apical half; pectinate brush

of 9,10 mesally pectinate hairs. Piliferous process with the 5 usual hair groups.

Mandibular hairs (7-9) + (11-14), hairs of anterior group barbed, hairs of

posterior group apically tufted. Maxilla. Cardo very narrowly fused meso-

basally with cranium, 1-Mx usually 2-4 branched, rarely single or 5 branched.

Mesostipes slightly broader than long; confluent point of well sclerotized lacini-

al suture and strongly sclerotized dorsobasal margin expanded into a poorly

sclerotized flap which forms parartis; lateral surface smooth; stipital sensoria

equal or subequal, at apical 0.25; 6-Mx simple, slightly shorter than 4-Mkx,

longer than 2-Mx; 5-Mx at about middle, distinctly proximad of stipital sen-

soria; hairs of lacinia very dense. Palpostipes short and broad, apically

narrowed, excluding lateral artis slightly more than half as long as mesostipes;

Sy broadest of all, length of sensoria somewhat variable but S, and Sg always

longer than others. Mentum plate rather narrowly triangular, with 27-32 teeth,

lateral teeth larger and more widely spaced than median teeth. Thorax.

Setae 2,5-P usually single; 9,12-P longer than 10-P; 14-P smooth to distinctly

barbed; 13-T rather well developed. Abdomen. Setae 4-I, 13-II, VI, 7-IlI-V

and 6-VII with many secondary apical branches; 6-I, II and 7-I slightly shorter

than 6-III-VI, but more strongly barbed; 7-II and 4-V with rather few long

barbs; 1-III rather strong; 1-V often with a small secondary branch; 5-I, 4-II

and 5, 8-VII often dendritic; 10-VII smooth to distinctly barbed; 10-I, II, 9,

14-III, 2,9,14-IV, 12,14-V, 14-VI, 12,14-VII and 4-VUI usually single; 12-I,

1,3,12-l1, 3,10-IV, 4-VII and 2-VIII usually double; 1-IV and 13-V usually

triple; 6,9-I usually 4 branched. Comb scales 63-95 in a patch; individual

scales parallel-sided or paddle-shaped, evenly fringed laterally and apically

with spicules. Siphon light brown, dark in basal margin, with acus, slightly

broadened from base to basal 0.25, 3.08-3.53 as long as wide, apex 0. 57-

0.68 as wide as greatest diameter; length 1.34-1.63 mm, index 3. 38-3. 97;

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 107

microsculpture consisting of distinct short ridges bearing extremely minute

denticles; pecten reaching basal 0.18-0.26, with 14-26 dark brown, evenly

spaced teeth including 0-3 basal abortive teeth, the teeth progressively larger

apically, each with a few rather long ventral denticles; a row of 11-19 evenly

spaced simple hairs immediately distad of pecten, the apical hair at apical

0. 22-0. 40 of siphon, occasionally one or 2 basal hairs within pecten; 1-S

fairly long, at basal 0.11-0.17 on a somewhat prominent base. Saddle 0. 41-

0.50 mm long; microsculpture similar to that of siphon but weaker; 1-X

shorter than saddle, usually triple; 3-X with unequal branches; 4-X of 16-17

cratal and 3-4 precratal tufts (19-21 in total), each 6-16 branched. Anal gills

variable in length and shape, 1.5-3.1 length of saddle, apically tapering with

pointed apex (usually when short) or parallel-sided with blunt apex (usually when

long); ventral gill usually slightly longer than, occasionally equal to or slightly

shorter than dorsal gill.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN. 30, 9%, 17 L: Hokkaido

(A-0031, A-0200, A-0201, A-0217, A-0224). 40°, 3°, with associated skins

(31, 3p); 49 L, 131: Honshu (C-1190, C-1191, C-1192, C-1193, C-2334).

DISTRIBUTION. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN (Hokkaido, Honshu). KOREA.

BIONOMICS. Rather common in Hokkaido, restricted to high mountains

in central Honshu. The larvae have been found in natural ground pools, irri-

gation ditches and artificial containers such as barrels, water tanks usually

with decayed leaves on the bottom. Adult females bite man. As several

species of Culiseia are known to be involved in arbovirus transmission

(Dobrotworsky 1971), this species may be of potential medical importance.

4. GENUS ORTHOPODOMYIA THEOBALD

Orthopodomyia Theobald, 1904b: 236. Type-species: Or. albipes Leicester,

1904; Malaya.

Medium-sized conspicuously ornamented mosquitoes; larvae reddish or

purplish brown in color, mature 4th stage larvae with large sclerotized plates

on abdominal segments VII and VII.

FEMALE. Head. Eyes separated above. Vertex including interocular

space with narrow decumbent scales; erect scales numerous, over entire

vertex. Antenna longer than proboscis; flagellomere 1 1.2-1.3 (@nopheloides)

of Flm 2. Palpus rather long, 0.33-0.60 of proboscis, pale banded; segment

4 frequently present, scaled. Proboscis shorter than forefemur, pale banded

and spotted. Thovax. Anterior pronotal lobes widely separated, bristled;

posterior pronotal lobe with few bristles along posterior margin; both lobes

scaled. Scutum with pale and dark narrow scales; all scutal bristles well

developed. Scutellar scales narrow, rather long, pale. Postnotum bare.

Paratergite moderately broad, bare. Prosternum scaled. Pleura with

scale patches except on postspiracular area; spiracular, postspiracular, upper

sternopleural and lower mesepimeral bristles absent; prealar bristles absent

or one; propleural, lower sternopleural and upper mesepimeral bristles

present. Base of mesomeron well above that of hindcoxa. Wing. Squama

fringed with hair-like scales; alula fringed with scales. Dorsal remigial

bristles absent. Veins spotted with pale scales, scales rather broad. Cell

Ro longer than vein r9,3. Legs. Ornamented. Fore- and midtarsomere 1

longer than 2-5; foretarsomere 5 longer than 4; midtarsomere 5 as long as or

longer than 4; hindtarsomere 1 slightly longer than tibia. Claws equal and

108 — Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

simple. Abdomen. Terga ornamented; I hirsute; laterotergite scaled.

Segment VIII not retractile. Seminal capsules 3, one slightly larger than the

other 2.

MALE. Antennal flagellum distinctly plumose, shorter than or as long as

proboscis; 4-5 basal flagellomeres with scales; Flm 12 and Flm 13 elongate.

Palpus straight, 0.7-0.9 length of proboscis, apex not hairy. Proboscis

shorter or nearly as long as forefemur. Fore- and midtarsomere 4; greatly

shortened, much shorter than 5, foretarsomere 5 strongly modified, with

conspicuous ventrobasal swelling, bearing several pairs of short stiff setae;

midtarsomere 5 weakly modified. Anterior claw of fore- and midtarsi enlarged,

with blunt-tipped median tooth; posterior claw simple; both claws of hindtarsus

equal and simple. Genitalia. Tergum VIII with medioapical lobe; IX weakly

sclerotized, with bristles on each side but without lobes. Basistyle rather

long, without mesal membrane, extensively scaled; claspette (basal mesal

lobe) short, rounded, bearing several thick setae and many fine bristles;

basal and apical tergal lobes absent. Dististyle simple, with a number of fine

setae anda terminal claw. Cercal setae present; paraproct with strongly

sclerotized apical teeth. Aedeagus simple, open sternally, with large tergo-

basal orifice.

LARVA. Reddish or purplish brown. Head slightly to distinctly broader

than long; setae 4-7-C posteriad of antennal base; 4-C branched and barbed;

11-C often dendritic. Antenna smooth; 1-A branched, barbed, inserted at

basal 0.3-0.5 of shaft; 2-6-A apical. Mouth brush of fine numerous hairs.

Mandible with 3 mandibular spurs, MdS 1 longest, curved, strongly pigmented,

Md83 similar, but shorter and paler, MdS5 shortest, attenuated in apical half,

mesally pectinate. Mandibular brush well developed; mandibular comb of

flexuous teeth. Cutting organ with 2 dorsal teeth, lateroventral one multi-

cuspid, mesodorsal one 1-3 cuspid; ventral tooth with 3 acute mesal denticles

and various basal denticles; 2 ventral blades, VB, extending well beyond apex

of VT0; pectinate brush well developed. Piliferous process well protrudent,

with 5 hair groups; labula extending beyond apex of anterior part. Mandibular

hairs divided into 2 groups. Maxilla. Cardo free from cranium, apparently

directly articulating with mesostipes anteriorly by a dorso-anterior process,

apparently ventrolaterobasally fused with laterostipes. Mesostipes longer

than wide, without strong spine-like spicules; parartis at termination of

lacinal suture, articulating with a well developed rod of paracoila; pseudoartis

undeveloped, stipital sensorium single, small, about at middle, without basal

ring; ventral stipital seta 4-Mx pale, only slightly longer than dorsal stipital

seta 2-Mx. Lacinia with 3 hair groups distinct, mesal group confluent with

median group at about anterior 0.33. Proximal lacinial seta 5-Mx slightly

proximad of level of stipital sensorium; distal lacinial seta 6-Mx at apex.

Palpostipes rather long and narrow, shorter than mesostipes, apically cylin-

drical, without lateral stipital seta 2-Mx; apex with ampulla and at least 4

palpal sensoria (Sy, 4); S14 2,4 with basal ring. Mentum plate with median

tooth much larger than submedian teeth, lateral flanking teeth larger than

mesal flanking teeth and more widely spaced; aulaeum without median tooth.

Thorax. Setae 1,9-P, 5,6,10-M and 10-T very long; 0-P 13, 14-M and 8-T

with many fine secondary apical branches. Abdomen. Segments VII and VIII

in mature larvae with large sclerotized plates; 0,14-I, 14-II absent; 6-I, II

rather strong, multiple and branched, 6-II, V, VI very long, single; 6-IV

shorter, single or double; 4, 12-I, 4, 13-II, 7-HI-V, 1,4, 7, 13-VI with many

fine secondary apical branches. Comb scales in 2 regular rows, scales of

posterior row much larger. Siphon moderately to very long, without pecten,

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 109

with 1 pair of 1-S at basal 0.3-0.5. Saddle complete; 2-X branched, 3-X

single, 4-X of usually 14 multibranched cratal hairs.

DISTRIBUTION. Palaearctic, Oriental, Nearctic and Neotropical regions;

Madagascar.

This genus is represented by only one species in this region.

18. ORTHOPODOMYIA ANOPHELOIDES (GILES)

(Figs. 28, 29, 175; Table 55)

Mansonia anopheloides Giles, 1903: 315 (“, 2, L). Type-locality: Dehra Dun,

India.

Orthopodomyia (Orthopodomyia) nipponica LaCasse and Yamaguti, Mar. 1948:

264 (“, 2, L). Type-locality: Kyoto, Japan.

Orthopodomyia (Orthopodomyia) anopheloides: Sasa and Asanuma, Nov. 1948:

Orthopodomyia anopheloides nipponica: LaCasse and Yamaguti, 1950: 58

ae: Pee on

Orthopodomyia anopheloides: Gentry, 1957: 82; Okinawa Is., Ryukyu Archi-

pelago.

FEMALE (Fig. 175). Wing length 2.9-4.3 mm. Head, Eyes contiguous

beneath. Vertex roughly covered with pale yellowish narrow curved scales,

interocular space and eye margin covered more densely with such scales;

erect forked scales yellowish brown, pale yellowish apically; tempus with a

spot of dark broad scales, covered with pale yellowish narrow curved scales

above the spot and with pale broad scales below the spot; 3 or 4 dark vertical

and 1-3 (usually 2) temporal bristles on each side. Clypeus dark brown.

Antennal pedicel brown, mesal surface dark, covered with small pale yellowish

scales and bearing a few short bristles; flagellum 1.11-1.17 (5) of proboscis;

flagellomere 1 1.21-1.28 (5) of Flm 2, dark in basal half and at apex, with

rather long, pale scales above and short pale scales mesally; Flm 2-7 (often

up to Flm 10) dark at apex and base, pale in-between; remaining flagellomeres

dark. Palpus 0. 42-0. 48 (5) length of proboscis, dark scaled, with a small

pale dorsoapical spot on segment 1 and a pale articular band at joint 2-3, apex

(very short segment 4) pale scaled; 3 1.27-1.56 (5) of 2. Proboscis 0. 86-

0.94 (5) of forefemur, bearing 2 ventrobasal bristles, dark scaled, with a pale

band at apical third (occasionally extending distad ventrally), and a pale dorso-

subapical patch (sometimes reduced) distad of the band. Thovax. Pronotal

integument dark brown; anterior lobe covered with white or pale yellowish

broad scales except midposterior portion, dorsal scales occasionally more

yellowish and narrower, about 10 bristles of various sizes, usually 3-4

bristles long and stout; posterior lobe with pale yellowish (occasionally golden

yellow), rather narrow, curved scales anterodorsally and whitish broad scales

posteriorly, bearing 2-3 long bristles and often 1-2 additional short ones.

Scutum with integument grayish brown to dark brown, with prescutellar space

appearing darker, covered with pale yellowish and dark brown, narrow curved

scales except for unscaled narrow anterosubmedian lines, rather broad pos-

terior dorsocentral lines, a small area behind scutal angle and posterior pre-

scutellar space; paired patches of outstanding dark erect slender scales at

anterior ends of posterior dorsocentral lines; scales on margins broader, those

110. Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

on humeral margins more whitish; dark brown narrow decumbent scales

forming ill-defined patches: 2 on median line, 2 on dorsocentral line, one on

fossal area, the fossal patch fused with 2nd dorsocentral patch; occasionally

most of anterior median and dorsocentral areas occupied by dark brown

scales, thus forming a single large rhomboidal patch; sometimes scales at

posterior end of median line, posterior part of anterior dorsocentral lines,

anterior and posterior fossal area, supraalar area and on margins of pre-

scutellar space golden yellow; scutal bristles dark brown; usually one or 2

humeral bristles and one or 2 angulars rather distant from humeral margin

and scutal angle respectively; 1-3 posterior fossals. Scutellum rather pale

brown, each lobe covered with pale long slender scales and bearing 4-8 long

bristles together with several short ones. Prosternum densely covered with

broad white scales. Pleural integument dark brown; propleuron densely

covered with broad white scales; patches of white or pale yellowish broad

scales on subspiracular area, lower flank of prealar knob, sternopleuron and

lower mesepimeron; upper mesepimeron with a patch of pale yellowish

crescent-shaped scales; 4-9 propleural bristles, 1 (rarely 2) long and 2-5

fine lower sternopleurals, 7-11 pale upper mesepimerals, no prealars.

Wing. Alula fringed with dark narrow scales. Veins dark scaled, with follow-

ing clear spots of white scales: vein c with 8 spots - basal, subbasal, humer-

al, posthumeral, sector (proximad of rs), subcostal, preapical and apical;

humeral spot extending onto r and cu (long), and often onto 1a; sector spot

onto sc and r; subcostal spot onto sc, rj, fork of rs and m; preapical spot

onto rj and bases of ro and r3; apical spot onto ry_3 and longest on rg; r with

accessory sector spot including base of rs; tips of r1-3 dark; rq4,5 with pale

- apical spot, usually with a few dark scales at tip; m with a spot at m-cu;

mj+2 and mg,, with basal and apical spots; cuy with spots at m-cu and apex;

cug with eal spot, occasionally reduced. Cell Ro 1.17-1.48 (5) length of

vein r9,9. Halter with pale scaled knob, often some dark scales also present.

Legs. Forecoxa covered with broad white or pale yellowish scales; midcoxa

basally pale scaled, anteroapically dark scaled; hindcoxa basally and apical

pale scaled, dark scaled in-between. Trochanters mainly pale scaled.

Forefemur speckled with dark and pale scales, with ill-defined pale basal

and subapical bands and distinct pale apical fringe; midfemur with distinct

pale apical fringe, anterior surface speckled with dark and pale scales, with

ill-defined pale basal and subapical bands, posterior surface mainly pale

scaled, with a rather broad dark apical band; hindfemur similarly scaled to

midfemur but basally darker on both sides. Anterior surface of tibiae

speckled with dark and pale scales, with ill-defined dark subbasal and sub-

apical bands, and distinct pale apical fringe; anterior surface of hindtibia often

with more pale scales; posterior surface of tibiae mainly pale scaled except

for dark bands corresponding to those on anterior surface. Tarsomeres 1

speckled with dark and pale scales; foretarsomere 1 with white, ventrally

incomplete, basal band and often also apical band, 2 and 3 usually with only

indication of dorsobasal pale spot, occasionally proximal 2 white articular

bands distinct; midtarsus with white basal band on 1, and 3 white articular

bands, 3rd band (on joint 3-4) usually incomplete, occasionally reduced; 4

sometimes entirely pale scaled; hindtarsus with white dorsobasal spot on 1,

and 3 white articular bands (basal band or dorsobasal spot absent on 2), basal

bands on 3 and 4 well developed, frequently more than half or at least about

half of the segment length (specimens from Palaearctic Japan, Amami and

Okinawa), or with 4 articular bands (basal band or dorsobasal spot present on

2) and basal bands on 3 and 4 less developed, usually less than half of the seg-

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 111

ment length (23 of 24 specimens from Yaeyama Gunto); hindtarsomere 5

entirely white scaled. Midfemur slightly thickened basally; midtarsomere 9

as long as 4; hindtarsomere 1 1.09-1.17 (5) of tibia. Hindtarsal claw about

0.7 length of foretarsal claw. Abdomen. Tergum I with a patch of medial

dark scales and scattered laterobasal pale scales; laterotergite heavily covered

with pale scales; II-VII dark scaled, with basal band, a pair of median spots,

and laterobasal and lateroapical patches of pale scales; the basal band and

median spot often reduced in anterior segments, more developed in posterior

segments, occasionally confluent on VII; the basal band frequently confluent

with laterobasal patches in posterior segments; the laterobasal and latero-

apical patches more developed in anterior segments, the latter extending

anteriorly along lateral margin and often fused with laterobasal patch; VII

with pale basal band, sometimes entirely pale scaled. Sterna dark scaled,

with pale narrow basal band.

MALE (Figs. 29, 175). Wing length 2.8-4.2 mm. Antennal flagellum

0. 85-1. 01 (3) length of proboscis, with long slender white scales on basal 9

flagellomeres; Flm 12 and Flm 13 together 0. 76-0.93 (3) of Flm 1-11; Flm 12

1.21-1.27 (4) of Flm 13. Palpus 0.76-0.83 (4) of proboscis, dark scaled, with

pale spot (occasionally reduced) on segment 1 and pale articular band at joint

2-3: apices of 3 and 4, and entire 5 pale scaled; 4 with 2 rather long apical

bristles; length ratio of 2-5 : 5.00-6. 66 : 6.00-7. 78 : 2.00-2.66 : 1.00 (4).

Proboscis 0.90-0.95 (3) of forefemur, the pale band median in position. Cell

Ro 0.97-1.27 (5) length of vein r9,3. Hindtarsomere 1 1. 07-1. 23 (5) of tibia.

Genitalia. Tergum VII with a prominent narrow posteromedian lobe; [xX

bearing 2-4 fine bristles on each side. Sternum IX medioapically emarginate,

without bristles. Basistyle subcylindrical, 3.3-3.7 times as long as wide,

bristled except laterobasally, scaled except for mesal surface and apex of

tergal surface; claspette only slightly protrudent, bearing 3-6 (usually 4 or 5)

lightly pigmented, thick setae; interbasal fold mediobasally interrupted. Disti-

style slightly less than half as long as basistyle, about 7 times as long as wide,

somewhat swollen basally and apically, with 8-13 fine setae on apical 0.6;

claw 0.2 as long as dististyle, pigmented, simple. Paraproct strongly

sclerotized apically, with 3 (rarely 2) finger-like apical teeth; 2-5 (usually

2 or 3) cercal setae. Aedeagus oval and slightly constricted at middle in

tergal view, fairly large, slightly more than 0.33 as long as basistyle, 1. 48-

1.67 (4) times as long as wide, weakly sclerotized except for the sternally

strongly protrudent base, with a round tergobasal orifice and rather narrow

sternal opening.

LARVA (Fig. 28). Head, Width 0.94-1.07 (@& = 1. 00) mm; usually brown-

ish 0.99-1.07 (x = 1.03) times as wide as long; no evident microsculpture;

labrum concave; seta 1-C moderately slender, curved ventromesad, separated

by about 1.25-1.50 times length; 4-C posteriad of level of 7-C; 5-C larger

than 6,7-C, caudad of a point between 4- and 6-C; 6-C slightly anteriad of

4-C;8-10-C relatively long and slender; 9-C usually double, 11-C usually with

5-6 main branches, each finely subdivided apically; 14-C relatively small and

pale. Antenna 0.33-0.45 mm long, slightly more than 0.33 length of head,

fairly uniform brown, slightly paler at apex, slightly arcuate, tapering beyond

basal 0.33, lacking spicules or microsculpture except for a few short plicae at

insertion of 1-A; 1-A usually 5-6 branched, well barbed, inserted at basal

0. 19-0. 26 of shaft, not attaining apex. Mandible with a few small needle-like

microspines on middorsolateral aspect. Mandibular comb of 22-27 flexuous

setiform teeth, arising from spiculate prominences, the lateralmost 5-7

somewhat reduced. Cutting organ complex, with 2 strong dark dorsal teeth,

112 | Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

mesodorsal one 1-3 cuspid, lateroventral one multicuspid, all cusps acute;

accessory denticles appear as 1-3 weakly sclerotized elongate structures

mesad of dorsal teeth, sometimes accompanied by additional smaller setiform

structures; VTo often slightly concave apicomesally, VT;_3 usually acutely

triangular, frequently with asymmetrical bases, VT» larger than the others;

a triangular accessory denticle ventrad of and between VT» and VT3; VT-4

indistinct; VB; slightly sinuate, mesal pectinations relatively long and fine;

VB» much shorter, nearly transparent, with relatively long, coarse, bilateral

pectinations; pectinate brush of 11-12 bilaterally pectinate hairs. Piliferous

process with PPHy, appearing to be completely divided. Mandibular hairs 5-8

in 2 widely separated groups, the 3-5 proximal hairs slightly tufted apically,

the 2-3 distal hairs usually strongly frayed in apical 0.25. Mavxilla with 1-Mx

weak, pale and single. Mesostipes about 1.4 times as long as broad; stipital

sensorium at about apical 0.4; 2,4-Mx subapical. Lacinia with 6-Mx simple.

Palpostipes elongate, slender, slightly expanded basally, concave in mesal

aspect of basal 0.33, about attaining level of 2-Mx; S4> S3 7 So > Sq in length;

S5 apparently absent. Mentum plate with 19-23 teeth, the median tooth much

larger than any of the flanking teeth, the flanking teeth becoming progressive-

ly larger laterad. Thorax. Integument usually with some degree of purplish-

brown mottling; setae 0-P and 13-M usually with 9-11, 14-M and 8-T usually

with 7-9 strong main branches, each apically subdivided into numerous fine

branches; 3-T usually 4 branched, one or more of the branches usually apically

frayed; 13-T quite variable in length. Abdomen. Integument usually mottled

with some purplish-brown pigment; sclerotized plates of varying development

dorsally on VII and VIII; 1-III, V usually long and single; 3-I, IV, 4-IV, 6-IV, VI,

7-1, VI, 8,9-II, and 13-III usually double; 1-I, 5-III and 8-V frequently (61-72%)

double; 5-II and 7-VI usually with 2-3 apically frayed main branches; 4, 12-I

usually with 5-7, 4-II with 4-5, 13-II and 8-VII with 6-8, 7-IV with 8-10, 7-V

with 7-8, 1-VI with 4-6, 13-VI with 14-18 and 6-VII with 6-9 strong main

branches, each finely subdivided apically; 1-VIII fine, nearly always inserted

on edge of sclerotized plate; 5-VIII sometimes inserted on edge of plate (see

discussion). Comb scales 31-44 (x = 35.5), usually in 2 distinct rows, the

anterior row with 22-32 (« = 25.7) relatively small, roughly paddle-shaped

scales, each with numerous subequal apical spicules, the posterior row with

7-12 (x = 9.8) larger scales, each with 1-5 strong apical, and numerous

weaker lateral spicules. Siphon brownish yellow to brownish, darker brown in

basal ring, indistinctly darker distad of 1-S, with apical 0.1 distinctly paler,

distinctly narrowed from level of 1-S at basal 0.38-0.44; length 0.92-1.31

(x = 1.08) mm, index 3.55-4.95 (x = 4.26); acus may or may not be evident

(see discussion); no distinct microsculpture; 1-S not attaining apex of siphon;

2-S apical. Saddle lacking distinct microsculpture, ventrally shortened,

0. 39-0. 46 mm long dorsally, 0.17-0.21 mm long ventrally, usually with a

narrow lateral accessory plate anteriad of it; 1-X relatively weak, apically

frayed, 0.25-0.51 (x = 0.34) length of saddle; 2-X with one branch much

longer than others; 4-X of 12-14 (usually 14), 4-20 branched cratal tufts, the

basalmost tufts usually short and 4-6 branched, the main tufts usually 15-18

branched. Anal gills somewhat fusiform, dorsal gill 0.70-1.12 length of sad-

dle, ventral gill 0.50-0.67 length of dorsal gill.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN. 19, with associated

skins (11, 1 p): Mikura Is., Izu Shichito (C-0099). 8 L: Shikoku (G-1270).

23, 362, with associated skins (121, 12 p); 10 L, 61: Kyushu (H-0081,

H-0315, H-0316, H-0317, H-0318). 9 L: Yakushima (H-0809). RYUKYU ©

ARCHIPELAGO: 10, 22: Amami Gunto (I-0301, I-1858). 40", 7°, with

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 113

associated skins (41, 4p); 20 L, 31: Okinawa Gunto (J-0413, J-0414, J-0459,

J-0460, J-0468, J-0491, J-0496, J-0497, J-0505). 500°, 34°, with associated

skins (191, 19 p); 63 L: Yaeyama Gunto (K-0146, K-0151, K-0179, K-0561,

K-0563, K-0570, K-0571, K-0574, K-0577, K-0578, K-0579, K-0605, K-0614,

K-0626, K-0639, K-0684, K-0698, K-0768, K-0791, K-0917, K-0923, K-0970,

K-1245, K-1283, K-1341, K-1345, K-1359, K-1416, K-1445, K-1462, K-1989,

K-1602, K-1610, K-1613, K-1737, K-1757, K-1773, K-2036, K-2058).

DISTRIBUTION. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN (Honshu, Izu Shichito, Shikoku,

Kyushu, Yakushima, Tsushima). RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO (Amami, Okinawa

and Yaeyama Gunto). ORIENTAL REGION (excluding Celebes).

DISCUSSION. As pointed out by Zavortink (1968, 1971) Orthopodomyia

anopheloides is an extremely variable species. Inthe larva, much of this

variability in physical appearance is apparently age related, particularly in the

development of the sclerotized plates on VII, VIII and X, and in the base of the

siphon. In young 4th stage specimens, the plates are scarcely visible, and the

siphon appears to have a small detached acus. As more mature specimens are

examined, the plates are seen to become larger and more distinct, and the acus

becomes embedded in the basal ring, finally appearing as a small, indistinctly

paler spot. In fully mature 4th stage larvae, the plate on VII usually extends

ventrad to the level of seta 6-VII, 3-VII usually inserted just caudad of the

plate, but occasional specimens are seen with 3-VII on the plate. The plate on

VIII is usually incomplete ventrally, but sometimes complete; insertion of

5- VIII on the ring is apparently independent of the completeness of the ring in

mature specimens. Variability was also noticed in the development of the large

comb scales, there being from 1 to 5 or more strong apical spicules. This

appeared somewhat locality related; specimens from Okinawa and Kyushu

usually having the main apical spicule at least twice as long as the immediate

flanking spicules, specimens from Yaeyama usually with 3 or more subequal

strong apical spicules, or having a central strong spicule less than twice as

long as the immediate flanking spicules. Zavortink (ibid. ) also mentioned

the presence of a “hairy"' form of Or. anopheloides, in which some larval

and pupal setae were much more strongly developed than normal. One of our

specimens was judged "hairy."

BIONOMICS. Common in southern Palaearctic Japan and the Ryukyu

Archipelago. The larvae are tree hole breeders, occasionally found in shaded

artificial containers (with fallen leaves) such as gravestones or small cement

tanks. LaCasse and Yamaguti (1950) found larvae in stone bowls and flower

holders of cut bamboo at cemeteries in Kyoto. The 4th stage larva may over-

winter in Amami Oshima (Wada et al. 1976). Toxorhynchites manicatus

apparently does not feed on the larvae of Or. anopheloides, although often

they are found together. Zavortink (1968) stated that Orthopodomyia larvae are

apparently filter feeders, ingesting microorganisms and small particles

strained from water. Adult habits are poorly known; apparently they do not

bite man. Miyagi (1972b) found that the adults attacked chicks but not mice,

reptiles and amphibians in the laboratory.

0. GENUS MANSONIA BLANCHARD

Mansonia Blanchard, 1901: 1046. Type-species: Culex titillans Walker, 1848;

Brazil.

114 _ . Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

Medium-sized mosquitoes; larvae with siphon valves strongly modified

for piercing plant tissues.

FEMALE. Eyes contiguous or narrowly separated above and below.

Vertex with decumbent scales narrow, sometimes with broad scales laterally;

erect scales numerous; 5-8 vertical and 4-5 temporal bristles on each side,

often continuous. Antennal flagellum about as long as proboscis; flagello-

mere 1 1.2-1.6 of Flm 2. Palpus not more than 0.35 length of proboscis,

very small segment 4 usually present. Thorax. Anterior pronotal lobes

widely separated, bristled; posterior pronotal lobe with bristles near posteri-

or margin. Scutum moderately arched, with narrow scales only; acrostichal

bristles occasionally absent or reduced to a few anterior pairs, other scutal

bristles developed. Scutellum with narrow scales. Postnotum bare. Para-

tergite narrow, bare. Pleura with scale patches small, often also reduced in

number; spiracular bristles absent; postspiracular bristles present or absent;

propleural, prealar, sternopleural and upper mesepimeral bristles present;

lower mesepimeral bristles present, often in middle near anterior margin.

Base of mesomeron above that of hindcoxa. Wing. Squama fringed with hair-

like scales; alula fringed with lanceolate scales. Cell Ro longer than vein

1943. Vein scales variable. Dorsal remigial bristles present or absent.

Legs. Foretarsomere 5 longer than 4; midtarsomere 5 shorter to slightly

longer than 4; hindtarsomere 1 distinctly shorter than tibia. Empodium

occasionally modified. Pulvilli not developed. Claws equal and simple;

those of hindtarsus at least 0.7 as long as those of fore- or midtarsus.

Abdomen. Tiptruncate. Tergum I hirsute; laterotergite unscaled.

MALE. Antenna strongly plumose, shorter or as long as proboscis;

flagellomeres 12 and 13 elongate. Palpus as long as or longer than proboscis,

segment 5 occasionally very short. Foretarsomeres 4 and 5 slightly to

strongly modified, 5 longer than 4; midtarsomeres 4 and 5 simple or slightly

modified, 5 longer than 4. Empodium of hind tarsus occasionally modified.

Anterior claw of fore- and midtarsi enlarged, toothed; posterior claw simple;

both claws of hindtarsus equal and simple. Genitalia. Tergum IX with or

without bristle-bearing lobes. Sternum IX without bristles. Basistyle vari-

able in shape, usually broad, with scales at least laterally; claspette present,

with filament variable in shape. Dististyle irregular and variable in shape;

claws small or absent. Cercal setae present; paraproct with strongly

sclerotized apical teeth. Aedeagus rather simple, tergally closed, with

tergobasal orifice, sternally widely open.

LARVA. (Extracted mainly from Belkin 1962). Head distinctly wider than

long. Seta 1-C dorsal and removed from anterior border; 2-C rarely

developed. Antenna always longer than cranium; 2,3-A removed a consider-

able distance from apex, distal part (distad of 2,3-A) narrow, smooth, vari-

able in length, articulated or ankylosed at base; proximal part (proximad of

2,3-A) spiculate; 1-A long and densely branched. Mouth brush of numerous

slender hairs. Mentum plate small; aulaeum with median tooth. Thorax,

Setae 1-3-P close together near meson on a poorly defined common basal

callus; 8-P short; 12-P strong; 13-P absent. Abdomen. Setae 6-I-VI and

7-I strong, usually single. Comb scales few ina single row. Siphon short,

triangular, with a narrow complete ring at base (acus), separated from the

rest of siphon by a deep suture; pecten absent; ventrolateral valve greatly

developed, at least as long as body of siphon, with recurved spines near and

at apex; median dorsal valve with a sawlike long process; 1-S near apex or

distad of siphon body; 2-S on a tubercle distad of siphon body, strongly

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 115

developed; 6-S variable; 8-S usually large. Saddle complete, long, sometimes

longer than entire siphon; 1-X removed from apical margin of saddle; 2, 3-X

long and multiple; 4-X of 8-10 cratal hairs, precratal hairs often present.

Anal gills shorter than saddle.

DISTRIBUTION. Worldwide.

KEYS TO SUBGENERA OF MANSONIA

FEMALE ADULT

Postspiracular bristles absent; wing scales narrow; abdominal

tergum VIII without spiniform setae... . Coquillettidia (p. 118)

Postspiracular bristles present; all or most wing scales very broad,

often asymmetrical: abdominal tergum VIII with spiniform setae.

Mansonioides (p. 115)

MALE GENITALIA

Dististyle with terminalclaw. ss. . Coquillettidia (p. 118)

DIstistvie Withtie CIAW . i. 4.6 ek ks Mans onioides (p. 115)

LARVA

Distal part of antenna flexible, as long as proximal part; comb

scales 5-10, with apex pointed. ...... Coquillettidia (p. 118)

Distal part of antenna rigid, less than half as long as proximal part;

comb scales 1-3, with apex rounded. . .. Mansonioides (p. 115)

SUBGENUS MANSONIOIDES THEOBALD

Mansonioides Theobald, 1907: 498. Type-species: Mansonioides septemguttata

Theobald, 1907; Borneo.

FEMALE. Proboscis shorter than forefemur. Pronotal lobes scaled.

Acrostichal bristles weak or reduced to some anterior ones. Postspiracular

bristles present. Wing speckled with pale and dark broad scales, most scales

asymmetrical. Abdominal tergum VIII with a number of strong short spiniform

setae along apical margin. Seminal capsules 3, 2 large and one rudimentary.

MALE. Palpus longer than proboscis; segment 5 minute. Genitalia.

Tergum IX neither lobed nor bristled. Basistyle excavated and membranous on

mesal surface; tergomesal margin rather produced, with a row of strong setae;

claspette long, nearly reaching apex of basistyle, with one or more apical fila-

ments. Dististyle lacking terminal claw, with many fine bristles.

LARVA. (Extracted mainly from Belkin 1962). Antenna with distal part

less than 0.5 of proximal part, rigid, ankylosed at base; setae 2,3-A longer

than distal part. Abdomen. Setae 4 mesad of 3 on III and IV; 4, 5-VIII removed

from 3-VIII. Comb scales reduced to 2-3, apically rounded, without fringe of

spicules. Siphon with 1-S near apex of siphon body.

DISTRIBUTION. Manchurian subregion, Oriental region, Northern

Australian region, Solomon Is., Ethiopian region.

Subgenus Mansonioides in this region is represented by a single widely dis-

116 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

tributed species.

19. MANSONIA (MANSONIOIDES) UNIFORMIS (THEOBALD)

(Figs. 29, 30, 176)

Panoplites uniformis Theobald, 1901e: 180 (2). Type-locality: Quilon,

Travancore, S. India, Taiping, Perak.

Mansonia uniformis: Mochizuki, 1913: 32; Fukuoka, Japan; Okinawa Is.,

Ryukyu Archipelago.

Mansonia (Mansonioides) uniformis: LaCasse and Yamaguti, 1950: 66

(*, 2, L); Chu, 1956: 42, Korea.

FEMALE (Fig. 176). Wing length 3.5-4.6 mm. Head, Eyes contiguous

above and below. Vertex covered with pale narrow curved scales and pale

brown erect forked scales; tempus covered with white broad scales; 6-8 pairs

of brown vertical bristles, bristles of median pair close together, fairly

long; 4 brown temporals on each side. Clypeus yellowish brown. Antenna:

pedicel yellowish brown, with several dark short bristles on ventromesal

side; flagellum 0. 95-0. 99 (6) of proboscis; flagellomere 1 1.45-1.57 (5) of

Flm 2, with some dark broad scales. Palpus 0.33-0.35 (6) of proboscis,

covered with mixed white, yellow and dark scales; segment 3 1. 80-2.25 (6)

of 2; 40.10-0.18 (5) of 3. Proboscis rather short, 0.87-0.92 (6) of fore-

femur, with broad yellow median band, base covered with mixed dark and

yellow scales, apex with dark scales mixed with increasing numbers of apical

pale scales, tip white scaled; ventral side with more pale scales. Thorax.

Pronotal integument brown, lower half of posterior pronotal lobe rather dark;

both lobes with white narrow curved scales, occasionally posterior lobe with

a few broad scales on lower posterior area; anterior lobe bearing more than

10 brown bristles of various sizes, posterior lobe bearing 7 to more than 10

bristles in a single row, and a few fine ones out of the row. Scutum with

integument brown, covered with brown and white narrow curved scales;

brown scales covering anteromedian area delimited by anterior dorsocentral

series, narrow areas along posterior dorsocentral series and lower half of

supraalar area; white scales covering anterior margin, fossal area, upper

half of supraalar area and margin of prescutellar space; a few pale scales

scattered in anteromedian area; prescutellar space bare; acrostichal bristles

reduced to anterior 3-5 pairs; 6 to more than 10 bristles in fossal area: a few

on humeral margin and near scutal angle, 3-6 in a row close to posterior part

of anterior dorsocentral series; bristles rare in middle of fossal area.

Scutellum brown, each lobe with pale narrow curved scales and bearing 9-8

long brown bristles, each lateral lobe with 1-4 additional short bristles.

Paratergite rather dark brown. Pleura rather dark brown on postspiracular

and upper subspiracular areas, the dark area continuous to concolorous lower

posterior pronotal lobe forming an ill-defined broad band; propleuron and

anterior corner of sternopleuron also rather dark brown, pleura otherwise

rather pale brown; propleuron, upper and lower posterior sternopleuron and

upper mesepimeron each with a patch of white broad scales; pleural bristles

pale yellowish brown, more than 10 on each of propleuron, postspiracular

area, sternopleuron along upper and posterior margins and upper mesepimer-

on, a row of 2-5 bristles along anterior margin in middle of mesepimeron,

no bristle on lower 0.33 of mesepimeron. Wing. Veins mottled with dark

and yellow scales, almost all these scales except those on distal half of costa

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 117

very broad and asymmetrical; posterior margin of wing mottled with dark and

yellow, moderately broad scales; slender fringe scales all dark. Dorsal

remigial bristles absent; cell Ro 2.08-3.21 (6) length of vein 6949. Halter with

dark scaled knob. Legs. Fore- and midcoxae with both dark and pale scales;

hindcoxa unscaled or with only a few pale scales at apex. Posterior half of

underside of forefemur and posterior surface of foretibia mainly pale scaled;

basal half or a little more of posterior surface of mid- and hindfemora pale

scaled; femora and tibiae otherwise dark scaled, each with several pale

patches, occasionally some of these pale patches fused; tarsomere 1 with pale

broad basal and median bands, basal band of hindtarsomere 1 usually with a

small dark spot; fore- and midtarsomeres 2-3 and hindtarsomeres 2-9 with

pale broad basal bands. Midtarsomere 5 as long as or only slightly longer than

4: hindtarsomere 1 0.65-0.72 (6) as long as tibia. Claw of hindtarsus 71-79%

(3) length of fore- or midtarsus. Abdomen. Tergum I with a median patch of

yellow scales, occasionally intermixed with a few dark scales, sides unscaled;

II-VI dark scaled, with mediobasal patch of yellow scales on anterior 1-3 seg-

ments, posterior margin largely yellow scaled; II-III with lateroapical patch

of white scales and often with laterobasal yellow scales; IV usually with only a

few pale lateral scales; sides of V and VI basally yellow scaled and apically

white scaled; VII yellow and white scaled, often intermixed with dark scales;

apical margin slightly emarginate; VIII with dark teeth arranged as 4-7: 1:8-

9-1: 1-5-8. Sterna II-VI pale scaled, frequently basally yellow and apically

white; IV occasionally dark scaled lateroapically; VIII unscaled, bilobed.

MALE (Figs. 29, 176). Wing length 2.8-3.4 mm. Antenna: pedicel

glabrous; flagellum 1.04 (1) of proboscis; flagellomeres 12 and 13 together

0.63 of 1-11, Flm 12 and Flm 13 subequal. Palpus 1.28 of proboscis,

mainly dark scaled; segments 2 and 3 with median pale band, 4 with 2

outstanding apical bristles, 5 very short, pale scaled; length ratio of 2-0:

5.78 : 10.22 : 8.44: 1.00. Pleura often with less than 10 postspiraculars and

upper mesepimerals, 2 or 3 midanterior mesepimerals. Cell Rg 1.70-2.00

(4) length of vein r9+3. Hindtarsomere 1 0.68 (1) of tibia. Anterior claw of

fore- and midtarsi with a blunt-tipped subbasal tooth. Genitalia. Tergum IX

very short, weakly sclerotized, with 3 constrictions in middle. Sternum IX

small, oblong. Basistyle elongate-conical with pointed apex in dorsoventral

view, 2.8 times as long as wide, with a deep tergomesal emargination sub-

basally, with a row of strong striated setae along tergomesal margin, bristled

on tergal surface; lateral and sternal surfaces apically bristled and basally

scaled; claspette very long, nearly reaching apex of basistyle with stem

elabrous, filament pigmented, 0.2 as long as stem, apically bifurcate into a

wrench-like shape. Dististyle compressed, somewhat sigmoid, broad in later-

al view, 0.75 as long as basistyle, pubescent on entire surface, with many fine

bristles on apical 0.33 of sternal surface; apex strongly sclerotized, bluntly

pointed. Paraproct with apex strongly sclerotized and 5-6 toothed; 3 cercal

setae. Aedeagus elongate ovoid, large, more than half as long as basistyle,

2.67-2. 80 (2) times as long as wide, sternally open, tergally closed, with ob-

long tergobasal orifice; apex with a pair of groups of several tubercles.

LARVA (Fig. 30). (After LaCasse and Yamaguti 1950). Head, Cranium

with a large incurved conical protuberance ventrad of antennal base; ocular

area covered with anteriorly directed denticles; seta 1-C comparatively long,

rather blunt; 3-C very small; 4-C minute; 5-C small; 6,7-C barbed; ranges of

branching (in parentheses) of head setae as follows: 4(2-4), 5(2-5), 6(4-9),

7(5-10), 8(1-5), 9(2-5), 10(1-3), 11(2-7), 12(2-5), 13(2-3), 14(3-6), 15(2-5).

Antenna, Seta 1-A at basal 0.33 of shaft, with 10-18 barbed branches; 2, 3-A

118 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

at apical 0.29. Mandible. Cutting organ with 2 unicuspid dorsal teeth; pectin-

ate brush of 9-12 slender plumose hairs. Piliferous process cleft apically.

Maxilla. Cardo with 1-Mx 2-4 branched. Mesostipes with microsculpture of

pentagonal or hexagonal meshes on ventral surface; twin equal stipital sensoria.

Mentum plate with 9 teeth; aulaeum with median tooth bearing 6 apical denticles.

Thorax. Ranges of branching (in parentheses) of thoracic setae as follows: |

0-P(2-5), 4,5, 7-P(2-3), 4-M(3-7), 8-M(3-6), 9-M(2-3), 7-T(2-4), 9-T(2-3),

13-T(3-5); 1,14-P and 6-M double; 2, 3,6,9,10,12-P, 5, 7, 10, 12-M and 10-T

single. Abdomen. Setae 6-I-VI and 7-I single; 1-VII 1-2 branched; 3, 4- VIII

double. Comb scales 2 (occasionally 1), simple and blunt-tipped. Siphon.

Seta 1-S with 2 unequal branches; 2-S slightly curved, on a raised chitinous

base; 6-S very fine; 8-S stout; median dorsal valve with about a dozen teeth

along its concave mid-dorsal ridge; ventrolateral valve with a number of oblique

ridges, bearing 4 apical hooks in 2 groups; dorsolateral valve with an apical

stout complex hook; median caudal filament transversely striate. Saddle 0.5-

0.6 mm long; 1-X 3-6 branched; 2, 3-X each 7-14 branched; 4-X of 10-11 cratal,

2-7 branched hairs, and 2-4 precratal, 1-3 branched hairs. Anal gills 0.30-

0.55 mm long.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO. 50, 4°: Okinawa

Gunto (J-1624, J-1625, J-2154, J-2155, J-2156, J-2157). 65°: Yaeyama

Guntd (K-0181, K-0584, K-0721, K-0722, K-0786, K-0913, K-1005, K-1068,

K-1069, K-1302, K-1325, K-1444, K-1473, K-1538, K-1596, K-1706, K-2153).

TAIWAN. 3c, 6 L (3%: Neihu, Taipei Hsien, 1 XII 1973, net, Lien &

Mizusawa; 5 L: Lab. Col. originated in Nankang, Taipei Hsien; 1 L: Taiwan

mainland).

DISTRIBUTION. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu).

KOREA (Korean Pen.). RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO (Amami, Okinawa and

Yaeyama Guntd). ORIENTAL, AUSTRALASIAN AND ETHIOPEAN REGIONS.

BIONOMICS. Rare in temperate Japan, more common in the Ryukyu

Archipelago. The larvae were found in large natural ponds and slowly moving

streams at Yodo, Kyoto Pref., Honshu; they attached to the underground por-

tions of the stems and roots of Zuzania latifolia for air; adult females are

vicious blood suckers (LaCasse and Yamaguti 1950). In Yaeyama, we found

adults in shrubbery and obtained them from human bait.

RELATION TO DISEASES. In the tropical region, the larvae of Wuchereria

bancrofti and Brugia malayi have been found in wild-caught females of

Mansonia uniformis (Horsfall 1955). This species apparently plays almost no

significant role in the transmission of these diseases in Japan, but because

of its avidity for human blood, perhaps warrants more study.

SUBGENUS COQUILLETTIDIA DYAR

Coquillettidia Dyar, 1905: 47. Type-species: Culex perturbans Walker,

1856, North America.

FEMALE. Proboscis as long as forefemur. Pronotal lobes unscaled.

Acrostichal bristles present. Postspiracular bristles absent. Wing scales

usually narrow, unicolorous. Abdominal tergum VIII without strong spini-

form setae. Seminal capsules 3.

MALE. Palpal segment 5 well developed. Genitalia. Tergum IX with

lobes bristled. Basistyle without modified setae; claspette short, with one

or more elongate filaments or setae. Dististyle with terminal or subterminal

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 119

claw.

LARVA. (Extracted mainly from Belkin 1962). Antenna with distal part

usually as long as proximal part, flexible, annulated, and movable at base

along a diagonal ventral connection to proximal part; setae 2,3-A much shorter

than distal part of antenna. Abdomen. Seta 4 laterad of 3 on III andIV. Comb

scales at least 5, apex sharply pointed or with a few moderately strong spines,

fine laterobasal denticles or spicules sometimes present; 3-5-VIII in a compact

eroup. Siphon with 1-S distad of siphon body.

DISTRIBUTION. Holarctic, Oriental, Australian and Ethiopian regions,

some Pacific islands.

KEYS TO SPECIES OF MANSONIA (COQUILLETTIDIA)

FEMALE ADULT

Scales of wing, legs and abdomen mostly yellow; empodium modified,

palmate, with 5-7 short, stout and acute branches.

ochracea (p. 119)

Scales of wing, legs and abdomen dark, purplish; empodium simple.

crassipes (p. 122)

MALE GENITALIA

Dististyle narrowed apically from the expanded and strongly curved

median portion, without spine. ......... ochracea (p. 119)

Dististyle slightly broadened apically, with a short slender spine

DEON INA OG, OL DIIGO enc oe ae cae ane ett at crassipes (p. 122)

Larval specimens not available to us.

20. MANSONIA (COQUILLETTIDIA) OCHRACEA (THEOBALD)

(Page 31. $2, Lt)

Taeniorhynchus ochraceus Theobald, 1903: 263 (2). Type-locality: Kuala

Lumpur, Malaya.

Culex shakujiiensis Ogasawara, 1939a: 238 (2). Type-locality: Shakujii, Tokyo,

Japan.

Mansonia (Coquillettidia) ochracea: LaCasse and Yamaguti, 1950: 72 (%, &,

L); Lee, Hong, Shin and Hak, 1971: 23, Pusan, Kyong-sangnam Do.,

Korea.

Mansonia ochracea: Gentry, 1957: 82, Oyama, Okinawa Is., Ryukyu Archi-

pelago.

Rather large, entirely bright yellowish mosquito.

FEMALE (Fig. 177). Wing length 4.8-5.6 mm. Head, Eyes contiguous

above, very narrowly separated or nearly contiguous below. Vertex covered

with pale yellow narrow curved scales, and with basally yellowish brown,

apically brown, erect forked scales on posterior 0.67, tempus covered with

pale yellow broad scales; 5-8 pairs of brown vertical bristles, median pair

close together and close to eye, others a little distant from eye; 4-5 brown

temporal bristles on each side close to eye. Clypeus yellowish brown.

120 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

Antenna: pedicel yellowish brown, with several mesal brown bristles; flagel-

lum 1.01-1.08 (4) of proboscis; flagellomere 1 yellowish brown, 1.35-1.53

(4) of Flm 2, with some broad scales; remaining flagellomeres brown. Palpus

0. 33-0. 36 (4) of proboscis, yellow scaled, tip with dark brown scales; seg-

ment 3 2.70-3.00 (4) of 2, 4 very small, conical. Proboscis as long as fore-

femur, yellow scaled, base with brown scales, tip with dark brown scales.

Thorax. Pronotal lobes with integument yellowish or light brown; anterior

lobe bearing more than 10 brown bristles of various sizes; posterior lobe with

a posterior row of 4-8 brown bristles, usually with a few fine additional bristles

out of the row. Scutal integument light brown, covered with golden yellow nar-

row curved scales; scutal bristles brown, usually 3-6 along humeral margin

to scutal angle, one posterior fossal. Scutellum with integument and scales

similar to those of scutum; median lobe with 4-6, each lateral lobe with 5-9

long brown bristles, and occasionally with one or 2 additional medium-sized

ones; each lobe usually with several additional hair-like fine bristles.

Pleural integument light brown, sternopleuron with pale yellow broad scales

posteriorly; pleural bristles yellowish brown, more than 10 on each of pro-

pleuron, prealar knob and sternopleuron along its upper to posterior margin;

7 to more than 10 upper mesepimerals; 1-4 bristles in middle of mesepimeron

near anterior margin, these bristles rarely absent; no bristle on lower 0.33 of

mesepimeron. Wing. Veins covered with yellowish, moderately broad scales;

2 dorsal remigial bristles present; cell Ro 1.82-2.50 (6) length of vein Lo43:

Halter with knob yellow scaled. Legs. Mainly yellow scaled. Femora

and tibiae with varying amounts of mixed brown scales on anterior surface, the

brown scales tending to form a small apical patch, the patch always distinct

and often forming a complete ring in hindfemur, and forming an ill-defined basal

ring and apical fringe in hindtibia; fore- and hindtarsomere 1 narrowly brown

scaled apically; fore- and hindtarsomeres 2-5 with apical brown scaling vari-

able; midtarsomeres 2-5 or 3-5 with some brown scales apically or incomplete

apical ring of brown scales, 5 occasionally mainly brown scaled. Midtarso-

mere 5 nearly as long as 4; hindtarsomere 1 0.71-0.75 (5) of tibia. Claw of

hindtarsus about 78-83% that of fore- or midtarsus in length. Empodium dark,

palmate with 5-7 short, stout and acute branches, usually with one or 2 addi-

tional lateral spicules; some of smaller dorsal and ventral branches apically

filamentous; a few ordinary ventral hairs also basally present. Abdomen.

Yellow scaled above and below; tergum I with medial scales only; II-IV usually

with scattered dark brown medial scales; II-VI with dark brown laterobasal

integumental patches gradually decreasing in size posteriorly.

MALE (Figs. 32, 177). Wing length 3.8-4.6 mm. Antenna: pedicel

glabrous; flagellum 0. 80-0. 87 (2) of proboscis; flagellomeres 12 and 13

together 0. 85-0. 89 (2) as long as 1-11, 12 1.33-1.39 (2) of Flm 13. Palpus

1.19-1.27 (2) of proboscis, yellow scaled, tip of segment 3, apical 0.33 to

half of 4 and entire 5 covered with brown scales; 4,5 and apex of 3 with numer-

ous long bristles; length ratio of 2-5 : 1.09-1.10: 1.61-1.67 : 0.97-1.01 : 1.00

(2). Cell Ro 1.24-1.55 (4) length of vein rg+3. Foretarsomere 4 very short,

only 1.4 times as long as broad and 0.4 as long as 5; 5 nearly as long as 3,

with a ventrobasal protuberance bearing 3 pairs of stout setae; midtarsomere

5 distinctly longer than 4, shorter than 3, simple; hindtarsomere 1 0. 76-0. 81

(3) of tibia. Anterior claw of fore- and midtarsi with blunt-tipped submedian

and laterobasal teeth. Empodium simple in fore- and midtarsi, slightly

broadened apically and with 2 or 3 rather stout acute branches in hindtarsus.

Genitalia. Tergum IX with lobes rather small, widely separated, weakly

sclerotized, each bearing 3-6 (4) medium-sized bristles. Sternum IX trape-

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 121

zoidal, fairly narrow apically, apical margin slightly emarginate. Basistyle

subcylindrical, 2.6-2.9 times as long as wide, bristled except for a narrow

space of mesal surface, with long tergolateral and lateroapical bristles, anda

short row of 3-4 closely arranged, tergomesal medium-sized bristles at apex,

laterally scaled, with a few tergobasal scales; claspette short, stem with a fine

median and a stout apical seta, filament pigmented, rod-shaped, with apex

rounded, subequal to apical seta in length. Dististyle in lateral view slightly

broadened at base, strongly expanded and tergally curved nearly 90° about at

middle, then apically attenuate, pigmented and with minute setae in apical half,

7-11 on convex side and 3-4 on concave side; claw short, emarginate at apex.

Paraproct with apex strongly sclerotized, 4-6 toothed; 5-6 cercal setae.

Aedeagus ellipsoidal, slightly constricted in middle, with widest part proximal

to middle, 1.8 times as long as wide, sternally open, with large basal and small

apical orifices on tergal side; sclerotized lateral wall expanded tergally in

middle; apical half of tergal surface closed with very weakly sclerotized wall;

apex with 4-5 teeth on each side; sternal lateral edge serrate.

LARVA (Fig. 31). (After LaCasse and Yamaguti 1950). Head. Much |

broader than long; integument with microsculpture of transverse rows of min-

ute denticles; seta 1-C comparatively long, with blunt tip; 3-C very small;

5-C small; 6, 7-C barbed; ranges of branching (in parentheses) of head setae as

follows: 4(2-6), 5(7-9), 6(4-7), 7(6-15), 8(2-5), 9(3-7), 10(1-5), 11(7-16),

12(4-7), 13(3-5), 14(1-3), 15(3-5). Antenna with proximal part spiculate;

distal part very long, slightly more than twice the length of proximal part,

annulated, slender, whip-like, articulated with proximal part dorsally at a

little proximad of its apex; 1-A with 25-30 sparsely barbed branches; 2, 3-A

located slightly distad of 1-A. Mandible with microspines on posterior dorso-

lateral aspect; cutting organ with 2 bicuspid dorsal teeth; ventral tooth with 2

pointed denticles (? VT, 2) and an anterodorsal spine (? VT-4) at base and a

bifid tooth (? VT3) posteroventrally: ventral blade sinuate; pectinate brush of

9-11 bilaterally pectinate hairs. Piliferous process apically cleft. Mavxilla.

Cardo with 1-Mx single. Mesostipes with microsculpture of pentagonal or

hexagonal meshes on ventral surface; twin stipital sensoria on a common base.

Palpostipes somewhat constricted at middle. Mentum plate triangular, with

11-14 teeth, median tooth larger; aulaeum with bifid or trifid median tooth,

and 2 pairs of dorsal submarginal denticles. Thorax. Ranges of branching

(in parentheses) of thoracic setae as follows: 4-P(3-5), 7-P(2-3), 8-P(3-4),

11-P(5-8), 14-P(2-3), 8-M(5-7), 9-M(4-6), 7-T(6-9), 9-T(4-6), 11-T(1-3),

13-T(4-5); 1, 2,5, 6,10, 12-P, 5, 7,10, 12-M, 10, 12-T single; 3, 9-P double.

Abdomen. Setae 6-I-VI and 7-I single; 6-I smaller than 7-I; 1-VIII single,

comparatively large; 2-VIII 4-5 branched; 3-VIII very large, single, barbed.

Comb scales 7-9 in an arcuate row; individual scales with several slender spines

apically. Siphon 0.38-0.60 mm long including respiratory valves, 1-S triple,

inserted on a conical prominence; 2-S narrowly flanged from the curved apex to

near base; 6-S fine; 8-S reaching beyond tip of respiratory valves; median

dorsal valve more coarsely serrate than in Ma. uniformis; dorsolateral

valve with strong hooks at apex; ventrolateral valve with axial stripe, and

with 6 apical hooks in 2 groups; median caudal filament finely granulate.

Saddle obliquely truncate, 0.5-0.55 mm long dorsally, 0.35-0.38 mm long

ventrally; 1-3-X 3-7, 9-17 and 6-11 branched respectively; 4-X of 8-10

cratal, 2-10 branched hairs, and 2 precratal, 2-5 branched hairs. Anal gills

0.3-0.45 mm long, bluntly pointed.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN. 4c, 11°: Honshu

(C-2158, E-2159, E-2161, E-2162, E-2163). RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO. 2°,

122. Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

9°: Okinawa Gunto (J-1623, J-2154, J-2155, J-2160, J-2164, J-2165, J-2166,

J-2167). |

DISTRIBUTION. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN (Honshu). KOREA (Korean

Peninsula). RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO (Amami, Okinawa and Yaeyama Gunto).

SOUTH CHINA. INDOCHINA. MALAYA. INDONESIA. PHILIPPINES.

THAILAND. INDIA. NEW GUINEA.

TAXONOMIC NOTES. Culex shakujiiensis was synonymized with Mansonia

ochracea by Kano and Hayashi (1949).

BIONOMICS. Rare intemperate Japan. Larvae were collected from the

underwater portions of the stems and roots of Zuzania latifolia in stagnant

natural ponds at Yodo, Kyoto Pref., Honshu, in association with Ma. uniformis;

adult females bite man (LaCasse and Yamaguti 1950). Kano and Hayashi (1950)

also reported the larvae on the roots of Zuzania latifolia in Tokyo. Adults are

attracted by light. Savage and McDonald (1972) found the seasonal abundance

profile of Ma. ochvacea on Okinawa very similar to that of Ma. uniformis,

although it was much scarcer.

21. MANSONIA (COQUILLETTIDIA) CRASSIPES (VAN DER WULP)

(Figs. 32, 178)

Culex crassipes Van der Wulp, 1881: 9 (2). Type-locality: Soeroelangoen,

Sumatra.

Mansonia crassipes: Bohart, 1959: 196, Iriomote Is., Ryukyu Archipelago.

FEMALE (Fig. 178). Wing length 3.7-4.3 mm. Head. Eyes contiguous

above, very narrowly separated or almost contiguous below. Vertex with

integument yellow to brown, covered roughly with pale yellowish narrow curved

scales, with dark long erect forked scales numerous posteriorly, few anteri-

orly; tempus covered with pale yellowish broad scales; vertical and temporal

bristles brown, continuous, usually 7 verticals somewhat removed from eye,

4,5 temporals close to eye. Clypeus brown, yellowish at basal middle.

Antenna: pedicel testaceous, somewhat infuscate and bearing several dark

small hairs on mesal surface; flagellum 1.00-1.05 (5) of proboscis; flagello-

mere 1 1.19-1.33 (5) of Flm 2, with a few dark small scales mesoventrally.

Palpus 0.27-0.31 (5) of proboscis; segments 3 2.55-3.08 (5) of 2; 4 very small,

nipple-shaped; 2 and 3 laterally covered with violet-tinged dark scales; 1-3 7

laterally bristled, mesally glabrous except for the bristled apical half of 3.

Proboscis rather stout, 0.99-1.07 (5) of forefemur, clothed with violet-tinged

dark scales. Thorax. Anterior pronotal lobe yellow, bearing 6 brown stout

bristles together with a number of fine ones; posterior pronotal lobe brown,

bearing 6-7 brown bristles along posterior margin, the bristles decreasing in

size dorsally. Scutum with integument testaceous, infuscate on humeral area

and often behind scutal suture, becoming posteriorly yellowish, covered roughly

with yellow and brown narrow scales; scutal bristles brown. Scutellum pale

yellow, with brown hair-like scales, bearing 5-6 bristles on each lateral lobe

and 3-5 bristles on median lobe; some fine additional bristles often present.

Postnotum yellow. Pleural integument brown to yellow, post- and subspiracu-

lar areas, upper sternopleuron and mesepimeron more or less darker, form-

ing a vague diagonal broad band continuous to posterior pronotal lobe; patches

of white broad scales on caudal angle of sternopleuron and upper mesepimeron,

a number of white broad scales placed loosely on upper sternopleuron; pleural

bristles yellow, about 10 on propleuron, sternopleuron and upper mesepimeron,

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 123

more than 10 on prealar knob, one lower mesepimeral at about lower 0. 33.

Wing. Vein scales dark with purple reflection, somewhat lighter on posterior

part; one dorsal remigial bristles present. Cell Ro 1.42-1.56 (5) length of vein

r9+3; membrane strongly iridescent. Halter with knob yellowish brown, covered

with dark and pale rather narrow scales. Legs. Coxae with patches of white

moderately broad scales. Basal 0.33-0.50 of femora clothed with yellowish

scales; hindfemur with a narrow patch of silvery white scales in middle of an-

terior surface; femora, tibiae and tarsi otherwise covered with purple-tinged

dark scales. Midtarsomere 5 shorter than or nearly as long as 4; hindtarso-

mere 1 0.70-0.74 (5) of tibia. Claw of hindtarsus 80-84% of that of fore- or

midtarsus in length. Abdomen. Tergum I with a median patch of purple scales,

sides unscaled; terga II-VII covered with purple scales, with ill-defined latero-

basal spots of yellowish brown scales usually progressively larger and extending

onto dorsal aspect posteriorly. Sterna with pale basal bands. Seminal capsules

3, one larger than the other 2.

MALE (Figs. 32, 178). Wing length 3.1-3.6 mm. Antennal flagellum

0.92-0.96 (5) of proboscis; flagellomeres 12 and 13 together 0. 80-0. 94 (5) of

Flm 1-11, Flm 12 1.18-1.25 (5) of Flm 13. Palpus 1.00-1.05 (5) of proboscis,

clothed with violet-tinged dark scales; segment 5 turned downwards, 4,5 and

apex of 3 bearing many bristles, length ratio of 2-5 : 1.95-2.30 : 3.04-3.50:

1.52-1.70: 1.00 (5). Proboscis 1.05-1.09 (5) of forefemur. Pleural diagonal

dark band usually more distinct than infemale. Cell R2 1.06-1.14 (5) length

of vein r9,3. Foretarsomere 4 very short, about half as long again as broad,

only slightly more than half as long as 5; 5 with ventrobasal protuberance bear-

ing several short stout setae; midtarsomere 5 simple. Anterior claw of fore-

tarsus with blunt-tipped median and acute laterobasal teeth; anterior claw of

midtarsus with blunt-tipped median and laterobasal teeth. Abdominal tergum

VIII triangular at apex, mainly covered with yellowish brown scales, dark

purple scales at apex only. Genitalia. Tergum IX with lobes well protrudent

and widely separated, each bearing 2-5 setae. Basistyle subcylindrical, 2.0-

2.9 times as long as wide, heavily bristled tergally, bearing long sternal

bristles at apex, small mediotergal and mesosternal bristles, a dense group

of small hairs on mesodistal portion; claspette narrow, with a rod-like pigmented

filament and a slender seta at apex, the seta dorsal to and about as long as the

filament. Dististyle 0.8 as long as basistyle, stout, with large basal condyle,

slightly widened and with 4 minute setae at apex, bearing a sharp spine-like

process on concave side slightly nearer to base than to apex; claw very short

and blunt. Paraproct heavily sclerotized at apex and bearing 3 large recurved

teeth together with several small ones; cercal setae 4-7. Aedeagus well

sclerotized, 1.47-1.73 (5) as long as wide, widely open sternally, edge of

tergobasal orifice laterally expanded, laterosternal edge serrate on basal half;

apex notched, with 3-4 denticles.

LARVA. Specimens not available.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO. 19: Amami Gunto

(I-0312). 80°, 129: Okinawa Gunto (J-0100, J-1623, J-2168, J-2169). 460°, 319:

Yaeyama Gunto (K-0181, K-0582, K-0584, K-0719, K-0722, K-0726, K-0730,

K-0731, K-0739, K-1401, K-1472, K-1474, K-1539, K-1596, K-1598, K-2030,

K-2062, K-2106).

DISTRIBUTION. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO (Amami, Okinawa and Yaeyama

Gunto). TAIWAN. SOUTH CHINA. PHILIPPINES. MALAYA. INDONESIA.

THAILAND. BURMA. INDIA. SRI LANKA. AUSTRALASIAN REGION.

BIONOMICS. The larvae have not been found in this region. Adults are

found commonly in shrubbery on Iriomote Is., rather rare elsewhere, also

124 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

collected in light traps. As in other Mansonia, the larvae of crassipes will

probably be found in permanent or semi-permanent bodies of water obtaining

their air supply by tapping underwater roots and stems of aquatic vegetation

with modified siphons. This species is not known to be of medical importance.

6. GENUS CULEX LINNAEUS

Culex Linnaeus, 1758: 602. Type-species: Cx. pipiens Linnaeus, 1758;

Europe.

Small to large mosquitoes.

FEMALE. Head. Eyes contiguous or separated both above and below.

Vertex always with narrow decumbent scales; broad decumbent scales present

or absent; erect forked scales usually numerous, almost covering vertex,

rarely restricted to posterior half of vertex; 2-3 temporal bristles. Antennal

flagellum usually as long as or longer than proboscis, sometimes slightly

shorter; flagellomere 1 1.0-1.7 of Flm 2. Palpus less than 0.33 of proboscis;

segment 4 infrequently developed. Proboscis usually as long as or longer than

forefemur, occasionally shorter than it, with 4 or more ventrobasal bristles.

Thorax. Anterior pronotal lobes widely separated, bristled; posterior pronotal

lobe with bristles along posterior margin or dorsal to posterior margin. Scu-

tum moderately to strongly arched, with scales all or mostly narrow; acro-

stichal bristles present or absent, other scutal bristles developed. Scutellum

bristled, with narrow scales. Postnotum bare. Paratergite narrow, bare.

Pleura with or without scale patches, never densely covered with scales; pro-

pleuron, prealar knob, sternopleuron and upper mesepimeron bristled, spiracu-

lar and postspiracular bristles absent (a few South Pacific species with post-

spiracular bristles, after Belkin 1962) lower mesepimeral bristles absent or

present. Base of mesomeron distinctly above that of hindcoxa. Wing. Squama

fringed with hairlike scales; alula fringed with lanceolate scales. Dorsal

-remigial bristles present. Cell Ro longer than vein r9i3. Legs. Foretarso-

mere 90 shorter to slightly longer than 4; hindtarsomere 1 shorter to slightly

longer than tibia; claws equal and simple; pulvilli usually well developed.

Abdomen. Tergum I hirsute, scaling usually restricted to middle; laterotergite

usually unscaled, very few scales sometimes present in species of subgenus

Lutzia.

MALE. Antennal flagellum plumose, shorter than to as long as proboscis;

flagellomeres 12 and 13 elongate. Palpus variable. Proboscis usually longer

than forefemur, shorter than it in subgenus Barrvaudius; false joint usually

present with the position variable, occasionally indistinct, long bristles

immediately proximad of the joint present or absent. Foretarsomere 4

shortened, 9 slightly longer to more than twice as long as 4, with some stout

setae on ventrobasal swelling and midventral surface. Midtarsomere 5 usually

not modified, shorter than 4, slightly modified and longer than 4 in subgenus

Neoculex. Anterior claw of fore- and midtarsi enlarged, both anterior and

posterior claws usually toothed; claws of hindtarsus equal and simple.

Genitalia. Tergum IX always narrow, often strip-like, poorly sclerotized;

lobes usually poorly developed, broad, widely separated, bristled, sometimes

well differentiated (Subgenus Neoculex). Sternum IX membranous, usually

without bristles. Basistyle usually unscaled (scaled in subgenus Barvaudius),

without basal lobe or claspette, subapical lobe usually well developed, bearing

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 125

variously developed modified setae, typically these setae are 3 rods (a, B, Y;

a being most mesoproximal) usually located proximally, one broad seta (5)

mesodistally, one broadly foliate seta (€) laterodistally, one long curved bristle

(x) laterad of €, and one or more smaller setae (u) between 6 and the 3 rods;

occasionally similar to 6 in shape and size and may be interpreted as multiple

5. Dististyle articulating in vertical plane, falciform, occasionally modified,

sometimes with an apical crest of spines or annulations on convex side; claw

usually pale, apical, short, somewhat apically broadened. Cercal setae pre-

sent. Paraproct with apical crest consisting of a clump of numerous or a row

of fewer spines. Aedeagus paired, composed of sternobasal and tergoapical

divisions; the sternobasal division (true aedeagus, after Belkin 1962) usually

broad, lamellate, often weakly sclerotized, with surface usually smooth, occa-

sionally spiculate, with the lateral pieces connected by a sternal basal bridge,

having much less taxonomical value than in tergoapical division; tergoapical

division usually well sclerotized, lateral pieces connected by a tergal subbasal

(occasionally median or subapical) bridge, with subbasal knob articulating

laterally with mesobasal knob (subbasal process of Sirivanakarn 1976) of para-

proct, apex variously developed from a single pair of simple processes to —

several pairs of processes or large teeth; aedeagus of subgenus Neoculex rather

simple.

LARVA. (Excluding predatory Lutzia.) Head. Usually distinctly broader

than long, collar narrow; rudimentary or minute seta 2-C often present; 5, 6-C

usually posteriad of 7-C; 6-C lateroanteriad or directly anteriad of 5-C; 8-C

posteriad of 5-C; 12-C usually posteriad of 13-C; 16,17-C present or absent.

Antenna usually long and divided into distal and proximal parts at the insertion

of 1-A, the distal part usually distinctly narrower than the usually spinulate

proximal part; 1-A usually inserted distad of middle, occasionally at about

middle, with usually well developed strongly barbed branches, occasionally

with smooth branches; 2,3-A most often subapical, sometimes almost apical;

4-6-A apical, 5-A (antennal sensorium) shorter than 6-A, with an accessory

minute sensorium on proximal division. Mouth brush of fine numerous hairs.

Mandible with a rather weakly developed group of simple microspines laterally

near base; 1-Md absent. Usually 5 mandibular spurs; MdSj longest, curved,

pigmented; MdS9 multiple, short and hair-like; MdS3,4 similar to MdSq in

shape but smaller and paler; MdS; shortest, basally broadened; occasionally

MdS2 reduced and MdSj, 3-5 all stout and pigmented (bitaeniorhynchus). Mandi-

bular brush usually well developed, of numerous stiff hairs, occasionally

reduced to a number of fine hairs (bitaeniorhynchus). Mandibular comb of

about 10 or more spiculate prominences (teeth), diminishing laterally in size,

each prominence with 1 or 2 long filamentous spicules in addition to many

short ones, occasionally mandibular comb reduced to a ventrolateral row of

only a few prominences (bitaeniorhynchus). Cutting organ without dorsal

spine; 2 dorsal teeth, lateral tooth smaller, unicuspid, mesal tooth variable;

ventral tooth small to moderate, with one lateral denticle (VT-4) and 3 mesal

denticles (VT1-3); ventral blade 1 or 2, VB, extending beyond apex of VTo,

usually apically slender, mesally pectinate, occasionally modified; pectinate

brush well developed, of usually about 10 hairs, the hairs usually laterally

pectinate toward base, bilaterally toward apex. Piliferous process not sclero-

tized, usually well protrudent, with 5 hair groups; labula usually extending at

most only a little beyond apex of anterior part, greatly developed in brevipal-

pis (Giles); occasionally piliferous process very wide, only slightly protrudent,

and more densely haired (bitaeniorhynchus). Mandibular hairs divided into 2

groups or in a single row (bitaeniorhynchus), hairs of distal group laterally

126 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Hist... Vol, 26, 1919

barbed and often basally spiculate, those of proximal group apically frayed.

Maxilla. Cardo narrow, usually narrowly to somewhat broadly fused meso-

basally with cranium, occasionally fused with cranium along its entire basal

margin (bitaeniorhynchus group); cardinal seta 1-Mx weak, single or double.

Mesostipes longer than wide, without spine-like strong spicules; stipital sen-

soria twinned, with basal ring short or reduced; dorsal stipital seta 2-Mx always

fine, pale, shortest of all the ring-based maxillary setae; ventral stipital seta

4-Mx variable. Hairs of maxillary brush usually long and slender, rather short

in bitaeniorhynchus. Parartis without sclerotized protrusion, having a mem-

branous connection with a sclerotized curved rod of paracoila. Pseudoartis

at most moderately developed, never fused with cranium. Lacinia occupying

mesal half of dorsal surface of mesostipes, without spine-like strong spicules;

proximal lacinial seta 5-Mx usually at about level of stipital sensoria, occa-

sionally distad of it (bitaeniorhynchus); distal lacinial seta at apex, a simple

short seta. Palpostipes usually less than half as long as mesostipes (more

than half in bitaeniorhynchus group), basally broadened, usually separated

from mesostipes (fused with it basally in bitaeniorhynchus), without lateral

stipital seta 3-Mx; apex with ampulla and 5 palpal sensoria (3 or 4 in

bitaeniorhynchus), 81,2, 4 ring-based, S3 usually longest, S5 shortest, Sj 9

dorsolateral and S3_5 ventromesal in position. Mentum plate pentagonal ’

or triangular, teeth usually moderate in size, modified in bitaeniorhynchus.

Aulaeum fringed with hair-like spicules, with median tooth, or without it

(Culiciomyia). Thorax. Prothoracic setae 1-8-P are usually fairly constant

in branching; they are especially useful for sorting living larvae, and shown

as "prothoracic setal formula" in the descriptions of species. Setae 1,2-P

single and strong, 1-3-P on a common well developed basal callus, often fairly

close to meson; 3, 4, 8-P variable, 5-7,12-P strong, 9,10-P of medium-size,

11-P weak, 13-P absent, 14-P 1-4 branched; 1-4-M weak, 5-10, 12-M

strong; 1-6,12-T weak, 7,9 10-T strong, 13-T occasionally rather well

developed; 0-P, 13, 14-M and 8-T usually dendritic; 11-M-T minute. Abdomen.

Setae 6-I-VI and 7-I strong; 12-I present; 13-II, VI and often 6-VII dendritic;

1-IN-VI and 13-III-V occasionally rather well developed; 1, 2-VIII dorsolateral,

3-VIII lateral and 4, 5-VIII ventrolateral in position. Comb scales variable.

Siphon usually long, with large rhomboidal acus; pecten usually moderately

developed, in basal half of siphon, with teeth usually pale; 1-S of at least 3

pairs of setae, most frequently subventral in position, sometimes almost ven-

tral, often accessory lateral or subdorsal setae present subapically. Saddle

complete; 1-X on saddle, usually weak; 2-X with unequal branches; 3-X single;

4-X usually 8 or more cratal hairs, rarely one or a few most proximal hairs

off grid; grid usually complete. Larvae of Lutzia are quite different (vide the

subgeneric description).

DISTRIBUTION. Worldwide.

KEYS TO SUBGENERA OF CULEX

FEMALE ADULT

1. Lower mesepimeral bristles 4 or more, arranged in a row parallel to

the anterior margin of mesepimeron; acrostichal bristles present.

Lutzia (p. 237)

Lower mesepimeral bristles 0-3... 5 nem ae et ee ee ee 3

5(4).

6(2).

T6):

2(4).

3(2).

4(3).

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 127

Acrostichal bristles present... h.s0cdl 6) ww hanes i eater anid owe © 3

Acrostichal bristles absent. .......-e.-s ere ee eee 6

Hindtarsomere 1 at most 0. 80 length of tibia. . . . Barraudius (p. 233)

Hindtarsomere dat deast 0: Gorkencth. OF Sibi. a atti criny serentncmrs hers 4

Pleura without distinct scale patches; abdominal terga entirely dark.

Eumelanomyia (Mochthogenes) (p. 185)

Pleura with distinct scale patches; abdominal terga banded or with latero-

basal PAteMese Hes oon ccna ails albeit er Gatun lr cageuh bei be lier gere stern anes (exe 9)

Proboscis unbanded; abdominal tergal bands apical. . Neoculex (p. 179)

Proboscis banded or/and abdominal tergal bands basal, or both proboscis

and abdominal terza-unbanded.o + sa swiss scans cele Culex (p. 129)

Vein 1a reaching level from m-cu to r-m; vertex with broad scales at

Ledist Ose resma A 0 1s pee ise cori, tale: der fl dace ee ck teens Culiciomyia (p. 214)

Vein 1a reaching level between cubital fork and m-cu......... go ae

Posterior pronotal bristles along posterior margin; vertex with broad

scales anterolaterally to eye margin. .... Lophoceraomyia (p. 196)

Posterior pronotal bristles along dorsal margin to posterior margin;

vertex with scales all narrow.

Eumelanomyia (Protomelanoconion) (p. 185)

MALE ADULT

Basistyle scaled, subapical lobe divided into proximal and distal sections,

bearing short weakly modified setae; tergoapical division of aedeagus

composed of 2 pairs of processes........ Barraudius (p. 233)

Basistyle unscaled, subapical lobe not divided, and/or bearing long well

GEVELOPEd MOMU1ISd, SOLAR. si ei ajcs de 6 ee tie psi a, a ee pe ke

Aedeagus with tergal bridge subapical; subapical lobe with 2 rods (a, 8 );

midtarsomere 5 longer than 4. .......4+4+.-s Neoculex (p. 179)

Aedeagus with tergal bridge subbasal or median; subapical lobe with 3 rods

(op Bove amadtarcomere: D. JONSeP ENON. 4 yes a wisliitu'e sy feoiter aviqoie agile, wyck 3

Tergoapical division of aedeagus composed of a pair of oval (in tergal

view) processes; palpus shorter than proboscis.

Eumelanomyia (p. 185)

Tergoapical division of aedeagus composed of one or more pairs of horn-

shaped processes or large teeth; palpus as long as or longer than

PROD OSE TGs os 8 kien’ ah pal ts ok ong sacnennipih one os sie aaa ian ee etn a . 4

Subapical lobe with only simple setae or bristles in addition to 3 rods;

tergoapical division of aedeagus composed of one pair of processes.

Lutzia (p. 237)

Subapical lobe with modified setae in addition to 3 rods. ........ 5)

128

5(4).

6(5).

2(1).

3(2).

4(2).

(4).

6(5).

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

Tergoapical division of aedeagus complex, of 3 or more pairs of

processes or large teeth, or of one pair of finely spiculate

PROCEGseR OT. Hea). VES PO eS a Culex (p. 129)

Tergoapical division of aedeagus rather simple, of 2 pairs of processes,

or one pair of non-spiculate processes. ..........4..44.. 6

Paraproct with basal sternolateral process well developed; antenna

without modified setae; palpal segment 3 with a row of lanceolate

SECO NCL te chenine ste i ca Mey COUR OR meaty ten alg Culiciomyia (p. 214)

Paraproct without basal sternolateral process; antenna with modified

setae; palpus without a row of lanceolate setae.

Lophoceraomyia (p. 196)

LARVA

Labrum produced anteriorly; mandible with very strong ventral tooth;

maxilla with cardo, mesostipes and palpostipes almost fused

together; seta 7-II as strong as 7-I; siphon as long as or shorter

PP Gla ce ert enn Sk CT Nae vile mae Lutzia (p. 2377)

Labrum not produced anteriorly; mandible with small to moderately

developed ventral tooth; maxilla with cardo, mesostipes and

palpostipes usually separated; seta 7-II much shorter and weaker

than Tel: sino lOneer than sade. he. ae WAV, 2. 2

Seta 3-P as long and strong as 1,2-P or nearly so, single...... 3

Seta 3-P distinctly shorter and weaker than 1,2-P, single or

PRANGHEUR ae. Loe Nee ig ds ees UR eh eet ia wae 14 > 4

Siphon with seta 1-S arranged in a zigzag ventral row, without lateral

or subdorsal setae other than 2-S........ Barvaudius (p. 233)

Siphon with seta 1-S subventral and/or with lateral or subdorsal seta

ei Mor to ae. eed ee SA a. ts ©, Culex (p. 129)

Mentum plate with more than 25 narrow teeth; aulaeum without median

tooth; saddle with markedly strong apical spicules; seta 4-X of usually

Serer ey err SCO Oey cies (et een Culiciomyia (p. 214)

Mentum plate with at most 21 rather broad teeth; aulaeum with median

tooth; saddle without markedly strong apical spicules; seta 4-X of

WERT EO OT MOT ena TS AiG eh Sang ae ye ec a hat ete wk aN +)

Seta 4-P weak, shorter than 3-P; 5-C shorter than 7-C.

Eumelanomyia (Mochthogenes) (p. 185)

Seta 4-P strong, longer than 3-P; 5-C as long as to longer than

Individual pecten teeth with at most 3, usually one or 2, ventral

SGT os 91 falta ama ana ae ad ako teas ta Soi a Neoculex (p. 179)

Individual pecten teeth with at least 4, often about 10, ventral

ESCA SIC oa Rew aie a NR ML ad DICER Fa 28 aS aaa CR a ay gH 7

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 129

7(6). Setae 2,3-A apical; labula of mandible very strongly developed,

extending far beyond apex of anterior part, with apex subacute.

Eumelanomyia (Protomelanoconion) (p. 185)

Setae 2,3-A subapical; labula of mandible extending only slightly beyond

apex of anterior part, with apex rounded. . Lophoceraomyia (p. 196)

SUBGENUS CULEX LINNAEUS*

Culex Linnaeus, 1758: 602. Type-species: Cx. pipiens Linnaeus, 1758;

Europe.

Medium-sized to rather large mosquitoes.

FEMALE. Head. Eyes contiguous or narrowly separated above. Vertex

including eye margin usually with narrow scales only, occasionally with broad

lateral scales; erect forked scales over almost entire vertex; 5-10 vertical

and usually 2 (occasionally 3) temporal bristles on each side. Antennal flagel-

lum 0.9-1.3 of proboscis; flagellomere 1 1.1-1.7 of Flm 2. Palpus 0.17-

0.25 of proboscis; segment 4 lacking or minute. Proboscis 0.9-1.3 of fore-

femur, with several ventrobasal bristles; pale median band present or absent.

Thorax. Pronotal lobes with narrow scales; anterior lobe with more than 10

bristles of various sizes; posterior lobe with 4 to more than 10 bristles along

posterodorsal to dorsoposterior margin or posterior margin, many bristles

in a posterodorsal group in bitaeniorhynchus. Scutum covered with narrow

scales; all scutal bristles developed. Scutellar median lobe with 5-12, each

lateral lobe with 3-9 long bristles. Pleura with small but distinct scale.

patches on upper sternopleuron, lower posterior sternopleuron and midanteri-

or mesepimeron, propleuron and upper mesepimeron also often with scales;

0-3 lower mesepimeral bristles. Wing. Veins dark scaled, or speckled or

spotted by pale scales. Cell Ro at least twice as long as vein r9,3. Legs.

Tarsi banded or unbanded. Foretarsomere 5 shorter to slightly longer than 4;

hindtarsomere 1 0. 85-1.09 of tibia. Abdomen. Laterotergite unscaled;

scaling of terga variable. Seminal capsules 3.

MALE. Antennal flagellum 0.77-0.95 of proboscis; flagellomere 12

0. 78-1. 32 of Flm 13, both 0.66-0.99 of Flm 1-11 (0.65-0. 76 and 0.94-1.25

respectively in boninensis). Palpus 1.2-1.5 of proboscis (0. 99-1. 08 in

boninensis); segment 3 without specialized setae or with a row of apically

broadened setae (sitiens and pseudovishnui); 4 usually shorter than, rarely as

long as 5; 4 and 5 upturned; 4,5 and apex of 3 with numerous rather long

bristles except in boninensis. Proboscis 1.1-1.4 of forefemur, with false

joint at middle to apical 0.4. Cell Rg longer than vein ro,9, relatively

shorter than in female, 1a usually slightly shorter than in female. Foretarso-

mere 4 shortened; 5 moderately modified, 1.5-2.3 of 4, ventrobasal swelling

with 2 pairs of short curved apical setae and one pair of rather long lateral

setae; also a pair of midventral short curved setae present, the base of them

occasionally developed as a short process. Midtarsomere 5 not modified,

shorter than 4. Anterior claw of fore- and midtarsi with a blunt-tipped median

tooth; posterior claw with a sharp laterobasal tooth. Genitalia. Tergum IX

*After the completion of the manuscript, Sirivanakarn (1976: 115) recorded

Culex (Culex) vishnui from Chizuka, Okinawa Is., Ryukyu Archipelago.

This species, closely allied to pseudovishnui, was not treated by us in this

publication.

130 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

reduced to a narrow transverse band, lobes poorly differentiated, widely

separated, bristled. Sternum IX without bristles. Basistyle unscaled; sub-

apical lobe usually at apical 0.3, usually bearing 3 rods (a, Band y), one more

or less broad seta (5), one broadly foliate seta (€), one lateral accessory

bristle (X) and a few short specialized setae (u) near 6: 5 sometimes indis-

tinguishable from /; L occasionally absent. Dististyle 0.33-0.60 length of

basistyle, usually evenly arcuate and apically tapering, occasionally modified,

with a short seta on concave side near apex and one or more short setae more

proximally on convex side, often with annulations on convex side near apex;

claw short, apically broadened, usually pale. Paraproct with apical crest of

numerous pigmented spines, lateral spines stout, blunt-tipped; laterobasal

process variable. Aedeagus usually complex; tergoapical division with 3 or

more processes or teeth, greatly simplified in sinensis.

LARVA. Representatives of this region are divided into 2 groups by the

larval characters. One (bitaeniorhynchus group) includes bitaeniorhynchus

and sinensis, and another (pipiens group) all the others. (1) pipiens group.

Head. Distinctly broader than long; overall size, oral cavity, mandible and

maxilla relatively large, ventral aspect of cranium relatively short; seta 1-C

variable, usually shorter than distance between bases; rudimentary 2-C often

present; 4-C slender, not reaching apex of cranium, posteriad of level of 7-C;

5, 6-C well developed, usually posteriad of level of 7-C; 11-C weaker than 13-C;

17-C rudimentary or absent. Antenna distinctly spinulate; 1-A inserted distad

of middle, with well developed barbed branches; 2,3-A subapical. Mouth

brush of numerous fine hairs. Mandible with a group of simple dorsolateral

microspines near base; mandibular ring distinct, on basal aspect; 5 mandibu-

lar spurs, MdSj longest, pigmented, curved; MdSo9 of several slender spurs,

some apically refurcate; Mds3 | 4 Similar to MdS 1 in shape, but smaller and

paler; MdSs5 shortest, straight, basally broadened. Mandibular brush well

developed, consisting of numerous stiff hairs. Mandibular comb of about 10

or more spiculate prominences, progressively smaller laterally, each with 2

unequal long filamentous spicules in addition to many short ones. Cutting

organ with 2 heavily pigmented dorsal teeth, mesal tooth with mesal den-

ticle(s); ventral tooth with lateral denticle (VT-4) spiniform, not reaching apex

of VTp, and with 3 triangular mesal denticles; ventral blade lor 2, VB;

apically slender, extending beyond apex of VTg, with mesal pectination; VBo

much smaller, pectinate mesally and also laterally toward base; pectinate

brush well developed, the hairs laterally pectinate basally and bilaterally

apically. Piliferous process well protrudent, with labula extending beyond

apex of anterior part, bearing the usual 5 hair groups. Mandibular hairs

divided into 2 groups, hairs of distal group laterally barbed, those of proximal

group apically frayed. Maxilla. Cardo usually narrowly connected with

cranium mesobasally (somewhat broadly in fuscocephala Theobald), cardinal

seta 1-Mx usually single, occasionally double. Mesostipes with some unilater-

ally pectinate rather thick curved spicules on basal mesal margin; stipital

sensoria at about middle of mesostipes or slightly proximad of it, each with a

basal ring; ventral stipital seta 4-Mx variable. Pseudoartis poorly to moder-

ately developed. Hairs of maxillary brush long and slender. Lacinia with

spicules all slender; proximal lacinial seta 5-Mx at about level of stipital

sensoria. Palpostipes excluding lateral artis at most 0.4 as long as meso-

stipes, basally broadened; apex with ampulla and 5 palpal sensoria; S3 always

longest. Mentum plate pentagonal or triangular, with teeth 25 or less,

aulaeum with pale median tooth. Thorax. Setae 0-P, 13,14-M and 8-T

usually dendritic; 3-P single, as long as 1, 2-P; 4-P long; 12-P strong,

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 131

definitely longer and stouter than 9,10-P. Abdomen. Comb scales variable,

but never ina single row. Siphon with pecten reaching at least basal 0.2 of

siphon, teeth pale, with ventral denticles; 1-S of 3 or more pairs (excepting a

few aberrant pipiens), subventral or almost ventral, often one or a few addi-

tional lateral or subdorsal setae near apex. Saddle usually pale yellow; 1-X

shorter than saddle; 2-X usually with dorsal branch(es) shorter than ventral

branch; 4-X of 11-14, most frequently 12, cratal hairs, each hair usually

branched; grid fused with saddle proximally. (2) bitaeniorhynchus group.

Differing from pipiens group in the following characteristics. Body setae, in

general, relatively short. Head with overall size, oral cavity, mandible and

maxilla relatively small; ventral aspect of cranium long; seta 4-C sometimes

extending beyond apex of cranium; 11-C occasionally stronger than 13-C.

Antenna sometimes poorly spinulate; 1-A inserted at about middle, sometimes

smooth. Mandible with microspines on ventral surface; 4 mandibular spurs

(MdS2 reduced), all broad and pigmented. Mandibular brush reduced to a

short dorsolateral row of a number of hairs. Mandibular comb reduced to a

ventrolateral row of only a few spiculate prominences. Cutting organ with |

dorsal teeth and VT-4 more strongly developed, VT3 sometimes modified;

VBj sometimes modified, VB92 apparently absent; pectinate brush more weakly

developed. Piliferous process only slightly protrudent, very broad, more

densely haired. Mandibular hairs in a single row, closely spaced. Maxilla

with cardo fused with cranium along its entire basal margin. Mesostipes with

stipital sensoria distad of middle. Hairs of maxillar brush short. Lacinia

more densely covered with basally thickened spicules; 5-Mx at or distad of

level of stipital sensoria. Palpostipes about 0.6 as long as mesostipes,

mesobasally fused with mesostipes, apex with 3 or 4 palpal sensoria. Sy

well developed, other(s) small and pale. Mentum plate sometimes modified.

Thorax. Seta 4-P sometimes short. Abdomen. Comb scales less than 10.

Pecten poorly developed, reaching at most basal 0.1 of siphon, of less than

10 teeth.

DISTRIBUTION. Worldwide.

KEYS TO SPECIES OF CULEX (CULEX)*

FEMALE ADULT

1. Lower mesepimeral bristle present; proboscis and tarsi not banded. 2

LOwer Mmesepimeral Dristie.avsent 0.) is dvs uke ee be ee eee ee 4

2(1). Side of thorax with 2 conspicuous dark transverse integumental stripes;

abdominal terga with usually poorly developed dull-pale mediobasal

JON OT IE RERUN ner a let an fuscocephala (p. 135)

Side of thorax without conspicuous dark integumental stripes;

abdominal terga with pale basal bands. .............. 3

*Cx. vishnui not included; see Sirivanakarn 1976.

132 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

3(2). Midfemur with a distinct pale streak on anterior surface.

vagans (p. 138)

Midfemur without a pale streak on anterior surface. . pipiens (p. 141)

4(1). “Proboscis’ and tarsi not banded... s0. kee boninensis (p. 171)

PrOvUseis aia titer pape lander > han seer 2. TR be oS 3)

BEA). OMe Gt SpObeR nor eh) 6 ak EN eR tre woke Se erry peat Boe & 6

We Le eto arte a Ute Sars eastern Gamer Nes Bs ete Sey hy dehy bo «, 1

6(5). Abdominal terga with pale basal bands or patches. .......... 7

Abdominal terga with pale apical bands, or both apical and basal

RSV CLS eke eee or eens 2) oe eter eee, cee yan Cee ge ee 10

7(6). Scutum largely white scaled; abdominal terga with triangular mediobasal

PaCelee eer. tsa ee as hE eh este Cates whitmorei (p. 158)

Scutum mainly brown scaled; abdominal terga with basal bands. ... 8

8(7). Vertex with erect forked scales all dark! proboscis usually with

scattered pale scales in basal dark area; midfemur not speckled with

Date SCs. eG et cyt a de oe te tritaeniorhynchus (p. 148)

Vertex with some median erect forked scales pale; proboscis without

scattered pale scales in basal dark area2?.............. 9

9(8). Midfemur not speckled with pale scales. .... pseudovishnui (p. 152)

Midfemur speckled with pale scales on anterior surface.

sitiens (p. 155)

10(6). Wing veins speckled with pale and dark scales.

bitaeniorhynchus (p. 173)

Mime veins dark scaled): 6 a gies. La Pe Ry ee sinensis (p. 177)

11(5). Wing with basal pale mark on veins c and r; sector pale mark including

c, sc and r-r1; foretarsomere 1 as long as 2-9 together.

orientalis (p. 167)

Wing without basal pale mark; sector pale mark not extending onto vein

r-r,; foretarsomere 1 longer than 2-5 together. ......... 12

12(11). Abdominal terga III-VI frequently with distal spots; VII with pale apical

pandwsvadly broads oiche weesccies late ie Ba tied, - jacksoni (p. 161)

Abdominal terga without distal spots; VII with pale apical band narrow

GETRGR CCU hissy iter ik Bete aie waco ey Gee mimeticus (p. 164)

lsSome of these dark scales may have pale tips (Matsuo and Iwaki 1972).

2Some pseudovishnui females have scattered pale scales on ventrobasal aspect

of proboscis (Matsuo and Iwaki 1972).

2(1).

3(2).

4(3).

5(3).

6(5).

7(6).

8(7).

9(8).

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 133

MALE ADULT

Palpus as long as or only slightly longer than proboscis (at most,

longer than proboscis by less than half length of segment 5), with

apex not hairy; subapical lobe of basistyle with € narrow.

boninensis (p. 171)

Palpus distinctly longer than proboscis (at least, longer than proboscis

by nearly the length of segment 5), with apex distinctly hairy; sub-

apical lobe of basistyle with e broadly foliate........... 2

Subapical lobe of basistyle divided, lateroproximal division bearing

a, B, Y, € and xX; mesodistal division bearing 5; py absent.

fuscocephala (p. 135)

Subapical lobe of basistyle not divided, or € and X indistinctly separated;

FB eo a ER Mk Ol TN ae eM ia a AN NS late Na aii ON iat ac ae

Sternomesal subdivision of aedeagus with apex not spiculate; aedeagus

composed or o pairs Ol processes. FC ere ees 4

Sternomesal subdivision of aedeagus with apex finely spiculate. ... 9

Paraproct with laterobasal process strongly developed, curved

sternally, deeply pigmented. ............. vagans (p. 138)

Paraproct with laterobasal process short, straight, pale.

pipiens '(p. 141)

Tergoapical division of aedeagus simple, composed of a pair of horn-

shaped spiculose processes (sternomesal subdivision), with a small

protuberance at base of each; paraproct with laterobasal process

BCPOREIY CeveKnCe Loe er ke er sinensis (p. 177)

Tergoapical division of aedeagus complex, with 3 or more large tergal

TEED RTE PL iy SINR Ta ADF a See a ee cage daa a ROG CNN a A aR RP |

Dististyle short, less than 0.4 as long as basistyle; paraproct with

laterobasal process short. ........ bitaeniorhynchus (p. 173)

Dististyle long, about 0.5 as long as basistyle or longer. ......

Dististyle very broad, 2.8-3.8 times as long as wide, abruptly narrowed

in apical 0.33; laterobasal process strongly developed, sternally

curved, deeply piemented. 4. 405.) a ee ey orientalis (p. 167)

Dististyle narrow, at least 4 times as long as wide, apically tapering.

Subapical lobe of basistyle with 6 distinctly larger thanyp....... 9

Subapical lobe of basistyle with § subequal to pin shape and size. . 12

Paraproct with laterobasal process, if at all developed, pale, straight,

at most moderately long; dististyle without annulations.

jacksoni (p. 161)

Paraproct with laterobasal process strongly developed, sternally

CUPYed, CEBRIy DIC meatal er earings ean 10

134

10(9).

11(10).

12(8).

4(3).

5(2).

6(5).

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

Dististyle without annulations. 60.4). <2 ¢6n ee: mimeticus (p. 164)

Dististyle with annulations on apical convex side. .......... 11

Apex of sternomesal subdivision of aedeagus, in tergal view, mesally

angulate, acutely produced laterally; subbasal knob small.

tritaeniorhynchus (p. 148)

Apex of sternomesal subdivision of aedeagus, in tergal view, mesally

rounded, not acutely produced laterally; subbasal knob large.

pseudovishnui (p. 152)

Dististyle with apical annulations on convex side; paraproct with

laterobasal process strongly developed; aedeagus without very broad

triangular lateral process; subbasal knob very large.

sitiens (p. 155)

Dististyle without annulations; paraproct with laterobasal process

moderately developed; aedeagus with very broad triangular lateral

process; subbasal knob poorly developed. ... . whitmorei (p. 158)

LARVA

Comb scales paddle-shaped evenly fringed, laterally to apically, with

Pie SICUNEG sg 20 ie eee a ee ete 8 2

Comb scales thorn-shaped, apical spine stronger than lateral

SMICULES A ia ae ee ene a eee ar ast ere eee 7

Seta 1-C pale, slender; apically filamentous. ............. 5

eb eC ae UO eo ee ee ue 5)

Setae 5, 6-C 2-3 branched; mesostipes with lateral surface smooth;

1-S very weak, shorter than siphon diameter; siphon index more

RIO ae ee OG pels as sh ake fuscocephala (p. 135)

Setae 5,6-C 4-7 branched; mesostipes with lateral surface spinulate;

1-S well developed, longer than siphon diameter or siphon index

ee ee ee ed oe Ve a es ae ee naa et 4 iy 4

Siphon index more than 5; seta 1-S usually 5 paired; mentum teeth

ee a i ee vagans (p. 138)

Siphon index usually less than 5; seta 1-S usually 4 paired; mentum

Teetie Oe OMe eee ke ea Gas oa ee a ys pipiens (p. 141)

Seta 4-P single; 1-S almost ventral, basalmost 1-S 6-13 branched.

boninensis (p. 171)

Seta 4-P usually double; 1-S subventral, 2-0 branched. .......

Seta 5-C 3,4 branched, 6-C and 7-I double; ventral blade with mesal

pectination of numerous fine teeth; siphon index 7. 0-9. 0.

tritaeniorhynchus (p. 148)

Seta 5-C 5-7 branched, 6-C 4-6 branched, 7-I single; ventral blade with

mesal pectination of about 10 strong teeth; siphon index 5. 2-6.2.

sitiens (p. 155)

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 135

7(1). Comb scales less than 20; seta 1-S subventral............ 8

Comb scales more than 20; seta 1-S almost ventral. ........ 11

8(7). Pecten reaching at least basal 0.2 of siphon. ............ 9

Pecten reaching at most basal 0.1 of’siphon. .......0..0... 10

9(8). Seta 1-S moderate, not more than twice as long as siphon diameter at

insertion, smooth, 3-6 branched; 2-S short, simple; 5-C 3,4

branched; 9-P and 1-T single; 2-X 3, 4 branched.

pseudovishnui (p. 152)

Seta 1-S strong, more than twice as long as siphon diameter, barbed,

double; 2-S longer than apical diameter of siphon, with spicules

basally; 5-C double; 9-P and 1-T 2,3 branched; 2-X single.

whitmorei (p. 158)

10(8). Mentum plate with 19-27 distinct teeth; seta 4-C extending beyond apex

of cranium: 4-P short, ‘smooth 2S. 2 2 . sinensis (p. 177)

Mentum plate with numerous indistinct closely appressed teeth; seta

4-C not reaching apex of cranium; 4-P long, barbed.

bitaeniorhynchus (p. 173)

11(7). Siphon with 1-4 simple strong subventral spines on each side; seta 1-S

of 6-8 setae; seta 4-C 3-6 branched. ....... jacksoni (p. 161)

Siphon without simple strong spines; seta 1-S of 9-14 setae... .. 12

12(11). Seta 4-C 3-5 branched; mentum plate triangular, with flanking teeth

equal; 13-T 1-3 branched; 2-S curved, more than half as long as

siphon diameter at apex, longer than apical pecten tooth.

mimeticus (p. 164)

Seta 4-C 1,2 branched; mentum plate pentagonal, with flanking teeth

unequal; 13-T with at least 8, usually more than 10 branches; 2-S

straight, 0.33 as long as siphon diameter at apex, shorter than

apical Pecten- Tocth ss Get kee PREY Gee ew . orientalis (p. 167)

22. CULEX (CULEX) FUSCOCEPHALA THEOBALD

(Figs. 33, 34, 179: Table 56)

Culex fuscocephala Theobald, 1907: 420 (2). Type-locality: Peradeniya,

Ceylon. k

Culex fuscocephalus: Miyagi and Omori, 1968: 5, Yaeyama Gunto, Ryukyu

Archipelago.

FEMALE (Fig. 179). Wing length 2.7-3.5 mm. Head, Vertex medially

covered with white narrow curved scales and laterally with white rather

broad scales; numerous dark gray erect forked scales over vertex, a few

median ones pale yellow; tempus densely covered with pale broad scales; 5

to about 10 vertical bristles on each side, a median pair long, golden brown,

others dark; 2 dark temporal bristles on each side. Clypeus dark brown.

Antenna: pedicel yellowish brown, mesal surface infuscate, with a few small

hairs and scales; flagellum 0.91-1.15 (4) of proboscis; flagellomere 1 1. 29-

1.70 (4) of Flm 2. Palpus 0.16-0.17 (4) of proboscis, dark scaled, with a few

dull pale scales; segment 3 ovoid, slightly more than twice as long as wide,

136. Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

1.44-1.71 (4) length of 2. Proboscis 1.06-1.30 (4) of forefemur, covered with

dark scales dorsally and dull pale scales laterally and ventrally. Thorax.

Pronotal integument dark brown; anterior lobe covered with white crescent-

shaped scales; posterior lobe with bronze-brown narrow curved scales dor-

sally and 5-9 bristles dorsoposteriorly. Scutum with integument blackish

brown, covered with bronzy dark narrow curved scales on disk, with pale

narrow curved scales along margins and on prescutellar space; scutal bristles

mostly dark, a number of bristles along antealar margin yellow; humerals,

angulars and posterior fossals 1-3 each. Scutellum covered with pale narrow

curved scales on median lobe, bearing 5-6 long dark bristles on each lateral

lobe and 7-12 on median lobe, together with several small bristles on each

lobe. Pleural integument dark brown on postspiracular area, upper sub-

spiracular area, prealar knob and upper mesepimeron, the dark area forming

a transverse band continuous from posterior pronotal lobe; middle sterno-

pleuron and lower mesepimeron also dark brown and forming another trans-

verse band; a distinct pale band present between these 2 dark bands from lower

posterior pronotal lobe to metapleuron; lower sternopleuron brown; patches of

white rather broad scales on propleuron, pale upper sternopleuron, lower

caudal sternopleuron and pale median mesepimeron; propleural, prealar and

sternopleural bristles about 10 or more; 5-10 upper mesepimerals; 2 or 3

(rarely one) lower mesepimerals, one of them always stout. Wing. Veins

mostly dark scaled, a few pale scales at base of c, base of r pale scaled; cell

Ro 2.32-3.30 (4) length of vein r9,3; 1a ending at level between cubital fork

and m-cu or nearly reaching level of m-cu. Halter with dark scaled knob.

Legs. Forecoxa covered with scales on anterior surface, basally and apically

pale, dark in-between; mid- and hindcoxae with pale scales. Posterior half of

both dorsal and ventral surfaces of forefemur, posterior surface of midfemur,

hindfemur excepting dorsal surface, posterior surface of foretibia, dorsal

and posterior surfaces of midtibia, and hindtibia excepting dorsal surface pale

scaled; basal segments of tarsi with some pale scales; femora, tibiae and tarsi

otherwise dark scaled. Foretarsomere 5 longer than or equal to 4; hindtarso-

mere 1 0.93-0.96 (4) of tibia. Abdomen. Tergum I with dark gray and dull

pale scales at middle; II-VII dark gray scaled, each with a mediobasal trans-

verse patch of dull pale scales, the patch sometimes indistinct; lateral margin

covered with dull pale scales, the pale area narrowed toward anterior seg-

ments; VIII dark gray scaled at middle, dull pale scaled on both sides.

Sterna dull pale scaled.

MALE (Figs. 34, 179). Wing length 2.3-3.2 mm. Antenna: flagellum

0. 77-0. 86 (4) length of proboscis; flagellomere 12 1.13-1.45 (4) of Flm 13,

both 0.66-0.78 (4) of Flm 1-11. Palpus 1.30-1.39 (4) of proboscis (longer

than proboscis by about length of segment 5), with pale scales on underside of

3 and 4; 4, 5 and apex of 3 hairy; length ratio of 2-5: 0.74-0.82 : 1.45-1.61:

0. 74-0. 82 : 1.00 (4). Proboscis 1.24-1.29 (4) of forefemur, with false joint

at apical 0. 40-0. 41, with long ventral bristles immediately proximad of the

joint. Scutellar lateral lobes with 4,5 long bristles. Lower mesepimeral

bristle always one. Cell Rg 1.85-2.13 (4) length of vein r9,9. Genitalia.

Tergum IX with each lobe bearing 10-17 medium-sized bristles. Basistyle

subparallel-sided in basal half and conical in apical half in tergal view,

bristled except for basal and mesoapical areas, with a row of 7-10 curved.

bristles on tergal surface in middle, the row often basally double; subapical

lobe at about apical 0.25 of basistyle, well protrudent, divided into latero-

proximal and mesodistal sections; the lateroproximal section bearing 3 rods

(a, B andy) on the top, anda very wide and finely striated leaflet (<) together

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 137

with a long curved bristle (X?) on membranous distal flank of the section,

proximal rod (a) shorter and more slender than other 2, with rounded apex,

middle rod (8) and distal rod (y) subequal in length, curved at apex, £ thicker

than y; the mesodistal section small, bearing a single rod-shaped long seta

(6). Dististyle 0.5-0.6 length of basistyle, curved at about apical 0.33, with

minute annulations on convex side at apex, bearing 2 small setae near apex,

proximal one on convex side and distal one on concave side. Cercal tergal

surface broadly sclerotized, 2,3 cercal setae; paraproct weakly sclerotized,

laterobasal process very long, stout, sternally curved and markedly pigmented.

Tergoapical division of aedeagus 1.00-1.08 (5) times as wide as long; mesal

subdivision slightly longer than lateral subdivision, rod-shaped, simple,

unpigmented, apically divergent, with sharp apex, the surface without fine

spiculation; lateral subdivision moderately sclerotized, consisting of a cluster

of 6,7 tergally or laterotergally directed teeth including laterobasal most

broad tooth; subbasal knob moderately developed; sternally directed teeth or

processes absent.

LARVA (Fig. 33). Head. Width 0.95-1.07 mm; pale yellow-brown to ~

brown, 1.35-1.47 (x = 1.43) times as wide as long; labrum not concave;

seta 1-C long, fairly slender, apically filamentous, pale, separated by 0. 75-

1.15 times their length; 4-C quite slender, usually single; 5, 6-C subequal,

0. 67-0. 75 length of head; 6,11, 13-C usually double. Antenna 0. 46-0.51 mm

long, nearly straight, pale in proximal part except for dark basal ring, rather

dark in distal part, with numerous rather long spinules dorsally, laterally and

ventrobasally on proximal part, several short spinules laterally on distal part;

1-A inserted at about apical 0.33, with 20-25 strongly barbed branches, each

about 0.6 of antenna length; 2-4-A subequal, each about 0.50-0.55 of antenna

length; 5-A 0.67-0. 80 of 6-A. Mandible (a single dissected specimen) with a

number of needle-like dorsolateral microspines. Cutting organ with mesal

dorsal tooth bearing a very small distal denticle and a very strong proximal

denticle; VTo subacute, somewhat elongate, distance from base to apex of VT9

about 1.2 times distance from proximal base of VT. to distal base of VT};

VTg slightly larger than VT, 9; VBy much smaller than VB1; pectinate brush

about 10 haired. Piliferous process strongly protrudent, labula nearly as large

as the portion anterior to the cleft. Mandibular hairs 7+ 8. Mavxilla (a single

dissected specimen). Cardo rather broadly fused mesobasally with cranium;

1-Mx usually single, rarely double. Mesostipes 1.33 as long as wide, with

lateral surface smooth; stipital sensoria somewhat proximad of middle, distal

sensorium slightly shorter; 4-Mx pale, slender; pseudoartis moderately

developed. Lacinia with 5-Mx at level of stipital sensoria. Palpostipes

excluding lateral artis less than 0.33 length of mesostipes; 81 Slightly and S4

strongly curved, S3> Sy =S47 S9>S5 in length. Mentum plate with 15-17

(usually 17) subacute teeth, the flanking teeth becoming more acute laterad.

Aulaeum with simple median tooth. Thorax. Prothoracic setal formula:

1-1-1(2)-2(1)-1-1:2-5-2-4; 12-P usually longer than 6-P and 3 times length of

9-P; 1-M small, subequal to 2-M; 7-M usually slightly shorter than, but more

strongly barbed than 6-M. Abdomen. Seta 5-I often dendritic; when single,

1-III about 0.63 length of 6-III and 1-IV slightly longer than 6-IV; when double

or triple, 1-III, IV much shorter than the respective setae 6; 8-III and 12-IV

usually double; 1-VI smaller than 6-VI; 7-VI at least twice as long as 9-VI,

nearly as long as 4-VI; 5-VIII usually lightly barbed. Comb scales 24-44

(x = 36.3) in a roughly triangular patch, the individual scales broadly paddle-

Shaped, lateroapically fringed with long strong spicules, laterobasally with

smaller spicules. Siphon yellow brown except for narrow dark brown basal

138° Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

ring, smooth or nearly so, very slightly sinuate, tapering gradually distad;

length 1.27-1.43 mm, index 5.3-6.3 (x = 5.7); pecten reaching basal 0.25-

0.34 (v = 0.32), of 9-14 teeth, becoming larger and more separated distad,

each tooth with 2-5 ventral denticles; 1-S of 3 or 4 pairs of subventral setae,

located as follows: most proximal seta just distad of pecten at basal 0. 34-

0.50 (x = 0.42), next seta (sometimes absent) at basal 0.51-0.58 (x = 0.54),

subapical seta at basal 0. 63-0.75 (x = 0.71), and apical seta at basal 0.79-

0.86 (x = 0. 82), the subapical seta more lateral in position than the others,

each usually 2,3 branched, shorter than siphon diameter at insertion; 2-S

stiff, subapical, usually less than half the length of the apical pecten tooth.

Saddle 0.31-0.39 mm long, with some small needle-like spicules becoming

more prominent dorsocaudad; 1-X usually less than 0.5 saddle length; 2-X

with longest branch usually at least 3 times saddle length; 4-X of 11 or 12

cratal hairs, each with 4-9 branches, the most proximal hair sometimes

much reduced. Anal gills slender, fusiform, dorsal gill 0.9-1.6 (x = 1.4)

length of saddle, ventral gill usually 0.67-0.75 length of dorsal gill.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO: 39", 949, with

associated skins (11, 1 p);27 L, 11: Yaeyama Gunto (K-0112, K-0942, K-0987,

K-0999, K-1019, K-1036, K-1105, K-1106, K-1107, K-1108, K-1109, K-1110,

K-1113, K-2119).

DISTRIBUTION. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO (Yaeyama Gunt6o). TAIWAN.

PHILIPPINES. BORNEO. JAVA. SUMATRA. SOUTH CHINA. HONG KONG.

HAINAN ISLAND. INDOCHINA. MALAYA. SINGAPORE. THAILAND.

BURMA. ANDAMAN ISLANDS. INDIA. NEPAL. SRI LANKA.

BIONOMICS. Not rare in Yaeyama Gunt6, but not found in other parts of

this region. A record of this species from Osan, Korea by Reisen et al.

(1971) needs restudy. The larvae are found in ground pools, ponds, rice

fields and other semipermanent bodies of water, usually with emergent vege-

tation (Bram 1967). Sirivanakarn (1976) reported their occurrence in con-

tainers such as earthenware jars and coconut shells. Dowell et al. (1965)

collected fuscocephala larvae in banana axils and fire barrels in Luzon. Adult

females have been reported feeding on man and buffalo (Bram 1967), as well

as cows and pigs (Sirivanakarn 1976).

RELATION TO DISEASES. Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) was isolated

from wild caught females of this species in Taiwan (Wang et al. 1962) and

Thailand (Sirivanakarn 1976). Gould et al. (1974) found fuscocephala infected

with JEV in Thailand, but apparently a lower percentage than other implicated

vector species studied (gelidus and tritaeniorhynchus). Sirivanakarn (1976)

also cited references indicating natural infections of fuscocephala with Malayan

and Bancroftian filariasis, but its role in their transmission is undetermined.

23. CULEX (CULEX) VAGANS WIEDEMANN

(Figs. 34, 35, 180; Table 57)

Culex vagans Wiedemann, 1828: 545 (oc, 2). Type-locality: Foochow, China;

Hsiao, 1946: 41; Seoul, Korea; Intermill, 1967: 2, Okinawa Is., Ryukyu

Archipelago.

Culex tipuliformis: Yamada, 1927: 583; Hokkaido and Honshu, Japan.

Culex (Culex) vagans: LaCasse and Yamaguti, 1950: 216 (M, F, L).

FEMALE (Fig. 180). Wing length 3.9-4.6 mm. Head. Eyes contiguous

above and below. Vertex covered with pale yellowish brown narrow curved

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 139

scales and numerous rather dark brown erect forked scales, a few antero-

median erect scales occasionally pale; side of vertex and eye margin more

densely covered with more whitish scales; tempus covered with pale broad

scales; 6-8 (3) vertical and 2 (4) temporal bristles on each side, most mesal

vertical bristle long, yellowish brown, others dark. Antenna: pedicel yellow-

ish brown, mesal surface dark brown, with several minute bristles and small

white scales; flagellum 0. 96-0. 98 (2) of proboscis; flagellomere 1 1.16-1.21

(2) of Flm 2, with several white scales ventromesally. Palpus 0.18 (2) of

proboscis, dark scaled; segment 3 2.20-2.94 (2) of 2; 4 lacking in 2 dissected

specimens. Proboscis 1.06-1.09 (2) of forefemur, dark scaled dorsally,

apically and basally, with pale ochreous scales broadly in middle ventrally.

Thorax. Pronotal integument brown, with yellowish brown narrow curved

scales, lateral scales of anterior lobe and posteroventral scales of posterior

lobe whitish; posterior lobe with 4-10 (6) rather dark brown bristles along

posterodorsal to dorsoposterior margin. Scutum with integument brown,

covered with yellowish brown narrow curved scales, scales on anterior and

supraalar margins and prescutellar space whitish; scutal bristles rather dark

brown, 3-5 (4) bristles on margins of fossal area. Scutellum with whitish nar-

row curved scales; each lateral lobe with 5-6, median lobe with 6-10 long

rather dark brown bristles, each lobe with several additional yellowish fine

bristles. Pleural integument light brown, posteriorly paler; small patches of

white broad scales on propleuron, upper and midposterior sternopleuron, and

upper and midmesepimeron; pleural bristles yellowish brown to quite pale, 6

to more than 10 propleurals, 7-12 prealars, more than 10 sternopleurals, 6 to

more than 10 upper mesepimerals and one (occasionally 2) lower mesepimeral

(8). Wing. Veins dark scaled. Cell Ro 3.35-3.45 (4) length of vein r9,9;

base of Ro slightly proximad of that of Mj49; 1a ending at level between cubital

fork and m-cu. Halter knob pale scaled. Legs. Forecoxa pale scaled basally,

dark scaled otherwise, pale scales often also present at apex; mid- and hind-

coxae with pale scales. Femora with posteroapical pale fringe; forefemur

with pale streak on anterior surface, pale on posterior half of ventral surface

to posterior surface, posterior half of dorsal surface also appearing pale

under some light; midfemur with a sharply defined pale streak on anterior sur-

face, closer to dark ventral margin than to dorsal margin, and extending from

base to anteroapical dark fringe, posterior surface to dorsobasal surface pale;

hindfemur largely pale excepting dorsal surface, the dorsal dark area not

quite reaching base, expanding apically onto anterior surface and covering tip

of anterior surface. Foretibia appearing to be pale on anterior, ventral to

posterior surface; midtibia with a narrow pale streak on anterior surface,

posterior surface appearing pale, this pale area often expanding apically onto

dorsal surface; hindtibia appearing pale on both anterior and posterior surface,

with apical pale fringe. Basal tarsomeres appearing posteroventrally pale,

and also anteroventrally pale in hindtarsus. Femora, tibiae and tarsi otherwise

dark. Foretarsomere 5 equal to or slightly longer than 4; hindtarsomere 1

0. 89-0. 96 (4) of tibia. Abdomen. Tergum I with a median spot of dark and

pale scales; II-VII with basal bands and sublateral narrow patches of pale

yellowish scales, and laterobasal patches of white scales, the basal bands

somewhat laterally narrowed, usually not confluent with laterobasal patches

on anterior segments, usually confluent with them in posterior segments; VIII

pale scaled. Sterna pale scaled.

MALE (Figs. 34, 180). Wing length 3.4-3.9 mm. Antenna: flagellum

0. 77-0. 84 (4) as long as proboscis; flagellomere 12 0.78-0. 86 (4) of Flm 13,

both 0.89-0.99 (4) of Flm 1-11. Palpus 1.34-1.36 (5) of proboscis; segment 1

140 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

without bristles; 4,5 and apical half of 3 with numerous medium to rather long

bristles; 3 lateroventrally pale scaled excepting apex and base, with scattered

pale scales mesally; 4 with ventral pale streak and 5 with ventrobasal pale

spot; length ratio of 2-5: 0.75-0.87 : 1. 72-1.81 : 0.94-1.00: 1.00 (5). Pro-

boscis 1.25-1.28 (5) of forefemur, with false joint at apical 0.38-0.41, (5)

without long bristles proximad of the joint. Cell Rg 1.82-2.09 (5) length of

vein r9i3; base of Rg at level of base of Mj,9 or slightly apical. Foretarso-

mere 5 1.59-1.80 (5) of 4, with bases of midventral short curved setae slightly

protrudent; hindtarsomere 1 0.96-1.02 (5) of tibia. Genitalia. Tergum IX

with each lobe bearing 6-13 (6) bristles of medium length. Basistyle with very

fine tergal bristles except basally and apically, medium bristles tergolaterally,

long bristles laterobasally to sternoapically, and short to medium bristles

sternally; subapical lobe at apical 0.3, moderately protrudent, 3 rods (a, 8

and y) proximal, closely spaced, subequal in length, y more slender than

other 2; 5 and “4,9 mesodistal, close together, 6 moderately broad; € latero-

distal, strongly foliate, longer than 6; Xrather thick basally, curved apically.

Dististyle rather strongly curved, 0.55 (1) length of basistyle, with a short

seta on convex side at about apical 0.33, another on concave side at about

apical 0.17. Cercal tergal surface rather well sclerotized, 1-4 cercal setae

on each side; paraproct with laterobasal process very long, curved sternally,

well pigmented. Tergoapical division of aedeagus with 3 processes: tergo-

mesal, tergolateral and sternal, ratio of distance between apices: 0.57-

0277-2? Pa27-15 71 2 £500 (3);

LARVA (Fig. 35). Head. Width 0.95-1.25 mm; 1.26-1. 58 times as wide

as long; labrum straight between setae 1-C; 1-C slender, apically filamen-

tous, pale, 0.68-0.87 as long as distance between bases; rudimentary 2-C

sometimes present; 4-C longer than distance between bases; 13-C usually

triple; 14-C slightly distant from anterior margin of cranium. Antenna 0.46-

0.60 mm long, about 0.67 length of head, gently curved, spinulate dorsally,

laterally and ventrobasally in proximal part, with only a few spinules on distal

part, pigmented, occasionally proximal part broadly pale; 1-A inserted at

apical 0.28-0.37 (x = 0.33), with 23 to 29 barbed branches, extending well

beyond apex of shaft; 2-4-A subequal in length, 2-4,6-A pigmented. Mandible

with a number of needle-like dorsolateral microspines. Cutting organ with

mesal dorsal tooth with a bicuspid large mesobasal denticle; ventral tooth

with VT-4 stout, VT1_3 dark, subequal; VBo distinct; 7-10 haired pectinate

brush. Mandibular hairs (6-7) + (8-12), hairs of distal group spiculate basally.

Maxilla. Cardo mesobasally connected with cranium by a narrow sclerotized

strip; 1-Mx single. Mesostipes 1.2-1.4 times as long as wide, with lateral

surface spinulate; stipital sensoria at about middle, subequal; 4-Mx short,

pale; pseudartis moderately developed. Lacinia with 5-Mx at level of stipital

sensoria. Palpostipes excluding lateral artis not more than 0.33 as long as

mesostipes, S3 > S12 S42 S9> S5 inlength. Mentum plate pentagonal, with

16-20 (x = 18.5) teeth, median tooth slightly larger than submedian teeth.

Aulaeum with median tooth simple or bicuspid. Thorax. Prothoracic setal

formula: 1°1°1°2:1:1:2(3): 2(3). Abdomen. Integument ventrally very finely

spiculate, VIII laterally and ventrally distinctly spiculate. Setae 1-II-VII

well developed, 1-III-VI with branches unequal, 13-III-V weaker than respec-

tive setae 1; 3-II,IV, 14-III, VI-VIII, 12-IV and 10-VII usually single; 7-I,

11-III, V, VII, 5-IV, 1,11-V,1,4-VI usually double; 1-VII most frequently and

13-VII usually 4 branched. Comb scales 32-40 in a patch, individual scales

paddle-shaped, apically and laterally fringed with spicules, the spicules pro-

gressively stronger apically. Szphon nearly straight, dark at basal margin,

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 141

10. 4-12. Otimes as long as apical width; length 1.25-1.78 mm, index 5. 33-6.17;

microsculpture of transverse rows of extremely fine denticles; pecten reaching

basal 0. 23-0. 30o0f siphon, of 12 to 15 pale teeth including 0-5 basal abortive teeth,

each with some ventral denticles; 1-S of 5 (rarely 4) pairs of setae, first (basalmost),

2nd and apicalmost setae subventral, 3rd seta more frequently subventral but often

lateral in position; subapical setae lateral in position; each 2-6 branched, occasion-

ally barbed; proximal 3 pairs distinctly longer than siphon diameter at insertion,

distalmost seta usually shorter than it; basalmost seta located at basal 0. 28-0. 41,

usually beyond pecten, occasionally within it; 2-Supright, subequal to apical pecten

tooth. Saddle 0.29-0.43 mm long; microsculpture of spiculiferous short transverse

ridges, the spicules progressively more distinct apically, numerous free stronger

spicules scatteredapically from dorsal to lateroventral surface; 2-X usually with 1

short dorsal branch in addition to a long ventral branch; 4-X of 11, 12 (usually 12)

cratalhairs, each4-9branched. Anal gills tapering apically, 1.3-4. 1 length of

saddle, ventral gill0.7-1.0as longas dorsal gill.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN. 21°, 269, withassociated

skins (181, 18p);28L, 81: Hokkaido (A-0043, A-1640, A-1663, A-1910,; A-1917,

A-1918, A-1925, A-1926, A-1927, A-1928, A-1930, A-1948). 140°, 9°, withasso-

ciated skins (131, 13 p);17L: Honshu (B-0378). RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO. 292:

Okinawa Gunt6 (J-2117, J-2118).

DISTRIBUTION. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN (Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu).

KOREA (Korean Pen., Cheju Do). RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO (Amami and

Okinawa Gunt6). EAST SIBERIA. SAKHALIN. MANCHURIA. NORTH AND

SOUTH CHINA. HONG KONG. NORTH INDIA.

BIONOMICS. Apparently common in northern Japan, less so in southern Japan

including the Ryukyus. Larvae occur usually in natural fresh water ground pools,

occasionally invading turbid water pools associated with human dwelling areas.

Adults are known to attack manat night (Hsiao and Bohart 1946).

RELATION TO DISEASES. Culex vagans is very suitable as an intermedi-

ate host of Wuchereria bancrofti (Yamada 1927, as tipuliformis Theobald),

however this species is a doubtful man biter.

24. CULEX (CULEX) PIPIENS LINNAEUS*

Culex pipiens Linnaeus, 1758: 602(A). Type-locality: Europe; Lapponia; America.

DISTRIBUTION. WORLDWIDE.

24A, CULEX (CULEX) PIPIENS QUINQUEFASCIATUS SAY

(Figs. 36, 38, 181; Table 58)

Culex quinquefasciatus Say, 1823: 10 (A). Type-locality: Mississippi River,

United States; Yamada, 1932: 215, Kyushu, Japan; U. S. War Dept., 1945:

11, Korea.

Culex fatigans Wiedemann, 1828: 10 (%, 2). Type-locality: East Indies

(Indonesia); Hatori, 1919: 1057, Ishigaki Is., Ryukyu Archipelago.

Culex (Culex) quinquefasciatus: LaCasse and Yamaguti, 1950: 220 (c, 2, L); Bohart,

1956(1957): 77, Chichijima and Mukojima, Ogasawara Isls. ; Volcano Isls.

FEMALE (Fig. 181). Wing length 3.0-4.3 mm. Head. Eyes barely con-

tiguous above, definitely below. Vertex covered with pale narrow curved

*The nominal subspecies, Culex pipiens pipiens Linnaeus, and one or more

other subspecies do not occur in this region.

142 — Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

scales and numerous erect forked scales, eye margin more densely covered

with pale narrow scales, the median erect forked scales pale yellowish brown,

the lateral ones dark; tempus covered with pale broad scales; 6-8 vertical

and 2 temporal dark brown bristles on each side. Clypeus dark brown.

Antenna: pedicel yellowish brown, mesal surface dark brown, with minute

bristles and scales; flagellum 0.96-1.07 (9) of proboscis; flagellomere 1 1.15-

1.40 of Flm 2, often with some scales. Palpus 0.18-0.21 of proboscis, dark

scaled, with pale scales at tip dorsally; segment 3 2.16-3.10 of 2; 4 lacking in

10 slide mounted specimens. Proboscis 1.00-1.07 (9) of forefemur, dark

scaled dorsally, basally and apically, broadly pale scaled ventrally in middle.

Thorax. Pronotum with integument brown or rather light brown, covered

rather roughly with yellowish pale narrow curved scales, often scales on

ventroposterior part of posterior lobe whitish; posterior lobe with 6-9 mostly

dark brown bristles of various sizes along posterodorsal to dorsoposterior

margin. Scutum with integument brown, covered with yellowish brown narrow

curved scales, scales on margins and prescutellar space whitish; scutal

bristles brown to rather dark brown, fossal area with 4-7 bristles mostly

along humeral margin and scutal suture, occasionally a few bristles in middle

of the area. Scutellum with scales similar to those of prescutellar space;

each lateral lobe with 5,6, midlobe with 6-10 long yellowish to dark brown

bristles, each lobe with several additional fine yellowish bristles. Pleural

integument light brown, somewhat darker on posterior sternopleuron between

scale patches and anterior mesepimeron below scale patch, posterior mese-

pimeron, mesomeron and metapleuron pale; small patches of broad white

scales on upper sternopleuron, midposterior sternopleuron, upper mesepimer-

on and midanterior mesepimeron; somewhat yellowish and narrower scales

on propleuron; pleural bristles yellowish brown to quite pale, 4-12 propleurals,

about 10 or more prealars, more than 10 sternopleurals, 4-15 upper mese-

pimerals, one (very rarely 2) lower mesepimeral. Wing. Veins dark scaled.

Cell Ro 2.74-3.56 (x = 3.13) length of vein r9,9; 1a ending at level between

cubital fork and m-cu to level of m-cu. Halter with pale scaled knob. Legs.

Forecoxa pale scaled at base, dark scaled otherwise; midcoxa dark scaled

at apex, pale scaled otherwide; hindcoxa with pale scales. Femora with

narrow pale basal band, and rather indistinct incomplete pale apical fringe;

fore- and midfemora pale posteroventrally, hindfemur pale on lower anterior

surface to posterior surface excepting apical area, the anterior pale area

basally broadened, apically narrowed. Hindtibia with some pale scales at

apex anteriorly. Femora, tibiae and tarsi otherwise dark. Foretarsomere 5

equal to or slightly longer than 4; hindtarsomere 1 0. 87-0. 95 of tibia.

Abdomen. Terguim I with median spot of dark scales; II-VIII dark scaled, with

laterobasal patches and basal bands (usually short on II) of pale scales, the

basal bands medially broadened, usually not connected with laterobasal

patches on anterior segments, confluent with laterobasal patches on one or a

few posterior segments. Sterna mainly pale scaled, usually with dark scales

or spot of dark scales present medially and lateroapically, occasionally

median line entirely dark, excepting II. Seminal capsules 3, one slightly

larger than other 2.

MALE (Fig. 38). Wing length 2.5-3.2 mm. Antennal flagellum 0.79-0.95

of proboscis; flagellomere 12 1.06-1.19 of Flm 13, both 0. 71-0. 82 of Flm 1-11.

Palpus 1.21-1.31 of proboscis, with numerous rather long bristles from

apical 0.33 to apex; segment 3 with occasionally indistinct dorsolateral mark

of pale scales; pale scales also ventrally present on 4 and ventrobasally on 9;

length ratio of 2-5: 0.77-0.95 : 1.72-2.05 : 0.88-0.97. Proboscis 1.12-1.24

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 143

of forefemur, with false joint at apical 0.39-0.44 (9), without long bristles

proximad of the joint. Cell Ro 1.59-2.26 (x = 1. 95) times length of vein

r9,3; la usually not reaching level of m-cu. Foretarsomere 9 1. 95-2.11

of 4, with a pair of short setiferous ventromedian processes; hindtarsomere 1

0.91-1.01 of tibia. Genitalia. (Yaeyama population). Tergum IX with each

lobe bearing 5-14 (14; x = 9.6) bristles of medium length. Basistyle with fine

bristles tergally, medium to long bristles laterally and sternoapically, short

bristles sternally otherwise; subapical lobe at apical 0.3, moderately protru-

dent; 3 rods (a, Band y) almost tandem, subequal in length, aand Bclose

together, y» more slender than other 2 and occasionally a little removed dis-

tally; 6 at mesodistal corner of the lobe, moderately broad, apically hooked;

2 or 3, rarely 4 (14; « = 2.3) apically hooked slender setae (y) just laterad of

5; € at laterodistal corner of the lobe, foliate, striated; x rather thick basally.

Dististyle about half as long as basistyle, simple, rather strongly arcuate,

with a short seta on mesal side at about apical 0.33, and another more distally

on concave side. Cercal tergal surface rather weakly sclerotized, 3-6

(13; x = 4.2) cercal setae on each side; paraproct well sclerotized, latero-

basal process short, horizontal. . Tergoapical division of aedeagus with sub-

basal knob well developed, 1.15-1.36 (x = 1.28) times as wide as long at the

knobs, with 3 processes: tergal, sternomesal and sternolateral; the tergal

processes (dorsal arms) narrow, tapering to a bluntly pointed apex, only a

little divergent apically or nearly parallel; the sternomesal processes (ven-

tral arms) well developed, laterally curved in a right angle, extending far

more laterally than tergal process; the sternolateral process also directed

laterally, smaller than sternomesal process; ratio of distances between apices

of these 3 processes in above order: 0.22-0.35 (x = 0.29) (D/V): 1.00:

0.75-0.90 (x = 0.81).

LARVA (Fig. 36). Head. Width 1.07-1.15 mm; 1. 32-1. 43 times as wide

as long; anterior margin of labrum between setae 1-C almost straight; 1-C

pale, slender, apically filamentous, 0.49-0.78 (x = 0.58) as long as distance

between bases; rudimentary 2-C often present; 4-C longer than distance

between bases; usually, 5-C 5-6 branched, 6-C 4-5 branched and 10-C double;

14-C well caudad of anterior margin of cranium. Antenna 0. 40-0.46 mm long,

slightly more than half as long as head, slightly curved, pigmented, dorsally,

laterally and ventrobasally spinulate on proximal part, with only several

spinules laterally on distal part; 1-A inserted at apical 0.29-0.36 (x = 0. 32)

of shaft, with 23-30 barbed branches, extending well beyond apex of shaft;

2-4-A subequal in length, 2-4,6-A pigmented. Mandible with a number of

simple needle-like dorsolateral microspines. Mesal dorsal tooth of cutting

organ with a large bicuspid mesobasal denticle; ventral tooth with VT-4 stout;

VT1-3 dark, VT» usually a little more slender than VT3 in the Yaeyama

population (contrarily, a little stronger in the Ogasawara population); VBj

more slender than in vagans; VB2 distinct; pectinate brush 8-11 haired.

Mandibular hairs (6-7) + (7-11), hairs of distal group basally spiculate.

Maxilla. Cardo narrowly connected with cranium mesobasally; 1-Mx single.

Mesostipes 1. 25-1. 33 times as long as wide, with lateral surface spinulate,

stipital sensoria at about middle, equal; 4-Mx short, pale. Pseudoartis

moderately developed. Lacinia with 5-Mx at level of stipital sensoria.

Palpostipes excluding lateral artis about 0.3 as long as mesostipes, basally

broadened; Sg > Sy = S42 S2> S5 inlength. Mentum plate pentagonal, with

20-25 (x = 22.3) teeth, median tooth larger than submedian teeth; aulaeum

with median tooth simple. Thovax. Prothoracic setal formula: 1:1-:1°2-1°1-

2(1,3):2(1); usually 7,8-P and 4-M double. Abdomen. Integument very finely

144 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

Sspiculate ventrally excepting segment I, VIII distinctly spiculate laterally and

ventrally. Setae 1-III- VII rather well developed, often with branches unequal;

13-III-V weaker than respective setae 1; 8-III-V and 3-VII usually single; 12-I,

11-IJJ, IV, 1-V, 1,4-VI and 11-VII usually double; 5-VIII usually 4 branched.

Comb scales 31-48 in a patch, individual scales paddle-shaped, evenly fringed

laterally to apically with spicules. Siphon dark at basal margin, usually some-

what swollen proximad of middle, 3.08-4.00 times as long as wide, apex 0. 40-

0.52 as wide as widest part; length 0.96-1.30 mm, index 3.27-4.16; micro-

sculpture of transverse rows of very fine denticles; pecten reaching basal

0.31-0.38 of siphon, of 8-15 pale teeth including 0-2 basal abortive teeth,

each with several ventral denticles; 1-S of 4 pairs of setae; first (basalmost)

and 4th setae always, and 2nd seta usually subventral; 3rd seta always and

2nd seta occasionally lateral in position, each 2-10 branched, smooth to dis-

tinctly barbed, usually lightly barbed, slightly shorter than siphon diameter at

insertion; basalmost 1-S inserted at basal 0.27-0.44, usually beyond pecten,

occasionally within it; 2-S upright, shorter than apical pecten tooth. Saddle

0.35-0.43 mm long; microsculpture of spiculiferous short transverse ridges,

the spicules progressively more distinct apically, many free stronger spicules

scattered apically from dorsal side to around 1-X; 2-X with one or 2 short

dorsal and one long ventral branches; 4-X of 11-12 (14 in one specimen from

Amami Oshima) cratal hairs, each 4-8 branched. Anal gills apically tapering,

0.9-1.7 length of saddle; ventral gill 0.71-1.12 length of dorsal gill, usually

shorter than dorsal gill.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN. 5c, 62: Yakushima

(H-0083, H-0084). RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO. 59, 1 L: Amami Gunto (I-0264,

I-0307, I-0308, I-0313, I-2225). 10, 59, 1 L, 11: Okinawa Gunto (J-0471,

J-0524, J-0526, J-0585). 470’, 659, with associated skins (3 1, 3 p); 46 L,

11: Yaeyama Gunt6 (K-0111, K-0117, K-0118, K-0131, K-0132, K-0142,

K-0143, K-0175, K-0176, K-0177, K-0178, K-0181la, K-0705, K-0707,

K-0928, K-1032, K-1033, K-1072, K-1073, K-1074, K-1589). OGASAWARA

ISLS. 160", 16°, with associated skins (61, 6 p); 10 L, 201: (N-1722, N-1726,

N-1728, N-1729, N-1730).

DISTRIBUTION. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN (Shikoku, Kyushu, Yakushima).

?KOREA. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO (Amami, Okinawa, Miyako and Yaeyama

Gunto). OGASAWARA ISLANDS. VOLCANO ISLANDS. COSMOTROPICAL.

24B. CULEX (CULEX) PIPIENS PALLENS COQUILLETT

(Figs. 37, 38, 181; Table 59)

Culex pallens Coquillett, 1898: 303 (“, 2). Type-locality: Japan.

Culex osakaensis Theobald, 1907: 439 (“, °). Type-locality: Osaka, Honshu,

Japan.

Culex pipiens var. pallens: Yamada, 1927: 584, Korea.

Culex (Culex) pipiens: LaCasse and Yamaguti, 1950: 225 (0, 2, L).

FEMALE (Fig. 181). Wing length 3.0-5.3 mm. Head. Pale yellowish

erect forked scales, in general, rather fewer especially in the northern popu-

lation; 6-10 vertical bristles. Antenna: flagellum 0.92-1.05 (9) of proboscis;

flagellomere 1 1.11-1.38 (11) of Flm 2. Palpus 0.17-0.19 (8) of proboscis;

segment 3 2.18-3.14 (9) of 2. Proboscis 0.98-1.15 (8) of forefemur. Thorax.

Posterior-pronotal bristles 4-8. Scutum with 5-8 bristles on fossal area

mostly along humeral margin and scutal suture; 9-9 bristles on scutellar

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 145

lateral lobe and 6-11 on median lobe; 6-13 propleurals, 7 to more than 10

upper mesepimerals, one (very rarely 2) lower mesepimeral. Wing. Cell

Ro 3.68-5.57 (x = 4.26) length of vein ro,3. Leg. Hindtarsomere 1 0.91-

1.00 of tibia. Abdomen. Tergal basal bands on III-VII often even in width,

occasionally medially broadened; sterna usually entirely pale in the northern

population, usually with some dark scales in the southern population.

MALE (Figs. 38, 181). Wing length 2.8-4.2 mm. Antenna: flagellum

0. 79-0. 87 length of proboscis; flagellomere 12 0.93-1.18 (12) of Flm 13, both

0.75-0.91 of Flm 1-11. Palpus 1.23-1.40 (11) of proboscis; length ratio of

segments 2-5: 0.61-0.77 : 1.55-1.72 : 0.83-0.93 : 1.00 (11). Proboscis

1.12-1.38 (11) of forefemur, with false joint at apical 0.41-0.44. Cell Ro

1. 97-3. 84 (11; x = 2.82) length of vein r9,3. Foretarsomere 5 1.68-2.00 of

4: hindtarsomere 1 0.97-1.08 (11) tibia. Genitalia. Differing from pzpzens

quinquefasciatus in the following points. Tergal processes of aedeagus

broader, of even width, broad and subtruncate at apex, and more strongly

divergent apically; ratio of distances between apices of tergal processes (dor-

-salarms), sternomesal processes (ventral arms) and sternolateral processes:

0. 48-0. 75 (x = 0.63) (D/V) : 1.00: 0.'79-0. 96 (12; x = 0.90).

LARVA (Fig. 37). Head. Width 1.10-1.20 mm; 1.32-1.52 times as wide

as long; seta 1-C 0.54-0.81 length of distance between bases; rudimentary 2-C

usually present, occasionally developed to a distinct, though very short, seta;

11, 12-C usually triple; 14-C usually single. Antenna 0.41-0.52 mm long,

about 0.6 as long as head, 1-A inserted at apical 0. 26-0.33 (x = 0.30) of shaft,

with 23 to 29 barbed branches. Mandible. Cutting organ with VT9 usually

more slender than VT3; pectinate brush 7-10 haired. Mandibular hairs (6-7) +

(8-12). Maxilla. Mesostipes 1.33-1.40 times as long as wide. Mentum

plate with 20-25 (x = 22.3) teeth. Thorax. Prothoracic setal formula:

1-1°1°2°1:1:°2(3):2(3); usually, 7,8-P and 4-M double, 14-P and 1-M single.

Abdomen. Setae 10-I, 14-III, 3,12-IV, 8,14-V, 9,14-VI, and 14-VII usually

single; 13-I, 5,12-II, 5,11-III and 1-IV-VI usually double; 13-III and 1-VII

usually triple. Comb scales 32-52. Szphon with ventral side in lateral view

slightly sinuate, dark at basal margin, 7.2-10.0 times as long as apical width;

length 1.13-1.44 mm, index 4.00-5.21, usually less than 5; pecten reaching

basal 0.28-0.34 of siphon, of 13-17 teeth including 0-2 basal abortive teeth,

each with several ventral denticles; 1-S of 4-5 (usually 4, rarely 3) pairs of

setae, first (basalmost) and apicalmost setae subventral, 2nd seta usually sub-

ventral, sometimes lateral in position, subapical seta lateral in position;

each 2-5 branched, usually lightly barbed; first seta located beyond pecten at

basal 0.32-0.47, basal 3 setae longer, apicalmost setae slightly shorter than

siphon diameter at insertion. Saddle 0.32-0.43 mm long, many free spicules

dorsoapically scattered, these free spicules usually not in an area ventrad of

1-X; 2-X usually with 1 short dorsal and 1 long ventral branch; 4-X of 11, 12

(usually 12) cratal hairs, each 4-8 branched. Anal gills apically tapering,

1.0-2.4 times as long as wide, ventral gill 0.6-0.9 as long as dorsal gill.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN. 61c, 499, with

associated skins (81, 8 p); 19 L, 2 1: Hokkaido (A-0032, A-0034, A-0043,

A-0044, A-0045, A-1656, A-1677, A-1912, A-1914, A-1921, A-1922, A-1923,

A-1926, A-1927, A-1930, A-1935, A-1938, A-1941, A-1943, A-1948). 49c,

352, with associated skins (71, 7 p); 82 L, 341: Honshu (5c genitalia slides:

#1-#5 of Coquillett's type-series, Gifu, USNM. 1 genitalia slide: Sendai,

29 VIII 1901, Marlatt; 1° genitalia slide: Okayama, 5 V 1901, Marlatt, USNM.

C-0109, C-0406, C-1194, C-1815, C-1819, C-1826, C-1901, C-2217, C-2223,

C-2228, C-2229, C-2230, C-2231, C-2232, C-2233, C-2234, C-2235, C-2241,

146 — Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

C-2242, C-2243, C-2244, C-2318, C-2327, D-0009, D-0057, E-2224, E-2245,

F-0229, F-0232). KOREA. 340, 282 with associated skins (51, 5 p); 10 L:

Korean Peninsula (L-0880, L-1959, L-1973, L-2246). 160°, 8%: Cheju Do

(M-0843, M-0846, M-0852, M-0853).

DISTRIBUTION. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN (Hokkaido, Honshu, Izu Shichito,

Shikoku, Kyushu). KOREA (Korean Peninsula, Cheju Do). NORTH CHINA.

24C. CULEX (CULEX) PIPIENS FORM MOLESTUS FORSKAL

(Fig. 38; Table 60)

Culex molestus Forskal, 1775: 85 (A). Type-locality: Rossetta, Kahira and

Alexandria, Egypt.

Culex pipiens autogenicus: Kawase, June 1943: 294, Tokyo, Japan.

Culex pipiens var. pallens (autogenous strain): Toshioka and Kawase, Aug.

1943: 88.

Culex pipiens molestus: Omori, Bekku, Kamura, Ori and Shimogama, 199d:

1572, Nagasaki, Kyushu, Japan.

Description based on specimens from laboratory colonies of Yokohama

and Kawasaki strains.

FEMALE. Wing length 2.9-3.7 mm. Vertical bristles 6,7. Antenna:

flagellum 0. 95-1. 06 (7) of proboscis; flagellomere 1 1. 08-1.34 of Flm 2.

Palpus 0.19-0.25 (7) of proboscis; segment 3 1. 88-2.82 of 2. Proboscis 1. 04-

1.10 (7) of forefemur. Posterior pronotal bristles 6-9. Scutum with 6-12

bristles on fossal area, frequently some bristles present in middle of this

area; 4,5 lateral scutellars, 5-8 median scutellars; 9-12 propleurals, 4 to

more than 10 upper mesepimerals, one lower mesepimeral. Cell Ro 4.23-

5.73 (x = 4.94), length of vein r9,3. Hindtarsomere 1 0. 895-0. 94 of tibia.

Abdominal sterna usually entirely pale.

MALE (Fig. 38). Wing length 2.8-3.2 mm. Antenna: flagellum 0. 78-

0. 85 (8) of proboscis; flagellomere 12 1.00-1.20 (8) of Flm 13, together both

0. 71-0. 80 of Flm 1-11. Palpus 1. 22-1.27 (7) of proboscis; length ratio of

segments 2-5: 0.71-0.88 : 1.62-2.12 : 0.84-0.98: 1.00 (7). Proboscis 1. 21-

1.37 (8) of forefemur, with false joint at apical 0. 42-0. 46 (8). Cell Ro 2. 52-

3.25 (x = 2.97) length of vein r9,3. Foretarsomere 5 2.05-2.19 of 4; hind-

tarsomere 1 0. 89-1.01 of tibia. Genitalia. (Kawasaki strain). Differing from

pipiens quinquefasciatus and p. pallens in the following points. Subbasal knob

of aedeagus poorly developed, usually indistinct, tergal division of aedeagus

thus narrower, 1.04-1.23 (9; x = 1.12) times as wide as long at level of

tergal subbasal bridge. Sternomesal processes of aedeagus smaller, usually

not markedly extending laterad of tergal processes; tergal processes as in

bp. pallens with broad subtruncate apex; ratio of distances between apices of

tergal processes (dorsal arms), sternomesal processes (ventral arms) and

sternolateral processes: 0.79-1.00 (x = 0.89) (D/V) : 1.00: 0.96-1.13

(9; x = 1.05).

LARVA. Not different from pipiens pallens.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN. 34, 339, 101:

(C-2210, C-2211). Laboratory colony, 406th Medical Laboratory, originated

in Yokohama and Kawasaki, Kanagawa Pref.

DISTRIBUTION. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku,

Kyushu). HOLARCTIC REGION. AUSTRALIA. EASTERN AND SOUTHERN

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 147

AFRICA. SOUTHERN SOUTH AMERICA.

TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION. There are numerous works on the Culex pipiens

complex. Some of the papers dealing with the populations of this region include

Bekku (1956), Kamura and Bekku (1957), Kamura (1958, 1959a,b), Hori (1960a,

b,c), Ishii (1961-71), Sasa and coworkers (1963-71), Morikawa (1964), etc.

The majority of Japanese authors appear to treat pallens as a subspecies of

pipiens, while some western authors consider it a "hybrid population" between

pipiens (s.s.) and quinquefasciatus, and do not give it subspecific rank. In

Japan, however, true pipiens does not exist (Sasa 1971). Our specimens from

Hokkaido were pallens. Thus, at present, it appears that natural hybridiza-

tion between pipiens (s.s.) and quinquefasciatus, and between pipiens (s.s.)

and pallens does not occur in Japan. It is known that some important mor-

phological characters show clinal variations from north to south, the northern

population appearing to be closer to pipiens (s.s.) and the southern populations

to quinquefasciatus. However, even northernmost specimens can be discrimi-

nated from European pipiens by the broader median process (ventral arm) as

well as an average D/V (or DV/D) ratio. Subspecies quinquefasciatus is easily

discriminated from pallens by the pointed tergal process (dorsal arm) of the

male genitalia and the shorter inflated siphon of the larva. It occurs only in

Kyushu and Shikoku in Palaearctic Japan, and intermediate forms between it

and pallens have been reported. However, pallens still appears to be domin-

ant there. The coexistence of pallens and quinquefasciatus has not been re-

corded with certainty in other parts of Palaearctic Japan. At least in Japan,

pallens is thought to be a morphologically and geographically well defined

population. It spreads over a wider latitudinal zone (30° - 46° N in Japan)

than the North American hybrid population (36° - 39° N, coexisting with

pipiens (s.s.) and quinquefasciatus). There may be an intrinsic difference

between pallens and the North American hybrid population. Here, pallens

is treated as a subspecies peculiar to this region. Problems may occur due

to lack of sufficient knowledge about this species in eastern continental Asia.

Lee (1971) recognized pallens in Korea, but not pipiens (s.s.) and doubted

the occurrence of quinquefasciatus. Our collections of this species from

southern Korea were pallens. Mong (1955) showed that pallens was distributed

in north China, and guinquefasciatus in south China, but did not mention

pipiens (s.s.). Gutsevich et al. (1970) stated, "pipiens is rare east of Lake

Baikal, '' but did not refer to pallens in the USSR. The continental pipiens

complex should be studied as intensively as was done in Japan, and the ranges

of pallens and pipiens (s.s.) delineated on this continent.

Recently, Wada, Oda and Mori (1976) presented a brief but interesting report that

pallens reared under short-day photoperiod conditions for several generations

had come to possess the character of quinquefasciatus. This may be a basis

for considering pallens as being derived from quinquefasciatus.

A physiological race, molestus, characterized by autogeny, stenogamy

and holodynamism, has been known in Japan since 1943. The males of molestus

have been believed to be discriminated from pallens by D/V ratio. Noguchi

and Asahina (1966) indicated the difference in the number of ommatidia at the

4th or 5th row from the meson in the eyes of the adults, viz, 7 (male) or 8

(female) in molestus, 8 (male) or 9 (female) in pallens. Makiya (1972) claimed

that the above traits were not always sufficient, as the range of variation over-

lapped, he then proposed a "discriminant function."" Such an attempt may be

helpful when 2 or more races of pipiens exist together. There is a closer

affinity in the male genitalia between Japanese molestus and European pipiens

or molestus than between molestus and pallens. This infers that Japanese

148 . Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

molestus may have been introduced from Europe (Wada 1976). However,

Uchida and Hosoi (1977) stated that they produced an autogenous strain from

pallens by giving meals containing amino acids instead of blood; this strain

possessed the male genitalia similar to those of molestus. Further investiga-

tions are necessary to resolve this intriguing problem. |

BIONOMICS. Culex pipiens is the most common mosquito in human-

dwelling areas in Japan. The larvae occur in a very wide variety of artificial

containers (usually large) or other types of stagnant water such as ditches,

eutters, ground pools, etc. They prefer polluted water containing abundant

organic matter. Associated species are Culex tritaeniorhynchus, Cx.

pallidothovax, Cx. halifaxii and Aedes togoi (LaCasse and Yamaguti 1950). The

form molestus breeds most frequently in water in underground situations,

such as basements of building, subways, etc., also occasionally in open water.

This species is known to exhibit unautogeny, stenogamy and homodynamism in

quinquefasciatus, unautogeny, eurygamy and heterodynamism in pallens and

pipiens, and autogeny, stenogamy and homodynamism in molestus. The

females are primarily avian feeders, but also vicious biters of man and other

mammals [especially quinquefasciatus (Sirivanakarn 1976)]; Miyagi (1972b)

reported that pipiens pallens took blood readily from reptiles, and thus could

maintain colonies in the laboratory. Bram (1967) cited studies finding pipiens

(probably pipiens quinquefasciatus) capable of flying over 0.8 km 36 hrs after

release, later ranging up to 5.5 km.

RELATION TO DISEASES. Culex pipiens is the most important vector of

Bancroftian filariasis in this region, especially quinquefasciatus in the Ryukyu

Archipelago, where more favorable climatic conditions exist as compared to

temperate Japan. Recent investigations on filariasis in Japan were summarized

by Sasa (ed.) 1970. Japanese encephalitis virus has been isolated from wild

caught specimens of this species, but its role during epidemics of this disease

is not certain (Yamamoto 1971). Involvement of guinquefasciatus with other

viruses such as Chickungunya has been reported by several authors (Bram

1967, Sirivanakarn 1976), but its importance as a vector is in doubt.

25. CULEX (CULEX) TRITAENIORHYNCHUS GILES

(Figs. 38, 39, 182; Table 61)

Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles, 1901: 606 (A). Type-locality: Travancore,

India; Yamada, 1932: 213, Korea.

Culex birot: Mochizuki, 1913: 8; Fukuoka, Kyushu, Japan.

Culex summorosus Dyar, 1920: 180. Type-locality: Los Banos, Luzon,

Philippines; Bram, 1967: 225 (synonomy).

Culex (Culex) tritaeniorhynchus: Bohart and Ingram, 1946b: 81, Okinawa Is.,

Kerama Isls., Takabanare Is. and Iheya Is., Ryukyu Archipelago;

LaCasse and Yamaguti, 1950: 230 (, °, L); Bohart, 1956 (1957): 83,

Chichijima, Ogasawara Isls.

FEMALE (Fig. 182). Wing length 2.2-4.0 mm. Head. Eyes contiguous

above. Vertex covered with pale narrow curved scales and numerous dark

brown erect forked scales; tempus heavily covered with broad white scales;

6-8 vertical and 2 temporal dark brown bristles on each side. Antenna:

pedicel yellowish brown, darker mesally, with a number of minute bristles

and a few small scales; flagellum 0.97-1.08 (5) of proboscis; flagellomere 1

1.30-1. 45 (5) of Flm 2. Palpus 0.18-0.20 (5) of proboscis, dark scaled;

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 149

segment 3 2.00-2.57 of 2; 4 absent in 5 dissected specimens. Proboscis 1. 12-

1.20 (5) of forefemur, dark scaled, with moderately long median band of pale

scales; basal dark area longer than apical dark area, with scattered pale scales.

Cibarial teeth 30 (1 specimen examined) (30-34 in Taiwan, after Chen 1972),

slender. Thorax. Pronotal integument yellowish brown to rather dark brown,

posterior lobe often darker, both lobes with bronzy yellowish brown narrow

curved scales; posterior lobe with 6-14 dark brown bristles of various sizes

along posterodorsal to dorsoposterior margin, not arranged ina row. Scutum

with integument rather dark brown, covered with bronze-brown narrow curved

scales, scales on supraalar area and prescutellar space somewhat paler; scutal

bristles dark brown, fossal area with 6-13 bristles, 5-9 anterior ones often

forming a row subparallel to dorsocentral series. Scutellum with scales

similar to those of prescutellar space; each lateral lobe with 4-6, median lobe

with 6-10 long dark brown bristles, each lobe with several additional yellowish

fine bristles. Pleural integument brown, rather dark on lower subspiracular

area to anterior sternopleuron above cephalic corner, postspiracular area,

prealar knob, anterior sternopleuron below cephalic corner, upper posterior

sternopleuron above lower scale patch to anterior mesepimeron, lower posteri-

or sternopleuron below lower scale patch, pale in remainder of mesepimeron,

metapleuron and mesomeron; a few yellowish narrow curved scales on pro-

pleuron, small patches of broad white scales on upper sternopleuron, mid-

posterior sternopleuron and anterior mesepimeron; pleural bristles mostly

yellowish brown to pale, 8-11 propleurals, more than 10 prealars and sterno-

pleurals, 5-11 upper mesepimerals, no lower mesepimerals. Wing. Veins

dark scaled. Cell Ro 2.84-4.00 (5) length of vein r9,9; base of Ro usually

slightly proximad of that M19; la reaching about level of m-cu. Halter knob

pale scaled. Legs. Forecoxa dark scaled, with a small basal spot of pale

scales; midcoxa basally pale scaled, apically dark scaled; hindcoxa with pale

scales. Forefemur pale on posterior 0.33 of ventral surface to posterior sur-

face; mid- and hindfemora pale on posterior surface excepting apex. Tibiae

and tarsi appearing pale on posteroventral surface. Foretarsomeres 2-4,

midtarsomeres 1-4 and hindtarsomeres 1-3 with narrow pale basal bands,

apices of fore- and midtarsomeres 1-3 and those of hindtarsomeres 1-2 with

dorsal pale scales, development of these pale bands or scales somewhat vari-

able, some of them occasionally lost or also appearing on other joints. Fore-

tarsomere 5 about as long as 4. Abdomen. Terguim IX with median spot of

pale scales; II- VII with basal bands and laterobasal patches of pale scales, the

bands and patches connected with each other, the patches extending nearly to

the apical margin; VIII pale scaled, with subapical dark scales. Sterna mainly

pale scaled, with lateroapical patches of dark scales, the patches progressively

smaller toward posterior segments, often fading away in a few posterior seg-

ments. Seminal capsules 3, one slightly larger than other 2.

MALE (Figs. 38, 182). Wing length 2.6-3.5 mm. Antenna: flagellum

0. 81-0. 91 (5) of proboscis; flagellomere 12 1. 09-1.27 (5) of Flm 13, both

0.87-0.96 of Flm 1-11. Palpus 1. 32-1. 45 (6) of proboscis, apically upturned,

with pale basal bands on segment 4 and 5; 1 without bristles; 4,5 and apical

half of 3 with numerous rather long to medium bristles; length ratio of 2-5:

0.61-0. 71 : 1.26-1.49 : 0.74-0.85 : 1.00 (6). Proboscis 1.22-1.37 (5) of

forefemur, with false joint at apical 0.44-0.46 (6), with many slender moder-

ately long bristles proximad of the joint, the pale median band over the joint.

Cell Rg 2. 06-2. 60 (6) length of vein r9,3; 1a reaching level between cubital

fork and m-cu. Foretarsomere 5 1.81-2.00 (5) of 4; hindtarsomere 1 1. 07-

1.15 (6) of tibia. Genitalia. Tergum IX with each lobe bearing 4-9

150. Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

(13; x = 6.9) bristles of medium length. Basistyle with fine tergoapical

bristles, medium tergolateral and sternal bristles, and long lateral bristles;

subapical lobe at apical 0.3, moderately protrudent; 3 rods (a, 6 and y) closely

- spaced, a slightly shorter than other 2, aas thick as @, yas long as @ but

more slender; § and 41-3 on mesodistal corner of the lobe, 6 not very

broadened, 41_3 just lateroproximad of 6, each with 1-3 apical retrose hooks;

every strongly foliate, apparently basally striated, xX characteristically

apically curved. Dististyle 0.48-0.56 length of basistyle, about 5 times as

long as wide, arcuate, narrowed from apical 0.25, with weak annulations on

convex side near apex, with a short seta on convex side at apical 0.33, another

on concave side distal to it. Cercal tergal surface well sclerotized, 2-3 cercal

setae on each side; paraproct with laterobasal process thick, very long,

sternally curved, pigmented. Tergoapical division of aedeagus 1.09-1.29 (8)

times as wide as long, with 4-5 (rarely 3) large pigmented tergoapical teeth,

one broad falciform tergomedian tooth, and one unpigmented sternolateral

tooth; mesosternal part acutely produced laterally and mesally angulate at

apex, minutely spiculate; subbasal knob moderately developed.

LARVA (Fig. 39). Head. Width 0.94-1.12 mm; 1.32-1.47 times as wide

as long; labrum straight or only slightly concave between setae 1-C; 1-C

deeply pigmented, 0.45-0.57 (6) as long as distance between bases, usually

thick up to apex, blunt-tipped, occasionally tapering to sharp apex; 4-C not

reaching apex of cranium, shorter than distance between bases; 14-C usually

single. Antenna 0.53-0.59 mm long, 0.7-0.8 length of head, pigmented at

base and in distal part, dorsally and laterally spinulate in proximal part, few

laterobasal spinules in distal part; 1-A inserted at apical 0.26-0.35, with

26-40 strongly barbed branches; 2,3-A pigmented, equal in length; 4-A pig-

mented, slightly shorter than 2,3-A. Mandible with several simple dorsolater-

al microspines; MdS5 less than half as long as MdS1. Cutting organ with

mesal dorsal tooth bearing a strong basal and a tiny median denticle on mesal

side; ventral tooth with VT-4 stout; VT3 larger than VT1, 2; VB, with mesal

pectination distinct in basal 0.67; VB9 apparently undeveloped; pectinate brush

8-9 haired. Mandibular hairs (5-6) + (9-10), distalmost hair apparently

multiple. Maxilla. Cardo narrowly connected mesobasally with cranium;

1-Mx single. Mesostipes 1.4-1.5 times as long as wide, with lateral surface

smooth; stipital sensoria equal, proximad of middle; 4-Mx short but stiff,

lightly pigmented. Lacinia with 5-Mx at level of stipital sensoria. Palpostipes

excluding lateral artis about 0.25 as long as mesostipes; S83 > S1> S9 =S4> S5

in length; ampulla protrudent. Mentum plate with 13-17 teeth, often with a

laterobasal abortive tooth; aulaeum with median tooth notched at tip. Thorax.

Prothoracic setal formula: 1°1°1°2(1)°1°1°3(4)°2; usually, 4-P and 2, 12-T

double, 7-P triple, 9-M 4 branched and 7-T 6 branched. Abdomen. Setae 1-

VI, VII often with a small sclerotized ring-like callus at base; 2-I, 1-II and

10-III usually single; 5,11-III, 3,12-IV and 7, 10-VII usually double; 6-I, II and

4-VI usually triple; 1-IV usually 4 branched. Segment VIII laterally spiculate;

comb scales 28-43 in a patch, individual scales elongate paddle-shaped, fringed

evenly with apical and lateral spicules. Siphon brownish, straight, 13-18 times

as long as apical width; length 1.62-1.94 mm, index 7.00-9.00; microsculpture

of transverse rows of minute blunt denticles; pecten reaching basal 0. 22-0.27

of siphon, of 12-16 teeth, more broadly spaced apically, each with several

ventral denticles; 1-S of 4-5 (rarely 6) pairs of subventral setae, each 2-4

branched, equal to or slightly longer than siphon diameter at insertion, an

additional dorsolateral pair usually proximad of the apical 1-S, each 2-4

branched; most proximal 1-S located beyond pecten at basal 0.30-0. 40; 2-S

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 151

apical, upright, shorter than apical pecten tooth. Saddle 0.31-0.38 mm long,

with microsculpture of short spiculiferous ridges, becoming ventrally and

basally faint, the spicules slightly stronger and scattered singly 1-X weak;

2-X with 1-4 short dorsal and 1 long ventral branches; 4-X of 11-12 cratal

tufts, each 5-11 branched. Anal gills pointed, 0.8-2.3 length of saddle;

ventral gill usually slightly shorter than dorsal one.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN. 2°: Hokkaido

(A-0043). 370", 422, with associated skins (51, 5 p); 17 L: Honshu (C-0046,

C-1815, C-1956, C-2217, C-2236, C-2237, C-2238, C-2239, C-2240, C-2316,

D-0047, D-0057, D-0062, D-0064, F-0229). 19, with associated skins (1 1,

1 p): Kyushu (H-1977). KOREA. 4c, 492, with associated skins (51, 5 p):

Korean Peninsula (L-0834, L-1973, L-1974, L-1976, L-2315). 50, 79:

Cheju Do (M-0850, M-0852, M-0853, M-0877). RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO.

2%, 62: Amami Gunto (I-0292, I-0310, I-0313, I-0314). 28°, 7 L, 11:

Okinawa Gunto (J-0498, J-0528, J-0529, J-0532, J-0533, J-0536, J-2282,

J-2283). 370°, 409, with associated skins (2 1, 2 p); 31 L: Yaeyama Gunto

(K-0113, K-0131, K-0144, K-0145, K-0175, K-0177, K-0181a, K-0925,

K-0951, K-0956, K-0961, K-0984, K-0986, K-0988, K-0992, K-0996, K-0998,

K-1001, K-1009, K-1021, K-1036, K-1111, K-1113, K-1116, K-1398, K-1436,

K-1437, K-1438, K-1439, K-1440, K-1441, K-1442, K-1443). OGASAWARA

ISLS. 1° (N-1722).

DISTRIBUTION. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku,

Kyushu, Yakushima, Tsushima). KOREA (Korean Peninsula, Cheju Do).

RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO (Amami, Okinawa, Miyako and Yaeyama Gunto).

OGASAWARA ISLANDS. SOUTH PRYMORYE. MANCHURIA. NORTH AND

SOUTH CHINA. HONG KONG. TAIWAN. PHILIPPINES. INDONESIA.

INDOCHINA. MALAYA. SINGAPORE. THAILAND. BURMA. INDIA.

SRI LANKA. MALDIVE ISLANDS. UZBEKISTAN. TURKOMEN. SOUTH

AZERBAIJAN. SOUTHWEST ASIA. AFRICA.

BIONOMICS. Very common south of central Honshu, rather rare in

Hokkaido. Larvae are found most frequently in rice fields and various types

of impounded water; other habitats include ditches, rock holes, buffalo hoof-

prints, sluggish stream, etc.; they are most often found associated with

Anopheles sinensis in rice fields. Bram (1967) reported tritaeniorhynchus as

having been collected from low salinity tidal marshes, one of us (E.S.S.)

has seen larvae collected from containers in a graveyard in Vietnam, and

Moriya (1974) found small numbers of trifaeniorhynchus in Kamakura City,

Japan. McDonald and Savage (1972) reported a remarkable decline in popula-

tions of this species as well as those of An. sinensis due to changes in agricul-

ture on Okinawa. The peak of the adult population occurs from the middle of

July to the beginning of August; the population drops remarkably during Septem-

ber. Adults overwinter in Amami Oshima (Wada et al. 1976). Females are

severe biters of man and livestock including birds. Less than 20% of tested

females took blood from reptiles (Miyagi 1972b). Overseas dispersal was

observed in this species; 3 females being captured on a weathership located

on the Pacific Ocean at 299 N, 135° E, 560 km east of Amami Oshima, or

780 km from Okinawa Is. (Asahina and Turuoka 1969, 1970; Asahina 1970).

Perhaps a more realistic flight range is about 2 km (after feeding), as found

by Bailey and Gould (1975). Miller et al. (1977) found activity of tritaeniorhyn-

chus to peak in early evening (1830-2030 hr), decline slowly through the night,

dropping abruptly in the predawn hours.

RELATION TO DISEASES. Japanese encephalitis virus has been isolated

from wild caught females of 5 mosquito species in this region, but of these,

152 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

Culex tritaeniorhynchus is considered to be a primary vector of this disease

(Yamamoto 1971). Overwintering of Japanese encephalitis virus in the pig-

mosquito cycle has long been one of the more important epidemiological

problems associated with this disease. All the efforts to detect the virus

during the winter in Palaearctic Japan appear to have been unsuccessful.

Hayashi et al. (1975) isolated the virus from wild caught females of tritaenior-

hynchus in the winter of 1973 in Amami-Oshima, but failed in the succeeding

year. Wada et al. (1976) concluded that the success of the isolation of 1973

had occurred due to the unusual high temperature of that year. Thus, over-

wintering sources of JEV should be sought further south.

Culex tritaeniorhynchus has a low suitability as an intermediate host of

Wuchereria bancrofti (Yamada 1927).

26. CULEX (CULEX) PSEUDOVISHNUI COLLESS

(Figs. 40, 41, 183; Table 62)

Culex vishnui: Edwards, 1921b: 339, Osaka, Japan.

Culex annulus: Yamada, 1927: 574, Korea.

Culex (Culex) vishnui: Bohart and Ingram, 1946b: 83, Okinawa Is. and Iheya

Is., Ryukyu Archipelago; LaCasse and Yamaguti, 1950: 236 (%, 9, L).

Culex pseudovishnui Colless, 1957: 88 (7, °, L). Type-locality: Singapore.

Culex (Culex) neovishnui Lien, 1968c: 230 (%, 2, P, L). Type-locality:

Peiyuan, Taitung Hsien, Taiwan, Sirivanakarn, 1975: 71 (synonomy).

FEMALE (Fig. 183). Wing length 2.8-3.9 mm. Head. Eyes contiguous

above and below. Vertex covered with pale narrow curved scales and numer-

ous erect forked scales, the latter white to yellowish medially, dark brown

laterally (at least a few pale ones always present in middle); tempus covered

with pale broad scales; 6-7 vertical and 2 temporal dark brown bristles on

each side. Clypeus rather dark brown. Antenna: pedicel yellowish brown,

mesal surface dark brown, with several dark minute bristles and small pale

scales; flagellum 1. 06-1.12 (4) of proboscis; flagellomere 1 1.28-1. 46 (4)

of Flm 2. Palpus 0.21-0.25 (4) of proboscis, dark scaled, tip laterodorsally

pale scaled; segment 3 1. 86-2.50 of 2,4 absent or occasionally developed to

0.2 of 3. Proboscis 1.06-1.09 (4) of forefemur, dark scaled, with median

band of pale scales, basal dark area entirely dark (without scattered pale

scales), longer than apical dark area. Thorax. Pronotal integument rather

dark brown; both lobes with yellowish narrow curved scales; posterior lobe

with 5-8 yellowish to dark brown bristles along posterodorsal to dorsoposterior

margin. Scutum with integument rather dark brown, covered with concolorous

narrow curved scales and also pale ones, the latter on margins and prescutel-

lar space; scutal bristles dark brown, some supraalars and prescutellars

yellowish. Scutellum with scales similar to those of prescutellar space; each

lateral lobe with 3-5, median lobe with 6-8 long dark brown bristles, each

lobe with several additional fine yellowish bristles. Paratergite rather dark

brown. Pleural integument rather dark brown on lower subspiracular area,

postspiracular area, concave portion between prealar knob and sternopleuron,

anterior sternopleuron excepting anterior corner, posterior sternopleuron

between scale patches and anteromedian mesepimeron; propleuron with pale

yellowish rather broad scales, some scales pointed; small patches of white

broad scales on upper sternopleuron, lower-posterior sternopleuron and

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 153

anterior mesepimeron; several white broad scales also on upper mesepimeron;

pleural bristles yellowish pale to brown, 5-9 propleurals, about 10 or more

prealars, more than 10 sternopleurals, 4-7 upper mesepimerals, no lower

mesepimerals. Wing. Veins dark scaled; cell Ro 2.01-2.85 (9) length of vein

r913; la ending at level between r-m and m-cu. Halter knob pale scaled.

Legs. Forecoxa basally and anteromesally pale scaled, dark scaled in-

between; midcoxa pale scaled, with some anteroapical dark scales; hindcoxa

with pale scales. Femora with narrow pale basal bands; forefemur pale on

posterior half of ventral surface; posterior surface of midfemur and both

anterior and posterior surfaces of hindfemur pale excepting apical area.

Tibiae with scattered pale scales or irregular pale streak. Foretarsomeres

1-3, mid- and hindtarsomeres 1-4 with pale basal bands or spots. Femora,

tibiae and tarsi otherwise dark scaled. Foretarsomere 5 as long as or

shorter than 4; hindtarsomere 1 0.99-1. 04 (4) of tibia. Abdomen. Tergum I

with median patch of dark scales; II-VIII dark scaled, with laterobasal patches

and basal bands of pale scales, the basal band connected with the lateral —

patches. Sternum II usually entirely pale scaled; III-VIII pale scaled, with

apical bands of dark scales, the bands often interrupted at middle in anterior

segments.

MALE (Fig. 41). Wing length 3.0-3.7 mm. Antenna: flagellum 0.88 (1)

of proboscis; flagellomere 12 1.09 of Flm 13, both 0.84 of Flm 1-11. Palpus

1.34 (1) of proboscis, with pale bands at apex of segment, in middle of 3, at

bases of 4 and 5, pale scales also present at apex of 5; 1 without bristles;

3 with a row of short modified setae, each seta somewhat broadened, blunt-

tipped, with midrib; 4, 5 and apex of 3 with numerous rather long bristles;

length ratio of 2-5; 0.73 : 1.46: 0.79: 1.00 (1). Proboscis 1.30 (1) of fore-

femur, with false joint at middle, and several rather long bristles proximad

of the joint. Cell Ro 1. 48-1. 82 (5) length of vein rg9i3. Foretarsomere 5

1.89-2.00 (5) times as long as 4; hindtarsomere 1 1.06-1.12 (5) of tibia.

Genitalia. Tergum IX with each lobe bearing 4-6 (5) bristles of medium length.

Basistyle with a number of fine tergoapical bristles, medium and long bristles

tergolaterally to sternally; subapical lobe at apical 0.3, moderately or rather

weakly protrudent; 3 rods (a, G andy) closely spaced, aslightly shorter than

other 2, ya little more slender than 8; 6 and u close together at mesodistal

corner;.3 in number, a little shorter and more slender than 6, with one or

a few apical retrorse hooks; € strongly foliate, striation faint; x rather short.

Dististyle 0.52-0.60 (2) length of basistyle, arcuate, apically tapering, with

very fine annulations on convex side near apex, with a short seta on convex

side slightly distal to middle, and another on concave side at apical 0.33.

Cercal tergal surface well sclerotized, 2-3 (5) cercal setae on each side;

paraproct well sclerotized, laterobasal process thick, long, curved sternally,

deeply pigmented. Tergoapical division of aedeagus with 4-5 (2) large pig-

mented tergoapical teeth, one tergomedian tooth, and one lateroproximally

directed sternolateral tooth; mesosternal part more or less produced laterally

and mesally rounded at apex in tergal view, not keeled in lateral view,

minutely spiculate; subbasal knob large.

LARVA (Fig. 40). Head. Width 1.01-1.10 mm; 1.37-1. 48 (5) times as

wide as long; labrum slightly concave between setae 1-C; 1-C stout, thick up

to near apex, occasionally tapering from basal 0.33, deeply pigmented, 0. 49-

0.66 (5) as long as distance between bases; 4-C short, very weak, shorter

than distance between bases; usually, 5-C triple, 13-C double and 14-C single.

Antenna 0.60-0.74 mm long, 0.84-1.01 (5) length of head, dark brown at base

and in distal part, dorsally and laterally spiculate excepting apical area; 1-A

154 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

inserted at apical 0.31-0.39, with 28-39 barbed branches; 2, 3-A at apical

0.06-0.11, equal in length, pigmented; 4-A slightly shorter than 2,3-A, pig-

mented; 6-A twice as long as 5-A, pigmented. Mandible with several needle-

‘like laterodorsal microspines. Cutting organ with mesal dorsal tooth bearing

a small median and a large basal denticle on mesal side; ventral tooth with

VT-4 stout; VT1,2 equal, VT3 larger than VT 1.2; ventral blade with mesal

pectination distinct in basal half; VBo9 apparently undeveloped; pectinate brush

9-10 haired. Mandibular hairs (5-7) + (8-11), 14-17 in total, hairs of distal

group basally spiculate. Maxilla. Cardo mesobasally connected with cranium

by a narrow sclerotized strip; 1-Mx very weak, single. Mesostipes 1.4 times

as long as wide, with lateral surface smooth, bearing a row of slender spicules

on mesal margin; stipital sensoria proximad of middle, distal sensorium

usually slightly shorter; 4-Mx short but stout, lightly pigmented. Pseudoartis

almost undeveloped. Lacinia with 5-Mx at or slightly proximad of level of

stipital sensoria. Palpostipes excluding lateral artis 0.2 as long as meso-

stipes; S3 > Sy> S9 =S4> Sp5 in length; ampulla scarcely protrudent. Mentum

plate with 11-13 teeth, usually with an additional tiny abortive tooth on each

side at base. Aulaeum with a 2-5 (usually 3) cuspid median tooth. Thorax.

Prothoracic setal formula: 1°1:1:°2(3):1°1°3(2, 4)°2(1, 3); usually, 4-P and

12-T double, and 7-P triple; 13-T occasionally lightly barbed. Abdomen.

Integument very finely spiculate ventrally excepting a few anterior segments,

VIII also laterally spiculate. Setae 1-III,IV sometimes, and 1-V-VII usually

with small sclerotized ring-like calli at bases; 8-II, III, 12-V, 3-VI and 10-VII

usually single; 12-I, III and 8-IV usually double; 6-I-III, V, VI usually triple.

Comb scales 5-14 arranged in an often irregular, single or double row, proxi-

mal scales sometimes distinctly smaller, individual scales thorn-shaped, with

a strong apical spine, laterobasally fringed with fine spicules. Siphon brown-

ish, tapering a little apically, just curved dorsally near apex, 10-12 times as

long as apical width; length 1.32-1.51 mm, index 5. 95-6. 88 (8); microsculp-

ture of rather faint short transverse ridges bearing extremely fine denticles,

often indistinct; pecten reaching basal 0. 25-0. 33 of siphon, of 9-11 teeth,

progressively larger apically, each tooth with slender ventral denticles up

to middle to near apex; 1-S 5-7 paired, basalmost 1-S located beyond pecten

at basal 0.33-0.51, each seta 3-6 branched, mostly longer than siphon

diameter at insertion; usually one, occasionally 2 pairs of additional subdorsal

setae near apex, each 2-4 branched; 2-S straight, shorter than apical pecten

tooth. Saddle 0.34-0.37 mm long; microsculpture of spiculiferous short

transverse ridges, a group of mostly single longer spicules subdorsally at

apex; 1-X fine; 2-X with dorsal branches distinctly shorter than the ventral

branch; 4-X of 11-13 cratal hairs, each 3-11 branched, basalmost hair

occasionally single and thick. Anal gills pointed, 0.8-2.6 length of saddle;

ventral gill 0.8-1.0 as long as dorsal gill.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN. 162: Honshu

(F-0233). KOREA. 19: Cheju Do (M-0849). RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO.

73’, 169, with associated skins (61, 6 p); 151: Amami Gunto (I-0309, I-0310,

I-1863, I-1874, I-1876, I-1883, I-1892). 30%, 12: Okinawa Gunto (J-0533,

J-1292, J-2122, J-2227). 170, 109, with associated skins (3 1, 3 p); 32 L,

11: Yaeyama Gunto (K-0582, K-0584, K-0924, K-0946, K-0951, K-1065,

K-1078, K-1089, K-1294, K-1396, K-1398, K-1436, K-1437, K-1438, K-1439,

K-1441, K-1442, K-1443).

DISTRIBUTION. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu,

Yakushima). KOREA (Korean Peninsula, Cheju Do). RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO

(Amami, Okinawa, Miyako and Yaeyama Gunt6). ORIENTAL REGION.

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979 155

BIONOMICS. Not very common in temperate Japan, common in the

Ryukyus. Larvae were found in ground pools and rice-fields. Other larval

habitats are natural ponds, irrigation ditches, burrow pits, roadside ditches

and gutters containing clean water (LaCasse and Yamaguti 1950). Adult

females are night biters.

RELATION TO DISEASES. Japanese encephalitis virus has been isolated

from wild caught females, but the capability of transmitting the virus is not

certain (Yamamoto 1971). This uncertainty is due in part to past confusion

with other closely related species of the vishnui subgroup (Sirivanakarn 1976).

27. CULEX (CULEX) SITIENS WIEDEMANN

(Figs. 41, 42, 184; Table 63)

Culex sitiens Wiedemann, 1828: 542 (2). Type-locality: Sumatra.

Culex (Culex) sitiens: Bohart and Ingram, 1946b: 81: Okinawa Is. and Ie Is.,

Ryukyu Archipelago; Chu, 1956: 42, Korea.

FEMALE (Fig. 184). Wing length 3.0-3.6 mm. Head. Vertex covered

with pale narrow curved or crescent-shaped scales and numerous dark erect

forked scales intermixed with several yellow ones at middle; tempus densely

covered with broad white scales; 5-7 vertical and 2 temporal dark bristles

on each side, median vertical bristles golden brown, others dark. Clypeus

dark brown. Antenna: pedicel yellowish brown, mesal surface infuscate,

with scattered small hairs and a few small scales; flagellum 1.07-1.12 (3)

of proboscis; flagellomere 1 1.33-1.43 (3) of Flm 2. Palpus 0. 20-0. 22 (3)

of proboscis, dark scaled; segment 3 1. 83-2.05 (3) length of 2. Proboscis

1.01-1.05 (3) forefemur, dark scaled, with a broad median band of pale

scales. Thorax. Pronotal integument dark brown; anterior and posterior

lobes covered with pale yellow narrow curved scales; posterior lobe also

with several bronze-brown narrow curved scales, the pale scales wider and

paler posteriorly, 5-13 yellow and dark bristles along posterior margin.

Scutum with integument very dark brown, covered with bronze-brown and

pale narrow curved scales, the pale scales forming indistinct patches on

margins, humeral area, around scutal suture and on prescutellar space.

Scutellum covered roughly with pale yellow narrow curved scales, bearing

4-6 long dark bristles on each lateral lobe and 6-9 on median lobe, together

with a few short bristles on each lobe. Pleural integument dark brown,

rather pale in posterior lower mesepimeron, metapleuron and posterior

upper mesomeron; patches of broad white scales on propleuron, upper sterno-

pleuron, caudal middle sternopleuron and upper mesepimeron; about 10 pro-

pleural and prealar bristles, more than 10 sternopleurals, 5-13 upper

mesepimerals, no lower mesepimerals. Wing. Veins dark scaled; cell

Ro 2.08-2.57 (4) length of vein r9:3; 1a reaching near level of r-m. Halter

knob pale scaled. Legs. Forecoxa with anterior surface covered with mix-

ture of pale and dark scales; mid- and hindcoxae each with a patch of pale

scales, a few dark scales at apex of the patch of midcoxa. Posterior surface

of fore- and midfemora, both sides of hindfemur pale scaled, pale scaled

area apically narrowed; midfemur speckled with pale scales on anterior sur-

face; tibiae with pale streak and pale apical fringe; tarsomere 1 often witha

pale streak on posterior surface, 1 and 2 with both basal and apical bands of

pale scales, 3-5 with basal bands, the apical bands usually incomplete, basal

bands of apical one or 2 segments sometimes reduced; femora, tibiae and

156 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

tarsi otherwise dark scaled but often with pale scales intermixed. Abdomen.

Tergum I with a median spot of dark scales; II-VIII dark scaled, each with a

distinct basal band of white scales, the band laterally broadened. Sterna pale

scaled, with narrow dark apical bands.

MALE (Figs. 41, 184). Wing length 2.8-3.5 mm. Antenna: flagellum

0. 81-0. 87 (7) length of proboscis; flagellomere 12 1.11-1.32 (7) of Flm 13,

both 0.86-0.97 (7) of Flm 1-11. Palpus 1.30-1.39 (7) of proboscis (longer

than proboscis by length of segment 5 or slightly more), with patches of pale

scales at apex of 2, middle of 3, base of 4 and base and apex of 5; 3 bearing

a row of 25-31 apically curved and broadened setae on mesoventral side, each

seta with a median stria; length ratio of 2-5; 0.64-0.75 : 1.47-1.67 : 0.81-

0.88 : 1.00 (7). Proboscis 1.15-1.22 (6) of forefemur, with false joint at

apical 0.48-0.51 (7), with long bristles proximad of the joint. Cell Ro 1.28-

1.68 (4) length of vein r9:9; 1a ending just before level of m-cu. Foretarso-

mere 5 1.90-2.05 (3) times as long as 4; hindtarsomere 1 0.99-1.12 (6) of

tibia. Genitalia. Tergum IX with each lobe bearing 2-7 medium-sized

bristles. Basistyle parallel-sided in basal 0.67, then apically narrowed in

tergal view, 2.2-2.6 times as long as wide, bristled except mesal surface

distal to subapical lobe, and basal area; subapical lobe at apical 0.33, well

protrudent, bearing 3 rods (a, 8,7), 3 subequal apically hooked setae (5,

H41, 9) and a broadly foliate seta («), together with a laterobasal accessory

bristle (x); a@<B=y in length, a=87y in thickness, 6 and yjust curved at

apex; € with a few distinct striae. Dististyle wide in basal 0.67, then apically

narrowed, 5 times as long as wide, 0.5-0.6 as long as basistyle, pigmented,

with one or 2 small setae on convex side at apical 0.33 and another on con-

cave side between apex and the seta of convex side. Cercal tergal surface

well sclerotized, cercal setae 2-5; paraproct with laterobasal process long,

sternally curved, pigmented. Tergoapical division of aedeagus 1.28-1.40 (5)

times as wide as long; each lateral piece divided into tergolateral and sterno-

mesal subdivisions in apical half; tergolateral subdivision sclerotized, con-

sisting of 4-5 strong teeth; sternomesal subdivision unpigmented, sternally

expanded, keeled in lateral view, finely spinulate on apical surface, mesal

side hairy in basal half; a large laterobasally directed sternal tooth present;

subbasal knob very large and noticeably protrudent laterally.

LARVA (Fig. 42). Head. Width 1.15-1.27 mm; 1. 43-1. 58 (x = 1. 48)

times as wide as long, dark yellowish-brown; labrum shallowly concave;

seta 1-C very stout, subacute, pigmented, 0.17-0.25 as thick as long,

separated by 1.2-1.8 times their length, occasionally with one or 2 very

small denticles beyond middle; 4-C slender, caudad of level of 7-C; 6-C just

slightly cephalad of a line between 5, 7-C; 7-C only slightly shorter than 5-C,

reaching beyond insertion of 1-A; 14-C usually single. Antenna 0.53-0.58mm

long, slightly bowed, pale in proximal part except for dark brown basal ring,

light brown in distal part, dorsally, laterally and ventrobasally spinulate on

proximal part, several lateral spinules on distal part; 1-A inserted at apical

0. 34-0. 42 (x = 0.38), with approximately 20-30 strongly barbed branches,

each about 0.8 antenna length; 2,3-A long, about 0.5-0.6 antenna length; 4-A

similar but slightly shorter. Mandible with a few small needle-like dorsolater-

al microspines. Cutting organ with mesal dorsal tooth bearing one or 2 large

mesobasal denticles; VT1.3 becoming larger proximad; VB, very strongly

and coarsely pectinate on mesal margin (the number of teeth about 10), the

individual teeth quite stout; VB5 apparently undeveloped; pectinate brush 8-10

haired. Mandibular hairs (6-95 + (12-13), 18-21 in total. Maxilla. Cardo

narrowly connected mesobasally with cranium; 1-Mx single. Mesostipes about

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 157

1.2 times as long as wide, with lateral surface smooth, with a row of some-

what stiff spicules along mesal margin; stipital sensoria at about middle, sub-

equal; 4-Mx slender, only slightly pigmented; pseudoartis undeveloped.

Lacinia with 5-Mx at level of stipital sensoria. Palpostipes excluding lateral

artis about 0.3 as long as mesostipes; Sg > Sy > Sy = So > Ss in length.

Mentum plate triangular, with 15-17 (usually 15) blunt to subacute teeth, the

median tooth not noticeably larger than the flanking teeth. Thovax. Pro-

thoracic setal formula: 1(2):1(2):1-2(3):1-1-3-2(3); 1,2-P almost always

single; 4,8-P usually double; 12-P as long or longer than 5-P, moderately

barbed. Abdomen. Seta 4-I fan-shaped, usually with 7-10 main branches,

sometimes with a few branches apically split; 6-I usually triple; 4-IV usually

single; 12-IV usually double; 7-V longer than 7-IV, usually 5, 6 branched;

1-VI usually triple, subequal to 1-V, sometimes stronger than 1-IV; 13-VII

usually triple. Comb scales 32-48 (x = 38.2), in a roughly triangular patch,

individual scales broadly paddle-shaped, fringed apically with long subequal

spicules, laterally with shorter spicules. Siphon pale yellow-brown, darker

at base and apex, nearly straight, slender, length 1.49-1.63 mm, index 5.2-

6.2 (x = 5.6); pecten confined to basal 0. 28-0.35 (x = 0.32), of 9-18 (x = 12. 4)

teeth, each with 6 to 10 or more ventrobasal denticles; 1-S of 6 or 7 pairs, 4

or 0 proximal subventral pairs at least twice as long as siphon diameter at

insertion, sparsely but strongly barbed; 1 lateral pair at apical 0.27-0.37

(x = 0.33) of siphon, slightly longer than siphon diameter at insertion, some-

times sparsely barbed; an apicosubventral pair at apical 0.11-0.17 (x =0.14)

of siphon, smooth, subequal to siphon diameter at insertion; 2-S apical, stiff,

dark brown, 0.67-0.75 length of apical pecten tooth. Saddle 0.35-0.40 mm

long; spicules inconspicuous except for those on laterocaudal aspect between

1,2-X; 1-X usually single, weakly barbed, 1.0-1.5 times saddle length; 2-X

with ventralmost branch much longer than others, nearly as long as 3-X; 3-X

about 5 times saddle length; 4-X of 11 or 12 cratal hairs, each 6 to 11 branched,

the most proximal 2 or 3 hairs sometimes much reduced. Anal gills very

short, the dorsal gill 0.6-0.7 length of saddle; ventral gill 0. 8-1.0 length of

dorsal gill.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO. 30, 39, 10 L:

Okinawa Gunto (J-2120, J-2121, J-2312). 200’, 249 with associated skins

(51, 5p); 95 L, 41: Yaeyama Gunto (K-0929, K-0934, K-0946, K-0956,

K-0984, K-1000, K-1123, K-1124, K-1125).

DISTRIBUTION. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO (Okinawa, Miyako and

Yaeyama Gunto). KOREA. COASTAL REGIONS THROUGHOUT THE

ORIENTAL REGION, AND OF EAST AFRICA, MADAGASCAR, NORTHERN

AUSTRALIA AND PACIFIC ISLANDS.

BIONOMICS. Common in Yaeyama Gunto, apparently rare in Okinawa

Is. Biery and Burns (1973c) found sitiens to comprise less than 0.15% of

Culex mosquitoes collected on Okinawa from 1970 to 1972. Larvae usually

occur in brackish ground pools, largely restricted to seacoast locales

(Sirivanakarn 1976). They are found also in ponds and artificial containers

(Kamimura 1976b). Females are night feeders, apparently primarily on birds

and pigs, less so on cows, dogs and humans (Bram 1967).

RELATION TO DISEASES. Japanese encephalitis virus was transmitted

experimentally by this species (as jepsoni Theobald) (Hodes 1946), but the

role of this species during epidemics of this disease is not certain. Iyengar

(1953) found sitiens naturally infected with Brugia malayi in Thailand, how-

ever he did not consider sitzens as an important vector of this pathogen.

158 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

28. CULEX (CULEX) WHITMOREI (GILES)

(Figs. 43, 44, 185; Table 64)

Taeniorhynchus whitmorei Giles, 1904: 367 (¢). Type-locality: Camp

Stotsenburg, Angeles and Panpanga, Luzon, Philippines.

Leucomyia plegepennis Theobald, 1907: 375 (¢). Type-locality: Kobe,

Honshu, Japan.

Culex whitmorei: Yamada, 1927: 082, Korea.

Culex (Culex) whitmorei: LaCasse and Yamacuti, 1950: 211 (c,° 2, ‘L); Bohart,

1959: 197, Sonai, Iriomote Is., Ryukyu Archipelago.

FEMALE (Fig. 185). Wing length 3.1-3.5 mm. Head, Eyes narrowly

separated above. Vertex including interocular space covered with white

narrow curved scales; erect scales white medially, brown laterally; tempus

covered with broad white scales, a small patch of broad dark scales within

the pale scaled area; 5-6 vertical bristles on each side, mesal ones yellowish,

lateral ones dark; 2 dark temporal bristles on each side. Clypeus brown.

Antenna: pedicel dorsolaterally testaceous, mesoventrally dark brown, with

small broad white scales and very fine mesal bristles; flagellum 1.06 (1) of

proboscis; flagellomere 1 1.31 of Flm 2, without scales. Palpus 0.2 of pro-

boscis, dark scaled, with pale apical scales: segment 3 1.76-1.85 of 2. Pro- |

boscis 1.08 of forefemur, dark scaled, with a broad median band of pale

scales. Thovax. Anterior pronotal lobe with integument brown, covered with

white and yellowish brown narrow curved scales; posterior pronotal lobe with

integument dark brown posterodorsally, rather light brown anteroventrally,

covered with narrow curved white scales on dorsal and posterior margins,

yellowish brown ones in middle, bearing 4-6, mostly brown, some yellowish,

bristles along posterior margin. Scutum with integument rather dark brown,

covered with white narrow curved scales, with an anteromedian small patch

and paired anterosubmedian short stripes of yellowish brown narrow curved

scales, and paired posterior dorsocentral broad stripes of dark brown narrow

curved scales, the anteromedian patch extending a little posteriorly in a

specimen from Amami Oshima, reaching middle of scutum forming | a longitu-

dinal median band in 2 specimens from Ishigakils., Yaeyama Gunto; scutal

bristles brownish, fossal area with 2 or 3 bristles anterolaterally, one on

level of scutal anelé and one or 2 posteriorly. Scutellum with integument con-

colorous with scutum; median lobe covered with white narrow curved scales,

bearing 5-6 long bristles; each lateral lobe covered with dark brown narrow

curved scales, bearing 4 (rarely 5) long bristles; all lobes with some additional

short bristles. Pleural integument brown, darker on post- and subspiracular

areas, paler on mesepimeron, mesomeron and metapleuron; patches of broad

white scales on propleuron, upper sternopleuron, lower posterior sterno-

pleuron, upper mesepimeron and anteromedian mesepimeron, the lattermost

and upper sternopleural patches nearly confluent; 5-7 yellowish brown to brown

propleural bristles, 6-8 pale prealars, about 10 or more mostly dark sterno-

pleurals, 4-8 pale upper mesepimerals, no lower mesepimerals. Wing. Veins

mostly dark scaled; c with pale scales basally on posterior side; 1a almost

reaching level of m-cu. Cell Rg 3.12-3.44 length of vein rg,3 in 2 specimens

from Osaka Pref., 2.22-2.43 in 3 specimens from the Ryukyu islands. Halter

with pale scaled knob. Legs. Coxae basally pale scaled, dark scaled apically.

Femora with apical fringe pale dorsally and dark laterally; forefemur dark

scaled and speckled with pale scales on dorsal surface and anterior half of

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea | 159

ventral surface, remainder pale scaled; midfemur dark scaled with scattered

pale scales on anterior surface, mainly pale scaled on posterior surface; 7

hindfemur pale scaled, anterior surface mottled with dark scales. Foretibia

dorsally and laterally dark scaled, ventrally pale scaled; midtibia pale scaled

except base, apex and ventral surface; hindtibia mostly dark scaled, with

medial pale scales and dorsobasal and anteroapical pale spots. Tarsi mainly

dark scaled; tarsomeres 1 with some pale scales laterally; foretarsomeres 2-4

and mid- and hindtarsomeres 1-4 with pale basal bands, 5 occasionally with

indication of a pale basal band. Foretarsomere 5 as long as 4; hindtarsomere

1 0.90-0.97 of tibia. Abdomen. Tergum I with median patch of dark scales,

occasionally pale scales mixed; II-VII each with median, laterobasal and sub-

lateroapical patches of pale scales; the median patch usually triangular,

diminishing in size toward posterior segments, often lacking on VII, occa-

sionally extending posteriorly and forming a continuous longitudinal median

band; the laterobasal and sublateroapical patches almost midsublaterally con-

fluent; VIII with laterobasal patches of pale scales. Sterna pale scaled, with

lateroapical patches of dark scales, the patches increasing in size toward an-

terior segments.

MALE (Figs. 44, 185). Wing length 2.9-3.1 mm. Antenna slightly shorter

than proboscis, flagellomere 12 longer than Flm 13, both shorter than

Flm 1-11. Palpus longer than proboscis by a little less than apical 2 segments,

dark scaled, with pale articular band at segments 2-3, broad median band on

3, and basal bands on 4 and 5; rather long bristles on 4 and 5, and 3 ventro-

apically. Proboscis longer than forefemur. Propleural bristles not separated

from prosternal bristles. Cell Ro 2.38 length of vein r9i3 (one specimen from

Osaka Pref.). Hindtarsomere 1 as long as tibia. Foretarsomere 4 only slightly

longer than wide; 5 longer than 4, with a few stout setae ventrobasally.

Genitalia. Tergum IX with each lobe bearing 3-6 (2) bristles. Basistyle 3

times as long as wide in sternal view, laterally and sternally bristled, with

only a few very fine tergal bristles near subapical lobe; subapical lobe well

protrudent, rod qa strongest; @ and y laterodistad of a, close together; p

slightly longer but narrower than a; ya little smaller thang ; 6 and y1_3

apically hooked, 6 similar to p in shape, only slightly larger than them; « leaf-

like, unstriated, round-tipped; x rather stout. Dististyle 0.52 (1) length of

basistyle, 5.2 times as long as wide, lightly pigmented basally, with 2 fine

setae, one on convex side at about apical 0.33 another a little more distad on

concave side. Cercal setae 3-4 (2); paraproct with laterobasal process

moderately developed. Tergoapical division of aedeagus 1.51-1. 54 (1) times

as wide as long; each lateral plate with 2-4 (2) tergal teeth and a laterally

extended, very large, triangular median tooth, apex apparently sternally

expanded, with fine spiculation.

LARVA (Fig. 43). Head. Seta 1-C stout, strongly pigmented, acuminate

at tip, shorter than distance between bases; 4-C short, very slender, about

as long as or shorter than distance between bases. Antenna 0.74-0.78 mm

long, curved, dark at base and in distal part, spiculate dorsally except for

apex; 1-A at apical 0.35-0.40 of shaft, with about 20-30 barbed branches,

extending beyond apex of shaft; 2,3-A about 0.67 as long as shaft, at apical

0.06-0.12; 4-A slightly shorter than 2-A, 2-4-A pigmented. Mandible*.

Mesal dorsal tooth of cutting organ with 2 mesal denticles; VT3 larger than

*No specimen of dissected mouthparts available for precise description.

160 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

VT}, 9. Maxilla* with very stout pigmented 4-Mx; stipital sensoria and 5-Mx

at about basal 0.33. Mentum plate with 11-13 teeth of subequal size. Thovax.

Prothoracic setal formula: 1° 1°1°2(1):1-°1°3(2):2; 13-T well developed.

Abdomen. Comb scales 6-8, arranged in an irregular double row; individual

scales slender, with a single strong apical spine, laterobasally fringed with

very fine spicules. Siphon slender, tapering and dorsally curved toward apex,

with apex 0.42 (1) as wide as base; length 1.02-1.10 mm, index 5.2; micro-

sculpture of transverse rows of minute denticles; pecten reaching basal 0.18-

0.23 of siphon, 7-11 teeth, a few basal teeth definitely smaller or abortive,

each tooth with about 10-20 rather long, ventral denticles; 1-S of 5-7 subventral

pairs; each seta very long, double, strongly barbed; basalmost one longest,

at basal 0.25-0.31 of siphon, apicalmost one 0.60-0.75 of basalmost, at apical

0.25-0.28; 2 pairs of accessory unbarbed double setae slightly dorsad of level

of 1-S, basal one at basal 0. 42-0.55, apical one at apical 0.17-0.31, each

much weaker than 1-S, but distinctly longer than siphon diameter; 2-S stout,

longer than apical siphon diameter, directed somewhat anteriorly, with one or

more accessory short multiple spicules basally; ventrobasal valve relatively

large, rounded in lateral view; 9-S rather stout, curved. Saddle finely spicu-

late, 0.32-0.34 mm long; 1-X weak, shorter than saddle; 4-X of 12 cratal

hairs, each 3-10 branched. Anal gills 2.7-3.0 length of saddle.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED... PALAEARCTIC JAPAN. 1°, 4°, 1 L: Honshu

(1%, 49: Sukuno, Osaka Pref., 1 VIII 1965, Kamimura, KKCOL; 1 L: Okayama,

Okayama Pref., 24 VIII, Kamimura, KKCOL). 1°: Kyushu (Kamiitagawa,

Kagoshima Pref., 6 VI 1965, rice field, Kamimura, KKCOL). KOREA. 192:

Korean Pen. (L-2143). RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO. 1°, 29: Amami Gunto

(1%, 1°: Gusuku, Amami Oshima, 14 IV 1964, rice field, Kamimura, KKCOL;

12: Nishinakama, Amami Oshima, 21 V 1965, rice field, Kamimura, KKCOL).

22, 3 L: Yaeyama Guntd (1 L: Ishigaki, Ishigaki Is., 1 XI 1961, rice field,

Sasa, KKCOL; 2 L: Ishigaki, IshigakiIs., rice field, Sasa, KKCOL. 29:

K-2065).

DISTRIBUTION. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu).

KOREA (Korean Peninsula). RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO (Amami, Okinawa and

Yaeyama Gunto). PRYMORYE. ORIENTAL REGION. NEW GUINEA.

BIONOMICS. Usually rare in temperate Japan and the Ryukyus. Larvae

are found in fresh water ground pools, rice paddies, and the margins of slowly

moving streams (LaCasse and Yamaguti 1950). Females are night biters and,

apparently zoophilic, much greater numbers being collected from buffalo bait

in comparison to human bait (Self et al. 1976).

RELATION TO DISEASES. Culex whitmorei is one of the species most

suitable as an intermediate host of Bancroftian filariasis (Yamada 1927).

Sirivanakarn (1976) stated that one author reported isolation of JEV from

whitmoreéi.in India, but that the importance of whitmorei as a vector had not

been confirmed.

*No specimen of dissected mouthparts available for precise description.

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 161

29. CULEX (CULEX) JACKSONI EDWARDS

(Figs. 44, 45, 186; Table 65)

Culex (Culex) jacksoni Edwards, 1934: 452 (C, 9, L). Type-locality:

Shonson Hill, Hong Kong; Stone, Knight and Starcke, 1959: 250, Korea.

Culex (Culex) kangi Lien, 1968c: 235 (o, °, P, L). Type-locality: Chienchi,

Hsinchu, Hsinchu Hsien, Taiwan; Lee and Lee, 1975: 59, Korea;

Sirivanakarn, 1976: 150 (synonomy).

FEMALE (Fig. 186). Wing length 3.5-4.3 mm. Head. Vertex covered with

pale yellowish brown, narrow curved or paler crescent-shaped scales and nu-

merous long erect forked scales, median erect forked scales yellowish brown,

lateral ones dark; tempus covered with broad white scales, a few broad dark

scales within the white scaled area; 6-8 dark brown vertical and 2-3 dark

temporal bristles on each side. Clypeus dark brown. Antennal pedicel tawny

yellow, mesal side infuscate, with a few pale small scales and dark short hairs;

flagellum 0.99-1.18 (6) of proboscis; flagellomere 1 1.19-1.33 of Flm 2. Pal-

pus dark scaled, with tip pale scaled, 0.20-0.21 of proboscis; segment 3

2.46-3.38 of 2. Proboscis 0.96-1.05 of forefemur, dark scaled, with a dis-

tinct median band of white scales. Thorax. Pronotal lobes with integument

rather dark brown, pale brown on lower posterior lobe, covered roughly with

yellowish brown narrow curved scales, bearing 7-13 (9) dark brown or pale

yellowish brown bristles along posterior upper corner of posterior lobe.

Scutum with integument brown, covered with brownish and pale narrow curved

scales, the pale scales forming ill-defined patterns on anterior promontory,

along humeral margin and scutal suture, at posterior end of anterior dorsocen-

tral line, on supraalar area and along margin of prescutellar bare space; scutal

bristles rather dark brown, a few on anterior promontory yellowish, 7-10 (9)

fossal bristles located slightly interiad of humeral margin and scutal suture.

Scutellum roughly covered with pale narrow curved scales, bearing dark brown

long bristles, 3-6 (9) on each lateral lobe and 6-8 (9) on median lobe, several

additional short bristles on each lobe. Paratergite rather dark brown.

Pleural integument pale brown, infuscate on subspiracular area, prealar knob

and often posterior sternopleuron between 2 scale patches; small patches of

broad white scales on propleuron, upper and middle posterior sternopleuron,

upper and middle mesepimeron; pleural bristles brown in most of 7-12 (9) pro-

pleurals, others pale, about 10 prealars, more than 10 sternopleurals, 5-13

(9) upper mesepimerals, no lower mesepimerals. Wing. Anterior veins with

3 marks of pale scales: sector on c and sc, subcostal over c to rj and apical

on c and rj; sector mark on c sometimes intermixed with dark scales or

shortened basally; ro and rg with a common pale spot at base; r4,5 pale except

at base and apex; cu, pale in middle 0.33; 1a dark at base, pale to middle,

dark in apical half; a pale fringe spot at apex of cug; veins otherwise dark

scaled. Cell Ro 2.26-3.21 (9) length of vein r9,,. Halter knob pale scaled.

Legs. Forecoxa scaled on anterior surface, white in basal 0.33, dark other-

wise; midcoxa with integument dark at base; mid- and hindcoxae each with a

patch of white scales. Femora with narrow apical fringe of pale yellowish

scales; forefemur pale scaled on posterior half of ventral surface, with several

pale scales subapically; midfemur pale scaled at base of anterior surface, on

basal 0.67 of posterior surface and entire ventral surface, with subapical pale

spot on posterior side; hindfemur pale scaled on basal 0.60-0.67 of anterior

surface, otherwise similar to midfemur. Tibiae with narrow yellowish apical

162 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

fringe; foretibia with a pale streak on posterior side; mid- and hindtibiae with

pale streaks on both sides. Tarsomere 1 pale scaled on posterior side, with

a small basal pale spot and apical pale fringe; 2 and 3 with pale basal ring

and pale apical fringe; 4 with pale basal ring. Femora, tibiae and tarsi other-

wise dark scaled. Foretarsomeres 2-5 together slightly shorter than 1,5 as

long as or slightly shorter than 4; hindtarsomere 1 0.9%-1.09 of tibia. Abdo-

men. Tergum I with median patch of dark scales; II-VI dark scaled, with basal

bands and laterobasal patches of pale scales, the laterobasal patches extending

posteromesally but not reaching apical margin, the basal bands not connected

with laterobasal patch on II, barely connected on II-VI; V and VI with narrow

apical bands of pale scales; VII with basal. band, broad apical band and lateral

patches usually connected with each other leaving a mediosubbasal patch of

dark scales; V frequently with a pair of discal spots, IV and VI often with

smaller spots or a faint indication of the spot; VIII pale scaled. Sterna pale

scaled, IV-VII with lateroapical oblique patches of dark scales, VIII dark at

middle of apex.

MALE (Figs. 44, 186). Wing length 3.2-3.6 mm. Antennal pedicel gla-

brous; flagellum 0.81-0.91 (5) of proboscis; flagellomere 12 0.95-1.07 of

Flm 13, both 0.90-1.00 of Flm 1-11. Palpus 1.34-1.42 of proboscis (longer

than proboscis by slightly more than length of segment 5), markedly bristled

from apical 0.4 of 3 to apex, with a pale spot of unscaled integument at fused

joint of 2 and 3, with a patch of pale scales intermixed with a few dark scales

in middle of 3 on same level as median band of proboscis; base of 4 and 5 with

pale scales; apex of 5 with pale scales and a pigmented seta; length ratio of

2-5: 0.54-0.69 : 1.26-1.38 : 0.70-0.77: 1.00. Proboscis 1.19-1.23 (3) of

forefemur, with several rather long ventral bristles at false joint. Cell Ro

1.58-2.17 length of vein rg9,3. Foretarsomere 5 1.82-2.10 (8) length of 4.

Genitalia. Almost identical with those of mimeticus, differing only in that the

laterobasal process of paraproct is usually weakly developed, occasionally

lacking or moderately developed; even in the most developed case, it is not

deeply pigmented and never curved sternally. Lobe of tergum IX with 3-9

bristles.

LARVA (Fig. 45). Head. Width 1.10-1.21 mm;* pale yellowish; 1.33-1.50*

times as wide as long; microsculpture consisting of short rows of minute spi-

cules, visible only under oil immersion; labrum slightly concave; seta 1-C

stout, brown, slightly thickened in middle, separated by 1.2-1.7 times length;

3-C relatively weak; 4-C very short, about on level with 6-C; 5, 6-C 0.67 or

less length of cranium, 5-C frequently (70%) 5 branched; 6-C usually (84%)

triple; 7-C almost on line with 5,6-C; 13-C usually double, reaching beyond

base of antenna. Antenna 0.50-0.53 mm long, pale in proximal part, fairly

dark in distal part, dorsally and laterally spiculate in proximal part, very few

laterobasal spicules in distal part; 1-A slightly more than 0.6 length of shaft,

inserted at apical 0. 40-0. 46 (v= 0.43), with 20 or more strongly barbed

branches; 2,3-A equal, 0.60-0.66 length of shaft; distance between 2-A and

apex 0.29-0.40 (x = 0.34) as long as distance between 1, 2-A; 4-A 0.76-0. 92

length of 2-A; 2-4-A dark brown; 6-A 0.35-0.42 length of 4-A. Mandible

almost identical with that of mimeticus, differing only in having fewer micro-

spines on laterodorsal surface, and equal mesal denticles on ventral tooth.

Maxilla. Cardo very narrow, almost entirely well sclerotized, narrowly

connected mesobasally with cranium; 1-Mx single.

*Taiwan specimens.

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 163

Mesostipes 1.17-1.25 times as long as broad, with lateral surface smooth,

and mesobasal margin strongly sclerotized; stipital sensoria subequal, slightly

distal to middle; a band of short hairs along lacinial suture from apex to just

laterad of stipital sensoria; 4-Mx longest of all maxillary setae, stiff and pig-

mented; pseudoartis poorly developed. Lacinia with 5-Mx at level of or slightly

distad of stipital sensoria. Palpostipes excluding lateral artis 0.6 length of

mesostipes; S,_3 subequal but apparently S3> 84 > So in length, S4 definitely

shorter, S5 very short. Mentum plate triangular, with 11-15 teeth, the

median tooth about 1.5 times the size of its flanking teeth. Aulaeum with

median tooth apparently bicuspid. Thorax. Prothoracic setal formula:

1:1°:1:1:1-1:°3(2, 4)-2(3); 14-P, 1-M-T usually single; 12-T usually double;

13-T weak. Abdomen. Setae 1-I,IV, 3-I-IIIl, 4-III, 6-V, VI, 7-VI, 8-IV, V,

11-0,IV-VI, 12-1, II, 13-1, IV usually double; 1-II, TI, 2-VII, 3-V,X, 4-IV, VU,

VIII, 7-I, 8-II, II, and 12-IV-VII usually single; 6-I usually 3-4 branched;

6-IIl, IV usually triple; 6-VII not dendritic; barbing on 1, 13-IV varying from

inconspicuous to quite strong; 13-III usually smooth, sometimes with a few

small barbs; 5-VIII usually 4 branched, not quite as strongly barbed as 1, 3- VIII;

1, 5- VIII subequal in length, about 0.67-0.75 length of 3-VIII. Comb scales

26-37 (x = 31.0) ina roughly triangular patch, individual scales thorn-shaped,

with a strong apical spine, fringed with a few laterobasal spicules. Siphon

nearly straight, tapering gradually from base, with apex about 0.5 as wide as

base, pale yellowish-brown, becoming somewhat darker in apical 0.2, with

basal ring very dark; length 1.38-1.73 (x = 1.56) mm, index* 5.2-6.3 (~ =5.7);

microsculpture indistinct, consisting of short transverse rows of minute spi-

cules; pecten in an often irregular row, reaching basal 0. 34-0. 53 (x = 0. 42),

of 12-19 (x = 15.8) teeth, each usually with 4-6 ventrobasal denticles, progres-

sively larger distad; 1-4 yellowish brown, simple thorn-like strong subventral

spines present on each side from apical 0.10-0.59, usually those on median

area much smaller than those of apical area; 1-S of 6-8 usually paired, subven-

tral setae, each 3-8 branched, subequal to siphon diameter at insertion;

proximalmost 1-S inserted usually beyond, occasionally within pecten at basal

0. 39-0. 58; distalmost 1-S at apical 0.14-0.23; usually 2 pairs of laterosubapical

accessory setae present, 1-2 (usually 2) branched, inserted at apical 0.14-

0.22 and 0.06-0.15 respectively; 2-S straight, less than 0.5 as long as siphon

diameter at apex, at least 0.67 length of apical pecten tooth, sometimes longer

than it. Saddle 0.40-0.45 mm long; microsculpture consisting of short trans-

verse rows of needle-like microspines; 1-X 0.30-0. 43 length of saddle; 4-X of

12 cratal hairs, each 2-7 branched. Anal gills slender, gradually tapering from

base, dorsal gill 1.2-1.6 times saddle length, ventral gill subequal to slightly

shorter than dorsal gill.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. KOREA. 220, 202, with associated skins (14 1,

14 p); 3 L: Korean Peninsula. (L-0816, L-0868, L-1483, L-2067, L-2068).

TAIWAN. 10°, 10@ with associated skins (101, 10 p); 49 L (50, 5%, with

associated skins (10 1, 10 p): Shinlin, Taipei Hsien, 24 III 1974, ground pool,

Lien & Matsuki; 50", 52, 49 L: Shinlin, Taipei Hsien, 14 IV 1974, ground pool,

Matsuki).

DISTRIBU TION. KOREA (Korean Peninsula). PRYMORYE. TAIWAN.

NORTH CHINA. HONG KONG. NEPAL. INDIA. SRI LANKA.

*Taiwan specimens.

164 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION. Edwards (1934) stated, in his original descrip-

tion, "Hypopygium: closely resembling that of C. mimeticus; no obvious differ-

ences discoverable in the single specimen available.'' We examined the holotype

male preserved in BMNH. No differences were detected in the subapical lobe

and aedeagus, but the paraproct was found to have a small pale laterobasal

process (arm), but never with a long, deeply pigmented and sternally curved

process as in mimeticus. In the Korean population, the laterobasal process

of the paraproct varies from totally reduced to moderately long; the most

frequently encountered case was that of the holotype. There are intermediate

forms between non-existant and moderately long, and all these types emerged

from larvae having strong spines on the siphon. The larval exuviae of the

holotype "has no distinct spines, but some thickenings of the chitin" (Edwards

1934). This may be an abnormal individual of this species.

BIONOMICS. Apparently common in Korea. Larvae were found in rice-

fields and ground pools, usually at higher elevations (Sirivanakarn 1976).

30. CULEX (CULEX) MIMETICUS NOE

(Figs. 46, 47, 187; Table 66)

Culex mimeticus Noe, 1899: 240 (2). Type-locality: Grassano in Basilicata,

Italy; Kobayashi, 1929: 41, Korea.

Culex (Culex) mimeticus: Bohart and Ingram, 1946b: 80, Okinawa Is., Ryukyu

Archipelago; Hsiao and Bohart, 1946: 27, Nagasaki, Kyushu, Yumoto

(Kanagawa), Honshu, Japan; LaCasse and Yamaguti, 1950: 241 (C, 9, L).

FEMALE (Fig. 187). Wing length 4.4-5.0 mm. Head. Eyes very narrowly

separated above. Vertex including interocular space covered with pale yellow-

ish narrow curved scales; median erect forked scales yellowish brown, lateral

ones dark brown; tempus covered with broad white scales; 5-7 vertical and 2-3

(usually 2) temporal bristles on each side. Clypeus dark brown. Antennal

pedicel yellowish brown, mesal surface dark brown, with pale small scales

and fine bristles. Palpus dark scaled, with tip pale scaled. Proboscis dark

scaled, with a distinct pale median band; basal dark area longer than apical

dark area. Thovax. Pronotal integument brown to rather dark brown; anterior

lobe with rather pale, yellowish brown narrow curved scales, scales of lower

part paler; posterior lobe with scales similar to those of anterior lobe, those

on posteroventral area paler and broader, 10-15 brown bristles along postero-

dorsal to posterior margin in an irregular double or triple row. Scutum with

integument brown to rather dark brown, covered with rather pale, yellowish

brown and white narrow curved scales, the white scales, variable in amount,

along humeral margin to scutal suture, on supraalar area and margins of

prescutellar space; middle of prescutellar space light brown, bare; scutal

bristles dark brown; fossal area with 2-5 bristles along humeral margin and

3-6 near scutal angle to posterior margin. Scutellum light brown, covered

with pale narrow curved scales, bearing 4-8 long, dark brown bristles on each

lateral lobe and 7-12 on median lobe, each lobe with a number of additional

fine yellowish brown bristles. Pleural integument light brown to brown, lower

anterior margin and midposterior part of sternopleuron, and upper and lower

anterior parts of mesepimeron darker; patches of broad white scales on pro-

pleuron, upper and midposterior sternopleuron, and midanterior mesepimeron,

upper mesepimeron with several broad white scales; pleural bristles light

brown, 7-14 propleurals, about 10 or more prealars, more than 10 sterno-

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 165

pleurals, 7 to more than 10 upper mesepimerals, no lower mesepimerals.

Wing. Remigium usually with 3 dark bristles. Vein c with sector, subcostal

and subapical pale marks; sector pale mark including sc, subcostal pale mark

extending onto sc and rj, preapical pale mark covering ry and usually also ro,

occasionally lacking on c; often these pale marks on sc, rj and rg smaller

than those on C; rg, with a pale mark at fork; rg,5 with a long pale median

mark; m with a pale mark at fork; cu, with a long pale median mark; cug

occasionally pale at tip; la with a long pale subbasal mark, or pale in entire

basal half; a pale mark of long fringe scales at termination of cug; wing scales

otherwise dark. Cell Ro 3.14-3.39 (2) length of vein r9.g3. Halter with pale

scaled knob. Legs. Forecoxa scaled on anterior surface, basally and meso-

apically pale, dark in-between; mid- and hindcoxae each with a patch of pale

scales, with dark scales at apex of midcoxa. Forefemur pale at base and on

posterior surface to posterior part of ventral surface, with pale apical fringe

and subapical spot, the spot fused with or separated from apical fringe,

frequently developed to an incomplete ring; midfemur pale at base and on

posterior surface excepting upper half of apical area or short dark apical streak,

with pale subapical spot usually fused with pale apical fringe; hindfemur pale

excepting apical 0.25-0.33 and dorsal surface to dorsoanterior surface, with

incomplete pale apical band; fore- and midtibiae pale on posterior surface, with

pale basal spot on anteroventral surface and pale apical band, with a pale

streak on anterior surface, usually indistinct on foretibia, more distinct on

midtibia; hindtibia broadly pale with scattered dark scales in middle excepting

dorsal surface, with pale basal spot on anteroventral surface and pale apical

band; tarsomeres with both pale basal and apical bands on 1-3, pale basal band

4,4 occasionally with some pale scales at apex; femora, tibiae and tarsi other-

wise dark. Foretarsomeres 2-5 together slightly shorter than 1,5 shorter than

or nearly as long as 4; hindtarsomere 1 0.98-1.02 (3) of tibia. Abdomen.

Tergum I with median patch of dark scales; II-VII dark scaled, with pale basal

bands becoming narrower on posterior segments; VII and occasionally VI with

pale scales on apical margin, sometimes forming a distinct apical band; latero-

basal patch of pale scales on each tergum, usually not fused with basal band.

sternum II pale scaled, IJI-VII basally and medioapically pale scaled, dark

scaled otherwise.

MALE (Figs. 47, 187). Wing length 3.6-4.0 mm. Antennal flagellum 0. 88-

0.90 (2) of proboscis; flagellomere 12 0.91-1.04 of Flm 13, both 1.13-1.18 of

Flm 1-11. Palpus 1.43-1.48 (1) of proboscis (longer than proboscis by more

than length of segment 5); 3 with pale median band, 4 with pale basal band, 5

with pale basal and apical bands; 4, 5 and apex of 3 bristly; length ratio of 2-5:

0.62-0.67 : 1.33-1.35 : 0.80-0.84 : 1.00. Proboscis 1.13-1.15 (2) of fore-

femur, with several rather long ventral bristles at false joint; pale median

band usually narrower than in female; apical dark area with a few scattered

pale scales. Cell Ro 1.47-1.72 (3) length of vein Yo,g- Foretarsomere 5

1. 67-2. 04 (3) of 4; hindtarsomere 1 1.03-1.08 (5) times as long as tibia.

Genitalia. Tergum IX with each lobe bearing 5-11 (5) bristles. Basistyle

laterally and sternally bristled, only several fine tergal bristles near subapical

lobe, long lateral and sternoapical bristles; subapical lobe moderately protru-

dent; rods a@-y proximalmost and close together, ¢ slightly longer than a and },

a broad seta (5) mesodistally, shorter than a, apically rounded; 3 setae (uy -3)

close to 6, each with one or 2 retrorse apical hooks; a broad leaf-like, but not

striated seta (€) laterally; a rather long bristle (y) laterad of €. Dististyle

fairly broad, lightly pigmented, 0.47-0.53 (5) length of basistyle, with a few

setae on convex side, and 1 on concave side distally. Cercal tergal surface

166 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

moderately sclerotized, 2-4 cercal setae; paraproct with laterobasal process

strongly developed, deeply pigmented and sternally curved. Aedeagus with

tergoapical division as long as wide or slightly shorter; each lateral piece with

apex rounded or bluntly pointed and finely spiculate, bearing rather slender

laterally directed teeth, 4-6 tergally and one sternally, often 1-3 denticles

present on tergal surface.

LARVA (Fig. 46). Head. Front margin of labrum slightly concave; seta

1-C dark brown, stout, pointed, 0.65-0.78 as long as distance between bases:

4-C very short, slightly anteriad of 6-C; 6-C usually double, slightly anteriad

of a line between 5, 7-C; 14-C stiff and pigmented. Antenna 0.67-0.70 mm

long, dark brown at base and in distal part, spiculate except ventrally and

apically, spiculation sparser and spicules stouter than in orientalis; 1-A

inserted at apical 0.39-0.46 of shaft, with 22-24 strongly barbed branches,

extending beyond apex of shaft; 2,3-A equal, 0.54-0.61 length of shaft, slightly

proximal to apex, distance between 2-A and apex 0. 41-0. 66 (20; x =0. 49)

as long as distance between 1, 2-A; 4-A 0.79-0. 87 length of 2-A, 2-4-A dark

brown; 6-A 0.38-0.50 length of 4-A, and twice as long as 5-A. Mandible with

a number of simple laterodorsal microspines. Cutting organ with mesal dorsal

tooth bicuspid or bearing mesobasal denticle almost as large as the tooth; VT3

larger than VET 2; VB; with mesal pectination fine apically, becoming stronger

basally; VBo apparently undeveloped; pectinate brush about 10 haired.

Piliferous process with labula as wide as anterior part and much more protru-

dent than it. Mandibular hairs (9-10) + (10-12), but not distinctly divided.

Maxilla. Cardo fairly narrow, broader than in jacksoni, narrowly connected

mesobasally with cranium; 1-Mx single. Mesostipes 1.2 times as long as broad,

with lateral surface smooth, and mesobasal margin strongly sclerotized;

stipital sensoria at apical 0.4, anterior sensorium slightly shorter than other;

a narrow band of hairs along lacinial suture from apex to just laterad of stipital

sensoria; 4-Mx pigmented, stiff, shorter than 5-Mx; pseudoartis poorly

developed. Lacinia with 5-Mx at level of stipital sensoria. Palpostipes

excluding lateral artis 0.33 as long as mesostipes or a little longer; palpal

sensoria rather long, slender, Sy> Sg> Sg> Sq4>Sp5 in length. Mentum plate

triangular, with 15-17 teeth, all flanking teeth equal. Aulaeum with median tooth

bicuspid. Thovax. Prothoracic setal formula: 1-1-1-1-1-1-3(2)-2(3); 5-M

weaker than 6-M; usually, 7-P triple, 8-P double, 14-P, 1,12-M single.

Abdomen. Seta 7-II smooth or barbed; 3-VI anteromesad of 1-VI; 1-VII

stronger than 1-VI, on a small round sclerotized basal plate; 2-I, 1-III,

5-III-VI and 2-VIII usually single; 12-I, 4-III, 1,4,11-IV, 11,13-V, 4-VI and

11-VII usually double. Comb scales 25-34 in a patch, individual scales thorn-

shaped, with a strong apical spine and fine laterobasal spicules. Siphon with

dark basal ring, somewhat infuscate at apex, apically tapering; length 1. 86-

2.33 mm, index 6. 83-8.08; microsculpture of transverse rows of very minute,

blunt denticles; pecten reaching basal 0.20-0.35 of siphon, of 11-17 teeth, the

teeth increasing in size and more widely spaced apically, each tooth with

several ventral denticles within basal half of the tooth; 1-S of 9-12 ventral

setae, ina zigzag row basally, more distinctly paired apically, longer than

siphon diameter at insertion excepting most apical ones; basalmost 1-S at

basal 0.31-0.47, usually beyond pecten, occasionally within it, 3-5 branched;

apicalmost 1-S at apical 0.04-0.11, 1-3 (usually 2) branched; median 1-S with

2-7 branches; one or 2 pairs of laterosubapical accessory setae present, of

about same size as apicalmost 1-S, each 2-3 branched; 2-S very dark brown,

curved, more than half as long as apical siphon diameter, longer than apical

pecten tooth. Saddle 0.41-0.53 mm long; microsculpture of short transverse

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 167

rows of minute pointed denticles, basally and ventrally weaker, but not markedly

more dorsoapically distinct; 1-X shorter than saddle; 2-X with short dorsal

and long ventral branches; 4-X of 11-13 cratal hairs, each 3-4 branched. Anal

gvills tapering to pointed apex, 1.9-2.0 length of saddle.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN. 1¢, 39, 11: Hokkaido

(A-1950). 40°, 12, 9 L, 51: Honshu (8 L: Yuzawa, Iwate Pref., 13 X, ditch,

Kamimura; 1L: Misumi, Shimane Pref., 4 VIII 1966, ground pool, Kamimura,

KKCOL. B-1284, C-2320, D-1185, D-1626). KOREA. 2c’, 29:

Korean Peninsula. (L-0885, L-0886). RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO. 59, 26 L,

21: Yaeyama Gunto (K-0588, K-0662, K-0956).

DISTRIBUTION. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku

Kyushu). KOREA (Korean Peninsula). RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO (Amami,

Okinawa, Miyako and Yaeyama Guntd). SOUTHERN PALAEARCTIC REGION.

ORIENTAL REGION.

BIONOMICS. Not rare in southern Japan including Ryukyu Archipelago,

rather rare in northern Japan. Larvae were found in ponds, ditches, blocked

streams and ground pools of fresh water, often associated with Cx. orientalis.

Also recorded from rice fields, river bed, springs, etc. (Kamimura 1976b);

and rock pools (Sirivanakarn 1976).

31. CULEX (CULEX) ORIENTA LIS EDWARDS

(Figs. 47, 48, 188; Table 67)

Culex orientalis Edwards, 1921b: 338 (, $).

Type-locality: Tokio, Japan; Yamada, 1932: 212, Korea.

Culex (Culex) orientalis: LaCasse and Yamaguti, 1950: 246 (C, ¢, L).

FEMALE (Fig. 188). Wing length 3.7-4.9 mm. Head. Eyes very narrow-

ly separated above. Vertex including interocular space covered with pale nar-

row curved scales; median erect forked scales yellowish brown and lateral

ones dark brown; tempus covered with broad white scales, occasionally with a

spot of dark scales or a few scattered dark scales; 5-6 vertical and 2 temporal

bristles on each side. Clypeus yellowish brown to dark brown. Antennal

pedicel yellowish brown, mesal surface dark brown, with pale small scales

and fine bristles; flagellum 1.05-1.17 (4) of proboscis; flagellomere 1 1. 29-

1.41 of Flm 2, without scales. Palpus 0.16-0.22 (4) of proboscis, apex of

segment 3 pale scaled, remainder dark scaled; 3 1.89-2.61 of 2: 4 rudi-

mentary. Proboscis 0.95-1.02 (4) of forefemur, dark scaled, with a distinct

pale median band; basal dark area longer than apical dark area; tip often with

some pale scales. Thovax. Pronotal integument brown to dark brown; anterior

lobe with pale yellowish narrow curved scales; posterior lobe with yellowish

brown narrow curved scales, those on lower posterior area paler, 7-13 yellow-

ish brown bristles in an irregular double row along posterodorsal margin to

posterior margin. Scutum with integument brown to dark brown, covered with

yellowish brown and white narrow curved scales, the white scales along humer-

al margin to scutal suture, on supraalar area and margins of prescutellar

space, and occasionally forming an anteromedian and a pair of median dorso-

central spots; middle of prescutellar space light brown, bare; scutal bristles

very dark brown, fossal area with 4,5 bristles along humeral margin and 3-6

near scutal angle to posterior margin. Scutellum light brown, covered with

white narrow curved scales, bearing 4-7 long dark brown bristles on each

lateral lobe and 7-11 on median lobe, each lobe with a number of additional fine

168 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

yellowish brown bristles. Pleural integument yellowish brown to brown, usually

with greenish tinge in teneral specimens; postspiracular area, lower subspiracu-

lar area, concave area between prealar knob and sternopleuron, midanterior and

midposterior sternopleuron, and upper and lower anterior mesepimeron darker;

patches of broad white scales on propleuron, upper and midposterior sterno-

pleuron and midanterior mesepimeron; upper mesepimeron with.several broad

white scales; pleural bristles yellowish to pale brown, 7-12 propleurals, about

10 or more prealars, more than 10 sternopleurals, 5-12 upper mesepimerals,

no lower mesepimerals. Wing. Remigium with 2-4 dark bristles. Vein c with

basal, sector, subcostal and subapical pale marks; basal pale mark extending

from posterior margin of c onto r, occasionally reduced; sector pale mark

including sc and r-r1; subcostal pale mark extending onto sc and rj, subapical

pale mark covering rj and r9, reduced rarely on c or rj, occasionally on ro;

remigium pale, with dark spot or a few scattered dark scales; r9,3 with pale

mark at fork; r,,- with very long pale median mark; m with pale marks at

sector level an © fork, one of them or both occasionally reduced; cu usually

with a few pale scales or a pale spot at base, and often with a pale mark at

presector level; cu, with a long pale median mark; cuy with pale apical mark

or spot; la pale in basal half or up to level of cubital fork; long fringe scales

pale in basal area, and forming a pale mark at termination of cug; wing scales

otherwise dark. Cell Rg 2.35-3.19 (4) length of vein ro,,. Halter with pale

scaled knob. Legs. Forecoxa scaled on anterior surface, basally and apically

pale, dark in-between, occasionally dark scales reduced; mid- and hindcoxae

each with a patch of pale scales. Forefemur pale at base and on posterior sur-

face to posteroventral surface, with an incomplete pale subapical band which is

~ completely or incompletely separated from pale apical fringe; midfemur pale

at base and on posterior and ventral surfaces, with apical part of posterior sur-

face more or less dark, with subapical band and apical fringe similar to those

of forefemur; hindfemur pale except for apex and a narrow dorsal stripe, with

anterior surface often mottled with dark scales, with pale apical fringe. Fore-

and midtibiae pale on posterior surface, with a pale basal spot on anteroventral

surface and pale apical fringe, occasionally with a row of pale scales on anteri-

or surface; hindtibia pale in middle excepting dorsal surface, with the pale area

occasionally mottled with dark scales, with a pale basal spot on anteroventral

surface and pale apical fringe; femora, tibiae and tarsi otherwise dark scaled.

Tarsomeres 1-3 with pale basal and apical bands, 4 with pale basal band and

occasionally a few pale scales at apex; 1 usually with scattered lateral and ven-

tral pale scales. Foretarsomere 1 as long as 2-5 together, 5 slightly shorter

than 4, hindtarsomere 1 0.90-1.00 (4) of tibia. Abdomen. Tergum I witha

median patch of dark scales; II- VII dark scaled, with basal bands and long

laterobasal patches of pale scales, both usually narrowly fused at base; VI and

VII often with pale scales at apex. Sternum II pale scaled; II-VII pale scaled

basally and medially up to apical margin, dark scaled lateroapically, the dark

scaled area tending to be confluent mesally on posterior segments.

MALE (Figs. 47, 188). Wing length 2.7-3.9 mm. Antennal pedicel neither

bristled nor scaled; flagellum 0.92-1.00 (4) of proboscis; flagellomere 12 0. 98-

1.09 of Flm 13, both 0.73-0.81 of Flm 1-11. Palpus 1.22-1.29 (4) of probos-

cis (longer than proboscis by length of segment 5 or less); 3 with pale median

band, 4 with pale basal band, 5 with pale basal and apical bands; 4, 5 and apex

of 3 bristly but less so than in mimeticus; length ratio of 2-5 : 0. 82-0. 87 :

1.47-1.72 : 0.71-0.81: 1.00. Proboscis 1.05-1.13 (4) of forefemur, with pale

median band at false joint, several rather long ventral bristles at false joint;

area distad of pale median band with variable number of pale scales. Pale

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 169

marks of wing variable, in general less developed than in female, occasionally

almost all pale marks reduced. Cell Ro 2.42-3.12 (4) length of vein ro,9.

Foretarsomere 4 very short; 5 2.00-2.30 (4) of 4; hindtarsomere 1 0. 98-1. 04

(4) of tibia. Genitalia. Tergum IX with each lobe bearing 3-6 (x = 4.3) bristles.

Basistyle 2.5 times as long as wide in sternal view, densely bristled tergally

in middle, rather sparsely sternally, long bristles laterally and sternoapically;

subapical lobe moderately protrudent; rods a-) proximalmost, close together,

q shorter than other 2, £ apically curved, an additional smaller rod often pres-

ent proximad of a; 6 rod-like, apically rounded, as long as y; yg_4, short

each with a few apical retrorse hooks, occasionally apparently simple; « very

broad, leaf-like, but not striated, apically rounded, X long, apically curved.

Dististyle very broad, abruptly narrowed from apical 0.33, 2.8-3.8 times as

long as wide, 0.52-0.54 (2) length of basistyle, lightly pigmented, with annula-

tions on convex side of apical half, a fine seta on convex side at about apical

0.33, and another a little more distally on concave side. Cercal tergal surface

well sclerotized, 2-3 cercal setae; paraproct with laterobasal process strongly

developed, sternally curved, deeply pigmented. Tergoapical division of _

aedeagus 1.32-1.54 (4) times as wide as long; each lateral piece with finely

spiculate and often denticulate apex, and laterally directed strong teeth, 4-6

(usually 5) tergal and one sternal.

LARVA (Fig. 48). Head. Width 1.18-1.31 mm; yellowish brown; 1.34-

1.45 times as wide as long; front margin of labrum very slightly concave; seta

1-C very dark brown, straight, stout, pointed, about half as long as distance

between bases; 4-C short, slightly anteriad of 6-C, usually single; 6-C slightly

anteriad of a line between 5, 7-C; 11, 13-C usually double; 14-C slender, unpig-

mented, usually single. Antenna 0.67-0.85 mm long, very dark brown at base

and in distal part, densely spiculate except ventrally and apically; 1-A inserted

at apical 0.31-0.39 of shaft, with 27-38 strongly barbed branches, extending

well beyond apex of shaft; 2,3-A equal, 0.62-0.69 length of shaft, close to apex,

distance between 2-A and apex 0.18-0.33 (x = 0.27) as long as distance between

1,2-A; 4-A 0.83-0.92 as long as 2-A, 2-4-A dark brown; 6-A 0.20-0.31 length

of 4-A. Mandible with a number of simple laterodorsal microspines. Cutting

organ with mesal dorsal tooth bearing a large basal denticle and one (88. 7%)

or 2 (1.9%) small median denticles, the small denticles rarely rudimentary

(5.7%) or lacking (3.8%); VT3 larger than VT; 9; VBo apparently undeveloped;

pectinate brush 11-12 haired. Piliferous process with labula much narrower

than anterior part and only slightly more protrudent than it. Mandibular hairs

(7-9) + (10-13), hairs of anterior group often with a group of prominent barbs

subbasally. Maxilla. Cardo well sclerotized, narrowly connected mesobasally

with cranium; 1-Mx single or double. Mesostipes 1.4 times as long as broad,

with lateral surface smooth; stipital sensoria at about basal 0.4 of mesostipes,

anterior sensorium slightly shorter than other; a band of 2 or 3 rows of hairs

dorsally from apex to just laterad of stipital sensoria along lacinial suture,

the hairs diminishing in size basally; 4-Mx pigmented, about as long as 5-Mx,

apically filamentous; pseudoartis poorly developed. Lacinia with 5-Mx at

level of or slightly proximad of stipital sensoria. Palpostipes very short,

excluding lateral artis only 0.25 as long as mesostipes; Se > S,> So = S4>S8

in length. Mentum plate somewhat pentagonal, with 11-13 teeth, often with

an additional small basal tooth on each side; median tooth and one or 2 most

lateral teeth larger than others. Aulaeum with median tooth apparently 2 or 3

cuspid. Thorax. Prothoracic setal formula: 1-1-1-1-1-1-3(2-4)-2(3); usually,

o-P triple and 9-P single; 14-P occasionally barbed; 5-M weaker than 6-M;

13-T substellate, stronger than in mimeticus. Abdomen. Seta 4-I often with a

170 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

few rather strong barbs or secondary branches; 7-II short and simple in 5

specimens from central Honshu, rather long and fairly strongly barbed in

specimens from Hokkaido; 1-III-VII progressively stronger, 1-IV-VII each on

a small round sclerotized basal plate; 3-VI anteromesad of 1-VI; 2, 8-II, 2, 14-

III, V, VII usually single; 8-III and 7-VI usually double; 6-I, II, 3-II and 5-III

usually triple; 9-I usually 4 branched; barbs of 1, 3-VIII much stronger than

o-VIII. Comb scales 24-36 in a patch; individual scales with a moderate-sized

apical spine, and rather stiff laterobasal spicules. Siphon with dark basal

ring, somewhat infuscate at apex, apically tapering, with apex about half as

wide as base; length 1.57-2.24 mm, index 5.36-7.72; microsculpture of trans-

verse rows of blunt-tipped minute denticles; pecten reaching basal 0.21-0.31

of siphon, of 11-17 teeth, the teeth increasing in size and more widely spaced

apically, each tooth with nearly 20 ventral denticles, the denticles progressive-

ly larger apically and reaching apical 0.33 of the tooth; 1-S of 10-14 ventral

setae, in a zigzag row basally, more distinctly paired apically, longer than

siphon diameter at insertion excepting apical 2-4 setae; basalmost 1-S beyond

pecten at basal 0.29-0.41, 3-6 (usually 4) branched; apicalmost 1-S at apical

0.09-0.14, 2-4 branched; median 1-S with 2-6 branches; one or 2 pairs of

laterosubapical accessory setae present, of about same size as apicalmost 1-S,

each 2-4 branched; 2-S dark brown, straight, 0.33-0.40 as long as apical

diameter of siphon, shorter than apical pecten tooth. Saddle 0.36-0.48 mm

long; microsculpture of short transverse rows of minute pointed denticles,

ventrally obsolete, more distinct dorsoapically; 1-X short and fine; 2-X with

usually 2,3, short dorsal and 1 long ventral branches; 4-X of 10-12 cratal

hairs, each 5-9 branched. Anal gills tapering to pointed apex, 1.2-1.8 length

of saddle.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN. 1680, 1119, with

associated skins (201, 20 p); 67 L, 241: Hokkaido (A-0043, A-1285, A-1638,

A-1639, A-1640, A-1642, A-1652, A-1655, A-1670, A-1673, A-1678, A-1712,

A-1713, A-1911, A-1912, A-1913, A-1914, A-1919, A-1920, A-1928, A-1929,

A-1931, A-1933, A-1937, A-1938, A-1939, A-1940, A-1947, A-1949, A-1950).

170°, 12°, with associated skins (3 1, 3 p); 24 L, 11: Honshu (C-1905, C-1956,

C-2285, C-2286, C-2321, C-2322, C-2323, C-2324, C-2325, C-2326, D-0055,

D-0057, D-0063, D-0065, D-0066, D-0089, D-0393, D-0394, D-0404). 19,

with associated skins (11, 1 p): Kyushu (H-1995). KOREA. 8, 992: Kore-

an Peninsula. (L-0829, L-0832, L-0865, L-0874, L-1974, L-1976).

DISTRIBUTION. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN. (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku,

Kyushu). KOREA (Korean Peninsula, Cheju Do). SIBERIA. NORTH AND

SOUTH CHINA. TAIWAN.

BIONOMICS. Common throughout Palaearctic Japan. Larvae were found

in rice fields, ponds, ground pools of fresh water and sluggish streams with

adequate cover of marginal vegetation and containing duckweed, algae, etc.

Associated species include Anopheles sinensis, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, Cx.

pseudovishnui, Cx, bitaeniorhynchus, Cx. hayashii, Cx. infantulus and Aedes

dorsalis (Meigen) (LaCasse and Yamaguti 1950). Light trap collections at

U. S. airbases during 1970-72 found Cx. orientalis to comprise less than 6% of

all Culex collected in Japan, less than 3% collected in Korea (Biery and Burns

1973a,b). This species apparently does not feed on man.

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 171

32. CULEX (CULEX) BONINENSIS BOHART

(Figs. 49, 50, 189; Table 68)

Culex (Culex) boninensis Bohart 1956 (1957): 75 (%, 2, P, L). Type-locality:

Chichijima, Ogasawara Isls.

FEMALE (Fig. 189). Wing length 3.1-3.8 mm. Head. Vertex covered

with dark brown narrow curved scales and dark erect forked scales, occasion-

ally pale yellowish narrow curved or crescent-shaped scales forming a rather

vague median line, sometimes a few erect forked scales at middle of vertex

pale yellow; eye margin with pale narrow curved scales which also cover inter-

ocular space; tempus covered with broad pale scales; 6-7 vertical and 2 tem-

poral bristles on each side. Clypeus dark brown. Antenna: pedicel testaceous,

mesal surface infuscate, with minute bristles; flagellum 1.06-1.18 (3) of pro-

boscis; flagellomere 1 with a few small scales, 1.29-1.50 (4) of Flm 2. Pal-

pus dark scaled, 0.18-0.21 (4) of proboscis; segment 3 1. 80-2.33 of 2. Pro-

boscis dark scaled, 0.96-0.99 (4) of forefemur. Thovax. Pronotal integu-

ment mostly dark brown, pale brown on lower posterior lobe; anterior lobe with

dark narrow curved scales, bristles dark brown; posterior lobe with a number

of dark narrow curved scales dorsally and a row of 7-13 dark brown bristles

of varying lengths along dorsal margin to posterodorsal corner. Scutum with

integument brown or light brown, covered with narrow dark scales, with a pair

of submedian stripes formed by unscaled integument; fossal area with about 10

bristles along humeral margin to scutal suture. Scutellum covered with scales

similar to scutum but showing brighter golden sheen, bearing 4-7 long dark

bristles on each lateral lobe and 6-8 on median lobe, several short bristles on

each lobe. Pleural integument brown to pale brown, often greenish in teneral

specimens, lower subspiracular area dark brown, postspiracular area, prealar

knob and upper mesepimeron rather dark, a rather dark small integumental

patch across upper posterior sternopleuron and anterior mesepimeron; small

patches of broad white scales on upper sternopleuron, lower posterior sterno-

pleuron and middle mesepimeron; 4-6 propleural bristles, 2 or 3 of them long

and dark; 7-11 rather dark prealars; about 10 to 16 sternopleurals, some stout

and dark, others pale yellowish brown; 5-10 pale yellow upper mesepimerals;

no lower mesepimerals. Wing. Veins dark scaled. Cell Rg 2. 69-3. 08 (4)

length of vein r9+3. Halter knob dark scaled. Legs. Forecoxa scaled on

anterior surface, narrowly pale basally, dark otherwise; mid- and hindcoxae

each with a patch of pale scales. Fore- and midfemora pale scaled on posteri-

or and ventral surfaces; hindfemur pale scaled on basal 0. 60-0. 67 of posterior

surface and of lower half of anterior surface, dorsal surface dark up to base;

femora, tibiae and tarsi otherwise dark scaled. Foretarsomere 9 shorter than

4; hindtarsomere 1 1.04-1.09 (4) of tibia. Abdomen. Tergum I dark scaled in

middle; II-VII dark scaled, each with laterobasal patches of white scales

usually not visible in dorsal aspect. Sterna II-VII basally pale scaled and api-

cally dark scaled, sometimes II-IV entirely pale scaled. Segment VIII dark

scaled.

MALE (Figs. 50, 189). Wing length 1.7-3.1 mm (reared examples).

Antenna: flagellum 0.77-0.83 (4) of proboscis; flagellomere 12 0.65-0.76 of

Flm 13, both 0.94-1.25 of Flm 1-11. Palpus dark scaled, 0.99-1.08 (4) of

proboscis; segments 4, 5 and apex of 3 not hairy; length ratio of 2-5: 1.19-

1.31 : 2.22-2.34 : 0.88-0.96: 1.00. Proboscis 1.09-1.17 (4) of forefemur,

with false joint at apical 0.47-0.50 (2), without long bristles proximad of the

172 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

joint. Cell Ro 2.54-2.94 (4) length of vein rg9,3. Foretarsomere 5 1.74-1. 83

(4) length of 4; hindtarsomere 1 0.99-1.00 (3) of tibia. Genitalia. Tergum IX

with each lobe bearing 6-9 medium-sized bristles. Basistyle swollen in basal

_ 0.75 and about twice as long as wide in tergal view, bristled except mesal sur-

face at apex distal to subapical lobe and a small area at base; subapical lobe

well protrudent, rod a stouter but shorter than B, y longer than , all hooked

at apex; 6 broad, subequal to a in length; psingle, narrow, shortest; « narrow,

subequal to ain length; X longest. Dististyle about 0.67 length of basistyle, 4

times as long as wide, gently curved, moderately pigmented, with annulations

at apex on convex side. Cercal tergal surface moderately sclerotized, 2-6

cercal setae; paraproct with laterobasal process moderately developed, pig-

mented, sternally curved at apex; a bristled sclerite between paraproct and

basal plate. Tergoapical division of aedeagus well sclerotized, 1.11-1.30 (4)

times as wide as long, sternomesal subdivision with 5, 6 stout tergoapical teeth,

the surface without fine spiculation; tergolateral subdivision much shorter than

sternomesal subdivision, of a simple conical form in tergal view; subbasal

knob fairly large; sternal process or tooth absent.

LARVA (Fig. 49). Head, Width 1.06-1.19 mm; usually straw yellow to

pale brown, 1.3-1.5 times as wide as long; labrum at most very slightly con-

cave between setae 1-C; 1-C stout, deep brown, subacute, separated by 1.9-

2.95 times their length; 4-C slender, well cephalomesad of 5,6-C, separated

by about 0.6 times their length; 6-C nearly always double, very slightly cepha-

lad of a line between 5, 7-C; 5-C usually 4 branched; 11-C nearly always double;

14-C nearly always single, dark. Antenna 0.60-0.67 mm long, 0.75-0.80

length of head, slender, slightly arcuate, pale on proximal part except for apex

and base, dark in distal part; with numerous rather long spinules on proximal

part dorsally, laterally and ventrobasally; a few short spinules on distal part

laterally; 1-A inserted at apical 0. 31-0.34 of shaft, 25-30 branched, well

barbed, about 0.6 times length of antenna; 2 3-A inserted at about apical 0. 07-

0.10; 2-4-A long and dark, each about 0.5-0.6 length of antenna. Mandible

with a dorsolateral group of about 15 pale needle-like microspines. Cutting

organ with mesal dorsal tooth having 2 denticles, the distal denticle much

smaller than proximal denticle; ventral tooth with VT1-3 progressively larger

proximad; VBg apparently hair-like, short, usually difficult to see; pectinate

brush 6-8 haired. Mandibular hairs (5-6) + (9-10), 15-16 in total. Mavilla.

Cardo narrowly connected mesobasally with cranium, 1-Mx single. Mesostipes

1.4 as long as wide, with lateral surface smooth; stipital sensoria slightly proxi-

mad of middle; 4-Mx short, rather stiff, lightly pigmented; pseudoartis poorly

developed. Lacinia with 5-Mx at level of stipital sensoria. Palpostipes exclud-

ing lateral artis less than 0.33 length of mesostipes, about half as broad as

long, apicomesally rugose; S3> S14 > So =S4> Ss5 in length. Mentum plate with

18-23 teeth, the lateralmost 2-4 teeth acute, the remainder subacute to blunt,

median tooth much broader than flanking teeth. Aulaeum with median tooth

bifid. Thorax. Prothoracic setal formula: 1-1-1-1-1-1-3(2)-2(3). Abdomen.

Setae 6-I, II nearly always triple and strongly barbed; 6-III-VI less strongly

barbed; 5-VIII nearly always 5 branched, lightly barbed. Comb scales 30-55

(x = 42.4) ina patch, individual scales paddle shaped, fringed on broad apical

portion with strong subequal spicules, laterally with much shorter finer

spicules. Szphon straw yellow to pale brown, often distally darker, straight;

length 1.33-1.65 mm, index 5.3-6.2; microsculpture of transverse rows of

minute denticles; pecten reaching basal 0.29-0.38, of 9-14 long pale brown

teeth, becoming progressively smaller proximad, apical tooth often somewhat

detached, each tooth usually with 6-10 distinct ventral denticles; 1-3 small

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 173

abortive teeth often found at base of pecten; 1-S of 2.5-4 (usually 3) large and

1,2 (usually one) small pairs of ventral setae; proximalmost 1-S inserted just

distad of pecten, usually 8-10 branched, length 1.2-1.4 times width of siphon

at insertion; 1,2 (usually 2) pairs of small dorsolateral setae also present;

2-S subapical, dark brown, stiff, 0.6-0.8 length of apical pecten tooth. Saddle

with microsculpture of spiculiferous transverse short ridges, many stronger

free spicules apically scattered dorsad of 1-X; 1-X usually double, 0.5-0.7

length of saddle; 2-X usually double, with dorsal branch shorter; 4-X of 11-13

(usually 12) cratal hairs, each with 6-15 branches. Anal gills subequal, about

half to nearly as long as saddle, somewhat apically pointed.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. OGASAWARA ISLS. 67, 619, with associated

skins (23 1, 23 p); 84 L, 33 1 (N-1169, N-1170, N-1171, N-1172, N-1173,

N-1174, N-1180, N-1504, N-1505, N-1507, N-1508, N-1517, N-1545, N-1549,

N-1556, N-1597, N-1558, N-1560, N-1561, N-1562, N-1563, N-1564, N-1565,

N-1566, N-1567, N-1714, N-1720, N-1721, N-1722, N-1723, N-1724, N-1725).

DISTRIBUTION. OGASAWARA ISLANDS.

TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION. Due to the character of the male palpus and

genitalia, boninensis appears to have an isolated taxonomic position in the sub-

genus Culex. Sirivanakarn (1976) stated that boninensis may represent a dis-

tinct subgenus. However, the larvae do not exhibit any peculiar characters.

The ventrally located 1-S is rather distinctive, but such is seen also in species

of the mimeticus group. |

BIONOMICS. Common in Ogasawara Isls. Larvae were found in ground

pools, rock holes and slowly moving streams. Takahashi (1973) collected

larvae in artificial containers. Females are apparently night feeders; biting

man and mouse in the laboratory (Kamimura 1976b).

33. CULEX (CULEX) BITAENIORHYNCHUS GILES

(Figs. 50, 51, 190; Table 69)

Culex bitaeniorhynchus Giles, 1901: 607 (A). Type-locality: Travancore,

India.

Culex kavatsuensis Mochizuki, 1913: 28 (%, °, E). Type-locality: Fukuoka

and Karatsu, Kyushu, Japan.

Culex bitaeniorhynchus var. kavatsuensis: Yamada, 1927: 578, Korea.

Culex (Culex) bitaeniorhynchus: Bohart and Ingram, 1946b: 77, Okinawa Is.

‘and Takabanare Is., Ryukyu Archipelago; LaCasse and Yamaguti, 1950:

2OT KS ee iy,

FEMALE (Fig. 190). Wing length 4.3-4.8 mm. Head. Eyes contiguous

above and below. Vertex covered with pale narrow curved scales; median

erect forked scales yellowish brown, lateral ones dark; tempus covered with

pale yellowish broad scales, some dark scales mixed posteriorly; 6-7 vertical

and 2 temporal dark bristles on each side. Clypeus dark brown. Antenna:

pedicel brown, darker mesally, with several minute bristles and a few small

scales; flagellum 1.17-1.20 (5) of proboscis; flagellomere 1 1.30-1.50 of Flm

2. Palpus 0.21-0.24 (5) of proboscis, mainly dark scaled, with pale scales

at tip and scattered elsewhere; segment 3 2.38-2.59 (5) of 2, 4 absent or

papilliform. Proboscis 0.88-0.94 (5) of forefemur, dark scaled, with a broad

median band of pale scales, pale scales also present at tip and scattered in

apical dark area, pale ochreous scales scattered in basal dark area. Thovax.

Pronotal integument rather dark brown; anterior lobe with ochreous brown nar-

174 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

row curved scales; posterior lobe with scales similar to or somewhat lighter

than those of anterior lobe, bearing more than 10 fine pale to stiff dark

bristles in a group dorsoposteriorly. Scutum with integument brown, darker

anteriorly and paler posteriorly, covered with narrow curved scales; ill-defined

varying-sized patches of dark scales behind anterior promontory, and on fossal

area, Supraalar area and prescutellar space; pale scales before prescutellar

space and on posterior margin; rather large dark erect pointed scales above

wing root; other scutal scales brownish; scutal bristles dark brown, more

than 10 bristles in and around fossal area. Scutellum with pale narrow curved

scales and 6-9 long dark brown bristles on each lateral lobe; median lobe

with dark narrow curved scales anteriorly and pale ones posteriorly, bearing

8-12 long dark brown bristles; each lobe with several additional fine pale

bristles. Paratergite rather dark. Pleural integument brown, darker anteri-

orly, paler posteriorly; propleuron with a small clump of pale crescent-shaped

scales below bristles; small patches of broad white scales on upper sterno-

pleuron, midposterior sternopleuron and upper mesepimeron; propleural, pre-

alar and sternopleural bristles more than 10, a few long propleurals and

sternopleurals dark, others yellowish brown, prealars pale; 8-14 pale upper

mesepimerals, no lower mesepimerals. Wing. Veins speckled with dark and

pale ochreous scales; long marginal fringe scales dark. Cell Ro 2.82-3.29 (5)

length of vein ro9,3; la ending at level between m-cu and r-m, to r-m.

Halter knob pale scaled. Legs. Forecoxa narrowly pale scaled basally, other-

wise speckled with dark and pale ochreous scales; mid- and hindcoxae with pale ~

basal scales and dark apical scales. Femora with narrow pale basal bands;

forefemur pale on posterior 0.33 of ventral surface, mid- and hindfemora

pale on posterior surface excepting apical area; femora otherwise speckled

with dark and pale ochreous scales. Tibiae speckled with dark and pale

ochreous scales, pale ones posteroventrally dominant. Tarsomere 1 speckled

with dark and pale ochreous scales; foretarsomeres 2-4, and mid- and hind-

tarsomeres 1-9 with pale basal bands, foretarsomere 5 often with an indica-

tion of pale basal band; 1-4 with dorsoapical pale spots. Foretarsomere 5a

little shorter to nearly as long as 4; hindtarsomere 1 0.95-1.02 (5) of tibia.

Abdomen. Tergum I with median spot of pale ochreous scales; II-VII with

apical bands of pale ochreous scales and laterobasal patches of whitish scales,

otherwise dark scaled and often with scattered pale ochreous scales, occasion-

ally many pale ochreous scales on basal margin forming rather indistinct basal

bands; VIII mostly pale scaled, with some dark scales near apex. Sterna I-VII

largely pale scaled, with laterosubapical patches of dark scales. Seminal cap-

sules 3, one slightly larger than the other 2.

MALE (Fig. 50). Wing length 3.8-4.3 mm. Antenna: flagellum 0.91-

0.96 (5) of proboscis; flagellomere 12 1.21-1.30 of Flm 13, both together

0.84-0.95 of Flm 1-11. Palpus 1.42-1.53 (5) of proboscis, apically upturned,

with pale bands at apex of segment 2, middle of 3, and bases of 4 and 5, apical

half of 5 also pale scaled; 1 without bristles from base; 4, 5 and apical half of 3

with numerous rather long bristles; length ratio of 2-5: 0.48-0.59 : 1.21-1.45

: 0.73-0.82 : 1.00. Proboscis 1.06-1.12 (5) of forefemur, with false joint just

distad of middle, many slender bristles of medium length just proximad of

false joint and rather narrow pale band just distad of it. Cell Ro 1.53-1.77 (5)

length of vein r9,3; la ending at about level of m-cu. Foretarsomere 5 1.67-

1.91 (5) of 4; hindtarsomere 1 1.05-1.14 of tibia. Tergum VIII basally pale

and apically dark. Genitalia. Tergum IX with each lobe bearing 4-11 bristles

of medium size. Basistyle evenly covered tergally and sternally with medium-

sized bristles excepting tergomesal margin and sternobasal area, with long

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 175

bristles laterally; subapical lobe at apical 0.3, moderately protrudent, 3 rods

(a, Bandy) equal in length, a and g thick, on apex of the lobe, y slender, at

distal base of the lobe; 6 apparently setiform; ¢ foliate; 3, 4 slightly thickened

setae (uu) immediately laterad of 6; x rather short. Dististyle short, 0.34-

0.39 (5) length of basistyle, rather strongly arcuate, about 4 times as long as

wide, lightly pigmented, with a short seta on convex side slightly distad of

middle, and another on concave side at about apical 0.25. Cercal tergal sur-

face weakly sclerotized; 2-4 cercal setae on each side; paraproct with latero-

basal process short. Tergoapical division of aedeagus with 2,3 furcate,

digitiform, rather large tergomesal teeth, sternally directed, densely and

finely spiculate mesal process, and laterosternally directed glabrous lateral

process; sternobasal division rather well sclerotized, fairly large.

LARVA (Fig. 51). Head. Width 0.89-1.10 mm; relatively small, 1.30-

1.49 times as wide as long, pale yellowish brown; ventral aspect of cranium

long, oral cavity rather narrow; labrum with front margin concave; seta 1-C

located mesad of the most anteriorly produced point of labrum and slightly

behind the apical margin, unpigmented, thick, slightly broadened in middle

or evenly thick, acuminate at tip, 0.84-0.94 (5) as long as distance between

bases; 4-C usually double, short, about as long as distance between bases;

5-C usually triple; 11-C usually single, longer than 13-C; 14-C near anterior

margin. Antenna 0.36-0.48 mm long, about 0.50-0.67 length of head,

straight, dorsally, mesally and laterally spinulate in proximal part, with only

a few spinules basally in distal part, rather dark at base and in distal part;

1-A inserted at basal 0.44-0.53, with 21-27 barbed branches reaching about

apex of shaft; 2,3-A close to apex, 2-A more distal than 3-A, 2-4-A subequal

in length, lightly pigmented, 5-A shorter than 6-A; 6-A lightly pigmented.

Mandible relatively small, rounded, with a number of simple microspines on

ventral surface near base; mandibular ring distinct, on dorsal surface some-

what distant from basal margin; 4 mandibular spurs, all lightly pigmented and

stout; MdSj1 longest, apically curved, without serration; MdS9 lacking; MdS3

shortest, less than half as long as MdS1, straight; MdSy slightly shorter than

MdSj, slightly curved apically, MdSs5 subequal to MdSq, straight, MdS3_5

serrate on mesal margin. Mandibular brush reduced to a short dorsolateral

row of a number of hairs, the dorsal hairs stout; mandibular comb reduced to

a ventrolateral row of 2 or 3 prominences (teeth), each bearing several rather

long spicules. Cutting organ without dorsal spine; 2 large dorsal teeth, the

lateral one unicuspid, the mesal one very broad, bicuspid; ventral tooth with

VTo equal to lateral dorsal tooth in size, with spiniform VT-4 reaching apex

of VTQ; Vit? ventromesal in position, dark; VT3 apparently represented by

a large rather pale and flat expansion of mesobasal part of ventral tooth; VB,

very wide, strongly broadened at base, strongly curved apically, with acute

apex, far extending beyond apex of VTo, serrate on mesal margin, the

serration apically faint; VBy apparently undeveloped; pectinate brush of 5-6

laterally pectinate hairs. Piliferous process broad, only slightly protrudent,

notched between labula and anterior part, with 5 hair groups, hairs short,

numerous and dense. Mandibular hairs about 20 ina single row, distalmost

hair apparently multiple, distal hairs simple, proximal hairs apically frayed.

Maxilla. Cardo transverse, narrow, fused with cranium having a distinct

suture along its entire basal margin; 1-Mx single, weak. Mesostipes 1.25-

1.33 times as long as wide, with lateral surface smooth, with stiff, but apically

filamentous spicules on mesal margin; stipital sensoria distad of middle, equal,

each with a basal ring; 2-Mx very short, near apex; 4-Mx stiff, lightly pigmen-

ted. Hairs of maxillary brush short, many of them basally thick. Parartis not

176 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

produced; pseudoartis represented by a somewhat produced ventral laterobasal

corner of mesostipes, attached to an internal sclerotized ridge close to apical

margin of cranium. Lacinia with suture sigmoid and well sclerotized along its

entire length, numerous simple basally thickened spicules mesally and latero-

medially, and apically frayed rather thick spicules laterobasally; 5-Mx at level

between stipital sensoria and apex; 6-Mx apparently a moderately long simple

seta. Palpostipes about 0.6 length of mesostipes, fairly broad, apparently

mesobasally fused with ate ene apex with usually 3 palpal sensoria, Sj

and S9 pigmented, S;> 58 in length; Sq absent; S5 apparently usually

absent; ampulla ai dev poe Mentum fee: acutely triangular, with numer-

ous closely appressed minute teeth. Aulaeum with median tooth rather short,

bearing 2 acute denticles. Thovax. Setae in general relatively short; prothor-

acic setal formula: 1-1-1-2(1)-1-1(2)-3-2; 1-3-P rather close together on a

prominent basal callus; usually, 4-M triple and 6-T single; 13-T weak. Abdo-

men. Integument very finely and sparsely spiculate laterally on VIII. Setae

in general relatively short; 1-III-VI weak, shorter than respective setae 3;

10-VII stronger than 13-VII; 2-I usually single; 3,10-I, 4,10-12-III, 4, 5, 8, 12,

13-IV, 5,7,10,12-VI, 1,12-VII usually double; 6-III, IV and 3-VII usually

triple. Comb scales 3-8, individual scales thorn-shaped, with strong apical

Spine, fringe of spicules very fine, restricted to base. Siphon pale yellowish

brown, darker at base and apex, with large acus, 15-20 times as long as apical

width; length 2.03-2.45 mm, index 6.62-8.00; microsculpture of irregular

transverse rows of extremely fine denticles; pecten restricted to basal 0. 06-

0.10 of siphon, of 5-8 short pale teeth, basal teeth often abortive, each tooth

with several ventrobasal denticles; 1-S of 4 pairs of subventral setae, each 2,3

branched; proximalmost 1-S located at basal 0.35-0.50; 2-S dark, shorter than

apical diameter of siphon, longer than apical pecten tooth, proximally inclined.

Saddle 0.40-0.47 mm long, without microsculpture; 1-X weak; 2-X with long

ventral and 2-95 short dorsal branches; 4-X of 10-13 cratal hairs, each 4-8

branched. Anal gills tapering to narrowly rounded tip, 1.5-2.2 length of

saddle, dorsal gill equal to or a little shorter than ventral gill.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN. 20°, 379, with associ-

ated skins (16 1, 16 p); 28 L, 51: Honshu (C-1956, C-2319, Dp 0057, D-0065,

F-0228). 19: Shikoku (G- 1277). 2S , Git Sols Kyushu (H- 1992, H- 1994).

KOREA. 1: Korean Peninsula. (L- 0829). RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO. 13¢,,

ie, 6 L: Amami Gunto (I-0234, I-0235, I-1877, I-1878). 10, 12: Okinawa

Gunté (J-0528). 167°, 40°, 7 L: Yaeyama Gunté (K-0175, K-0180, K-0183,

K-0184, K-0582, K-0584, K-0588, K-0600, K-0662, K-0670, K-0701, K-0719,

K-0720, K-0722, K-0724, K-0726, K-0730, K-0731, K-0733, K-0924, K-0925,

K-0946, K-0951, K-0976, K-0985, K-0986, K-0988, K-1006, K-1021, K-1070,

K-1439).

DISTRIBUTION. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku,

Kyushu, Yakushima, Tsushima). KOREA (Korean Peninsula, Cheju Do).

RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO (Amami, Okinawa, Miyako and Yacvama Gunto).

SOUTH PRYMORYE. ORIENTAL, AUSTRALIAN AND ETHIOPEAN REGIONS.

TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION. In many portions of its range, this species

appears quite variable in several characters (Bram 1967, Sirivanakarn 1976).

Japanese and Ryukyuan populations appear to essentially belong to ''bitaentor-

hynchus (typical form)" of Sirivanakarn (1973). The male genitalia are identi-

cal. However, dark scaling of the anterior 0.67 of scutum seems to appear

more frequently, and the abdominal terga occasionally have an indication of

basal pale bands.

As mentioned in the foregoing generic and subgeneric descriptions, bitaeni-

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea a a

orhynchus has many exceptional characteristics for a species of the subgenus

Culex, especially in the larval mouthparts. However, the 12 species assigned

to the bitaeniorhynchus series by Edwards (1932) should be studied at least to

the level of the present work before considering a change in their taxonomic

status.

BIONOMICS. Very common throughout Japan, including Ryukyu Archipela-

go. Larvae occur in rice fields, ground pools of fresh water, rock pools and

sluggish streams containing green algae, Spirogyra spp. Associated species

include Anopheles sinensis, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, Cx. pseudovishnui, Cx.

orientalis, Cx. hayashii and Cx. rubithoracis (LaCasse and Yamaguti 1950).

RELATION TO DISEASES. Specimens of Culex bitaeniorhynchus have been

infected with the virus of Japanese encephalitis (Petrishcheva and Shubladze

1940, after Gutsevich et al. 1970).

34, CULEX (CULEX) SINENSIS THEOBALD

(Figs. 52, 191; Table 70)

Culex gelidus var. sinensis Theobald, 1903: 180 (2). Type-locality:

Shaohyling, China.

Culex tripunctatus Mochizuki, 1913: 24 (“, 2, E). Type-locality: Fukuoka

and Karatsu, Kyushu, Japan.

Culex sinensis: Yamada, 1927: 582, Korea.

Culex (Culex) sinensis: Bohart and Ingram, 1946b: 79, Nago, Chizuka and

Hentona, Okinawa Is., Ryukyu Archipelago; LaCasse and Yamaguti, 1950:

a er ee

FEMALE (Fig. 191). (After LaCasse and Yamaguti 1950). Wing length

3.8-9.9 mm. Head. Vertex covered with yellowish pale narrow curved scales

and erect forked scales, lateral erect forked scales dark. Clypeus dark.

Antenna: pedicel mesally pale scaled. Palpus 0.20-0.25 as long as proboscis,

dark scaled, pale scaled at tip, with few scattered pale scales. Proboscis

dark scaled, with median band of yellowish pale scales, located slightly closer

to apex than base; a few pale scales subapically. Thovax. Pronotal lobes with

yellowish pale to brown narrow curved scales. Scutum with integument dark

brownish gray, covered with pale to ochreous brown scales in anterior 0. 67,

with one anteromedian and one pair of median spots of dark brown scales in

anterior 0.33, covered with black narrow curved scales in posterior 0.33

excepting prescutellar space which bears pale to golden narrow curved scales

with some dark ones intermixed. Scutellum with black and pale to golden nar-

row curved scales; bristles dark. Pleural integument brown, paler on mese-

pimeron and metapleuron, spiracular and post- and subspiracular areas some-

what darker; a patch of pale scales on propleuron and mesepimeron, 2 on

sternopleuron. Wing. Veins dark scaled, with dull pale to brownish scales

intermixed along posterodorsal margin of costa. Halter knob fringed with

yellowish pale scales. Legs. Coxae pale scaled. Fore- and midfemora dis-

tinctly speckled; hindfemur with yellowish pale scales predominating. Tibiae

with narrow pale basal and apical bands, with some scattered pale scales dor-

sally, pale striped ventrally. Tarsomere 1 pale striped ventrally; 1-3 with

basal and apical creamy bands, 4 and 5 with creamy basal bands. Femora,

tibiae and tarsi otherwise dark. Abdomen. Tergum I with a medioapical patch

of dark scales; II-VIII with laterobasal patches, and apical and basal bands of

yellowish pale scales; the basal patches confluent with apical bands on posterior

178 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

segments excepting VIII; the basal bands narrower than apical bands on II-VI,

of smaller scales, sometimes obsolete on VII; VIII with basal band more con-

Sspicuous than apical band. Sterna covered with yellowish pale and brownish

scales, with a pair of dark submedian patches on II- VII, apically dark on VIII.

MALE (Fig. 191). (After LaCasse and Yamaguti 1950). Palpus longer than

proboscis by more than length of segment 5; 2 and 3 with pale bands, 4 and 5

with pale basal bands, 5 with apical 0.4-0.5 pale. Genitalia. Tergum IX with

lobes not protrudent, each with 4-6 bristles. Basistyle with long lateral

bristles; subapical lobe (after Bram 1967) with 3 hooked rods (a, B andy), 3

fine (4-3) and one strong (6) accessory setae, a well developed leaf («), and

gently curved seta (y). Dististyle with a fine seta each on convex and concave

sides. Cercal setae 2,3; paraproct with laterobasal process well developed,

sternally curved. Tergoapical division of aedeagus simple, consisting of

paired horn-shaped, heavily sclerotized, finely spiculate processes.

LARVA (Fig. 52). (Description based on a single whole mounted specimen,

supplemented by LaCasse and Yamaguti 1950). Head. Relatively small, ven-

tral aspect of cranium long, oral cavity rather narrow; labrum with front mar-

gin apparently somewhat convex between setae 1-C; 1-C pigmented, stiff, of

even width nearly up to acuminate tip, 0.46 (1) as long as distance between

bases; 4-C well developed, far extending beyond apex of cranium, more than

twice as long as distance between bases; 14-C near anterior margin. Antenna

0.40 mm long, straight, dark at base and distal 0.67 of distal part, with only

several dorsal spinules in proximal part; 1-A inserted at apical 0.46, with

over 20 smooth branches, extending slightly beyond apex of shaft; 2,3-A at apical

0.25 (1); 4-A shorter than 2, 3-A; 5-A slightly shorter than 6-A. Mandible with

4 mandibular spurs; cutting organ with 2 dorsal teeth, lateral one smaller,

unicuspid, mesal one very broad, bicuspid; ventral tooth apparently with very

wide and dark VT-4 resembling lateral dorsal tooth; VTj_3 triangular, appar-

ently similar to each other in shape and size; ventral blade slender and apically

tapering. Maxilla apparently almost identical with that of bitaeniorhynchus;

1-Mx single, weak; 4-Mx weaker than bitaeniorhynchus; 5-Mx apparently

closer to level of stipital sensoria than to apex. Palpostipes about 0.75 length

of mesostipes, at least 3 palpal sensoria distinct. Mentum plate triangular,

with 19-27 teeth progressively smaller basally, most basal teeth very small.

Aulaeum with median tooth bearing 2 acute denticles at apex. Thorax. Setae

in general relatively short; prothoracic setal formula: 1-1-1-3(2)-1-1-3-1;

4-P very short, weak and smooth; 13-T weak. Abdomen. Setae in general

relatively short; 1-III-VI shorter than respective setae 3. Comb scales 3-6 in

a row, individual scales thorn-shaped with a strong apical spine, lateral fringe

of spicules extremely fine, restricted to base. Siphon apically tapering; length

1.7-2.0 mm, index 6-8; microsculpture indistinct; pecten restricted to base,

of 1-4 pale teeth, each with 1-4 ventral denticles; 1-S of 4-7 pairs of subven-

tral setae, each 2-3 branched, apparently equal to or shorter than siphon

diameter at insertion; 2-S well developed, longer than siphon diameter at apex,

hooked at apex, proximally inclined, lightly pigmented. Saddle 0.37-0.43 mm

long; microsculpture indistinct; 1-X weak; 4-X of 10-12 cratal hairs, each 3-7

branched. Anal gills apically tapering, twice as long as saddle, dorsal gill

equal to or slightly shorter than ventral gill.

SPECIMEN EXAMINED. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO: 1 L: Amami Gunt6

(I-2189).

DISTRIBUTION. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu).

KOREA (Korean Peninsula). RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO (Amami, Okinawa and

Yaeyama Guntd). SOUTH PRYMORYE. SOUTH CHINA. HONG KONG.

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 179

TAIWAN. PHILIPPINES. INDONESIA. INDOCHINA. MALAYA. THAILAND.

BURMA. INDIA. SRI LANKA. )

BIONOMICS. Apparently rare throughout Japan including the Ryukyu Archi-

pelago. In their 3-year study, Biery and Burns (1973a) found sinensis to com-

prise less than 0.14% of all Culex collected in light traps. Larvae occur in

rice fields, ditches, stream and ground pools containing green algae, Spiro-

gyva spp. (Kamimura 1976b, Sirivanakarn 1976).

RELATION TO DISEASES. A comparatively small number of the larvae of

Wucherervia bancrofti complete their development in Cx. sinensis; thus, it has

a low suitability as an intermediate host (Yamada 1927). It is known to bite

man, but its relative scarcity would appear to minimize its importance as a

pest or disease vector (Sirivanakarn 1976).

SUBGENUS NEOCULEX DYAR

Neoculex Dyar, 1905: 45. Type-species: Culex territans Walker, 1856;

United States.

FEMALE. Head. Eyes contiguous above. Vertex including eye margin

with narrow scales; erect forked scales over almost entire vertex. Antenna

about as long as proboscis; flagellomere 1 only slightly longer than Film 2.

Proboscis without pale band, with several ventrobasal setae. Thorax. Both

pronotal lobes with scales; posterior lobe with bristles along dorsal to posteri-

or margin. Acrostichal bristles present. Pleura often with distinct scale

patches on propleuron, upper sternopleuron, lower-posterior sternopleuron

and upper mesepimeron; lower mesepimeral bristles present or absent. Wing.

Membrane strongly iridescent. Cross vein m-cu well proximad of r-m; la

ending at level between cubital fork and m-cu; cell Ro distinctly longer than

Mj+2. Legs. Tarsi entirely dark or with basal bands. Tarsomere 5 shorter

than 4; hindtarsomere 1 slightly shorter than tibia. Abdomen. Laterotergite

unscaled; 3 seminal capsules.

MALE. Antennal flagellum slightly shorter than or as long as proboscis,

strongly plumose; flagellomere 12 subequal to Flm 13, both shorter than Flm

1-11. Palpus as long as or longer than proboscis, apex with long bristles

scanty to dense. Proboscis longer than forefemur, with false joint distal to

middle, without long ventral bristles proximad of the joint. Foretarsomere 4

shortened; 5 about twice as long as 4, modified, with 4 pairs of stout ventro-

basal setae and a pair of setiferous midventral processes. Midtarsomere 4 a

little shortened; 5 slightly longer than 4, not strongly modified. Anterior claw

of fore- and midtarsi with a blunt-tipped submedian tooth; posterior claw with a

sharp laterobasal tooth. Abdominal tergum VIII bilobed. Genitalia. Tergum

IX variable. Sternum IX without bristles. Basistyle without scales; subapical

lobe with 2 rods (a, 8), 2-5 modified setae (5), usually not leaf-like (€) and

usually short but stout and pigmented lateral accessory bristle (x). Paraproct

without basal sternolateral process, all or most spines of apical crest blunt or

truncate. Aedeagus simple for the genus, composed of a pair of lateral pieces

basally connected and also by a tergal bridge usually located distad of middle,

rarely at middle.

LARVA. Head, Seta 1-C stiff and pigmented; 5, 6-C well developed,

caudad of 7-C. Antenna long, spinulate; 1-A strongly developed, distad of

middle; 2,3-A subapical. Mouth brush of fine numerous hairs. Mandible with

a group of dorsolateral microspines; mandibular ring distinct, on basal aspect,

180 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

slightly closer to dorsal artis than to lateral margin; 5 mandibular spurs,

Mds1 longest, curved, pigmented; MdS9 short, slender, multiple; Mds3 | 4

similar to but paler and a little shorter than MdS1; MdS5 shortest, abruptly

narrowed apically. Mandibular brush well developed, a single row of simple

hairs. Mandibular comb of spiculate prominences (teeth), each with a long

filamentous spicule. Cutting organ rather small, with 2 unicuspid dorsal

teeth; ventral tooth with one lateral (VT-4) and 3 mesal denticles (VT1-3),

VTj_9 narrow, rod-like, VT3 stout; a fairly large accessory denticle ventro-

mesad of mesal dorsal tooth; 2 mesally pectinate ventral blades, VB9 much

smaller than VB1; pectinate brush of laterally pectinate hairs well developed.

Piliferous process strongly protrudent, with 5 hair groups; labula not exceed-

ing tip of anterior part. Mandibular hairs divided into 2 groups. Mavxilla.

Cardo rather broadly fused mesobasally with cranium. Mesostipes with

pseudoartis undeveloped; hairs of maxillary brush long and slender; twin

stipital sensoria basal to middle, without distinct basal ring; dorsal stipital

seta 2-Mx subapical. Lacinia with proximal lacinial seta 5-Mx slender, at

level slightly proximad of stipital sensoria. Palpostipes short, basally

broadened, not fused mesobasally with mesostipes on ventral surface, lateral

artis well developed; apex with ampulla and 5 palpal sensoria. Mentum plate

roughly pentagonal, median tooth larger thana few bluntly pointed mesal teeth, one

or 2 lateral teeth nearly as large as median tooth; aulaeum with median triangular

tooth. Thorax. Integument spiculate; 3-P shorter than 1,2-P, branched; 4-P

strong, longer than 3-P; 12-P longer than 9,10-P. Abdomen. Integument

spiculate on VIII only. Setae 6-I-VI and 7-I strong. Comb scales numerous

in a patch, each evenly fringed laterally to apically with fine spicules. Siphon

long; pecten basally restricted, each tooth with ventrobasal denticles. Saddle

apex without conspicuous spicules; 2-X with several unequal branches; 4-X of

10 or more tufts, usually on grid, occasionally a few off grid.

DISTRIBUTION. Palaearctic, Nearctic and Australian regions.

35. CULEX (NEOCULEX) RUBENSIS SASA AND TAKAHASI

(Figs. 53, 54, 192; Table 71)

Culex (Neoculex) rubensis Sasa and Takahasi, 1948b: 51 (%, 2, L). Type-

locality: Rubeshibe, Akan and Kamiohoro, Hokkaido, Japan; LaCasse

and Yamaguti, 1950: 261 (“, ¢, L); Chu, 1956: 42, Korea.

FEMALE (Fig. 192). Wing length 3.3-4.3 mm. Head. Vertex including

eye margin with rather long white narrow curved scales and dark erect forked

scales, the narrow curved scales not quite decumbent, giving a shaggy appear-

ance to vertex; tempus covered with broad white scales; 5-6 vertical and 3

temporal dark bristles on each side. Clypeus brown to dark brown. Antenna:

pedicel brown to dark brown, with a few minute bristles and small white scales;

flagellum 0.95-1.05 (5) of proboscis; flagellomere 1 1.03-1.15 (5) of Flm 2,

with small white scales. Palpus 0.18-0.22 (5) of proboscis, dark scaled;

segment 3 1.59-2.17 (5) of 2; 4 lacking in 5 dissected specimens. Proboscis

1.03-1.06 (5) of forefemur, dark scaled. Thorax. Pronotal integument brown

to dark brown; anterior lobe with white scales, narrow ones mesally and broad

ones laterally, bearing many bristles, only 3-4 of them dark and stout, others

pale and fine; posterior lobe with narrow white curved scales dorsally to pos-

teriorly, bearing 8-12 mostly dark bristles along dorsal to posterior margin

in an irregular row, several posterior ones stout, others fine. Scutum with

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 181

integument brown to dark brown, covered with grayish brown narrow curved

scales, scales on margins and prescutellar space pale; all scutal bristles dark,

present except at middle of fossal area. Scutellum with pale narrow curved

scales; median lobe with 6-8 and each lateral lobe with 4-6 long dark bristles

together with several short ones. Pleural integument brown to dark brown;

moderately developed patches of broad white scales on propleuron, upper

sternopleuron, lower-posterior sternopleuron and upper mesepimeron; pleural

bristles pale, 6-10 propleurals, about 10 or more prealars, sternopleurals

and upper mesepimerals, one lower mesepimeral. Wing. Veins dark scaled,

c with basal spot of pale scales; r-m, m-cu and base of r4+5 unscaled; m

around m-cu and r-m, and often rg at base of r4i5 without dorsal plume

scales, these unscaled portions combined forming a median interruption in

anterior dark area of wing in macroscopic view. Cell Ro 2.85-4.56 length of

vein r2+3. Halter knob pale scaled. Legs. Coxae with patches of pale scales.

Femora with pale apical fringe; forefemur with pale anterobasal streak, pale

at base and in posterior half of ventral surface including posterior surface;

midfemur narrowly pale basally, posterior surface pale excepting dorsoapical

area; hindfemur largely pale excepting apex, dorsoapical dark area extending

to middle to basal 0.33 on dorsal surface. Fore- and midtibiae pale on posteri-

or surface, with pale apical fringe spots; hindtibia with pale apical fringe.

Hindtarsomere 1 usually with rather ill-defined pale basal band; midtarsomere

1 and hindtarsomere 2 often with pale basal scales, occasionally pale scales

encircling the base. Femora, tibiae and tarsi otherwise dark. Hindtarsomere

1 0.85-0.92 (7) of tibia. Abdomen. Tergum I with a median patch of dark

scales; II-VII dark scaled, with apical bands of pale scales, the bands broadened

at lateral margin; VIII dark scaled. Sterna mostly pale scaled, with narrow

basal band of dark scales on posterior segments.

MALE (Fig. 54). Wing length 2.4-3.8 mm. Antenna: pedicel apparently

lacking bristles but with white scales; flagellum 0.90-0.99 (5) length of pro-

boscis; flagellomere 12 0.96-1.12 (5) of Flm 13, both 0.86-0.94 of Flm 1-11.

Palpus 1.34-1.48 (4) of proboscis; segment 4 and apex of 3 slightly thickened;

4,9 and apex of 3 with many long and medium-sized bristles; length ratio of

2-9: 1.06-1.19 : 1.61-2.00 : 1.07-1.21 : 1.00 (5). Proboscis 1.13-1.20 (5)

of forefemur, with false joint at apical 0.39-0.42 (4). Cell Ro 2.15-2. 86 (7)

times as long as vein rg,3. Foretarsomere 5 2.00-2.23 (3) of 4; midtarsomere

0 1.19-1.49 (3) of 4, hindtarsomere 1 0. 89-0.95 (7) of tibia. Sternum VIII dark

scaled, with narrow apical band of pale scales. Genitalia. Tergum IX well

sclerotized medially; lobes moderately protrudent, rounded, widely separated,

each with 2-9 bristles of moderate length. Basistyle strongly narrowed apically,

with long and medium-sized bristles ventrally and laterobasally, short bristles

lateroapically, with a group of about 20 short bristles tergomedially proximad

of subapical lobe, area between the group and lateral aspect and tergal surface

distad of subapical lobe and mesal surface without bristles. Subapical lobe at

apical 0.33, moderately protrudent, with 2 rods (wand) proximally, 3-5

(most frequently 4) specialized setae (54-5) distally, 2 short simple setae

(uy | 9) in-between, and a rather long simple slender seta (€) on a small knob of

the lateral aspect: @ and g subequal, with recurved apex; 64_5 subequal, with

several fine retrorse teeth in apical half; an accessory pigmented rather stout

bristle (Xx) laterad of subapical lobe. Dististyle 0.52-0.61 length of basistyle,

apically tapering; concave side basally pilose, with 2 short setae in apical half

and 2 or 3 small transparent lobe-like structures near apex; claw lightly pig-

mented, 0.14-0.17 (8) length of dististyle. Cercal tergal surface with a pair of

moderately sclerotized plates, 3-6 cercal setae; paraproct with apical crest of

182 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

about 10 pale truncate spines and a few tergomesal pointed ones. Aedeagus

well sclerotized, H-shaped in tergal view, 1.48-1.69 (3) times as long as wide;

each lateral piece connected by tergosubapical bridge at apical 0.23-0.30 and

by a basal bridge; apex rounded, with a number of denticles.

LARVA (Fig. 53). Head, Width 1.10-1.27 mm; pale yellowish-brown,

1.37-1.54 (~ = 1.47) as wide as long; seta 1-C dark, stiff, acute, setal bases

separated by 1.8-2.5 times their length; 2-C absent; 4-C slender, well mesad

and slightly cephalad of 6-C; 5-C nearly always and 6-C always double, 6-C

slightly shorter than cranium; 5-C about 0. 83 length of, caudad and slightly

mesad of 6-C; 7-C definitely shorter than 5-C; 11-C fairly slender; 13-C

occasionally with one or more branches apically split or with a few fine

barbs; 14-C more frequently (67%) double; 16,17-C absent. Antenna slightly

curved, 0. 83-0.95 (x = 0.86) length of head; pale except at extreme base and

distad of seta 1-A; strongly spiculate dorsolaterally, spicules needle-like

basally, becoming stouter distad, strongest opposite insertion of 1-A; 1-A

inserted at apical 0.25-0.32 (x = 0.28), of about 30-35 strongly barbed branches,

about 0.83 length of antenna; 2,3-A slightly shorter, subequal. Mandible witha

small patch of long needle-like microspines at about midpoint of dorsolateral

aspect; MdS4, somewhat darker and wider than MdSg; MdSzs finely pectinate on

mesal margin. Mandibular comb of 14-17 spiculate prominences, all but the

lateralmost few also bearing a long filamentous spicule. Cutting organ with

mesal dorsal tooth larger than lateral one, with a uni- or bicuspid fairly large

accessory denticle ventromesad of it; VT-4 acute, nearly reaching tip of VTOQ;

VT1, 2 subequal; VT. strong, bluntly rounded to subacute; VB, slightly sinuate,

well exceeding tip of VTp, broadest in basal 0.4, then tapering gradually to a

slender tip, finely pectinate on mesal margin; VB2 pale, more coarsely pectin-

ate on mesal margin; pectinate brush of 12-14 laterally pectinate hairs. Pili-

ferous process deeply cleft apically, PPHs a transverse row of long hairs across

the cephalic aspect of the process near its base. Mandibular hairs consisting of

6,7 thicker, more widely spaced, basally barbed, acutely tipped distal hairs

and 8-11 more slender and closely spaced, smooth based proximal hairs (15-

18 in total); tips of the hairs in the proximal group brushier than those of the

distal group. Maxilla with 1-Mx single, slender. Mesostipes about 1.5

times as long as wide, with lateral sclerotized surface smooth; stipital sen-

soria subequal, arising from an inconspicuous divided base at about basal 0.38

of mesostipes; 2-Mx subapical; 4-Mx directly dorsad and a bit proximad of

2-Mx, pigmented, rather strong, but not nearly as strong as in Cx. (Eumelano-

myia) hayashii or okinawae. Palpostipes 0.25 or less length of mesostipes,

unsclerotized on mesal aspect, 81, a pigmented; S59 as long as but more

slender than 81; S3 much larger than 81; Sq4 shorter than 81; $5 slightly shorter

than S4. Mentum plate with 13-18 strong teeth; the median tooth nearly twice

as broad as the immediate flanking teeth, the more lateral teeth becoming

larger and more acute. Thorax. Integument finely and rather sparsely spicu-

late; prothoracic setal formula 1-1-2-4(5, 6)-2(1)-1-1-3(2-4).2(1); setae 1,2,5-P

and 6-M 1.75 to over 2.0 cranium length; 3-P about 0.5 cranium length; 14-P

and 1-T usually double; 2-T usually triple, the distance from 3-T to 2-T at

least 4 times distance from 2-T to 1-T; 12-T usually with a few long slender

barbs, not apically split. Abdomen. Distinct spiculation present on VIII only,

otherwise smooth, or extremely fine spiculation present on 1-3 posterior seg-

ments and occasionally also on anterior segments ventrally. Setae 1-I, II,

3-V, VI, 4-IV, 5-II-VI, 7,9-VII, 8-I, M1, 11-I0, VII, and 12-IV-VII usually

single; 1-I usually mesocaudad of, occasionally nearly tandem with 2-I; 3-II-IV,

6-III-VI, 7-I, 8-IV, V, 11-I and 12,13-I usually double; 6-I, II usually triple;

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 183

1-V somewhat larger than 1-IV; 4-I sometimes with a few weak to fairly strong

barbs; 7-II usually barbed when 3 or fewer branched, otherwise smooth; 10-VII

nearly smooth to strongly barbed; 5-VIII more frequently (69%) triple. Comb

scales 40-55 (x = 46.6) in a roughly triangular patch, individual scales broadly

paddle-shaped, fringed with spicules, the apical and subapical spicules stronger

than the lateral spicules. Siphon nearly straight, pale yellowish-brown except

for a darker area at apex, and a dark brown basal ring; length 1. 60-1. 87

(x = 1.70) mm, index 7.06-7.98 (x = 7.57); microsculpture of indistinct trans-

verse rows of minute spicules, becoming more prominent apically; pecten

reaching basal 0.23-0.29 (x = 0.26), of 10-15 (~ = 12.4) teeth, each usually

with a single strong, occasionally 2 or 3, ventrobasal denticles; usually 6

pairs of 1-S, inserted from basal 0.27-0.36 (x = 0.31) to 0.89-0.92 (x = 0.90),

each usually 2,3 branched, 1.0-1.5 times siphon diameter at insertion; 2-S

single, apical, stiff, brownish, about 0.50-0.67 length of apical pecten tooth.

Saddle 0.33-0.39 mm long; microsculpture of groups of 1-3 needle-like spi-

cules, the spicules becoming a little more prominent dorsoapically; seta 1-X

usually 0.33-0.50 saddle length; 2-X about 3 times saddle length, usually with

ventralmost branch shorter than subventral branch; 3-X usually over 5 times

saddle length; 4-X of 11-13 cratal and 0-2 precratal tufts (12-14 in total), the

cratal tufts usually 6-8 branched, the precratal tufts 2,3 branched, reduced.

Anal gills elongate, tapering, 6 to 8 times as long as wide, dorsal gill 1.3-1.5

of saddle length, ventral gill slightly shorter.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN. 61°, 88% with associ-

ated skins (101, 10 p); 18 L, 22 1: Hokkaido (A-0043, A-1642, A-1643, A-1652,

A-1653, A-1654, A-1662, A-1670, A-1708, A-1709, A-1710, A-1711, A-1909,

A-1914, A-1916, A-1920, A-1926, A-1928, A-1940, A-1944, A-1948, A-1949,

A-1970). KOREA. 7, 72, with associated skins (101, 10 p); 5 L: Korean

Peninsula. (L-0890, L-0891, L-0892, L-0893, L-1490, L-2144).

DISTRIBUTION. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN (Hokkaido, Honshu). KOREA

(Korean Peninsula).

TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION. Gutsevich et al. (1970) stated, ''C. rubensis

is probably a Far Eastern subspecies of C. territans,'' and also "C. rubensis

is probably a synonym of C. territans."' We studied many specimens of North

American territans in the collection of the USNM. Many differences were

detected as shown in Table 5. These differences compelled us to treat them as

distinct species, notwithstanding the identity in the structure of the aedeagus and

the subapical lobe of the basistyle. The pale (translucent) interruption at the

middle of the dark scaled anterior portion of the wing in rubensis is especially

remarkable, easily seen with the naked eye. Korean examples we examined

were identical with Japanese rubensis. We also examined the following Euro-

pean specimens of territans: 2 males, 3 females and larvae from England, 4

males, 2 male genitalia slides and 1 female from France, 1 female from Spain,

1 4th stage larva from each of Germany, Czechoslovakia and Italy, in the col-

lection of the BMNH, and1 male with the male genitalia slide from France in the

collection of the USNM. They are definitely closer to North American terrvitans

than to Japanese vubensis. However, some differences were found between

North American and European specimens. In the European female specimens,

cell Rg of the wing is only about twice as long as vein r93; dark scales, though

very few, often present among the yellowish brown vertical erect forked scales;

hindtarsomere 1 always entirely dark. In the European male specimens, the

dististyle lacked cilia on the concave side in the apical half in 2 specimens, a

few cilia present in one specimen; the claw of the dististyle is shorter, 0.09-

0.11 (3; x = 0.10) length of dististyle, while it is 0.11-0.24 (12; x = 0.16) in

184 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

TABLE 5. Morphological differences between Culex (Neoculex) rubensis

from Japan and Cx. (Ncx.) territans from North America.

Female adult

Vertical erect scales

Wing

Costal pale basal spot

Pale apical fringe of

hindtibia

Pale basal band of:

midtarsomere 1

hindtarsomere 1

hindtarsomere 2

Male adult

Lobes of tergum IX

Apical half of concave

side of dististyle

Larva

Seta 5-C

Seta 6-C

Seta 1-M

Spiculation of thorax

vubensis

Dark

With anteromedian pale

interruption

Present

Distinct

Present or absent

Present

Present or absent

Widely separated

Glabrous

Slightly shorter than

6-C, as long as 7-C

Double

Very short, subequal

to 2-M

Rather sparse and fine

tervitans

Yellowish brown to

brown

Without anteromedian

pale interruption

Absent

Indistinct

Absent

Absent or indistinct

Absent

Moderately separated

Ciliate

Distinctly shorter

than 6-C, shorter

than 7-C

Usually (90.5% of 13

specimens) single

Moderately long,

much longer than

2-M

Dense and usually

strong

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 185

North American territans, and 0.14-0.17 (8; x = 0.15) in Japanese rubensis.

In the 4th stage larvae, the spiculation of abdominal segments I-VII appears to

be more distinct. Further study will be necessary to evaluate the significance

of these differences.

BIONOMICS. Common in Hokkaido, apparently rare in Honshu. No records

from west of Kyoto in Honshu. Larvae were obtained from ground pools, rice

fields, ponds and ditches, occasionally found in artificial containers such as tin

cans. Little is known on the bionomics of the adults. They apparently do not

bite man.

SUBGENUS EUMELANOMYIA THEOBALD

Eumelanomyia Theobald, 1909: 10; Theobald 1910b: 240. Type-species: Culex

albiventris Edwards, 1922c (nom. nov. for inconspicuosa Theobald, 1909,

Gold Coast; Sirivanakarn, 1971: 72 (resurrection); Sirivanakarn 1972:

1-86 (revision of Southeast Asian species).

Small to medium-sized unornamented mosquitoes.

FEMALE. Head. Eyes almost contiguous above. Vertex with narrow to

broad scales (only narrow scales in the species of this region); erect forked

scales numerous, over almost entire vertex, color variable; 4-6 vertical and

2 temporal bristles on each side. Antenna as long as or longer than proboscis;

flagellomere 1 1.2-1.4 of Flm 2. Palpus at most 0.2 of proboscis, dark

scaled; segment 5 very small or absent. Proboscis as long as or slightly longer

than forefemur, without pale band, with several ventrobasal bristles. Thovax.

Both pronotal lobes unscaled or with a few narrow scales; posterior lobe with

bristles along dorsal to dorsoposterior margin. Scutum and scutellum with

narrow scales; usually all scutal bristles present excepting middle of fossal

area, sometimes acrostichal bristles absent except for a few anterior pairs.

Pleural scales absent, or very few present on sternopleuron; lower mesepimeral

bristles present or absent. Wing. Vein scales dark; m-cu well proximad of

r-m; la ending usually at level between cubital fork and m-cu, or at most

reaching m-cu; cell Rg distinctly longer than ro, and My,9. Legs. Tarsi

without pale band; fore- and midtarsomere 5 shorter than 4; hindtarsomere 1

about as long as or a little longer than tibia. Abdomen. Laterotergite unscaled;

terga II-VIII entirely dark in the species of this region. Seminal capsules 3.

MALE. Antennal flagellum shorter than or as long as proboscis; flagello-

mere 12 longer to shorter than Flm 13, together shorter (0.65-0.90) than

Flm 1-11. Palpus 0.5-0.8 of proboscis and 5 segmented in the species of this

region, apically tapering, or somewhat swollen and modified (brevipalpis),

without conspicuous tufted bristles apically. Proboscis as long as or longer than

forefemur. Foretarsomere 4 shortened, 5 modified, longer than 4, with

usually 3 pairs of stout setae on ventrobasal swelling, and a pair of short seti-

ferous ventrosubbasal processes; midtarsomeres 4 and 5 not modified. Anterior

claw of foretarsus slightly to distinctly longer than posterior claw, with blunt-

tipped median tooth, posterior claw with sharp laterobasal tooth; anterior claw

of midtarsus slightly to distinctly longer than posterior claw, simple or toothed,

posterior claw with sharp laterobasal tooth. Genitalia. Tergum IX with a lobe

or lobes weakly to moderately developed, bristled. Sternum IX without bristles.

Basistyle without scales; subapical lobe moderately to strongly protrudent, with

3 rods (a, B andy), several modified setae (5), one leaflet (€) often not very

186 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

broad, and an accessory bristle (x). Proctiger with cercal setae; paraproct

with basal sternolateral process undeveloped, mesal spines of apical crest

pointed, lateral ones truncate. Aedeagus consisting of paired, usually oval,

denticulate processes; tergal bridge median or submedian; lamellate sternobasal

division relatively small.

LARVA. Head. Seta 1-C stout and pigmented; 5,6-C short and weak

(Mochthogenes), or as usual for the genus (Protomelanoconion), variable in

position. Antenna spinulate;.seta 1-A well developed, distad of middle; 2,3-A

subapical (Mochothogenes) or apical (Protomelanoconion). Mouth brush of

numerous fine hairs. Mandible with a group of dorsolateral microspines near

base; 5 mandibular spurs; mandibular brush well developed; mandibular comb

of spiculate prominences (teeth), each with usually one long filamentous spicule.

Cutting organ small to moderate; 2 unicuspid dorsal teeth; ventral tooth with

one lateral denticle (VT-4) and 3 mesal denticles (VT1-_3), VT1,2 very narrow,

rod-like, blunt-tipped, unpigmented, VT3: triangular, stout, acute and dark;

ventral blade 1 or 2; pectinate brush of laterally pectinate hairs. Piliferous

process strongly protrudent, with 5 hair-groups. Mandibular hairs divided into

2 groups. Maxilla. Cardo rather broadly fused mesobasally with cranium.

Mesostipes longer than wide, hairs of maxillary brush long and slender; twin

stipital sensoria at middle or proximad of it, basal ring weakly developed or

absent; dorsal stipital seta 2-Mx subapical; ventral stipital seta 4-Mx variously

developed; pseudoartis undeveloped. Lacinia with proximal lacinial seta 5-Mx

slender at level slightly proximad of stipital sensoria. Palpostipes short,

basally broadened, not fused ventrobasally with mesostipes, lateral artis well

developed; apex with 5 palpal sensoria; ampulla present or absent. Mentum

plate roughly pentagonal, with median tooth distinctly larger than others, mesal

flanking teeth moderately broad, equal, subacute or truncate, contiguous with

each other nearly up to apex, 1 or 2 lateral teeth slightly larger and more or

less apically separated. Aulaeum with triangular medioapical tooth. Thorax.

Integument smooth; seta 3-P shorter than 1, 2-P; 4-P variously developed; 12-P

longer than 9,10-P. Abdomen. Integument smooth; setae 6-I-VI and 7-I strong.

Comb scales numerous in a patch, evenly fringed laterally to apically with fine

spicules. Siphon moderately to very long; pecten basally restricted, shape of

teeth variable; 1-S of 4-6 pairs, subventral or almost ventral. Saddle apex

without conspicuous spicules; 2-X with 1-5 unequal branches; 4-X of 9-15 usually

cratal tufts.

DISTRIBUTION. Manchurian subregion, Ethiopian and Oriental regions,

and Papuan subregion.

KEYS TO SPECIES OF CULEX (EUMELANOMYIA)

FEMALE ADULT

Acrostichal bristles and lower mesepimeral bristle absent.

brevipalpis (p. 198)

Acrostichal bristles present; usually one lower mesepimeral bristle

presents...) of 4 hayashit hayashii (p. 187)

hayashii ryukyuanus (p. 190)

okinawae (p. 191)

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 187

MALE ADULT

te Tergum IX with a single median lobe; subapical lobe of basistyle with

54 comb-like; dististyle broadened and apically complex.

| okinawae (p. 191)

Tergum IX with a pair of well separated lobes; 64 not comb-like;

dististyle tapering and apically simple...) es 8. a ee 2

2(1). Palpus straight or only slightly upturned and apically tapering; segment

4 less than 0.33 length of 3, with rather long apical bristles; 61 long,

reaching near apex of a-y, straight. .. hayashii hayashii (p. 187)

hayashii ryukyuanus (p. 190)

Palpus irregularly curved; segment 4 broadened, only slightly shorter

than 3, with a few short spine-like stout setae at apex; 61 short,

CUPVGU toe Ot Sm brevipalpis (p. 193)

LARVA

1. Antenna at most 0.67 length of head; setae 2,3-A apical; mandible with

labula extending far beyond apex of anterior part of piliferous process;

Siphon index more than 10; 1-S shorter than siphon diameter at inser-

LOW, eG kee Ce, he ee, brevipalpis (p. 193)

Antenna at least 0.8 length of head; setae 2,3-A subapical; mandible with

labula not extending beyond apex of piliferous process; siphon index

less than 8; 1-S longer than siphon diameter at insertion. ..... 2

2(1). Antenna pale; seta 2-X 2-5 (most frequently 3-4) branched.

hayashii hayashii (p. 187)

hayashii ryukyuanus (p. 190)

Antenna dark; seta 2-X usually single (1-3 branched in Taiwan popula-

UCN ho Re ee a eR cha ee et ied okinawae (p. 191)

386A. CULEX (EUMELANOMYIA) HAYASHII HAYASHII YAMADA*

(Figs. 54, 55, 193; Table 72)

Culex hayashii Yamada, 1917: 67 (*, 2, P, L, E). Type-locality: Tokyo,

Koyama, Nagaoka, Fukui, Kyoto, Kobe, Hiroshima and Ogori, Honshu;

Fukuoka, Kyushu, Japan. Yokoo, 1944: 50, Suwon, Kyongki Do, Korea.

Culex (Neoculex) hayashii: LaCasse and Yamaguti, 1950: 257 (%, ¢, L).

FEMALE (Fig. 193). Wing length 2.9-3.7 mm. Head. Vertex including eye

margin roughly covered with pale narrow curved scales and pale yellowish

erect forked scales; tempus with broad pale scales; usually 5 mostly dark verti-

cal and 2 dark temporal bristles on each side, an additional short yellowish

bristle just beneath the longest mesalmost vertical bristle. Clypeus dark brown.

Antenna: pedicel dark brown, with several fine bristles; flagellum 0.99-1.08

of proboscis; flagellomere 1 pale in basal half, 1.25-1.43 of Flm 2, with a few

pale small scales (these as well as the bristles of pedicel are usually difficult

to see in pinned specimens). Palpus 0.13-0.16 of proboscis, dark scaled; seg-

ment 3 1.63-2.29 of 2; 4 reduced. Proboscis 1.13-1.22 of forefemur, dark

*The 2 subspecies of Cx. h. hayashii occur in this region, however, extralimital

material of the nominal subspecies has not been studied.

188 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

scaled. Thovax. Pronotal integument light to moderately dark brown; anterior

lobe without scales, bearing more than 10 bristles, a few mesal ones dark and

stout, others pale and fine; posterior lobe with several narrow curved pale

scales anterodorsally, bearing 5-11 bristles along middorsal to dorsoposterior

margin, anterior bristles pale and fine, posterior ones dark and stout. Scutum

with integument brown, covered with concolorous narrow curved scales, scales

on margins more or less paler; all scutal bristles present, mostly dark brown,

fine supraalar bristles pale brown. Scutellum with pale brown narrow curved

scales, median lobe with 5-8, each lateral lobe with 3-5 (usually 4) long dark

bristles, each lobe with several additional short bristles. Pleural integument

brown, pale in lower sternopleuron and mesomeron; a few pale rather narrow

scales on lower sternopleuron, otherwise scaleless; pleural bristles pale to

yellowish brown; 7 to about 10 propleurals, less than 10 prealars, more than 10

sternopleurals, 5-12 upper mesepimerals, one lower mesepimeral. Wing.

Cell Ro 3.50-6.57 (20; x = 4.49) length of vein r9,9. Halter knob dark scaled.

Legs. Coxae with pale scales. Forefemur more or less pale basally; midfe-

mur pale basally and ventrally; hindfemur largely pale excepting apical area,

dorsoapical dark area narrowly extending to about middle. Femora otherwise,

tibiae and tarsi dark. Hindtarsomere 1 0.95-1.03 (20) of tibia. Claw of hind-

tarsus 0.75 length of fore- or midtarsus claw. Abdomen. Tergum I witha

median spot of dark scales; II-VIII dark scaled. Sterna pale scaled.

MALE (Fig. 54). Wing length 2.4-3.2 mm. Antennal flagellum 0.90-1.01

of proboscis; flagellomere 12 1.04-1.38 of Flm 13, both 0.65-0.73 of Flm 1-11.

Palpus 0.71-0.85 (9; x = 0.78) of proboscis; apex of segment 3 with a few, 4 and

5 with several moderately long bristles; length ratio of 2-5: 4.00-6.33 : 5.00-

7.05: 1.56-2.08: 1.00. Proboscis 1.20-1.30 (7) of forefemur. Long bristles

of scutellum usually 6 on median lobe and 3 on each lateral lobe. Propleural

bristles many, 4-8 upper mesepimerals. Cell Ro 3.15-4. 86 (20; x = 3.85)

length of vein r9,3. Hindtarsomere 1 0.97-1.03 420; x= 1. 00), of tibia

Anterior claw of midtarsus simple, much longer than posterior claw, strongly

curved. Genitalia. Tergum IX with lobes moderately wide, moderately sclero-

tized and slightly protrudent, each bearing 3-8 rather short bristles. Basi-

style apically tapering, 2.5 as long as wide, covered tergally and sternally

with short bristles; laterally with large bristles; subapical lobe wide, moder-

ately protrudent, placed near apex, bearing 3 rods (a, 6 andy) proximally,

and 4 mesal modified setae (61 _4), one lateral leaflet (€) and 3 distal setae

(41-3); ya little shorter and narrower than other 2, slightly sinuate, with

pointed apex; 54-4 of assorted lengths, narrow, rounded at apex, with fine

serrations on distal margin; ¢ with pointed apex, slightly wider than 6; py

thickened, curved; wg curved; Xlong, curved, laterad of and apart from sub-

apicallobe. Dististyle gently curved, slightly narrowedapically, 0.5-0.6

length of basistyle, 7 times as long as wide, with a small seta at about apical

0.33 on concave side; claw 0.14 length of dististyle. Cercal tergal surface

distinctly sclerotized; 2-3 cercal setae; paraproct moderately sclerotized,

with a crest of stout spines at apex, a few outer spines blunt-tipped. Tergo-

apical division of aedeagus slightly shorter than wide, consisting of paired

oval (in tergal view) rather widely separated processes, the lateral aspect

forming a vertical wall; about 20 denticles on the mesal aspect and at apex;

subbasal knob indistinct; tergal bridge submedian, narrow in tergal view; basal

condyles moderately produced, convergent.

LARVA (Fig. 55). Head, Width 0.86-0.96 mm; pale yellowish-brown,

1.57-1.68 (x = 1.62) times as wide as long; labrum concave; seta 1-C thickest

in basal 0.33, separated by 2.2-2.6 times length; 2-C absent; 4-C well caudad

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 189

of 7-C; 6-C little more than 0.33 length of cranium, usually with a few fine

but relatively long barbs, inserted about midway between 4,5-C, 9-C much

finer than, 0.50-0.67 length of, and nearly tandem with 6-C, 4, 5,13-C usually

double; 14-C usually branched from the base; 15-C occasionally appearing

dendritic; 16,17-C apparently absent. Antenna 0.51-0.60 mm, subequal to

head length, slightly to moderately arcuate, pale except for dark brown base

and a light brown apical 0.25-0.33, moderately spiculate, especially on dorsal

and lateral aspects, spicules becoming sparser distad of seta 1-A; 1-A inserted

at apical 0.24-0.33 (x = 0.30), with about 25-30 strongly barbed branches; 2,

3-A subapical, subequal. Mandible with microspines long, needle-like. Man-

dibular comb of 13-17 spiculate prominences, each with a long filamentous

spicule (occasionally double), lateral prominences becoming weaker, lacking a

well-differentiated filament. Cutting organ rather small; mesal dorsal tooth

much larger than lateral dorsal tooth; accessory denticle strong, bifurcate

(occasionally trifurcate), subequal in length to lateral dorsal tooth; VTo slightly

recurved; VT-4 acute, reaching near tip of VT,_; VT, 9 subequal; VB; some-

what sinuate, exceeding tip of VTp, mesal pectination very short and fine; VBo

much smaller, unpigmented, pectination coarser; pectinate brush of 11-14 lat-

erally pectinate hairs. Piliferous process apically cleft; labula not extending

beyond apex of broader anterior portion; PPHs5 a nearly straight transverse

row of long hairs across cephalic aspect of the process basad of the cleft.

Mandibular hairs consisting of 5-7 thick, widely spaced, basally barbed,

acutely tipped distal hairs and 8-11 slender, closely spaced, smooth based,

brushy tipped proximal hairs (14-18 in total), the proximalmost 1-3 often

reduced. Maxilla with 1-Mx single, slender, weakly pigmented. Mesostipes

about 0.67 as broad as long, with sclerotized lateral surface smooth; 4-Mx

very strong, dark, a little proximad of level of 2-Mx. Lacinia with 6-Mx pale,

slender, apparently slightly longer than 4-Mx. Palpostipes about 0.2 length of

mesostipes; ampulla present; So more slender than S;; Sg much larger than

S9; 54 subequal to S1; S5 small. Mentum plate with 10-15 strong subacute

teeth, the median tooth about twice as wide as the immediate flanking teeth.

Thorax. Prothoracic setal formula: 1° 1° 1(2):3(2, 4):1(2):1°2°1; seta 1-P

more than twice length of cranium, 2-P slightly shorter; 3-P definitely shorter

than cranium; 4-P very slender, less than 0.33 length of cranium; 14-P and

3-M usually double; 10-T occasionally (14%), and 12-T frequently (78%) split

or frayed apically, 12-T rarely (5%) double from base. Abdomen. Setae 6-I, II

with ventral branch 0. 8-0.9 length of dorsal branch; 10-VII strongly barbed,

up to 1.5 times length of 1-VII; 1-I, II, 3-IV-VI, 5-VI and 8-II usually single;

12-I, 11, 1V, 5-II, Il, VII, 3-IlI, 8-II-V, 10-0I,IV, and 11-II-V usually double;

13-III-V usually triple. Comb scales 33-48 (x = 40.7) in a broadly triangular

patch, the individual scales somewhat paddle-shaped, fringed with spicules,

apical spicules stronger than lateral spicules. Siphon nearly straight, tapering

slightly distad, usually pale yellowish brown with darker brown areas at base

and apex, occasionally with a brownish median band; length 0.96-1.16 (¥ = 1. 03)

mm, index 5. 50-5. 86 (x = 5.69); microsculpture of transverse rows of minute

tubercles, becoming slightly more prominent at extreme apex; pecten reaching

basal 0.33-0.41 (x = 0.36), of 10-15 (x = 12.5) teeth, the teeth becoming longer

distad, each with 6-8 widely spaced basal, and 10 or more closely spaced api-

cal denticles; usually 6 pairs of 1-S, inserted from just beyond pecten at basal

0.35-0. 41 (x = 0.37), extending to apical 0.11-0.22 (x = 0.14), the longest 1-S

2.0-2.9 (x = 2.3), and the shortest 1-S 1.2-1.3 length of siphon diameter at

their insertions, each lightly barbed; 2-S apical, pale, 0.33-0.50 length of

apical pecten tooth. Saddle 0.30-0.36 mm long, microsculpture of slightly

190 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

overlapping transverse rows of 10-20 minute spicules, the spicules becoming

more prominent dorsoapically; 1-X fine, about 0.20-0.25 length of saddle;

2-X with one branch (usually the ventralmost) much longer than the others; 4-X

of 14-15 (usually 14), 4-10 branched hairs, the basalmost one or 2 hairs

reduced, sometimes appearing disconnected from grid. Anal gills slender,

tapering, dorsal gill 0.6-0.9 saddle length, ventral gill 1.0-1.3 length of dor-

sal gill. ,

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN. 260, 319, with associ-

ated skins (61, 6 p); 35 L, 211: Honshu (C-1807, C-1810, C-1811, C-1905,

C-2178, C-2179, C-2180, C-2181, C-2182, C-2183, C-2184, C-2185, C-2306,

E-2186). KOREA. 7°, 72, with associated skins (11, 1 p): Korean Penin-

sula (L-0817, L-0824, L-1962, L-1968). 140°, 62, 9 L, 11: Cheju Do

(M-0846, M-0851, M-0856, M-0861, M-0862, M-0877).

DISTRIBUTION. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku,

Kyushu, Yakushima, Tsuchima). KOREA (Korean Peninsula, Cheju Do).

SOUTH PRYMORYE. NORTH CHINA.

36B. CULEX (EUMELANOMYIA) HAYASHII RYUKYUANUS NEW SUBSPECIES

Culex (Neoculex) hayashii: Bohart and Ingram, 1946b: 71, Okinawa Is.,

Ryukyu Archipelago.

FEMALE. Wing length 2.6-3.2 mm. Antennal flagellum 1. 06-1.13 (5) of

proboscis; flagellomere 1 1.32-1.43 (5) of Flm 2. Palpus 0.15-0.17 (5) of

proboscis; segment 3 1.86-2.73 (5) of 2. Cell Ro 2.54-3.74 (8; x = 3.00) length

of vein r9,9g. Hindtarsomere 1 1.00-1.08 (x = 1.04; 8) of tibia.

MALE. Wing length 2.1-2.3 mm. Antennal flagellomore 12 1. 06-1. 23 of

Flm 13, both 0.64-0.76 of Flm 1-11. Palpus 0.65-0.'78 (9) of proboscis;

length ratio of 2-5: 4.75-7.25 : 6.00-8.25 : 1.50-2.38 : 1.00. Cell Ro 1.90-

3.16 (20; x = 2.39) times as long as vein r9i3. Hindtarsomere 1 0.98-1.11

(21; x = 1.05) of tibia.

TYPE-SERIES. Holotype male (#21179, K-0696-10) with associated slides

of genitalia, wings, legs, pupal and larval skins: nr. Shirahama, Iriomote Is.,

Ryukyu Archipelago, 19 IV 1971, blocked stream, Mizusawa & Nishikawa.

Paratypes: 14 males with slides of associated 6 pupal and 6 larval skins, geni-

talia (14 males), mouthparts (8 males, 1 larval skin), wings (14 males) and legs (12

males), in total. Paratypes from Ishigaki Is. - 1 male with pupal and larval

skins (K-0617): Foot of Mt. Maeshi, 12 IV 1971, blocked stream, Mizusawa &

Nishikawa; 1 male with pupal and larval skins (K-0642): Mt. Banna, 18 IV 1971,

blocked stream, Mizusawa & Nishikawa; 3 males with 3 pupal and 3 larval skins

(K-0643): Mt. Banna, 18 IV 1971, blocked stream, Mizusawa & Nishikawa;

1 male (K-2188): Inoda, 18 XII 1968, U. S. Army Med. Center, Ryukyu Is.

Paratypes from Iriomote Is. - 1 male (K-0919): nr. Uehara, 24 X 1971, net,

Mizusawa, Shinonaga & Kikuchi; 6 males (K-1010): nr. Funaura, 16 XI 1971,

Mizusawa; 1 male with pupal and larval skins (K-1329): Itokawa-rindo, 6 XII

1972, Saugstad, Mizusawa & Imamura.

The holotype and half the paratypes are deposited in the National Science

Museum, Tokyo, the remaining paratypes are deposited in the USNM.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED OTHER THAN THE TYPES. RYUKYU ARCHI-

PELAGO. 2°; with associated skins (21, 2 p), 3 L: Amami Gunto (I-0234,

I-0284). 230°, 119, with associated skins (101, 10 p); 21: Okinawa Gunto

(J-0451, J-0475, J-0476, J-0490, J-0501, J-0502, J-0514). 41°, 549, 67 L:

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 191

Yaeyama Gunto (K-0668, K-0670, K-0919, K-0924, K-0925, K-0939, K-0946,

K-0949, K-0951, K-0953, K-0954, K-0955, K-0956, K-1002, K-1005, K-1059,

K-1065, K-1067, K-1078).

DISTRIBUTION. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO (Amami, Okinawa and Yaeyama

Gunto).

TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION. Subspecies ryukyuanus can be discriminated

from the nominate subspecies by the smaller value of cell Ro - vein rg, ratio,

and in general the smaller body size and shorter male palpus; segment ‘ of the

male palpus is usually more shortened than in hayashii. A slight difference was

found also in the length ratio of hindtarsomere 1 to tibia. All these values are

given in the descriptions. The larva of hayashii ryukyuanus appears not signifi-

cantly different from h. hayashii from Honshu. Specimens from Cheju Do were

found identical with Japanese specimens in the adult, but the larval siphon is

rather longer, the index 6.35-6.94 (8; x =6.58). Adult specimens from the

Korean mainland also appear similar to those from Japan, but the specimens

in our collection are insufficient in both number and condition. Further study

is desirable. Only one larval exuvium from the mainland of Korea (Seoul) was

available for our study; it has a yet longer siphon (index ca. 7.7), and a shorter

pecten reaching only basal 0.27-0. 28 of the siphon (0.33-0. 42; 18; x = 0.37;

from Japan and Cheju Do).

Sirivanakarn (1972) states that the record of hayashii from Taiwan (Lien

1968c) is doubtful, being based only on larvae. Biery (1973) reported the col-

lection of 30 adult hayashii in light traps on Taiwan from 1970-72. These

records may also be regarded with suspicion because of the possibility of con-

fusion with other species as okinawi and brevipalpis.

BIONOMICS. Culex (Eumelanomyia) hayashii is not rare throughout Japan

including Ryukyu Archipelago. Larvae are found most frequently in rock pools

and blocked streams, occasionally smaller rock holes or rather large artificial

containers with clean water. Associated species include Anopheles lindesayii

japonicus, An. sinensis, Culex tritaeniorhynchus, Cx. pseudovishnui, Cx.

bitaeniorhynchus and Cx, infantulus (LaCasse and Yamaguti 1950). Adult fe-

males are known as amphibian biters. Host preference appears to be frogs

with some feeding also on newts (Miyagi 1972b).

37. CULEX (EUMELANOMYIA) OKINAWAE BOHART

(Figs. 56, 57, 194; Table 73)

Culex (Neoculex) okinawae Bohart, 1953: 187 (o, 2, P, L). Type-locality:

East Taira, Okinawa Is., Ryukyu Archipelago.

FEMALE (Fig. 194). (Four specimens studied.) Wing length 3.0-3.5 mm.

Head. Vertex roughly covered with pale yellowish brown narrow curved scales

and numerous yellowish brown erect forked scales; eye margin with pale nar-

row curved scales; tempus covered with broad pale scales; 5 vertical and 2

temporal dark bristles on each side. Clypeus dark brown. Antenna: pedicel

pale testaceous, with several minute mesal hairs; flagellum 0.98 (1) of pro-

boscis; flagellomere 1 1.36 of Flm 2. Palpus 0.15 (1) of proboscis, dark

scaled; segment 3 1.88 (1) of 2. Proboscis 1.12 (1) of forefemur, dark scaled.

Thorax. Pronotal lobes with integument pale brown, with only a few narrow

scales; anterior lobe bearing 10 or more long and short bristles; posterior lobe

bearing 6-9 bristles arranged in a curved row along posterodorsal margin to

dorsoposterior margin. Scutum with integument brown, covered with dark

192 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

brown narrow curved scales; acrostichal bristles present, small; anterior dor-

socentrals an alternating series of long and short bristles; 1-3 humerals; 4-5

bristles present in fossal area near lateral and posterior margins, their posi-

tion variable. Scutellar lobes with scales similar to those of scutum, 3 long

dark bristles on each lateral lobe and 4-6 on median lobe, several additional

short bristles on each lobe. Pleura with integument pale brown (the color con-

trast between scutum and pleura not so distinct as in Cx. (Eum.) brevipalpis)

without scales except a few pale rather broad ones on sternopleuron; about 10

propleural bristles, 4-7 prealars, more than 10 sternopleurals, 8-10 upper

mesepimerals, one lower mesepimeral. Wing. Cell Ro 3.20-3.52 (2) length

of vein r9,3. Halter with dark scaled knob. Legs, All coxae with pale rather

broad scales. Forefemur pale posteroventrally toward base, midfemur pale on

ventrobasal half of posterior surface, hindfemur pale except apical area; fe-

mora, tibiae and tarsi otherwise dark scaled. Hindtarsomere 1 1. 00-1. 05 (2)

of tibia. Abdomen. Terga II-VII entirely dark scaled. Sterna roughly covered

with pale scales.

MALE (Figs. 57, 194). Wing length 2.4-2.8 mm. Antennal flagellomere

12 1.04-1.18 (1) of Flm 13, both 0.72-0.76 (1) of Flm 1-11. Palpus 0. 46 (1)

of proboscis, with a few moderately long bristles on segments 4, 5 and at apex

of 3; length ratio of 2-5: 5.27-5.80 : 5.72-6.40: 1.00-1.20: 1.00 (2). Pro-

boscis 1.14 (1) of forefemur. Cell Ro 3.24-3.33 (2) length of vein ro,3. Upper

mesepimeral bristles 4-6. Anterior claw of midtarsus simple. Genitalia.

Tergum IX with a single, median, wide, well sclerotized and distinctly convex

lobe bearing 13 (undoubtedly variable) medium sized bristles. Basistyle

bristled except on apical half of mesal surface, bearing a row of 4-5 rather

long bristles on mesal surface in middle; subapical lobe at apical 0.33, markedly

protrudent, broad, hirsute on mesal side, bearing 3 rods (a, £, y) proximally,

4 mesal modified setae (5,4) and a pointed, narrow, lateral leaflet («) distally

and a long accessory seta (xX) laterally; all rods and xX curved or twisted char-

acteristically; (61 with apical half of distal side comb-like, 59 longest, 63 inter-

mediate, 64 shortest and twisted. Dististyle 0.67 length of basistyle, 5-6

times as long as wide, somewhat sigmoid, a little angulate at apical 0.33 on

convex side, with a short seta near the portion, vertically bifurcate at apical

0.25; lateral fork narrow and pointed, subapically expanded, with a subapical

short seta on concave side; mesal fork of about equal width to apex in lateral

view, strongly sclerotized along concave side and terminating in a sharp hook

directed opposite claw, which is 0.1 length of dististyle. Cercal setae 3-5;

paraproct with a crest of strong spines at apex, 3-4 outer spines of equal

thickness from base to apex. Tergoapical division of aedeagus of rather widely

separated paired ovoids, each bearing 16-18 apical and mesal denticles; sub-

basal knob indistinct; basal condyle short in tergal view; sternobasal division

a little pigmented.

LARVA (Fig. 56). Head. Width 1.16-1.19 mm; pale yellowish brown,

1.48-1.56 times as wide as long; labrum concave; bases of seta 1-C separated

by at least twice their length; 2-C absent; 4-C mesad and slightly cephalad of

6-C; 6-C more strongly barbed than in Cx. hayashii, about 0.67 length of

cranium; 5-C about 0.7 length of cranium, nearly tandem with 6-C; 14-C appar-

ently branched from base; 16,17-C minute. Antenna slightly arcuate, 0. 85-

0.97 length of head, fairly uniformly light brown except for darker brown basal

ring, strongly spiculate, especially on dorsal and lateral aspects basad of seta

1-A, the spicules becoming shorter and stouter distad; 1-A inserted at apical

0.29-0.31, with about 25 strongly barbed branches, about 0.8 length of antenna;

2,3-A subapical, subequal, slightly shorter than 1-A. Mouthparts appear

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 193

virtually identical to those of hayashii, excepting that 15 or more hairs of

pectinate brush may be present. Mentum plate with 15-18 teeth, the median

tooth nearly twice as wide as immediate flanking teeth. Thorax. Prothoracic

setal formula: 1-1-1-2(1)-1-1-2(1)-1;1,2-P nearly twice length of cranium,

3-P 0.67-0. 83 length of cranium; 4-P very slender, 0.33 or less length of

cranium; 7-P slightly longer than cranium; 12-T usually with a few relatively

long fine barbs, but not apically split as in hayashii. Abdomen. Setae 6-I, II

with ventral branch shorter than dorsal branch; 10-VII apparently very lightly

barbed or unbarbed, subequal to 1-VII. Comb scales 49-62 in a roughly tri-

angular patch, the individual scales paddle-shaped, sometimes appearing a

little more elongate than in hayashii, fringed with spicules, the apical and sub-

apical spicules stronger than the lateral spicules. Szphon nearly straight, pale

yellowish brown, indistinctly darker near middle, basal ring and extreme apex

darker brown; length 1.25-1.50 mm, index 6.99-7.44; microsculpture of ir-

regular transverse rows of minute tubercles; pecten reaching basal 0. 31-0. 38,

of 9-15 teeth, the teeth becoming longer distad, each with 5-8 widely spaced

denticles on basal 0.67 and 10 or more closely spaced denticles on apical 0.33,

usually 6 pairs of 1-S, inserted from basal 0.33-0.35 to apical 0.14-0.16, the

longest 1-S 3.0-3.5 and the shortest 1-S 1.2-1.8 times siphon diameter at

their respective insertions, apparently unbarbed; 2-S apical, light brown, 0.25-

0.33 length of apical pecten tooth. Saddle 0.33-0.37 mm long; microsculpture

essentially same as in hayashii, but individual spicules less conspicuous; seta

1-X 0.25-0.33 length of saddle; 2-X nearly as long as 3-S; 4-X of 14, 3 to 9

branched tufts, the basal 2 tufts occasionally appearing detached from the grid.

Anal gills elongate, tapering to slightly fusiform; dorsal gill about 0.75 saddle

length, ventral gill a little longer.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO. 5c, 49, with associ-

ated skins (71, 7p); 3 L: Okinawa Gunto (J-0476, J-0501, J-0502, J-0514,

J-0718) 2 L, 21: Yaeyama Gunto (K-1329).

DISTRIBUTION. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO. (Amami, Okinawa and Yaeyama

Gunto). TAIWAN. PHILIPPINES.

| TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION. Though the male genitalia are quite distinctive,

the general habitus of Cx. okinawae is almost identical with hayashii ryukyuanus,

only the erect scales of the vertex appear a little darker, usually brownish in

okinawae, while usually pale yellow in hayashii ryukyuanus, but variations occur

and the difference is not always definite. The larvae can be distinguished by the

characters mentioned in the key, but the branching of seta 2-X should be

restudied with more material. A few larval specimens from Taiwan exhibited

distinctly shorter siphons, the indices ranged from 6.00 to 6.60 (5; x =6.33).

BIONOMICS. Apparently rare. Larvae were obtained from shaded blocked

streams, and rock or ground pools along streams. Sirivanakarn (1972) stated

that collections of this species were from relatively high altitudes. Females

feed on frogs (Kamimura 1976b).

38. CULEX (EUMELANOMYIA) BREVIPALPIS (GILES)

(Figs. 57, 58, 195; Table 74)

Stegomyia brevipalpis Giles, 1902: 384 (%, 2). Type-locality: Shahjahanpur,

India.

Culex (Neoculex) brevipalpis: Bohart and Ingram, 1946b: 72, Shanawan and

Nakasoni, Okinawa Is., Ryukyu Archipelago.

194 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

FEMALE (Fig. 195). (Description based on 3 specimens.) Wing length

2.7-3.0 mm. Head. Vertex covered with bronzy narrow curved scales and

many brown erect forked scales; eye margin with pale narrow curved scales;

tempus densely covered with broad pale scales; 4-5 vertical and 2 temporal

dark bristles on each side. Clypeus dark brown. Antenna: pedicel brown,

mesal side darker, with a few minute bristles and several small scales; flagel-

lum 1.05 (1) of proboscis; flagellomere 1 1.33 of Flm 2. Palpus 0.20 (1) of

proboscis, dark scaled; segment 3 1.56 (1) of 2; 40.21 of 3. Proboscis 1.07

(1) of forefemur, dark scaled. Thorax. Pronotal integument pale brown, both

lobes with only a few pale narrow curved scales; anterior lobe bearing 4 dark

stout bristles together with some short ones; posterior lobe bearing a curved

row of 3 stout and 2-5 short dark bristles along dorsal to dorsoposterior mar-

gin. Scutum with integument brown, narrowly pale on margins, covered with

bronzy brown narrow curved scales, some scales on margins paler; acrostichal

bristles absent, but 2 long and 2 short dark bristles on anterior promontory;

anterior dorsocentrals an alternating series of long and short bristles; usually

one humeral and 1,2 posterior fossals. Scutellar lobes with scales similar

to those of scutum, each bearing 4 (rarely 5) long dark bristles together with ©

some short ones. Pleural integument pale brown, often with greenish tinge,

without scale patch; a few scales on sternopleuron; one stout propleural bristle

accompanied by several fine ones, 1,2 rather stout and 3-9 fine prealars, 3, 4

stout and many fine sternopleurals, 4-10 fine upper mesepimerals, no lower

mesepimerals. Wing. Cell Ro 1.93-2.52 (3) length of vein rgi9; la ending

at level between cubital fork and m-cu. Halter with dark scaled knob. Legs.

Forecoxa with gray scales on anterior surface; mid- and hindcoxae with pale

scales. Femora rather pale posteroventrally toward base; femora otherwise,

tibiae and tarsi dark. Hindtarsomere 1 1.10-1.11 (3) of tibia. Abdomen.

Tergum I with a median patch of dark scales; II-VIII entirely dark scaled.

Sterna pale scaled; V-VII with dark narrow apical bands (that of V sometimes

indistinct).

MALE (Figs. 57, 195). Wing length 2.7-2.8 mm. Antennal flagellum 0. 93-

1.01 (2) of proboscis; flagellomere 12 0.79-0. 80 (2) of Flm 13, both 0. 86-0. 90

of Flm 1-11. Palpus 0.61-0.66 (2) of proboscis, twisted; apex of segment 3

broadened, with an apical group of short to medium bristles; 4 broadened, with

1,2 short stout bristles apically, without long bristles, 0.81-0.92 (2) length of

3; 5 with a few medium-sized bristles, no long bristles; length ratio of segments

2-5: 2.10-2.18 : 2.36-2.60 : 2.10-2.18 : 1.00 (2). Cell Ro 1.45-2.25 (4) length

of vein r9i3. Anterior claw of fore- and midtarsi longer than posterior claw,

with a blunt-tipped median tooth. Genitalia. Tergum IX with moderately wide,

well sclerotized, moderately protrudent lobes, each bearing 6-7 medium-sized

bristles. Basistyle bristled excepting mesal side distal to well protrudent

subapical lobe, which is placed at apical 0.33, bearing 3 rods (a, 8, y ) proxi-

mally, and 3 poorly differentiated curved setae (61.3), rather short seta (u) and

a narrow lateral leaflet («) distally, together with a long curved accessory

bristle (x) laterobasally; a, 8 and y progressively slightly shorter, y more

slender than other 2, curved, narrowed apically. Dististyle arcuate, apically

tapering, with a fine seta on concave side at apical 0.4 and another more dis-

tally on convex side; claw short, apically broadened. Cercal setae 2,3; para-

proct with an apical crest of spines, some lateral spines broad up to apex.

Tergoapical division of aedeagus slightly wider than long, consisting of a pair

of sclerotized conical processes, each process with more than 20 denticles on

apical half of tergomesal surface; subbasal knob undeveloped; basal condyle

elongate; sternobasal division pigmented.

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 195

LARVA (Fig. 58). Head. Width 1.03-1.13 mm; light yellowish brown,

1.27 times as wide as long (1); apex of labrum nearly straight; seta 1-C dark

brown, stout, slightly curved mesad, 0.33 as long as distance between bases;

4-C rather close together, much longer than distance between bases; 6-C

caudad of and well mesad of 7-C, usually double, very rarely (2. 3%) triple;

5-C a little mesocaudad of and slightly shorter than 6-C; 10-C usually double;

11,13-C rather well developed; 16,17-C lacking, rarely a rudimentary seta

present. Antenna 0.43-0.50 mm long, pale, only narrowly dark at base,

straight, dorsally and ventrobasally spiculate, distal part with only a few

spicules or none; seta 1-A inserted at apical 0.21-0.26, with about 20 strongly

barbed branches; 2-6-A apical; 2-4-A equal in length; 5-A with very small

accessory sensorium on proximal division; 6-A shorter than 5-A. Mandible

proximally with a number of very fine microspines on dorsolateral surface;

MdS1 weakly pigmented; MdSg very short, usually single, twin in one speci-

men; MdSq4 similar to MdSj, nearly 0.75 as long as it; MdS5 less than half as

long as MdSj; mandibular comb of 18-26 spiculate prominences (teeth), each

with a long filamentous apical spicule. Cutting organ small, 2 subequal dorsal

teeth; 2 unequal, somewhat clavate, accessory denticles mesad of mesal dorsal

tooth; ventral tooth with VT-4 slender, VT3 shorter than VT, 9, acute; ventral

blade slender, extending beyond apex of VTo, with mesal pectination of short

teeth; pectinate brush of 6-8 laterally pectinate hairs, some of these hairs

apparently with mesobasal pectination. Piliferous process with labula very

strongly developed, twice as long as anterior part, proximally curved, with

apex subacute, apex of anterior part appearing to form a rather small midven-

tral protuberance on labula. Maxilla: Cardo with 1-Mx single to triple.

Mesostipes 0.63 as wide as long, with lateral sclerotized surface smooth; twin

equal stipital sensoria at middle, short, with apex pointed, without differenti-

ated basal ring; 4-Mx slightly shorter than 5-Mx; 6-Mx subequal to 4-Mx. Pal-

postipes short, excluding lateral artis about 0.33 as long as mesostipes; Sg >

Sj = 84 > Sg = S5 in length; ampulla apparently absent. Mentum plate with 16-

18 teeth, median tooth much larger than others, with pointed apex; 4, 5 submedi-

an teeth truncate at apex, remaining teeth with acute apex; one specimen with

median tooth divided. Thorax. Prothoracic setal formula: 1-1-1-2(1,3)-1-1-

2(1)-1; 2-P a little shorter than 1-P; 3-P about 0.33 length of 1-P, single, very

rarely (2.9%) bifurcate; 1,5-P, 5,6,10,12-M and 10-T very long; 6-P simple

or barbed; 9-P usually single; 7,14-P, 1,4-M and 2-T usually double; 9-M

usually 5 branched. Abdomen. Setae 7-I and 6-II about as long as 6-C; 6, 8,

11-II, 3,4,11,12-I, 6-IV, 6,8-V and 10-VII usually double. Comb scales

43-54 in a patch; individual scales long, parallel-sided, with apex rounded,

apically fringed with spicules, the spicules progressively longer apically.

Siphon very long, brown, darker at apex and base, 24.3-30.2 as long as apical

width, length 2.08-2.54 mm, index 11.2-13.5; microsculpture indistinct; pec-

ten reaching basal 0.16-0.21 of siphon, of 13-18 (x = 16.4) teeth, intervals

rather wider apically; each tooth with about 10 or more ventral denticles; 1-S

of 5 (occasionally 4) pairs, located at basal 0. 25-0.33, 0.35-0.62, 0.55-0. 81,

0. 75-0. 88 and 0. 89-0. 96 respectively, proximal 4 pairs lateral, apical pair

subventral, each with 2-4 (rarely 5) branches, shorter than siphon diameter

at insertion; 2-S at apical unpigmented part of siphon, stiff, upright, shorter

than apical pecten tooth. Saddle with microsculpture of spiculiferous short

ridges; 1-X shorter than saddle; 4-X of 9-10 cratal tufts, each 2-11 branched.

Anal gills slightly narrowed apically, with apex rounded; dorsal gill 1.0-1.4

length of saddle; ventral gill 0.4-0.6 length of dorsal gill.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO. 4°, 39, with associ-

196 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

ated skins (51, 5 p); 59 L, 31: Yaeyama Gunto (K+0684, K-0698, K-0699,

K-1236, K-1238).

DISTRIBUTION. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO (Okinawa and Yaeyama Gunto).

TAIWAN. PHILIPPINES. BORNEO. JAVA. SOUTH CHINA. HAINAN

ISLAND. INDOCHINA. MALAYA. SINGAPORE. THAILAND. BURMA.

INDIA. SRI LANKA. MOROTAI. NEW GUINEA. BISMARCK ARCHIPELAGO.

TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION. Some differences in the larval characters were

noted between specimens from Iriomote Is., Ryukyu Archipelago, and Bram's

description (1967) of Thailand specimens. These are shown in Table 6.

TABLE 6. Comparison of larval characteristics between Ryukyu and

Thailand specimens of Culex (Eumelanomyia) brevipalpis.

Character Ryukyu (n = 30) Thailand (n = 96)*

Seta 5-C 2 2-4

Seta 6-C 2-3 (3 branched - 2.3%) 2-4

Seta 3-P a SS length of 1-P 0.5 length of 1-P

Seta 4-P 1-3; % = 2.3 2-5

Seta 8-P 1 2

Siphon index 11.2-13.5; x = 12.26 (n=21) 7-15; x =10.8

*After Bram 1967.

BIONOMICS. Apparently rare on Okinawa Is., more common on Iriomote

Is. Larvae usually occur in tree holes and bamboo. Collections have also been

reported from containers such as coconut shells, water jugs, barrels and stone

basins (Sirivanakarn 1972). As adults have not been collected from man or

domestic animals (ibid), brevipalpis appears to be of little or no medical sig-

nificance.

SUBGENUS LOPHOCERAOMYIA THEOBALD

Lophoceraomyia Theobald, 1905a: 245. Type-species: Lophocevaomyia

uniformis Theobald, 1905a; Ceylon.

Small to medium-sized mosquitoes, with proboscis, palpus and legs

unbanded. Larvae diverse in structure.

FEMALE. Head. Eyes contiguous above and below. Vertex with at least

some broad scales anterolaterally to eye margin; erect scales usually dark,

covering posterior half or more of vertex; temporal bristles usually 2. Antenna

a little longer than proboscis; pedicel simple or with a slight prominence;

flagellomere 1 1.1-1.4 of Flm 2. Palpus dark scaled, usually without segment

4. Proboscis without pale band, dark scaled, longer than forefemur, slender,

with 2-5 ventrobasal bristles. Thovax. Pronotal lobes without or with few

scales, posterior lobe with bristles along posterior margin. Scutum rather

roughly covered with narrow scales; acrostichal bristles absent except for 1-4

anterior pairs, all the other scutal bristles present. Pleura without distinct

scale patches, usually only sternopleuron with some translucent scales; lower

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 197

mesepimeral bristles present or absent. Wing. Veins dark scaled, the dorsal

scales usually scanty except apically; la ending at level between cubital fork

and m-cu; m-cu distinctly proximad of r-m. Legs. Tarsomere 5 shorter than

or as long as 4; hindtarsomere 1 1.00-1.17 of tibia. Abdomen. Laterotergite

unscaled. Seminal capsules 3, one slightly larger than other 2.

MALE. Antenna shorter than or about as long as proboscis; pedicel simple

or with distinct prominence; flagellum strongly plumose; flagellomere 12

usually distinctly longer than Flm 13, length ratio of Flm 12-13 to Flm 1-11

variable; Flm 7, 8 or often Flm 5-10 with various types of modified setae.

Palpus longer than proboscis (species in this region), apex upturned, poorly

to moderately bristled; palpifer occasionally with a pair of apical spiculate

short processes. Proboscis longer than forefemur, with false joint at basal

0.2-0.3, with a number of ventrobasal setae. Foretarsomere 4 slightly

shortened; 5 moderately modified, longer than 4, with a pair of short curved

setae on apex of ventrobasal swelling and another slender lateral pair, and

with a pair of setiferous ventrosubmedian or subbasal processes; midtarso-

meres 4,5 not modified, 5 shorter than 4. Anterior claw of foretarsus with a

blunt-tipped median tooth, posterior claw with sharp laterobasal tooth; anterior

claw of midtarsus simple; posterior claw as in foretarsus. Genitalia. Tergum

IX a poorly sclerotized narrow band, lobes poorly developed, widely separated,

with usually medium-sized bristles. Sternum IX largely membranous, with

or without bristles. Basistyle usually swollen basally in tergal view, without

scales, with a row or group of bristles on tergal surface in middle; subapical

lobe usually not divided and all modified setae closely packed, the modified

setae are 3 rods (a, 8B andy), mesal leaflet (5), usually broad lateral leaflet

(«), several shorter medioapical setae (yu) and lateral accessory bristle (x).

Dististyle usually apically tapering, simple or with apical annulations, usually

with a short seta on each convex and concave side near apex; claw short,

almost apical. Paraproct without basal sternolateral process, with apical

crest of spines, some lateral spines stout and blunt-tipped, others pointed and

slender. Aedeagus composed of a pair of lateral pieces connected by tergo-

subbasal and sternobasal bridges; tergoapical division of each lateral piece

with one or 2 well developed, usually tergally directed apical processes, with

smooth, denticulate or reticulate surfaces.

LARVA. Head. Seta 1-C stout, straight, deeply pigmented, shorter than

distance between bases; 4-C weak, single or branched from middle; 5, 6-C well

developed, behind level of 7-C; 14-C with branches well divergent from base;

16,17-C short and stiff. Antenna 0.6-0.9 length of head, spiculate, usually

curved; seta 1-A inserted at apical 0.20-0.33, with many strongly barbed

branches; 2,3-A subapical. Mouth brush of fine numerous hairs. Mandible

with a number of dorsolateral needle-like microspines near base. Mandibular

ring distinct, close to dorsobasal margin. Mandibular spurs 5. Mandibular

brush well developed. Mandibular comb of a number of spiculate prominences

(teeth), each with an outstanding long filamentous spicule. Cutting organ small;

mesal dorsal tooth with a fairly large mesobasal denticle; ventral tooth with

VT-4 spiniform, VT1,2 often very slender and unpigmented, VT3 always stout,

triangular; ventral blade extending far beyond apex of VTg, finely serrate

mesally, occasionally much smaller VBo present; hairs of pectinate brush

about 10 or more, laterally pectinate. Piliferous process well protrudent,

apically cleft, with ordinary 5 hair groups; labula more or less extending

beyond apex of anterior part. Mandibular hairs divided into 2 groups, hairs

of distal group basally barbed, one or 2 most proximal hairs of distal group

widely spaced. Maxilla. Cardo rather broadly fused mesobasally with cranium,

198 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

a strongly sclerotized strip-like apical margin of cranium to cardo lacking or

incomplete around the point of fusion. Mesostipes usually with a few rather

stout pectinate spicules on mesal margin near base; twin equal stipital sensoria

proximad of middle, without basal ring; ventral stipital seta 4-Mx stiff and

pigmented; hairs of maxillary brush long and slender; pseudoartis undeveloped,

but occasionally slightly developed. Lacinia with proximal lacinial seta 5-Mx

at or proximad of level of stipital sensoria. Palpostipes very short, basally

broadened, not fused ventrobasally with mesostipes; apex with ampulla and 5

palpal sensoria, S83 longest, S4 usually curved; lateral artis well developed.

Mentum plate somewhat pentagonal, with about 20 or less medium-sized teeth;

median tooth twice or more as broad as submedian tooth; lateral flanking teeth

larger and more widely spaced apically than mesal flanking teeth. Aulaeum

with unpigmented median tooth. Thorax. Seta 0-P dendritic; 3-P much shorter

than 1-P, single or branched; 8-P variable; 12-P longer than 9, 10-P.

Abdomen. Setae 6-I, II and 7-I strong; 7-II weak; 6-III- VI moderate to strong;

13-II, VI dendritic. Comb scales numerous in a patch, distal scales often

longer, individual scales paddle-shaped, usually apically and laterally fringed

evenly with spicules, occasionally with a small apical spine; 5-VIII more weak-

ly barbed than 1,3-VIII. Siphon long (index more than 6), apically tapering;

pecten within basal half of siphon, each tooth with ventral denticles up to near

apex; 1-S distad of pecten, 3 or more subventral or sublateral pairs, usually

weak; 2-S at apical membranous portion, shorter than apical pecten tooth.

Saddle with minute spicules never markedly stronger apically; 1-X shorter than

saddle; 2-X with one main branch and 1-4 short accessory branches; 3-X

single; 4-X of 10-12 cratal tufts. |

DISTRIBUTION. Japan and Korea (Cheju Do), Oriental and Australian

regions, and Pacific islands.

KEYS TO SPECIES OF CULEX (LOPHOCERA OMYIA)

FEMALE ADULT

ae Abdomen with basal bands; antennal pedicel without protuberance. . . 2

Abdomen-without Dasalbands i. 9F ahh ae BE OPE ee oes 3

2(1). Scutal integument yellowish brown; proboscis with 4 ventrobasal setae;

posterior pronotal lobe unscaled; 3-5 prealar bristles.

infantulus (p. 199)

Scutal integument reddish brown; proboscis with 2 ventrobasal setae;

posterior pronotal lobe with hair-like scales; 6-9 prealar bristles.

cinctellus (p. 202)

3(2). Antennal pedicel without protuberance; lower mesepimeral bristle

AUSONE ay au RO SOE OBO SEG tage rubithoracis (p. 204)

Antennal pedicel with protuberanee. 1. ee ho! cea 4

4(3). Scutal integument dark brown; lower mesepimeral bristle usually

present, “‘Tarely-absenty os kk eu PR ES bicornutus (p. 207)

Scutal integument light brown; lower mesepimeral bristle absent.

tuberis (p. 210)

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 198

MALE ADULT

Le. Antennal pedicel simple; palpifer with spiculate processes. ..... 2

Antennal pedicel with protuberance; palpifer simple. ......... 4.

2(1). Tergoapical process of aedeagus with surface reticulate; flagellomeres

1,8. With. miOdisied SClA Gs. 0) oias empath inntem eens eouas infantulus (p. 199)

Tergoapical process of aedeagus with surface smooth; flagellomeres

D~ LO With ROOM IEC SOCA Gi oie: ceskau ite eRe an, cide a tingielee. evaded sue a kleneeae 3

3(2). Basistyle with a group of bristles on tergal surface in middle; paraproct

with apical crest of numerous spines. ...... cinctellus (p. 202)

Basistyle with a row of bristles on tergal surface in middle; paraproct

with apical crest reduced to several spines. . . rubithoracis (p. 204)

4(2). Proboscis slightly swollen and bearing many setae in an area distad of

false joint; sternum IX with bristles. ....... bicornutus (p. 207)

Proboscis simple; sternum IX without bristles. .... tuberis (p. 210)

LARVA

dis Distal comb scales with a small stout apical spine.

bicornutus (p. 207)

All comb scales without apical spine, evenly fringed with fine

SCO ois idl samen cu nave chnt” « nctenctdesl ain Ghee compre nibcces ix imessul) Bol: duntbien 2

2(1). Thoracic integument entirely spiculate; seta 13-T with 1 or 2 strong

barbed branches together with 8-13 weak ones (9-14 in totel).

rubithoracis (p. 204)

Thoracic integument smooth, or at most only anterolaterally spiculate;

seta 13-T with subequal weak branches. ..........e.ee8-6

3(2). Seta 5-C usually 3 branched, very rarely 2 or 4 branched; 14-P single;

2-VIII usually double (after Colless 1965 and Bram 1967).

cinctellus (p. 202)

Seta 5-C single or double; 14-P 2-4 branched; 2-VII usually single, very

POVOlY QOUDLC 4. a4 b.5) os Py OM Orkin lacie ve eae 6 ORT, Mikio Buaheea tn wae 4

4(3). Siphon longer, 20.0-24.3 length of apical diameter; seta 6-C double;

De VIL Get DranGhed sa. ss oe den isiceny 62 deccentayrr Bae PUCMes infantulus (p. 199)

Siphon shorter, 13.3-15.6 length of apical diameter; seta 6-C single;

Dey Oe oii ay, ak Ac hak vag WL SS Ahk ea tuberis (p. 210)

39. CULEX (LOPHOCERAOMYIA) INFANTULUS EDWARDS

(Figs. 59, 60, 196; Table 75)

Culex (Lophoceratomyia) infantulus Edwards, 1922a: 287 (“). Type-locality:

Hong Kong. Hsiao and Bohart, 1946: 25, Kyushu, Japan; LaCasse and

Yamaeuti, 1950: 197 (%, 9, L).

200 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

Culex (Lophoceraomyia) infantulus: Bohart and Ingram, 1946b: 73, Okinawa

Is., Ryukyu Archipelago.

FEMALE (Fig. 196). Wing length 2.8-3.5 mm. Head, Vertex covered

with rather pale brown narrow curved scales, with some dark and/or pale

broad scales anterolaterally to eye margin; numerous dark erect forked scales

over almost entire vertex; tempus covered with broad pale yellowish scales;

0-6 vertical and usually 2 temporal dark bristles on each side. Clypeus yellow-

ish to dark brown. Antenna: pedicel simple, yellowish-brown, mesally infus-

cate, with several minute bristles, occasionally with a few dark small scales;

flagellum 1.08-1.10 (5) of proboscis; flagellomere 1 1.32-1.41 (5) of Flm 2,

with some dark scales. Palpus 0.16-0.19 (5) of proboscis, segment 3 2.00-

3.00 (5) of 2; 4 absent in 6 dissected specimens. Proboscis 1.12-1.14 (5) of

forefemur, with 4 ventrobasal bristles, mesal 2 of which are shorter. Thorax.

Pronotal lobes with integument pale brown, lacking scales, or with a few broad

scales on anterior lobe which bears several rather stout dark bristles antero-

mesally and a number of fine pale ones elsewhere; posterior lobe with 3, 4

dark brown bristles along posterior margin. Scutum with integument yellowish

brown, covered with rather dark brownish narrow curved scales, scales of

supraalar area and prescutellar space appearing slightly paler; scutal bristles

dark brown, acrostichals reduced to 2-4 anterior pairs. Scutellum with scales

similar to those of prescutellar space; median lobe with 4-6 (usually 5,6), each

lateral lobe with 4, 5 long dark brown bristles, each lobe with several additional

fine bristles. Pleural integument brown to pale brown; sternopleuron with a

few broad pale scales dorsally and midposteriorly, remainder of pleura unscaled;

pleural bristles mostly dark brown, upper mesepimerals and a few finer pro-

pleurals and sternopleurals pale brown, 5 to more than 10 propleurals, 3-5 pre-

alars, more than 10 sternopleurals, 4-6 upper mesepimerals and one lower

mesepimeral. Wing. Cell Ro 1.94-2.39 (5) length of vein rg,3, longer than

Mj+2. Halter with dark scaled knob. Legs. Forecoxa covered with rather

dark scales anteriorly, scales at base appearing pale; mid- and hindcoxae with

pale scales. Forefemur pale in posterior half of ventral surface; midfemur

pale in lower half of posterior surface excepting apical area; hindfemur largely

pale on both anterior and posterior surfaces except for apical area, dorsal dark

area reaching base; femora otherwise, tibiae and tarsi dark. Tarsomere 5

shorter than 4; hindtarsomere 1 1.08-1.17 (6) of tibia. Abdomen. Tergum I

with median patch of dark scales; II-VII dark scaled, with basal bands of pale

scales, the bands on II, III and VII often reduced. Sterna pale scaled.

MALE (Figs. 60, 196). Wing length 2.3-2.9 mm. Antenna: pedicel gla-

brous; flagellum 0.90-0.94 (5) of proboscis; flagellomere 12 1.22-1.44 (5) of

Flm 13, both 0.92-1.05 (5) of Flm 1-11; Flm 7 with 2 or 3 (usually 2) apically

curved broad short modified setae; 8 with 4,5 (usually 5) rather long slender

leaf-like modified setae. Palpifer with a ventral spiculate process and a bundle

of short spicules at apex. Palpus 1.07-1.11 (5) of proboscis, dark scaled;

segments 4,5 and apex of 3 with only several rather short bristles; length ratio

of 2-5: 1.45-1.60 : 2.45-2.84 : 0.96-1.04: 1.00 (5). Proboscis 1.19-1.28 (5)

of forefemur, with 7-9 ventrobasal bristles; false joint indistinct. Cell R

1.32-2.08 (5) length of vein ro4g. Foretarsomere 5 1.07-1.15 (2) of 4; hind-

tarsomere 1 1.12-1.17 (5) of tibia. Genitalia. Tergum IX with lobes only

slightly prominent, each bearing 2-5 bristles. Sternum IX with 2-5 bristles.

Basistyle not much swollen in basal half in tergal view, bristled except for

mesal surface and base of lateral surface; subapical lobe not very prominent,

a, 6 and y of proximal group equal in length, relatively short, curved at apex;

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 201

5 narrow; € a little wider and shorter than 6; 4 setae (y) present between these

two leaflets. Dististyle arcuate, slightly more than half as long as basistyle,

with a lamellose expansion on apical half of concave side; seta on convex side

shorter than and distal to that of concave side. Cercal tergal surface weakly

sclerotized; 2-4 cercal setae on each side; paraproct well sclerotized. Tergal

division of aedeagus consisting of well sclerotized basal bridge, paired basal

square structures and long apical processes which are horn-shaped, strongly

curved, tergally directed at apex, with reticulate surface; sternal division

fairly wide, apparently jointed with tergal division in a wide isthmus.

LARVA (Fig. 59). Head. Width 0.96-1.10 mm; yellowish brown; 1.38-

1.51 times as wide as long; labrum slightly concave between bases of seta 1-C;

1-C 0.35-0. 46 (6) as long as distance between bases, apex needle-like; 4-C

posteriad of 7-C and anteriad of 6-C, usually single, subequal to distance

between bases; 5-C well caudad of 7-C, always double; 6-C a little anteriad

of a line between 5, 7-C; 13-C occasionally with barbs; 16, 17-C single or

double. Antenna 0.55-0.64 mm long, 0.79-0.88 as long as head, dark at base

and in distal part, curved, proximal part dorsally, laterally and ventrobasally

spiculate, distal part laterally spiculate only; 1-A inserted at apical 0.24-0. 35,

with 28-34 barbed branches; 2, 3-A equal in length, pigmented; 4-A slightly

shorter than 2-A, 5-A with a slender accessory sensorium on proximal divi-

sion. Mandible with MdS9 consisting of nearly 10 short slender spurs; mandi-

bular comb of about 10 or less spiculate prominences (teeth). Cutting organ:

mesal dorsal tooth with a large truncate mesobasal denticle; ventral tooth with

VT-4 not reaching apex of VT9; VT1, 9 very narrow, unpigmented; VT3 pig-

mented; pectinate brush 12-15 haired. Piliferous process with labula only

slightly extending beyond apex of anterior part. Mandibular hairs (6-7) +

(9-10). Maxilla. Seta 1-Mx very weak, single. Mesostipes about 1.5 times

as long as wide, smooth on lateral surface, with a few rather stout pectinate

spicules on mesal margin near base; stipital sensoria located at basal 0. 33;

4-Mx of medium length. Parartis a weakly sclerotized expansion of dorso-

basal margin at middle. Lacinia with 5-Mx at or a little proximad of level of

stipital sensoria; 6-Mx slightly shorter than 4-Mx. Palpostipes excluding

lateral artis about 0.25 length of mesostipes, with mesal unsclerotized band

from apex to base; Sg > Sy > Sg = S4> Ss in length. Mentum plate with 15-19

teeth, median tooth twice as broad as submedian tooth, with apex narrow and

acute, 4-5 mesal flanking teeth subequal, closely spaced up to near apex,

lateral most teeth often abortive. Thorax. Prothoracic setal formula:

1-1-1-2-.2(1)-1-1-3(2)-2; 3-P distinctly shorter and weaker than 1, 2-P; 4-P

fairly strong, 4, 6-8-P subequal; 4,14-P, 4-M and 2-T usually double; 7-P

usually triple; 1-T usually single. Abdomen. Setae 4-I and 7-II often with

distinct barbs; 6-I-II and 7-I stronger and more deeply pigmented than 6-III- VII;

6-I, when 3 branched, with one branch often much shorter and weaker than

other 2; 6-III-VII progressively longer; 1-I, 1, 8-II, 4-IV, 3-V and 2-VIII

usually single; 12-I, 3-II, 5,11-II], 3,8,11-IV, 5, 8-V and 5-VI usually double;

11-II, 6, 13-III and 9-VII usually triple; 1-IV and 6-IV-VI usually 4 branched;

1-VII usually with 6 branches. Comb scales 40-51 in a patch, posterior scales

longer than anterior ones, individual scales elongate, paddle-shaped, apically

rounded, apically fringed with moderate spicules, laterally with shorter spicules.

Siphon yellowish brown, darker at base and apex often with a rather broad dark

band in middle, 20.0-24.3 times as long as apical width; length 1.67-1.97 mm,

index 8. 75-10.25; microsculpture consisting of faint short transverse rows of

minute denticles; pecten reaching basal 0.23-0.32 of siphon, of 12-17 teeth

including 0-2 basal abortive teeth, the teeth usually progressively longer and

202 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

more widely spaced apically, occasionally apical tooth markedly detached,

each tooth with several ventral denticles; 1-S of 3-5 (usually 4) subventral or

sublateral pairs, basalmost 1-S inserted at basal 0.35-0.54 (usually 0.38-0. 44),

each most frequently double, occasionally single, rarely triple, longer than

siphon diameter at insertion; 2-S stiff, directed proximally. Saddle 0.29-0.34

mm long; microsculpture of short rows of short spicules, progressively stronger

apically; 2-X with one long and 1-3 short branches; 4-X of 10-12 cratal tufts,

each 2-9 (mostly 6-8) branched. Anal gills pointed, 0.62-0.85 as long as sad-

dle, ventral gill as long as or slightly shorter than dorsal one.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. KOREA. 2°: Cheju Do (M-0852, M-0877).

RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO. 60°, 42, with associated skins (4 l, 4 Os 4.beed E

Okinawa Gunto (J-0451, J- 0476, J-0490, J-0492, J-0501, J- 0502, J- 0898,

J-0905, J-1292, J- 2193, J- 2194), 2700, goby, with associated skins (3 is 3D);

63 3k. 2 1: Yaeyama Gunté (K-0181, K- 0667, K-0674, K-0907, K-0919, K-0924,

K- 0925, K-0934, K-0939, K-0940, ne 0946, ae 0948, K-0949, aie 0951, i ae 0954,

K-0956, K-0961, K- 0972. K- 0976, K- 1002, K- 1010, K-1023, K- 1027, K- 1037,

K-1065, K-1078, K-1080, K-1082, K-1088, K-1089, K-1101, K-1111, K-1329,

K-1337, K-2063).

DISTRIBUTION. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN. (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku,

Kyushu). KOREA (Cheju Do). RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO (Amami, Okinawa

and Yaeyama Guntd). SOUTH CHINA. HONG KONG. INDOCHINA. THAILAND.

PHILIPPINES. JAVA. MALAYA. INDIA. NEPAL. SRI LANKA. MALDIVE

ISLANDS.

BIONOMICS. Very common throughout the Ryukyu Archipelago except for

Miyako Gunt0, rare in temperate Japan. The larvae are found most frequently

in blocked streams, rock pools, ground pools, and occasionally in crab holes.

Sirivanakarn (1977) reported larvae found in containers such as palm bracts,

leaf axils and earthenware jars. Females fed on reptiles and amphibians as

well as chicks and mice, and showed a higher preference for amphibians than

reptiles in the laboratory (Miyagi 1972b).

40. CULEX (LOPHOCERAOMYIA) CINCTELLUS EDWARDS

(Figs. 60, 197)

Culex (Lophoceratomyia) cinctellus Edwards, 1922a,b: 281, 473 (nom. nov.

for Lophoceratomyia taeniata Leicester, 1908: 127 (¢, 2). Type-locality:

Kuala Lumpur and Klang, Malaya).

Culex (Lophoceraomyia) cinctellus: Bohart, 1959: 197, Yaeyama, Ryukyu

Archipelago.

FEMALE (Fig. 197). Wing length 3.1-3.5 mm. Head. Vertex covered

with pale golden-yellow narrow curved scales and numerous erect forked scales;

eye margin with broad pale scales; tempus covered with broad pale scales;

4-6 vertical and 2 temporal dark bristles on each side. Clypeus dark brown.

Antenna: pedicel dark brown, without protuberance; flagellum 1. 06-1. 14 (4)

length of proboscis; flagellomere 1 1.13-1.27 (4) of Flm 2. Palpus 0.17-0.18

(4) as long as proboscis, segment 3 1. 89-2. 44 (4) of 2; 4 absent in 4 slide

mounted specimens. Proboscis 1.17-1.23 (4) of forefemur, with 2 ventrobasal

setae, rarely an additional short seta present. Thovax. Pronotal integument

yellowish brown; anterior lobe with only a few rather broad scales and bearing

more than 10 bristles of various sizes; posterior lobe with several hair-like

scales and 3-9 stout bristles along posterior margin together with a few fine

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 203

ones along posterodorsal margin. Scutum with integument rather reddish

brown, covered with bronzy narrow curved scales, those on margins somewhat

paler; acrostichal bristles reduced to one or 2 pairs of dark bristles on anterior

promontory; bristles in and around fossal area variable, usually one stout hu-

meral and one stout posterior fossal present. Scutellum covered with pale

bronzy narrow curved scales; each lateral lobe bearing 4 dark stout bristles

and median lobe bearing 5-7, each lobe with additional short bristles. Pleural

integument yellowish brown; pale or dark rather broad scales on upper and

posterior margins of sternopleuron but not forming a distinct patch; pleural

bristles bronzy to pale yellow, about 10 or more propleurals, 6-9 prealars,

more than 10 sternopleurals along upper to posterior margin, 5-9 upper

mesepimerals, one distinct lower mesepimeral. Wing. Cell Ro 1.67-1.97

(3) length of vein r9,3. Halter with dark scaled knob. Legs. Forecoxa

covered with dark scales anteriorly and with pale scales laterally; mid- and

hindcoxae with pale scales. Posterior half of ventral surface of forefemur,

lower half of anterior surface and most of posterior surface of mid- and hind-

femora, and posteroventral surface of tibiae pale scaled; femora, tibiae and

tarsi otherwise dark scaled. Foretarsomere 5 shorter than 4; hindtarsomere

11.04-1.09 (4) length of tibia. Abdomen. Tergum I with median patch of dark

scales; II-VII dark scaled, with distinct basal bands of pale scales, lateral

margin with pale scales; VIII and sterna pale scaled.

MALE (Figs. 60, 197). Wing length 2.7-3.2 mm. Antenna: flagellum

0. 92-0. 96 (4) of proboscis; flagellomere 12 1.21-1.35 (3) of Flm 13, both

1.18-1.21 (3) of Flm 1-11; 1 with 13-17 hairs shortened, 8-10 of them stiff;

2-4 with 13 or 14 hairs shortened, 4-6 of them stiff; 5 with 3-5 rather long

leaflets and 2-4 basally broadened hairs together with 12-14 shortened hairs;

6 with a tuft of 15-18 stout dark setae, 4-6 of them straight or slightly arcuate,

others strongly twisted, intermediate forms present, 12-15 hairs shortened;

7 with 3-4 broad short, apically narrow dark leaflets and a tuft of about 10 short

stout twisted dark setae, nearly 10 hairs shortened; 8 with a tuft of 7-8 rather

long narrow curved dark thickened setae, together with about 10 shortened hairs;

9 with 3-5 long narrow leaflets and 3-4 long straight dark setae, together with

more than 10 shortened hairs; 10 with 3-5 curved or straight long dark setae

and more than 10 rather shortened hairs. Palpus 1.16-1.21 (4) length of pro-

boscis (longer than probscis by length of segment 5); 4, 5 and apex of 3 hairy;

length ratio of 2-5: 1.03-1.21 : 2.26-2.54 : 1.00-1.03 : 1.00 (4); palpifer with

2 brush-like processes at apex. Proboscis bearing 12-15 stout ventrobasal

setae, with a false joint at basal 0.26-0.27 (5). Lateral lobes of scutellum

usually with 3 long dark bristles. Upper mesepimeral bristles 3-6. Cell Ro

1.40-1.72 (4) length of vein r9;3. Foretarsomere 5 1.46-1.60 of 4; hindtarso-

mere 1 1.10-1.17 (4) length of tibia. Abdominal segment VIII dark scaled with

an indistinct basal pale band. Genitalia. Tergum IX with poorly protrudent

lobes, each bearing 2-4 short bristles. Sternum IX with a square sclerotization

in basal half, without bristles. Basistyle bearing a group of medium-sized

bristles about middle of tergal side, without bristles on basal area of lateral

surface and subapical area of mesal surface, otherwise bristled; subapical lobe

prominent, bearing 3 rods (a, B, y) and an additional leaflet of proximal group,

and 2 striated leaflets (§ and «) and 4-6 setae (u) of distal group; a with lamellose

apex and pointed tip; g and y curved at apex with sharp tip; additional leaflet

narrow, rather short, faintly striate, placed just outside rods; 6 longest of

all the setae of distal group, moderately wide; « very wide; y curved at apex,

shorter than and placed between leaflets. Dististyle wide, 0.67-0.75 length of

basistyle, frilled on apical part, with 2 minute setae about apical 0.2, seta on

204 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

convex side. Cercal tergal surface weakly sclerotized; 2-4 cercal setae on

each side; paraproct well sclerotized. Tergal division of aedeagus well

sclerotized, bulbous in dorsal view, tergal side widely and triangularly incised

~ apically at middle, apical half formed by paired, distally convergent, tergo-

distally directed and apically pointed processes. Sternal division very wide,

connected with tergal division by a narrow isthmus.

LARVA. (After Colless 1965 and Bram 1967). Head. Seta 4-C 2-5

branched; 9-C usually triple, occasionally double or quadruple on one side

only; 6-C double; 8-C 2-4 branched. Antenna with a narrow dark basal ring,

dark in distal part. Mentum plate with 14-16 lateral teeth. Thorax with light

to moderate spiculation on anterolateral surface of prothorax; 3-P considerably

shorter and more slender than 1,2-P, 2-4 branched; 4, 8-P double, 5, 6-P

single, 7-P 3,4 branched, 14-P single. Abdomen. Seta 7-I double, 2-VIII

double. Comb scales 40-50 in a patch, individual scales fan-shaped, fringed.

Siphon index 7.0-9.1 (« = 8.2); pecten restricted to basal 0.25 or less of

siphon, of 8-11 teeth, each with 11-14 equal fine ventral denticles; 1-S of 4

subventral pairs, each 2,3 branched, shorter than siphon diameter at insertion.

Seta 2-X 4,5 branched. Anal gills as long as or a little longer than saddle.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO. 1730, 912: Yaeyama

Gunto (K-0181, K-0181a, K-0183, K-0580, K-0582, K-0583, K-0584, K-0919,

K-0924, K-0925, K-0946, K-0951, K-0956, K-1002, K-1010, K-1021, K-1078,

K-1089, K-1111, K-1328).

DISTRIBUTION. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO (Yaeyama Gunto). HAINAN

ISLAND. PHILIPPINES. BORNEO. JAVA. SUMATRA. MALAYA. SINGA-

PORE. THAILAND. INDIA.

TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION. Thirteen larval specimens (4 from Thailand,

0 from Perak, Malaya, 2 from Johore, Malaya, 2 from Sabah, Borneo; USNM)

were examined. Relative length of seta 1-C to the distance between their bases

is rather variable, 0.33-0.49 (6); 13-T with 7-11 subequal weak branches;

2-VIII single in 2 specimens from Thailand, double in all the others. There

were 2 larval specimens from the Ryukyu Archipelago. (Nakara R., Iriomote,

XI-14-51, ground pool, R. Bohart; USNM). One of them is a very poor speci-

men and cannot be identified with certainty, another is nearly identical with

cinctellus, but, in this specimen, 1-C is more slender and paler, 0.47-0.49

as long as distance between bases; 2-VIII single on one side and double on

another. No other specimens from the Ryukyu Archipelago were available.

BIONOMICS. Adults are common in Yaeyama Gunto. Bohart (1959)

stated, ''Larvae breed in open grassy ground pools."' No other records of larvae

exist in this region. Both Sirivanakarn (1977) and Bram (1967) cite other

authors as believing cinctellus to be primarily a bird feeder, but that it may

bite man on occasion.

41. CULEX (LOPHOCERAOMYIA) RUBITHORACIS (LEICESTER)

(Figs. 61, 62, 198; Table 76)

Lophoceratomyia rubithovacis Leicester, 1908: 119 (*, 9). Type-locality:

Kuala Lumpur, Malaya.

Culex rubithoracis: Yamada, 1932: 217, Honshu and Kyushu, Japan; Intermill,

1967: 1, Okinawa Is., Ryukyu Archipelago.

Culex (Lophoceratomyia) rubithovacis: LaCasse and Yamaguti, 1950: 192

(o, %, L).

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 205

FEMALE (Fig. 198). (4 specimens). Wing length: 2.2-2.8 mm (3).

Head. Vertex covered with dark broad scales anteriorly and pale yellowish

brown narrow curved scales posteriorly; side of vertex and tempus covered

with pale broad scales; dark erect forked scales on posterior part of vertex;

5 vertical and 2 temporal dark bristles on each side. Clypeus dark brown.

Antenna: pedicel simple, dark brown mesally, with several minute bristles,

occasionally with one or 2 small scales; flagellomere 1 1.19-1.31 (2) length of

Flm 2. Palpus 0.16-0.17 (2) of proboscis; 3 1.71-2.00 (2) of 2; 4 absent in 2

slide mounted specimens. Proboscis 1.02-1.10 (2) of forefemur, with 2 (3)

ventrobasal setae. Thovax. Anterior pronotal lobe rather dark brown,

unscaled, bearing more than 10 dark brown bristles of various sizes; posteri-

or pronotal lobe with a number of dark hair-like scales on dorsal half, bearing

3,4 dark bristles along posterior margin. Scutum with integument brown, with

a weak purplish-reddish reflection, covered with dark narrow curved scales,

the scales rather dense on fossal area; scutal bristles dark, acrostichals

reduced to one anterior pair, occasionally humerals absent, posterior fossals

1,2. Scutellum yellowish brown, covered roughly with scales similar to those

of scutum; each lobe bearing 4 long dark bristles together with several fine

ones. Pleural integument light to pale brown, scales absent; propleuron

rather darker, with 6 to more than 10 bristles, sternopleuron with 5, 6 rather

long dark and about 10 fine pale bristles, 2,3 rather stiff dark prealars, 3,4

fine yellowish brown upper mesepimerals, no lower mesepimerals. Wing.

Cell Ro 1. 82-2.08 (3) length of vein r9ig, longer than Mj,5. Halter with dark

scaled knob. Legs. Forecoxa covered anteriorly with dark scales; mid- and

hindcoxae anterolaterally with pale scales. Fore- and midfemora pale on

posterior and ventral surfaces, hindfemur pale on both anterior and posterior

surfaces including ventral surface, these pale areas apically narrowed and not

reaching apex, dorsal dark area of hindfemur almost reaching base; remainder

of femora, tibiae and tarsi dark. Tarsomere 5 shorter than 4; hindtarsomere

1 1.00-1.03 (3) length of tibia. Abdomen. Tergum I with a median patch of

dark scales; II-VII dorsally dark scaled, with lateral oacheous scales. Sterna

covered with ochreous scales.

MALE (Figs. 62, 198). (7 specimens). Wing length: 2.1-2.3 mm (5).

Antenna: pedicel blackish brown, glabrous; flagellum 0.95-0.96 (2) length of

proboscis; flagellomere 12 1.41-1.70 (3) of Flm 13, both 1.14-1.21 (3) of Flm

1-11; 1 with 10-12 hairs shortened and 7-9 of their stiff; 2-4 with 7-9 hairs

shortened and 3-6 of them stiff; 5 with 3,4 slender leaflets and about 10 short-

ened hairs; 6 with 14-18 dark leaflets, 3,4 of them weakly curved, others

strongly twisted, 11,12 shortened hairs also present; 7 with 2 or 3 broad dark

curved leaflets and 5-7 short dark curved leaflets, 8-11 shortened hairs also

present; 8 with 5,6 dark rather long, slender, curved leaflets and 10-12 short-

ened hairs; 9 with 3,4 rather dark, subapically broadened rather long leaflets

and 14-17 shortened hairs; 10 with 16,17 rather shortened hairs, 2 of them

slightly thickened. Palpus 1.14-1.21 (2) times as long as proboscis; segments

3, 4 and apex of 3 with many moderately long bristles; length ratio of 2-5:

1.06-1.23 : 2.26-2.42 : 0.98-1.02 : 1.00 (2); palpifer with a pair of brush-like

processes at apex. Proboscis 1.31-1.39 (2) of forefemur, with false joint at

basal 0.28 (1), with 11-13 stout ventrobasal setae. Cell Ro 1.36-1.85 (4) length

of vein r9i3. Foretarsomere 5 1.34-1.40 (3) length of 4; hindtarsomere 1

1.02-1.06 (5) length of tibia. Genitalia. Tergum IX with weakly protrudent

lobes, each with 1-3 short bristles. Sternum IX without bristles. Basistyle

with a tergomedian row of 3, 4 (usually 3) curved bristles of medium length,

mesad of it another row of fine bristles from base to base of subapical lobe,

206 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

long bristles laterally and short to moderate bristles ventrally, several fine

bristles scattered between the tergomedian row and lateral long bristles in

apical 0.67; subapical lobe close to apex, well protrudent, with 3 rods subequal

in length, qa little broadened apically, g and y curved, slightly more slender

thana; 6moderately broad, not striated; « apparently broader but shorter than

6; 4- 6 more or less thickened medioapical setae (Hy_¢), 41 longest, slightly ar-

cuate, others strongly curved about at middle; moderately long. Dististyle

with annulations on convex side in apical 0.2, a short seta on each convex and

concave side about at apical 0.25; claw apically broadened. Cercal tergal sur-

face weakly sclerotized; 1-3 cercal setae on each side; paraproct with apex

sternally expanded and apparently bilobed, one lobe a rounded lamella and

another an acute tooth, apical crest reduced, consisting of 4-7 short pointed

spines. Tergoapical division of aedeagus of each lateral piece with a single

acute, tergomesally directed, horn-like, smooth apical process.

LARVA (Fig. 61). Head. Width: 0.91-0.98 mm; yellowish brown, 1. 48-

1.57 times as wide as long; labrum straight or only slightly concave between

bases of seta 1-C; 1-C 0.36-0.46 (x = 0.40) as long as distance between bases,

apex needle-like; 4-C posteriad of 7-C and anteriad of 6-C, always branched,

shorter than distance between bases; 5-C well caudad of 7-C; 6-C almost al-

ways double, usually longer and stouter than 5-C, a little anteriad of a line

between 5, 7-C; 10-C usually triple; 13-C occasionally barbed; 14-C usually

double; 16-C single, 17-C usually single, rarely double. Antenna 0. 48-0. 52

mm long, 0.78-0.84 length of head, yellowish brown, darker at base and par-

tially in distal part, proximal part dorsally, laterally and ventrobasally spicu-

late, distal part laterally spiculate only; 1-A inserted at apical 0.27-0. 33

(x = 0.31), with 27-33 barbed branches; 2,3-A equal in length, pigmented; 4-A

much shorter than 2-A. Mandible with MdS9 consisting of 8,9 slender spurs;

MdS4 intermediate between Mdsj, 3 in length and pigmentation. Mandibular

comb of less than 10 spiculate prominences (teeth). Cutting organ: mesal

dorsal tooth with a fairly large mesobasal denticle; ventral tooth with VT-4 not

reaching apex of VTg; VT1,2 very narrow and unpigmented, VT 3 fairly long,

weakly pigmented; pectinate brush of 9,10 laterally pectinate hairs. Membran-

ous process with labula extending only a little beyond apex of anterior part.

Mandibular hairs (5-7) + (8-10). Maxilla. Cardinal seta 1-Mx single, very

fine. Mesostipes about 1.5 times as long as wide, smooth on lateral surface,

with a few rather stout pectinate spicules on mesal margin near base; stipital

sensoria located at about basal 0.33; ventral stipital seta 4-Mx short but stout.

Parartis not well differentiated. Lacinia with proximal lacinial seta 5-Mx at

or slightly proximad of level of stipital sensoria; distal lacinial seta 6-Mx longer

than 4-Mx. Palpostipes excluding lateral artis 0.25-0.30 length of mesostipes;

S3 > S1 > So = Sq > Ss in length. Mentum plate (ventromentum) with 12-15 teeth,

median tooth about twice as broad as submedian tooth, with apex narrow and

acute, most lateral teeth usually very small. Thorax. Integument distinctly

spiculate. Prothoracic setal formula: 1-1-3-7-2-1-1-3(2)-2; 3-P short and

weak; 4-P subequal to 7, 8-P in length; 5-M shorter than 6-M; 13-T with 1 or 2

long barbed branches together with 8-13 weaker branches; usually, 7-P triple,

14-P single, 8-M 5,6 branched and 7-T 7 branched. Abdomen. Integument

smooth excepting segments VIII and X. Seta 6-I with 1 branch usually slightly

stronger than other 2; 6-II with 1 weak and 2 strong branches; 6-III-VI of medium

length; 12-I, 5-II, III, 10-I0, 12-IV, V 4, 7-VII and 2-VIII usually double; usually,

6-10, IV 5 branched and 6-VI 4 branched. Comb scales 26-40 in a patch, posteri-

or scales longer than anterior scales, individual scales elongate, paddle-shaped,

apically fringed with moderate spicules, shorter spicules laterally. Szphon

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 207

yellowish brown, darker at base, 13.0-14.8 times as long as apical width;

length 1.22-1.34 mm, index 6.93-8.00; microsculpture indistinct; pecten

reaching basal 0.23-0.32, of 8-11 teeth, apical teeth longer and more widely

spaced, each tooth with nearly 10 ventral denticles; 1-S of usually 4 (rarely 3)

pairs, each with 2-4 (rarely one) branches, longer than siphon diameter at

insertion, basalmost 1-S located at basal 0.28-0.38 of siphon; 2-S stiff.

Saddle 0.28-0.31 mm long, microsculpture distinct in apical half, of short

transverse or oblique ridges bearing several minute spicules, becoming evenly

scattered single longer spicules toward apex; 1-X shorter than saddle; 2-X

with one long and 1,2 (usually 2) short branches; 4-X of 10-12 cratal tufts,

each 3-10 branched. Anal gills 1.2-1.5 length of saddle, a little tapering

apically, with apex rounded.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO. 5c, 49, with associ-

ated skins (41, 4p); 11 L, 121: Amami Gunto (I-1855, I-1880, I-1881). 2°:

Okinawa Gunto (J-2308, J-2309).

DISTRIBUTION. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN. (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu).

RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO (Amami and Okinawa Gunt6). TAIWAN. PHILIP-

PINES. BORNEO. JAVA. SUMATRA. SOUTH CHINA. MALAYA. SINGA-

PORE. THAILAND. BURMA. INDIA. SRI LANKA.

BIONOMICS. NOTES. Not common throughout Japan. Larvae were ob-

tained from ground pools of clean water in Amami Oshima. Other larval habi-

tats are large natural ponds, rice paddies, irrigation or drainage ditches and

the margin of slowly moving streams; associated species include Culex tritae-

niorhynchus, Cx. hayashii and Cx. infantulus (LaCasse and Yamaguti 1950).

Favored breeding sites are characterized by emergent or submergent vegeta-

tion and in being open and sunlit in contrast to the shaded sites preferred by its

close relatives (Sirivanakarn 1977). Females feed on Bufo bufo japonicus, but

not on man (Yamada 1932).

42. CULEX (LOPHOCERAOMYIA) BICORNUTUS (THEOBALD)

(Figs. 62, 63, 199; Table 77)

Lophoceratomyia bicornuta Theobald, 1910a: 25 (*). Type-locality: Dawna

Hills, nr. Kawkareik, Lower Burma.

Culex (Lophoceraomyia) minor: Bohart, 1959: 197, Yaeyama, Ryukyu Archi-

pelago (after Sirivanakarn, 1976, personal communication).

FEMALE (Fig. 199). Wing length 3.2-3.6 mm. Head, Vertex covered with

bronzy narrow curved scales and numerous dark erect forked scales; eye mar-

gin bordered with pale rather narrow curved scales; tempus heavily covered

with pale broad scales; 4-5 vertical and 2 temporal dark bristles on each side.

Clypeus dark brown. Antenna: pedicel brown, darker mesally, with a small

protuberance together with a few short hairs and small scales on mesal sur-

face; flagellum 1.07-1.12 (4) length of proboscis; flagellomere 1 1.25-1.36 (4)

of Flm 2. Palpus 0.21-0.25 (4) of proboscis; segment 3 3.33-3.88 (4) of 2; 4

absent in 4 dissected specimens. Proboscis 1.06-1.14 (3) of forefemur, with

4 ventrobasal bristles, mesal 2 finer. Thovax. Pronotal integument brown to

dark brown; anterior lobe bearing more than 10 bristles of various sizes, with-

out scales; posterior lobe unscaled or with several dark narrow curved scales

anterodorsally and a few rather broad scales posteriorly; 3,4 rather stout

bristles along posterior margin, sometimes an additional short one present.

Scutum with integument rather dark brown, covered with dark bronzy narrow

208 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

curved scales; acrostichal bristles reduced to usually 2 pairs of dark bristles

on anterior promontory; usually one stout humeral, one medium-sized angular

and one stout posterior fossal present, sometimes additional small bristles

present in and around fossal area. Scutellum with dark hair-like scales; each

lateral lobe bearing 4 long dark bristles, median lobe bearing 4,5. Pleural

integument brown to dark brown on anterior half, becoming posteriorly paler,

often with greenish tinge; several pale or dark, rather broad scales loosely set

on sternopleuron; about 10 propleural bristles, 3-5 prealars, more than 10

sternopleurals along upper to posterior margin, 4-7 fine upper mesepimerals,

one lower mesepimeral, rarely 2 or lacking. Wing. Cell Ry 1.36-1.72 (4)

length of vein r9i3. Halter with dark scaled knob. Legs. Forecoxa with gray

scales anteriorly, pale scales laterally; mid- and hindcoxae with pale scales.

Posterior half of ventral surface of forefemur, lower half of posterior surface

of mid- and hindfemora pale scaled, the pale area basally broadened; femora,

tibiae and tarsi otherwise dark scaled. Foretarsomere 5 about as long as 4;

hindtarsomere 1 1.05-1.10 (4) length of tibia. Abdomen. Tergum I witha

median spot of dark scales; II-VI dark scaled. Sterna pale scaled.

MALE (Figs. 62, 199). Wing length 2.8-3.1 mm. Antenna: pedicel with

a prominent protuberance on mesal side; flagellum 0.94-1.00 (4) length of

proboscis; flagellomere 12 0.98-1.28 (4) of Flm 13, both 1.00-1.21 (4) of Flm

1-11; 1 with 10-12 hairs shortened; 2 with 9-12 hairs shortened or reduced;

3 with 2-5 hairs shortened and 6-10 reduced; 4 with 7-9 hairs shortened and

3-6 reduced; 5 with 15-17 shortened hairs and 6,7 stout straight setae; 6 with

20 or more shortened hairs and a tuft of 12-15 twisted dark setae, a few inter-

mediate forms present; 7 with 2-6 shortened hairs, 7-10 short narrow dark

leaflets, a tuft of 6,7 strongly twisted, apically narrow, dark setae and another

tuft of about 20 short dark twisted setae; 8 with 8-12 shortened hairs and tuft

of 6-9 long dark sigmoid setae, one of them expanded at middle, some hairs

between leaflets and shortened hairs of an intermediate form, 9-12 short

leaflets accompanied by one or 2 shortened hairs also present; 9 with 5, 6 long

dark, arcuate or straight, setae and more than 10 hairs a little shorter than

ordinary hairs; 10 with a number of slightly shortened hairs. Palpus 1.13-

1.21 (4) length of proboscis; segments 4,5 not very hairy; length ratio of 2-5:

1.03-1.19 : 2.35-2.76 : 0.80-0.94 : 1.00 (4). Proboscis 1.16-1.19 (4) length

of forefemur, with a false joint at basal 0.22-0.24 (4) bearing a pair of hairy

pads between the joint and base, slightly swollen distad of the joint to about

middle, the swollen portion bearing many somewhat long and stiff setae latero-

dorsally and lateroventrally; ventrobasal setae 12-17, slender. Scutellar

lateral lobes bearing 3 long bristles and median lobe bearing 4. Cell Ro 1. 07-

1.49 (4) length of vein r9,3. Foretarsomere 5 1.05-1.13 length of 4; hindtarso-

mere 1 1.11-1.16 (4) length of tibia. Genitalia. Tergum IX with poorly pro-

trudent lobes, each bearing 2-5 bristles. Sternum IX with 4-10 bristles.

Basistyle bristled except for areas laterally at base and mesally near apex,

with a row of 6-8 (most often 7) long characteristically curved bristles on ter-

gal surface in middle; subapical lobe prominent, q isolated a little proximally

to others, curved at basal 0.25-0.33 and at apical 0.20-0.25; 6 curved about

middle and at apex; y curved at apex; a, B subequal in length and close to each

other and also to other specialized setae forming a distal group; 6a simple

rod, placed on a hairy knob together with 3 short setae (yu), one of these setae

simply arcuate and usually shorter than other 2 which are strongly curved with

a retrorse hook near apex; ¢ distalmost and striated; y apically curved, just

laterad of y. Dististyle 0.67-0.75 length of basistyle, narrowed towards apex,

somewhat sigmoid, seta of convex side placed between apex and seta of concave

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 209

side; claw small. Cercal tergal surface well sclerotized; 2-5 cercal setae on

each side; paraproct well sclerotized. Tergal division of aedeagus composed

of 2 pairs of processes connected by a subbasal bridge; lateral process longer

than inner one, slightly incurved, with 20 or more denticles arranged in an

irregular triple row on mesal side, apex divided, the tergal apex strongly

sclerotized and pointed, the sternal apex poorly sclerotized, forming a spicu-

late knob; mesal process horn-shaped, outcurved, tergoposteriorly directed.

Sternal division of paired lamellae sternally expanded and connected by basal

bridge.

LARVA (Fig. 63). Head. Width 0.86-0.98 mm; pale yellowish brown,

1.20-1.34 times as wide as long; labrum slightly concave between bases of

seta 1-C; 4-C at about level of 7-C, longer than distance between bases; 5, 6-C

caudad of 7-C, usually double; 6-C a little anterior to a line between 5- and

7-C; 9,11-C usually with 4 or 5 branches; 13-C usually 5 branched. Antenna

0.52-0.54 mm long, 0.66-0.75 as long as head, brown at base and in distal

part, pale otherwise, proximal part dorsally and laterally spiculate, spicules

slender on basal area, progressively stouter and shorter apically, a few

spicules laterally on distal part; 1-A inserted at apical 0.23-0.30, with many

barbed branches; 2, 3-A equal, 4-A a little shorter. Mandible with MdSo9

apparently a complex of about 10 unpigmented short slender spurs; MdS3 about

0.67 length of MdS1; MdSy slightly pigmented, length intermediate between

MdS1,3; MdS; 0. 33-0. 40 length of MdS;. Cutting organ: mesal dorsal tooth

with a fairly large, weakly sclerotized, truncate or round-tipped mesal denti-

cle; ventral tooth with VT-4 just reaching apex of VT o, VT, 9 unpigmented,

slender, longer than the dark acutely triangular VT3; short, ” mesally pectinate

VB9 present: pectinate brush 12-15 haired. Piliferous process with labula ex-

tending far beyond apex of anterior part. Mandibular hairs (6-8) + (9-11).

Maxilla. Seta 1-Mx single, about as long as palpostipes. Mesostipes about 1.5

times as long as wide, with lateral surface smooth, a few rather thickened

pectinate spicules on mesal margin near base; stipital sensoria a little proxi-

mad of middle; 4-Mx of medium length. Parartis not well differentiated.

Lacinia with 5-Mx on level of stipital sensoria; 6-Mx a little shorter than 4-Mx.

Palpostipes excluding lateral artis 0.20-0.25 length of mesostipes; S35 Sj >

S2 =S4=S5. Mentum plate with 15-21 ( = 18.4) teeth. Thorax. Prothoracic

setal formula usually 1-1-1-2-1-1-2-1; 3-P distinctly shorter and more slender

than 1-2-P; usually, 10-P single and 8-M 4 branched. Abdomen. Setae

6-III-VI strong but distinctly more slender and paler than 6-I, I; 10-I, 9, 10-II,

4,9-IV, 5-V, 12-VI, 4,7, 14-VII usually single; 7-I, 3-II, 3, 8-I0, 3,8,11-IV,

8-V, 1-VI and 3-VII usually double; 1-V, 6-VI and 1-VII usually triple. Comb

scales 36-65 (x = 51.6) ina patch, consisting of 2 types of scales: one small

or medium, located proximally, with apex rounded and evenly fringed with

spicules; another long, located apically, with a single (occasionally bifid)

small stout apical spine, laterally fringed with spicules; 3-VIII usually 6

branched, longest of all segment VIII setae. Siphon light yellowish brown,

19. 8-24. 3 times as long as apical width; length 1.43-1.75 mm, index 7. 68-

10.00; pecten reaching basal 0.24-0.40, of 14-18 teeth, progressively larger

apically, a few apical teeth often a little more widely spaced, each tooth with

less than 10 large ventral denticles; 1-S of 3 (occasionally 4) subventral pairs,

each 1-4 branched, slightly longer than siphon diameter at insertion, basal-

most 1-S located at basal 0. 41-0.52; 2-S upright, rather stout. Saddle 0.29-

0.32 mm long, covered with spicules arising from short ridges, spicules on

unsclerotized ventroapical area longer and denser, not associated with ridges;

a number of stouter spicules on dorsolateral area at apex; 2-X usually 3

210

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

branched, dorsal 2 branches short; 4-X of 11-13 cratal tufts, each with 3-11

branches. Anal gills conical, a little shorter than saddle.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO.

1400, 1429, with

associated skins (471, 47 p); 121 L, 31: Yaeyama Gunto (K-0111, K-0134,

K-0135,

K-1062,

K-1316,

K-0136,

K-0177,

K-0571,

K-0635,

K-0919,

K-0979,

K-1078,

K-1324,

K-0146,

K-0184,

K-0573,

K-0637,

K-0925,

K-1002,

K-1080,

K-1331,

K-0147,

K-0148,

K-0562,

K-0577,

K-0646,

K-0933,

K-1029,

K-1089,

| K-1405,

K-0151,

K-0563,

K-0578,

K-0692,

K-0951,

K-1043,

K-1119,

K-1452,

K-0152,

K-0564,

K-0601,

K-0698,

K-0956,

K-1045,

K112'1,

K-1454,

K-0159,

K-0565,

K-0611,

K-0700,

K-0970,

K-1050,

K-1245,

K-2330,

K-0160,

K-0568,

K-0619,

K-0912,

K-0972,

K-1060,

K-1306,

K-2331).

DISTRIBUTION. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO (Yaeyama Gunto). LAN YU.

VIETNAM. MALAYA. SINGAPORE. THAILAND. LOWER BURMA. WEST-

ERN INDIA.

TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION. Colless (1965) recognized bicornutus as a dis-

tinct species based on Malayan material. Bram (1967), opposing Colless' view,

treated it as a "form" of minor in his view of Thailand Culex, because of vari-

ability of the male proboscis, larval pecten teeth and larval habitat, which he

thought the primary diagnostic characters indicated by Colless. Specimens

from Yaeyama Gunt6, previously treated as minor, constantly possess a slight-

ly swollen hairy portion on the male proboscis distad of the false joint. «This

appears to be the most constant and distinct character of bicornutus. They are

also identical with bicornutus in having the long specialized hairs of male an-

tennal flagellomere 5, long male palpus (longer than proboscis by half to full

length of terminal segment), and short inner process of the aedeagus. The

larval pecten teeth usually have gradated ventral denticles typical of bicornutus,

but individual teeth agreeing with those of minor frequently occur, and speci-

mens having the whole pecten typical of minor rarely exist. Larvae in Yaeyama

Gunté are found most often in tree holes well above the ground, though they

occur in a rather wide variety of habitats including ground pools and crab holes.

Dr. Sirivanakarn (1976, personal communication), in his revision of the sub-

genus Lophoceraomyia of Southeast Asia*, confirmed that bicornutus was dis-

tinct from minor and the latter did not occur in northern subtropical areas.

Since we lack enough material of true minor, and are not in position to discuss

the relation between it and bicornutus, we here follow the latest treatment of

Dr. Sirivanakarn.

BIONOMICS. Very common in Ishigaki and Iriomote islands. The larvae

are found usually in tree holes, occasionally in rock holes or ground pools.

This may indicate a need for further study of Ryukyuan material as Sirivanakarn

_ (1977) indicated that bicornutus is more frequently found in rock pools, whereas

minor prefers container habitats.

43. CULEX (LOPHOCERAOMYIA) TUBERIS BOHART

(Figs. 64, 65, 200; Table 78)

Culex (Lophoceraomyia) tuberis Bohart, 1946: 42 (%, L). Type-locality:

Chizuka, Okinawa Is., Ryukyu Archipelago.

*This monograph was published in 1977; see Literature Cited.

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 211

FEMALE (Fig. 200). Wing length 3.1-3.7 mm. Head. Vertex covered

with pale yellow narrow curved scales and numerous dark brown erect forked

scales; eye margin bordered with broad pale scales; tempus heavily covered

with broad pale yellowish scales; 4 (rarely 5) vertical and 2 temporal dark

bristles on each side. Clypeus dark brown. Antenna: pedicel brown, witha

very small prominence and a few minute hairs and small scales mesally;

flagellum 1.09-1.11 (4) length of proboscis; flagellomere 1 1.19-1.37 (4) of

Flm 2. Palpus 0.21-0.24 (4) length of proboscis; segment 3 2.50-2.95 (4) of

2: 4 absent in 4 dissected specimens. Proboscis 1.09-1.17 (4) of forefemur,

with 2-5 ventrobasal bristles. Thorax. Pronotal integument yellowish brown,

without scales; anterior lobe bearing more than 10 bristles of various sizes;

posterior lobe bearing 3-6 (usually 3-4) bristles along posterior margin, often

with one additional short bristle. Scutum with integument brown, covered with

dark brown very narrow scales; acrostichal bristles reduced to a pair of large

and one or 2 pairs of short dark bristles on anterior promontory; 1-3 stout

humerals often accompanied by a few short bristles, 1-3 medium-sized angu-

lars, one stout posterior fossal usually accompanied by one or 2 short bristles.

Scutellum with pale brown hair-like scales; each lobe bearing 4 (rarely 5) long

dark bristles together with a few fine ones, one or 2 medium-sized dark bris-

tles often on both lateral lobes. Pleural integument yellowish brown, becoming

paler posteriorly, often with a slight bluish or greenish tinge; a number of

broad pale scales loosely set on midposterior sternopleuron; about 10 pro-

pleural bristles, 3-6 prealars, more than 10 sternopleurals along upper to

posterior margin, 3-8 upper mesepimerals, no lower mesepimeral. Wing.

Cell Ro 1.50-1.95 (4) length of vein rg,,. Halter with dark scaled knob. Legs.

Coxae with yellowish pale scales. Posterior half of ventral surface of forefe-

mur, posterior and ventral surfaces of mid- and hindfemora pale scaled, the

pale area basally broadened; femora, tibiae and tarsi otherwise dark scaled.

Foretarsomere 5 equal to or slightly shorter than 4; hindtarsomere 1 1. 07-

1.08 (4) length of tibia. Abdomen. Tergum I with a median spot of dark scales;

II-VII dark scaled, with lateral margin covered with pale ochreous scales.

Sterna pale scaled.

MALE (Figs. 65, 200). Wing length 2.7-2.9 mm. Antenna: pedicel with

a prominent protuberance on mesal side; flagellum 0.92-1.00 (3) length of pro-

boscis; flagellomere 12 1.15-1.39 (3) of Flm 13, both 1.14-1.16 (3) of Flm

1-11; 1 with 10,11 hairs shortened; 2 with 4,5 hairs shortened and 6-7 reduced;

3 with 3-5 hairs shortened and 6-7 reduced; 4 with 7-9 hairs shortened and 3-5

reduced; 5 with 11,12 shortened hairs and 7 somewhat broadened setae, one of

which is much longer than others; 6 with 15-20 shortened hairs, a number of

which are somewhat basally thickened, a tuft of 7,8 dark twisted setae present;

7 with 10,11 shortened hairs, a tuft of 5-7 dark strongly twisted, apically nar-

row and curled setae and another tuft of 11-14 short dark twisted setae,

accompanied by 2-4 short hairs; 8 with 9,10 rather shortened hairs and a tuft

of 6 long dark sigmoid setae, 3 of them are expanded at apical 0.4, 10-12

short narrow leaflets followed by 1,2 short hairs; 9 with 4-7 slightly shortened

hairs and 5 long dark arcuate setae. Palpus 1.10-1.13 (3) times as long as

proboscis, 4 and 5 not very hairy; length ratio of 2-5: 1.15-1.54 : 2.67-3.12

: 0.82-0.92 : 1.00 (4). Proboscis 1.21-1.24 (3) length of forefemur, with a

false joint at basal 0.21-0.23 (3), a pair of rather indistinct, wide, hairy pads

between the joint and base; ventrobasal bristles 9-13 (3), slender. Scutellar

lateral lobes usually bearing 3 long and one medium-sized dark bristles. Cell

Ro 1.25-1. 42 (3) length of vein ro,3. Foretarsomere 5 1.31-1.33 (3) length of

4: hindtarsomere 1 1.04-1.10 (3) length of tibia. Genitalia. Resembling those

212 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

of Cx. (Lop.) minor. Tergum IX with poorly protrudent lobes, each bearing

3-6 short bristles. Sternum IX without bristles. Basistyle bristled excepting

areas laterally at base and mesally near apex, with a row of 5-8 (most often 6)

long characteristically curved bristles on tergal surface in middle, the bristles

a little more widely spaced than in minor and often irregularly arranged; sub-

apical lobe protrudent, proximal group consisting of 3 rods (a, 8 andy) trans-

versely arranged, aa little shorter than other 2, curved at apex, B and y sub-

equal, curved about at middle and at apex; distal group composed of mesal

leaflet (6), lateral leaflet (c) and 3 setae (yu); 6narrow, not striated, located on

a hairy knob together with , which have apparently simple apices and are

shorter than 6; one of the setae again shorter than other 2; « moderately wide,

faintly striate; X apically curved just laterad of proximal group. Dististyle

0.6 length of basistyle, somewhat sigmoid, apically narrowed, seta on convex

side distal to that on concave side; claw small. Cercal tergal surface distinctly

sclerotized; 2-5 cercal setae on each side; paraproct well sclerotized. Tergo-

apical division of aedeagus composed of 2 pairs of processes connected by a

subbasal bridge; lateral process longer than inner one, slightly incurved, with

less than 10 (usually 4,5) denticles scattered on mesal surface and a number of

denticles sternoapically, apex divided, the tergal apex pointed, the sternal apex

forming a spiculate knob; mesal process horn-shaped, outcurved, directed ter-

goposteriorly. Sternal division of aedeagus of paired lamellae expanded stern-

ally and connected by basal bridge.

LARVA (Fig. 64). Head. Width 0.96-1.08 mm; yellowish brown; 1. 26-

1.45 times as wide as long; labrum straight between bases of seta 1-C; 1-C

less than 0.33 as long as distance between bases, with apex needle-like; 4-C

usually single, behind level of 7-C, shorter than distance between bases, 9-C

well caudad of 7-C, 89% single; 6-C a little laterad of 5-C, anteriad of a line

between 5, 7-C, always single; 14-C very weak, somewhat stellate; 16-C single,

17-C usually single, occasionally double. Antenna 0.49-0.55 mm long, 0.62-

0.76 length of head, only slightly curved, pale yellow, with a dark sclerotized

portion ventrally at base, spiculate except for mesoventral aspect and most of

distal part, which laterally bears a few spicules; 1-A inserted at apical 0.20-

0.24, with 20 or more branches, strongly barbed; 2-A subequal to 1-A in

length, 3-A slightly longer, 4-A shorter than 2-A. Mandible with MdS2 appar-

ently a complex of several pectinate slender spines; MdS4 intermediate between

Mds, and MdSg in length and pigmentation; MdSs basally pigmented. Mandibu-

lar comb of 13-17 hairy prominences. Cutting organ with mesal dorsal tooth

bearing a mesal denticle lateroapically directed; ventral tooth rather straight,

with VT-4 nearly reaching apex of VTg, mesal denticles subequal in length,

VT j_ 9 narrow, apically setiform, unpigmented, VT3 very acutely triangular;

pectinate brush 12-14 haired. Piliferous process with labula extending well

apical of anterior part. Mandibular hairs (5-8) + (6-8). Maxilla with 1-Mx

single, very slender, shorter than palpostipes. Mesostipes about 1.5 times as

long as wide, lateral margin somewhat angulate behind 4-Mx, lateral surface

smooth, 1,2 slightly thickened pectinate spicules on mesal margin near base;

stipital sensoria at basal 0.33-0.40; 4-Mx rather long, about 0.3 length of

mesostipes. Parartis not well differentiated. Lacinia with 6-Mx shorter than

4-Mx. Palpostipes excluding lateral artis 0.25-0.33 length of mesostipes;

S3 > a So =S4=S5. Mentum plate usually short (length rather variable),

with 17-19 teeth, median tooth more than twice as broad as submedian tooth,

with narrow acute apex; 3, 4 mesal flanking teeth almost square; lateral teeth

pointed, progressively stronger laterad; often an abortive tooth at base on each

side. Thorax. Prothoracic setal formula: 1-1-1-1(2)-1-1-2-1(2-4); 3-P short;

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 213

8-P variable, almost 80% single and of medium length, nearly 20% short,

single or 2 forked, rarely 3, 4 forked; 4-P 90% single; 12-T usually double.

Abdomen. Setae 6-I,II, and 7-I dark brown, very stiff, gently sigmoid or

arcuate; 6-I with 2,3 long, 0-2 medium and 0,1 short branches, most frequent-

ly (71%) with 2 long and one medium branches; 6-II with 2,3 long, 0,1 medium

and 0-2 short branches, most frequently (69%) 2 long and one short branches;

6-I-VI shortest on segment III, progressively longer toward basal and apical

segments; 10-II, 2-III, 10,12-IV, 5-V, VI usually single; 11,13-I, 3-II, 8,13-

IlI, 1,4,11-IV, 1,8-V, 1-VI and 10-VII usually double; 6-V, VI usually triple;

5-VIII rather stiff, usually double. Comb scales 61-73 (x = 67.5) in a triangu-

lar patch, distal scales much longer than proximal scales, individual scales

elongate, paddle-shaped, with rounded apex, fringed with moderate spicules

apically and fine spicules laterally. Siphon light yellowish brown, dorsally with

basal margin dark brown, 13.3-15.6 times as long as apical width; length 1. 22-

1.48 mm, index 6.00-7.25; pecten reaching basal 0.35-0.45, of 9-11 teeth

including 0-2 basal abortive ones, pecten teeth progressively larger apically,

each tooth with about 10 ventral denticles; 1-S of 4 (rarely 3) subventral pairs,

each usually double, rarely single, about as long as siphon diameter at inser-

tion; basalmost 1-S located at basal 0.47-0.57; 2-S stiff, upright. Saddle

0.31-0.36 mm long, covered with very fine spicules arranged in irregular rows,

a few dorsoapical spicules slightly larger; 4-X of 12 cratal tufts, each 2-7

branched. Anal gills fusiform, 0.6-0.9 length of saddle.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO. 20, 3L: Okinawa

Gunto (Paratypes 20°: Chizuka, Okinawa Is., IX 1945, rock hole, Bohart and

Ingram, USNM. 1L: E. Taira, Okinawa Is., 20 IX 1951, deep rock hole,

Bohart; 2 L: E. Taira, Okinawa Is., 20 IX 1951, cliff rock hole, Bohart,

USNM). 250, 22°, with associated skins (171, 17 p); 84 L, 141: Yaeyama

Gunto (K-0583, K-0584, K-0919, K-0951, K-1002, K-1014, K-1016, K-1026,

K-1027, K-1096, K-1099, K-1120, K-1128, K-1212, K-1241, K-1247, K-1317,

K-1372, K-1373, K-1377, K-1463, K-1464, K-1465, K-1466, K-1467, K-1630,

K-1631).

DISTRIBUTION. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO (Okinawa and Yaeyama Gunto).

TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION. Key characters and description of this species

given above are based on specimens from Yaeyama Gunt6, since we could not

obtain this species on Okinawa Is., the type-locality. After the description was

completed, 2 paratype males with slides of associated genitalia and antennae

(Chizuka, Okinawa, Sept. 1945, R. Bohart and R. Ingram; USNM); and 3 larval

specimens (East Taira, Okinawa, IX-20-51, R. M. Bohart coll. ; USNM) were

examined. Unfortunately, the male paratypes were in poor condition, the geni-

talia distorted in mounting. However, at least no obvious differences from

Yaeyama specimens were detected as far as the observable characters were

concerned. The larval specimens had some points different from those of

Yaeyama, viz., seta 5-C double in all 3 specimens (only 11% double, otherwise

single in Yaeyama specimens), 14-P single in 2 specimens, double in one (2-4

branched in Yaeyama specimens), 1-VII single or double (always double in

Yaeyama specimens), siphon appearing to be a little more slender, 14.9-16.0

(x = 15.6) times as long as apical width (13.3-15.6; x = 14.5 in Yaeyama speci-

mens). More specimens from Okinawa Is. are necessary to evaluate these dif-

ferences and to elucidate the status of the population of Yaeyama Gunto.

BIONOMICS. Apparently rare in Okinawa Is., common in Yaeyama.

Bohart obtained this species from a rock hole in Okinawa Is. We collected

many larvae from fresh water crab holes on Ishigaki and Iriomote islands,

together with Uranotaenia ohamai and Ur. yaeyamana, It may be a

214 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

situation similar to that of Ur. jacksoni ( = stonei Bohart and Ingram) which

Bohart obtained from a very deep, narrow rock hole, whereas we found it only

in crab holes.

SUBGENUS CULICIOMYIA THEOBALD

Culiciomyia Theobald, 1907: 227. Type-species: Culex inornata Theobald,

1907 (= Cx. fragilis Ludlow, 1903); Borneo.

Small to rather large mosquitoes with proboscis and tarsi unbanded; larvae

with seta 4-X usually 8 tufted and strong apical spicules on saddle.

FEMALE. Head. Eyes contiguous above. Vertex with broad scales at —

least on eye margin, usually also on lateroanterior part; erect forked scales

over almost entire vertex; 5-8 vertical and 2 temporal bristles on each side,

a row of several rather stiff bristles below temporals along eye. Antenna

longer than or as long as proboscis; flagellomere 1 1.1-1.4 length of Flm 2.

Palpus dark scaled, 0.17-0.25 of proboscis; Flm 4 lacking or minute. Pro-

boscis as long as to a little longer than forefemur, dark scaled, without pale

band, with several, usually 4, ventrobasal bristles. Thorax. Anterior prono-

tal lobe unscaled or with only a few broad scales; posterior pronotal lobe with

scattered narrow scales, and bristles along margin around posterodorsal

corner. Scutum densely covered with narrow scales, appearing smooth;

acrostichal bristles absent except one to a few anterior pairs, all the other

scutal bristles present, but those of fossal area usually few. Pleura often

with only a few indistinct translucent broad scales on sternopleuron, and

occasionally a few broad scales on upper mesepleuron, otherwise unscaled;

1,2 lower mesepimeral bristles present. Wing. Vein scales dark; m-cu

usually well proximad of r-m, occasionally in line (varying individually in

pallidothorax); 1a ending at level from m-cuto r-m. Legs. Tarsi unbanded;

foretarsomere 5 usually shorter than, rarely as long as, 4; hindtarsomere I

1.03-1.11 length of tibia. Abdomen. Laterotergite unscaled; HI-VII usually

with pale basal bands in species of this region. Seminal capsules 3.

MALE. Antennal flagellum shorter than proboscis; flagellomere 12 shorter

to longer than Flm 13, both shorter (0.73-0.97) than 1-11. Palpus longer

(1. 03-1.34) than proboscis; segment 3 with a row of outstanding medially broad-

ened lateroventral setae; 4 distinctly shorter than 5, both more or less bristled.

Proboscis longer than forefemur, dark scaled, without pale band, with false

joint at about middle and a number of rather long bristles just ventrally proxi-

mad of the joint, bearing several undifferentiated ventrobasal bristles. Cell

Roy shorter to longer than vein r9,3, la ending proximad to distad of m-cu.

Foretarsomere 4 shortened; 5 moderately modified, longer than 4, with 2 pairs

of short curved setae at apex of ventrobasal swelling and one or 2 straight setae

laterally, with a pair of short curved setae midventrally but without processes;

midtarsomere 4 and 5 not modified. Anterior claw of fore- and midtarsi longer

than posterior claw, with blunt tipped median tooth, posterior claw with sharp

laterobasal tooth. Genitalia. Tergum IX with lobes poorly differentiated,

widely separated and bristled. Sternum IX without bristles. Basistyle basally

swollen, unscaled; subapical lobe at about apical 0.33, moderately to strongly

protrudent, hairy on mesodistal surface, with 3 rods (a, Bandy), mesal leaf-

let (6) and lateral leaflet (€), occasionally with a few median weakly modified

setae (yu) between 6 and €, and rather many stiff lateral setae; a more or less

mesoproximally removed; ¢ and X often difficult to discriminate from lateral

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 215

stiff bristles. Dististyle somewhat sigmoid, with or without a crest of spines

on convex side near apex, with one short seta on concave side and at least one

on convex side near apex. Paraproct with apical crest consisting of many

slender bristle-like tergomesal spines and fewer stout sternolateral ones;

basal sternolateral process well developed. Aedeagus composed of a pair of

lateral pieces; tergoapical division of each piece a horn-shaped, tergally den-

ticulate structure connected with the other by subbasal bridge; lamellose

sternobasal division not very large.

LARVA. Head. Seta 1-C slender, pale, shorter than distance between

bases; 2-C usually present, minute; 4-C anteriad of 7-C; 5, 6-C well developed,

posteriad of 7-C; 16,17-C present, stiff, minute. Antenna long, spiculate;

1-A well developed, inserted at basal 0.4-0.7; 2,3-A subapical. Mouth brush

of fine numerous hairs. Mandible with needle-like microspines dorsolaterally

proximad of middle; 5 mandibular spurs. Mandibular brush well developed.

Mandibular comb of spiculate prominences, spicules usually stronger than in

Lophocevaomyia, each with 2 long filamentous spicules. Cutting organ small,

with both dorsal teeth simple; ventral tooth with one spiniform lateral denticle

(VT-4) and 3 triangular mesal denticles (VT1-3), VT3 occasionally modified;

1 or 2 mesal accessory denticles dorsoproximad of VT3; ventral blade single or

double, VB, far extending beyond apex of VTo, with mesal pectination; pectinate

brush of laterally or bilaterally pectinate hairs. Piliferous process well pro-

trudent, apically cleft; labula moderately extending beyond apex of anterior part.

Mandibular hairs divided into 2 groups, hairs of distal group basally barbed.

Maxilla. Cardo rather narrowly to broadly fused mesobasally with cranium,

thickened anterior margin reaching point of fusion, but not extending onto crani-

um; cardinal seta 1-Mx moderately developed. Mesostipes a little longer than

wide, usually with one or a few rather thickened pectinate spicules on mesal

margin near base; stipital sensoria double, equal, with apically divided basal

ring, located at middle or distad of it; ventral stipital seta 4-Mx slender;

pseudoartis developed, but not fused with cranium. Lacinia with proximal

lacinial seta 5-Mx at or distad of level of stipital sensoria; distal lacinial seta

6-Mx slender, similar to 4-Mx. Palpostipes short, excluding lateral artis

0. 25-0.33 length of mesostipes, basally broadened, not ventrobasally fused with

mesostipes; lateral artis well developed; apex with ampulla and 5 palpal sen-

soria. Mentum plate somewhat pentagonal, with many (26-38) small teeth,

median tooth a little larger, lateral flanking teeth larger and more widely

separated apically than mesal flanking teeth, or all flanking teeth subequal.

Aulaeum without median tooth. Thovax. Seta 3-P shorter than 1,2-P; 12-P

longer than 9,10-P. Abdomen. Setae 6-I-VI, 7-I, and 1-IV, V strong. Comb

scales numerous, ina patch, fringed apically with longer spicules and laterally

with shorter spicules. Siphon moderately to very long; pecten basally restricted;

each tooth usually with several subequal ventral denticles, sometimes many;

1-S distad of pecten, of 3-5 subventral pairs; 2-S subapical. Saddle with con-

spicuous spicules on apical margin; 2, 3-X usually single; 4-X usually 8, rarely

9 or 10 cratal tufts. |

DISTRIBUTION. Japan and Korea. Oriental, Australian and Ethiopian

regions. Western Pacific islands.

216

2(1).

2(1)3

3(2).

4(3).

2(1).

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

KEYS TO SPECIES OF CULEX (CULICIOMYIA)

FEMALE ADULT

Thorax without definite dark patch from posterior pronotal lobe to upper

mesepimeron; cell Rg less than 2.0 length of vein rgig.

ryukyensis (p. 217)

Thorax with dark patel from posterior pronotal lobe to upper mesepi-

meron; Cell Ro often more than 2.0 length of vein ro,3........ 2

Upper mesepimeral patch blackish brown, well defined, darker than

posterior-pronotal and other pleural dark areas.

nigropunctatus (p. 220)

Upper mesepimeral patch brown, ill-defined, paler than posterior-

pronotal or other pleural dark areas. ..... pallidothorax (p. 223)

kyotoensis (p. 226)

sasai (p. 228)

MALE ADULT

Dististyle without crest of spines; specialized setae of palpal segment 3

Pew SNOrtcors Liking au cannes. \ adce feed ryukyensis (p. 217)

Dististyle with a crest of spines; specialized setae of palpal segment 3

Hone DORISEA NCI . vied iio Qabrone, fr erere 60d Tee & Gee > 2

Subapical lobe of basistyle with only 2 weakly modified setae laterad of

€; 6 broad, foliate; dististyle with several short setae in basal half.

nigropunctatus (p. 220)

Subapical lobe of basistyle with 7 or more weakly modified setae

laterad of €; 5 narrow; dististyle without setae in basal half. .... 3

Subapical lobe of basistyle with ¢« foliate, striated.

pallidothorax (p. 223)

Subapical lobe of basistyle with « setiform, simple, difficult to

discrimmate trom other;lateral setae.) ‘owe. ay 6 Uke elie aoe 4

Palpus longer than proboscis usually by slightly more than length of

segment 5; cell Ro usually more than 2.0 length of vein ro.g.

kyotoensis (p. 226)

Palpus longer than proboscis usually by less than length of segment 5;

cell Rg usually less than 1.7 length of vein 9,3... . sasdi (p. 228)

LARVA

Siphon with false joint (a narrow unsclerotized band), index over 9.

nigropunctatus (p. ia

Siphon without false joint, index less than9. .............-.

Siphon markedly inflated in middle; pecten of 10 or fewer teeth.

pallidothorax (p. 223)

Siphon not inflated in middle; pecten of 11 or moreteeth........ 3

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 217

3(2) sc Siphon with\iesairs GF 7h-S. Ga. o Uteda ony. a0. ryukyensis (p. 217)

Siphon with 4 or more pains Ol 1eSy all. lorie. 7. eet ee Oe) 4

4(3). Saddle not emarginate; siphon index 6.1 or more; seta 1-S weak, shorter

than siphon diameter at insertion, usually single or double; 13-C

usually with 6 or more branches. ........ _ kyotoensis (p. 226)

Saddle emarginate near seta 4-X; siphon index 5.8 or less; 1-S

moderately strong, usually about length of siphon diameter at inser-

tion, usually with 3 or more branches; 13-C usually 2-4 branched.

sasai'(p. 228)

44. CULEX (CULICIOMYIA) RYUKYENSIS BOHART

(Figs. 65, 66, 201; Table 79)

Culex (Culiciomyia) ryukyensis Bohart, 1946: 41 (“, 2, L). Type-locality:

Chizuka, Okinawa Is., Ryukyu Archipelago. .

FEMALE (Fig. 201). Wing length 3.0-3.9 mm. Head. Vertex covered

with pale bronze-yellow narrow curved scales and numerous grayish brown

erect forked scales; eye margin bordered with broad pale scales except at

middle; tempus covered with broad pale scales; 5, 6 vertical and 2 temporal

dark bristles on each side, followed by a few yellowish bristles down to under-

side of head. Clypeus brown. Antenna: pedicel tawny yellow, with a few

minute hairs and small scales mesally; flagellum 1.12-1.21 (4) length of probos-

cis; flagellomere 1 1.18-1.24 length of Flm2. Palpus 0. 21-0. 25(4) length of pro-

boscis; segment 3 3.04-3.28 length of 2; minute 4 occasionally present. Pro-

boscis 1.02-1.11 (4) length of forefemur. Thorax. Pronotal integument brown

or pale brown, often with a greenish tinge; anterior lobe with a few loosely set,

gray rather broad scales and bearing more than 10 bristles of various sizes;

- posterior lobe with several dark narrow curved scales on dorsal margin and

bearing 5-7 bristles along margin around dorsoposterior corner, posterior 3

of them usually long. Scutum with integument brown, covered with grayish

brown narrow curved scales; acrostichal bristles reduced to 4-6 dark anterior

bristles; 2-5 humerals, 1-4 angulars and one or 2 posterior fossals, sometimes

a few bristles in fossal area near anterior dorsocentral series. Scutellum with

scales similar to those of scutum, bearing 4 (rarely 5) long dark bristles on

each lateral lobe and 6-8 on median lobe, usually with a few additional fine

bristles on each lobe. Pleural integument pale brown, often with a greenish

tinge; propleuron, postspiracular area, lower prealar knob and anterior sterno-

pleuron darker and concolorous to posterior pronotal lobe, but not forming a

definite integumental patch; a few pale rather broad scales on upper mesepimer-

on; about 10 or more propleural bristles, many of them dark; 7-12 prealars,

nearly 20 sternopleurals along upper to posterior margin, 8-15 fine upper mese-

pimerals, one stout lower mesepimeral. Wing. Cell Ro 1.29-1.96 length of

vein rg9.3; base of M1+2 proximal to that of Ro. Halter knob covered with dark

gray scales. Legs. Forecoxa covered with dark gray scales; mid- and hind-

coxae with a few gray or pale scales. Posteroventral surface of forefemur,

greater part of posterior surface of midfemur, and hindfemur, excepting dorsal

surface, pale scaled; femora otherwise, tibiae and tarsi dark scaled. Hind-

tarsomere 1 1.06-1.10 length of tibia. Abdomen. Tergum I with a median spot

of dark scales; II dark scaled; III-VII dark scaled and with basal bands of pale

ochreous scales; VIII and sterna pale scaled.

218 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

MALE (Figs. 65, 201). Wing length 2.6-3.2 mm. Antenna: flagellum

0. 82-0. 90 (4) length of proboscis; flagellomere 12 0.78-0.95 length of Flm 13,

both 0.90-0.97 of Flm 1-11. Palpus 1.03-1.08 (4) length of proboscis (longer

by less than 0.5 length of segment 5); 3 with 3-5 short, medially widened,

lanceolate setae; 4 and 5 moderately bristly; length ratio of 2-5: 1.05-1.24 :

1.92-2.21: 0.68-0.71 : 1.00 (4). Proboscis 1.20-1.23 (4) length of forefemur, -

with an indistinct false joint at middle, median group of bristles not conspicuous.

Cell Rg 0.78-1.17 (4) length of vein rg9i3; 1a ending at level of m-cu or between

m-cu andr-m. Foretarsomere 5 2.00-2.07 (4) length of 4; hindtarsomere 1

1.11-1.14 (4) length of tibia. Genitalia. Tergum IX with each lobe bearing

5-12 rather long bristles. Basistyle bristled excepting a small area distal to

subapical lobe on tergal surface; subapical lobe markedly produced, 0.33 or

more of basistyle length, divided stepwise into 3 parts, each terminal bearing

a rod; mesal rod (a) apicalmost, very stout, pigmented, median rod (8) equal

to a in length and color; lateral rod (vy) basalmost, narrow, unpigmented, longer

than 8; 5subbasal and distalmost, narrow, hardly striated and a little sinuate;

an apically curved seta (u); just external to 6, € basal, reduced to a weakly pig-

mented simple seta; 2-3 rather stiff bristles just external to¢; Xuncertain.

Dististyle very wide, gently arcuate, about 0.6 length of basistyle, 4.0 as

long as wide, with several short setae on convex side in apical 0.25 in addition

to usual one on concave side; apex narrow, with a sharp hook opposite minute

claw. Cercal tergal surface poorly sclerotized; cercal setae 2-4; paraproct

well sclerotized, tergomesal spines of apical crest rather long and slender;

basal sternolateral process clavate. Tergoapical division of aedeagus 1. 41-

1.49 (5) as long as wide, strongly sclerotized, subbasally expanded; each

lateral piece apically tapering, with basal main denticle at about basal 0.33,

and about 10 or more smaller distal denticles.

LARVA (Fig. 66). (Description based on specimens from Okinawa Island. )

Head. Width: 1.03-1.17 mm; quite pale, 1.26-1.36 (~ = 1.31) as wide

as long; labrum straight or nearly so; setae 1-C curved mesad, separated by a

little more than their length; 2-C mesad and a little cephalad of 3-C; 4-C

slender, separated by 0.6 times their length, more prominently barbed when

single; 5,6-C usually triple, about 0.67 length of cranium; 13-C sparsely but

strongly barbed; 14-C usually single. Antenna nearly straight, 0.62-0.79 mm

long, quite pale, moderately spiculate except for midmesoventral aspect,

spicules becoming sparser distad; 1-A inserted at basal 0.42-0.50 (x =0. 46),

with about 17-22 strongly barbed branches, not reaching apex; 2, 3-A subequal,

about 0.33 length of antenna, 4-A a little shorter. Mandible with a few dorso-

lateral microspines; MdS3 shorter than MdS9g, slender; MdS4 0. 67-0.75 length

of MdS;. Mandibular comb of 9-12 spiculate prominences, each prominence

with at least one stronger apical spicule and 2 long filamentous hairs located

on mesal aspect; apical spicules becoming weaker on more lateral prominences.

Cutting organ with VTg sometimes very shallowly cleft apically; VT-4 not

reaching tip of VTg; VT3 more acute and slightly longer than VT and VT2, VT4

may or may not be present (sometimes appearing as a basal denticle of VT3);

1 or 2 prominent, weakly sclerotized accessory denticles, the more dorsal

denticle fairly stout, apically bifurcate; if present, the more ventral denticle

simple, acute; VB1 with pectination on mesal margin moderately coarse and

short; VBo nearly transparent, much shorter, mesal pectination more acute

than on VBj; pectinate brush of 10-14 bilaterally pectinate hairs. Mandibular

hairs 10-14. Maxilla. Cardo rather narrowly fused with cranium mesobasally;

seta 1-Mx weakly pigmented, longer and stronger than 4-Mx, nearly as long as

palpostipes. Mesostipes about 1.33 as long as broad, bearing a few blunt

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 219

spines laterally distad of palpostipes; stipital sensoria at middle. Lacinia with

5-Mx distad of level of stipital sensoria; 6-Mx a bit longer than 4-Mx. Pal-

postipes with Sy moderately slender; S9 about 0.75 length of 84; S3 1.5

as large as S1; S4 subequal to S9; S5 very small. Mentum plate with 30-32

teeth, median tooth about 3 times as broad as adjacent flanking teeth, mesal

10-11 flanking teeth on each side subequal, blunt-tipped; more lateral teeth

larger and more acute. Thorax. Integument apparently smooth at 400X; pro-

thoracic setal formula: 2°1:°2(1):2°1°1:°2:2; seta 2-P longer than, but definitely

less strongly barbed than 1-P; 3-P 0.67 length of 1-P, but more strongly

barbed; 8-P a little shorter and weaker than 7-P; 12-P longer than cranium,

subequal to 5-P; 14-P usually single, occasionally with 1 or 2 small barbs;

5-M much shorter and weaker than 6-M; 12-M longer than 10-M; 2-T usually

double; 7-T usually 6,7 branched. Abdomen. Seta 1-I, II with branches occa-

sionally abortive; 4-I somewhat fan-shaped; 5-I sometimes dendritic; 6, 7-I

usually double, 6-I subequal to cranium, 7-I a little shorter; 9-II, 1-III, 12-II,

V, 10-IV and 1-VII usually single; 1-III occasionally with a few small barbs;

6-II noticeably longer than 6-I, when double, dorsal branch longer than ven-

tral branch; 6-IV usually triple; 6-V usually double, branches subequal; 3-VI

usually tandem with, to a bit laterad of 2-VI; 1-VII quite variable in length;

8-VII usually 4 or 5 branched. Comb scales 32-52 (x = 41.6) in a broadly tri-

angular patch, the individual scales paddle-shaped, fringed with spicules, the

apical and subapical spicules much stronger than lateral spicules. Siphon pale

yellowish brown, with an incomplete dark brown basal ring, slightly sinuate;

length 1.47-1.74 mm, index 4. 69-5. 87 (x = 5.38); microsculpture consisting of

small, elongate tubercles largely confined to apical 0.25, extending a bit more

proximad on ventral aspect; pecten reaching basal 0.25-0.38 (x = 0.30), of

11-19 (x = 15.5) teeth, basal one or 2 teeth often reduced, apical one or 2 teeth

usually somewhat detached, each tooth with 3-5 strong denticles ventrally; 3

pairs of 1-S, the most proximal tuft inserted beyond pecten at basal 0. 36-0. 49

(x = 0.42), the remaining tufts inserted at basal 0.61-0.77 (« = 0.68), and 0. 84-

0.89 (x = 0.86); 2-S 0.5 length of apical pecten tooth. Saddle 0.30-0.35 mm

long; microsculpture consisting largely of short, transverse rows of spicules,

becoming more prominent caudally, the caudal margin usually bearing 18-295

dark brown, distinctly larger spiniform teeth in 2,3 irregular rows between

seta 1, 3-X; 1-X 0.77-1.00 length of saddle; 4-X of 7-9 (usually 8) cratal

tufts, each tuft 2-9 (usually 5-8) branched. Anal gills elongate, nearly parallel-

sided, sometimesfusiform, dorsal gill 2.9-5.1 length of saddle, ventral

sill usually 0.8 length of dorsal gill.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO. 6°, 4°; with associ-

ated skins (3 1, 3 p); 51 L, 41: Amami Gunto (I-0236, I-0237, I-0238, I-0240,

I-0243, I-0244, I-0251, I-0285). 140°, 219; with associated skins (101, 10 p);

47 L, 51: Okinawa Gunto (J-0513, J-0898, J-1132, J-1133, J-1206, J-1253,

J-1256, J-1263, J-1291, J-2328, J-2329). 840, 72°; with associated skins

(91, 9p); 48 L, 41: Yaeyama Gunto (K-0592, K-0601, K-0607, K-0610,

K-0636, K-0667, K-0695, K-0700, K-0701, K-0732, K-0913, K-0916, K-0919,

K-0924, K-0925, K-0930, K-0946, K-0979, K-1011, K-1026, K-1045, K-1058,

K-1062, K-1065, K-1081, K-1106, K-1111, K-1113, K-1114, K-1126, K-1306,

K-1308, K-1324, K-1467, K-2284).

DISTRIBUTION. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO (Amami, Okinawa and Yaeyama

Gunto).

TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION. At present, Cx. ryukyensis appears endemic to

the Ryukyu Archipelago, and is common throughout Amami, Okinawa and

Yaeyama Guntd. In the larvae, some clinal geographical variations were

220 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

observed. The relative lengths and degree of barbing of many large body setae

(e.g. 1-8-P, 5-7-M, 6-I-VI, 1-III-V, VII), though also subject to much indivi-

dual variation, are larger in specimens from the southern part of the Archi-

pelago than in those from the northern areas. The branching of setae 1-III and

-1-S and the number of the pecten teeth from the 3 different areas are shown in

Table 7.

TABLE 7. Variations of some larval characteristics in three pepuanions of

Culex (Culiciomyia) ryukyensis.

Character Amami Oshima (n=6) Okinawa (n=16) Yaeyama (n=9)

Seta 1-IIIl, % single 54.7 (n = 27) 76.4 (n = 45) 100.0 (n = 14)

Pecten teeth 11-18 (x = 14.7) 11-19 (x = 15.5) 16.21 (« = 18.6)

Seta 1-S

proximal tuft 1-3 (x = 2.00) 2-3 (x = 2.10) 2-3 (x = 2.44)

middle tuft 1-2 (x = 1.73) 2-3 (x = 2.05) 2-4 (x = 2.78)

distal tuft 1-2 (x = 1.58) 1-2 (x = 1.90) 2-3 (x = 2.31)

total 1-3 ty 217) 123 (% = 2:02) 264.(%-=2.. 51)

BIONOMICS. Common throughout the Ryukyu Archipelago except for

Miyako GuntoO. The larvae are found in a wide variety of places, such as

eround pools, blocked streams, tree holes, crab holes and artificial containers;

frequently in turbid water.

Feeding habits and disease relationships of the adults are unknown; but in

general, members of the subgenus Culiciomyia are not of medical importance.

45. CULEX (CULICIOMYIA) NIGROPUNCTATUS EDWARDS

(Figs. 67, 68, 202; Table 80)

Culex (Culiciomyia) nigropunctatus Edwards, 1926: 121 (nom. nov. for

Culiciomyia annulata Theobald, 1907: 230 (%, ¢). Type-locality:

Kuching, Borneo). Bohart 1959: 197, Ishigaki Is. and Iriomote Is.,

Ryukyu Archipelago.

FEMALE (Fig. 202). Wing length 2.8-3.7 mm. Head. Vertex covered

with pale yellow narrow curved scales in middle and numerous yellowish brown

erect forked scales; eye margin bordered with broad pale scales; tempus and

both sides of vertex densely covered with broad pale scales; 5,6 dark vertical

and 2 rather small dark temporal bristles on each side, followed by a few dark

brown bristles down to underside of head. Clypeus brown. Antenna: pedicel

yellowish brown, with a few mesal bristles and scales; flagellum 1.24 (2)

length of proboscis; flagellomere 1 1.19-1.39 (4) length of Flm 2. Palpus

0.17-0.18 (2) length of proboscis; segment 3 2.29-2.66 (4) length of 2. Pro-

boscis 1.09 (2) length of forefemur. Thorax. Anterior pronotal lobe with

integument yellowish brown, with several rather broad pale scales, bearing

more than 10 bristles of various sizes; posterior pronotal lobe with integument

brown in upper 0.67, with narrow curved, dark brown scales on dorsal margin,

bearing 3-7 bristles along margin around dorsoposterior corner. Scutum with

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 221

integument light brown, uniformly covered with narrow curved, brown scales;

acrostichal bristles reduced to 3-5 dark bristles on anterior promontory; 3-5

humerals, one angular and one posterior fossal present. Scutellum covered

with narrow curved, pale brown scales, bearing 4 (rarely 5) long, dark brown

bristles on each lateral lobe and 6-10 on median lobe, with a few fine bristles

on each lobe. Pleural integument brown to dark brown on propleuron, post-

spiracular area, lower prealar knob and cephalic middle sternopleuron; mese-

pimeron with a conspicuous blackish brown upper patch; pleura otherwise quite

pale; only a few broad pale or gray scales loosely set on sternopleuron, a few

pale scales on upper mesepimeron, these scales often lacking; about 10 or

less propleural bristles and prealars, nearly 20 sternopleurals along upper to

posterior margin, 5-13 upper mesepimerals, one lower mesepimeral. Wing.

Cell Rg 1.86-2.88 (8) length of vein rg,9; base of Mj+9 about at level of that of

R92. Halter knob dark gray scaled. Legs. Forecoxa covered with dark gray

scales on anterior side, mid- and hindcoxae with gray or pale scales. Postero-

ventral surface of forefemur, posterior surface of mid- and hindfemora, lower

half of anterior surface of hindfemur and underside of tibiae pale scaled; femora,

tibiae and tarsi otherwise dark scaled. Hindtarsomere 1 1.04-1.10 (4) length

of tibia. Abdomen. Tergum I with a median spot of dark scales; II-VII dark

scaled, with lateral margin pale scaled; III-VII each with a basal band of pale

ochreous scales, the pale bands broadened toward posterior segments, some-

times a narrow apical band of pale ochreous scales present; VII and sterna

pale scaled.

MALE (Figs. 68, 202). Wing length 2.6-3.2 mm. Antenna: flagellum

0.87-0.93 (4) length of proboscis; flagellomere 12 1. 06-1. 20 (4) length of

Flm 13, both 0.73-0.80 of Flm 1-11. Palpus 1.27-1.34 (4) length of proboscis

(longer by a little more than length of segment 5); 3 with 5,6 medially widened

lanceolate setae; 4 with tufted numerous long bristles; 5 bristled; length ratio of

2-5: 1.00-1.07 : 1.58-1.87 : 0.61-0.71 : 1.00 (4). Proboscis 1.24-1.28 (4)

length of forefemur, with an indistinct false joint at middle. Scutellar lateral

lobes bearing 3 (rarely 4) long bristles. Upper mesepimeral bristles 4-9.

Cell Ro 1.54-1.94 (4) length of vein r9,9; 1a ending at or before level of m-cu.

Foretarsomere 5 1.86-1.90 (3) length of 4; hindtarsomere 1 1.06-1.13 (4)

length of tibia. Anterior claw of midtarsus slender and much longer than pos-

terior claw. Genitalia. Tergum IX with each lobe bearing 6-14 medium-sized

bristles. Basistyle bristled except for subapical area of tergal side; subapical

lobe moderately protrudent, mesodistal margin with tufted hairs; aisolated,

proximal to other specialized setae and close to mesobasal margin, moderately

pigmented, just curved at apex, a little shorter than other 2 rods; Bstout and

pigmented; Yas long as and narrower than £, slightly pigmented; 3 rod-shaped

stout setae (yu) of assorted lengths with rounded apex on mesal side of lobe; 6

at base of lobe mediodistally, very wide, faintly striate; « between Y and don

lateral side of lobe, narrow, somewhat sigmoid, pointed and moderately pig-

mented; a seta similarly curved to «€ laterad of it; X moderately long, followed

proximally by a row of several bristles distal to middle of basistyle. Disti-

style curved, somewhat recurved at apex, about 0.67 length of basistyle, with

a crest of 15 or more spines on convex side, bearing several setae in basal half

and a short seta at about apical 0.33 on convex side, and another short seta

more distally on concave side; apex with a small hook opposite claw of moder-

ate size. Cercal tergal surface broadly but weakly sclerotized; cercal setae

1-3; spines of apical crest of paraproct strongly pigmented; basal sternolateral

process noticeably developed and markedly pigmented; tergoapical division of

aedeagus 1.14-1.26 (2) as long as wide, subbasally expanded; each lateral

222 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

piece with a large basal denticle together with 5-9 small distal denticles on

tergomesal surface. Sternobasal division rather large.

LARVA (Fig. 67). Head. Width 1.14-1.22 mm; pale, 1.32-1.50 (x = 1.37)

as wide as long; microsculpture indistinct except under oil immersion, consist-

ing of short rows of minute spicules arranged in a polygonal pattern; labrum

slightly concave; seta 1-C separated by about 1.25-1.50 times their length;

2-C cephalomesad of 3-C; 4-C separated by 0.6-0.7 times length; 5, 6-C usually

triple, about 0.67 length of cranium; 10-C usually double; 13-C weakly barbed;

14-C usually single, occasionally bifid; 16,17-C a little larger than in pallido-

thorax or ryukyensis. Antenna nearly straight, slightly inflated and strongly

spiculate proximad of seta 1-A, 0.53-0.59 mm long; 1-A inserted at apical

0.31-0.38 (x = 0.34), with about 21-30 strongly barbed branches, each about

0.67 length of antenna; 2,3-A at apical 0.10-0.12, each about 0.6 antenna

length; 4-A a little shorter. Mandible with a few midlaterodorsal microspines;

Md82 about 0.95 length of MdS1; MdS3 about 0.6 length of MdS1; MdS4 only a

little shorter than MdS1; MdS5 about 0.67 length of MdS3. Mandibular comb of

apparently 10-13 spiculate prominences, each prominence also bearing 2 fila-

ments, the longer filament 0.75-0.80 length of ventral blade, the other about

0.5 that length. Cutting organ with VTo9 deeply scalloped on midventromesal

aspect; VT-4 occasionally apically bifid, not reaching tip of VT9; VT, and VT9

subequal, weakly sclerotized; VT3 complex, apex divided into at least 4 or 5

distinct denticles; a weakly sclerotized accessory denticle contiguous with base

of mesal dorsal tooth, this accessory denticle with tip unequally bifid, bearing

a smaller basal denticle; ventral blade strongly arcuate, well pigmented, finely

pectinate on mesal margin; pectinate brush of 8-9 bilaterally pectinate hairs.

Mandibular hairs 10-14. Maxilla. Cardo rather narrowly fused with cranium

mesobasally; seta 1-Mx at least 1.5 length of 4-Mx. Mesostipes about 1.33 as

long as wide, bearing about 30-35 short, subacute to acute spines on dorsolateral

aspect; stipital sensoria just proximad of middle of mesostipes; 4-Mx longer than

in ryukyensis, lightly pigmented. Lacinia with all spicules slender; 5-Mx distad

of stipital sensoria; 6-Mx a little shorter than 4-Mx. Palpostipes with S; moder-

ately slender; S9 slightly smaller; S3 at least 1.5 as large as S1; Sq a little

smaller than Sg; S5 a little smaller than S4. Mentum plate with 31-38 bluntly

rounded to subacute teeth, the median tooth only about 1.5 times as broad as

adjacent flanking teeth, the lateralmost 2 or 3 flanking teeth more acute, but

not noticeably larger than others. Thorax. Integument apparently smooth;

prothoracic setal formula: 1-1-1-2(1)-1-1-2(3).2; seta 3-P definitely shorter

than 1-P, but nearly as long as cranium; 14-P usually single; 1-M much larger

than 1-T; 10-T rarely bifid. Abdomen. 1-I,II distinctly stronger than in other

species of Culiciomyia of this region; 6-II with branches noticeably unequal;

7-II with barbing usually quite sparse but strong; 3-III, IV usually single; 6-III-

VI very long, strongly barbed; 8-III-V, 13-VI and 5-VIII usually double; 3, 8-VI

usually triple; 8-VII noticeably stiffer than 6-VI; 5-VIII moderately to strongly

barbed. Comb scales 35-52 (x = 44.1) in a broadly triangular patch; individual

scales somewhat elongate, fringed with spicules, the apical and subapical

spicules noticeably longer than the lateral spicules. Siphon pale yellowish-

brown, slightly darker apically, basal ring very dark; microsculpture of

irregular transverse rows of small, widely spaced tubercles; length 2. 45-2.90

mm, index 9.02-9.96 (x = 9.43); false joint at apical 0.36-0.41 (x =0. 38); pecten

reaching basal 0.17-0.22 (x = 0.20), of 9-13 (x =11.2) teeth, distal teeth more

widely spaced, each with usually 9-12 ventrobasal denticles; 3 pairs of 1-S,

most proximal pair inserted beyond pecten at basal 0.28-0.40 (x = 0.32), other

rufts inserted at basal 0. 48-0.54 (x = 0.52), and 0.83-0.90 (x = 0.87), most

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 223

distal tufts often double, sometimes triple, others usually single; 2-S 0.6 length

of apical pecten tooth. Saddle 0.31-0.40 mm long; microsculpture consisting

of short, transverse rows of needle-like spicules, the spicules enlarged on

caudal margin between seta 1,3-X, more numerous but not as prominent as in

ryukyensis or pallidothorax; 1-K 1.1-1.5 length of saddle, 2, 3-X subequal,

5.0-6.0 length of saddle; 4-X of 7-9 (usually 8) cratal tufts, each tuft 4-8

branched. Anal gills elongate, bluntly rounded, 2.7-4.0 length of saddle,

ventral gill usually 0.75-0.88 length of dorsal gill.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO. 12¢, 8, 10L, 51:

Yaeyama Gunt6d (K-0952, K-0956, K-0919, K-1114, K-1475, K-2310, K-2311).

DISTRIBUTION. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO (Yaeyama Guntd). TAIWAN.

PHILIPPINES. HAINAN ISLAND. BORNEO. SUMATRA. JAVA. THAILAND.

MALAYA. SINGAPORE. INDIA. SRI LANKA. PALAU ISLANDS. CAROLINE

ISLANDS.

BIONOMICS. Apparently not common. Larvae are found in blocked

streams, abandoned crab holes and rice paddies.

46. CULEX (CULICIOMYIA) PALLIDOTHORAX THEOBALD

(Figs. 68, 69, 203; Table 81)

Culex pallidothorax Theobald, 1905c: 32 (%, 2). Type-locality: India;

Yamada 1932: 216, Honshu and Kyushu, Japan.

Culex (Culiciomyia) pallidothorax: Bohart and Ingram, 1946b: 75, Nago,

Taira, Chizuka, Hentona, Nakasoni and Kochiya, Okinawa Is.; Ie Is. ;

Henza Is.; Takabanare Is.; Hamahika Is., Ryukyu Archipelago; LaCasse

and Yamaguti 1950: 182 (o%, ¢, L).

Descriptions based chiefly on specimens from Taiwan.

FEMALE (Fig. 203). Wing length 3.6-3.8 mm. Head. Vertex covered with

pale narrow curved scales; eye margin with broad pale, scales; tempus covered

with broad pale, scales, with grayish brown scales above; 5-8 dark vertical

and 2 dark temporal bristles on each side. Clypeus dark brown. Antenna:

pedicel pale brown, rather dark on mesal surface, with a few minute bristles;

flagellum 1.05-1.06 (1) length of proboscis; flagellomere 1 1.12-1.195 length

of Flm 2, with small mesobasal scales. Palpus 0.24 (1) length of proboscis;

segment’3 2.9-3.0 of 2. Proboscis 1.14 length of forefemur. Thorax. Pro-

notal integument brown; anterior lobe unscaled, with about 10 or more brown

bristles; posterior lobe with upper margin often appearing paler, with grayish

brown narrow curved scales along upper margin, bearing 4, 5 brown bristles

along posterior margin. Scutum with integument brown or rather light brown,

covered with brown or light brown narrow curved scales, scales around pre-

scutellar space paler; scutal bristles brown; acrostichal bristles reduced to

several anterior ones; fossal area with usually 2 bristles along humeral margin,

1,2 near scutal angle and 2,3 near posterior margin. Scutellum with scales

similar to those around prescutellar space; 4, 5 long brown bristles on each

lateral lobe and 7 on median lobe, a few additional short bristles on each lobe.

Pleural integument brown on upper subspiracular area, postspiracular area,

narrow concave area between sternopleuron and prealar knob, midanterior

sternopleuron and upper mesepimeron, otherwise pale; pleural bristles mostly

pale brown, a few stout ones of propleurals and sternopleurals brown to dark

brown, 7,8 propleurals, about 10 or less prealars, more than 10 sternopleurals,

224 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

7 to about 10 upper mesepimerals, one rather stout lower mesepimeral. Wing.

Cell Ro 2.22-3.39 (5) length of vein r9,3; base of Mj49 slightly proximal to

that of Rg or on same level. Halter knob with pale ochreous scales. Legs.

Forecoxa covered with grayish brown scales on anterior surface; midcoxa with

a patch of anterolateral pale gray scales; hindcoxa unscaled. Forefemur with

posterior half of ventral surface pale; midfemur with lower margin of anterior

surface and most of posterior surface pale, the pale area apically narrowed;

hindfemur with lower half of anterior surface and most of posterior surface

pale, the pale area of posterior surface apically narrowed; remainder of

femora, tibiae and tarsi dark scaled. Hindtarsomere 1 1.04-1.11 (5) length of

tibia. Abdomen. Tergum I with a median patch of brown scales; II-VII dark

scaled, with mediobasal patch of pale scales on II, and complete. basal bands

of pale scales on III-VII, the bands progressively more developed on posterior

segments. Sterna basally pale scaled, apically dark scaled.

MALE (Figs. 68, 203). Wing length 3.3-3.4 mm. Antennal flagellum

0.89-0.92 (1) length of proboscis; flagellomere 12 0.96-0.99 length of Flm 13,

both 0.81-0.83 of Flm 1-11. Palpus 1.28-1.29 (1) length of proboscis (longer

by about the length of segment 5), 3 with 6-8 medially broadened setae; 4,5

and apex of 3 moderately bristled; length ratio of 2-5: 0.72-0.83 : 1.52-1.58:

0.68-0.72: 1.00. Proboscis 1.22 (1) length of forefemur. Cell Ro 1. 43-1. 92

(4) length of vein rg,9; la ending before m-cu. Foretarsomere 5 1.82-1.90

(4) length of 4; hindtarsomere 1 1. 08-1.15 (5) length of tibia. Genitalia. Ter-

cum IX with each lobe bearing 4-11 bristles. Basistyle bristled over entire

surface except for a narrow basal area, long bristles sternally and laterally;

subapical lobe well protrudent, angulate at lower mesoapical corner, hairy on

lower apical and mesal margins; a basalmost, shorter than and separated a

little from Bandy; Band Y close together, equal in length; @stouter than >,

pigmented; 6 moderately broad, rounded apically; 2 weakly modified setae (u)

close to 6; € below Yon apical flank of the lobe, broad and striated, followed

by 2 or 3 striated setae and 8-15 aggregated, rather long, stout bristles; xX

indistinguishable from these bristles. Dististyle about 0.7 length of basistyle,

sigmoid, with a crest of about 10 or more acute spines on convex side; claw

short, unpigmented. Cercal tergal surface weakly sclerotized; 3-5 cercal

setae. Aedeagus with tergoapical division 1.24-1.35 (4) as long as wide;

each lateral piece elongate, very narrow apically in tergal view, with 9-11

tergal denticles in addition to the basal main denticle which is distinctly larger

than others.

LARVA (Fig. 69). Head. Width 1.24-1.33 mm; yellowish to light brown,

1.34 to 1.54 (x = 1.43) as wide as long; labrum straight to very slightly con-

cave; seta 1-C separated by about 1.5 their length; 2-C nearly directly mesad

of 3-C; 5,6-C 0. 50-0.67 length of cranium; 7-C less than half length of crani-

um; 8-C usually double; 14-C usually single; 15-C forked at basal 0.33. Antenna

nearly straight, 0.7-0.8 mm long, mostly pale, slightly darker apically,

sparsely spiculate except for mediomesoventral aspect, spicules less frequent

distad of seta 1-A; 1-A inserted at basal 0.46-0.52 (x = 0.49), with 17-21

strongly barbed branches, about reaching apex of antenna; 2, 3-A subequal,

0.25-0.33 length of antenna; 4-A a little shorter. Mandible with a very few

laterodorsal microspines; seta MdSo less than 0.5 length of MdS1; MdS3

lightly pigmented, shorter than MdS2; MdSq about 0.75 length of MdSj1, lightly

pigmented, MdS5 about length of MdS2. Cutting organ with VT-4 nearly attain-

ing apex of VTo; VT3 a little longer and more acute than VT1, 9; 2 weakly

sclerotized accessory denticles mesad of the dorsal teeth, the more dorsal

denticle bifurcate at apex, the more ventral denticle simple, sharp to bluntly

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 220

rounded; VB; exceeding tip of VTg, pectination on mesal margin moderately

coarse; VB2 much smaller, about reaching level of VT9, mesal pectination

more acute than on VB1; pectinate brush of 8-10 bilaterally pectinate hairs.

Mandibular hairs (5-6) + (5-7), 10-13 in total. Maxilla. Cardo broadly fused

mesobasally with cranium; seta 1-Mx a little longer than 4-Mx. Mesostipes

about 1.25 as long as broad; lateral surface smooth; stipital sensoria slightly

proximad of middle. Lacinia with slender spicules only; 5-Mx a little distad

of stipital sensoria. Palpostipes with Sy about 1.5 length of S5; Se only a

little longer than but much stouter than $1; S4 a little shorter than $2; S5

shortest. Mentum plate with 30-32 teeth, the apical tooth triangular, about 3

times as wide as adjacent flanking teeth, the flanking teeth becoming progres-

sively larger laterally. Thorax. Integument apparently smooth; prothoracic

setal formula: 2:1-°2(3):2:1:1:2(3):2(3); seta 2-P longer than 1-P, but more

weakly barbed; 3-P much shorter than 1,2-P, more strongly barbed than 1-P;

7, 8-P usually double; 9,10-P subequal, slender, relatively short; 12-P sub-

equal to 2-P; 7-M noticeably shorter than, but more strongly barbed than 6-M;

2-T usually triple; 10-T longest thoracic seta, at least 1.75 length of cranium.

Abdomen. Integument apparently smooth (an occasional specimen showing ©

faint traces of microspicules at 400X); seta 5-I frequently dendritic; 6-I strong,

subequal to cranium; 7-I a little smaller than 6-I; 7-II with barbs sparse but

strong; 6-III much longer than 6-I, II, about 1.5 length of cranium; 1-IV, V very

long; 6-IV usually double, quite variable in length; 1-VII about length of 6-II,

lightly to moderately barbed; 5-VII usually double; 6-VII usually not dendritic;

o- VIII a little weaker than 1-VIII, lightly to moderately barbed. Comb scales

35-53 (x = 43.2) in a broadly triangular patch, the individual scales elongate,

slightly broadened apically, apically and laterally fringed with spicules, the

apical spicules only a little larger than the lateral spicules. Siphon yellowish,

except for very dark basal ring, markedly inflated in middle, maximum dia-

meter 1.3-1.5 of basal diameter, apical diameter about 0.25 of maximum

diameter; length 1.81-1.93 mm, index 5.03-5.82 (x = 5.45); pecten reaching

basal 0.29-0. 41 (x = 0.36), of 6-10 (x = 7.5) teeth, with basal 1, 2 teeth often

reduced, becoming longer and more widely spaced distad, the larger teeth with

3, 4 strong ventral denticles; usually 4, rarely 5 pairs of 1-S, the subapical tuft

only slightly out of line, the most proximal tuft just distad of the pecten, at

basal 0. 40-0. 48 (x = 0.44), the remaining tufts inserted at basal 0. 51-0. 64

(x = 0.58), 0. 70-0. 81 (x = 0.75) and 0. 83-0.91 (x = 0.88); 2-S strongly bent

near base, about 0.5 length of apical pecten tooth. Saddle 0.36-0.40 mm long;

microsculpture consisting of short, transverse rows of caudally directed

spicules, becoming more prominent dorsocaudally, culminating in 1 to 2 rows,

usually totaling 10-15 acutely triangular teeth, between the bases of 1, 3-X;

1-X 0.6-0.8 length of saddle; 4-X of 8-10 (usually 8) cratal tufts, each tuft

8-15 branched, 1.00-1.67 length of saddle. Anal gills fusiform, dorsal gill

2.2-3.1 length of saddle, ventral gill about 0.67 length of dorsal gill.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN. 1.1L: Kyushu (Takachi-

hokyo, Miyazaki Pref., 20 X 1964, Kamimura, KKCOL). TAIWAN. 50, 59,

20 L (50, 52, 5 L: Wushe, Nantou Hsien, 9 XI 1955, blocked stream, Lin &

Chung; 3 L: Kentin, Pingtung Hsien, 14 IV 1970, man-made container,

Mizusawa; 12 L: Neihu, Taipei Hsien, 1 XII 1973, blocked stream, Lien &

Mizusawa).

DISTRIBUTION. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu,

Yakushima). RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO (Amami, Okinawa and Yaeyama Gunto).

TAIWAN. PHILIPPINES. SOUTH CHINA. INDOCHINA. MALAYA. THAILAND.

BURMA. INDIA. NEPAL. SRI LANKA. MOLUCCAS. NEW GUINEA.

226 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

BIONOMICS. Apparently rare in Honshu, common in Kyushu. Larvae

occur in polluted water in cement water tanks for garden irrigation or fire

fighting, drums, barrels, bowls, tin cans, tubs and benjos; fewer collections

were made from ground water; associated species include Culex pipiens,

Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, Cx. halifaxii and Aedes togoi;females overwinter in

moist sand caves (LaCasse and Yamaguti 1950).

Miyagi (1972b found some pallidothovax females to feed on chicks (11/70 =

15.7%) under laboratory conditions. No engorgement occurred on amphibian,

reptilian or mammalian hosts which were provided.

47. CULEX (CULICIOMYIA) KYOTOENSIS YAMAGUTI AND LACASSE

(Figs. 70, 71, 204; Table 82)

Culex (Culiciomyia) ryukyensis; LaCasse and Yamaguti, 1947: 119, Maizuru,

Kyoto and Otsu, Honshu; Magasaki, pri es Japan; LaCasse and

Yamaguti 1950: 187 (C, 9, L):

Culex honjimaensis Sasa, et al. 1947: 153, Honjima, Kagawa Pref., Japan.

(nomen nudum).

Culex (Culiciomyia) kyotoensis Yamaguti and LaCasse, 1952: 1 (%, 2, L).

Type-locality: Japan.

Culex kyotoensis: Barrett, 1969: 16, Cheju Do, Korea.

FEMALE (Fig. 204). Wing length 2.8-4.6 mm. Head. Vertex with a large

triangular median patch of pale narrow curved scales, the apex reaching eye

at middle, with broad, pale scales near anterior margin, and with broad, pale

scales on eye margin; numerous dark erect forked scales over entire vertex;

tempus covered with broad, pale scales; 5, 6 vertical and 2 dark temporal

bristles on each side, a row of several rather stiff bristles below temporals

along eye margin down to underside of head. Clypeus dark brown. Antenna:

pedicel yellowish brown, mesally dark brown, with several minute bristles and

a few small scales; flagellum 1.00-1.24 (5) length of proboscis; flagellomere 1

1.18-1.26 length of Flm 2, with a few small scales mesally in basal half. Pal-

pus 0.19-0.26 (4) length of proboscis; segment 3 3.00-3.35 of 2; 4 lacking or

very small. Proboscis 1.02-1.07 (4) length of forefemur. Thorax. Pronotal

integument rather dark brown; anterior lobe unscaled, with more than 10 dark

bristles; posterior lobe dorsally with yellowish brown narrow curved scales,

bearing 3-5 dark bristles along posterior margin, often with 1-4 additional fine

bristles along posterodorsal to dorsoposterior margin (4-8 bristles in total).

Scutum with integument brown, covered with narrow curved, grayish brown

scales, scales on anterior and supraalar margins and prescutellar space some-

what paler; scutal bristles dark, acrostichals reduced to 1-3 (usually 2) anterior

pairs, 1-3 humerals, 0-2 angulars and 1,2 posterior fossals. Scutellum with

scales similar to those of prescutellar space; median lobe with 5-10, each

lateral lobe with 4 long dark bristles, each lobe with several additional fine

bristles. Pleural integument rather dark brown on upper subspiracular area,

postspiracular area, concave portion between prealar knob and sternopleuron,

upper mesepimeron, propleuron and anteromedian sternopleuron; scales absent

or occasionally a few translucent scales present on posterior sternopleuron;

pleural bristles brown to pale brown, 6-10 propleurals, 4-10 prealars, more

than 10 sternopleurals, 5 to more than 10 upper mesepimerals, usually one,

rarely 2 lower mesepimerals. Wing. Cell Ro 2.50-4.59 (21; x = 3.44) length

of vein r9,9; base of Mj+9 at level of or slightly distal to that of Ro. Halter

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 227

knob dark scaled. Legs. Forecoxa anteriorly dark scaled; midcoxa laterally

dark scaled; hindcoxa unscaled. Fore- and midfemur posteroventrally pale

toward base; hindfemur pale on both anterior and posterior surface ventrally,

the pale area basally broadened, extending ventrally to apex, dorsal dark area

almost reaching base; remainder of femora, tibiae and tarsi dark. Hindtarso-

mere 1 1.05-1.09 (6) length of tibia. Abdomen. Tergum I with a median patch

of dark scales; II-VII dark scaled, apparently narrowly pale scaled on lateral

margin; III- VII with basal bands of pale scales; VIII pale scaled. Sterna pale

scaled.

MALE (Figs. 71, 204). Wing length 2.6-3.6 mm. Vertex in general with

more broad scales than infemale. Antenna: pedicel with a few minute bristles

but without scales; flagellum 0. 86-0. 93 (7) length of proboscis; flagellomere 12

0. 77-0.96 (8) of Flm 13, both 0. 75-0. 93 (8) of Flm 1-11. Palpus 1.24-1.30

(9) length of proboscis (longer than proboscis by slightly more than or just

length of segment 5); 3 with 5-8 medially broadened modified setae; 4 and apex

of 3 somewhat broadened; 4, 5 and apex of 3 with numerous bristles of medium

length; length ratio of 2-5: 0.90-1.08 : 1.79-2.25 : 0.69-0.81: 1.00. Pro-.

boscis 1.17-1.26 (5) length of forefemur. Cell Ro 1.78-2.59 (15; x = 2.13)

length of vein r9,3; la ending at or before level of m-cu. Foretarsomere 5

1.81-2.04 (9) length of 4. Genitalia. Tergum IX with each lobe bearing 2-11

rather short bristles. Basistyle bristled except for subapical area of mesal

side; subapical lobe moderately protrudent, mesodistal angle hairy; a placed at

a short distance from £6 and y, distinctly shorter and more slender than 8, poorly

pigmented; 6stout, long, curved at apex, pigmented, close to Y which is slender,

subequal to @ in length, curved at apex, poorly pigmented; 6 at mesodistal cor-

ner of lobe, narrow, but wider and longer than a, not striated; a rather stout

seta (u) just laterad of 6; several short setae present on a lobe between rods

and 6; 7-10 rather tufted stout setae laterad of 8 and Y, mesal 3-4 of them

thicker and striated, € and X indistinguishable from these setae. Dististyle

0.67 length of basistyle, curved and a little recurved at apex, with a crest of

3-6 small spines on convex side near apex, with subapical short setae occasion-

ally more than 2; apex with a small hook opposite claw, which is small but still

longer than hook. Cercal tergal surface poorly sclerotized; cercal setae 2-4;

basal sternolateral process fairly long, rather slender, pigmented. Tergo-

apical division of aedeagus 1.29-1.37 (5) as long as wide, subbasally expanded;

each lateral piece very narrow apically in tergal view, with 4-9 denticles on

tergomesal surface, basal main denticle distinctly larger than other denticles.

LARVA (Fig. 70). Head. Width 0.96-1.04 mm; pale yellowish-brown,

1.27-1.33 as wide as long; microsculpture virtually non-existent, consisting of

a few very indistinct spicules; labrum slightly concave; seta 1-C curved mesad,

separated by 1.25-0.33 their length; 5, 6-C usually triple, about 0.67

length of cranium; 7-C a little shorter, usually 6,7 branched; 13-C usually 6, 7

branched, well barbed; 18,19-C minute. Antenna slightly arcuate, 0.56-0. 64

mm long, pale, slightly darker distad of seta 1-A, strongly spiculate, spicules

sparser on midmesoventral aspect as well as distad of 1-A; 1-A about 0.6

length of antenna, inserted at basal 0. 48-0.55 (x = 0.50), with 20 or more

strongly barbed branches, exceeding tip of antenna; 2,3-A about 0.43 length of

antenna. Mandible and maxilla very similar to those of Culex (Culiciomyia)

sasai, with the following exceptions: more lateral dorsal tooth much smaller

than mesal dorsal tooth; VT3 not noticeably larger than VT, or VT9; basal den-

ticle of VT3 more prominent; pectinations on VBy small, relatively uniform; a

number of rather thickened spicules of lacinia weaker. Mentum plate with 27-

30 subacute teeth, the lateralmost teeth not quite as strong as in sasai. Thorax.

228 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

Integument apparently smooth; prothoracic setal formula: 2-1-2(3)-2-1-1-2-

2(1); seta 1-M well developed, much larger than 2-M, subequal to 4-M.

Abdomen. Seta 5-I sometimes semidendritic; 6-III usually (95%) single; 1-IV

usually (90%) single, subequal to 1-V; 1-IV, V longer than 6-IV, V; 6-IV, V,

12-IV, 5-V-VIII, 3-VI, VII and 11, 13-VII usually double; 1-VIII sometimes

with branches apically divided; 5-VIII usually double. Comb scales 28-45

(x = 35.4) ina broadly triangular patch, individual scales elongate, somewhat

apically broadened, fringed with spicules, the apical spicules longer and

stronger than the lateral spicules. Szphon somewhat sinuate, tapering gradu-

ally from base, yellowish-brown, paler apically, basal ring brownish, incom-

plete; microsculpture indistinct, apparently consisting of faint transverse rows

of minute spicules, a few subacute tubercles on apicoventral aspect; length

1.44-1.67 mm, index 6.05-6.92 (x = 6.57), (length 1.65-2.04 mm (6), index

7.08-7.76, x = 7.42 (4), in specimens from Cheju do); pecten reaching basal

0.22-0.28 (x = 0.25), (basal 0.35 in one aberrant specimen), of 13-20 (x = 15.7)

teeth (17-22, x = 19.2, in 6 specimens from Cheju do), each with 3-6 (usually

4) denticles, the apical 1-3 teeth somewhat detached, 1-4 basalmost usually

ereatly reduced; 4 pairs of 1-S all weak and shorter than siphon diameter at

insertion, the most proximal tuft inserted beyond pecten at basal 0. 30-0. 42,

(x = 0.36); the remaining tufts inserted at basal 0.43-0.68 (x = 0.56), 0. 66-

0.83 (x = 0.75) and 0.83-0.92 (x = 0.87) respectively; 2-S about 0.67 length of

apical pecten tooth. Saddle 0.26-0.34 mm long; microsculpture of short, trans-

verse rows of small spicules, most prominent on lateral aspect, the spicules

becoming elongate caudad, culminating in about 20 greatly enlarged, acute teeth

between 1, 3-X; 1-X 0. 86-1. 06 (x = 0.97) length of saddle; 4-X of 8 cratal tufts,

each 2-8 branched. Anal gills elongate, somewhat fusiform; dorsal gill 2.2-

3.4 length of saddle, ventral gill 0.8-0.9 length of dorsal gill.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN. 440°, 449; with associ-

ated skins (58 1, 58 p); 39L, 551: Honshu (C-1820, C-1896, C-1897, C-1903,

C-1955, C-2021, C-2104, C-2300, C-2303, D-0001, D-0021, D-0061, E-2190,

E-2191, E-2247). KOREA. 50, 89, 6 L: Cheju Do (M-0846, M-0852, M-0854,

M-0861, M-0862, M-0877).

DISTRIBUTION. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu,

Yakushima, Tsuchima). KOREA (Cheju Do). TAIWAN.

BIONOMICS. Rather common throughout the range; not occurring in high

mountains. Larvae are found in a wide variety of containers including artificial

ones, the water varying from clean to fairly strongly polluted; larvae also occur

occasionally in ground waters, but apparently not in tree holes, however, La-

Casse and Yamaguti (1950) recorded them in bamboo stumps. Associated spe-

cies include Anopheles lindesayii japonicus, An. sinensis, and Culex infantulus

in fresh water, with Culex tritaeniorhynchus, Aedes japonicus, Ae. togoi and

Ae. albopictus in more or less polluted water (LaCasse and Yamaguti 1950). A

few adult females (2.5%) fed on chicks but not reptiles, amphibians or mice in

the laboratory (Miyagi 1972b).

48. CULEX (CULICIOMYIA) SASAI KANO, NITAHARA AND AWAYA

(Figs. 71, 72, 205; Table 83)

Culex (Culiciomyia) sasaiKano, Nitahara and Awaya, 1954: 14(o, 2, L). Type-

locality: foot of Mt. Fuji, Japan; Lee and Lee, 1975: 59, Korea.

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 229

FEMALE (Fig. 205). Wing length 3.2-3.9 mm. Head. Vertex covered

with pale bronze-yellow narrow curved scales at middle and with numerous

dark brown erect forked scales; scales on both sides of vertex rather broad,

gray with yellowish or bluish tinge according to light; eye margin bordered

with pale rather broad scales; tempus covered with broad pale ochreous or

whitish scales; 5-7 dark vertical and 2 temporal dark bristles on each side,

followed by a few dark or yellowish bristles down to underside of head. Clype-

us brown. Antenna: pedicel yellowish brown, mesal surface darker, witha

few minute hairs and scales; flagellum 1.15-1.25 (5) length of proboscis;

flagellomere 1 with a few small scales, 1.09-1.24 (5) length of Flm 2. Palpus

0.22-0.27 length of proboscis; segment 3 2. 81-3. 85 of 2; 4 lacking or occasion-

ally developed to a short segment 0.14 length of 3. Proboscis 0.97-1.08 length

of forefemur. Thovax. Pronotal integument brown or rather dark brown;

anterior lobe with a few loosely set broad, gray scales and bearing more than

10 to nearly 20 dark brown bristles; posterior lobe with several narrow curved,

dark brown scales on upper margin and bearing 4-6 bristles along margin

around posterodorsal corner, posterior 3 usually long. Scutum with integument

brown, covered with narrow curved, bronze-brown scales which appear pale

gray in some light; acrostichal bristles reduced to 3-6 dark ones on anterior

promontory; 2-4 humerals, one or 2 angular and posterior fossals present.

Scutellum covered with scales similar to but paler than those on scutum, bear-

ing 4-6 long dark bristles on each lateral lobe and 6-8 on median lobe, a few

additional fine bristles on each lobe. Pleural integument pale brown to dark

brown on propleuron, postspiracular area, lower prealar knob, anterior middle

sternopleuron and upper mesepimeron, otherwise quite pale; 10 or more pro-

pleural bristles, most of them dark brown; 6-10 prealars, nearly 20 sterno-

pleurals, 7-13 upper mesepimerals, 7-13 upper mesepimerals, one or 2 lower

mesepimerals. Wing. Cell Ro 2.17-3.13 (20; x = 2.55) length of vein r9+9;

base of Mj+2 proximal to or at level of that of Ry. Halter with gray scaled knob.

Legs. .Forecoxa anteriorly covered with gray scales; midcoxa with pale or

gray scales; hindcoxa usually without scales. Posterior surface of femora and

anterior surface of hindfemur pale scaled, the pale area apically narrowed;

remainder of femora, tibiae and tarsi dark scaled. Hindtarsomere 1 1.03-1.11

(5) length of tibia. Abdomen. Tergum I with a median spot of dark scales; II

dark scaled; occasionally with a small mediobasal patch of pale scales; III-VII

dark scaled, each with a basal band of pale scales; VIII and sterna pale scaled.

MALE (Figs. 71, 205). Wing length 2.5-3.5 mm. Antenna: flagellum 0.81-

0.89 length of proboscis; flagellomere 12 0. 81-1.04 length of Flm 13, both 0.77-

0.87 of 1-11. Palpus 1.13-1.25 (12) length of proboscis (longer by less than

length of 5); segment 3 with 5-8 medially broadened lanceolate setae; 4 and 5

bristled; length ratio of 2-5: 0.86-1.16 : 1.54-2.16 : 0.63-0.79 : 1.00 (12).

Proboscis 1.19-1.27 (5) length of forefemur. Cell Ro 1.17-1.70 (20; « = 1.41)

length of vein r9:3; 1a ending at or before level of m-cu. Foretarsomere 5

1.69-1.95 (8) length of 4; hindtarsomere 1 1.06-1.11 (4) length of tibia.

Genitalia. Tergum IX with each lobe bearing 7-13 bristles. Basistyle bristled

except subapical area of mesal side; subapical lobe moderately protrudent, its

mesodistal angle hairy; a proximalmost, more or less separated from £, shorter

than other 2, stout, pigmented; @ stout, curved at apex, pigmented; y distalmost,

subequal to Bi in length, slender, curved at apex, unpigmented; 8 and Y close

together; 5on mesal edge of lobe, narrow, not striated, subequal to a in length;

2 short setae (1) between rods and 5; € and X indistinguishable from 12-15 aggre-

gated stout short setae just laterad of lobe, mesal 0.67 of these setae thicker

than others. Dististyle 0.67-0.75 length of basistyle, strongly curved and

230 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

markedly recurved at apex, with a crest of 4-6 spines on convex side, apex

sharply hooked opposite small claw. Cercal tergal surface poorly sclerotized;

2-6 cercal setae; basal sternolateral process pigmented. Tergoapical division

of aedeagus 1.26-1.43 (7) as long as wide, expanded subbasally; each lateral

piece slender apically in tergal view, with 6-13 tergomesal denticles, basal

main denticle larger than other denticles.

LARVA (Fig. 72). (Description based on specimens from Mt. Fuji). Head.

Width 1.16-1.27 mm; usually pale yellowish-brown, 1.22-1.40 (x = 1.29) as

wide as long; microsculpture consisting of transverse rows of fine spicules,

especially prominent cephalad of seta 4-C (easily visible at 100X); labrum

straight to slightly convex; 1-C curved mesad, separated by 1.25-1.50 their

length; 2-C well mesad and a little cephalad of 3-C; 4-C rarely lightly barbed,

separated by 0.6-0.7 their length; 5, 6-C little more than 0.5 length of cranium;

11-C usually triple; 13-C occasionally lightly barbed; 14-C usually single; 16-C

rarely double; 18,19-C a little shorter and more slender than 16,17-C. Antenna

nearly straight, 0.63-0.76 mm long, strongly spiculate except on mesoventral

aspect, the spicules becoming a little sparser and stouter distad of seta 1-A;

1-A inserted at basal 0. 42-0.50 (x = 0.45), with about 18-25 strongly barbed

branches, each slightly more than 0.5 length of antenna, usually not attaining

tip of antenna; 2, 3-A slightly less than 0.33 length of antenna. Mandible witha

small dorsolateral patch of moderately long microspines near base; MdSg very

short, slightly curved; MdS, a little shorter than MdS;. Mandibular comb of

apparently 14-19 spiculate prominences, the lateralmost 3-5 prominences

ereatly reduced, the more mesal prominences also bearing at least 2 filamen-

tous spicules, one much longer than the other. Cutting organ with lateral dorsal

tooth only slightly smaller than mesal dorsal tooth; VT-4 nearly reaching tip of

VTo; VT3 slightly longer than VTj or VT2, sometimes with a minute basal den-

ticle; an elongate, apically bifurcate accessory denticle ventromesad of dorsal

teeth, apparently reaching level of VT2; sometimes another, more ventromesad

accessory denticle present; VB, slightly sinuate, coarsely pectinate on mesal

margin, the pectinations blunt, of at least 2 different sizes; VB2 much smaller,

about attaining base of VT9, acutely pectinate on apical half of mesal margin;

pectinate brush of 7-11 bilaterally pectinate hairs, the mesalmost hair often

reduced. One to several denticle-like structures on dorsal aspect between base

of piliferous process and mandibular apodeme. Mandibular hairs (5-6) + (7-9),

13-14 in total. Maxilla. Cardo broadly fused with cranium mesobasally, seta

1-Mx darker than 4-Mx. Mesostipes about 1.20-1.33 as long as wide, lacking

prominent spines or spine-like structures on dorsolateral aspect; stipital sen-

soria just proximad to middle of mesostipes; 4-Mx shorter than 5-Mx. Lacinia

with a number of rather thickened spicules; 5-Mx distad of stipital sensoria.

Palpostipes deeply rugose on mesal aspect, Sj moderately slender; S92 about

0.67 length of S1; S3 quite large, over 1.5 as long and nearly twice as

thick as 81; S4 subequal to S9; S5 a little smaller than S4. Mentum plate with

26-33 subacute teeth, the median tooth somewhat spearhead-shaped, over twice

as broad as adjacent flanking teeth, the next 8-10 flanking teeth on each side

gradually increasing in size laterad; the lateralmost 4-5 teeth usually much

larger and more acute. Thorax. Integument apparently smooth; prothoracic

setal formula: 2°1:2(1):2:°1-°1:°2(3)-2(1, 3); setae 3, 8-P definitely shorter than 1,

2,9, /-P, as well as cranium; 5-M usually single, noticeably shorter than 6,

7-M; 8-T sometimes with as few as 8 branches. Abdomen. Setae 2-I, 10,

12-III, 12-V, 1,9-VI and 14-VII usually single; 1,3, 5-II, 3,5-III and 6-IV

usually double; 5-VIII frequently (74%) double; 13-V usually triple; 7-IV occa-

sionally dendritic when 7 or more branched; 1-V usually slightly shorter than

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 231

cranium, a little longer than 1-IV; 1-VII subequal to slightly shorter than 1-IV;

6-VII occasionally dendritic; 8-VII a little longer than 6-VII. Comb scales 27-

48 (x = 40.8) ina broadly triangular patch, individual scales somewhat spoon-

shaped, fringed with spicules, the apical spicules longer and slightly stronger

than the lateral spicules. Siphon nearly straight, tapering gradually, pale

brownish yellow, paler in apical 0.17, basal margin darker brown, incomplete;

length 1.35-1.80 (x = 1.61) mm, index 4.61-5.79 (x = 5.02); microsculpture

consisting of somewhat irregular transverse rows of minute tubercles, the

tubercles becoming a little more prominent ventroapically; pecten reaching

basal 0. 28-0.38 (x = 0.33), of 12-19 (x = 16.1) teeth, each with usually 3-5

ventrobasal denticles; usually 4, rarely 5 pairs of 1-S, about length of siphon

diameter at insertion, the basalmost pair usually inserted just distad of pecten

at basal 0.35-0.48 (x = 0.41), other tufts inserted at basal 0. 46-0.62 (x =0. 54),

0.60-0. 79 (x = 0.70) and 0.81-0. 89 (x = 0.85) respectively; 2-S about 0.67

length of apical pecten tooth. Saddle usually deeply emarginate laterally near

seta 4-X, 0.35-0.39 mm long; microsculpture of short transverse rows of 3-10

small dark blunt spicules, the spicules becoming larger and more acute caudad,

culminating in 15-25 greatly enlarged acute teeth between 1, 3-X; 1-X 0.67-0.80

length of saddle; 4-X of 8-9 (usually 8) cratal tufts, each 3-7 branched. Anal

gills elongate, tapering gradually from base, dorsal gill 3.0-3.7 saddle length,

ventral gill 0.8-0.9 length of dorsal gill.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN. 2220, 1962, with

associated skins (65 1, 65 p); 138 L, 361: Honshu (C-1544, C-1574, C-1581,

C-1820, C-1821, C-2021, C-2104, C-2105, D-0002, D-0015, D-0018, D-0022,

D-0748, D-0812, D-0813, D-0814, D-1200, D-1201, D-1202, D-1203, D-1204,

D-1264, D-1265, D-1266, D-1278, D-1279, D-1280, D-1281, D-1578, D-1582,

D-1583, E-1576, E-1695, E-1699). 29: Kyushu (H-0070). 1.1L, 11: Yakushima

(H-1824). KOREA. 10, 159, 2 L: Korean Peninsula (L-1491, L-2145).

DISTRIBUTION. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN (Honshu, Izu Shichito: Aogashima,

Shikoku, Kyushu, Yakushima). KOREA (Korean Peninsula). TAIWAN.

TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION. The larval specimens from Mt. Ohdaigahara

(1,300-1,600 m), Nara Prefecture, appear to differ in some respects from

specimens obtained from the northwestern foot (1, 100-1, 600 m) of Mt. Fuji,

and were not included in the above description. The principal differences

observed are in the lengths of various body setae, index of siphon, and denticles

of pecten teeth (Table 8). No significant differences were found in the adults

of these 2 populations.

Despite the specific distinctness in the larval stage, the adults of Cx. sasai

are quite similar to kyotoensis and pallidothorax. In the female, definite

characters for identification were not detected. The overall body color includ-

ing the integumental patch from the posterior pronotal lobe to upper mesepimer-

on is, in general, lightest in pallidothovax, darkest in sasai, and intermediate

in kyotoensis, but the differences are slight and variation is considerable. Thus,

it is always difficult to identify them by this character. Only the cell Rg - vein

r2+3 ratio and the relative position of the base of Mj+2 to that of Ro may serve

for discrimination of these species in a limited degree (Table 9). In the male,

pallidothorax may be easily identified by striated broad leaf-like modified seta

€ of the subapical lobe of the genitalia. Culex sasai is almost identical to

kyotoensis in the genitalia, but most specimens of these 2 species can be separ-

ated by the relative length of the palpus to the proboscis, and the Ro - r2+3

ratio mentioned in the key and descriptions. Korean specimens of sasazi showed

a little larger value in the Ro - rg+3 ratio in the male, viz., 1.41-1.89 (9;

w= 1.57).

232 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

TABLE 8. Comparison of larval characteristics of two populations

of Culex (Culiciomyia) sasat.

Character Mt. Fuji (n = 20) Mt. Ohdaigahara (n = 20)

Seta 7-P 0.93-1.28 (x = 1.06) 0.86-1.06 (x =0.92)

Relative |Seta 8-P 0.67-0.92 (x = 0. 76) 0.55-0.67 (x = 0.61)

length to < Seta 1-IV 0.62-0.97 (x = 0.78) 0.46-0.69 (x = 0.57)

cranium |Seta 1-V 0.81-0.97 (« = 0.89) 0.51-0. 83 (x = 0.67)

Seta 1-VII 0. 62-0. 86 (x = 0. 74) 0.43-0.67 (x = 0.57)

Seta 12-IV Always single 1=3.4x = 1:86; 1: 20%)

Ventral 2-5 (57.1% with 4 or 4-7 (45.0% with 5 or

denticles of less denticles) more denticles)

pecten teeth

Siphon index. 4.61-5.79 (~ = 5.02) 3. 44-4. 67 (x = 4. 03)

TABLE 9. Comparison of wing characteristics of the females of

Culex (Culiciomyia) pallidothorax, Cx. (Cui.) kyotoensis

and Cx. (Cut.) sasat.

Character pallidothorax kyotoensis sasai

Cell Ro - vein rg.3

ratio 2.22-3.29 (n= 5) 2.66-4.59 (n = 20) 2.17-3.13 (n = 19)

x 2.69 oy 44 2.95

Ratio more than 3. 20 ~ 65% 0%

Ratio less than 2. 50 - 0% : 63%

Base of Cell Mj,5 Atsame level or Distadorat same Proximad or rarely

to base of cell Ro _ slightly proximad level at same level

Chen (1974) published a key to the species of Culex from Taiwan, including

kyotoensis, pallidothorax and sasai, using cibarial characters. In respect to

these 3 species, he examined 5-14 specimens of each species from a single

collection; thus wider variations may occur. However, his key may still

deserve to be reproduced here.

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 233

ike Cibarial teeth 30 to 31 on the dorsal row; line of origin of teeth weakly

convex in middle and somewhat concave toward lateral flanges;

posterior hard palate relatively narrow, 30-33 uwwide...... sasai

Cibarial teeth 34 to 40 on the dorsal row; line of origin of teeth strongly

convex in middle and relatively concave toward lateral flanges; pos-

terior hard palate evidently much more widened, 38-51 “wide... 2

2(1). Lateral flange strongly sclerotized; clypeal phragma poorly developed;

ventral papillae set close to ventralflange. ...... pallidothorax

Lateral flange weakly sclerotized; clypeal phragma well developed;

ventral papillae set near ventral flange. .......... kyotoensis

These characters should be evaluated as to whether they could also be

adopted to the Japanese populations.

BIONOMICS. Common from lowlands to mountainous regions. Larvae are

found in a wide variety of natural and artificial containers including tree holes,

rock holes, temporary ground pools, concrete and wooden tanks, barrels, tin

cans, discarded boots, pails, discarded tires, vases, etc. Associated species

include Culex kyotoensis in lowlands, and Aedes japonicus in mountains.

SUBGENUS BARRA UDIUS EDWARDS

Barvraudius Edwards, 1921b: 332. Type-species: Culex pusillus Macquart,

1850; Egypt.

Rather small yellowish mosquitoes, the larvae occur in brackish water.

FEMALE. Head. Eyes contiguous above, moderately separated below.

Vertex with narrow scales only; erect forked scales on posterior 0.67 of ver-

tex; 4-6 vertical and 2 temporal bristles. Antenna longer than proboscis;

flagellomere 1 1.3-1.4 length of Flm 2. Palpus about 0.2 length of proboscis,

segment 4 undeveloped or minute. Proboscis unbanded, shorter than fore-

femur, with several unmodified ventrobasal bristles. Thorax. Pronotal lobes

and scutum with narrow scales only. Posterior pronotal bristles arranged in

a row along posterior margin. All scutal bristles present. Pleura with dis-

tinct scale patches; one lower mesepimesal bristle present. Wing. Crossvein

m-cu well proximad of r-m; la reaching level between cubital fork and m-cu.

Tarsi unbanded; foretarsomere 5 longer than or length of 4, hindtarsomere 1

distinctly shorter than tibia (about 0.'75-0.80). Abdomen. Laterotergite

unscaled. Seminal capsules 3.

MALE. Antennal flagellum shorter than proboscis; flagellomere 12 much

shorter than Flm 13, both together shorter than Flm 1-11. Palpus longer than

proboscis, slender, without long apical bristles. Proboscis shorter than fore-

femur, with false joint slightly proximad of middle, without long bristles at the

joint; ventrobasal bristles not modified. Foretarsomere 4 shortened; 5 moder-

ately modified, about twice as long as 4, with apparently 2 pairs of short curved

setae on top of ventrobasal swelling, 3 pairs of rather stiff laterobasal setae,

and one pair of ventral processes at about basal 0.25, each bearing a short

curved seta. Midtarsomere 5 unmodified, shorter than 4. Anterior claw of

fore- and midtarsi with a blunt-tipped median tooth, posterior claw with a

sharp laterobasal tooth. Genitalia. Tergum IX narrow, poorly sclerotized,

lobes poorly differentiated, widely separated, bristled. Sternum IX without

234 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

bristles. Basistyle cylindrical, laterally and sternally scaled; subapical lobe

divided, each section bearing 1-3 rather short modified setae, homology of

these modified setae not always certain. Dististyle simple. Paraproct with

apical crest of numerous pigmented spines, some lateral spines stout, blunt-

tipped; laterobasal process undeveloped. Aedeagus with sternobasal division

large, well sclerotized; tergoapical division rather simple, composed of paired

tergomesal and sternolateral processes.

LARVA. Head. Distinctly broader than long; seta 1-C slender, shorter

than distance between bases; 5, 6-C well developed; 4-C posteriad of 7-C, short

and slender. Antenna spinulate; seta 1-A distad of middle of shaft, with well

developed barbed branches; 2-6-A close to apex. Mouth brush of fine numer-

ous hairs. Mandible with a group of laterodorsal microspines; 5 mandibular

spurs, MdS, longest, weakly pigmented; MdSg multiple, 0.6 length of MdSj;

MdS3, 4 similar to MdSqj in shape, MdSg3 shorter and paler than MdS4 which is

subequal to MdS1; MdS5 pale, shortest, basally broadened. Mandibular ring

distinct, on basal aspect. Mandibular brush well developed. Mandibular comb

of about 10 spiculate prominences. Cutting organ with mesal dorsal tooth bear-

ing denticles; ventral tooth with lateral denticle (VT-4) spiniform, not reaching

apex of VT; 3 mesal denticles (VT1_3) triangular; ventral blade (VB1) apically

Slender, extending beyond apex of VI9; VBo apparently undeveloped; pectinate

brush well developed, the basal hairs laterally pectinate, the apical hairs bi-

laterally pectinate. Piliferous process well protrudent, shallowly cleft at apex,

with labula extending a little beyond apex of broader anterior part, bearing the

usual 5 hair groups. Mandibular hairs divided into 2 groups; hairs of distal

group laterally barbed, basally spiculate. Maxilla. Cardo narrowly connected

mesobasally with cranium. Mesostipes longer than wide, with spicules all

slender, some unilaterally pectinate, arcuate mesobasal spicules also not very

stiff; stipital sensoria each with a basal ring. Maxillary brush with approxi-

mately 15 very long simple slender hairs, other hairs also slender. Parartis

with an ill-defined dorsobasal lamellose expansion. Pseudoartis undeveloped.

Lacinia with all spicules slender. Palpostipes short; apex with ampulla and 5

palpal sensoria. Mentum plate a somewhat rounded triangle. Aulaeum with

median tooth. Thorax. Seta 0-P and 13, 14-M dendritic; 3-P nearly length of

1,2-P, single; 4-P long; 9,10-P rather weak; 12-P strong. Abdomen. Setae

6-I-VI and 7-I strong; 13-II, VI dendritic. Comb scales numerous in a patch.

Siphon straight; pecten moderately developed, teeth pale, slender, with slender

ventral denticles; 1-S of 8-11 almost ventral setae in a zigzag row, basalmost

1-S within pecten; lateral or subdorsal setae absent. Saddle with seta 1-X

shorter than saddle; 2-X with dorsal branch(es) shorter than ventral branch;

4-X of 11-13 cratal setae. Anal gills short.

DISTRIBUTION. Coastal areas of southern and eastern Palaearctic region.

This subgenus is represented by a single species in this region.

49. CULEX (BARRA UDIUS) INATOMII KAMIMURA AND WADA

(NEW STATUS)

(Figs. 73, 74, 206; Table 84)

Culex (Barvaudius) modestus subsp.: Wada, Kamimura and Sasa, 1968: 120.

Culex (Barraudius) modestus inatomii I eau and Wada, 1974: 130(2, 08 5°P

L). Type-locality: Utoma, Okayama Pref., Japan.

Culex (Barraudius) tnatomi: Lee and Lee, 1975: 59, Kyong Ki Do, Korea

(misspelling).

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 235

FEMALE (Fig. 206). Wing length 3.2-4.0 mm. Head. Vertex covered

with yellowish brown narrow curved scales, those on eye margin paler; erect

forked scales many, grayish brown; tempus covered with broad white scales;

4-6 vertical and 2 temporal dark bristles on each side. Clypeus brown.

Antenna: pedicel light brown, mesal surface infuscate, with several small

hairs and small pale scales; flagellum 1.16-1.18 (2) length of proboscis; flagel-

lomere 1 1.25-1.44 (5) length of Flm 2, with small pale scales. Palpus 0.20-

0.21 (4) length of proboscis, dark scaled above and pale scaled beneath; seg-

ment 3 1.56-2.14 (4) of 2; 4 absent or minute. Proboscis 0.89-0.94 (4) length

of forefemur, dark scaled above, pale scaled beneath. Thorax. Pronotal lobes

with integument light brown, roughly covered with narrow curved, yellowish

brown bristles of different lengths; posterior lobe bearing 3-7 dark brown

bristles along dorsoposterior margin. Scutum with integument brown, uni-

formly with narrow curved, bronzy brown scales, a few scales on supraalar

and prescutellar margins paler; scutal bristles medium-sized, dark brown;

3-6 bristles on fossal area along humeral to sutural margin. Scutellar lobes

covered with narrow curved, pale yellow scales, each lobe bearing 4-7 long

dark bristles and several fine ones. Pleural integument light brown; patches

of broad white scales on upper sternopleuron, posterior-lower sternopleuron

and upper mesepimeron; 3-7 propleural bristles, 2 of them usually stout; 5-9

prealars, 7-9 sternopleurals along upper to posterior margin, 9-9 upper

mesepimerals, 1 stiff lower mesepimeral. Wing. Veins dark scaled. Cell

Ro 3.64-6.71 (5) length of vein r9;3. Halter with pale scaled knob. Legs.

Forecoxa with both dark and pale scales; mid- and hindcoxae with pale scales.

Posterior 0.67 of ventral surface to posterior surface of forefemur, posterior

surface of mid- and hindfemora, and lower anterior surface of hindfemur pale

scaled, the pale anterior area of hindfemur apically narrowed, dorsal dark

area usually reaching base; posterior surface of tibiae and of tarsomeres 1

with pale scales; femora, tibiae and tarsi otherwise dark scaled. Foretarso-

mere 5 slightly longer than or as long as 4; hindtarsomere 1 0. 74-0. 78 (5) length

of tibia. Abdomen. Tergum I medially dark scaled, laterally pale scaled;

II-VII dorsally broadly dark scaled, laterally pale scaled; VIII and sterna pale

scaled.

MALE (Figs. 74, 206). Wing length 2.4-2.6 mm (reared examples).

Antenna: flagellum 0.94-0.97 (4) length of proboscis; flagellomere 12 0. 56-

0.62 (4) of Flm 13, both 0.83-0.86 of Flm 1-11. Palpus 1.43-1.50 (3) length

of proboscis (longer than proboscis by slightly more than length of segment 5),

without long bristles excepting a few stiff medium-sized bristles at apices of

3, 4 and 5, ventrally pale scaled on 2-4, with a few pale scales ventrally at base

of 5, dark scaled otherwise; length ratio of 2-5: 0.61-0.70: 1.17-1.38:

0.71-0.78 : 1.00 (4). Proboscis 0. 88-0.95 (4) length of forefemur, with false

joint at basal 0. 42-0.44 (3). About 10 or less anterior pronotal bristles, 3-4

posterior pronotals, 2-4 propleurals, 3-6 prealars, 1-4 upper mesepimerals.

Cell Ro 3. 06-3.36 (4) length of vein r2:3. Foretarsomere 5 1.86-2.05 (4) length

of 4; hindtarsomere 1 0.74-0.80 (4) length of tibia. Abdominal segment VII

dark scaled. Genitalia. Tergum IX with each lobe bearing 3-7 medium-sized

bristles. Basistyle cylindrical, laterally and sternally scaled rather sparsely,

fairly evenly bristled laterally except basal part, bristles of mesal area smaller;

subapical lobe relatively small, a little protrudent, at apical 0.33-0.40 of basi-

style, divided into proximal and distal sections, each equal in size, bearing 2

rather short modified setae; proximal seta (a) of proximal section stout, bluntly

pointed, distal seta (g) a little longer and broader than a, with blunter apex;

distal seta of distal section in form of a narrow, faintly striate, somewhat pig-

236 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

mented leaflet; proximal seta rod-shaped, narrow, just hooked at apex; usually

one seta, shorter than proximal seta, between them, its position and size vari-

able, sometimes lacking; one or 2 accessory small setae sometimes present

on distal section; often one seta placed between sections. Dististyle slender,

arcuate, apically tapering, 0.51-0.58 (4) length of basistyle, pigmented, with

2 small setae, one on convex side at about apical 0.25 another on concave side

near apex; claw 0.11-0.13 (4) length of dististyle, pigmented. Cercal tergal

surface poorly sclerotized; cercal setae relatively large, 2-4 on each side;

paraproct rather weakly sclerotized. Tergoapical division of aedeagus 1. 00-

1.29 (6) as wide as long; each lateral piece composed of a moderately sclero-

tized, long, pigmented, simple and smooth tergomesal process and a short

unpigmented sternolateral process, apex of the latter smooth.

LARVA. dead (Fig. 73). Width 0.94-1.13 mm; 1.36-1.50 as wide as long;

seta 1-C slender, about 0.67 length of distance between bases; 4-6-C distinctly

posterior to 7-C; 4-C almost always single, extremely slender, well mesad

and slightly anteriad of 6-C; 5-C usually triple, distinctly posteriad and slightly

mesad of 6-C which is most frequently (68%) double; 10, 11, 14-C usually double.

Antenna 0.48-0.62 mm long, 0.67-0.80 length of head, pigmented at base and

in distal part, dorsally, laterally and ventrobasally spinulate on proximal part,

laterobasally a few spinules on distal part; seta 1-A with about 30 barbed

branches, inserted at apical 0.26-0.39 of shaft; 2-4-A pigmented, slightly

barbed, subequal in length; 6-A pigmented, twice length of 5-A and 0.25 length

of 2-A. Mandible with a laterodorsal group of a number of very fine simple

microspines. Cutting organ with mesal dorsal tooth bearing a detached large

mesobasal denticle and a very small median denticle; ventral tooth with VT-4

stout; VT1-3 progressively larger proximad; ventral blade with fine mesal

pectination; pectinate brush 7-10 haired. Mandibular hairs (6-8) + (8-12), 16-

19 in total (2). Maxilla. Cardo well sclerotized and pigmented; seta 1-Mx

single, stiffer than usual for the genus. Mesostipes 1.4-1.6 as long as wide,

with lateral surface smooth; stipital sensoria equal, somewhat proximad of

middle; 4-Mx moderately long, slender, slightly pigmented. Lacinia with 5-Mx

at level of stipital sensoria. Palpostipes excluding lateral artis about 0.25

length of mesostipes; S37 81> S47 S9 7 S5 in length. Mentum plate with 11-13

rather large teeth. Aulaeum with median tooth simple, lightly pigmented.

Thorax. Prothoracic setal formula: 1-1:1-°1(2):1:1°3(2):2(3); usually, seta

4-P single, 7-P triple and 8, 14-P double; 14-P often with fine barbs; usually,

1-M single and 4-M double; 12-T often with long barbs, sometimes appearing 2

or 3 forked apically; 13-T somewhat stiff and stellate. Abdomen. Setae 9,

13-I, 3-H], 8,12-II, 3-IV, 4,11-VI, 11-VII and 1-X usually double; 14-V, VU,

VIII, 7-VI and 0, 4-VII usually single; 13-VII usually 4-branched; 6-II, IV, VI

most frequently (74-79%) triple; 6-V usually triple. Comb scales 37-81

(x = 61.4) ina patch, individual scales broadly paddle-shaped, fringed laterally

and apically with subequal spinules. Siphon poorly pigmented except basal mar-

gin, apically tapering, apex 0.64-0.78 as wide as base; length 0.74-1.00 mm,

index 3.54-4. 00 (« = 3.83); microsculpture of transverse rows of minute |

denticles; pecten reaching basal 0.27-0.36 (x =0.31), of 9-14 teeth including

0-4 basal abortive ones, each tooth with several rather long and slender den-

ticles; seta 1-S of 8-11 ventral, usually fairly evenly spaced setae, basalmost

1-S 6-12 branched, at basal 0.24-0.33 (x = 0.28), more often placed within

pecten, others usually with more than 10 branches; 2-S at apex of siphon, up-

right, much shorter than apical pecten tooth. Saddle 0.31-0.46 mm; micro-

sculpture of spiculiferous short ridges, the spicules becoming ventroapically

free; 1-X weak, shorter than saddle; 2-X usually triple, dorsal 2 branches much |

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea Zot

shorter than ventralmost branch; 4-X of 11-13 cratal tufts, each with 5-11

branches. Anal gills 0.6-1.1 length of saddle, ventral gill often slightly shorter.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN. 370, 359, with associ-

ated skins (2 1, 2 p); 29 L: Honshu (F-0227, F-0229, F-0230, F-0231).

DISTRIBUTION. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN (Honshu). KOREA (Korean

Peninsula). MANCHURIA.

TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION. Culex inatomii was described as a subspecies

of modestus. However, differences in the subapical lobe of the male genitalia

appear to be sufficient to treat it as a distinct species. In jnatomii, the sub-

apical lobe is equally divided, the proximal section bears 2 modified setae

(a, 8); the distal section also with 2 modified setae, the proximal seta hooked

attip, the distal seta broadand leaf-like. We examined one male of modestus Ficalbi

from the Ukraine in the collection of the BMNH. In this specimen, the subapi-

cal lobe is unequally divided, the proximal section larger and more strongly

protrudent, bearing 3 modified setae (a, 8, y), the distal section with one thick

seta. Figures given by Edwards (1921b), Martini (1931), Barraud (1934) and

Gutsevich et al. (1970) are identical with this specimen or show a more

slender seta of the distal section. The apex of the sternolateral process of

the aedeagus is smooth in inatomii, somewhat shaggy in modestus, The male

palpus is longer than proboscis by more than the length of segment 5 in

inatomit, by the length of 5 in the male specimen from Ukraine, or less than

it ina male from Saratov, USSR. Larval seta 4-P is single in 80% of inatomii

(31 examined), while it is double in 91% of modestus (13 examined). Females

of modesius were not available for study. One male from Manchuria (Keisharu)

in the collection of the BMNH had genitalia identical with inatomii. One female

from the same locality and 3 females from North China (Peking Distr. ) in

the collection of the BMNH are not different from inatomii. Mr. K.-W. Lee

informed us that the male genitalia of Korean specimens were identical with

those of inatomii.

BIONOMICS. In Japan, Cx. inatomi was found only at one locality, Utdma,

Kurashiki City, Okayama Pref., Western Honshu, where the larvae occurred

in pools of brackish water in a reedy field near the coast. Adult females bite

man and livestock throughout the day and are attracted by light (Kamimura

1976b).

SUBGENUS LUTZIA THEOBALD

Lutzia Theobald, 1903: 155. Type-species: Culex bigotii Bellardi, 1862;

Mexico.

Large brownish or dark mosquitoes; larvae with mouth parts modified for

predation; siphon short, subequal to dorsally elongate saddle in length.

FEMALE. Head. Eyes contiguous above. Decumbent scales of vertex

narrow, eye margin without broad scales, erect forked scales broadly over

vertex. Antennal flagellum as long as or longer than proboscis. Palpus not

more than 0.33 length of proboscis; segment 3 3.0 length of 2, or longer. Pro-

boscis pale banded or entirely dark. Thorax. Anterior and posterior pronotal

lobes with scales. All scutal bristles present. Pleura with patches of broad

scales at least on propleuron, sternopleuron and mesepimeron; lower mese-

pimeral bristles 4-12, usually in a longitudinal row. Wing. Crossveins r-m

238 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

and m-cu very close. Legs. Foretarsomere 5 subequal to or distinctly

shorter than 4. Hindtarsomere 1 equal to or slightly shorter than tibia.

Abdomen. Laterotergite practically unscaled.

MALE. Antenna without modified hairs; flagellum shorter than proboscis.

Palpus longer than proboscis, upturned and apically tapering, apical segments

bristled or simple. Foretarsomere 4 shortened, 5 about 1.67 length of 4,

modified, with 2-3 pairs of stout ventrobasal setae; midtarsomere 4 normal,

0 Slightly shorter than 4, hardly modified, without stout ventrobasal setae;

hindtarsomere 1 almost as long as tibia. Both claws of fore- and midtarsi

toothed. Genitalia. Tergum IX a narrow transverse band, lobes at most

weakly developed. Sternum IX without bristles. Basistyle without scales,

subapical lobe located at apical 0.33-0.40, moderately protrudent, with 3

subequal rods (a, 8 andy), without leaf-like setae. Dististyle simple, arcuate,

apically tapering, not more than 0.5 length of basistyle, with 1 short seta on

concave side near apex and several on convex side. Proctiger with cercal ter-

gal surface weakly to moderately sclerotized; 3-10 cercal setae; paraproct

with apical crest of numerous spines, the laterosternal spines blunt-tipped;

basal sternolateral process short to long, poorly sclerotized, somewhat

deformed. Aedeagus simple for the genus; tergoapical division of a pair of

single sclerotized horn-shaped structures, connected by a subbasal bridge,

expanded a little subbasally, apically divergent, with tergosubbasal prominent

knobs; sternobasal division of paired, rather large, more or less pigmented

lamellae connected with each other by a rather wide basal bridge.

LARVA. Head. Integument with strong microsculpture; seta 1-C slender,

3-C very fine, 4-7-C posteriad of antennal base, 5, 6-C single; 6-C posteriad

of 5-C; 8-C well anteriad of 6-C; 12-C on level or anteriad of 13-C. Mouth

parts modified for predation. Labral area strongly produced, hairs of mouth

brush relatively few, stout and strongly pectinate. Antenna short, smooth;

1-A very fine, single, inserted in basal half. Mandible relatively narrow in

basal half, without seta 1-Md; mandibular ring rather small, close to dorsal

artis. Mandibular spur slightly removed dorsomesally from lateral margin,

single, rather short, slender, barbed. Mandibular brush well developed, with

hairs stout, sigmoid, laterally finely pectinate. Mandibular comb lacking.

Cutting organ with 3-5 slender subequal dorsal spines not reaching apex of VTo0;

only a single dorsal tooth developed, fairly strong, simple; ventral tooth very

strongly developed, very dark, without lateral denticles, with 3 mesal denticles,

VTj, 9 very short, with truncate apex, VT3 very large, subpentagonal; a single

ventral blade (VB,) stout, not reaching apex of VTo9, with mesal pectination of

rather strong closely spaced teeth; 3-4 modified scale-like hairs of pectinate

brush, each with several apical spicules. Piliferous process rather small,

moderately protrudent, shallowly cleft at apex; labula not extending beyond apex

of anterior part; PPH; and PPH9 each modified into a usually double tooth,

PPH3,5 reduced, PPH4 a small ventrosubapical group of forked spicules.

Mandibular hairs 9-14, ina single group, strongly barbed. Mavxilla relatively

small, with cardo, mesostipes and palpostipes coalesced, forming a single

pentagonal sclerite, border of the conjunctions between cardo and mesostipes,

and between mesostipes and palpostipes distinct but not forming a sclerotized

internal ridge, that between cardo and mesostipes usually a narrow membrane.

Cardo triangular, weakly sclerotized, mesal angle fused or articulated with.a

small cranial knob, with which the laterobasal angle (pseudoartis) of the meso-

stipes is also fused or jointed. Mesostipes trapezoidal, a little wider than long;

lateroanterior surface narrowly sclerotized, with a number of tubercles; ventral

surface anteriorly with some tubercles near mesal margin and about 10 xiphoid

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 239

spicules on mesal margin; twin equal short stipital sensoria on divided basal

ring near anterior margin close to lacinial suture; dorsal stipital seta 2-Mx

almost on anterior surface, extremely short, on a moderate-sized socket;

ventral stipital seta 4-Mx near anterior margin. Lacinia occupying nearly

mesal half of dorsal surface, with 2-3 spines on mesal margin just dorsoproxi-

mad of a group of xiphoid spicules, and a group of stout spicules anteriorly;

proximal lacinial seta 5-Mx distal to middle; distal lacinial seta 6-Mx apparently

absent; mesobasal angle moderately sclerotized, tergolacinial flexor muscle

attached there; parartis undeveloped. Maxillary brush of numerous short stiff

spicules, the dorsal and mesal spicules stronger and forked. Palpostipes

shorter than mesostipes, apex slightly protrudent beyond anterior margin of

mesostipes; lateral artis reduced; lateral stipital seta 2-Mx absent; 4 palpal

sensoria (S5 absent), ampulla present. Mentum plate with usually 9 strong

very dark teeth, median tooth distinctly larger than flanking teeth. Aulaeum

hairy, apically bifurcate. Thorax. Setae 1-3-P rather short, on a common

sclerotized callus; most medium-sized to large setae with a basal callus.

Abdomen. Setae 7-I,II nearly as strong as 6-I,IJ. Comb scales usually arranged

in a patch, each evenly fringed apically and laterally with rather strong spicules.

Siphon short (Old World species), with prominent acus, pecten and a character-

istic ventral row of barbed setae; microsculpture strong. Saddle complete,

much longer dorsally than ventrally, with microsculpture strong; setae 2, 3-X

single; grid with lateral longitudinal bars broad and poorly sclerotized; 4-X on

grid, more than 10, mostly branched hairs. Anal gills short.

DISTRIBUTION. Oriental, Australian, Ethiopean and Neotropical regions;

southeastern Palaearctic region.

TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION. South American species of the subgenus Luizia

are different from the species of the Old World in having pale marked wing veins

and pale banded tarsomeres; in the larvae, seta 6-C far anteriad of 5-C and on

level of 4, 7-C; 11,13-C approximated; mentum plate with median tooth bifid,

the total number of teeth many more (14-18); siphon longer than saddle, with

1-S of smooth multibranched subventral setae. As stated by Belkin (1962),

Lutzia may be a very ancient derivative of Culex. Its morphological modifica-

tions are more distinct than in the other subgenera of the genus. Though we

follow the current treatment of Lutzia, we feel it more reasonable to consider

Lutzia as a genus.

KEYS TO SPECIES OF CULEX (LUTZIA)

FEMALE ADULT

1 Palpus, proboscis and legs excepting basal area of femora almost entire-

ly dark; prealar area without scales. ....... shinonagai (p. 245)

Palpus, proboscis and legs with pale scales; prealar area with a scale

patch: below Knob.) oak" aoe Salad OA ee Se eck,

2(1). Abdominal terga VII, VIII, and often VI entirely pale. . fuscanus (p. 240)

Abdominal terga VI, VII always, and VIII usually with dark scales.

halifaxti (p. 242)

240 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

MALE ADULT

1. Palpus without conspicuous, long apical bristles; paraproct without

prominent -cluster-of denticles.: 03.0. tae shinonagai (p. ee

Palpus with numerous conspicuous, long apical bristles. .... te ee

2(1). Paraproct without prominent cluster of denticles. . . . fuscanus (p. 240)

Paraproct with a prominent cluster of denticles. . . halifaxii (p. 242)

LARVA

Comb scales 18-20, broadly paddle-shaped; pecten restricted to middle

0.33, teeth closely spaced, subequal, with ventral denticles.

shinonagai (p. 245)

Comb scales more than 30, elongate; pecten extending nearly whole length

of siphon, teeth rather broadly spaced, one or 2 apical teeth simple

PNA StLVOUG@ios, pails Wierioud Nie, Vos tgeis, Er, fuscanus (p. 240)

halifaxii (p. 242)

50. CULEX (LUTZIA) FUSCANUS WIEDEMANN

(Figs. 74, 75, 207; Table 85)

Culex fuscanus Wiedemann, 1820: 9 (%, 2). Type-locality: India. Intermill

1970: 2, Okinawa Is., Ryukyu Archipelago.

Culex (Lutzia) fuscanus: Lee, 1971: 701, Namcheju, Cheju Do, Korea.

FEMALE (Fig. 207). Wing length 4.8-5.8 mm. Head. Vertex covered with

narrow curved, pale yellowish scales and numerous long, dark erect forked

scales, some of the forked scales in middle of vertex dirty yellow; tempus

covered with broad pale scales; about 10 vertical and 2 or 3 temporal bristles

on each side. Clypeus dark brown. Antenna: pedicel testaceous, mesal side

infuscate, with minute hairs and small yellowish pale scales; flagellum 1. 01-

1.06 (3) length of proboscis; flagellomere 1 1.30-1.42 length of Flm 2. Palpus

0.26-0.27 (3) length of proboscis, dark scaled with scattered pale scales;

segment 3 3.07-3.40 (3) of 2. Proboscis 1.02-1.07 (3) length of forefemur,

with a very broad median band of pale scales which are also scattered on dark

area, and often cover distal dark area. Thorax. Pronotal integument dark

brown; anterior lobe with rather broad pale yellowish scales and bearing many

dark and a number of yellowish brown bristles; posterior lobe covered with

narrow curved, yellowish brown scales on anterior 0.67 and rather broad,

creamy white scales on posterior 0.33, with many dorsal bristles. Scutum

with integument dark brown, covered with narrow curved, bronze-brown scales

and with rather indistinct patches of narrow curved pale scales, these patches

are the anterior acrostichal, humerals, fossals, supraalars, posterior dorso-

centrals and prescutellar; scutal bristles blackish brown. Scutellar lobes

covered with narrow curved, pale yellowish scales, each bearing 8-17 long dark

bristles together with a few ‘short ones. Pleura with integument grayish brown,

with patches of rather broad white scales on propleuron, lower flank of prealar

knob, upper sternopleuron, posterior-lower sternopleuron, upper mesepimeron

and anteromedian mesepimeron; more than 10 dark and a few yellowish brown

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 241

propleural bristles; more than 10 fine pale bristles on prealar knob, upper to

posterior margin of sternopleuron and upper mesepimeron; a row of 6-12 mostly

stout lower mesepimerals. Wing. Veins dark scaled; cell R2 2. 56-2. 70 (2)

length of vein r9;3. Halter with dark knob covered with rather pale scales.

Legs. Coxae with rather broad pale scales. Forefemur, tibiae and tarsomere

1 usually covered with pale scales on posterior to ventral surface; basal half

or more of posterior side of mid- and hindfemora pale scaled; hindfemur with

a streak of pale scales on anterior side; femora, tibiae and tarsi otherwise

dark scaled but femora, tibiae and basal tarsomeres with scattered pale scales

in dark-scaled area. Foretarsomere 5 as long as 4; hindtarsomere 1 0. 97-

0.99 (3) length of tibia. Abdomen. Tergum I with dark scales in middle, some-

times with a small spot of yellowish scales at middle of apical margin; II-IV

usually with a narrow apical band of pale yellowish brown scales, V covered

with pale yellowish brown scales on apical 0.50-0.67, sometimes with only a

narrow apical band, VI-VIII usually entirely covered with pale yellowish brown

scales, VI sometimes dark on most basal part, dark scales rarely appearing

on VII; II- VII with a laterobasal or lateral spot of white scales on each side.

Sterna rather roughly covered with pale yellowish scales.

MALE (Figs. 74, 207). Wing length 5.0-5.2 mm. Antenna: flagellum

0.87 (1) length of proboscis; flagellomere 12 1.19 of Flm 13, both 1.03 of

Flm 1-11. Palpus 1.38 (1) length of proboscis (longer by length of segment 5

or slightly shorter), with rather many pale scales at joints and scattered else-

where; 1 very short, 3 hairy, 4 and 5 with tufted bristles; length ratio of 2-5:

0.52: 1.21: 0.58: 1.00. Proboscis longer than forefemur, with a false joint

and a narrow pale band at apical 0.33. Scales of scutum yellowish brown,

patches of pale scales more indistinct than in female; pleural bristles finer,

propleurals pale yellowish brown. Cell Ro 1.19 (1) length of vein r9,3; both

claws of fore- and midtarsi with a blunt-tipped submedian tooth. Genitalia.

Tergum IX with lobes broad, rounded, poorly sclerotized, a little protrudent

and widely separated, each bearing 10-13 bristles. Basistyle a little broadened

basally, about 3 times as long as wide, bristled except for basolateral aspect;

subapical lobe at apical 0.33, bearing proximal 3 rods (a, @ andy), 3-4 meso-

distal setae, and one laterodistal seta, the rods just curved at apex, subequal

to each other in thickness, 8 and Y equal in length, @ slightly shorter, Disti-

style slightly less than 0.5 length of basistyle, 4.0 as long as basal width,

bearing a small seta on concave side near apex, 2-4 setae scattered on apical

half of convex side; claw stout, 0.1 length of dististyle. Cercal setae 5-7;

basal sternolateral process of paraproct long, rather slender. Tergoapical

division of aedeagus nearly twice as long as wide; mesotergally each lateral

piece with a single row of several inconspicuous denticles, not forming a

prominent cluster. Sternobasal division of aedeagus spinulate.

LARVA (Fig. 75). (Description based on specimens from Taiwan.) Head.

Width 1.30-1.41 mm; 1.43-1.57 (x = 1.49) as wide as long, yellowish to brown-

ish yellow, with distinctly darker patches surrounding bases of setae 5, 7-C,

less distinct patches present around bases of 4,8,9-C, an additional dark Spot

located between and caudad of bases of 5-C (attachment of levators of epi-

pharynx); integument with prominent microsculpture, consisting of interrupted

transverse ridges, each section of the ridges with several irregular, blunt

elevations directed anteriad, these elevations becoming much less prominent

cephalad of 4-C; 1-C slender, separated by 2. 0-2.6 (x = 2.2) their length; 4,

6-C nearly on line; 6-C well caudolaterad of 5-C; 7-C only a little closer to

antenna base than to 6-C; 13-C laterocaudad of 12-C; 15-C slender, usually

separated by less than length. Antenna 0.29-0.34 mm long, straight, about

242 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

0.33 length of head, gradually tapering distad, nearly smooth, usually quite

pale, becoming slightly darker in apical 0.25; seta 1-A inserted at basal 0.15-

0.45; 2,4-A subapical, each slightly less than 0.5 length of antenna. Mandible

and maxilla identical with those of halifaxii. Mentum plate with 9-11 (usually 9)

strong subacute teeth, the median tooth about 1.5 as thick as flanking

teeth, occasionally apically cleft. Thorax. Integument spiculate, more strongly

so dorsally, the mesothoracic spicules larger (easily detectable at 40X, spine-

like shape seen at 100X), (Korean specimens have noticeably weaker spicules

than most Taiwan specimens); seta 7-P subequal to 1-P; 8-P usually triple.

Abdomen. Integument spiculate, but less so than that of thorax; the spicules

more conspicuous dorsally than ventrally on most segments; 4-I varying from

nearly smooth to very strongly barbed; 7-I, II usually 4 branched; 3-II, III

sometimes with very few faint barbs; 8-II, IV usually double; 5-VIII usually

single. Comb scales 34-52, in an oblong to roughly triangular patch, individual

scales somewhat elongate, apically fringed with very strong spicules, weaker

lateral spicules. Siphon yellowish to yellow-brown, apically darker brown,

basally very dark; length 0.73-0.85 mm, index 1.70-2.17 (v = 1.96); diameter

nearly constant over basal 0.67, then narrowing abruptly; microsculpture con-

sisting of numerous transverse rows of short ridges culminating in one or more

caudally directed tooth-like projections; 9-12 sharply pointed pecten teeth ina

single row, usually reaching apical 0.13 of siphon, all but the apicalmost one or

2 teeth having a strong subbasal denticle, these apical teeth usually stronger

and darker than the others; 1-S a slightly zigzag midventral row of 14-20, 1-3

(usually 2) branched, barbed setae; 2-S slender, apical, subequal in length to

apical pecten tooth. Saddle 0.80-0.87 mm long, microsculpture consisting of

acute, triangular, caudally directed spicules arising singly or doubly from

short transverse ridges, the spicules mostly subequal, except somewhat

enlarged on extreme dorsocaudal aspect of saddle; seta 1-X usually 0.60-0. 75

dorsal saddle length; 2,3-X subequal, 2.5-3.0 dorsal saddle length; 4-X of 12-

16, 3-6 branched cratal tufts, each 0.5-1.5 dorsal saddle length. Anal gills

subequal, oval, about 0.20-0.25 dorsal saddle length.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. KOREA. 5c, 52; with associated skins (101,

10 p); 5 L: Cheju Do (M-2140). RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO. 30, 72; with

associated skins (11, 1 p); Okinawa Gunt6 (J-0899, J-2147, J-2148, J-2149).

19: Yaeyama Gunto (K-0934). TAIWAN. 2c, 39, 60L (1%: Chihpen, Taitung

Hsien, 19 IV 1970, resting, Mizusawa; 9 L: Neihu, Taipei Hsien, 1 XII 1973,

blocked stream, Lien & Mizusawa; 49 L: Neihu, Taipei Hsien, 3 II 1974,

eround pool, Lien & Matsuki; 20", 22, 2 L: Taiwan Mainland). PHILIPPINES.

2° (12: Subasta, Mindanao, 19 VIII 1972, net, Mizusawa & Soma; 1°:

Mt. Talomo, Mindanao, 21 VIII 1972, net, Mizusawa & Soma).

DISTRIBUTION. KOREA (Cheju Do). RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO (Okinawa

and Yaeyama Guntd). SOUTH PRYMORYE. TAIWAN. SOUTH CHINA.

PHILIPPINES. BORNEO. JAVA. SUMATRA. INDOCHINA. MALAYA.

THAILAND. BURMA. INDIA. SRI LANKA. ANDAMAN ISLANDS.

CAROLINE AND PALAU ISLANDS.

BIONOMICS. Rare throughout the Ryukyus. Larvae were obtained in a

blocked stream and ditches.

51. CULEX (LUTZIA) HALIFAXIT THEOBALD

(Figs. 76, 208; Table 87)

Culex halifaxii Theobald, 1903: 231 (¢). Type-locality: Dindings, Straits

Settlements, Malaya.

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 243

?Culex concolor: Marlatt, 1903: 116, Sendai, Miyagi Pref., Japan.

Culex tigripes: Mochizuki, 1913: 14, Fukuoka, Kyushu, Japan.

Lutzia vorax Edwards, 1921b: 327 (*). Type-locality: Tokio, Japan;

Bram, 1967: 17 (synonomy).

Lutzia fuscana vorvax: Yamada, 1932: 217, Korea.

Culex (Lutzia) vovax: Bohart and Ingram, 1946b. 170; Okinawa Is. and Iheya

Is., Ryukyu Archipelago, LaCasse and Yamaguti, 1950: 251 (C, , L);

Bohart, 1956 (1957): 73, Chichijima and Hahajima, Ogasawara Isls. ;

Iwojima, Volcano Isls.

FEMALE (Fig. 208). Wing length 4.4-5.8 mm. Head. Eyes almost con-

tiguous below. Vertex covered with narrow curved, pale yellowish scales;

numerous erect forked scales over almost entire vertex, lateral and posterior

ones dark brown, anteromedian ones yellowish brown; tempus covered with

broad, pale yellowish scales; about 10 or more vertical bristles on each side

in an often irregular double row, a few most mesal ones yellowish brown,

others dark; 2,3 dark temporal bristles on each side. Clypeus rather dark

brown. Antenna: pedicel yellowish brown, mesoventrally darker, with pale

small scales and fine bristles on mesal surface; flagellum 1.01-1.05 (5) length

of proboscis; flagellomere 1 yellowish brown in basal half or more, 1.20-1. 41

length of Flm 2, mesoventrally with pale small scales. Palpus 0.24-0.26 (5)

length of proboscis, dark scaled, with dorsomesally pale scales, and occasion-

ally a few laterally; segment 3 3.08-3.92 (5) length of 2; 4 absent in 5 dissected

specimens. Proboscis 1.07-1.12 (5) length of forefemur, dark scaled, ven-

trally and laterally pale scaled in middle 0.33. Thorax. Pronotal integument

light to rather dark brown; anterior lobe covered with narrow to broad pale

scales, bearing many bristles, usually mesally dark brown and laterally pale

brown; posterior lobe dorsally with narrow curved, ochreous brown scales,

posteriorly some narrow to rather broad pale scales, occasionally a few narrow

pale scales anteriorly present, more than 10 mostly dark brown bristles on dor-

sal half, those on posterior margin stronger, some lower bristles yellowish

brown. Scutum with integument rather dark brown, covered with narrow curved,

brown and pale yellowish scales, the pale scales forming an anteromedian spot,

a pair of posterior fossal spots and short posterior dorsocentral stripes, pale

scales present also on margins and posterior prescutellar space; scutal bristles

dark brown. Scutellar lobes with narrow curved, pale yellowish scales and

more than 10 long and medium dark brown bristles, together with additional

fine pale ones. Pleural integument light brown, small patches of pale broad

scales on propleuron, below prealar knob, upper sternopleuron, lower-

posterior sternopleuron, upper mesepimeron and midanterior mesepimeron,

prealar knob with a few additional scales on posterior side; pleural bristles

pale and slender excepting some propleurals; many on propleuron, prealar knob,

sternopleuron and upper mesepimeron; 5-9 lower mesepimerals usually in a

row near anterior margin from middle to lower 0.25. Wing. Veins dark scaled;

c with pale scales ventrobasally. Cell Ro 2.00-2.74 (5) length of vein rgig.

Halter knob dark scaled. Legs. Forecoxa mottled with pale and dark scales;

mid- and hindcoxae with patches of pale scales. Femora with narrow pale

basal band and pale apical fringe; forefemur with a row of pale spots on anterior

surface, ventral surface largely pale; midfemur with a row of pale spots and

additional scattered pale scales on anterior surface, pale in basal half of

posterior surface and with scattered pale scales in apical dark area; hindfemur

with scattered, partly aggregating pale scales on anterior surface, posterior

surface same as in midfemur. Tibiae with apical fringe; fore- and midtibiae

244 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

with a row of pale spots on anterior surface, pale in posterior surface; hind-

tibia usually more extensively pale anteriorly than in fore- or midtibia. Pos-

terior surface of basal tarsomeres pale. Femora, tibiae and tarsi otherwise

dark. Foretarsomere 5 equal or subequal to 4 in length; hindtarsomere 1 0. 86-

0.99 (5) length of tibia. Abdomen. Tergum I medially dark scaled; lateroter-

gite unscaled or posteriorly with only several pale scales; II-VII dark scaled,

with laterobasal patches and apical bands of pale yellowish scales, basal bands

usually progressively broader in posterior segments; VII with apical band often

convex, occasionally extending anteriorly to base at middle, occasionally latero-

basal patches extending dorsobasally forming a complete basal band; VIII most

frequently basally pale scaled, with apical fringe of pale scales and dark scaled

in between, development of pale scaled area various, often extending posteri-

orly or anteriorly in middle dividing dark area, occasionally pale scales cover-

ing entire surface. Sterna entirely pale scaled or with dark subapical bands

or laterosubapical patches. Genitalia. Seminal capsules 3, one slightly larger

than other 2.

MALE (Fig. 76). Wing length 4.0-5.3 mm. Antenna: flagellum 0. 84-0. 91

(5) length of proboscis; flagellomere 12 1.03-1.21 length of Flm 13, both 0. 89-

1.04 of Flm 1-11. Palpus 1.35-1.38 (5) length of proboscis, with distinct ven-

trobasal patches of pale scales on segments 4 and 5, and irregularly scattered

pale scales on 3-5; 3-5 with numerous long bristles, those on 5 progressively

shorter apically; length ratio of 2-5: 0.57-0.67 : 1.23-1.35: 0.60-0. 70: 1.00.

Proboscis 1.12-1.27 (5) times length of forefemur, with pale band over the

joint at apical 0.33. Cell Rg 1.36-1.61 (5) length of vein r9,3. Hindtarsomere

1 1.01-1.04 (5) length of tibia. Both claws of fore- and midtarsi with a blunt-

tipped submedian or subbasal tooth. Genitalia. Tergum IX a narrow stripe,

with undifferentiated and widely separated lobes, each bearing 6-12 bristles.

Basistyle subcylindrical, about 3.0 as long as wide, bristled except for

basolateral aspect; subapical lobe at about apical 0.33, bearing proximal 3 rods

(a, Bandy), 3-4 small mesodistal setae, and a rather thickened laterodistal

seta; the rods just curved at apex, subequal in size and shape; the lobe some-

times divided into proximal and distal divisions by a shallow notch. Dististyle

about 0.4 length of basistyle, 4.0 as long as basal width, bearing one small

seta on concave side near apex and 2-9 scattered setae on convex side; claw

stout, 0.1 length of dististyle. Cercal setae 3-10 (x = 6); paraproct rather poorly

sclerotized; sternolateral process moderately long. Tergoapical division of

aedeagus 1.50-1.75 as long as wide; each lateral piece with a prominent cluster

of more than 10 denticles at about middle (clearly seen in lateral view); sterno-

basal division of aedeagus with surface smooth.

LARVA. Not different from fuscanus, excepting, in general, weaker

spicules on thoracic and abdominal integument (the degree of spiculation is

roughly similar in specimens examined from Honshu, Okinawa, Yaeyama and

Ogasawara), frequent absence of dark spots at bases of dorsal head setae, and

ridges of microsculpture of siphon culminating more frequently in a single tooth;

but as there are wide variations in both species, they cannot be considered

diagnostic characters. Mandible with a number of needle-like to moderately

stout microspines laterodorsally near base; 9-14 mandibular hairs. Maxilla

approximately 1.4 as wide as long; seta 1-Mx single, slender, reaching

about apex of palpostipes; ventromesal tubercles usually in a double row; 4-Mx

at middle of anterior 0.17, 0.4 length of mesostipes. Lacinia with 5-Mx

slender, at anterior 0.33. Palpostipes about 0.6 length of mesostipes; $1 equal

to or a little longer than S92, S4 subequal to $1, S3 shorter to subequal to So.

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 245

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN. 31¢, 202; with associ-

ated skins (36 1, 36 p); 41 L, 25 1: Honshu (C-1586, C-1898, C-1899, C-2226,

C-2276, C-2304, C-2305, D-0053, D-0054, D-0062, D-0089, D-0395). 1c:

Shikoku (G-1277). 50°, 52; with associated skins (91, 9 p); Tsushima (H-0548,

H-2006, H-2007, H-2008). KOREA. 2: Korean Peninsula. (L-2141).

RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO. 3°¢, 3%, with associated skins (61, 6 p): Amami

Gunto (I-0263). 1°, 192, with associated skins (2 1, 2 p); 41: Okinawa Gunto

(J-0905, J-1132, J-1259, J-1261). 72%, 622; with associated skins (2 1, 2 p);

39 L, 11: Yaeyama Gunto (K-0117, K-0181, K-0184, K-0588, K-0591,

K-0592, K-0600, K-0601, K-0636, K-0640, K-0645, K-0667, K-0669, K-0674,

K-0675, K-0678, K-0686, K-0722, K-0724, K-0726, K-0732, K-0906, K-0907,

K-0925, K-0934, K-0938, K-0940, K-0946, K-0951, K-0956, K-0976, K-0991,

K-1010, K-1022, K-1034, K-1065, K-1089, K-1115, K-1243, K-1538).

OGASAWARA ISLS. 20, 419, with associated skins (101, 10 p); 47 L, 11

(N-1169, N-1173, N-1173, N-1180, N-1507, N-1514, N-1515, N-1516, N-1518,

N-19519, N-1546, N-1548, N-1550, N-1557, N-1558, N-1559, N-1561, N-1566,

N-1721, N-1725, N-1728, N-1729).

DISTRIBUTION. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN (Hokkaido, Honshu, Izu Shichito,

Shikoku, Kyushu, Yakushima, Tsushima). KOREA (Korean Peninsula, Cheju

Do). RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO (Amami, Okinawa, Miyako and Yaeyama Gunt6).

OGASAWARA ISLANDS. VOLCANO ISLANDS. SOUTH PRYMORYE.

NORTH AND SOUTH CHINA. ORIENTAL AND AUSTRALIAN REGIONS.

MARIANA ISLANDS.

TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION. We here follow Bram (1967) concerning the

synonomy of halifaxii and vovax. Further study seems to be necessary on the

geographical variation of the abdominal patterns, as it appears fairly conspicu-

ous.

BIONOMICS. Common throughout Japan including the Ryukyu Archipelago

except the northern districts of temperate Japan. Larvae are found feeding on

larvae of mosquitoes and midges in ground pools, rock holes, blocked streams,

slowly moving streams, and various types of natural and artificial containers.

This species appears to prefer water with a high organic content and can exploit

more habitats than can fuscanus (Bram 1967). Like fuscanus, halifaxi does not

appear to occur in sufficient numbers to have a noticeable impact on prey species.

Adult females do not feed on man in nature, but occasionally do in the laboratory

(Kamimura 1976b). Miyagi (1972b) observed a high feeding preference of this

species (as vorax) on chicks, but obtained completely negative results on rep-

tiles, amphibians and mice.

02. CULEX (LUTZIA) SHINONAGAI NEW SPECIES

(Figs. 76, 77, 209; Table 87)

MALE (Figs. 76, 209). Wing length 3.5-4.3 mm. Head. Vertex covered

roughly with somewhat narrow curved, brownish pale scales, eye margin more

densely scaled, long, dark erect forked scales on posterior 0.67 of vertex;

tempus covered with broad pale scales; 5-8 stout vertical and usually 3 fine

temporal bristles on each side. Clypeus pale brown. Antenna: pedicel testace-

ous, infuscate and mesally with small dark scales and short dark hairs; flagel-

lum 0.78-0.80 (3) length of proboscis; flagellomere 12 0.91-0.94 length of Flm

13, both 0.89-0.94 of Flm 1-11. Palpus 1.10-1.23 (3) length of proboscis,

entirely dark scaled, without tufted bristles; length ratio of segments 2-5;

0.67-0. 77: 1.31-1.56 : 0.81-0.95 : 1.00 (3). Proboscis 1.14-1.15 (2) length of

246 _ Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

forefemur, dark scaled. Thorax. Pronotal integument rather dark brown;

anterior lobe with broad pale scales and bearing more than 10 dark bristles;

posterior lobe with narrow curved dark scales near dorsal margin, bearing

3-6 stout dark bristles along posterior margin together with 2-3 fine ones along

posterodorsal margin. Scutum with integument brown to rather dark brown,

covered with narrow curved, dark scales; scutal bristles dark, usually 4-5

bristles on fossal area near humeral margin and scutal suture. Scutellum

yellowish or pale brown, roughly covered with somewhat narrow curved,

brownish scales, some narrow curved, dark scales intermixed; 5-8 long dark

bristles on each lateral lobe, 6-12 on median lobe, each lobe also usually with

several fine bristles. Pleural integument pale brown, some areas slightly in-

fuscate; small patches of broad white scales on propleuron, upper sternopleuron

(occasionally lacking), midcaudal sternopleuron, upper mesepimeron and mid-

anterior mesepimeron; 8-10 propleural bristles, some long and dark, others

fine and yellowish; more than 10 rather fine dark prealars; about 10 sterno-

pleurals, of which one on level of lower margin of mesepimeron is outstanding;

4-11 fine brownish upper mesepimerals, 4-7 brown lower mesepimerals.

Wing. Veins dark scaled. Cell Ro 1.67-1.88 (4) length of vein r9,3. Halter

knob dark scaled. Legs. Forecoxa covered laterally with dark scales and

basally and anteriorly with pale scales; mid- and hindcoxae with patches of pale

scales, midcoxa appearing to have dark scales. Femora somewhat basally

pale; legs otherwise dark scaled. Foretarsomere 5 with a pair of short seti-

ferous ventromedian processes. Hindtarsomere 1 0.94-1.00 (3) length of tibia.

Anterior claw of fore- and midtarsi with a blunt-tipped median or submedian

tooth; posterior claw with sharp subbasal tooth. Abdomen. Terga dark scaled;

II-VIII with laterobasal patches of white scales (usually the patches rather indis-

tinct on Il and III). Sterna hirsute, II-VII roughly pale scaled, VIII and apices

of VI and VII dark scaled. Genitalia. Tergum IX a rather wide band, lobes

distinctly convex, widely separated, each with 6-10 bristles. Basistyle 3.0

as long as wide in sternal view, bearing long bristles on tergal and lateral sur-

faces, short to medium bristles on sternal and mesal surfaces, base of sternal

surface without bristles; subapical lobe at apical 0.33-0.40 of basistyle, bearing

3 rods (a2, 8 andy), 3 setae mesodistal and a seta laterodistal to the rods; @, p

and Y subequal in size, just hooked at apex, a and8 sometimes simple. Disti-

style distinctly tapering toward narrow apex, nearly 0.5 length of basistyle,

bearing one short seta at about apical 0.17 on concave side and 1-3 on convex

side; claw stout, 0.1 length of dististyle. Cercal setae 5-9; paraproct rather

poorly sclerotized; sternolateral process rather short. Tergoapical division of

aedeagus 1.6-2.0 as long as wide; tergal mesal side of each lateral piece with

several indistinct denticles not forming a prominent cluster; sternobasal division

of aedeagus smooth.

FEMALE. (Description based on a single reared example). Wing length

3.7mm. Vertex roughly covered with narrow curved, dark bronzy scales, eye

margin with narrow curved, pale scales; tempus roughly covered with rather

broad pale scales. Clypeus dark brown. Antennal flagellum 0.81 length of pro-

boscis. Palpus 0.2 length of proboscis. Proboscis as long as forefemur.

Pleura without upper sternopleural scale patch, with a fine yellowish postspira-

cular bristle on left side, probably abnormal. Cell Rg 1.56 length of vein rai3.

Forecoxa covered with dark scales on anterior side, mid- and hindcoxae with a

patch of pale scales. Sternum VIII with only scattered lateral scales.

LARVA (Fig. 77). (Describedfroma single exuvium). Width of head: approxi-

mately 1mm. Head. Brownish; microsculpture very strong, consisting of low

tooth-like structures tending be be arranged in irregular transverse rows, weaker

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 247

anteriorly and becoming short transverse ridges anteriad of seta 4-C; labrum

distinctly concave between bases of 1-C; 1-C long, slender, separated by 0.7

their length; 5-7-C dark; 7-C slightly shorter than 5, 6-C; 6-C well laterocau-

dad of 5-C, well caudad and slightly mesad of 7-C. Antenna 0.25 mm long,

light brown, becoming distally darker, nearly straight, about 0.33 length of

head; 1-A inserted at basal 0.38; 2-4-A long, dark, each about 0.67 antenna

length, 2,3-A subapical, 4-6-A apical. Mandible and maxilla cannot be seen

clearly enough to describe, but appear very similar to those of halijaxii; seta

1-Mx single or double, longer than palpostipes. Mentum plate with 9 teeth.

Thorax. Integument nearly smooth, spicules much less apparent than in hali-

jfaxit. Abdomen. Seta 7-III 3 forked at basal 0.4. Comb scales 18-20 ina

patch, individual scales broadly paddle-shaped, apically fringed with strong

spicules, laterally with weaker ones. Siphon moderate to dark brown, apically

and basally nearly black, abruptly narrowed at apical 0.33; length 0.56 mm;

microsculpture consisting of transverse rows of low triangular ridges most

culminating in a single denticle; pecten of 9,10 closely spaced, 2,3 denticulate

teeth, restricted to middle 0.33 of siphon; a ventrolateral seta 2-4 branched,

well dorsad and slightly distad of apical pecten tooth; 1-S of 12 long, sparsely

but strongly barbed setae ventrally in a zigzag row, reaching apical 0.33,

proximal setae longer than siphon, distal setae 0.66-0. 75 length of siphon.

Saddle: dorsal length 0.58 mm, ventral length 0.22 mm; microsculpture very

similar to that of siphon, becoming dorsoapically stronger; seta 1-X about 0.33

dorsal saddle length; 4-X of 13, 1-3 branched hairs, 3 most anterior hairs

much smaller than others. Anal gills very short, rounded.

TYPE-SERIES. Holotype “ (#7354, N-1507) with slides of associated geni-

talia, wing and legs, Kitafukurozawa, Chichijima, Ogasawara Isls., 19 V 1973,

net, Shinonaga. Paratypes: 90°, 12; with slides of associated skins (11, 1 p);

genitalia (5%), mouthparts (30), wings (40, 12) and legs (4c", 19), in total.

Paratypes from Chichijima - 60 (N-1507): Kitafukurozawa, 19 V 1973, net,

Shinonaga; 1% (N-1510): Kitafukurozawa, 26 V 1973, net, Shinonaga; 1°

(N-1714): nr. Mt. Chuozan, 28 IX 1973, net, Mizusawa; 12; with associated

skins (11, 1 p) (N-1716): nr. Mt. Chuozan, 28 IX 1973, tree hole, Mizusawa.

Paratype from Hahajima - 1% (N-1564): 3 VI 1973, net, Hayashida.

The holotype and half of the paratypes are deposited in the National Science

Museum, Tokyo, the remaining paratypes are deposited in the USNM.

DISTRIBUTION. OGASAWARA ISLANDS. :

TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION. This new species is unique for the subgenus

Lutzia in having the male palpus not hairy. It definitely has no close relation-

ship to the Neotropical species in its dark-scaled wing veins and tarsi, and the

short larval siphon. It is easily discriminated from fuscanus and halifaxti| by

the absence of pale bands or pale scaling on the proboscis and legs, the strongly

developed microsculpture of the larval head, the broader comb scales and the

medially restricted pecten. This is one of the 4 species endemic to the

Ogasawara Islands.

BIONOMICS. Apparently rare. One larva was found in a tree hole.

7. GENUS HEIZMANNIA LUDLOW

Heizmannia Ludlow, 1905b: 130. Type-species: Heizmannia scintillans Ludlow,

1905; Philippines.

248 ’ Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

Small to medium-sized, densely scaled mosquitoes with submetallic colora-

tion.

FEMALE. Eyes separated above. Vertex with decumbent scales all broad,

erect scales.absent or very inconspicuous, a silvery patch of broad scales

always anteromedially present, several vertical and temporal bristles on each

side. Clypeus usually bare. Antennal flagellomere 1 not markedly longer than

Flm 2. Palpus at most 0.2 length of proboscis. Proboscis variable in length.

Thorax. Anterior pronotal lobes large, approximated, with relatively few

(about 10) bristles on anterior margin, with broad scales; posterior pronotum

with broad scales, and 2-4 bristles near posterior margin. Scutum densely

covered with broad or moderately broad scales; some bristles present on anteri-

or margin from middle to humeri, supraalars many; prescutellars absent, or

1,2, other scutal bristles absent. Scutellum covered with broad scales, with

relatively few long bristles on each lobe. Postnotum with a group of short

bristles occasionally mixed with a few broad scales in subgenus Heizmannia,

bare in subgenus Mattinglyia. Paratergite scaled. Pleura with large patches

of broad scales on propleuron, sternopleuron and mesepimeron, usually on

postspiracular area, and often on subspiracular area; pleural bristles relatively

few, spiraculars and postspiraculars absent, lower mesepimerals 1, 2; base of

mesomeron on level or slightly above that of hindcoxa. Wing. Squama fringed

with hair-like scales; alula fringed with broad scales. Veins dark scaled; cell

Ro longer than vein rgi9. Legs. Hindtarsomere 1 shorter than tibia. Claws

equal, usually simple, rarely those of fore- and midtarsi toothed. Abdomen.

Tergum I hirsute, laterotergite scaled; terga with large laterobasal patches of

pale scales. Seminal capsules 3.

MALE. Antenna subplumose in subgenus Heizmannia, plumose in Matting-

lyia; flagellomeres 12 and 13 elongate (except in complex (Theobald), after Mattingly

1970). Palpus shortasinfemale. Fore- and midtarsomeres 4 and 5 not modified, 5

shorter than 4. Claws of foretarsus sometimes unequal; claws of hindtarsus

basally toothed; claws of midtarsus simple, often unqual; claws of hindtarsus

equal and simple. Genitalia. Broad and thick. Tergum IX with fine bristles.

Sternum IX relatively long, with bristles and scales, apex often trilobed.

Basistyle globular, scaled; with subapical lobe, proximal claspette and distal

claspette, the subapical lobe bearing one or 2 strong setae; the proximal

claspette with conspicuous tufts of variously modified hairs, the distal claspette

(? true claspette) with filament transparent and often modified; apex of basistyle

broadly rounded, bearing modified setae. Dististyle articulated on a rather

vertical plane, often greatly modified, apex lobed, frequently pickax- or beak-

shaped; terminal claw also somewhat modified. Cercal setae absent; paraproct

apically attenuated. Aedeagus tergally open, with sternal edges attached to each

other at middle, bearing many sternal and apical teeth.

LARVA. (Extracted from Mattingly 1970). Head. Wider than long; seta 4-C

multibranched, conspicuous; 6-C usually anteriad of 4-C; often with very unequal

branches; 1-A small, with few branches or single; mentum plate with 7-11 teeth

on either side of median tooth. Thovax. Spines at bases of pleural setae vari-

ously developed. Abdomen. Comb scales 20 or less (except in veidi Matting-

ly). Siphon without acus; pecten composed of at most 15 teeth; 1-S of a single

pair, usually double (3,4 branched in aureochaeta (Leicester)). Saddle incom-

plete; 2-X 2-5 branched, 3-X single, occasionally double; 4-X of 7-10 hairs,

usually most proximal 1 or 2 precratal, each hair usually single or double,

rarely triple (except in reidi and achaetae (Leicester)).

DISTRIBUTION. Korea. China (Chekiang). Oriental region.

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitces of Japan and Korea 249

Two species belonging to the subgenus Heizmannia occur in this region.

SUBGENUS HEIZMANNIA LUDLOW

Heizmannia Ludlow, 1905b: 130. Type-species: Heizmannia scintillans Ludlow,

1905; Philippines.

Subgeneric characters given in the foregoing generic description.

DISTRIBUTION. Same as for the genus.

KEY TO SPECIES OF HEIZMANNIA (HEIZ MA NNIA)*

FEMALE ADULT

Posterior pronotum dark scaled; hindfemur pale scaled at most in basal

DOO. ea ee ee os es ec LOD Waa Sever eis chia ere kana (p. 249)

Posterior pronotum pale scaled; hindfemur with pale scaled area reach-

ine AEX TOP. OGL GRAS WER ce Hee tetees® ac. lii (p. 251)

53. HEIZMANNIA (HEIZMANNIA) KANA NEW SPECIES

(Fig. 210)

Heizmannia sp.: Tanaka, 1971a: 4; Amami Gunt6, Ryukyu Archipelago.

FEMALE (Fig. 210). Wing length 3.0-3.5 mm. Head. Vertex covered with

broad dark scales with slight metallic luster, a medioapical silvery white spot

of broad scales also covering interocular space; similar pale scales laterally

on eye margin and down to underside of head; 4,5 vertical and 5, 6 temporal

bristles on each side. Clypeus dark brown. Antenna: pedicel dark, bearing

a few dark small hairs on mesal surface; flagellomere 1 with a few dark small

moderately broad scales. Palpus 0.17 length of proboscis, clothed with dark

somewhat metallic scales. Proboscis subequal to or slightly shorter than fore-

femur, dark scaled, with a weak metallic reflection. Thorax. Pronotal integu-

ment dark brown; anterior lobes large, narrowly separated, covered with

broad silvery white scales on at least anterolateral 0.67, posteromesal margin

dark scaled, 8-12 dark rather stout bristles on anterior margin, 5-8 mesally

and 3,4 laterally; posterior lobe covered with broad, dark metallic scales,

bearing 3,4 bristles near posterior margin. Scutum with integument very dark

brown, covered with moderately broad dark scales which show metallic green-

ish, partly bronzy or bluish, reflections; a spot of broad silvery white scales

on each side above paratergite; many bristles on anterior and supraalar margins.

Scutellum heavily covered with broad dark metallic-green scales, each lobe

bearing 3,4 stout bristles and several small ones. Postnotum with a group of

black and yellow bristles, without scales. Paratergite covered with broad

silvery white scales. Pleural integument dark brown; broad silvery white

scales covering propleuron, postspiracular area, subspiracular area, sterno-

pleuron (except anterolower area) and mesepimeron (except posterior half and

*The male of kana, and the larva of liz are unknown to us.

250 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

lower 0.33); several yellow propleural bristles, 10 or less prealars, several,

mostly fine, sternopleurals on lower-posterior part, a few fine upper mese-

pimerals, one stout lower mesepimeral. Bases of mesomeron and of hindcoxa

on same level. Wing. Alula fringed with moderately broad dark scales. Vein

scales with metallic purple reflection; plume scales of veins ro and rg narrow.

Cell Ro 2.0-2.3 length of r9,3. Halter with dark scaled knob. Legs. Coxae

pale brown to dark brown, each with a patch of broad silvery white scales.

Hindfemur white scaled on basal 0.5-0.6 on both lateral surfaces, with a dark

dorsal stripe and a dark narrow ventral stripe also reaching base; legs other-

wise dark scaled with metallic purple reflection. Claws simple. Abdomen.

Terga dark scaled with metallic purple or blue reflection; I with a patch of

white scales on each side; laterotergite heavily covered with silvery white scales;

Il- VII with laterobasal patches of silvery white scales, the patches at most

reaching apical 0.25 on I, diminishing in size toward posterior segments, on

VI and VII the patches extend dorsally to form complete or incomplete basal

bands. Sterna dark scaled, II-VII each with a basal band of pale scales. One

seminal capsule slightly larger than other 2.

Male and immature stages unknown.

TYPE-SERIES. Holotype ¢ (#1219, I-0303) with an associated genitalia

slide, Mt. Yuwan, Amami Oshima, Ryukyu Archipelago, 1 VII 1970, net,

Mizusawa & Nishikawa. Paratypes: 5, with slides of associated wing (1%) and

legs (22), intotal. 19 (I-0302): Mt. Yuwan, 30 VI 1970, net, Mizusawa &

Nishikawa; 12 (I-0303): Mt. Yuwan, 1 VII 1970, net, Mizusawa & Nishikawa;

32 (I-0304): Mt. Yuwan, 2 VII 1970, net, Mizusawa & Nishikawa. _

The holotype and half of the paratypes are deposited in the National Science

Museum, Tokyo, the remaining paratypes are deposited in the USNM.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED OTHER THAN THE TYPES. RYUKYU ARCHI-

PELAGO. 92: Amami Gunto (I-1837, I-1848, I-1884).

DISTRIBUTION. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO (Amami Gunto).

TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION. Though we are reluctant to describe this species

as new because of the lack of knowledge of the male and immature stages, it

cannot be identified with any described species. The most closely related spe-

cies are reidi Mattingly (= cheni Lien) (Taiwan-India), sczntillans Ludlow

(Southeast Asia) and viridis Barraud (India). We examined all the type speci-

mens of cheni from Taiwan preserved in the Taiwan Provincial Malaria Re-

search Institute, 2 males and 1 female from Punchihu, Alishan, Taiwan, and 8

females from Fenchihu, Chuchi, Chia-i, toward Tolin, Taiwan, in the collec-

tion of the Naval Medical Research Unit No. 2, Taiwan. In this species, the

proboscis and cell Ro are longer (proboscis 1.2-1.4 length of forefemur, Ro

2.7-3.7 length of vein r9:9, after Mattingly 1970); the mesepimeral patch is

reduced to a small anteromedian patch just above the lower mesepimeral

bristle; the laterobasal patches of tergum II reach the apical margin; terga VI

and VII usually have no mediobasal pale scales; a pale area of the hindfemur

reaches the apical 0.17 or more on the anterior surface. We examined 3

females and 3 males of scintillans from Selangor, Malaya, and 2 female para-

types of viridis from Malabar in the collection of the BMNH. Hetzmannia

scintillans differs from Hz. kana in that flagellomere 1 bears both pale and

dark scales; the proboscis appears slightly longer, 1.1-1.2 length of the fore-

femur; a pale area on the anterior surface of the hindfemur is longer, reaching

apical 0.2-0.3, and narrower leaving narrow dark edges on the anterior sur-

face dorsally and ventrally; the laterobasal patches of the tergum II reaches the

apical margin, the laterobasal patches of the other terga are also more

developed. Heizmannia viridis may be distinguished from Hz. kana by the pale

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 291

yellow postnotal bristles; the hindfemur lacking a dark stripe on the ventral

surface; and the laterobasal patches of tergum II reaching the apical margin.

BIONOMICS. The adult females were found in jungles. One female exposed

to human bait failed to take a blood meal. Nothing is known of the larval habi-

tats, but other members of the genus are usually container inhabitants (Mattingly

1970).

54. HEIZMANNIA (HEIZMANNIA) LII WU

(Figs. 78, 211)

Heizmannia lii Wu, 1936: 46 (“, 2). Type-locality: Yun-Shi, Hangchow,

Chekiang, China; Stone, Knight and Starcke, 1959: 132, Korea.

FEMALE (Fig. 211). (Descriptions based on 2 pairs of paratypes from

China). Wing length 2.8-3.1 mm. Head. Vertex covered with broad dark

scales, with a medioapical patch of broad silvery white scales which also

cover interocular space; tempus covered with broad silvery white scales on-

lower area, the pale area extending dorsally along eye margin, almost reach-

ing the medioapical patch; 3-5 vertical and 3-6 temporal bristles on each side.

Clypeus brown. Antenna: pedicel brown, darker on mesal surface, covered

sparsely with small white scales on mesal half; flagellomere 1 with mesal

white scales. Palpus dark scaled, 0.13-0.14 length of proboscis. Proboscis

as long as forefemur, dark scaled, with a spot of pale scales ventrally at base.

Thorax. Anterior pronotal lobes only slightly separated, covered with broad

white scales, basally with many fewer dark scales only, bearing 9-11 fairly

stout dark brown bristles on anterior margin, 6-7 mesally and 3-4 laterally;

posterior pronotal lobe covered with broad white scales excepting lower area,

bearing 2-3 yellowish brown bristles along posterior margin. Scutum with

integument rather light brown, covered with broad, dull bronze brown scales,

some white scales on supraalar margin; more than 10 bristles of different

sizes on anterior margin, many supraalar bristles. Scutellum covered with

scales similar to those of scutum, bearing 2-3 brown long bristles on each

lateral lobe and 4-5 on median lobe, and a few fine bristles on each lobe.

Postnotum with a group of yellowish brown bristles. Paratergite with a patch

of broad white scales. Pleural integument brown, patches of broad silvery

white scales on propleuron, postspiracular area, subspiracular area, sterno-

pleuron and mesepimeron; pleural bristles pale yellowish brown, 3-9 pro-

pleurals, nearly 10 prealars, 3-5 upper mesepimerals, one stout lower

mesepimeral. Base of mesomeron only slightly above that of hindcoxa. Wing.

Alula fringed with dark rather broad scales. Cell Rg 2.7-2.9 length of vein

r9+3- Halter with dark scaled knob. Legs. Coxae covered with broad white

scales. Forefemur basally with a pale stripe on anterior surface, pale scaled

basally on posterior half of ventral surface; midfemur pale scaled on lower 0. 67

of posterior surface and ventral surface; hindfemur pale scaled on both sides,

dark on dorsal aspect only, the pale area narrowed at apex but almost reaching

it ventrally; femora, tibiae and tarsi otherwise dark scaled. Hindtarsomere 1

0.7-0.8 length of tibia. Abdomen. Tergum I medially dark scaled and later-

ally white scaled; II-VII dark scaled, with fairly large laterobasal patches of

white scales, the patches reaching apical margin on 1-3 anterior segments,

progressively shortened toward posterior segments, not reaching apical margin

on 3-5 posterior segments; V mediobasally with several white scales; VI and

VII with laterobasal patches extending dorsally forming basal bands; VIII dark

252 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

scaled. Sterna VI and VII apically dark scaled and basally pale scaled; other

sterna cannot be seen in the specimens examined.

MALE (Fig. 78). Wing length 2.9 mm. Antenna: flagellomere 13 about

2.0 length of Flm 12, both about 2.0 length of Flm 1-11 (after Wu 1936).

Palpus appearing to be a little shorter than infemale. Cell Rg 2.6-3.95 length

of vein r9,3. Claw of foretarsus with a long slender tooth (after Wu 1936).

Genitalia. Tergum IX with 6-11 fine bristles on each side. Sternum IX tri-

lobed at apex, median lobe narrow, bearing 2,3 bristles. Basistyle rounded,

laterally and sternally scaled, tergolaterally and apically bearing striated

bristles, with only a few bristles sternally near mesal margin, with 2 groups

of specialized setae at apex, the dorsal group of 5,6 dark, curved, striated

and minutely spiculate leaflets, the ventral group of 7, 8 striated broader leaf-

lets; subapical lobe moderately protrudent, with 2 strong pigmented setae; a

group of short bristles along edge between the lobe and apex of basistyle.

Claspette (distal claspette) stem covered densely with fine hairs, filament

transparent, of a complicated form as shown in Fig. 78; proximal claspette

with 3 groups of hairs; the most basal one on a prominent rounded lobe with

hairs mostly smooth, only partially very finely spiculate; the median group on

a smaller base, with hairs very long and extending beyond apex of basistyle,

some hairs appeared fused at middle; the distal group on a wider base, the

hairs stouter, distinctly spiculate; a round pad bearing minute hairs present

at about middle of sternal mesal surface of basistyle. Dististyle transparent,

about 0.5 length of basistyle, mesotergally curved and laterosternally expanded

at apical 0.33 (the shape somewhat pickax-like), with a finger-like process at

apical 0.33 accompanying a deep cleft between the process and apex on meso-

sternal side, the process not extending beyond distal margin of dististyle; 2

bristles and many branched hairs on apical 0.33 on laterotergal aspect; latero-

sternal area of apical 0.33 striated; apex with pigmented claw. Paraproct

with narrow apex. Aedeagus spinous, spines at apex larger than others.

LARVA. (Translated from Lee 1971: 749-50, by Mr. Lee.) Head. Seta

1-C slightly stout, curved inwards; 4-C as large as 7-C, 17-21 branched; 5-C

8 branched; 6-C 1-3 branched, one branch much longer than others and usually

stout; 7-C 14,15 branched. Antenna sparsely spiculate, with apical half slightly

darkened; 1-A double, at about middle of shaft. Abdomen. Comb scales 20-25

in a triangular patch, individual scales apically fringed. Siphon slightly enlarged

at middle, without acus; pecten of 7-10 short broad teeth, each tooth with 1, 2

denticles on one side; 1-S double, inserted at about middle of siphon. Saddle

incomplete, apical margin with fine spicules; 1-X with 3 long fairly stout

branches. Anal gills long, fairly broad, with rounded apices, about 2.5 length

of segment X. |

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. KOREA. 1°, 12: Korean Peninsula. (1%:

Kwangnung, Kyongki Do, Lee, NIHK. 1°: L-2288). CHINA. 2°, 29 (Para-

types 10°: Hanchow, 11 V 1936, Wu; 1%: Hanchow, 7 V 1936, Wu; 2°: Han-

chow, 30 1V 1936, Wu, BMNH.

DISTRIBUTION. KOREA (Korean Peninsula). CHINA (Chekiang).

TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION. Korean specimens examined included 1 male,

1 partially denuded female and a strongly depressed male genitalia slide. The

male and female specimens were found to differ from the type specimens of

Heizmannia lii from China in the following points: the temporal pale-scaled

area is reduced to a patch close to eye and does not extend to near the medio-

apical pale patch of vertex; broad pale scales in addition to dark ones present

on scutellar median lobe in the male and female, and also on posterior pre-

scutellar space in the female; abdominal tergum VI with laterobasal patch not

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 200

connected with mediobasal patch; cell Ro about 1.5-1.9 length of vein r9+3 in

the female, 2.04 in the male. Some of these characters may vary individually.

The male genitalia appear to be identical with the type specimen of liz. Chae-

totaxy of the female specimen is as follows: 4 verticals, 3 temporals, 7+3

anterior pronotals, 2 posterior pronotals, 3-4-3 scutellars, 3 propleurals, 2

postspiraculars, 7 prealars, 3 posteromedian sternopleurals, 2 upper mese-

pimerals, and 1 lower mesepimeral. We consider the above differences as

local or individual and treat these Korean specimens as /ii, but further study

with more material of better condition is desirable. Heizmannia taiwanensis

Lien 1968b, from Taiwan may be very closely allied to Hz. lii, differing appar-

ently only in the presence of a dark ventral stripe on the anterior surface of

the hindfemur and the absence of the ventral group of broad striated leaflets

(Mattingly 1970).

BIONOMICS. Larvae were collected from stumps in Chekiang, China (Wu

1936). In Korea, they are found in tree holes in mountainous areas, together

with Toxorhynchites christophi, Aedes kobayashii and Ae. nipponicus; adult

females bite man in the daytime (Lee 1971).

8. GENUS AEDES MEIGEN

Aedes Meigen, 1818: 13. Type-species: Aedes cinereus Meigen, 1818; Europe.

A polymorphic genus; most characters extremely variable.

FEMALE. Eyes separated or contiguous above and below. Decumbent

scales of vertex variable, erect forked scales present, amount variable.

Vertical and temporal bristles distinctly differentiated. Antennal flagellum

shorter to longer than proboscis; flagellomere 1 1.0-2.2 length of Flm 2.

Palpus usually less than 0.4 length of proboscis, 3-4 segmented, segment 4

frequently present. Proboscis more often longer than forefemur, sometimes

equal or shorter, with several ventrobasal bristles. Thovax. Anterior pro-

notal lobes widely separated, bristled; posterior pronotal lobe with posterior

bristles. Scutum moderately to strongly arched, with scales mostly narrow;

acrostichal and dorsocentral bristles present or absent, other scutal bristles

usually present. Scutellum with scales variable. Postnotum bare. Paratergite

narrow, scaled or unscaled. Pleura with scale patches, often extensively

scaled; spiracular bristles absent, propleural, postspiracular, prealar, sterno-

pleural and upper mesepimeral bristles present; lower mesepimerals variable.

Base of mesomeron slightly to well above that of hindcoxa. Wing. Squama

fringed with hair-like scales; alula with fringe scales variable. Base of vein

sc without ventral bristles; dorsal remigial bristles present or absent; bases

of rg and r4;5 without spur; cell Ro longer than vein r9,3. Legs. Fore- and

midtarsomere 5 shorter to a little longer than 4; hindtarsomere 1 shorter than

tibia; claws equal or subequal; pulvilli absent or hair-like. Abdomen. Tergum

I hirsute; laterotergite scaled or bare. Seminal capsules 1 or 3.

MALE. Antennal flagellum plumose; flagellomeres 12-13 elongate. Palpus

extremely variable, sometimes same as in female, 3-5 segmented. Foretarso-

mere 4 shortened; 5 barely to strongly modified, with or without setiferous mid-

ventral process; midtarsomeres 4 and 5 usually less modified than in foretar-

sus, 5 usually barely modified. Claws dentate or edentate; anterior claw of

fore- and midtarsi enlarged. Genitalia. Tergum IX usually well developed,

254 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

with distinctly sclerotized portion; lobes usually well developed, occasionally

absent. Sternum IX usually bristled. Basistyle usually scaled, with or without

mesal membrane, with or without apical or basal tergomesal lobe; claspette

variably developed, or absent. Dististyle variable, with or without apical claw.

Cercal setae present or absent; paraproct usually with relatively simple, mod-

erately to strongly sclerotized apex. Aedeagus simple and tubular, or paired

and more or less complex, poorly to strongly sclerotized.

LARVA. Head. Wider than long; labrum and mouth brush not modified,

excepting some predatory species not occurring in this region; collar narrow;

seta 2-C absent; 3-C always very small; 4-6-C variable in position and develop-

ment; 16,17-C apparently not developed. Antenna variable in length, not differ-

entiated at the insertion of 1-A, spiculate or smooth; 1-A usually short, single

or branched; 2,3-A usually apical or nearly so. Mandible usually with micro-

spines dorsolaterally at middle to near base; 3 mandibular spurs, MdS 1 longest

curved, and most deeply pigmented, MdS3 similar but a little shorter and paler,

MdsS5 much shorter, almost straight, pale. Mandibular brush well developed;

mandibular comb of setiform teeth, lateral teeth slender and subplumose.

Cutting organ usually small, usually with one or 2 dorsal spines (DS1, 2); usually

2, occasionally one, dorsal teeth, shape variable, accessory denticle usually

present: ventral tooth usually with one lateral denticle (VT-4) and 2 or 3 mesal

denticles (VT1-3); ventral blade (VB) 1 or 2; VB, variable in length, VBo, when

present, much smaller; pectinate brush ell developed, hairs slender or broad.

Piliferous process usually not sclerotized, well protrudent, with theusual 5

hair groups, apically cleft; labula narrower than anterior portion. Mandibular

hairs in 2 groups. Maxilla. Cardo triangular, narrowly or somewhat broadly

fused mesobasally with cranium, when fusion point is very narrow, a strip-like

sclerotization along anterior margin from about anterior termination of hypo-

stomal suture through the point of fusion to cardo well developed; cardinal seta

1-Mx variable. Mesostipes variable in shape, occasionally mesal area detached,

spicules of mesal margin variable; stipital sensoria double, with or without

basal ring; dorsal stipital seta 2-Mx shortest of all ring-based maxillary setae;

ventral stipital seta 4-Mx variable; parartis a weakly sclerotized expansion at

the base of maxillary suture, without strongly sclerotized connecting rod;

pseudoartis well developed, separated from cranium or fused with it at apex.

Lacinia occupying mesal half of dorsal surface of mesostipes, hairy, proximal

lacinial seta 5-Mx around level of stipital sensoria, slender, pale; distal

lacinial seta 6-Mx at apex, often modified; hairs of maxillar brush variable.

Palpostipes variable in size, but usually shorter than mesostipes, without lateral

stipital seta 2-Mx, separated or mesobasally fused with mesostipes; apex with

ampulla and 4, 5 palpal sensoria, the latter short, S1, 2,4 ring-based, S5 some-

times absent; usually, 81,2 dorsolateral, S3_5 ventrémesal in position. Mentum

plate triangular, deeply pigmented, usually with small teeth; aulaeum with fila-

mentous spicules. Thorax. Setae 1-4, 8,12-P variable in development: o-7-P,

0-10, 12-M, 7,9,10-T strong; 13-P usually absent. Abdomen. Setae 6-I, II and

7-I usually strong, 6-III-VI and 7-II variable in development; 12-I present or

absent. Comb scales always present, variable in shape and number. Siphon

short to moderately long; acus present or absent; pecten usually well developed,

the teeth often dark; 1-S a single pair, at about apex of pecten, occasionally

small accessory siphonal setae present; 2-S always single, simple and short.

Saddle with or without acus, usually incomplete, sometimes complete; seta 1-X

variable; 2-X branched; 3-X usually long and single, rarely branched; 4-X of 8

or more hairs, each branched or single, precratal hairs present or absent;

erid occasionally incomplete.

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 255

DISTRIBUTION. Worldwide.

KEYS TO SUBGENERA OF AEDES

FEMALE ADULT

i Lateral. scutellar lobes with narrow scales. . .. .°6 si 6. 39%... 2

Lateral scutellar lobes with broad scales. .............. 11

2(1). Vertex with decumbent scales narrow, or at most broad in middle. . 3

Vertex with decumbent scales largely broad. ............. 8

3(2). Metameron wah scales... 6¢vG) 5.3: Ochlerotatus (in part) (p. 257)

Metameron-withomt ‘s@alesiveio) 25680 O65 Aes FUG. a ee. 4

4(3). Base of mesomeron a little above that of hindcoxa; tarsi unbanded;

scutum broadly yellow scaled laterally. . . Neomelaniconion (p. 418)

Base of mesomeron well above that of hindcoxa; tarsi banded. .... 5)

5(4). Prealarckmoeb-without sealesiu sce Ge a ee. a ee 6

PYeglaw won with SCAves 2h i's har ak ae be gies ak ek Se sn We be nd wh Sa ns 7

6(5); Paratereiteiwith s€ales ir). 66.08 Saran. Ochlerotatus (in part) (p. 257)

Paratercite without scales. . <6 6 ei. 6s Edwardsaedes (p. 422)

7(5). Scutum with distinct pale stripes or patterns; proboscis dark throughout.

Finlaya (in part) (p. 302)

Scutum without distinct ornamentation; proboscis broadly pale midven-

ROU Oe ee a, eae Aedimorphus (in part) (p. 405)

8(2). Pleura with numerous minute hairs on unscaled areas; laterotergite

Wnsealed] (2:98. 10. ,Orgielend Jocrecas asses Geoskusea (p. 414)

Pleura without such hairs; laterotergite scaled. ........... 9

9(8). Scutum ornamented; postspiracular area unscaled.

Finlaya (in part) (p. 302)

Seu ONCOlOFOUS sii ss BORO AO UG ae ea, gt 10

10(9). Paratergite scaled; genitalia simple; postspiracular area scaled.

Aedes (p. 425)

Paratergite unscaled; genitalia unusually well developed; postspiracular

alee Scaled OF UNnSCAlede ao. a es 6 4 ew oe Verrallina (p. 436)

11(1). Vertex with decumbent scales largely narrow; acrostichal bristles

presente Oso it a ae ee ee ee Aedimorphus (in part) (p. 405)

Vertex with decumbent scales largely broad; acrostichal bristles absent.

12(11). Pedicel at most with several small scales mesally; at most hindtarso-

meres 1. and 2’ white banded... 4.8 a7: Finlaya (in part) (p. 302)

Pedicel covered with broad silvery scales except dorsally or dorsolater-

ally; hindtarsomeres 1-5 white banded. ..... Stegomyia (p. 368)

206

4(3).

5(3).

6(2).

Th),

8(7).

2(1).

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

MALE GENITALIA

DIStisty le With Clam 3 Us BM AV ee Ee ee ee ae t teec ten «ve Z

PUBLIC VLG Ay UG OW ta sha ok Se Balak 4 elk Be Gs in adiSe lw Ld pi ge vey 7

OCU iar ee a a gr as sae) sm aa mca e #6 3

CigSpetle GDSCGG. cc = ac bike Wot al-oMiR, Bad VEL oi ae AEST. . 6

Aedeagus simple, cylindrical; claspette with a filament, without setae

ete Gn. Seaeae! Fase! GES e! PO eH Bla I eOeh, Colle Kaige . 4

Aedeagus complex, paired, with sclerotized teeth; claspette without fila-

Be UL Oe ig ee gh GA eli aime © OARS FO 9)

Basistyle with both apical and basal tergomesal lobes (occasionally apical

tergomesal lobe weakly developed). ...... Ochlerotatus (p. 257)

Basistyle without apical or basal or both tergomesal lobes.

Finlaya (p. 302)

Dististyle simple, claw not on a lobe or process; claspette usually well

developed with apex strongly expanded and heavily setose.

Stegomyia (p. 368)

Dististyle complex, claw on a mesal lobe or process; claspette often

Wee VCP PONEIACEUG.. 5. py cs gs sn 'sa gos 04a, dedee Aedimorphus (p. 405)

Dististyle inserted at apex of basistyle; aedeagus simple.

Geoskusea (p. 414)

Dististyle inserted before apex of basistyle; aedeagus paired.

Neomelaniconion (p. 418)

Dististyle inserted at apex of basistyle, apically bifurcate; basistyle

without strong processes or spines. ..... Edwardsaedes (p. 422)

Dististyle inserted before apex of basistyle, or basistyle with strong pro-

COSSES OF SHINGS ORIN Ge GUUS OIG In atien Ge One. BUGLE. 8

Aedeagus paired, bulbous in tergal view, with strongly sclerotized teeth;

basistyle with sternomesal claspettoid, without strong processes or

spines; dististyle bifurcate at base. ......... Aedes (p. 425)

Aedeagus composed of opisthophalus, prosophallus and phallus; basistyle

without claspettoid, with strong processes or spines; dististyle vari-

22.) am ae ta SP ed mtn aN Aa che RS RP Verrallina (p. 436)

LARVA

Mandible with seta 1-Md; maxilla with cardo separated from cranium;

siphon lacking acus; seta 12-Iabsent....... Stegomyia (p. 368)

Mandible without seta 1-Md; maxilla with cardo narrowly fused mesobas-

Gly Wit) Crean: SIOAOn Wit CUS, os gas ek ke eo ew ee ee 2

tae Oe Presey oo. ax se skids gh ews beeen Mihi & Oe cael... 3

Set 1 sel AOSCHly Mt enh Coase eh Ua ee fame METEVO (anew 6. 6

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 257

3(2). Mandibular cutting organ with lateral dorsal tooth reduced; mesal dorsal

tooth narrow, very long, reaching fork of VTg 4, poorly pigmented,

with very slender mesal denticles; seta 8-C dati nctly longer than 9,

SOW os LoTR eet poe Tete. boletie sy Geoskusea (p. 414)

Mandibular cutting organ with both dorsal teeth short, stout, usually very

dark; mesal denticles, when present, never very slender; seta 8-C

subequal to SAI0=Gistiarsn aaah se Her alec ere, ees &

4(3). Seta 4-X of 15 or more tufts; 5-C posteriad of 7-C; saddle with acus

(except for vigilax and sticticus). . . Ochlerotatus (in part) (p. 257)

Seta 4-X of 15 or less tufts, when 15, 5-C anteriad of 7-C; saddle lack-

ing acus (except for Aureostriatus-Group of Finlaya)........ 5)

5(4). At least one of setae 4-6-C at level of or anteriad of 7-C.

Finlaya (p. 302)

Setae 4-6-C posteriad of 7-C......... Neomelaniconion (p. 418)

6(2). Seta 3-X branched; 9-12-M, T with very large basal calli (tubercles),

which also bear 13-M and 8-T (Belkin 1962).

Edwardsaedes (p. 422)

Seta 3-X single; 9-12-M, T with moderate-sized basal calli (tubercles,

which: do not: bear 132M iand: 8=Ts bra. .ecios- Wiss. Lee tel es: Oe & i

7(6). Siphon with small accessory setae subapically and/or subdorsally.

Aedes (p. 42 -

Siphonawithouljaceessorx isotacin. si wiisite ho wisigbend 6. Sigil 30.

8(7). Setae 5,6-C approximated, distance between 6, 7-C 2.0 or more as that

petwesn PeGaCraan cial lseaisive whl Labia: Aedimorphus (p. 405)

Setae 5,6-C widely separated, distance between 6,7-C less than 2.0 as

that wpetweom a.eG. to 5h 7 Rh piviese .. 2eahlaven. veckG 9

9(8). Seta 1-S longer than siphon diameter; 7-II 1,2 branched, strong.

Ochlerotatus (in part) (p. 257)

Seta 1-S shorter than siphon diameter at insertion; 7-II weak, with 4 or

more short branches. ..... 1 at Bad (bins, Verrallina (p. 436)

SUBGENUS OCHLEROTATUS LYNCH ARRIBALZAGA

Ochlerotatus Lynch Arribalzaga, 1891a: 374: 1891b: 143. Type-species:

O. confirmatus Lynch Arribalzaga, 1891; Argentina.

Medium to rather large mosquitoes.

FEMALE. Head. Eyes usually more or less separated above and below.

Interocular space with or without scales. Decumbent scales of vertex usually

narrow; broad scales present in zmpiger; erect scales numerous on posterior

half of to entire vertex. Antennal flagellum shorter than proboscis; flagello-

mere 1 1.3-1.7 length of Flm 2. Palpus 0.15-0. 40 (usually less than 0. 25)

length of proboscis; segment 4 minute, at most 0.33 length of 3. Proboscis

slender, distinctly longer than (1.2-1.6 times) forefemur. Thorax. Pronotal

lobes with narrow and broad scales; anterior lobes well separated, with many

258 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

bristles, posterior lobe with 4 to more than 10 bristles near posterior margin.

Scutum with scales variable; all scutal bristles usually developed, only acro-

stichal bristles occasionally medially reduced. Scutellum with narrow scales

only. Paratergite usually scaled. Pleural scales variable, usually extensive,

metameron usually scaled; pleural bristles usually many, often pale; lower

mesepimeral bristles present or absent. Base of mesomeron well above that

of hindcoxa. Wing. Remigium with dorsal bristles. Cell Ro longer than vein

(1.6-2.4 times) vein r9,9. Legs. Foretarsomere 5 longer than 4; midtarso-

mere 5 subequal to 4 in length. Claws of fore- and midtarsi unidentate, equal

or occasionally anterior claw a little larger; claws of hindtarsus equal, usually

unidentate, occasionally simple. Abdomen. Laterotergite pale scaled. Seg-

ment VIII retractile.

MALE. Antennal flagellum strongly plumose, 0.6-0.8 length of proboscis;

flagellomeres 12 and 13 elongate, Flm 12 longer than Flm 13, both subequal to

Flm 1-11 in length. Palpus a little longer than (1.0-1.3 times) proboscis; apex

of segment 3 somewhat swollen, upturned and hairy; 4 and 5 slightly swollen,

downturned and hairy; 3 longest; 4 length of or longer than 5. Proboscis dis-

tinctly longer than forefemur. Lower mesepimeral bristles more often lacking

than infemale. Cell Ro length of or slightly longer than vein roi (relatively

shorter than infemale). Foretarsomere 4 greatly shortened; 5 much longer

than 4, with usually 4 short curved setae on top of ventrobasal swelling, several

pairs of laterobasal, stiff setae, and also a midventral setiferous process;

midtarsomere 4 a little shortened, with several stiff ventroapical setae; 5 longer

than 4, not modified. Anterior claw of fore- and especially midtarsi enlarged,

uni- or bidentate; posterior claw unidentate; claws of hindtarsus equal, uniden-

tate or simple. Genitalia. Tergum IX sclerotized in middle; lobes distinctly

protrudent, usually rather approximated, bearing usually rather short stout

setae. Sternum IX bristled. Basistyle scaled, usually elongate, with basal

tergomesal lobe and often apical tergomesal lobe; mesal membrane present from

apex to base; claspette well developed, with stem long and slender, filament

variously developed. Dististyle 0.4-0.6 length of basistyle, simple; claw apical

0.17-0.30 length of dististyle. Cercal setae present; paraproct with strongly

sclerotized apical tooth. Aedeagus simple, tubular, usually sternally open,

with a round tergobasal orifice and a small midbasal process.

LARVA. Head. Broad; seta 1-C frequently shorter than distance between

bases, sometimes a little longer than it; 4,6, 7-C usually about on level of

antennal base, 5-C distinctly caudad of them. Antenna usually short (long in

diantaeus), spinulate; seta 1-A branched, inserted at basal 0. 33-0. 56; 2-A

stronger than 3-A, usually somewhat curved distad of middle. Mandible with

dorsolateral microspines simple, without mandibular seta 1-Md. Cutting

organ with 1 or 2 dorsal spines; 2 dorsal teeth, lateral tooth smaller; ventral

tooth with one or 2 lateral denticles (VT-4 or VT-1, 4) and 3 mesal denticles

(VT1-3); accessory denticles at base of cutting organ always present; ventral

blade apparently usually 2, VB>o much smaller; pectinate brush well developed,

of 5-8 mostly mesally pectinate hairs. Piliferous process well protrudent,

deeply cleft apically; labula variable. Mandibular hairs of distal group usually

more widely spaced proximally. Mavxilla. (Excluding the greatly modified

maxilla of impiger - vide the species description.) Cardo triangular, narrowly

fused mesobasally with cranium, a strongly sclerotized narrow strip-like ridge

extending from anterior termination of hypostomal suture along anterior margin

of cranium to anterior margin of cardo; cardinal seta 1-Mx single or double.

Mesostipes about as long as or slightly longer than wide, with stout spicules

on mesal margin; stipital sensoria at or distad of middle; dorsal stipital seta

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 299

2-Mx and ventral stipital seta 4-Mx sublaterally near apex; hairs of maxilla

brush rather short, some stiff; pseudoartis developed, free from or loosely

fused with cranium. Lacinia with proximal lacinial seta 5-Mx at or slightly

distad of level of stipital sensoria; distal lacinial seta 6-Mx usually strongly

basally barbed. Palpostipes shorter than mesostipes, apically narrowed, often

definitely or loosely fused mesobasally with mesostipes; apex with ampulla and

usually 5 palpal sensoria, S5 smallest, rarely reduced. Mentum plate with

19-35 small teeth. Thorax. Setae O-P, 13,14-M and 8-T usually short and

dendritic; 13-P absent. Abdomen. Seta 12-I present or absent (impiger);

6-I-V and 7-I usually strong; 6-VI, 7-II, 13-III-V and 1-IV, V occasionally

strong; 13-II, VI usually dendritic. Comb scales variable in shape and number.

Siphon with acus usually attached, occasionally free, index 1.7-4.9; pecten

restricted to basal 0.6 (usually basal 0.4-0.5) of siphon, of closely spaced

dark teeth; 1-S well developed, inserted at about apex of pecten or a little

beyond; 2-S apical or subapical on siphon; accessory siphonal setae occasional-

ly present. Saddle complete or incomplete (incomplete in species of this

region); acus present or absent; 1-X on saddle; 2-X multibranched; 3-X single;

4-X of 12 to about 20 cratal hairs, precratal hairs usually present.

DISTRIBUTION. Worldwide.

KEY TO SPECIES OF AEDES (OCHLEROTATUS)

FEMALE ADULT

1. Taret with pale PAAds (oii wees. Wad fon wiw oF Gini boul Boewde 2

TAPSIevtnOue ale ane ue hk io igs i wheeled we eine ear es awh ree. wen BS ore cie 4

2(1). Subspiracular area and metameron without scales; lower mesepimeral

bristles absent (after Belkin 1962).......... vigilax (p. 262)

Subspiracular area and metameron with scales. ........... 3

3(2). Abdominal terga with a broad pale longitudinal median line; tarsi with 2

articular bands 00.254) sip ipasinn ne luines ows dorsalis (p. 264)

Abdominal terga without a longitudinal median band; tarsal bands basal.

excrucians (p. 267)

4(3). Costa with a long pale basal mark reaching humeral crossvein; vertex

usually with some submedial broad, decumbent dark scales; sterno-

pleural patch not reaching cephalic corner; mesepimeron bare on lower

020-0). BB ii oka nein impiger daisetsuzanus (p. 271)

Costa at most with scattered pale scales between pale basal spot and

humeral crossvein (if a long basal mark present, sternopleural patch

reaching cephalic corner and mesepimeral patch fully or almost reach-

ing lower margin); decumbent scales on vertex all pale and narrow.

5(9). Supraalar bristles mostly dark brown to black; sternopleural and mese-

pimeral,pateh vatiables: ecu 4 elias dea e ee communis (p. 278)

Supraalar bristles mostly pale yellow to brown. ............ 6

260 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

6(5). Sternopleural patch reaching cephalic corner. ............. 7

Sternopleural patch not reaching cephalic corner; mesepimeron bare on

HOWET Oe SU oe eos ai aya WL ao Bey « DPA O LY OAW Of 9

7(6). Lower mesepimeral bristles absent; mesepimeron usually bare on lower

0.25-0. 33; tempus usually with a dark spot. .... sticticus’ (p. 275)

Lower mesepimeral bristles present; mesepimeral patch fully or almost

reaching lower margin; tempus entirely pale. ........... 8

8(7). Lateral erect forked scales of vertex dark, dark scales also present in

middle; costa without pale basal spot. .... hakusanensis (p. 292)

Erect forked scales of vertex mostly yellow; costa with or without pale

Wee eOOLe. eee PO ge RB TSU al punctor (p. 281)

hexodontus hokkaidensis (p. 286)

Aes (Oth) sp. (pp. 296)

9(6). Abdominal terga with complete pale basal bands; erect forked scales of

Veter Yellow. “GOP ou ee hak assy Be lS. intrudens (p. 296)

Abdominal terga without complete basal bands; lateral erect forked

St ales Ol VeErlLOs Gal. oo co ak, bk eck Bk diantaeus (p. 299)

MALE GENITALIA

t. Aedeagus without strong tergal ridges; basistyle without conspicuous

tufted bristles in apical half; lower mesal division of basal tergomesal

ROME WILNOUL SDECIALIZOU SCLAC. Hy ou haus tone ot lag hp ake Bee) 2

Aedeagus with strong tergal ridges; basistyle with conspicuous tufted

bristles in apical half; lower mesal division of basal tergomesal lobe

with 2 specialized setae; claspette filament triangularly

Saad. seh Se ee FIO Senter ies gages Bey ka Ae Bho he ge 10

2tlyo* ADEX Ol MECOACUS SINOOUN o'sn ks Piro beta & UEW, Boal aby, 3

Apex of aedeagus denticulate or serrate. ........+4+.42+4e6.. 6

3(2). Apical tergomesal lobe lacking; basal tergomesal lobe without specialized

seta; claspette filament very slender, setiform (after Belkin 1962).

vigilax (p. 262)

Apical tergomesal lobe present; basal tergomesal lobe with specialized

seta; claspette filament well developed, broad. ........... 4,

4(3). Claspette filament with triangular expansion on convex side.

impiger daisetsuzanus (in part) (p. 271)

Claspette filament without triangular expansion. ........... 5)

5(4). Basal tergomesal lobe not apically expanded; with 2 specialized setae;

claspette filament with only a short expansion on convex side.

dorsalis (p. 264)

Basal tergomesal lobe strongly apically expanded, with one specialized

seta; claspette filament with a small triangular expansion on concave

side near base, and a long narrow expansion on convex side.

sticticus (p. 2'75)

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 261

6(2). Basal tergomesal lobe without specialized seta; claspette filament

angulate on convex Side near base. ....... excrucians (p. 267)

Basal tergomesal lobe with specialized seta. ............. 7

7(6). Claspette filament with triangular expansion on convex side.

impiger daisetsuzanus (in part) (p. nt

Claspette filament without triangular expansion on convex side. :

8(7). Claspette stem long, extending beyond basal tergomesal lobe; claspette

filament with basal ridges on convex side. .... communis (p. 278)

Claspette stem short, reaching posterior end of basal tergomesal lobe;

claspette filament without ridges on convex side. ......... 2

9(8). Basal tergomesal lobe of basistyle with proximal tergalmost surface flat

and broad, bearing a stout seta and many bristles, the lower distal

surface with scattered short bristles on weakly prominent papillae;

claspette filament longer, more slender and paler.

hakusanensis (p. 292)

Ae. (Och.)sp. (p. 296)

Basal tergomesal lobe of basistyle with proximal tergalmost surface

narrow and convex, bearing a stout seta and only a few bristles, the

lower distal surface densely covered with bristles on strongly promin-

ent papillae; claspette filament shorter, stouter and darker.

punctor (p. 281)

hexodontus hokkaidensis (p. 286)

10(1). Basistyle sternoapically with tufted bristles; cercal tergal surface

OT 2) eee Oe nS a RDC ea Pr « em ay weer net pr intrudens (p. 296)

Basistyle sternomesally with tufted bristles; cercal tergal surface covered

with tubercle-based minute spicules. ....... diantaeus (p. 299)

LARVA*

de Comb scales fringed with spicules up to apex, the apical spicule occa-

sionally stronger, but subapical spicules at least 0.5 length of apical

spicules, arranged in a patch; pecten teeth evenly spaced. .....

Comb scales with a single (rarely double) strong apical spine, latero-

basally fringed’ with fine’spicules only... . 0.0. 6a A ew. 4

2(1). Seta 1-P double and strong; 13-III-V strong; comb scales 28-81, usually

PGC TIN as yg Syl yh Ne ge glinig’ Ca ee Aa eee communis (p. 278)

Seta 1-P single and weak; 13-III-V weak; comb scales 15-33. ..... 3

3(2). Seta 1-A 2-3 branched; pecten teeth 7-12, the apical tooth at basal 0. 32-

03.42 of eiphons a7. GROG Ral Ge he GT BORG ee vigilax (p. 262)

Seta 1-A 5-12 branched; pecten teeth 16-28, the apical tooth at basal

0..45<0. S108 siphons 6) OOO Ste We Pi eee ee dorsalis (p. 264)

*The larva of Ae. (Och.) sp. is unknown.

262 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

4(1). Pecten with all teeth rather evenly spaced. .............. =°9

Pecten with one or more apical teeth distinctly detached. ....... 9

5(4). Setae 2,3-P distinctly more slender and shorter than 1-P; 8-P short;

1-X slender, shorter than saddle; individual comb scale with apical

Spine nother weak OT MOdCYAte: ~ «ie wie eee ere lee 6

Setae 2,3-P or both strong, often nearly length of 1-P; 8-P medium to

strong; 1-X rather strong, length of or longer than saddle; individual

comb:scale with apical spine very strong... go0l. soc. aN. 7

6(5). Seta 5-C single, rather stiff; 12-I absent; 7-II more than 0.5 length of

6-11; comb seales 9-172. se. grees impiger daisetsuzanus* (p. 271)

Seta 5-C 2-4 branched, slender; 12-I present; 7-II less than 0.5 length

of: O=Ih-comlb: scales: 18220). 0.8 os bo isde, Shee: sticticus (p. 275)

7(5). Seta 1-M distinctly longer and stouter than 3-M. . hakusanensis (p. 292)

Seta 1-M shorter than or length of 3-M, weakk. ........... 8

8(7). Setae 6-IV, V single; 3-P, 13-V and 6-VI almost always single, very rarely

deueen terse. Jeanie dobe.aiyiolaiel i aded fee punctor (p. 281)

Setae 6-IV-VI and 13-V usually double, occasionally triple; 3-P 2-4

branched. eal val clay: be we ros. : hexodontus hokkaidensis (p. 286)

9(4). Comb scales 28-38 in a patch; siphon index 4.2-4.9.

excrucians (p. 267)

Comb scales 8-16 in an irregular single or double row; siphon index

Oe. 1h Sho oo ita Wi oh BLO Oe Lote ee . 10

10(9). Antenna shorter than head; seta 5-C well caudad of and tandem with or

only. sliehtly mesad of 6-Cwis so eed sidan s intrudens (p. 296)

Antenna longer than head; seta 5-C distinctly mesocaudad of 6-C.

diantaeus (p. 299)

55. AEDES (OCHLEROTATUS) VIGILAX (SKUSE)

(Fig. 79; Table 88)

Culex vigilax Skuse, 1889: 1731 (2). Type-locality: Gosford, Kiama and

National Park, New South Wales; Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.

Aedes (Ochlerotatus) vigilax: Tanaka, Nagano, Kishimoto and Miyagi, 1975:

298, Kuroshima, Yaeyama Guntd, Ryukyu Archipelago.

FEMALE and MALE. Specimens from this region are not available.

LARVA (Fig. 79). Head. Width 1.03-1.13 mm; brown, 1.35-1.48 as wide

as long; labrum slightly concave on apical margin; seta 1-C pigmented, 0.75-

0.80 length of distance between bases; 6-C slightly anteriad or on level of

7-C; 4-C mesocaudad of 6-C; 5-C well caudad of and tandem with or slightly

mesad of 6-C; 10-C usually double. Antenna 0.33-0.36 mm long, pale, sparse-

ly spinulate; 1-A double or triple, occasionally weakly barbed, inserted at

*Maxilla is modified; vide description and taxonomic discussion.

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 263

basal 0.43-0.49, not reaching apex of shaft; 5-A with an accessory sensorium

on proximal division. Mandible (2 dissected specimens) with a number of very

fine dorsolateral microspines near base. Cutting organ with 2 dorsal spines;

lateral dorsal tooth simple or with a mesal denticle, mesal dorsal tooth with a

strong mesal denticle; ventral tooth with 2 lateral denticles, VT-4 as large as

VTo; VTo larger than VT; and VT3; apparently 2 ventral blades, VB, reaching

tip of VTo, with fine mesal pectination; VB9 difficult to see; pectinate brush of

0-7 mesally pectinate hairs, most anterior hair as long as VB1. Piliferous

process with labula as long as or only slightly longer than the broader anterior

part. Mandibular hairs (5-7) + (9-11), hairs of anterior group barbed or

apically frayed, hairs of posterior group more distinctly frayed at apex.

Maxilla (2 dissected specimens) with 1-Mx single, occasionally apically bifid.

Mesostipes 1.2 times as long as wide, with several denticles on lateral surface;

stipital sensoria equal, distad of middle, without basal ring; 4-Mx lightly pig-

mented. Lacinia with 5-Mx slender, slightly distad or on level of stipital sen-

soria; 6-Mx apparently basally thickened and strongly barbed. Palpostipes

excluding apodeme 1.5 times as long as wide, apical half fairly broad; apex

with 5 short palpal sensoria, S; much larger than the others, S2.4 subequal.

Mentum plate with 19-23 teeth. Thorax. Seta 1-P of medium size for the

Species, 2,3-P slender, 0.5 length of 1-P; 7-P usually double; 8-P very short,

usually single; 12>1079-P in length; 1-M short, subequal to 3-M; 1-T usually

double. Abdomen. Seta 7-II very short, 0.14-0.17 length of 6-II (1 specimen);

1-VIII smooth and weak; 12-I, 14-III, 13, 14-IV, and 12, 14-V usually single;

10-I, 8-II, 10-IV and 14-VI usually double. Comb scales 21-28, in a triangu-

lar patch; individual scales rather short, fringed with spicules up to apex, the

spicules progressively stouter towards apex, apical spicules usually a little

stronger than others. Siphon pale brown, narrowly dark brown at base and apex,

with acus frequently free or barely connected with siphon, often slightly broad-

ened just distad of base, apex 0. 63-0.69 as wide as broadest diameter; length

0.62-0.71 mm, index 1.73-1.93; microsculpture imbrication-like; pecten

reaching basal 0.32-0.42, of 7-12 dark brown, evenly spaced teeth, occasionally

a few basal teeth abortive; each tooth with several ventrobasal denticles; 1-S

located a little beyond pecten at basal 0. 44-0.50, subpalmate, a little shorter

than siphon diameter at insertion; 2-S near apex of siphon, just reaching or

extending beyond it, shorter than apical pecten tooth. Saddle narrowly incom-

plete, pale, 0.32-0.41 mm long, with microsculpture similar to that of siphon,

with several spicules dorsoapically; seta 1-X shorter than saddle; 4-X of 13-14

cratal and 2-3 precratal tufts (15-17 tufts in total), cratal tufts 4-11 branched,

precratal tufts 2-6 branched. Anal gills very short, conical, 0.3-0.5 length

of saddle, dorsal gill length of, or at most slightly longer than ventral one.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO. 20L: Yaeyama

Gunto (10 L: Kuroshima, 25 VIII 1967, ground pool, Nagano, IMCOL. 10 L:

K-2263).

DISTRIBUTION. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO (Yaeyama Gunto). TAIWAN.

PHILIPPINES. INDONESIA. INDOCHINA. ?MALAYA. THAILAND. NEW

GUINEA. AUSTRALIA. SOLOMON ISLANDS. NEW HEBRIDES. NEW

CALEDONIA. LOYALTY ISLANDS. FIJI.

BIONOMICS. Previously, this species had been found only on Kuroshina,

a small flat heart-shaped island, 4.1 km wide, 3.2 km long, situated between

Ishigaki and Iriomote Is., the 2 major islands of the Yaeyama Gunto. Larvae

were found in ground pools. In Southeast Asia and Australia, larvae usually

occur in brackish water in coastal regions, occasionally in fresh water.

Females are vicious biters of man and livestock.

264 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

MEDICAL IMPORTANCE. Iyengar (1954) showed that this species was the

principal vector of Wuchereria bancrofti in New Caledonia.

56. AEDES (OCHLEROTATUS) DORSA LIS (MEIGEN)

(Figs. 80, 81, 212; Table 89)

Culex dorsalis Meigen, 1830: 242 (2). Type-locality: Berlin, Germany.

Aedes dorsalis: Yamada, 1927: 573, Hokkaido and Honshu, Japan; Yamada,

1932: 226, Korea. |

Aedes (Ochlerotatus) dorsalis: LaCasse and Yamaguti, 1950: 133 (%, 9%, L).

Aedes (Ochlerotatus) dorsalis albus LaCasse and Yamaguti, 1950: 129, 136

(nomen nudum).

FEMALE (Fig. 212). Wing length 4.4-5.0 mm. Head. Eyes moderately

separated above, narrowly below. Vertex with broad median area including

interocular space covered with narrow curved, white scales, and lateral area

covered with narrow curved, tawny yellow scales; medially with numerous erect

forked, white scales and laterally with dark brown ones; tempus covered with

pale ochreous broad scales; about 10 or more vertical bristles, lateralmost

2-4 dark, others pale, about half of them on interocular space; 4-95 dark tempor-

al bristles. Clypeus dark brown. Antennal pedicel brown, mesally darker,

covered with small broad, white scales on mesal and dorsal surfaces, a few

short bristles among the scales; flagellum 0.85-0.89 (5) length of proboscis;

flagellomere 1 yellowish brown, with a few pale and dark scales, 1.31-1.45

length of Flm 2. Palpus 0.22-0.25 (5) length of proboscis, speckled with dark

and pale scales; segment 3 1.43-2.08 of 2. Proboscis 1.26-1.35 (5) length of

forefemur, with several ventrobasal bristles, basally and apically dark scaled,

pale scaled in medial 0.6. Thovax. Pronotal integument dark brown; anterior

lobe covered mesoanteriorly with narrow curved, yellowish brown scales,

lateroposteriorly with rather broad white scales, scales intermediate in shape

and color in-between, bearing many brown bristles of moderate size, the

bristles lateroposteriorly paler; posterior lobe covered dorsally with narrow curved

curved, bronze-brown scales, and posteroventrally with broad white scales,

bearing 4-9 dark bristles along posterior margin, occasionally one or 2 bristles

pale. Scutum with integument dark brown, covered with white and yellowish or

bronzy brown narrow curved scales excepting paired small areas before postero-

lateral angles; the brown scales forming a median line reaching posterior mar-

gin or extending onto scutellum, rather indistinct paired supraalar patches,

and marginal band from humerus to wing-root; scales on margins slightly

broader; acrostichal bristles usually restricted to several short anterior ones,

most anterior ones pale, others dark, occasionally a few fine bristles remain

posteriorly; many pale bristles at anterior end of anterior dorsocentral series,

other anterior dorsocentral bristles short and dark; posterior dorsocentrals

and prescutellars long and pale; more than 10 mostly dark bristles of various

sizes scattered on fossal area near humeral and posterior margins; supraalars

anteriorly brown, posteriorly pale. Scutellum with integument pale brown,

rather roughly covered with slender white scales, each lobe bearing many

long pale bristles. Paratergite dark brown, with broad white scales. Pleural

integument brown, darker on post- and subspiracular areas, covered with

broad white scales excepting lower anterior area of sternopleuron, mesomeron,

metepisternum and metepimeron; metameron; also white scaled; scales on

sternopleuron reaching anterior angle, those on mesepimeron reaching lower

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 265

margin; pleural bristles pale, many on propleuron, prealar knob, upper to

posterior margin of sternopleuron, and upper mesepimeron; 8-15 postspiracu-

lars, 2-5 lower (anteromedian) mesepimerals. Prosternum pale scaled.

Wing. Alula fringed with pale, rather broad scales. Vein c pale scaled,

speckled with varying amounts of dark scales on apical 0.5; sc pale scaled,

with dark scales mixed apically; remigium pale scaled, occasionally some

dark scales present; r pale scaled, unevenly speckled with dark scales; rj

dark scaled and speckled with pale scales; rs and rj2 with pale plume scales;

r9 and rg with both dark and pale plume scales; r4,5 dark scaled and with

scattered pale scales; m pale scaled, occasionally a few dark scales inter-

mixed; mj+2 pale scaled in basal 0.33, dark scaled otherwise; mg, 4 pale

scaled at base, dark scaled otherwise; cu, cuy and cug dark scaled, with

scattered pale scales; la pale scaled, often a few dark scales intermixed;

short dorsal fringe scales mainly dark apically, mainly pale in basal 0.33;

long fringe scales pale only ona short basal area. Cell Ro 1.63-2.13 (5)

length of vein r9,9. Halter knob pale scaled. Legs. Coxae pale scaled.

Femora mainly pale scaled, speckled with dark scales; hindfemur with

ill defined dark dorsosubapical patch; posterior surface of mid- and hindfemora

almost entirely pale scaled. Fore- and midtibiae speckled with pale and dark

scales on anterior surface, almost entirely pale scaled on posterior surface;

hindtibia with many dark scales dorsally, otherwise almost entirely pale scaled.

Tarsomeres 1 pale scaled, with dark scales mixed; each tarsus with pale basal

band on 2 and 2 pale articular bands on 2-4; 5 pale scaled. Midtarsomere 5 as

long as 4; hindtarsomere 1 0.75-0.81 (5) length of tibia. Claws equal, usually

with sharp submedian tooth, sometimes one or both claws of hindtarsus simple.

Abdomen. Tergum I medially pale scaled; II-VII broadly pale scaled along

median line and laterally, dark scaled in-between; each tergum with pale basal

band, usually not fused with lateral pale area in most segments; occasionally

VII or VI-VII almost entirely pale scaled. Sterna pale scaled.

MALE (Figs. 81, 212). Wing length 4.0-4.8 mm. Vertex usually with

more pale scales. Antennal pedicel apparently lacking bristles; flagellum

0.63-0.75 (5) length of proboscis; flagellomeres 12 and 13 dark, Flm 12 1.27-

1.48 length of Flm 13, both together 0.97-1.18 length of the pale brown

Flm 1-11. Palpus 1.19-1.24 (5) length of proboscis; segment 1 dark scaled,

with a few pale scales mixed; 2-5 pale scaled, with dark scales at base of 2,

joint 2-3, and apices of 3 and 4; 4 and apex of 3 ventrally with numerous long

bristles; length ratio of 2-5: 0.92-1.08 : 1.50-1.77 : 1.05-1.12 : 1.00 (5).

Proboscis 1.37-1.41 (5) length of forefemur. Acrostichal bristles more often

present in posterior part; fossal area lacking bristles, or with very few fine

ones. No anteromedian mesepimerals. Cell Rg 0.97-1.32 (6) length of vein

r9+3. Hindtarsomere 1 0.79-0.86 (4) length of tibia. Anterior claw of fore-

tarsus with a blunt-tipped median and a sharp laterobasal tooth, anterior claw

of midtarsus slightly sinuate, much longer than posterior claw, with a blunt-

tipped submedian tooth; posterior claw of fore- and midtarsi with a sharp sub-

basal tooth; claws of hindtarsus similar to those of female. Genitalia. Tergum

IX sclerotized in middle; lobes protrudent, sclerotized and moderately separ-

ated, each with 4-9 rather short, stout setae. Sternum IX oblong-quadrate,

with 5-9 bristles. Basistyle subcylindrical, 3.8-5.0 length of median narrow-

est portion, laterally and sternally scaled, laterally and sternoapically with

long bristles, and short bristles otherwise; apical tergomesal lobe convex,

with several bristles, one of them a little thickened in middle; basal tergomesal

lobe strongly protrudent, roughly quadrate in tergal view, with apical surface

covered with prominent-based bristles, bearing 2 stout setae: one longer,

266 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

apically recurved, located at middle near apical margin, another posteriorly

at base; claspette stem pilose, with 2 or 3 basal and several apicomesal short

bristles; filament falciform, 4.5 times as long as wide, as long as stem, pig-

mented, just hooked at tip. Dististyle slender, 0.953-0.64 length of basistyle,

with 3-4 setae on convex side and one on concave side near apex; claw slender,

nearly straight, pigmented, 0.22-0.30 (9) length of dististyle. Paraproct

strongly laterally and apically sclerotized, with single or double tergally

hooked apical tooth; tergal surface not sclerotized; 2-9 (usually 5-8) cercal

setae; tergite X moderately sclerotized, with surface apparently granulate.

Aedeagus elongate-oval in tergal view, 1.92-2.29 (6) as long as wide, notched

at apex, closed but tergally with a round basal opening, sternally widely open.

LARVA (Fig. 80). Head. Width 1.18-1.26 mm; brown, 1.27-1.34 as wide

as long; seta 1-C pigmented, 0.80-0.95 (5) as long as distance between bases;

5,6-C nearly tandem with each other, smooth to moderately barbed; 4, 6-C on

same level as 7-C or slightly posterior to it; 8,13-C usually single; 14-C some-

times with 1 or 2 fine accessory branches. Antenna 0.36-0.43 mm long, less

than 0.5 length of head, only slightly curved, lightly pigmented, spiculate

throughout but more sparsely apically; seta 1-A inserted at basal 0. 41-0. 51 of

shaft, with 5-9 (5-12, after LaCasse and Yamaguti 1950) barbed branches,

scarcely reaching apex of shaft; 5-A with an accessory sensorium on basal

division; 2 = 4 3 5 6-A in length. Mandible with many rather stout dorsolateral

microspines near base. Cutting organ with 2 dorsal spines; lateral dorsal

tooth with one or more mesal denticles, mesal dorsal tooth with a few mesal

denticles continuous with a row of accessory denticles on mesobasal surface

of cutting organ; ventral tooth with 2 lateral denticles, VT-4 a little smaller

than VT9; VT3 smaller than or subequal to other 2; VT;_3 each with a tiny

secondary denticle on anterior side; 2 ventral blades, VB, stout, extending a

little beyond apex of VTg, with very strong mesal pectination of long and short

teeth; VB2 similar to VB, but much shorter; pectinate brush of 5-8 mesally

pectinate hairs. Piliferous process with labula as long as or only a little longer

than the broader anterior part. Mandibular hairs (6-7) + (9-13), hairs of

anterior group simple, those of posterior group apically frayed. Maxilla with

seta 1-Mx usually smooth, single or double. Mesostipes as long as broad,

indistinctly tuberculate on lateral surface; stipital sensoria slightly distal to

middle, equal, each on a short basal ring; 4-Mx unpigmented; lacinia with 5-Mx

slightly distad of or on level of stipital sensoria. Palpostipes narrow in apical

half, excluding apodeme 1.6 as long as wide, 0.5 length of mesostipes; apex

with short ampulla and 5 short palpal sensoria, 53 2 S4> S92 S4zS5 in length.

Mentum plate with 19-21 teeth. Thorax. Seta 1-P of medium size, 2,3-P

short and slender, at most 0.67 length of 1-P; 8-P very short; 1-M slender,

longer than 3-M; usually, 9-P, 1-M, 6,12-T single, and 5-P double. Abdomen.

Seta 7-II smooth to fairly strongly barbed, 0.20-0.45 (x = 0.30) length of 6-TII;

10-1, IV, 9-II, 2-V, VI, and 8-V usually single; 8-II, 13-V and 6-VI usually

double; usually 6-I 3 branched and 5-VIII 6 branched; 2-VIII not on a sclerotized

callus. Comb scales 19-26 (15-31, after LaCasse and Yamaguti 1950) ina

patch, individual scales rather small, laterally and apically fringed with

spicules, the spicules progressively larger apically. Siphon pale brown, dark

brown at base, with acus attached, slightly broadened just distad of base,

apex 0.67 as wide as base; length 0.89-1.07 mm, index 2.32-2.48; microsculp-

ture faint; pecten reaching basal 0.45-0.51 of siphon, of 20-28 (16-24, after

LaCasse and Yamaguti 1950) dark brown, evenly spaced teeth, occasionally

basal 1-4 teeth abortive, each with several ventrobasal denticles; 1-S beyond

pecten at apical 0.40-0.46, slightly shorter than siphon diameter at insertion;

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 267

2-S close to and extending beyond apex of siphon, weak, much shorter than

apical pecten tooth. Saddle 0.36-0.43 mm long, covering dorsal half of seg-

ment X, with short rows of microspicules on entire surface, the spicules a

little more distinct apically; segment X subventrobasally with a free acus,

minutely spiculate on ventral unsclerotized area; seta 1-X slender, shorter

than saddle; 4-X of 12-17 cratal and 3-4 precratal tufts (15-20 in total), each

6-13 branched. Anal gills very short, 0.33-0.67 length of saddle, ventral

gill shorter than dorsal one.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN. 1°, 5¢: Hokkaido

(A-0038, A-0040, A-0043, A-0214). 280, 25%, 21 L, 181: Honshu (B-2124,

F-0096, F-0097, F-0230).

DISTRIBUTION. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN (Hokkaido. Honshu, Shikoku,

Kyushu). KOREA (Korean Peninsula). HOLARCTIC REGION. TAIWAN.

MEXICO.

BIONOMICS. Aedes dorsalis is apparently not ubiquitous in Japan.

Although found from Hokkaido to Kyushu, Aedes dorsalis larvae occur in

brackish ground water in the coastal region, sometimes also in fresh water.

Adult females are vicious day and dusk biters of man and livestock.

MEDICAL IMPORTANCE. Viruses of western equine encephalitis and

California encephalitis have been isolated from wild-caught females in the

U.S.A. (Carpenter and LaCasse 1955). Crane and Elbel (1977) reported

evidence of transovarial transmission of California encephalitis virus in this

species in the western U.S.

57. AEDES (OCHLEROTATUS) EXCRUCIANS (WALKER)

(Figs. 81, 82, 213; Table 90)

Culex excrucians Walker, 1856: 429 (A). Type-locality: Nova Scotia, Canada.

Aedes excrucians: Sasa and Takahasi, 1948a: 116, Hokkaido, Japan.

Aedes excrucians subsp.: Shogaki, 1950: 3, Akan-kohan, Hokkaido, Japan.

Aedes (Ochlerotatus) excrucians: LaCasse and Yamaguti, 1950: 138 (o, *).

FEMALE (Fig. 213). Wing length 4.3-6.8 mm. Head, Eyes narrowly

separated above, moderately below. Vertex covered with narrow curved, pale

scales on posterior half and median line including interocular space, anteriorly

with yellowish brown ones; many long erect forked scales over almost entire

vertex, medially pale and laterally dark; tempus covered with broad pale yellow-

ish scales, a small patch of broad dark scales within the pale scaled area, at

least 8 vertical bristles, mesal ones including a few on interocular space yel-

lowish, lateral ones dark; 5-7 dark temporal bristles, lowest one somewhat

detached. Clypeus very dark brown. Antennal pedicel testaceous, very dark

on mesal surface, dorsally and mesally with small, broad white scales, me-

sally with short dark bristles; flagellum 0. 89-0.91 (5) length of proboscis,

flagellomere 1 with small white broad scales, 1.34-1.42 length of Flm 2.

Proboscis 1.18-1.25 (5) length of forefemur, dark scaled, with variable

amounts of scattered pale scales, occasionally median area largely pale

scaled. Palpus 0.25-0.28 (5) length of proboscis, dark scaled, with scattered —

pale scales; segment 3 1.68-2.23 (5) length of 2; 4 0.09-0.32 length of 3. Thorax.

Anterior pronotal lobe with integument very dark brown, bearing many dark

and yellowish bristles, covered with narrow curved, white scales, some mesal

scales somewhat yellowish; posterior pronotal lobe with integument brown,

anterodorsally covered with narrow curved, brownish scales, posteroventrally

268 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

with narrow curved or crescent-shaped white scales, bearing 5-14 dark or

yellowish brown bristles along posterior margin. Scutum with integument

very dark brown, posteriorly rather lighter, covered with narrow curved

white and bronze-brown scales; the white scales covering prescutellar space,

anterior and lateral margins, and forming a narrow dorsocentral line, occa-

sionally blurred or indistinct, reaching both anterior and posterior margins;

the pale scaled dorsocentral line and lateral margin occasionally almost con-

fluent behind fossal area; acrostichal bristles developed, some of prescutellars

and supraalars pale yellowish brown, other scutal bristles dark, acrostichals

and anterior dorsocentrals rather short; fossal area usually with more than

10 rather short bristles laterally and posteriorly, none or very few medially.

Scutellum with integument brown, covered with narrow curved, white scales

and bearing many long brown bristles, those on median lobe rather pale.

Paratergite with rather broad, pale scales. Pleural integument light brown,

darker on sub- and postspiracular areas and anterior corner of sternopleuron;

propleuron, post- and subspiracular areas, lower prealar knob, upper and

lower-posterior sternopleuron, upper 0.67 of mesepimeron, and metameron

covered with rather broad, pale scales; upper sternopleural scales barely

reaching anterior corner; pleural bristles pale yellowish brown, many on

propleuron, prealar knob, sternopleuron and upper mesepimeron, 5-14 post-

spiraculars, 0-4 lower (anteromedian) mesepimerals. Wing. Alula fringed

with dark, rather narrow scales. Veins speckled with dark and pale scales;

fringe scales on posterior margin dark. Cell Ro 1.88-2.05 (5) length of vein

r92+3. Halter stalk pale scaled on apical half of anterior ridge, knob pale

scaled. Legs. Coxae and trochanters pale scaled. Femora with apical pale

fringe, speckled with pale and dark scales on anterior surface, mainly pale

scaled on posterior surface except for apical area. Anterior surfaces of fore-

and midtibiae, and hindtibia speckled with dark and pale scales; posterior

surfaces of fore- and midtibiae mainly pale scaled; tibial pale apical fringe

lacking. Tarsomeres 1 with pale basal band, dorsally and apically dark scaled,

pale scaled otherwise, occasionally mottled with dark and pale scales dorsally

and laterally; tarsomeres 2-5 dark scaled, occasionally with a few pale scales

on 2, foretarsomeres 2-4 and mid- and hindtarsomeres 2-9 with fairly broad

pale basal bands. Midtarsomere 5 as long as 4; hindtarsomere 1 0. 65-0. 70

(5) length of tibia. Claws equal, with long stout submedian tooth. Abdomen.

Tergum I with a median patch of white and pale ochreous scales; H-VII speckled

with dark and pale ochreous scales, usually more dark scales on anterior seg-

ments and more pale scales on posterior segments, pale scales more whitish

laterally. Sterna pale scaled, with ill-defined median line of dark scales.

MALE (Figs. 81, 213). Wing length 4.3-6.3 mm. Often with more pale

scales on vertex and scutum. Antennal flagellum 0.76-0.81 (5) length of pro-

boscis; flagellomere 12 1.20-1.50 (5) length of Flm 13, both 0.93-1.06 of Flm

1-11. Palpus 1.25-1.32 (5) length of proboscis, dark scaled, with pale scales

at bases of segments 2-4 and middle of 3, with numerous long bristles ventro-

apically on 3 and ventrobasally on 4, 4 and 5 with numerous bristles of medium

length; length ratio of 2-5: 0.87-0.96 : 1.54-1.65 : 1.00-1.09: 1.00. Probos-

cis 1.28-1.32 (5) length of forefemur. Lower mesepimeral bristles lacking.

Cell Rog 1. 06-1.53 (5) length of vein rg,3. Midtarsomere with 7-10 stout

ventroapical setae; hindtarsomere 1 0.71-0.75 (5) length of tibia. Anterior claw

of foretarsus a little longer than posterior claw, with a blunt-tipped submedian

tooth; posterior claw with a sharp triangular basal tooth; anterior claw of mid-

tarsus sinuate, much longer than posterior claw, with a blunt-tipped submedian

tooth; posterior claw with a sharp subbasal tooth; claws of hindtarsus similar to

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 269

those of female. Genitalia. Tergum IX sclerotized in median area; lobes

sclerotized, moderately protrudent and separated, each bearing 4-17 medium-

sized setae. Sternum IX oblong-quadrate, with 8-12 bristles. Basistyle sub-

cylindrical, somewhat emarginate on tergomesal margin at middle, 9.2-8.3

length of tergal narrowest portion, sternally scaled, bristled throughout except

for a narrow sternobasal space, long bristles on lateral, sternomesal and

sternoapical surfaces; apical tergomesal lobe from middle of basistyle to apex,

moderately apically protrudent, laterally and sternally bristled, without

bristles on tergoapical surface, a few most apical bristles rather broad and

striated; basal tergomesal lobe only convex, covered with short bristles, the

surface rugose up to base of apical tergomesal lobe; claspette stem long, pilose

in basal 0.67, with a few basal bristles; filament shorter than stem, about 4

times as long as wide, basally angulate on convex side, hooked at tip, convex

edge very thin. Dististyle 0.51-0. 54 (7) length of basistyle, slender, slightly

swollen in middle, curved in apical 0.5, pilose on sternal surface, with 3-4

setae on convex side and one on concave side near apex; claw 0. 20-0. 23 (7).

length of dististyle, slender, pigmented. Paraproct with a single, tergally

hooked apical tooth; cercal tergal surface not sclerotized; tergite X well

sclerotized; 2-6 cercal setae. Aedeagus elongate-oval in tergal view, 1.72-

2.44 as long as wide, weakly sclerotized, tergally closed but with moderately

large round tergobasal opening, sternally widely open, apex deeply notched,

with several small teeth.

LARVA (Fig. 82). Head. Width1.50-1.61 mm; brown, 1.36-1.56as wideas

long; front margin of labrum slightly concave; seta 1-C pigmented, 0. 73-0. 86 (3) as

long as distance between bases; 4, 6-C about on level or a little anteriad of

7-C; 5-C usually triple, well posteriad of and tandem with 6-C; 6-C usually

double, rather stiff; usually, 8-C double and 13-C single. Antenna 0.54-0. 59

mm long, shorter than head, brown, darker distad of seta 1-A, rather strongly

spinulate; 1-A inserted at basal 0.37-0.46, with 6-11 barbed branches, not

reaching apex of shaft; 2-A rather stiff, pigmented. Mandible (2 dissected

specimens) with a number of dorsolateral microspines of various sizes near

base. Cutting organ with 2 dorsal spines; lateral dorsal tooth 2 or 3 cuspid;

mesal dorsal tooth with one or 2 mesal denticles; a row of several acute acces-

sory denticles from base of mesal dorsal tooth onto mesobasal surface of cutting

organ; ventral tooth with 2 lateral denticles, VT-4 only a little smaller than

VTo; VTg larger than VT; and VT3; 2 ventral blades, VB, stout, extending a

little beyond apex of VTg, with fine mesal pectination, VBy much shorter than

VB 1; pectinate brush of 6-7 well developed mesally pectinate hairs, most

anterior hair nearly as long as VB. Piliferous process with labula a little

longer than the broader anterior part. Mandibular hairs (7-9) + (12-14), hairs

of anterior group apically simple or weakly barbed, hairs of posterior group

apically frayed. Maxilla (2 dissected specimens) with seta 1-Mx single. Meso-

stipes 1.2 as long as wide, with lateral surface smooth; apical brush very dense;

equal twin stipital sensoria slightly distad of middle; 4-Mx close to apex;

lacinia with 5-Mx slender, a little distad of level of stipital sensoria; 6-Mx

thickened in basal 0.5, with stiff barbs. Palpostipes strongly apically narrowed,

excluding lateral artis 1.5 as long as wide, about 0.5 length of mesostipes;

apex with 4 short palpal sensoria, Sj distinctly larger than others, S9_4 sub-

equal, S5 apparently reduced. Mentum plate with 23-25 teeth. Thorax.

Integument covered with slender spicules. Setae 1,12-P strong, 2,3-P slender,

2-P not more than 0.5 length of 1-P; 3-P shorter than 2-P; 8-P medium to

strong; 1-M shorter than 3-M; usually, 3-P, 4-M and 2-T double, 6-M 7

branched, and 5-T single. Abdomen. Integument of segments I-VII covered

270 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

with slender spicules, VIII with rather shorter and stouter spicules. Seta

7-II 0.34-0.56 (v = 0.41) length of 6-II; 13-III-V and 1-IV, V strong; 14-IV, V

and 11-VII usually single; 3-I, 8-II, 11-III, 1,3-IV and 1-VI usually double;

2-VIII usually free, occasionally on a common callus with 1-VIII. Comb

scales 28-38 in a patch, individual scales thorn-shaped with a single, rarely

double, apical spine, laterobasally fringed with spicules. Siphon rather slender

for Japanese Ochlerotatus, brown, darker on basal margin, with acus attached,

broadest just distad of base, apically tapering, 4.1-4.6 as long as wide, apex

0.51-0.57 of broadest part; length 1.76-2.00 mm; index 4.2-4.9; microsculp-

ture of short transverse rows bearing minute denticles; pecten reaching basal

0.38-0.44, of 12-26 dark brown teeth including 1-6 basal abortive teeth, 1-3

apical teeth detached, each with 1-4 ventral denticles; seta 1-S located beyond

pecten at apical 0.46-0.51, longer than siphon diameter at insertion; 2-S a

little proximal to apex of siphon, not reaching it, much shorter than apical

pecten tooth. Saddle 0.57-0.66 mm long, narrowly incomplete, with ventral

margin shallowly incised, with short rows of minute denticles on entire surface,

these also covering ventral unsclerotized area, the denticles becoming apically

stronger excepting a narrow dorsal area; a free acus subventrally proximad of

saddle; seta 1-X a little shorter than saddle; 4-X of 15-18 cratal and 5-7 pre-

cratal tufts (21-25 in total), cratal tufts 4-8 and precratal tufts 2-5 branched.

Anal gills apically tapering, dorsal gill 1.0-1.3 length of saddle, ventral gill

shorter than dorsal gill.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN. 680, 73°: with associ-

ated skins 12 1, 12 p); 75 L, 12 1: Hokkaido (A-0187, A-0188, A-0203, A-0204,

A-0206, A-0207, A-0217, A-0218, A-0219, A-0220, A-0221, A-0222, A-1781,

A-1783, A-1784, A-1794, A-1800, A-2281).

DISTRIBUTION. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN (Hokkaido). NORTHERN PALAE-

ARCTIC and NEARCTIC REGIONS.

TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION*. McDaniel and Webb (1974) discussed female

and larval characters of the stimulans-group including fitchii (Felt and Young),

excrucians and stimulans (Walker) from Maine, U.S.A. They stated that none

of the excrucians had a proboscis with numerous white scales, and the larva of

excrucians lacked setae 1-I-III. Specimens from Hokkaido differ from their

report.

BIONOMICS. Common in Hokkaido. Larvae are found in ground pools of

more or less polluted water, formed by melted snow, and associated with Ae.

punctor, Ae. esoensis, Ae. yamadaiand Ae. vexans nipponii. It is apparently

univoltine (Sato and Iwase 1959). The adults emerge during May and females

are severe biters during the day. Sato et al. (1973) found excrucians to be

commoner at lower altitudes, and to exhibit dawn and dusk peaks of activity.

MEDICAL IMPORTANCE. Natural infections of tularemia have been found

in this species (Gutsevich et al. 1970).

*After the completion of the manuscript, Arnaud et al. (1976, Ann. Para-

sitol. Hum. Comp. 51:477-94) resurrected Ae. (Och.) surcoufi (Theobald,

1912) for the southwestern European population of excrucians, Japanese

excructans agrees with North American excrucians in the claws of the

adult, and with surcoufi in the larva in having setae 6-III-VI constantly

double, while these setae are usually single in North American excrucians.

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea atl

58. AEDES (OCHLEROTATUS) IMPIGER DAISETSUZANUS

NEW SUBSPECIES*

(Figs. 83, 84, 214; Table 91)

Aedes (Ochlerotatus) impiger: Tanaka, 1972: 229, Yukomambetsu, Hokkaido,

Japan.

FEMALE (Fig. 214). Wing length 3.3-3.8 mm (reared specimens). Head.

Vertex covered with narrow curved, yellow scales, sometimes broader creamy

white scales covering more than 0.5 of median part; tempus covered with broad,

creamy white scales; broad dark scales usually present submedially on vertex

and on tempus, and sometimes forming small patches; fairly long, erect forked,

pale yellow scales medially on posterior part of vertex and dark ones laterally;

vertical bristles many, those on interocular space yellow, lateral ones dark;

several temporals black. Clypeus pitch-black. Antenna: pedicel pitch-black,

dorsally and mesally covered with small pale moderately broad scales inter-

mixed with dark ones, some short dark bristles mesally; flagellum 0. 81-0. 88

(2) length of proboscis; flagellomere 1 1.36-1.44 (2) length of Flm 2, ventro-

mesally with small pale scales. Palpus dark scaled, with scattered pale

scales, 0.18-0.19 (2) length of proboscis; segment 3 1.90-1.95 (2) of 2; 4

0. 06-0. 18 length of 3. Proboscis dark scaled. Thorax. Pronotal integument

dark; anterior lobe with rather narrow curved, creamy white scales, bearing

black and yellow bristles; posterior lobe with narrow curved, pale yellow

scales, those on posterior lower corner broader and paler, 6-12 yellow bristles

along posterior margin. Scutum with integument dark, roughly covered with

narrow curved, bronzy brown scales in most median part and with creamy

white ones otherwise, sometimes bronzy brown scales forming vague longitu-

dinal median stripes; acrostichal bristles developed; usually more than half of

supraalar bristles dark, others yellowish, occasionally vice versa; other

scutal bristles mostly dark, a few bronze-brown ones present among prescu-

tellars. Scutellum with narrow curved, creamy white scales, scutellar

bristles mostly dark bronzy and black ones intermixed. Paratergite scaled.

All pleura excepting mesomeron, metepisternum and metepimeron with

patches of moderately broad white scales, sternopleural patch not reaching

cephalic angle; lower 0.25-0.33 of mesepimeron bare; all pleural bristles

well developed, yellow or yellowish white; 2-4 lower mesepimerals. Wing.

Alula with rather narrow dark scales. Veins dark scaled; vein c with a pale

long basal mark reaching humeral cross vein; base of r sprinkled with a few

pale scales. Halter knob white scaled. Legs. Coxae and trochanters with

white rather narrow scales. Femora with white apical fringe; fore- and mid-

femora posteriorly and ventrally white scaled, with scattered white scales

(sometimes with more white scales than dark ones) dorsally in forefemur and

anteriorly in midfemur; hindfemur white scaled excepting apical dark spot which

extends basally up to about middle on dorsal surface; tibiae and underside of

*The nominal subspecies, Aedes (Ochlerotatus) impiger impiger (Walker, 1848)

does not occur in this region.

Culex impiger Walker, 1848: 6 (2). Type-locality: St. Martin's Falls, Albany

River, Hudson's Bay, Ontario, Canada.

DISTRIBUTION. NORTHERN HOLARCTIC REGION (except Japan).

212 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

tarsomere 1 sprinkled with white scales; femora, tibiae and tarsi otherwise

dark scaled. Midtarsomere 5 as long as 4; hindtarsomere 1 0.71-0.72 (2)

length of tibia. Claws equal and unidentate. Abdomen. Tergum I witha large

median patch of broad white scales; II-VI dark scaled, with fairly wide basal

bands of white broad scales. Sterna white scaled, each with a dark apical band.

MALE (Fig. 84). Wing length 3.6-4.1 mm (reared specimens). Vertex

mostly covered with broad pale scales, narrow scales reduced in number and

limited to median area. Antennal flagellum 0.64-0.65 (2) length of proboscis;

flagellomere 12 1.25-1.40 (2) of Flm 13, both 0.97-1.09 of Flm 1-11. Palpus

1.04-1.07 (2) length of proboscis; length ratio of segments 2-5: 1.31-1.47:

1.95-2.06 : 1.31-1.47: 1.00. Lower mesepimeral bristles 2-6. Cell Ro

1.18-1.27 (2) length of vein r9,3. Hindtarsomere 1 0. 77-0. 80 (2) length of

tibia. Anterior claw of midtarsus slender, much longer than posterior claw;

all claws unidentate. Genitalia. Tergum IX with median sclerotized part 3-4

times as wide as median length; lobes well sclerotized, with 5-14 stout setae

of medium length. Sternum IX rounded, trapezoidal, with 4-6 bristles near

apex. Basistyle cylindrical, a little arcuate, 5.4-6.7 times as long as width

of tergal median narrowest part, wholly bristled; apical tergomesal lobe not

very prominent, tergally glabrous, with several small sternal bristles; basal

tergomesal lobe narrowly conical, rather pointed at apex, with many long

bristles, uppermost one largest, more or less pigmented (not pigmented in

teneral specimens), other bristles gradually diminishing in size, sternal sur-

face with scattered small bristles; claspette stem strongly and evenly curved,

apical 0.5 more slender than basal 0.5 which is pilose and bears 2 short setae

on mesal side near base; filament long, weakly sclerotized along concave side,

a little curved at apex, with a triangular membranous expansion, the widest

part near base. Dististyle rather slender, 0.46-0.51 (5) length of basistyle,

somewhat swollen in middle, rugose above, pilose beneath, with 1-3 small

setae on convex side and 0-1 on concave side subapically; claw 0.21-0.30 (4)

length of dististyle, slender, bifurcate at tip. Paraproct strongly sclerotized,

apical tooth rather blunt, divided; 2-4 (7) cercal setae. Aedeagus cylindrical,

slightly constricted near middle, narrowed at apex, 2.38-2.79 (6) as long as

wide, sternally open, tergally closed, with a circular tergobasal orifice and a

round notch tergally at apex; apex denticulate or smooth.

LARVA (Fig. 83). Head. Width1.15-1.25 mm; brown, 1.28-1.36as wideas

long; front margin of labrum slightly concave; seta 1-C pigmented, 0.67-0. 81 (7)as

long as distance between bases; 4, 6-C a little anteriad or about on level of

7-C; 5-C rather stiff, well posteriad of and tandem with or slightly mesad of

6-C, usually distinctly but sparsely barbed, occasionally almost smooth; 6-C

stiffer than 5-C, usually smooth, occasionally with a few barbs; 14-C usually

single. Microsculpture consisting of meshes formed by rows of oblong minute

tubercles, finer tubercles within each mesh. Antenna 0.35-0.40 mm long,

shorter than head, dark, finely spinulate; seta 1-A inserted at basal 0. 45-0. 55,

with 3-6 barbed branches, not reaching apex of shaft; 5-A with an accessory

sensorium on the proximal division. Mandible with a number of rather strong

dorsolateral microspines near base. Cutting organ with 2 dorsal spines, one

pale, reaching apex of VT-4, another short and pigmented; lateral dorsal

tooth simple or bicuspid; mesal dorsal tooth with 1-3 mesal denticles, the base

extending mesally and bearing several acute accessory denticles; ventral tooth

with 2 lateral denticles, VT-4 smaller than VT9; VT 1_3 subequal or progres-

sively smaller; 2 ventral blades, VB, stout, pigmented, not reaching tip of VTo,

with fine mesal pectination; VBo pale, 0. 67 length of VB,, with rather coarse

mesal pectination; pectinate brush of 6-8 mesally pectinate hairs, most distal

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 28S

hair longer than VB,. Piliferous process with labula as long as or slightly

longer than the broader anterior part. Mandibular hairs (6-8) + (11-13), finely

barbed, hairs of anterior group somewhat apically frayed, hairs of posterior

group distinctly apically frayed. Maxilla. Cardo, palpostipes, ventral and

lateral surfaces of mesostipes and lacinial suture well sclerotized. Cardo

narrowly triangular, seta 1-Mx single (one specimen with 2 setae ona single

alveolus). Mesostipes broadly rectangular, 1.4 as wide as long, notched on

apical margin at mesal 0.33, narrowly connected ventrobasally with cranium

at mesal 0.2 (pseudoartis), with many ventromesodistal spinelike strong

spicules; lateral surface tuberculate; maxillary brush somewhat ventral; twin

stipital sensoria at apical 0.2, without basal ring, anterior sensorium slightly

longer; 4-Mx rather long, slender, pigmented; 2-Mx very short. Lacinia with

o-Mx slender, near apical margin distad of stipital sensoria; 6-Mx shorter than

4-Mx, basally barbed; microsculpture of sclerotized ventral surface similar

to that of cranium, but without smaller tubercles within the meshes. Palpo-

stipes fairly large, ventrobasally fused with mesostipes, oblong, only very |

slightly apically narrowed, excluding lateral artis 1.67-1.75 as long as wide,

only slightly shorter than mesostipes; apex with ampulla and 5 short palpal

sensoria, 81 distinctly stouter than others, 847S9>S9”S4 2 Ss in length.

Mentum plate with 23-27 teeth. Thorax. Seta 1-P rather strong, usually

single; 2-P slender, distinctly shorter than 1-P; 3-P slender, shorter than 2-P,

usually single; 8-P short, usually single; 12-P rather strong; 1-M shorter than

3-M; 9,14-P, 5,7,10-M, and 2,10-T usually single; 5-P usually double.

Abdomen. Seta 12-I absent; 7-II rather strong, 0.58-0.73 (x = 0.64) length of

6-II; 1-IV, V medium-sized, smooth or sparsely barbed; 13-IV-VI strong; 1-VII

smooth or barbed; 2-VIII most frequently on a common callus with 1-VIII,

occasionally free; 10-I, 13,14-III, 14-IV, 1,3-V, 4, 7-VI and 1-VII usually

single; 8,11-II and 6-IV usually double. Segment VIII minutely laterally spinu-

late. Comb scales 9-17 in an irregular single or double row; individual scales

with a single, moderately strong apical spine, fringed with spicules latero-

basally, one or 2 apical spicules stout. Siphon pale brown, narrowly darker at

base, with acus attached, widest a little distad of base, 2.78-3.14 long as wide,

apex 0.08-0.70 width of greatest diameter; length 1.07-1.22 mm, index 2.96-

3.92; microsculpture faint, consisting of short rows of minute spicules; pecten

reaching basal 0.29-0.39, of 12-19 evenly spaced dark brown teeth including

1 or 2 basal abortive teeth; each tooth with 1-4 ventral denticles; seta 1-S.

inserted beyond pecten at basal 0.40-0.51, about as long as siphon diameter at

insertion; 2-S proximal to apex of siphon, not reaching it, shorter than apical

pecten tooth. Saddle 0.42-0.46 mm long, covering dorsal 0.60-0.75 of the

segment; ventral margin often irregular, usually broadly incised; segment X

with short rows of minute spicules on entire surface including saddle, the

spicules only slightly stronger subdorsally at apex; a free acus subventrally

proximad of saddle; seta 1-X shorter than saddle, usually single; 4-X of 14-17

cratal and 1 or 2 precratal tufts (15-18 in total), each tuft 2-8 branched. Anal

gills equal, apically tapering, 1.1-1.4 length of saddle.

TYPE-SERIES. Holotype male (#2130, A-0211-5) with associated slides of

genitalia and larval skin: Yukomambetsu, in Mt. Daisetsu, Hokkaido, Japan,

7 VI 1970, ground pool, Tanaka, Mizusawa & Nishikawa. Paratypes: 14 males,

11 females, 23 larvae, with slides of associated genitalia (8 males), mouth-

parts, wings and legs (2 males, 2 females); data same as holotype.

The holotype and one-half of the paratypes are deposited in the National

Science Museum, Tokyo, the remaining paratypes are deposited in the USNM.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED OTHER THAN TYPES. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN.

274 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

58 L: Hokkaido (A-0190, A-0191, A-0211).

DISTRIBUTION. JAPAN (Hokkaido).

TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION. Among the Japanese species of the subgenus

Ochlerotatus, Ae. impiger daisetsuzanus is unique in the presence of broad

scales on the vertex in the adult, and the strongly modified maxilla and the

absence of seta 12-I in the larva. The characteristic larval maxilla is especial-

ly remarkable. All other Japanese species of Ochlerotatus studied have

maxillae typical for browsers; their maxillae in general are moderately

sclerotized; the mesostipes slightly longer than wide, peach-shaped, witha

narrow somewhat detached mesal area (lacinial sclerite - Gardner et al.

1973), bearing spine-like spicules along the mesal margin; the maxillary

brush apical and moderately long; the stipital sensoria and lacinial seta 5-Mx

located usually somewhat distad of middle; the palpostipes much shorter than the

mesostipes. The strongly sclerotized maxilla in general, very broad square

mesostipes with a broad mesal detached area, somewhat ventrally located

maxillary brush, distally removed stipital sensoria and lacinial seta 9-Mx,

and very large palpostipes of impiger daisetsuzanus resemble the maxilla of

predaceous Toxorhynchites. The maxilla of impiger daisetsuzanus may

possibly be regarded as an intermediate type between browsers and predatory

species. However, the mandible of impiger daisetsuzanus is not modified.

The feeding habit of this species is not known to us; it will be of interest to see

if it correlates in any way with the modified maxilla and unmodified mandible.

The Japanese subspecies daisetsuzanus is identical with North American

impiger in the male genitalia and most of the larval characteristics including

the modified maxilla, but differs from it in the following points. In the adults,

the thorax is less hairy, the scutal bristles are relatively shorter; the posteri-

or pronotal bristles are 5-12, usually in an irregular single or double row

close to the posterior margin (13 to about 20 in the posterior area in North

American impiger); the male pleural bristles are whitish to yellowish brown

(dark brown to almost black in North American impiger). In the larva, the

following differences were found (the values of North American impiger [2 speci-

mens from Alaska] are showninparentheses). Seta 11-II single or double (2-5

branched), 4-III 4-6 (2-4), 1-IV single, subequal to 1-V in length and strength

(1-3, shorter and more slender than 1-V), 6-IV 2-3 (single), 8-VI 1-3 (3-7),

8-VII 5-8 (3-6), anal gills 1.1-1.4 length of saddle (2.1-3.0). These larval

differences should be reevaluated with more material).

The habitats of North American impiger are arctic treeless areas and

alpine meadows above the timber line. In Montana and Utah (ca 40-509 N),

they were found at an elevation of 2,300 to 3,100 m above sea level (Mail 1934,

Rees and Nielsen 1951; cited in Carpenter and LaCasse 1955). Larvae of

daisetsuzanus were found in Daisetsu Mts. (43° 40' N) at an elevation of

1,100 m, close to the timber line, but still in a coniferous forest.

BIONOMICS. Only one locality is known, but the subspecies is probably

distributed over the central mountainous areas of Hokkaido. As stated in the

TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION, larvae of Ae.|impiger daisetsuzanus inhabit the

coniferous forest region, occuring in temporary ground pools of melted snow.

Carpenter and LaCasse (1955) cite 2 papers which state impiger impiger feeds

on man.

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 275

59. AEDES (OCHLEROTATUS) STICTIC US (MEIGEN)

(Figs. 84, 85, 215; Table 92)

Culex sticticus Meigen, 1838: 1 (2). Type-locality: Bavaria, Germany.

Aedes sticticus: Yamada, 1927: 570, Northern Hokkaido, Japan.

Description based on North American specimens.

FEMALE (Fig. 215). Wing length 3.0-4.7 mm. Head. Eyes narrowly

separated above and moderately below. Vertex including interocular space

covered with narrow curved, white scales, eye margin more densely scaled,

numerous erect forked, pale yellowish scales over vertex except on anterior

margin; tempus covered with broad pale, somewhat yellowish scales, usually

with a small spot of dark scales within the pale scaled area; about 10 or more

vertical and 6-7 temporal bristles on each side, the bristles on or near inter-

ocular space yellowish brown, others dark. Clypeus rather dark brown.

Antenna: pedicel yellowish brown, mesal surface dark, with small pale scales

and a few fine bristles; flagellum 0. 80-0. 86 (3) length of proboscis; flagello-

mere 1 1.27-1.46 length of Flm 2, with pale scales, a few dark scales often

intermixed. Palpus 0.21-0.23 (2) of proboscis, dark scaled, some pale scales

intermixed; segment 3 1.62-1.86 length of 2; 4 very small, globular. Pro-

boscis 1. 36-1. 42 (2) length of forefemur, dark scaled, with rather short

ventrobasal bristles. Thorax. Pronotal integument dark brown; anterior lobe

covered with crescent-shaped or rather broad white scales, bearing many pale

to yellowish brown bristles; posterior lobe covered with pale crescent-shaped

scales on dorsal margin, posteroventrally with rather broad pale scales, and

broadly crescent-shaped, dark brown scales in middle, bearing 6 to about 10

brown bristles along posterior margin. Scutum with integument dark brown,

covered with yellowish brown and narrow curved or crescent-shaped pale scales,

the yellowish brown scales forming a broad median longitudinal band covering

space between dorsocentral series of bristles and reaching prescutellar space;

fossal and supraalar areas each with a patch of the yellowish brown scales,

occasionally fossal patch obscure; prescutellar space pale scaled; acrostichal

bristles developed, anterior scutal bristles dark brown, supraalar and other

posterior bristles brown. Scutellum covered with narrow curved, pale scales,

each lobe with about 10 or more brown or yellowish brown bristles. Parater-

gite ventrally with rather broad pale scales. Pleural integument mostly dark

brown, patches of white broad scales on propleuron, postspiracular area, sub-

spiracular area, lower flank of prealar knob, sternopleuron, mesepimeron and

metameron; sternopleural patch reaching anterior angle, mesepimeral patch

usually not reaching lower margin; pleural bristles pale yellowish, many on

propleuron, prealar knob, upper to posterior sternopleuron and upper mese-

pimeron, 95-9 postspiraculars, no lower mesepimerals. Wing. Alula fringed

with rather narrow dark scales. Veins dark scaled, some pale scales present

at base of costa on posterior margin and on remigium, sometimes scales on

posterior margin of costa from base to confluence of subcosta, and on subcosta

appearing pale. Cell Ro 1.68-2.42 (7) length of vein r9,3. Halter knob pale

scaled. Legs. Coxa pale scaled. Femora with pale apical fringe; forefemur

dorsally speckled with dark and pale scales, pale scaled ventrally excepting

anterior margin; midfemur speckled with dark and pale scales on anterior sur-

face, almost entirely pale scaled on posterior surface; hindfemur pale excepting

276 Contrib.. Amer. ° Ent. Inst:, \vol., 16,5 1979

apex and apical 0.5 (or less) of dorsal surface. Fore- and midtibiae and

tarsomeres 1 posteriorly pale scaled, dark area often with scattered pale

scales; hindtibia and tarsomere 1 anteriorly and posteroventrally pale scaled.

Femora, tibiae and tarsi otherwise dark scaled. Midtarsomere 5 subequal to

4 in length; hindtarsomere 1 0.64-0.70 (6) length of tibia; all claws equal and

unidentate. Abdomen. Tergum I medially dark scaled, with scattered pale

scales; II-VII dark scaled, with complete basal bands of pale scales, the bands

extending apically on lateral aspect, VII with pale scales on apical margin.

Sternum II pale scaled; II-VII pale scaled, with lateroapical patches or apical

bands of dark scales, the patches or bands becoming larger on posterior seg-

ments.

MALE (Figs. 84, 215). Wing length 4.2-4.4 mm. Tempus without a spot

of dark scales. Antenna: pedicel glabrous; flagellum 0.74-0.76 (1) length of

proboscis; flagellomere 12 1.29-1.30 length of 13, both 0.93-0.95 of Flm 1-11.

Palpus 1.11 (1) length of proboscis; apex of segment 3 slightly swollen, turned

upwards, with many long bristles on underside; 4 and 5 a little swollen, 4 with

many long bristles, 5 also bristled; length ratio of 2-5: 1.32-1.39 : 1.93-1.96

: 1.18-1.21: 1.00. Proboscis 1.39 (1) length of forefemur. No lower mese-

pimeral bristles. Costal basal spot absent; cell Ro 1.18-1.33 (7) length of

vein 9,9. Foretarsomere 5 with 4 or more ventrobasal short curved setae.

Anterior claw of foretarsus with a blunt-tipped median and a sharp laterobasal

tooth; posterior claw with a basal tooth; anterior claw of midtarsus much longer

than posterior claw, strongly curved in basal 0.5, almost straight in apical 0.95,

with a blunt-tipped median and a sharp laterobasal tooth; posterior claw with a

median tooth; both claws equal, with a sharp submedian tooth in hindtarsus.

Genitalia. Tergum IX rather narrowly sclerotized in middle; lobes narrow,

moderately sclerotized, wider than long, narrowly separated, each with 9-7

rather short setae. Sternum IX membranous excepting basal margin, with 5-7

bristles. Basistyle constricted in middle of tergal surface, sternally and later-

ally scaled, with a number of fine bristles on basal 0.67 of tergal surface,

otherwise moderately bristled, long bristles laterally and apically; apical tergo-

mesal lobe fairly large, subapical, with fine bristles except for most tergo-

apical part, several broadened short setae on mesal side; basal tergomesal

lobe strongly mesally produced, appearing detached caudad, covered with

prominent-based rather short bristles, most tergolateral one definitely stouter

and longer than others, pigmented, curved about at middle; claspette stem

pubescent, excepting apical 0.2, 1-3 short setae located on mesal surface at

apex of pubescent area; filament shorter than stem, expanded into a thin unpig-

mented flap in basal 0.67 on convex side, with a small thin triangular expan-

sion on concave side at base, apex hooked. Dististyle slender, 0.55 (1) length

of basistyle, pubescent except for apex and base, with 2 short setae on convex

side near apex, occasionally one seta on concave side; claw slender, straight.

Tergite X well sclerotized; tergal cercal surface poorly sclerotized, 4-6 cer-

cal setae on each side; paraproct well sclerotized laterally, strongly apically,

apex unicuspid. Aedeagus weakly sclerotized, 1.69-1.84 (3) as long as wide

excluding short basal process, tergally closed but with a large tergobasal ori-

fice, sternally open, the opening constricted in middle.

LARVA (Fig. 85). (Description based on 2 whole mounted larvae from

U.S.A.) Head. Width 1.15 mm; brown, 1.33 as wide as long; seta 1-C lightly

pigmented, shorter than distance between bases; 4, 6-C anteriad of 7-C; 5-C

posteriad of 7-C and tandem with or slightly mesad of 6-C, occasionally with

secondary branches. Microsculpture of rather irregular reticulation formed

by rows of oblong tubercles; smaller to equal tubercles scattered within each

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 277

mesh. Antenna 0.40-0.41 mm long, shorter than head, slightly apically infus-

cate, with scattered rather stout spinules on entire surface, many finer spinules

on ventral surface; seta 1-A inserted at basal 0.38-0.42, with 6-9 barbed

branches, not reaching apex of shaft. Mandible with 2 dorsal spines; ventral

tooth with 2 slender lateral denticles; ventral blade scarcely reaching tip of

VTo; pectinate brush 5-6 haired. Piliferous process with labula longer than

the broad anterior part. Maxilla with seta 1-Mx single. Mesostipes 1.4 times

as long as wide, lateral surface denticulate, several strong spines on mesal

margin in middle; pseudoartis not fused with cranium; equal twin stipital sen-

soria at about middle; 4-Mx slender. Lacinia with 5-Mx about on level of

stipital sensoria; 6-Mx apparently strongly basally barbed. Palpostipes about

0.5 length of mesosteipes, only slightly narrowed apically; Sj definitely larger

than other palpal sensoria. Mentum plate with 32-35 teeth. Thorax. Integu-

ment spiculate. Seta 1-P of medium strength; 2-P distinctly more slender and

shorter than 1-P; 3-P shorter than 2-P; 8-P very short; 12-P short and slender,

though longer than 9,10-P; 1-M shorter than 3-M. Abdomen. Integument spi-

culate. Seta 7-II 0.30-0.33 length of 6-II; 13-IV, V smooth or sparsely barbed.

Comb scales 20-25 (18-25, after Carpenter and LaCasse 1955) in a patch;

individual scales with a single, rather short, slender apical spine, latero-

basally fringed with fine spicules, the apical spicules not more than 0.5 length

of the apical spine. Siphon brown, narrowly darker along basal margin, with

acus attached, broadest slightly distad of base, 2.76 times as long as wide,

apex 0.66 width of greatest diameter; length 1.01-1.13 mm, index 3.00; micro-

sculpture consisting of short rows of minute denticles; pecten reaching basal

0.45-0.48, of 16-18 dark brown, mostly evenly spaced teeth including 0-3 basal

abortive ones, apical one or 2 teeth slightly more widely spaced, each tooth

with 1-3 ventrobasal denticles; seta 1-S inserted beyond pecten at apical 0. 46-

0.48, smooth or weakly barbed, shorter than siphon diameter at insertion; 2-S

near apex of siphon, extending slightly beyond it, shorter than apical pecten

tooth. Saddle 0.36-0.40 mm long, rather narrowly incomplete, with short rows

of minute spicules on entire surface, the spicules only slightly stronger towards

apex; segment X with ventral unsclerotized area also spiculate; seta 1-X shorter

than saddle; 4-X of 15 cratal and 3 precratal tufts, each tuft 4-8 branched.

Anal gills apically tapering, 2.5 length of saddle.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. UNITED STATES. 3¢, 10%, 2 L(1L: Lake

Fork, Illinois, 14 V 1943, woodland pool, Ross; 1 L: Itasca St., Minnesota,

15 V 1957, clear water, Barr, USNM. 30c,:'109: Sand Point, Idaho, 3 VII

1917 - 21 VI 1921, Dyar).

DISTRIBUTION. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN (Hokkaido). NORTHERN HOL-

ARCTIC REGION.

TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION. The male genitalia of one of Yamada's speci-

mens (Engaru, Hokkaido, 25 VIII 1917, Yamada) identified as sticticus by him,

was described and illustrated by LaCasse and Yamaguti (1950) as Aedes (Och-

lerotatus) sp. (A. sticticus of Yamada), and Asanuma et al. (1952) as Aedes

(O.) sticticus. These illustrations show a detached basal tergomesal lobe, one

of the characteristics of sticticus, but the shape of the claspette filament does

not quite agree with that of sticticus. Yamada's female specimens (Otomari,

Sakhalin, 9 IX 1916, Nakagawa) described and illustrated by LaCasse and

Yamaguti as Aedes (Ochlerotatus) sp. (A. sticticus of Yamada) may not be

sticticus. Since Yamada (1927), there have been no reliable records of

sticticus from Japan. Further investigation is necessary.

BIONOMICS. In North America, sticticus is primarily an early season

floodwater mosquito. It is a persistent biter and is capable of dispersing

278 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

several kilometers (Carpenter and LaCasse 1955).

60. AEDES (OCHLEROTATUS) COMMUNIS (DE GEER)

(Figs. 86, 87, 214; Table 93)

Culex communis De Geer, 1776: 316 (%, 2, P, L). Type-locality: Europe.

Aedes (Ochlerotatus) communis: Asanuma, Kano and Takahasi, 1952: 30,

Shirogane-onsen, Hokkaido, Japan.

FEMALE (Fig. 214). Wing length 4.6-5.0 mm (wild mosquitoes), 3.8-4.3

mm (reared mosquitoes). Head. Eyes narrowly separated above, rather

broadly below. Vertex including interocular space covered with narrow curved,

yellow scales, posteriorly with many erect forked, dark scales medially inter-

mixed with yellow ones, sometimes yellow scales prevailing in most mesal

area but dark ones always laterally present, occasionally all erect forked

scales dark; eye margin more heavily covered with somewhat broader scales

than those of middle of vertex; tempus covered with moderately broad, yellow-

ish white scales; vertical bristles many, those on interocular space yellow,

lateral ones black; several temporal bristles black. Clypeus pitch-black.

Antenna: pedicel yellowish brown to black, with small pale lateral scales and

dark short mesal bristles; flagellum 0.73 (1) length of proboscis; flagellomere

1 1.53-1.58 (2) length of Flm 2, with a few small pale scales ventrally. Pal-

pus dark scaled, often with scattered pale scales, 0.20 (1) length of proboscis;

segment 3 1.57-1.83 (2) length of 2; 4 0.09-0.17 (2) of 3. Proboscis dark

scaled, 1.47 (1) length of forefemur. Thovax. Pronotal integument dark; an-

terior lobe with rather narrow yellowish white scales, bearing many dorso-

mesal dark bristles and ventrolateral yellow ones; posterior lobe dorsally with

narrow or rather narrow, curved yellow scales, the scales ventrally gradating

into moderately broad and paler ones, sometimes anterior scales dark; pos-

teriorly and posterodorsally 5-10 mostly yellowish bristles. Scutum with inte-

gument dark, covered with bronzy yellow and pitch-brown narrow curved

scales, the pitch-brown scales forming a pair of submedian narrow longitudinal

stripes and another pair of posterior sublateral stripes, these dark stripes often

ill-defined, sometimes obscure;,prescutellar space roughly covered with

rather narrow, curved yellowish white scales; acrostichal bristles developed,

most scutal bristles black or dark brown, usually some yellowish brown

bristles intermixed in supraalars. Scutellum with scales similar to those of

prescutellar space and bearing many long dark bristles. Paratergite scaled.

Pleura excepting mesomeron, metepisternum and metepimeron with patches of

moderately broad (partly rather narrow), yellowish white or creamy white

scales, sternopleural patch sometimes reaching cephalic angle, mesepimeral

patch may or may not reach lower margin; pleural bristles yellow, many

sternopleurals along posterior margin, 1-4 (most often 3) lower mesepimerals.

Wing. Alula fringed with rather long narrow scales. Veins dark scaled; costa

usually with a small basal spot of white scales, sometimes with scattered white

scales distad of the spot. Halter knob dark, covered with small pale scales.

Legs. Coxae brown, partly dark brown, each with a white scale patch; tro-

chanters with white scales. Femora fringed with pale scales at tip; fore- and

midfemora posteroventrally white scaled, occasionally some pale scales dor-

sally scattered on forefemur; hindfemur largely white excepting dorsal surface

and apical 0.2; fore- and midtibiae each usually with an ill-defined streak of

pale scales on posterior surface; tarsomere 1 often ventrally sprinkled with

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 279

pale scales; femora, tibiae and tarsi otherwise dark scaled. Midtarsomere 5

equal to or a little shorter than 4. Both claws equal in fore- and hindtarsi;

anterior claw a little longer and less curved than posterior one in midtarsus;

all claws unidentate. Abdomen. Tergum I with a patch of pale and/or dark

scales; II- VII dark scaled, with basal bands of creamy white scales, the bands

varying from totally reduced to occupying basal 0.33 of the tergum, laterally

broadened especially on posterior segments. Sterna white scaled, each with

an apical dark band.

MALE (Fig. 87). Wing length 4.9-5.5 mm (wild mosquitoes), 4.0-4.7 mm

(reared mosquitoes). Antennal flagellum 0.60 (1) length of proboscis; flagello-

mere 12 1.27 length of Flm 13, both 0.99 of Flm 1-11. Palpus 1.07-1.10 (2)

length of proboscis; length ratio of segments 2-5: 0.89-0.92 : 1.43-1.47:

1.04-1.07: 1.00. Lower mesepimeral bristles lacking or 1. Cell Rog 1.61-

1.95 (2) length of vein r9,3g. Hindtarsomere 1 0. 78-0. 83 (2) length of tibia.

Anterior claw of midtarsus slender and much longer than posterior one; all

claws unidentate. Genitalia. Tergum IX with median sclerotized part quadrate,

about 2.9 as wide as median length; lobes well sclerotized, nodular, variable

in width, each with 3-9 stout setae of medium length, generally narrow lobes

bearing fewer setae, and wide lobes bearing many. Sternum IX roughly hex-

agonal, shallowly bisinuate at apical margin in middle, with 6-12 bristles

transversely arranged near apex. Basistyle cylindrical, a little arcuate,

4.9-6.6 as long as minimum width at middle, tergally covered with small

bristles, laterally and ventrally with long bristles; mesal surface with numer-

ous long hairs mesally directed and arching over sternal surface; apical tergo-

mesal lobe prominent, rounded, with several small hairs and mesally directed

bristles of moderate length at apex and on sternal surface; basal tergomesal

lobe triangular in tergal view, rounded at apex, with a specialized dark seta on

tergal surface and many bristles of moderate size on apical and sternal sur-

faces, and with a row of several curved bristles along sternalmost edge;

claspette stem very long, slender, curved; filament fairly long, narrow,

hooked at apex, with 2 fine ridges on convex side near base. Dististyle slender,

well arcuate, 0.44-0.49 (9) length of basistyle, somewhat widened at middle,

rugose above, minutely setose beneath; claw 0.20-0.27 (9) length of dististyle,

slender, straight, bifurcate at apex. Paraproct strongly sclerotized, witha

sharp hook at apex; 3-6 cercal setae. Aedeagus elongate ovate, more strongly

narrowed apically than basally, 1.83-2.16 as long as wide, with a round tergo-

basal orifice, otherwise tergally closed, open sternally except at base which

has a small process; apex rather deeply notched tergally, with minute teeth.

LARVA (Fig. 86). Head. Width 1.20-1.34 mm; brown, 1.27-1.34 as wide

as long; front margin of labrum slightly concave; seta 1-C lightly pigmented,

0. 65-0. 79 (7) as long as distance between bases; 4, 6-C a little anteriad of 7-C;

o-C usually single, occasionally with a few barbs, well posteriad of and tandem

with or slightly mesad of 6-C; 7,10-C occasionally with secondary branches.

Reticulate microsculpture formed by rows of minute tubercles, smaller tuber-

cles within each mesh. Antenna 0.41-0.53 mm long, shorter than head,

entirely dark or a little paler basally, rather sparsely and finely spinulate;

seta 1-A inserted at basal 0.31-0.49, with 6-10 barbed branches, occasionally

with secondary branches, about reaching apex of shaft. Mandible (3 dissected

specimens) with fairly many slender dorsolateral microspines in basal 0.5.

Cutting organ with 2 dorsal spines; lateral dorsal tooth simple to 4-cuspid,

mesal dorsal tooth well developed, twice as long as lateral tooth, with one or

more mesal denticles, the base mesally extending and bearing several acute

denticles of various sizes; ventral tooth with 2 lateral denticles; VT9 larger

280 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

than VT, and VT3; 2 ventral blades, VB, stout, not reaching tip of VT, with

fine mesal pectination;.VB2 much shorter than VB, bilaterally pectinate; pec-

tinate; brush of 5-7 fairly long, mesally pectinate hairs, most anterior hair

bilaterally pectinate, slightly longer than VB;. Piliferous process with labula

longer than the broader anterior part. Mandibular hairs (8-9) + (13-15), hairs

of anterior group apically barbed or frayed, hairs of posterior group more

distinctly apically frayed. Maxilla (3 dissected specimens) with seta 1-Mx

single. Mesostipes as long as or slightly longer than wide, with a few denticles

on lateral surface; maxillary brush very dense; twin equal stipital sensoria

distad of middle, without distinct basal ring; 4-Mx relatively short and slender.

Lacinia with 5-Mx slightly distad or on level of stipital sensoria; 6-Mx strongly

spiculate. Palpostipes strongly apically narrowed, excluding lateral artis 1.5

as long as broad, about 0.5 length of mesostipes; apex with 5 short palpal sen-

soria, Sj stouter than others, Sy 28 >S_ = S4g>S5 in length. Mentum plate

with 27-35 teeth. Thorax. Seta 1,12-P strong, 2,3-P distinctly shorter and

more slender than 1-P, smooth to distinctly barbed; 8-P short; 1-M shorter

than 3-M; usually, 5-M,T single, 14-P and 2-T double. Abdomen. Seta 7-II

0.40-0.55 (x = 0.47) length of 6-II; 13-III-V strong; 1-IV, V of medium size,

usually distinctly barbed, occasionally very weakly barbed or smooth; 1-VII

smooth to distinctly barbed; 1-VIII often with secondary branches; 2-VIII

usually free, occasionally on a common callus with 1-VIII; 12-0, 14-III, 1,8,

14-IV, 3,14-V, 2-VI, and 2,7, 11-VII usually single; 6,9-I, 6-II, 12,13-IV and

6-VI usually double. Comb scales 28-81, usually more than 40, in a patch,

individual scales rounded to elongate (most of the scales broad and rounded in

specimens with comb scales fewer than 40), laterally and apically fringed with

spicules, apical spicules stronger than lateral ones. Siphon brown, with acus

attached, widest a little distad of base, 2.42-2.87 as long as wide, apex 0.61-

0.68 width of greatest diameter; length 1.03-1.32 mm, index 2. 62-3. 31;

microsculpture of short faint transverse ridges bearing minute spicules; pecten ©

reaching basal 0.39-0.42, of 17-22 evenly spaced, dark brown teeth including

0-3 basal abortive ones; each tooth with several ventrobasal denticles; seta

1-S inserted beyond pecten at basal 0.44-0.49, a little longer than siphon

diameter at insertion; 2-S proximal to apex of siphon, not reaching it, much

shorter than apical pecten tooth. Saddle 0.46-0.58 mm long, covering dorsal

0.50-0.67 of the segment, with ventral margin usually irregular, broadly

emarginate; segment X including saddle with short rows of minute spicules over

entire surface, the spicules not markedly stronger towards apex; a free acus

(occasionally divided) ventroproximad of saddle; seta 1-X shorter than saddle;

4-X of 15-18 cratal and 2-4 precratal tufts (19-21 tufts in total), cratal tufts

2-8 branched, precratal tufts 1-6 branched. Anal gills apically tapering, 1.3-

3.5 length of saddle, dorsal gill usually slightly shorter than ventral one.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN. 840, 662; with associ-

ated skins (12 1, 12 p); 41 L, 3 1: Hokkaido (A-0190, A-0191, A-0211, A-0213,

A-0218, A-1796). |

DISTRIBUTION. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN (Hokkaido). NORTHERN HOL-

ARCTIC REGION. BULGARIA. SYRIA.

BIONOMICS. In Hokkaido, Ae. communis inhabits the central mountain

districts. The larvae live in temporal ground pools of melted snow; found

associated with Ae. punctor, Ae. intrudens and Ae. diantaeus. They are

apparently univoltine; females attack man both in the daytime and at night.

MEDICAL IMPORTANCE. This species has been found naturally infected

with tularemia (Gutsevich et al. 1970).

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 281

61. AEDES (OCHLEROTATUS) PUNCTOR (KIRBY)

(Figs. 87, 88, 216; Table 94)

Culex punctor Kirby, 1837: 309 (A). Type-locality: Mackenzie River Valley,

near Ft. Norman, Canada.

Aedes (Ochlerotatus) punctor: Takahasi, 1946: 45, Hokkaido, Japan.

FEMALE (Fig. 216). Wing length 4.3-5.4 mm (wild mosquitoes). Head.

Eyes narrowly separated above and rather broadly below. Vertex including

interocular space covered with narrow curved, golden brown or yellow scales,

those on median line and eye margin usually paler; numerous erect forked,

yellow scales on posterior part of vertex, occasionally a few dark ones later-

ally; tempus covered with broad pale yellow scales; median vertical bristles

yellow, lateral ones dark; several temporal bristles black. Antenna: pedicel

orange yellow, mesal surface infuscate, with pale small scales and dark small

bristles; flagellum 0.82-0.88 (2) length of proboscis; flagellomere 1 1.38-1. 44

length of Flm 2, basally yellowish, with a few pale small scales. Palpus dark

scaled, sometimes with scattered pale scales, 0.19-0.20 (2) length of pro-

boscis; segment 3 1.94-2.00 (2) length of 2; 4 0.08-0.15 of 3. Proboscis dark

scaled, 1.36-1.40 (2) length of forefemur. Thovax. Pronotal integument dark;

scaling variable; scales of anterior lobe varying from rather narrow curved,

pale yellow to moderately broad, yellowish white ones; scales of posterior lobe

varying from narrow curved, golden brown to broad white ones, generally,

scales on anterodorsal part narrower, those on posteroventral part wider, and

paler intermediate in-between; posterior lobe posteriorly and posterodorsally

with 7-15 bristles. Scutum with integument dark, covered with narrow curved,

dark bronzy brown and golden yellow scales, those on prealar and antescutellar

areas more or less broader and paler, the rather dark bronzy brown scales

usually forming a wide median or a pair of submedian longitudinal stripes, which

are often shaded into lateral yellowish areas, sometimes obsolete; acrostichal

bristles developed; acrostichals and anterior dorsocentrals dark, supraalars

yellowish, most of other scutal bristles yellow or yellowish brown. Scutellum

covered with narrow curved, pale yellow scales, bearing many yellow bristles.

Paratergite scaled. All pleura excepting mesomeron, metepisternum and

metepimeron with patches of moderately broad or broad, yellowish white or

white scales, generally, scales of anterior pleura narrower and yellowish,

those of posterior pleura more broader and whitish, sternopleural patch reach-

ing cephalic angle, mesepimeral patch reaching or nearly reaching lower mar-

gin; pleural bristles yellow; lower mesepimerals 2-4. Wing. Alula with dark

rather narrow scales. Veins dark scaled; base of costa dark scaled or with

several pale scales. Halter knob fuscous, clothed with small pale golden

scales. Legs. Coxae and trochanters with moderately broad, yellowish white

scales. Femora fringed with pale scales at tip; fore- and midfemora posteri-

orly clothed with pale scales except on apex; hindfemur pale scaled except on

apex and apical 0.50-0.67 of dorsal surface; verying amounts of pale scales

sprinkled over dorsal surface of forefemur and anterior surface of midfemur,

tibiae and tarsomeres 1, sometimes these pale scales forming a vague streak;

femora, tibiae and tarsi otherwise dark scaled. Midtarsomere 5 equal to ora

little shorter than 4. Claws equal and unidentate. Abdomen. Tergum I with

a median patch of white scales; II- VII dark scaled, with basal bands of white

scales, the bands usually a little narrowed mesally, broadened laterally,

especially on posterior segments. Sterna covered with pale scales, intermixed

282 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

with a few dark ones, or each with a dark apical band.

MALE (Fig. 87). Wing length 4.9-5.3 mm (wild mosquitoes), 4.6 mm (a

reared specimen). Antennal flagellum 0.65-0.70 (3) length of proboscis;

flagellomere 12 1.11-1.22 length of Flm 13, both 1.01-1.11 of Flm 1-11. Pal-

pus 1.05-1.13 (2) length of proboscis; length ratio of segment 2-5 0.99-1.00 :

1.43-1.57:1.11-1.20: 1.00. Lower mesepimeral bristles 0-2. Costal basal

spot usually lacking. Cell Ro 1.01-1.34 (3) length of vein ro,9. Hindtarso-

mere 1 0.79-0. 84 (3) length of tibia. Anterior claw of midtarsus slender,

sinuate and much longer than posterior one; all claws unidentate. Genitalia.

Tergum IX with median sclerotized part roughly quadrate; lobes well sclero-

tized, usually longer than wide, sometimes as long as wide, each with 4-11

rather short stout setae. Sternum IX rounded trapezoidal, with apex straight

or slightly emarginate, bearing 10-23 bristles. Basistyle cylindrical, with

tergal surface a little constricted at middle, 4.7-5.6 as long as width of tergal

median narrowest part, bearing short tergal bristles, long sternal bristles and

several very long sternal ones near apex; apical tergomesal lobe rounded,

rather long, with short curved setae on sternal surface; basal tergomesal lobe

well protrudent, densely bristles, the proximal tergalmost surface narrow,

bearing only several bristles, the most tergolateral seta definitely stouter and

darker than other bristles, the lower distal part extending to about middle of

basistyle, densely covered with bristle-bearing prominent papillae; claspette

stem rather short, curved, slightly tapering towards apex, pilose except for

apical 0.25; filament short, pigmented, only slightly expanded at basal 0.33,

convex side evenly rounded, apex slightly curved. Dististyle slender, curved

at about apical 0.33, 0.50-0.58 length of basistyle, with a row of several setae

in apical 0.33 on convex side, pilose from cuved portion back to near base on

concave side; claw straight, slender, 0.17-0.21 length of dististyle. Para-

proct strongly sclerotized, with a single apical tooth; 7-11 cercal setae.

Aedeagus cylindrical, slightly constricted at middle, apical 0.5 barely nar-

rower than basal 0.5, 2.06-2.47 as long as wide, with a round tergobasal

orifice, otherwise closed tergally, open sternally except at base, which has a

small process; apex with a deep round tergal notch, serrate on sternal margins.

LARVA (Fig. 88). Head. Width 1.27-1.42 mm; rather dark brown, 1.30-

1.45 as wide as long; seta 1-C dark brown, usually smooth, occasionally with a

few barbs, 0.79-1.21 as long as distance between bases; 4, 6, 7-C on approxi-

mately same level, or 4-C slightly anterior to others; 5-C slightly mesad of

and well posteriad of 6-C, both rather stiff, usually double; 14-C usually single.

Antenna 0.46-0.54 mm long, about 0.5 length of head, uniformly pigmented or

slightly paler basally, spinulate, the spinules finer basally; seta 1-A inserted

at basal 0.33-0.45, with 3-9 barbed branches, not reaching apex of shaft.

Mandible with many slender dorsolateral microspines on basal half. Cutting

organ with 2 dorsal spines, longer one extending beyond tip of VT-4; lateral

dorsal tooth bicuspid, mesal dorsal tooth with a mesobasal denticle; ventral

tooth with 2 lateral denticles; VT2>VT1>VT3; 2 ventral blades, VB, rather

stout, extending a little beyond tip of VTo9, with fine mesal pectination; VBg

pale, short and narrow; pectinate brush 6-8 haired. Piliferous process with

labula longer than the broad anterior part. Mandibular hairs (9-10) + (12-14);

hairs of anterior group somewhat apically barbed or frayed; hairs of posterior

group distinctly apically frayed. Maxilla with seta 1-Mx single, rather stiff.

Mesostipes as wide as or slightly wider than long; lateral surface finely den-

ticulate or smooth; pseudoartis not fused with postgena or occasionally appar-

ently loosely fused with it; equal or subequal twin stipital sensoria distal to

middle; 4-Mx lightly pigmented, slender, close to apex; 2-Mx proximad of level

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 283

of 4-Mx. Lacinia with 5-Mx a little distad of stipital sensoria; 6-Mx strongly

barbed. Palpostipes 0.5 length of mesostipes, markedly narrowed in apical

0.5, very narrowly fused ventrobasally with mesostipes; apex with 5 short

palpal sensoria, S1 broad, S4>S3>S9 = S4>S5 in length. Mentum plate with

24-29 (x = 26.4) teeth. Thorax. Seta 1-3-P rather strong; 2-P 0.85-1.06

length of 1-P; 3-P 0.71-0.90 length of 1-P, 0.80-0.97 length of 2-P; usually,

1-P double, 3-P single and 7-P triple; 5-P constantly single; 8, 12-P strong;

9, 14-P and 6-T usually single; 1-M slender, shorter than 3-M, most frequently

(61%) double. Abdomen. Integument ventrally spinulate in middle on segment

II-VIII and also laterally on VIII. Seta 6-I-III, VI single or double, 84%, 68%,

6% and 1% double respectively; 6-IV, V constantly single; 7-II 0. 62-0. 79

(x = 0.73) length of 6-II (0.49 in one exceptional specimen); 1-IV, V, VII, and

13-III-V strong; 1-VI rather long and stiff when single (or rarely double) (28%),

short and slender when 2-7 branched (72%); 1, 2-VIII on a common callus; 2, 10,

12-I, 7-II, 8-III, 14-II-V, 13-IV, V, 3-VI, 11-VII and 2-VIII usually single.

Comb scales 6-22 (x = 12.0), usually 7-16 in an irregular single or double row,

individual scales thorn-shaped with a single strong apical spine, laterobasally

fringed with fine spicules. Siphon dark brown, with acus attached, broadest

distad of base, 2.10-3.00 as long as wide, apex 0.55-0.65 width of greatest

diameter; length 1.08-1.31 mm, index 2.67-3.38; microsculpture of rather

faint short rows of minute denticles; pecten reaching basal 0.36-0.42, of 17-25

(x = 20.1) dark brown, evenly spaced teeth including 0-5 basal abortive ones,

sometimes a number of abortive teeth aggregated at base, each tooth with 1-5

(usually 3-4) ventral denticles; seta 1-S beyond pecten at basal 0. 43-0. 51,

length subequal to width of siphon; occasionally (31%) an accessory siphonal

seta subdorsally present in apical 0.5, often not paired, with 4 to more than

10 branches; 2-S usually not reaching apex of siphon, shorter than apical pecten

tooth. Saddle 0.43-0.50 mm long, very narrowly incomplete, with acus,

microsculpture similar to that of siphon; seta 1-X rather stiff, as long as or

longer than saddle; 4-X of 16-21 cratal and 1-4 precratal tufts (19-22 in total),

each tuft 2-7 branched in the former, 2-4 in the latter. Anal gills variable

according to locality, 0.9-4.0 length of saddle.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN. 91°, 1792; with associ-

ated skins (6 1, 6 p); 45 L, 251: Hokkaido (A-0204, A-0205, A-0206, A-0207,

A-0209, A-0210, A-0217, A-0218, A-0219, A-0220, A-1682, A-1794, A-1795,

A-1796, A-1952, A-2280).

DISTRIBUTION. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN (Hokkaido, ?Honshu). NORTHERN

HOLARCTIC REGION. ALGERIA.

TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION. Only the Hokkaido population of Japanese punc-

tor has been studied in all stages. Records of this species from Honshu need

to be reconfirmed with larval material.

The Japanese population of the punctor-subgroup (Knight 1951) consists of 4

species: one has been known as punctor; the 2nd is hokkaidensis, a new sub-

species of hexodontus; the 3rd, endemic hakusanensis; and the 4th, an undes-

cribed species. Their mutual affinities and relations to continental populations

have been almost totally neglected.

The male genitalia of Japanese punctor and hexodontus hokkaidensis agree

with those of the North American punctor-hexodontus series, but are definitely

different from those of the punctodes-abserratus series in having the basal

tergomesal lobe undetached. Aedes hakusanensis and the undescribed species

may belong to the 3rd series; their male genitalia are nearly identical with

each other, but distinct from those of both the punctor-hexodontus and

punctodes -abserratus series. Aedes hexodontus hokkaidensis, hakusanensis

284 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

and the undescribed species will be discussed separately.

Japanese punctor agrees fairly well with the "'type punctor variety" (Knight

1951) of North American punctor. Adults are indistinguishable, but the larvae

show some differences. Twenty larval characters were found to be useful for

evaluation of the affinity of the species of the punctor-subgroup; they are: the

branching of setae 5,6-C, 3,5,8-P, 1-M, 7-II, 6-IV-VI and 13-V; the relative

length of 1-M to 3-M, and 7-II to 6-II; the number of comb scales; the pres-

ence or absence of accessory subdorsal siphonal seta la-S; and completeness

of the saddle. In 7 of these 20 characters, Japanese punctor is different from

the "type punctor variety" (Table 10). The inconsistency in the saddle appears

strongest, but 17% of North American specimens also had an incomplete saddle.

Other differences appear to be minor. The "tundra variety" (Knight 1951) of

TABLE 10. Comparison of larval characteristics between the Japanese and

North American populations of Aedes (Ochlerotatus) punctor.

Population Japan (Hokkaido) North America!

Specimens examined 59 23 (USNM)

Range % Mode?

Seta 5-C 1-3 2.0 2 1-2 1.3 =

Seta 6-C 1-3 ail 2 1-2 1.4 ~

Seta 8-P 1-4 2.4 1-3 1.8 -

Seta 1-M 1-3 tes - 1-5 2.8 -

Comb scales 6-223 12.0 : 9-18 13.8 -

Seta la-S4 41% present Absent

Saddle Incomplete 83% complete

Intype punctor variety" (Knight 1951) from Anchorage- Fairbanks area of

Alaska.

2Shown only when the frequency of the value is 80% or more.

370 specimens examined.

4A ccessory subdorsal siphonal seta.

North American punctor (6% and 6¢ from Umiat, Alaska, in USNM, were

examined) is characterized by short, weak, 2-10 (* = 5.2) branched seta 1-M.

This type has not been found in Japan. Seta 5-P is 2,3 (usually 2) branched,

while 1,2 (usually 1) in "type punctor variety'' and Japanese punctor; 7-II, 6-IV-

VI and 13-V are 1,2 branched and more often double than in ''type punctor

variety"' and Japanese punctor. The saddle is always complete; 17% had seta

1a-S. No other differences were detected.

Pupae of Japanese punctor agree with Darsie's (1957) diagnosis of North

American punctor.

Twenty-one larval specimens of British punctor (from the suburbs of London;

BMNH) were examined. In setae 5,6-C and 8-P, they agreed with Japanese

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 285

punctor; in the absence of la-S and the saddle is always complete, they agreed

with typical punctor of North America. Seta 1-M is variable in length from

0.5 of 3-M to longer than it, while 1-M is always shorter than 3-M in Japan-

ese and North American specimens. In 10 other characters, British punctor

differ from both Japanese punctor and "'type punctor variety"' (Table 11). The

British population appears to deviate more from North American "'type punctor

variety" than Japanese punctor does. Further study of European punctor will

be necessary.

TABLE 11. Comparison of larval characteristics of 3 populations of

Aedes (Ochlerotatus) punctor.

Population Japan (Hokkaido) North Americal England

No. examined 59 23 (USNM) 21 (BMNH)

Range <x Mode? Range «x Mode? Range x Mode”

Seta 3-P $2!) ey Oris PQ AO At 2-3 238 -

Seta 5-P 1 (constant) 1-2 1.1 1 1-3 2.0 ~

Seta 1-M 1-3 1.8 ~ 1-5 2.8 ~ 1-2 iB ES 1

Seta 7-II 1-2 bel 1 1-2 1,007 ool 1-3 1.8 -

Seta 6-IV 1 (constant) 1 (constant) 1-2 1.9 2

Seta 6-V 1 (constant) 1 (constant) 1-2 1.9 2

Seta 13-V 1-2 LO% 4 1 (constant) 1-2 1s? -

Seta 6-VI 1-2 1207 [2G 1 (constant) 1-2 1s) 2

Comb scales 6-223 12.0 ~ 9-18 13.8 - 10-32 16.6 -

7-I1/6-114 0.49-0.79 (x = 0.72) 0.53-0.85 (x = 0.71) 0.38-0.68 (x = 0.55)

Saddle Incomplete 83% complete Complete

Intype punctor variety" (Knight 1951) from Anchorage-Fairbanks area of

Alaska.

2Shown only when the frequency of the value is 80% or more.

370 Specimens examined.

41 eneth ratio of setae.

BIONOMICS. In Hokkaido, Ae. punctor is found in the central and northern

mountainous areas. Larvae occur in temporary ground pools of melted snow,

and frequently are associated with Ae. communis, Ae. intrudens and Ae.

diantaeus, sometimes with Ae. excrucians and Ae. esoensis. They are appar-

ently univoltine. Females are vicious day and dusk biters.

MEDICAL IMPORTANCE. Natural infections of tularemia have been found

in Ae. punctor (Gutsevich et al. 1970).

286 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

62. AEDES (OCHLEROTATUS) HEXODONTUS HOKKAIDENSIS

NEW SUBSPECIES*

(Figs. 89, 214; Table 95)

Aedes (Ochlerotatus) hexodontus: Suzuki, 1959: 291, Zenibako, Hokkaido, Japan.

FEMALE (Fig. 214). Wing length 4.3-4.7 mm (reared specimens). Head.

Vertex including interocular space covered with narrow curved, pale yellowish

scales, eye margin more densely scaled; many erect forked, yellowish brown

scales on posterior part of vertex, often some dark ones laterally intermixed;

tempus pale scaled; apparently about 10 or more yellowish brown to dark

brown vertical bristles and 5-7 dark brown temporal bristles on each side.

Clypeus dark brown. Antenna: pedicel yellowish brown, mesal surface dark

brown, with small pale scales and fine bristles; flagellum 0. 80-0. 83 (2) length

of proboscis; flagellomere 1 with pale scales on mesal side, 1.46-1.56 length

of Flm 2. Palpus 0.18-0.21 (2) length of proboscis, dark scaled; segment 3

1. 77-2. 08 (2) of 2; 4 0.16 (1) length of 3. Proboscis 1.32-1.34 (2) length of

forefemur, dark scaled, with several ventrobasal bristles. Thovax. Pronotal

integument rather dark brown; anterior lobe covered with broad pale scales,

bearing many yellow to yellowish brown bristles; posterior lobe anterodorsally

covered with crescent-shaped yellowish or rather narrow flat scales, postero-

ventrally with broad white scales, occasionally dark scales also anteriorly

present; posteriorly and posterodorsally 7-13 yellow to yellowish brown bristles.

Scutum with integument dark brown, a little paler on margin, covered with

narrow curved, pale yellowish brown and dark brown scales, the dark brown

scales forming a pair of submedian stripes almost reaching prescutellar space,

scutum unscaled at apex of these stripes; scales on prescutellar space whitish;

all scutal bristles present, anterior bristles mostly dark brown, supraalar and

prescutellar bristles mostly pale yellowish brown, some dark brown bristles

usually present among supraalars. Scutellum with scales similar to those on

prescutellar space, bearing more than 10 pale yellowish brown bristles on each

lobe. Paratergite with pale broad scales on underside. Pleural integument

rather dark brown; patches of pale broad scales on propleuron, postspiracular

area, subspiracular area, lower flank of prealar knob, upper to posterior

sternopleuron, mesepimeron and metameron; patch of sternopleuron reaching

cephalic corner, that of mesepimeron fully or almost reaching lower margin;

pleural bristles whitish to pale yellowish brown, many on propleuron, upper to

posterior sternopleuron and upper mesepimeron, about 10 postspiraculars, 1-4

lower mesepimerals. Wing. Alula fringed with rather broad dark scales.

Costa pale scaled from base to humeral cross vein, varying amounts of dark

scales intermixed; veins otherwise dark scaled. Cell Ro 1.76-2.02 (7) length

of vein r2+3. Halter knob pale scaled. Legs. Coxae pale scaled, occasionally

some dark scales intermixed on anterior surface of forecoxa. Femora with

distinct pale apical fringe; forefemur covered with pale and dark scales on dor-

*The nominal subspecies, Aedes hexodontus hexodontus Dyar, 1916 does not

occur in this region.

Aedes hexodontus Dyar, 1916: 83 (“, 2, L). Type-locality: Fallen Leaf, Lake

Tahoe, California, United States.

DISTRIBUTION. NORTHERN HOLARCTIC REGION.

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 287

sal surface, pale scaled on posterior 0.67 of ventral surface; midfemur

covered with pale and dark scales on anterior surface, pale scaled on posteri-

or surface excepting apical part; hindfemur pale scaled except for apical 0.5

of dorsal surface and apical area; tibiae and tarsomeres 1 covered with dark

and pale scales; femora, tibiae and tarsi otherwise dark scaled. Midtarso-

mere 5 longer than or as long as 4; hindtarsomere 1 0. 71-0. 74 (7) length of

tibia. All claws equal, with a sharp submedian tooth. Abdomen. Tergum I

with median patch of pale scales; II-VII dark scaled, with basal bands of pale

scales, the bands evenly wide or narrowed mesally, extending apically in

lateral part, often reaching apical margin on VII; VII with some pale scales on

apical margin. Sterna II pale scaled, III-VII each pale scaled basally, dark

scaled apically, the pale scaled area progressively broadened on posterior

segments, VII often entirely pale scaled.

MALE. Wing length 3.8-4.6 mm. Antenna: flagellum 0. 68-0. 69 (2)

length of proboscis; flagellomere 12 1.19-1.30 length of Flm 12, both 0.98-

1.01 of Flm 1-11. Palpus 1.13-1.20 (2) length of proboscis; segments 4, 5

and apex of 3 a little swollen; apex of 3 and basal 0.5 of 4 with many long

bristles, 5 and apical 0.5 of 4 also bristled; length ratio of 2-5: 0.94-1.00:

1.53-1.56 : 1.09-1.13 : 1.00. Proboscis 1.37-1.49 (2) length of forefemur.

Lower mesepimeral bristle absent. Cell Ro 1.13-1. 44 (6) length of vein rgi3.

Hindtarsomere 1 0. 76-0. 84 (5) length of tibia. Anterior claw of midtarsus very

long, much longer than posterior claw, sinuate; all claws unidentate. Genitalia.

Tergum IX with median sclerotized part roughly quadrate; lobes well sclero-

tized, about as long as wide, moderately separated, each bearing 4-7 rather

short, stout setae. Sternum IX oblong, with 6-10 bristles. Basistyle 4.3-

4.9 times as long as tergal median narrowest width, laterally and sternally

scaled, bristled over entire surface, long bristles laterally and apically;

apical tergomesal lobe close to apex, rounded, scarcely bristled on tergal

surface, with short bristles and short, somewhat broadened setae on mesal

side; basal tergomesal lobe well protrudent, heavily bristled, the proximal

tergalmost surface narrow, with only several bristles, the most laterotergal

seta definitely stouter than other bristles, pigmented, curved distad of middle;

the lower distal part extending to about middle of basistyle, densely covered

with bristle-bearing prominent papillae; claspette stem curved, pubescent excep-

ting apical 0.25, with one or 2 small prominent-based basal setae; filament

lightly pigmented, only a little broadened in basal 0.67, apically narrowed,

with apex hooked. Dististyle slender, curved in apical 0.33, 0.55 (1) as long

as basistyle, pubescent on concave side except for basal and apical area, with

4-5 short setae in apical 0.33 on convex side; claw pigmented, straight, slender,

about 0.2 length of dististyle. Tergite X well sclerotized; cercal tergal sur-

face poorly sclerotized, 2-8 (5) cercal setae; paraproct well sclerotized later-

ally, strongly sclerotized apically, unicuspid at apex. Aedeagus weakly

sclerotized, elliptic, widest at basal 0.25, a little constricted in middle, 2.25

(1) as long as broad, tergally closed but with a round apical notch and a large

basal orifice, sternally open except at base, which has a short median process;

sternomesal edge apically serrate.

LARVA (Fig. 89). Head. Width1.33-1.37 mm (2); brown, 1.29-1.33as wide

as long; seta 1-C pigmented, 0.71-0. 83 (3) as longas distance between bases,

occasionally with a few barbs, rarely bifid at tip; 4,6-C on about same level;

5-C well caudad of and slightly mesad of 6-C, 68% single; 6-C 73% single;

5,6-C rather stiff when single; usually, 8-C double and 13-C single. Antenna

0.36-0.46 mm long, shorter than head, dark brown, spinulate; seta 1-A

inserted at basal 0.39-0.50, not reaching apex of shaft, with 4-7 barbed

288 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

branches, occasionally with a few secondary branches. Cardinal seta 1-Mx

single. No dissected specimen available for description of mandible and

maxilla. Mentum plate with 26-29 teeth. Thorax. Setae 1-3-P rather strong;

2-P 0.76-0.99 length of 1-P, smooth or with a few barbs; 3-P 0.97-0. 81 and

0. 70-0. 86 length of 1- and 2-P respectively; 8-P of medium strength; 12-P

strong; 1-M slender, usually shorter than, occasionally length of 3-M; 3-M

usually single or double, rarely triple; 4,14-P and 5-M usually single; 4-M

usually double. Abdomen. Integument ventrally spiculate in middle on seg-

ments II-VIII and also laterally on VIII. Setae 6-I-VI double or triple, 90%,

80%, 73%, 86%, 90%, and 93% double respectively; 7-II 0.53-0.77 (x =0. 64)

length of 6-II; 13-III-V strong, 13-III single or double (71%), 13-IV single to

triple (85% double), 13-V double (94%) or triple; I-IV, V rather strong, but

shorter than 13-IV, V, single or double, 86% and 56% double respectively; 1-VI

2-5 branched, always slender; 7,10,12-I, 8,14-III, 8,14-IV, 3,8,14-V, 7,14-

VI, 11-VII and 14-VIII usually single; 3-I and 1-VII usually double. Comb

scales 5-9 (x = 6.8) in a single row; individual scales thorn-shaped with a

strong apical spine, laterobasally fringed with fine spicules; 25% of larvae

having scales with apical spine double, 3.5% of scales with apical spine double.

Siphon brown, with acus attached, widest at about basal 0.33, 2.67-2.75 (2) as

long as wide, apex 0.57-0.58 (2) width of widest part; length 1.10-1.34 mm,

index 2.95-2.98 (2); microsculpture of broken transverse ridges bearing

extremely fine denticles; pecten reaching basal 0.30-0.43 of siphon, of 16-26

dark brown, evenly spaced teeth including 0-5 basal abortive teeth; each tooth

with several ventrobasal denticles; 1-S inserted beyond pecten at basal 0. 40-

0.49 of siphon, longer than siphon diameter at insertion; 2-S rather stiff, not

reaching apex of siphon, slightly shorter than apical pecten tooth; single or

double accessory siphonal seta rarely (3.1%) present. Saddle very narrowly

incomplete, 0.41-0.50 mm long, with acus; microsculpture similar to that of

siphon, the spicules not markedly stronger apically; 1-X usually single, rather

strong, longer than saddle, usually sparsely barbed; 4-X of 17-20 cratal and

0-2 precratal tufts (17-21 in total), cratal tufts 2-7 branched, precratal 2-4

branched. Anal gills apically tapering, 1.1-1.4 length of saddle.

TYPE-SERIES. Holotype male (#19124, A-1808-1) with associated slides

of genitalia, wing, legs, larval and pupal skins: Onuma-kéen, Hokkaido, Japan,

30 IV 1959, ground pool, Hattori. Paratypes: 3 males, 8 females with slides

of associated skins (11 larval and 11 pupal), genitalia (3 males, 3 females),

mouthparts (2 males, 2 females), wings and legs (2 males, 7 females); data

same as holotype.

The holotype and one half of the paratypes are deposited in the National

Science Museum, Tokyo, the remaining paratypes are deposited in the USNM.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED OTHER THAN TYPES. 2¢, 17°, 9 L, 131:

Hokkaido (A-0187, A-0222, A-1680, A-1780, A-1804, A-1808, A-2074,

A-2272).

DISTRIBUTION. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN (Hokkaido).

TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION. No definite differences were detected in the

adult structure including the male genitalia between Japanese hokkaidensis and

North American "type hexodontus variety" of Knight 1951 (20°, 92: Fallen Leaf,

Lake Tahoe, Cal., 9-13, June 1916, Dyar; 12: Gold Lake Campus, Plumas

Co., Cal., 20 July 1916, Dyar). However, some inconsistencies were noted

in the larvae. Twenty-one specimens of "type hexodontus variety" from the

United States (California, Colorado and Montana, 39-45°0N; USNM) and 32 lar-

vae of "tundra variety" of Knight 1951 (20 from Umiat, Alaska; 12 from

Anchorage-Fairbanks area, Alaska and British Columbia; USNM) were

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 289

examined for comparison. Among the 20 diagnostic characters mentioned in

the TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION of Ae. punctor, Japanese hokkaidensis appear

to differ from ''type hexodontus variety" and "tundra variety" in 12 characters

each (Table 12). The most distinctive difference is that the saddle is always

incomplete in hokkaidensis, always complete in North American hexodontus.

Differences in setae 3-P, 6-IV-VI and 13-V appear to be significant for the

species of this group. Pupae will be discussed in a separate publication; here,

we mention only that the pupa of hokkaidensis cannot be determined as hexodon- |

tus by Darsie's (1957) diagnosis.

In North America, Ae. hexodontus is said to inhabit northern arctic tundra

and also alpine meadows of southern mountainous districts. The southernmost

known range is from California to Colorado, about 40° N latitude. At present,

hokkaidensis is known only from the lowland districts of southern Hokkaido;

larval specimens examined were collected at Nopporo (Hattori), Zenibako

(Kanda), Shakotan (Sato) and Onuma Kéen (Hattori). These localities are be-

tween 42-439 N. In Zenibako, larvae of hokkaidensis are most abundant in and

around oak woods (Sato et al. 1973). In addition to the above morphological dif-

ferences of the immature stages, this inconsistency in the habitat makes it _

more reasonable to treat Japanese hexodontus as a distinct subspecies, hokkai-

densis.

Aedes hexodontus hokkaidensis is difficult to discriminate from punctor.

This situation is similar to that in North America. The male genitalia appear

indistinguishable. No definite diagnostic characters exist in the adults. However,

some differences were found in the females. Some vertical erect dark scales

more often occur laterally; several dark bristles are usually presentamong the

supraalars (usually all bristles are yellowish in punctor) andthe lower mesepimeral

bristles are 1-8, usually 3 or more (2-4 in punctor). The pale scaling at the

base of the costa is more developed, at least a distinct pale basal spot is always

present; usually, pale scales are also scattered between the basal spot and the

humeral cross vein, occasionally this area is entirely pale-scaled; while in

punctor, it is entirely dark or has only a few pale scales, occasionally with a

small pale basal spot. The pale scaling on the dorsal surface of the forefemur

and the anterior surface of the midfemur is usually more developed than in

punctor; the pale basal bands of the abdominal terga are more often evenly wide,

while in punctory, they are more often narrowed mesad. As these female char-

acters are highly variable in both species, none are definitely diagnostic. |

Aedes hexodontus hokkaidensis may be differentiated from punctor by the

branching of larval setae 3-P, 6-IV-VI and 13-V as mentioned in the fore-

going key. Including these, hexodontus hokkaidensis is different from punctor

in 15 characters among the 20 larval diagnostic characters used for the punctor-

subgroup (Table 13). The number of comb scales appears to be the most re-

liable diagnostic character in North America. In Japan, this is not the case.

The number of comb scales of Japanese punctoy is more variable, 6-22. That

of hexodontus hokkaidensis is restricted from 5 to 9. Of 70 specimens of

Japanese punctor, 11.4% had 9 comb scales or less on each side; these speci-

mens may be confused with hexodontus hokkaidensis. However, as 88.6% have

10 or more scales at least on one side, this character is still of some use for

differentiating punctor from the complex.

Specific distinctness between punctor and hexodontus seems to have been

generally accepted since Knight (1951). However, the diagnostic characters

for a region are not always relevant to populations of other regions, e.g.,

Japanese punctor and hexodontus cannot be identified by a key for North Ameri-

can species; a key for this region is useless for British punctor and some North

290 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

American specimens; the difference in the point of bending of major setae of

the basal tergomesal lobe and the pattern of microsetae on the basistyle as

indicated by Dahl (1974) for Scandinavian specimens are not applicable to

Japanese ones. * It should be evident that a worldwide revision of this group is

desirable.

TABLE 12. Comparison of larval characteristics among the Japanese and

North American populations of Aedes (Ochlerotatus) hexodontus.

Population Japan North America

hokkaidensis Type hexodontus Tundra variety

variet

No. examined 32 21 (USNM) 32 (USNM)

Character Range x Model Range x Mode! Range x Mode!

5-C ses Te Beene ue Be ae ee eee

6-C 1-3 163. - 2-3 24 2 1-2 bel 1

3-P 2-4 2.4 - 1-2 2.0 2 1-2 1.2 1

o-P ta3. ol 3s = 2-4 2.6 - 1-3 22 -

8-P 1225 “le 1-3 le 7 ~ 2-3 At -

1-M £3)... sf 602s 1-3 1.6 - 1-9 4.3

6-IV 240. e201. 2 1-2 126 - 1-3 ie -

6- 223 ished? 1-2 16 - 1-2 EES: -

iseV Oe Suki louie 1 Ova cuilecBo ie, & Bade e vidlade, de

6-VI 2-3. 22) 2 1-2 1.5 = 1-2 1.1 1

3-P/1-P* 0.57-0.81 (x = 0.65) 0.63-0.88 (x = 0.78) 0.65-1.02 (x = 0.86)

3-P/2-P2 0.70-0. 86 (x = 0.78) 0.86-0.98 (x = 0.91) 0.82-1.25 (x = 1.01)

1-M <= 3-M, pigmented 3-M, pigmented <3-M, pale

1a-s3 3% present Absent 16% present

Saddle Incomplete Complete Complete

Ishown only when the frequency of the value is 80% or more.

21 eneth ratio.

3 Accessory subdorsal siphonal seta.

*Wood (1977) stated that North American larvae of punctor and hexodontus

could be separated only by the length of the comb scales (<0.08 mm in punctor

70.10 mm in hexodontus). He also raised the possibility that the so-called

“tundra variety'' of hexodontus may prove to be a separate taxon.

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 291

TABLE 13. Comparison of larval characteristics between Aedes (Ochlerotatus)

punctor and Ae. (Och.) hexodontus hokkaidensis.

Species punctor hexodontus hokkaidensis

No. examined 09 32

Character Range x Mode! Range % Model

5-C 1-3 2.0 2 1-2 £3 ~

6-C 1-3 2.1 2 1-3 123 -

1-P 1-3 1.9 2 2-3 2.6 -

3-P 1-2 10 1 2-4 2.4 .

8-P 1-4 Din A - 1-2 1.5 ~

7-II 1-2 Lod i 1-3 1.8 -

6-1V 1 (constant) 2-3 2.1 2

1-V 1 (constant) 1-2 126 “

6-V 1 (constant) 2-3 2 2

13-V 1-2 1.07 1 2-3 Did, 2

6-VI 1-2 1.05 1 2-3 Dok 2

Comb scales 6-222 12.0 5-9 ....6.8 -

3-P/1-P3 0.71-0.90 (x = 0.83) 0.57-0.81 (x = 0.65)

3-P/2-p3 0.80-0.97 (x = 0.91) 0.70-0. 86 (x = 0.78)

la.s4 41% present 3% present

Ishown only when the frequency of the value is 80% or more.

270 Specimens examined.

31 eneth ratio.

4A ccessory subdorsal siphonal seta.

BIONOMICS. At present, Ae. hexodontus hokkaidensis is known only from

southern lowland districts of Hokkaido as mentioned in the TAXONOMIC DIS-

CUSSION. The larvae occur in temporary ground pools of melted snow. In

Zenibako, larvae are usually found in clean water with a relatively low tempera-

ture in oak woods, occasionally also in water with a relatively high temperature

around woods, being most often associated with Ae. intrudens, rarely with Ae.

excrucians (Sato et al. 1973). The peak of the adult population occurs from the

middle of May to the beginning of June; females attack man throughout the day,

but are most active at dawn and dusk (Sato et al. 1974).

292 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

63. AEDES (OCHLEROTA TUS) HAKUSANENSIS

YAMAGUTI AND TAMABOKO

(Figs. 90, 91, 216; Table 96)

Aedes (Ochlerotatus) hakusanensis Yamaguti and Tamaboko, 1954: 414 (,

P, L). Type-locality: Mt. Hakusan, Ishikawa Pref., Japan.

FEMALE (Fig. 216). Wing length 5.1-5.4 mm. Head. Eyes narrowly

narrowly separated above and rather broadly below. Vertex including interocu-

lar space covered with narrow curved or crescent-shaped, pale ochreous

scales, eye margin more densely scaled; numerous narrow erect forked scales

over vertex, median scales yellowish brown, sometimes dark ones intermixed,

lateral ones usually dark; tempus covered with broad pale ochreous scales;

about 10 vertical bristles, mesal bristles yellowish, lateral ones dark; 5-7

dark temporal bristles. Clypeus blackish brown. Antenna: pedicel tawny yel-

low, mesal surface infuscate, with small pale scales and short dark hairs;

flagellum 0.69-0.73 (5) length of proboscis; flagellomere 1 pale yellowish brown

in basal 0.67, with small dark (occasionally pale) scales, 1. 48-1.'70 length of

Flm 2. Palpus dark scaled, 0.17-0.18 (4) length of proboscis; segment 3

1.71-2.00 (5) length of 2; 4 papilliform. Proboscis dark scaled, 1.52-1.60 (4)

length of forefemur. Thorax. Pronotal integument dark brown, both lobes

covered with yellowish brown, narrow curved scales, those on lower part wider

and paler; anterior lobe bearing more than 10 dark and yellowish brown bristles;

posterior lobe bearing 10 or more dark and yellowish brown bristles posterior-

ly and often also posterodorsally. Scutum with integument dark brown, covered

with yellowish brown narrow curved scales and with a pair of narrow median

lines of rather dark brown narrow curved scales, the lines often ill-defined,

sometimes indistinct, scales on supraalar area and prescutellar space broader

and paler; acrostichal bristles developed; acrostichals, anterior dorsocentrals

and about 10 or more irregularly scattered fossals dark brown, posterior dor-

socentrals, prescutellars and supraalars pale yellowish brown, some brown to

dark brown bristles also present among supraalars. Scutellum covered with

scales similar to those of prescutellar space, each lobe bearing many pale yel-

lowish brown bristles of various lengths. Paratergite with white broad scales.

Pleural integument dark brown, pale brown on metapleuron; patches of yellow-

ish white or white broad scales covering propleuron, upper 0.67 of postspiracu-

lar area, lower subspiracular area, lower prealar knob, upper and lower pos-

terior sternopleuron, mesepimeron and metameron; upper sternopleural patch

reaching anterior angle, mesepimeral patch reaching near lower margin.

Pleural bristles pale, more than 10 each on propleuron, postspiracular area,

prealar knob, sternopleuron, and upper mesepimeron; 1-3 lower mesepimerals.

Wing. Alula fringed with dark narrow scales. Veins dark scaled; costa without

a pale basal spot. Cell Ro 1.76-2.16 (5) length of vein r9,3. Halter with pale

scaled knob. Legs. Forecoxa pale scaled on mesoanterior surface and basal

half, dark scaled on apical half of lateral surface; mid- and hindcoxae covered

with broad pale scales. Femora with narrow pale yellowish apical fringe; fore-

femur pale scaled on posterior surface and posterior 0.67 of under side except-

ing apex, dorsally with a few scattered pale scales; midfemur pale scaled on

posterior surface excepting apex; hindfemur pale scaled excepting apex and dor-

sal dark stripe, which is apically broadened, barely reaching base; femora,

tibiae and tarsi otherwise dark scaled. Midtarsomere 5 a little shorter than 4;

hindtarsomere 1 0.77-0.81 (5) length of tibia. Claws equal, each with a sharp

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 293

submedian tooth. Abdomen. Tergum I medially pale scaled; II-VII dark scaled,

with basal bands of pale scales, these bands usually slightly narrowed mesally,

laterally broadened and fused with laterobasal patches which become progres-

sively larger on posterior segments, almost reaching apical margin on VII.

Sternum II entirely pale scaled; HI-VII broadly pale scaled basally, narrowly

dark scaled apically, VII sometimes almost entirely pale scaled with scat-

tered dark scales on apical half; VII rather poorly scaled.

MALE (Fig. 91). Wing length 5.1-5.4 mm. Vertex more narrowly covered

with narrow curved scales than in female and broad-scaled area of tempus ex-

tending onto vertex; dark erect forked scales fewer than in female. Antenna:

flagellum 0.66-0.69 (5) length of proboscis; flagellomere 12 1.09-1.25 (5) length

of Flm 13, both 1.02-1.12 (5) of Flm 1-11. Palpus 1.03-1.07 (5) length of pro-

boscis; segment 4 and apex of 3 heavily bristled; length ratio of 2-5: 0.81-

0.89 : 1.32-1.57 : 1.00-1.05: 1.00. Proboscis 1.63-1.75 (5) length of fore-

femur. Lower mesepimeral bristle usually lacking, rarely one. Cell Ro

1. 26-1. 42 (5) length of vein r9,3. Hindtarsomere 1 0.79-0.88 (5) length of .

tibia. Anterior claw of midtarsus long, slender and sinuate; all claws uniden-

tate. Genitalia. Tergum IX with median sclerotized part roughly quadrate;

lobes well sclerotized, moderately separated, usually as long as wide, some-

times longer than wide; each bearing 4-9 rather short, stout setae. Sternum

IX oblong, with 8-10 bristles. Basistyle straight on lateral and sternal mesal

sides in tergal view, constricted at middle on tergal surface, 5.2-6.3 length of

tergal median narrowest width, laterally and sternally scaled, bristled over

entire surface, with long bristles laterally and apically; apical tergomesal lobe

close to apex, rounded, scarcely bristled on tergal surface, with fine bristles

and short, curved, rather broad setae on mesal surface; basal tergomesal lobe

well protrudent, heavily bristled, the proximal tergalmost surface broad,

bearing many bristles, the most laterotergal, pigmented, apically curved seta

usually only a little stouter than the next, the lower distal part reaching about

middle of basistyle, with scattered short bristles on weakly prominent papillae;

claspette stem curved, narrowed in apical 0.25 in lateral view, pubescent ex-

cept apical 0.25, with several short setae at base; filament poorly pigmented,

only a little expanded in basal 0.33, then apically narrowed, with apex hooked.

Dististyle slender, curved at about apical 0.33, 0.51-0.62 (8) length of basi-

style, pubescent on concave side except for apical and basal areas, several

short setae on convex side in apical 0.33, sometimes a few short setae on

sternal surface; claw straight, slender, 0.16-0.21 (8) length of dististyle, pig-

mented. Paraproct strongly sclerotized apically, with single apical tooth; cer-

cal setae 4-10. Aedeagus elliptic, slightly constricted in middle, length 2. 03-

2.33 (7) of width, poorly sclerotized, tergally closed but with a round apical

notch and a large round tergobasal orifice, sternally open except at base which

has a short median process, serrate on sternal mesal margin at apex.

LARVA (Fig. 90). Head. Width 1.25-1.34 mm; brown, 1.14-1.37 as wide

as long; seta 1-C pigmented, often barbed, 0.72-0.81 (2) as long as distance

between bases; 4, 6-C slightly anteriad of 7-C; 5-C posteriad of 7-C, slightly

mesad of or tandem with 6-C, usually more slender than 6-C; 5,6-C smooth or

weakly barbed; usually 8,10-C double and 13-C single. Antenna 0. 46-0.52 mm

long, shorter than head, moderately pigmented, becoming somewhat darker

apically, spinulate; seta 1-A inserted at basal 0.37-0.47, with 4-10 barbed

branches, not reaching apex of shaft; 5-A with an accessory sensorium on its

proximal division. Mandible with rather many dorsolateral microspines on

basal half. Cutting organ with 2 dorsal spines; lateral dorsal tooth 2- or 3-

cuspid, mesal dorsal tooth larger, simple or with 1-4 mesal denticles and 1 or

294 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

2 mesobasal accessory denticles; ventral tooth with 1 or 2 lateral denticles

VT-2 often obscure); VT9”VT4>VT3; 2 ventral blades, VB, just reaching tip

of VTo, with fine mesal pectination, VBo short, with rather coarser mesal

pectination; pectinate brush of 5-7 mesally pectinate hairs. Piliferous process

with labula longer than the broader anterior part. Mandibular hairs (7-9) +

(8-12); hairs of anterior group simple or apically barbed, hairs of posterior

eroup distinctly apically frayed. Maxilla with 1-Mx single. Mesostipes slight-

ly longer than wide, pseudoartis not fused or loosely fused with cranium; later-

al surface tuberculated; equal twin stipital sensoria distad of middle, without

distinct basal ring; 4-Mx close to apex, apically slender, lightly pigmented;

2-Mx proximad of level of 4-Mx. Lacinia with 5-Mx distad or on level of

stipital sensoria; 6-Mx barbed. Palpostipes approximately 0.5 length of meso-

stipes, very narrowly and rather loosely fused ventrobasally with mesostipes,

strongly narrowed in apical half; apex with 5 short palpal sensoria, Sj stouter

than others, S17S3 2 So = S47S5 in length. Mentum plate with 24-27 teeth.

Thorax. Setae 1-3-P rather strong; 2-P usually (977%) single, 0.80-0.95 length

of 1-P; 3-P 0.75-0.87 length of 1-P, 0.84-0.95 of 2-P; 5-P usually (95%)

triple; 8-P of medium strength, usually triple; 12-P strong; 1-M usually single,

fairly long, distinctly longer and stouter than 3-M, occasionally with a few

barbs; usually, 5-M single and 2-T double. Abdomen. Integument ventrally

spiculate in middle on segments II-VIII and also laterally on VIII. Setae 6-I-III

double or triple, very rarely 4 branched in 6-I, 83%, 94% and 90% double

respectively, 6-IV-VI consistently double, 6-V, VI smooth or with a few barbs;

7-II 0.45-0.56 (x = 0.49) length of 6-II, usually double; 1-IV, V, VII and 13-II-V

strong, smooth or with a few barbs; 1-VI short to medium; 2-VIII free or ona

common callus with 1-VII; 2,9-I, 3-I, 8-III, and 2, 7-VI usually single; 1-IV,

V, VII, 3,12-IV and 13-IV, V usually double. Comb scales 11-28, individual

scales thorn-shaped with a single strong apical spine, laterobasally fringed

with fine spicules. Szphon brown, with acus attached, usually slightly broadened

distad of base, 2.59-3.26 as long as wide, apex 0.60-0.70 of widest diameter;

length 1.10-1.30 mm, index 2.67-3.33; microsculpture of faint short rows of _

minute denticles; pecten reaching basal 0.38-0.45, of 22-33 evenly spaced,

dark brown teeth including 1-6 basal abortive ones, occasionally one apical

tooth a little more widely spaced than in others, each tooth with several ventral

denticles; 1-S inserted beyond pecten at basal 0.44-0.51, longer than siphon

diameter; 2-S at most just reaching apex of siphon, shorter than apical pecten

tooth; no accessory siphonal setae. Saddle 0.40-0.46 mm long, very narrowly

incomplete, with acus, microsculpture similar to siphon, but becoming a little

more distinct towards apex; 1-X rather strong, longer than saddle, smooth or

occasionally with a-few barbs; 4-X of 18-20 cratal and 2-3 precratal tufts

(20-22 in total), each tuft 2-8 branched. Anal gills 3.5-5.2 length of saddle,

ventral gill usually slightly shorter.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN. 350, 309, 24L, 51:

Honshu (D-1182, D-1183).

DISTRIBUTION. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN (Honshu).

TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION. Aedes hakusanensis belongs to the 3rd series

of punctor-subgroup, discriminated from both punctor-hexodontus and

punctodes -abserratus series by the flat and broad proximal tergalmost surface

of the basal tergomesal lobe of the basistyle. It is closer to punctor than to

hexodontus in the female; dark scaling of the vertical erect scales is more

developed, and pale scaling on the costa and fore- and midfemora is less

developed than in punctoy. In the larva, it differs from punctory in 16 charac-

ters (Table 14); the 2-6 branched seta 5-C, usually triple 5-P and strong 1-M

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 295

appear to be the more distinctive characters of hakusanensis. This species

has been found only on Mt. Hakusan and Mt. Tateyama (Kamimura 1976), cen-

tral Honshu. On Mt. Hakusan, the larvae are found at altitudes of 1, 750-2, 400

m (Tamaboko 1964, and our collection). It may be a relict species of the gla-

cial epoch.

TABLE 14. Comparison of larval characteristics between Aedes (Ochlerotatus)

punctor and Ae. (Och.) hakusanensis.

Species | punctor hakusanensis

No. examined 59 20

Character Range x Mode! Range e Model

o-C 1-3 2:0 2 2-6 we Bed ~

6-C 1-3 a 2 2-4 2.8 ~

1-P 1-3 1.9 2 2-4 B22 ~

3-P 1-2 1.0* 1 2 (constant)

5-P 1 (constant) 2-3 2.9 3

1-M 1-3 1.8 - 1-2 lice 1

7-II 1-2 14 1 2-3 a2 2

6-IV 1 (constant) 2 (constant)

1-V 1 (constant) 1-3 2.0 2

6-V 1 (constant) 2 (constant)

13-V 1-2 1.07 1 1-3 Aci 2

6-VI 1-2 1:05 1 2 (constant)

Comb scales 6-222 12.0 - 11-28 17.5 :

1-M <3-M >3-M

7-II/6-113 0.49-0.79 (x = 0.72) 0.45-0.56 (x = 0.49)

la-S 41% present : Absent |

shown only when the frequency of the value is 80% or more.

270 Specimens examined.

31 ength ratio.

4A ccessory subdorsal siphonal seta.

BIONOMICS. The larvae of Aedes hakusanensis occur in temporary or per-

manent ground pools formed by melted snow. On Mt. Hakusan, adults are

found at altitudes from 1, 500 to 2, 700 m; females are vicious day biters

(Tamaboko 1964).

296 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

64. AEDES (OCHLEROTATUS) SP.

(Fig. 91)

FEMALE. Apparently indistinguishable from punctior.

MALE (Fig. 91). Genitalia, Almost identical with hakusanensis, but the

proximal tergalmost surface of the basal tergomesal lobe a little narrower,

and more strongly produced mesally.

LARVA. Unknown.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN. 4°, 162: Hokkaido

(A-0214, A-0215, A-0216).

DISTRIBUTION . PALAEARCTIC JAPAN (Hokkaido).

TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION. This unnamed species appears to belong to the

hakusanensis-series of the punctor-subgroup, and cannot be identified to any

described species. However, further discussion is not given here, due to the

lack of immature stages.

BIONOMICS. Adult females were abundant in woods on a slightly elevated

area in the lowlands of eastern Hokkaido; they are vicious day biters.

65. AEDES (OCHLEROTATUS) INTR UDENS DYAR

(Figs. 92, 93, 216; Table 97)

Aedes intrudens Dyar, 1919: 23 (A, E). Type-locality: White River, Ontario,

Canada.

Aedes (Ochlerotatus) intrudens: Hattori, 1958: 4, Teine and Maruyama,

Hokkaido, Japan.

FEMALE (Fig. 216). Wing length 4.4-5.2 mm (wild mosquitoes). Head,

Eyes narrowly separated above and rather broadly below. Vertex including

interocular space medially covered with narrow curved yellow scales and pos-

teriorly with numerous erect forked yellow scales, scales of eye margin and

often those on median line a little wider and paler; tempus covered with broad

white or yellowish white scales; most of vertical bristles yellowish brown,

several temporals black. Clypeus pitch-black. Antenna: pedicel orange yel-

low, mesal surface infuscate, with pale small scales and dark short bristles;

flagellum 0. 83-0. 86 (3) length of proboscis; flagellomere 1 yellow at base, with

pale small scales, 1.57-1.70 length of Flm 2. Palpus dark scaled, with

scattered pale’scales, 0.21-0.24 (3) length of proboscis; segment 3 1.69-2.13

(4) length of 2; 4 0.20-0.27 (4) of 3. Proboscis dark scaled, 1.31-1.42 (2)

length of forefemur. Thorax, Pronotal integument dark; anterior lobe covered

with broad yellowish white scales and bearing many yellow bristles; posterior

lobe covered with narrow curved pale yellow scales anterodorsally and broad

yellowish white scales posteroventrally, intermediate scales in-between, 8 to

more than 10 yellow bristles along posterior margin. Scutum with integument

dark, covered with narrow curved, bronzy yellow and pale yellow scales, the

former scales often forming a pair of indistinct longitudinal median stripes,

scales on lateral margins and prescutellar space a little wider and paler; acro-

stichal bristles developed; acrostichals and anterior dorsocentrals black, others

mostly yellow or golden yellow. Scutellum covered with scales similar to those

of sides of scutum, bearing dark bronzy or yellow bristles. Paratergite scaled.

All pleural sclerites except mesomeron, metepisternum and metepimeron with

patches of broad yellowish white or white scales; hypostigial spot usually absent,

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 297

occasionally a small spot or a few pale scales present; sternopleural patch not

reaching cephalic angle, lower 0.25-0.33 of mesepimeron bare; all pleural

bristles yellow, lower mesepimerals 0-4. Wing. Alula with rather narrow dark

scales. Veins dark scaled; costa with or without scattered pale scales at base,

rarely with a small basal spot of pale scales. Cell Ro 1. 76-2. 20 (3) length of vein

r9+3. Halter knob dark, clothed with pale scales. Legs, Coxae and trochan-

ters with moderately broad or rather narrow yellowish white scales. Femora

fringed with pale scales at tip; forefemur pale scaled on posterior 0.67 of

ventral surface, dorsal surface usually with the same amount of or more pale

scales than dark ones, occasionally almost entirely pale except apex; midfemur

pale scaled on posterior surface except dorsoapically, anterior surface often

with more pale scales than dark ones, occasionally almost entirely pale except

apex; hindfemur pale scaled on both sides except apex. Tibiae and tarsomeres

1 clothed with dark and pale scales intermingled, generally dark scales preva-

lent on anterior surface and pale ones on posterior surface; tarsomeres 2-5 dark

and sprinkled with pale scales. Midtarsomere 5 length of 4; hindtarsomere 1

0.73-0. 78 (3) length of tibia. Claws equal or sometimes anterior claw a little

larger than posterior one in fore- and midtarsi; all claws unidentate. Abdomen.

Tergum I with a median patch of dirty pale brown scales; II-VII dark scaled,

each with a basal band of white scales, the bands a little narrowed mesally or

evenly broad, widened laterally especially on posterior segments. Sterna

covered with white scales.

MALE (Fig. 93). Wing length 4.9-5.5 mm (wild mosquitoes). Antennal

flagellum 0.75-0.78 (2) length of proboscis; flagellomere 12 1.13-1.17 (2)

length of Flm 13, both 1.02-1.03 (2) of Flm 1-11. Palpus 1.16-1.18 (3) length

of proboscis; length ratio of segments 2-5: 1.08-1.20: 1.62-1.72 : 1.21-1. 32:

1.00. Proboscis 1.43-1.46 (3) length of forefemur. Cell Ro 1.00-1.16 (3)

length of vein r9,3. Hindtarsomere 1 0. 85-0. 89 (3) length of tibia. Anterior

claw of midtarsus slender, sinuate, and much longer than posterior one; all

claws unidentate. Genitalia. Tergum IX with trapezoidal median sclerotized

part slightly narrowed basally; lobes rather short and wide, each bearing 6-10

stout setae of medium length. Sternum IX rounded trapezoidal, apically nar-

rowed; apex widely and fairly deeply emarginate; 7-14 bristles near apical mar-

gin. Basistyle a little arcuate, 5.1-5.8 times width of tergal aspect at middle,

with many tergal bristles only a few sternal bristles at apical 0.67, a dense tuft

of sternoapical bristles; apical tergomesal lobe rounded, moderately protrudent,

with bristles of medium length on sternal surface, continuous with these bristles

a row of several setae arranged on tergomesal edge up to about middle of basi-

style; basal tergomesal lobe consisting of a small umbonate tergal protuberance

bearing a specialized long stout dark nearly straight seta, anda longitudinal

hirsute mesal structure which extends to middle of basistyle and bears 2 sub-

equal, specialized, stout arcuate dark setae at apex; claspette stem curved,

with a setiferous projection mesally at middle, basal half pilose with 2 or 3

mesal setae; apical half glabrous; filament petiolate, triangularly expanded on

convex side, curved at apex. Dististyle curved at about apical 0.4, swollen in

basal half, 0.38-0.42 length of basistyle, covered with minute hairs, with a row

of 2-4 setae on convex side at apical 0.4; claw slender, straight, 0.23-0.30

length of dististyle. Paraproct strongly sclerotized, with single or double api-

cal tooth; 3-7 cercal setae. Aedeagus ovate, tergally closed, narrowly open

sternally, with a large round tergobasal orifice; tergal surface with a strong

ridge on each side; sternal opening wide at base and apex, constricted at mid-

dle; apex consisting of a pair of small lateral plates, with serrate apical margin.

LARVA (Fig. 92). Head, Width 1.14-1.34 mm; brown, 1.36-1.53 as wide

298 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

as long; front margin of labrum a little concave; seta 1-C pigmented, occasion-

ally with a few barbs or bifid at tip, slightly longer than distance between

bases; 4-C often dendritic; 4,6,7-C on about same level, 6-C slightly laterad

and well anteriad of 5-C, most frequently double, stouter than 5-C; 13-C oc-

casionally barbed. Antenna 0.48-0.62 mm long, shorter than head, a little

arcuate, spinulate, slightly darker apically; seta 1-A inserted at basal 0. 37-

0.44, with 6-10 barbed branches, just reaching or not reaching apex of shaft;

2-A rather stiff, pigmented; 3-6-A short, less than 0.5 length of 2-A. Man-

dible (1 dissected specimen) with a number of dorsolateral microspines near

base. Cutting organ with a single dorsal spine; apparently 2 dorsal teeth (lat-

eral tooth seemingly ventrad of very dark mesal tooth and difficult to see),

mesal tooth simple; a row of several pale acute accessory denticles from base

of mesal tooth onto mesobasal surface of cutting organ; ventral tooth with one

lateral denticle (VT-4); VT9 larger than VT, and VT3; ventral blade extending

well beyond tip of VTg9, with fine mesal pectination; pectinate brush of 8 well

developed mesally pectinate hairs, most anterior hair nearly as long as ventral

blade. Piliferous process with labula longer than the broader anterior part.

Mandibular hairs (7-8) + (11-12); hairs of distal group simple, hairs of proximal

group frayed apically. Mavxilla (1 dissected specimen) with 1-Mx usually single,

rarely double. Mesostipes 1.3 as long as wide, with lateral surface sparsely

denticulate; equal twin stipital sensoria at about middle, without distinct basal

ring; 4-Mx rather stiff, pigmented. Lacinia with 5-Mx slender, slightly distad

of stipital sensoria; 6-Mx basally thickened. Palpostipes strongly narrowed

apically, exlcuding lateral artis 1.25 as long as wide, slightly more than 0.33

length of mesostipes; apex with ampulla and 5 palpal sensoria, 81 thick, Sy =

S37S2 = S47S5 in length. Mentum plate with 25-29 teeth. Thovax. Setae 1,8-P

strong, 2,3-P slender, less than 0.5 length of 1-P, occasionally barbed;

1271079-P in length; 14-P occasionally barbed; 1-M shorter than 3-M; 10-M

stronger than 12-M; usually, 7-P 3 branched and 5-M 5 branched. Abdomen.

Integument often with rather stout microspines ventrally between setae 13 on

segments II-VI; VUI laterally and X entirely minutely spiculate, the spicules

stronger at apex of X; 7-II 0.23-0. 51 (x = 0.36) length of 6-II; 13-III occasion-

ally barbed; 13-IV, V fairly strong, smooth to distinctly barbed; 1-VII smooth

to distinctly barbed; 2-VIII usually on a common callus with 1-VIII, occasion-

ally free; 12-II, 8-III, V, 13-V, 11,14-VII, and 4-VIII usually single; 3-III,

6,12-IV, and 4, 7-VII usually double. Comb scales 11-16 in an irregular single

or double row, individual scales thorn-shaped with a single strong apical spine,

laterobasally fringed with very fine spicules. Siphon brown, with acus attached,

broadest a little distad of base, 2.89-3.40 as long as wide, apex 0. 96-0. 66 of

broadest diameter; length 1.09-1.31 mm, index 3.04-3.46; microsculpture of

imbricate-like short transverse ridges bearing minute denticles; pecten reach-

ing apical 0.39-0.48, of 16-23 dark brown teeth, occasionally with a basal abor-

tive tooth, apical 1-3 teeth detached, apparently simple, each with one large

and 0-2 tiny ventral denticles; 1-S located at about apex of pecten at apical

0.41-0.49, smooth to distinctly barbed, a little longer than siphon diameter

at insertion; 2-S a little proximad of apex of siphon, not reaching it, distinctly

shorter than apical pecten tooth. Saddle 0.44-0.96 mm long, narrowly incom-

plete, with acus, often with a small lateral window, ventral margin usually en-

tire or somewhat irregular posteriorly, rarely incised; 1-X shorter than saddle;

4-X of 16-23 cratal and 1-3 precratal tufts (18-25 in total), each 3-10 branched.

Anal gills apically tapering, dorsal gill 0.81-1.23 length of saddle, ventral gill

usually slightly shorter than dorsal gill.

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 299

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN. 1450, 4592; with associ-

ated skins (3 1, 3 p); 14 L, 171: Hokkaido (A-0187, A-0188, A-0203, A-0206,

A-0210, A-0218, A-0219, A-0220, A-1796, A-1803, A-1809, A-2079).

DISTRIBUTION. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN (Hokkaido). KAMCHATKA.

KHABAROVSK. UKRAINE. NORTHERN EUROPE. SOUTHERN CANADA.

NORTHERN UNITED STATES. ALASKA.

BIONOMICS. Apparently widely distributed in Hokkaido, occurring in both

lowlands and mountain areas. Larvae are found in temporary ground pools

formed by melted snow, frequently associated with Aedes communis, Ae. punc-

tor and Ae. diantaeus. Larval habitats in other parts of its range include bogs,

marshes, ditches, Carex swamps containing deep water and margins of small

lakes (Carpenter and LaCasse 1955). Adult females are severe day biters.

Aedes intrudens is univoltine.

66. AEDES (OCHLEROTATUS) DIANTAEUS HOWARD, DYAR AND KNAB

(Figs. 93, 94, 214, 216; Table 98)

Aedes diantaeus Howard, Dyar and Knab, 1913: pl. 24, fig. 167; 1917: 758 (©).

Type-locality: Dublin, New Hampshire, United States.

Aedes (Ochlerotatus) diantaeus: Sato and Tatewaki, 1959: 8, Hisagonuma,

Hokkaido, Japan.

FEMALE (Figs. 214, 216). Wing length 4.6-5.0 mm (wild mosquitoes),

3.8 mm (reared mosquitoes). Head. Eyes narrowly separated above and broad-

ly below. Vertex including interocular space covered with narrow curved, pale

yellow scales, and posteriorly with erect forked, pale yellow scales medially

and dark ones laterally; eye margin more heavily scaled; tempus covered with

broad yellowish white scales; mesal vertical bristles yellow, lateral bristles

dark; several temporals black. Clypeus black. Antenna: pedicel piceous, with

small dark bristles and scales on mesal surface; flagellum 0.93 (1) length of

proboscis; flagellomere 1 1.40 of Flm 2, without scales. Palpus dark scaled,

0.25 (1) length of proboscis; segment 3 1.59 length of 2; 4 0.17 of 3. Proboscis

dark scaled, 1.60 (1) length of forefemur. Thovax. Pronotal integument dark;

anterior lobe with pale rather narrow scales and bearing a few black and many

yellow bristles; posterior lobe anterodorsally with narrow curved yellow scales,

posteroventrally with moderately broad creamy white scales and intermediate

scales in-between, bearing 7-9 (2) yellowish brown bristles near posterior mar-

gin. Scutum with integument dark, covered with narrow curved yellow scales

and very narrow dark scales, the latter forming a fairly wide anterior longitu-

dinal stripe and a pair of posterior sublateral stripes, the median stripe some-

times longitudinally divided by a narrow pale stripe; acrostichal bristles devel-

oped; all scutal bristles rather slender, acrostichals and dorsocentrals dark,

others mostly yellow. Scutellum with yellow scales similar to those of scutum,

bearing many rather long and slender yellow bristles. Paratergite scaled. All

pleural sclerites excepting mesepimeron, metepisternum and metepimeron

with patches of moderately broad or broad creamy white scales, which are

more whitish on posterior pleura, the sternopleural patch not reaching cephalic

angle; lower 0.25-0.33 of mesepimeron bare; pleural bristles rather slender,

yellow; about 10 sternopleurals along upper to posterior margin; no lower mese-

pimerals. Wing. Alula with dark rather narrow scales. Veins dark scaled;

costa dark throughout. Cell Ro 1.88 (1) length of vein f9ig- Halter knob dark,

covered with pale scales. Legs. Coxae and trochanters with creamy white

300 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

scales. Femora fringed with pale scales at tip; fore- and midfemora posteri-

orly and ventrally pale scaled excepting apex; hindfemur largely pale, the pale-

scaled area extending to half way to apex on dorsal surface and nearly to apex

on ventral surface; femora, tibiae and tarsi otherwise dark scaled. Hindtarso-

mere 1 0. 82 (1) length of tibia. Anterior claw of foretarsus a little longer

and less curved than posterior claw; all claws unidentate. Abdomen. Tergum

I with pale or dark scales at middle; II-VII dark scaled, with laterobasal

patches of pale scales, usually without pale basal bands, sometimes narrow

basal bands connecting lateral patches on posterior segments. Sterna covered

with pale scales, each with a dark apical band.

MALE (Fig. 93). Wing length 4.3-4.9 mm (wild mosquitoes), 3.8 mm

(reared mosquitoes). Antennal flagellum 0.76-0.77 (2) length of proboscis;

flagellomere 12 1.09-1.12 length of Flm 13, both 0.99-1.05 of Flm 1-11.

Palpus 1.03-1.08 (2) length of proboscis; length ratio of segments 2-5: 1.27-

1.28 : 1.88-2.11 : 1.23-1.24 : 1.00 (2). Proboscis 1.42-1.44 (2) length of

forefemur. Cell Ro 1.18-1.35 (2) length of vein r9,3. Hindtarsomere 1 0.81-

0.83 (2) length of tibia. Anterior claw of midtarsus slender and much longer

than posterior one; all claws unidentate. Genitalia. Tergum IX with median

sclerotized part rather wide, trapezoidal, basally narrowed; lobes well sclero-

tized, narrowly separated, each bearing 10-13 stout setae of medium length.

Sternum IX rounded trapezoidal, emarginate at apex, with 6-8 bristles. Basi-

style stout, constricted in middle, swollen in apical half, length 3.1-3.4 times

ereatest width excluding lobes, laterally and sternally scaled, bristled, some

very long sternoapical bristles, a fairly large and dense tuft of long mesally

directed bristles mesosternally in apical half; apical tergomesal lobe rounded,

well protrudent, bearing rather stout moderately long bristles on sternal sur-

face; basal tergomesal lobe formed by a tergal umbonate protuberance bearing

a specialized stout curved dark seta, and by a pale, hirsute mesal conical

structure, reaching midlevel of basistyle, its apex with 2 unequal specialized

stout dark curved setae; claspette stem short and stout, a little arcuate, with

one or 2 small setiferous protuberances about at middle, pilose except apical

0.33; filament formed by a short petiole and very broad wing which has some

subhyaline areas. Dististyle a little arcuate, 0.45-0.52 (3) length of basistyle,

a little swollen basally, rugose above, covered with minute hairs, with some

small setae near apex; claws slender, nearly straight, 0.16-0.22 (3) as long

as dististyle. Paraproct stout, strongly sclerotized, with recurved apical

tooth; cercal tergal surface pilose; 9-14 cercal setae. Aedeagus ovate, 1.72- .

1.77 (4) as long as wide, tergally closed, rather narrowly open sternally,

with a large round tergobasal orifice; tergal surface with a distinct ridge on

each side; sternal opening rounded at base then strongly constricted leaving

avery narrow slit and again broadened apically; apex consisting of a pair of

small lateral plates with serrate margin.

LARVA (Fig. 94). Head. Width 1.28-1.49 mm; brown, 1.33-1.53 as wide

as long; apical margin of labrum a little concave; seta 1-C pigmented, slightly

longer than distance between bases; 4-C on level or a little anteriad of 5-C;

6-C a little anterolaterad of 5-C; 13-C occasionally barbed. Antenna very long,

slender, 1.01-1.18 mm long, longer than head, gradually infuscate towards

apex, spinulate throughout; seta 1-A inserted at basal 0.44-0.52 (x = 0.47),

with 2-6 barbed branches, usually about reaching apex of shaft; 1-6-A pig-

mented; 2-4-A subequal, 6-A longer than 5-A. Mandible (1 dissected speci-

men) with a number of dorsolateral microspines near base. Cutting organ with

one dorsal spine and 2 simple dorsal teeth; a row of pale, rather slender acces-

sory denticles from base of mesal dorsal tooth to mesobasal surface of cutting

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 301

organ; ventral tooth with 2 lateral denticles, VT-4 smaller than VTo; VT9

larger than VT1, 3; 2 ventral blades, VB, stout, extending beyond tip of VTO,

with fine mesal pectination, VB2 much shorter than VB1, with rather coarse

mesal pectination; pectinate brush of 5 mesally pectinate hairs. Piliferous

process with labula longer than the broader anterior part. Mandibular hairs

(7-8) + ((5-7) + 8), hairs of anterior group simple or partly barbed, hairs of 2

posterior groups frayed apically. Maxilla (1 dissected specimen) with seta

1-Mx single or double. Mesostipes 1.33 as long as wide, with lateral surface

smooth; rather slender, equal twin stipital sensoria slightly basal to middle,

without basal ring; 4-Mx unpigmented. Lacinia with 5-Mx on level or slightly

anteriad of stipital sensoria. Palpostipes strongly narrowed apically, excluding

lateral artis 1.67 as long as broad, 0.4 length of mesostipes; apex with 5 pal-

pal sensoria, $37S17S2 = S4”S5 in length. Mentum plate with 21-23 teeth.

Thorax. Setae 1,8-P strong; 2-P slender, at most 0.8 length of 1-P; 3-P less

than 0.5 length of 1-P; 1-M shorter than 3-M; 1,4,9-P, 3-M and 12-T usually

single. Abdomen. Seta 7-II 0.24-0.32 (x = 0.27) length of 6-II; 13-III quite

variable, stiff when single, slender when branched, the branches varying from

2 to more than 10; 13-IV, V and 1-VII moderately strong; 13-IV and 1-V smooth

to distinctly barbed; 2, 8,10-III, 8-IV, 13,14-V, and 0, 2-VII usually single;

6-I usually double; 2-VIII not on basal callus of 1-VIII. Comb scales 8-13 in

an irregular double row; individual scales thorn-shaped with a strong apical

spine, laterobasally fringed with spicules. Siphon brown, with acus attached,

broadest a little distad of base, 2.94-3.30 as long as broad, apex 0.5-0. 6 of

broadest diameter; length 1.34-1.52 mm, index 3.31-3.74; microsculpture

distinct, imbricate-like; pecten reaching basal 0.39-0.48, of 15-20 dark brown

teeth including 0-2 basal abortive ones, 1-3 apical teeth detached, each tooth

with one to several ventral denticles; 1-S inserted beyond pecten at apical 0. 46-

0.52, slightly longer than siphon diameter at insertion; 2-S pale and weak, at

apical 0.09-0.13 of siphon, not reaching apex of siphon, much shorter than

apical pecten tooth. Saddle 0.47-0.55 mm long, with acus, narrowly incom-

plete, usually incised on ventral margin, often with a lateral window, with short

rows of minute denticles on entire surface, the denticles ventrobasally very

weak, becoming dorsoapically distinct, ventral unsclerotized area of segment

X also with minute denticles; 1-X shorter than saddle; 4-X of 15-19 cratal and

4-6 precratal tufts (21-23 in total), cratal tufts 5-11 branched, precratal tufts

3-8 branched. Anal gills apically tapering, dorsal gill 1.1-1.6 length of saddle,

ventral gill a little shorter than dorsal gill.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN. 11°, 29, 40 L:

Hokkaido (A-0191, A-0203, A-0207, A-0210, A-0213, A-0218, A-0220,

A-1796).

DISTRIBUTION. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN (Hokkaido). KHABAROVSK.

PRYMORYE. SOUTHERN UKRAINE. NORTHERN CAUCASUS. NORTHERN

EUROPE. NORTHERN UNITED STATES. CANADA.

BIONOMICS. In Hokkaido, Ae. diantaeus inhabits central and northeastern

mountain regions. Larvae occur in temporary ground pools formed by melted

snow, and are found associated with Ae. communis, Ae. punctorand Ae. intru-

dens, The larvae prefer sunlit portions of pools to shaded parts, where Ae.

communis aggregates (Sato 1962). Adult females are severe day biters.

Apparently univoltine.

302 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

SUBGENUS FINLAYA THEOBALD

Finlaya Theobald, 1903: 281. Type-species: Culex kochi Donitz, 1901;

New Guinea.

A polymorphic subgenus; small to rather large mosquitoes with scutum

variably ornamented, tarsi banded or unbanded; larvae also variable in char-

acter.

FEMALE. Head. Eyes usually narrowly separated above, separated or

contiguous below. Decumbent scales of vertex varied; erect forked scales

often numerous, restricted to posterior margin to covering entire vertex; ver-

tical bristles 4 to more than 10, temporals 4-7, usually one lower bristle de-

tached. Antennal flagellum shorter than proboscis or nearly as long as it;

flagellomere 1 1.2-1.8 length of Flm 2. Palpus usually short, not more than

0.33 length of proboscis, longer in some species not occurring in this region;

segment 3 1.5-3.0 length of 2; 4 usually present, usually minute, papilliform,

at most 0.2 length of 3. Proboscis dark scaled, usually longer than forefemur,

usually about as long as or a little shorter than it in japonicus, with several ven-

trobasal bristles. Thovax. Anterior pronotal lobe variably scaled, with many

bristles of variable sizes. Posterior pronotal lobe variably scaled, with

bristles along posterior margin. Scutum covered with narrow scales, orna-

mentation quite variable; scutal bristles varied, acrostichals and anterior dor-

socentrals sometimes absent, median fossals frequently absent. Scutellum

with narrow or/and broad scales. Paratergite scaled or unscaled. Pleural

scale patches moderately to well developed; propleuron, prealar knob, sterno-

pleuron and mesepimeron always with scale patches; post- and subspiracular

areas, and metameron with or without scale patches; pleural bristles usually

well developed, lower mesepimeral bristles absent in most species, present in

togoi (often absent in male) and aureostriatus okinawanus among the species in

this region. Base of mesomeron well above that of hindcoxa. Wing. Veins

dark scaled (spotted in kochi group not occurring in this region); cell Rg 1.6-

4.6 length of vein ro9,9. Legs. Tarsi banded or unbanded; hindtarsomere 1

0.67-0.90 length of tibia. Fore- and midtarsal claw with a sharp median or

submedian tooth; hindtarsal claw simple or toothed. Abdomen. Laterotergite

pale scaled. Segment VIII slightly retractile. Seminal capsules variable in

number. |

MALE. Vertex and scutum sometimes differently scaled from female.

Antennal flagellomere 12 longer than or as long as Flm 138, both usually shorter

than, rarely as long as or even longer than Flm 1-11. Palpus 0.6 to about

length of proboscis; segments 4 and 5 variable, often simple, 5<4<3 in length.

Cell Ro relatively shorter than in female, 1.2-2. 7 length of vein r9,9. Fore-

tarsomere 4 greatly shortened; 5 moderately to strongly modified, longer than

4, setiferous midventral process present or absent. Midtarsomere 4 moder-

ately to strongly shortened; 5 weakly to moderately modified, longer than 4,

setiferous midventral process absent. Anterior claw of foretarsus 2 toothed;

that of midtarsus one or 2 toothed; posterior claw of fore- and midtarsi with a

sharp submedian or subbasal tooth; hindtarsal claws equal, simple or toothed.

Genitalia. Tergum IX with poorly to strongly differentiated lobes bearing

bristles. Sternum IX with bristles. Basistyle long, usually laterally and stern-

ally scaled, occasionally also tergally, bristled throughout, with mesal side

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 303

more or less membranous, without apical lobe, with or without basal tergo-

mesal lobe; claspette composed of narrow stem and usually well developed fila-

ment. Dististyle slender, simple, rather short, 0.33-0.60 length of basistyle;

claw apical or subapical, usually simple and long. Tergite X usually well

sclerotized; cercal tergal surface usually membranous; cercal seta present;

paraproct with apex of a strongly sclerotized recurved tooth. Aedeagus simple,

not paired, weakly sclerotized, occasionally apically denticulate. Basal plate

relatively small.

LARVA. Extremely variable. Head wider than long, seta 1-C moderately

slender to stout; 4-C small to fairly well developed; 6-C on level of 7-C or

anteriad of it. Antenna shorter than head, usually spinulate, sometimes smooth;

seta 1-A branched or single; 5-A longer than 6-A. Mandible with microspines

on dorsolateral surface about at middle to near base, without mandibular seta

1-Md. Mandibular comb of about 10 to 30 setiform teeth. Cutting organ moder-

ately developed, with 2 dorsal spines (DS1, 9) or DS9g undeveloped; 2 dark dorsal

teeth, lateral tooth more or less smaller; ‘accessory denticles mesad of mesal

ogee tooth variably developed; ventral tooth with one lateral denticle (VT- 4)

and usually 3 mesal denticles (VT1-3), sometimes VT3 reduced, one or 2 ven-

tral blades (VBj, 9), length variable; pectinate brush usually well developed,

hairs slender, longer or shorter than VB,. Mandibular hairs with a few proxi-

mal hairs of distal group usually widely spaced, hairs of proximal group apically

frayed. Maxilla. Mesostipes with lateral surface usually smooth, spicules of

mesal margin slender to strong, masal area sometimes appearing to be detached

(lacinial sclerite of Gardner et al. 1973) by the presence of a notch on mesodis-

tal margin and that mesad of pseudoartis; stipital sensoria equal or subequal,

thick or slender, with or without basal ring, location variable; ventral stipital

seta 4-Mx variable in size and position, but always near apex. Lacinia with

proximal lacinial seta 5-Mx about level of stipital sensoria; distal lacinial seta

6-Mx variable in shape; hairs of maxillar brush variable. Palpostipes shorter

than mesostipes, usually slightly broadened basally, sometimes mesobasally

fused with mesostipes; apex with ampulla and 4-5 palpal sensoria. Mentum

plate triangular, teeth not very large. Thorax. Seta 13-P absent; 5-7-P, 5-10,

12-M, 7,9,10-T always strong; 1,2,4,12-P and 3-M sometimes well developed;

12-P usually longer than 9,10-P. Abdomen. Setae 6-I-VI and 7-I usually strong,

7-II variable, 1, 13-III-V sometimes well developed. Comb scales variable.

Siphon.usually rather short, with acus attached or free; pecten well developed;

1-S at about middle to distad of it, usually distad of pecten (except japonicus);

2-S always small; no accessory siphonal setae. Saddle incomplete; 2-X

branched, 3-X single, 4-X usually multibranched.

DISTRIBUTION. Worldwide.

TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION. As stated by Belkin (1962), Finlaya is "'a large

heterogenous assemblage of species.'' Attempts to divide this subgenus into

eroups by Edwards (1932) and Knight and Marks (1952), based chiefly on the

adult ornamentation, did not always result in natural groupings. The male

genitalia, especially the aedeagus, as well as the larva should be primarily

considered for a more natural classification. The following grouping is pro-

posed for the species of this region.

1. Japonicus group (japonicus and koreicus). Aedeagus broadly open in

tergobasal 0.67 and sternoapical 0.75, without apical denticle, slightly con-

stricted in apical 0.33. Basistyle without distinct basal tergomesal lobe. Lar-

val setae 4-6-C anteriad of 7-C; 4-C small; 5, 6-C subequal, multibranched.

Antenna spiculate. Mandibular ventral tooth with VT3. Maxillary mesostipes

with mesal area detached; palpostipes mesobasally fused with mesostipes;

304 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

stipital sensoria distad of middle, without basal ring. Abdominal seta 7-II

strong. Comb scales paddle shaped. Siphon with acus attached; pecten teeth

unilaterally denticulate. Immatures in a wide variety of containers, but appar-

ently essentially rock-hole inhabitants.

2. Hatorii group (hatorii). Aedeagus apically expanded (bulbous in tergal

view), with relatively small tergobasal opening, sternally open throughout

except basal margin. Stipital sensoria at middle. Otherwise as in japonicus

group. Rock-hole habitat.

3. Togoi group (togoi and savoryi). Aedeagus apically narrowed, other-

wise as in hatorii group. Palpostipes not fused with mesostipes at mesobasal

portion. Other characters as in japonicus group. Brackish water rock-hole

habitat. :

4. Seoulensis group (Seoulensis and aibocinctus). Aedeagus as in togoi

group. At least seta 5-C caudad of 7-C; 4-C well developed. Mesostipes with

detached mesal area not very distinct; palpostipes as in ¢ogoi group; stipital

sensoria at middle, with basal ring. Seta 7-II small. Pecten teeth bilaterally

spiculate. Otherwise as in japonicus group. Tree-hole habitat.

5. Aureostriatus group @ureostriatus and kobayashii), Aecdeagus as in

togoi group. Basistyle with well developed basal tergomesal lobe. Setae 4-6-

C at about level of 7-C or caudad of it, 6-C single, much longer than the

multiple 5-C. Ventral tooth with VT3 absent or very small. Mesostipes with

mesal area not detached; palpostipes as in togoi group; stipital sensoria at

middle, very slender. Seta 7-II short. Otherwise as in japonicus group.

Tree-hole habitat.

6. Koreicoides group (koreicoides). Aedeagus as in fogoi group. Basi-

style and maxilla as in aureostriatus group. Setae 4-6-C similar to seoulensis

group. Seta 7-II rather short. Comb scales thorn-shaped, few in number.

Otherwise as in japonicus group. Tree-hole habitat.

7. Nipponicus group (nipponicus and nishikawai), Aedeagus apically denti-

culate, deeply emarginate tergoapically. Basistyle with basal tergomesal lobe

poorly developed, with modified foliate large scales. A single seminal capsule.

Setae 4-6-C and comb scales as in koreicoides group. Ventral tooth without

VT3. Maxilla as in aureostriatus group. Seta 7-II small. Siphon with acus

free; pecten as in japonicus group. Tree-hole habitat.

8. Oreophilus group (oreophilus). Aedeagus tergally closed, sternally

open, basally narrow and apically broad. Seta 5-C single, caudad of 7-C;

6-C multiple; 4,6-C on about level of 7-C. Antenna almost smooth. Stipital

sensoria distad of middle, maxilla otherwise as in aureostriatus group. Seta

7-II weak. Otherwise as in japonicus group. Tree-hole habitat.

9. Watasei group (watasei). Aedeagus similar to that of oreophilus group.

Seta 4-C at about level of 7-C; 5,6-C tandem, both single; 5-C caudad of 7-C.

Hypostomal suture long, but terminating far laterally of posterior tentorial pit.

Antenna smooth, mandibular cutting organ strong. Mesostipes with mesal area

not detached; palpostipes mesobasally fused with mesostipes; stipital sensoria

with basal ring, together with 2,5-Mx close to apex. Seta 7-II short. Comb

scales, acus and pecten teeth as in japonicus group. Three-hole habitat.

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 305

KEY TO SPECIES OF AEDES (FINLAYA)

FEMALE ADULT

1 Scutellar lateral lobes with narrow scales. ...........4.-. 2

Al} seutellar lobes with broadiscales? alec.diiw (iL! ase ike Os 12

Zit). At least hindtavsma pate. bandedatirndti. mee ei Oe, Goa 3

"Pare Waneandee co ae ae a cc oie ik eee Cp eee le ena bw cay eee Lt

3(2). Ta rea Wate ie ionic sh has eid de es Gah og oe eee 4

Tarsal bands articular at least/in: hindtarsus. 2.0 2s) ai 6 ein ow if

4(3). Scutum largely, pale; scaledoiucogtedue Mand o. albocinctus (p. 340)

Scutum yellosrettiped sition te hoe deal See OLA Bikes Bi. 5: D

5(4). Paratergite with scales; subspiracular patch larger than postspiracular

PatebiowiwhAb eusornon .ostiine Jeeedconiet si koreicoides (p. 348)

Paratergite usually without scales; subspiracular patch smaller than

postspirdeular patch or -ADSeNts joi. « Gas. eon Ge ke eiae ieee 6

6(5). Pedicel usually with more dark scales than pale scales; posterior pro-

notal lobe usually without dark scales; subspiracular area usually

without patch; hindtarsomere 4 usually without basal band, but often

with one to a few pale basal scales. ...... japonicus (p. 308)

Pedicel usually with more pale scales than dark scales, often all

scales pale; posterior pronotal lobe usually with a few broad dark

scales; subspiracular area usually with patch; hindtarsomere 4 with

a complete basal Wand 5 B66 ernie eis, ee Sa ss koreicus (p. 322)

7(3). Both paratergite and postspiracular areas with scales. ...... 8

Paratergite or postspiracular area, or both without scales. .... 9

8(7). | Hindtarsomere 5 with pale basal band or entirely dark; lower mesepi-

meral bristles usually present; hindtarsal claw unidentate.

togoi (p- 331)

Hindtarsomere 5 entirely pale; lower mesepimeral bristles absent;

hindtarsal' claw «simple! cis :s now) doodikewadss hatorii (p. 3277)

9(7). Paratergite with scales; scutum broadly pale anteriorly.

seoulensis (p. 337)

Paratergite without scales; scutum otherwise. ........... 10

10. Scutellar median lobe with both narrow and broad scales; postspiracular

area without scales; metameron with scales.

aureostriatus (p. 344)

Scutellar median lobe with narrow scales only; postspiracular area

with scales; metameron without scales. .... kobayashii (p. 341)

11(2). Postspiracular area with scales; hindtarsal claw unidentate.

savoryi (p. 334)

Postspiracular area without scales; hindtarsal claw simple.

oreophilus (p. 361)

306 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

12(1). Paratergite with scales; tarsi with articular bands; abdomen with tufts

of outstanding scales. 2... ue. a watasei (p. 364)

Paratergite without scales; tarsi unbanded; abdomen without tufts of

SCALES ee RO ee. Le SO ee 13

13(12). Scutal pale patch extending posterolaterally to wing root; abdominal

tergum VIII with pale basal band. ....... nipponicus (p. 351)

Scutal pale patch not extending beyond scutal angle posterolaterally ;

abdominal tergum VIII without pale basal band.

nishikawai (p. 356)

MALE GENITALIA

A Aedeagus without teeth on tergoapical margin. ........... 2

Aedeagus with slender teeth on tergoapical margin. ........ 11

2(1): Aedeagus with a large round tergobasal orifice. .......... 3

Aedeagus without tergobasal orifice, concave on tergobasal margin.

3(2). Basal tergomesal lobe absent or indistinct, without specialized seta.

Basal tergomesal lobe distinctly protrudent, or else with a specialized

SObal ES ae ee a POC 6

4(3). Aedeagus with broadest part in apical half, bulbous in tergal view.

hatorii (p. 327)

Aedeagus with broadest part in basal half. ...........4... 5

5(4). Basistyle not mesally expanded on sternal side, without striated setae

on Stemomicsal inareine 90st ee sk japonicus (p. 308)

koreicus (p. 322)

Basistyle mesally expanded on sternal side at about basal 0.4, with

many striated setae on sternomesal margin. .... togoi (p. 331)

savoryi (p. 334)

6(3). Basal tergomesal lobe not protrudent, with a single long seta. ... 7

Basal tergomesal lobe distinctly protrudent, with 3 or more setae. . 8

7(6). Dististyle claw slightly more than 0.25 length of dististyle.

seoulensis (p. 337)

Dististyle claw 0.3-0.6 length of dististyle. . . . albocinctus* (p. 340)

8(6). Basal tergomesal lobe with about 10 specialized blade-like setae as well

Peedi: SELAS. 2. ee a aureostriatus (p. 344)

Basal tergomesal lobe with ordinary setae only. ........... 2

*After Chow and Mattingly (1951); further study will be necessary for this species,

as the difference from seoulensis given in the key is very slight.

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 307

9(8). Basal tergomesal lobe strongly protrudent, with a double row of many

long setae; claspette filament not expanded; dististyle claw 0. 4

length of dististy le. “cetreve Fac ee os koreicoides (p. 348)

Basal tergomesal lobe only a little protrudent, with 3 setae; claspette

filament expanded on convex side; dististyle claw 0.25 length of

distiStylevatarnwes 2 8-8 Paes! aie es. kobayashii (p. 341)

10(2). Basistyle with tufted bristles on tergomesal margin near base;

dististyle claw 0.5 length of dististyle. .... oreophilus (p. 361)

Basistyle without tufted bristles on tergomesal margin near base;

dististyle claw 0.6 length of dististyle. ... watasei (p. 364)

11(1). Claspette filament expanded on convex side; stem pilose in basal half.

nipponicus (p. 351)

Claspette filament not expanded on convex side; stem pilose from base

to near apex. 602) SOE eet a a, nishikawai (p. 356)

LARVA

a Pecten usually with one or more apical teeth detached, well developed

and simple; seta 1-S within pecten. Comb scales apically rounded,

apically and laterally fringed, 32-93 in a patch.

| japonicus (p. 308)

Pecten teeth evenly spaced; seta 1-S usually at apex of or beyond

PECLERK REY Ss. WTB Bie PR er ST PN ee 2

274). Comb scales paddle-shaped, apically and laterally fringed, arranged

in a patch: seta 4-Co very small... Fe. eee a A, 3

Comb scales thorn-shaped, with strong apical spine; seta 4- Cc well

developed: Ki ie7 ec ee PS Se ee 10

82). Seta 6-C equal to or shorter than 5-C, branched (single in watasei).

seta-6-C mucipdonger than 5=C; singles’... acc es ee 9

4(3). Antenna distinctly spinulate; seta 1-A branched; 5, 6=C on about same

DENG? Gen aes MRP EY CR ae RA Was gE 9)

Antenna smooth or very minutely and sparsely spinulate; seta 1-A

usually single (very rarely double); 5-C distinctly caudad of 6-C.

5(4). Siphon apically tapering, index 2.37-3.31; seta 1-S at apical 0.37-0. 51,

at most reaching about apex of siphon; 1-X on saddle. ...... 6

Siphon subparallel-sided, index 1.70-2.30; seta 1-S at apical 0.16-

0.28, extending far beyond apex of siphon; 1-X off saddle. ... 7

6(5). Seta 1-M, T weak, not on sclerotized basal callus. . koveicus (p. 322)

Seta 1-M, T very stout, on sclerotized basal callus. hatorii (p. 327)

308

TB I

8(4).

9(3).

10(2).

11(10).

12(10).

13(12).

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

Mentum teeth 30-36; seta 3-VII longer and stouter than 4-VII; siphon

with iimbricationdistinct.: init ogee Oe togoi (p. 331)

Mentum teeth 20-23; seta 3-VII shorter than 4-VII; siphon with imbri-

Pation Very taut 61 SE RAY OE Tee iG savoryi (p. 334)

Seta 4,6-C on about same level; 6-C 2-4 branched; 1-3-P not on

sclerotized basal callus; 1-P distinctly longer than 3-P.

| oreophilus (p. 361)

Seta 4-C well behind 6-C; 6-C single; 1-3-P on sclerotized basal

callus; 1=P about:as long as 3-PY. roe. watasei (p. 364)

Comb scales 45-65; seta 13-III-V rather long, 2-4 branched.

aureostriatus (p. 344)

Comb scales 28-38; seta 13-III-V short, 4-8 branched.

kobayashii (p. 341)

Comb scales 35-59 in a patch; pecten teeth bilaterally fringed. . . 11

Comb scales 6-17 in a row; pecten teeth with ventrobasal denticles.

Seta 1-A 3-5 branched (after Chow and Mattingly 1951).

albocinctus (p. 340)

Seta 1-A Singlets ir Ske, Braga wii eee, seoulensis (p. 337)

Seta 2-I very small, 1-2 branched; antenna long, slender in distal

half; mandibular ventral tooth with VT3. . . kovreicoides (p. 348)

Seta 2-I stout, substellate, nearly as long as 1-I, 3-8 branched;

antenna short; mandibular ventral tooth without VT3..... . 1s

Anal git 122-127 leneth-of saddle! oe ise. ian. nipponicus (p. 351)

Anal 2ill0.5=0..7 lenath of saddle... near ees nishikawai (p. 356)

67. AEDES (FINLAYA) JAPONICUS (THEOBALD)*

Culex japonicus Theobald, 1901d: 385 (2). Type-locality: Tokyo, Japan.

DISTRIBUTION. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN. KOREA. RYUKYU ARCHIPELA-

GO. TAIWAN. SOUTH CHINA. HONG KONG.

*One or more subspecies do not occur in this region.

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 309

67A. AEDES (FINLAYA) JAPONICUS JAPONICUS (THEOBALD)

(Figs. 95, 97, 217, 218; Table 99)

Culex japonicus Theobald, 1901d: 385 (2). Type-locality: Tokyo, Japan.

Aedes koreicus: Yamada, 1927: 569 (in part); Kamimura, 1976b: 209 (misidenti-

fication of Yamada).

Aedes (Finlaya) japonicus: LaCasse and Yamaguti, 1950: 151 (%, ¢, L);

Chu 1956: 42, Korea.

Aedes japonicus var. tokushimaensis Tanimura, 1952: 176 (A). Type-locality:

Tokushima, Shikoku, Japan; Sasa and Kamimura 1971: 16 (syn.).

Aedes japonicus var. bisanensis Suzuki, Tanimura, Miyagawa and Murata,

1953: 9 (A). Type-locality: Tokushima, Shikoku, Japan; Sasa and

Kamimura 1971: 16 (syn. ).

FEMALE (Figs. 217, 218). Wing length 3.0-5.3 mm. Head. Eyes nar-

- rowly separated above, moderately below. Vertex covered with narrow

curved, pale scales, with a pair of large submedian patches of narrow curved,

dark scales; eye margin pale scaled; numerous erect forked scales over ver-

tex, often (33/77) entirely dark, otherwise with variable numbers of pale

scales mixed in median area (Table 15); tempus covered with broad white

scales, with a patch of broad dark scales within pale area; 6-8 vertical bristles

on each side, a few mesal ones yellowish brown, others dark; 4 dark temporal

bristles on each side, an additional bristle far down on underside. Clypeus

dark brown. Antenna: pedicel brown, mesal surface darker and covered with

small broad scales, usually (85/99) with more dark scales than pale ones,

rarely (3/99) more pale scales than dark ones (Table 19), several fine

bristles in the scaled area; flagellum 0.72-0.84 (21) length of proboscis,

flagellomere 1 1.25-1.58 (22) length of Flm 2, with dark scales except on nar-

row lateral surface. Palpus 0.25-0.29 (19) length of proboscis, dark scaled;

segment 3 1.71-2.18 (20) length of 2; 4 usually very small, occasionally up to

0.2 length of 3. Proboscis 0.92-1.04 (20) length of forefemur. Thorax.

Thoracic integument dark brown to blackish brown. Anterior pronotal lobe

covered with broad white scales, occasionally, (9/83) most mesodorsally

with a few crescent-shaped scales (Korean populations appear to have cresent-

shaped scales more frequently than Japanese populations - Table 15); antero-

mesal bristles dark, posterolateral ones yellowish. Posterior pronotal lobe with

3-6 mostly yellowish bristles, usually posteroventrally covered with broad |

white scales and usually anterodorsally with crescent-shaped white or slightly

yellowish and narrow curved, yellowish scales; in Japanese populations,

broad scales more abundant than crescent-shaped and narrow scales (38/64),

rarely narrow scales more frequent than broad and crescent-shaped scales

(4/64); in Korean populations, usually more (23/26) crescent-shaped scales

than broad and narrow scales (Table 15); dark scales rarely (8/109) (3/89,

excluding Cheju Do population) present, apparently commoner (5/20) in Cheju

Do population. Scutum covered with narrow curved, dark and yellowish brown

scales, the yellowish brown scales forming a rather broad median stripe,

anterior dorsocentral stripe, posterior dorsocentral stripe and supraalar

patch; the median stripe often apparently double, bifurcate posteriorly along

prescutellar margin, where the scales become paler; the posterior dorsocentral

stripe just laterad of series of posterior dorsocentral bristles, extending

anteriorly along scutal suture and almost reaching scutal angle; scales on

anterior margin and below the supraalar patch just anteriad of wing base whitish;

310 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

all scutal bristles present, mostly dark brown, some of supraalars pale or

yellowish brown, 5-10 fossals usually near lateral and posterior margins.

Scutellum with narrow curved, dark scales on both lateral lobes; median lobe

with narrow curved, dark and pale scales, often with rather broad dark scales

on each side; each lateral lobe with 6-10 long dark bristles, median lobe with

4-8, all lobes usually with a few additional short yellowish bristles. Parater-

gite usually unscaled, rarely (5/85) with one or 2 pale broad scales. Pleura

with patches of broad white scales on propleuron, postspiracular area, lower

prealar knob, upper and lower-posterior sternopleuron, and upper mesepimer-

on; postspiracular patch well developed; subspiracular area usually unscaled,

rarely (8/115) with 1-5 broad pale scales; pleural bristles pale brown or yellow-

ish brown, many on prealar knob, upper to posterior sternopleuron and upper

mesepimeron, 5-12 propleurals, 3-10 postspiraculars, no lower mesepimerals.

Wing. Alula fringed with rather broad, dark scales. Costa usually (71/83)

with ventrobasal pale or gray scales, often (52/83) forming a definite mark.

Cell Ro 2.24-4.58 (36) length of vein r9,3. Halter knob dark, lateroapically

pale scaled, dark scaled otherwise. Legs. Forecoxa basally and apically pale

scaled, dark scaled in-between; midcoxa basally pale scaled, apically dark

scaled; hindcoxa pale scaled. Forefemur with a narrow basal band, ventro-

apical spot, narrow anterior streak and rather broad posteroventral streak of

pale scales, the anterior streak extending from base to middle or before it, the

posteroventral streak from base to about middle; midfemur with a narrow basal

band and distinct apical band or dorsoapical spot of pale scales, and distinct

apical fringe of dark scales, posterior surface pale scaled in basal half or a

little more; hindfemur with a narrow basal band and rather broad apical band

of pale scales, and distinct apical fringe of dark scales, pale scaled in approxi-

mately basal half excepting dorsal surface, this pale scaled area basally inter-

rupted by a moderately broad subbasal band of dark scales, this band most

frequently (69/87) complete or almost complete, very rarely (one specimen

from Cheju Do) lacking, otherwise (17/87) incomplete (narrowly broken dor-

sally) (Table 16). Tibiae with a basal band of pale scales very often dorsally

incomplete. Foretarsomere 1, midtarsomeres 1-2 and hindtarsomeres 1-3

with basal bands of pale scales; foretarsomere 2 and midtarsomere 3 often with

basal bands of pale scales or some pale basal scales; hindtarsomere 4 usually

(96/110) entirely dark scaled, occasionally (11/110) with some pale basal scales,

rarely (3/110) with a complete basal band of pale scales (Table 16). Femora,

tibiae and tarsi otherwise dark scaled. Foretarsomere 5 longer than or equal

to 4; midtarsomere 5 equal to or shorter than 4; hindtarsomere 1 0. 65-0. 80 (25)

length of tibia. Hindtarsal claw simple. Abdomen. Tergum I with median

patch of dark scales; II-VIII dark scaled, with laterobasal patches of white

scales, often with small mediobasal spots of pale scales on III-V or more seg-

ments. Sterna dark scaled, with lateroapically broadened basal bands of pale

scales, the bands somewhat broader medially in anterior segments, II occasion-

ally entirely pale scaled.

MALE (Figs. 97, 217). Wing length 2.5-4.0 mm. Antenna: pedicel usually

glabrous, rarely with one to a few bristles or scales; flagellum 0. 66-0. 76 (14)

length of proboscis; flagellomere 1 with scales, Flm 12 1.00-1.26 length of Flm

13, both 0. 76-0. 88 (14) length of Flm 1-11; palpus 0. 86-0.97 (14; x = 0.91)

length of proboscis, simple; segments 4, 5 and apex of 3 only moderately

bristled; length ratio of 2-5; 1.29-1.74 (14) : 1.90-2.26 (14) : 1.10-1.33 (34) :

1.00. Proboscis 1.01-1.19 (13; x = 1.09) length of forefemur. Cell Ro 1.66-

2.67 (41) length of vein fo,9. Fore- and midtarsomere 4 very short; ) modi-

fied, with several stout at dau setae; foretarsomere 5 usually with a

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 311

poorly developed setiferous midventral process. Anterior claw of fore- and

midtarsi with a blunttipped median and a sharp laterobasal tooth; hindtarsal

claw simple. Genitalia. Tergum IX not sclerotized; lobes only slightly convex,

moderately sclerotized and separated, each with 4-10 rather weak bristles.

Sternum IX not sclerotized excepting basal border, with 1-6 bristles. Basistyle

subcylindrical, 3.5-4.9 as long as wide, laterally and sternally scaled,

tergally and sternally bristled, without outstanding long bristles, with 1-3

rather stout bristles on mesal side at apical 0.25-0.33, apical and basal lobes

absent; claspette stem pubescent, with 2-4 short setae on mesal side; filament

simple, evenly arcuate, shorter than stem. Dististyle slender, 0.50-0. 66 (32)

length of basistyle, curved in apical 0.33, with 1-4 (usually 2) short setae on

convex side near apex, pubescent on sternal side in basal half; claw nearly

straight, pigmented, shallowly bifurcate at apex, 0.17-0.25 (28) length of

dististyle. Cercal tergal surface not sclerotized; 1-5 (usually 2-4) cercal

setae on each side; paraproct with apex usually unicuspid, rarely bicuspid.

Aedeagus elliptic and a little constricted distad of middle in tergal view, 1.61-

2.18 (30; x = 1.83) as long as wide, broadest at basal 0.33-0.40, broadly open

on tergal aspect in basal 0.67, subapical bridge usually indistinct; apex shallow-

ly emarginate; sternal aspect open in apical 0.75.

LARVA (Fig. 95). (Description based on specimens from central Honshu. )

Head. Width 0.95-1.11 mm; brownish-yellow or darker, 1.14-1.23 as wide

as long; labrum concave; seta 1-C pigmented, moderately slender, curved

mesad, separated by about 1.5 times their length; 4-6-C well cephalad of level

of 7-C; 4-C very small, usually slightly cephalad or almost directly mesad of

o-C; 5,6-C rather short, nearly on same level, 6-C slightly longer than 5-C;

8,10,14-C usually single. Antenna slightly bowed, 0.31-0.38 mm long, brown-

ish, slightly paler basally, moderately spiculate, spicules sparser in distal

half; seta 1-A 3-5 branched, smooth to lightly barbed, inserted at basal 0.51-

0.61 (x = 0.56), not attaining tip of antenna; 2,3-A subapical, relatively short.

Mandible (3 dissected specimens) with 15-20 microspines of varying sizes;

mandibular comb of 20-22 long broad-based teeth. Cutting organ with DS1 pale,

slender, DS9 quite short, dark; both dorsal teeth uni- or bicuspid, or with

mesal denticles; one or more small accessory denticles present; VT 1-3 sub-

equal, triangular; VT-4 slender, not attaining tip of VI9; VB, relatively stout,

dark, not attaining tip of VTg, mesally pectinate on apical 0.75, the pectinations

relatively coarse and blunt proximally, becoming finer distad; pectinate brush

of 7-10 long (longer than VB1) mesally pectinate hairs. Piliferous process with

labula extending slightly beyond apex of anterior portion. Mandibular hairs

(5-7) + 7, 12-14 in total. Mavxilla (5 dissected specimens). Cardo narrowly

fused with cranium through a strongly developed strip-like border; seta 1-Mx

rather strong, dark, 1-4 branched. Mesostipes as long as or slightly shorter

than wide, with mesal area broadly detached, marginal spicules strong, spine-

like; pseudoartis separated or fused with cranium at apex; stipital sensoria at

apical 0.20-0.25, without basal ring; 4-Mx rather strong, pigmented. Lacinia

with 6-Mx relatively short, with elongate pectination on apical 0.67, somewhat

basally expanded. Palpostipes 0.5-0.6 length of mesostipes, broad, about

reaching level of 2-Mx, mesobasally fused with mesostipes; apex with 5 palpal

sensoria, S47S9”S2 2 S47S, in length. Mentum plate with 23-27 teeth, median

tooth about twice width of immediate flanking teeth. Thovax. Integument ap-

parently lightly spiculate; seta 1-M usually smooth, occasionally lightly barbed;

4-M varying from smooth to fairly strongly barbed; 14-M and 13-T usually

small and tufted, sometimes rather strong; 4-P, M usually single; 5, 14-P and

1-T usually double. Abdomen. Integument usually with some spiculation,

312 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst. , WoL... 116551978

especially on ventral aspect of IV and V; setae 2, 7,10,12-I, 2,7, 9,11-I,

11-III, 9,8,12,14-IV, 5,7,8,12,14-V, 2,5,14-VI, 3,4,13-VII, and 14-VIII

usually single; 6,13-I, 5, 6,8-II, and 6-IV, V usually double; 11-I usually darker

and stiffer than 9-13-I; 13-III-V stronger than respective setae 1; barbing quite

variable on 1-IV-VI, 13-III, VII. Comb scales variable, usually broadly paddle-

shaped, with fairly strong apical and subapical spicules and weaker lateral ones,

32-93 (usually 55-75) ina roughly triangular patch. Siphon fairly uniformly —

brownish, base not much darker; acus small, attached; index 2. 90-3. 50

(x = 3.19); microsculpture of short distinct transverse rows of small dark

spicules; pecten attaining basal 0.61-0.78 (x = 0.69), of 14-31 dark teeth,

each tooth with 2-4 denticles in basal 0.5, the basal 1-7 teeth usually reduced,

the apical 1-4 teeth usually detached, enlarged, and smooth (occasionally with

small denticles); seta 1-S longer than siphon diameter at insertion, inserted

within pecten at basal 0.49-0.58 (x = 0.54), not attaining apex of siphon; 2-S

slender, dark, subapical, usually about 0.5 length of apical pecten tooth.

Saddle covering dorsal half of segment X, 0.30-0.37 mm long; microsculpture

of short, transverse rows of spicules, the spicules becoming needle-like caudo-

ventrally, and greatly enlarged caudodorsally, culminating in several strong

spines between 1- and 2-X; 1-X usually single, 1.06-1.79 length of saddle; 2-X

usually triple, branches subequal; 4-X of 11-13 (usually 12), 2-5 branched cra- ‘

tal tufts, occasionally basalmost tuft appearing detached from grid. Anal gills

elongate-fusiform, subequal, dorsal gill usually 2.0-2.5, rarely 5.0 length of

saddle. ;

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN. 90, 322; with associ-

ated skins (8 1, 8 p), 52 L: Hokkaido (A-0025, A-0027, A-0028, A-0031,

A-0033, A-0041, A-0185, A-0189, A-0202, A-1636, A-1673, A-1675, A-1787).

172%, 3022; with associated skins (86 1, 86 p), 109 L, 821: Honshu (B-0322,

B-0325, B-0346, B-0365, B-0366, B-0370, B-0371, B-0372, B-0374, B-0375,

B-0376, B-0382, B-1197, C-1160, C-1165, C-1166, C-1167, C-1168, C-1192,

C-1581, C-1818, C-1821, C-2080, C-2082, C-2104, C-2105, C-2170, C-2171,

D-0015, D-0017, D-0018, D-0019, D-0022, D-0051, D-0053, D-0055, D-0089,

D-0386, D-0387, D-0389, D-0398, D-0402, D-0405, D-0741, D-0742, D-0743,

D-0746, D-0749, D-0753, D-0811, D-1155, D-1156, D-1264, D-1265, D-1266,

D-1278, D-2172, D-2173, E-1575, E-1576, E-1686, E-1687, E-1688, E-1689,

E-1691, E-1692, E-2073, E-2083). 59, Shikoku (G-1277). 90°, Sf, 81: Kyushu.

(H-0071, H-0074, H-0076, H-0077). 1°, 592; with associated skins (41, 4 p),

2L, 61: Yakushima (H-1148, H-1825).' 119; with associated skins (41, 4p),

1L, 41: Tsushima (H-0547, H-2004, H-2013, H-2014). KOREA. 4c, 79,

with associated skins (61, 6 p), 4 L: Korean Peninsula (L-0830, L-0838,

L-0839, L-0869, L-0879). 24°, 28°; with associated skins (71, 7p), 7L, 11:

Cheju Do (M-0842, M-0846, M-0847, M-0852, M-0854, M-0856, M-0857,

M-0861, M-0862, M-0877). |

DISTRIBUTION. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN. (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku,

Kyushu, Yakushima, Tsushima). KOREA (Korean Peninsula, Cheju Do).

67B. AEDES (FINLAYA) JAPONICUS AMAMIENSIS NEW SUBSPECIES

(Fig. 218)

Aedes japonicus: Yamamoto, 1962: 24, Amami Oshima, Ryukyu Archipelago.

FEMALE (Fig. 218). Cell Ro 2.55-4.00 (x = 3.32) length of vein ro.g.

Hindfemur with subbasal dark band usually (19/20) incomplete, rarely 1720)

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 313

complete. Thoracic integument light brown to rather dark brown; posterior

pronotal lobe usually (16/20) with more narrow curved yellowish scales than

_ crescent-shaped paler ones, broad pale scales usually (16/20) present, but

very few; subspiracular area often (7/20) with 1-3 proad pale scales; costa

entirely dark scaled (11/20) or with only a few pale or gray ventrobasal scales;

hindtarsomere 4 sometimes (5/20) with one or few pale basal scales.

LARVA. Seta 5-P always single in typical form, single (5/6) or double

(1/6) in robust form; 7-P single or double, usually single (x = 1.21) in typical

form, double in robust form. Dorsal anal gill distinctly longer than ventral

cill.

TYPE-SERIES. Holotype male (#22325, I-0261-L1) with associated slides

of genitalia, larval and pupal skins, Mt. Yuwan, Amami Oshima, Ryukyu

Archipelago, 3 VII 1970, tree hole, Mizusawa & Nishikawa. Paratypes: 42

males, 32 females with slides of 27 associated larval and pupal skins, genitalia

(7 males, 3 females), mouthparts (6 males, 1 female), wings (10 males, 6 fe-

males) and legs (6 males, 4 females). 7 males, 2 females, with 7 associated

larval and pupal skins (I-0241): Mt. Yuwan, 30 VI 1970, rock hole, Mizusawa

& Nishikawa; 6 males, 7 females, with 4 associated larval and pupal skins

(I-0250): Mt. Yuwan, 1 VII1970, rockhole, Mizusawa & Nishikawa; 2 males, with 2

associated larval and pupal skins (I-0252): Mt. Yuwan, 1 VI11970, man-made con-

_ tainer, Mizusawa & Nishikawa; 1 male, 1 female, with 2 associated larval and

pupal skins (I-0253): Mt. Yuwan, 2 VII 1970, tree hole, Mizusawa & Nishikawa;

1 female, with associated larval and pupal skins (I-0258): Mt. Yuwan, 3 VII

1970, ditch, Mizusawa & Nishikawa; 3 females (I-0261): Mt. Yuwan, 3 VII

1970, tree hole, Mizusawa & Nishikawa; 5 males, 2 females, with associated

skins (1 larval and 1 pupal) (I-0276): Nishinakama, 7 VII 1970, gravestone,

Mizusawa & Nishikawa; 11 males, 5 females, with 4 associated larval and pupal

skins (I-0293): Yuwan, 12 VII 1970, rock hole, Mizusawa & Nishikawa; 8 males,

10 females, with 3 associated larval and pupal skins (I-0296): Yuwan, 12 VII

1970, rock hole, Mizusawa & Nishikawa; 2 males, 1 female, with 3 associated

larval and pupal skins (I-0300): Yuwan, 12 VII 1970, tree hole, Mizusawa &

Nishikawa. |

The holotype and one half of the paratypes are deposited in the National

Science Museum, Tokyo, the remaining paratypes are deposited in the USNM.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED OTHER THAN THE TYPES. RYUKYU ARCHI-

PELAGO. 65°, 49°; with associated skins (201, 20 p), 99 L, 151: Amami

Gunto (I-0236, I-0241, I-0251, I-0252, I-0253, I-0261, I-0271, I-0276, I-0293,

I-0294, I-0296, I-0297, I-0298, I-0300, I-0307, I-0312, I-1839, I-1862,

I-1894).

DISTRIBUTION. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO (Amami Gunto6).

67C. AEDES (FINLAYA) JAPONICUS YAEYAMENSIS NEW SUBSPECIES

(Fig. 218) |

Aedes japonicus: Teller and Gentry, 1955: 45, Iriomote Is. , Ryukyu

Archipelago.

FEMALE (Fig. 218). Cell Ro 1.74-2.86 (x = 2.39) length of vein T9439.

Hindfemur entirely pale scaled basally, rarely with only a few dark scales.

Vertex always with more than 3, usually (18/20) with more than 10 pale erect

forked scales, and very often (13/20) 0.33-0.67 of erect forked scales pale;

antenna 0.67-0.77 (x = 0.72) length of proboscis; thoracic integument light

314 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

brown to rather dark brown; anterior pronotal lobe usually (19/20) with meso-

dorsal narrow scales, often (7/20) with more narrow scales than broad scales;

posterior pronotal lobe usually (17/20) covered with narrow curved yellowish

and crescent-shaped paler scales, and always with more narrow yellowish

scales than crescent-shaped ones, occasionally (3/20) with a few posteroven-

tral broad pale scales; subspiracular area without scales; costa very often

(14/20) with a definite mark of pale ventrobasal scales, rarely (1/20) entirely

dark; hindtarsomere 4 very often (21/39) with one or a few pale basal scales.

MALE. Aedeagus narrow, 1.81-2.31 (x = 2.05) as long as wide, with

tergosubapical bridge distinct. Cell Ro index 1.97-3.01 (% = 2.52), least of all

the populations of j@Ponicus and less by far than the next (Table 17). Palpus

0. 79-0. 81 (3; x = 0. 80) length of proboscis; proboscis 1.17-1.°21 (3; x =1.19)

length of forefemur (proboscis longer than in j. japonicus relative to palpus

and forefemur).

TYPE-SERIES. Holotype male (#22326, K-1756-27) with associated slides

of genitalia, larval and pupal skins, nr. Yonehara, IshigakiIs., Ryukyu Archi-

pelago, 13 XII 1973, tree hole, Mizusawa & Watanabe. Paratypes: 36 males,

29 females with slides of 22 associated larval and pupal skins, genitalia (7

males), mouthparts (5 males, 4 females, 4 larvae), wings (8 males, 8 females)

and legs (6 males, 6 females). Paratypes from IshigakiIs. - 1 male, 1 female,

with 2 associated larval and pupal skins (K-0561): Yonehara, 18 XII 1970, tree

hole, Mizusawa; 1 male, 5 females, with 1 associated larval and pupal skin

(K-0568): Arakawa, 25 XII 1970, tree hole, Mizusawa; 1 male, 2 females, with

associated skins (1 larval, 1 pupal) (K-0611): Arakawa Riv., 11 IV 1971, rock

hole, Mizusawa & Nishikawa; 10 males, 1 female, with associated skins (2 lar-

val, 2 pupal) (K-0627): Inoda, 18 IV 1971, rock hole, Mizusawa & Nishikawa;

6 males, 3 females, with associated skins (1 larval, 1 pupal) (K-0631): Inoda,

18 IV 1971, rock hole, Mizusawa & Nishikawa; 5 males, 3 females, with associ-

ated skins (6 larval, 6 pupal) (K-1754): nr. Yonehara, 13 XII 1973, tree hole,

Mizusawa & Watanabe; 1 female, with associated larval and pupal skins (K-1756):

nr. Yonehara, 13 XII 1973, tree hole, Mizusawa & Watanabe; 1 male, with asso-

ciated larval and pupal skins (K-1772): nr. Yonehara, 3 V 1974, tree hole,

Mizusawa & Watanabe; 1 male, with associated larval and pupal skins (K-2059):

Yonehara, 5 XII 1974, tree hole, Mizusawa & Watanabe. Paratypes from Irio-

mote Is. - 3 males, 5 females, with associated skins (2 larval, 2 pupal) (K-0575):

Foot of Mt. Goza, 22 XII 1970, rock hole, Mizusawa; 1 female, with associated

larval and pupal skins (K-0577): Itokawa-rindo, 23 XII 1970, tree hole,

Mizusawa; 5 males, 4 females, with associated skins (2 larval, 2 pupal)

(K-0702): nr. Shirahama, 21 IV 1971, rock hole, Mizusawa & Nishikawa;

2 males, 3 females, with associated skins (1 larval, 1 pupal) (K-0914):

Kambira-taki, 28 X 1971, rock hole, Mizusawa, Shinonaga & Kikuchi.

The holotype and one-half the paratypes are deposited in the National

Science Museum, Tokyo, the remaining paratypes are deposited in the USNM.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED OTHER THAN THE TYPES. RYUKYU ARCHIPELA-

GO. 33c, 299, 13 L, 21: Yaeyama Gunt6é (K-0135, K-0150, K-0152, K-0160,

K-0161, K-0182a, K-0561, K-0565, K-0568, K-0573, K-0575, K-0577, K-0593,

K-0594, K-0611, K-0627, K-0628, K-0629, K-0630, K-0631, K-0690, K-0701,

K-0702, K-0721, K-0726, K-0727, K-0914, K-1038, K-1050, K-1053, K-1295,

K-1350, K-1394, K-1412, K-1419, K-1754, K-1756, K-1772, K-1774, K-2059).

DISTRIBUTION. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO (Yaeyama Guntod).

TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION. Aedes japonicus was first described from Japan

(Tokyo). Edwards (1922b) synonymized Ae. eucleptes Dyar, 1921, described

from Canton, south China, with japonicus. Teller and Gentry (1955) recorded

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 315

it from Yaeyama. Lien (1962) sank Ae. shintienensis Tsai and Lien, 1950, of

Taiwan, as a subspecies of japonicus. Yamamoto (1962) recorded japonicus

from Amami Guntd. Knight (1968) attributed the population of Yaeyama Gunto

to subspecies shintienensis. More recently, Miyagi (1971) treated shintienen-

sis (misspelled as shintiensis) as a synonym of japonicus. It is also known

from Korea (Chu 1956, etc.). Though it was recorded from Ussuri district by

Stackelberg (1937), Gutsevich et al. (1970) stated that it was not found in the

USSR. In continental China, it occurs only in the southern area (Mong 1955).

Thus, Ae. japonicus is geographically divided into 2 major populations, one

distributed in the Oriental region (south China, Taiwan and Yaeyama Gunto;

the southernmost islands of the Ryukyu Archipelago, and another in the Palae-

arctic region (Palaearctic Japan and south Korea) and Amami Gunto, the north-

ernmost islands of the Ryukyu Archipelago. A rather wide gap between the

ranges of these major populations exists due to the absence of this species in

north China and Okinawa Gunto, central Ryukyu Archipelago. Such distribu-

tion of Ae. japonicus suggests a complex history for this species; as expected,

some distinct morphological differences were found among the geographically

different populations, the differences among 3 southern populations (Taiwan, |

Yaeyama and Amami) are especially remarkable and not clinal. This species

can be divided into 4 subspecies: japonicus, amamiensis new subspecies,

yaeyamensis new subspecies and shintienensis.

The basis for differentiating these subspecies is chiefly in the adult char-

acteristics as described above and discussed below. The larval characters

also show differences among geographical populations, but they do not appear

to distinctly define these subspecies. Larval specimens from Hokkaido,

Honshu (Tokyo area and Mt. Odaigahara), Korea (including Cheju Do), Amami

Oshima, Yaeyama Gunto and Taiwan were examined. In all areas except Tokyo,

2 more or less distinct forms, arbitrarily labeled typical and robust, were

found. The "robust" forms are distinguished primarily in having setae 14-M

and 13-T stronger than 13-M, and in having many setae, especially 1-M, 1,13-I

and 13-II more strongly developed than in the typical forms. The robust forms

also usually have more branches on many body setae, but the differences are

usually not great. These 2 different forms were not present in the correspond-

ing adult specimens, and occur in both sexes. Some results of the comparisons

of various populations were obvious, such as finding the closest relationships

between the Tokyo area and Mt. Odaigahara typical forms; and that the Yaeyama

and Amami Oshima typical forms were found more closely related to their

respective robust forms than to any other populations. Others were not, such

as finding the Yaeyama and Amami Oshima populations more similar to ‘Korean

populations than to each other. Using 38 selected setae, the average total

number of branches varied from 99.3 to 115.5 in typical forms: (Cheju Do<

Yaeyama < Tokyo < Hokkaido < Odaigahara < < Amami Oshima < Korean (Penin-

sula), 109.4 to 140.7 in robust forms: (Odaigahara < Yaeyama < Amami

Oshima < Cheju Do < Korean (Peninsula) < Hokkaido). Two typical larvae from

Taiwan had an average of 91.3 branches, and 3 robust larvae 158.4. As rather

few larvae of the robust form of other populations were examined, further study

may be necessary. Although differentiation based on larval characters as seen

above is more complicated than by adult ones, they indicate at least that the

southern populations are not homogenous. The siphon index does not appear to

be different between the typical and robust forms; it is definitely smaller in

amamiensis than in the others, largest in yaeyamensis (Table 18).

Subspecies japonicus. This is one of the more common mosquitoes in

Palaearctic Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu) and appears

315 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

morphologically fairly homogenous there. Knight (1968) stated that the basal

extent of the median anterior white area of the hindfemur was apparently sub-

ject to much variation. It is true within the species. This character is here

interpreted as the development of the dark subbasal band. This dark band is

very broad in the populations of Taiwan (j7. shintienensis) and continental China,

totally lacking in the Yaeyama population (7. ya@eyamensis), distinct but fre-

quently incomplete in the Amami population (7. @mamiensis), distinct and usually

complete or almost complete in the Honshu-Shikoku-Kyushu populations, and

similar to but a little more frequently incomplete than the lattermost in the

Hokkaido population (Table 16). As this character is fairly constant within

the populations, it may be a good subspecific character. The thoracic integu-

ment is, in general, dark. The Ro index varies from 3.03 to 4. 84 (36; x =3. 83)

in the female, and 2.56 to 4.73 (42; x = 3.33) in the male. Certain characters

show a somewhat clinal variation: vertical pale erect forked scales are fewer

in northern populations (Table 15); broad pale scales on the posterior pronotal

lobe (Table 15), ventrobasal costa (Table 16) and sternum VIII have a ten-

dency to increase in northern populations; but these are not very clearly clinal.

These characters are likely affected by temperature, thus, even ina single

limited area, they are expected to differ by season and conditions of different

larval habitats. Subspecies japonicus appears common in Cheju Do, but not so

on the Korean Peninsula. On the posterior pronotal lobe, crescent-shaped

scales were more abundant than broad and narrow scales in all 7 female speci-

mens examined from the Korean Peninsula, and in 16 of 19 examined from

Cheju Do; while broad scales were frequently commoner than crescent-shaped

and narrow scales in both Hokkaido (19/28) and Honshu-Shikoku-Kyushu popula-

tions (19/36) (Table 15). No other remarkable differences were found between

the populations of Palaearctic Japan and Korea. The Kyushu population appears

to show wider variation in scaling.

Subspecies amamiensis. Although very common in Amami Oshima, the

Amami Oshima population of japonicus has not been previously discussed.

Within the approximate 10 important characteristics differentiating the geogra-

phical populations of japonicus, j. amamiensis agrees with 7. yaeyamensis only

in the light brown thoracic integument and the posterior pronotal lobe bearing

more narrow curved yellowish scales than crescent-shaped or broad paler

scales, and with j. shintienensis only in the scaling of the posterior pronotal

lobe. It differs from these 2 southern populations in 8-9 characteristics. In

several characters including the aedeagus, 7. @mamiensis agrees with j. japoni-

cus, but still differs from it, in addition to the color of the thoracic integument

and the scaling of the posterior pronotal lobe, in the highest average value of

the female Ro index, the least developed costal pale ventrobasal mark, more

frequently incomplete dark subbasal band of the hindfemur, and the shorter

siphon (Tables 15-18). The percentage occurrence of broad pale scales on

the subspiracular area in j. amamiensis is highest among all the japonicus

populations (Table 19). In the characters of subspiracular scales, hindfemur

and hindtarsomere 4, 7. amamiensis is closer to the Hokkaido than to the

Kyushu population. Thus, they do not appear clinal. Scaling of the posterior

pronotal lobe and ventrobasal costa appears somewhat clinal from Hokkaido to

Amami Oshima, but greater dissimilarities exist between Amami and Kyushu

than between populations of Hokkaido-Kyushu. The larva of j. @amamiensis is

distinguished from the other subspecies by the smaller average value of the si-

phon index, unequal anal gills and most frequently by single setae 5,7-P. Three

specimens of japonicus with the typical koreicus-type of siphon found on

Yakushima resemble 7. amamiensis in having setae 5,7-P single. Exclusive of

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 317

the siphon and anal gills, they may be separated from j. amamiensis by the

following characters (values for 7. amamiensis in parenthesis): setae 8-IV, V

and 11-IV usually single (usually double); 14-IV and 5-VI usually, 1-V always

double (always single, usually triple, frequently (64%) single respectively);

14-M 4-6 (usually 7-9) branched; 1-T 1-3 (3-4) branched; 4-II usually 4-5

(usually 6-7) branched; 13-III 3-4 (usually 1-2) branched. Though j. amami-

ensis is not as clearly defined as 7. yaeyamensis, it may still deserve treat-

ment as a distinct subspecies.

Subspecies yaeyamensis. This is common on Iriomote and Ishigaki Is.

The basal entirely pale scaled hindfemur is the same as in Ae. koreicus, and

quite different from all the other populations of japonicus, especially from

Taiwanese j. shintienensis, in which the dark subbasal band is broadest

among all the japonicus populations. It is intriguing that such extremes are

found in these geographically close populations. The Ro index shows an

isolated average value in both male and female (Table 17). Tanimura (1952)

suggested that the pale basal band of hindtarsomere 4 was related to a low-

temperature condition of the larval site. Nakata (1962) and Miyagi (1972a) con-

firmed this experimentally in 7. japonicus. The population of Hokkaido, the

northernmost population, shows a higher percentage of occurrence of the pale

basal scales or band than other populations of j. japonicus (Table 16). But,

inj. yaeyamensis, a southern population, the percentage is even higher than in

the Hokkaido population (Table 16), though they seldom form a definite basal

band, and the pale scales are rather more lateral than dorsal. This observa-

tion is based on the examination of 39 specimens of 21 different collections from

Yaeyama Guntd, and cannot be considered as accidental. Aedes j. amamiensis

shows a similar tendency, but to a much lesser degree than 7. yaeyamensis.

Other factors, e.g. genetic, should be considered for these Ryukyuan populations.

Aedes j. yaeyamensis is closely related to 7. shintienensis with respect to the

narrow aedeagus and the mesodorsal narrow-scaled anterior pronotal lobe.

Pale erect forked scales of the vertex are most numerous in 7. yaeyamensis

(Table 15). Nine of the 20 females of j. shintienensis examined had 10 or

more pale scales, others had 4-9. Knight (1968) found a similar situation for

both populations. Thus, in this respect, j. yaeyamensis resembles j. shin-

tienensis. Miyagi (1971), however, showed that 4 of 6 females of j. shintienen-

sis examined had only 0-6 pale scales. The Taiwan population should be studied

more extensively. The narrow curved yellowish scales on the posterior pro-

notal lobe are most developed, and in this character, it is close to j. shintien-

ensis and 7. amamiensis (this is a character common to these subtropical

populations). Aedes j. yaeyamensis appears to be morphologically most dis-

tinct, and its isolation seems to be older than in any other population of japoni-

cus. The similarity to 7. shintienensis in the aedeagus, to which the highest

taxonomical weight should be given among the morphological characteristics,

suggests that j. yaeyamensis may have been derived from a common ancestral

form with j. shintienensis, and seems to have no direct relation with the north-

ern major population of japonicus.

Subspecies shintienensis (Fig. 218). This occurs in Taiwan. The aedeagus

is narrow (Table 17) and the tergosubapical bridge is distinct. In this char-

acter and in the scaling of the anterior and posterior pronotal lobes, j. shintien-

ensis resembles 7. yaeyamensis. Contrarily, in the most developed subbasal

band of the hindfemur, dark thoracic integument and female Ro index, it is

closer to j. japonicus than to j. yaeyamensis. It is evident that 7. shintienensis

is different from both the Yaeyama and the major northern populations.

We examined the type-male of Ae. eucleptes Dyar from Canton, South China,

318. Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

TABLE 15. Comparison of adult characteristics of the subspecies and

populations of Aedes (Finlaya) japonicus. (1).

JAPONICUS

re ONAN VAeVa ="Shinit—

Character Korea! Cheju Hokk. 2 H-S-K% ensis mensis enensis

Specimens

examined 4 20 21 32 21 20 20

Pale erect forked 10+ 2 5.0% 14.3% 21.9% 14.3% 90.0% 45.0%

scales of vertex 4-9 -- 20.0 O25 18. 8-23-08 10.0 20.0

(female) 1-3 2000 8000.0" 3313 9 2409 6 8b. - -

0 19005 °%°40,0° 942.9 (0 °37.5°>° 23.8 ~ ~

Specimens

examined 6 22 28 27 20 20 20

Scales of B 00.0 72.7 100.0 100.0 90.0 D. 0

anterior B>C 00.08. 2703 - - 10.0 05.0 95.0

pronotal B=C - - - - ~ = -

lobe (female) B<C “ - - - - 35.0 5.0

B: broad

C: crescent-

shaped

Specimens

examined 7 19 28 36 20 20 20

Scales of B>C+N ~ : 61; 97°) 52.8 - - “

posterior B=C>N “ - 10.7 eS ~ - ~

pronotal lobe B=C=N m 10.5 3.6 Ted ~ ~ 10.0

(female) Cy BAN: 10000 (8402. 14.3." 25. 0 - - -

B: broad C=N’7B - v= - Eda ~ ~ ~

C: crescent- N=B°C ~ ~ - ~ - ~ 10.0

shaped N?>B+C - Dio 3.6 8.3 100.0 100.0 80.0

N: narrow :

Korean Peninsula.

“ Hokkaido.

Honshu, Skikoku and Kyushu.

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 319

TABLE 16. Comparison of adult characteristics of the subspecies and

populations of Aedes (Finlaya japonicus. (2).

japonicus

amami- yaeya- shinti-

Character Korea! Cheju Hokk.2 H-S-K? ensis mensis enensis

Specimens

examined 5) 19 27 oa 20 20 Te

Costal - Long 20.0% ~--36.8 51.9 21.9 - 10.0 75.0

ventro- Medium “ 26.3222. 2 ¥ e937, 5 - 60.0 25.0

basal Very small 40.0 15, 8)718. O9 28. 1 45.0 25.0 -

mark Lacking 40.0 Ve We) ie ne aiaiae| 3) Swale) a. 0 -

(female)

Specimens

examined 6 at 24 36 20 39 20

Subbasal Complete 50.0 61.9 45.8 75.0 2.0 - 100.0

band of _Inter-

hindfemur mediate - 1433). 29°08 (b627 40.0 - -

(female) Incomplete 50.0 19.0 29.2 8.3 65. 0 ~ -

Lacking - 4.8 ~ - - 100. 0 ~

Specimens

examined 7 21 26 56 20 39 20

Basal Distinct ~ - 3.8 3.6 ~ ~ “

band of _—Inter-

hindtar- mediate - 4.8 26.9 D.4 25.0 a ao} ~

somere Lacking 100. 0 99.2-69.2-; 91-1 75.0 46.2 100.0

(female)

tence Peninsula.

eHokknido.

3 Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu.

320 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

TABLE 17. Comparison of adult characteristics of the subspecies and

populations of Aedes (Finlaya) japonicus. (3).

Character

Specimens

examined —

R92 index!

(male) %

Specimens

examined

R9 index!

(female) x

Specimens

examined

Aedeagus

length

width ae

IR» — (r9,9 X wing) x

for the lengths of Ro

wing by 2.8x5. ©

2K orean Peninsula

Hokkaido.

japonicus

Korea2 Cheju Hokk.? H-S-K

4 £0. ga

.91- 3.11- 2.56-

.16 4.73 4.10

H DO

3.46 3.60 3.27

7 9 10

3.24- 3.22- 3.09-

4.38 4.66 4.84

3.77 sa is amie ad

2 4) 4)

1.62- 1.72- 1.69-

1.81 2618 1.93

1.72 1. OU Te0S

amami- yaeya-

ensSiS Mensis

10 10

3.02- 1. 97-

3.93 3.01

3.36 2.52

10 10

3.40- 2.60-

5.16 3.907

4.29 3.03

8 7

1.71- 1. 81-

2.08 2.31

1.81 2.05

shinti-

Enensis

100. The values are effective in this discussion only,

and r9,3 were measured by 4 x 10 lenses, and that of

4H onshu, Shikoku and Kyushu.

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 321

TABLE 18. Siphon indices of the subspecies and populations of Aedes

(Finlaya) japonicus, :

Subspecies Population Specimens examined Range ~

japonicus Hokkaido 13 3.04-3.90 3.50

Honshu 29 2.90-3.75 3.39

Korean Peninsula 4. 2.99-3.64 3.34

Cheju Do 7 2.69-3.65 3.15

amamtensis 33 2.98-3.05 °2.85

yaeyamensis 12 3.41-4.03 3.69

shintienensis 4 3.12-3.65 3.44

one larva from Hong Kong and 10 larvae from Foochow, South China, in the

collection of the USNM, and 2 males and one female from Hong Kong, one male

from Kiukiang on the Yantze, and 5 larvae from Hong Kong, in the collection of

the British Museum (Natural History). The aedeagus on the associated genitalia

slide of the type-male of eucleptes was 1.72 as long as wide, it appears to be

compressed; in a male from Hong Kong, it was 1.89 as long as wide. The sub-

apical tergal bridge is distinct in both specimens. The scaling of the hindfemur

is identical with that of shintitenensis in all these adult specimens. A male from

Hong Kong had a pale basal band on hindtarsomere 4, in the other respect, it

does not appear to be different from shintienensis. The larvae were not studied

in detail, however, in these specimens, with exception of a few specimens from

Foochow, the detached apical pecten teeth are remarkably large and strong.

Although shintienensis appears to be different from eucleptes, the above data

are insufficient to conclude if they are identical. Further study is desirable.

BIONOMICS. Although Ae. japonicus is one of the more common mosqui-

toes in Japan, including the Ryukyus, its absence in Okinawa Gunto is difficult

to explain. Larvae occur in a wide variety of natural and artificial containers,

usually prefering shaded places and water containing rich organic matter; rock

holes appear to be the most favored immature habitat for this species. They

are found from early spring to autumn in central Japan. Adults live in forested

areas and are day biters but are apparently reluctent to bite man. However,

in the laboratory, they readily feed on chicks and mice but not on reptiles or

amphibians (Miyagi 1972b). They overwinter as eggs in northeastern Japan and

larvae in southwestern Japan (Kamimura 1976b).

MEDICAL SIGNIFICANCE. Chagin and Kondratiev (1943) reported an

experimental transmission of Japanese encephalitis virus by this species

(after Knight 1968), however, this may be a misidentification of Ae. koreicus.

Yamada (1927) did not consider this species a likely intermediate host of

Wuchereria bancrofti.

322 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

68. AEDES (FINLAYA) KOREIC US (EDWARDS)

(Figs. 96, 218; Tables 100, 101)

Ochlerotatus koreicus Edwards, 1917: 212 (%, ¢). Type-locality: Korea.

Aedes (Finlaya) koreicus: LaCasse and Yamaguti, 1950: 156 (C, 9°).

FEMALE (Fig. 218). Wing length 2.7-4.9 mm. Head. Eyes narrowly

separated above, moderately below. Vertex covered with narrow curved pale

scales, with a pair of large submedian patches of narrow curved dark scales,

erect forked scales frequently (18/29) entirely dark, sometimes pale ones

mixed in median area, eye margin more densely pale scaled; tempus covered

with broad white scales, with a patch of broad dark scales close to eye; 7 to

about 10 vertical bristles on each side, a few on interocular space yellowish

brown, others dark; 4 dark temporal bristles on each side, an additional

bristle far down on underside. Clypeus dark brown. Antenna: pedicel brown;

mesal side dark, covered with small broad scales, most often (14/23) with

more pale scales than dark ones, sometimes (8/23) all scales pale, rarely

(1/23) dark scales more abundant than pale ones (Table 19), a few fine

bristles intermixed; flagellum 0.73-0.76 (4) length of proboscis; flagellomere

1 1.50-1.62 (5) length of Flm 2, with dark scales except on narrow lateral sur-

face. Palpus 0.24-0.26 (4) length of proboscis, dark scaled; segment 3 2.11-

2.39 (5) length of 2,4 at most 0.11 (5) of 3. Proboscis 1. 03-1. 06 (4) of forefemur.

Thorax. Thoracic integument dark brown. Anterior pronotal lobe covered with

broad white scales, occasionally with mesodorsal crescent-shaped scales;

bristles mostly dark, some lateral ones yellowish brown. Posterior pronotal

lobe covered with broad and crescent-shaped white scales, and usually with a

few, sometimes many mixed dark scales (Table 19); bearing 4-7 mostly

yellowish brown bristles. Scutum covered with narrow curved dark and yellow-

ish brown scales, the yellowish brown scales forming a rather broad median

stripe, narrow anterior dorsocentral stripe, posterior dorsocentral stripe and

supraalar patch; the median stripe posteriorly bifurcate along prescutellar

margin, where the scales become paler; the posterior dorsocentral stripe just

laterad of series of posterior dorsocentral bristles, extending anteriorly along

scutal suture and almost reaching scutal angle; scales on anterior margin and

below the supraalar patch just anteriad of wing base whitish; all scutal bristles

present, mostly dark brown, some of supraalars pale brown, 4-8 fossals usually

near lateral and posterior margins. Scutellum with narrow curved dark scales

on both lateral lobes; median lobe with rather broad dark scales on each side

and narrow curved pale scales in-between; each lobe with 4-8 long dark bristles

together with a few short yellowish ones. Paratergite usually unscaled,

occasionally (4/29) with 1-4 white broad scales. Pleura with patches of broad

white scales on propleuron, postspiracular area, subspiracular area, lower

prealar knob, upper and lower-posterior sternopleuron, and upper mesepimeron;

postspiracular patch well developed and always larger than subspiracular one;

pleural bristles pale yellowish brown, many on propleuron, prealar knob,

upper to posterior sternopleuron, and upper mesepimeron, 3-8 postspiraculars,

no lower mesepimerals. Wing. Alula fringed with rather broad dark scales.

Costa sometimes (2/8) with some ventrobasal pale scales in Cheju Do popula-

tion. Cell Ro 2.45-2.97 (5) length of vein r9,3. Halter knob pale lateroapically

scaled, dark scaled otherwise. Legs. Forecoxa basally and apically pale

scaled, dark scaled in-between; midcoxa laterally and basally pale scaled,

anteroapically dark scaled, often entirely pale scaled; hindcoxa pale scaled.

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 323

Forefemur with narrow basal band, ventroapical spot, a narrow anterior streak

and a rather broad posteroventral streak of pale scales, the anterior streak

extending from base to middle or before it, the posteroventral streak from

base to middle or beyond it; midfemur with a narrow basal band and a distinct

apical band of pale scales, and partial apical fringe of dark scales, posterior

surface pale scaled in more than basal half; hindfemur with a broad apical band

of pale scales, and partial apical fringe of dark scales, pale scaled in basal

0.6 on both anterior and posterior surfaces; tibiae usually with a small ventro-

basal spot of pale scales; foretarsomeres 1 and 2, midtarsomeres 1-3 and hind-

tarsomeres 1-4 with pale basal bands, occasionally foretarsomeres 3 and 4,

midtarsomere 4 and hindtarsomere 5 with incomplete pale basal bands or pale

dorsobasal scales; femora, tibiae and tarsi otherwise dark scaled. Foretarso-

mere 5 longer than or equal to 4, midtarsomere 5 shorter than or equal to 4,

hindtarsomere 1 0.74-0.77 (5) length of tibia. Hindtarsal claw simple.

Abdomen. Tergum I with median patch of dark scales, occasionally pale

scales intermixed; II-VII dark scaled, with laterobasal patches of white scales,

usually with small mediobasal spots of white scales on III-V or more segments,

occasionally the spots developed into short basal bands but not fused with latero-

basal patches; VIII usually with pale basal band. Sterna dark scaled, with lat-

eroapically broadened basal bands of pale scales, the bands broader medially

in anterior segments; II with pale scales also medially and apically; VIII pale

scaled excepting unscaled apex.

MALE. Wing length 2.4-4.3 mm. Antenna: pedicel with a few scales and

bristles in 2 slide mounted specimens examined; flagellum 0. 71-0. 72 (2)

length of proboscis; flagellomere 1 with scales, Flm 12 1.26 length of Flm 13,

both 0.81 length of Flm 1-11; palpus 0. 82-0. 88 (2) length of proboscis, simple;

segments 4, 5 and apex of 3 only moderately bristled; length ratio of 2-5: 1.72-

1,80 : 2.17-2.27 : 1.28-1.37 : 1.00 (2). Proboscis 1.17 (2) length of forefe-

mur. Cell Ro 2.13-2.25 (2) length of vein r9,9. Fore- and midtarsomere 4

very short; foretarsomere 5 modified, with several stout ventrobasal setae

and a setiferous midventral process; midtarsomere 5 similar, but without

midventral process; hindtarsomere 1 0.76-0.79 (2) length of tibia. Anterior

claw of fore- and midtarsi with a blunt-tipped median and a sharp laterobasal

tooth; hindtarsal claw simple. Genitalia. Tergum IX unsclerotized; lobes con-

vex, moderately sclerotized, separated and produced, each with 7-10 rather

weak bristles. Sternum IX unsclerotized excepting basal border, with 3-6

bristles. Basistyle subcylindric, 3.5-3.9 as long as wide, broadest in apical

0.25, laterally and sternally scaled, tergally and sternally bristled, without

outstanding long bristles, with a stout thick bristle on mesal side at apical

0. 25-0. 33, apical and basal lobe absent; claspette stem pubescent, with 2-4

short setae on mesal side; filament simple, evenly arcuate, shorter than stem.

Dististyle slender, 0.54-0.61 (7) length of basistyle, curved in apical 0.33,

with 2 short setae on convex side near apex, pubescent on sternal side in basal

half; claw nearly straight, pigmented, shallowly bifurcate at apex, 0.23-0.27

(7) length of dististyle. Cercal tergal surface not sclerotized; 2-4 cercal

setae; paraproct with apex usually unicuspid, rarely bicuspid. Aedeagus

elliptic and slightly constricted distal to middle in tergal view, broadest at

basal 0.33-0.40, broadly open on tergal aspect in basal 0.67; apex shallowly

emarginate; sternal aspect open in apical 0.75.

LARVA* (Fig. 96). Head. Width 1.02-1.20 mm; usually brownish-yellow

*Description based on typical specimens collected on Korean Peninsula.

(cf. TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION).

324 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

or darker, 1.14-1.37 as wide as long; microsculpture somewhat more promin-

ent than in japonicus, consisting of curved transverse rows of minute tubercles,

appearing mesh-like laterally; labrum concave; seta 1-C pigmented, moderate-

ly slender, curved ventromesad, separated by about 1.33 times length; 4-6-C

roughly on same level, well anteriad of 7-C; usually, 9,12-C double, 14-C

single. Antenna bowed, 0.34-0.41 mm long, moderately spiculate; seta 1-A

2-4 branched, smooth to lightly barbed, inserted at basal 0.48-0.60 (x = 0. 54),

not attaining apex. Mandible and maxilla as in japonicus. Mentum plate with

19-26 teeth, median tooth about 1.5-2.0 width of immediate flanking teeth.

Thorax. Integument apparently not spiculate; setae 5,14-P, and 2-M usually

double; 7-P usually triple; 1-P and 9-T usually 3-4 branched; 14-M and 13-T

usually small, tufted, occasionally rather strong. Abdomen. Integument

with rows of extremely fine ventral spicules on JIJ-VIII, and coarser ones later-

ally on VIII; setae 2,7-I, 2,8-I, 2,14-IV, 8-V, 4,7,14-VI, 1,13,14-VII and

1-VIII usually single; 3-I, 5, 12-III and 6-IV usually double; barbing on 1-V,

VIII, 13-IV, VII quite variable, ranging from nearly smooth to quite strong.

Comb scales 30-72 (x = 54) ina roughly triangular patch; individual scales

usually broadly paddle-shaped, apical spicules stronger than the lateral ones;

sometimes, the strongest apical spicules subdivided. Szphon fairly uniformly

brown, with an incomplete darker brown basal ring; 0. 81-0.99 (x = 0.88) mm

long, index 2.72-3.31 (~ = 2.95); diameter usually noticeably less distad of

insertion of seta 1-S; acus small, attached; microsculpture of short slightly

curved transverse rows of minute spicules; pecten attaining basal 0. 46-0. 56

(x = 0.50), of 17-31 (x = 26.5) evenly spaced teeth, including 1-5 somewhat

reduced basal ones, the apicalmost teeth sometimes a little larger than the

others, but never detached, all teeth usually with 4-7 ventrobasal denticles;

1-S usually not quite attaining apex of siphon, about 1.33 times diameter of

siphon at insertion, usually inserted just beyond apical pecten tooth at basal

0.49-0.56 (x= 0.53), 10% of those examined being inserted proximad of the

apical pecten tooth; 2-S moderately slender, dark, subapical, usually 0.7-0.9

length of apical pecten tooth. Saddle covering dorsal half of segment X, 0.32-

0.38 mm long; microsculpture of short, transverse rows of needle-like spicules,

becoming larger caudad, culminating in several strong spines dorsad of seta

1-X, these spines sometimes subdivided; 1-X single, 1.00-1.35 saddle length;

4-X with 11-14 (usually 12), 2-7 branched cratal and 1-2, 1-5 branched pre-

cratal tufts. Anal gills elongate-fusiform, subequal, the dorsal gill 1.6-2.0

saddle length.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. KOREA. 490, 12492; with associated skins (1 1,

1p), 80 L, 21: Korean Peninsula (L-0815, L-0817, L-0821, L-0823, K-0824,

L-0826, L-0829, L-0839, L-0865, L-0868, L-0870, L-0872). 40, 9°; with

associated skins (11, 1p), 6 L, 21: Cheju Do (M-0852, M-0854, M-0855,

M-0862, M-0877).

DISTRIBUTION. KOREA (Korean Peninsula, Cheju Do). PRYMORYE.

NORTH CHINA.

TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION. Some morphological differences were found

between female adults collected on the Korean Peninsula and on Cheju Do.

The vertical erect forked scales are usually (18/20) entirely dark in the main-

land population, only one specimen had one pale scale and one other had 4 pale

scales; while in the Cheju Do population, all 9 specimens examined had 1-10

pale scales, specimens having 1-3 pale scales were most frequent (6/9). The

Cheju Do population had more crescent-shaped scales on the anterior pronotal

lobe, though definitely fewer than broad scales, than in the peninsula population.

These variations may be clinal variations.

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 325

Aedes koreicus is extremely closely related to Ae. japonicus japonicus.

The ranges of variation of all the differentiating characteristics found in adults

and larvae overlap. However, these characters show distinctly different ten-

dencies of variation; viz., pedicel with usually (95. 7%) more pale scales than

dark scales in koreicus, while usually (87.9%) more dark scales than pale

scales in j. japonicus; posterior pronotal lobe usually (89. 2%) with dark scales

in koreicus, usually (92.7%) without them in j. japonicus; subspiracular area

usually (87.8%) with a distinct patch of pale scales in koreicus, 93.0% of

j. japonicus lacking scales on it; costa usually (92. 9%) entirely dark in korei-

cus, usually (84.5%) with ventrobasal pale or gray scales, often (62.6%) form-

ing a distinct mark in j. japonicus; hindfemur almost always (97.4%) entirely

pale basally in koreicus, almost always (98.9%) with a complete or incomplete

dark subbasal band in 7. japonicus; hindtarsomere 4 always with a distinct pale

basal band in koreicus, usually (87.3%) entirely dark inj. japonicus. These

are summarized in Tables 19-20. Aedes koreicus larvae always lack detached

simple pecten teeth. This character was extremely rare (less than 1%) in

specimens of j. japonicus, though they were found in Hokkaido, Honshu and ~

Yakushima (an island off southern Kyushu). (The adults (females) from 3

individually reared larvae having the koveicus-type siphon - one each from

Hakkoda Mts., northern Honshu; Akaishi spa, central Honshu; and Yakushima

- were typical j. japonicus.) Some precratal tufts of 4-X usually occur in

koreicus, inj. japonicus, specimens having precratal tufts were found in less

than 5% of the Odaigahara population, only a few specimens lacking precratal

tufts were found in robust koreicus. The apical spines on the saddle are of

complex form in koreicus, usually simple in japonicus, though some specimens

having subdivided apical spines are rarely found in the Hokkaido population of

japonicus. In addition to this morphological evidence, they are sympatric at

least in southern Korea including Cheju Do. Thus, they can be considered as

fully distinct species in spite of the apparent identity of the male genitalia.

Mating incompatibility between them reported by Miyagi and Lee (1975) appears

an additional good reason to consider them as distinct. In Korea, kovreicus

seems to have adapted better to the urban environment than japonicus.

Like japonicus, the larvae of koreicus also appear to have typical and

robust forms, the robust form is characterized by extreme development of

setae 14-M and 13-T, many other setae also appear stronger and more heavily

barbed in the robust form. A separate chaetotaxy table (Table 101) is

presented for the robust form. The classical means of separating koreicus

larvae from japonicus larvae mentioned above (pecten teeth, precratal tufts of

4-X and apical spines of saddle) are complicated by the occurrence of "koreicus -

type"’ japonicus or "japonicus -type" koreicus, Therefore, some supplementary

characters are presented to aid in the separation of typical and robust forms of

Rkoveicus and japonicus:

1. The following combination of characters of typical Roreicus will separate

them from typical japonicus, except for the typical form of 7. amamiensis:

setae 12-C and 3-I usually double, 1-I usually 4-6 branched, 8-II usually single,

7-III usually 3-4 branched and 7-V 2-4 branched. Aedes japonicus amamiensis

is typified by having setae 5, 7-P usually both single, and 1-P, 8,14-V usually

double (usually 2-3, 3, 3-4, 1 and 1 branched respectively in Roreicus); and in

having the dorsal anal gill noticeably longer than the ventral gill (subequal in

koreicus and most other japonicus).

2. Robust Roreicus may be separated from robust japonicus by the following

combination of characters: seta 13-T usually 2-5 branched and strongly barbed,

o-I 2-4 branched, 13-III usually 4-6 branched, 13-IV 4-7 branched, 2-X usually

326

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

4-5 branched and 1-S usually 6-7 branched; siphon length 0.74-0.81 (x = 0.79)

mm, head length divided by siphon length: 1.01-1.11 (x = 1.07).

3. Three specimens of japonicus with the koreicus-type of siphon found on

Yakushima can be immediately separated from koreicus by the single setae

5, 7-P. They also have seta 1-P double, 3-I single, 3-VIII 4-6 branched, 2-X

triple and 15-18 (x = 16.3) pecten teeth (usually, 3-4, 2, 6-9, and 4 branched,

respectively; 17-31 (x = 26.5) pecten teeth in koreicus).

TABLE 19. Comparison of female adult characteristics of Aedes (Finlaya)

japonicus and Ae. (Fin.) koreicus. (1). |

Character

Scales of

pedicel

P: pale

D: dark

Dark scales

Specimens

examined

Ped

P=D

P< D

Specimens

examined

Present

of posterior Absent

pronotal

lobe

Sub-

spiracular

scales

Costal

ventro-

basal

mark

Specimens

examined

1-3

Specimens

examined

Long

Medium

Very small

Lacking

Shinti-

enensis

japonicus

yaeya- amamti-

MENS1S EnStS

20 20

2 5.0%

- 5.0

100.0% 985.0

- 5.0

20 20

100.0 100.0

20 20

- 35.0

100.0 65.0

20 20

10.0 -

60.0 “

250 45.0

50 55.0

koreicus

japoni-

Cus

99 23

~ 34.8%

3.0% 60.9

9.1 -

85.9 4.3

2.0 -

109 37

133 89.2

92.7 10.8

115 41

- 29.3

0.9 58.5

6.1 12.2

93.0

83 28

34.9 -

Qh7 -

22.9 Tel

14.5 92.9

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 327

TABLE 20. Comparison of female adult characteristics of Aedes (Finlaya)

japonicus and Ae. (Fin.) koreicus. (2).

japonicus Rkoveicus

Character

Sshinti- yaeya- amami- japoni-

enensis mensis €Nnsts Cus

Specimens

examined 20 39 20 87 39

Subbasal Complete 100. 0% _ 5.0% 62.1% “

band of Intermediate - - 40.0 17.2 ~

hindfemur Incomplete - : 55.0 19.5 2.6%

Lacking ~ 100. 0% ~ iat 97.4

Specimens

examined 2°20 39 20 110 37

Basal band Distinct - ~ ~ aot 100.0

of hind- Intermediate - 90. 8225.0 10.0 -

tarsomere Lacking 100.0 AG LAE SE TOAO 87.3 ~

BIONOMICS. Common in Korea. Larvae occur in a wide variety of natural

and artificial containers, more abundant in human-inhabited areas than Ae.

japonicus. Adult females bite man and farm animals (Gutsevich et al. 1970).

MEDICAL IMPORTANCE. Experimental transmission of Japanese ence-

phalitis virus by Ae. koreicus has been reported in the USSR (Gutsevich et al.

1970).

69. AEDES (FINLAYA) HATORII YAMADA

(Figs. 97, 98, 219; Table 102)

Aedes hatorii Yamada, 1921: 70 (“). Type-locality: Taihoku, Taiwan;

Yamada 1932: 223, Honshu, Japan.

Aedes (Finlaya) hatorii: LaCasse and Yamaguti, 1950: 166 (“, 2, L); Chu

1956: 42, Korea.

FEMALE (Fig. 219). Wing length 3.6-4.7 mm. Head, Eyes narrowly

separated above, contiguous below. Vertex including interocular space covered

with narrow curved pale scales, with a pair of submedian patches of narrow

curved dark scales, some broad dark scales laterally in this patch; eye margin

more densely pale scaled; many erect forked scales over vertex except on

anterior margin, medially pale, laterally dark; tempus covered with broad

pale scales, with a patch of broad dark scales within pale-scaled area; 7 to

328 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

about 10 vertical bristles including those on interocular space on each side,

lateral ones dark, others yellowish brown; 4-5 dark temporal bristles on each

side, and one bristle far down on underside. Clypeus rather dark brown.

Antenna: pedicel testaceous, mesal side somewhat darker, densely covered

with small scales, dark above and pale below, with at most one or 2 fine

bristles; flagellum 0.73-0.82 (8) length of proboscis; flagellomere 1 1.37-1. 68

length of Flm 2, with dark scales. Palpus 0.26-0.30 (8) length of proboscis,

mostly dark scaled, apex pale scaled, a few pale scales basally intermixed;

segment 3 1. 81-2. 43 (8) length of 2; 4 at most 0.12 length of 3. Proboscis

1.01-1.14 (8) length of forefemur. Thovax. Pronotal integument rather dark

brown; anterior lobe covered with broad white scales, varying amount of dark

scales on mesal 0.33, with dark mesal bristles, pale brown ones laterally;

posterior lobe covered with broad white scales, with broad dark scales or

unscaled on middle of posterior half, bearing 4-7 pale brown bristles, occasion-

ally some of them dark. Scutum with integument dark brown, covered with

narrow curved, dark brown and yellowish brown scales, the yellowish brown

scales forming an indistinctly doubled median stripe, anterior and posterior

dorsocentral stripes (the lattermost just laterad of series of posterior dorso-

central bristles) extending anterolaterally along scutal angle; the yellowish

brown scales present also on anterior margin and prescutellar space except

unscaled midposterior part, scattered on supraalar area just behind scutal

suture, and forming a patch above wing base, the patch occasionally fused with

posterior dorsocentral stripe; all scutal bristles present, mostly dark brown,

some on anterior margin, supraalar area and prescutellar space pale brown.

Scutellum with narrow curved, pale yellowish scales, each lobe with 6-13

mostly dark brown bristles, some shorter bristles yellowish brown. Parater-

gite with broad white scales. Pleural integument dark brown; patches of broad

white scales on propleuron, postspiracular area, subspiracular area, lower

prealar knob, upper and lower-posterior sternopleuron, upper mesepimeron,

the upper mesepimeral patch almost divided; pleural bristles pale yellowish

brown, many on propleuron, prealar knob, upper to posterior sternopleuron

and upper mesepimeron, 2-8 postspiraculars, no lower mesepimerals. Wing.

Alula fringed with narrow dark scales. Cell Ro 1.98-3.30 length of vein roi3.

Halter knob dorsally dark scaled, ventrally pale scaled. Legs. Forecoxa

laterobasally and anteroapically pale scaled, dark scaled in-between; midcoxa

with a basal patch of white scales and an anteroapical patch of white and dark

scales; hindcoxa white scaled. Femora with basal and apical bands of white

scales, the apical bands of fore- and midfemora incomplete; that of hindfemur

extending slightly ventroproximally; forefemur with a narrow pale streak on

anterior side, and a broad pale streak on posterior half of ventral surface;

midfemur with a narrow pale streak on anterior surface, posterior surface pale

in basal 0.67, with a diffused pale streak in apical 0.33; hindfemur pale scaled

in basal 0.67 of both anterior and posterior surfaces, pale area on anterior

surface usually slightly longer, both pale areas apically narrowed. Tibiae

with complete basal and incomplete apical bands; foretibia with a narrow pale

streak on posterior surface. Fore- and midtarsi with one basal band and 2

articular bands of pale scales; the articular bands usually incomplete ventrally

in foretarsus, usually complete in midtarsus; midtarsomere 3 occasionally with

apical incomplete band; hindtarsus with one basal and 3 usually complete articu-

lar bands, hindtarsomere 5 entirely pale scaled. Femora, tibiae and tarsi

otherwise dark scaled. Foretarsomere 5 longer than or equal to 4; midtarso-

mere 5 shorter than or equal to 4; hindtarsomere 1 0.68-0. 74 length of tibia.

Hindtarsal claw simple. Abdomen. Tergum I with a small median patch of

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 329

dark scales; II-VIII dark scaled, with laterobasal patches of pale scales; anteri-

or terga with basal bands of pale scales, the bands usually fused with latero-

basal patches. Sterna II-VI dark scaled, with mesally narrowed basal bands

of pale scales, occasionally several pale apical scales; sternum VIII unscaled.

MALE (Figs. 97, 219). Wing length 2.5-4.0 mm. Antenna: pedicel gla-

brous; flagellum 0. 63-0.71 (8) length of proboscis; flagellomere 12 1. 00-1. 22

length of Flm 13, both 0.84-1.11 of Flm 1-11. Palpus 0.96-1.00 (8) length of

proboscis; segment 5 with a pale basal dorsolateral spot; apex of 3 turned up-

wards, with long bristles; 4 with long bristles; 5 with shorter bristles; length

ratio of 2-5: 1.59-1.70: 2.09-2.20: 1.14-1.25 : 1.00 (8). Proboscis 1.15-

1.33 (8) length of forefemur. Cell Rg 1.58-2.35 (8) length of vein 5.9. Fore-

and midtarsomere 4 very short; 5 with several stout ventrobasal setae, without

midventral process; hindtarsomere 1 0. 73-0. 78 (8) length of tibia. Anterior

claw of fore- and midtarsi with a blunt-tipped median and a sharp laterobasal

tooth; hindtarsal claw simple. Genitalia. Tergum IX poorly sclerotized; lobes

rounded, protrudent, with 8-15 medium-sized bristles. Sternum IX oblong,

with 5-10 bristles. Basistyle cylindrical, 4.0-5.0 as long as midsternal width,

laterally and sternally scaled, bristled throughout, no outstanding long bristles;

basal tergomesal lobe poorly differentiated, only slightly convex and a little

more densely bristled (more distinctly convex in 3 examples from Korea);

claspette stem pubescent, with 3-5 short setae; filament about as long as stem,

narrow, evenly arcuate, apex hooked. Dististyle slender, slightly basally

broadened, 0.46-0. 54 (7) length of basistyle, pubescent in basal half, with 2-3

short apical setae; claw nearly straight, bifurcate at tip, pigmented, 0.21-0.24

(7) length of dististyle. Cercal tergal surface membranous; 2-5 cercal setae

on each side in middle; paraproct with apex uni- or bicuspid. Aedeagus bul-

bous in tergal view, markedly expanded in apical half, 1.40-1.83 (8) as long as

broad, weakly sclerotized, tergally closed but with a large tergobasal orifice,

apparently sternally open except on basal area; apex emarginate.

LARVA (Fig. 98). Head. Width 1.12-1.19 mm; fairly dark brown, 1. 22-

1.35 (x = 1.27) as wide as long; seta 1-C moderately slender, separated by

1.25-1.50 their length; 4-6-C anteriad of 7-C; 4-C small, fine, branched from

basal 0.33, slightly caudad of 5-C; 5-7-C somewhat fan-shaped; 5-C rarely with

a few fine barbs; 6-C nearly directly laterad of, and slightly longer than 5-C,

sometimes with a few fine barbs; 9-C usually double; 10-C usually single; 14-C

stiff, dark. Antenna slightly bowed, brownish, becoming apically darker,

about 0.5 length of head, moderately spiculate, the spicules somewhat coarser

and sparser in apical half; seta 1-A with 2-5 (usually 4-5) moderately barbed

branches, inserted at basal 0.38-0.51 (¥ = 0.43), not attaining apex of shaft,

2,3-A subapical, 2-A about 0.20-0.25 length of shaft, often appearing subacute.

Mandible with 12-20 microspines varying from small, pale and needle-like to

fairly stout and dark; mandibular comb of 20-23 long, nearly straight, pig-

mented setiform teeth. Cutting organ with DS; relatively long and slender,

DS2 short; both dorsal teeth unicuspid, an accessory denticle bearing at least

8 pale elongate acute projections in a crown-like pattern; VT;_3 subequal, tri-

angular; lateral denticles apparently absent; VB, strong, pigmented, nearly

straight, not quite attaining tip of VT, with mesal pectination becoming

shorter and finer distad; pectinate brush of 10-13 mesally long pectinate hairs.

Piliferous process with labula at most slightly extending beyond apex of anteri-

or portion. Mandibular hairs very long, (5-6) + (7-9), 12-15 in total. Mavxilla.

Cardo as in japonicus; seta 1-Mx strong, dark, usually bifurcate in basal 0. 20-

0.25, rarely single or triple, longer than 14-C, nearly attaining base of 2-Mx.

Mesostipes 1.2-1.3 as long as wide, pear-shaped, with mesal area rather

330 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

broadly detached, marginal spicules stiff, but not spine-like; pseudoartis

fused with cranium at apex; stipital sensoria at or somewhat distad of middle,

without basal ring; 4-Mx rather strong, pigmented, distad of level of 2-Mx.

Lacinia with 5-Mx somewhat distad of stipital sensoria; 6-Mx apparently bi-

laterally fringed; hairs of maxillary brush rather short and stiff. Palpostipes

broad, 0.4 length of mesostipes, mesobasally fused with mesostipes, apex

bearing 5 palpal sensoria, 8; largest, So much smaller, Sg elongate, S4 a

little shorter than $3; S5 elongate. Mentum plate with 18-22 teeth, median

tooth 1.67 as broad as immediate flanking teeth, lateralmost flanking teeth

somewhat reduced. Thorax. Integument apparently smooth; setae 1-3-P ona

common sclerotized callus, 1-P subequal to cranium in length, 3-P about 0. 67

length of 1-P; sclerotized basal calli of 5,6-P usually confluent; 8-P short,

smooth to coarsely barbed; 1-M, T stoutly developed, arising from prominent

sclerotized calli, usually double, 1-M 0.38-0.54 length of head, 1-T 0.29-

0.51 length of 1-M; 9-T usually triple, subequal to 10-T; 12-T usually single.

Abdomen. Except segment I, integument usually at least somewhat spiculate,

especially so on VIII and on X ventrad of the saddle; seta 1-I similar to, but

usually shorter than 1-T; 2-I-VII and 9-II-VI short, dark, relatively stout in

appearance; 11-I, II, and 5-III,IV similar, but not quite as stiff; 2,7,13-I, 8-H, —

12-IJI, IV, and 14-VII usually single; 11-IJ-V, 13-IlI, 4, 7,8,11-VI, 3,10-VI

usually double; 13-IV, V usually triple, well developed, but definitely shorter

than 6-IV, V; 1,3,10-VII, and 5-VIII quite thick in proportion to length but

apparently not stiff. Comb scales 55-85 (x =69.2) in an oblong patch, individual

scales broadly paddle shaped, apicolaterally fringed with short fine spicules.

Siphon yellowish brown, with a dark brown incomplete basal ring; index 2. 37-

2.70, x = 2.50; acus attached, elongate; microsculpture of short transverse

rows of minute spicules; pecten extending beyond middle, of 16-25 (x = 21.1)

evenly spaced teeth, the basal 5-10 teeth usually somewhat reduced, the

remaining teeth becoming progressively longer distad, each tooth with 3-7

ventrobasal denticles; seta 1-S inserted slightly distad and ventrad of pecten,

subequal to or a little longer than siphonal diameter at insertion; 2-S dark, sub-

apical, about 0.33 length of apical pecten tooth. Saddle covering 0.5 or less of

segment X, 0.38-0.40 mm long, covered with short transverse rows of

needle-like spicules, the spicules becoming more prominent caudad, culmin-

ating in a row of strong, dark acute spines on dorsocaudal margin; 1-X dark,

rather stiff, usually single, 0.73-1.05 saddle length; 2-X 2.5-3.0 saddle length;

4-X of 12-13 (usually 12), 2-8 branched cratal tufts, the subcaudal hairs usually

double and longest. Anal gills elongate, somewhat fusiform, subequal, usually

2.5-3.0 length of saddle.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN. 250, 309; with associ-

ated skins (61, 6 p), 29 L, 471: Honshu (C-1817, C-1902, C-1908, D-0004).

KOREA. 17°, 112; with associated skins (21, 2 p), 51: Korean Peninsula

(L-0872, L-0879, L-0889). 2ic, 459, 21: Cheju Do (M-0842, M-0846,

M-0852, M-0853, M-0861, M-0862, M-0877, M-0887, M-0888).

DISTRIBUTION. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN. (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu,

Tsushima). KOREA (Korean Peninsula, Cheju Do). TAIWAN. SOUTH CHINA.

BIONOMICS. Rather common. Larvae occur in rock holes or rock pools,

occasionally in artificial containers such as cement tanks. The peak of larval

populations occur during July to September; eggs and mature larvae overwinter

in central Honshu (Ebine 1969). Adult females feed on mice in the laboratory,

but not on man (Kamimura 1976b).

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 331

70. AEDES (FINLAYA) TOGOI(THEOBALD)

(Figs. 99, 100, 220; Table 103)

Culicelsa togoi Theobald, 1907: 379 (2). Type-locality: Osaka, Japan.

Aedes togoi: Yamada, 1927: 585, Fusan, Korea.

Aedes (Finlaya) togoi: Bohart and Ingram, 1946b: 66, Okinawa Is. and le Is.,

Ryukyu Archipelago; LaCasse and Yamaguti 1950: 161 (%, ¢, L); Bohart

1956 (1957): 28, Chichijima, Ogasawara Isls. ; Iwojima (on the ship

between Iwojima and Agrihan Is.), Volcano Isls.

FEMALE (Fig. 220). Wing length 3.1-4.3 mm. Head. Eyes narrowly

separated above. Vertex covered with white or slightly narrow curved yellow-

ish scales on median line including interocular space, eye margin and a broad

posterior area, with a pair of large anterior patches of narrow curved or

crescent-shaped, dark scales; numerous dark erect forked scales over entire

vertex, usually with some pale ones intermixed in median area; tempus

covered with broad white scales above and below, with dark ones in-between;

8-13 vertical and 3-5 (usually 4) temporal bristles on each side, an additional

bristle far ventrad, 2-3 most mesal vertical bristles yellowish, others dark.

Clypeus dark brown. Antenna: pedicel brown, mesal surface darker and

heavily covered with white scales, often dark scales intermixed; flagellum

0. 60-0. 67 (5) length of proboscis; flagellomere 1 1.67-1.79 length of Flm 2,

with dark scales. Palpus 0.25-0.27 (5) length of proboscis, mainly dark

scaled, with pale scales at apex of segment 3, often a few pale scales scattered

dorsally and laterally; 3 1.75-2.05 (5) length of 2; 4 very small or lacking.

Proboscis 1.07-1.14 (5) length of forefemur. Thorax. Pronotal integument

dark brown; anterior lobe covered with broad pale scales, usually with some

dark scales in middle, with bristles mostly dark, fewer yellowish bristles

laterally; posterior lobe densely covered with broad scales, pale on margins,

dark at center; bearing 3-7 mostly yellowish brown bristles. Scutum with

integument very dark brown, covered with narrow curved, dark and yellowish

scales, the yellowish scales forming a double acrostichal stripe, anterior and

posterior dorsocentral stripes, covering margin of prescutellar space and

margin of scutum from anterior promontory to wing root, the anterior dorso-

central stripe free at posterior end, the posterior dorsocentral stripe extending

anterolaterally along scutal suture; the yellowish scales on margins of scutum

paler and a little broader; all scutal bristles present, very dark brown, fossal

area including humeral margin with 7 to more than 10 (usually about 10 or more)

scattered bristles. Scutellum covered with narrow curved, yellowish or whit-

ish scales, each lobe bearing 5 to more than 10 (usually about 10 or more)

long and medium dark bristles together with a few additional short yellowish

ones. Paratergite with broad pale scales. Pleural integument brown to dark

brown; patches of broad white scales on propleuron, postspiracular area, sub-

spiracular area, lower prealar knob, upper and lower-posterior sternopleuron,

and mesepimeron (covering upper 0.67); pleural bristles mostly yellowish,

7-12 propleurals, 3-7 postspiraculars, more than 10 prealars, sternopleurals

and upper mesepimerals, 1-3 (very rarely 0) lower mesepimerals, often a few

very narrow slender white scales present at anteroventral 0.33 around lower

mesepimeral bristles. Wing. Alula fringed with dark, longer lanceolate and

shorter round-tipped scales. Costa with pale scales ventrally at base. Cell

Ro 1.62-2.31 length of vein ro9,,. Halter with knob pale and dark scaled. Legs.

Forecoxa pale basally and anteroapically scaled, broadly dark scaled in-between;

332 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

midcoxa basally and mediolaterally pale scaled, anteroapically dark scaled;

hindcoxa basally and apically pale scaled. Femora with apical fringe and very

narrow basal band of pale scales; forefemur with a streak of pale scales on

anterior surface usually extending from base to about apical 0.75, pale scaled

on posterior half of ventral surface; midfemur with a similar anterior streak,

pale scaled on basal half or more of posterior surface; hindfemur pale scaled

on basal 0. 60-0. 67 of anterior, posterior and ventral surfaces. Tibiae with

apical fringe and often with basal spot of pale scales. Foretarsomeres 1 and 2

with both basal and apical bands of pale scales, 3 with basal band and occasion-

ally apical pale scales, 4 and 5 entirely dark, or often with basal band or basal

pale scales, 4 rarely with apical pale scales; midtarsomeres 1 and 2 with both

basal and apical bands, 3 and 4 with basal band and apical pale scales, the

latter often lacking on 4,5 entirely dark or with basal pale scales; hindtarso-

meres 1-4 with both basal and apical bands, 5 with usually incomplete basal

band; the apical tarsomeral bands often incomplete; femora, tibiae and tarsi

otherwise dark scaled. Foretarsomere 5 longer than 4, midtarsomere 5 equal

to or slightly longer than 4; hindtarsomere 1 0.71-0. 78 length of tibia. All

claws unidentate. Abdomen. Tergum I with a median patch of dark scales, a

few pale scales usually mixed; II-VI dark scaled, with laterobasal patches and

narrow basal bands of white scales; the latter usually laterally continuous with

the laterobasal patch, often incomplete or dorsally reduced; VIII with pale basal

scales. Sterna II-VII dark scaled, with large laterobasal patches of white

scales extending mesally to form complete or incomplete basal bands; II occa-

sionally almost entirely pale scaled; VOI with pale basal scales. Seminal cap-

sules 3.

MALE (Figs. 100, 220). Wing length 2.6-3.6 mm. Scutal yellowish stripes

often ill defined; in one specimen, yellowish scales spread over almost all the

scutum. Flagellum 0.57-0.61 (4) length of proboscis, flagellomere 12 1. 06-

1.21 (5) length of Flm 13, both 0.76-0.83 (5) of Flm 1-11. Palpus 0. 73-0. 81

(5) length of proboscis, with 2 articular bands of pale scales on joints 3-4 and

4-5; segments 4 and 5 with bristles of moderate length and number; length ratio

of 2-5: 0.95-1.17: 1.34-1.50 : 1.18-1.26: 1.00 (5). Proboscis 1. 21-1. 34 (5)

length of forefemur. Lower mesepimeral bristles usually lacking in the popula-

tions of Honshu (9/10), Mikura Is. (14/16) and Ogasawara Is. (10/10), often

absent (6/10) in Cheju Do population, rarely absent (1/10) in Yaeyama popula-

tion. Cell Ro 1.30-2.00 times as long as vein To,3- Fore- and midtarsomere

4 short; 5 weakly modified, with a few stout ventrobasal setae; hindtarsomere

1 0.74-0.81 length of tibia. Anterior claw of fore- and midtarsi with a blunt-

tipped median and a sharp laterobasal tooth; hindtarsal claw with sharp median

tooth. Genitalia. Tergum IX with lobes sclerotized, a little protrudent and

rather approximated, together forming an apically emarginate, transverse

median lobe, 0.22-0.28 (x = 0.25) as wide as basistyle length; each lobe bear-

ing 10-16 medium-sized bristles. Sternum IX subquadrate, with 5-9 bristles

of varying lengths, occasionally with 1-2 scales. Basistyle triangularly

expanded mesally on sternal aspect at about basal 0.4, 2.3-2.9 as long as wide

including the sternal expansion, scaled except on mesal side, bristled except on

basal 0.67 of lateral surface, this unbristled area tergally expanded at base and

sternally in basal half, sternal mesal margin bearing many long striated setae,

some striated setae intermixed among ordinary bristles at apex and on mesal

side of tergal surface; apical lobe absent; basal tergomesal lobe undifferentiated;

claspette stem short, hirsute; filament semicircular, of about even width, moder-

ately pigmented, apex slightly hooked. Dististyle slender, slightly narrowed

toward apex, 0.49-0.59 (x = 0.53) length of basistyle, slightly arcuate, minutely

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 333

ciliate on proximal portion, with one or 2 small setae near apex; claw slender,

0.16-0.22 length of dististyle, pigmented. Cercal tergal surface unsclerotized;

2-4 cercal setae; paraproct with apex usually unicuspid, occasionally bicuspid.

Aedeagus acorn-shaped or oblong, 2.04-2.47 (x =2.25) as long as wide, ter-

gally closed in apical half, with a large tergobasal opening, sternally open.

LARVA (Fig. 99). Head. Width 0.94-1.18 mm; rather dark brown, 1.1-

1.3 as wide as long; labrum not concave; seta 1-C rather slender, slightly

shorter than distance between bases, often frayed at apex; 4-6-C on same level,

anterior to 7-C; 6-C well laterad of and usually with fewer branches than 5-C;

10,14-C usually single. Antenna usually dark brown, 0.26-0.36 mm long,

shorter than head, slightly curved in apical 0.25, spinulate, spinules very few

and fine in distal part, numerous and stronger in proximal part; 1-A inserted

at apical 0.33-0.52, usually not reaching apex of shaft, with 2-6 rather stiff,

simple branches. Mandible with a number of needle-like simple microspines.

Cutting organ with long slender seta DS; and short DS» (DS1 appearing to be

the most mesal tooth of mandibular comb); dorsal teeth fairly large, lateral

tooth bicuspid, mesal tooth with one or 2 mesal denticles, a row of several

small accessory denticles; VT;_3 equal, VT-4 not reaching apex of VI9; VB,

not reaching apex of VT9, VBo a little shorter than VBy, very slender; pectin-

ate brush about 8 haired. Mandibular hairs 12-14. Maxilla. Cardo as in

japonicus; seta 1-Mx single. Mesostipes 1.0-1.2 as long as wide, with mesal

area rather broadly detached, marginal spicules short, strong, spine-like;

pseudoartis separated from cranium; stipital sensoria thick, at distal 0. 33,

without basal ring; 4-Mx slender, pigmented. Lacinia with 5-Mx somewhat

distad of stipital sensoria; 6-Mx thick, barbed; hairs of maxillary brush rather

short and stiff. Palpostipes moderately broad, 0.4-0.5 length of mesostipes,

without mesobasal fusion with mesostipes; apex with 5 palpal sensoria,

S37 S147S4? 89755 in length. Mentum plate with 30-36 (x = 33.1) small teeth.

Thorax. Prothoracic setae rather slender; seta 8-P very small; 11-M, T

usually single. Abdomen. Seta 6-I usually triple; 7-I, II usually double, more

slender and shorter than 6-I, II respectively; 10,12-I, 14-III,IV, 3,8, 12-V,

3-VI, 7-VII and 2-VIII usually single; 3-I, II, 12-II, 4-IV and 6-VI usually

double; 3-VII always single, fairly strong, barbed and distinctly longer and

stouter than usually double 4-VII; 13-VII moderate to stiff; 5-VIII stout with

very acute apices and fine barbs, not frayed. Comb scales 64-167 (x =86. 4)

in a patch, individual scales rounded at apex, somewhat fan-shaped, evenly

fringed with spicules. Siphon short, usually dark brown, with acus attached,

surface with distinct imbrication; length 0.54-0.72 mm, index 1. 75-2. 30;

pecten reaching a little distad of middle to apical 0.33, of 18-27 closely spaced,

dark brown, long teeth, occasionally with a few abortive teeth at base, each

tooth with several ventrobasal denticles; seta 1-S located beyond pecten at

apical 0.19-0.28, longer than width of siphon; 2-S subapical, relatively stout,

shorter than apical pecten tooth, extending beyond apex of siphon. Saddle

covering only dorsal aspect of segment X, 0.40-0.53 mm long, apex with vary-

ing number of small spines, usually very few or none in Ogasawara population;

imbrication developed toward apex, each with a few fine spicules; seta 1-X off

saddle, usually single, equal to or slightly shorter than saddle; 4-X of 12-14

tufts, usually all on grid, each with 5-15 branches. Anal gills very short.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN. 150’, 42, 39 L: Honshu

(C-2174, D-0007, D-0022, Laboratory colony of 406th Medical Laboratory,

originated in Manazuru and Jogashima, Kanagawa Pref.). 160°, 9°; with asso-

ciated skins (41, 4p), 19 L, 211: Izu Shichito (C-1535). KOREA. 240 420%;

with associated skins (51, 5p), 3 L, 41: Cheju Do (M-0864). RYUKYU ARCHI-

334 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

PELAGO. 730, 789; with associated skins (201, 20 p), 22 L, 91: Yaeyama

Gunt6 (K-0929, K-1766, K-1767, K-1768, K-1769, K-1770, K-2047, K-2048).

- OGASAWARA ISLS. 130, 112; with associated skins (61, 6p), 8L, 31

(N-1181).

DISTRIBUTION. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN (Hokkaido, Honshu, Izu Shichitd,

Shikoku, Kyushu, Yakushima, Tsushima). KOREA (Korean Pen., Cheju Do).

RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO (Amami, Okinawa, Miyako and Yaeyama Gunt6).

OGASAWARA ISLANDS. ?VOLCANO ISLANDS. SOUTHERN KURILE ISLANDS.

SAKHALIN. SOUTH PRYMORYE. NORTH AND SOUTH CHINA. TAIWAN.

MARCUS ISLAND. THAILAND (Koh Samui Is.). MALAYA. BRITISH COLUM-

BIA.

BIONOMICS. Common in coastal regions throughout Japan including the

Ryukyus. Larvae usually occur in tidal pools or rock pools of salt or brackish

water, also occasionally in containers with fresh water. Adult females bite

man throughout the day. They also feed on reptiles and amphibians in the

laboratory (Miyagi 1972b). Autogenous strains have been reported (Tadano

1977). Adult females are capable of dispersing over long distances (Wada

1975).

As with many species of mosquitoes, nectar appears to be an important

energy source. Experiments in Japan indicate considerable differences in

survival of togoi fed on various flowers, with greater longevity of those feeding

on flowers of woody plants (chestnut, privet, etc.) than those on herbaceous

plants (Harada et al. 1972).

MEDICAL SIGNIFICANCE. Aedes togoi has been found a natural vector of

Brugia malayi which occurs, in Japan, only on Hachijo-kojima, a very small

island in Izu-Shichitd (Sasa et al. 1952). It is also an excellent experimental

intermediate host for Wuchereria bancrofti, Dirofilaria immitis, etc. Trans-

mission of the virus of Japanese encephalitis by this species was experimental-

ly demonstrated and natural infections were also found (Gutsevich et al. 1970;

Kamimura 1976b).

71. AEDES (FINLAYA) SAVORII BOHART

(Figs. 100, 101, 221; Table 104)

Aedes (Finlaya) savoryi Bohart, 1956 (1957): 31 (2). Type-locality: Chichijima,

Ogasawara Isls.

FEMALE (Fig: 221). Wing length 2.7-3.8 mm. Head. Eyes narrowly

separated above. Vertex including interocular space covered with narrow

curved or crescent-shaped, pale yellowish scales, denser along median line

and eye margins, a few narrow dark scales on submedian area; dark erect

forked scales over entire vertex, a few scales at middle sometimes pale;

tempus covered with broad pale yellowish scales, a patch of broad dark scales

close to eye. Clypeus dark brown. Antenna: pedicel testaceous, with small

dark scales and hairs on mesal side; flagellum 0. 60-0. 67 (5) length of pro-

boscis; flagellomere 1 with dark small scales on mesal side, 1. 44-1.53 length

of Flm 2. Palpus 0.20-0.21 (5) length of proboscis, dark scaled; segment 3

1. 48-2. 25 length of 2; 4 less than 0.1 length of 3. Proboscis 1.17-1.28 (5)

length of forefemur. Thovax. Anterior pronotal lobe with integument dark

brown, covered with broad pale yellowish scales, bearing mostly dark

bristles, several bristles on lower part pale; posterior pronotal lobe with inte-

eument brown, covered with broad pale and dark scales, the dark scales forming

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 3390

an ill defined patch within pale-scaled area, sometimes both pale and dark

scaled intermixed, bristles of posterior margin 4-9, dark or yellowish brown.

Scutum with integument brown, covered with narrow curved, dark scales and

narrow curved or crescent-shaped, golden yellow scales, the golden yellow

scales forming a double acrostichal stripe, anterior dorsocentral stripes,

continuous curved stripes from humeral margins through scutal sutures to

posterior dorsocentral stripes, a somewhat diffuse horseshoe-shaped stripe

along edge of prescutellar bare space, and ill-defined supraalar patches which

almost reach scutal suture, the stripe along humeral margin often interrupted

before scutal angle. Scutellar lobes covered with narrow curved or crescent-

shaped golden yellow scales, each bearing 4-9 long dark bristles together with

several medium or small bristles. Paratergite with broad pale scales.

Pleural integument brown to dark brown; patches of broad pale scales on

propleuron, postspiracular area, subspiracular area, lower prealar knob,

upper sternopleuron, lower-posterior sternopleuron, upper and middle mese-

pimeron; most of pleural bristles pale yellowish brown, some stout bristles on

propleuron and sternopleuron dark, 5-8 propleurals, 2-6 postspiraculars, _

about 10 or more rather dark prealars, 7-11 sternopleurals, about 10 or more

upper mesepimerals, no lower mesepimerals. Wing. Alula fringed with rather

narrow scales. Cell Ro 1.81-2.18 (5) length of vein ro9,3. Halter with dark

scaled knob. Legs. Forecoxa scaled on anterolateral surface, basally pale

and otherwise dark; mid- and hindcoxae each with a patch of broad pale scales.

All femora with distinct pale apical fringe; forefemur pale scaled on ventral

surface, the pale area narrowly visible on both sides of dorsal surface; mid-

femur pale scaled on lower posterior surface in basal half; hindfemur pale

scaled on basal 0.50-0.67 except dorsally; tibiae with rather indistinct pale

apical fringe; femora, tibiae and tarsi otherwise dark scaled. Foretarsomere

5 longer than 4; midtarsomere 5 equal to or slightly longer than 4; hindtarso-

mere 1 0.83-0.89 (5) length of tibia. All claws with a submedian sharp tooth.

Abdomen. Terga dark scaled; II-VII with laterobasal spots of white scales,

the spots visible from above but usually not forming complete bands except on

VII. Sterna basally pale scaled and apically dark scaled. Segment VIII poorly

scaled.

MALE (Figs. 100, 221). Wing length 2.2-2.6 mm (reared specimens).

Most of erect forked scales on vertex yellowish brown. Antenna: pedicel

bare; flagellum 0. 56-0. 57 (3) length of proboscis; flagellomere 12 1.09-1.20

(4) length of Flm 13, both 0.67-0.73 (4) of Flm 1-11. Palpus 0. 65-0. 67 (3)

length of proboscis; length ratio of 2-5: 1.04-1.20: 1.50-1.77 : 1.00-1.27:

1.00 (4). Cell Rg 1.35-1.77 (4) length of vein ro,3. Fore- and midtarsomere

4 short; 5 weakly modified, with a few stout ventrobasal setae; hindtarsomere

1 0.81-0.92 (4) length of tibia. Anterior claw of fore- and midtarsi with a

blunt-tipped median tooth and a sharp laterobasal tooth; hindtarsal claw with a

sharp submedian tooth. Abdominal terga usually with almost complete pale

basal bands; VIII pale scaled. Genitalia. Tergum IX with lobes weakly sclero-

tized, a little protrudent and approximated, together forming a small, apically

emarginate, transverse median lobe, 0.20-0.23 (6; x = 0.22) as wide as basi-

style length; each lobe bearing 5-8 medium-sized bristles (more than 10 -

Wada et al. 1973). Sternum IX quadrate, with 4-8 bristles of varying lengths.

Basistyle triangularly expanded on sternal aspect at about basal 0.4, 2.2-2.7

as long as wide including the sternal expansion, scaled except on mesal side,

bristled except on basal 0.67 of lateral surface, this unbristled area tergally

expanded at base and sternally on basal half; sternal mesal margin bearing

many long striate setae, some striate setae also present at apex and on mesal

336 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

surface of tergal side intermixed with ordinary bristles; basal tergomesal lobe

undifferentiated, represented by a slightly more densely bristled area near

base, some bristles of this area slightly thicker than others; claspette stem

short, hirsute, with one or 2 small setae near apex; filament strongly curved,

of about even width, moderately pigmented, with pointed apex, reaching about

level of apex of sternal expansion. Dististyle slightly narrowed toward apex,

0. 56-0. 62 (5; x = 0.60) length of basistyle, a little arcuate, minutely ciliate on

proximal portion, with 2 or 3 small setae near apex and often another small

seta at about basal 0.25; claw slender, 0.19-0.22 (4) length of dististyle,

pigmented. Paraproct with apex unicuspid; 2-5 cercal setae on each side.

Aedeagus oblong or acorn-shaped, 1.90-2.26 (6; x = 2.02) as long as wide,

sternally open, tergally closed in apical half, with a large tergobasal opening.

LARVA (Fig. 101). Head. Width 0. 82-1.03 mm; rather dark brown, 1.2-

1.4 as wide as long; apical margin of labrum not concave, seta 1-C rather

slender, usually simple, length subequal to distance between bases; 4-6-C

anteriad of 7-C; 4-C usually slightly posterior to 5-C; 5,6-C on same level;

6-C well laterad of and usually with fewer branches than 5-C; usually, 8-C

single and 15-C double. Antenna 0.26-0.36 mm long, shorter than head,

slightly arcuate, light brown to dark brown, sparsely spiculate throughout,

spicules finer in basal area; seta 1-A inserted at about middle of shaft, not

reaching apex of shaft, with 2-5 rather stiff simple branches. Mandible witha

number of needle-like microspines. Cutting organ with a long slender DS,

and short DS (DS5 appearing to be the most mesal tooth of mandibular comb);

dorsal teeth eee large, lateral tooth bicuspid, mesal tooth with 2 or 3 mesal

enticles, a row of several small accessory denticles; VTj_3 subequal, VT-4

not reaching apex of VT; VB, rather slender, just reaching apex of VT; pec-

tinate brush 6-8 haired. Piliferous process with labula extending a little beyond

apex of anterior part. Mandibular hairs 14-17. Maxilla. Cardo as in japonicus;

seta 1-Mx single. Mesostipes 1.3-1.4 as long as wide, with mesal area rather

broadly detached, some of the marginal spicules spine-like; pseudoartis

separated from cranium; stipital sensoria slightly distad of middle, thick, with-

out basal ring; 4-Mx slender, pigmented. Lacinia with 5-Mx slightly distad of

stipital sensoria; 6-Mx thick, barbed; hairs of maxillary brush rather short and

stiff. Palpostipes rather narrow, 0.4 length of mesostipes, without mesobasal

fusion with mesostipes; apex with 5 palpal sensoria, S3>S47Sq>So97S, in length.

Mentum plate with 20-23 (x = 21.4) small teeth. Thovax. Prothoracic setae

rather slender; setae 9-P and 12-M usually single; 1,7, 8-P and 1, 2-M usually

double; 8-P very small; 5-P and 4-T usually triple; 3-T usually with 5 branches.

Abdomen. Seta 6-I usually 4 branched, 7-I, Il a little more slender and shorter

than 6-I, Il respectively; 3-I, 11-III, 7-VI, and 14-IV, V usually single; 7-I,

3-IV, 4, 5-VI and 5-VII usually double; 3-VII slender, shorter than always

single 4-VII; 13-VII fine to moderate; 5-VIII stiff, with very acute apices, often

frayed at or near apex. Comb scales 42-69 (x = 59.8) ina patch, individual

scales rather narrow, parallel, rounded at apex, evenly fringed with spicules.

Siphon short, with acus attached, surface with imbrication very faint, almost

smooth; length 0.41-0.52 mim, index 1.70-2.10; pecten extending to apical 0. 32-

0.45 of siphon, of 16-20 closely spaced, long dark brown teeth, 0-5 basal teeth

abortive, each with 3-5 ventrobasal denticles; seta 1-S located beyond pecten

at apical 0.16-0.27, longer than width of siphon; 2-S subapical, shorter than

apical pecten tooth, extending beyond apex of siphon. Saddle covering only

apical half of dorsal surface; length 0.25-0.34 mm; apex laterally with many

short dark spines; spiculiferous imbrication distinct only near apex; seta 1-X

slightly shorter than saddle; 4-X of 12-14 tufts, usually all on erid, each with

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 337

5-11 branches. Anal gills very short.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. OGASAWARA ISLS. 290, 39°; with associated

skins (161, 16 p), 42 L, 191: (N-1171, N-1175, N-1179, N-1507, N-1509,

N-1510, N-1515, N-1556, N-1557, N-1566).

DISTRIBUTION. OGASAWARA ISLANDS.

BIONOMICS. Apparently common in the Ogasawa islands. Larvae are

found in brackish water rock holes or pools on the coast, associated with Ae.

togot, however, they do not appear to utilize artificial containers as does togoi

(Wada et al. 1973). Adult females attack man from dawn to sunset (Wada et al.

1973; Takahashi 1973).

72. AEDES (FINLAYA) SEOULENSIS YAMADA

(Figs. 102, 108, 222; Table 105)

Aedes seoulensis Yamada, 1921: 61 (2). Type-locality: Seoul, Korea.

FEMALE (Fig. 222). Wing length 2.3-2.7 mm (reared specimens); 3.75

mm (wild specimens, after Yamada 1921). Head. Vertex mostly and tempus

entirely covered with broad pale scales; narrow curved, pale scales and erect

forked, pale scales covering posterior part, this area extending a little anteri-

orly at middle; eye margin with narrow curved, pale scales. Clypeus dark.

Antenna: pedicel yellowish brown to dark brown, with small hairs and small

pale scales on mesal side; flagellum 0.97 (1) length of proboscis; flagellomere

1 with some pale scales, 1.35 length of Flm 2. Palpus dark scaled, 0.26 (1)

length of proboscis; segment 3 1.75-1.89 length of 2; 4 minute. Proboscis

1.16 (1) length of forefemur. Thovax. Pronotal integument dark brown, both

lobes covered with narrow or rather narrow curved, white scales, sometimes

with a few broad white scales on lower part; anterior-pronotal bristles dark

and pale yellowish brown; posterior-pronotal bristles 4-5, mostly dark.

Scutum with integument blackish brown, covered with narrow curved, silvery

white scales on anterior half and narrow curved, dark scales on posterior half,

white scaled area extending posteriorly to level of wing base laterally, posteri-

or margin of this white area concave; prescutellar bare space bordered with

narrow curved, pale scales. Acrostichal bristles lacking except for apical 3

pairs of pale yellowish brown bristles; anterior dorsocentrals lacking in anterior

half except for a lateroapical group of several yellowish brown bristles; usually

one stout dark humeral present; posterior dorsocentrals, prescutellars and

supraalars dark. Scutellum roughly covered with somewhat narrow curved,

pale yellowish scales, each lobe bearing 4-5 long dark bristles together with

several small ones. Paratergite with broad white scales. Pleural integument

dark brown; patches of broad white scales on propleuron, subspiracular area,

lower prealar knob, upper and midposterior sternopleuron and upper 0.67 of

mesepimeron; pleural bristles pale yellowish brown, 5-7 propleurals, 2-3

postspiraculars, about 7 prealars, more than 10 sternopleurals, 7-9 upper

mesepimerals, no lower mesepimerals. Wing. Alula fringed with narrow

dark scales. Costa with a basal spot of pale scales. Cell Ro 1.96-2.33 (3)

length of vein r9,9. Halter with pale scaled dark knob. Legs. Fore- and mid-

coxae each with a patch of pale scales; hindcoxa with or without a small pale

scale patch. Forefemur pale scaled posteroventrally on basal 0.67; midfemur

pale scaled on basal 0.67 of posterior surface; hindfemur pale scaled on basal

0.67; fore- and midtibiae with a streak of pale scales on posterior surface;

foretarsomeres 1-3 pale scaled on posterior surface, each with a pale basal

338 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

band, 1 also with a pale apical band; midtarsomeres 1-3 pale scaled on posteri-

or surface, each with a pale basal band, 1 and 2 also with pale apical bands,

sometimes 1 and 2 almost entirely pale scaled; hindtarsomeres 1-3 with pale

basal bands, 1 and 2 also with apical ones; the pale scales on legs somewhat

dull-yellowish; femora, tibiae and tarsi otherwise dark scaled. Foretarsomere

> longer than 4; midtarsomere 5 longer than or as long as 4; hindtarsomere 1

0. 72-0.73 (3) length of tibia. Hindtarsal claw simple. Abdomen. Terga dark

scaled; II-VI with pale basal bands which are mesally narrowed and laterally

broadened, often interrupted at middle on posterior segments, VII with a few

pale brown scales at apex. Sternum IJ pale scaled, IJJ-VI with broad basal

bands of pale scales, and with pale scales at apex, the pale scales increasing

toward posterior segments, VII mostly pale scaled; sterna otherwise dark

scaled.

MALE (Figs. 103, 222). Wing length 2.2-2.4 mm (reared specimens).

Antenna: flagellum 0. 81-0. 86 (1) length of proboscis; flagellomere 12 1. 21-

1.25 length of Flm 13, both 0.82-0.88 of Flm 1-11. Palpus 1.04 (1) length of

proboscis; segments 4 and 5 bristled; length ratio of 2-5: 2.75-2.81 : 3.13-3.31

: 1.31: 1.00 (1). Proboscis 1.27 (1) length of forefemur. Cell Ry 1. 68-2.30

(2) length of vein r9,3. Fore- and midtarsomere 4 very short; 5 modified, with

several stout ventrobasal setae; hindtarsomere 1 0. 75-0.79 (2) length of tibia.

Anterior claw of fore- and midtarsi with a blunt-tipped median and a sharp

laterobasal tooth; hindtarsal claw simple. Genitalia. Tergum IX with lobes

well sclerotized, wider than long, a little protrudent, each bearing 2-5 rather

fine setae of medium length. Sternum IX subquadrate, bearing 4-9 bristles,

usually 2 of them long and stout. Basistyle cylindrical, 3.0-3.9 as long as wide,

bristled over entire surface, sternally and laterally scaled, tergal surface

with only a few scales; basal tergomesal lobe not protrudent, represented by a

eroup of a number of closely set bristles on less sclerotized subbasal area,

one of the bristles extremely long and stout; claspette stem pilose, of about

even width in tergal view, reaching about middle of basistyle, bearing several

short setae; filament slender, falciform, of about even width in basal 0. 67,

slightly longer than stem. Dististyle slender, curved at apical 0.25, 0.90-0. 91

(2) length of basistyle, with scattered minute setae on concave side and a few

short setae near apex on both convex and concave sides; claw pigmented, 0. 27-

0.29 (2) length of dististyle. Paraproct with apex uni- or bicuspid; cercal setae

2-4. Aedeagus cylindrical, weakly sclerotized, 1.98-2.28 (3) as long as wide;

tergal aspect closed in apical half, with a large round orifice in basal half;

sternal aspect open, narrowly in apical half and widely in basal half; base with

a small median process.

LARVA (Fig. 102). Head. Width 0.78-0.82 mm (3); usually light brown,

1.15-1.25 (3) as wide as long; seta 1-C yellowish, usually apically frayed,

separated by 0.65-0. 82 times length; 4-C well developed and strongly barbed,

though somewhat weaker than 5-7-C; 5-C well caudad of 4, 6-C; 6-C about on

level of 7-C, slightly cephalad of 4-C; 8-C usually single, lightly barbed; 10-C

usually double; barbing on 9,10-C varying from fairly weak to moderately

strong; 11-C substellate; 15-C strongly developed, often extending beyond apical

margin of labrum. Antenna 0.37-0.45 mm long, 0.6 length of head, basally

light brown, becoming indistinctly apically darker, slightly bowed, moderately

spiculate, spicules needle-like, becoming sparser apically; seta 1-A single,

lightly barbed, inserted at basal 0.61-0.74 (x= 0.65), exceeding apex of

antenna; 2-6-A apical. Mandible (described from whole-mounted larvae and

larval skins) with a number of simple microspines of varying sizes. Cutting

organ with DS nearly attaining apex of VT; lateral dorsal tooth apparently bi-

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 339

or tricuspid, mesal dorsal tooth apparently 3-4 cuspid; VT 9 deeply notched

near base of VT, slightly concave apicomesally; VT-4 broad based, becoming

acute, not attaining apex of VT;,; VTj_93 acutely triangular, subequal; VB,

extending well beyond apex of VTo, with mesal pectinations relatively strong

and coarse, becoming slightly weaker apically; pectinate brush of apparently

6 or fewer mesally pectinate hairs. Piliferous process with labula not extend-

ing beyond apex of anterior portion. Mandibular hairs (4-6) + (5-8), 10-13 in

total. Maxilla (described from whole-mounted larvae and larval skins). Cardo

apparently as in japonicus; seta 1-Mx 2-5 branched, strong, usually exceeding

apex of palpostipes. Mesostipes somewhat longer than wide; pseudoartis

separated from cranium; stipital sensoria each apparently with a small basal

ring; 4-Mx pale, nearly apical. Lacinia with 5-Mx at level of stipital sensoria.

Palpostipes less than 0.5 length of mesostipes, somewhat mesally rugose;

apparently bearing 5 apical palpal sensoria. Mentum plate with 14-18 teeth,

the median tooth twice as broad as immediate flanking teeth, occasionally

bifid. Thorax, Setae 9-P, 4-M and 5-T usually single; 4-T usually double;

1,14-M, 1,13-T usually strongly developed, substellate; 13-M and 8-T similar

but smaller. Several weaker setae, such as 0,2,9,10,12-P, 3,4-M, and 2,

12-T, with varying numbers of relatively long slender barbs; only 11-P-M-T

completely barbless. Abdomen. Setae 2-I, 2,3,8,9,12-II, 2-4, 8, 12-IU,

3,4,9,12,14-IV, 12,14-V, 2,9,14-VI, 11,14-VII and 14-VII usually single;

11-I laterad of 12-I; 1-II, V with one branch much longer than the other; 6-IIL,

IV and 11-II-VI usually double; 3-VIII usually 5 branched, weaker than 5-VIII;

1-I, II, 13-II-V, and to a lesser extent, 1-IV, VI, 13-VI, 6, 8-VII well developed

with relatively thick barbed branches, often appearing substellate; other more

slender setae, such as 3-II-VI, 4-II-IV, VI, 7-VI, 8-I, I, VI, and 12-VII with

varying numbers of relatively long slender barbs. Comb scales 36-59 (x = 46. 4)

in a broadly triangular patch, individual scales with a rather strong apical

Spine and fine lateral spicules, the latter becoming slightly stronger distad.

Siphon brownish, slightly darker at extreme base (no distinct basal ring) and

distad of seta 1-S, fairly evenly tapered from base to apex, with a small

narrowly attached acus; length 0.61-0.76 (x = 0.71) mm, index 2.39-2.87;

microsculpture of short, transverse rows of extremely minute spicules; pecten

reaching basal 0.48-0.55 (x = 0.52), of 18-28 (x = 22.5) bilaterally denticulate,

evenly spaced teeth, the apical denticles stronger than the lateral ones, 1-S

inserted beyond pecten at basal 0. 54-0.63 (* = 0.59), not reaching apex of

Siphon; 2-S slender, nearly apical, about 0.5 length of apical pecten tooth.

Saddle covering dorsal 0.5 of segment X, usually erose on lateral margin, with

numerous needle-like spicules occurring singly or in short transverse rows,

becoming stronger dorsocaudad, some spicules off saddle; seta 1-X strong,

1.2-1.6 saddle length, inserted in a small unsclerotized area near caudal

margin; 2-X with branches unequal; 4-X of apparently 7-10 cratal and 0-2

precratal tufts, the tufts 2-5 branched. Anal gills usually blunt; dorsal gill

1.4-2.0 saddle length, ventral gill shorter than to subequal to dorsal gill.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. KOREA. 10°, 10°; with associated skins (8 1,

8p), 3L, 41: Korean Peninsula. (L-1482, L-2114, L-2115).

DISTRIBUTION. KOREA (Korean Peninsula). NORTH CHINA.

BIONOMICS. Apparently not common in Korea. Larvae are found in tree

holes. Females bite man during the daytime (Yamada 1921).

340 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

73. AEDES (FINLAYA) ALBOCINCTUS (BARRAUD)

Finlaya albocincta Barraud, 1924: 1002 (*, 2). Type-locality: Solon, Western

Himalayas.

Aedes (Finlaya) albocinctus: Bohart, 1959: 196, Shirahama and Nakara River,

Iriomote Is., Ryukyu Archipelago.

FEMALE. (Description based on a single specimen.) Wing length 3.1 mm.

Head. Vertex largely covered with broad pale scales, with a pair of rather

large patches of broad dark scales within pale-scaled area, also with some

narrow pale scales posteromedially and on median line to the middle or more

anteriorly; tempus covered with broad pale scales, with a spot of broad dark

scales in the pale-scaled area close to eye; erect forked, tawny yellow scales

on posterior part of vertex, anteriorly a few dark erect scales; apparently 4

vertical and 4 temporal bristles on each side, one bristle on underside.

Antenna: pedicel testaceous, mesal surface infuscate, with small broad pale

scales; flagellum shorter than proboscis. Palpus slightly less than 0.25 pro-

boscis, dark scaled. Proboscis longer than forefemur. Thorax. Pronotal

integument brown; anterior lobe covered with broad pale scales, with bristles

brown; posterior lobe with narrow pale scales, apparently bearing 5 brown

bristles. Scutum with integument rather dark brown, covered with narrow white

scales over anterior 0.75 (slightly before level of wing root) and narrow dark

scales on posterior 0.25 except the bare middle of prescutellar space; acro-

stichal, anterior dorsocentral and fossal bristles absent except for some on

anterior margin; posterior dorsocentral, supraalar and prescutellar bristles

well developed, bronze-brown. Scutellum with integument pale brown, with

narrow dark scales, some yellowish scales also present; bristles brown, 7 on

each lateral lobe and 6 on median lobe. Paratergite bare. Pleural integument

brown, sub- and postspiracular areas slightly darker; patches of broad pale

scales on propleuron, subspiracular area, lower prealar knob, upper sterno-

pleuron, caudal middle sternopleuron, and mesepimeron; pleural bristles pale

brown, more than 10 each on propleuron, prealar knob, sternopleuron and upper

mesepimeron, 9 postspiraculars, no lower mesepimerals. Wing. Costa with

pale scales at base. Halter knob pale scaled. Legs. Forecoxa pale scaled

on anterior surface, with some dark scales mixed; midcoxa with a patch of pale

scales; hindcoxa unscaled. Forefemur with pale basal band and a large pale

ventroposterior patch extending from base to about middle; midfemur with pale

basal band, pale scaled ventroposteriorly in basal half, this pale area extend-

ing to apical 0.25 on ventral surface; hindfemur pale in basal half. Hindtibia

with pale basal band ventrally broader. Foretarsomere 1, midtarsomeres 1-2,

and hindtarsomeres 1-3 with pale basal bands. Femora, tibiae and tarsi other-

wise dark. Abdomen. Tergum I medially dark scaled, with some pale scales

laterally mixed; II-VII dark scaled, with laterobasal patches of pale scales, II-V

each with a narrow pale basal band connected with laterobasal patches. Sternum

II pale scaled; III-VII basally and medioapically pale scaled, brown scaled other-

wise. Segment VIII dark scaled.

Males and immature stages are unknown from this region.

SPECIMEN EXAMINED. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO. 12: Yaeyama Gunto

(Shirahama, Iriomote Is., 17 XI 1951, biting, Bohart, USNM).

DISTRIBUTION. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO (Yaeyama Gunto). CHINA

(Yunnan). INDIA (Western Himalayas).

BIONOMICS. This is a very rare species in the Ryukyus. Since Bohart

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 341

(1959), no one has obtained this species from the Ryukyu Archipelago. Imma-

ture stages are unknown in this region. Larvae have been found in tree holes in

the Himalayas (Barraud 1934) and Yunnan (Chow and Mattingly 1951).

74. AEDES (FINLAYA) KOBAYASHI NAKATA*

(Figs. 103, 104, 223; Table 106)

Aedes kobayashii Nakata, 1956: 135 (%, 2, P, L). Type-locality: Mt. Kurama,

Kyoto Pref., Japan; Barrett 1969: 15; National Forest, Kyongki Prov.,

Korea.

Aedes (Finlaya) christophersi: Hara, 1959: 226; Nakata 1962: 58 (misidentifi-

cation of Hara).

FEMALE (Fig. 223). Wing length 2.9-3.1 mm (3.8-4.2 mm, Kobayashi

1959). Head. Vertex covered with narrow curved, pale yellow scales and

fairly long, pale yellow erect forked scales; tempus with a spot of broad dark

scales, the spot bounded by short stripes of broad pale scales above and below;

at least 5 vertical and 5 temporal bristles on each side, 2,3 median ones golden

brown, others dark. Clypeus dark brown. Antenna: pedicel dirty yellow, in-

fuscate and with a few small hairs on mesal side; flagellomere 1 1. 40-1. 47 (1)

length of Flm 2, with dark scales on mesal side. Palpus 0.17 length of pro-

boscis, dark scaled; segment 3 2.0 (1) length of 2; 4 0.11 of 3. Proboscis

longer than forefemur. Thorax. Pronotal integument light brown; anterior

lobe with lanceolate or crescent-shaped pale scales, and pale yellowish brown

bristles. Posterior lobe anterodorsally, with narrow curved, pale scales,

slightly wider posteroventral scales, and 3-9 posterior bristles. Scutum

covered with narrow curved, dark golden yellow and pale golden yellow scales;

the golden yellow scales forming a large anteromedian patch anteriorly extend-

ing in an acrostichal and a pair of anterior dorsocentral short stripes, posteri-

orly in a pair of narrow but distinct posterior dorsocentral stripes, and later-

ally in a pair of triangular presutural patches; golden yellow scales also form-

ing a pair of postsutural patches and a stripe bordering anterior and lateral

margins of prescutellar space; the pale golden yellow scales covering margin

of scutum from apex to supraalar area; all scutal bristles developed excepting

median fossals, dark on disk, yellowish- or golden-brown on margins. Scu-

tellum with narrow curved dark scales intermixed with a few pale yellow ones;

each lobe bearing 4-7 long dark bristles together with 1-4 small ones. Para-

tergite unscaled. Pleura light or dark brown; patches of broad white scales

on propleuron, postspiracular area, posterior margin of subspiracular area,

lower flank of prealar knob, upper and lower posterior sternopleuron, and

upper mesepimeron, the lattermost patch often divided; pleural bristles pale

yellowish brown, about 10 propleurals, 2 or 3 postspiraculars, about 10 or

more prealars, more than 10 sternopleurals, several upper mesepimerals,

no lower mesepimerals. Wing. Alula fringed with rather broad dark scales.

Cell Rg 2.3-2.6 length of vein r9,3. Halter with knob dark, covered with

pale scales intermixed with dark ones. Legs. Coxae pale scaled. Femora

with white apical fringe; fore- and midfemora each with a basally broadened

streak of pale scales on posteroventral surface; hindfemur largely pale scaled

*After the manuscript was submitted, Danilov (1977, Parazitologiya 11: 181)

- synonymized this species with Ae. (Fin.) alektorovi Stackelberg, 1943, Bull.

Ent. Res. 34: 311 (*). Type-locality: Kamenush-ka, district Shkotovo,

Ussuri Land, southeastern Siberia.

342 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

except dorsal surface, the pale-scaled area apically narrowed. Tibiae with a

few pale scales at base and apex. Foretarsomere 1 with an incomplete pale

basal band; midtarsomere 1 with a complete pale basal band, 2 with an incom-

plete pale basal band or entirely dark; hindtarsomere 1 with a complete pale

basal band, 1-4 with pale articular bands, 4 with an incomplete pale apical

band, 5 dorsally pale or entirely dark; femora, tibiae and tarsi otherwise

dark scaled. Length ratio of fore- and midtarsomeres 4 and 9 variable; hind-

tarsomere 1 0.75 length of tibia. Hindtarsal claw simple. Abdomen. Tergum

I with a small spot of pale scales at middle; II-VII dark-scaled, with latero-

basal spots of white scales; VIII dark scaled. Sterna II-VII broadly pale scaled

basally and narrowly apically, dark scaled in-between; VIII dark scaled.

MALE (Figs. 103, 223). Wing length 2.6-3.3 mm. Antennal flagellomere

12 length of Flm 13, both together equal to length of Flm 1-11. Palpus 0.95

(1) length of proboscis; segments 4 and 5 slender and bearing few bristles;

length ratio of 2-5: 3.00: 3.63 : 1.38: 1.00. Proboscis 1.15 (1) length of

forefemur. Cell Ro 2.03-2.18 (2) length of vein fo,9- Fore- and midtarsomere

4 very short; foretarsomere 5 modified, with several stout ventrobasal setae

and a setiferous midventral process; midtarsomere 5 weakly modified, with

fewer stout ventrobasal setae; hindtarsomere 1 0.76 (1) length of tibia. Anterior

claw of foretarsus with a blunt-tipped submedian and a sharp laterobasal tooth;

anterior claw of midtarsus with only a blunt-tipped submedian tooth; hindtarsal

claw simple. Abdominal segment VII pale scaled. Genitalia. Tergum IX

with lobes moderately separated, well sclerotized and protrudent, each bearing

3-4 medium sized setae. Sternum IX subquadrate, membranous, with 4

bristles. Basistyle cylindrical, slightly incurved, 6.4-6.7 as long as narrow-

est tergal middle width, covered tergally with small bristles, laterally and

ventrally with long bristles, laterally and laterosternally scaled; basal tergo-

mesal lobe small, only slightly protrudent, bearing 3 setae, upper one small,

lower 2 large and stout. Claspette stem long, slender, curved, reaching about

middle of basistyle, sternally pilose on basal half, bearing 4 small bristles,

one at base, other 3 in middle; filament narrow in basal half, expanded in apical

half, with apex pointed. Dististyle 0.43-0.45 (1) length of basistyle, arcuate in

apical 0.33, pilose on concave side, with 2,3 small setae near apex; claw slender,

0.26 (1) length of dististyle. Cercal setae 2 on each side; paraproct with apex

unicuspid. Aedeagus ovate, 1.77 (1) as long as wide, with a round tergobasal

opening, widely open on sternal aspect, slightly emarginate tergally at apex.

LARVA (Fig. 104). (Described from 2 whole-mounted specimens from

Korea, excepting mandible and maxilla.) Head, Width 1.07-1.12 mm; brown-

ish, 1.15 as wide as long; integument smooth or nearly so; seta 1-C relatively

slender, curved mesad, separated by about 1.5 their length; 4-C sometimes

dendritic, slightly cephalad of 6-C; 5-C caudomesad of 6-C, about 0.75 length

of cranium; 6-C very long, at least 1.25 length of cranium, on level of 7-C; 7-C

less than 0.5 length of 5-C, not attaining insertion of 1-A; 11-C stronger than

13-C. Antenna about 0.5 mm long, slightly arcuate in basal half, light brown,

sparsely spiculate, most spicules on lateral aspect of basal half; seta 1-A 1-3

branched, well barbed, inserted at basal 0.51-0.57, about attaining tip of

antenna; 2-A about 0.29 length of shaft. Mandible (1 dissected specimen from

Japan) with several microspines simple, extremely fine; mandibular comb of

12,13 rather slender teeth, lateral half of them weaker and subplumose.

Cutting organ with DS; pigmented, nearly reaching apex of VTo, DS» apparent-

ly extremely short or reduced; dorsal teeth broken but apparently similar to

those of aureostriatus, accessory denticle fairly large, bi- or tricuspid; ventral

tooth rather short, VT, larger than VT9, VT3 absent, VT4 apically slender, not

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 343

reaching apex of VI9; VB, extending beyond apex of VTg, mesal pectination

extremely fine; pectinate brie 7,8 haired. Piliferous process strongly pro-

trudent, with labula extending well beyond apex of anterior portion, PPH5 a

remarkable long straight row of prominent-based hairs. Mandibular hairs

6+6. Maxilla (1 dissected specimen from Japan). Cardo with point of fusion

with cranium slightly broader and sclerotized strip rather weaker than in

japonicus; seta 1-Mx single, weak. Mesostipes 1.4 as long as wide, peach-

shaped, without detached mesal area, only one or 2 marginal spicules strong

and spine-like, others rather stiff or slender; pseudoartis separated from

cranium; stipital sensoria at middle, slender, without basal ring; 4-Mx weak,

pale. Lacinia with 5-Mx at level of stipital sensoria; hairs of maxillary brush

long and slender. Palpostipes rather narrow, nearly 0.5 length of mesostipes,

without mesobasal fusion with mesostipes; S3>S8 47S 47 So in length, S5 apparently

very narrow and short. Mentum plate nearly as long as broad, with 22-23

teeth, the median tooth subacute, somewhat nipple-shaped, about 3.0-4.0 as

broad as nearest flanking teeth, lateral teeth much more widely spaced, more

acute, becoming larger laterad before again becoming smaller. Thorax. Seta

8-P lightly barbed if single, otherwise smooth. Abdomen. Setae 6-I, II only

slightly more than 0.5 length of cranium, 6-II shorter than 6-I; 11-I very small;

13-III relatively small; 1-IV, V longer than 6-IV, V; 8-VII multibranched, but

not dendritic; 5-VIII slightly shorter than 4-VIII. Comb scales 32-38 in a tri-

angular patch, individual scales broadly rounded at apex, laterally and apically

fringed with spicules. Siphon brownish with a darker basal ring, indistinctly

apically darker, tapering gradually from basal 0.33; length 1.19 mm, index

4.30-4.36; acus attached; microsculpture indistinct, consisting of a series of

very short transverse ridges bearing minute spicules; pecten reaching basal

0.45-0.49, of 22-25 evenly spaced sharp teeth, including 0-2 abortive basal

teeth, the larger teeth with 2-3 subacute denticles on basal 0.33; seta 1-S

inserted just distad of pecten at basal 0.53-0.55, 1.25-1.50 length of siphon

diameter at insertion; 2-S slender, subapical, 0.6 length of apical pecten tooth.

Saddle 0.38 mm long; microsculpture consisting of groups of 1-7 needle-like

spicules, becoming dorsocaudally more prominent; seta 1-X barbed when single,

otherwise smooth, 0.74-0.94 saddle length; 2-X about 4.5 saddle length; 4-X

of 6-8 cratal and 2-3 precratal tufts, all tufts 2-4 branched, the most caudal

cratal tufts being the longest.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN. 1c, 192: Hokkaido

(A-1805, A-1806). 30°, 42; with associated skins (21, 2 p), 21: Honshu

(B-2069, D-1186, E-2071, E-2086). KOREA. 11°, 119; with associated skins

(101, 10 p), 7 L: Korean Peninsula (L-0554, L-0821, L-0822, L-0875, L-1485,

L-1965, L-2095, L-2096, L-2097, L-2098).

DISTRIBUTION. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN (Hokkaido, Honshu). KOREA

(Korean Peninsula).

BIONOMICS. One of the rarer species in Japan, apparently commoner in

Korea. Larvae are found in tree holes, and associated with Orthopodomyia

anopheloides, Aedes japonicus, Ae. nipponicus, Ae. galloisi, Ae. flavo-

pictus and Tripteroides bambusa; adult females have become engorged on

human blood in the laboratory (Nakata 1959).

344 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

75. AEDES (FINLAYA) AUREOSTRIATUS (DOLESCHALL)*

Culex aureostriatus Doleschall, 1857: 385 (2). Type-locality: Amboina Island,

Moluccas.

DISTRIBUTION. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN (Yakushima). RYUKYU ARCHI-

PELAGO. TAIWAN. PHILIPPINES. ?HAINAN ISLAND. MALAYA. INDO-

NESIA. INDIA. SRI LANKA. MOLUCCAS. NEW GUINEA.

75A. AEDES (FINLAYA) AUREOSTRIATUS OKINAWANUS BOHART

(Figs. 105, 106, 224; Table 107)

Aedes (Finlaya) okinawanus Bohart, 1946: 39 (%, ¢, L). Type-locality:

Okuma, Okinawa Is., Ryukyu Archipelago; Kamimura 1968: 18-9,

Yakushima, Japan.

Aedes (Finlaya) aureostriatus subspecies okinawanus: Lien, 1968c: 225.

FEMALE (Fig. 224). Wing length 2.7-4.1 mm. Head. Eyes very narrow-

ly separated above and below. Vertex with a posteriorly widened median line

of narrow curved or crescent-shaped, golden white scales, anda pair of sub-

median patches of broad dark scales, eye margin with narrow curved, golden

white scales; posteriorly numerous pale yellowish brown to dark brown erect

forked scales; tempus pale scaled, with a rather irregular spot within pale

area; 4-6 vertical and as many temporal dark bristles on each side. Clypeus

very dark brown. Antenna: pedicel tawny brown, mesally infuscate, witha

few small dark bristles; flagellomere 1 with dark scales, 1.25 length of Flm 2.

Palpus dark scaled, 0.2 length of proboscis. Proboscis longer than forefemur.

Thorax. Anterior pronotal lobe covered with broad white scales, with mesal

bristles long and dark, lateral bristles fine and brown; posterior pronotal

lobe anterodorsally covered roughly with narrow curved, golden yellow scales, .

posteroventrally with moderately broad, white scales, and intermediate scales

in-between, bearing less than 10 bristles. Scutum with integument blackish

brown, covered with narrow curved dark scales, with following stripes of

narrow curved, pale golden yellow scales: an acrostichal stripe bifurcating

posteriorly along margins of the bare prescutellar space, anterior dorsocen-

trals, posterior dorsocentrals extending anterolaterally along scutal suture,

and marginals from anterior termination of anterior dorsocentrals to supraalar

area, anterior dorsocentrals posteriorly free, marginals often confluent with

anterolateral extension of posterior dorsocentrals at scutal angle, scales of

marginals somewhat broader and paler; all scutal bristles present, mostly

blackish brown, supraalars rather fine and bronze-yellow. Scutellar lobes

covered with usually narrow, sometimes rather broad, dark scales and often

also narrow pale golden scales; each lobe bearing several long and a few small

bristles. Paratergite usually unscaled, rarely with white scales. Pleural

integument dark brown, patches of white broad scales on propleuron, sub-

spiracular area, lower prealar knob, upper and lower-caudal sternopleuron,

mesepimeron and metameron, 2 sternopleural patches usually narrowly con-

*The nominal subspecies does not occur in this region. One or more subspe-

cies do not occur in this region.

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 345

nected; pleural bristles rather fine, golden or pale yellow, lower mesepimer-

als 3-9 on midanterior part, and often one or 2 additional bristles on lower-

posterior part. Wing. Alula fringed with dark narrow scales. Costa witha

small spot of pale scales or several scattered pale scales at base. Legs.

Forecoxa with moderately broad both white and dark scales, mid- and hind-

coxae with white scales. Forefemur with a narrow basal band, a short antero-

basal streak, and a basally broadened posteroventral streak of white scales,

the lattermost reaching base and apex; midfemur with a narrow basal band and

apical fringe of white scales, posterior side largely white scaled; hindfemur

with a ventrally widened white apical band, white scaled in basal 0.67, apical

dark area extending basally on dorsal surface as a narrow streak but not reach-

ing base. Tibiae with dorsally incomplete pale basal bands, sometimes obsolete

on fore- and midtibiae. Midtarsomere 1 with a white basal band. Hindtarso-

mere 1 with a complete or incomplete white apical band; 2 with a complete

basal and an incomplete apical white band; 3 with a complete or incomplete

white basal band, usually without apical band, sometimes an incomplete one

present; 4 usually with an incomplete pale basal band, usually without apical

band, rarely with an incomplete one; 5 dorsally with white or pale gray scales,

sometimes entirely dark. Femora, tibiae and tarsi otherwise dark scaled.

Fore- and midtarsal claws usually equal, sometimes anterior claw a little

larger; hindtarsal claw simple. Abdomen. Tergum I with a median patch of

dark scales; II-VI dark scaled, with laterobasal patches of white scales, the

patches sometimes mesally extending to form very narrow basal bands on

posterior segments; VII with a white basal band. Sternum II mainly pale scaled,

IV-VII basally pale scaled, apically dark scaled; VIII dark scaled.

MALE (Figs. 106, 224). Wing length 2.0-3.0 mm. Vertical median line

of pale narrow scales wider than in female, dark spot of tempus often absent.

Palpus 0.7 length of proboscis; a few rather long bristles on segments 4, 5 and

apex of 3. Lower mesepimeral bristles fewer than infemale. Foretarsomere

4 very short; 5 modified, with several stout ventrobasal setae; midtarsomere

4 a little shortened; 5 weakly modified. Anterior claw of fore- and midtarsi

with a blunt-tipped median tooth and a sharp laterobasal tooth; hindtarsal claw

simple. Genitalia. Tergum IX with lobes prominent, well sclerotized, each

bearing 3-8 stout setae. Sternum IX transverse-hexagonal, emarginate on

apical margin at middle, with 4-11 bristles. Basistyle subcylindric, 3.7-4.7

as long as median sternal width, laterally and sternally scaled; tergal surface

‘with several long laterobasal bristles and somewhat tufted apical bristles; ster-

nal surface densely bristled along mesal margin, sparsely otherwise; basal

tergomesal lobe composed of a prominent triangular tergal portion and an

elongate mesal process, the former with a row of stout setae along postero-

mesal edge, a few scattered bristles on posterolateral flank, and a semicircular

row of bristles along tergoanterior edge, the lattermost continuous with a row

of 11,12 leaf-like transparent modified setae along mesal and apical margins

of mesal process which lies upon claspette; apical lobe absent; claspette stem

rather stout, fairly long, pilose, with 3 subapical and 0,1 small basal setae;

filament twisted, apically broad. Dististyle 0.52-0.59 (9) length of basistyle,

somewhat arcuate, slightly broadened in basal half, sparsely pubescent on con-

cave side, with a few minute setae near apex; claw 0.17-0.20 (9) length of dis-

tistyle. Paraproct with apex uni- or bicuspid; 2 cercal setae on each side.

Aedeagus oval, 1.46-1.78 (9) as long as wide, tergally notched at apex, with

an ovate tergobasal orifice, sternal aspect widely open from basal 0.3 to apex.

LARVA (Fig. 105). Head. Width 0.90-1.03 mm; 1.07-1.32 as wide as

long; setae 4, 6-C about on level of or slightly caudad of 7-C; 5-C mesocaudad

346 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

of 6-C; 6-C very long; 11-C moderately strong. Antenna 0.42-0.51 mm long,

0.5-0.6 length of head, sparsely spiculate, most spicules on basolateral

aspect, only 1-3 spicules in distal part; seta 1-A inserted at middle of antenna,

reaching about apex of shaft, usually single, occasionally bifid. Mouthparts

similar to those of Robayashit. Mandible with a few simple microspines;

mandibular comb of 12,13 slender teeth, lateral half of them weaker and sub-

plumose. Cutting organ with DS, not reaching tip of VTg, DS» undeveloped;

dorsal teeth apparently basally fused forming a large broad-based tooth, apex

4,5 cuspid; accessory denticles bi- or tricuspid; ventral tooth with VT, larger

than VT9, VTs3 absent or very small, VT-4 apically slender, reaching apex

of DS; VB, extending well beyond apex of VT, pectination extremely fine; VBo

hair-like; pectinate brush 8-10 haired. Piliferous process strongly produced,

with labula extending beyond apex of anterior part, PPHs5 straight and remark-

ably long. Mandibular hairs (6-8) + (6-9), 13-16 in total. Maxilla. Cardo as

in kobayashii; seta 1-Mx single or double, weak. Mesostipes peach-shaped,

1.4-1.5 as long as wide, with mesal area not detached, marginal spicules stiff

but not spine-like; pseudoartis separated from cranium; stipital sensoria about

at middle or proximad of middle, very slender, without basal ring; 4-Mx weak,

about on level of 2-Mx. Lacinia with 5-Mx on level of or slightly distad of level

of stipital sensoria, 6-Mx longer than 4-Mx, apparently smooth; hairs of maxil-

lar brush long and slender. Palpostipes 0.33 length of mesostipes, rather nar-

row, without mesobasal fusion with mesostipes; S3”S17S47S5 in length, S5

indistinct. Mentum plate broader than long, with 1-95 teeth, median tooth

much stronger than flanking teeth; lateral teeth much more widely spaced, more

acute than closely spaced mesal teeth. Thovax. Seta 7-P usually 3 branched.

Abdomen. Seta 1-III,IV usually single, 6-I usually 3 branched, 6-II usually

double. Comb scales 45-65, individual scales broadly paddle shaped, fringed

with subequal spicules. Szphon with acus small; index 3.14-4.41; pecten of

23-28 evenly spaced teeth, each with several denticles; seta 1-S located beyond

pecten. Saddle spiculate, especially dorsocaudally; seta 1-X usually 3 branched;

4-X with 10 cratal tufts, each tuft with 7-11 branches. Dorsal anal gill usually

1.0-1.5 saddle length, about 2.0 length of ventral gill.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN. 19: Yakushima —

(H-0087). RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO 48", 609; with associated skins (10 1,

10 p), 67 L, 91: Amami Gunt6 (I-0238, I-0245, I-0246, I-0247, I-0248,

[-0249, I-0252, I-0253, I-0254, I-0255, I-0261, I-0263, I-0272, I-0276,

I-0277, I-0278, I-0280, I-0281, I-0283, I-0286, I-0287, I-0289, I-0291,

I-0299, I-0302, I-0303, I-0304, I-0305, I-0307, I-0309, I-1828, I-1830,

I-1831, I-1833, I-1837, I-1858, I-1884, I-1890). 7", 262; with associated

skins (21, 2p), 30 L, 21: Okinawa Gunto (J-0413, J-0431, J-0432, J-0463,

J-0468, J-0487, J-0498, J-0505, J-0507, J-0510, J-0518, J-0531, J-0533,

J-0535, J-0538, J-0806, J-0904).

DISTRIBUTION. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN (Yakushima). RYUKYU ARCHI-

PELAGO (Amami and Okinawa Gunts).

75B. AEDES (FINLAYA) AUREOSTRIATUS TAIWANUS LIEN

(Fig. 224)

Aedes (Finlaya) okinawanus: Bohart, 1959: 196, Ishigaki and Iriomote Is.,

Ryukyu Archipelago.

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 347

Aedes (Finlaya) aureostriatus taiwanus Lien, 1968c: 223 (C, 2, P, L).

Type-locality: Mashihshih, Taiwu, Pingtung Hsien, Taiwan; Tanaka,

Saugstad and Mizusawa, 1973: 284, Ishigaki and Iriomote Is., Ryukyu

Archipelago.

ADULT (Fig. 224). Lower mesepimeral bristles absent; pleural patches of

broad white scales slightly more developed, upper and lower-caudal sterno-

pleural patches usually fused together.

LARVA. Branching of setae 7-P and 1-II-IV somewhat different (Table

21).

TABLE 21. Comparison of larval characteristics between Aedes (Finlaya)

aureostriatus taiwanus and Ae. (Fin.) a. okinawanus.

taiwanus okinawanus

Locality Yaeyama Okinawa Amami

Specimens

examined 21 31 64

Seta Range x Mode (%) Range x Mode (%) Range x Mode (%)

7-P 2 ~ - 2-4 2c Ds Bi (OTs Bd ise Srin ele Qevd(B1. 4)

1-II 24d: i Abas, (hoe io thss 1.3 1(66.7) 1-3 19 «25072. 3)

1-10 $e 3006 2.023962): cba? 1.1 1(91.4) 1-2 1.1 1 (89.6)

1-IV 1-25) 1.9 (02) (94-03): =? 1.1 1(91.4) 1-2 1.1 1 (94.7)

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO. 190, 299; with

associated skins (31, 3 p), 35 L, 31: Yaeyama Gunt6 (K-0126, K-0135, K-0136,

K-0151, K-0159, K-0161, K-0182a, K-0183, K-0184, K-0574, K-0580, K-0584,

K-0693, K-0720, K-0726, K-0727, K-0732, K-0780, K-0791, K-0793, K-0794,

K-0796, K-0918, K-0933, K-1012, K-1049, K-1076, K-1127, K-1234, K-1338,

K-1344, K-1348, K-1369, K-1384, K-1392, K-1415, K-1416, K-1588, K-1750,

K-2043, K-2057). TAIWAN. Holotype “, Allotype 2, 13 Paratypes: Mashishih

(650 m), Taiwu, Pingtung Hsien, 22 XI 1963, tree hole, Lien & Lin; 2“, 29:

with associated skins (3 1, 3 p) (Nanao, Ilan Hsien; Fanlu, Chiai Hsien; Hsiulin,

Hualien Hsien).

DISTRIBUTION. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO (Yaeyama Guntd). TAIWAN.

TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION. Aedes (Finlaya) aureostriatus aureostriatus

was described from Amboina. We have not seen any typical or topotypical

specimens, but examined 5 males, 3 females and 3 larval skins from Philip-

pines. This may be the nominate subspecies. Adults of subspecies okinawanus

differ from these Philippine specimens in that the scutal golden stripes are

markedly narrower and paler, the mesepimeron bears 3-9 bristles on its mid-

anterior portion and also often 1,2 additional bristles on its lower posterior

part; the pale basal bands of the abdominal terga and the pale articular bands

of the hindtarsus are less developed. The male holotype, female allotype, 13

paratypes of subspecies faiwanus (Mashishih, 650 m, Taiwu, Pingtung Hsien,

348 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

22 XI 1963, tree hole, Lien and Lin, TPMRI) and additional 2 males, 2 females

with associated skins (3 larval and 3 pupal) from Taiwan were examined. These

as well as specimens from Yaeyama are identical to okinmawanus in scaling, but

they have no mid- and lower-mesepimeral bristles as in specimens from

Philippines. The lower mesepimeral bristles rarely exist in species of the

subgenus Finlaya. It is interesting that the presence of absence of these setae

should be found within a species as a subspecific character.

Some differences were noted in the adults among populations. The verti-

cal erect forked scales which are usually yellowish-brown in okinawanus from

Okinawa and taiwanus from Yaeyama; always have dark scales intermixed

(the dark ones often more abundant than pale ones) in okinawanus from Amami-

Oshima; and the broad pale scales on the posterior pronotal lobe that are

always present in the Amami-Oshima population are often (about 50%) absent

in the Okinawa population and usually present in the Yaeyama population.

BIONOMICS. Common in Amami Oshima and Okinawa Is., less abundant

in Yaeyama. Larvae are found usually in tree holes, and occasionally fern

and bamboo stumps, rock holes, gravestones, or other artificial containers.

Associated species in Yaeyama are Orthopodomyia anopheloides, Culex bicor-

nutus, Aedes watasei, Ae. riverst, Ae. albopictus, Ae. flavopictus and

Tripteroides bambusa. Adult females are day biters. This species is appar-

antly either not particularly attracted to light or associated with urban habitats;

as a 3-year study (1970-2) found Ae. aureostriatus (or a. okinawanus) to com-

prise less than 1.8% of Aedes collected at U. S. air bases on Okinawa (Biery

and Burns 1973c), and absent on Taiwan (Biery 1973).

76. AEDES (FINLAYA) KOREICOIDES SASA, KANO AND HAYASHI

(Figs. 106, 107, 225; Table 108)

Aedes koreicoides Sasa, Kano and Hayashi, 1950: 627 (*, 2). Type-locality:

Jozankei, Hokkaido, Japan.

FEMALE (Fig. 225). Wing length 3.5-3.8 mm. Head, Eyes very narrow-

ly separated above and below. Vertex with paired anterosubmedian patches of

narrow curved, dark scales and median line of rather narrow white scales,

covered posteriorly with rather narrow or crescent-shaped pale scales and

laterally with broad pale scales; eye margin and interocular space with

curved pale scales; tempus covered with broad pale scales, with a variable

patch of broad dark scales above; many long erect forked scales over vertex,

median ones pale yellowish brown, lateral ones dark; usually 5 vertical bristles

on each side, mesal one or 2 yellowish brown, others dark; usually 5 dark

temporal bristles on each side. Clypeus dark brown. Antenna: pedicel

yellowish brown, infuscate on mesal half, with a mesoapical clump of small dark

scales; flagellum nearly length of proboscis; flagellomere 1 with several dark

laterobasal scales. Palpus 0.20-0.25 length of proboscis, dark scaled. Pro-

boscis slightly longer than forefemur. Thorax. Pronotal integument dark

brown; anterior lobe with a patch of broad silvery white scales, bearing yellow

to brown bristles; posterior lobe covered with crescent-shaped, pale yellow

scales except for lower area, posteroventrally with broader white scales,

bearing 4-6 yellowish brown bristles. Scutum with integument dark brown,

covered with narrow curved dark scales, with following narrow stripes of

narrow curved, pale yellow scales: median stripe reaching prescutellar space,

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 349

rather incomplete anterior dorsocentral stripes just mesad of series of anteri-

or dorsocentral bristles, posterior dorsocentral stripes just laterad of series

of posterior dorsocentral bristles, extending anterolaterally along scutal

suture, and a horseshoe-shaped stripe on margins of prescutellar space; mar-

gins also with narrow curved or crescent shaped pale yellow scales; all scutal

bristles present, long, brown, some supraalars yellowish; fossal area usually

with 2,3 bristles along humeral margin, 2,3 on level of scutal angle and one or

2 near posterior margin. Scutellum with integument brown, lateral lobes with

narrow curved dark scales, median lobe with narrow curved pale medial scales

and dark lateral ones; each lateral lobe with 6-8 long, mostly brown bristles,

median lobe with 5-7 such bristles; each with a few additional fine hair-like

bristles. Paratergite with broad silvery white scales. Pleural integument

dark brown; patches of broad silvery white scales on propleuron, subspiracular

area, lower prealar knob, upper sternopleuron, lower-posterior sternopleuron

and mesepimeron; postspiracular area usually with only a few pale scales,

occasionally forming a patch, the patch always smaller than subspiracular

patch; pleural bristles yellowish brown, more than 10 propleurals and sterno-

pleurals, 5-8 postspiraculars, 8 to more than 10 prealars, 7-9 upper mese-

pimerals, no lower mesepimerals. Wing. Alula fringed with rather broad

dark scales. Cell Ro 2.0-2.2 length of vein rg9,3. Halter with knob mainly

eray, partly dark scaled. Legs. Coxae light brown; forecoxa scaled on

anterior surface, basally and mesoapically pale, dark otherwise; mid- and

hindcoxae each with a patch of white scales. Fore- and midfemora with pale

basal band and pale posteroapical fringe, pale scaled posteroventrally toward

base; hindfemur with pale apical fringe, pale scaled in basal half except dorsal

surface. Tibiae with pale basal spots on both anterior and posterior surfaces.

Foretarsomeres 1 and 2 with usually incomplete pale basal bands; mid- and

hindtarsomeres 1-4 with pale basal bands, that of 4 usually ventrally interrupted

but extending dorsally to about middle of the segment, that of midtarsomere 4

occasionally reduced. Femora, tibiae and tarsi otherwise dark scaled. Hind-

tarsomere 1 0.75 length of tibia. Hindtarsal claw simple (after Sakakibara

and Omori 1962). Abdomen. Tergum I with median patch of dark scales;

II-VII dark scaled, with laterobasal patches of white scales, the patches

progressively larger on posterior segments; occasionally dorsobasal spots or

bands of white scales present. Sternum II pale scaled, III-VII basally pale

scaled, apically dark scaled.

MALE (Figs. 106, 225). Wing length 2.8-3.3 mm. Vertical dark patches

smaller. Antennal flagellum 0.8 (1) length of proboscis; flagellomere 12 1.14

(1) of Flm 13; both together 0.87 of Flm 1-11. Palpus 0.92 (1) length of pro-

boscis; segments 4 and 5 with short bristles; length ratio of 2-5: 3.1: 3.6-3.7

; 1.4-1.5: 1.0. Proboscis 1.16 (1) length of forefemur. Scutal pale stripes

broader and more distinct; postspiracular scales occasionally lacking. Cell

Ro 2.18-2.59 (4) length of vein r9,3. Tarsomeral pale bands less developed,

those on foretarsomere 2 and midtarsomere 4 lacking or rudimentary. Fore-

tarsomere 4 greatly shortened, 5 modified, with several rather stout ventro-

basal setae; midtarsomere 4 slightly shortened, 5 weakly modified; hindtarso-

mere 1 0.76-0.81 (4) length of tibia. Anterior claw of fore- and midtarsi with

a blunt tipped median and a sharp laterobasal tooth; hindtarsal claw simple.

Abdominal terga III-VI often with dorsobasal bands or spots of white scales, the

bands occasionally connected with laterobasal patches. Genitalia. Tergum IX

with lobes well sclerotized, each with 2-6 rather slender setae. Sternum IX

trapezoidal, with 2-4 bristles. Basistyle cylindrical, 4.2 as long as narrow-

est width, tergally covered with short bristles in middle, long lateral

350 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

and apical bristles, and medium-sized mesosternal bristles, laterally and

sternally heavily scaled; sternomesal side of apex with tufted bristles; basal

tergomesal lobe conspicuous, mesally then tergally protrudent, with wide base,

apically narrowed, a double row of long curved setae on mesal side of apical

part, many short bristles covering other parts. Claspette stem strongly curved,

short, just extending beyond basal tergomesal lobe, pilose, with several small

setae; filament long, widest about apical 0.33, slightly narrowed toward base,

with pointed apex, basally directed and lying upon basal tergomesal lobe.

Dististyle slender, arcuate, 0.6 length of basistyle, with 2 small setae near

apex; claw slender, straight, 0.4 length of dististyle. Cercal setae 3,4 on

each side; paraproct with apex unicuspid. Aedeagus cylindrical, slightly less

than twice as long as wide, slightly constricted at middle, tergally closed,

sternally open, notched at apex and with a circular orifice tergally at base.

LARVA (Fig. 107). (Described from 4 mounted skins). Head. Apex of

labrum nearly straight; seta 1-C pale, slender, longer than distance between

bases; 4-C of medium size, a little posteromesad of 6-C, barbed as strongly

as 5,6-C; 5-C caudad of 4-C and slightly mesad of 6-C; 6-C anteriad of 7-C,

stouter than 5-C; 7-C occasionally with secondary branches; 11-C as well

developed as 4-C; 13-C occasionally barbed. Antenna 0.56-0.66 mm long,

nearly as long as distance between bases of seta 7-C, curved, dark brown,

basally pale, finely spiculate, more sparsely towards apex; 1-A inserted at

basal 0.4 to middle, with 5-7 barbed branches (3-7, Sakakibara and Omori

1962), reaching apex of shaft, occasionally slightly shorter; 2-A 0.20-0.25

length of shaft; 3-A 0.33-0.50 length of 2-A; 5-A with proximal division thick

and pigmented, distal division translucent. Mandible with a number of slender

microspines. Cutting organ with DS, strong, reaching only slightly before

apex of VT9; DS» short; lateral dorsal tooth bicuspid; mesal dorsal tooth api-

cally strongly bifurcate, with 2,3 denticles on internal side of the furcation;

at least one acute accessory denticle; ventral tooth with VT,_3 acutely tri-

angular, VT97 VT, VT3; VT-4 apically slender; VB, extending far beyond apex

of VT; pectinate brush 7-8 haired. Piliferous process strongly protrudent,

with labula usually not extending beyond apex of anterior part; PPHs a remark-

able long straight row of 22,23 evenly spaced hairs. Maxilla. Cardo as in

japonicus, but sclerotized strip slightly less strong; seta 1-Mx short, single,

rather stiff. Mesostipes longer than wide, with mesal area not detached;

pseudoartis separated from cranium; stipital sensoria at or slightly proximad

of middle, moderately slender; 4-Mx short, weak. Lacinia with 5-Mx at about

level of stipital sensoria, 6-Mx longer than 4-Mx, apparently thick; hairs of

maxillary brush long and slender. Palpostipes 0.4 length of mesostipes,

rather narrow, without mesobasal fusion with mesostipes; S3>S4> So 2 84>S5

in length. Mentum plate with 21-23 teeth, median tooth much larger than

submedian teeth, most lateral teeth widely spaced. Thorax. Seta 2-P subequal

to 1-P in length, longer than 3-P; 8,14-P occasionally barbed; 10-P shorter

than or equal to 12-P. Abdomen. Setae 1-I, II stronger than 2-I, II; 7-I less

than 0.5 length of 6-II; 1-IV, V and 13-HI-V rather strong; 13-DI and 1-IV

occasionally barbed. Comb scales 6-11 (up to 17, Sakakibara and Omori 1962)

in an irregular row, individual scales thorn-shaped with a single strong apical

spine, laterobasally fringed with fine spicules. Szphon dark brown, with acus

attached; length 0.76-1.01 mm; index 2.9-3.3 (after Sakakibara and Omori

1962); microsculpture consisting of broken transverse ridges, each ridge bear-

ing several extremely small denticles; pecten reaching basal 0.36-0.44 of siphon,

siphon, of 15-19 dark brown, evenly spaced teeth including 1-6 basal abortive

ones, each tooth with several ventrobasal denticles; seta 1-S inserted beyond

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 301

ventrobasal denticles; seta 1-S inserted beyond pecten at basal 0. 41-0. 49,

0.4 length of siphon, longer than siphon diameter; 2-S nearly as long as apical

pecten tooth. Saddle 0.28-0.40 mm long, covering dorsal 0.67 of the segment,

with microsculpture similar to that of siphon, apically spiculate; seta 1-X

subequal to saddle in length; 2-X 0.6 length of 3-X; 4-X of 7-9 cratal and 1, 2

precratal tufts (9-10 tufts in total), cratal tufts 3-5 branched, precratal 2-4

branched.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN. 1: Hokkaido (Utoro,

27 VIII 1963, net, Kamimura, KKCOL). 5c, 2°; with associated skins (4 1,

4p): Honshu (22: Mt. Ohdaigahara, Nara Pref., 22 VII 1965, tree hole,

Sakakibara, KKCOL. B-0346, B-0364, D-0091, D-0748).

DISTRIBUTION. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN (Hokkaido, Honshu, Yakushima).

BIONOMICS. Rare species. Larvae occur in tree holes. Ono (1969)

reported that koreicoides usually hibernates as an adult.

77. AEDES (FINLAYA) NIPPONIC US LACASSE AND YAMAGUTI

(Figs. 108, 109, 226: Table 109)

Aedes (Finlaya) niveus: Edwards, 1921b: 318 (in part); Tokio, Japan.

Aedes albolateralis: Yamada, 1927: 576 (in part); Korea.

Aedes (Finlaya) niveus nipponicus LaCasse and Yamaguti, 1948: 79 (“, 2, L).

Type-locality: Maizuru, Yodo and Wakayama, Honshu; Fukuoka,

Nagasaki and Kagoshima, Kyushu, Japan.

Aedes (Finlaya) nipponicus: LaCasse and Yamaguti, 1950: 146 (“, 2, L).

Aedes (Finlaya) nippononiveus Sasa and Nakahashi, 1952: 258 (“, 9, L).

Type-locality: Oimachi, Tokyo, Japan; Nakata 1962: 51-4

(=nipponicus = niveus).

Descriptions based on Japanese specimens.

FEMALE (Fig. 226). Wing length 2.8-4.1 mm. Head. Eyes narrowly

separated above. Vertex covered with broad scales, the scales usually

(27/33) dark except on eye margin, occasionally (4/33) majority of the scales

pale (often somewhat grayish or brownish), rarely (1/33) entirely pale; eye

margin and tempus covered with broad pale scales, this pale border on eye

margin expanding a little posteriorly at middle and also anteriorly onto inter-

ocular space; numerous erect forked, yellowish brown scales on posterior

margin of vertex, occasionally a few dark brown ones intermixed, several

erect forked scales anteriorly on each side; 6-9 vertical and 3 temporal

bristles on each side, one additional bristle far ventrad. Antenna: pedicel

very dark brown, mesally with a number of short dark hairs; flagellum 0. 85-

0.88 (9) length of proboscis; flagellomere 1 1. 30-1. 45 length of Flm 2, witha

few dark scales. Palpus 0.19-0.22 length of proboscis, dark scaled; segment

3 1.80-2.25 length of 2; 4 at most 0.14 length of 3, occasionally lacking.

Proboscis 1.11-1.21 length of forefemur. Thorax. Pronotal integument very

dark brown; anterior lobe with broad white scales, bearing mostly brownish

bristles; posterior lobe posteriorly with white subtranslucent broad scales,

and dark crescent-shaped and/or broad scales posteriorly near dorsal margin,

bearing 3-7 (v = 4.9) brown to blackish brown bristles. Scutum with integument

blackish brown, with a pair of large anterolateral patches of narrow curved or

crescent-shaped white scales; the patches continuous with each other on anteri-

or promontory (only very narrowly interrupted by a pair of unscaled anterior

352 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 19'79

extremities of dorsocentral lines), posterolaterally reaching wing base; prescutel-

lar space always witha pair of lines of narrow curved pale scales along lateral —

margin of bare space, and very often (19/30) with additional short sublateral

lines of pale scales, occasionally most of scales before scutellum pale; scutum

otherwise covered with narrow curved or crescent-shaped dark scales; scutal

bristles dark brown, acrostichal bristles absent except for a few anterior ones,

anterior dorsocentrals restricted to anterior margin, a few most anterior

bristles of posterior dorsocentral series apparently lacking, 1-3 humerals

anteriorly along the margin, no other bristles on fossal area, prescutellars

and supraalars developed. Scutellum covered with broad dark and/or pale

scales; most frequently (19/30) dark scales more abundant than pale ones,

sometimes (6/30) vice versa, occasionally all scales dark or pale; median

lobe with 5-8, each lateral lobe with 3-8 long brassy brown bristles together

with several additional short ones. Paratergite unscaled. Pleura dark brown,

large patches of broad white scales on propleuron, upper sternopleuron (reach-

ing cephalic angle), lower-posterior sternopleuron, lower prealar knob, and

mesepimeron, patches on sternopleuron usually narrowly separated; 5 to more

than 10 yellowish brown propleural bristles; 2-6 dark or light brown post-

spiraculars, usually more than 10 prealars and sternopleurals, 4 to more than

10 pale yellow upper mesepimerals, no lower mesepimerals, markedly long

bristle on midposterior sternopleuron slightly above level of ventral margin of

mesepimeron. Wing. Alula fringed with dark rather narrow scales. Cell Ro

1. 78-2. 86 (22) length of vein ro +3: Halter knob basally dark scaled, apically

pale scaled. Legs. Coxae with anterolateral patch of white scales; fore- and

midcoxae with anteroapical dark scales. Forefemur with a streak of pale

scales on the narrow basal anterior surface, pale scaled on ventral surface

from base to near apex, this pale area apically narrowed, expanding onto the

narrow posterior surface in basal half; midfemur pale scaled on basal 0. 67 of

posterior surface, this pale area expanding onto dorsal surface at base, apically

narrowed, extending to apex in a narrow streak on ventral surface; hindfemur

pale scaled in basal 0.67-0.75, this pale area slightly shorter on posterior

surface; femora otherwise, tibiae and tarsi dark scaled. Foretarsomere 5

equal to or slightly longer than 4; hindtarsomere 1 0.67-0.76 (15) length of

tibia. Hindtarsal claw simple. Abdomen. Tergum I with a median patch of

dark scales; II-VIII dark scaled, with distinct laterobasal patches of white

scales, these patches on V-VIII extending dorsally toward middle and usually

forming a basal or subbasal band, that on V often incomplete (21/30) or lacking

(2/30), that of VI rarely (2/30) incomplete, occasionally (5/30) IV with an in-

complete band. Sternum II mainly pale scaled, III-VII basally pale scaled

and apically dark scaled, pale basal areas progressively narrower in posterior

segments; VIII apically unscaled. Genitalia. Only one seminal capsule

developed.

MALE (Figs. 109, 226). Wing length 2.3-3.5 mm. Vertical and scutal

pale scaling more developed than in female, vertex often entirely pale, scutal

pale patches usually broadly fused anteriorly forming a single large pale area,

but posterior margin of this pale area always deeply concave. Antenna: pedi-

cel with only 1 or 2 hairs; flagellum 0.70-0. 79 (3) length of proboscis; flagel-

lomere 12 1.10-1.22 (4) length of Flm 13, both together 0. 78-0. 88 (4) of Flm

1-11. Palpus 0.92-0.94 (3) length of proboscis, segment 4 and apex of seg-

ment 3 with long bristles; length ratio of 2-5: 2.57-2.88 : 2.86-3.68 : 1.14-

1.28: 1.00 (4). Proboscis 1.29-1.32 (3) length of forefemur. Cell Ro 1. 48-

1.90 (12) length of vein r9,3. Foretarsomere 4 greatly shortened, 5 modified,

with several stout ventrobasal setae; midtarsomere 4 only a little shortened, 95

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 3ad

poorly modified; hindtarsomere1 0. 69-0. 80 (12) length of tibia. Anterior claw

of fore- and midtarsi with a blunt-tipped submedian and a sharp laterobasal

tooth; hindtarsal claw simple. Genzialia. Tergum IX sclerotized in middle;

lobes rather small, well sclerotized, moderately protrudent and rather narrow-

ly separated; each with 2-7 (most often 3,4) dark stout setae. Sternum IX

trapezoidal, with 2 (rarely 3) bristles. Basistyle subparallel-sided in basal

half, slightly narrowed from middle to apex in tergal view, 3.2-4.5 as long as

wide, with mesal membrane complete, scaled except for extreme base and ter-

gal mesal surface, with a group of outstanding large and small broad scales

and some long striated bristles on sternomesal surface in apical half, bristled

except for extreme base and a narrow longitudinal sublateral area on each ter-

geal and sternal surface; basal tergomesal area densely bristled; long bristles of

tergobasal area usually simple, occasionally one to a few bristles slightly

broadened and striated; basal tergomesal lobe (sclerotized ridge of Knight

1946) of a poorly protrudent narrow sclerotized area, with about 10 or more

short simple bristles, occasionally apical 2 bristles isolated; claspette stem -

slender, tergally curved pilose in basal half, with one short seta near base and

2 about at middle; filament nearly length of stem, with apex very acute, slightly

expanded medially on convex side, this expanded portion transparent and appar-

ently thin. Dististyle slender, 0.34-0.39 length of basistyle, slightly curved

near apex, pilose on concave side in basal 0.67, with 2 short setae near apex,

one each on convex and concave side; claw pigmented, long and slender, 0.59-

0.64 (8) length of dististyle, apex shallowly bifurcate. Cercal tergal surface

membranous; 2,3 (rarely 1) cercal setae on each side; paraproct with apex

unicuspid, rarely unequally bicuspid. Aedeagus cylindrical, slightly constricted

distad of middle in tergal view, 1.81-2.07 (8) as long as wide excluding short

mediobasal process; tergal aspect with a round large basal orifice, apical

semicircular emargination and fringed with a number of slender teeth on each

side of apical tergal margin; sternal aspect narrowly open from base to apical

0.25, then apically broadly open; mesal edges of sternal wall thickened, occa-

sionally touching or overlapping in middle.

LARVA (Fig. 108). Head. Width 0. 73-0.91 mm; brownish, 1.07-1.17 as

wide as long; front margin of labrum nearly straight; no microsculpture dis-

cernible at 400X; seta 1-C strongly curved mesoventrad, 1.19-1.37 (x = 1.26)

as long as distance between bases in 9 specimens from Honshu, 0.91-1.17

(x =1.01) in 3 specimens from Korea; occasionally rudimentary 2-C present;

4-C well developed, mesad of and between 5, 6-C; 6-C well cephalad and

slightly laterad of 5-C, a little cephalad of 7-C; 8-C usually double; 14-C

rather stiff; 15-C rather long. Antenna 0.35-0.48 mm long, slightly bowed,

brown, slightly paler at base and apex, spiculate, the spicules very fine,

almost hair-like at extreme base, becoming progressively stouter distad; seta

1-A 6-13 branched, well barbed, exceeding apex, inserted at basal 0. 44-0. 55

(x = 0.47) of shaft; 2,3-A subapical, 4-6-A apical, 3-A at least 0.67 length of

2-A. Mandible with 13-20 needle-like microspines of various sizes; mandibu-

lar comb of 25-28 long teeth. Cutting organ with DS, extending to or just

beyond apex of VT; dorsal teeth bicuspid; accessory denticle a strongly sclero-

tized, rather large process bearing many denticles on apex; ventral tooth with

VT, larger than VT5, VT32 absent; VT-4 acute, not reaching apex of VTo; VB,

slightly exceeding apex of VT9, apically attenuated, finely pectinate on mesal

margin, VB, much smaller and paler; pectinate brush of 7-10 hairs, distal

hairs longer than VBj. Piliferous process with labula not exceeding anterior

portion; PPH, a long slightly arcuate row of 13-24 (usually 14-17) hairs. Man-

dibular hairs (4-7) + (5-9), 10-14 in total. Maxilla. Cardo rather broadly

304 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

fused with cranium mesobasally; seta 1-Mx 1-4 branched, rather stiff, well

pigmented, sometimes longer than palpostipes, especially when single. Meso-

stipes 1.5 as long as wide, with mesal area not detached, but with a slight

notch on mesal margin distad of middle, marginal spicules stiff, but not spine-

like; pseudoartis not fused with cranium; stipital sensoria moderately slender,

inserted at about middle, lacking basal ring, proximal sensorium slightly

larger than the other; 4-Mx subapical, fairly strong, pigmented, rarely double.

Lacinia with 5-Mx about at level of or slightly distad of stipital sensoria;

6-Mx very broad, with many long barbs, almost brush-like, shorter than 4-Mx;

hairs of maxillary brush moderately long. Palpostipes 0. 25-0. 33 length of

mesostipes, basally broadened, without mesobasal fusion with mesostipes;

apex bearing 5 palpal sensoria, Sg > S, > 89 2 S, >See in length. Mentum plate

high crowned, with 19-24 teeth; median tooth 2.0.3 as broad as immediate

flanking teeth; a few laterobasal teeth much more widely spaced. Thorax.

Setae 6-P and 2-M, T usually single; 4,14-P usually double; 5-T rather stiff;

14-M usually unbarbed or lightly barbed, but sometimes strongly barbed;

many of the more slender setae, such as 4,9,10,12-P, and 3,13-T with

markedly variable barbing, the more usual case being the presence of a few

relatively long but inconspicuous barbs. Abdomen. Integument lightly spicu-

late ventrally in a somewhat imbricate pattern, especially noticeable on pos-

terior segments and laterally on VII and VIII; 2-I, I and 9-I-VI rather stiff;

12-I, 9,11-Il, 2,11,12-U1, 11,12-IV, 2,11-V, 11,14-VlI and 2-VI usually

single; 6-VI usually double; 11-1 stronger than 13-I; many setae, including

1-V, VII, 2,4-I, 5,6,9-VU, and 13-I-VII with barbing usually present, some-

times absent; others, such as 1-I, 1, IV, VI, 2,8-I, 4-V, 5-IV, VI, 7-H, VI,

VII and 12-VII usually not barbed, but sometimes with a few barbs. Comb

scales 8-12 (usually 10) in a single slightly curved row, individual scales

thorn-shaped, with a strong apical spine and basally progressively smaller

laterobasal spicules. Siphon dark brownish, slightly inflated near middle,

with acus free; length 0.67-0.92 mm, index 2. 83-3. 51 (x = 3.24); microsculp-

ture of well separated, nearly straight transverse short ridges, more distinct

basally, apically absent; pecten attaining basal 0.35-0. 44 (x =0. 40), of 12-21

(x =16.0) evenly spaced teeth, including 0-4 reduced basal ones, each usually

with one strong ventral denticle and several smaller ventrobasal denticles,

occasionally with several extremely fine dorsobasal denticles or spicules;

seta 1-S inserted just beyond pecten at basal 0.43-0.49 (x = 0. 47), longer

than siphon diameter; 2-S slender, subapical, about 0.8 length of apical pecten

tooth. Saddle covering dorsal 0.50-0.75 of X, 0.27-0.36 mm long; ventral

margin somewhat erose; microsculpture similar to that of siphon; apex with a

number of subdorsal spines of various sizes, the largest spine shorter than

apical pecten tooth; 1-X 0.7-1.2 saddle length; 4-X of 7,8 (usually 8), 2-5

branched tufts; grid incomplete, more frequently consisting of transverse bars

only, often basal 1,2 tufts without bar. Anal gills somewhat fusiform, the

dorsal gill longer, 1.4-1.7 saddle length, the ventral gill sometimes almost

cordate, 0.5-0.6 length of dorsal gill.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN. 392; with associated

skins (11, 1p), 1 L: Hokkaido (A-0041, A-0042). 170, 49%; with associated

skins (12 1, 12 p), 5 L, 101: Honshu (B-0067, B-0342, B-0343, B-0344,

B-0345, B-0350, B-0358, C-0744, C-1908, C-2104, C-2175, C-2176, C-2279,

D-0051, D-0089). 20°, 32; with associated skins (2 1, 2 p): Izu Shichito

(C-1524, C-1531, C-1533). 20°, 12; with associated skins (11, 1 p): Kyushu

(H-0080). KOREA. 160’, 359; with associated skins (11, 1p), 19 L, 21:

Korean Peninsula (L-0550, L-0551, L-0552, L-0553, L-0556, L-0821, L-0822,

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 355

L-0825, L-0828, L-0865, L-0872, L-0874, L-2025).

DISTRIBUTION. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN (Hokkaido, Honshu, Izu Shichité,

Shikoku, Kyushu, Yakushima, Tsushima). KOREA (Korean Peninsula).

SOUTH PRYMORYE.

TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION. The adults of the Korean population of this

species differ in some respects from the Japanese population. The scutal

pale patches in the female are usually (18/20) more broadly fused anteriorly

forming a single large pale area, occasionally the posterior margin of this

pale area at middle reaches the level of the scutal angle. These pale patches

or the pale area appear fairly constant in both Japanese and Korean populations.

In the male, this pale area is more developed than in the female, its posterior

margin at middle is usually behind the level of the scutal angle, thus the mar-

gin is only shallowly concave. The prescutellar space in the female usually

has only a pair of white lines, only occasionally (4/20) are there indistinct

sublateral lines. The male palpus is 0.91-1.00 (5) as long as the proboscis,

and the aedeagus is 1.93-2.27 (6) as long as wide. More material of the

Korean population should be studied in order to determine if it is a valid sub-

species. Larvae of the Korean population appear nearly identical with those

of Japan. However, a few robust specimens, distinguished primarily in having

setae 14-M and 13-T well developed and strongly barbed, and several other

setae more strongly barbed than usual, were found in the Korean population,

but not in the Japanese population. The 3 robust and 9 typical Korean speci-

mens are compared in Table 22.

TABLE 22. Comparison of two Korean larval forms of Aedes (Finlaya)

nipponicus.

Seta Robust form (3 specimens) Typical form (9 specimens)

1-M 5-9 (x = 7.33), moderately 3-7 (x = 4.67), smooth to

to strongly barbed weakly barbed

14-M Strongly barbed, larger Usually smooth to weakly

than 13-M barbed, smaller than 13-M

1-T Moderately barbed Unbarbed

13-T Strongly barbed Barbing variable

1-I Moderately to strongly Usually smooth or weakly

barbed barbed

7-I 83% single 24% single

11-I 6-9 (x = 7.67) 4-7 (x =5. 44)

13-V 4-7 (x = 5.20), strongly 3-5 (x = 3.86), barbing

barbed variable

Dorsal 1.1-1.2 1.4-1.8

anal gill

length

— saddle

BIONOMICS. Not very common throughout Japan. Larvae are found

usually in tree holes, occasionally in bamboo stumps, rock holes or small

artificial containers. Females are day biters.

356 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

78. AEDES (FINLAYA) NISHIKAWAI NEW SPECIES

(Figs. 109, 110, 227; Table 110)

Aedes (Finlaya) nipponicus: Kamimura, 1968: 18, 19; Amami Oshima and

Tokunoshima, Ryukyu Archipelago

FEMALE (Fig. 227). Wing length 2.6-3.2 mm. Head. Eyes very narrowly

separated above. Vertex covered with broad dark scales except on eye margin,

occasionally paler grayish brown scales laterally mixed; eye margin and tem-

pus covered with broad pale scales, this pale border on eye margin expanding

a little posteriorly at middle and also anteriorly onto interocular space; numer-

ous erect forked blackish scales on posterior margin of vertex, a few brownish

ones sometimes intermixed, a few erect forked scales anteriorly on each side;

6-8 vertical and 4 temporal bristles on each side, an additional one ventrad.

Clypeus dark brown. Antenna: pedicel dark brown, with a number of short

dark mesal hairs; flagellum 0.76-0.78 (4) length of proboscis; flagellomere

1 1.28-1.44 (4) length of Flm 2, with dark scales on mesal side. Palpus

0.18-0.19 (3) length of proboscis, dark scaled; segment 3 1.63-1.95 (5) of 2;

4 at most 0.15 length of 3, occasionally lacking. Proboscis 1.09-1.16 (4) length

of forefemur. Thovax. Pronotal integument dark brown; anterior lobe with

broad white scales and dark bristles; posterior lobe with broad or rather dark

scales on dorsal margin and a few broad pale posteroventral scales, bearing

7-12 dark bristles. Scutum with integument blackish brown, with a pair of

anterolateral patches of narrow curved or crescent-shaped white scales, the

patches not extending mesally beyond supposed dorsocentral line, nor posteriorly

beyond scutal angle on lateral margin, only slightly sublaterally produced pos-

teriorly beyond scutal suture; scutum otherwise covered with narrow curved or

crescent-shaped dark scales; scutal bristles blackish, acrostichals absent ex-

cept for a few anterior ones, anterior dorsocentrals restricted to anterior mar-

gin, afew most anterior bristles of posterior dorsocentral series apparently

lacking; 2-5 humerals anteriorly along the margin, no other bristles on fossal

area, prescutellars and supraalars developed. Scutellar median lobe covered

with broad white scales; lateral lobe with broad pale and dark scales in variable

ratios, most frequently (5/12) entirely pale; median lobe with 4-6 and each

lateral lobe with 3-6 long dark bristles together with some additional short ones.

Paratergite unscaled. Pleural integument brown to dark brown, large patches

of broad white scales on propleuron, upper sternopleuron (almost reaching

cephalic angle), lower sternopleuron, lower prealar knob, and mesepimeron;

7 to more than 10 brown and dark propleural bristles, 4-12 usually dark pro-

pleural bristles, 4-12 usually dark postspiraculars, about 10 or more prealars

and sternopleurals, 6 to more than 10 upper mesepimerals, no lower mesepi-

merals, a markedly long bristle on midposterior sternopleuron a Little above

level of lower margin of mesepimeron. Wing. Alula fringed with rather narrow

dark scales. Cell Ro 1. 73-2.50 length of vein Lo,9- Halter knob dark scaled,

occasionally apical scales appearing pale. Legs. Coxae with anterolateral

patch of white scales. Forefemur with a rather ill-defined broad streak of

pale scales on ventral surface, narrow anterior surface entirely dark scaled

or with an indication of a pale streak; midfemur ventrally pale scaled in basal

0.6 of posterior surface, this pale area basally broadened, but usually not

expanding onto dorsal surface; hindfemur pale scaled in basal 0. 67-0. 75 on an-

terior surface, 0.60-0.67 on posterior surface, this pale area always shorter

on posterior surface; femora otherwise, tibiae and tarsi dark scaled. Fore-

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 307

tarsomere 5 as long as or slightly longer than 4; hindtarsomere 1 0.68-0.75

length of tibia. Hindtarsal claw simple. Abdomen. Tergum I with median

patch of dark scales, with several sublateral pale scales; II-VI dark scaled,

with distinct laterobasal patches of white scales, these patches on V-VII dor-

sally extending to form basal or subbasal bands, which are usually incomplete

and occasionally (2/12) reduced on V, incomplete (9/12) or complete (3/12) on

VI, and usually complete on VII; VIII entirely dark scaled. Sternum II pale

scaled; III-VII dark scaled, with basal bands of pale scales; VIII apically un-

scaled. Genitalia. Only a single seminal capsule developed.

MALE (Figs. 109, 227). Wing length 2.3-2.5 mm (2). Scaling apparently

similar to that of female. Antenna: pedicel with only a few hairs; flagellum

0.71 (1) length of proboscis; flagellomere 12 1.18-1.19 (2) length of Flm 13,

both together 0.84-0.96 (2) of Flm 1-11. Palpus 0.76-0.77 (2) length of pro-

boscis, apices of segments 4 and 5 with a few long bristles; length ratio of

2-5: 2.64-2.81 : 3.43-3.62 : 1.43-1.48 : 1.00 (2). Proboscis 1.30-1.37 (2)

length of forefemur. Cell Ro 1.41-1.85 (3) length of vein r9,3. Foretarso-

mere 4 greatly shortened; 5 modified, with several stout ventrobasal setae;

midtarsomere 4 slightly shortened, 5 poorly modified; hindtarsomere 1 0.70-

0. 76 (4) length of tibia. Anterior claw of fore- and midtarsi with a blunt-tipped

submedian and a sharp laterobasal tooth; hindtarsal claw simple. Genitalia.

Tergum IX sclerotized in middle; lobes rather small, well sclerotized, moder-

ately protrudent, rather narrowly separated; each with 2-4 pigmented stout

setae. Sternum IX trapezoidal, with 2-4 bristles. Basistyle subcylindrical,

slightly apically narrowed, 3.5-4.5 as long as wide, with mesal membrane

complete, scaled except extreme base and tergal mesal surface, with a group

of outstanding large and small broad scales and some long striated bristles on

sternomesal surface in apical half, occasionally with long lanceolate scales

intermixed, bristled except for extreme base and a narrow longitudinal sub-

lateral area on each tergal and sternal surface; basal tergomesal area densely

bristled; long bristles on tergobasal area usually simple, occasionally one or

2 bristles appearing striated but not broadened; basal tergomesal lobe (sclero-

tized ridge of Knight 1946) of a poorly protrudent narrow sclerotized area, with

0-8 short simple bristles in an ill-defined double row; claspette stem slender,

tergally curved, pilose from base to near apex, with one short seta near base

and 2 about at middle; filament slender, about length of stem, falciform, only

slightly broadened in middle, without flattened expansion, appearing pale on

convex margin in middle in lateral view, with weak striation, apex pointed.

Dististyle slender, 0.36-0.39 (3) length of basistyle, slightly curved near

apex, pilose on concave side in basal 0.67, with 2 short setae near apex, one

each on convex and concave side; claw pigmented, long and slender, 0.54-0.65

(2) length of dististyle, apex shallowly bifurcate. Cercal tergal surface not

sclerotized; 1,2 cercal setae on each side; paraproct with apex unicuspid.

Aedeagus cylindrical, slightly constricted distad of middle in tergal view,

1.93-1.97 (2) as long as wide excluding short mediobasal process; tergal aspect

with a large round basal orifice, apical semicircular emargination and fringed

with a number of slender teeth on each side of apical tergal margin; sternal

aspect narrowly open from base to apical 0.25, then broadly open apically;

mesal edge of sternal wall thickened.

LARVA (Fig. 110). Head. Width 0. 80-0.86 mm; brown, 1.14-1.18 as

wide as long; front margin of labrum straight; seta 1-C slender, curved, 1.1-

1.5 as long as distance between bases; 2-C rudimentary or absent; 4, 6-C anteri-

ad of 7-C; 4-C well developed; 5-C about on level of 7-C; 6-C a little laterad of

o9-C; 11-C well developed; 13-C usually single; 14-C rather stiff; 15-C rather

358 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

well developed, usually double. Antenna 0.38-0.44 mm long, brown, some-

what paler at apex and base, curved inward, spiculate, the spicules fine and

almost hair-like at extreme base; seta 1-A with 9-15 barbed branches, inserted

at basal 0.44-0.52, extending beyond apex of shaft; 2,3-A subapical, subequal,

a little longer than 4-A; 5-A with an accessory sensorium on its basal division.

Mandible (described from mounted larvae and larval skins) with a number of

microspines. Cutting organ with DS, fairly long, scarcely reaching apex of

VTg; accessory denticle a strongly sclerotized mesal process bearing many

denticles on its anterior surface; ventral tooth with VT, distinctly larger than

VT», VT2 absent; VT-4 fairly long and acute, not reaching apex of VTg; PPHs5

well developed as a conspicuous row of about 20 tubercle-based hairs. Maxilla

(described from mounted larvae and larval skins). Cardo rather broadly fused

with cranium, seta 1-Mx rather stiff, 2-6 (usually 2 or 3) branched; mesostipes

fairly long, pseudoartis not fused with cranium; 4-Mx long and stout; 6-Mx with

strong lateral branches; palpostipes short, with Se longest. Mentum plate high

crowned, with 18-21 teeth, the median tooth 2.0-3.0 as broad as immediate

flanking teeth, laterobasal teeth widely spaced. Thorax. Setae 3, 8-P sub-

stellate; 5,14-P usually double; 11-M, T moderately developed; 5-T rather stiff.

Abdomen. Integument mostly smooth; segment VIII laterally and a few posteri-

or segments ventrally with extremely fine spicules; seta 11-I mesad of 12-I

and stronger than 13-I; 2-I, II and 9-II-VI rather stiff; 5-II-VII usually stronger

than respective setae 3; 13-II, VI not dendritic; 12-I, 9,12-II, 9,11-III 2,9,

12-IV, 8,9,11,14-V, 11-VI, 2,10-VII usually single; 8-II and 6-V, VI usually

double; 5-V, VI usually triple. Comb scales 10-14 (x = 11.2) ina single row;

individual scales thorn-shaped, with a strong apical spine laterobasally fringed

with fine spicules. Siphon dark brown, with acus free, broadest at about mid-

dle, distinctly apically narrowed in apical 0.33, 2.63-3.36 as long as wide,

apex 0.53-0.59 width of widest part, base only slightly narrower than the

widest part; length 0.68-0.83 mm, index 2. 83-3. 83 (3); microsculpture of short

weak transverse ridges, becoming apically indistinct; pecten reaching basal

0.40-0. 54 (x =0.45), slightly curved dorsad at apex, of 12-23 (x = 16.7) evenly

spaced, very dark brown teeth, including a few basal abortive teeth; each tooth

usually with a rather strong submedian ventral denticle and often 1, 2 additional

minute ventrobasal denticles, occasionally with a minute dorsal denticle; seta

1-S inserted beyond pecten at basal 0.47-0.58 (x =0.52), longer than siphon

diameter; 2-S very slender, slightly shorter than apical pecten teeth. Saddle

with ventral margin irregularly notched; microsculpture consisting of short

spiculiferous transverse ridges; apex with stouter spicules and subdorsolateral

spines of various sizes, the largest spine shorter than apical pecten teeth;

seta 1-X 0.6-1.2 as long as saddle; 2-X usually triple; 4-X of 7-8 (usually 8),

2-4 branched tufts; grid incomplete, consisting of transverse sclerotized bars

only, usually basalmost tuft without bar. Anal gills ovoid or acorn-shaped,

dorsal gill 0.52-0.72 length of saddle, ventral gill very short, 0.54-0.71 length

of dorsal gill. |

TYPE-SERIES. Holotype male (#19798, I-1843-x) with slides of associated

genitalia, wing and legs, Mt. Yuwan, Amami Oshima, Ryukyu Archipelago,

20 VII 1974, tree hole, Saugstad & Mizusawa. Paratypes: 4 males, 13 females,

6 larvae, 2 larval skins;with slides of associated skins (7 larval and 7 pupal),

genitalia (2 males, 3 females), heads (2 males, 1 female), mouthparts (2

males, 5 females), wings (3 males, 12 females) and legs (3 males, 11 females),

in total. 3 females (I-0248): Mt. Yuwan, 1 VII 1970, tree hole, Mizusawa &

Nishikawa; 1 male, 1 larva (I-0253): Mt. Yuwan, 2 VII 1970, tree hole,

Mizusawa & Nishikawa; 1 female with larval and pupal skins (I-0260): Mt. Yuwan,

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 399

3 VII 1970, tree hole, Mizusawa & Nishikawa; 1 female with associated larval

and pupal skins, 1 larva (I-0278): Nishinakama, 8 VII 1970, tree hole,

Mizusawa & Nishikawa; 2 larvae (I-0279): Nishinakama, 8 VII 1970, tree hole,

Mizusawa & Nishikawa; 1 female (I-0303): Mt. Yuwan, 1 VI 1970, net,

Mizusawa & Nishikawa; 3 females (I-0304): Mt. Yuwan, 2 VII 1970, net,

Mizusawa and Nishikawa; 2 males with associated skins (1 larval and 1 pupal),

2 larvae (I-1832): Mt. Yuwan, 24 VII 1974, tree hole, Saugstad &Mizusawa;

1 male, 2 females with associated skins (3 larval and 3 pupal), 2 larval skins

(I-1834): Mt. Yuwan, 24 VII 1974, tree hole, Saugstad & Mizusawa; 2 females

with associated skins (1 larval and 1 pupal) (I-1890): Mt. Yuwan, 4 VIII 1974,

tree hole, Mizusawa.

The holotype and one half of the paratypes are deposited in the National

Science Museum, Tokyo, the remaining paratypes are deposited in the USNM.

DISTRIBUTION. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO (Amami Gunt9d).

TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION. Aedes nishikawai appears most closely allied

to nipponicus LaCasse and Yamaguti, 1948, from Japan and Korea, especially

in the strong resemblance of their male genitalia. Differences between them

are as follows: the claspette stem is more extensively covered with minute

hairs (nearly to apex) in nishikawai than in nipponicus (up to about middle); the

filament is simple in nishikawai, with a moderate transparent expansion on the

convex side in nipponicus; the basal tergomesal lobe bears 5-8 bristles in

nishikawai (3 specimens), about 10 or more in nipponicus (15 specimens).

Male nishikawai can also be distinguished from nipponicus by the shorter pal-

pus (0.76-0.77 length of proboscis in nishikawai, 0.91-1.00 in nipponicus) and

the divided small scutal pale area (a single large anterior pale area reaching

the wing root posterolaterally in nipponicus). Female nipponicus may be dis-

criminated from nipponicus by the divided small scutal pale area (the pale

area continuous on the anterior promontory and extending to the wing root

posterolaterally in nipponicus), the entirely dark scaled prescutellar space

and abdominal tergum VIII (prescutellar scales always pale and a pale basal

band on tergum VIII present in nipponicus). Differences between the larvae of

these 2 species are shown in Table 23. Three robust specimens of nipponicus

from Korea and one of nishikawai were omitted from the table; the latter agreed

quite closely with the former, except for the dorsal anal gill length (0.7 length

of saddle in nishikawai, 1.1-1.2 in nipponicus). The female of nishikawai

resembles inermis Colless, 1958, from Singapore, and omorii Lien, 1968a,

from Taiwan, in the small divided scutal anterolateral pale area, but may be

distinguished from these 2 species in that the propleuron has 7 to more than 10

bristles, the posterior pronotal lobe has a few posteroventral broad pale scales,

the scutellar median lobe is entirely pale scaled and both lateral lobes always

have pale scales, though dark scales often occur; in inermis and omorii, the

posterior pronotal lobe and scutellar lobes are dark scaled; the propleural

bristles are 4-6 in inermis, apparently 6 in omovii. In the male genitalia,

nishikawai is easily discriminated by the simple claspette filament (with a well

developed transparent expansion on convex side in both inermis and omorviti),

and the basal tergomesal lobe has 5-8 ordinary bristles in an ill-defined double

row (a line of 4 long setae in inermis, a line of 6 long stout setae in omorit).

The tergal apex of the aedeagus is deeply emarginate, having a number of

rather slender teeth on each side of this emargination in nishikawaji; being

rounded, bearing several small teeth in imermis, and having only one large

and 2 small teeth on each side of the emargination in omorii. In the larva,

nishikawai., differs from inermis in the free acus, 2-4 branched seta 1-X, and

the anal gills at most 0.75 length of saddle (the acus attached to the siphon,

360 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

1-X single, and the anal gills 1.5-5.0 as long as the saddle in inermis), and

- from omovii in the almost smooth integument (conspicuously spiculate in

omorvii).

Aedes gnapathi Colless, 1958, from Malaya, also has a divided scutal pale

area, but this species lacks the prealar patch of pale scales. Aedes nishikawai

also resembles mohani Knight, 1969, from India, in having a divided scutal

pale area in both male and female, but can be separated from it in the male by

the short palpus (0. 76-0.77 length of proboscis in nishikawai, approximately

equal to it in mohani), the bidentate midtarsal anterior claw (unidentate in

mohani); in the female, by the erect forked, yellowish brown scales on the ver-

tex, pale scaling on the posteroventral posterior pronotal lobe and scutellar

median lobe, and entirely dark scaled abdominal tergum VIII (erect forked

scales on vertex, and scales on posteroventral posterior pronotal lobe and

scutellum are dark, and abdominal tergum VIII has a pale basal band in

mohani); in the larva, by 9-13 branched seta 5-C, 2-3 branched 10-C and 2-3

(more frequently 2) branched 6-I, II (15-24, 4-5, and 3-4, respectively, in

mohani).

TABLE 23. Comparison of larval characteristics of the typical forms

between Aedes (Finlaya) nipponicus and Ae. (Fin.) nishikawat,

Character nipponicus (17)* nishikawai (9)*

Seta 15-C Strongly barbed Weakly to moderately

barbed

Seta 2-II > 1-II in the 23.3% 90.9%

number of branches

Dorsal anal gill + saddle 1.2-1.7 (7)* 0.5-0.7 (6)*

length

Branches *% Branches a

Seta 11-P 2-4 2.8 3-6 4.9

Seta 14-M 3-10 64.2 7-13 9.4

Seta 4-II 4-9 6.3 7-12 8.5

*Specimens examined.

BIONOMICS. Apparently fairly common in Amami Gunt6o. Larvae were

obtained from tree holes.

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 361

79. AEDES (FINLAYA) OREOPHILUS (EDWARDS)

(Figs. 111, 112, 228; Table 11)

Ochlerotatus oreophilus Edwards, 1916: 357 (2). Type-locality: Gharia,

Murree Hills, Western Himalayas.

Aedes (Finlaya) bunanoki Sasa and Ishimura, 1951: 103 (“, 2, P, L). Type-

locality: Bonjusan, Aomori Pref., Japan; Stone 1961: 40, Korea; Nakata

1962: 54-8 (syn. ).

FEMALE (Fig. 228). Wing length 3.0-4.7 mm. Head. Vertex covered

with broad dark scales, with a rather wide median line of crescent-shaped

white scales, eye margin with narrow curved white scales; erect forked scales

over median to posterior area, mostly dark, pale yellow ones intermixed;

tempus covered with broad white scales, with a spot of broad dark scales;

vertical bristles on interocular space bronze-brown, others blackish; usually

4 blackish temporals on each side. Clypeus dark brown. Antenna: pedicel

testaceous, mesal surface infuscate, with a few small dark bristles; flagello-

mere 1 1.42-1.67 (3) length of Flm 2, with dark scales. Palpus 0. 23-0. 28 (3)

length of proboscis, dark scaled; segment 3 1.77-3.17 (3) length of 2; 4 at most

0.2 of 3. Proboscis slightly longer than forefemur. Thorax, Anterior pro-

notal lobe covered with broad white scales, with bristles dark and pale yellow;

posterior pronotal lobe covered with broad white scales except margin around

dorsoposterior corner, with 7,8 bristles. Scutum with integument dark,

covered with narrow blackish brown and golden white scales, the narrow golden

white scales forming the following stripes: a median stripe bifurcating posteri-

orly along margins of the bare prescutellar space, a pair of dorsocentral

stripes almost reaching posterior margin, and a pair of sutural stripes mesally

confluent with dorsocentrals and laterally reaching scutal angle, also margins

from lateroapical angle to supraalar area bordered with paler and slightly

broader narrow golden white scales; all scutal bristles developed, bristles on

_ dise blackish, those on margins bronze-yellow. Scutellum with narrow golden

white scales on lateral lobe and middle of median lobe, and dark ones laterally

on median lobe, each lobe with several long and a few short bronze-yellow

bristles. Paratergite with broad white scales. Pleural integument very dark

brown; patches of broad white scales on propleuron, subspiracular area, lower

prealar knob, upper and lower-caudal sternopleuron, and mesepimeron; pleural

bristles rather fine, pale yellowish brown, many on propleuron, prealar knob,

sternopleuron and upper mesepimeron, no lower mesepimerals. Wing. Alula

fringed with narrow dark scales. Costa with several pale scales at base.

Halter knob mesally dark scaled, laterally pale scaled. Legs. Coxae with

patches of moderately broad white scales. Forefemur with a short basal

streak on anterior surface, a long stripe on posterior surface, and a triangular

ventroapical spot of white scales; midfemur pale scaled on basal 0.67 of posteri-

or surface, with an incomplete apical band of white scales, apex with dark

fringe; hindfemur pale scaled, with a broad dark band distad of middle; femora

otherwise, tibiae and tarsi dark scaled. Foretarsomere 5 length of 4, mid-

tarsomere 5 usually shorter than 4, sometimes same length. Hindtarsal claw

simple. Abdomen. Tergum I with a median patch of dark scales; II-VIII dark

scaled, II-VII with laterobasal patches of white scales, sometimes with small

mediobasal spots; VII basally white scaled. Sterna dark scaled, with basal

bands of pale scales, VIII without apical scales.

MALE (Figs. 112, 228). Wing length 3.1-3.5 mm. Vertex and tempus

362 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

covered with broad white scales except for median line of crescent-shaped

white scales, some crescent-shaped creamy scales posteromedially scattered,

erect forked scales mostly yellow. Antennal flagellum 0. 65-0. 73 (3) length of

proboscis. Palpus 0. 81-0. 86 (3) length of proboscis, with many rather long

bristles on segments 4, 5 and apex of 3; length ratio of 2-5: 2.41-2.50 : 3.08-

3.14: 1.19: 1.00 (2). Proboscis 1.19-1.33 (3) length of forefemur. Scutal

scales all golden white. Scutellar lobes with scales similar to those of scutum.

Foretarsomere 4 greatly shortened, 5 strongly modified, with several stout

setae on ventrobasal swelling, and a midventral setiferous process; midtarso-

mere 4 moderately shortened, 5 moderately modified. Anterior claw of fore-

and midtarsi with a blunt-tipped median and a sharp laterobasal tooth; hind-

tarsal claw simple. Laterobasal patches of abdominal terga extending dorso-

mesad, often forming narrow complete or incomplete basal bands. Genitalia.

Tergum IX with median sclerotized portion very narrow; lobes convex, each

bearing 1-5 rather stout setae. Sternum IX with a pair of medioapical bristles.

Basistyle cylindrical, 4.9-6.0 as long as wide, laterally and sternally dark

scaled, with a patch of laterobasal white scales, bristled throughout, long

sternoapical bristles, bristles on basal tergomesal edge stouter and denser,

rather tufted (undifferentiated basal tergomesal lobe); somewhat dissimilar

- thicker rather tufted bristles on sternomesal edge distad of middle; claspette

stem pilose, with 2 short mesal setae; filament distinctly longer than stem,

narrow, curved at middle, then apically tapering. Dististyle 0.33-0.35 (4)

length of dististyle, somewhat swollen in basal half, pubescent on concave side,

with a few small setae near apex; claw slender, 0.45-0.48 (4) length of disti-

style. Cercal setae 3, 4 on each side; paraproct with apex unicuspid. Aedeagus

cylindrical, 2.46-2.91 (4) as long as wide, tergal surface basally and apically

concave, sternal aspect very narrowly open towards base and very broadly

open towards apex.

LARVA (Fig. 111). Head. Width 0.9-1.1 mm; 1.0-1.2 as wide as long;

seta 1-C stout, slightly shorter than distance between bases; 4, 6-C anterior to

7-C; 5-C posterior to 7-C, longer than 6-C; 5, 6-C tandem or 5-C a little me-

sad of 6-C. Antenna 0.32-0.48 mm long, shorter than head, pigmented, be-

coming progressively paler in apical half, smooth, or sparsely and very minutely

spinulate; seta 1-A single, inserted at middle to apical 0.4 of shaft, reaching or

nearly reaching apex of shaft. Mandible (1 dissected specimen) with simple but

rather stout microspines; mandibular comb of about 20 slender teeth. Cutting

organ with DS; long and stout, apparently short DS9 present; lateral dorsal

tooth appearing tricuspid, mesal dorsal tooth with 1,2 denticles on mesal side;

ventral tooth with VT1-3 equal in size; VT-4 apparently stout; VB, stout,

coarsely pectinate, reaching apex of VT or extending slightly beyond it; pec-

tinate brush 5,6 haired. Mandibular hairs 6 + 12, hairs of posterior group

apically frayed. Piliferous process with labula barely extending beyond apex of

anterior part. Maxilla (1 dissected specimen). Cardo as in japonicus; seta

1-Mx single, moderately stiff and long. Mesostipes 1.3 as long as wide, me-

sal area not detached, many spine-like short strong spicules on mesal margin

up to near apex; lateral surface with a few indistinct denticles; pseudoartis

separated from cranium; stipital sensoria at apical 0.25-0.33, without basal

ring; 4-Mx at about level of 2-Mx, slender, moderately long. Lacinia with

5-Mx at level or distad of stipital sensoria; 6- Mx subequal to 4-Mx. Palpo-

stipes nearly 0.5 length of mesostipes, without mesobasal fusion with meso-

stipes; apex with 5 palpal sensoria, S3>S4>S4>S9> Ss in length. Mentum plate

with 15-21 (~ = 18.0) subequal teeth. Thovax. Seta 1-P smooth or very weakly

barbed; 8-P rather stiff; 13-T rather stiff and substellate. Abdomen. Setae

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 363

1-I-V, 11-I and 5-II, III somewhat stiff and substellate; 13-III-V distinctly

longer and stouter than other setae of segment I-VII except for 6-I-VI and 7-I.

Comb scales 24-38 (x = 30.0) in a patch; individual scales medium to long,

parallel-sided, rounded at apex, evenly fringed with spicules. Siphon widening

a little towards middle, with acus attached, brown with apical 0.20-0. 25 pale;

index 2.5-3.0; pecten reaching about middle of siphon, of 19-25 (x = 21.7)

evenly and closely spaced teeth including 1-5 basal abortive ones, each tooth

with a main ventral denticle and a number of minute ones; seta 1-S inserted at

middle to apical 0.4 of siphon at apex or slightly distad of pecten, as long as

width of siphon at insertion; 2-S slightly shorter than apical pecten tooth,

extending beyond apical margin of siphon. Saddle covering dorsal 0.6-0.8 of

segment X, incised on ventral margin, spinulate on dorsal half of apical mar-

gin; seta 1-X shorter than saddle; 4-X of 8-11 cratal and 2-4 precratal tufts

(11-13, usually 12, in total), each tuft 2-4 branched, precratal one sometimes

single. Anal gills elongate-ovate, with narrowly rounded apex; dorsal gill

about equal to saddle or at most 1.5 saddle length; ventral gill distinctly short-

er than dorsal gill.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN. 177°, “209; with asso-

ciated skins (72 1, 72 p), 54 L, 41: Honshu (B-0319, B-0320, B-0321,

B-0326, B-0327, B-0328, B-0329, B-0330, B-0331, B-0332, B-0333, B-0334,

B-0335, B-0337, B-0339, B-0342, B-0344, B-0345, B-0346, B-0347, B-0348,

B-0350, B-0351, B-0352, B-0357, B-0358, B-0359, B-0360, B-0361, B-0364,

B-0365, B-0366, B-0367, B-0368, B-0370, B-0371, B-0379, B-0385, B-1196,

C-2317, D-0091, D-1199, E-1577).

DISTRIBUTION. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN (Hokkaido, Honshu). KOREA.

INDIA.

TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION. Hara (1959) recorded a Himalayan species,

oreophilus, from Japan; Nakata (1962) synonymized Japanese bunanoki with

oreophilus. Their identifications were apparently based only on Barraud's

short description (1934). We studied 2 males, 2 females and 5 4th instar

larvae from the Krol Mountains, near Solan, West Himalayas (VII. 1930,

Barraud; BMNH). No obvious differences were detected in the adults including

the male genitalia. Larvae appear to be essentially identical, though some

inconsistent characters were found. Here, then, both are treated as a single

taxon. The discontinuous distribution of this species may possibly be associ-

ated with deforestation in continental China.

The inconsistent larval characters are as follows: The body setae of the

> Himalayan specimens are stiffer, branched and often more stellate than

Japanese specimens. Somewhat greater differences occur in 4 abdominal

setae, extent of the pecten, number of the pecten teeth and position of 1-S

(Table 24). Differences in the pecten and the position of seta 1-S are especial-

ly distinct and they may be of subspecific value. However, these characters

must be evaluated with more Himalayan material.

364 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

TABLE 24. Comparison of larval characteristics between Japanese and

Himalayan specimens of Aedes (Finlaya) oreophilus.

Chavdctes Japan (30 specimens) Himalayas (5 specimens)

Range x Mode (%) Range x Mode (%)

Seta 1-II 2-3 259 3 (83) 3-7 4.4 -

Seta 4-II 4-8 5.6 5:(57) 3-5 4.1 -

Seta 1-III 2-3 Dad 3:73) 3-7 4.3 -

Seta 1-V 2-3 204 3C (73) 4-9 4.9 4 (60)

Pecten teeth 10-200 27 - 12-20 15.4 -

Apex of pecten basal 0.45-0.53 of siphon basal 0.32-0.43 of siphon

Seta 1-S basal 0.52-0.59 of siphon basal 0. 40-0.49 of siphon

BIONOMICS. Apparently fairly common in mountain beech woods in Honshu.

Larvae occur in tree holes, rarely in rock holes with water containing fallen

leaves. Adult females are day biters.

80. AEDES (FINLAYA) WATASEI YAMADA

(Figs. 112, 113, 229: Table 112)

Aedes watasei Yamada, 1921: 64 (?). Type-locality: Omura, Kyushu, Japan.

Aedes (Finlaya) sp. in gubernatoris group: Bohart and Ingram, 1946b: 69,

Shana Wan, Okinawa Is., Ryukyu Archipelago.

Aedes (Finlaya) feegradei: Bohart, 1953: 185, Okinawa and Ishigaki Is.,

Rhykyu Archipelago.

Aedes (Finlaya) watasei: LaCasse and Yamaguti, 1950: 171 ().

FEMALE (Fig. 229). Wing length: 2.3-3.6 mm. Head, Vertex covered

with broad, bluish-tinged dark scales; tempus and eye margin covered with

broad white scales, the white-scaled area slightly produced posteriorly at

middle and sometimes forming a short median line but never reaching posteri-

or margin; many posterior erect forked dark scales and a few lateral ones on

vertex; usually 5 vertical and 4 temporal dark bristles on each side, the most

mesal vertical bristle very long and stout. Antenna: pedicel testaceous to

piceous, with a few small bristles and scales on mesal side; flagellum 0. 83-

0.86 (2) length of proboscis; flagellomere 1 1.39-1.48 (2) length of Flm 2,

with dark scales. Palpus 0. 22-0. 24 (2) length of proboscis, dark-scaled; seg-

ment 3 1.59-1.80 (2) of 2; 4 at most 0.13 of 3. Proboscis 1.18-1.20 (2) length

of forefemur. Thorax. Anterior pronotal lobe covered with broad white scales,

bristles mostly dark, lateral ones brownish; posterior pronotal lobe with a large

patch of broad white scales on lower posterior part, bearing 2-4 dark bristles.

Scutum with integument pitchy black, covered with narrow dark scales, a large

transverse oblong patch of narrow white scales occupying anterior 0.25, pos-

terior margin of the patch concave or slightly produced posteriorly at middle

and on both sides, a pair of transverse supraalar patches of narrow white

scales extending dorsaily to near line of posterior dorsocentral bristles; acro-

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 365

stichal, anterior dorsocentral and fossal bristles absent, other scutal bristles

developed, blackish with bronzy reflection. Scutellum with integument paler

than scutum, each lobe covered with a mixture of broad dark and pale scales,

with several long and several short dark bronzy bristles. Paratergite with broad

white scales (paratergal patch continuous with supraalar patch). Pleural integu-

ment pitch-brown; patches of broad white scales on propleuron, lower prealar

knob, upper and lower-caudal sternopleuron and upper mesepimeron; about 10

yellow propleural bristles, a few yellowish brown postspiraculars; about 10 pre-

alars, some yellowish brown and some dark; about 20 yellowish brown sterno-

pleurals, several fine yellow upper mesepimerals, no lower mesepimerals.

Wing. Alula fringed with moderately broad dark scales. Costa with a small

basal spot of pale scales. Halter knob clothed with dark scales intermixed

with pale ones. Legs. Forecoxa covered basally and mesoapically with white

scales, anteromedially with dark scales; mid- and hindcoxae with patches of

white scales. Forefemur broadly or narrowly white scaled on basal 0. 60-0. 67

of ventral aspect (the pale area not reaching base), sometimes with a short

white stripe basally on anterior side, occasionally a few pale scales scattered

basally on dorsal surface; midfemur white scaled on basal 0. 60-0. 67 of ventral

margin of anterior surface to posterior surface, with an often dorsally incom-

plete white apical band, apex with dark fringe; hindfemur with a very broad

white subbasal band extending to about middle, and a narrow white apical band,

apex with dark fringe. Foretibia with an anteriorly incomplete white apical

band; midtibia with a small white dorsosubapical spot. Mid- and hindtarsomere

1 with a white basal band; midtarsomeres 1 and 2 with a ventrally incomplete

white articular band; hindtarsomeres 1 and 2 with an often complete broader

white articular band. Foretarsomere 5 longer than 4. Hindtarsal claw usually

simple, sometimes with a small median tooth. Abdomen. Tergum I witha

median patch of dark scales; Il-VII covered with dark scales, with laterobasal

patches of white scales; VIII with mediobasal white and dark scales; V-VII with

a tuft of outstanding dark dorsal scales. Sterna basally white scaled and apically

dark scaled; II-VI with a tuft of outstanding dark scales, the tuft small or

occasionally indistinct on III, becoming larger on posterior sterna; VIII without

scales. |

MALE (Figs. 112, 229). Wing length 2.3-2.7 mm. Generally, white-

scaled areas more developed than infemale. Vertex with a distinct median

line of broad white scales, dark-scaled area smaller, erect forked scales dirty

yellow. Antennal flagellum 0.79 (1) length of proboscis; flagellomere 12 1.14

length of Flm 2, both together 0.86 of Flm 1-11. Palpus 0.9 (1) length of pro-

boscis, relatively few long bristles on segments 4, 5 and apex of 3; length ratio

of 2-5: 3.06 : 3.58: 1.32: 1.00. Proboscis 1.26 (1) length of forefemur.

Scutal white patch larger, occupying anterior 0.33-0.50, posterior margin

posteriorly extending in a median and 2 sublateral projections; antealar patch

dorsally extending and connected with posterior dorsocentral stripe of white

scales; prescutellar arch of white scales present. Scutellum with more white

than dark scales. Foretibia with a posteroventral white streak; all white mark-

ings of legs more distinct than infemale. Fore and midtarsomeres 4 very

short; foretarsomere 5 strongly modified, with several stout setae on ventro-

basal swelling, and a midventral setiferous process; midtarsomere 5 weakly

modified. Anterior claw of fore- and midtarsi with blunt-tipped median tooth

and a sharp laterobasal tooth; hindtarsal claw simple. Tufts of outstanding

scales on abdomen slightly more pronounced. Genitalia. Tergum IX with

sclerotized median area very narrow; lobes widely separated, moderately

prominent, each bearing 2-6 stout setae. Sternum IX with 2,3 medioapical

366 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

bristles. Basistyle cylindrical, 4.9-6.4 as long as tergal width, laterally and

sternally scaled, bristled throughout, bristles on tergal surface becoming

shorter and finer towards apex, bristles on median sternomesal margin dense,

somewhat specialized, each of uniform diameter from base to near apex.

Claspette stem short, glabrous excepting pilose base bearing a mesal seta;

filament narrow, very long, curved, slightly hooked at apex. Dististyle rather

stout, 0.33-0.39 (5) length of basistyle, slightly arcuate, pubescent on concave

side; claw 0.50-0.55 (4) length of dististyle. Paraproct with apex unicuspid;

cercal setae 2 on each side. Aedeagus cylindrical, 2.00-2.74 (6) as long as

wide, tergal aspect closed, more or less apically and basally concave; sternal

aspect narrowly open towards base and widely open towards apex.

LARVA (Fig. 113). Head. Width 0.78-0.90 mm; fairly uniform light brown,

rounded, 1.10-1.27 as wide as long; seta 1-C stout, apex subacute, strongly

ventromesally curved, separated by about 1.5 their length; 4-C directly caudad

of 6-C, slightly cephalad of 7-C, well cephalad and slightly mesad of 5-C, a

little closer to 6-C than to 5-C; 5-C 1.3 length of 6-C, 0.5 length of cranium;

7-C usually double, much weaker than 5, 6-C; 11-C weak; 12-C subequal to

11-C, 11,12-C often appearing dendritic when 5 or more branched. Antenna

0.22-0.25 mm long, about 0.33 length of head, uniformly light brown, nearly

straight, smooth, of fairly uniform diameter throughout; seta 1-A usually

single, rarely double, inserted at apical 0.31-0.45 (x =0.36), reaching apex of

shaft. Mandible (2 dissected specimens) with about 15-20 small simple micro-

spines; mandibular comb with 8 teeth, mesal teeth long, strongly curved at

base. Cutting organ relatively larger than in other species of Finlaya of this

region, with DS, fairly long and stout, DS9 apparently rather long; mesal dor-

sal tooth with a small subbasal denticle, lateral dorsal tooth unicuspid; a

small triangular accessory denticle; ventral tooth with VT3>VT1>VT»; VT-4

very stout, triangular; VB, stout, nearly attaining tip of VTo, finely pectinate

on mesal margin; pectinate brush of at least 3 very slender hairs, each about

0.67 length of VB;. Piliferous process wide, with labula extending slightly

beyond apex of anterior part. Mandibular hairs 9-11. Mavxilla (2 dissected

specimens) somewhat modified. Cardo small, mesobasally fused with cranium

through a rather thick sclerotized strip; seta 1-Mx moderately long, usually

single, rarely double. Mesosteipes 1.4 as long as wide, with lateral surface

rather strongly sclerotized, apparently narrowly fused with cardo at base, with

mesal area not detached, mesal margin with numerous rather short, strongly

denticulate, short spine-like spicules in distal 0.67; pseudoartis attached to

cranium; stipital sensoria close to apex, proximal sensorium slightly longer

than distal one, both with basal ring; 2-Mx just laterad of maxillary brush;

4-Mx subapical, moderately long, slender, pale. Lacinia with 5-Mx close to

apex; 6-Mx shorter than 4-Mx, simple; hairs of maxillary brush short and very

stiff. Palpostipes rather long, 0.6 length of mesostipes, rather narrow, only

slightly broadened basally, mesobasally fused with mesostipes through a narrow,

well sclerotized ventral bridge; apex with 4 palpal sensoria, S5 apparently

absent or extremely small. Mentum plate with 13-15 strong teeth, the median

tooth bluntly rounded, flanking teeth subequal in size. Thorax. Setae 1-3-P

arising from a common callus, 8-P usually dendritic when more than 5 branched,

1-T occasionally rather strong, with a sclerotized basal callus. Abdomen.

Setae 1-I-IV and 6-I, II usually triple; 1,6-VI usually double; 6-III-VI

moderately long; 7,9-VII, when single, thicker than other small setae on VII;

3-VIII more than twice length of 1-VII; 5-VIII fairly stiff, usually 4-branched,

slightly longer than 1-VIII. Comb scales 35-60 (x = 48.3) in a triangular patch,

the individual scales broadly paddle-shaped, apically and laterally fringed with

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 367

fine spicules, the apical spicules longer, but not noticeably stouter than the

lateral spicules. Siphon brown except for paler apical 0.17, very gradually

tapering from base to middle, more strongly from middle to apex, the surface

smooth or nearly so; acus attached, rather weakly developed; length 0. 68-0. 84

mm, index 2.4-3.1 (x = 2.9); pecten reaching basal 0.45-0.52 (x = 0.48), of

10-17 evenly spaced strong teeth, each tooth with a large subacute denticle at

basal 0.25, and 2 or more smaller denticles proximad; 0-4 small abortive

teeth basad of main pecten teeth; seta 1-S subequal to siphon diameter at

insertion, just ventrodistad of apical pecten tooth at basal 0. 53-0. 58 ( =0. 55);

2-S subapical, about 0.67-0.75 length of apical pecten tooth. Saddle 0. 30-

0.34 mm long, with short transverse rows of very fine spicules, the spicules

becoming dorsocaudally stronger, several small, tooth-like spines on caudal

margin dorsad of seta 1-X; 1-X inserted near ventrocaudal margin, fairly

stiff and dark; 4-X usually of 6-8 cratal and 2,3 precratal hairs, the cratal

hairs 2-5 branched, the precratal hairs shorter and 2,3 branched. Anal gills

fusiform, about twice as long as wide; dorsal gill 0.8-1.1 length of saddle,

ventral gill 0.50-0.67 length of dorsal gill.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO. 7°, 18°; with asso-

ciated skins (51, 5p), 8 L: Amami Gunto (I-0239, I-0245, I-0246, I-0253,

I-0255, I-0256, I-0259, I-0261, I-0283, I-0289, I-0304, I-0307, I-1831,

I-1833, I-1843). 19, 2 L: Okinawa Guntdé (2 L: Shana Wan, Okinawa Is.,

24 IX 1945, bamboo stump, Bohart, USNM. 19: J-0414). 160, 212; with

associated skins (3 1, 3 p), 3 L, 11: Yaeyama Gunto (6c, 5°: Yarabu Pen.,

Ishigaki Is., K 1951, tree hole, Bohart; 1“-genitalia slide, 2 L: Yarabu Pen.,

Ishigaki Is., 1 XI 1951, tree hole, Bohart; 11: Yarabu Pen., Ishigaki Is.,

51 L, 91, tree hole, Bohart, USMN. K-0159, K-0561, K-0796, K-0800,

K-0918, K-0931, K-0932, K-0933, K-0937, K-0972, K-1021, K-1750, K-1774).

DISTRIBUTION. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN (Kyushu, Yakushima). RYUKYU

ARCHIPELAGO (Amami, Okinawa and Yaeyama Gunt6).

TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION. Bohart (1953) recorded Ae. (Fin.) feegradei

Barraud, 1934, from Okinawa and IshigakiIs. This species was described

from Burma. We examined 2 syntype specimens (male and female; Rangoon,

Burma, VII. 1930, C. S. Feegrade; BMNH). Unfortunately they were in poor

condition, the abdomen missing in both specimens; consequently, the genitalia

could not be studied. The following differences in scaling were noted in the

head and thorax of the female: Scaling on the posterior pronotal lobe is more

extensive, reaching the dorsal margin (restricted to a moderate sized midpos-

terior patch in watasei). There were no pale scales on the scutellum, but the

scales of the apical margin of the median lobe were rubbed off (pale scales

always present in watasei, but in some specimens, they appear only on apical

margin of the median lobe). Halter knob is entirely dark scaled (a variable

number of pale scales always present in watasei). The white scaled area on

the ventral surface of forefemur is shorter, reaching only basal 0.4 (0.60-

0.67) in watasei); that of the posterior surface of the midfemur reaching mid-

dle (0. 60-0. 67 in watasei); the white apical band of the hindfemur is slightly

broader than in watasei. Development of these pale scaled areas is variable in

watasei, and should be expected in feegvadei.

Thus, the significance of these differences cannot be determined without

examination of further material of feegradei. We therefore refrain from

making any conclusion about the synonymy of these 2 species. We examined 6

males (with one associated genitalia slide) and 5 females from Ishigaki Is.,

identified as feegradei by Bohart and kindly sent by him to the USNM for our

study. They were found to agree with waiasei and not with the type-specimens

368 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

of feegradei. Larval specimens identified as feegradei by Bohart (2 from

Okinawa, 3 from Ishigaki Is.) were also identical with waiasei.

BIONOMICS. Rare in Kyushu, not very common in the Ryukyu Archipelago.

Larvae were usually collected from tree holes and they were once obtained from

a rock hole on Amami Oshima. They are also reported to occur in vases of cut

bamboo, water-holding concavities of gravestones and bamboo stumps

(Kamimura 1976b). In Yaeyama, they were found associated with Ae. aureo-

striatus and various Ae. (Stegomyia) species. Adult females are day biters.

SUBGENUS STEGOMYIA THEOBALD

Stegomyia Theobald, 1901a: 235. Type-species: Culex jasciatus Fabricius;

Antilles.

Small to medium-sized dark mosquitoes with clearly white banded tarsi;

scutum ornamented with white scales. Larvae with relatively small rounded

head and short siphon.

FEMALE. White patches formed by broad or narrow scales usually with

silvery tinge. Head, Vertex covered with broad decumbent scales; erect

forked scales restricted to posterior part of vertex; usuaily the most ventral

temporal bristle detached. Antennal flagellum shorter than to about as long as

proboscis; pedicel covered with broad white scales except dorsally or dorso-

laterally, usually also with a narrow ventral interruption. Palpus 0.20-0.25

length of proboscis, dark scaled, with fairly large dorsoapical patch of white

scales, a few pale scales occasionally intermixed among dark scales. Pro-

boscis dark scaled, with several ventrobasal bristles. Thovax. Bristles of

posterior pronotal lobe 1-7, arranged in a row along posterior margin. Scutum

variously ornamented with pale scales; scutal bristles dark; acrostichal

bristles absent except one or 2 anterior pairs, dorsocentral bristles rather

few; fossal area without bristles on median part, posterior fossals often

absent, prescutellars and supraalars developed. Scutellum covered with broad

flat scales, the scales mostly white, median lobe usually with broad dark api-

cal scales. Mesepimeral bristles absent except occasionally in flavopictus.

Base of mesomeron slightly above that of hindcoxa. Wing. Alula fringed with

small rather broad, dark scales; veins dark scaled; costa with white basal spot

or a few basal pale scales. Legs. Femora with pale apical fringe or patch.

Tarsi basally white banded. Claws equal, those of hindtarsus always simple.

Abdomen. Laterotergite heavily white scaled; segment VIII retractile; seminal

capsules 3, usually one larger than other 2.

MALE. Antennal flagellum 0.67-0.90 length of proboscis, flagellomeres

12 and 13 together 0.66-0.95 length of Flm 1-11. Palpus apically upturned,

0.80-1.10 length of proboscis, with only several short bristles on segments

4,5 and apex of 3; 2 with ventrally incomplete white subbasal band, 3-95 with

white basal bands which are dorsally incomplete on 4 and 5. Both claws of

hindtarsus equal and simple. Genitalia. Sternum IX without bristles, usually

moderately sclerotized laterally and basally. Claspette well developed, with

numerous bristles on expanded apical surface, with some bristles specialized;

neither apical nor basal tergomesal lobe present. Dististyle simple, with claw.

Tergite X usually well sclerotized; no cercal setae; paraproct apically rounded

in lateral view, without apical tooth. Aedeagus composed of a pair of well

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 369

sclerotized lateral pieces, with many tergoapical teeth, tergobasally and stern-

ally open, tergoapically closed.

LARVA. Head. Brownish, rounded; labrum nearly straight; seta 1-C

slender; 4-C with slender radiating branches, usually slightly anteriad of 6-C,

both anteriad of antennal base; 5-C far posterior to and nearly tandem with or

a little laterad of 6-C; 8-C anteriad of 9-C. Antenna less than 0.5 length of

head, smooth; 1-A single, short. Mandible. A number of usually simple,

rather stout dorsolateral microspines near base; 1-Md present, single or

double. Cutting organ with 2 dorsal spines, both reaching about base of VT-4,

lateral spine longer; 2 dorsal teeth, ventrolateral tooth smaller, simple, dor-

somesal tooth usually with one mesal denticle; ventral tooth with VT-4 spini-

form, not reaching apex of VTg; VT 1_3 equal or subequal, each usually with a

small secondary anterobasal denticle; usually a few accessory denticles at

base of ventral tooth on mesal surface; 2 ventral blades, VB, stout, not reach-

ing apex of VIg, VBy much smaller, both with mesal pectination; pectinate

brush of 3-9 bilaterally pectinate hairs, distalmost hair longest, longer than

VB. Piliferous process with labula usually not extending beyond the broader

anterior part; PPH3 5 not distinctly differentiated. Mandibular hairs barbed,

proximal hairs apically frayed. Maxilla. Cardo narrowly triangular, well

sclerotized, free from cranium, seta 1-Mx always branched. Mesostipes a

little longer than wide; pseudoartis well developed, apically fused with cranium;

parartis reduced; stipital sensoria distal to middle, equal or subequal, some-

what separated from each other, without basal ring; seta 2-Mx short, sublater-

ally on dorsoanterior margin; seta 4-Mx near ventroapical margin, very long,

longer than palpostipes. Lacinia with mesobasal corner strongly sclerotized;

seta 5-Mx on a very prominent socket about level of stipital sensoria or anteri-

or to them; seta 6-Mx difficult to see. Palpostipes cylindric, about 0. 50-0. 67

length of mesostipes, not basally swollen, mesobasally connected with meso-

stipes; palpal sensoria moderately developed, S5 shortest; ampulla present.

Mentum plate triangular, with many small teeth. Thorax. Setae 0-P, 13,14-M,

and 13-T not dendritic; 11-M, T often moderately developed; 0,3, 8-P, 1, 13,

14-M, 1,4, 5, 8,13-T eS etift and stellate. Abdomen. Seta 12- I absent:

13-I, VI not dendritic: 1-I-VIII, 2-I-VU, 5-I-VU, 6,8-VU, 7-II-VI, 9-II-VII

and 13-I-VII often stiff and stellate; 2-VIII distant from 1-VIII; comb scales

usually in a single row, occasionally an additional row present in riversi; indi-

vidual scales thorn-shaped with a strong apical spine. Siphon brownish, with

base narrowly darker, without acus, index less than 4, usually 2,3; pecten

teeth usually evenly spaced; each tooth with one to several ventrobasal denticles,

and often one or a few dorsobasal denticles especially in proximal teeth; seta

2-S subapical, extending beyond apex of siphon, longer than apical pecten tooth.

Seta 4-X 8-10; grid complete or incomplete, 1,2 proximal tufts of 4-X occasion-

ally off grid.

DISTRIBUTION. Southern Palaearctic region, up to Sakhalin and Prymorye

to the north in East Asia; Oriental region; Australian region; Pacific islands;

Ethiopian region.

TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION. Species of the subgenus Stegomyia in this region

are divided into 2 groups, the scutellaris group and aegypti group. They will be

discriminated by the following characteristics in addition to those mentioned in

the keys.

Scutellavis group. Costal basal white spot distinct. Male fore- and mid-

tarsomere 4 rather long, foretarsomere 5 1.12-1.52 and midtarsomere 5 1. 11-

1.42 length of their respective tarsomere 4; basistyle more slender; dististyle

longer, 0.77-0.96 length of basistyle.

370 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

Aegypti group. Costal basal white spot poorly developed. Male fore- and

midtarsomere 4 shorter, foretarsomere 5 1.51-1.74 and midtarsomere 95 1. 43-

1.64 length of their respective tarsomere 4; basistyle wider, dististyle shorter,

0.58-0. 77 length of basistyle.

KEYS TO SPECIES OF AEDES (SSTEGOMYIA)

FEMALE ADULT

i Scutum with a conspicuous single white anteromedian stripe; eyes

rather broadly separated above (more broadly than below); palpal

segment 3 1.4-2.2 length of 2 (scutellaris group). .......

Scutum without a single anteromedian stripe; eyes narrowly

separated above (more narrowly than below); palpal segment 3

GO-'. 2 bene Of 2 (@eovpr rou)... ..-.. . - 2s se ws mye, 5

2(1). Postspiracular area with white patch; claws of fore- and midtarsi

unidentate; scutum with anterolateral white stripe.

galloisi (p. 376)

Postspiracular area without white patch; claws of fore- and midtarsi

simple; scutum without anterolateral stripe. ........... 3

3(2). White patches on side of thorax forming 2 distinct parallel transverse

_ gtripes; abdominal terga without dorsobasal bands, with laterobasal

patches extending posterodorsally, and on posterior segments form-

ing incomplete or complete subbasal bands. .... riversi (p. 372)

White patches on side of thorax not forming distinct parallel transverse

stripes; abdominal terga with both dorsobasal bands and laterobasal

OF laterosabbasal patches... x. iis tea ee ee 8 isles oh ew 8 eye ae 4.

4(3). Scutum with a patch of narrow curved or crescent-shaped slightly

yellowish to yellowish brown scales in front of, to above wing-root;

one posterior fossal bristle; hindtarsomere 4 with basal 0. 67-0. 83

Cltively winkterss GS a ew Goa ae flavopictus (p. 386)

Scutum with a patch of broad white scales in front of wing-root; no

posterior fossal bristle; hindtarsomere 4 with basal 0. 60-0. 67

WMG l. cn So a ee foe albopictus (p. 380)

5(2). Clypeus with scales; scutum with submedian stripes; claws of fore- and

midtarsrunidentate.. 0 ere Bek ee al es aegypti (p. 396)

Clypeus without scales; scutum without submedian stripes; claws

6(5).. Posterior pronotal lobe and paratergite without white patches; femora

Wnspotted; tibiae unbanded. 255.7... 6 28. ea wadai (p. 400)

Posterior pronotal lobe and paratergite with white patches; fore- and

midfemora white spotted; tibiae white banded.

chemulpoensis (p. 403)

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea otL

MALE GENITALIA

i Paraproct without median sternomesal process; tergum IX with apical

margin convex or medially produced (scutellaris group). .... 2

Paraproct with median sternomesal process; tergum IX with apical

marein medially concave (cepypl: group)... . . eee 2,

2(1). Claspette reaching at most middle of basistyle; tergum IX with apical

marein simply medially Convex! 5. A ee es ee ee 3

Claspette reaching at least apical 0.33 of basistyle.......... 4

3(2). Aedeagus broadened from base toward apex; median part of tergum IX

only pilose; claspette only slightly apically expanded in lateral

Wiew Ch er eae ee) ee a ee riversi (p. 372)

Aedeagus constricted in middle, the broadest part usually in basal

0.25-0.40; median part of tergum IX tuberculate; claspette strongly

apically expanded in lateral view. 2...) . 6). es galloisi (p. 376)

4(2). Tergum IX with broad median lobe, its apical margin serrate; bristles

on mesoapical surface of claspette short. . . . flavopictus (p. 386)

Tergum IX with strongly produced median process; bristles on

mesoapical surface of claspette rather long. . . albopictus (p. 380)

5(1). Tergum IX with lobes triangular and strongly produced; dististyle

swollen distad of middle; claspette reaching apical 0.1-0.2 of

bapichy lest. el a ea, Oe aegypti (p. 396)

Tergum IX with lobes rounded, only a little produced; dististyle apically

tapering; claspette reaching apical 0.33-0.40 of basistyle. .... 6

6(5). Claspette with apical expanded surface elongate in tergal view.

wadai (p. 400)

Claspette with apical expanded surface rounded.

chemulpoensis (p. 403)

LARVA

15 Comb scales evenly fringed laterobasally with fine spicules; seta 1-Md

well developed, usually double, each 2-7 branched (scutellaris

OOM 1 wcmigned gee pa ie J) bee hee AL sir ce wee 2

Comb scales with several unequal strong laterobasal denticles; seta

1-Md very fine, more frequently single, 1,2 branched.

(aegypti SroUp)eck B64 Be ae a Ce a) oe ees, 8

214). Species:from: Palnearctic region. 3) 5G. 2% aio toh ee Ae. Ce 3

Species from Ryukyu Archipelago and Ogasawarals......... 6

*Species of the scutellavis group cannot always be identified by this key. Con-

sult descriptions, taxonomic discussions and chaetotaxy tables for each

species.

372 ‘ Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

3(2). Setae 2-VII and 9-VI usually with 5 or more branches, 95-III, VI usually

| with 6 Or Taore MrANChGeN IE Et Ale ee PO ee 4

Setae 2-VII and 9-VI usually 1,2 branched, 5-II, VI usually 1-3

branched; saddle incomplete. ..... OIG. SHOL LW TOOT AR TE 6 eos 5)

4(3). Setae 4,14-P 1,2 and 2,3 branched respectively; saddle usually

COMPBICER, me wren SUITORS RE ee wea Ay galloisi (p. 376)

Setae 4, 14-P 3-18 and 4-16 branched respectively; saddle incomplete.

flavopictus (in part) (p. 386)

5(3). Seta 6-C usually single; ventral anal gill usually shorter than dorsal

Ce eae KGL igte GEO UDR a riversi (in part) (p. 372)

Seta 6-C usually double; ventral anal gill usually as long as dorsal

Sia eis. 2 CARE eR ay albopictus (in part) (p. 380)

6(2). Setae 6,10-C usually single; comb scales with apical spine usually

shorter than base, with lateral fringe more distinct, extending to

middle or more of apical spine, some of the scales often apically

furcate and:basally fused. Sow ee WS. vriversi (in part) (p. 372)

Seta 6-C usually double; comb scales with apical spine as long as or

longer than base, with lateral fringe usually fine and restricted to

base of apicalispiiei sae OOTN IE OE ee Ske

7(6). Seta 10-C usually single; ventral anal gill usually as long as dorsal

BA ging ApS AE TR, Pe albopictus (in part) (p. 380)

Seta 10-C usually double; ventral anal gill usually shorter than dorsal

BOO x15 SR A CARRERE: CEEOL G flavopictus (in part) (p. 386)

8(1). Most proximal seta 4-X very short, barbed, 3-6 branched; 3-P and

elev oe O=16 branchediniss sw 6 ees chemulpoensis (p. 403)

Most proximal seta 4-X of moderate length, smooth, 2,3 branched;

Soran 1ei=Vil =o branched... 200 ae Oe owe ewe 9

9(8). Setae 8,14-P and 2-VI, vil 3,4, 2-4 branched and single respectively.

aegypti (p. 396)

Setae 8, 14-P and 2-VI, VII 8-11, 6-15 and 3-7 branched respectively.

wadai (p. 400)

81. AEDES STEGOMYIA) RIVERSI BOHART AND INGRAM

(Figs. 114, 115, 230; Table 113)

Aedes Stegomyia) riversi Bohart and Ingram, 1946a: 50 (0, +, L). Type-

locality: Chizuka, Okinawa Is., Ryukyu Archipelago.

Aedes riversi: Omori and Ito, 1961: 152, Tsushima Is., Japan.

FEMALE (Fig. 230). Wing length 2.5-3.8 mm. Head, Eyes rather

broadly separated above, moderately below. Vertex covered with broad dark

scales, with a rather broad median stripe of broad white scales, the stripe

extending onto interocular space; many dark, erect forked scales; tempus

covered with broad white scales, with a stripe or an anterior spot of broad

dark scales within pale area; 4-5 vertical and 4 (rarely 5) temporal dark

bristles on each side. Clypeus without scales. Antenna: flagellum 0.77-0.91

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 373

(17) length of proboscis; flagellomere 1 1.26-1.51 (17) length of Flm 2, with

dark scales. Palpus 0.18-0.22 (17) length of proboscis; segment 3 1. 41-1. 83

(17) of 2; 4 lacking or extremely small. Froboscis 0.99-1.14 (14) length of

forefemur. Thovax. Pronotal integument dark brown; anterior lobe covered

with broad white scales, bearing 8 to more than 10 mostly dark bristles;

posterior lobe dorsally covered with narrow curved dark scales, posteroventral-

ly with a transverse patch of broad white scales, bearing 2-4 usually dark

bristles. Scutum with integument dark brown to nearly black, covered with

narrow curved dark scales, witha single, long, rather broad, anterior median

stripe of narrow curved white scales, and short, fine prescutellar and posteri-

or dorsocentral stripes of narrow curved white to yellow scales, the prescutel-

lar stripe usually connected anteriorly with anterior median stripe, posteriorly

bifurcate and extending along sides of prescutellar bare space; a curved short

stripe of white broad scales on supraalar margin; 1-6 (usually 2, 3) humeral

bristles, one posterior fossal. Scutellum with each lobe bearing 4-9 long dark

and medium-sized bristles together with a few short ones. Paratergite with a

linear patch of broad white scales, the patch together with pronotal and supra-

alar patches forming a long transverse stripe. Pleural integument brown to

dark brown, patches of broad white scales on propleuron, upper sternopleuron,

lower-posterior sternopleuron, upper and lower mesepimeron; propleural,

upper sternopleural (linear) and upper mesepimeral patches forming a long

transverse stripe parallel to the pronotal-supraalar stripe; lower mesepimeral

patch reaching lower 0.13-0.17 of mesepimeron, separated from or narrowly

connected with upper mesepimeral patch; subspiracular area bare (62%) or with

broad white scales (38%); 4-8 yellowish brown or pale propleural bristles, 1-9

yellowish brown or dark postspiraculars, 8 to more than 10 yellowish brown

or dark prealars, 1,2 upper and 4-10 mostly yellowish brown posterior sterno-

pleurals, 3-10 pale upper mesepimerals. Wing. Cell Ro 1.64-2.47 (25) length

of vein r9;3. Halter knob dark scaled. Legs. Forecoxa basally and apically

white scaled, dark scaled in-between; midcoxa with basal white scales, some

apical dark scales; hindcoxa with a patch of white scales. Forefemur with nar-

row pale basal band, white apical fringe and a short rather indistinct pale basal

streak on narrow anterior surface, pale scaled in posterior 0.67 of ventral

surface; midfemur with white apical spot, pale scaled on most of posterior

surface; hindfemur with white apical spot, pale scaled on anterior, ventral and

posterior surfaces, the pale areas reaching apical 0.17-0.25 on anterior and

ventral surfaces, and about 0.5 on posterior surface, dorsal surface pale only

at base. Fore- and midtarsomeres 1 and 2 with usually ventrally incomplete

basal bands of white scales, band of foretarsomere 2 usually a little more

developed than that of midtarsomere 2, rarely the latter obsolete, tarsomere 3

rarely with pale basal scales; hindtarsomeres 1-4 with basal bands of white

scales, the bands of 1-4 occupying basal 0. 20-0.33 (usually 0.25), 0.25-0.33

(usually 0.33) 0.4-0.5 (usually slightly less than 0.5) and 0.50-0.75 (usually

0.67) of each tarsomere, hindtarsomere 5 usually entirely white scaled,

occasionally with a few ventroapical dark scales. Femora, tibiae and tarsi

otherwise dark scaled. Hindtarsomere 1 0.66-0.75 (20) length of tibia. Claws

simple. Abdomen. Tergum I covered with dark scales, occasionally a few

pale scales intermixed; II-VI dark scaled, with laterobasal patches of white

scales, the patches extending more or less posterodorsally, on IV-VI (rarely

also III) visible from above, often forming an incomplete subbasal band, usually

these subbasal bands more developed in posterior segments and occasionally

complete on V and VI, VII with incomplete or complete subbasal band. Sterna

II-VI with basal pale bands, the bands tending to be laterally subbasal on posteri-

374 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

- or segments.

MALE (Figs. 115, 230). Wing length 2.1-3.0 mm. Antennal flagellum

0. 68-0. 75 (18) length of proboscis; flagellomere 12 0.90-1.17 (18) length of

Flm 13, both together 0.71-0.87 (18) of Flm 1-11. Palpus 0.86-0.97 (17)

length of proboscis, ratio of lengths of 2-5: 1.00-1.42 : 1.06-1.47 : 1.10-

1.18 : 1.00 (19). Proboscis 1.18-1.29 (17) times as long as forefemur. Cell

Ro 1.46-2.00 (25) length of vein r9,9. Fore- and midtarsomere 4 2.6 (2)

as long as wide; foretarsomere 5 1. {9-1, 25 (5) length of 4; midtarsomere 5

1.11-1.27 (5) of hindtarsomere 1 0.68-0.'78 (21) length of tibia. Anterior claw

of fore- and midtarsi with blunt-tipped submedian tooth, posterior claw simple.

Dorsal pale scaling on abdominal terga IJI-VI in general a little more developed

than in female, VII with lateral patches usually not forming subbasal band, VIII

entirely dark; sternum VIII pale scaled, with narrow dark apical fringe.

Genitalia. Tergum IX moderately sclerotized; median part with apical margin

convex, evenly rounded or truncate in middle 0.33, pilose; lateral lobes small,

not very prominent, with 2-6 short bristles. Basistyle slender, slightly basally

broadened on sternal side, 3.4-4.4 (18) as long as wide, laterally and sternally

scaled; with about 10 or more short bristles on tergomesal surface basad of

middle, long lateral bristles, short to medium sternal bristles; claspette

reaching basal 0. 40-0. 52 (18) of basistyle, slightly broadened vertically toward

apex, with 5-7 rather short, broad setae on its mesoapical margin, and numer-_

ous bristles on its apical surface, these bristles progressively longer tergally,

and often a few most tergal bristles markedly longer than others. Dististyle

slender, 0.84-0.94 (19) length of basistyle, somewhat broadened and curved at

apex, striated, pilose in apical half, with minute slender setae near apex, 4 to

nearly 10 on convex side and 2-5 on concave side; claw subapical, often slightly

curved, pigmented, 0.17-0.20 (19; x = 0.19) length of dististyle. Cercal tergal

surface apparently membranous; paraproct weakly sclerotized, without median

sternomesal process. Aedeagus apically widened, with about 10 strong spines

on each side of apex, 1.38-1.79 (x = 1.61) as long as wide including spines,

tergoapically closed, tergobasally and sternally open, tergobasal opening reach-

ing apical 0.33 at middle.

LARVA (Fig. 114). Head. Width: 0.65-0.90 mm; 0.99-1.10 (x =1.04) as

wide as long; seta 1-C 0.69-0.89 length of distance between bases; usually 6,

10-C single and 12-C double. Antenna 0.23-0.31 mm long, brownish, apically

paler; 1-A inserted at apical 0. 35-0. 49 (20; x = 0.43). Mandible with twin setae

1-Md well developed, each 2-4 branched; dorsomesal dorsal tooth occasionally

with 2 mesal denticles; pectinate brush 3-5 haired; mandibular hairs (2-3) +

(4-6), 7-9 in total. Maxilla with seta 1-Mx 2-8 branched, frequently sparsely

barbed; lateral surface of mesostipes smooth or with a few small spines;

lacinia and palpostipes as in albopictus. Mentum plate with 20-25 teeth. Thorax.

Usually 2,5,11-M and 11-T single. Abdomen. Seta 7,9-I, 9-II, 2,4,8-IV, 4-V,

6,7, 14-VI, 3,14-VII usually single; 8-II and 6-V usually double; 4, 6-I, 5-IV, 1,

5-V and 1,5, VI usually triple; 1-VII 1.43-2.55 (30; « = 1.68) as long as antenna.

Comb scales 7-20 (155; x = 11.3) including abortive scales of additional row

when present, usually closely spaced; median scales with apical spine usually

shorter than length of base; lateral fringe of spicules stronger than in albopictus,

flavopictus downsi and f. miyavai, usually extending to middle of apical spine

or beyond it, often (56% of 155 specimens examined) some of scales 2-4 apically

furcate; occasionally some of scales fused with each other at base; occasionally

an additional row of short or abortive scales present at base of ordinary row.

Siphon'usually slightly swollen basal to middle, 2.14-2.57 as long as wide, apex

0. 48-0. 62 width of widest part, length 0.60-0.81 mm, index 2.35-2.68; micro-

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 375

sculpture usually weak, of short transverse ridges, apically obsolete; pecten

reaching basal 0. 36-0. 48 (20) of siphon, of 7-17 (20; » =12.5) teeth; seta 1-S

located beyond pecten at basal 0.41-0.57 (20), about length of or shorter than

width of siphon at insertion. Saddle incomplete, 0.24-0.29 mm long, with weak

microsculpture of short transverse ridges; apex with fine spicules; seta 4-X of

8 cratal hairs, 2 proximal hairs shorter, first hair usually, 2nd hair frequently

double, very rarely triple, otherwise single, 3rd to 8th hairs single, rarely

3rd hair double. Anal gills parallel-sided, broadly rounded apically, 1.3-

3.0 length of saddle; ventral gill usually shorter than (0.6-0.9; 19; « =0. 87)

dorsal gill, rarely (1/20) length of dorsal gill.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN. 14°, 30%, 61: Cape

Sata, Kyushu (H-0079, H-0080). 192: Yakushima (H-0083). RYUKYU ARCHI-

PELAGO 870, 1132; with associated skins (571, 57 p), 25 L, 111: Amami

Gunt6 (I-0237, I-0240, I-0242, I-0243, I-0244, I-0245, I-0246, I-0248, I-0252,

I-0253, I1-0255, I-0256, I-0261, I-0267, I-0268, I-0270, I-0271, I-0275,

I-0276, I-0277, I-0278, I-0280, I-0281, I-0282, I-0283, I-0286, I-0287,

I-0288, I-0289, I-0290, I-0298, I-0299, I-0300, I-0302, I-0303, I-0304,

I-0305, I-0307, I-0309, I-0310, I-1830, I-1831, I-1832, I-1833, I-1837,

I-1839, I-1841, I-1842, I-1851, I-1853, I-1865, I-1866, I-1868, I-1869,

I-1877, I-1884, I-1887). 380°, 742; with associated skins (51, 5p), 61 L, 11:

Okinawa Gunt6 (J-0408, J-0420, J-0421, J-0424, J-0426, J-0427, J-0428,

J-0432, J-0439, J-0443, J-0444, J-0446, J-0447, J-0448, J-0450, J-0451,

J-0452, J-0461, J-0463, J-0468, J-0472, J-0484, J-0487, J-0500, J-0512,

J-0515, J-0518, J-0519, J-0527, J-0535, J-0708, J-0711, J-0712, J-0903,

J-1133, J-1208, J-1257, J-1258, J-1260, J-1262, J-1291). 3130, 2589; with

associated skins (39 1, 39 p), 21 L, 241: Yaeyama Guntd (K-0110, K-0119,

K-0120, K-0122, K-0123, K-0130, K-0133, K-0135, K-0136, K-0137, K-0145,

K-0147, K-0148, K-0151, K-0152, K-0159, K-0160, K-0161, K-0170, K-0173,

K-0174, K-0175, K-0177, K-0181, K-0183, K-0184, K-0561, K-0563, K-0564,

K-0565, K-0568, K-0569, K-0570, K-0573, K-0574, K-0579, K-0580, K-0582,

K-0583, K-0584, K-0629, K-0630, K-0631, K-0634, K-0637, K-0724, K-0727,

K-0728, K-0761, K-0768, K-0773, K-0792, K-0799, K-0801, K-0906, K-0912,

K-0913, K-0917, K-0918, K-0919, K-0925, K-0970, K-1043, K-1050, K-1078,

K-1112, K-1215, K-1244, K-1297, K-1324, K-1328, K-1337, K-1338, K-1344,

K-1417, K-1458, K-1462, K-1587, K-1738, K-1750, K-1751, K-1758, K-1762,

K-1763, K-1772, K-1774, K-1775, K-1776, K-1777, K-1778, K-2032, K-2036,

K-2046, K-2052, K-2053, K-2056, K-2057, K-2058).

DISTRIBUTION. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN (Kyushu, Yakushima, Tsushima).

RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO (Amami, Okinawa and Yaeyama Guntd).

TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION. Bohart (1959) stated that the Yaeyama population

might be a subspecies of the Okinawan form, as the larvae were not found in

rock holes. While larvae in Yaeyama were chiefly found in tree holes, they

also occur, though rather rarely, in rock holes. In Okinawa, they were found

much more frequently in rock holes than in tree holes. In Amami, they are

much more frequently in tree holes than in rock holes. A collection from

Yakushima was made from a man-made container, another from Cape Sata,

Kyushu mainland, at a tree hole. Morphologically they appear homogenous; a

minor difference was found only in the larva, viz., the percentages of occur-

rence of apically furcate comb scales. There were no specimens having such

comb scales among 6 larval skins from Cape Sata; 18. 8% of 37 larvae from

Amami Oshima, 85.1% of 74 larvae from Okinawa Is., and 38.6% of 44 larvae

376 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

from Yaeyama Gunto had one or more furcate comb scales. They are treated

here as a single taxon. Aedes riversihas also been recorded from Danjo Gunt6,

Gotd Rett6 and Tsushima, islands off northwestern or northern Kyushu. Their

occurrence in Danjo Gunt6d and Goté Rettd will need confirmation as to whether

or not they have become established. If they have become established, their

morphological modification as well as that of the Tsushima population might be

interesting to study. Taxonomic problems may occur in relation with closely

allied species, alcasidi Huang from Taiwan (det. Lien) and Philippines,

malayensis Colless from Vietnam to Singapore, and scutellaris (Walker) from

the Papuan subregion. Huang (1972) indicated that the claspette of alcasidi had

distinctly longer setae on the apicotergal area, and the modified setae at the

center of the sternoapical margin, while in riversi, there were no distinctly

longer setae and the modified setae were located closer to the sternal angle

than to the tergal angle. One specimen from Philippines we examined was

found exactly identical with Huang's figure of alcasidi. Out of 12 dissected

claspette specimens from Cape Sata, Amami, Okinawa and Yaeyama, 8 hada

few distinctly, longer setae atthe apicotergal angle. The position of the modified

setae is rather difficult to tell, because of the very poorly defined sternoapical

angle owing chiefly to the poor sclerotization of this area. Some from Okinawa

appear identical with Huang's figure of 77versz, but variations occur; some

specimens, especially from Amami and Yaeyama appearing closer to alcasidi

than to the Okinawa type of riversi. Thus, these 2 claspette characters can

hardly be considered definite specific characters. We examined a good series

of specimens of alcasidi (det. Lien) from Taiwan at the U. S. Naval Medical

Research Unit No. 2. They appear to be extremely close to viversi. Colless

(1962) conducted a crossing experiment between scutellaris and malayensis

obtaining F9 progeny. As Aedes riversi andalcasidi so closely resemble

scutellaris and malayensis morphologically, and these 4 species are allopatric,

they might be considered local forms of a single species. As suggested by Lien

et al. (1974), further hybridization study will be necessary to clarify their taxon-

omic status. It is very difficult to discriminate the larvae of viversi from those

of albopictus, flavopictus downsi and f. miyarai (see discussions for each of

above species. )

BIONOMICS. Very common throughout the Ryukyu Archipelago, rare in

the Kyushu district. As already noted by Bohart (1959), larval habitats vary

between Okinawa and Yaeyama. Of the 15 collections from Okinawa Is., 11

(73%) were obtained from rock holes, and only 3 (20%) from tree holes; of 25

collections from Yaeyama Guntd, only 3 (12%) from rock holes, and 21 (84%)

from tree holes. In Amami Oshima, the situation is closer to Yaeyama Guntd;

of 37 collections, only 6 (16%) were obtained from rock holes, 21 (57%) from

tree holes and the remainder (27%) from a bamboo stump and various artificial

containers. One collection in Okinawa was obtained from an artificial container,

one in Yaeyama from a fern stump. They very often occur with Ae. albopictus

and Ae. flavopictus. Adult females are vicious day biters.

82. AEDES STEGOMYIA) GALLOISI YAMADA

(Figs. 115, 116, 231; Table 114)

Aedes galloisi Yamada, 1921: 47 (%, 2). Type-locality: Sapporo, Hokkaido,

Japan.

Aedes (Stegomyia) galloisi: LaCasse and Yamaguti, 1950: 122 (, 2); Lee 1971:

725, Kwang Nung, Kyongki Do, Korea.

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 377

FEMALE (Fig. 231). Wing length 3.0-4.6 mm. Head. Eyes rather

broadly separated above, moderately below. Vertex covered with broad dark

scales, with a rather wide median stripe of broad white scales, the stripe

extending onto interocular space; many pale brown erect forked scales; eye

margin with rather broad to narrow pale scales; tempus covered with broad

white scales, the pale scaled area divided by a wide stripe of broad dark

scales; 4-6 vertical and 5 temporal dark bristles on each side. Clypeus without

scales. Antenna: flagellum 0. 84-0. 88 (4) length of proboscis; flagellomere 1

1.37-1.45 (4) length of Flm 2, with a few dark scales, occasionally pale scales

also present. Palpus 0.20-0.25 (4) length of proboscis; segment 3 1.50-1.74

(4) of 2; 4 usually present, very small, at most 0.17 length of 3. Proboscis

1.03-1.07 (4) length of forefemur. Thorax. Pronotal integument dark brown;

anterior lobe covered with broad white scales, bearing more than 10 mostly

dark bristles; posterior lobe covered anteriorly and dorsally with crescent-

shaped creamy scales, broad white scales otherwise, with 3,4 dark bristles,

occasionally 1,2 bristles yellowish. Scutum with integument blackish brown,

covered with narrow curved dark and white scales, the white scales forming

median, anterolateral and posterior dorsocentral stripes; the median stripe

slightly narrowed posteriorly, then bifurcate and extending along lateral

margins of prescutellar space, reaching posterior margin; the anterolateral

stripe extending from anterior margin along humeral margin to scutal angle,

then mesally curved along scutal suture and confluent with posterior dorso-

central stripe located just laterad of series of posterior dorsocentral bristles,

the anterolateral stripe occasionally broadened and covering most of fossal

area; patches of slightly yellowish, rather broad crescent-shaped scales on

lateral border behind scutal angle and above wing-root, both patches barely

connected sublaterally to each other, a patch of broad white scales between

them, just before wing-root on lateral border; 1-3 humeral bristles, occa-

sionally one posterior fossal present. Scutellar median lobe with 4,5 long dark

bristles and each lateral lobe with 5-8 long and medium dark bristles, each

lobe with a few additional short bristles. Paratergite with moderate-sized

patch of broad white scales. Pleural integument dark brown, well developed

patches of broad white scales on propleuron, subspiracular area, postspiracu-

lar area, upper sternopleuron, lower-posterior sternopleuron and mesepimer-

on, a small patch on metameron, subspiracular area usually with additional

small dorsal patch; prealar knob usually with a few white scales; pleural

bristles yellowish brown, 6-9 propleurals, 3-6 postspiraculars, more than 10

prealars, one upper sternopleural, 2-6 posterior sternopleurals, and 2-7 upper

mesepimerals. Wing. Cell Ro 1.67-2.41 (6) length of vein r9,3. Halter knob

with dark and pale scales. Legs. Coxae with anterolateral white scales; mid-

coxa with varying amount of apical dark scales. Forefemur with white apical

fringe and short basal pale streak on narrow anterior surface, pale scaled on

ventral surface, this pale area apically narrowed, basally broadened and

expanded onto narrow posterior surface; midfemur with white apical spot, pale

scaled on ventral surface and in basal half of posterior surface; hindfemur

with white apical patch, pale scaled in basal 0.67-0. 75 on both anterior and

posterior surfaces, the pale area dorsally shortened and ventrally lengthened

but usually not reaching apex. Fore- and midtarsomeres 1 and 2, and all

hindtarsomeres with basal bands of white scales; rarely basal band of fore-

tarsomere 2 lacking, and midtarsomere 3 with a few pale basal scales; basal

band of hindtarsomeres occupying about basal 0.5 on 3, 0.67-0.90 on 4 and 5;

femora, tibiae and tarsi otherwise dark scaled. Foretarsomere 9 shorter

than or as long as 4; hindtarsomere 1 0. 65-0. 72 (5) length of tibia. Claws of

378 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

fore- and midtarsi unidentate. Abdomen. Tergum I covered with dark scales,

occasionally pale scales medially intermixed; II-VII dark scaled, with narrow

basal bands and fairly large laterobasal patches of white scales, the basal bands

not connected with the laterobasal patches, occasionally incomplete medially

and lacking on Il. Sterna II-VI basally white scaled and apically dark scaled,

2,3 anterior segments also medioapically with pale scales; VII dark scaled,

occasionally with a few pale scales intermixed; VIII with some basal pale

scales and scattered brownish scales.

MALE (Figs. 115, 231). Wing length 2.6-3.3 mm. Antenna: flagellum

0. 73-0. 82 (4) length of proboscis, flagellomere 12 1.02-1.12 (4) length of Flm

13, both together 0.79-0.83 (4) of Flm 1-11. Palpus 0.92-0.97 (4) length of

proboscis, ratio of lengths of segments 2-5: 1.05-1.43 : 1.05-1.36: 1.04-

1.30: 1.00 (4). Proboscis 1.16-1.21 (4) length of forefemur. Cell Ro 1.74-

2.23 (4) length of vein r9,9. Foretarsomere 5 1.34-1.52 (4) times length of

4; midtarsomere 5 1.24-1.37 (4) of 4; hindtarsomere 1 0.68-0.72 (4) length of

tibia; anterior claw of fore- and midtarsi with blunt-tipped submedian tooth,

posterior claw with sharp submedian tooth. Abdominal tergum VII with a small

mediobasal spot of white scales, VIII dark scaled; sternum VII with basal band

of white scales. Genitalia. Tergum IX well sclerotized; median part with api- |

cal margin convex, evenly rounded or truncate in middle 0.33, the surface

covered with tubercles; lateral lobes small, not prominent, with 2-6 short

bristles. Basistyle slightly basally broadened on sternal side, 3.4-4.1 (5) as

long as wide, laterally and sternally scaled, with about 10 or more short

bristles tergomesally basad of middle, long lateral bristles, short to medium-

sized sternal bristles; claspette reaching basal 0. 43-0. 48 (5) of basistyle, apex

tergally expanded, the apical surface densely bristled, bristles on tergoapical

angle longer and denser, about 15 rather stout, prominent based setae on meso-

apical margin except for tergoapical angle. Dististyle slender, 0.82-0.91

length of basistyle, slightly broadened and curved at apex, striated, pilose on

convex side, with short slender setae, 4-8 apically on convex side and 3-6

subapically on concave side; claw subterminal, straight, pigmented, 0.17-0. 21

(x = 0.19) length of dististyle. Cercal tergal surface with a narrow weakly

sclerotized part on each side; paraproct moderately sclerotized, without medi-

an sternomesal process. Aedeagus rather strongly constricted in middle,

1.31-1. 59 (5; x = 1.48) as long as wide, with basal broadest part at basal 0. 25-

0.40 and usually broader than apical broadest part including spines, tergo-

apically closed, tergobasally and sternally open; apex with about 15 strong

Spines on each side.

LARVA (Fig. 116). Head. Width: 0.84-0.94 mm; 1.06-1.12 as wide as

long; seta 1-C shorter than distance between bases; 11, 14-C rather stiff and

stellate; 12,15-C usually double; 13-C usually single. Antenna 0.30-0.32 mm

long, rather dark brown, pale at apex; seta 1-A inserted at apical 0.33-0. 46

(10; x = 0.40). Mandible with twin setae 1-Md well developed, each 3-5

branched; pectinate brush 3, 4 haired; mandibular hairs 2+1+(4-5), 7-8 in

total. Maxilla'with seta 1-Mx 5-10 branched, stiff; lateral surface of meso-

stipes with or without a few small spines; lacinia and palpostipes as in albopic-

tus; 3-Mx single or apically bifid. Mentum plate with 19-25 teeth. Thorax.

Setae 0,3,8,11-P, 1,13,14-M, 1, 4,5,8,13-T stiff and stellate; 11-M-T stiff,

7-P and 2-M usually single; 14-P most frequently double, occasionally (27%)

triple; 3-T usually (93%) single, rarely double; 9-M usually 3 branched.

Abdomen. Setae 1, 2,5,11,13-I; 1, 2,5, 7,9, 13-II-VI; 1,2, 5,6,8,9, 13-VII; and

1,5-VII stiff and stellate. Seta 4-I always single, rather stiff; 8-VI usually

single; 3-VIII usually 9-13 branched. Comb scales 7-10, usually 8, closely

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 379

spaced, with a fine lateral fringe of spicules. Siphon rather dark brown,

usually broadest in middle, 2.63-3.33 as long as wide, apex 0.50-0. 63 of

widest part of siphon; length 0. 88-1.01 mm, index 3.02-3.70; microsculpture

of weak short transverse ridges, apically obsolete; pecten reaching basal 0.35-

0.42 (9) of siphon, of 7-15 teeth; seta 1-S located beyond pecten at basal 0. 43-

0.50 (9), somewhat stellate, longer than width of siphon. Saddle usually com-

plete, occasionally narrowly incomplete, 0.26-0.31 mm long, with weak micro-

sculpture of short transverse ridges; apex dorsolaterally with progressively

longer fine spicules; seta 1-X on apical margin of saddle, stiff and stellate,

subequal to saddle in length; 4-X of 6 cratal and 2 precratal hairs, cratal

hairs single, precratal hairs shorter, usually double, occasionally single.

Anal gills parallel-sided, broadly rounded at apex, 2.5-3.1 as long as saddle;

ventral gill subequal to dorsal gill.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN. 460, 472; with associ-

ated skins (81, 8 p), 14 L, 71: Hokkaido (A-0025, A-0026, A-0041, A-1632,

A-1640, A-1641, A-1670, A-1788, A-1951, A-2275). 1°, 12; with associated

skins (21, 2 p): Honshu (C-2317).

DISTRIBUTION. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN (Hokkaido, Honshu). KOREA

(Korean Peninsula). NORTHEAST CHINA. PRYMORYE. KHABAROVSK.

SAKHALIN. WEST SIBERIA (Tomsk and Novosibirsk regions, ?accidental

introduction-Gutsevich et al. 1970). *

TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION. As usual for the species of Stegomyia of this

region, there is no difficulty in identifying the adult. The larvae of galloisi

may be confused with flavopictus flavopictus, but may be discriminated from it

by the characteristics shown in Table 25.

In middle Korea, a species closely related to Ae. Gtegomyia) galloisi

occurs**; may be a local form of galloisi. It will be described by Dr. Lien.

BIONOMICS. Common in Hokkaido, rare in Honshu. Larvae are found

most frequently in tree holes, including stumps. They sometimes occur also .

in bamboo stumps, flower pots in cemeteries and stone vases. Females are

day biters. Pestryakova et al. (1975) stated that galloisi needed more warmth

than other Aedes, the females did not oviposit before late July in their study

area in western Siberia.

*Pestryakova et al. (1975) found galloisi in 4 consecutive years (1970-73) in the

Tomsk region, so if it was an accidental introduction, it now appears

established.

**After the submission of the manuscript, Danilov and Filippova (1978) described

anew species, Ae. (Stg.) sibivicus , from Siberia. This species appears to be

almost identical to this Korean species.

380 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

TABLE 25. Comparison of larval characteristics between Aedes (SStegomyia)

galloisiand Ae. (Stg.) flavopictus flavopictus.

Seta Branches galloisi flavo- Seta Branches galloisi flavo-

ictus ictus

4-P 1 65.0% - 3-T 1 93.3% -

2 35.0 ~ De 6.7 16.7%

3 - 3.3% 3 S 53.3

4-18 ~ 96.7 4-5 - 30.0

9-P 1 100.0 20.0 4-]J 1 100.0 16.7

2 - 45.0 2 “ 50.0

3-7 - 35.0 3 - 5 es

14-P 2 73.3 ~ 4-TI 1 100.0 20.0

3 26.7 - 2 - 55.0

4 Cir s, 3 ~ 25.0

0-16 93.3 Saddle complete 92.3* O**

Specimens examined: 20 galloisi and 30 individually reared flavopictus.

* 26 specimens examined.

**76 individually reared specimens examined.

83. AEDES (STEGOMYIA) ALBOPICTUS (SKUSE)

(Figs. 117, 118, 232; Table 115)

Culex albopictus Skuse, 1894: 20 (¢). Type-locality: Calcutta, India.

Stegomyia scutellaris: Theobald, 1901d: 298, Japan.

Aedes albopictus: Miyao, 1931: 566, Okinawa Is., Ryukyu Archipelago;

Yokoo, 1944: 49, Suwon, Kyongki Do and Cheju Do, Korea.

Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus: LaCasse and Yamaguti, 1950: 111 (o, ¢, L);

Bohart 1956 (1957): 57, Chichijima and Hahajima, Ogasawara Isls.

FEMALE (Fig. 232). Wing length 2.5-3.8 mm. Head. Eyes rather

broadly separated above, moderately below. Vertex covered with broad dark

scales, with median stripe of broad white scales, the stripe extending onto

interocular space; many erect forked scales dark; eye margin with a line of

broad pale scales, the line usually not reaching temporal pale area; tempus

covered with broad white scales, the pale scaled area divided by a stripe of

broad dark scales; 4, 5 vertical and 4 temporal dark bristles on each side.

Clypeus without scales. Antenna: flagellum 0. 93-1.03 (5) length of proboscis;

flagellomere 1 1.28-1.47 (5) length of Flm 2, with dark scales. Palpus 0.23-

0.26 (5) length of proboscis; segment 3 1.64-1.73 of 2; 4 very small or lacking.

Proboscis 0.92-1.02 (5) length of forefemur. Thovax. Pronotal integument

dark brown; anterior lobe covered with broad white scales, bearing about 10 or

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 381

a few more mostly dark bristles; posterior lobe anteriorly and dorsally with

narrow curved, dark scales, with a patch of posteroventral broad white scales,

bearing 1-3 dark bristles. Scutum with integument blackish brown, covered

with narrow curved dark scales, with a single long, rather broad, posteriorly

narrowed, anterior median stripe of narrow curved white scales, and short

fine prescutellar and posterior dorsocentral stripes of narrow curved, slightly

pale yellowish scales, the prescutellar stripe connected or not connected anteri-

orly with anterior median stripe, posteriorly bifurcate and extending along

sides of prescutellar bare space; a patch of broad white scales close to lateral

margin just before wing root, anda smaller patch of rather narrow white

scales above wing-root; 1-4 humeral bristles, no posterior fossals. Scutellar

lateral lobe with 4-7 long or medium-sized dark bristles; median lobe with 4, 5

long or medium-sized dark bristles; each lobe with a few additional fine bristles.

Paratergite with a fairly large patch of broad white scales. Pleural integument

dark brown, well developed patches of broad white scales on propleuron, sub-

spiracular area, upper sternopleuron, lower-posterior sternopleuron and mese-

pimeron; 3-6 pale brown propleural bristles, 1-4 pale or dark postspiraculars,

6-12 dark prealars, 1,2 upper sternopleurals, 2-5 pale posterior sternopleurals,

2-8 pale upper mesepimerals. Wing. Cell Ro 1.91-2.53 length of vein P9149.

Halter knob dark scaled. Legs. Forecoxa basally and apically white scaled,

dark scaled in-between; midcoxa basally white scaled and apically dark scaled;

hindcoxa white scaled. Forefemur with white apical fringe and short basal pale

streak on narrow anterior surface, pale scaled in posterior half of ventral sur-

face, this pale area basally broadened onto narrow posterior surface; midfemur

with white apical spot and often with short narrow pale streak (occasionally

broken) ventrally on anterior surface, pale scaled on posterior surface, the

pale area apically narrowed, almost reaching apex; hindfemur with white apical

patch, pale scaled on basal 0.75 or slightly more on anterior surface, basal 0.5

or slightly more on posterior surface. Foretibia usually and midtibia occasion-

ally with a rather indistinct ventral pale streak. Fore- and midtarsomeres 1

and 2 with basal bands of white scales, 3 often with pale basal scales or dorso-

basal spot of white scales; hindtarsomeres 1-3 with basal bands of white scales,

4 with basal 0. 60-0.67 white scaled, 5 usually entirely white, occasionally with

tip dark; femora, tibiae and tarsi otherwise dark scaled. Foretarsomere 5

shorter than or subequal to 4; hindtarsomere 1 0. 61-0.65 (5) length of tibia.

Claws simple. Abdomen. Tergum I dark scaled; II-VI dark scaled, with rather

large laterobasal patches and basal bands of white scales, the laterobasal

patches moving progressively up to the middle of the segments in posterior

segments, the basal bands laterally broadened (more strongly broadened than

in flavopictus), often medially incomplete, not connected with laterobasal

patches; VII with a mediobasal and midlateral spots of white scales. Sternum

II usually pale scaled, III-VI dark scaled, with transverse bands of white

scales, usually basal on III and IV, subbasal on V and median on VI.

MALE (Figs. 118, 232). Wing length 2.4-3.0 mm. Antenna: flagellum

0.8-0.9 (8) length of proboscis; flagellomere 12 0.89-1.19 (8) length of Flm 13,

both together 0.72-0.81 of Flm 1-11. Palpus 1.01-1.10 (8) length of proboscis,

ratio of lengths of segments 2-5: 1.00-1.14: 1.08-1.29: 0.96-1.16: 1.00. Pro-

boscis 1.10-1.14 (4) length of forefemur. Cell Ro 1.67-2.38 (5) length of vein

r9,3. Foretarsomere 5 1.19-1.29 (4) length of 4; midtarsomere 5 1.12-1.29

(5) of 4; hindtarsomere 1 0.64-0.70 (5) length of tibia; anterior claw of fore-

and midtarsi with blunt-tipped submedian tooth, posterior claw simple. Abdo-

minal tergum VII without mediobasal patch, VIII dark scaled, with a few scat-

tered pale scales; sternum VIII with basal band of white scales. Genitalia.

382 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

Tergum IX well sclerotized; median part strongly produced into an apically

rounded process; lateral lobes small, subconical, with 4-9 short bristles.

Basistyle basally broadened on sternal side, 2.5-2.8 (9) as long as wide,

laterally and sternally scaled, with about 10 short bristles on tergomesal sur-

face basad of middle, long bristles laterally, and short to medium-sized

bristles sternally; claspette reaching about apical 0.33 of basistyle, apical

expanded portion longitudinal, its mesoapical surface heavily covered with

rather long bristles, about 10 longer and stouter bristles on sternoapical to

mesal margin. Dististyle slender, 0.80-0.86 (6) length of basistyle, some-

what broadened and curved at apex, rather weakly striated, pilose on convex

side in apical half, with 6 to about 10 minute setae on each convex and concave

side near apex; claw subterminal, straight, pigmented, 0.15-0.18 (6) length of

dististyle. Cercal sternal surface with a narrow, moderately sclerotized area

on each side; paraproct without median sternomesal process. Aedeagus slightly

constricted in middle, with about 10 stout spines on each side of expanded apex,

1.96-1.90 as long as apical widest part including spines, tergally closed in

apical half, tergobasally and sternally open; sternal opening narrow at base,

apically broadened. :

LARVA (Fig. 117). Head. Width 0.75-0.90 mm; 1.01-1.10 (x =1.05) as

wide as long; seta 1-C 0.,68-1.02 (5) as long as distance between bases; usually

8,10-C single, 6,7,15-C double and 11-C triple. Antenna 0.26-0.32 mm long,

brownish; seta 1-A inserted at apical 0.34-0.52 (« =0.42). Mandible with twin

setae 1-Md well developed, each usually 2-5 branched, rarely single, 9

branched in one specimen; dorsomesal dorsal tooth occasionally with 2 mesal

denticles; pectinate brush 3-5 haired; mandibular hairs usually (2-3) + 1 +

(5-7), 8-10 in total. Maxilla. Seta 1-Mx 2-5 branched, usually sparsely

barbed. Mesostipes about 1.33 as long as wide, lateral surface with a few

small spines or almost smooth. Lacinia with an outstanding stout simple spine

and several apically branched stout hairs on mesal margin; 5-Mx on about level

of stipital sensoria. Palpostipes about 0.67 length of mesostipes; S3 2 S47S9 =

S4?Se in length. Mentum plate with 21-25 teeth. Thorax. Setae 5,6-P, 2,7-M

wane single; 7-P and 9-T usually double; 1-P, 6-M and 4-T usually triple;

7-T usually 4 branched. Abdomen. Seta 1-II, 4-III-V, 6-VI, 14-III, IV, VI,

VIII usually single, 8-II and 2-X double, and 6-I and 8-VII triple; 1-VII 0. 96-

1.71 (20; x = 1.27) as long as antenna. Comb scales 8-12 (20; x = 9.2), median

scales with apical spine usually length of or longer than length of base; lateral

fringe of spicules usually very fine and basally restricted, in specimens of

Palaearctic Japan slightly stronger and extending more distad but not beyond

middle of apical spine. Siphon usually slightly swollen basal to middle, 2.17-

2.64 as long as wide, apex 0.49-0.59 of widest part, length 0.64-0.86 mm,

index 2.30-2.92; microsculpture of weak short transverse ridges, apically

obsolete; pecten reaching basal 0. 34-0.49 (20) of siphon, of 7-19 (20; x =11. 8)

teeth; seta 1-S located beyond pecten at basal 0.45-0.59 (20), about length of

or shorter than width of siphon at insertion. Saddle incomplete, 0.23-0.31 mm

long; with weak microsculpture of short transverse ridges; apex with fine

spicules; seta 4-X of 8 (rarely 6) cratal hairs, usually single, most proximal

hair occasionally double. Anal gills parallel-sided, broadly apically rounded,

1.7-5.0 length of saddle; ventral gill usually length of dorsal gill, occasionally

slightly shorter (up to 87% of dorsal gill).

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN. 570, 699; with associ-

ated skins (45 1, 45 p), 12 L, 61: Honshu (C-1544, C-1581, C-1822, C-2082,

C-2103, C-2104, C-2105, D-0011, D-0021, D-0047, D-0048, D-0049, D-0050,

D-0057, D-0058, D-0059, D-0061, D-0101, E-2099). 29; with associated skins

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 383

11, 1 p)etizu Shichitd (C-1533, C-1534). 1c’, 39:° Shikoku (G-1277). 7¢,°14%;

with associated skins (21, 2 p): Kyushu (H-0073, H-0315, H-0317, H-0318).

9o', 269: Yakushima (H-0082, H-0083, H-0084). 60, 9°; with associated skins

(71, 7p): Tsushima (H-0549, H-2004, H-2005). KOREA. 6¢, 122; with asso-

ciated skins (11, 1p): Korean Peninsula (L-0824, L-0829, L-0834, L-0835,

L-2024). 100, 39, 1 L: Cheju Do (M-0849, M-0852). RYUKYU ARCHIPELA-

GO. 90, 299; with associated skins (211, 21 p), 8 L, 21: Amami Gunto

(I-0250, I-0258, I1-0264, I-0266, I-0267, I-0268, I-0270, I-0271, I-0274,

I-0275, I-0282, I-0283, I-0301, I-0307, I-0310). 380, 54%; with associated

skins (41, 4p), 5 L, 21: Okinawa Gunto (J-0409, J-0412, J-0414, J-0415,

J-0416, J-0425, J-0435, J-0456, J-0463, J-0465, J-0466, J-0467, J-0468,

J-0470, J-0471, J-0484, J-0487, J-0498, J-0522, J-0525, J-0529, J-0533,

J-0534, J-1257, J-1923, J-2287). 550°, 639; with associated skins (8 1, 8 p),

2L: Yaeyama Gunto (K-0110, K-0111, K-0119, K-0120, K-0122, K-0133,

K-0140, K-0141, K-0152, K-0174, K-0177, K-0177a, K-0179, K-0561, K-0568,

K-0734, K-0735, K-0906, K-0919, K-0924, K-0926, K-0927, K-1020, K-1026,

K-1069, K-1078, K-1111, K-1420, K-1421, K-1589, K-1599, K-1603, K-2046,

K-2070). OGASAWARA ISLS. 47°, 2392; with associated skins (111, 11 p),

50 L, 251: (N-1176, N-1177, N-1178, N-1179, N-1506, N-1507, N-1509,

N-1553, N-1554, N-1556, N-1557, N-1558, N-1562, N-1565, N-1719).

DISTRIBUTION. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN (Honshu, Izu Shichitd, Shikoku,

Kyushu, Yakushima, Tsushima). KOREA (Korean Peninsula, Cheju Do).

RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO (Amami, Okinawa, Miyako and Yaeyama Gunto).

OGASAWARA ISLANDS. NORTH AND SOUTH CHINA. ORIENTAL REGION.

AUSTRALIAN REGION. MARIANA ISLANDS. HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. FRENCH

SOMALILAND. MALAGASY.

TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION. Identifications of Ae. albopictus, flavopictus

and riversi are quite easy in the adult stage, but very difficult in the larval

stage. Huang (1972) discussed Southeast Asian species of the scutellaris group

including the above 3 species of the Ryukyu Archipelago and Palaearctic Japan.

The larvae of these species, however, cannot always be identified by her key

and diagnostic characters, as the larvae are highly variable.

Aedes albopictus is the commonest species of this subgenus in this region,

and sympatric with riversi from Kyushu to Yaeyama; with flavopictus flavopic-

tus in Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu, f. downsi in Amami and Okinawa and

f. miyarai in Yaeyama. The following discussions are based on individually

reared specimens unless otherwise stated.

Huang (l.c.) stated that, in albopictus, seta 1-VII is usually 4, sometimes

3 branched, and always much shorter and stronger (less than 2.0 length of

5-VIL); in viversi, 1-VII usually has 2 (2,3) long branches (at least 2.5 length of

5-VII). Out of 20 specimens of albopictus from the Ryukyus and Palaearctic

Japan, 1-VII was 2 branched in 8 specimens, 3 branched in 6, and 4 branched

in 6. The relative length of 1-VII to 5-VII was 1. 74-3. 04 (10; ix =2.58). This

wide variation appears partly due to the variable length of 5-VI. A comparison

with the length of the antenna seems to be more reliable; it was 0.96-1.71 (20;

x =1.33). In riversi, 1-VII was 2,3 branched in equal ratios (20); relative

length of 1-VII to 5-VII 1.91-3.48 (10; « =2.88), to antennal length 1.43-2.55

(30; x = 1.68). All values overlap with each other to a considerable degree, so

complete discrimination appears impossible. In the Ryukyu Archipelago, the

shape of comb scales mentioned in the foregoing key and description of viversi

may be the most reliable diagnostic character, but the difference is so slight

that careful examination will be necessary. In specimens of albopictus from

Palaearctic Japan, the lateral fringe of spicules of the comb scales tends to be

384 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

more developed than in those from the Ryukyus, but in Palaearctic Japan,

vyiverst has been found in only a few peripheral areas of the Kyushu district.

Apically bi- or multifurcate and basally fused comb scales are apparently

attributed to viversi only; the furcate comb scales were found in none of 6

mounted larval skins (not individually reared, but associated adults were all

riversi) from Cape Sata, 18.9% of 37 specimens from Amami Oshima, 85.1%

of 74 from Okinawa Is. and 38.6% of 44 from Yaeyama (all of the preceding

included whole mounted larvae). The occurrence of fused comb scales is much

less frequent. Seta 6-C is single in 10% and double in 90% (30) of albopictus;

single in 93.3% and double in 6.7% (30) of viversi. The ventral anal gill is

more frequently (75%) (20) equal to the dorsal gill in albopictus, the shortest

ventral gill was 0.9 of the dorsal; while in riversi it is usually (95%) (20)

shorter than the dorsal gill, the average length is 0.8 of the dorsal gill. These

characters may also be used in species diagnoses, but in a limited degree.

The larvae of flavopictus flavopictus are usually distinguished from albo-

pictus in having stiffer stellate body setae, but examples of f. flavopictus having

the least stiff setae are similar to those of albopictus having the stiffest setae.

Kano (1949) stated that these species were separable by the number of the

branches of setae 1, 0-VIII, viz., they were 2-4 branched in albopictus, and

6-16 and 6-15 (-20?) branched respectively in f. flavopictus. Our evaluation of

these 2 setae with 30 examples of albopictus from 18 localities, and as many

examples of f. flavopictus from 14 localities confirmed that they might be used

as secondary diagnostic characters, though 5 branched 1-VIII and 6 branched

5-VIII were found in not more than 10% of studied larvae of both Species. We

found that the range of the branching of 8 setae not mentioned by Kano (l.c.)

barely overlapped between these species. These are shown in Table 26.

Accurate identification may be obtained by taking all 8 of these setae together

with 1, 5-VIII into consideration. Huang (1972) used the complete saddle of

f. flavopictus as a specific diagnostic character. Actually, the saddle is

incomplete in f. flavopictus (cf. TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION OF Ae. flavopictus).

The Ryukyuan subspecies of flavopictus, downsi and miyarai, are by far

more difficult to discriminate from albopictus. Huang (l.c.) regarded seta

2-VII as a definite diagnostic character, saying that it was 3, 4 branched in

downsi (including our miyarai) and usually single (1,2) in albopictus. Our

evaluation was that the seta is 1-3 branched in both albopictus and flavopictus

downsi, 1-4 branched in f. miyarai; single and double in 96.7% (30) of albopic-

tus, 59% (19) of f. downsi and 60% (20) of f. miyavai. Thus, branching of seta

2-VII cannot be a diagnostic character. In fact, no definite diagnostic charac-

ters were detected. Only 10-C and the relative length of the dorsal and ventral

anal gills may be utilized ina limited degree. Seta 10-C was single in 96.7%,

double in 3.3% of albopictus (30), always double in f. downsi (19), and double in

95% and triple in 5% of f. miyarai (20). The relative length of the ventral gill

to the dorsal gill varied from 0.9 to 1.0 (x = 1.0) in albopictus (20) (1.0 in 75%

of the specimens); 0.8-1.0 (x = 0.9) in f. downsi (19) (1.0 in only 10%) and

0.7-0.9 (x = 0.8) in f. downsi (20). Some setae, such as 0-P, 13-T, 1, 2,5,

9 and 13 of the abdomen, have a certain extent of unoverlapped areas in the

range of branching (vide chaetotaxy tables). Even utilizing these characters in

combination, complete separation of albopictus from f. downsi or f. miyarai

still may not be always possible.

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 385

TABLE 26. Comparison of the number of setal branches of the larvae of

Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus and Ae. (Stg.) flavopictus flavopictus.

albo- flavo- albo- flavo-

Seta Branches pictus pictus Seta Branches pictus pictus

2-IV 1-2 96.7% - 5-IV 2-3 100.0% ~

3 rs - 4. - -

4 - 53.3% 5-13 - 100. 0%

5-8 ~ 46.7 o- VI 1-3 93.3 -

2-V 1 70.0 - 4. Ga4 -

2 30.0 ~ 3) - 20.0

3 ~ 3.3 6-12 - 80.0

4-8 - 96.7 9-VI 1-2 90.0 ~

2-VI 1-2 93.43 - 3 10.0 ~

3 6.4 - 4 ~ 1353

& - 26.7 5-11 = 86.7

0-8 - iaxehss 1-VIII 2-3 D0. 0 -

2-VIl 1-2 96.7 - 4 40.0 ~

2 3.3 - D 10.0 3.3

4 - 13.3 6 - eee.

0-8 ~ 86.7 7-19 ~ 93.3

o-II 3 96.7 ~ o-VIII 2-4 80.0 -

4 Sie ~ 5 13.3 -

5) - 16.7 6 G7 a3

6-12 : 83.3 7 - 20.0

8-22 - Oi?

Specimens examined: 30 individually reared for each species.

BIONOMICS. Very common throughout Japan including the Ryukyu Archi-

pelago, excluding northern districts. The larvae occur in a wide variety of

natural containers including tree holes, bamboo and fern stumps, leaf-axils,

etc., and various types of small artificial containers in human dwelling areas.

A study utilizing ovitraps in Kamakura City found albopictus eggs to comprise

nearly 74% of the 34, 000 eggs collected (Moriya 1974). They are often found

associated with Orthopodomyia anopheloides, Ae. japonicus, Ae. riversi, Ae.

flavopictus and Tripteroides bambusa. Adult females are vicious day biters.

MEDICAL IMPORTANCE. Aedes albopictus has been known as a vector of

dengue fever inthis region. Japanese encephalitis virus has been isolated from

wild-caught females (Hurlbut and Nibley 1964), but the authors think the validity

of this isolation is doubtful. The role of this species in the epidemiology of this

disease is not certain (Yamamoto 1971). Huang (1972) listed vertebrate patho-

gens associated with albopictus. Suenaga and Itoh (1973) found Dirofilaria

immitis larvae in 3.2% of albopictus collected in urban areas and in 5.5% from

rural areas in the vicinity of Nagasaki.

386 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

84. AEDES STEGOMYIA) FLA VOPICTUS YAMADA

Aedes flavopictus Yamada, 1921: 52 (o, ¢). Type-locality: Shiba, Tokyo,

Japan.

DISTRIBUTION. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN. KOREA. PRYMORYE. RYUKYU

ARCHIPELAGO.

84A. AEDES GSTEGOMYIA) FLAVOPICTUS FLA VOPICTUS YAMADA

(Figs. 118, 119; Table 116)

Aedes flavopictus Yamada, 1921: 52 (%, 2). Type-locality: Shiba, Tokyo,

Japan. Also recorded from Korea (Keijo and Kanko).

Aedes (Stegomyia) flavopictus: LaCasse and Yamaguti: 1950: 116 (*, ¢, L).

FEMALE. Wing length 2.6-4.0 mm. Head. Eyes rather broadly separated

above, moderately below. Vertex covered with broad dark scales, with rather

broad median stripe of broad white scales, the stripe extending onto interocular

space; eye margin with a line of broad pale scales, the line usually not reaching

temporal pale area; many erect forked scales, usually dark, occasionally yellow-

ish brown ones intermixed, rarely all scales yellowish brown; tempus covered

with broad white scales, with rather broad stripe or anterior spot of dark scales

within pale area; 4-6 vertical and 4 temporal dark bristles on each side. Clyp-

eus without scales. Antenna: flagellum 0. 80-0. 87 length of proboscis, flagello-

mere 1 1.21-1.46 length of Flm 2, with small dark scales. Palpus 0.19-0. 22

length of proboscis; segment 3 1.56-2.19 of 2; 4 lacking or very small, occa-

sonally developed up to 0.17 length of 3. Proboscis 1.01-1.13 length of fore-

femur. Thovax. Pronotal integument dark brown; anterior lobe covered with

broad white scales, bearing about 10 or more mostly dark bristles, a few later-

al bristles yellowish; posterior lobe anteriorly and dorsally with narrow curved

dark scales, posteroventrally with a patch of broad white scales, bearing 3-5

dark bristles. Scutum with integument blackish brown, covered with narrow

curved dark scales, with a single, long, rather broad, posteriorly narrowed,

anterior median stripe of narrow curved white scales, and short fine prescutel-

lar and posterior dorsocentral stripes of narrow curved slightly yellowish

scales, the prescutellar stripe usually not connected anteriorly with anterior

median stripe, posteriorly bifurcate and extending along sides of prescutellar

bare space, a patch of crescent-shaped slightly yellowish scales laterally just

in front of to above wing root; 2-5 humeral bristles, one posterior fossal. Scu-

tellar median lobe with 3-6, lateral lobe with 6-9 long and medium-sized

bristles, each lobe with a few additional short bristles. Paratergite with well

developed patch of broad white scales. Pleural integument dark brown, well de- —

veloped patches of broad white scales on propleuron, upper sternopleuron,

lower posterior sternopleuron and mesepimeron, mesepimeral patch reaching

lower 0.25-0.33 of mesepimeron, subspiracular area usually with white scales,

most frequently 1-3, often 4-10, occasionally lacking or more than 10; pleural

bristles yellowish or pale brown, 4 to about 10 propleurals, 2-7 postspiraculars,

7 to more than 10 prealars, 1,2 upper sternopleurals, 3-8 posterior sterno-

pleurals, 3-8 upper mesepimerals, lower mesepimeral usually absent, occa-

sionally one very fine bristle present. Wing. Cell Ro 1.77-2.56 length of vein

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 387

Yoig3- Halter knob pale scaled. Legs. Forecoxa basally and apically white

scaled, dark scaled in-between; midcoxa basally white scaled, apically dark

scaled; hindcoxa white scaled. Forefemur with white apical fringe and short

pale basal streak on narrow anterior surface, pale scaled in posterior 0.67 of

ventral surface, this pale area broadened basally onto narrow posterior side;

midfemur with white apical spot, pale scaled on posterior and ventral surfaces,

the pale area apically narrowed on posterior surface; hindfemur with apical

white patch, pale scaled in basal 0.67-0.75 on anterior surface (0.6 in speci-

mens from Mikura Is., Izu Shichitd), 0.5 or slightly more on posterior surface,

about 0.33 on dorsal surface, up to apex on ventral surface. Fore- and mid-

tibiae usually with rather obscure pale streak on ventral surface. Fore- and

midtarsomeres 1 and 2 with basal bands of white scales, 3 often with basal

white scales, occasionally with a definite basal band in midtarsus; hindtarso-

meres 1-3 with basal bands, 4 with basal 0.67-0. 83 pale scaled, the pale area

shorter ventrally (pale in basal 0.8-0.9, occasionally up to apex in specimens

from Mikura Is., Izu Shichito), 5 with very narrow dark tip or entirely pale.

Femora, tibiae and tarsi otherwise dark scaled. Foretarsomere 5 shorter

than or equal to 4; hindtarsomere 1 0.67-0.76 length of tibia. Claws simple.

Abdomen. Tergum I dark scaled; II-VII with rather large laterobasal patches

of white scales, the patches tending to slightly become distal on 2 or 3 posterior

segments; II-VI with narrow basal bands of white scales, the bands only slight-

ly laterally broadened, usually not connected with laterobasal patches, occa-

sionally reduced in middle, often reduced on II; VII with a mediobasal patch.

Sternum II pale scaled, usually with sublateral apically dark patches; HI-VI

with pale basal bands, apically dark scaled, the basal band tending to become

slightly distal on one or 2 posterior segments; VII usually entirely dark scaled,

occasionally (15.8%) with a few pale scales.

MALE (Fig. 118). Wing length 2.4-3.3 mm. Antenna: flagellum 0.67-0.77

(9) length of proboscis, flagellomere 12 0.91-1.24 length of 13, both together

0. 70-0.85 of Flm 1-11. Palpus 0.91-1.03 length of proboscis, ratio of lengths

of segments 2-5: 0.98-1.27 : 1.10-1.36 : 1.00-1.27: 1.00. Proboscis 1.16-

1. 24 (8) times as long as forefemur. Cell Ro 1.81-2.50 length of vein r9,9.

Foretarsomere 5 1.19-1.29 (5) length of 4; midtarsomere 5 1.19-1. 22 (5) fat

of 5; hindtarsomere 1 0.70-0.80 length of tibia; anterior claw of fore- and mid-

tarsi with blunt-tipped submedian tooth, posterior claw simple. Abdominal

tergum VII with or without mediobasal patch; VIII dark scaled; sternum VII

with basal band of white scales. Genitalia. Tergum IX well sclerotized;

median part well produced into a single large lobe, its apical margin broadly

rounded and rather irregularly serrate; lateral lobes small, convex, each with

4-9 rather short bristles. Basistyle rather narrow, basally broadened on

sternal aspect, 2.8-3.7 as long as wide, laterally and sternally scaled, with

more than 10 short bristles on tergomesal surface just basad of middle, long

lateral and sternoapical bristles, small to medium-sized sternal bristles on

mesal to apical area; claspette reaching apical 0.19-0.27 of basistyle, apical

expanded portion longitudinal, its mesoapical surface densely covered with

rather short bristles, with a row of as long broad blade-like setae on the

sternal margin. Dististyle slender, 0.82-0.96 length of basistyle, somewhat

broadened and curved at apex, striated, pilose on convex side in apical half,

with 3-5 minute setae on each convex and concave side near apex; claw subter-

minal, straight, pigmented, 0.14-0.17 length of dististyle. Cercal tergal sur-

face with a narrow weakly sclerotized area; paraproct without median sterno-

mesal process. Aedeagus slightly constricted in middle, with more than 10

stout spines on each side of expanded apex, 1. 54-1. 80 as long as wide including

388 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

spines, tergally closed in apical half, tergobasal opening extending to apical

0.4 at middle, sternal opening narrow at base and apically broadened.

LARVA (Fig. 119). Body setae usually stiffer and with more branches than

in albopictus, flavopictus downsi, f. miyarafi and riversi, but less so than in

galloisi. Head. Width: 0.80-0.99 mm; 1.10 (1) as wide as long; seta 1-C

0.68-0. 81 (5) length of distance between bases; usually, 5,13-C single and 12,

15-C double; 11, 14-C usually rather stiff. Antenna 0.26-0.33 mm long, rather

dark brown, apically paler; seta 1-A inserted at apical 0.40-0.49 (x =0. 45).

Mandible with 1-Md usually double, rarely single, well developed, usually

stiffer than in albopictus, riversi, f. downsi and f. miyarai, each 3-7 branched;

microspines of dorsolateral surface usually stouter than in the other species

of the scutellaris group of this region; hairs of pectinate brush 3, 4; mandibular

hairs (2-3) + (4-7), 7-10 in total, often a proximal hair of the distal group

detached. Maxilla with seta 1-Mx 4-12 branched, usually stouter and more

strongly barbed than in albopictus, riversi, f. downsi and f. miyarat; lateral

surface of mesostipes smooth or with a few small spines; lacinia and palpostipes

as in albopictus. Mentum plate with 20-25 teeth. Thorax. Usually, 5,10-P

and 11-T single, 7-P and 9-T double; 0, 4,8,11-P, 11,13,14-M, 1,4, 5, 8,13-T

usually rather stiff; 11-P fairly well developed. Abdomen. Setae 11-II, 7,

14-VI usually single; 11-I, 1,2,5,9,13 on I-VI, 2,5, 8,9,13-VII, and 1, 5-VIII

usually rather stiff; 1-VII 0. 83-1. 24 (30; x = 1.06) length of antenna. Comb

scales 7-10 (20; x = 9.1), median scales with apical spine usually length of or

longer than length of base, lateral fringe of spicules distinct, often extending

to near middle of apical spine. Siphon usually slightly swollen basal to middle,

2.33-2.81 as long as wide, apex 0.49-0.65 of widest part; length 0.71-0.99 mm,

index 2.35-3.19 microsculpture of weak short transverse ridges, apically obso-

lete; pecten reaching basal 0. 34-0. 46 (20) of siphon, of 6-14 (20; x =8.9) teeth;

seta 1-S located beyond pecten at basal 0.44-0.55 (20), length of or shorter

than siphon diameter at insertion. Saddle incomplete, 0.22-0.33 mm long, with

weak microsculpture of short transverse ridges; apex with usually progressively

longer laterodorsal fine spicules; seta 2-X usually double; 4-X of 8 usually single

cratal hairs, 2 proximal hairs shorter and occasionally double. Anal gills 1.8-

3.8 length of saddle, parallel-sided, broadly rounded at apex; ventral gill usually

length of dorsal gill, occasionally shorter, 0.9 length of dorsal gill.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN. 390, 322; with associ-

ated skins (41, 4p), 5 L, 61: Hokkaido (A-1640, A-1643, A-1651, A-1654,

A-1670, A-1788, A-1909). 580°, 80°; with associated skins (741, 74 p), 8 L,

17 1: Honshu (B-0341, B-0351, B-0360, B-0380, C-2107, D-0047, D-0048,

D-0051, D-0057, D-0101, E-2071, E-2073, E-2083, E-2088, E-2089, E-2090,

E-2100). 62: Kyushu (H-0076). 50, 22: Tsushima (H-2004, H-2014). KOREA.

60“, 472; with associated skins (2 1, 2 p): Korean Peninsula (L-0815, L-0819,

L-0821, L-0822, K-0824, L-0825, L-0828, L-0829, K-0833, L-0834, L-0865,

L-0866, L-0868, L-0872, L-0873, L-0874, L-0876). 1°, 12; with associated

skins (11, 1p): Cheju Do (M-0848, M-0854). 440°, 412; with associated skins

(171, 17 p), 39 L, 231: Mikura Is., Izu Shichitd (C-1523, C-1524, C-1526,

C-1527, C-1528, C-1530, C-1531, C-1532, C-1533, C-1534).

DISTRIBUTION. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku,

Kyushu, Yakushima, Tsushima, Izu Shichitd). KOREA (Korean Peninsula,

Cheju Do). SOUTH PRYMORYE.

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 389

84B. AEDES (STEGOMYIA) FLAVOPICTUS DOWNSI BOHART AND INGRAM

(Fig. 233; Table 117)

Aedes Stegomyia) downsi Bohart and Ingram, 1946a: 51 (*, ?, L). Type-

locality: Chizuka, Okinawa Is., Ryukyu Archipelago.

FEMALE (Fig. 233). Wing length 2.3-3.6 mm. Head. Vertical bristles

3,4 (usually 4), temporal bristles 4,5 (usually 5). Antennal flagellum 0. 85-

0.95 length of proboscis, flagellomere 1 1.02-1.36 (13) length of Flm 2. Pro-

boscis 0.97-1.09 (13) length of forefemur. Palpus 0.24-0.25 (11) length of

proboscis, segment 3 1.59-2.08 (11) of 2. Thovax, Posterior pronotal bristles

2-5. Narrow curved scales forming 3 yellowish scutal posterior stripes; nar-

row curved or crescent-shaped scales forming a yellow to yellowish brown

supraalar patch. Subspiracular area usually without scales, occasionally with

a few broad pale scales (Table 28). Pleural bristles: 4-8 propleurals, 2-7

postspiraculars, 9 to more than 10 prealars, 9 to more than 10 prealars, 1,2

upper sternopleurals, 4-9 posterior sternopleurals, 3-9 upper mesepimerals.

Wing. Cell Ro 1.52-2.36 (20) length of vein r9,9. Legs. Hindfemur pale

scaled usually on basal 0.6 on anterior surface. Hindtarsomere 4 with basal

0. 75-0.90 (usually 0. 80-0. 83 in specimens from Amami Oshima, 0.9 in speci-

mens from Okinawa Is.) pale scaled; 5 with very narrow dark tip to entirely

pale. Hindtarsomere 1 0.66-0.72 (11) length of tibia. Abdomen, Sternum VII

usually entirely dark scaled, occasionally (12.5%) with a few pale scales.

MALE (Fig. 233). Wing length 2.0-2.9 mm. Antennal flagellum 0.64-0.74

(5) length of proboscis; flagellomere 12 0.98-1.22 (8) length of Flm 12, both

together 0.66-0.79 (8) of Flm 1-11. Palpus 0. 88-0. 98 (6) length of proboscis;

ratio of lengths of segments 2-5: 1.04-1.32 : 1.22-1.54 : 1.08-1.26: 1.00.

Proboscis 1.16-1.39 (5) length of forefemur. Cell Ro 1.52-2.28 (20) length of

vein r9,3. Hindtarsomere 1 0.72-0.75 (7) length of tibia. Genitalia. Claspette

reaching apical 0.08-0.19 (19) of basistyle, its stalk and lateral arms in lateral

view narrower than in f. flavopictus. Claw of dististyle 0.14-0.18 (16) length of

dististyle. Aedeagus 1.71-2.11 (13) as long as wide including spines.

LARVA. In general, body setae more slender and with less branching than

in f. flavopictus, and similar to those of albopictus and vriversi. Head, Width:

0.65-0.85 mm; 0.92-1.01 (x = 0.98) as wide as long; seta 1-C 0.77-1.06 (12)

length of distance between bases; 6, 7,12-C usually double, 11-C usually triple.

Antenna 0.24-0.30 mm long, seta 1-A inserted at apical 0. 41-0. 54 (x =0. 47).

Mentum plate with 21-27 teeth. Thorax. Seta 2-P,M usually single, and 3-P

and 9-T double. Abdomen. Setae 7-I, 8,14-III and 14-VI usually single; 8-VI

usually double; 5-II,IV,V, 7-IV and 9-VI usually triple; 13-IV usually 4 branched;

1-VII 1. 07-2. 26 (19; x = 1.63) length of antenna. Comb scales 6-10 (19; x =8.4),

apical spine usually longer than in viversi, lateral fringe of spicules finer than

in viversi and usually restricted to base. Siphon 2.25-2.73 as long as wide,

apex 0.50-0.63 of widest part, length 0.57-0.83 mm, index 2. 54-3.12; pecten

reaching basal 0.37-0. 54 (20) of siphon, occasionally one apical tooth detached,

and located close to seta 1-S or beyond it; 1-S usually located beyond pecten at

basal 0. 48-0.60 (20), usually 4 branched; 2-S 1-3 branched. Saddle incomplete,

0.21-0.29 mm long. Anal gills 1.2-4.5 as long as saddle, ventral gill usually

shorter than dorsal gill (0. 77-1. 00 (20; x = 0.86) length of dorsal gill).

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO. 160, 23°; with asso-

ciated skins (16 1, 16 p), 14 L, 21: Amami Gunto (I-0246, I-0266, I-0268,

I-0277, I-0278, I-0279, I-0283, I-0289, I-0303, I-0304, I-0305, I-0309, I-1831,

390 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

I-1832, I-1834, I-1835, I-1837, I-1843, I-1851, I-1854, I-1886). 160’, 249;

with associated skins (31, 3p), 17 L, 11: Okinawa Gunto (J-0408, J-0432,

J-0456, J-0463, J-0468, J-0480, J-0482, J-0487, J-0498, J-0506, J-0507,

J-0508, J-0509, J-0510, J-0527, J-0535, J-0717, J-0902).

DISTRIBUTION. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO (Amami and Okinawa Guntd).

84C. AEDES STEGOMYIA) FLAVOPICTUS MIYARAI NEW SUBSPECIES

(Fig. 233; Table 118)

Aedes downsi: Teller and Gentry, 1955: 45, Iriomote Is., Ryukyu Archipelago.

FEMALE (Fig. 233). Head. Vertical bristles 4,5 (usually 4), temporal

bristles 4. Antennal flagellum 0.78-0.88 length of proboscis; flagellomere 1

1.27-1. 48 (5) length of Flm 2. Proboscis 1.04-1.07 (5) length of forefemur.

Palpus 0. 20-0. 24 length of proboscis; segment 3 1.53-1.76 (5) of 2. Thorax.

Posterior pronotal bristles 2-4. Scutal scaling similar to that of flavopictus

_downsi, but scales of supraalar patch slightly paler. Subspiracular area most

frequently with 1-3 broad pale scales, occasionally with a definite patch, often

without scales (Table 28). Pleural bristles: 6-8 propleurals, 2-6 postspiracu-

lars, 8 to more than 10 prealars, 1,2 (4 in one specimen) upper sternopleurals,

6-10 posterior sternopleurals, 5-11 upper mesepimerals. Wing. Cell Ro

1.37-2.00 length of vein ro9,9. Legs. Hindfemur pale scaled usually in basal

0.67 on anterior surface. Hindtarsomere 4 usually with basal 0.9 pale, occa-

sionally entirely pale; 5 usually entirely pale, occasionally (12. 0%) with narrow

ventral dark tip. Hindtarsomere 1 0.67-0.'73 (8) length of tibia. Abdomen.

Sternum VII often (42.9%) with pale scales.

MALE (Fig. 233). Antennal flagellum 0.66-0.75 (5) length of proboscis;

flagellomere 12 0.95-1.12 (5) length of Flm 13, both together 0. 69-0. 81 (5)

of Flm 1-11. Palpus 0.92-0.95 (5) length of proboscis; length ratio of seg-

ments 2-5: 1.02-1.15 : 1.15-1.35 : 1.00-1.22 : 1.00. Proboscis 1.17-1.26

(5) length of forefemur. Cell Ry 1.45-1.83 length of vein r9,3. Hindtarsomere

1 0.72-0.73 (5) length of tibia. Genitalia. Claspette reaching apical 0.20-

0.29 (11) of basistyle, its stalk and lateral arms in lateral view narrower than

in f. flavopictus. Claw of dististyle 0.17-0.20 length of dististyle. Aedeagus

1. 58-1.98 (11) as long as wide including spines.

LARVA. Almost identical with f. downsi, Head. Width: 0.76-1.13 mm;

1.03-1.12 (x = 1.07) as wide as long; seta 1-C 0. 76-1.13 length of distance

between bases; usually, 13-C single, 6,10,12-C double, and 11-C triple.

Antenna 0.25-0.32 mm long; seta 1-A inserted at apical 0.37-0. 53 (x =0. 45).

Mentum plate with 23-29 teeth. Thovax. Usually, seta 5-P single, 7-P and

9-T double, and 6-Mtriple. Abdomen. Setae 6,7-VI usually single; 5, 7-IV,

5-V and 9-VII usually triple; 1-VII 1.34-1.79 (13; x = 1.57) length of antenna.

Comb scales 8-12 (20; x = 10.2), apical spine usually longer than in viversz,

lateral fringe of spicules usually slightly stronger than in f. downsi, in most

developed case, extending to middle of apical spine. Szphon 2.06-3.02 as long

as wide, apex 0.48-0.57 of widest part; length 0.63-0.89 mm, index 2. 06-3. 02;

pecten reaching basal 0.37-0.51 (20) of siphon, of 7-19 (20; x = 11.6) teeth;

seta 1-S located beyond pecten at basal 0.47-0.61 (20). Saddle incomplete,

0.24-0.31 mm long. Anal gills 1.3-2.7 (20) length of saddle, ventral gill 0. 7-

0.9 (20; x = 0.8) as long as dorsal gill.

TYPE-SERIES. Holotype male (#22323, K-0638-18) with associated slides

of genitalia, larval and pupal skins: Mt. Banna, IshigakiIs., Ryukyu Archi-

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 391

pelago 22 IV 1971, tree hole, Mizusawa & Nishikawa. Paratypes: 39 males,

41 females with slides of associated skins (16 larval and 16 pupal), genitalia

(3 males), mouthparts (3 females), wings (3 males, 4 females) and legs (3

males, 4females). Paratypes from IshigakiIs. - 17 males, 16 females; with

associated skins (4 larval and pupal) (K-0566): Yonehara, 18 XII 1970, leaf

axil, Mizusawa; 2 males, 5 females with associated skins (1 larval and 1 pupal)

(K-0567): Mt. Banna, 19 XII 1970, leaf axil, Mizusawa; 2 males, 7 females

with associated skins ( 1 larval and 1 pupal) (K-0638): Mt. Banna, 22 IV 1971,

tree hole, Mizusawa & Nishikawa; 9 males, 5 females with associated skins

(2 larval and 2 pupal) (K-1399): Mt. Maeshi, 15 XII 1972, leaf axil, Mizusawa

& Imamura; 7 males, 6 females with associated skins 6 larval and 6 pupal)

(K-1411): nr. Yonehara, 20 XII 1972, leaf axil, Mizusawa & Imamura.

Paratypes from Iriomote Is. - 2 males, 1 female with associated skins (1 lar-

val and 1 pupal) (K-0573): Foot of Mt. Goza, 22 XII 1970, tree hole, Mizusawa;

1 female with associated skins (1 larval and 1 pupal) (K-2034): Itokawarinddé,

30 XI 1974, tree hole, Mizusawa & Tamamori.

The holotype and one-half of the paratypes are deposited in the National

Science Museum, Tokyo, the remaining paratypes are deposited in the USNM.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED OTHER THAN THE TYPES. RYUKYU ARCHI-

PELAGO. 65°, 672; with associated skins (171, 17 p), 52 L, 81: Yaeyama

Gunto (K-0110, K-0120, K-0122, K-0135, K-0136, K-0148, K-0152, K-0154,

K-0157, K-0174, K-0180, K-0181, K-0182a, K-0183, K-0561, K-0568, K-0579,

K-0580, K-0583, K-0584, K-0637, K-0646, K-0720, K-0723, K-0726, K-0727,

K-0777, K-0906, K-0910, K-0915, K-1297, K-1307, K-1353, K-1389, K-1445,

K-1454, K-1456, K-1459, K-1587, K-1597, K-1599, K-1612, K-1749, K-17951,

K-1752, K-1754, K-2061).

DISTRIBUTION. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO (Yaeyama Gunto).

TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION. Aedes Stegomyia) downsi, originally described

as a distinct species from Okinawa Is., was sunk to a subspecies of flavopictus

by Bohart (1953); Huang (1972) elevated it again to a species. Her discussion

of downsi appears accurate as far as specimens from Okinawa are concerned.

However, more local and individual variations occur. The specific key char-

acters of the male genitalia given by her are: the length-width ratio of the

basistyle is 2.5, the apical angle of the claspette reaches 0.8 of the basistyle,

and the claspette has the stalk and lateral arms rather slender in downsi; while

these characters are 3.0, 0.75 and widened, respectively, in flavopictus. The

length-width ratio of the basistyle is not a good character owing to its width

varying with the degree of sclerotization and mounting technique. Measurements

obtained from fully sclerotized, not compressed, carefully mounted, symmetri-

cal specimens, are shown in Table 27. However, a wide variation is still seen

in each population. Specimens from Amami and Okinawa are almost identical,

those from Yaeyama have the narrowest basistyle, and Palaearctic specimens

intermediate. The extent of the claspette is apparently a good diagnostic

character. These measurements are given in Table 28. Specimens from

Amami and Okinawa are also identical in this character; the claspette of

Yaeyama specimens is distinctly shorter than that of Amami and Okinawa, and

agrees with that of Palaearctic specimens. The shape of the claspette in lateral

view appears to show a slight difference. Great care is required in mounting

the claspette, as even a subtle inclination of specimens and any pressure given

to specimens may considerably change their shape. Only fully sclerotized

examples can be used for study. The stalk and lateral arms appear slightly

narrower in specimens from Amami, Okinawa and Yaeyama than in those from

Honshu; 2 specimens from Mikura Is., Izu Shichito, off the Pacific coast of

392

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

TABLE 27. The length-width ratio of the basistyle of Aedes Stegomyia)

flavopictus.

Locality (Subspecies)

Palaearctic Japan and Korea (f. flavopictus)

Amami Oshima (f. downsi)

Okinawa Is. (f. downsi)

Yaeyama Gunt6 (f. miyarai)

No. examined Range be

10 Se hh OOS

6 3.4 3.0

10 3.4 3.1

12 4.0 3.6

TABLE 28. Comparison of adult characteristics of the 3 subspecies of Aedes

(Stegomyia) flavopictus.

Subspecies f. flavopictus

Distribution Palaearctic

Claspette apex No. examined 10

from basistyle Range 0.19-0.27

apex x 0.24

Aedeagus No. examined 10

length-width Range 1. 54-1. 80

ratio BY 1.69

Claw- N - examined 10

dististyle Range 0.14-0.17

ratio x 0.16

Female No. examined 10

antenna- Range 0. 80-0. 87

proboscis x 0. 84

ratio

Female No. examined 10

palpus- Range 0.19-0.22

proboscis ve 0.20

ratio

Number of No. examined 61

subspiracular 0 11.4%

scales 1-3 42.1

(female) 4-10 30. 1

11+ 11.4

f. downsi

Amami-Okinawa

0.08-0.19

0.19

1.71-2.11

Ls 96

f. miyarai

Yaeyama

0.20-0. 29

0.25

1.58-1.98

1.74

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 393

central Honshu, about 34° N, were intermediate or rather closer to the Ryukyu

form than the Honshu form.

The subspiracular scaling, the extent of the white scaled area of the anterior

surface of the hindfemur, and of hindtarsomere 4 were used as specific key

characters of the adults by Huang. It is true that the population of Palaearctic

Japan and Korea of flavopictus usually has scales on the subspiracular area,

and the populations of Amami and Okinawa usually do not. However, 11.4%

of Palaearctic flavopictus did not have scales, and 14.5% of the Amami-

Okinawa population had a few scales. The Yaeyama population is intermediate,

34.0% had no scales 46.8% with 1-3 scales and 19.1% with a small but definite

patch (Table 28). The white scaled area of the anterior surface of female hind-

femur is shortest in the Okinawa population (usually 0.6), intermediate in

Amami (0. 60-0. 75) and Yaeyama (usually 0.67), longest in the Palaearctic

population (0.67-0.75). The white area of female hindtarsomere 4 is shortest

in the Palaearctic population (0.67-0.80), progressively increasing in the

southern populations, usually 0.9-1.0 in Yaeyama. The population of Mikura

Is., was found to have the white scaling of the hindlegs agreeing with that of the

Okinawa population.

It should be clear from the above diagnosis that these 6 adult characters

used in keys by Huang cannot be the basis for treating the populations of the

Ryukyu Archipelago as a single distinct species, downsi.

The narrow curved or crescent-shaped scales forming a supraalar patch

on the scutum in the female are pale, only slightly yellowish or creamy in the

Palaearctic population, distinctly yellowish in the populations of the Ryukyus,

darkest (brownish) in Amami, and apparently progressively paler in Okinawa

and Yaeyama, though the difference is very slight. The white scaling of female

hindtarsomere 5 varies among populations as shown in Table 29. In the Mikura

population, ventral dark scaling of hindtarsomere 5 is more developed than in

the other populations, often reaching the apical 0. 33-0. 50.

Female sternum VII is usually entirely dark in the Palaearctic, Amami and

Okinawa populations, while 42.9% (21 examined) of the Yaeyama specimens

had pale scales. In addition to above characteristics, the length-width ratio

of the aedeagus, claw-dististyle ratio, female antenna-proboscis ratio, and

female palpus-proboscis ratio show some differences among populations. They

are demonstrated in Table 28. As the Amami and Okinawa populations are

identical with each other, the data are combined in the table.

TABLE 29. The white scaling of female hindtarsomere 5 of Aedes Stegomyia)

flavopictus.

Subspecies f. flavopictus f. downsi f. miyarai

Number examined 38 10 3 29

Entirely white 15.4% 10.0% 34.4% 88.0%

White scales reaching o1.3° 490.0 37.9 12.0

apex dorsally

White scales not 33.3 ~ 23.1 ae

reaching apex

394 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

As a result of the above diagnosis on 13 adult characters, the populations of

Palaearctic Japan and Korea, Amami, Okinawa and Yaeyama are considered as

a single species. The Palaearctic population is the nominate subspecies,

flavopictus. The Amami and Okinawa populations are identical, conforming to

subspecies downsi. The southernmost population (Yaeyama) of flavopictus, is

identical with subspecies flavopictus in 2 characters, with subspecies downsi

in 2 characters, intermediate in 4 characters, different from both in 5 char-

acters, 3 of the lattermost not appearing clinal. This population is assigned

to another subspecies, miyarai. Further study will be necessary to clarify the

taxonomical position of the population of Mikura Is., Izu Shichitéd.

Miyagi and Toma (1976) reported that there was no reproductive incompati-

bility between flavopictus from Nagasaki, Kyushu and downsi from Okinawa Is.

The following discussions on larvae are based on individually reared ex-

amples unless otherwise stated. Huang (1972) used the complete saddle of

f. flavopictus as one of the criteria for regarding it as a separate species.

The saddle was incomplete in all 76 specimens we examined from 15 localities

in Hokkaido, Honshu, Korean Peninsula and Cheju Do, including 2 specimens

from the same collection (Misakubo, Shizuoka Pref., 14 VIII 1969, Sawada and

Yoshii, bamboo stump) used by Huang.

The larvae of f. flavopictus are characterized by stiff stellate body setae,

but the variation is wide, and examples having weak setae resembling those of

albopictus with stiffer setae than usual, have been noted. Remarkable variations

were found in the branching of setae 11,14-C, 1-Mx, 0,3,4,8,14-P, 1,13,

14-M, 1,4,5,13-T, 1-I-VII,X, 2-I-VU, 3-VIII, 5-I-VIII, 9-II-VII, 11-I and

13-I-VII. Though it is not clear, owing to the small sample studied, some of

these setae showed an apparent bimodal frequency distribution in the number

of branches. Then, both hairy and non-hairy types may exist in this subspecies,

but further study is necessary to confirm their presence.

No definite hairy type was found in our collection of the Ryukyuan subspecies,

downsi and miyarai, whose setae have in general fewer branches and are usually

weak. In this respect, they will be easily confused with viversi and albopictus.

The larvae of f. downsi and f. miyavai are, contrary to the adult, fairly homo-

genous, there being only minor differences, e.g., the laterobasal fringe of

spicules of the comb scales is usually very weak and basally restricted in

f. downsi, usually a little stronger and extending up to near middle of the apical

spine in f. miyarai; the number of the pecten teeth is 4-12 (19; « = 6.7) in

f. downsi, 7-19 (20; x = 11.6) inf. miyavai. Subspecies downsi and miyarai

differ from flavopictus in the longer seta 1-VII (the average length relative to

the antenna being 1.63, 1.57 and 1.06 in downsi (19), miyarai (13) and flavopic-

tus (30), respectively) and in that the ventral anal gill is usually shorter than

the dorsal one, while in 75% of flavopictus they were equal. Huang's (1972)

diagnosis on the branches of setae 14-P, 11-M, T is of little value, as she cov-

ered only a part of the range of individual variation. * It is interesting that, in

f. flavopictus, many setae, such as 14-P, 5-T, 2-I,I0-VII, 5-II-V, 9-VI,

13-I, III-V, have double or quadruple the numbers of branches found in the equi-

valent setae of f. downsi and f. miyarai. The non-hairy type in f. downsi and

f. miyarai may represent an ancestral form of this species.

Diagnostic characters for the separation of larval albopictus and f. downsi

or f. miyarai were previously discussed under albopictus. Discrimination of

*It should be noted that Huang's observations (l.c.) were based upon only 4

larval skins (editor).

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 395

f. downsi or f. miyarai from riversi is also very difficult. Huang (1972)

stated, ''The larva of riversi can be separated from downsi [including our

f. miyarai] by having hair 1-VII usually with 2 (2-3) branches, long, at least

2.5 times as long as 5-VII, and hair 2-VII usually single; in downsi hair 1-VII

usually has 4 branches which are short and less than twice as long as 5-VII,

and hair 2-VII 3-branched."’ In our specimens, 1-VII is 2,3 branched with

equal ratios in riversi (20), 3,4 branched in 45% and 55%, respectively, in

f. downsi (19), and 3, 4 branched in equal ratios in f. miyarai (20); the 3 branched

case existing in about a half of each, thus, it is not a good diagnostic character.

Relative lengths of 1-VII to 5-VII are 1.91-3.48 (10; x =2.88) in riversi, 1. 63-

2.41 (19; x = 1.98) in f. downsi, 1.68-2.14 (10; » = 1.88) inf. miyavai; ina

more reliable comparison of 1-VII to the length of the antenna, the relative

lengths of 1-VII are 1.43-2.55 (30; « = 1.68) in viversi, 1.07-2.26 (19;

x = 1.63) in f. downsi, 1.34-1.79 (13; » = 1.57) inf. miyarai, It is certain

that seta 1-VII is relatively shorter in f. downsi and f. miyarai than in rivers,

but because of overlapping values, it cannot be a definite diagnostic character.

Seta 2-VII is usually (96.7%) single, otherwise double in viversi (30); it is

1-3 branched, single in 10%, double in 40% in f. downsi (19); 1-4 branched,

single in 10%, double in 50% in f. miyarai (20); thus this also cannot be a good

diagnostic character.

Comb scales may be the most reliable diagnostic character between viversi

and f. downsi as was the case with between riversi and albopictus. It must be

used with great care between viversi and f. miyarai. In the latter, the latero-

basal fringe of spicules is usually more developed than in f. downsi, occasion-

ally resembling that of viversi. Apically bi- or multifurcate and basally fused

comb scales were not found in either f. downsi or/f. miyarai, thus they can be

used for differentiating riversi. The range of branching of all body setae were

found to overlap with each other between riversi and f. downsi or f. miyarat,

Only several setae showed somewhat different patterns of variations, with the

area of overlap very narrow. These are shown in Tables 30 and 31. Discrim-

ination of f. downsi or f. miyarai from viversi may be possible by examination

of all these setae together with comb scales, however, some specimens may

still remain unidentifiable.

BIONOMICS. Common throughout Japan, but less so than albopictus.

Larvae are most often found in bamboo stumps in temperate Japan, also

frequent in tree holes, sometimes in various small artificial containers; very

frequent in leaf axils of Alocasia macvorrhiza and bananas on the Ryukyu Archi-

pelago. They are often associated with Ae. riversi, Ae. albopictus and

Tripteroides bambusa, Adult females are severe day biters.

396 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

TABLE 30. Comparison of larval characteristics between Aedes (SStegomyia)

riversi and Ae. (Stg.) flavopictus downsi~*.

Seta Branches’ rviversi f. downsi Seta Branches’ riversi ff. downsi

6-C 1 93.3% 10. 0% 2-VI 1 100. 0% 10. 0%

2 6.7 90.0 2 ts 30.0

Oe a ee Te eee 3-5 a 60.0

2 13.3 TO ova oO Ta eo TO.

QeV ee = 10000. sr 26.8: 2 3.3 40.0

2 J 45.0 3 2 50. 0

3-5 “ 35.0

Comb with

furcate scales 10/1 11” 0

Ignecimens examined: individually reared 30 viversi and 19 flavopictus \downsi.

Specimens from Amami and Okinawa, including whole mounted specimens.

85. AEDES STEGOMYIA) AEGYPTI (LINNAEUS)

(Figs. 120, 121, 234; Table 119)

Culex aegypti Linnaeus, 1762: 470 (A). Type-locality: Egypt.

Stegomyia fasciata: Theobald, 1901d: 289: Tokyo, Japan; Mochizuki 1913: 60,

Naha, Okinawa Is., Ryukyu Archipelago; Yamada 1916: 386, Chichijima,

Ogasawara Isls.

Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti: LaCasse and Yamaguti, 1950: 104 (o, ¢, L).

FEMALE (Fig. 234). Wing length 2.5-3.5 mm. Head. Eyes narrowly

separated above, moderately below. Vertex covered with broad dark scales,

with median stripe of broad pale scales, the stripe extending onto interocular

space; eye margin with a line of rather narrow white scales, the line usually

not reaching temporal pale area; many erect forked, pale brown scales, occa-

sionally a few dark ones intermixed; tempus covered with broad pale scales,

with a stripe or anterior spot of broad dark scales within the pale area; 4-6

vertical and 4,5 temporal bristles on each side. Clypeus somewhat depressed

along median line, with a pair of anterior patches of broad white scales, the

patches occasionally fused together. Antenna: flagellum 0.86-0.90 (5) length

of proboscis; flagellomere 1 1.23-1.40 (5) length of Flm 2, with some dark

scales. Palpus 0.20-0.23 (5) length of proboscis; segment 3 0.94-1.20 (5)

length of 2; 4 very small or absent. Proboscis 1.07-1.08 (4) length of fore-

femur. Thorax. Pronotal integument brown to rather dark brown; anterior

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 397

TABLE 31. Comparison of larval characteristics between Aedes (Stegomyia)

riversi and Ae. (Stg.) flavopictus miyarai.

Seta Branches rviversi f/f. miyarai Seta Branches rvriversi f/f. miyarat

6-C 1 93.3% 5.0% 1 9-¥ 1 70.0% -

y) 6.7 95.0 2 30.0 10.0%

10-C | 86.7 - 3 = 75.0

2 13.3 95.0 4 rs 15.0

3 " 5.0 Oey ila cintic hae Deon ts Glue. uate gr:

9-11 1 80.0 ma 2 76.7 +

2 20.0 50.0 3 6.7 80.0

3 45.0 4 = 15.0

4 iy 5.0 5 " 5.0

9-11 1 66.7 é 2-V 1 100.0 10.0

2 33.3 5.0 2 . 45.0

3 a 80.0 Sint nm 45.0

4 be 15.0 2-VI 1 100. 0 15.0

9-IV 1 70.0 = 2 : 50.0

2 30.0 5.0 R44 - 35.0

3 - 60.0 Comb with

4 - 35.0 furcate scales 17/44* 0

Specimens examined: individually reared 30 riversi and 20 flavopictus

miyarat

*Specimens from Yaeyama, including whole mounted specimens.

lobe covered with broad white scales, bearing about 10 bristles; posterior lobe

dorsally with narrow curved brownish scales, midanteriorly, several rather

narrow pale scales, and midposteriorly, a patch of broad white scales, bearing

3-6 bristles. Scutum with integument dark brown, covered with narrow curved

dark brown scales and following ornamentation of pale scales: a spot of curved,

rather narrow white scales on anterior promontory; a pair of fine submedian

398 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

stripes of narrow curved, pale yellow scales, not reaching prescutellar space;

rather broad anterolateral white stripes of crescent-shaped scales, extending

posteromesally along scutal suture and connected with distinct posterior dorso-

central stripes of crescent-shaped white scales; an anteromedian and a pair of

posterosubmedian short prescutellar stripes of harrow curved, pale yellow

scales; a small lateral patch of crescent-shaped white scales just before wing-

root. No posterior fossal bristles. Scutellar lateral lobe with 5-8, median

lobe with 4-6 long or medium-sized dark bristles, each lobe with a few addition-

al fine bristles. Paratergite with a patch of broad white scales. Pleural inte-

gument brown to rather dark brown, patches of broad white scales on propleuron,

subspiracular area (usually with an additional small patch on anterodorsal mar-

gin), upper sternopleuron, lower-posterior sternopleuron, upper mesepimeron

and middle mesepimeron; prealar knob usually with a few ventral scales; 3-5

propleural bristles, 2-5 postspiraculars, about 10 prealars, 1,2 upper sterno-

pleurals, 2-4 posterior sternopleurals, 2-6 upper mesepimerals. Wing. Cell

Ro 2.00-2.71 (5) length of vein r9,9. Halter knob with pale scales. Legs.

Forecoxa mostly pale scaled, occasionally with some dark lateromedial scales;

midcoxa pale scaled and often with medially dark scales; hindcoxa pale scaled.

Forefemur with a small anterodorsal fringe at apex and a white streak on

anterior surface, pale scaled on posterior half of ventral surface; midfemur

with pale fringe at apex and white streak on anterior surface, pale scaled on

basal 0.67 of posterior surface, the pale area expanding dorsally toward base;

hindfemur with pale apical fringe, pale scaled on anterior surface, the pale

area apically narrowed and reaching near apex, pale scaled also on basal 0. 67

of posterior surface. Fore- and midtarsomeres 1 and 2 with white basal bands;

hindtarsomeres 1-4 with broad white basal bands, that of 4 usually reaching

about apical 0.25, 5 entirely pale or with very narrow dark tip. Foretarsomere

5 longer than or equal to 4; hindtarsomere 1 0. 59-0. 61 (5) length of tibia. Claws

unidentate in fore- and midtarsi. Abdomen. Tergum I pale scaled; II-VI with

white dorsobasal bands and sublaterobasal patches, the band and patch not

connected; II-VII with apical fringes of creamy scales, these extending a little

basad along lateral margin; VII with lateral patch of white scales. Sterna II-V

covered with pale scales, with dark-scaled laterobasal area more developed

in posterior segments; VI usually with apical half dark; VII mostly dark, usually

with small lateral patches and apical fringe of pale scales.

MALE (Figs. 121,234). Wing length: 2.1-2.6 mm. Antenna: pedicel

unscaled; flagellum 0.75-0.78 (3) length of proboscis; flagellomere 12 1. 29-

1.34 (3) length of Flm 13, both together 0.74-0.80 of Flm 1-11. Palpus 0. 98-

1.05 (4) length of proboscis, length ratio of segments 2-5: 0.97-1.10:

1.35-1.40 : 1.00-1.13 : 1.00 (5). Proboscis 1.23-1.27 (4) length of forefemur.

Cell Ry 2.00-2.60 (4) length of vein ro9,,. Foretarsomere 5 1.61-1.68 (2)

length of 4, midtarsomere 5 1. 43-1. 50 2) length of 4; hindtarsomere 1 0. 65-

0.69 (4) length of tibia. Anterior claw of foretarsus with short blunt median

tooth; other claws simple. Tergum VIII dark scaled; sternum VIII with white

lateral patches. Genitalia, Tergum IX moderately sclerotized, deeply con-

cave medially on apical margin; lobes large, triangular, strongly produced,

well sclerotized, each with 2-5 very fine bristles. Basistyle basally broadened

on sternal aspect, 1.9-2.3 (5) as long as wide, laterally and sternally scaled,

with fine scattered tergomesal bristles, long lateral bristles, moderate sternal

ones; claspette large, reaching apical 0. 81-0. 87 (6) of basistyle, with several

stout setae and many bristles on its expanded mesoapical surface. Dististyle

0. 58-0. 63 (8) length of basistyle, slightly swollen distad of middle, curved at

apex, weakly and irregularly striate, with 2-4 minute setae on convex side in

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 399

apical half, and 1,2 subapically on concave side; claw nearly terminal, 0.11-

0.16 (7) length of dististyle, pigmented. Cercal tergal surface poorly sclero-

tized; paraproct well and nearly evenly sclerotized, with rather long median

sternomesal process. Aedeagus broadest near base, 1.6-2.2 (8) as long as

wide in tergal view, tergoapically and tergobasally narrowly closed, tergally

broadly open in middle, sternally narrowly open; apex with many spines, a row

of short spines on sternal margin.

LARVA (Fig. 120). (Described from specimens from a laboratory colony

at U.S. Army Medical Laboratory, Pacific, originating in Venezuela.) Head.

Width: 0.93-0.98 mm; somewhat quadrate, 1.10-1.20 as wide as long; seta

14-C usually double. Antenna light brown, 0.29-0.33 mm long; seta 1-A

inserted at apical 0.40-0.46. Mandible with 1-Md usually single, rarely

double, very fine, occasionally rudimentary, usually not branched, rarely 2

branched; MdSs5 about 0.5 length of MdS,; pectinate brush 3, 4 haired; mandibu-

lar hairs (2-3) + (2-3) + (5-7), 10-11 in total, hairs of median group widely

spaced. Maxilla with seta 1-Mx 2,3 branched (usually 2), rather thick, sparse-

ly barbed; mesostipes about 1.25 as long as wide, lateral surface with a few

small spines. Lacinia with 1-3 simple spines anteriorly and several apically

branched stout hairs posteriorly on mesal margin, the most anterior spine

distinctly larger than others. Palpostipes about 0.6 length of mesostipes;

S1>Sg 2 So>Sq4 in length. Mentum plate broad, with 25-27 teeth. Thorax.

Setae 11-P and 10-M usually single, 5-P, 14-M and 9-T double, 13-M, 1,13-T

triple, and 6,8-M 4 branched. Abdomen. Setae 9-II, 2,14-III, 4, 8,12-IV,

8,14-V, 7,14-VI, 7-VII and 14-VIII usually single; 2-I, II, 1-IV, 1, 7-V and

5-VII usually double; 11-I, 5-II, II, 6-IV and 1-VI usually triple; 1-I usually

4 branched. Comb scales 8-10, individual scales with a strong apical spine

and several fairly strong laterobasal denticles, the latter progressively and

basally markedly weaker. Siphon subparallel in basal half, apex 0. 43-0. 54

width of widest part; length 0.80-0.87 mm, index 1.85-2.30; surface with dis-

tinct imbrication-like sculpture; pecten reaching apical 0. 41-0. 56 of siphon, of

14-24 teeth; seta 1-S located beyond pecten at apical 0. 40-0.46, shorter than

siphon diameter at insertion. Saddle incomplete, 0.31-0.36 mm long, surface

with fairly distinct imbricate-like sculpture, but without distinct spicules; seta

4-X of 8 cratal and usually 2 short precratal hairs, each 2,3 branched. Anal

gills parallel-sided, apically rounded, 2.9-3.5 length of saddle; ventral gill

0.8-1.0 length of dorsal gill, more frequently equal to dorsal gill.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO. 11°, 129: Ishigaki

Is., Yaeyama Gunto (K-0177). 80, 189, 55 L from a colony at U.S. Army

Laboratory, Pacific, originating in Venezuela.

DISTRIBUTION. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO (?Okinawa, ?Miyako and

Yaeyama Guntd). ?O0GASAWARA ISLANDS. COSMOTROPICAL.

DISCUSSION. Adult specimens obtained in Kabira, Ishigaki Is. appear to

belong to the type-form of Mattingly (1957b). We cannot discuss the identity of

immature stages owing to the lack of material from this region.

In the Ryukyu Archipelago, aegypti appeared common on Okinawa Is. in the

early 20th century (Yamada 1916); it has also been said to have been as common

in Okinawa, Miyako and Yaeyama at or before World War II (Hatori 1919,

Miyao 1931, Saigo 1940 and Iwata 1943). There has been, however, no record

of aegypti since 1958 (Kishimoto, 1970, personal communication; Tanaka,

Saugstad and Mizusawa 1975. Our recent rediscoveries (Tanaka 1971b),

and those of Reisen (1970a, b) and Reisen and Basio (1972) (the record of the

latter authors may need confirmation), do not necessarily prove continuous

occurrence of this species in the Ryukyus, as it may have been reintroduced.

400 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

In Palaearctic Japan, aegypti had once been established at Ushibuka (32°

10' N, 130° EF), Amakusa Shimojima, an island close to mid-western Kyushu,

from 1944 to 1952 (Oguri and Kobayashi 1947, 1948; Sasa 1958). Ushibuka is

said to have been a flourishing port of fishing boats and overseas traffic

between Japan and Southeast Asia at that period. Probably frequent introduc-

tion of this species from Southeast Asia and the lack of environmental sanita-

tion near the end of World War II favored the establishment of aegypii there

for a limited period. Before and since then there has been no evidence that

aegypti occurs in Palaearctic Japan including the Kyushu district, except

Theobald's (1901d) classic but doubtful record from Tokyo (C.H.B. Wood,

3.8. 1899). Yamada et al. (1943) collected some larvae ona ship at the port

of Nagasaki, but, according to them, there was strong indication that this

species was present on the ship during its voyage to Nagasaki after a 4 month's

stay at Singora (Songkhla), Thailand.

BIONOMICS. Aedes aegypti is at present not apparently established in

any part of Japan, including the Ryukyu Archipelago and Ogasawara Isls. We

have been unable to find the immature stages of this species during the course

of this project. This species is thought to have been introduced in the Oriental

region and is chiefly found near seaports; the larvae occur in almost all types

of artificial containers. Females are day biters, but are also known to feed on

man at night.

MEDICAL IMPORTANCE. Aedes aegypti is well known as the principal

vector of urban yellow fever. In Asia, however, it is also significant as a

vector of dengue fever viruses and it may also serve as a vector of Chikungunya

virus (Halstead et al. 1969).

86. AEDES STEGOMYIA) WADAI NEW SPECIES

(Figs. 121, 122, 235; Table 120)

Aedes (Stegomyia) sp.: Sasa, Wada, Fujita and Ishii, 1969: 122, Chichijima,

Ogasawara Isls.

Aedes Stegomyia) sp. I: Takahashi, 1973: 144.

FEMALE (Fig. 235). Wing length 3.5-4.2 mm. Head. Eyes very narrowly

separated above, moderately below. Vertex covered with broad dark scales,

with a medioanterior white patch narrowly extending along eye margin to sides;

many erect forked dark scales; tempus covered with both broad dark and white

scales which form irregular patches; 5-7 vertical and 4, 5 temporal dark

bristles on each side. Clypeus without scales. Antenna: flagellum 0.75-0. 81

(3) length of proboscis; flagellomere 1 1.43-1.58 (4) length of Flm 2, with dark

scales. Palpus 0.20-0.21 (3) length of proboscis, segment 3 0. 87-1. 06 (3) of

2; 4 very small, papilliform or reduced. Proboscis 1.13 (2) length of fore-

femur. Thovax. Pronotal integument very dark brown; anterior lobe, covered

with broad white scales on lateral half, bearing about 10 or more dark bristles;

posterior lobe with a few crescent-shaped dark scales along dorsal margin,

bearing 2-4 dark bristles. Scutum with integument blackish brown, covered

with narrow curved or crescent-shaped, dark scales, with a pair of fairly

large, semilunar lateral patches of crescent-shaped white scales, the patches

laterally delimited by humeral margins and posteriorly by scutal suture; a spot

of narrow curved white scales on anterior promontory, a partly broken line of

crescent-shaped white scales along margin between promontorial spot and

lateral patch; prescutellar space bare; a few humeral bristles, no posterior

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 401

fossals. Scutellum with 2,3 long, 1-3 medium and a few short dark bristles on

each lateral lobe, 4,5 (usually 4) long and a few short ones on median lobe.

Paratergite unscaled. Pleural integument dark brown; white patches of broad

scales on propleuron, subspiracular area, upper sternopleuron, lower-caudal

sternopleuron and upper mesepimeron; 3-5 yellow to brown propleural bristles,

1-4 postspiraculars, 5-13 dark prealars; 1,2 upper sternopleurals, 2,3 pos-

terior sternopleurals, 4-9 yellowish brown upper mesepimerals. Wing. Cell

Rg 1.95-3.00 (6) length of vein as r9i3. Halter knob dark scaled. Legs.

Coxae with patches of white broad scales; femora with distinct white knee spot;

fore- and midfemora with a short basal white stripe on anterior surface and a

basal white ring, both less distinct in midfemur; hindfemur white scaled in

basal half, white area on anterior surface longer than that on posterior surface,

a dorsal narrow dark stripe not reaching base. All tarsomeres with basal

white bands; in foretarsus, the basal band very short and barely complete on

tarsomere 1, covering about basal half on 2 and 3, covering basal half of

posterior surface on 4 and 5; in midtarsus, the basal band short but complete

on tarsomere 1, covering 0. 75-0. 80 on 2-4, covering basal 0.67-0.75

anterior surface on 5; in hindtarsus, the basal band short but complete on tarso-

mere 1, covering basal 0.33 on 2, 0.6 on 3, 0.67-0.80 in 4 and 5. Femora,

tibia and tarsi otherwise dark scaled. Foretarsomere 5 slightly shorter to

slightly longer than 4; hindtarsomere 1 0.68-0.72 (5) length of tibia. Claws

simple. Abdomen. Terga II-VII with basal white bands confluent with latero-

basal patches, often interrupted at middle, the bands on V-VII tending to extend

slightly more apically. Sterna with basal white bands similar to those on terga.

Abdomen otherwise dark scaled.

MALE (Figs. 121, 235). Wing length 2.5-3.0 mm. Antenna: flagellum

0.65-0. 70 (4) length of proboscis, flagellomere 12 1.21-1.39 (5) length of Flm

13, both together 0.83-0.90 (5) length of Flm 1-11. Palpus 0.80-0.85 (3)

length of proboscis, length ratio of segments 2-5: 1.11-1.24 : 1.36-1.41:

0.94-1.12: 1.00 (5). Proboscis 1.25-1.31 (4) length of forefemur. Cell Ro

1. 83-2. 48 (6) length of vein r9,3. Foretarsomere 5 1.70-1.74 (2) length of 4;

midtarsomere 5 1.53-1.64 (2) of 4; hindtarsomere 1 0. 70-0. 75 (6) length of

tibia. Anterior claw of fore- and midtarsi slightly sinuate; all claws without

tooth. Abdominal tergum VIII pale scaled, with narrow apical band of dark

scales; sternum VII dark scaled, with lateral white patches. Genitalia. Ter-

gum IX well sclerotized; apical margin medially concave; lobes rather wide,

only a little protrudent, each bearing 7-15 medium-sized bristles. Basistyle

basally widening on sternal aspect, 2.2-2.5 (9) as long as wide, laterally and

basally scaled, bearing short to medium-sized bristles on both tergal and

sternal surfaces, long lateral and apical bristles; claspette large, reaching

apical 0.34-0.36 (9) of basistyle; its expanded apex 0.4 length of basistyle,

bearing numerous bristles on mesoapical surface, several prominent-based

stout setae on sternoapical margin. Dististyle evenly arcuate, apically

tapering, 0.68-0.77 length of basistyle, with short setae on apical half, 3, 4

on convex side and 2,3 on concave side; claw rather stout, pigmented, 0.14-

0.19 (7) length of dististyle. Cercal tergal surface moderately sclerotized;

paraproct evenly sclerotized, with long median sternomesal process, its apex

sternally prolonged. Aedeagus slightly constricted in middle, with broadest

part usually in basal half, 1. 88-2. 40 (8) as long as wide in tergal view;

tergally broadly open, sternally narrowly open, tergoapically and tergobasally

narrowly closed, apex both tergally and sternally with numerous spines.

LARVA (Fig. 122). Hecd. Width 0.84-0.95 mm; 0.94-1.08 (x =1.02) as

wide as long; seta 1-C pale, separated by about twice their length; 4-C usually

402 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

4,5 branched; 7-C occasionally slightly barbed; 14-C fairly stiff. Antenna

0.30-0.32 mm long, 0.30-0.35 length of head, yellowish brown, tapering

slightly in distal half; seta 1-A inserted at apical 0.33-0.38 of shaft. Mandible

with 1-Md single, rarely double, fine, 1,2 branched; microspines occasionally

bifid; MdSs about 0.33 length of MdS1; pectinate brush 3,4 haired; mandibular

hairs (2-3) + (1-4) + (5-7), 9-12 in total, hairs of median group widely spaced.

Maxilla with seta 1-Mx 5-8 branched, stiff, sparsely barbed. Mesostipes 1.67

as long as wide; lateral surface smooth or with 1,2 small spines; 3-Mx single

or apically bifid. Lacinia with several simple spines and several apically

branched stout hairs on mesal margin. Palpostipes about 0.5 length of meso-

stipes; Sj equal to or longer than Sg. Mentum plate rather high crowned,

with 17-25 teeth. Thovax. Setae 4,8,14-P, 13-M, 8,13-T usually stiffer

than the others, frequently stellate; 1-P, usually triple, well barbed; 8-M and

1-T usually triple, 3-T usually single. Abdomen. Setae 1-I-VIII, 2-I-VII,

4-I, 5-I-VUI, 7-IJI-VU, 9-I-VI, 11-I, 13-I, VII stiff; 2-I-VII, 9-II-VI and 11-I

stiffer than others, all stiff setae appearing stellate when 5 or more branched;

7-I, 14-II, VII and 6-VI usually double; 1-I-VII usually triple; 13-II usually 4

branched; 5-VIII stronger than 1-VIII. Comb scales 5-10; individual scales

with a strong apical spine, 1-3 strong laterobasal denticles and several fine

spicules proximad to the denticles. Siphon slightly inflated near middle (about

1.1-1.2 basal diameter), apex about 0.5-0.6 width of base; length 0. 95-1. 04

mm, index 2.5-3.1; microsculpture consisting of short, widely spaced, low

ridges tipped with tiny spicules; pecten reaching basal 0.42-0.67 (x = 0.51) of

Siphon, of 8-20 teeth including 0-5 basal abortive teeth, frequently 1-3 apical

teeth detached, occasionally distad of seta 1-S; 1-S inserted at basal 0. 48-0. 63

(x = 0.57) a little ventrad of pecten, usually triple, about 0.6-0.75 of siphon

diameter at insertion. Saddle with microsculpture similar to that of siphon,

except spicules becoming more needle-like on dorsocaudal aspect; setae 1-3-X

usually double; 1-X always barbed, nearly 2.0 length of the saddle; 4-X of 8

cratal hairs, all double. Anal gills subequal, cylindrical, broadly rounded at

apex, 1.0-1.6 saddle length.

TYPE-SERIES. Holotype male (#7356, N-1510) with slides of associated

genitalia, wing and legs, Kitafukurozawa, Chichijima, Ogasawara Isls., 26 V

1975, net, Shinonaga. Paratypes: 30 males, 31 females, 42 larvae, 33 larval

skins, with slides of associated skins (12 larval and 12 pupal), genitalia (11

males, 3 females), mouthparts (5 males, 4 females, 5 larvae), wings (11 males,

14 females) and legs (10 males, 8 females). Paratypes from Chichijima - 3

females (N-1507): Kitafukurozawa, 19 V 1973, net, Shinonaga; 3 females (N-

1510): Kitafukurozawa, 26 V 1973, net, Shinonaga; 3 females (N-1511):

Kitafukurozawa, 26 V 1973, net, Kusui; 1 female (N-1512): Fukurozawa, 26 V

1973, net, Kusui; 1 female (N-1513): Fukurozawa, 16 V 1973, net, Kusui;

27 males, 15 females, with associated skins (12 larval and 12 pupal), 42 larvae,

33 larval skins (N-1715): nr. Mt. Chuozan, 28 IX 1973, tree hole, Mizusawa.

Paratypes from Hahajima - 2 females (N-1508): Mt. Kuwanokiyama, 20 V 1973,

net, Shinonaga and Kusui; 1 male (N-1560): 23 V 1973, net, Hayashida; 1 fe-

male (N-1563): Mt. Kuwanokiyama, 1 VI 1973, net, Hayashida; 1 male, 2

females (N-1567): 13 VI 1973, net, Hayashida.

The holotype and one-half the paratypes are deposited in the National

Science Museum, Tokyo, the remaining paratypes are deposited in the USNM.

DISTRIBUTION. OGASAWARA ISLANDS.

DISCUSSION. Aedes wadai undoubtedly belongs to Group A (aegypti group)

of Edwards (1932), because of the characteristics of the male genitalia, includ-

ing the armed paraproct quite typical of the group. This is the 2nd indigenous

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 403

species of Group A found outside the Ethiopian region. The discovery of this

species on such isolated Pacific islands is intriguing. Mattingly (1957b,

1962, 1965) discussed the sole Palaearctic representative of Group A,

chemulpoensis from Korea and North China, suggesting the former Palaearc-

tic extension of the range of this group. The present finding will reinforce

this conception, extending the range further to the subtropical Pacific region,

and thus perhaps involving the Oriental region.

Aedes wadai shares the untoothed claws with chemulpoensis. It is also

characterized by the absence of the white prescutellar stripes and white patches

on the posterior pronotal lobe and paratergite. The diagnostic characters,

including the pupal paddle of Subgroup Aj (aegypti subgroup) of Mattingly (1965)

appear applicable to wadai, but further study will be needed for inclusion of

this species in Subgroup Aj.

BIONOMICS. Apparently not abundant. Larvae were found in tree holes.

Adult females were obtained by human bait (Takahashi 1973). Mr. Kusui

(1973, personal communication) observed that numerous females attacked a

wild goat which had been trapped on Chichijima.

87. AEDES STEGOMYIA) CHEMULPOENSIS YAMADA

(Figs. 123, 124, 236; Table 121)

Aedes chemulpoensis Yamada, 1921: 54 (%, 2). Type-locality: Jinsen

(Chemulpo), Korea.

Aedes (Stegomyia) chemulpoensis: LaCasse and Yamaguti, 1950: 111 (¢).

FEMALE (Fig. 236). Wing length 2.6-3.6mm. Head. Eyesvery narrowly

separatedabove, moderately below. Vertex covered with broad dark scales, with

a rather narrow median line of broad white scales, the stripe extending onto inter-

ocular space, eye margin with broad white scales; many erect forked scales, color

variable, mostly yellowish brown to mostly dark; tempus covered with broad

pale scales, with a broad stripe of broad dark scales within pale area; 6-8

vertical and 4, 5 dark temporal bristles on each side. Clypeus without scales.

Antenna: flagellum 0.9 (1) length of proboscis; flagellomere 1 1.36-1.53 (2)

length of Flm 2, with dark scales. Palpus 0.23-0.24 (1) length of proboscis;

segment 3 0.93-1.05 (1) of 2; 4 absent in a dissected specimen. Proboscis

1.17 (1) length of forefemur. Thorax. Pronotal integument very dark brown;

anterior lobe covered with broad white scales, bearing 7 to more than 10 dark

bristles; posterior lobe dorsally with narrow curved dark scales and a mid-

posterior patch of broad white scales, bearing 3-7 dark bristles. Scutum with

integument blackish brown, covered with narrow curved dark and crescent-

shaped white scales, the white scales forming an anteromedian spot, large

triangular fossal patches, a small prescutellar spot and narrow posterior dor-

socentral stripes, a patch of broad and crescent-shaped white scales just later-

ally before wing-root; no posterior fossal bristles. Scutellar lateral lobe with

6, 7 long and medium dark bristles, median lobe with 4,5 long dark bristles, a

few short bristles also usually present on each lobe. Paratergite covered with

broad white scales. Pleural integument dark brown; patches of broad white

scales on propleuron, subspiracular area, upper-posterior sternopleuron,

lower-posterior sternopleuron and upper mesepimeron, mesepimeral patch

restricted to upper 0.6; 4,5 dark and yellowish propleural bristles, one dark

postspiracular, nearly 10 dark prealars, one upper sternopleural, several

posterior sternopleurals, and 2-7 yellowish brown upper mesepimerals. Wing.

404 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

Cell Ro 2.50-4. 26 (7) length of r9,3. Halter knob with both pale and dark

scales. Legs. Forecoxa basally and apically white scaled, dark scaled in-

between; midcoxa basally white scaled, apically dark scaled; hindcoxa white

scaled. Forefemur with following pale scaled areas: small dorsoapical fringe,

ill-defined basal band, fine basal streak followed by a row of several small

spots up to near apex on anterior surface, and a streak in basal 0.6 of posteri-

or surface; midfemur with apical spot and a short streak followed by a row of

spots approaching apex on anterior surface, pale scaled on basal 0.4 of posteri-

or surface; hindfemur with apical spot, pale scaled on about basal 0.67 on

anterior surface and about basal 0.4 on posterior surface, the pale scaled

areas apically narrowed, broadened and basally expanding onto dorsal surface.

Each tibia with an incomplete band of white scales at basal 0.25-0.33. Fore-

and midtarsomeres 1-3 and hindtarsomeres 1-5 with basal bands of white

scales; basal band on hindtarsomere 4 reaching basal 0.4-0.6 of the segment;

that on 5 sometimes dorsally reaching apex. Femora, tibiae and tarsi other-

wise dark scaled. Foretarsomere 5 longer than or equal to 4; hindtarsomere

1 0.57-0.60 (6) length of tibia. Claws simple. Abdomen. Tergum I dark

scaled; II-VI dark scaled, with basal bands and laterosubbasal patches of

white scales, the bands not laterally broadened, separated from laterosubbasal

patches, the laterosubbasal patch on II reaching base at lateral margin; VI

with lateral patches of white scales, with or without mediobasal patch. Sterna

II-VI basally white scaled, apically dark scaled; VI dark scaled, with lateral

patch of white scales.

MALE (Figs. 124, 236). Wing length 2.0-2.7 mm. Antenna: flagellum

0.8 (1) length of proboscis, flagellomere 12 1.42 (1) length of Flm 13, both

together 0.95 of Flm 1-11. Palpus length of proboscis, length ratio of seg-

ments 2-5: 1.29-1.36 : 1.57: 1.07-1.11: 1.00 (1). Proboscis 1.2 (1) length

of forefemur. Cell Ro 1.90-3.11 (5) length of vein r9+3. Foretarsomere 5

1.51-1.61 (2) length of 4; midtarsomere 5 1. 56-1. 58 (2) of 4; hindtarsomere 1

0.61-0. 67 (4) length of tibia. Claws simple. Genitalia. Tergum IX moderately

sclerotized; apical margin medially concave; lobes convex, well sclerotized

and broadly separated, each bearing 6-11 medium-sized bristles. Basistyle

basally broadened on sternal aspect, twice as long as wide, laterally and

sternally scaled, with small to medium-sized tergomesal and sternal bristles,

long lateral and sternoapical bristles; claspette reaching apical 0.4 of basistyle,

apical expanded portion rounded, its apical surface densely covered with

bristles, a row of stouter setae on the lowest part, 3 of them usually especially

stronger. Dististyle rather slender, gently arcuate, 0.61-0.69 (4) length of

basistyle, not swollen in middle, with 6-9 short setae on convex side, and 2,3

on concave side near apex; claw nearly apical, 0.13-0.14 (4) length of disti-

style, straight, pigmented. Cercal tergal surface laterobasally weakly sclero-

tized; paraproct evenly sclerotized, with long median sternomesal process.

Aedeagus broadest at basal 0.25-0.33, twice as long as wide, tergally broadly

open, sternally narrowly open, with a pair of apparent sternolateral openings,

closed only at tergal apex; apex covered with numerous strong spines.

LARVA (Fig. 123). Head. Width: 0.74-0.79 mm; 1.05-1.10 as wide as

long; seta 1-C separated by about their length; 4-C slender, usually 2,3

branched, 5-C rarely lightly barbed; 14-C substellate; 15-C usually 2,3

branched. Antenna 0.24-0.31 mm long, basally brownish, gradually becoming

apically paler; seta 1-A inserted at apical 0.38-0.49 (x = 0.42). Mandible

with 1-Md single or double, very fine, occasionally rudimentary, not branched;

pectinate brush 4-6 haired; mandibular hairs (2-3) + 2 + (4-6), 8-11 in total,

hairs of median group widely spaced. Maxilla with seta 1-Mx 5-10 branched,

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 405

stiff, sparsely barbed, substellate. Mesostipes about 1.25 as long as wide,

lateral surface with a few to several small spines; 3-Mx occasionally apically

bi- or trifid. Lacinia with several simple spines and several apically branched

stout spicules on mesal margin. Palpostipes about 0.5 length of mesostipes;

S3> Sy> Sg 284. Mentum plate rather high crowned, with 16-19 teeth. Thorax.

Setae 2-P and 11-T usually single; 5,11-P and 6-M usually double; stellate

setae (see chaetotaxy table) stiff; 10,12-P, 3,4-M and 3-T with variable barb-

ing. Abdomen. Setae 3, 8-II and 0-III usually single, 6-V double and 6-VII

triple; stellate setae (see chaetotaxy table) stiff; 9-II-IV substellate, usually

with 7 or fewer branches. Comb scales 3-11, individual scales with a strong

apical spine and usually 2,3 stout lateral denticles. Szphon slightly sinuate,

slightly inflated near middle; index 3. 10-3. 52 (x =3.29); no microsculpture

evident at 400X; pecten attaining basal 0.34-0.43 (x = 0.38), of 9-19 (¥ = 13.2)

teeth; seta 1-S usually inserted beyond pecten, at basal 0. 39-0. 46 (x =0. 43),

not reaching apex. Saddle incomplete, 0.22-0.24 mm long, microsculpture of

short transverse rows of minute spicules, becoming dorsally more conspicuous;

seta 1-X 0.9-1.2 saddle length, inserted on caudal margin; 4-X of 6 cratal and

2 precratal hairs, the cratal hairs long, smooth, usually single, sometimes

double; precratal hairs much shorter, 3-6 branched, substellate, usually lightly

barbed. Anal gills cylindrical, dorsal gill 2.7-3.0 saddle length, ventral gill

subequal to slightly shorter than dorsal gill.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. KOREA. 9°, 11°; with associated skins (10 1,

10 p), 6 L, 31: Korean Peninsula (L-0106, L-0107, L-0108, L-0552, L-0829,

L-2024, L-2025, K-2026, L-2027, L-2094).

DISTRIBUTION. KOREA (Korean Peninsula). NORTH CHINA.

DISCUSSION. This is the only species of Subgroup Ag (Ae. chemulpoensis

subgroup) of Mattingly (1965), and the sole Palaearctic representative of Group

A (aegypti group) of Edwards (1932). It may bea relict of Group A, presumed

to have spread over the Palaearctic region in the preglacial epoch. Huang

(1974) redescribed the type-specimens and designated a lectotype.

BIONOMICS. Apparently not common in Korea. Larvae are found in tree

holes.

SUBGENUS AEDIMORPHUS THEOBALD

Aedimorphus Theobald 1903: 290. Type-species: Uvanotaenia domestica

Theobald, 1901c; Old Calabar, Nigeria.

Usually brownish medium-sized mosquitoes, ornamentation of scutum

indistinct or variable.

FEMALE. Head. Eyes very narrowly separated above. Vertex covered

with narrow curved scales (with exception of a few species not represented in

this region); erect forked scales numerous, over almost entire vertex. Pro-

boscis longer than forefemur, dark, with ventral pale area. Thovax. Prono-

tal lobes entirely narrow scaled or with more narrow scales than broad scales;

posterior pronotal bristles along posterior margin, usually arranged in a row.

Scutum covered with narrow curved scales; all scutal bristles developed,

except occasionally for those in middle of fossal area. Scutellum with narrow

or broad scales. Pleural bristles usually well developed; no lower mesepimer-

als. Base of mesomeron well above that of hindcoxa. Legs. Claws equal,

406 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

those of fore- and midtarsi unidentate, those of hindtarsus simple or unidentate.

Abdomen. Laterotergite white scaled. Genitalia. Seminal capsules 3, 2 of

them slightly smaller or rudimentary.

MALE. Palpus longer than proboscis, apex of segment 3 slightly curved

dorsad, 4-5 slightly swollen and turned downward, 4 and apex of 3 with numer-

ous long bristles, 5 with numerous bristles of medium length. Foretarsomere

4 very short; 5 usually more than 2.0 length of 4, with several stout ventrobasal

bristles and a pair of short setiferous ventromedian processes; midtarsomere

4 rather short; 5 usually less than 2.0 length of 4. Anterior claws of fore-

and midtarsi with blunt-tipped median tooth; posterior claw with sharp subbasal

tooth; claws of hindtarsus equal or anterior claw longer, simple or unidentate.

Genitalia. Tergum IX with moderately or poorly protrudent lobes, each bearing

fine bristles; sternum IX moderately sclerotized, basally, laterally and medio-

apically, with bristles on medioapical sclerotized area. Basistyle with mesal

membrane from base to apex, with neither apical nor basal tergomesal lobe;

claspette poorly to moderately developed, usually bristled at apex, without

apical filament. Dististyle highly modified; claw on mesal margin before apex

or mesoapical corner, accessory claws often developed. Proctiger with more

or less developed basal sternomesal arm; paraproct weakly to moderately

sclerotized, without strongly sclerotized apical tooth, occasionally with a mod-

erately sclerotized small subapical process; cercal setae absent. Aedeagus

composed of a pair of well sclerotized, tergobasally connected and toothed

lateral pieces, their tergal side with wing-like lateral expansions; paramere

apparently basally fused with aedeagus.

LARVA. dead usually distinctly broadened in posterior half; seta 4-C very

fine, branched; 5, 6-C well developed, variable in position. Antenna usually

0. 50-0. 67 length of head, spiculate; seta 1-A usually inserted at basal 0.33-

0.50, branched. Mandible with or without microspines dorsolaterally near

base; 1-Md absent; MdSs less than 0.5 length of MdS1. Cutting organ with 2

dorsal spines, lateral one (DSj) longer; 2 dorsal teeth, lateral tooth smaller;

ventral tooth with 1,2 lateral denticles, lateral one (VT-4) well developed,

spiniform; 3 mesal denticles, VTg> VT > VT3; 2 mesally pectinate ventral

blades, proximal one (VB9) much smaller; pectinate brush of 3-5 hairs,

shorter than VBj. Piliferous process well protrudent; labula at most extending

slightly beyond apex of the broader anterior part. Mandibular hairs simple in

distal group, apically frayed in proximal group. Mavxilla of filter feeding or

browsing type. Cardo fused with cranium by a narrow sclerotized strip along

anterior margin, seta 1-Mx single. Mesostipes with pseudoartis moderately

to well developed, usually not fused with cranium; equal stipital sensoria at

about middle or proximal to it, without basal ring; seta 4-Mx moderately long,

on a prominent socket. Lacinia with seta 5-Mx slightly proximad of level of

stipital sensoria. Palpostipes short, basally swollen, not fused mesobasally

with mesostipes; palpal sensoria rather weakly developed, S5 very small;

ampulla present. Mentum plate with more than 20 small teeth. Thorax.

Setae 1, 8-P short to moderately long, 2,3-P short, 12-P short to moderately

long, usually longer than 9,10-P; 0-P, 13,14-M and 8-T dendritic with many

short branches. Abdomen. Seta 12-I lacking; 13-II, VI dendritic with many

short. branches. Comb scales variable in shape, number and arrangement; 1,

2-VIII often on a common callus. Siphon rather long, index usually 3; acus

present; pecten with apical detached teeth; seta 1-S located beyond middle of

siphon, shorter than siphon diameter at insertion. Saddle narrowly incomplete,

with acus; seta 1-X shorter than saddle; 2-X rather short, with more than 5

branches; 4-X with precratal tufts, each tuft usually with many branches.

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 407

DISTRIBUTION. Oriental region, Ethiopian region, Pacific islands,

Northern Australian region; Holarctic region (vexans).

KEYS TO SPECIES OF AEDES (AEDIMORPHUS)

FEMALE ADULT

Scutellum covered with broad silvery white scales; tarsi unbanded.

alboscutellatus'(p. 407)

Scutellum with narrow curved pale scales; tarsi pale banded.

vexans nipponii (p. 410)

MALE TERMINALIA

Dististyle greatly expanded in apical half; claspette poorly developed,

represented by a long narrow sclerotized strip on mesal membrane

OL basistyilerey cer eer rr ee ier RG alboscutellatus (p. 407)

Dististyle parallel-sided; claspette moderately developed, with apex

somewhat expanded and heavily bristled.

vexans nipponii (p. 410)

LARVA

Setae 5-7-C on a line; mentum teeth 32-41; comb scales rounded,

laterally and apically evenly fringed; 3-VIII distinctly shorter

than 1, 5-VIII, not barbed, with numerous branches. |

alboscutellatus (p. 407)

Setae 6, 7-C on the same level and 5-C distinctly behind them; mentum

teeth 24-29; comb scales thorn-shaped, with a strong apical spine,

laterobasally fringed only; 3-VIII similar to 1,5-VUI in size and

branching, distinctly barbed. ...... vexans nipponii (p. 410)

88. AEDES (AEDIMORPHUS) ALBOSCUTELLATUS (THEOBALD)

(Figs. 124, 125, 237; Table 122)

Lepidotomyia alboscutellata Theobald, 1905b: 80 (2). Type-locality: Simbang,

Huon Gulf, New Guinea. o

Aedes omurensis Yamada, 1921: 73 (%, 2). Type-locality: Omura, Kyushu,

Japan.

Aedes (Aedimorphus) alboscutellatus: LaCasse and Yamaguti, 1950: 130 (“, 9).

Descriptions of all stages based on specimens from Mindanao, Philippines.

FEMALE (Fig. 237). Wing length 3.4-3.6 mm (reared specimens). Head.

Vertex including interocular space covered with narrow curved pale yellowish

scales, with an anteromedian diamond-shaped patch (not clearly defined, size

variable) of narrow curved dark scales, and a pair of small anterolateral

patches of broad dark scales; erect forked scales dark; tempus covered with

408 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

broad scales, white above, yellowish below, brownish in-between; 5, 6 vertical

and 4 temporal dark bristles on each side, an additional one on underside close

to eye. Clypeus brown. Antenna: pedicel laterodorsally light yellowish brown,

mesoventrally dark brown, with several very fine bristles and scales mostly in

dark area; flagellum 1.09-1.12 (3) length of proboscis; flagellomere 1 basally

pale, with several dark small scales, 1. 40-1. 48 (3) length of Flm 2. Palpus

0.17-0.19 (3) length of proboscis, dark scaled; segment 3 1.25-1.89 (3) of 2; 4

lacking or minute. Proboscis 1.11-1.12 (3) length of forefemur, usually with

4 ventrobasal bristles, dark scaled, with a ventral pale scaled area from basal

0.17-0.20 to apical 0.33. Thorax. Pronotal integument rather pale brown;

anterior lobe with only a few narrow curved dark and pale and often broad pale

scales, bearing many dark bristles; posterior lobe with narrow curved dark

scales above, posteromedially a few narrow curved pale scales (a few pale

scales sometimes rather broad), bearing 4-6 dark brown bristles. Scutum

with integument brown, somewhat darker on anterior promontory, paler on

prescutellar area, covered with narrow curved dark scales, narrow curved

pale yellowish scales forming ill-defined small patches on anterior promontory,

humerus and often near the termination of the scutal suture, scattered else-

where; 2-4 humeral bristles, 0-2 posterior fossals, usually no bristles in the

middle of fossal area. Scutellum covered with broad silvery white scales;

each lobe with 5-8 long dark bristles and several short ones. Paratergite

usually unscaled, occasionally with one or a few narrow curved pale scales.

Pleural integument pale yellowish brown, small silvery white patches of broad

scales on propleuron, upper sternopleuron, midposterior sternopleuron and

upper mesepimeron; pleural bristles brownish, more than 10 propleurals, pre-

alars, upper to posterior sternopleurals and upper mesepimerals, 4-8 post-

spiraculars, several very fine bristles, on subspiracular area. Wing. Fringe

scales of alula short and narrow. Veins dark scaled; costa with basal spot of

pale scales. Cell Rg 1.32-1.80 (5) length of vein r9,3. Halter knob pale or

dark scaled. Legs. Forecoxa basally and apically pale scaled, dark scaled

in-between; mid- and hindcoxae with patches of pale scales. Forefemur with

anterodorsal white apical fringe spot, pale scaled on posterior half of ventral

surface including narrow posterior surface; midfemur with pale apical spot,

pale scaled on basal half or more of posterior surface; hindfemur with pale

apical spot, pale scaled except dorsally and lateroapically. Tibiae with pale

dorsoapical spots. Legs otherwise dark scaled. Foretarsomere 9 length of 4;

hindtarsomere 1 0. 73-0. 83 (5) length of tibia. Claws of hindtarsus simple.

Abdomen. Tergum I medially dark scaled II-VI dark scaled, with lateral patches

of white scales, the patches basal on II, basal to subbasal on III, median on

IV-VI; VII with laterobasal patches of white scales; occasionally III-VII with

basal bands of pale scales, the bands often interrupted at middle on II-VI.

Sterna covered with pale yellowish scales, with apical bands of dark scales.

Seminal capsules 3, with 2 rudimentary.

MALE (Figs. 124, 237). Wing length 3.1-3.2 mm (reared specimens).

Head with some broad pale scales intermixed on vertex. Antenna: pedicel

glabrous; flagellum 0.93-0.97 (4) length of proboscis; flagellomere 12 1.14-

1.37 length of (4) Flm 13, both together 0. 78-0. 82 (4) of Flm 1-11. Palpus

1.21-1.24 (5) length of proboscis; length ratio of segments 2-5: 2.22-2.50:

2.56-2.85:1.00-1.15: 1.00. Proboscis 1.17-1.24 (5) length of forefemur,

without ventral pale scaled area. Anterior claw of hindtarsus longer and

more strongly curved than posterior claw, both claws untoothed. Abdominal

terga always with pale basal bands; sternum VII entirely pale scaled. Genitalia.

Tergum IX moderately or rather poorly sclerotized; lobes triangularly rounded,

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 409

moderately protrudent and widely separated, each with 3-6 fine bristles.

Sternum IX with 3-6 bristles. Basistyle 2.6-3.2 as long as width at sternal

base, laterally and sternobasally scaled, laterally and sternoapically with

long bristles, medium-sized sternobasal bristles, short tergomesal bristles,

lacking bristles in apical half of a longitudinal median area of tergal surface;

claspette represented by a long narrow sclerotized strip on mesal membrane

of basistyle, nearly reaching apex of basistyle, slightly swollen and bearing a

few fine bristles at basal 0.25-0.33. Dististyle 0.51-0.56 length of basistyle,

greatly expanded in apical half, 1.6-1.8 as long as wide, with a sternal latero-

apical lobe terminating in an acute apex, short bristles evenly scattered on

tergal surface of expanded portion, and more densely from lateroapical margin

onto sternal lateroapical lobe; claw on mesal margin at basal 0. 57-0. 75,

broad, flattened and with a recurved apical hook, lightly pigmented; usually

one, occasionally 2, smaller and paler accessory claws on apical margin.

Paraproct rather weakly sclerotized, with a moderately sclerotized thumb-

like subapical process; cercal tergal surface apparently poorly sclerotized.

Aedeagus 1.37-1.66 as long as wide, each lateral piece with dorsal expansion

broad in basal half; sternomesal portion with 5-10 strongly sclerotized teeth

in apical half, more apical teeth tergally directed.

LARVA (Fig. 125). Head. Width 1.2 mm (1); yellowish brown, 1.39 (1)

as wide as long; seta 1-C slender with filamentous apex; 5-7-C on a line; 6-C

well mesocaudad of 7-C; 5-C slightly mesocaudad of 6-C, usually 3 branched;

4-C on level of 5-C, extremely fine; usually, 7-C 6 branched, 13-C double and

15-C 4 branched. Antenna 0.50-0.60 mm long, pale, slender, arcuate, about

0.67 length of head, slightly apically narrowed, spinulate, spinulation denser

in proximal part; seta 1-A inserted at basal 0. 36-0. 52 (9; x =0.42) of shaft,

with 6-10 (5) barbed branches, usually not reaching apex of shaft. Mandible

without microspines dorsolaterally on proximal portion. Cutting organ with

DS 1 not reaching apex of VT-4; dorsal teeth simple, a row of several sharp

accessory denticles from base of mesal dorsal tooth to base of ventral tooth;

VB, extending far beyond apex of VTQ; pectinate brush 4 haired, apparently

mesally pectinate. Mandibular hairs 12-15, middle 2 widely spaced. Mavxilla

of filter-feeding type. Mesostipes longer than wide; pseudoartis moderately

developed, not fused with cranium; parartis moderately developed; lateral sur-

face denticulate; hairs of maxillary brush slender and very long; stipital sen-

soria a little basal to middle. Lacinia with mostly slender hairs on mesal mar-

gin, only, 1,2 apically frayed, rather stout hairs proximal to middle; 5-Mx

about leneth of 4-Mx; 6-Mx uncertain. Palpostipes 0.33 length of mesostipes,

2.0 as long as broad; S; broadest, S3~ 81~ Sq = Sg>- Ss in length. Mentum

plate with 32-41 (x = 36.1) small teeth. Thorax. Setae relatively short; 1-P

short; usually, 7-P triple and 14-P double. Abdomen. Setae relatively short;

7-II slender, of medium length, strongly barbed; 6-III short and slender; 10-I,

1-II and 5-V usually single; 12-II and 10-IV usually double; 13-IV and 12-VII

usually 4 branched; 1,2-VIIIJ on a common callus, latter usually

3 branched; 3-VIII not barbed, short, with many branches; 4-VIII usually

double. Comb scales 16-20 (9; usually 20) in a patch, individual scales rounded,

evenly fringed laterally and apically with spicules. Siphon light yellowish

brown, fusiform with widest part proximal to middle, 3.9-4.1 as long as wide,

apex 0.41-0.50 (2) of widest part; length 1.39-1.56 mm, index 4. 69-4. 77 (2);

pecten reaching basal 0.32-0.41, of 15-17 dark brown teeth including 0-2 basal

abortive ones, 1,2 apical teeth detached, each tooth with a few ventral denticles,

detached teeth light brown and often without denticles; seta 1-S located beyond

pecten at apical 0.35-0.47, very fine; 2-S at apex of siphon, very short.

410 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

Saddle 0.30-0.36 mm long; apex with a number of small dorsolateral spines;

4-X of 9-11 cratal and 1-3 precratal tufts (12 in total), each with 9-17 branches.

Anal gills tapering toward apex, about 2.0 length of saddle.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. PHILIPPINES. 21°, 102, 2 L, 81: Calinan,

Mindanao, 15 VIII 1972, ground pool, Mizusawa & Soma.

DISTRIBUTION. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN (Honshu, Kyushu). PHILIPPINES.

BORNEO. JAVA. SUMATRA. MOROTAI. CERAM. VIETNAM. MALAYA.

THAILAND. BURMA. INDIA. SRI LANKA. NEW GUINEA. ADMIRALTY

ISLANDS. BISMARCK ARCHIPELAGO. SOLOMON ISLANDS. AUSTRALIA.

BIONOMICS. Aedes alboscutellatus is one of the rarer species in Japan;

the only known localities are Omura, Nagasaki Pref., Kyushu (Yamada 1921,

Bekku 1954), and the vicinity of Sendai, Miyagi Pref., northern Honshu (Waku

1950). Records of Reisen et al. (1971) from Yokota and Misawa Air Base

should be re-examined. The larvae were found in temporary ground pools in

woods or bamboo groves. In other regions, larvae have been collected ina

variety of habitats, including flood pools, permanent ditches, foxholes, rock

pools, swamps and potholes ina stream bed. These larval habitats are usually

at least partly shaded (Reinert 1973). In the vicinity of Sendai, larvae were

found associated with Ae. vexans nipponii and Ae. imprimens (Waku 1950).

Adult females were captured utilizing human bait from 1900 to 2300 hr at Omura

(Bekku 1954).

89. AEDES (AEDIMORPHUS) VEXANS (MEIGEN)*

Culex vexans Meigen, 1830: 241 (2). Type-locality: Berlin, Germany.

DISTRIBUTION. WORLDWIDE EXCEPT NEOTROPICAL REGION.

89A. AEDES (AEDIMORPHUS) VEXANS NIPPONI (THEOBALD)

(Figs. 126, 127, 238; Table 123)

Culicada nipponii Theobald, 1907: 337 (2). Type-locality: Karuizawa, Nagano

Pref., Japan.

Aedes vexans variety nipponii: Yamada, 1927: 570, Korea.

Aedes (Aedimorphus) vexans nipponii: Bohart and Ingram, 1946b: 69, Okinawa

Is., Ryukyu Archipelago; LaCasse and Yamaguti 1950: 125 (o, °, L).

FEMALE (Fig. 238). Wing length 3.1-4.8 mm. Head, Vertex including

interocular space covered with narrow curved white scales, with an ill-defined

anteromedian patch of narrow curved brownish scales, and a pair of latero-

anterior patches of broad dark scales; erect forked scales grayish brown, some

yellow ones intermixed, expecially anteriorly; tempus covered with broad pale

scales; 7-9 vertical and 3, 4 temporal bronze-brown bristles on each side, an

additional bristle on underside close to eye. Clypeus rather dark brown.

Antenna: pedicel light dorsolaterally yellowish brown, ventromesally dark

brown, with very small white scales and minute bristles; flagellum 0. 92-1. 01

(5) length of proboscis; flagellomere 1 with pale scales, 1.32-1.48 (5) length of

Flm 2. Palpus 0.19-0.26 (5) length of proboscis, dark scaled, with some pale

*The nominal subspecies does not occur in this region.

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 411

scales at base and apex of segment 3, often mottled with pale scales in other

dark areas; 3 1.61-1.93 (5) length of 2; 4 papilliform, occasionally developed

up to 0.2 length of 3. Proboscis 1.17-1.29 (5) length of forefemur, with

several ventrobasal bristles, dark scaled, with ventral surface covered with

yellowish scales except for apex and base, the corresponding dorsal area with

yellowish scales intermixed. Thovax. Pronotal integument dark brown;

anterior lobe with narrow curved or crescent-shaped pale yellowish brown

scales, bearing many yellowish brown bristles; posterior lobe anterodorsally

covered with narrow curved brown and posterioventrally with crescent-shaped

to broad white scales, bearing 4-9 brownish bristles. Scutum with integument

dark brown, somewhat paler on prescutellar area, covered with narrow curved

brown scales, scales of anterior and supraalar margins and prescutellar area

pale; scutal bristles brown to dark brown, median fossal bristles present.

Scutellum with narrow curved pale scales; lateral lobe with more than 10,

median lobe with 7-14 pale brown to brown, long and medium-sized bristles,

each lobe with several additional fine bristles. Paratergite rather wide, with

narrow to broad pale yellowish scales. Pleural integument dark brown, partly

pale; patches of pale yellowish or white broad scales on propleuron, upper

subspiracular area, lower subspiracular area, postspiracular area, upper-

posterior sternopleuron, middle-posterior sternopleuron, and upper mesepi-

meron, prealar knob with several white scales, lower subspiracular patch

more or less extending posterodorsally and often fused with postspiracular

patch; pleural bristles pale yellowish brown, many on propleuron, upper to

posterior sternopleuron, prealar knob and upper mesepimeron, 5-11 post-

spiraculars. Wing. Fringe scales of alula rather narrow and round-tipped.

Veins dark scaled and speckled with yellowish scales especially on anterobasal

area, usually posterior side of costa in basal half and subcosta mainly yellow

scaled. Cell Rg 1.68-2.62 (5) length of vein r9,3. Halter knob pale scaled.

Legs. Forecoxa broadly pale scaled basally and apically, dark scaled in-

between; mid- and hindcoxae with patches of pale scales. Forefemur with pale

apical fringe, pale scaled on posterior half of ventral surface including posterior

surface; mid- and hindfemora with pale apical fringe, posterior and anterior

surfaces of hindfemur largely pale scaled except apical area. Foretibia with

pale dorsoapical patch. Foretarsomeres 2 and 3, midtarsomeres 1-4 and

hindtarsomeres 1-9 with pale basal bands or dorsobasal spots, occasionally

foretarsomeres 4,5 and midtarsomere 5 with pale dorsalbasal spots or basal

bands. Legs otherwise speckled with dark and pale scales. Foretarsomere 5

longer than 4; hindtarsomere 1 0.70-0.74 (5) length of tibia. Claws of hind-

tarsus usually simple, occasionally unidentate. Abdomen. Tergum I pale

scaled in middle; II-VII dark scaled with basal bands, laterobasal patches and

usually median spots or patches of pale scales, the basal bands often narrowed

at middle, the laterobasal patches reaching apical 0.67 to near apical margin of

the segment, usually not connected with basal bands, occasionally connected

with them in anterior segments, the median spots of II-IV rounded and free, or

often extending anteriorly and/or posteriorly, connected with basal band and/or

reaching posterior margin, that of V usually posteriorly broadened to form a

triangular medioapical patch; VI and VII usually with basal band strongly later-

ally broadened, and usually with median patch apical, triangular and well

developed, leaving a narrow dark turned up V-shaped patch in-between; some-

times VII almost entirely pale scaled; occasionally all median spots or patches

reduced. Sterna pale scaled. Seminal capsules 3, one slightly larger than

other 2.

MALE (Figs. 127, 238). Wing length 2.8-4.3 mm. Vertex laterally with

412 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

more broad pale scales, dark scale patch smaller or reduced. Antenna:

flagellum 0.76-0. 80 (4) length of proboscis; flagellomere 12 1.05-1.23 length

of Flm 13, both together 0.99-1.06 of Flm 1-11. Palpus 1.20-1.27 (5) length

of proboscis; segment 2 with pale subbasal band; 3 with pale basal band; 4

and 5 with pale dorsobasal spots; length ratio of 2-5: 1.17-1.41 : 1.69-2.00:

1.03-1.11:1.00. Proboscis 1.29-1.38 (5) length of forefemur, entirely

dark scaled. Cell Ro 1.15-1.72 (5) length of vein r9,3. Claws of hindtarsus

simple and equal. Genitalia. Tergum IX well sclerotized; lobes triangular,

or apically rounded, moderately protrudent, broadly separated, each with 4-9

fine bristles. Sternum IX with 4-7 bristles. Basistyle 3.1-3.6 as long as width

at sternal base, laterally and sternally scaled, bristled throughout, long later-

al and sternomesal bristles in apical half; claspette reaching basal 0.34-0. 42

of basistyle, pilose, apex somewhat expanded, rounded and bearing many

medium-sized bristles. Dististyle 0.67-0.74 length of basistyle, nearly

straight and parallel-sided, flattened, bluntly pointed, about 6.0 as long as

wide, tergal (mesal) surface pilose, hair-like spicules apically longer and

denser, more than 10 short setae scattered in apical half; claw 0.14-0.19

length of dististyle, straight, pigmented, ona short process at apical 0.20-0.27

of dististyle. Paraproct moderately sclerotized, cercal tergal surface

apparently weakly sclerotized. Aedeagus 1.65-2.12 as long as wide, each

lateral piece with tergal expansion greatest near middle; sternomesal portion

with 3-5 strongly sclerotized teeth, the apices of which are tergally curved.

LARVA (Fig. 126). Head. Width 1.13-1.27 mm; brownish, 1. 28-1. 41

as wide as long; front margin of labrum only slightly concave; seta 1-C moder-

ately stiff, 0.96-1.23 (5) length of distance between bases; 4, 6, 7-C on about

same level, 5-C usually 3-5, rarely 2,6 branched, fairly posteriad and a little

mesad of 6-C; usually, 10-C double and 14-C single. Integument with distinct

microsculpture of reticulations formed by minute tubercles, occasionally some

of these tubercles distinctly larger than others giving a granulate appearance

under lower magnification. Antenna 0.38-0.50 mm long, about 0.5 length of

head, only slightly arcuate, strongly spinulate, darker in apical half; seta 1-A

inserted at basal 0. 34-0.46 of shaft, with 9-14 barbed branches, not reaching

apex of shaft; 2> 4 >3 >6-A in length; 5-A with a rudimentary accessory

sensorium on proximal division. Mandible with a number of simple, rather

stout dorsolateral microspines near base; teeth of mandibular comb 9-14, 2-4

lateral teeth slender and plumose. Cutting organ with DS; reaching apex of

VT-4; lateral dorsal tooth with a mesal denticle, mesal dorsal tooth with or

without a mesal denticle, accompanied by a row of several accessory denticles

mesally at base; ventral tooth with VT-1 rather abortive; VT1-3 each with a

tiny secondary anterobasal denticle; VB, stout, just reaching apex of VT9, VBog

about 0.67 length of VB 1; pectinate brush 3-5 haired, apparently mesally pec-

tinate. Mandibular hairs (3-6) + (1-3) + (9-10), middle group broadly spaced.

Maxilla of browsing type. Cardo well sclerotized, seta 1-Mx rather stiff.

Mesostipes about as long as wide; pseudoartis well developed, usually not fused

with cranium; parartis poorly developed; lateral surface denticulate; hairs of

maxillary brush rather short and stiff; stipital sensoria about at middle; 2-Mx

near lateral margin about at anterior 0.33; 4-Mx more anterior. Lacinia with

mesobasal corner strongly sclerotized; mesal margin with apically branched,

rather stiff spicules, anterior ones progressively shorter and stouter, a few

most anterior ones simple, stout and spine-like, 6-Mx long, rather broad,

apparently flat. Palpostipes about 0.5 length of mesostipes; S$, distinctly larger

than others, Sj >S3>842S9>S5. Mentum plate with 24-29 small teeth.

Thorax. Setae 5,9-P usually single; 14-M smaller than 13-M. Abdomen.

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 413

Setae 13-I, 11-II, 8,13,14-III, 8,9,13,14-V, 6,9,14-VI usually single; 12-II,

3-I0, 2,4-VIII usually double; 1,2-VIII on a common callus, 3-9-VIII each ona

small callus. Comb scales 8-12, in an irregular single or double row, indivi-

dual scales thorn-shaped with a strong apical spine, laterobasally fringed with

fine spicules. Siphon brownish, usually broadest at about basal 0.25, 3. 40-4. 00

as long as wide, apex 0.54-0.61 of widest diameter, length 1.32-1.54 mm,

index 3. 64-4. 62; microsculpture imbricate-like, of short arcuate ridges bear-

ing minute denticles; pecten reaching basal 0. 36-0.46, of 13-19 dark brown,

closely spaced teeth, including 0-3 basal abortive teeth and 1-4 apical detached

teeth, each tooth with a few ventral denticles, detached teeth stronger, with

ventral denticles weaker; seta 1-S at apical 0.36-0.43; 2-S very short. Saddle

0.34-0.50 mm long; microsculpture similar to that of siphon, the denticles

slightly stronger apically; seta 4-X of 10-14 cratal and 2-9 precratal tufts

(12-17 in total), cratal tufts 4-10 branched, precratal tufts 6-11 branched.

Anal gills apically tapering with pointed apex, dorsal gill 2.0-2.4 length of

saddle, ventral gill usually a little shorter.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN. 165, 1622; with

associated skins (23 1, 23 p), 67 L, 22 1: Hokkaido (A-0038, A-0040, A-0043,

A-0044, A-0185, A-0193, A-0194, A-0195, A-0196, A-0197, A-0199, A-0221,

A-0222, A-1637, A-1639, A-1640, A-1644, A-1649, A-1650, A-1670, A-1712,

A-1789, A-1790, A-1792, A-1916, A-1918, A-1919, A-1920, A-1921, A-1924,

A-1925, A-1926, A-1928, A-1934, A-1936, A-1948). 5c, 72, 30 L: Honshu

(C-2087, C-2177, C-2214, C-2215, C-2216, C-2218, C-2219, C-2220, C-2221,

C-2222). 7%: Kyushu (H-0318, H-2123). KOREA. 1, 52: Korean Penin-

sula (L-0829, L-2212, L-2213). RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO. 1°, 109%, 1 L:

Okinawa Gunto (J-0499, J-0523, J-0525, J-0536, J-1623). 40°, 59, 2 L:

Yaeyama Gunt6d (K-0113, K-1431).

DISTRIBUTION. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku,

Kyushu). KOREA (Korean Peninsula, Cheju Do). RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO

(Amami, Okinawa, Miyako and Yaeyama Gunto). SAKHALIN. PRYMORYE.

KHABAROVSK AREA. MANCHURIA. NORTH AND SOUTH CHINA. TRANS-

BAIKALIA. MONGOLIA.

TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION. Subspecies nipponii is chiefly characterized

by the presence of pale median patches on the anterior abdominal terga of the

adults. Most specimens encountered in Japan and the Ryukyus belong to this

type, and the vexans type or nocturnus type is rare. On the contrary, the

nipponii type is rarely found in North America, and apparently never in

Southeast Asia (Reinert 1973) or the South Pacific (Belkin 1962). Suzuki (1958)

found that exposure of the immature stages to high temperatures produced

adults with the vexans type (?nocturnus type) of abdominal scaling. Unfortun-

ately, he did not refer to other diagnostic characters. Subspecies vexans of

North America differs from that (nocturnus (Theobald)) of Southeast Asia and

nipponii in the absence of pale scales on the dorsal wing veins and the reduced

number of pale scales on the palpi and legs. Reinert (1973) pointed out that

larvae from Southeast Asia had the frontoclypeus granulose. In Japan and the

Ryukyus, this type appears rare. Seta 0-C is usually single in specimens from

the South Pacific (Belkin 1962), 1-3 (usually 2) branched in those from South-

east Asia (Reinert 1973), and 2-6 (most frequently 4) branched in those from

the Ryukyus and Japan. It is debatable whether these apparent geographical

variations could be diagnostic characters. Suzuki's study should be followed

by a supplementary experiment taking the above additional characteristics

into consideration.

BIONOMICS. Aedes vexans nipponii is one of the more common species in

414 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

this region. Larvae are usually found in unshaded ground pools, rice fields,

ponds, ditches and other open water. Females are day and dusk feeders. They

are readily attracted by light. They appear to have a bimodal abundance in

Okinawa, being commonest in late spring and late autumn (Savage and McDonald

1972).

MEDICAL IMPORTANCE. Japanese encephalitis virus has been isolated

from wild-caught females of Aedes vexans nipponii (Hayashi et al. 1965;

Shichijo et al. 1970). The Okinawa strain of this virus was experimentally

transmitted to mice by this species (vexans vexans ?) (Hodes 1946). However,

the role of this species in the epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis has not

yet been clarified. Getah (Itakura) virus, a group A agent, and Batai virus

(Bunyamuera group), has been isolated from vexans nipponii from Gumna Pre-

fecture (Takahashi et al. 1971). Some other arboviruses, Sagiyama, Akabane,

etc., have also been isolated from this species. Natural infections with tula-

remia have been found, and experimental transmission of it by this species has

been reported (Gutsevich et al. 1970).

SUBGENUS GEOSKUSEA EDWARDS

Geoskusea Edwards, 1929: 341. Type-species: Aedes fimbripes Edwards,

1924; New Britain.

Small to medium-sized brownish or dark mosquitoes with unornamented

scutum and tarsi; larvae occur in crab holes.

FEMALE. Head. Eyes contiguous above. Decumbent scales of vertex all

broad; erect scales numerous on posterior 0.67 of vertex; several vertical and

temporal bristles on each side. Antennal flagellum length of or slightly shorter

than proboscis; flagellomere 1 1.2-1.3 (baisasi) length of Flm 2. Palpus 0.13-

0.20 length of proboscis; segment 4 minute. Proboscis longer than forefemur.

Thorax. Anterior pronotal lobe not scaled, with many bristles of various

sizes; posterior pronotal lobe scaled, with bristles along upper posterior margin,

also with many minute hairs. Scutum covered with narrow curved scales; all

scutal bristles well developed excepting median fossals. Scutellum with narrow

scales. Paratergite bare. Pleura with thin scale patches on sternopleuron and

mesepimeron; many pleural bristles on propleuron, prealar knob, sternopleuron,

and upper mesepimeron; several to many postspiraculars; minute hairs scattered

on unscaled area of pleura. Base of mesomeron slightly above that of hindcoxa.

Wing. Cell Rg slightly longer than vein r9,9. Legs, Tarsi not banded; hind-

tarsomere shorter than tibia. Claws simple and equal. Abdomen. Latero-

tergite lacking scales. Seminal capsules 3, one larger than other 2.

MALE. Antennal flagellum shorter than proboscis; flagellomeres 12 and

13 greatly elongate, Flm 13 longer than 12, both together as long or longer

than Flm 1-11. Palpus 0.20-0.67 length of proboscis; segments 4 and 5 short,

without tufted bristles. Foretarsomere 4 shortened; 5 modified, about 2.0

length of 4, with 4 short stout curved setae on top of ventrobasal swelling, 2

rows of several stiff subventrobasal setae, and a setiferous process ventrally

at basal 0.33. Midtarsomere 4 not shortened; 5 barely modified, about length

of 4, with a very short ventral setiferous process. Both claws of fore- and

midtarsi toothed; hindtarsal claws equal and simple. Genitalia. Tergum IX

with a pair of distinct lobes bearing bristles or stout setae. Sternum IX

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 415

with bristles. Basistyle laterally and sternally scaled, usually with a densely

bristled median tergomesal lobe, without claspette. Dististyle slender,

simple, with claw usually long, terminal or subterminal. Cercal setae

present; paraproct with strongly sclerotized, uni- or bicuspid apex. Aedeagus

simple, weakly sclerotized. Basal plate small.

LARVA. Head. Wider than long; seta 1-C slender; 4-7-C caudad of

antennal base; 8-C rather long. Antenna rather long but shorter than head,

finely spinulate; seta 1-A branched. Mandible without mandibular seta 1-Md;

MdS3 subequal to MdSq in length. Mandibular comb of slender simple teeth.

Cutting organ with a dorsal spine; lateral dorsal tooth poorly developed, mesal

dorsal tooth very long but weakly sclerotized, a well developed accessory

denticle present; ventral tooth with one lateral denticle (VT-4) and 3 mesal

denticles (VT1-3); 2 ventral blades; pectinate brush of slender hairs. Pili-

ferous process well protrudent, deeply cleft at apex. Maxilla. Cardo quad-

rangular, rather broadly fused mesobasally with cranium, a sclerotized

strip-like anterior margin not very strongly developed. Mesostipes distinctly

longer than wide, peach-shaped, without strong spine-like or xiphoid spicules

on mesal margin; hairs of maxillar brush long; parartis a rounded weakly

sclerotized broad plate produced from base of maxillary suture; pseudoartis

poorly developed, separated from cranium; stipital sensoria on a common

basal ring. Palpostipes less than 0.5 length of mesostipes; apex with 5 palpal

sensoria, and at least an internal papilliform structure of ampulla. Mentum

plate with more than 20 small teeth. Thovax. Setae 0-P, 13,14-M and 8-T

dendritic; 1-3, 8-P short; 5-7-P, 5-10,12-M, 7,9,10-T strong; 13-P absent.

Abdomen. Setae 6-I, II and 7-I strong; 13-II, VI dendritic. Comb scales numer-

ous in a large patch, individual scales fringed apically and laterally with spi-

cules. Siphon moderately long, with acus; pecten evenly spaced; seta 1-S

beyond pecten. Saddle small; seta 1-X on ventral margin of or off saddle;

2-X branched, 3-X single; 4-X on grid. Anal gills very short.

DISTRIBUTION. Ryukyu Archipelago. Philippines. Indonesia. Papuan

subregion. Solomon and New Hebrides islands. ?Northern Australia.

This subgenus is represented by a single species in this region.

90. AEDES (GEOSKUSEA) BAISASI KNIGHT AND HULL

(Figs. 127, 128, 239; Table 124)

Aedes (Geoskusea) baisasi Knight and Hull, 1951: 197 (%, 2). Type-locality:

Iwahig Penal Colony, Palawan Is., Philippines; Tanaka, Saugstad and

Mizusawa 1974: 308, Iriomote Is., Ryukyu Archipelago.

FEMALE (Fig. 239). Wing length 2.6-3.0 mm. Head, Eyes very narrowly

separated below. Vertex covered with broad dark scales, the dark-scaled area

rather variable, occasionally both sides of vertex covered with pale scales as

in tempus; erect forked scales blackish; tempus covered with broad pale scales;

5-7 vertical and 4 temporal bristles on each side. Clypeus very dark brown.

Antenna: pedicel rather dark brown, with fine hairs and small dark scales on

mesal surface; flagellum 0.92-0.95 (2) length of proboscis; flagellomere 1 with

a few scales, 1.21-1.29 length of Flm 2. Palpus dark scaled, 0.18-0. 21 (2)

length of proboscis; segment 3 1.36-2.00 of 2; 4 papilliform. Proboscis 1.26

(1) length of forefemur, dark scaled. Thovax. Anterior pronotal lobe light

brown, bearing more than 10 dark or pale bristles; posterior pronotal lobe dark

416 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

_ brown, ventrally paler, roughly covered with broad dark scales on upper half,

bearing 5-7 mostly stout and dark bristles along upper posterior margin, more

than 10 extremely fine hairs on lower posterior area. Scutum with integument

dark brown, covered with narrow curved dark scales, narrow curved pale

scales on anterior margin, a narrow prescutellar space bare; scutal bristles

very dark; usually 3-5 humerals and 2,3 posterior fossals. Scutellum rather

dark brown on lobes, pale between them; lobes covered with broad dark scales,

bearing 4-9 dark long bristles and several short or medium-sized ones, median

lobe usually with fewer bristles than lateral lobes. Pleural integument mostly

dark brown, propleuron light brown; posterior margin of sternopleuron, lower

margin of mesepimeron, upper margin of mesomeron, and metapleuron pale;

broad pale scales thinly covering upper sternopleuron and upper mesepimeron;

extremely fine hairs covering entire unscaled area of sternopleuron, middle

0.33 of mesepimeron below scaled area and entire metameron, lower post-

spiracular area also with several extremely fine hairs; pleural bristles pale

yellow to dark brown; numerous propleural bristles varying in size, usually 3

of them dark and stout; 6-12 mostly dark postspiraculars, more than 10 (up to

about 20) mostly dark prealars; many sternopleurals in an irregular, partly

double row along upper to posterior margin, usually 3 prominent dark bristles

just above level of lower margin of mesepimeron; about 20 fine upper mese-

pimerals, no lower mesepimeral. Wing. Alula fringed with 2 types of scales,

one rather broad with truncate apex, another lanceolate, usually longer than

broad scales. Veins dark scaled; cell R2 1.15-1.60 (7) length of vein r9+9.

Halter with dark scaled knob. Legs. Forecoxa with integument of anterior

surface dark brown and covered with dark scales; midcoxa with integument

mostly dark brown forming a patch with dark lower mesomeron, with pale

lateral scales; hindcoxa with a dark integumental spot above and pale lateral

scales. Femora posteroventrally pale toward base; femora otherwise, tibiae

and tarsi dark scaled. Midfemur a little slightly swollen; foretarsomere 1

equal to or slightly longer than 4; hindtarsomere 0. 84-0.89 (5) length of tibia.

Abdomen. Terga dark scaled, I-VI with laterobasal spots of pale ochreous

scales visible from above on III-VI. Sternum II usually entirely pale scaled,

II-VI basally pale scaled and apically dark scaled; VII dark scaled.

MALE (Figs. 127, 239). Wing length 2.4-2.6 mm. Antenna: pedicel

glabrous; flagellum 0. 76-0. 84 (3) length of proboscis; flagellomere 1 without

scales; Flm 12 0. 70-0. 84 (3) length of Flm 13, both together 0.97-1.16 of Flm

1-11. Palpus 0.63-0.65 (3) length of proboscis, with a few dark stout, but not

long, bristles at apex; length ratio of segments 2-5: 4.25-4. 88 : 5. 50-6. 68 :

1.71-1.75: 1.00. Cell Rg 1.00-1.27 (7) length of vein r9;3. Hindtarsomere

1 0.88-0.91 (5) length of tibia. Anterior claw of foretarsus with a blunt-tipped

median and a sharp laterobasal tooth; anterior claw of midtarsus with a sharp

laterobasal tooth; posterior claw of fore- and midtarsi with a sharp basal tooth.

Genitalia. Tergum IX with well protrudent, moderately pigmented and capitate

lobes, each bearing more than 20 short, strong setae. Sternum IX trapezoidal,

membranous, with 5-8 bristles in middle. Basistyle cylindrical, slightly

swollen at middle of sternomesal surface, 4.4-5.2 length of tergal middle

narrowest part just distal to basal tergomesal lobe, bristled except on basal

mesal half of tergal surface, fine bristles on sternal mesal surface; median

tergomesal lobe conspicuous, well protrudent, square with mesal margin

straight in tergal view, 0.33 length of basistyle, the tergomesal surface densely |

covered with setae of moderate length, the setae progressively longer proxi-

mally. Dististyle curved at apex, slightly more than 0.5 length of basistyle,

pilose at apex; claw pigmented, straight, at most 0.33 length of dististyle, apex

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 417

slightly broadened, somewhat palm-like. Paraproct sclerotized at uni- or

bicuspid apex; cercal setae 4-9 on each side. Aedeagus weakly sclerotized,

roughly conical, 1.58-1.80 (4) as long as wide, widest at about basal 0.33,

then apically narrowed, base about 0.75 of widest part, tergal side widely

open; sternal side closed.

LARVA (Fig. 128). Head. Width0.87-0.96 mm; 1.23-1.46as wideas long; yel-

low-brown, sometimes with a tinge of reddish-brown; seta 1-C slender, usually

ventromesally curved, separated by slightly more than their length; 5-C usually

double, slightly shorter than cranium; 6-C usually single, about 1.2 length of

cranium, inserted barely cephalad of a line between 5, and 7-C; 7-C usually

10-11 branched, inserted mesocaudad of antennal bases, distance from 6- to

7-C about 2.0 distance from 7-C to dorsomesal corner of antennal base.

Antenna paler than, and slightly more than 0.5 length of cranium, 0.40-0. 41

mm long, tapering slightly distad of middle, sparsely spinulate, the spinules

more numerous on the dorsal and lateral aspects, virtually absent on proxi-

mal half of ventral aspect; seta 1-A 2-5 branched, lightly barbed, inserted at

basal 0. 48-0. 56 (x = 0.51), reaching to or beyond apex of shaft. Mandible with

a few needle-like microspines on medial aspect of dorsolateral surface. Cutting

organ with dorsal spine almost reaching tip of VTg, curved in apical 0. 25;

mesal dorsal tooth quite long, with 4-6 long spine-like denticles on basal half,

and smaller blunter denticles distad; a well developed accessory denticle mesad

of mesal dorsal tooth, its mesal margin with irregular but distinct denticles;

ventral tooth with VT-4 well-developed, slender, very sharp, not attaining tip

of VTo; VT1-3 triangular, progressively more acute-tipped, VT 3 slightly

shorter than other 2; VB; extending well beyond VTo, gradually tapering to

subacute apex, strongly pectinate on mesal margin, VB9 0.09 length of VB1;

pectinate brush of 6-9 hairs, each 0.50-0.67 length of ventral blade; mem-

branous process with labula extending beyond apex of anterior part. Mandibu-

lar hairs 7 + 6, with 1,2 isolated hairs between the groups, hairs of proximal

group basally smoother and apically brush-like than those of distal group.

Maxilla with seta 1-Mx single, lightly-pigmented. Mesostipes 1.4-1.5 as long

as wide, with lateral surface smooth, with somewhat stiff, mostly forked spi-

cules on mesal margin; stipital sensoria slightly proximad of middle, equal,

slender, long, nearly attaining mesal margin of mesostipes; 4-Mx more apical

than 2-Mx. Lacinia with 5-Mx proximad of level of stipital sensoria, 6-Mx

apparently simple, longer than 4-Mx. Palpostipes about 0.33 length of meso-

stipes, slightly broadened at base; S; stouter and darker than others, 83 Sq =

S5 So =S4 in length. Mentum plate with 23-29 (usually 24,25) teeth, the

flanking teeth becoming more acute laterad, median tooth only slightly larger

than flanking teeth. Thorax. Seta 7-P definitely shorter than 6-P, usually

double; 9-P usually single, shorter than 10, 12-P; 14-P usually triple; 12-M

slightly shorter than 10-M, smooth to sparsely barbed; 9-T usually 7 branched.

Abdomen. Seta 11-I well mesad of 12-I; 6-III-VI much smaller than 6-II; 5-V

usually single; 11,13-I, 5,6-III, 12,13-IV, 14-VI-VII and 7-VII usually double;

3-VIII usually smaller than 1-VII, with a few large barbs; 5-VIII stiffer and

longer than 1,3-VII, usually smooth, occasionally with a few small barbs.

Comb scales about 100-130 in a triangular patch, the individual scales pro-

gressively larger caudad, roughly spoon-shaped, apically fringed with strong,

irregular-sized spicules, laterally with finer spicules. Siphon light brown,

with narrow darker basal ring, of fairly uniform diameter in basal half, then

gradually tapering, the surface with numerous short transverse low ridges

bearing minute spicules; length 0. 72-0.84 mm, index 2. 56-2.95 (x =2. 78);

pecten reaching apical 0.38-0.44 (x =0.41) of siphon, of 11-17 strong teeth

418 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

(plus 0-4 smaller basal teeth), each tooth with 1-3 sharp denticles on basal

half; seta 1-S inserted beyond pecten at apical 0.31-0.39 (x =0.34), slightly

more than 0.5 length of siphon diameter at insertion; 2-S stiff, subapical, about

0.67 length of apical pecten tooth. Saddle small, covering about 0.33 circum-

ference of segment X, 0.25-0.27 mm long; microsculpture similar to that of

siphon; seta 1-X usually single, about 0.67 length of saddle, inserted at about

caudal 0.25 of ventral margin of saddle; 2-X with longest branch about 2.5

saddle length; 4-X of 12-14 cratal tufts, each with 9-15 or more smooth

branches. Anal gills subequal, bud-like, 0.3-0.6 (x = 0.4) length of saddle.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO. 23°, 21%; with asso-

ciated skins (181, 18 p), 10 L, 251: Yaeyama Guntd (K-1593, K-1595, K-1630,

K-1631, K-1707, K-1733, K-1734). PHILIPPINES. 2°, 12 (Paratypes 1¢:

Pintanahon, Samar Is., 13 IV 1945, crab hole, Rozeboom, Knight & Laffoon;

1°: Osmena, Samar Is., 24 1V 1945, crab hole, Rozeboom, Knight & Laffoon;

12: Zamboanga, Mindanao, 12 IX 1945, light trap, Rozeboom, Knight &

Laffoon, No. 59350, USNM).

DISTRIBUTION. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO (Yaeyama Gunté6). PHILIPPINES.

BIONOMICS. The larvae of this species were found in brackish water crab

holes at Komi and along the river Maira in Iriomote Is. This is the first

record of the larva of this species. All the known larvae of this subgenus have

been obtained from crab holes of the coastal regions (Bright and Hogue 1972).

Adult habits are not known.

SUBGENUS NEOMELANICONION NEWSTEAD

Neomelaniconion Newstead, 1907: 31. Type-species: Neomelanoconion palpale

Newstead; Belgian Congo.

Dark mosquitoes, with sides of scutum broadly yellow or white; tarsi not

banded.

FEMALE. Head. Eyes separated above and below. Decumbent scales

of vertex medially narrow; numerous erect forked scales; nearly covering entire

vertex; several vertical and temporal bristles present. Antennal flagellum

shorter than proboscis; flagellomere 1 1.6 length of Flm 2 (lineatopennis).

Palpus short, Proboscis longer than forefemur. Thovax. Anterior pronotal

lobes widely separated, with many dark brown bristles of various sizes; pos-

terior pronotal lobe with narrow scales, bearing bristles along posterior mar-

gin. Scutum covered with narrow scales, with sides broadly yellow or white

scaled; all scutal bristles present except median fossals. Scutellum with nar-

row scales. Paratergite bare. Pleural scale patches poorly developed,

bristles well developed, lower (anteromedian) mesepimerals present or absent.

Base of mesomeron slightly above that of hindcoxa. Wing. Cell Ro longer than

vein r9.3; 1a reaching level between cubital fork and m-cu. Legs. Foretarso-

mere 5 longer than or as length of 4; hindtarsomere 1 shorter than tibia. Fore-

and midtarsal claws toothed; hindtarsal claw simple. Abdomen. Laterotergite

not scaled. Segment VUI completely retractile.

MALE. Antennal flagellum plumose; flagellomeres 12 and 13 elongate,

Flm 12 longer than Flm 13, both together slightly shorter than Flm 1-11.

Palpus length of or longer than proboscis; segment 5 reduced; 4 turned upwards;

4 and apex of 3 with long tufted bristles. Lower mesepimeral bristles absent.

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 419

Foretarsomere 4 shortened, midtarsomere 4 only slightly shortened; fore-

and midtarsomere 5 longer than 4, but poorly modified, with 1,2 pairs

of stiff ventrobasal setae. Anterior claw of fore- and midtarsi longer

than posterior claw, both anterior and posterior claws toothed; hindtarsal

claws equal and simple. Genilalia. Tergum IX undivided, lobes at most

poorly differentiated, bristled. Sternum IX with bristles. Basistyle long,

with narrow basal tergomesal lobe bearing stout setae, without apical lobe

and claspette. Dististyle inserted before apex of basistyle, short, enlarged

in middle; claw apical, long. Cercal setae absent; paraproct with strongly

sclerotized apex, and a sternomesal arm. Aedeagus paired, well sclerotized,

rather complex, apex toothed. Basal plate rather small.

LARVA. Head. Seta 4-C small, only slightly anteriad of 6-C; 4-6-C

caudad of 7-C; 8-C short; 12,13-C approximated. Antenna moderately long,

spinulate; seta 1-A branched. Mandible (no dissected material studied).

Cutting organ with 2 dorsal teeth, lateral tooth smaller; ventral tooth with one

lateral (VT-4) and 3 mesal (VT1-3) denticles; ventral blade (VB 1) exceeding

tip of VT; pectinate brush of broad hairs. Piliferous process well protrudent.

Maxilla (no dissected material studied). Cardo triangular, narrowly fused

mesobasally with cranium through a strongly sclerotized strip-like structure.

Mesostipes peach-shaped; pseudoartis well developed, but not fused with

cranium; seta 4-Mx subapical. Palpostipes short, separated from mesostipes;

apex with ampulla and at least 4 palpal sensoria. Mentum plate with many

small teeth. Thorax. Setae 0-P, 13,14-M, 8,13-T small, dendritic; 1-P short

to medium; 2, 3-P short; 5-8-P, 5-10,12-M, 7,9,10-T strong; 13-P absent.

Abdomen. Comb scales ina line or a patch. Siphon with acus; pecten with one

or more apical teeth detached; seta 1-S beyond pecten. Saddle incomplete;

seta 4-X with precratal tufts.

DISTRIBUTION. Ethiopian region, except for lineatopennis, which is found

in the Oriental and Australian regions, north to Korea.

This subgenus is represented in this region by only one widely distributed

species, lineatopennis.

91. AEDES (NEOMELANICONION) LINEA TOPENNIS (LUDLOW)

(Figs. 129, 130, 240; Table 125)

Taeniorhynchus lineatopennis Ludlow, 1905b: 133 (¢). Type-locality: Camp

Gregg, Bayambang, Pangasinan, Luzon, Philippines.

Aedes lineatopennis: Kimbell, 1966: 12, Korea.

FEMALE (Fig. 240). Wing length 3.0-3.3 mm. Head, Eyes rather broadly

separated above and moderately below. Vertex medially covered with narrow

curved golden yellow scales and concolorous erect forked scales; interocular

space with narrow curved golden yellow scales; side of vertex and tempus

covered with broad dark scales, erect forked dark scales lateroposteriorly

on vertex, a few broad pale scales close to eye on tempus; 5-7 vertical bristles

above and several on interocular space on each side, a few most lateral

bristles dark, others golden yellow; 3,4 dark temporal bristles on each side.

Clypeus dark brown. Antenna: pedicel dark brown, laterodorsally lighter,

with a few small dark scales and fine bristles on mesal side; flagellomere 1

1.56-1.57 (1) length of Flm 2, with a few small dark scales. Palpus 0.20-0.25

length of proboscis, dark scaled; segment 3 2.08-2.18 (1) length of 2. Pro-

boscis dark scaled, with 4 ventrobasal bristles. Thorax. Pronotal integument

420 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

brown to rather dark brown; anterior lobe unscaled; posterior lobe roughly

covered with narrow curved dark scales, with a few posteroventral scales

pale, bearing 5,6 dark brown bristles. Scutum with integument dark brown,

with a pair of well-defined broad sublateral stripes of narrow curved golden

yellow scales from anterior to posterior margin, the stripes reaching lateral

margin only at anterior humeral area; middle of anterior promontory also

with narrow curved golden scales, prescutellar space with narrow curved pale

yellowish scales, remainder including lateral margin covered with narrow

curved dark scales; most scutal bristles dark brown, supraalars within sub-

lateral stripe golden yellow, fossal area with 4-8 bristles along humeral

margin only. Scutellum with narrow curved, pale yellowish scales on each

lobe, bearing 7-9 long pale brown bristles on each lateral lobe and 6 on

median lobe, each lobe with a few additional short bristles. Pleural integu-

ment light brown to rather dark brown; small patches of broad pale scales on

propleuron, upper and midposterior sternopleuron, and middle mesepimeron;

subspiracular area with several narrow curved or crescent-shaped pale scales;

pleural bristles mostly dark brown, only posterior bristles on upper mesepi-

meron rather paler, about 10 or more propleurals, prealars and upper mese-

pimerals, 5-10 postspiraculars, more than 10 upper to posterior sterno-

pleurals, 2-4 lower (anteromedian) mesepimerals. Wing. Alula fringed with

dark rather broad scales. Scales of c very dark; r from remigium to a Little

distad of base of rs, cu and cug pale scaled; broad scales on sc, plume scales

on rs, r9,3, bases of ro and rg, apical half of m and base of my4,9 and mgi4

rather pale; veins otherwise dark scaled. Cell Ro 1.82-2.71 (5) length of vein

r2+3. Halter with dark scaled knob. Legs. Fore- and midcoxae dark scaled,

a few laterobasal scales appearing paler; hindcoxa with apical dark scales.

Posterior surface of femora, fore- and midtibiae and ventral surface of hind-

tibia more or less pale scaled; legs otherwise dark scaled. Foretarsomere 0

longer than or about length of 4; hindtarsomere 1 0. 77-0. 83 (2) length of tibia.

Claws of fore- and midtarsi unidentate. Abdomen.. Terga and sterna dark

scaled; tergum I with or without median patch of pale scales; II-VI with medio-

basal patches or bands of pale scales, the bands not reaching lateral margin;

- posterior segments with small laterobasal spots of pale scales.

MALE (Figs. 130, 240). Wing length 2.9-3.3 mm. Antenna: pedicel

glabrous; flagellum 0. 89-0.92 (1) length of proboscis, flagellomere 12 1.19-

1.20 length of Flm 13, both together 0.91-0.92 length of Flm 1-11. Palpus

1.27 (1) length of proboscis; segment 4 and apex of 3 with long bristles, 5

reduced to a very small papilliform appendage; length ratio of 2-5: 0.59-0. 64:

1.04-1.07:1.00. Pleural bristles, except propleurals, fewer than in female,

2,3 postspiraculars, 4-8 upper mesepimerals, no lower mesepimerals. Cell

Ro 1.44-1.93 (3) length of vein rgi3. Hindtarsomere 1 0.8 (2) length of tibia.

Anterior claw of fore- and midtarsi with a blunt-tipped submedian tooth, pos-

terior claw with a sharp submedian tooth. Genitalia. Tergum IX moderately

sclerotized in apical area, concave on apical margin, with lobes not differ-

entiated, bearing 5-8 bristles on each side mostly in apical half. Sternum IX

moderately sclerotized in basal area, with 2-4 bristles at middle near apex.

Basistyle 3.3-4.1as long as median width, tapering from middle toward apex,

curved mesad at apex, bearing fine tergal and sternal bristles, long lateral

bristles; mesal surface distad of middle densely covered with bristles of

medium length and many subapical stout, blunt tipped, rather short setae;

basal tergomesal lobe narrow, well protrudent, tergally bearing 2,3 stout,

rather short, pigmented setae and one fine seta at apex, and sternally one fine

apical and several fine submedian setae. Dististyle short, 0.32 (1) length of

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea | 421

basistyle, remarkably swollen on mesal side; apex narrow; claw straight, pig-

mented, 0.35-0. 42 (2) length of dististyle. Tergite X moderately sclerotized,

only anterior margin placed under tergum IX; cercal tergal surface moderately

sclerotized; paraproct with strongly sclerotized narrow blunt apex and well

developed sternomesal arm. Aedeagus cylindrical, 2.40-2.64 (3) as long as

wide, slightly expanded at base and apex, with a wing-like flat expansion at

basal 0.33, apparently broadly open on tergal aspect except base and apex,

with a median narrow opening on sternal aspect; apex with 3 strongly sclerotized

teeth on each side, 2 tergally and one apically directed.

LARVA (Fig. 129). (Description based on 2 skins from Thailand.) Head.

Light brownish; labrum straight to slightly convex; microsculpture of irregularly

transverse rows of very minute tubercles; seta 1-C separated by 0.9-1.0 their

length; 4-C semidendritic, well mesocephalad of 5-C; 5-C caudad of a point

between 4, 6-C; 6-C well laterad and slightly caudad of 4-C; 5, 7-C nearly on

line; 11-C very small; 13-C usually with 3 main branches, sometimes apically

split. Antenna 0.36-0.40 mm long, slightly bowed, brownish, becoming

slightly paler towards apex, well spiculate, the spicules relatively large,

becoming apically sparser; seta 1-A apparently 6-8 branched, lightly barbed,

inserted at basal 0.47-0.48, almost reaching apex; 2-6-A apical. Mandible

slightly basolaterally rugose, a few small needle-like microspines on middorso-

lateral aspect. Cutting organ with dorsal spine (DS1) pigmented, slightly curved

in apical 0.33, not attaining apex of VTg, presence of DS» uncertain; dorsal

teeth acutely triangular, lateral tooth unicuspid, mesal tooth darker, with a

mesobasal denticle; several small accessory denticles mesad of mesal dorsal

tooth; ventral tooth with VT-4 well developed, broad-based, becoming acute,

not reaching apex of VT09; VT1_3 acutely triangular, progressively larger; ven-

tral blade (VBj) relatively stout, slightly sinuate, tapering in distal half,

finely mesally pectinate; presence of VB» uncertain; pectinate brush of appar-

ently less than 6 hairs. Piliferous process relatively thick, labula not exceed-

ing the broader anterior portion. Mandibular hairs (4-5) + 9, hairs of proxi-

mal group with apices slightly tufted. Maxilla. Cardo with seta 1-Mx appar-

ently single, small, pale. Mesostipes with several short stout lateral spines;

stipital sensoria subequal, apparently lacking a basal ring; 4-Mx_a little distad

of level of 2-Mx, pale. Lacinia with 5-Mx well proximad of stipital sensoria;

6-Mx apparently barbed. Palpostipes stubbed; S; stoutest and darkest, So

much smaller, Sg longest, very pale, Sq about equal to S59. Mentum plate tri-

angular, with apparently 36-37 small blunt teeth, the median tooth longer, but

not much wider than immediate flanking teeth. Thorax. Setae 5-M and 12-T

usually single, sometimes with aberrant branching. Abdomen. Except 6-I-VI

and 7-I, II, most setae on segments I-VII relatively weak; 4-I, II and 6-VII

usually with secondary branching; 1, 2-VIII on a common callus; 3-VIII slightly

larger than 1-VIII. Comb scales 8 in an irregular row, the individual scales

thorn shaped, with apparently 8-10 short, stiff, subequal basolateral spicules

on each side. Siphon mostly light brownish, indistinctly apically darker, with

base narrowly dark brown; acus small, light brown; microsculpture imbricate,

of short curved rows of minute spicules; 1.02-1.03 mm long, index 2.1-2.5

(Knight and Hull 1953); pecten reaching basal 0.52-0.61, of 13,14 strong teeth,

each with usually one (occasionally 2) ventrobasal denticle, the distal 1,2 teeth

usually detached and slightly stronger; seta 1-S short, inserted just beyond

pecten at basal 0.62-0.63, apparently not barbed; 2-S very small, subapical,

less than 0.33 length of apical pecten tooth. Saddle narrowly incomplete, 0.38-

0.39 mm long, light brownish, narrowly dark brown towards base, microsculp-

ture similar to that of siphon, continuing onto unsclerotized portion of X; seta

422 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

1-X 0.5-0.6 saddle length; 2-X about 1.33 saddle length; 4-X of 7-9 cratal and

3, 4 precratal tufts, the tufts 7-12 branched, the precratal tufts much shorter

than the cratal tufts. Anal gills elongate, tapering, dorsal gill slightly less

than 3.0 saddle length, the ventral gill slightly shorter than, to subequal to

dorsal gill.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. KOREA. 1¢, 49%: Korean Peninsula (L-0102,

L-0103, L-0104, L-0894). 1°: Cheju Do (M-0105). THAILAND. 2c, 48,

21(12: Ayudhaya, 1963, U. S. Army; 1°: Cholburi, 1963, U. S. Army; 2¢,

22, 21: Chiang Mai, 27 II 1970, ground pool, U. S. Army-SEATO Lab. ).

DISTRIBUTION. * KOREA (Korean Peninsula, Cheju Do). ORIENTAL

REGION. EASTERN AND SOUTHERN AFRICA. NIGERIA. GOLD COAST.

UPPER VOLTA. AUSTRALIA.

BIONOMICS. Apparently rare and very local in Korea. Larval habitats

are apparently not known in this region. ** Adults are attracted by light.

SUBGENUS EDWARDSAEDES BELKIN

Edwardsaedes Belkin, 1962: 408. Type-species: Aedes imprimens (Walker

1860); Amboina.

FEMALE. Similar to Aedimorphus. Head. Eyes very narrowly separated

above. Vertex medially covered with narrow scales; erect scales numerous,

covering almost entire vertex. Proboscis slightly longer than forefemur,

entirely dark scaled. Thorax. Pronotal lobes with more narrow than broad

scales. Scutum covered with narrow curved scales; all scutal bristles

present, except occasional reduction of median fossal bristles. Scutellum

with narrow curved scales. Pleural bristles well developed; no lower mese-

pimerals. Base of mesomeron well above that of hindcoxa. Legs. Tarsi

pale banded. All claws equal and unidentate. Abdomen, Laterotergite pale

scaled. Seminal capsules 3, one larger than other 2.

MALE. (After Belkin 1962.) Palpus 4 segmented (very small segment 5

may be present), 4 upturned with numerous lateral bristles. All claws with

subbasal tooth. Genitalia. Tergum IX divided in middle. Basistyle very short

and broad, with large sternomesal lobe; basal tergomesal lobe and claspette

not developed. Dististyle apical, with large mesal lobe; claw absent. Paraproct

with strongly developed apical spine; cercal setae absent. Aedeagus toothed,

apex sagittate.

LARVA. (After Belkin 1962.) Head. Seta 4-C far cephalad of 6-C.

Antenna long, spiculate; 1-A inserted in basal half, branched. Thorax.

Setae 1-3-P short; 9-13-M and 8-12-T on very large basal calli. Abdomen.

Seta 12-I lacking; 6-I-VI relatively short; 6-I-IV and 7-I usually at least 3

branched. Comb scales arranged in an irregular double row; individual scales

with a single apical spine, lateral fringe fine and restricted to base; 1, 2-VIII

on a common basal callus. Siphon rather long, with acus; pecten with apical

enlarged detached teeth; seta 1-S distad of pecten, shorter than siphon diameter

*After the manuscript was submitted, Miyagi and Toma (1977a, Mosquito

News 37: 144) recorded this species from Ishigaki Is., Yaeyama Gunto, Ryukyu

Archipelago.

**Miyagi and Toma (l.c.) collected larvae in the Ryukyus from shallow grassy

pools in fallow land together with Ae. vexans nipponi.

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 423

at insertion. Saddle complete; seta 1-X shorter than saddle; 2, 3-X both not

very long, branched; 4-X with anterior tufts off grid but on saddle; each tuft

with many branches.

DISTRIBUTION. Japan, Indomalayan subregion, Papuan subregion.

92. AEDES (EDWARDSAEDES) IMPRIMENS (WALKER)*

(Figs. 130, 241)

Culex imprimens Walker, 1860: 144 (2). Type-locality: Amboina Is.,

Moluccas.

Aedes imprimens: Yamada, 1927: 571; Hokkaido and Kyushu, Japan.

Aedes (Banksinella) imprimens: LaCasse and Yamaguti, 1950: 102 (“, 9).

Aedes (Edwardsaedes) imprimens: Reinert, 1976: 12.

FEMALE (Fig. 130, 241). Wing length 3.3-4.2mm. Head. Eyesvery narrow-

ly separated above and broadly below. Vertex with an oblong anteromedian

patch of narrow curved brown scales and a pair of anterolateral patches of

broad dark scales, vertex otherwise including interocular space covered with

narrow curved white or pale yellowish brown scales, some broad pale scales

on mesal side of dark lateral patches; numerous erect forked dark brown scales

over vertex, some pale ones anteromedially intermixed; tempus covered with

broad pale scales, with a stripe or spot of broad dark scales; 5, 6 vertical and

0 temporal bristles on each side, one or 2 most mesal vertical bristles often

yellowish, others brown, most ventral temporal bristles more widely spaced.

Clypeus brown. Antenna: pedicel yellowish brown, slightly mesoventrally

darker, with small white scales and fine brownish bristles on mesal surface;

flagellum 1.12-1.14 (2) length of proboscis; flagellomere 1 1.44-1.63 length of

Flm 2, with mesally pale scales, a few dark scales usually intermixed. Pal-

pus 0.21 (2) length of proboscis, dark scaled, segment 3 1. 83-1. 84 (2) length

of 2; 4 undeveloped in 2 dissected specimens. Proboscis 1.07 (1) length of

forefemur, with several ventrobasal bristles. Thorax. Pronotal integument

brown; anterior lobe with narrow curved or crescent-shaped pale scales,

fewer broad pale lateral scales, bearing many brownish bristles; posterior

lobe with narrow curved pale dorsal scales and broad pale posteromedial

scales, bearing 0-11 pale brown to brown bristles along posterior margin ina

single or irregular double row. Scutum with integument brown to rather dark

brown, covered with narrow curved yellowish brown scales, scales on margins

paler, some supraalar scales rather broad and nearly white; scutal bristles

brown to dark brown, fossal area occasionally without bristles in middle.

Scutellum covered with narrow curved pale scales, median lobe with 5-9,

lateral lobe with 6-8 long brownish bristles and several short pale ones.

Paratergite unscaled. Pleural integument brown to rather dark brown; patches

of broad white scales on propleuron, subspiracular area, postspiracular area,

upper sternopleuron, lower-posterior sternopleuron and upper mesepimeron,

the upper sternopleural patch fairly large but not reaching cephalic angle;

pleural bristles pale to yellowish brown, many on propleuron, prealar knob,

upper to posterior sternopleuron and upper mesepimeron, 6-12 postspiraculars.

*After the manuscript was submitted, Mogi (1977, Trop. Med., Nagasaki

19: 129) gave a new name, 'bekkui", with full description of all stages to the

Japanese imprimens. The name bekkui is valid.

424 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

Wing. Alula fringed with rather narrow scales of 2 different lengths. Veins

dark scaled; c with basal spot of pale scales. Cell Ro 1.55-2.32 (9) length of

vein r9i3. Halter knob dark, pale scaled. Legs. Forecoxa pale basally and

mesoapically scaled, dark in-between; mid- and hindcoxae with patches of pale

scales. Femora with pale apical fringe; forefemur with an indistinct pale basal

band, and pale anterobasal streak, pale on posterior half of ventral surface

including basal half of posterior surface; midfemur pale on posterior surface

except apical area; hindfemur pale on anterior and posterior surfaces including

ventral surface except apical area, dark area on dorsal surface not reaching

base. Foretarsomeres I-IV and midtarsomeres I-V with very narrow pale

basal bands, occasionally incomplete; hindtarsomeres I-V with moderately

broad pale basal bands. Legs otherwise dark. Foretarsomere 5 length of 4

or slightly shorter; hindtarsomere 1 0.74-0.77 (3) length of tibia. Abdomen.

Tergum I medially dark scaled, with some pale lateral scales; II-VII dark

scaled, with large laterobasal patches of pale scales, the patches progressive-

ly longer in posterior segments, reaching near apical margin on VI and VII,

more or less extending dorsobasally but usually not confluent at middle;

occasionally mediobasal pale scales or complete basal bands of pale scales

present. Sternum II pale scaled; III-VII pale scaled, with apical bands of

dark scales; VIII retractile.

Male and larval specimens were not available for our study.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN. 72: Honshu (C-2102,

D-0406).

DISTRIBUTION. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN (Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu,

Tsushima).

TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION. Aedes imprimens seems to be very rare in

Japan, known from only a few localities scattered from Hokkaido to Kyushu.

Female specimens from Japan do not appear to differ from the descriptions of

imprimens of Knight and Hull (1953) and Belkin (1962). Male and immature

specimens were not available for our study. Waku (1950, 1952) gave short

descriptions of all stages together with illustrations (his specimens were lost).

According to him, the male genitalia has the basistyle globular, the dististyle

consists of a very narrow slender long mesal arm anda very short broad

lateral arm; his larval description states that seta 4-C is on the level of 7-C,

the mentum plate has 36 teeth, the siphon lacks an acus, the pecten is composed

of 15 teeth, the saddle is incomplete, 3-X is 2 branched, longer than the anal

gill, and 2.0 length of 2-X. The descriptions and figures for imprimens of

Knight and Hull (1953) and Belkin (1962) show different shapes of the basistyle

and dististyle; larval seta 4-C distinctly anteriad of 7-C, 39-49 mentum teeth,

siphon with acus, 19-24 (usually more than 20) pecten teeth, complete saddle;

3-X 3-6 branched, distinctly shorter than anal gill and only slightly longer than

2-X. We found figures of the.male and female genitalia, and the male palpus

in our laboratory; they were undoubtedly prepared by Yamaguti and LaCasse,

but not published (Fig. 130). This figure of the male genitalia appears closer

to that of Waku (1950) than those of imprimens by Knight and Hull (1953) and

Belkin (1962).

BIONOMICS. Aedes imprimens is one of the rarer species in Japan.

Larvae were found in a temporary ground pool in woods in the vicinity of Sendai

(Waku 1952) and at Omura, Kyushu (Bekku 1954). Larvae of Ae. alboscutellatus,

Ae. vexans nipponii and Ae. esoensis were found with them (Waku 1952). Adult

females bite man during daytime and at night (Bekku 1954).

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 425

SUBGENUS AEDES MEIGEN

Aedes Meigen, 1818: 13. Type-species: Aedes cinereus Meigen, 1818;

Europe.

Yellowish to dark medium-sized mosquitoes, with scutum unornamented;

tarsi not banded; male palpus short.

FEMALE. dead. Eyes narrowly separated above. Vertex with both broad

and narrow decumbent scales; 5-8 vertical and 3-6 temporal bristles. Anten-

nal flagellum length of or slightly longer than proboscis; flagellomere 1 1.2-

1.8 length of Flm 2. Palpus not more than 0.25 length of proboscis; segment

3 1.0-2.0 length of 2; sometimes a very short 4 present. Proboscis subequal

to forefemur in length. Thorax. Anterior pronotal lobe with narrow scales

and many bristles; posterior pronotal lobe with narrow scales and often also

broad scales, 4-9 bristles along posterior margin. Scutum with narrow scales,

without ornamentation. Scutellar scales narrow. Paratergite scaled. Pleura

with scale patches of moderate size on propleuron, postspiracular area,

upper sternopleuron, posteromedian sternopleuron and upper mesepimeron,;

subspiracular area, prealar knob and metameron without scales. Many pro-

pleural, prealar, sternopleural and upper mesepimeral bristles; 2-9 post-

spiraculars, no lower mesepimerals. Base of mesomeron well above that of

hindcoxa. Wing. Alula fringed with narrow dark scales. Veins dark scaled.

Cell Rg 1.6-2.6 length of vein rg,3. Legs. Tarsi not banded. Fore- and

midtarsal claws unidentate, hindtarsal claw simple or unidentate. Abdomen.

Laterotergite pale scaled.

MALE. Vertex often more or less differently scaled from female, usually

with broader scales. Antennal flagellum distinctly plumose, slightly shorter to

slightly longer than proboscis; flagellomeres 12 and 13 elongate, both together

0.6-0.8 length of Flm 1-11. Palpus as in female, short 0.14-0.20 length of

proboscis, 3 segmented, occasionally very small segment 4 present; 3 1.0-2.5

length of 2. Proboscis length of or slightly longer than forefemur. Cell Ro

1.3-2.2 length of vein ro9,,. Foretarsomere 4 shortened; 5 much longer than

4, with a number of stout setae on ventrobasal swelling. Midtarsomere 4

slightly shortened; 5 longer than 4, shape similar to foretarsomere 5 but usually

ventrobasal swelling less developed. Hindtarsomere 1 0.7-0.8 length of tibia.

Anterior claw of fore- and midtarsi with a blunt-tipped median tooth, posterior

claw simple; hindtarsal claws equal in length, simple or unidentate. Genitalia.

Tergum IX transverse, trapezoidal, usually with bristles on apical margin lat-

erad of lobes, which are protrudent, moderately separated, well sclerotized,

densely bristled at apex. Sternum IX rhomboidal, bristled. Basistyle with

apex conical, scaled, excavated and rugose basad of basal tergomesal lobe,

with a small group of rather long bristles on sternomesal margin at middle;

basal tergomesal lobe protrudent, heavily bristled on tergal surface; claspettoid

single or bifurcate, pilose, with apical setae. Dististyle inserted at apical

0.20-0.25 of basistyle, rather short, bifurcate at base, occasionally also at

apex; lateral (main) arm with a comb of short blunt apical teeth, without claw;

mesal arm short, with fine setae. Tergite X band-shaped, not separated at

middle; cercal setae absent; paraproct strongly sclerotized, rod-shaped.

Aedeagus bulb-shaped in tergal view, composed of a pair of strongly sclero-

tized lateral pieces, connected by a narrow sternal band at base, a triangular

426 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

dorsal plate at apex and a sternal flap at middle, leaving a narrow median sLit

at basal half of sternal surface; each lateral piece with a few strong hook-like

incurved apical processes and one straight sternal process in middle. Basal

plate large.

LARVA. Head. Wider than long; seta 1-C slender, longer than distance

between bases; 4-6-C caudad of 7-C; 5-7-C ona straight line. Antenna shorter

than head, inwardly arcuate, spinulate throughout; seta 1-A inserted at middle

or proximad of it, with 4 or more barbed branches. Mandible with several

scattered simple dorsolateral microspines, without seta 1-Md. Mandibular

comb with teeth pectinate basally. Cutting organ with 2 dorsal spines, DSj

(lateral) long, but not reaching apex of VT, DS9 short; 2 dorsal teeth, the

lateral tooth smaller; accessory denticles present; ventral tooth with one spini-

form lateral denticle (VT-4) and 3 triangular mesal denticles (VT;_3), VT-4

nearly reaching apex of DS1, VT9 larger than VT, 3; ventral blade ceerteriainie

beyond apex of VT; pectinate brush of 4-8 broad hairs. Piliferous process

with labula at most extending slightly beyond apex of anterior part. Mandibular

hairs of anterior group simple, those of posterior group apically frayed.

Maxilla. Cardo triangular, rather narrowly fused mesobasally with cranium,

a strongly sclerotized narrow strip-like ridge extending from anterior termina-

tion of hypostomal suture through the point of fusion to anterior margin of cardo;

seta 1-Mx usually single. Mesostipes pear-shaped, slightly longer than wide,

with lateral surface denticulate, with rather stiff spicules on mesal margin but

without strong spine-like ones; stipital sensoria equal, slender, on a sclero-

tized half ring at middle; 4-Mx subapical; hairs of maxillary brush rather long;

pseudoartis developed, not fused with cranium. Lacinia with 5-Mx slightly

proximad of level of stipital sensoria; 6-Mx basally broadened, coarsely barbed.

Palpostipes 0.5 length of mesostipes or shorter, apically narrowed, free from

mesostipes; apex with ampulla and usually 5 palpal sensoria, S5 sometimes

uncertain. Mentum plate broadly triangular, with 23-30 small teeth. Thorax.

Setae 0-P 13,14-M, 8,13-T short and dendritic; 1-P medium-sized, 2,3-P

short; 5-8-P, 5-10,12-M, 7,9,10-T strong; 13-P absent. Abdomen. Setae

6-I-VI and 7-I strong; 13-II, VI dendritic. Comb scales 6-16 in an irregular

single or double row, individual scales with a single apical spine, laterobasally

fringed with fine spicules. Siphon with acus, index 3.4-4.4; pecten of dark

brown teeth, several apical teeth detached, longer, usually with finer denticles

than basal teeth; seta 1-S beyond pecten, shorter than width of siphon at inser-

tion; 2-S shorter than apical pecten tooth, usually extending beyond apex of

siphon; small accessory siphonal setae usually subdorsally and/or subapically

present. Saddle covering dorsal 0.67-0.75 of the segment; seta 1-X shorter

than saddle; 2-X less than 0.5 length of 3-X; 4-X of 10-14 tufts including 2-5

precratal tufts. Anal gills at least 2.0 length of saddle.

DISTRIBUTION. Holarctic region.

KEYS TO SPECIES OF AEDES (AEDES)

FEMALE ADULT

i. Abdominal terga laterally pale yellow and dorsally brown, without lateral

pale spot and dorsobasal pale spot; yellowish species.

yamadai (p. 432)

Abdominal terga with pale laterobasal patches, and often with pale dorso-

Be bal Gpors! Or Dandsr iat ow eta & et baisonnas see dels: dsiatal . 2

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 427

2(1). Abdominal terga with laterobasal patches not becoming smaller toward

posterior segments, often visible from above on VI, VII; HI-VII often

with complete pale basal bands; forecoxa usually with a pale scale

patch apically on posterolateral surface;* brown to blackish species.

esoensis (p. 427)

Abdominal terga with laterobasal patches becoming smaller toward pos-

terior segments, usually barely visible from above on VI, VII; HI-VII

never with complete pale basal bands; forecoxa usually without a scale

patch apically on posterolateral surface; blackish species.

| sasai (p. 434)

MALE GENITALIA

iz Dististyle apically bifurcate; claspettoid with lateral branch.

sasai (p. 434)

Dististyle not apically bifurcate; claspettoid rarely with lateral branch.

2(1). Basal mesal arm of dististyle thick, not reaching middle of dististyle.

esoensis (p. 4277)

Basal mesal arm of dististyle slender, apically tapering and extending

beyond middle of dististyle; .o.00 wo coc owe aos yamadai (p. 432)

LARVA

Setae 6-T and 4-VIII double or triple. ........ yamadai (p. 432)

Setae 6-T and 4-VIII single. ..........268-. esoensis (p. 427)

sasai (p. 434)

93. AEDES (AEDES) ESOENSIS YAMADA

(Figs. 131, 132, 133, 242; Table 126)

Aedes esoensis Yamada, 1921: 77 (%, 2). Type-locality: Kanayama, Hokkaido,

Japan.

Aedes (Aedes) esoensis: LaCasse and Yamaguti, 1950: 95 (o", 2, L); Chu 1956:

40, Korea.

Aedes (Aedes) asanumai Sasa, Kano and Takahasi, 1950: 637 (0). Type-locality:

Rubeshibe, Hokkaido, Japan; Tanaka, Mizusawa and Saugstad 1975b:

48 (syn. ).

Aedes (Aedes) pseudoesoensis Yamaguti and Tamaboko, 1954: 418 (%, 2, P, L).

Type-locality: Mt. Hakusan, Ishikawa Pref., Japan; Nakagawa, 1956: 51

(syn. ).

Aedes (Aedes) rossicus: Hara, 1958: 23; Tanaka, Mizusawa and Saugstad 1975b:

48 (misidentification of Hara).

*The scale patch was often reduced or lacking in reared undernourished small

specimens.

428 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

FEMALE (Fig. 242). Wing length 2.9-5.0 mm. Head. Interocular space

covered with narrow pale scales. Vertex with an anterior large patch of broad

dark scales divided by a median triangular patch of narrow curved pale scales;

eye margin covered with narrow curved pale scales; erect forked scales dark

over median and posterior areas of vertex, a few on anterior area often pale

brown; tempus covered with broad pale scales, with a broad stripe of broad

dark scales in the pale scaled area, which extends onto posterolateral part of

vertex; 5-7 vertical and 3-6 temporal bristles on each side, most mesal

bristles golden brown, others dark. Clypeus dark brown. Antenna: pedicel

tawny yellow, mesal surface infuscate, with brownish short hairs and rather

small dark scales; flagellum 0.99-1.13 (12) length of proboscis; flagellomere

1 pale except for apex, with dark mesal scales, 1.45-1.75 length of Flm 2.

Palpus dark scaled, 0. 18-0. 24 (12) length of proboscis; segment 3 1. 03-2.10

(12) length of 2; 4 at most 0.07 length of 3. Proboscis dark scaled, 0. 93-1. 00

length of forefemur. Thovax. Pronotal integument rather dark brown, paler

on lower part of posterior lobe; anterior lobe covered with narrow curved yel-

lowish scales, bearing many brownish or dark bristles; posterior lobe with

narrow curved yellowish scales on upper area, lower posterior area with nar-

row curved yellowish and/or rather narrow pale scales, occasionally (more

frequently in Hokkaido population) with rather broad pale scales, dorsoposteri-

or margin with 4-9 pale to dark brown bristles. Scutum with integument usually

brown, occasionally light brown or dark brown, covered with narrow curved

yellowish brown scales, narrow curved pale scales on anterior and supraalar

margins and prescutellar space; scutal bristles dark brown, those on supraalar

area and prescutellar space paler; 2-7 humerals, 1-6 posterior fossals, middle

of fossal area usually lacking bristles, occasionally 1,2. Scutellum with

integument lighter than scutum, covered with scales similar to those on pre-

scutellar space; each lobe bearing 4-10 long, brown or yellowish brown bristles

and several medium or short bristles. Paratergite covered with narrow curved

yellowish scales and/or crescent-shaped pale or rather narrow flat scales.

Pleural integument brown, partly lighter, occasionally dark brown; postspiracu-

lar area with wide variety of scales from narrow curved yellowish to broad

white scales, rather narrow to rather broad pale scales more frequently seen;

patches of broad white scales on propleuron, upper sternopleuron, caudal

middle sternopleuron and upper mesepimeron; pleural bristles light brown,

more than 10 bristles on propleuron, prealar knob, sternopleuron and upper

mesepimeron, 2-9 postspiraculars. Wing. Vein c often with several pale

scales at base. Cell Ro 1, 81-2. 59 (17) length of vein r9,3. Halter knob

rather dark brown, covered with pale scales. Legs. Forecoxa with anterior

surface pale scaled on basal 0.33 and dark scaled otherwise, usually with a

small patch of pale scales apically on posterolateral surface; midcoxa with a

large patch of pale scales on anterolateral surface; hindcoxa apically with a

small patch of pale scales. Femora with narrow pale yellowish apical fringe;

forefemur with a pale streak on basal 0.4 of anterior surface, pale scaled on

posterior surface and posterior half of ventral surface; midfemur pale scaled

on posterior and ventral surfaces; hindfemur pale scaled except on dorsal sur-

face, the narrow dark dorsal area barely reaching base, apically widened,

forming a subapical dark band often incomplete on posterior surface; tibiae,

especially fore- and midtibiae with pale scales on posterior surface; legs

otherwise dark scaled. Foretarsomere 5 slightly shorter to slightly longer than

4; hindtarsomere 1 0.74-0.79 (17) length of tibia. Claws of hindtarsus more

frequently simple, occasionally (22%) with a sharp submedian tooth, often only

one of paired claws toothed. Abdomen. Tergum I dark scaled in middle, with

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 429

scattered pale scales; I-VII with laterobasal patches of white scales, these

neither reaching apical margin on each segment, nor becoming smaller toward

posterior segments, often visible from above on VI and VII; basal bands of pale

scales on II-VII quite variable, in the most developed case the bands are con-

nected with laterobasal patches (the band complete) and slightly mesally broad-

ened, in the least developed case the bands are totally reduced; the band never

complete and most frequently reduced to a median small spot on II, most fre-

quently incomplete on III and IV, most frequently lacking on V-VII; complete

band more frequently present on III and IV than on other segments. Sterna

mainly pale scaled, dark scales present from III or IV, increasing toward

posterior segments and covering medioapical area, often posterior segments

with pale scaled area reduced to a narrow basal band. Segment VIII apparently

sparsely covered with dark scales.

MALE (Figs. 133, 242). Wing length: 2.4-4.3 mm. Vertex mainly

covered with pale or light gray scales, median triangular patch of narrow

curved pale scales narrower, dark stripe of tempus obsolete. Pedicel glabrous,

usually darker than in female; flagellum 0. 88-1.09 (12) length of proboscis;

flagellomere 12 1.00-1.47 (13) length of Flm 13, both together 0.61-0.77 (13)

of Flm 1-11. Palpus 0.12-0.18 (13) length of proboscis; segment 3 1.10-2.27

(14) length of 2. Proboscis 1.02-1.09 (13) length of forefemur. Scales on

anterior pronotal lobe, lower area of posterior pronotal lobe, postspiracular

area usually broader than in female; 1-6 postspiracular bristles; often less than

10 prealars. Cell Ro 1.34-2.16 (18) length of ro9,3. Claws of hindtarsus

usually simple, rarely (5.3%) one of paired claws toothed. Abdominal tergal

basal bands on III-VII usually entire, occasionally (10%) lacking; laterobasal

spots usually indistinct. Genitalia. Sternum IX with 2-6 bristles. Basistyle

2.6-3.4 length of basal sternal width, laterally, sternally and apically bristled,

sternally scaled; apical conical part distad of insertion of dististyle about length

of its base; claspettoid poorly to moderately sclerotized, apically and some-

times laterally bearing 2-4 setae, often basal sclerotized part extending toward

apex of basistyle on mesal membrane, very rarely (1.5%) with a short lateral

branch accompanying 1,2 apical setae. Dististyle inserted at about apical

0. 20-0. 25 of basistyle, lateral arm slightly arcuate, slender in middle, witha

comb of short and blunt teeth laterally at apex; mesal arm nearly 0.5 length of

lateral arm, usually wide and not pointed at apex, bearing 6-10 fine setae.

Aedeagus with 2 strong hook-like incurved apical processes and one small

process or tooth under them on each lateral piece.

LARVA (Figs. 131, 132). Head. Width: 1.01-1.25 mm; moderately pig-

mented, 1.28-1.47 as long as wide; labrum slightly concave; seta 1-C occa-

sionally with a few barbs; 4-C even with or slightly anterior to 5-C and slightly

posterior to 6-C; distance between 5, 6-C about 0.33 distance between 6, 7-C.

Antenna 0. 48-0.62 mm long, 0.60-0.75 (x =0. 67) length of head, moderately

pigmented, usually area basad of seta 1-A pale; spinulation finer in basal

area; 1-A inserted at basal 0.34-0.51 (x =0.41), 6-11 (x = 8.7) branched,

strongly barbed, reaching or not quite reaching apex of shaft. Mandible.

Cutting organ with lateral dorsal tooth most frequently bearing 1 median denti-

cle on mesal margin, occasionally simple or with 2 denticles, rarely apically

bicuspid; mesal dorsal tooth 1.5 length of lateral tooth, usually with a fairly

large submedian denticle, often with 1-5 basal denticles; usually 1-6 small

accessary denticles on mesal surface at base of ventral tooth; pectinate brush

4-8 (most frequently 6) haired. Mandibular hairs (7-9) + (8-12), 16-20 in

total. Maxilla. Seta 1-Mx usually single. Palpostipes with Sj broadest, well

pigmented; 82, 4 subequal, much smaller than 81; Sg longest; S5 narrow, trans-

430 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

parent, difficult to see. Mentum plate with 23-30 (x =27.1) teeth. Thorax.

Setae 2,10-P, 3-M and 5-T usually single; 6-T always single; usually, 7-P

triple and 8-P double. Abdomen. Setae 1-I,II very weak, highly variable in

branching; 10-I, 2,9-II, 2,6-I0N, 2,6,14-IV, 6,9-V, 6,9,10,14-VI, 0, 14-VIII

usually single; 10-III usually double; 4-VII always single. Comb scales 6-14

(x =11.3). Siphon moderately pigmented, with imbricate surface, broadest

near base, apically tapering, with apex 0.54-0.67 of broadest part; length

0.98-1.48 mm; index 3. 44-4. 41; pecten reaching apical 0. 38-0. 60 (x =0. 47)

of siphon, of 10-19 (v =13.9) teeth, apical 1-4 teeth detached, each tooth with

1-3 ventral denticles; seta 1-S located at apical 0. 29-0. 44 (x =0.35) of siphon;

1-7 subdorsal accessory siphonal setae and 0-3 subventral, usually 2-4 of them

subapical. Saddle covering about dorsal 0.67 of segment X; seta 4-X of 6-10

(usually 8,9) cratal and 2-5 (usually 3, 4) precratal tufts (10-14 tufts in total),

the former 4-12 branched and the latter 3-10 branched. Anal gills 2. 2-4.1

length of saddle, ventral gill usually slightly shorter than dorsal gill.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN. 216, 374%; with

associated skins (571, 57 p), 68 L, 61: Hokkaido (Holotype “ of Aedes

asanumat: Rubeshibe, 1947, Sasa and Takahasi, IMSUT. A-0030, A-0032,

A-0037, A-0040, A-0043, A-0192, A-0195, A-0196, A-0197, A-0200, A-0203,

A-0204, A-0205, A-0206, A-0207, A-0208, A-0209, A-0210, A-0212, A-0213,

A-0218, A-0219, A-0220, A-0223, A-0225, A-1670, A-1683, A-1712, A-1792,

A-1794, A-1927, A-1936, A-1938, A-1939). 1940, 1299; with associated skins

(23 1, 23 p), 80L, 41: Honshu (Aedes rossicus of Hara, “-genitalia slide, L:

Tsuta-Onsen, Aomori Pref., VI 1957, Hara, JHCOL. B-0352, B-0353,

B-0354, B-0369, B-0379, B-0381, B-0383, B-0385, C-1190, C-1193, D-1182,

D-1183). KOREA. 40, 59°; with associated skins (9 1, 9 p): Korean Peninsula

(L-1484, L-2093).

DISTRIBUTION. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN (Hokkaido, Honshu). KOREA

(Korean Peninsula). FAR EAST OF USSR. SAKHALIN. NORTH CHINA.

TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION. Synonyms and diagnostic characters were fully

discussed by Tanaka et al. (1975b), with the exception of the laterobasal patches

of the abdominal terga; these patches can be good diagnostic characters as

utilized in the foregoing key. It is most difficult to discriminate the larva of

esoensis from sasai; no definite diagnostic characters were detected. However,

the number of pecten teeth and accessory siphonal setae will be useful to a

limited degree (Tables 32 and 33). In Hokkaido, examples of sasai with 4

accessory siphonal setae appear to occur (Sato and Tomita 1962), thus only

specimens with 5 or more accessory siphonal setae can be identified as

esoensis. Individual and local variations of esoensis were also fully discussed

by Tanaka et al. (1975b). Two tables demonstrating clinal variations used in

their paper are reproduced (Tables 34 and 35).

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 431

TABLE 32. The number of pecten teeth of Aedes (Aedes) spp. (Tanaka et al.

1975b, modified).

Range and percent

Specimens Range and percent of sasai

Species examined Range % distinguishable distinguishable

from sasai from each species

sasat 40 16-24 20.9 ~ ~ ~ -

.esoensis 32 10-19 13.9 10-15 85.3% 20-24 64.5%

yamadai 7 14-15.) 4353 11-15 100.0 16-24 100.0

Localities of the specimens examined: sasai - Honshu (Umegashima and

Kamik6chi); esoensis - Hokkaido and Honshu (Aomori, Oze and Mt. Hakusan);

yamadai - Hokkaido.

TABLE 33. Variation of the number of the accessory siphonal setae of Aedes

(Aedes) sasai and Ae. (Aed.) esoensis (Tanaka et al. 1975b).

Number of accessory siphonal setae

Specimens

Species examined 1 2 SR: FOR: OniG Sige i! Aa «Ea

sasai (Honshu) 45 BER OVO Oise, 2a le. oe me oe ae

esoensis (Hokkaido) 32 - - 3 5% 17% 30% 39% 5% 2%

esoensis (Aomori) 32 - - 16. SOF 1S Oe Ce es

esoensis (Hakusan) 30 Nae 6 0 A © ARRAN ORES RSG ae

TABLE 34. Clinal variations of the extent of the pecten and the position of seta

1-S on the larvae of Aedes (Aedes) esoensis from 3 areas

(Tanaka et al. 1975b).

Specimens Pecten from apex of siphon Seta 1-S from apex of siphon

Area examined Range ie Range ”

Hokkaido 10 0. 45-0. 60 0.51 0.33-0. 44 0.38

Aomori 10 0. 40-0. 50 0.46 0.29-0.39 0.34

Hakusan 10 0. 38-0. 50 0.44 0.29-0.37 0.33

432 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

TABLE 35. Clinal variations of selected characteristics of the larvae of

Aedes (Aedes) esoensis from 3 areas (Tanaka et al. 1975b).

Total number of branches

Specimens No. ofpectenteeth Anal gill of 105 body setae

Area examined Range A Se GMOes Average per larva

Hokkaido 10 10-14* 12. 6* 2.2-3.3 463.8

Aomori 10 11-16 14.1 2.6-3.8 455.6

‘Hakusan 10 13-19 14.9 3.4-4.1 376.0

*11-16; x = 13, after Sato and Tomita 1962.

BIONOMICS. Common in lowland and mountain woods of Hokkaido and

northern Honshu; restricted to higher mountains in central Honshu. Larvae

occur in ground pools, ditches, ponds and other ground waters. The adults

emerge from early spring in pools formed by melted snow, being frequently

associated with Ae. sasai, Ae. (Ochlerotatus) spp. and Culex rubensis. Hattori

(1958) reported that the females of this species attack man, and are as aggres-

sive as species of Ochlerotatus, however, Kamimura (1976b) has claimed that

they apparently do not bite man.

94.. AEDES (AEDES) YAMADAI SASA, KANO AND TAKAHASI

(Figs. 132, 133, 134, 243; Table 127)

Aedes esoensis variety flavus Yamada, 1927: 575, Hokkaido, Japan; Sakhalin

(nomen nudum).

Aedes (Aedes) yamadai Sasa, Kano and Takahasi, 1950: 635 (, ¥). Type-

locality: Shimoyubetsu, Hokkaido, Japan.

FEMALE (Fig. 243). Wing length: 3.2-4.3 mm. Head, Vertex covered

with rather broad dark, somewhat purplish or bluish scales on anterior half,

with pale yellowish brown ones on posterior half, and with pale yellowish brown

or golden narrow scales on posterior 0.67 of median line, eye margin and inter-

ocular space; many erect forked dark brown scales on posterior part; tempus

covered with broad pale yellow scales; 7,8 (1) vertical bristles on each side,

laterally black and medially brown, 4 (1) temporals black. Clypeus pitchy

brown. Antenna: pedicel testaceous, mesal surface infuscate, with several

small bristles and scales; flagellum 1.09 (1) length of proboscis; flagellomere

1 1.40 length of Flm 2, tawny yellow except dark apex, with a few dark scales.

Palpus dark scaled, 0.19 (1) length of proboscis; segment 31.05 of 2. Pro-

boscis dark scaled, 1.07 (1) length of forefemur. Thorax. Integument yellow-

ish brown. Anterior pronotal lobe with narrow curved scales and many dark

bristles; posterior pronotal lobe covered mostly with narrow curved dark

bronze-brown scales, some pale ones on lower part, bearing about 10 dark

bristles along posterior margin. Scutum covered with narrow curved dark

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 433

bronze-brown scales which show a golden reflection, narrow curved pale

yellowish brown scales covering prescutellar area and scutellum; scutal and

scutellar bristles dark and more or less bronzy, lower supraalars golden

brown. Paratergite with narrow curved, pale bronze-yellow scales. Pleura:

propleuron with moderately broad yellowish white scales and many yellow

bristles; postspiracular area with narrow curved, scales pale bronze-yellow

and 4 (1) bristles; sternopleuron with 2 patches of broad creamy white scales

on posterior half and about 20 yellow bristles along posterior margin; mese-

pimeron with a patch of broad snow-white scales on upper part, upper mese-

pimeral bristles numerous, fine, pale yellow. Wing. A few pale scales occa-

sionally at bases of c andr. Cell Ro 1.63-2.23 (3) length of vein rg,3. Legs.

Forecoxa with anterior surface pale scaled on basal 0.33 and dark scaled other-

wise, apically with pale scales on posterolateral surface; mid- and hindcoxae

each with a patch of moderately broad creamy white scales. Ventral surface of

forefemur, posterior and ventral surfaces of midfemur pale; hindfemur pale

except apex and apical 0.67 of dorsal surface; posterior surface of fore- and

midtibiae and of tarsomere 1 pale scaled; legs otherwise dark scaled. Fore-

tarsomere 5 equal to or slightly longer than 4; midtarsomere 59 slightly shorter

than or equal to 4; hindtarsomere 1 0.'70-0.79 (3) length of tibia. Claws uni-

dentate. Abdomen. Tergum I covered with somewhat golden brown scales;

II-VII covered with rather pale golden brown scales, more or less dark with

purplish tinge on dorsal area of II-VI. Sterna covered with somewhat golden

pale yellowish brown scales.

MALE (Figs. 133, 243). Wing length: 3.2-3.8 mm. Vertex uniformly

covered with broad creamy white scales; pedicel dark; flagellomeres 12 and 13

equal in length, both together 0.62 (1) length of Flm 1-11. Palpus 0.13 (1)

length of proboscis; segment 3 1.03 (1) of 2. Proboscis 1.10 (1) length of fore-

femur. Cell Ry 1.62 (1) length of vein ro,3. Hindtarsomere 1 0.71 (1) length

of tibia. Claws of hindtarsus simple or toothed. Genitalia. Sternum IX with

3-9 bristles. Basistyle 2.9-3.5 length of basal sternal width, laterally,

sternally and apically bristled, sternally scaled; apical conical part distad of

insertion of dististyle about 1.5 length of its base (usually more slender than in

esoensis); basal tergomesal lobe usually wider than in esoensis; claspettoid

moderately sclerotized, apically and/or laterally bearing 2-4 setae, variable |

in shape, sometimes laterally with a short setiferous branch, basal sclerotized

part well differentiated from mesal membrane, usually wider than in esoensis

and more or less extending toward apex of basistyle. Dististyle inserted at

apical 0.25 of basistyle, lateral arm with a comb of short blunt teeth laterally

at apex; mesal arm 0.50-0.67 length of main arm, apically tapering, more

slender and longer than that of esoensis, bearing 6-8 setae. Aedeagus with 2

strong hook-like incurved apical processes on each lateral piece.

LARVA (Figs. 132, 134). Head. Width: 1.12 mm; seta 4-C on level of

or somewhat anterior to 5-C. Antenna 0.46-0.50 mm long, infuscate in apical

half; spinulation finer than in esoensis; seta 1-A inserted at basal 0. 38-0. 48

(x =0.44), with 6-10 (x = 7.7) branches, not reaching apex of shaft; 2-A about

0.33 length of shaft. No dissected specimens available for detailed description

of mandible and maxilla. Cutting organ with pectinate brush 7 haired. Mandi-

bular hairs 14-15. Mavxilla with seta 1-Mx single. Palpostipes with Sj stout,

S3 longest, S9 4 subequal in size; 85 uncertain. Mentum plate with 25-28

(x =26.6) teeth. Thorax. Seta 1-P with very few barbs or almost smooth; 3-M

almost always double, 2-P and 6-T most frequently double; usually, 8,14-P

double, 7-P triple, and 4-T 4,5 branched. Abdomen. Setae 9,10-II, 14-III,

12,14-V and 14-VI usually single; 8-III, 10,12-IV, 10,11-V, VI, 11-VII and

434 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

4-VIII usually double. Comb scales 6-12 (x = 10.3). Siphon 1.18-1.34 mm

long, index uncertain (only compressed specimens available); pecten extending

to apical 0.41-0.51 (« =0.46) of siphon, of 11-15 (x =13.3) teeth including 0-3

basal abortive ones, apical 2-5 teeth detached, each tooth as well as detached

one with a main ventral denticle together with 1,2 very small proximal ones;

seta 1-S inserted at apical 0.31-0.38 (¥ =0.35) of siphon; 1 (sometimes 2) sub-

apical and 2 (rarely 1,3) midsubdorsal accessory siphonal setae on each side,

each seta with 5-7 dendritic branches. Saddle apparently covering 0.79 of the

segment; seta 4-X of 9 (occasionally 8) cratal and 3 precratal tufts, each 3-10

branched. Anal gills slightly more than 2.0 length of saddle.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN. 140, 442; with associ-

ated skins (11, 1 p), 2 L, 91: Hokkaido (22: Shimoyubetsu, Hokkaido, 27 VIII

1917, Yamada, IMSUT. A-0038, A-0040, A-0043, A-0187, A-0188, A-0197,

A-1781, A-1783, A-1784, A-2273, A-2274, A-2277). SAKHALIN. 1°

(Kaizuka, 15 VIII 1919, Yamada, IMSUT).

DISTRIBUTION. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN (Hokkaido, Honshu). SAKHALIN.

BIONOMICS. Rare species. Larvae occur in temporary shallow ground

pools in grasslands; associated with Culex rubensis and Ae. vexans nipponit.

This is thought to be one of the lowland species; adult females attack man in

open grasslands (Hattori 1960). Ono (1969) reported yamadi to hibernate as

adults.

95. AEDES (AEDES) SASAI TANAKA, MIZUSAWA AND SAUGSTAD

(Figs. 132, 135, 136, 244; Table 128)

Aedes (Aedes) cinereus: Sasa, 1948: 176; Rubeshibe, Hokkaido, Japan.

Aedes cinereus subspecies: Shogaki, 1950: 3, Akan-kohan, Hokkaido, Japan.

Aedes (Aedes) sasai Tanaka, Mizusawa and Saugstad, 1975b: 41 (, 9, L).

Type-locality: Umegashima Spa, Shizuoka Pref., Japan.

FEMALE (Fig. 244). Wing length 4.3-4.8 mm. Head. Vertex anteriorly

with a pair of large patches of broad dark scales and posteriormedially with a

triangular patch of narrow curved pale yellow scales, apex of this patch extend-

ing onto interocular space; erect dark scales covering posterior 0.67 of vertex;

eye margin heavily covered with rather narrow, pale yellow scales; tempus

covered with broad pale yellow scales, a broad stripe of broad dark scales with-

in the pale scaled area; 5-7 vertical bristles on each side, most mesal bristles

bronze-yellow, others dark; 5,6 temporals on each side. Clypeus blackish

brown. Antenna: pedicel testaceous, mesal surface infuscate, bearing small

scales and hairs; flagellum 1.04-1.10 (5) length of proboscis; flagellomere 1

with rather dark scales, 1.24-1.50 length of Flm 2. Palpus 0.20-0. 24 (5)

length of proboscis, dark scaled; segment 3 1.50-1.79 of 2; 4 papilliform.

Proboscis 1.00-1.10 (5) length of forefemur, dark scaled. Thorax. Anterior

pronotal lobe with integument brown to dark brown, covered with narrow curved

yellowish scales; posterior pronotal lobe integument dark brown above and pale

brown below, covered with narrow curved bronze-yellow scales, those on lower

posterior part almost white and often broader, 5-8 yellowish brown bristles

along posterior margin, upper 1,2 bristles usually dark. Scutum with integu-

ment dark brown, covered with narrow curved bronze-yellow scales, those on

margins somewhat paler; scutal bristles dark bronze-brown. Scutellum covered

with rather narrow curved, pale bronze-yellow scales and bearing many dark

bronze-brown bristles. Paratergite with narrow curved or rather narrow pale

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 435

yellowish scales. Pleural integument mostly dark brown, partly pale; pro-

pleuron covered with broad, pale ochreous scales; postspiracular area with

pale yellowish, narrow curved or rather narrow scales, rarely with rather

broad scales; sternopleuron with 2 patches of broad pale scales; mesepimeron

with a large patch of broad white scales covering upper 0.6; pleural bristles

yellowish brown, more than 10 on propleuron, prealar knob, sternopleuron

and upper mesepimeron, 4-6 postspiraculars. Wing. Cell Ro 1.67-2.19 (9)

length of vein r9,3. Halter with knob pale scaled, often partly dark scaled.

Legs. Forecoxa with anterior surface basally covered with pale ochreous

scales and apically with dark scales; mid- and hindcoxae with a patch of pale

ochreous scales. Femora with a rather indistinct apical pale fringe; forefemur

pale scaled on posterior half of ventral surface; midfemur largely pale scaled

on posterior surface; hindfemur pale scaled on both anterior and posterior sur-

faces, the pale area apically narrowed; legs otherwise dark scaled. Hindtarsal

claw simple, rarely (6%) with a tooth. Abdomen. Terga dark scaled; I some-

times with scattered pale scales near base; II-IV each with a small mediobasal

white spot, the spot occasionally developed to a short band on III and IV, often

reduced on IV; II-VI with progressively smaller laterobasal white patches not

reaching apical margin. Sterna mostly pale scaled, II-VII with progressively

broader dark apical bands.

MALE (Figs. 136, 244). Wing length 3.5-3.6 mm. Pedicel dark; flagellum

0. 99-1.10 (2) times length of proboscis; flagellomere 12 0.81-0.95 (2) length of

Flm 13, both together 0.76-0.79 of Flm 1-11. Palpus 0.19-0.21 (2) length of

proboscis; segment 3 2.00 of 2. Proboscis 1. 03-1.05 (2) length of forefemur.

Scales of lower anterior pronotal lobe, lower posterior pronotal lobe, para-

tergite and postspiracular area in general slightly broader than in female; 2-4

postspiracular bristles. Cell Ro 1.85-1.91 (2) length of vein r 43° Hindtarso-

mere 1 0.66-0.76 (4) length of tibia. Claws of hindtarsus simple. White spot

of abdominal terga I-IV usually a little more developed than in female. Geni-

talia. Sternum IX with 3-6 bristles. Basistyle 2.9-3.5 length of basal sternal

width, bristled except at base and on mesal half of tergal surface proximad of

insertion of dististyle, laterally and sternally scaled; apical conical part distad

of insertion of dististyle 0.25 length of basistyle (the shape similar to that in

esoensis, wider than in yamadai); claspettoid moderately sclerotized, bifurcate,

lateral branch narrow and bearing 2-8 apical setae, mesal branch wide and

bearing 4-6 apical and lateral setae. Dististyle inserted at apical 0.25 of

basistyle, 0.5 length of basistyle; lateral arm slightly broadened toward apical

0.33, then abruptly narrowed and bifurcate, the mesal branch slightly apically

broadened, rounded at apex, which is surrounded by a comb of densely arranged

short blunt teeth, those on lateral side of the branch (inner side of furcation)

much wider, the lateral branch more slender, apically narrowed, with closely

set blunt teeth at apex and on mesal margin; basal mesal arm reaching about

middle of main arm, apically tapering (the shape similar to that of yamadai),

bearing a number of small setae. Aedeagus with 2 strong hook-like incurved

apical processes on each lateral piece.

LARVA (Figs. 132, 135). Head. Width 1.02-1.27 mm; moderately pig-

mented, 1.31-1.49 as wide as long; labrum slightly concave at middle of apical

margin; seta 1-C sometimes weakly barbed, rarely bifurcate at apex; 4, 5-C on

about same level. Antenna 0.43-0.60 mm long, 0.60-0.67 length of head,

infuscate except basal 0.2-0.4, rather finely and sparsely spinulate; seta 1-A

inserted at basal 0. 36-0. 48 (x =0.43), with 6-12 (x =9.1) strongly barbed

branches, often with secondary branches, not quite reaching apex of shaft; 2-A

0. 25-0. 33 length of shaft. Mandible. Cutting organ with lateral dorsal tooth

436 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

bearing a median denticle, mesal dorsal tooth with a subbasal denticle; a row

of several accessory denticles between bases of mesal dorsal tooth and ventral

tooth; pectinate brush 6 haired. Mandibular hairs 17-19. Mavxilla with seta

1-Mx single. Palpostipes with 5 palpal sensoria, S, stout, S59 4 subequal in

size, Sg longest, Ss shortest. Mentum plate with 24-28 (x = 25.8) teeth.

Thorax. Usually, seta 1-P single, 9-P double and 9-T triple; 6-T always

single. Abdomen. Seta T-I almost always single, length of 6-I, but in one

specimen 4 branched and about 0.67 length of 6-I; 7-II of medium size, strongly

barbed; 6-I, II usually triple; 10-I, 8,10,11,14-II, 2,6,10,14-IV, 2,8,12,14-V

usually single; 9-I, 8,12-II, 12-IV, 3,5-V, 10,12-VII usually double. Comb

scales 12-16 (x =13.3). Siphon widest near base, apically tapering, apex

0. 54-0. 62 of widest part; length 1.13-1.57 mm; index 3. 43-4. 43; pecten reach-

ing apical 0.42-0.53 (x = 0.47) of siphon, of 16-24 (x =20.7) teeth including

1-4 basal abortive ones, apical 2-4 teeth detached, basal teeth usually more

closely spaced than in esoensis, each tooth with 2-4 ventral denticles, detached

teeth larger with finer denticles; seta 1-S located at apical 0. 29-0. 37 (x =0. 33)

of siphon, most frequently 4, 5 branched; 2 subapical (1 subdorsal and 1 sub-

ventral, rarely one of them lacking) and 0 (42%) or 1 (58%) midsubdorsal acces-

sory siphonal seta on each side, each seta dendritic, 3-7 branched. Saddle

extending to ventral 0.33 of the segment; seta 4-X of 8-10 cratal and 2-4 pre-

cratal tufts (usually 12 in total, occasionally 11), the former with 3-10 branches,

latter with 3-8. Anal gills about 3.0 length of saddle, dorsal gill usually some-

what longer than ventral one.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN. 50, 6%: Hokkaido

(A-1683, A-1684). 350", 40°; with associated skins (111, 11 p), 37 L, 341:

Honshu (Holotype “: D-1156; Paratypes 100, 11°; with associated skins

(11, 1p), 4L, 21: D-1156. 240", 299; with associated skins (101, 10 p),

33 L, 321: D-1156, D-1158, D-1540, D-1541, D-1542, D-1543).

DISTRIBUTION. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN (Hokkaido, Honshu).

TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION. The relationship between Aedes sasai and the

other members of the subgenus Aedes were fully discussed by Tanaka et al.

(1975b). We examined specimens of sasai from Japan only. However, this

species is also likely to occur in continental Asia, since the figures of the

dististyle and claspettoid given by Ljvov (1956, Fig. 2-3) as intermediate forms

between cinereus and esoensis agree fairly well with those of sasai.

BIONOMICS. Larvae are usually found in shaded ground pools in the woods.

One of our larval collections of this species at the type-locality, Umegashima,

contained a single larva of Ae. (Finlaya) japonicus; the other 5 collections (one

at Umegashima, 4 at Kamikdéchi) contain Ae. sasai exclusively. Sato (1959),

Sato and Tomita (1962), and Sato and Tatewaki (1967) presented biological data

from Hokkaido, reporting that the larvae were found in ground pools formed by

melted snow, and often were associated with Ae. (Aedes) esoensis, Ae, (Och-

lerotatus) communis and Ae. (Ochlerotatus) punctor. They felt that the species

was univoltine.

SUBGENUS VERRALLINA THEOBALD

Verrallina Theobald, 1903: 295. Type-species: Aedes buileri Theobald,

1901e; Malaya; Belkin 1962: 412 (resurrection); Reinert 1974: 3 (new

interpretation).

Neomacleaya Theobald, 1907: 238. Type-species: Neomacleaya indica

Theobald, 1907; India; Delfinado 1967: 2 (resurrection); Reinert 1974: 3

(syn. ).

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 437

Small to medium-sized mosquitoes, scutum without distinct patches, tarsi

unbanded; both male and female with genitalia unusually well developed, abdo-

men usually apically broad.

FEMALE. dead. Eyes separated or contiguous. Decumbent scales of

vertex mostly broad, sometimes with narrow scales on median line and eye

margin; erect forked scales restricted to near posterior margin of vertex;

4-8 vertical and 3,4 temporal bristles. Antennal flagellum shorter to longer

than proboscis; pedicel with small hairs and scales on mesal surface; flagello-

mere 1 1.5-2.2 length of Flm 2, with a few small dark scales. Palpus less

than 0.25 length of proboscis. Proboscis dark scaled, shorter to longer than

forefemur. Thorax, Anterior pronotal lobes broadly separated, scaled or

unscaled, with many bristles; posterior pronotal lobe scaled or unscaled, with

about 10 or less bristles along posterior margin. Scutum covered with narrow

scales; all scutal bristles present, dark, sometimes middle of fossal area

lacking bristles. Scutellum with narrow scales. Paratergite usually not scaled.

Pleura with scale patches on propleuron, upper sternopleuron, lower-caudal

sternopleuron and upper mesepimeron; post spiracular area with or without

scale patches; usually many bristles on propleuron, prealar knob, upper to

posterior margin of sternopleuron and upper mesepimeron, about 10 or less

postspiraculars, no lower mesepimerals; occasionally, sternopleuron with fine

bristles anteriorly and mesepimeron with many bristles along posterior margin.

Base of mesomeron well above that of hindcoxa. Wing. Alula fringed with nar-

row to broad scales. Veins dark scaled. Remigial bristles 1-3. Legs. Tarsi

unbanded. Foretarsomere 5 subequal to 4; hindtarsomere 1 shorter than tibia.

Claws equal, simple or toothed. Abdomen. Laterotergite scaled. Terga all

dark, or banded or spotted. Sternum VIII with a median indentation on apical

margin, often with a lobe on each side of it, with fine and/or stout setae on the

lobe. Genitalia. Strongly developed, complex, providing good specific char-

acteristics. Insula small or absent. Both upper and lower vaginal sclerites

variable in shape and development. Spermathecal eminence simple to complex,

with or without spiny excrescences. Cercus triangular. Seminal capsules 3,

unequal.

MALE. Antennal flagellomeres 12 and 13 elongate, Flm 12 shorter than 13,

both together shorter than Flm 1-11. Palpus as in female, but usually slightly

shorter relative to proboscis than in female. Cell Ro shorter than in female,

occasionally as long as vein ro 43° Fore- and midtarsomere 4 not shortened,

5 subequal to 4 in length, usually with one stout seta on each side of ventrobasal

swelling, other setae short and fine. Claws simple or toothed. Genitalia.

Strongly developed. Tergum IX with or without lobes, lacking bristles. Sternum

IX bristled. Basistyle short and broad, ventrally and often also laterally

scaled, usually with lateroapical and/or mesoapical processes bearing spines

or spine-like setae. Claspette (basal mesal lobe) variable in development,

occasionally absent, often with strong spines. Dististyle short to moderately

long, greatly variable in shape, often located before apex of basistyle, usually

with distinct bristles, without apical claw. Paraproct variably developed,

usually free from each other; tergite X usually small; cercal setae absent.

Phallosome complex, composed of opisthophallus, prosophallus, phallus and

paramere, each greatly variable in development and shape; opisthophallus a

single median tergalmost structure, basally divergent and fused with basal

plate, occasionally almost membranous and poorly developed; prosophallus,

a paired structure, located under opisthophallus, laterotergal to phallus, con-

nected laterobasally with paramere; phallus a median structure, more or less

438 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

divided into lateral pieces, with base connected with prosophallus; paramere

laterad of or laterotergal to prosophallus. Basal plate variable in shape,

usually large.

LARVA. Head. Wider than long; seta 1-C rather slender; 4, 6-C on about

level of 7-C or posteriad of it, 5-C caudad of 4,6-C. Antenna shorter than

head, sparsely spinulate; seta 1-A inserted at about middle or basad of it,

branched, usually barbed; 2-A with a slight kink at apical 0.2; 5-A longer than

6-A, with an accessory sensorium on its proximal division. Mandible with

microspines proximally on dorsolateral surface. Mandibular comb with teeth

basally pectinate. Cutting organ with a long stout dorsal spine; 2 dorsal teeth,

lateral tooth smaller; ventral tooth with a slender lateral denticle (VT-4) and 3

triangular mesal denticles (VT1_3), VT 1-3 progressively larger; 2 ventral

blades, VB, reaching apex of VTo or extending beyond it, VB9 much smaller;

pectinate brush of a few broad hairs. Piliferous process with labula extending

only slightly beyond apex of anterior part. Mandibular hairs of distal group

simple or very finely barbed, hairs of proximal group apically frayed. Mavxilla.

Cardo triangular, narrowly fused mesobasally with cranium, a strongly sclero-

tized strip-like ridge extending from anterior termination of hypostomal suture

through the point of fusion to anterior margin of cardo; seta 1-Mx single or

double. Mesostipes slightly longer than wide, peach-shaped; mesal margin

with brush-like spicules, but without strong spine-like or xiphoid spicules;

stipital sensoria equal or subequal, on a sclerotized half ring at middle of

mesostipes; hairs of maxillary brush rather stiff; pseudoartis well developed,

apex sometimes fused with cranium. Lacinia with seta 5-Mx on about level of

stipital sensoria or a little proximad of it. Palpostipes about 0.5 length of

mesostipes, apex rather broad, with ampulla and 4 palpal sensoria. Mentum

plate triangular, with 17-45 small teeth. Thorax. Seta 0-P, 13,14-M, 8,13-T

small, dendritic; 1-3-P short; 5-7-P, 5-10,12-M, 7,9,10-T strong; 8-P medi-

um to strong; 13-P absent. Abdomen. Setae 6-I-III or occasionally up to 6-VI,

and 7-I strong; 13-II, VI dendritic. Comb scales 7-17 in an irregular row,

individual scales with an apical spine and lateral spicules, the apical spine dis-

tinctly stronger than to subequal to subapical spicules. Siphon usually moder-

ately long, moderately pigmented, with acus; pecten extending to basal 0. 47-

0.75, of 6-17 teeth, apical tooth (teeth) often more widely spaced, each tooth

with 1-3 small ventral denticles, apical detached teeth occasionally simple;

seta 1-S shorter than siphon diameter at insertion, branched, very rarely

single; 2-S very short, much shorter than apical pecten tooth. Saddle incom-

plete; seta 2-X moderately long, usually branched; 3-X single, very long.

DISTRIBUTION. Southern Palaearctic Japan. Oriental region. Papuan

subregion. Northern Australia. Western South Pacific.

This subgenus was fully discussed by Reinert (1974).

KEY TO SPECIES OF AEDES (VERRA LLINA)

FEMALE ADULT

1. Eye margin without pale scales; vertex with a posteromedian spot of

broad pale Seales os eS iviomotensis (p. 442)

Pye Marcin With Dale SCALES. 2. se ee ie ete eo Soe ee ee es ee Se

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 439

2(1). Pale scales of eye margin narrow; vertex with a median line of narrow

curved pale seales.. 2. peya 0 aos a atriisimilis (p. 443 )

Pale scales of eye margin broad; vertex with or without a pair of sub-

median stripes of broad pale scales, without median line of scales.

nobukonis (p. 439)

FEMALE GENITALIA

oS Spermathecal eminence with an anteriorly produced trilobed pouch.

nobukonis| (p. 439)

Spermathecal eminence without anteriorly produced pouch. ...... 2

2(1). Spermathecal eminence with a strongly sclerotized, apically incomplete

ring-like structure; lower vaginal sclerite large, bilobed, basally

joinedas, ..Gih ie Beer telvolen Garis soe atriisimilis (p. 443)

Spermathecal eminence without a strongly sclerotized ring-like structure;

lower vaginal sclerite a pair of small, crescent-shaped, widely separ-

ated plates 2 ta. es OO. 2 eee Oe iviomotensis (p. 442)

MALE GENITALIA*

i@ Opisthophallus very weakly developed, short, thin and transparent;

prosophallus short, about length of phallus; basistyle with lateroapical

corner strongly produced distally, bearing 2 strong spines.

atriisimilis (p. 443)

Opisthophallus strongly sclerotized, very long and pointed; prosophallus

length of opisthophallus and more than 3.0 length of phallus; basistyle

with lateroapical angle not produced, without spines.

nobukonis (p. 439)

LARVA*

15 Setae 5-7-C slender, 5-8, 5-7 and 11-16 branched respectively; pecten

reaching apical 0.25-0.28 of siphon, with apical 4, 5 teeth detached.

atriisimilis (p. 443)

Setae 5-7-C rather stiff, 5,6-C consistently double, 7-C 4-7 branched;

pecten reaching apical 0. 46-0. 53 of siphon, all teeth usually evenly

spaced, occasionally one apical tooth detached. . nobukonis (p. 439)

96, AEDES (VERRALLINA) NOBUKONIS YAMADA

(Figs. 136, 137, 138, 245; Table 129)

Aedes nobukonis Yamada, 1932: 228 (2). Type-locality: Omura, Kyushu, Japan.

Aedes (Aedes) ishigakiensis Bohart, 1956: 32 (%, 2, P, L). Type-locality:

Mt. Banna, Ishigaki Is., Ryukyu Archipelago; Reinert 1974: 69 (syn.).

*Male and larva of iviomotensis unknown.

440 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

FEMALE (Figs. 137, 245). Wing length 2.8-3.2 mm. Head. Eyes

separated above; interocular space covered with broad pale scales; vertex

covered with broad dark scales, and usually with a pair of submedian irregular,

occasionally incomplete or lacking stripes of pale scales; eye margin with broad

pale scales; a number of erect forked scales brown; tempus with a wide stripe

of broad pale scales, otherwise covered with broad dark scales; 4-6 stout ver-

tical and 2 or more fine dark temporal bristles on each side. Clypeus yellow-

ish brown. Antenna: pedicel yellowish brown, mesal surface slightly infuscate;

flagellum longer than proboscis; flagellomere 1 about 2.0 length of Flm 2.

Palpus 0.17-0.25 length of proboscis. Proboscis shorter than forefemur.

Thorax. Pronotal integument brown or light brown; anterior lobe covered with

broad pale scales, bristles dark or pale brown; posterior lobe with a few

broad pale scales, bearing 3-5 dark or pale brown bristles. Scutum with integu-

ment brown, covered with narrow curved brown scales with a golden or bronzy

sheen, scales on margins appear somewhat pale. Scutellum with integument

brown, covered with narrow curved yellowish brown scales, scales on lateral

lobes appearing slightly darker than those on median lobe; each lobe with 3-6

long dark bristles and a few short ones. Pleural integument light brown to

brown; patches of broad white scales on propleuron, upper sternopleuron,

midposterior sternopleuron and mesepimeron; lower 0.33 of mesepimeron

bare; several broad white scales on postspiracular area; prealar bristles rather

dark brown, other pleural bristles brown to pale brown, more than 10 propleur-

als and sternopleurals, 2-4 postspiraculars, less than 10 prealars, 7 to more

than 10 upper mesepimerals. Wing. Alula fringed with rather narrow dark

scales. Cell Rg 1.25-1.60 length of vein ro9,9. Halter with dark scaled knob.

Legs. Forecoxa covered with scales on anterior surface, basally and apically

pale, medially dark; mid- and hindcoxae each with a patch of white scales.

Femora with rather: indistinct pale apical fringe; forefemur pale scaled on pos-

terior half of ventral surface; midfemur largely pale on posterior surface; hind-

femur pale scaled on both anterior and posterior surfaces, these pale-scaled

areas apically narrowed and not reaching apex; legs otherwise dark scaled.

Hindtarsomere 1 0.7-0.8 length of tibia. All claws subbasally unidentate.

Abdomen. Terga dark scaled; laterotergite covered with white scales; I-VII

with distinct laterobasal spots of white scales barely visible from above.

Sterna pale basally scaled and apically dark scaled; VIII with a pair of medio-

apical rounded lobes bearing many thick pigmented setae. Genitalia, Tergum

IX very weakly sclerotized, concave on apical margin. Upper vaginal lip

posteriorly unsclerotized, with a well sclerotized, incompletely bilobed,

rounded anteromedian horizontal shield; lower vaginal lip widely concave on

apical margin; insula undifferentiated. Upper vaginal sclerite a pair of lateral

plates, their mesal margins well sclerotized; lower vaginal sclerite fused with

lower vaginal lip. Spermathecal eminence bulbous, with a well sclerotized

semilunar anterior portion, and trilobed anterior pouch, the median lobe of the

pouch larger than lateral lobes, the dorsal surface of the pouch with many

short hairs, the ventral surface bearing numerous branched spiny hairs.

Postgenital plate shallowly to moderately medioapically emarginate.

MALE (Figs. 136, 245). Wing length 2.2 mm. Palpus 0.17 length of

proboscis. Cell Ro length of or longer than r9i9. Hindtarsomere 1 0. 75-0. 80

length of tibia. Anterior claw of fore- and midtarsi with a blunt-tipped median

tooth; posterior claw with a sharp subbasal tooth; hindtarsal claws with a sharp

median tooth. Genitalia. (Described from a paratype slide of ishigakiensis. )

Tergum IX laterally sclerotized, with large triangular lateroapical lobes.

Sternum IX rounded, with 8 medium-sized bristles at middle on apical half.

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 441

Basistyle 1.84 as long as wide, laterally scaled, bearing medium and long

bristles on rather narrowly sclerotized lateromedian part of tergal surface,

with scattered short and medium bristles on sternal surface, without basal

lobe or claspette; apical part distad of insertion of dististyle rather narrow,

membranous on tergal surface, rounded at apex, with a small tergomesal

apical process bearing one stout short curved pigmented spine and a few short

setae; interbasal fold about level of apical 0.33 of basistyle. Dististyle inserted

at about apical 0.3, slightly less than 0.5 length of basistyle, markedly laterally

expanded at about middle, with several hairs on both tergal and sternal surfaces

at apex of the expansion, with a slight knob and several hairs at apical 0.33 on

tergal surface, then narrowed and strongly tergolaterally curved, apex re-

curved and apparently pigmented. Paraproct long, horn-shaped, laterally

curved, with apex pointed. Opisthophallus well sclerotized, median part long,

lanceolate, with apex subacute; prosophallus well sclerotized, narrow, pointed

at apex, reaching about same level as apices of paraproct and opisthophallus,

longer than paraproct; phallus nearly 0.33 length of prosophallus, composed of

3 parts; tergal part crescent-shaped, placed above prosophallus, base of tergal

part connected with base of middle part placed under prosophallus, the middle

part cylindrical, tergally closed, deeply apically emarginate, sternally open;

sternal part bilobed with mesal margins thickened, with narrow laterobasal

arms connected with base of prosophallus; paramere large, nearly 0.8 length

of prosophallus, with a laterosubbasal expansion; basal plate very long.

LARVA (Fig. 138). Head. Width 0.78-0.87 mm*; lightly pigmented, 1.38-

1.43 (5) as wide as long*; labrum concave on apical margin, seta 1-C curved

mesad, shorter than distance between bases; 4, 6, 7-C approximately on the

same level, or 4-C slightly anterior to 6-C and 6-C slightly anterior to 7-C;

5-C well caudad of 7-C, almost tandem with or slightly mesad of 6-C; 5-7-C

rather stiff and pigmented; 9-C usually 5 branched; 11-C very fine. Antenna

0.25-0. 28 mm long, pale, slightly incurved; seta 1-A inserted at basal 0. 44-

0.48 of shaft, with 2,3 rather stiff, pigmented branches, not reaching apex of

shaft; proximal division of 5-A with an accessory sensorium. Mandible

(described from mounted skins) with a number of stout dorsolateral micro-

spines. Cutting organ with both dorsal teeth simple; VB; reaching apex of VTo.

Mandibular hairs 14 in 2 equal groups. Mavxilla (described from mounted

skins) with seta 1-Mx single. Mesostipes with pseudoartis strongly fused with

cranium at apex. Palpostipes with S; apparently largest among palpal sen-

soria, with a fairly large basal ring. Mentum plate with 31-35 small teeth.

Thorax. Usually, seta 12-P single and 3-M triple; 10-T usually single,

double in one specimen on one side. Abdomen. Setae 1-I,II pale and very fine;

7-IV fine; 1-I and 5-IV, V usually single; 11-II, I, 7,9, 11-VII usually double;

12-II, VII and 4-III usually triple; 1-VI usually 4 branched. Comb scales 9-12,

most frequently 10, in a single row; individual scales fringed with spicules up

to apex, the spicules progressively larger towards apex, apical spicule usually

2.0 length of subapical spicules. Siphon dark brown dorsally at basal margin,

apically tapering; length 0.56-0.64 mm; surface covered with distinct micro-

sculpture of short transverse ridges; pecten reaching apical 0.46-0.53 of siph-

on, of 11-14 teeth, occasionally with basal tooth abortive and apical tooth de-

tached, each tooth with 1-3 ventrobasal denticles; seta 1-S beyond pecten at

apical 0.32-0.38; 2-S much shorter than apical pecten tooth. Saddle covering

0.8 of segment X, seta 1-X shorter than saddle, usually double; 2-X less than

*The specimens examined may be somewhat compressed.

442 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

0.5 length of 3-X; 4-X of 10, occasionally 11, cratal and 1-3 short precratal

tufts (12-13 tufts in total), cratal tufts 4-8 and precratal tufts 3-5 branched.

Anal gills apically tapering, with apex pointed, 2.4-2.8 length of saddle.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN. 3c, 112: Kyushu

(Syntypes 1°, 42: Omura, Nagasaki Pref., 21 VII 1916, Yamada, IMSUT.

20°, 72: Omura, Nagasaki Pref., 6 VII 1952, Sasa, IMSUT). RYUKYU ARCHI-

PELAGO. 1c, 4%, 6L, 61: Yaeyama Guntd (Paratypes of Aedes ishigakiensis:

Mt. Banna, IshigakilIs., 27 K 1951, foxhole in pine woods, Bohart, USNM).

DISTRIBUTION. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN (?0Oki Gunto, Kyushu). RYUKYU ©

ARCHIPELAGO (Yaeyama Gunto).

BIONOMICS. One of the rarer species in this region. Larvae were found

in temporary ground pools in woods at Omura, Kyushu (Bekku 1954); Bohart

(1956) obtained them from a foxhole in pine woods on Ishigaki Is., Ryukyus.

Adult females bite man, being active both during daytime and at night (Bekku

1954).

97. AEDES (VERRALLINA) IRIOMOTENSIS TANAKA AND MIZUSAWA

(Figs. 139, 246)

Aedes (Neomacleaya) iriomotensis Tanaka and Mizusawa, 1973: 633 (2). Type-

locality: Funaura, Iriomote Is., Ryukyu Archipelago.

FEMALE (Figs. 139, 246). Wing length 2.6-3.3 mm. Head. Eyes very

narrowly separated above; interocular space without scales; vertex mostly

covered with broad dark scales, with broad pale scales along posterior margin,

a small patch of pale scales posteriorly at middle; a number of yellowish erect

forked scales; tempus with a stripe of broad pale scales above, covered with

broad dark scales below; 5-7 vertical and 3 temporal dark bristles on each side.

Clypeus dark brown. Antenna: pedicel dark brown; flagellum 0. 93-1. 03 (4)

length of proboscis; flagellomere 1 1.46-1.60 length of Flm 2. Palpus 0.19-

0.19 (4) length of proboscis; segment 3 1.41-2.20 (4) of 2. Proboscis 1. 06-

1.28 (3) length of forefemur. Thorax. Pronotal integument dark brown; an-

terior lobe not scaled; posterior lobe with scattered narrow curved dark scales,

bearing 5-7 dark bristles. Scutum with integument blackish brown, entirely

covered with narrow curved dark scales; scutal bristles dark. Scutellum with

integument dark brown, with scales similar to those of scutum, but median lobe

with a small medioapical patch of pale scales, each lobe with several long dark

bristles and several small ones. Paratergite not scaled. Pleural integument

dark brown, rather lighter on mesomeron; patches of broad white scales on

propleuron, upper and lowercaudal sternopleuron, and middle mesepimeron;

pleural bristles dark, about 10 or more bristles on propleuron, upper to

posterior margin of sternopleuron, prealar knob and upper mesepimeron, a few

rather dark or a number of fine pale posteromedian mesepimerals, 3-7 post-

spiraculars. Wing. Alula fringed with dark narrow scales. Cell Ro 1.94-

2.60 (5) length of vein r9,3, longer than M;,5. Halter with dark scaled knob.

Legs. Forecoxa scaled on anterior surface, pale at base and dark otherwise;

mid- and hindcoxae each with a patch of anterolateral pale scales. Forefemur

pale on posteroventral surface; midfemur pale on posterior surface; hindfemur

pale on both anterior and posterior sides, these pale-scaled areas apically nar-

rowed; legs otherwise dark scaled. Foretarsomere 5 length of or slightly longer

than 4, hindtarsomere 1 0.73-0.76 (4) length of tibia. Fore- and midtarsal

claws with a submedian sharp tooth; hindtarsal claw simple. Abdomen. Dark

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 443

scaled. Laterotergite covered with white scales; terga II-VII with laterobasal

spots of white scales, the spots usually extending slightly posteromesad.

Sterna with small laterobasal spots of pale scales; VIII rather widely and deeply

emarginate and heavily bristled medially on apical margin. Genitalia. Upper

vaginal lip somewhat square, slightly convex posteriorly at middle; lower vag-

inal lip of about even width. Upper vaginal sclerite somewhat complex, weakly

. sclerotized; lower vaginal sclerite consisting of a pair of small, poorly sclero-

tized, crescent-shaped, widely separated plates. Spermathecal eminence

apically bulbous, greatly expanded anterolaterally into a pair of plates, lateral

angle of the plate often protrudent, forming a short knob; lateral margin with

many spiny excrescences, many of these branched. Postgenital plate short,

medioapically very slightly to deeply notched. Seminal capsules with a slightly

swollen neck.

Male and immature stages unknown.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO. 1049: Yaeyama

Gunto (Holotype 2: K-0906. Paratypes 1012: K-0906, K-0913, K-0919,

K-1021, K-1102. 29: K-1587).

DISTRIBUTION. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO (Yaeyama Gunt6).

BIONOMICS. The adult females are found in jungles and frequently bite

man, appearing to fly more slowly than is usual for anthropophilic species.

98. AEDES (VERRALLINA) ATRIISIMILIS TANAKA AND MIZUSAWA

(Figs. 140, 141, 247: Table 130)

Aedes (Neomacleaya) atriisimilis Tanaka and Mizusawa, 1973: 625 (o, ?, L).

Type-locality: Itokawa-rindo, Iriomote Is., Ryukyu Archipelago.

FEMALE (Figs. 140, 247). Wing length 3.4-4.4 mm. Eyes narrowly

separated above; interocular space with narrow curved pale scales; vertex

covered with broad dark scales, a narrow median line formed by narrow

curved white scales barely reaching apex, eye margin with narrow curved

white scales, erect forked scales dark; tempus with a patch of broad white

scales; 5-8 vertical and 2-4 temporal dark bristles on each side. Clypeus

dark brown. Antennal flagellum 1.0 (1) length of proboscis; flagellomere 1

1.68 length of Flm 2. Palpus 0.20 (1) length of proboscis; segment 3 2.25-

2.30 of 2. Proboscis 0.96 (1) length of forefemur. Thorax. Anterior pronotal

lobe with moderately broad pale scales; posterior pronotal lobe with narrow

golden anterodorsal scales and broad pale posterior scales, bearing 5-10

bristles. Scutum with integument reddish brown, covered with narrow dark

and golden brown curved scales not forming definite stripes or patterns, scales

of prescutellar area mostly golden brown; middle of fossal area usually lack-

ing bristles. Scutellum rather roughly covered with narrow curved, golden

yellowish brown scales; each lobe with 4-9 long dark bristles and several

small ones. Paratergite unscaled. Pleural integument brown, partly darker;

patches of broad pale scales on propleuron, upper sternopleuron, and upper

mesepimeron; postspiracular area sometimes with a few pale moderately

broad scales; more than 10 yellow propleural bristles, 4-9 postspiraculars,

about 10 or more sternopleurals along upper to posterior margin, some fine

bristles within the lower caudal scale patch and a few very fine bristles on

cephalic middle part; more than 10 pale upper mesepimerals and 5 to more than

10 fine caudal middle mesepimerals. Wing. Alula fringed with moderately

broad dark scales. Cell Ro 1.44-1.82 (5) length of vein rg,3. Halter with

Aad. Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

pale and/or dark scaled knob. Legs. Forecoxa scaled on anterior surface,

basally pale and dark otherwise; mid- and hindcoxae each with a patch of

broad white scales. Femora posteroventrally pale; legs otherwise dark

scaled. Foretarsomere 5 equal to or slightly shorter than 4; hindtarsomere 1

0.77-0. 87 (5) length of tibia. Fore- and midtarsal claws unidentate, hindtarsal

claw simple. Abdomen. Terga dark scaled; laterotergite heavily covered with

white scales; each tergum with laterobasal patches of white scales, the patches

on VI and VII extending dorsosubbasally but not forming a complete band.

Sterna II-VII dark scaled, with broad basal bands of white scales; VIII notched

and densely bristled at middle of apical margin. Genitalia. Upper vaginal

lip moderately sclerotized, very convex posteriorly; lower vaginal lip narrow;

insula poorly differentiated. Upper vaginal sclerite a pair of anterolateral

plates; lower vaginal sclerite very wide, bilobed, each lobe rounded, pilose.

Spermathecal eminence complex, with a strongly sclerotized, basally

pedunculate, apically incomplete, semicordate, ring-like dorsal structure;

the ventral structure with numerous lateral and basal dendritic excresences,

edge of the median orifice formed by a pair of strongly sclerotized bars.

Postgenital plate bilobed.

MALE (Figs. 140, 247). Wing length 2.6-3.3 mm. Broad pale scales

along eye margin and scattered on posterior part of vertex, pale patch of

tempus generally more developed than in female. Antennal flagellum 0.90 (1)

length of proboscis; flagellomere 12 0. 80-0. 86 (1) length of Flm 13, both

together 0. 68-0.75 of Flm 1-11. Palpus 0.14-0.15 (1) length of proboscis;

segment 3 1.21-1.25 of 2. Proboscis 1.08 (1) length of forefemur. Cell Ro

1.36-1.53 (3) length of vein r9,3. Foretarsomere 5 0.97-1.05 (3) length of 4;

midtarsomere 5 0. 96-0. 99 (36 Leneth of 4; hindtarsomere 1 0. 81-0. 85 (3) length

of tibia. Anterior claw of fore- and midtarsi longer than posterior claw, with a

blunt-tipped median tooth, posterior claw with a short sharp laterobasal tooth;

hindtarsal claw equal and simple. Genitalia. Tergum IX band-shaped, without

lobes, longitudinally carinate at middle of internal surface, emarginate at

middle of sclerotized apical margin. Sternum IX oblong, about 2.0 as wide as

long, with 16-25 medioapical bristles. Basistyle very stout, 1.7-1.9 as long

as maximum width at middle excluding a wide and stout well sclerotized meso-

apical process, with many short and moderately long sternal bristles, the pos-

terior apical angle of the process protrudent and unidentiform, the anterior

apical angle bearing 1,2 short spines; lateroapical angle of basistyle protrudent

as a long and narrow slightly mesally arcuate process, sternally covered with

more than 10 long and stout bristles and bearing 2 long stout pigmented spines,

the spines equal in length, nearly 0.5 length of basistyle; tergal surface of basi-

style with a few long and several short bristles basad of insertion of dististyle,

sternomesal surface with scattered short bristles, laterosternal surface white

scaled on basal 0.33; claspette not protrudent, hirsute, with 3 curved pigmented

spines, a few unpigmented setae present sternobasad of them, sometimes are

(rarely 2) of them developed to a stout pigmented seta, but always distinctly

smaller and paler than the 3 spines. Dististyle inserted at about middle of

basistyle, 0.6 length of it, stout, laterally curved near middle, moderately

pigmented in apical half, with a protuberance at curved portion on concave side

and several tergal and sternal bristles. Paraproct remarkably long, curved

mesad, with pointed apex, uniformly pigmented. Phallosome: opisthophallus

membranous, short; prosophallus wide and unpigmented in basal 0.67, narrow

and well sclerotized in apical 0.33, with a small apical and a retrorse sub-

apical tooth; phallus well sclerotized, length of or slightly shorter than pro-

sophallus, 1.64-1.67 (2) as long as wide, tergally closed, sternally open, with

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 445

a narrow and deep notch tergally at apex; paramere 0.67 length of prosophallus,

somewhat pigmented. Basal plate broadly fused with basistyle.

LARVA (Fig. 141). Head. Width 0.91-0.92 mm (2); 1.28-1.29 (2) as wide

as long; labrum concave at apical margin; seta 1-C about length of distance

between bases; 4-C nearly on level of 7-C; 5-C most frequently 7 branched; 6-C

most often 5 branched, caudad of level of 7-C. Antenna 0.35-0.36 mm (7)

long, inwardly arcuate, slightly darker distad of insertion of seta 1-A; 1-A

inserted at basal 0. 40-0. 43 (7), with 3-5 barbed branches, usually just

reaching apex of shaft, sometimes slightly shorter. Mandible (a single

dissected specimen) with simple dorsolateral microspines. Cutting organ

with lateral dorsal tooth bicuspid, mesal dorsal tooth simple; VB, extending

slightly beyond apex of VT, very wide basally; VBo 0.67 length of VB,

coarsely serrate on mesal margin; pectinate brush 2 haired. Mandibular hairs

13-14. Mavxilla (a single dissected specimen) with seta 1-Mx single. Meso-

stipes with a few tubercles basally on lateral surface; stipital sensoria rather

stout; 2, 4-Mx on same level; 6-Mx long, swollen and densely barbed at base.

Palpostipes about 1.5 as long as wide, slightly less than 0.5 length of meso-

stipes; S; broadest, tapering, with apex rather pointed, Sg longest, but nar-

rower than Sj, Sg 4 subequal. Mentum plate with 37-38 (7) teeth. Thorax.

Usually, 14-P and 6-T double and 12-T single; 2,14-M, 1,13-T very fine.

Abdomen. Setae 1-I, II extremely fine, 1-II usually single, but 2,3 branched

in one specimen; usually, 13-I single, 6-II double, 11-II 2 forked, and 4-VII

3 branched. Comb scales 12-15 in an irregular single or double row, individual

scales with apical spine narrow and very sharp, laterally fringed with spicules.

Siphon narrowed in apical 0.33; index 2. 96-3.04 (3), length 0.89-0.98 mm (2);

pecten reaching apical 0. 25-0. 28 (6), of 13-16 teeth including 0-2 basal abortive

ones, apical 4,5 teeth detached, longer than others, usually simple, other

teeth with usually 1, rarely 2, ventrobasal denticle; seta 1-S beyond pecten at

apical 0.20-0.22 (6), most often double; 2-S 0. 25-0. 33 length of longest pecten

tooth, extending beyond apex of siphon. Saddle covering dorsal 0.67 of the

segment; seta 1-X shorter than saddle, nearer to ventral margin of saddle than

to dorsomedian line; 4-X of 10 cratal and 2 precratal tufts, the former 4-9

branched, the latter 3-5. Anal gills slender, dorsal gill about 2.5 length of

saddle, slightly longer than ventral one.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO. 10, 139, 2 L, 51:

Yaeyama Gunto (Holotype “: K-0181. Paratypes: 9°, 13°, 2 L, 51, K-0181,

K-0183, K-0584, K-0726, K-0730, K-0946, K-1023, K-1037, K-1038).

DISTRIBUTION. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO (Yaeyama Guntd).

BIONOMICS. Only a single larval collection was made at a very shallow

ground pool filled by fallen leaves ina jungle. Adults are found in jungles; fe-

males bite man.

9. GENUS ARMIGERES THEOBALD

Armigeres Theobald, 1901b: 235. Type-species: Culex obturbans Walker,

1860; Celebes.

Medium-sized to large mosquitoes; larvae with short siphon lacking pecten.

FEMALE. Head. Eyes narrowly separated above. Decumbent scales of

vertex largely broad; erect forked scales restricted to posterior portion. An-

tenna about length of proboscis. Palpus 0.20-0.75 length of proboscis. Pro-

446 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

boscis rather stout, usually slightly curved ventrally, with several ventro-

basal bristles. Thovax. Anterior pronotal lobes well separated or rather

closely approximated. Scutum without acrostichal, anterior dorsocentral

and fossal bristles except bristles on anterior margin, 1-5 prescutellars

(may or may not include posterior dorsocentrals) on each side, supraalars well

developed. Scutellum covered with broad decumbent scales. Postnotum usual-

ly glabrous. Paratergite rather broad, scaled. Pleural scale patches well

developed; spiracular bristles absent, postspiracular bristles present or absent,

other pleural bristles including lower mesepimerals present. Base of meso-

meron on level of that of hindcoxa or distinctly above it. Wing. Squama fringed

with hair-like scales; alula fringed with scales. Legs. Hindtarsomere 1

shorter to longer than tibia; claws of fore- and midtarsi usually toothed, those

of hindtarsus simple and equal. Abdomen. Tergum I hirsute, laterotergite

scaled; segment VIII partially retractile. Genitalia. Seminal capsules 3, one

larger than other 2.

MALE. Antenna plumose, shorter than or length of proboscis. Palpus

length of or longer than proboscis, upturned and apically tapering, apex without

conspicuous bristles. Foretarsomere 4 slightly shortened, 5 longer than 4,

with about 10 stout ventrobasal setae; midtarsomere 5 shorter than 4, not very

strongly modified, with several stout ventrobasal setae. Anterior claw of fore-

tarsus longer than posterior claw, both claws toothed; anterior claw of mid-

tarsus longer than or as long as posterior claw; hindtarsal claw simple.

Genitalia. Tergum IX with well developed lobes. Basistyle usually with numer-

ous bristles, with mesal membrane from base to apex; basal tergomesal lobe

not or very poorly developed; claspette weakly developed, appressed to meso-

basal surface of basistyle, usually with strong apical setae. Dististyle with 4

or more claws. Cercal setae absent; paraproct without strongly sclerotized

apical tooth. Aedeagus complex, toothed, at least dorsally divided.

LARVA. Head. Setae 4-6-C well anteriad of antennal base; 9-C strongest

of all head setae. Antenna short and smooth, 1-A very fine. Mandible and

maxilla greatly modified, subpredatory type, seta 1-Md absent; mandibular ring

distinct; 3 almost equal mandibular spurs; mandibular brush and comb well

developed. Cutting organ without dorsal spine; mesal dorsal tooth reduced;

ventral tooth very strongly developed, with a large lateral denticle (VT-4) and

3 mesal denticles (VT1_3); ventral blade rather weakly developed; pectinate

brush absent. Piliferous process well protrudent, with 5 groups of hairs.

Mandibular hairs in a single group. Maxilla. Cardo fused with cranium along

its entire posterior margin, without suture. Mesostipes slightly longer than

wide; parartis stout, strongly sclerotized, directly attached to paracoila (with-

out connecting rod); apicomesal ventral surface with numerous strong forked

spicules; twin stipital sensoria distal to middle, lacking basal ring; seta 2-Mx

absent. Lacinia rather small; maxillary suture posteromesally, greatly

broadened. Palpostipes long, cylindrical; lateral artis, a crescent-shaped |

strongly sclerotized rod, separated from but jointed with base of palpostipes and

connecting it with postcoila and mandibular postartis; seta 3- Mx absent; palpal

sensoria Sj 9 on a common basal ring; Ss and ampulla absent. Thorax and

abdomen. Setae poorly to strongly developed; seta 12-I absent; 3-III-V mesad

of 4-II-V (after Belkin 1962); 1-VIII short. Comb scales small, arranged ina

patch or irregular row. Siphon short, largely unsclerotized ventrobasally,

neither acus nor pecten present; seta 1-S short, in distal 0.33 of siphon or

beyond. Saddle incomplete, seta 1-X off saddle, 3-X only slightly longer than

2-X, both branched; grid incomplete, 4-X of branched hairs.

DISTRIBUTION. Japan and Korea. Oriental region. Papuan subregion.

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 447

Solomon and Santa Cruz islands.

The genus Armigeres is represented in this region by a single species be-

longing to the subgenus Armigeres,

SUBGENUS ARMIGERES THEOBALD

Armigerves Theobald, 1901b: 235. Type-species: Culex obturbans Walker,

1860; Celebes.

ADULT. Female palpus less than 0.33 length of proboscis. Anterior

pronotal lobes well separated. Scutum neither laterally compressed nor dis-

tinctly produced over head. Postnotum bare. Postspiracular bristles present.

Bases of mesomeron and hindcoxa on about the same level.

LARVA. As in the generic description.

DISTRIBUTION. Same as in the genus.

99. ARMIGERES (ARMIGERES) SUBALBATUS (COQUILLETT)

(Figs. 142, 143, 248; Table 131)

Culex subalbatus Coquillett, 1898: 302 (2). Type-locality: Japan.

Desvoidea obturbans: Hatori, 1919: 1057, Ishigaki Is., Ryukyu Archipelago.

Armigeves subalbatus: Yokoo; 1944: 49, Mokpo, Pusan, and Cheju Do, Korea.

Armigeres (Armigeres) subalbatus: LaCasse and Yamaguti, 1950: 53 (c, &,

L}:.

FEMALE (Fig. 248). Wing length 3.2-5.4 mm. Head. Eyes moderately

separated below. Vertex covered with broad dark scales, with a posteromedian

patch of broad white scales; eye margin including interocular space with smaller

broad white scales; many erect forked dark scales; tempus covered with broad

pale scales, posteriorly above with a patch of broad dark scales; 5-8 dark ver-

tical and 3, 4 temporal bristles on each side, the lowest temporal bristles

detached. Clypeus dark. Antenna: pedicel dark, covered, except dorsally,

with small white scales; flagellum 0.96-1.04 (5) length of proboscis; flagello-

mere 1 1.37-1.50 length of Flm 2, basally yellow, with some small scales.

Palpus 0.26-0.29 (5) length of proboscis, dark scaled; segment 3 2.42-3.14

length of 2; 4 rudimentary to developed up to 0.15 length of 3. Proboscis dark

scaled, ventrobasal bristles rather long. Thorax. Pronotal integument dark;

anterior lobe anteriorly and laterally covered with broad white scales, narrow or

crescent-shaped white scales otherwise, bearing about 10 or more dark bristles,

a few fine most lateral ones yellowish; posterior lobe anterodorsally covered

with narrow curved dark scales, ventroposteriorly with broad white scales,

and narrow curved white scales in-between, bearing 4-7 brown to blackish

brown bristles along posterior margin, occasionally 1, 2 additional very fine

bristles present. Scutum with integument very dark brown, covered with

narrow curved dark scales, some rather broad scales intermixed on posterior

margin, often some crescent-shaped or rather broad pale scales on prescutel-

lar space, a white border of narrow curved scales from anterior promontory to

above wing-base, the white scales on supraalar margin broader, crescent-

shaped and some rather broad truncate scales intermixed; a few anterior pairs

of acrostichal bristles, several to about 10 bristles laterally on anterior mar-

gin, 1-5 bristles on each side of prescutellar space. Scutellum covered with

448 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

broad dark scales, varying amount of pale apical ones present; each lateral

lobe with 5-9, median lobe with 4-7 long dark bristles together with several

short ones. Paratergite covered with broad white scales. Pleural integument

dark brown; large patches of broad white scales on propleuron, subspiracular

area, postspiracular area, upper sternopleuron, lowerposterior sternopleuron

and upper mesepimeron, upper sternopleural patch almost reaching cephalic

corner, upper mesepimeral patch covering upper 0. 67 of the sclerite; pleural

bristles yellowish brown, about 10 or more propleurals, 3,4 postspiraculars,

more than 10 prealars and sternopleurals, 6 to more than 10 upper mesepimer-

als, one lower mesepimeral. Wing. Alula fringed with short dark rather

broad scales. Veins dark scaled, c with a small basal spot of pale scales.

Cell Ro 1. 84-2.35 (5) length of vein r9,39. Halter knob dorsally dark scaled,

pale scaled otherwise. Legs. Forecoxa broadly basally and apically pale

scaled, dark scaled in-between; mid- and hindcoxae with pale scales. Fore-

femur with pale anteroapical fringe and indistinct pale anterobasal streak or

spot, pale in posterior 0. 50-0.67 of ventral surface; midfemur with pale antero-

apical fringe, pale on posterior surface except dorsoapical area; hindfemur with

pale apical fringe, pale on both sides including ventral surface, pale area

apically narrowed and usually reaching near apex on anterior surface and apical

0.33 on posterior surface, dorsal surface dark from base. Femora otherwise,

tibiae and tarsi dark scaled. Hindtarsomere 1 0.81-0. 85 (5) length of tibia.

Claws equal, those of fore- and midtarsi unidentate. Abdomen. Tergum I

mesally broadly dark scaled, laterally with pale scales; laterotergite white

scaled; II-VI dark scaled, with laterobasal patches of white scales, VIII

basally pale scaled, apically dark scaled. Sternum II pale scaled; III-VI pale

scaled with apical band of dark scales; VII broadly basally and narrowly apically

dark scaled, pale scaled in-between; VIII with white and pale ochreous scales,

apex unscaled.

MALE (Figs. 143, 248). Wing length 2.8-4.8 mm. Pale scaling in general

more developed than in female. In examples with pale scales most developed

(Fig. 248), vertex largely pale leaving a very narrow dark transverse stripe

between eye margin and posterior pale area, scutum with rather broad pale

median line from anterior promontory, broadened on prescutellar space and

extending onto scutellar median lobe, and with rather broad pale posterior

dorsocentral stripes extending onto scutellar lateral lobes; pale area of anterior

surface of hindfemur reaching apex. Antenna: flagellum 0.90-0.95 (4) length of

proboscis; flagellomere 12 0.94-1.00 length of Flm 13, both together 0.88-0.97

of Flm 1-11. Palpus 1.11-1.26 (6) length of proboscis; length ratio of segments

2-9: 0.72-0.87 : 0.98-1.09 : 0.89-0.97 : 1.00 (6). Proboscis 0.90-0.99 (5)

length of forefemur. Cell Ro 1.36-1.44 (5) length of vein rgi13. Hindtarsomere

1 0.86-0.89 (5) length of tibia. Anterior claw much longer than posterior claw

in foretarsus, only slightly so in midtarsus, with blunt-tipped basal tooth; pos-

terior claw with sharp basal tooth. Genitalia. Tergum IX well sclerotized;

lobes large, roughly triangular, well separated and protrudent, each bearing

9-12 rather fine bristles. Sternum IX large, weakly sclerotized laterally, with

3-7 bristles. Basistyle 2.9-3.3 as long as wide, laterally and sternally scaled

in lateral half, densely and almost evenly bristled over entire surface, the

bristles mesally finer, laterally and sternoapically stronger, no exceptionally

long bristles; basal tergomesal lobe poorly developed, represented by a slightly

swollen area just basal to middle, covered densely with fine bristles; claspette

reaching about basal 0.4 of basistyle, apically with 2 strong pigmented setae.

Dististyle moderately sclerotized, evenly arcuate, 0.46-0.51 (4) length of basi-

style, with 1-6 short setae on convex side in apical half, occasionally with a seta

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 449

in basal half; 17-23 spiniforms, pigmented, stout, blunt-tipped, closely spaced,

arranged in a row in apical 0.67 of dististyle, occasionally the row partially

doubled. Cercal tergal surface apparently membranous. Aedeagus 1. 45-1. 57

(4) as long as wide, apically broadened in tergal view, sternally closed in apical

half, tergobasally connected, tergally broadly open, sternobasally narrowly

open; lateral and sternal surfaces covered with numerous sclerotized teeth,

those of sternobasal area larger.

LARVA (Fig. 142). Head. Width: 0.97-1.08 mm; brownish, rather

rounded, 1.08-1.17 as wide as long, smooth; front margin of labrum only

slightly concave; seta 1-C slender, occasionally apically bifid, 0.87-1.06 (5)

length of distance between bases; 3 C rudimentary; 4-C a little anteriad and

well mesad of 6-C; 5-C slightly mesad and well posteriad of 6-C; 7-C on level

of antennal base; 8-C anteriad of 9,10-C; 18-C 2,3 branched. Antenna 0. 29-

0.36 mm long, about 0.33 length of head, brownish; seta 1-A inserted at basal

0.36-0.56, single; 2-6-A apical, short, 2-A on a rounded protuberance,

longer than 3-6-A; 5-A with apical transparent division very short, basal

division with a narrow accessory sensorium. Mandible with rather narrow

basal half and strongly developed ventral tooth; a number of microspines on

dorsolateral surface near base, small but rather stout, simple; MdSj only

slightly longer than other 2; mandibular comb with lateral slender teeth simple.

Cutting organ with lateral dorsal tooth simple, occasionally rudimentary mesal

dorsal tooth present; ventral tooth very large, VT-4 almost as large as VTo0,

VT1-3 equal, triangular, a tiny accessory denticle usually present at base on

mesal surface; VB, not reaching apex of VT9, VBg small, hair-like, often

reduced. Piliferous process broad, rounded, apically cleft: labula also broad,

not extending beyond apex of anterior part; 9 hair sroups well developed, PPH5

reaching lateral 0.25 of base of cutting organ. Mandibular hairs 5-7, laterally

barbed, apically frayed. Maxilla. Cardo with seta 1-Mx usually single, rarely

double, usually somewhat thickened in middle, lightly barbed. Mesostipes

quadrate, lateral surface smooth; stipital sensoria equal, near anterolateral

corner; 4-Mx near lateral margin, long, with prominent socket. Lacinia

occupying a rather narrow anteromesal area, covered with numerous hair-like

spicules; 5-Mx distad of middle, proximad of stipital sensoria; 6-Mx at apex of

lacinial suture. Palpostipes about 0.67 length of mesostipes, only slightly

basally thickened; palpal sensoria well developed, 54, 9 equal; S pendant in

length. Mentum plate with 13-17 rather large teeth. Thorax. Satae 1

moderately long; 2-P short, usually single; 3-P short; 5, 12-M and “ae “ canal

with 3 or more branches; 7, 10-M often double; 6-T usually single. Abdomen.

Seta 6-I, II strong, multibranched; 7-I, Il distinctly shorter and more slender

than 6,1, 11; 3-VI mesad of 1-VI; 5-VII laterad of 4-VII; 5-VII stiff, pigmented;

usually, 9-II, 14-III and 8-V single, 13-V double, and 3-IV and 4-VII triple.

Comb scales 9-16 in an irregular single or double row, individual scales rather

small, apex shorter than base, subacute, evenly fringed apically and laterally

with fine spicules. Siphon brownish 1.65-1.92 as long as wide, apex 0. 56-0. 67

of widest part; length 0.79-0.98 mm; microsculpture absent; seta 1-S fine,

shorter than siphon diameter at insertion, located at apical 0.13-0.19 of siphon;

2-S short. Saddle covering only dorsal surface of segment X, 0.38-0.43 mm

long, without microsculpture except a group of several spiculiferous ridges

laterally on apical margin; seta 1-X shorter than saddle; 4-X of usually 10

(rarely 9) tufts, each with 3-11 barbed branches. Anal gills subequal, parallel-

sided, apically rounded, 2.5-4.0 length of saddle. |

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN. 230, 172; with associ-

ated skins (51, 5 p), 21: Honshu (C-1901, C-1954, C-2081, D-0007, D-0018,

450 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

D-1157). 20°, 52: Shikoku (G-1277). 11°, 62; with associated skins (71, 7 p),

11: Kyushu (H-0073, H-0079, H-0081, H-0315). 20, 12: Yakushima (H-0082,

H-0083). 12: Tsushima (H-2003). KOREA. 5c, 22: Korean Peninsula

(L-0834, L-0878). RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO. 32°, 15%; with associated skins

(21, 2p), 2L, 11: Amami Gunto (I-0244, I-0273, I-0283, I-0306, I-0307,

I-0308, I-0309, I-0310, I-0312, I-1828, I-1837, I-2066). 50, 14%, 26 L:

Okinawa Gunt6é (J-0457, J-0522, J-0525, J-0528, J-0535, J-0537). 320, 989%;

with associated skins (21, 2 p): Yaeyama Gunto (K-0175, K-0179, K-0180,

K-0181, K-0183, K-0561, K-0562, K-0568, K-0579, K-0580, K-0582, K-0583,

K-0584, K-0719, K-0720, K-0722, K-0723, K-0724, K-0726, K-0727, K-0728,

K-0730, K-0731, K-0733, K-0734, K-0736, K-0773, K-0777, K-0786, K-0911,

K-0913, K-0931, K-0970, K-1037, K-1038, K-1078, K-1089, K-1243, K-1324,

K-1328, K-1337, K-1422, K-1587, K-1596, K-1754, K-1771, K-1773).

DISTRIBUTION. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN (Honshu, Izu Shichito, Shikoku,

Kyushu, Yakushima, Tsushima). KOREA (Korean Peninsula, Cheju Do).

RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO (Amami, Okinawa, Miyako and Yaeyama Gunto).

TAIWAN. SOUTH CHINA. INDOCHINA. THAILAND. BURMA. INDIA. SRI

LANKA.

BIONOMICS. Very common south of central Honshu. Larvae occur in vari-

ous types of containers holding strongly polluted water. The type of the larval

mandible and maxilla suggests that the species might be partially carnivorous.

Adult females bite man throughout the day, being most active at dusk.

MEDICAL IMPORTANCE. Japanese encephalitis virus was isolated from

wild-caught females (Shichijo et al. 1968). However, its capability for trans-

mitting this virus to man is not certain (Yamamoto 1971). An unidentified viral

agent was found in a pool of subalbatus collected in the Nagasaki area in 1970

(Hayashi et al. 1973).

(ii) TRIBE URANOTAENIINI

FEMALE. Head. Decumbent scales of vertex all broad; vertical bristles

in a continuous row, but widely spaced; temporal bristles finer, anteriorly

directed. Palpus unsegmented. Proboscis straight, rather short, slightly

apically thickened. Thovax. Anterior pronotal lobes broadly separated, both

anterior and posterior lobes with very few bristles. Scutum strongly arched;

all scutal bristles usually well developed. Scutellum trilobed, long bristles

fairly constant in number, 3-5 on each lobe, bristles lacking on portions be-

tween lobes; scales all broad. Postnotum bare. Paratergite narrow. Pleural

bristles rather few, but often stout; spiracular, propleural, prealar, sterno-

pleural and upper and lower mesepimeral bristles present; postspiraculars

absent. Base of mesomeron well above that of hindcoxa. Wing. Membrane

with extremely minute microtrichia visible only at 1000x. Squama bare; alula

with or without fringe scales. Cell Ro usually much shorter than vein r9,3; la

ending at or before level of cubital fork; m-cu proximad of r-m. Legs. Mid-

femur basally swollen; hindfemur and hindtibia subequal to respective forefemur

and foretibia; hindtarsomere 1 equal or subequal to tibia in length. Claws

simple, often unequal. Pulvilli undeveloped. Abdomen. Tip truncate.

Seminal capsule single.

MALE. Antennal flagellum plumose; flagellomeres 12-13 not very

elongate, both together at most 0.6 length of Flm 1-11, often less than half.

Palpus as infemale. Anterior claw of midtarsus longer than posterior claw,

strongly curved. Genitalia. Tergum IX without lobes. Basistyle with basal

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 451

tergal lobe, without claspette. Dististyle simple, with terminal claw. Proc-

tiger nearly membranous, without strongly sclerotized paraproct. Aedeagus

composed of a pair of lateral pieces bearing well sclerotized teeth.

LARVA. Head. Seta 3-C dorsal; 5-8-C not in line; 14-C and 1-Mx close

together. Hypostomal suture absent or incomplete, never reaching posterior

tentorial pit. Antenna short, setae 2,3-A distad of 1-A. Mouth brush of numer-

ous slender hairs. Mandible with 5 spurs. Maxilla. Cardo often more or less

square, hinged with cranial process, seta 1-Mx on margin of articulation.

Mesostipes transverse, with one ventral ring-based seta. Lacinia apparently

occupying anteromesal area of mesostipes, with one ventral or mesal ring-

based seta and another on anterior surface. Palpostipes very large, without

seta 3-Mx; palpal sensoria greatly developed. Mentum plate rather long,

triangular. Thorax and abdomen pale, without strongly developed calli. Comb

scales of VIII present. Siphon with acus and pecten; seta 1-S of single pair.

Seta 4-X of 10-12 hairs, grid developed.

The tribe Uranotaeniini consists of a single genus, Uvanotaenia.

TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION. The genus Urvanotaenia has some peculiar

characteristics. These include the extremely minute microtrichia and short

vein la of the wing, the almost membranous proctiger, and the unusual larval

mouthparts, especially the maxilla, which is difficult to homologize with that

of other mosquitoes. The almost membranous proctiger is similar to that of

the Anophelinae, but a close phylogenetic relationship between them is doubtful.

Some adult characters, e.g., the single segmented and sexually unimorphic

palpus, the reduced number of thoracic bristles, the presence of spiracular

bristles, the bare squama, etc., are more often seen in Sabethini than in

Culicini. It appears reasonable to consider the Uranotaeniini as a tribe of the

Culicinae and place it near the Sabethini.

10. GENUS URANOTAENIA LYNCH ARRIBALZAGA

Uvanotaenia Lynch Arribalzaga, 1891a: 375; 1891b: 163. Type-species:

Uranotaenia pulcherrima Lynch Arribalzaga, 1891b; Argentina.

Small to medium-sized mosquitoes; Ur. (Uranotaenia) macfarlanez is the

smallest mosquito in this region. Broad decumbent round-tipped scales of

head and body often showing diverse colors varying with direction of light.

FEMALE. Head. Vertex with 3-5 pairs of vertical bristles, bristles of

median pair close together and longer than others; 1-3 temporal bristles on

each side close to eye. Antenna longer than proboscis; flagellomere 1 1.1-1.8

length of Flm 2. Palpus 0.07-0.17 length of proboscis. Proboscis shorter

than forefemur, dark scaled. Thorax. Anterior pronotal lobe with 3 long dark

bristles and occasionally with one or more fine yellowish bristles; posterior

pronotal lobe with a single (rarely 2) dark bristle on posterior margin, occa-

sionally with a few additional fine yellowish bristles. Scutum covered with

lanceolate scales*; acrostichal bristles relatively short except for anterior

ones; both anterior and posterior dorsocentrals long and stout; one to several

humerals, 0-3 angulars, 1-2 posterior fossals, midfossal area usually lacking

*Species of, shillitonis series (not represented in this region) have broad scutal

scales and lack acrostichal bristles (Peyton 1972).

452 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

bristles. Scutellum with each lobe bearing 3-5 long dark bristles, additional

fine dark bristles (usually a few) present. Pleura with broad scales always on

sternopleuron and frequently on mesepimeron; pleural bristles; 1-3 propleurals,

occasionally accompanied by a few fine bristles; 1-3 spiraculars, 1-3 prealars,

6 to more than 10 sternopleurals, 2 to more than 10 upper mesepimerals, 1, 2

lower mesepimerals, usually no postspiraculars. Wing. Veins usually dark

scaled; 1a abruptly apically curved. Halter usually with pale stalk and dark

scaled knob. Legs. Long and slender. Abdomen relatively short; tergum I

hirsute; laterotergite scaled or bare. Segment VIII usually hardly visible.

MALE. Posterior claw of midtarsus occasionally reduced (Ur. macfar-

lanei). Genitalia. Basistyle short, with basal tergal lobe bearing a few stout

setae. Dististyle apical. Cercal seta present or absent. Aedeagus composed

of paired lateral pieces. Paramere well developed, longer than aedeagus;

basal plate broadly fused with basistyle.

‘LARVA. Head. Labrum with paired prominent apical processes, bearing

often modified seta 1-C; 6-C well anteriad of 5-C; 8,9-C on eye-level; 13-C

closer to 12- than to 11-C; 14-C occasionally modified. Antenna less than 0.5

length of head; 1-A fine, 1-3 branched; 2-6-A occasionally modified. Mandible

with a group of microspines laterobasally on dorsal surface; 5 mandibular spurs,

MdS 1 longest, MdS9 double or multiple and usually more slender than others,

MdS3 4 similar to MdS, in shape but smaller, MdS5 shortest but usually broad-

est. Mandibular comb lacking; mandibular brush normally developed. Cutting

organ well developed; 0-1 dorsal spine; 2 to more than 10 dorsal teeth; ventral

tooth with 2-4 lateral and 3 mesal denticles, VT3 usually somewhat modified:

ventral blade usually stout, single or with 2,3 accessory blades; pectinate brush

lacking or rudimentary. Piliferous process at most moderately protrudent,

with usually 2 groups of hairs. Mandibular hairs in a single row. Ventral

artis well developed. Maxilla with cardo variable in shape. Mesostipes trans-

verse; dorsal surface with 2 sclerotized bands: one from posteromesal corner

to center of the sclerite (lacinial suture), another from middle of anterior mar-

gin to center of the sclerite and confluent with the former; ventral surface

sclerotized on posterior half, the sclerotized area extending dorsally on lateral

area; twin stipital sensoria, often with 1 or 2 well developed basal rings; seta

4-Mx usually at middle of anterior margin of ventral sclerotized area, usually

long, occasionally modified. Lacinia with a ring-based seta (?6-Mx) on anteri-

or surface at or near level of anterior termination of lacinial suture; another

(difficult to homologize) on anteroventral membranous area, occasionally close

to mesal margin. No sclerotized apodeme in articulation with paracoila.

Palpostipes well developed, with entire mesal surface non-sclerotized, without

seta 3-Mx; apical membranous area with or without small sclerotized dorsal

and ventral plates (?remnant of true palpal segment); apex with 5 palpal sensoria

and ampulla, all or some of the sensoria strikingly developed, often longer than

stipital sensoria; 51, 2.4 with one or more basal rings. Mentum plate with

medium-sized teeth. Thorax, Setae 1-3-P on a common sclerotized callus;

10-P longer than 9, 12-P; 13-P lacking in the species of this region; 7-M short

or medium. AbeaieH: Segment VIII with a strongly or poorly developed comb

plate, bearing comb on posterior margin. Siphon with a single pair of seta 1-S.

Saddle without acus; setae 2,3-X subequal, 2,3 branched; 4-X of 10-12 cratal

hairs; grid occasionally incomplete.

DISTRIBUTION. Throughout tropical and temperate regions.

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 453

KEYS TO SUBGENERA OF URANOTAENIA

ADULT

Prealar area not separated from sternopleuron by a suture; alula

usually fringed with broad scales; erect forked scales of vertex

numerous and covering most of vertex.

Pseudoficalbia (p. 453)

Prealar area separated from sternopleuron by a suture; alula bare;

erect forked scales of vertex absent or very few.

Uranotaenia (p. 468)

MALE GENITALIA

Lateral pieces of aedeagus connected by tergal and sternal bridges,

if sternal bridge absent, tergum IX with bristles.

Pseudoficalbia (p. 453)

Lateral pieces of aedeagus connected by tergal bridge only; tergum

IX. without Deigeee ss cus Kc 2 we ® Weebte, Uranotaenia (p. 468)

LARVA

Setae 5,6-C slender, apically filamentous; grid of segment X usually

not midventrally joined with saddle. .... Pseudoficalbia (p. 453)

Setae 5, 6-C very stout; grid of segment X midventrally joined with

Saddketss Ss hil pee Sy Bie ois Uranotaenia (p. 468)

SUBGENUS PSEUDOFICALBIA THEOBALD

Pseudoficalbia Theobald, 1911: 272. Type-species: Ficalbia inornaia

Theobald, 1908, Transvaal (= Uvanotaenia fusca Theobald, 1907,

Sierra Leone); Peyton, 1972: 21 (resurrection).

ADULT. Suture between prealar knob and sternopleuron absent. Alula

with dark broad fringe scales. Female claws equal or subequal. Lateral

pieces of aedeagus connected both tergally and sternally (only tergally in

nivipleura) .

LARVA. Seta 5,6-C simple. Grid not midventrally joined to saddle.

KEYS TO SPECIES OF URANOTAENIA (PSEUDOFICA LBIA)

ADULT

1. Abdominal terga without pale bands. ........-+ ees eee ees 2

Abdominal terga with pale basal bands. .........2-2 eee eee 4

2(1). Scutum with a stripe of pale scales along side margin anteriad of wing

root. . ss SPIed wikiiee ae. poe ae a) ceo nivipleura (p. 467)

494

3(2).

4(1).

a(1).

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

Scutum without stripe of pale scales along side margin anteriad of wing

Scutum with a dark patch above wing root on each side.

: novobscura (p. 460)

Scutum without dark patch above wing root. .... yaeyamana (p. 460)

Side of thorax with a distinct dark patch covering posterior pronotal lobe,

postspiracular area and upper sternopleuron; sternopleuron without

minute midanterior seta; mesepimeron with upper scale patch, but

without scales invmiddle. 7 An. Gy eR Fate: ohamai (p. 457)

Side of thorax with a rather indistinct dark patch covering postspiracular

area and upper sternopleuron; sternopleuron with minute midanterior

setae; mesepimeron without upper scale patch, but usually with trans-

Incent scales: in middle.) fe 0 val ea te a) oe jacksoni (p. 455)

MALE GENITALIA

Tereum IX without bristles se: Gree ORES PO ee 2

Tevewmcix with bristles ac Wisi eee me we 4.

Aedeagus with 1,2 middle sternal teeth very small, occasionally reduced.

yaeyamana'(p. 460)

Aedeagus with middle sternal teeth (tooth) not very small. ...... 3

Basal tergal lobe of basistyle usually with 3 distinctly larger bristles

in addition. to: 2:strone setae... esi 8e Foe SS jacksoni (p. 455)

Basal tergal lobe of basistyle without distinctly larger bristles other than

D eIMOno.Setabis fiaelisse winked ia ahothat Paow ered ohamai (p. 457)

Aedeagus with sternoapical teeth strong, extending more distally than

tergoapical tooth; distance between apices of tergoapical teeth wider

than that of sternoapical teeth; sternal bridge lacking.

nivipleura (p. 467)

Aedeagus with tergoapical teeth extending more distally than slender

sternoapical teeth; distance between apices of tergoapical teeth nar-

rower than that of sternoapical teeth; sternal bridge present.

novobscura'(p. 460)

LARVA

Head with seta 1-C rudimentary; abdomen without stiff pigmented setae;

segment VIII with large comb plate. ........020008080-8 2

Head with seta 1-C stout, longer than labral process; abdomen with 2-I,

Il, 5-IV-VI, 11-I and 9-II-V remarkably stiff and pigmented; segment

VIII with small, poorly sclerotized comb plate. .......2.4... 3

Head with seta 4-C single; pecten reaching basal 0.32-0.39; 1-S located

beyond pecten at basal 0.39-0.43. ........ nivipleura (p. 467)

Head with seta 4-C branched; pecten reaching apical 0. 24-0.44; 1-S

located at apical 0. 26-0.43, usually within pecten.

novobscura (p. 460)

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 455

3(2). Abdomen with seta 5-III as long and stiff as 5-IV; all pecten teeth of

uniform shape, evenly spaced apically; saddle complete, with apex

fringed with subequal fine spicules. ........ ohamai (p. 457)

Abdomen with seta 5-III very short; pecten with apical teeth detached,

the detached teeth usually simple, larger than basal fringed teeth;

saddle incomplete, with apex fringed with spicules of different

4(3). Labral process with apex rounded; seta 1-S located at apical 0. 40-0. 46

(x = 0.43) of siphon, longer than siphon diameter. . jacksoni (p. 455)

Labral process with apex pointed; seta 1-S located at apical 0.32-0. 39

(x = 0.36), length of siphon diameter. ...... yaeyamana (p. 460)

100. URANOTAENIA (PSEUDOFICALBIA) JACKSONI EDWARDS

(Figs. 143, 144, 249; Table 132)

Uvanotaenia jacksoni Edwards, 1935: 130 (“). Type-locality: Hong Kong.

Uranotaenia stonei Bohart and Ingram, 1946a: 47 (“, 2, L). Type-locality:

Chizuka, Okinawa Is., Ryukyu Archipelago; Peyton 1972: 36 (syn. ).

FEMALE (Fig. 249). Wing length 2.7-3.4 mm. Head. Eyes contiguous

above and below, or narrowly separated below. Vertex covered with broad

dark scales and large erect forked dark scales; eye margin and tempus covered

with broad pale ochreous scales; 4, 5 pairs of dark vertical bristles, the median

pair very long, a pair of small brown bristles under them; 3 dark temporal

bristles on each side, with several fine brown bristles ventrad to underside of

head. Clypeus dark brown. Antennal pedicel yellowish brown, somewhat

infuscate and with small hairs and scales on mesal side; flagellum 1.35-1.41

(4) length of proboscis; flagellomere 1 1.25-1.33 length of Flm 2. Palpus

0.12-0.13 (4) length of proboscis, dark scaled. Proboscis 0. 80-0. 82 (4) length

of forefemur. Thovax. Pronotal integument pale yellowish brown with a num-

ber of broad dark or pale gray scales; anterior pronotal lobe bearing 3 stout

dark bristles; posterior pronotal lobe usually bearing one dark stout and a few

fine bristles near posterior margin. Scutum with integument light brown,

partly grayish, covered with narrow dark grayish brown scales, a number of

pale gray scales at apex; series of anterior dorsocentral bristles doubled in

posterior part, 3-5 stout humerals often accompanied by 1-4 small bristles,

usually one bristle near scutal angle, one stout posterior fossal close to

dorsocentral series, occasionally one fossal present. Scutellar lobes covered

with broad dark scales, each lobe bearing 3,4 (rarely 5) stout dark bristles

together with 1-5 small dark ones. Pleura pale yellowish brown, only upper

margin of sternopleuron and subspiracular area infuscate, sometimes the dark

area indistinct; upper and posterior parts of sternopleuron thinly covered with

translucent scales; middle mesepimeron with several thin translucent scales

(usually very difficult to see); pleura otherwise devoid of scales; 1-3 stout

propleural bristles accompanied by several fine pale ones, 1,2 dark spiracu-

lars, 1-3 stout dark prealars, one stout sternopleural on posterior margin just

above level of lower margin of mesepimeron, about 10 dark bristles forming a

row along upper to posterior margin of sternopleuron above this bristle, several

fine pale bristles along posterior margin below it; a group of fine hairs on

anterior sternopleuron above level of propleuron; 7-10 upper mesepimerals

and one stout lower mesepimeral. Wing. Cell Rg 0.39-0.47 (6) length of vein

456 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

r9.9. Legs. Coxae pale, forecoxa with pale or gray scales, mid- and hind+

coxae with translucent scales. Femora, tibiae and tarsi dark scaled, only

underside of femora somewhat basally pale. Hindtarsomere 1 nearly length of

tibia. Claws equal. Abdomen. Tergum I with a median patch of dark scales

and with pale lateral scales; II-VII dark scaled, II-VI with a pale ochreous

basal band*; sterna pale scaled.

MALE (Figs. 143, 249). Wing length 2.3-3.0 mm. Antennal flagellum

1.08-1.13 (4) length of proboscis; flagellomeres 12 and 13 together 0. 40-0. 44

length of Flm 1-11, 12 equal to or slightly longer than Flm 13. Proboscis

0. 85-0. 86 (4) length of forefemur. Palpus 0.09-0.11 (4) length of proboscis.

Mesepimeron usually without scales. Cell Ro 0.36-0.47 (5) length of vein

r9i9- Genitalia. Tergum IX poorly sclerotized, fairly large. Sternum IX

transverse, oblong, with sclerotized basal edge. Basistyle 1.6-1.8 as long as

wide (length measured from sternal base), apically narrowed, bristled over

entire surface except for tergal apex, with a rather large bristle at middle of

tergal side; basal tergal lobe moderately protrudent, bearing 2 long setae and

a number of bristles, one bristle proximal to the setae and usually 2 bristles

mesal to the setae fairly thick. Dististyle slightly shorter than basistyle,

9.0 length of middle width, gently arcuate, bearing 10 or more minute setae

near apex. Tergite X falciform, separated at middle; 2 cercal setae. Aedeagus

length of apical width, with base narrower than apex, well sclerotized, lateral

pieces tergally connected by a joint at apical 0.25 and sternally by a poorly

sclerotized, narrow bridge, apex of each piece armed with 2 stout lateroapically

directed tergal teeth and 3 (rarely 4) recurved sternal teeth, of the sternal

teeth, apical tooth usually largest and middle tooth moderate.

LARVA (Fig. 144). Head. Width 0.66-0.74 mm; lightly pigmented, as

long as wide or slightly longer than wide; labral process as long as wide and

rounded at apex; seta 1-C laterobasally on labral process, very stout, short,

slightly incurved, about 5.0 as long as wide; 4,5-C on the same level and

posterior to 7-C; 6-C somewhat thickened, nearly tandem with 5-C and anteri-

or to 7-C; 9-C usually double. Antenna 0.21-0.29 mm long, lightly pigmented;

seta 1-A 2 branched, rarely 3 branched, inserted at about apical 0.4, not

reaching apex of shaft. Mandible and maxilla nearly identical with those of

ohamai. Mentum plate with 13-17 teeth. Thorax. Setae 1-M, 1,3-T fairly

stiff and stellate, their longest branch distinctly shorter than antenna; 5-T

stiff; 14-P not very stiff; usually, 9-P triple, 1-M 4 branched and 4-M double.

Abdomen. Setae 2,11-I, 2-II, 9-II-V, 5-IV-VI stiff and pigmented; 2-I, II about

length of antenna, 5-III 0.25-0.33 length of 5-IV; 6-I with dorsal branch longer

than ventral branch and subequal to 7-I; 6-II 0.67 of 6-I, 3.1-3.4 length of 2-II,

with 2 unequal branches; 7-II equal to 6-II; 10-I, 12-II, 6-III, 2,6, 11-IV,

1,11,13-V, 6-VI, 1,5-VII usually double; 1, 8-III, 0,1-IV, 14-V, 11, 12-VII

usually single. Segment VII with small and very poorly sclerotized (barely

visible) comb plate bearing a row of 14-20 comb scales, individual scales

subparallel-sided, laterally and apically fringed with minute spicules, apical

spicule not markedly larger than others; 1, 2-VIII usually single, on a narrow

sclerotized pigmented callus; 14-VIII usually single. Siphon lightly pigmented,

slightly sinuate; length 0.82-0.96 mm, index 3.2-3.7; pecten extending to apical

0. 44-0. 51 (~ =0. 48) of siphon, of 18-26 teeth, apical 1-3 teeth detached,

*Base of tergum II often exposed in dried specimens, it gives an appearance of

a basal pale band but actually there are no pale scales.

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 457

detached teeth usually slightly larger, each tooth apically fringed with spicules,

1, 2 apical teeth (not all detached teeth) simple; seta 1-S beyond pecten at api-

cal 0.40-0. 44 (x =0.43), longer than width of siphon, weakly barbed in apical

half; 2-S on apical margin, shorter than apical pecten tooth. Saddle incomplete,

with irregularly arranged spines of various sizes on apical margin; seta 1-X

usually double, shorter than saddle; 3-X usually double; 4-X of 10 cratal tufts,

each tuft 5-9 branched, 8th tuft exceptionally long, 2 branched. Anal gills

apically tapering, longer than saddle, ventral gill usually slightly longer than

dorsal gill.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO. 28°, 219; with

associated skins (111, 11 p), 24 L, 231: Okinawa Gunté (paratypes of

Uvranotaenia stonei, 2%, 29: Chizuka, Okinawa Is., IX 1945, on damp rocks,

Bohart & Ingram; 2 L: Chizuka, Okinawa Is., 20 IX 1945, deep rock hole,

Bohart, No. 57884, USNM. J-1207, J-1252, J-1254, J-1255, J-1256, J-1286).

DISTRIBUTION. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO (Okinawa Gunt0). HONG KONG.

BIONOMICS. Bohart and Ingram (1946a) collected larvae of jacksoni (as

stonei) from heavily shaded deep rock holes along the banks of streams and a

hillside spring. All our larval specimens were obtained from fresh water crab

holes along shaded streamlets in the hilly area of Motobu Peninsula, central

Okinawa Is. One of their larval collections also contained Culex tritaenior-

hynchus. (Peyton 1977). Bohart and Ingram (1946b) found larvae of jacksoni

(as stonei) hanging straight down from the water surface and observed them

moving sinuously when disturbed.

101. URANOTAENIA (PSEUDOFICA LBIA) OHAMAI

TANAKA, MIZUSAWA AND SAUGSTAD

(Figs. 145, 146, 250; Table 133)

Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) ohamai Tanaka, Mizusawa and Saugstad, 1975a:

27 (o, 2, L). Type-locality: Yashigawa, Iriomote Is., Ryukyu Archi-

pelago.

Uranotaenia stonei: Bohart, 1959: 196 (in part), Ishigaki Is., Ryukyu Archi-

pelago.

FEMALE (Fig. 250). Wing length 2.4-2.7 mm. Head. Eyes contiguous

above and below, or narrowly separated below. Vertex covered with broad

dark grayish brown scales and with large, pale or dark brown, erect forked

scales; eye margin bordered with broad white or pale ochreous scales; tempus

covered with broad pale ochreous or grayish brown scales; usually 3 pairs of

dark vertical bristles, an additional brownish fine pair located beneath long

median pair; 2,3 dark temporal bristles on each side, with several fine

bristles ventrad to underside of head. Clypeus dark brown. Antennal pedicel

laterally light brown, mesally dark brown, with a few fine bristles and scales

on mesal surface; flagellum 1.32-1.34 (2) length of proboscis; flagellomere

1 1.16-1.19 length of Flm 2. Palpus 0.11-0.13 (3) length of proboscis, dark

scaled. Proboscis 0.87-0.92 (3) length of forefemur. Thorax. Anterior

pronotal lobe yellowish brown, darker above, with broad very dark gray scales

above, translucent scales below, bearing 3 stout dark bristles; posterior pro-

notal lobe dark brown, with a few translucent, rather broad scales, bearing

one (rarely 2 on one side) dark bristle near upper posterior corner. Scutum

with integument light brown, partly grayish, roughly covered with narrow

curved grayish brown scales, a few rather broad pale scales along anterior

458 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

margin; series of anterior dorsocentral bristles doubled in posterior part, one

stout humeral accompanied by 1-3 shorter ones, 1,2 bristles near scutal angle,

one posterior fossal close to dorsocentral series. Scutellar lobes covered

with broad dark brown scales, both lateral lobes bearing 3 stout dark bristles,

median lobe bearing 4 such bristles, each lobe with 3,4 additional small

bristles. Pleura dark brown on postspiracular area and upper sternopleuron,

otherwise quite pale; sternopleuron sparsely covered with rather broad, white

subhyaline scales; upper mesepimeron with translucent scales; one stout pro-

pleural bristle accompanied by several fine yellowish ones, 2 spiraculars

(rarely 1,3), one stout prealar; sternopleurals forming a continuous row along

upper to posterior margin, upper 3-6 dark, others brownish or yellowish, stout

or fine, but one rather stout brown bristle always present just above level of

lower margin of mesepimeron; 4-7 fine upper mesepimerals, one stout dark

lower mesepimeral. Wing. Cell Ro 0.40-0.50 (5) length of vein rg,9. Legs.

Coxae and trochanters pale; forecoxa with pale gray scales basally on anterior

surface, hindcoxa with a few translucent scales. Femora, tibiae and tarsi

dark scaled; lower posterior surface of femora basally pale. Hindtarsomere 1

length of or slightly longer than tibia. Claws equal or sometimes anterior

claw slightly wider than posterior claw. Abdomen. Terga covered with black-

ish brown scales; laterotergite with pale ochreous scales; II-VI each with a

complete pale ochreous basal band; VII sometimes with an indistinct pale basal

band. Sterna covered with pale ochreous scales, VI and VII often with an indis-

tinct basal band or patches of darker scales.

MALE (Figs. 146, 250). Wing length 2.1-2.4 mm. Antennal flagellum

1. 06-1. 07 (3) length of proboscis; flagellomeres 12 and 13 equal in length,

both together 0.40-0.46 length of Flm 1-11. Cell Ro 0.33-0. 44 (3) length of

vein r943. Genitalia, Tergum IX poorly sclerotized, fairly large. Sternum

IX rounded triangular, membranous, with basal edge well sclerotized. Basi-

style apically narrowed, 1.5 as long as wide (length measured from sternal

base), bristled over entire surface except for tergal apex, with an outstanding

bristle at center of tergal surface; basal tergal lobe slightly protrudent, bear-

ing 2 long setae and a number of bristles, usually 2 bristles mesal to the

setae slightly stouter than others. Dististyle only slightly shorter than basi-

style, rather stout, gently curved, apically tapering, bearing 10 or more

small setae near apex. Tergite X falciform, moderately separated; 2 cercal

setae. Aedeagus slightly wider than long, with base usually as wide as apex,

well sclerotized; lateral pieces connected tergally by a joint at apical 0.33

and sternally by a moderately sclerotized bridge, apex of each piece with 2

large dorsal teeth lateroapically directed and with 3,4 recurved ventral teeth,

the basalmost largest, middle 1,2 not much smaller.

LARVA (Fig. 145). Head. Width 0.66-0.75 mm; lightly pigmented,

approximately as long as wide; labral process slightly longer than basal width,

rounded at apex; seta 1-C laterobasally on labral process, very stout, short,

slightly incurved, 4.0-5.0 as long as wide, shorter than distance between

bases; 4, 5-C on the same level and slightly posterior to 7-C; 6-C somewhat

thickened, slightly anterior to 7-C and slightly laterad of or almost tandem

with 5-C; 8-C usually single. Antenna 0.19-0.23 mm long, lightly pigmented;

seta 1-A single, fine, inserted slightly distad of middle, not reaching apex of

shaft. Mandible with relatively large pectinate microspines proximally on

lateral surface; MdS» double. Cutting organ with one dorsal spine; 2 dorsal

teeth, lateral tooth triangular, mesal tooth with lateral division similar to

lateral tooth in shape and size and with mesal division of a much shorter

triangle; ventral tooth with 4 lateral denticles, 2 of them (VT-2, 4) only slightly

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea ~ 459

smaller than VT9; VT. square; ventral blade single, stout, not reaching apex

of VI9, without accompanying pectinate brush. Piliferous process not pro-

trudent, with a tuft of dorsoapical hairs and a row of ventral hairs; mandibular

hairs 8-10, pectinate. Maxilla. Cardo square, attaching to lateral margin of

postgenal process, with single seta 1-Mx on mesocaudal corner. Mesostipes

with stipital sensoria laterally on cephalic membranous area, with 2 well

developed basal rings, basal one ring-shaped, 2nd fairly large, with apex step-

wise; 4-Mx fairly long. Lacinial ventral membranous area hairy, with 3

broad flat brush-like spicules on mesal area, most lateral spicule longest,

with 4,5 main branches together with several secondary fine branches, mesal

2 spicules with many finer branches; lacinial suture mesocaudally broadened

and covered with short, wide, apically pectinate spicules; lacinial dorsal

membranous area very hairy; lacinial cephalic surface occupied by a very

dense brush of mostly curved pectinate hairs, the dorsalmost hairs simple;

mesal margin with many strong spine-like, apparently flattened spicules; a

ring-based seta (?5-Mx) on dorsal membranous area laterad of brush-like

hair; another ring-based seta (?6-Mx) on cephalic border just ventrad of

dense brush. Membranous apex of palpostipes flanked by 2 sclerotized plates,

dorsal plate rather wide, ventral one very narrow; S1 9 well developed, longest

of all palpal and stipital sensoria, each with a basal ring; S4 curved, with a

basal ring; S3 subequal in length to $4, straight and pointed, S5 most proximal,

very small. Mentum plate with 14-16 teeth. Thorax. Setae 14-P, 1,14-M and

1-T stiff and stellate; 3-T often fairly stiff; 5-T stiff; 1,9-P usually double;

1-M usually 4 branched. Abdomen. Setae 1,11-I, 2-I, II, 5-III-VI and 9-0-V

markedly stiff and pigmented; 6-I with 2 subequal branches; 7-I equal to 6-I;

6-II 1.1-1.6 length of 2-II, with 2 equal branches, 0.60-0.67 length of 6-I,

slightly shorter than 6-III, and equal to 7-II; 2,13-I, 5-0, 8-III, 3,10-IV,

10-V, 12-VI, 11,12,14-VII usually single; 11-I, 4-II, 6,12-II], 4,6,11-IV,

4,12-V, 4,11-VI and 10-VII usually double; 12-I, 1,6-VI usually triple; 13-IV,

V usually 4 branched. Segment VIII with poorly sclerotized comb plate bearing

a comb of 13-17 scales, each scale rather long and slender, of about equal

width from base to apex, fringed with minute spicules; 1, 2-VIII on a common

narrow sclerotized callus. Siphon slightly sinuate, lightly pigmented; length

0.72-0.90 mm, index 3.5-4.0; pecten reaching basal 0. 40-0. 48 (x =0. 45) of

siphon, of 14-24 evenly spaced teeth, sometimes with 1, 2 basal abortive ones,

each tooth fringed with minute spicules along apical and anterior margin; seta

1-S longer than width of siphon, usually placed slightly distad of pecten at

middle of siphon, sometimes just at apex of pecten. Saddle complete, spinulate

on apical margin, spinules of middle part slightly smaller; seta 1-X shorter

than saddle, usually 3 branched; 4-X of 10 cratal tufts (12 in one of 20

specimens), each 3-7 branched, 8th tuft longest, 3,4 branched. Anal gills

longer than saddle, apically tapering, equal.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO. 236, 13192; with

associated skins (27 1, 27 p), 82 L, 101: Yaeyama Gunt6 (Holotype @:

K-1028-7; paratypes 280, 322; with associated skins (171, 17 p), 66 L:

K-0722, K-0724, K-0726, K-0730, K-0731, K-0732, K-0924, K-0925, K-0946,

K-1002, K-1010, K-1016, K-1018, K-1026, K-1027, K-1028, K-1029, K-1030,

K-1031, K-1084, K-1086, K-1099, K-1119, K-1128, K-1129, K-1130, K-1321,

K-1379, K-1408, K-1466. 207, 999; with associated skins (91, 9 p), 16 L,

10 1: K-0724, K-0726, K-0730, K-0731, K-0732, K-0919, K-0924, K-0925,

K-0946, K-0951, K-0956, K-1002, K-1010, K-1015, K-1016, K-1018, K-1021,

K-1026, K-1027, K-1028, K-1035, K-1057, K-1065, K-1078, K-1084, K-1085,

K-1086, K-1088, K-1093, K-1096, K-1098, K-1099, K-1101, K-1111, K-1119,

460 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

K-1121, K-1126, K-1128, K-1129, K-1130, K-1212, K-1220, K-1241, K-1247,

K-1317, K-1321, K-1324, K-1326, K-1328, K-1337, K-1375, K-1407, K-1464,

K-1466, K-1469, K-1470, K-1601, K-1609, K-1615, K-1616).

DISTRIBUTION. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO (Yaeyama Gunt6).

BIONOMICS. The larvae of this species occur in fresh water crab holes

along shaded streamlets in lowlands or at the foot of mountains, very often

in association with Ur. (Pfc.) yaeyamana and Culex (Lophoceraomyia) tuberis.

Occasionally, Cx. (Lop.) minor, Cx. (Lop.) infantulus and Cx. (Culictomyzia)

ryukyensis, and rarely a species of Aedes (SStegomyia) scutellaris group and

Ur. (Ura.) macfarlanei were found together. Bohart (1959) obtained his

stonei in cave springs and rock holes as well as in crab holes on Ishigaki Is.

The adults are commonly found in shrubbery or crab holes. They have not

been observed to attack man.

102. URANOTAENIA (PSEUDOFICALBIA) YAEYA MANA

TANAKA, MIZUSAWA AND SAUGSTAD

(Figs. 146, 147, 251; Table 134)

Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) yaeyamana Tanaka, Mizusawa and Saugstad,

1975a: 31 (*, &, L). Type-locality: Funaura, Iriomote Is., Ryukyu

Archipelago.

Uvranotaenia stonei: Bohart, 1959: 196 (in part): IshigakiIs., Ryukyu

Archipelago.

FEMALE (Fig. 251). Wing length 2.7-3.1 mm. Head. Eyes contiguous

above and below, or narrowly separated below. Vertex covered with broad

dark grayish brown scales and large, erect forked dark-brown scales; eye

margin and tempus covered with broad pale grayish scales; 3,4 pairs of black

vertical bristles, an additional pair of small brown bristles located beneath

long median pair; usually 3 temporal bristles on each side with several finer

brown bristles ventrad to underside of head. Clypeus rather dark brown.

Antennal pedicel yellowish brown, mesal side infuscate, with several fine

bristles and a few small gray scales; flagellum 1.21-1.38 (5) length of pro-

boscis; flagellomere 1 1.11-1.23 length of Flm 2. Palpus 0.11-0.14 (5)

length of proboscis, dark scaled. Proboscis 0.80-0.85 (5) length of forefemur.

Thorax. Pronotal lobes with brown integument and dark gray scales; anterior

lobe bearing 3 dark stout bristles, posterior lobe bearing 1, 2 dark bristles.

Scutum with integument brown, partly grayish, roughly covered with rather

narrow, grayish brown scales, sometimes rather broad, pale gray, scales on

anterior promontory; series of anterior dorsocentral bristles doubled in pos-

terior part, one stout humeral bristle accompanied by 1-3 shorter ones,

1-3 bristles near scutal angle, one posterior fossal close to anterior dorso-

central series. Scutellar lobes covered with broad dark scales, both lateral

lobes bearing 3 dark bristles, median lobe bearing 4, each lobe with 2-6

additional small bristles. Pleura rather dark brown on postspiracular area,

upper and middle sternopleuron and whole or upper and lower mesepimeron,

otherwise pale; sternopleuron and mesepimeron sparsely covered with rather

broad, translucent scales; one stout dark propleural bristle accompanied by

several small brown ones, one spiracular, one stout dark prealar; a fairly

stout dark brown sternopleural bristle always present just above level of lower

margin of mesepimeron; above this, about 10 black or dark brown, mostly

stout bristles form a continuous row along upper to upper posterior margin of

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 461

sternopleuron, fine yellowish bristles along lower posterior margin; 5-13 fine

upper mesepimerals and one (rarely 2) stout dark lower mesepimeral. Wing.

Cell Ro 0.37-0.41 (5) length of vein rg,9. Legs. Coxae pale, with dark gray

scales on forecoxa, pale scales on mid- and hindcoxae; trochanters pale.

Femora, tibiae and tarsi dark scaled; lower posterior surface of femora pale.

Hindtarsomere 1 length of or slightly longer than tibia. Claws equal. Abdomen.

Terga covered with dark brown scales, without pale bands; scales of lateroter-

gite rather pale. Sterna covered with pale ochreous scales.

MALE (Figs. 146, 251). Wing length 2.3-2.6 mm. Antennal flagellum

length of forefemur; flagellomere 12 length of or slightly shorter than Flm 13,

both together 0.39-0.45 (5) length of Flm 1-11. Cell Ro 0.33-0.39 (6) length

of vein r9,3. Anterior claw of foretarsus slightly longer than posterior one.

Genitalia. Tergum IX poorly sclerotized, fairly large. Sternum IX rounded

triangular, membranous, with basal edge well sclerotized. Basistyle short,

apically narrowed, 1.5 as long as wide (length measured from sternal base),

bristled over entire surface, with an outstanding bristle at center of tergal

side; basal tergal lobe slightly protrudent, with 2 long setae and a number of

bristles, one bristle proximal to the setae and usually 2 bristles mesal to the

setae fairly stout. Dististyle only slightly shorter than basistyle, rather stout,

gently arcuate, apically tapering, bearing 10 or more small setae near apex.

Tergite X falciform, separated at middle; 2 cercal setae. Aedeagus slightly

wider than long, with base usually narrower than apex, well sclerotized; later-

al pieces connected tergally by a joint at apical 0.33, and sternally by a moder-

ately sclerotized bridge, apex of each piece armed with 2 large dorsal teeth

lateroapically directed and with 2-4 (usually 3) recurved ventral teeth, the

apicalmost largest, middle one or 2 very small and occasionally reduced.

LARVA (Fig. 147). Head. Width 0.65-0.75 mm; lightly pigmented, as long

asor slightly longer than width; labral process longer than basal width, pointed

at apex; seta 1-C laterobasally on labral process, stout, slightly incurved,

about 6.0 as long as wide, shorter than distance between bases; 4, 5-C on the

same level and posterior to 7-C; 6-C somewhat thickened, tandem with 5-C

and anterior to 7-C; 9,13-C usually double. Antenna 0.23-0.25 mm long,

lightly pigmented; seta 1-A single or double, rarely 3 branched, inserted

slightly distal to middle, usually not reaching apex of shaft. Mandible and

maxilla almost identical with those of ohamai. Mentum plate with 14-17 teeth.

Thorax. Setae 1-M,T, and 3-T stiff and stellate, their longest branch length

of antenna; 5-T stiff; 14-P fairly stiff and very strongly barbed; usually, 11-M

single and 9-T 6 branched. Abdomen. Setae 2,11-I, 2-II, 9-II-V and 5-IV-VI

noticeably stiff and pigmented; 2-I, II longer than antenna; 1-I and 5-III stiff

but very small; 6-I with dorsal branch slightly longer than ventral one and equal

to 7-I; 6-II with dorsal branch slightly longer than ventral one, subequal to

7-II and 2.4-2.9 length of 2-II; 1-I, 7-0, 0,3-III, 0,10-IV, 0,3,10-V, 0,12,

14-VI and 11, 12-VII usually single; 9-VII usually single, often with a tiny barb-

like branch; 10-II, 6-III, 3,4,6,11-IV, 1,11-V, 1,11-VI and 1, 7, 10-VII usually

double; 12-I and 3-VII usually triple. Segment VIII with small and very poorly

sclerotized comb plate bearing 13-20 comb scales, individual scales subparallel-

sided, laterally and apically fringed with spinules, apical spinule slightly

larger than others; 1, 2-VIII on a sclerotized pigmented callus; usually, 1-VII

single, 2-VIII double and 14-VIII single. Siphon slightly sinuate, lightly pig-

mented; length 0.77-0.98 mm, index 3.2-4.0; pecten reaching apical 0.36-0.45

(x =0.41) of siphon, of 15-24 teeth, apical 2-4 detached, sometimes 1-3 abor-

tive teeth at base, each tooth apically fringed with spinules, detached teeth

simple and distinctly larger than others; seta 1-S beyond pecten at apical 0. 32-

462 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

0.39 (« = 0.36) of siphon, as long as width of siphon; 2-S on apical margin,

shorter than apical pecten tooth. Saddle incomplete, with irregularly arranged

spines of various sizes on apical margin; seta 1-X shorter than saddle; 2, 3-X

usually double; 4-X of 10 cratal tufts, 8th tuft longest and usually 2,3 branched,

others 4-8 branched. Anal gills subequal, narrow, apically tapering, slightly

longer than or length of saddle.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO. 780", 502; with asso-

ciated skins (241, 24 p), 76 L; 401: Yaeyama Guntd (Holotype “: K-1094-28;

Paratypes 61°, 43°; with associated skins (151, 15 p), 74 L: K-0722, K-0724,

K-0730, K-0731, K-0732, K-0739, K-0919, K-0924, K-0925, K-0941, K-1002,

K-1010, K-1065, K-1078, K-1085, K-1094, K-1096, K-1096, K-1098, K-1099,

K-1126, K-1224, K-1247, K-1249, K-1317, K-1320, K-1321, K-1324, K-1328,

K-1337, K-1373, K-1375, K-1377, K-1407, K-1465, K-1467, K-1470. 16¢,

7; with associated skins (81, 8 p), 2 L, 401: K-1094, K-1096, K-1221,

K-1248, K-1372, K-1464, K-1470).

DISTRIBUTION. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO (Yaeyama Gunt6o).

BIONOMICS. Larval habitats same as Ur. ohamai. One female was ina

light trap at Itokawa-rindd, Iriomote Island, 14-15 IV 71.

103. URANOTAENIA (PSEUDOFICALBIA) NOVOBSCURA BARRAUD

Uvranotaenia novobscura Barraud, 1934: 84 (*, 2, L). Type-locality: Sukna,

Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India.

DISTRIBUTION. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO.

TAIWAN. MALAYA. INDIA.

103A. URANOTAENIA (PSEUDOFICALBIA) NOVOBSCURA NOVOBSCURA

BARRAUD

(Figs. 148, 149, 252; Table 135)

Uranotaenia novobscura Barraud, 1934: 84 (o, 2, L). Type-locality: Sukna,

Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India; Peyton, 1976 (taxonomy; personal

communication).

Uranotaenia bimaculata: Edwards, 1921b: 283. Tokio, Japan. |

Uranotaenia (Uranotaenia) bimaculata: LaCasse and Yamaguti, 1950: 42

(So, $, L).

FEMALE (Fig. 252). Wing length 2.0-2.8 mm. Head. Eyes very narrowly

separated above and below. Vertex covered with broad bluish-tinged brown

scales; pale erect forked brown scales over entire vertex; tempus covered with

broad pale ochreous scales; usually 3, rarely 4, dark vertical bristles and 3

dark temporal bristles on each side. Clypeus brown to yellowish brown.

Antennal pedicel yellowish brown, infuscate on mesal side, with a few small

scales and several short bristles; flagellum 1.41-1.50 (5) length of proboscis;

flagellomere 1 1.21-1.36 length of Flm 2, pale in basal half, with several

scales. Palpus 0.15-0.17 (5) length of proboscis, dark scaled. Proboscis

0. 74-0. 76 (4) length of forefemur. Thorax. Pronotal lobes not scaled;

anterior lobe pale yellowish brown, bearing one fine and 3 stout dark bristles;

posterior lobe dark brown, with a single dark bristle near posterodorsal

corner. Scutum with integument grayish brown, with a pair of large, very dark

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 463

brown supraalar patches, covered with grayish brown lanceolate scales except

for supraalar area and prescutellar space, scales of anterior margin white;

usually, 2 humeral, one angular and one posterior fossal bristles. Scutellum

with integument rather pale brown, covered with bluish-tinged, grayish brown

broad scales; lateral lobe bearing usually 3, rarely 4, long dark bristles

together with 2-4 fine ones; median lobe bearing 4 long dark bristles together

with 0-3 fine ones. Paratergite dark brown. Pleura dark brown on postspira-

cular area, prealar knob, upper sternopleuron, mesepimeron and lower

metapleuron, otherwise pale brown or almost colorless; propleuron mesally

with a few broad semitranslucent scales, sternopleuron posteriorly covered

with broad semitranslucent scales; 2,3 pale yellowish brown propleural

bristles, one (rarely 2) dark spiracular, one (rarely 2) dark prealar; 8-10

sternopleurals, of which upper 2,3 are dark, others pale; 3,4 fine upper mese-

pimerals, one long dark lower mesepimeral. Wing. Remigium pale scaled

in basal half. Cell Ro 0.53-0.59 (5) length of vein ro,3. Halter with brownish

stalk. Legs. Coxae with translucent scales. Femora posteroventrally pale,

legs otherwise dark scaled. Hindtarsomere 1 0.94-1.00 (5) length of tibia.

Claws equal. Abdomen. Tergum I with a median patch of dark scales; latero-

tergite unscaled; II-VII dark scaled. Sterna covered with pale ochreous scales.

MALE (Figs. 149, 252). Wing length 1.9-2.3 mm. Antennal flagellum

1. 06-1. 20 (5) length of proboscis; pedicel and flagellomere 1 lacking scales;

flagellomeres 12 and 13 together 0.51-0.52 length of Flm 1-11, Flm 12 1.59

of Flm 13. Palpus 0.09-0.15 (5) length of proboscis; proboscis 0. 81-0. 88 (3)

length of forefemur. Cell Ro 0.48-0.58 (5) length of vein r9,9. Hindtarso-

mere 1 0.91-1.05 (5) length of tibia; claws of fore- and hindtarsi equal.

Genitalia. Tergum IX weakly and rather broadly sclerotized along apical mar-

gin, with 2-6 bristles on each side of middle near apex. Sternum IX mem-

branous, sclerotized only on basal edge, without bristle. Basistyle 1.33 as

long as wide, basally broadened, bristled throughout, laterally and sternally

scaled; basal tergal lobe slightly protrudent, with 4 strong setae and a few

bristles. Dististyle rather thick, 4.0 as long as wide, 0.8 length of basistyle,

with a number of minute apical setae; apex curved and pointed; claw broad,

unpigmented. Paraproct pilose, without cercal seta; tergite X weakly sclero-

tized, not or only slightly extending beyond apical margin of tergum IX, not

fused at middle. Aedeagus excluding teeth 1.6-1.8 as wide as long, sclero-

tized, lateral pieces connected by a narrow, strongly sclerotized tergal bridge

at apical 0.33, and a narrow, weakly sclerotized, arcuate sternal bridge;

each piece with 4 teeth: dark, laterodistally directed, strong tergoapical tooth;

dark, small tergolateral tooth; pale, laterally directed, slender sternoapical

tooth; and dark, proximally directed, strong sternal tooth; tergoapical tooth

usually extending distally beyond sternoapical tooth but always extending less

laterally than it, distance between apices of sternoapical teeth 1.4-1.8 as long

as that between apices of tergoapical teeth.

LARVA (Fig. 148). Head, Width 0.61-0.73 mm; dark brown, 1.1 as wide

as long; seta 1-C dorsosubapically on labral process, rudimentary; 0-C very

short but broad; 4-C with usually more than 10 slender, partly dendritic

branches; 5-C posteriad of antennal base; 6-C nearly tandem with 5-C, but

most anterior among 4-7-C; 7-C a little anteriad of antennal base; 9-C usually

double; 14-C short, stiff. Antenna 0.11-0.15 mm long, about 0.2 length of

head, about 4.0 as long as wide, dark brown; seta 1-A inserted at apical 0. 25-

0.35, 2-4 branched, usually extending slightly beyond apex of shaft; 2-6-A

relatively stout, dark brown; 2-4-A with filamentous apex. Mandible with

several stout microspines laterodorsally near base; MdS»o double, slender,

464 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

much shorter than MdS1; MdSg 4 intermediate between MdSj 9 in length.

- Mandibular brush with several lateral hairs stouter than other. Cutting organ

with one very strong dark dorsal spine; 2 dorsal teeth, both deeply bifurcate;

ventral tooth well developed, with 3 strong lateral denticles of nearly same

size as VTI9; VTg3 very broad and apparently flattened; ventral blade single,

reaching apex of VITg, basally broadened, with strong mesal pectination;

apparently one rudimentary hair-like pectinate brush. Piliferous process not

protrudent, with apically tufted hairs and ventrally a row of hairs; only 3

mandibular hairs. Maxilla. Cardo trapezoidal; seta 1-Mx single, slender.

Stipital sensoria on anterolateral corner of mesostipes, lateral sensorium

smaller, both arising from a common, unequally bifurcate, well developed

basal ring; 4-Mx at middle of anterior margin of ventral sclerotized area.

Lacinia with a ring-based seta (?6-Mx) at base of a dense group of pectinate

hairs on anterior margin, and another (?5-Mx) between it and 4-Mx on ventral

surface; mesal margin anteriorly with 2 transparent brush-like broad flattened

spicules and posteriorly many basally broadened spicules. Membranous apex

of palpostipes with sclerotized dorsal plate and very small ventral plate; Sy 5 4

well developed, pigmented, subequal in size; Sj with one, So with 2 basal ’ ‘

rings, both arising from another common basal ring; S4 with 3 basal rings;

S3 short, pointed, pigmented; S5 very small, unpigmented. Mentum plate

longer than wide, with 13-17 (most frequently 15) teeth. Thorax. Seta 12-P

shorter than 9-P; 14-P simple to strongly barbed; 3-T often partly dendritic;

9-P, 2,5-M and 12-T usually single. Abdomen. Segments II-VII ventrally

spiculate; 6, 7-I, II pigmented; 6-HI-VI, when single, usually darker and more

strongly barbed than when branched; 3-VII longest seta on the segment; 2-I,

9,11-II, 11-IIJ, 9-IV, 4,12-VI[ usually single; 4-III, 11,12-IV and 10-V usually

double. Segment VII with large, dark brown, lateral comb plate bearing 0-VIII

dorsolaterally on anterior margin and comb ventrolaterally on posterior margin;

comb scales 7-11 including 0-3 abortive teeth, individual scales pointed,

fringed with fine spicules up to apex and ventrobasally with several denticules.

Siphon dark brown, slightly sinuate on ventral margin in lateral view; surface

distinctly imbricate as well as comb plate and saddle; length 0.46-0.59 mm,

index 2.45-3.17; pecten reaching apical 0.24-0.38 (x =0.31), of 18-32 evenly

spaced teeth, usually with 1-5 basal abortive teeth, often with 1-5 teeth out of

the row; each tooth broad, rounded, fringed with spicules; seta 1-S slightly

longer than siphon diameter at insertion, usually inserted within pecten at

apical 0. 26-0.43 (x =0.36) of siphon, very rarely at apex of or distal to pecten.

Saddle dark brown, complete, 0.25-0.30 mm long; seta 1-X shorter than

saddle; 2-X usually double; 4-X of 10 cratal tufts, each 1-6 branched. Anal

gills 0.73-1.27 length of saddle.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN. 280, 302; with associ-

ated skins (16 1, 16 p); 23 L, 181: Honshu (C-1522, C-1544, C-1581, C-1897,

C-2103, C-2289, C-2290, C-2291, C-2292, C-2293, D-0061, E-2099, E-2278).

1%, 22; with associated skins (11, 1 p), 2 L: Shikoku (G-1270, G-1271). 1¢,

52; with associated skins (11, 1 p): Kyushu (H-0317).

DISTRIBUTION. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu,

Yakushima). TAIWAN. MALAYA. INDIA.

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 465

103B. URANOTAENIA (PSEUDOFICALBIA) NOVOBSCURA RYUKYUANA

NEW SUBSPECIES

(Fig. 252)

Uranotaenia bimaculata: Yamada, 1932: 229 (in part); Ryukyu.

The population of the Ryukyu Archipelago is characterized by the entirely

pale pleura; the scutum is also rather paler, and the supraalar dark patches

are smaller than in the populations of Palaearctic Japan. The latter is identi-

cal with specimens from Taiwan and Malaya*. The female antenna appears

slightly shorter, 1.30-1.40 (8) length of proboscis and male antennal flagello-

mere 12 is shorter relative to Flm 13, viz., Flm 12 1.11-1.25 (7) length of

Flm 13. Remigium scales are all dark in the Amami and Okinawa populations,

but pale ochreous in the basal half in the Yaeyama population. Bristles on

each side of tergum IX of the male genitalia are fewer, 1-4 (x =2.7, mode =

2) in Amami and Okinawa, 1-3 (x =1.6, mode =1) in Yaeyama, while they are

2-6 (x =3.4, mode = 3) in Palaearctic Japan. Differences in the larvae are

rather obscure; they are shown in Table 36. Six larvae from Yaeyama do not

appear distinctly different from specimens from Okinawa Is.

TABLE 36. Comparison of larval characteristics between Uvanotaenia

(Pseudoficalbia) novobscura ryukyuana and Ur. (Pfc.) n.

novobscura.

—e—«—ew?>—ww—s—ssssesseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee ee

Subspecies ryukyuana novobscura

Locality Okinawa Palaearctic Japan

Specimens Specimens

Character examined Range x Mode examined Range x Mode

Pecten teeth 20 15-29 20.7 - 20 18-32 24.5 -

Seta 3-P 30 2-5 3.0 ~ 26 1-3 Big 2

Seta 4-P 20 2-6 3.2 3 20 1-3 2c re

Seta 7-P 30 1-3 2.0 2 26 1-2 1 BGA

Seta 14-P 20 2-5 28 3 20 1-3 ys hes ee

Seta 6-V 30. 1-4 2.% 3 26 1-3 BA ALD

Seta 6-VI 30 1-4 2.0 - 26 1 (constant)

TYPE-SERIES. Holotype male (#22329, J-0717-15) with associated slides

of genitalia, larval and pupal skins: Okinawa Is., Ryukyu Archipelago, 26 IV

1971, tree hole, Mizusawa & Nishikawa. Paratypes: 49 males, 48 females,

with slides of associated skins (12 larvaland 12 pupal), 13 larvae, genitalia (12 males)

mouthparts (7 males, 6 females, 3 larvae), wings (10 males, 9 females) and

*Specimens examined. TAIWAN. 200, 20°: Taipei, Hsinchu, Chiai and

Taitung Hsien, NAMRU-2. 2c, 29: Sanmin, Taoyuan Hsien, 21 IX 1961,

bamboo stump, Chung and Lu. MALAYA. 20, 22: Cameron Highland,

Pahang, USNM.

466 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

- legs (10 males, 9 females). 1 male (J-0408): Mt. Nago, 28 VIII 1970, tree

hole; 2 males, 1 female (J-0432): Yona, 1 IX 1970, tree hole; 2 females, with

skins (2 larval and 2 pupal) (J-0461): Von: 6 IX 1970, tree hole; 2 males, 2

females (J-0463): Yona, 7 IX 1970, banboo stump; 2 ies (J- 0468): Yona,

7 1X 1970, tree hole; 1 male (J- 0480): Yona, 81X 1970, tree hole; 5 males, 5 fe-

males (J-0487): Yona, 8 IX 1970, tree hole; 1 male, 2 females (J-0491):

Yonaha, 9 IX 1970, tree hole; 5 males, 1 female, with associated skins (1 lar-

val and 1 pupal) (J-0500): Oku, 9 IX 1970, tire; 2 males, 2 females, with

associated skins (1 larval and 1 pupal) (J-0504): Mt. Onishi, 10 Ix 1970, tree

hole; 5 males, 8 females, with associated skins (1 larval and 1 pupal) (J-0507):

Mt. Onishi, 10 IX 1970, tree hole; 1 male, 1 female, with associated skins

(2 larval and 2 pupal) (J-0510): Mt. Onishi, 10 IX 1970, tree hole; 1 male,

1 female, with associated skins (1 larval and 1 pupal) (J-0511): Mt. Onishi,

10 IX 1970, tree hole; 1 female, with associated skins (1 larval and 1 pupal)

(J-0520): Yona, 12 IX 1970, rock hole; 2 males, 1 female, with associated

skins (1 larval and 1 pupal) (J-0716): Yona, 26 1V 1971, tree hole, Mizusawa

& Nishikawa; 9 males, 7 females, with associated skins (2 larval and 2 pupal)

(J-0717): Yona, 26 IV 1971, tree hole, Mizusawa & Nishikawa; 1 male, 4 fe-

males (J-1288): Gajanokobanta, 28 XI 1972, tree hole, Mizusawa & Imamura;

1 male, 3 females (J-1291): Gajanokobanta, 28 XI 1972, rock hole, Mizusawa

& Imamura; 8 males, 7 females, 13 larvae (J-1293): Mt. Nago, 29 XI 1972,

tin can, Mizusawa & Imamura (all specimens in the type-series collected by

Tanaka and Mizusawa unless otherwise indicated).

The holotype and one-half of the paratypes are deposited in the National

Science Museum, Tokyo, the remaining paratypes are deposited in the USNM.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED OTHER THAN THE TYPES. RYUKYU ARCHI-

PELAGO. 10 males, 7 females, with associated skins (5 larval and 5 pupal),

1 larva, 4 larval skins: Amami Gunto (I-0252, I-0277, I-0280, I-0300, I-1828,

I-1835, I-1851, I-1888). 5 males, 6 females, 17 larvae, 3 larval skins: :

Okinawa Gunto “ae 0413, J-0443, J-0463, J-0472, J-0477, J-0482, J-0487,

J-0504, J-0505, J- 0506, J- 0508, J- 0509, J- 0510, J- 717, J- 0902, J- 1291,

J- 1292). 12 males, 6 females, 6 larvae: Yaeyama Guntd (K- 0139, K- 0151,

K-0561, K-0726, K-0918, K-0946, K-0951, K-1297, K-1298, K- 1331, K- 1357,

K-1451).

DISTRIBUTION. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO (Amami, Okinawa and Yaeyama

Gunt6).

DISCUSSION. Misusage of the name bimaculata for this species was cor-

rected by Peyton (1977). Roth (1946) studied some larval characters on speci-

mens of vuykyuana from Okinawa and found that there were 2 types separated

mainly by the number of branches of the lateral setae of abdominal segments

III-VI (setae 6-III-VI) (he also gave data for a seta on segment VII, but this

was 4-VII). In his type A (more hairy), these setae are most frequently 3

branched though varying from 2-4 in 6-III, V, 1-4 in 6-IV, 1-3 in 6-VI; in type

B (less hairy), they are most frequently single though varying up to 3. The

adults associated with both types were the same. We observed a similar situa-

tion in our collections from Okinawa. The more hairy type was obtained during

August to September, and the less hairy type November to December. This

suggests that these types might be a seasonal variation. However, our material

was not sufficient to be conclusive, and Roth did not give the collection dates

forhis material. Further study will be necessary.

BIONOMICS. The larvae occur chiefly in tree holes, occasionally in bam-

boo stumps, and also frequently in small artificial containers such as metal

and earthenware jars, discarded tires, etc., in rural environments.

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 467

104. URANOTAENIA (PSEUDOFICALBIA) NIVIPLEURA LEICESTER

(Figs. 149, 150, 253, Table 136)

Uranotaenia nivipleura Leicester, 1908: 219 (%, 2). Type-locality: The Gap,

Selangor, Malaya, Singapore; Bohart and Ingram, 1946b: 57, Chizuka,

Okinawa Is., Ryukyu Archipelago.

FEMALE (Fig. 253) (2 specimens). Wing length 2.0-2.4 mm (3 mm,

Barraud 1934). Head. Eyes very narrowly separated above and below. Vertex

covered with broad dark grayish brown scales and wide erect forked pale brown

scales; eye margin of vertex usually appearing pale; tempus heavily covered

with dark gray scales; 3 pairs of dark or brown vertical bristles, the median

pair very large; 1,2 dark temporal bristles on each side, with several fine

bristles ventrad to underside of head. Clypeus dark brown. Antenna longer

than proboscis; pedicel laterally tawny brown; mesally dark brown, with

several small hairs and few small scales; flagellomere 1 1.1-1.2 length of

Flm 2, with a few small scales. Proboscis 0.9 length of forefemur. Palpus

0.1 length of proboscis, dark scaled. Thorax. Pronotal integument pale yel-

lowish brown; anterior lobe bearing 3 dark bristles, posterior lobe with a few

easily lost, gray scales, bearing one bristle near upper posterior corner.

Scutal integument brown, anterior promontory, fossal and supraalar areas

and prescutellar space dark brown, margin from humerus to wing root pale;

scutum covered with narrow dark grayish brown scales and with a narrow

border of narrow white scales from apex to wing root; posterior portion of

anterior dorsocentral bristles double; one stout dark humeral bristle accom-

panied by 0-2 finer bristles; one fine bristle near scutal angle, sometimes

lacking; one posterior fossal close to dorsocentral series. Scutellar lobes

covered with dark scales, both lateral lobes bearing 3 long dark bristles and

median lobe 4, 5 bristles, each with 1-4 additional small bristles. Pleura pale

yellowish brown, well contrasting with dark scutum; sternopleuron sparsely

covered with translucent scales intermixed with gray scales; 2 propleural

bristles, sometimes accompanied by one fine bristle, 1,2 fine spiraculars,

one stout dark prealar; sternopleurals arranged along upper and posterior

margins, upper 1-3 dark and stout, others brown to pale yellow and fine; 3-5

fine upper mesepimerals, 1,2 dark lower mesepimerals. Wing. Cell Ro

0.4-0.6 length of vein r9,9. Legs. Coxae and trochanters concolorous with

pleura, with broad gray scales. Femora, tibiae and tarsi dark scaled. Hind-

tarsomere 1 length of or slightly shorter than tibia. Claws small, equal.

Abdomen. Terga and sterna uniformly covered with dark brown scales.

MALE (Fig. 149). (Description based on 1 specimen from Taiwan.) Wing

length 2.4 mm. Hindtarsomere 1 length of tibia. No dissected specimen avail-

able for description of head appendages. Genitalia. Tergum IX narrowly and

weakly sclerotized along apical margin, with 5,6 bristles on each side of mid-

dle near apex. Sternum [IX membranous, sclerotized only on basal edge, with

2 bristles at middle. Basistyle 1.33 as long as wide, basally broadened,

bristled throughout, laterally and sternally scaled; basal tergal lobe narrow,

well protrudent, bearing 3 slender setae and a few bristles. Dististyle with a

number of minute apical setae; claw missing in the single specimen. Para-

proct covered with minute hairs, with 3, 4 cercal setae on each side; tergite X

well protrudent as a pair of weakly sclerotized, triangular lobes beyond apical

margin of tergum IX, both lobes connected at middle. Aedeagus excluding

teeth 2.0 as wide as long, sclerotized; lateral pieces tergally connected at api-

468 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

cal 0.33, apparently without sternal bridge; each plate with 3 strong, dark

teeth: laterally directed tergoapical tooth, laterodistally directed sterno-

apical tooth, and proximally directed sternal tooth; sternoapical tooth with

1,2 mesobasal denticles, extending more distally than tergoapical tooth, which

extends more laterad than sternoapical tooth; distance between apices of tergo-

apical teeth 0.63 of that between apices of sternoapical teeth.

LARVA (Fig. 150). (Description based on 2 mounted skins from Taiwan. )

Head. Labral process bearing rudimentary seta 1-C at apex; 0-C broad,

transparent; 6, 7-C somewhat anteriad of antennal base; 4-C slightly postero-

mesad of 6-C; 5-C far posterior to them and slightly laterad of 6-C. Antenna

dark brown, 0.19 mm long, 4.8-5.2 as long as broad, with extremely fine

spinules on mesal surface; seta 1-A single, inserted at apical 0. 13-0. 24; 2-4-A

rather basally thick, apically attenuate; 5-A thick, with a distinct accessory

sensorium on proximal division; 6-A subequal to 5-A, narrowly truncate at

apex. Mandible with a number of microspines of various sizes proximally

on dorsolateral surface; ventral tooth with 3 strong lateral denticles equal

to VTo in size; VT1, 2 triangular, VT3 quadrate. Maxilla. Mesostipes with a

strongly developed sensorium on a long basal ring bearing a small accessory

sensorium (shape similar to 5-A). Apex of palpostipes with strongly developed

SI, 2, 43 51, 9 each with a basal ring, both on a common 2-segmented structure,

proximal segment ring-like, distal one fairly long, asymmetric; S4 ona 2-

segmented basal ring. Mentum plate longer than wide, with 13 teeth. Thorax.

Seta 7-M branched. Abdomen. No stiff pigmented seta; 2-I, II and 4-II, IV

slightly mesad of 1-I-IV respectively; 3-VI, VII stronger than 1-VI, VI. respec-

tively; segment VII with broad, weakly sclerotized comb plate bearing a row of

7-11 comb scales on posterior margin, occasionally 1,2 abortive scales

present; individual comb scales parallel-sided, with apex rounded, evenly

fringed with fine apical and lateral spicules. Siphon rather dark brown,

0.60-0.65 mm long; pecten reaching basal 0.32-0.39 of siphon, of 11, 12

evenly spaced teeth, 1,2 basal teeth occasionally abortive; each tooth broad,

with apex rounded, apically and laterally fringed with fine spicules; seta 1-S

located slightly distad of pecten at basal 0.39-0.43, approximately 0.33 length

of siphon; 2-S fine. Saddle apparently incomplete, 0.22-0.27 mm long, dorso-

apically dark brown; seta 1-X rather strong, nearly 2.0 length of saddle; 4-X

of 10 cratal tufts, each 2-4 branched, 2 proximal tufts very short. Anal gills

broad, with apex rounded, about 4.0 length of saddle.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO. 19: Okinawa Guntd

(J-0541). 19: Yaeyama Gunté (K-0184). TAIWAN. 1°, 1%; with associated

skins (21, 2p), Chituan, Tatung, Ilan Hsien, 9 IX 1961, tree hole, Chung & Lu.

DISTRIBUTION. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO (Okinawa and Yaeyama Gunt6).

TAIWAN. MALAYA. SINGAPORE. JAVA. INDIA. SRI LANKA.

BIONOMICS. Larvae have not been collected in the Ryukyus. Elsewhere

(Peyton 1977), they have been found in tree stumps, holes in dead fallen trees,

an automobile tire and a rusted tin. A female adult (Yona, Okinawa Is.) was

captured on a naked knee of a man in a room in the evening, but it is unlikely

that it bites man (Tanaka, Saugstad and Mizusawa 1975).

SUBGENUS URANOTAENIA LYNCH ARRIBALZAGA

Uvanotaenia Lynch Arribalzaga, 1891a: 375; 1891b: 163. Type-species:

Uvanotaenia pulcherrima Lynch Arribalzaga, 1891b; Argentina.

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 469

ADULT. Suture between prealar knob and sternopleuron present. Alula

bare. Female anterior claw broader than posterior claw. Lateral pieces of

aedeagus only dorsally connected. The 2 species of this region have a distinct

pale transverse line formed by broad scales and pale integument from the

anterior pronotal lobe to metapleuron. Such a line is not present in species of

Pseudoficalbia of this region.

LARVA. Setae 5,6-C strongly developed, spine-like. Grid midventrally

joined to saddle.

KEYS TO SPECIES OF URANOTAENIA (URANOTAENIA)

ADULT

Abdominal terga entirely dark; male midtarsus with 2 unequal

Claws t: UINaIa eRe: Pee ESE akg Dap E ANS annandalei (p. 469)

Abdominal terga with pale patches or bands; male midtarsus with

only a single long curved claw. ......... macfarlanei (p. 472)

MALE GENITALIA

Aedeagus rounded, its tergal base not greatly extended laterally and

narrower than anterior widest part; apex without strong, distally

produced COSMAS AVG ek SEG <p gy annandalei (p. 469)

Aedeagus trapezoidal, its tergal base greatly extended laterally and

much wider than apex which has a pair of strong, distally produced

teeth? . eCA PROM TEE AE Ip RRS Fle, at macfarlanei (p. 472)

LARVA

Antenna with setae 2-4-A very broad, leaf- or blade-like; comb plates

of abdominal segment VII dorsally connected. . annandalei (p. 469)

Antenna with setae 2-4-A slender; comb plates of abdominal segment VIII

dorsally separatedy yA eee Figg macfarlanei (p. 472)

105. URANOTAENIA (URANOTAENIA) ANNANDA LEI BARRAUD

(Figs. 151, 152, 254; Table 137)

Uranotaenia annandalei Barraud 1926: 343 (co, 2). Type-locality: Golaghat,

Assam, India.

Uvanotaenia nanseica Bohart and Ingram, 1946b: 56 (o"). Type-locality:

Chizuka, Okinawa Is., Ryukyu Archipelago.

FEMALE (Fig. 254). Wing length 2.0-2.4 mm. Head, Eyes separated

above and below. Eye margin covered with broad bluish silvery scales, brown

scales intermixed on tempus; remainder of vertex covered with bluish or

brownish, broad dark scales which show green reflection in some light; erect

forked dark scales anteriorly and posteriorly scattered; 4 pairs of vertical

bristles, 2 pairs of which are on interocular space, the under pair finer and

paler, others dark; a few dark temporal bristles on each side. Clypeus dark

470 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

brown. Antennal pedicel testaceous, infuscate and with some pale scales on

mesal side; flagellum 1.18-1.25 (3) length of proboscis; flagellomere 1 1.41-

1.55 length of Flm 2. Palpus very short, 0.09-0.11 of proboscis, yellowish

brown, dark at apex. Proboscis 0. 76-0. 83 (3) length of forefemur. Thorax.

Pronotal integument dark brown; anterior lobe heavily covered with broad

bluish-silvery scales, bearing 3 dark stout bristles; posterior lobe without

scales, bearing one dark stout bristle on posterior margin. Scutum with integu-

ment brown, partly infuscate, covered with narrow or rather narrow dark

brown scales, with a pair of patches of broad grayish scales on supraalar area;

one stout humeral bristle accompanied by 1,2 shorter ones, one bristle near

-scutal angle, one posterior fossal close to dorsocentral series. Scutellum

covered with broad dark brown scales which show bluish reflection, each lobe

bearing 3 (rarely 4) long dark bristles, occasionally additional small bristles

present. Paratergite dark brown. Pleural integument dark brown on postspir-

acular area, upper sternopleuron, upper mesepimeron and upper metapleuron,

remainder yellowish brown to pale brown; upper sternopleuron with a trans-

verse patch of broad bluish silvery scales in the middle of dark area, the

patch together with bluish silvery patches of head and anterior pronotal lobe

(and also with pale parts of mesepimeron and metapleuron) forming a conspicu-

ous transverse line in contrast with dark integument above and below the Line;

a thin cover of broad silvery scales on posterior-lower sternopleuron; 2,3 pro-

pleural bristles, 1, 2 stout prealars; 6-9 sternopleurals, 1,2 of them stout and

placed above scale patch, others fine; 2-4 fine upper mesepimerals, 1,2 lower

mesepimerals near cephalic lower corner. Wing. Cell Ro 0.42-0.53 (3) length

of vein rg,3. Legs. Coxae pale brown, with translucent scales; femora, tibiae

and tarsi dark scaled with bluish or greenish reflection, underside of femora

more or less pale. Hindtarsomere 1 0.94-1.00 (3) length of tibia. Claws sub-

equal in length. Abdomen. Terga covered with dark brown scales, lateroter-

site with translucent scales or not scaled; sterna covered with pale brown

scales.

MALE (Figs. 152, 254). Wing length 1.8-2.2 mm. Antennal flagellum

1.10-1.17 (4) length of proboscis; flagellomeres 12 and 13 together 0. 53-0. 55

(5) length of Flm 1-11, 12 1.11-1.21 (5) of Flm 13. Palpus 0.06-0.07 length

of proboscis. Proboscis 0.84-0.96 (4) length of forefemur. Cell Rg 0.42-0. 50

(5) length of vein r94g. Hindtarsomere 1 0.95-1.05 (5) length of tibia.

Genitalia. Tergum IX poorly sclerotized. Sternum IX membranous, without

bristle. Basistyle 1.4 as long as wide (length measured from sternal base),

bristled over entire surface, basal tergal lobe slightly protrudent, usually

bearing 3 setae together with several small bristles. Dististyle stout, basally

broadened, 0.67 length of basistyle, slightly more than 3.0 as long as wide,

with about 8 small setae on apical half, apex pointed; claw narrow. Tergite X

fairly long, approximated at middle. Aedeagus well sclerotized, slightly less

than 0.5 length of basistyle, lateral plates connected at a point near tergoapical

0.33, from this point tergal edges diverge both apically and basally, sternal

edge usually armed with 5 strong, retrose teeth.

LARVA (Fig. 151). Head. Width 0. 52-0.54 mm; brown, 1.04-1.15 as long

as wide; labral process markedly prominent; seta 0-C slender; 1-C at apex of

labral process, moderately stout, laterally compressed toward the ventrally

curved apex, length subequal to distance between bases; 4, 6-C on same level

slightly anterior to 7-C; 5-C well posterior to and slightly mesad of 6-C; 5, 6-C

strongly developed, broad, somewhat flattened, very dark brown, laterally

fringed with dense spicules, 5-C longer than 6-C; 14-C broad and flattened,

with blunt apex; 4,7, 8-C usually single, 9-C usually double. Antenna 0.13-0.15

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea A471

mm long, lightly pigmented, about 3.5 as long as wide and slightly swollen in

middle in dorsal view, with a prominent ventral process at middle of shaft

bearing leaf-like seta 2-A; 1-A single, short and slender, inserted at about

apical 0.25; 3-A apical, blade-shaped, narrower than and 0.75 length of 2-A;

4-A subapical, leaf-shaped, very wide, the apex on same level as that of 3-A;

5-A ventrosubapical, about 0.5 length of 2-A, with a long accessory sensorium;

6-A apical, narrow, blunt-tipped, subequal to 3-A; 2-4, 6-A lightly pigmented.

Mandible laterobasally with single or occasionally doubled microspines of vari-

ous sizes and dorsally several rows of minute spinules; MdSj broadest, MdSo9

fine and multiple, MdS5 about 0.67 length of MdS{. Mandibular brush with

several lateroventral hairs basally broadened and serrate on mesal margin.

Cutting organ with a single slender dorsal spine almost reaching lateroapical

denticle of ventral tooth; 10 or more strongly sclerotized dorsal teeth, most

mesodorsal one largest and dorsally bicuspid; ventral tooth with 2 lateral

denticles, one (VT-4) almost equal to VTg in size, another small; VT1, 2

triangular, subequal; VT3 with blunter apex; 3,4 ventral blades, VBj very

wide, just extending beyond apex of VTg, pectinate on mesal margin and

denticulate on ventrolateral surface in middle, VBo_4 with lateral pectination;

pectinate brush absent. Piliferous process moderately protrudent, with tufted

hairs at apex and base; 6-8 mandibular hairs, each with branched or brush-

like apex. Maxilla with seta 1-Mx single, slender and close to 14-C. Meso-

stipes square; stipital sensoria equal, located just laterad of lacinial suture,

without basal ring; 4-Mx very broad, fan-shaped, with midrib and large socket.

Lacinia hair, mesally with spine-like spicules and brush-like hairs anteriorly;

a ring-based seta (?6-Mx) just mesad of anterior termination of lacinial suture;

another (?5-Mx) in an anteromesal concavity on ventral surface. Membranous

apex of palpostipes apparently lacking sclerotized plates; all 5 sensoria well

developed, S3 flattened and somewhat bent apically, S, bifurcate at tip; a

cylindrical appendage dorsad of S1, its basal half broader than broadest

sensorium, apical half narrow. Mentum plate with usually 13 teeth. Thorax.

Seta 1-P rather thick, apically frayed; 2-P more slender than and length of

1-P; 3-P, 1-M, 1,3,13-T somewhat stellate; 7-M fine, about length of 2-M;

14-P usually single. Abdomen. Segments II-VIII with broad median area of

ventral surface finely spiculate. Setae 6-I, II each with 3 equal branches; 6-III

slightly shorter and distinctly more slender than 6-I, II, with 2 equal branches;

3-I, 1-II-VII, 6-IV-VI somewhat stellate; 1, 2-I, 8-II, 14-III, IV, VI-VUI usually

single; 12-II, 3-III, 11-V and 12-VI usually double; 13-I usually triple. Seg-

ment VIII with well sclerotized, dorsally complete large comb plate covering

ereater part of the segment; comb scales 4-6 on lower-posterior margin of the

plate, usually 2nd scale from ventral side almost 2.0 length of others, indivi-

dual scales spiniform with acute apex, laterally fringed with fine spicules;

0-VIII on comb plate, 1,2-VIII on a common, weakly sclerotized, relatively

wide, rounded plate; 1-VIII shorter than 2-VII, 5-VIII shorter than 3-VIII.

Siphon pale yellowish brown, of even width from base to apex; length 0. 44-0. 46

mm; index 3.0-3.4 (x =3.2); pecten reaching basal 0.38-0.45 (x = 0.41) of

siphon, of 8-12 evenly spaced, broad and apically fringed teeth apically

decreasing in size; seta 1-S located near apex of pecten, longer than width of

siphon, with 7-10 barbed branches which are broadened and distally flattened

then narrowed toward acute apex; 2-S short, at apex of siphon; spiracular

valves fairly large. Saddle complete, fringed with spinules on apical margin

laterally, the spinules largest in middle, progressively smaller dorsally and

ventrally; seta 1-X much shorter than saddle; 4-X of 12 hairs on incomplete

erid, usually proximal 2 single, distal 2 3-5 branched, others intermediate.

472 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

Anal gills tapering toward apex, 0.60-0.75 length of saddle.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO. 5c, 162; with asso-

ciated skins (21, 2 p), 3 L: Okinawa Gunto (J-0436, J-0476, J-0490, J-0502,

J-0540, J-0898). 61°, 1012, 49 L: Yaeyama Gunto (K-0588, K-0601, K-0603,

K-0642, K-0668, K-0671, K-0672, K-0673, K-0676, K-0677, K-0680, K-0720,

K-0726, K-0730, K-0732, K-0758, K-0795, K-0801, K-0908, K-0919, K-0924,

K-0925, K-0934, K-0939, K-0940, K-0941, K-0946, K-0951, K-0956, K-0964,

K-0965, K-0966, K-1002, K-1010, K-1021, K-1059, K-1065, K-1078, K-1089).

DISTRIBUTION. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO (Okinawa and Yaeyama Gunt6).

- TAIWAN. SOUTH CHINA. BURMA. NEPAL. INDIA.

BIONOMICS. Common in Yaeyama, less so in Okinawa Is. The larvae are

found in shaded shallow stream pools or ground pools. They are characterized

by an Aedes -type sinuous swimming action. The adults are found in shrubbery

along streams.

106. URANOTAENIA (URANOTAENIA) MAC FARLANEI EDWARDS

(Figs. 152, 153, 255; Table 138)

Uvanotaenia macfarlanei Edwards, 1914: 127 (2). Type-locality: Hong Kong;

Bohart and Ingram 1946b: 55, Okinawa Is., Ryukyu Archipelago.

FEMALE (Fig. 255). Wing length 1.8-2.4 mm. Head. Eyes barely

contiguous above, moderately separated below. Vertex covered with broad

brownish black scales which show bluish, greenish or coppery reflection

according to direction of light; a narrow border of broad white scales to

eyes, the white border connected to a wide stripe of broad white scales on

upper tempus, remainder of which is covered with broad brownish black scales;

white scales on interocular space rather narrow; a few erect forked dark

scales scattered on vertex; usually 3 pairs of vertical bristles and 2 pairs of

temporal bristles, usually all dark. Clypeus blackish brown. Antennal pedicel

brown, mesal side infuscate and bearing a few small hairs and small pale

scales; flagellum 1.21-1.25 (3) length of proboscis; flagellomere 1 1.36-1. 79

length of Flm 2, with a few scales. Palpus very short, 0. 07-0. 08 (3) length of

proboscis, dark scaled. Proboscis 0.96-0.98 (3) length of forefemur. Thorax.

Integument of pronotal lobes dark brown; anterior lobe covered with broad white

scales, bearing 3 dark bristles; posterior lobe bare, with lower corner pale,

bearing one dark bristle on posterior margin. Scutum with integument dark

brown, covered with mixture of narrow bronzy light brown scales and narrow

dark brown scales, dark scales predominant on fossal and prealar areas, scales

on prescutellar area paler, a stripe of rather broad white scales on lateral

margin of prealar area; one stout humeral bristle, one (rarely 2) posterior

fossal close to dorsocentral series, no bristle near scutal angle. Scutellum

basally covered with broad bluish dark brown scales and apically with broad

ochreous scales, each lateral lobe bearing 3 dark bristles, median lobe bearing

4, occasionally additional small bristles present. Pleural integument dark

brown, middle of mesepimeron and lower part of metapleuron paler; a stripe

of broad white scales on upper 0.33 of sternopleuron, the stripe together with

white scale-patch of head and anterior pronotal lobe and with paler part of in-

tegument of posterior pronotal lobe, mesepimeron and metapleuron forming a

long clear transverse line parallel to scutal marginal white stripe; a small

patch of broad white scales on lower posterior margin of sternopleuron close to

midcoxa; one stout dark and one fine brown propleural bristle, 4 rather stout

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 473

dark and 3, 4 fine sternopleurals, one fairly stout spiracular, one stout dark

prealar, 2 fine upper mesepimerals, one stout dark lower mesepimeral near

cephalic-lower angle. Wing. Base of vein r pale scaled for nearly 0.33 of

wing length. Cell Ro 0.39-0.49 (3) length of ro,3. Legs. Each coxa with a

small patch of broad white scales, the patches together with a lower sterno-

pleural patch forming a dotted line subparallel to pleural white line; forecoxa

dark scaled on anterior side, midcoxa with another pale scale patch on anterior

lower part. Each femur with white apical scale fringe, underside of mid- and

hindfemora pale scaled, the pale scaled area more or less basally widened on

both sides, remainder of femora, tibiae and tarsi dark scaled, the scales

showing bluish reflection. Hindtarsomere 1 0. 81-0. 82 (3) length of tibia.

Claws rectangularly curved, subequal in length. Abdomen. Terga covered

with blackish brown and white or creamy-white scales; pale scales covering

ereater part of I including laterotergite, forming large transverse medioapical

patches and small lateroapical spots on II, III and IV, a small medioapical and

a small lateroapical spot on VI, and a complete apical band on V; VIII pale

scaled. Sterna covered with brown, somewhat golden, or dark brown scales,

V and VI with pale lateroapical spot.

MALE (Figs. 152, 255). Wing length 1.6-1.9 mm. Antennal flagellum

1.08-1.13 (4) length of proboscis; flagellomeres 12 and 13 together 0. 48-0. 53

length of Flm 1-11, 12 1.29-1.40 of Flm 13. Palpus 0. 05-0. 06 (4) length of

proboscis. Proboscis 1.02-1.11 (4) length of forefemur. Cell Rg 0.36-0.46

(4) length of vein r9;9. Hindtarsomere 1 0.76-0.79 (4) length of tibia. Mid-

tarsus with posterior claw reduced. Genitalia. Tergum IX poorly sclerotized.

Sternum IX short, membranous, without bristles. Basistyle 1.20-1.25 as long

as wide (length measured from sternal base), bristled over entire surface;

basal tergal lobe slightly protrudent, bearing one long seta and several large

and small bristles. Dististyle stout, 0.75 length of basistyle, 4.0 as long as

wide, of fairly even width from base to near apex, then abruptly narrowed

toward pointed apex, bearing about 10 small setae on apical half. No cercal

seta; tergite X extending slightly beyond tergum IX, terminating in a widely

rounded apex; apices widely separated. Aedeagus well sclerotized, conspicu-

ously basally widened, nearly 2.0 as wide as long, with apex usually narrower

than sternal base, tergally closed and sternally open; apex composed of a pair

of parallel processes, tergolateral edge appearing to be folded at base of apical

process; each sternal edge bearing 3 very large basally directed teeth on apical

half, basal half outcurved.

LARVA (Fig. 153). Head. Width 0.58-0.64 mm; dark brown, 1.11-1.20

as long as wide; labral process very prominent, basally broad; seta 0-C broad,

transparent; 1-C on apex of labral process, stout, pigmented, shorter than

distance between bases; 4, 6-C slightly posterior to 7-C or 4-C on level of 7-C;

5-C well caudad of them, 5,6-C strongly developed, broad, slightly flattened,

very dark brown, finely but densely laterally spiculate, 5-C longer than 6-C;

14-C very stout; 15-C usually double. Antenna 0.15-0.17 mm long, dark brown,

straight, with scattered minute spinules; seta 1-A single, very fine, inserted

at basal 0. 26-0.37 (x =0. 34) of shaft; 2-A longest of all the apical antennal _

setae, with filamentous apex; 3-A shortest; 4,6-A subequal; 5-A slightly shorter

than 4-A, with an accessory sensorium, arising from apical 0.25 of basal

pigmented part and extending beyond it. Mandible laterobasally with a number

of single slender microspines on dorsal surface; MdSg fine and multiple, MdS3-5

subequal to each other and slightly shorter than MdS1, MdSs5 broadest. Cutting

organ with 2 rather small dorsal teeth, lateral one simple, mesal one with a

mesal denticle; an irregularly toothed comb-like seta between base of ventral

474 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

_ tooth and mandibular spurs; no definite dorsal spine visible; ventral tooth with

2 large proximal and 2 small distal denticles on anterolateral margin, the large

denticles equal to VTg in size; VT 1 distinctly smaller than VTo and slightly

larger than VT9, VT3 nearly length of VTg, wide and flattened, blade-like,

with anteroapical angle rounded off; 3 ventral blades, VB, very wide, reaching

apex of VIo, strongly serrate on mesal margin, the serrations basally becom-

ing abruptly finer, apex with secondary fine serration on inner margin; VBo 3

slender, with mesal pectination; pectinate brush lacking. Piliferous process

barely protrudent, with a tuft of dorsal hairs at apex, a group of anterobasal

hairs and an anteriorly directed plumose process on ventral side near apex;

mandibular hairs 9-11, each branched or apically frayed. Maxilla with seta

1-Mx 3-5 branched, close to 14-C. Mesostipes well sclerotized on posterior

half of ventral surface; stipital sensoria subequal, located laterad of lacinial

suture, lacking basal ring; 4-Mx large, unpigmented, dendritic, with branches

apically convergent. Lacinia mesally with spiny spicules; a ring-based seta

(?6-Mx) just mesad of lacinial suture near apex; another (?5-Mx) on antero-

ventral membranous area near mesal margin. Membranous apex of palpostipes

apparently lacking sclerotized plates; all 5 palpal sensoria well developed; 83

longest; Ss broadest, with apex bifurcate and acuminate; dorsally a cylindrical

membranous appendage. Mentum plate with 12-15 rather large teeth. Thorax.

Setae 1-M, 1,3, 13-T stellate; 12-M slender; 8,9-M usually 5 branched; 6-T

usually double. Abdomen. Segments III-VII finely spiculate anteromedially

on ventral surface. Seta 6-I with 2nd branch slightly shorter than first branch,

3rd (shortest) branch about 0.67-0.75 length of first branch and also slightly

shorter than 7-I; 6-II with 2nd and 3rd branches distinctly shorter and more

slender than 7-II, 3rd (shortest) branch less than 0.5 length of first branch;

8-II, 4,12, 101, 11-IV and 8-V usually double; 12-II, 9-III, 4-IV and 12-VII

usually single, 5-VI usually 3 branched. Segment VIII with a large moderately

sclerotized comb plate on each side, bearing 7-9 comb scales along posterior

margin, individual scales acutely spine-like with lateral fringe of fine spicules;

0-VIII on comb plate; 1, 2-VIII on a common rather wide callus; 4-VIII usually

double. Siphon yellowish brown, only slightly apically narrowed, subapical

part 0.75 of widest part, apex occasionally slightly expanded; length 0. 64-

0.72 mm, index 3.8-4.3 (x =4.1); pecten reaching basal 0.4-0.5, of 11-14

evenly spaced teeth which are progressively shorter towards apex, each tooth

wide, rather rounded, evenly fringed with spicules; seta 1-S located slightly

distal to pecten at middle of siphon, arising from a somewhat prominent socket,

longer than siphon width; 2-S at apex, short; spiracular valves, especially

ventral one, well developed, 13-S kinked near base. Saddle complete, apical

margin laterobasally fringed with spinules of various sizes; seta 1-X usually

5-branched, shorter than saddle; 4-X of 10 cratal hairs, proximal 2 very short,

single, others long and 1-4 branched, usually proximal hairs with fewer

branches. Anal gills tapering toward apex, usually subequal to saddle though

variable in length.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO. 30, 59; with asso-

ciated skins (21, 3 p), 2 L: Okinawa Gunto (J-0476, J-0477, J-0490, J-0542,

J-0898, J-0905, J-2332, J-2333). 231°, 276%, 27 L: Yaeyama Guntd (K-0584,

K-0589, K-0601, K-0603, K-0616, K-0617, K-0620, K-0640, K-0641, K-0644,

K-0645, K-0667, K-0674, K-0697, K-0726, K-0728, K-0730, K-0731, K-0732,

K-0739, K-0789, K-0795, K-0805, K-0907, K-0919, K-0924, K-0925, K-0934,

K-0941, K-0946, K-0951, K-0954, K-0955, K-0956, K-0961, K-0963, K-0968,

K-0976, K-0979, K-1002, K-1010, K-1011, K-1013, K-1021, K-1035, K-1045,

K-1056, K-1065, K-1067, K-1078, K-1080, K-1081, K-1089, K-1093, K-1111).

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 475

DISTRIBUTION. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO (Okinawa and Yaeyama Gunto).

TAIWAN. SOUTH CHINA. HONG KONG. SUMATRA. JAVA. MALAYA.

INDIA.

BIONOMICS. Abundant in Yaeyama, not very common in Okinawa Is. The

most common larval habitat is a leafy shaded stream pool or a blocked stream.

Their actions are Anopheles-like. Occasionally larvae occur in ground pools,

rock holes or crab holes. The adults are common in shrubbery along streams;

also collected in light traps.

(iii) TRIBE SABETHINI

ADULT. Scales mostly very wide, round-tipped, translucent and producing

metallic reflection of various colors.

FEMALE. Head. Decumbent scales all broad; median pair of vertical

bristles close together, separated from other lateral vertical bristles. Palpus

1-3 segmented. Proboscis occasionally very long or strongly swollen at apex.

Thorax. Anterior pronotal lobes widely to very narrowly separated, bristled;

posterior pronotal lobe variously scaled, with one or only several bristles

along posterior margin. Scutum moderately arched; bristles greatly reduced,

acrostichals absent, except occasionally one anterior pair, dorsocentrals very

few or absent except for several bristles on anterior margin, humeral one or

absent, no other bristles in fossal area and along humeral to sutural margin,

prescutellars few or absent, only supraalars well developed. Scutellum

trilobed, with broad scales only; bristles on each lobe and not on portions

between lobes. Postnotum bare. Broad scales of propleuron, sternopleuron

and metapleuron when present, arranged in downward imbrication; broad scales

of mesepimeron, and subspiracular, postspiracular and prealar areas when pre-

sent, arranged in upward imbrication; pleural bristles usually reduced in

number, spiraculars almost always present, postspiraculars absent, prealars

few or absent, upper mesepimerals rather many, no lower mesepimerals.

Bases of mesomeron and hind coxa at about same level. Wing. Squama bare

or fringed with hair-like scales. Alula fringed with scales. Membrane with

distinct microtrichia. Dorsal remigial bristles absent. Cell Ro longer than

vein r9+3; m-cu proximad of r-m. Legs. Hindfemur and -tibia shorter than

forefemur and -tibia respectively. Hindtarsomere 1 distinctly longer than

tibia. Tarsomere 5 shorter than 4. Claws equal and simple, hindtarsal claw

rarely single. Pulvilli undeveloped. Abdomen. Tip truncate.

MALE. Antenna, palpus, tarsomeres and claws as in female or modified.

Genitalia. Tergum IX with single or paired lobes, when paired, lobes basally

connected with sclerotized bridge. Sternum IX membranous, without bristles.

Basistyle scaled; with or without mesal membrane; basal lobe, subapical lobe or

or claspette present or absent. Dististyle simple or modified; claw present or

absent. Proctiger with sclerotized paraproct. Aedeagus variously developed,

laterally paired, single or consisting of 3 tergosternal parts.

LARVA. Head. Hypostomal suture often reaching posterior tentorial pit.

Seta 1,3-C ventral in position, 3-C close to 0-C; 2-C absent. Antenna short,

smooth; 1-6-A short; 1-A single, distad of middle; 2,3-A distad of 1-A. Mouth

brush of numerous slender hairs. Mandible with 1-3 mandibular spurs, without

seta 1-Md; mandibular brush well developed; mandibular comb weakly developed.

Cutting organ usually rather well developed, with pectinate brush usually

weakly developed. Mandibular hairs divided into 2 groups. Maxilla. Cardo

476 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

fused with palpostipes or free. Mesostipes variable in shape; pseudoartis

undeveloped; stipital sensoria double, variable in position, with or without

basal ring. Lacinia occupying mesal half of dorsal surface of mesostipes.

Palpostipes without seta 3-Mx. Mentum plate short, usually very dark.

Thorax. Setae 13,14-M, and 8,13-T not dendritic. Abdomen. Seta 12-I

absent; 14-II present or absent; 1-5-VIII usually displaced dorsad. Comb

scales usually present. Siphon without acus; pecten present or absent; usually

more than one pair of seta 1-S and additional dorsolateral siphon setae present.

Saddle incomplete; 4-X of only one pair; grid absent.

DISTRIBUTION. Japan and Korea. Oriental, Ethiopian, Australian,

Nearctic and Neotropical region.

KEYS TO GENERA OF SABETHINI

ADULT

1. Squama fringed with hair-like scales; vertex with erect forked scales.

Tripteroides (p. 477)

Squama bare; vertex without erect forked scales. .......... 2

2(1). Proboscis simple; anterior pronotal lobes well separated.

Topomyia (p. 482)

Proboscis markedly swollen in apical 0.33, hairy; anterior pronotal

lobes very narrowly separated. ........... Malaya (p. 486)

MALE GENITALIA

lig Aedeagus consisting of opisthophallus, phallus and prosophallus.

Topomyia (p. 482)

Aedeagus tergosternally single. ....... 2.56 ee ee ee eevee 2

2(1). Aedeagus apically broad, emarginate on apical margin in tergal view.

Malaya (p. 486)

Aedeagus strongly apically narrowed, not emarginate on apical margin

ini-benen mies i: Sash pee 6 eth he > Sve tidaeg Tripteroides (p. 477)

LARVA

it? Seta 6-P single; 7-T spiniform; many body setae stiff and stellate.

Tripteroides (p. 477)

Seta 6-P multibranched; 7-T not modified, slender and multibranched;

no or only a few body setae stiff and stellate. ........... 2

2(1). Seta 4-X branched; maxilla with cardofree..... Topomyia (p. 482)

Seta 4-X single; maxilla with cardo fused with palpostipes.

Malaya (p. 486)

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 477

11. GENUS TRIPTEROIDES GILES

Tripteroides Giles, 1904: 369. Type-species: Rhunchomyia philippinensis

Giles, 1904; Philippines.

FEMALE. Head. Eyes contiguous above and below. Erect forked scales

confined to posterior margin of vertex. Clypeus rounded, short. Antenna

with flagellar whorls rather long, especially in basal flagellomeres. Palpus

variable in length and segmentation. Proboscis slender, often very long.

Thorax. Anterior pronotal lobes widely separated, with broad scales, with

less than 10 bristles on anterior margin; posterior pronotal lobe with 0-4

bristles on posterior margin. Scutum without median line of broad scales;

acrostichal bristles absent except some anterior ones, dorsocentrals and

prescutellars few or absent, one to a few humerals, many supraalars. Para-

tergite usually broad. Pleural bristles: propleurals, spiraculars and prealars

present, sternopleurals present or absent, upper mesepimerals relatively

many. Wing. Squama fringed with hair-like scales; alula fringed with narrow

scales. Vein la extending beyond level of cubital fork. Legs, Slender, often

ornamented (subgenus Tripteroides); hindtarsal claw occasionally single.

Abdomen. Tergum I hirsute; laterotergite bare or scaled. Seminal capsules

1-3.

MALE. Antenna distinctly plumose; flagellomeres 12 and 13 elongate,

Flm 12 longer than 13, both together much shorter than Flm 1-11. Palpus

variable. Foretarsomeres 4 and 5 modified, 5 longer than 4 and with some

stout setae on ventrobasal swelling. Midtarsomeres not modified. Anterior

claw of foretarsus and sometimes also of midtarsus enlarged, toothed or

simple; claws of hindtarsus equal and simple, occasionally single. Genitalia,

Tergum IX usually with prominent paired lobes, occasionally with single median

lobe, bearing more or less modified bristles. Basistyle scaled, with basal

mesal lobe bearing bristles. Dististyle simple, with apical or subapical claw.

Paraproct with one or more strongly sclerotized apical teeth. Cercal setae

usually present. Aedeagus tergosternally single, apically narrowed and not

emarginate on apical margin in tergal view.

LARVA. Many body setae including 2, 14-II-VII often (usually in subgenus

Tripteroides) stiff and stellate. Head. Small, rounded; seta 14-C often close

to anterior margin of postgena; 15-C often near posterior margin. Mandible

with rather stout dorsolateral microspines near base; MdS 1 well developed,

other mandibular spurs short or reduced. Mandibular comb of slender branched

teeth. Cutting organ with a single dorsal tooth; ventral tooth with 3 triangular

mesal denticles (VT1-3); ventral blade stout, with fine mesal serration; pec-

tinate brush weakly developed. Piliferous process moderately protrudent,

with 5 hair groups. Mavxilla (subgenus Tripteroides). Cardo fused with pal-

postipes; seta 1-Mx usually branched, stiff and stellate. Mesostipes trape-

zoidal, broader than long, with a row of rather stiff spicules along mesoanterior

margin; parartis with sclerotized rod; stipital sensoria unequal, on a common

single-segmented basal ring on anterolateral corner dorsally; 2-Mx close to

anterolateral corner; 4-Mx well developed. Lacinial suture extending from

posteromesal corner to anterolateral corner; 5-Mx near anteromesal margin

posteriad of level of stipital sensoria; 6-Mx uncertain. Palpostipes longer than

mesostipes, cylindric; lateral artis weakly developed; apex with 5 palpal sen-

soria and an ampulla-like structure close together. Maxilla of subgenus

Rachionotomyia moderately modified; mesostipes slightly longer than wide,

478 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

with several strong apical spines, palpostipes shorter than mesostipes. That

of subgenus Rachisouva strongly modified, mesostipes much longer than wide,

with short mesal spines and very strong apical spines (Belkin 1962). Thorax.

Seta 6-P and also often 5-P single; 13-P present; 6-M often and 7-T usually

spiniform. Abdomen. Seta 14-II usually present in subgenus Tripteroides.

Comb scales in a single row. Siphon with pecten variously developed; 1-S

almost ventral, additional lateral and/or subdorsal siphonal setae often irregu-

larly scattered. Saddle with 4-X branched.

DISTRIBUTION. Japan, Korea, Oriental region, and Australian region.

In this region, the genus Tripteroides is represented by a single species belong-

ing to the subgenus Tripteroides.

SUBGENUS TRIPTEROIDES GILES

Tripteroides Giles, 1904: 369. Type-species: Runchomyia philippinensis Giles,

1904; Philippines.

Vertex with blue scales, thorax and abdomen with silvery scales; other

subgeneric characters are given in the foregoing generic descriptions.

DISTRIBUTION. Japan and Korea. Oriental region except for most of India.

Papuan subregion. Northern Australia. Solomon, Santa Cruz and Fiji islands.

107. TRIPTEROIDES (TRIPTEROIDES) BAMBUSA (YAMADA)

Rachionotomyia bambusa Yamada, 1917: 61 (“, 2, P. L, E). Type-locality:

Tokyo, Higasiyama Spa, Fukushima Pref. ; Kyoto; Hiroshima; Omura,

Nagasaki Pref.; Kumamoto; Kagoshima; Japan. :

DISTRIBUTION. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN. KOREA. RYUKYU ARCHI-

PELAGO. TAIWAN. SOUTH CHINA.

107A. TRIPTEROIDES (TRIPTEROIDES) BAMBUSA BAMBUSA (YAMADA)

(Figs. 154, 155, 256; Table 139)

Rachionotomyia bambusa Yamada, 1917: 61 (%, °, P, L, E). Type-locality:

Tokyo; Higashiyama Spa, Fukushima; Kyoto; Hiroshima; Omura,

Nagasaki; Kumamoto; Kagoshima, Japan.

Tripteroides (Tripteroides) bambusa: LaCasse and Yamaguti, 1950: 47 (C, &,

L); Chu 1956: 42, Korea.

FEMALE (Fig. 256). Wing length 2.8-4.2 mm. Head. Vertex covered

with broad dark scales showing brilliant metallic blue lustre; many dark erect

forked scales along posterior margin; tempus covered with broad silvery white

scales; a pair of long dark vertical bristles anteriorly close together at middle;

one lateral vertical and 2 temporal dark bristles on each side. Clypeus dark

brown. Antenna: pedicel laterally yellowish brown, dark brown otherwise, with

with or without minute dark bristles; flagellum 0. 56-0. 57 (4) length of probos-

cis; flagellomere 1 1.42-1.67 (5) length of Flm 2, with several pale scales in

middle. Palpus 2 segmented, 0.13-0.15 (4) length of proboscis, dark scaled;

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 479

segment 2 4.63-5.64 (5) of 1. Proboscis long and slender, 1.42-1.52 (4) length

of forefemur, dark scaled. Thovax. Pronotal integument light yellowish brown;

anterior lobe with broad dark brown scales above, bearing 6-9 dark bristles;

posterior lobe sparsely covered with narrow curved dark scales on upper half,

with a single dark bristle on posterior margin at middle. Scutum chocolate

brown, with anterior and posterior margins slightly paler, covered with narrow

curved dark scales; scutal bristles dark brown, acrostichal bristles reduced

to one anterior pair, dorsocentral series widely interrupted between anterior

and posterior series, 2-5 (usually 3) posterior dorsocentrals, 1-3 (usually one)

humerals, 1,2 prescutellars. Scutellum pale yellowish brown, each lobe with

a patch of broad dark scales, lateral lobe bearing 3-5 long dark bristles

together with a few short ones, median lobe with 4 long dark bristles and

occasionally with fewer short bristles. Paratergite chocolate brown. Pleura

chocolate brown on post- and subspiracular areas, sternopleuron, mesepimer-

on and mesomeron, this pleural dark area continuous above with dark scutum;

sternopleuron except for anteroventral area heavily covered with metallic-

blue-tinged silvery translucent scales; mesepimeron more thinly covered

with similar scales except for posterodorsal area and lower 0.25; pleural

bristles yellowish brown except some dark brown ones of sternopleuron; 2-4

propleurals, 2-7 spiraculars, 3-5 prealars, no upper sternopleurals, 4-8

lower sternopleurals, 7-17 upper mesepimerals. Wing. Veins dark scaled;

1a ending at level between m-cu and cubital fork; cell Ro 1.46-2.42 (x =1. 82)

length of vein r9,3. Halter with dark scaled knob. Legs. Anterolateral sur-

face of fore- and midcoxae and posterolateral surface of hindcoxa covered with

broad silvery translucent scales; midcoxa also posterobasally with similar

scales. Femora with 2 spots of silvery white scales in apical half and a streak

of silvery white scales in basal half on anterior surface, the streak of hindfemur

usually reaching proximal spot; lower posterior surface of femora pale scaled,

the pale area apically narrowed, not reaching apex; legs otherwise dark scaled.

Forefemur subequal to or slightly longer thantibia, longer than mid- and hind-

femora; midfemur subequal to or slightly longer than hindfemur; foretibia

equal to or slightly shorter than midtibia, longer than hindtibia; hindtarsomere

1 1.12-1.23 (7) length of tibia. Claws of all tarsi paired, simple and equal.

Abdomen. Tergum I dark scaled, laterotergite unscaled; II-VI dark scaled

with lateral patches of silvery white scales, these lateral patches basal on I,

median to subapical on III, subapical on IV-VI and fully covering VII or nearly

so. Sterna II-VII golden yellow. Segment VIII dark scaled. Seminal capsules 3.

MALE (Figs. 155, 256). Wing length 2.4-3.5 mm. Antennal flagellomere

12 1.38-1.93 (5) length of Flm 13, both together 0.56-0.62 (x = 0.60) length of

Flm 1-11. Palpus 0.16-0.18 (5) length of proboscis; segment 2 2. 60-4. 05 (5)

of 1. Proboscis 1.56-1.66 (3) length of forefemur. Cell Ro 1.36-1.76 (7)

length of vein r9,3. Foretarsomere 5 longer than 4, with stout ventrobasal

setae; anterior claw of foretarsus thick, longer than simple posterior claw,

with a minute triangular median tooth; anterior claw of midtarsus longer than

posterior claw, both simple; hindtarsal claw paired. Genitalia, Tergum IX

well sclerotized; lobes long, 2.7-3.6 length of narrowest width, narrowly

separated, well sclerotized, apices usually slightly expanded, each bearing

6-14 stout setae of medium length. Sternum IX rounded trapezoidal, weakly

sclerotized except for membranous anteromedian area, covered with irregular

reticulation on the sclerotized part. Basistyle subcylindrical, 2.1-2.3 as long

as wide, laterally and sternally scaled, tergoapically and laterally with strong

bristles, finer bristles sternally, with 2 rather fine, isolated bristles tergally

near base; basal mesal lobe (claspette) fairly large, rounded, nearly reaching

480 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

apical 0.33 of basistyle, covered densely with bristles, several apical bristles

long and stout. Dististyle nearly length of basistyle, curved, slightly narrowed

from base to middle, apical half slightly thickened, bearing a number of minute

setae near the rounded apex; claw short, pigmented. Paraproct with apex

strongly sclerotized and 4-6 dentate; 3-10 cercal setae; tergite X fairly large

and well sclerotized. Aedeagus broad in basal half and narrow in apical half,

1.65-2.00 (5) as long as wide, about 0.6 length of basistyle, apparently tergally

closed, sternally open in a relatively wide median slit, with a large tergobasal

orifice, subapical portion with several tergomesal teeth and a small paired

semicircular sternal expansion, apical margin of which is simple and appears

as a paired process in dorsoventral view.

LARVA (Fig. 154). Head. Width 1.02-1.09 mm; 0.94-1.06 as long as

wide; seta 1-C arising from prominent socket, very stout, curved mesally;

4-6-C slender; 4-C separated by slightly less than half it length; 5-C well

caudad and mesad of 7-C; 6-C mesad of 5-C and cephalad of 7-C, usually

single; 14-C moderately stiff. Antenna 0.24-0.27 mm long, about 0.25

length of head, slightly bowed; seta 1-A slender, inserted at apical 0. 20-0. 25

of shaft. Mandible with 15-20 simple dorsolateral microspines. MdS 1 simple,

pigmented; MdS3 4 short, slender, pectinate, MdS9_. 5 apparently reduced.

Cutting organ with dorsal tooth large, unicuspid, strongly curved and heavily

pigmented; ventral tooth with 2 spiniform lateral denticles (VT-1, 4), VT-1 fine,

VT-4 strong, not reaching apex of VTQ; 3 mesal denticles (VT1_3) becoming

progressively smaller; ventral blade slightly curved, usually not reaching tip

of VTg; pectinate brush of apparently 3,4 small nearly transparent hairs.

Piliferous process with labula extending beyond apex of anterior part; mandibular

hairs (12-13)+ (5-7) (5). Maxilla. Seta1-Mx laterally onbasal margin, 9-14

branched. Mesostipes with rather stiff spicules along anteromesal margin, the

spicules simple, short and stout proximad, progressively longer, more slender

and apically branched distad; mesal stipital sensorium 1.75-2.00 length of

lateral one; seta 2-Mx very short, laterad of stipital sensoria; 4-Mx long,

inserted near anterolateral corner. Lacinia with 5-Mx slender, far proximad

of level of stipital sensoria. Palpostipes slightly curved mesad; apex with 5

sensoria and an ampulla-like structure (occasionally not visible), S3 longest,

pointed, S5 very small. Mentum plate with 17-19 (usually 19) short, blunt

to subacute, teeth; median tooth about 1.33 as long and 1.5-2.0 as thick as

flanking teeth. Thorax. Most setae lightly to moderately barbed; seta 6-M

short and stiff; 7-T spiniform, very strongly developed, with 2-4 slightly

curved short blunt branches, usually spiculate on basal 0.67, the spicules

needle-like. Abdomen. Setae 5 and 11 usually more strongly developed than

other setae, especially on segments I, II; 6-IV, V usually double. Comb scales

16-28 in a single row, occasionally with one or 2 scales cephalad of the row;

the scales becoming progressively longer and narrower ventrad until about

ventral 0.33, then becoming shorter; dorsalmost scales with simple acute tips;

remainder fringed with spicules, often strongly so at apex. Siphon slightly

broadened at middle, brownish, becoming slightly darker on apical 0. 33-0. 50;

index 3.4-4.4; pecten of 4-6 widely spaced, smooth to laterally spiculate,

dagger-like teeth, extending from basal 0.33 to apical 0.13 of siphon, longest

pecten tooth about 0.33 length of siphon diameter at insertion; proximalmost

seta 1-S inserted ventrally near base of siphon, followed by 6-8 pairs of 2

branched setae reaching apical 0.25 of siphon, the longest 1-S about 0.5 length

of siphon, or slightly longer; siphon also with 3-6 (usually 5) pairs of 2,3

branched laterodorsal accessory setae (2a), these setae stiff, weakly barbed,

and about 0.67-0.75 length of siphon diameter; 2-S stout, slightly S-shaped,

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 481

about 0.75 length of apical diameter of siphon. Saddle slightly to moderately

rugose, bearing 3-5 large and 2-4 small spines between 1-3-X, the longer

spines slightly longer than and about 2.0 as thick as the largest pecten tooth,

laterally and apically fringed with spicules, the spicules apically strongest;

seta 1-X about 4.0 saddle length, 1,2 branched and lightly to moderately

barbed; 2,3-X arising from a more or less distinct lobe; 4-X 4-6 branched,

stiff, moderately barbed, roughly equal to saddle length. Anal gills apically

rounded, 1.5-2.0 saddle length, dorsal gill longer than ventral gill.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN. 1¢, 19, 2 L:

Hokkaido (A-0025, A-0041, A-0202). 340°, 349; with associated skins (51, 5p),

96 L, 11: Honshu (B-0326, B-0335, B-0340, B-0341, B-0360, B-0361,

B-0364, B-1188, C-1581, C-2103, C-2129, C-2130, C-2131, D-0048, D-0061,

D-0091, D-0101, E-2090, E-2099, E-2128, F-0024). 21°, 259; with associ-

ated skins (91, 9 p), 1 L: Kyushu (H-0073, H-0077, H-0080, H-0315, H-0316,

H-0317, H-0318). 2, 31: Yakushima (H-0086, H-0087). 2°, 89; with asso-

ciated skins (11, 1p): Tsushima (H-2004, H-2005, H-2014). KOREA. 4¢,

32: Korean Peninsula (L-0821, L-0834, L-0874).

DISTRIBUTION. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku,

Kyushu, Yakushima, Tsushima). KOREA (Korean Peninsula).

107B. TRIPTEROIDES (TRIPTEROIDES) BAMBUSA YAEYA MENSIS

NEW SUBSPECIES

(Fig. 256)

Rachionotomyia bambusa: Yamada, 1927: 569 (in part), Ryukyu Isls.

Wing length: 2.3-3.3 mm (female and male). Differing from bambusa

bambusa in the following characteristics. Scutum light yellowish brown, only

central area more or less brownish; paratergite, lower end of sternopleuron

and apex of mesomeron also yellowish brown. Scutum with more dorsocentral

bristles, those of anterior and posterior series usually continuously arranged.

Male antennal flagellomere 12 1.15-1.57 length of Flm 13, both together 0. 50-

0.57 (x =0.53) of Flm 1-11. Female cell Ro 1.26-1. 84 (x =1.53) length of

vein r9+3.

TYPE-SERIES. Holotype male (#22393, K-0637-13) with associated slides

of genitalia, larval and pupal skins: Mt. Banna, IshigakiIs., Ryukyu Archi-

pelago, 22 IV 1971, tree hole, Mizusawa & Nishikawa. Paratypes: 46 males,

48 females, 21 larvae, 4 larval skins, with slides of associated skins (16 lar-

val and 16 pupal), genitalia (7 males), 2 females), mouthparts (7 males, 3 fe-

males, 3 larvae), wings (2 males, 8 females) and legs (2 males, 3 females).

Paratypes from Ishigaki Is. - 3 males, 2 females (K-0135): Mt. Omoto, 2 V

1970, tree hole, Nishikawa; 2 females (K-0148): Yonehara, 6 V 1970, tree

hole, Mizusawa & Nishikawa; 2 males, 1 female (K-0561): Yonehara, 18 XII

1970, tree hole, Mizusawa: 2 females, with associated skins (2 larval and 2

pupal) (K-0568): Arakawa, 25 XII 1970, tree hole, Mizusawa; 1 male (K-0630):

Inoda, 18 IV 1971, rock hole, Mizusawa & Nishikawa; 5 males, 4 females,

with associated skins (2 larval and 2 pupal) (K-0635): Inoda, 18 IV 1971, tree

hole, Mizusawa & Nishikawa; 6 males, 2 females (K-0637): Mt. Banna, 22 IV

1971, tree hole, Mizusawa & Nishikawa; 3 females (K-0960): Mt. Banna, 8 XI

1971, tree hole, Tanaka & Mizusawa; 3 females (K-1075): Mt. Omoto, 26 XI

1971, net, Mizusawa; 5 larvae (K-1357): Mt. Banna, 10 XII 1972, tree hole,

Saugstad, Mizusawa & Imamura; 1 male, with skins (1 larval and 1 pupal)

482 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

(K-1384): Mt. Banna, 13 XII 1972, tree hole, Mizusawa & Imamura; 4 larvae

(K-1427): nr. Kabira, 26 XII 1972, tree hole, Mizusawa & Imamura; 12 lar-

vae (K-1453): Mt. Banna, 31 XII 1972, tree hole, Mizusawa & Imamura; 5

males, 3 females (K-1603): nr. Kabira, 1 VIII 1973, tree hole, Mizusawa; 3

males, 4 females (K-1613): nr. Yoshiwara, 4 VIII 1973, tree hole, Mizusawa;

2 males, 2 females, with associated skins (4 larval and 4 pupal) (K-1736):

Yonehara, 8 XII 1973, tree hole, Mizusawa & Kuroshima; 1 male, with associ-

ated skins (1 larval and 1 pupal) (K-2052): nr. Yoshiwara, 4 XII 1974, tree

hole, Mizusawa & Watanabe; 1 female, with associated skins (1 larval and 1

pupal) (K-2053): nr. Yoshiwara, tree hole, Mizusawa & Watanabe. Paratypes

from Iriomote Is. - 2 males (K-0154): Itokawa-rindo, 8 V 1970, bamboo stump,

Mizusawa & Nishikawa; 1 male, 1 female, with associated skins (1 larval and

1 pupal) (K-0574): Foot of Mt. Goza, 22 XII 1970, tree hole, Mizusawa;

4 males (K-0584): Itokawa-rindo, 23 XII 1970, net, Mizusawa; 2 males, 1 fe-

male, with associated skins (1 larval and 1 pupal) (K-0693): Itokawa-rindo,

17 IV 1971, tree hole, Mizusawa & Nishikawa; 1 male, 2 females (K-0726):

Itokawa-rindo, 141V 1971, net, Mizusawa & Nishikawa; 1 male (K-0727): Foot

of Mt. Goza, 15 IV 1971, net, Mizusawa & Nishikawa; 1 female (K-0731): nr.

Shirahama, 19 IV 1970, net, Mizusawa & Nishikawa; 2 females (K-0919): nr.

Uehara, 29 X 1971, net, Mizusawa, Shinonaga & Kikuchi; 2 males, 8 females

(K-0923): nr. Uehara, 29 X 1971, tree hole, Mizusawa, Shinonaga & Kikuchi;

1 male, 1 female, with associated skins (1 larval and 1 pupal) (K-1238):

Itokawa-rindo, 24 IX 1972, tree hole, Mizusawa; 1 male, with associated

skins (1 larval and 1 pupal) (K-1344): Foot of Mt. Goza, 7 XII 1972, tree hole,

Mizusawa; 1 male, with associated skins (1 larval and 1 pupal) (K-2034):

Itokawa-rindo, 30 XI 1974, tree hole, Mizusawa & Tamamori.

The holotype and one-half of the paratypes are deposited in the National

Science Museum, Tokyo, the remaining paratypes are deposited in the USNM.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED OTHER THAN THE TYPES. RYUKYU ARCHI-

PELAGO. 63 males, 39 females, with associated skins (4 larval and 4 pupal),

63 larvae, 12 larval skins: Yaeyama Gunto (K-0122, K-0127, K-0130, K-0152,

K-0153, K-0179, K-0184, K-0582, K-0631, K-0634, K-0638, K-0646, K-0694,

K-0722, K-0724, K-0772, K-0773, K-0934, K-1065, K-1078, K-1112, K-1122,

K-1234, K-1236, K-1245, K-1355, K-1369, K-1391, K-1451, K-1454, K-1462,

K-1472, K-1474, K-1758, K-2195).

DISTRIBUTION. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO (Yaeyama Gunt6).

BIONOMICS. Common throughout Palaearctic Japan and in Yaeyama Gunto.

Larvae occur in tree holes and bamboo stumps, occasionally in artificial con-

tainers in more or less natural environments. This species was the 2nd com-

monest mosquito found in ovitraps in Kamakura, Japan, comprising slightly

more than 13% of the total (Moriya 1974). Adults are stenogamous; females

are diurnal feeders, laboratory findings showing highest preference for mice,

less for chicks and reptiles, and no feeding on amphibians. The females drop

eggs onto the surface of water while hovering above it, sometimes while resting

on the wall of the container (Miyagi 1973). A small proportion of females are

autogenous under appropriate conditions (Mori 1976).

12. GENUS TOPOMYIA LEICESTER

Topomyia Leicester, 1908: 238. Type-species: To. gracilis Leicester, 1908;

Malaya.

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 483

FEMALE. dead. Eyes rather broadly contiguous above and below. Ver-

tex without erect forked scales. Clypeus small, short. Palpus very short.

Proboscis shorter than forefemur, not markedly apically swollen. Thorax.

Pronotal lobes fairly well separated, anteriorly with broad scales and many

bristles; posterior pronotal lobe with broad scales in upward imbrication, and

1,2 bristles. Scutum with median line of broad scales; acrostichal bristles

absent, dorsocentrals absent except several bristles on anterior margin, one

humeral, a few prescutellars (or posterior dorsocentrals) and many supra-

alars remaining. Pleural bristles: one or a few propleurals, spiraculars,

prealars and sternopleurals, several to about 10 upper mesepimerals. Wing.

Squama bare; alula fringed with short dark setiform scales. Vein scales

variable. Vein 1a extending slightly beyond level of cubitalfork. Legs.

Slender, unornamented. Claws paired. Abdomen. Tergum I hirsute, latero-

tergite scaled.

MALE. Antenna, palpus, tarsomeres 4 and 5, and claws not modified,

same as infemale. Vein la ending at about level of cubital fork. Abdominal

tergum VIII strongly bristled. Genitalia. Tergum IX with variously developed

lobes, often bearing modified setae. Basistyle scaled; basal lobe, subapical

lobe of claspette present or absent, often strongly modified setae present.

Dististyle variable, often bifurcate; claw absent. Cercal setae present; para-

proct rather simple, apex blunt, strongly sclerotized. Aedeagus consisting of

opisthophallus, phallus and prosophallus.

LARVA. Head. Wider than long; setae 4-7,13-C weak; 11, 14-C stronger

than 13-C; 14-C well behind anterior margin of cranium. Mandible with

mandibular ring distinct, on dorsal surface near base; 2 mandibular spurs

(MdS; 5 present), MdS9_4 reduced; mandibular comb reduced to a row of

slender hair-like teeth, appressed to lateroanterior surface. Cutting organ

strong, with a single dorsal tooth; ventral tooth with 3 triangular mesal den-

ticles (VT1-3); ventral blade with fine mesal serration; pectinate brush weakly

developed. Piliferous process more or less protrudent, with hair-groups not

always well defined. Mavxilla (only predaceous To. yanbarensis studied in

detail). Cardo not fused with palpostipes, triangular. Mesostipes longer than

wide, parartis without sclerotized process; maxillary brush with hairs short

and stiff, some transformed to short triangular spines; stipital sensoria distad

of middle, without basal ring. Lacinia with a row of strong spines along mesal

margin, and a tuft of longer apical spines. Palpostipes rather long, apex with

3 palpal sensoria (Sj 9 4) and ampulla-like structure. Maxilla of other pre-

daceous species ereatly simpligied, long and narrow, apex with 2 sometimes

articulated unequal strong horn-like spines, (To. imitata after Baisas 1946;

To. argenteoventralis after Edwards 1932). Thorax. Setae 5-7-P on common

basal callus; 5,6-P multibranched; 13-P absent; 6-M and 7-T ordinary long

slender setae; 13, 14-M and 13-T rather well developed. Abdomen. Seta 14-I

absent; 6-I-V and 7-I, II strong; 12-I absent; 13-II, VI not dendritic; 1-5-VIII

dorsolateral to lateral in position. Comb scales arranged in an irregular row.

Siphon with pecten teeth stout and scattered; seta 1-S subventral. Saddle with

setae 1-4-X branched.

DISTRIBUTION. Oriental region (most species occur in Indomalayan

subregion). Papuan subregion.

In this region, only a single species from the subgenus Suaymyia occurs in

Okinawa Is. Makiya et al. (1976) reported that a single larva of this genus

was obtained in a bamboo stump at Kagoshima City, southern Kyushu.

484 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

SUBGENUS SUAYMYIA THURMAN |

Suaymyia Thurman, 1999: 44. Type-species: Topomyia cristata Thurman,

1959; Thailand.

ADULT. Foretarsomere 2 longer than 3; tarsomeres straight. Male

genitalia with lobes of tergum IX widely separated; claspette with large rod-

like setae.

DISTRIBUTION. Same as in the genus.

108. TOPOMYIA SUAYMYIA) YANBARENSS MIYAGI

(Figs. 155, 156, 257; Table 140)

Topomyia Suaymyia) yanbarensis Miyagi, 1976: 202 (%, 2, P, L). Type-

locality: Yona, Okinawa Is., Ryukyu Archipelago.

FEMALE (Fig. 257) (2 specimens). Wing length 3.3-3.5 mm. Head. Ver-

tex covered with broad dark scales, scales along eye margin appearing silvery;

tempus covered with broad silvery scales; median pair of vertical bristles

rather long, dark bronze brown, 4 lateral vertical and 3 temporal dark bristles

on each side. Clypeus yellowish brown. Antenna: pedicel pale yellowish

brown, mesal surface somewhat darker, with a number of minute yellowish

brown bristles. Palpus very short, dark scaled. Proboscis distinctly shorter

than forefemur, dark scaled, with a ventral line of yellowish scales, the line

not reaching both base and apex; 2,3 ventrobasal setae present. Thovax.

Anterior pronotal lobe with integument brown, covered with broad silvery

scales, anteriorly bearing more than 10 dark bristles; posterior lobe covered

with broad golden scales, one bristle may be present near posterior margin.

Scutum with integument dark brown on disk, yellowish brown on margins,

covered with narrow curved dark scales, with a median double row of broad

translucent scales from anterior margin to posterior margin, appearing

silvery at anterior promontory, dark otherwise; a line of rather large broad

golden scales on lateral margin from scutal angle to wing root; scutal bristles

dark, one humeral closer to scutal angle than anterior margin, a few pre-

scutellars (or posterior dorsocentrals) close to posterior margin. Scutellum

covered with broad dark scales; each lateral lobe with 3 and median lobe with

4 long dark bristles, each lobe with several additional short bristles. Para-

tergite hidden under marginal golden scutal scales. Pleural integument appar-

ently light brown, sub- and postspiracular areas and prealar knob covered

with broad golden scales, mesepimeron covered with broad silvery scales;

propleuron, sternopleuron except anterior part, and metapleuron covered with

broad silvery scales, some upper scales of metapleuron dorsally directed; 1, 2

dark propleural bristles accompanied by 1, 2 fine pale ones, 2,3 dark spiracu-

lars, 3,4 short dark prealars, at least one sternopleural on posterior margin at

about middle, and about 10 yellowish upper mesepimerals. Wing. Vein scales

dark. Cell Rog 3.25-3.36 length of vein r9.3. Halter knob dark scaled. Legs.

Coxae covered with pale scales. Femora posteroventrally pale, remainder of

legs dark. Hindtarsomere 1 1.06-1.16 length of tibia. Abdomen. Terga I-VII

dark scaled, with lateral patches of golden scales, the patches mesally broad-

ened toward apex. Sterna golden scaled.

MALE (Fig. 155) (2 specimens). Wing length 2.9-3.2 mm. Proboscis with

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 485

pale ventral scaling whitish and more developed, also covering dorsal side at

base. Upper mesepimeral bristles 7,8. Cell Ro 3.32-3.33 length of vein

Yr9,9- Hindtarsomere 1 1.12-1.13 length of tibia. Abdominal tergum VIII

dark scaled as well as sternum VIII. Genitalia. Tergum IX narrow in middle,

weakly sclerotized; lobes narrow, widely separated, very strongly produced,

each bearing a rather short strong apical seta and 2,3 mesal bristles, distal-

most bristle rather thick. Basistyle short, about 1.5 as long as wide, stern-

ally and laterally scaled, with short sternomesal bristles, tergobasal to latero-

apical medium to long bristles; with mesal (rather tergal) membrane; claspette

(mesal lobe) reaching near apex, with short tergal bristles, bearing 2 long

pigmented rod-like blunt-tipped setae and one slender bristle at apex, the

setae and bristle subequal in length and 0.67 length of basistyle. Dististyle

1.3 length of basistyle, swollen at basal 0.33, then bifurcate; both arms slender;

the lateral arm slightly longer, with a number of minute setae near apex,

several scattered short setae in apical 0.33 and one at tip; mesal arm with

several short setae in apical 0.25. Cercal tergal surface with narrow sclero-

tizations; 3,4 rather long cercal setae on each side; paraproct strongly

sclerotized at apex, digitiform, unequally and shallowly cleft at apex. Aedea-

gus 2.19-2.45 as long as wide excluding lateral expansion of prosophallus;

opisthophallus reaching near middle of aedeagus; phallus longest of all 3 parts,

narrow, ampul-shaped in tergal view, narrow in apical 0.33, with apex pointed;

prosophallus a curved rod of about even width, laterally curved in middle, then

strongly tergomesally recurved, with apex over phallus, apparently apically

flattened, rounded at tip, with many short blunt-tipped subapical spicules.

LARVA (Fig. 156) (3 specimens). Head. Width 0.98 mm (1); labrum con-

cave between seta 1-C; 1-C stout, ventrally directed, 1.25-1.30 length of dis-

tance between bases; 14-C on about level of 12-C and posteriad of 15-C.

Antenna 0. 22-0.24 mm long, about 0.25 length of head, straight; seta 1-A

inserted at apical 0.22-0.28, extending slightly beyond apex of shaft; 2-6-A

apical; 2-A length of 1-A; 3,4-A equal; 5-A longer than 3-A, with an accessory

sensorium on proximal division; 6-A slightly shorter than 3-A. Mandible with

a number of stout microspines on lateral surface near base; MdSq well

developed, basally stout, pigmented; MdSs5 very short, pale, mesal serration

relatively distinct. Cutting organ with dorsal tooth slender and apically

curved; VTg very large and dark, VT-4 very small, VT 1_3 subequal; ventral

blade stout, not reaching apex of VTo, with mesal serration; pectinate brush

of 3,4 mesally pectinate hairs. Piliferous process slightly protrudent, not

distinctly apically cleft, most hairs apically packed, some scattered on anteri-

or surface. Mandibular hairs about 10 in each group, partially barbed.

Maxilla, Cardo with seta 1-Mx close to anterior margin, rather stiff, single

or 2-forked. Mesostipes 1.89 (1) as long as wide, with lateral surface smooth;

apex with a tuft of long blade-like pigmented spines; stipital sensoria rather

Short, slightly distad of middle; seta 2-Mx slightly distad of stipital sensoria,

slender; 4-Mx close to apex, rather long, slender, with large prominent

alveolus. Lacinia with a row of 8 strong pigmented spines near mesal margin

from basal 0.33 to apex, the spines progressively larger towards apex; 5-Mx

rather long, apically slender, rather basally thick, with large alveolus. Pal-

postipes excluding lateral artis about 0.6 length of mesostipes; S1, 2.4 Sub-

equal. Mentum plate with 15-17 teeth, median tooth distinctly larger than

others. Thorax. Seta 0-P not dendritic; 1,2,9,10-P, 13-M-T and 14-M

fairly well developed; 12-P slightly longer than 9, 10-P; 5, 6-M subequal; 7-M

shorter than 5-M. Abdomen. Setae 6-I-V, 7-I, II and 13-II-V strong; 11-I,

12, 13-II and 1-III-VII (especially 1-IV, V) fairly well developed; 8, 9-IV, V

486 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

-dorsad of 6-IV, V; 5-VII laterad of 4-VII; 1-5-VIII weak and unbarbed, 1-3-VIII

dorsolateral and 4, 5-VIII lateral in position. Comb scales 6-13 in a single or

irregular double row; individual scales thorn-shaped with a strong apical spine,

with fine spicules laterobasally fringed, occasionally apex shallowly bifid.

Siphon apically tapering, apex 0.37 (1) of widest part; length 0.88 mm, index

3.24 (1); microsculpture absent; pecten extending over whole length of siphon,

of 7-12 broadly spaced, blunt-tipped simple stout teeth, occasionally the row

irregularly basally doubled; seta 1-S of 2,3 pairs of weak subventral setae; 2, 3

pairs of single accessory subdorsal setae present, inserted in apical 0.67 of

siphon; 2-S apical, stiff, pigmented, 0.8 length of apical pecten tooth. Saddle

weakly sclerotized; seta 1-X strongly developed; 2, 3-X subequal; 4-X a pair of

6,7 branched setae. Anal gills elongate conical, dorsal gill 1.9 (1) length of

saddle, ventral gill 1.3 (1) length of dorsal gill.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO. 2°, 2%; with associ-

ated skins (21, 2 p), 1 L: Okinawa Gunt6 (Paratypes 1%: J-2205; 12: J-2206.

1c’, 19; with associated skins (21, 2p), 1L: J-2198, J-2199, J-2200).

DISTRIBUTION. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO (Okinawa Gunto).

DISCUSSION. Kamimura (1976b) regarded a single larval specimen found

in Kagoshima, Kyushu as yanbarensis, but he stated adults are needed to con-

firm this identification.

BIONOMICS. This species has extremely peculiar habits. The larvae occur

in bamboo internodes bearing a small hole bored by a cerambycid beetle,

Abryna coenosa, They are carnivorous, feeding on tiny Branchiopoda living in

water contained in the internodes. Adults emerge in these internodes, exiting

through the same narrow hole made by the cerambycid as was utilized by their

mother at oviposition. Adult habits in nature are uncertain; they do not feed

on man in the laboratory. (Miyagi 1976, and personal communication).

13. GENUS MALAYA LEICESTER

Malaya Leicester, 1908: 258. Type-species: Malaya genurostris Leicester,

1908; Malaya.

Harpagomyia de Meijere, 1909: 165. Type-species: Harpagomyia splendens

de Meijere, 1909; Java.

FEMALE. Head. Eyes distinctly separated above and below (? occasion-

ally contiguous - Edwards 1932: 91). Vertex without erect forked scales.

Clypeus 2.0 as long as wide or longer, medially ridged, somewhat pointed,

bare or tomentose. Antenna longer than proboscis, flagellomere 1 1.5 length

of Flm 2. Palpus 1 segmented. Proboscis flexible at apical 0.33, markedly

swollen distad of it, bent upward, deeply pigmented, hairy and bearing 2 pairs

of long curled bristles at apex; proximal 0.67 also hairy, with a row of upright

bristles dorsally on each side; labella rather large, deeply pigmented as in

swollen part of proboscis. Thorax. Anterior pronotal lobes very narrowly

separated, each with less than 10 bristles on anterior margin, with broad

scales; posterior pronotal lobe covered with broad scales, with 1-3 bristles

along posterior margin. Scutum often with median line of broad flat silvery

scales; acrostichal bristles absent, anterior dorsocentrals absent except for

2,3 bristles on anterior margin, usually one or a few posterior dorsocentrals,

no prescutellars, one humeral, many supraalars. Paratergite broad, bare.

Pleural bristles: 1-3 propleurals, 0-3 spiraculars, no prealars, 0-2 sterno-

pleurals, at most 10 upper mesepimerals. Wing. Squama bare; alula fringed

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 487

with hair-like scales. Vein la ending at level of cubital fork. Legs. Slender,

unornamented. Abdomen. Tergum I hirsute, laterotergite scaled; terga

except III usually with lateral or lateroapical silvery patches. Seminal

capsules 3, one slightly larger than other 2.

MALE. Antenna, palpus, tarsomeres and claws as in females, but tarso-

mere 5 relatively longer, 0.60-0.67 length of 4 in fore- and midtarsi.

Genitalia. Tergum IX with weakly differentiated bristled lobes. Basistyle

scaled, with poorly defined basal lobe bearing weakly modified setae. Disti-

style simple, with terminal claw. Cercal setae absent; paraproct simple, apex

digitiform, well sclerotized. Aedeagus a single dorsoventral structure, api-

cally broad, emarginate on apical margin in tergal view.

LARVA. Head. Wider than long; setae 4, 6-C anteriad of antennal base;

14-C far posteriad of anterior margin of postgena. Mandible with very sharp

simple microspines laterally near base; only one well developed mandibular

spur; mandibular comb of short slender hair-like teeth. Cutting organ with a

single dorsal tooth; ventral tooth with 3 subequal triangular mesal denticles

(VT1_3); ventral blade single; pectinate brush weakly developed. Piliferous

process only slightly protrudent, distal cleft poorly defined, with apparently

4 hair groups. Maxilla. Cardo fused with palpostipes; seta 1-Mx weak.

Mesostipes pear-shaped, longer than wide; parartis well developed; stipital

sensoria at middle, without basal ring; 4-Mx multiple at apex. Lacinia with

5-Mx at level of stipital sensoria; 6-Mx at termination of lacinial suture. Pal-

postipes short, apically cylindrical, with 5 palpal sensoria. Thovax. Seta

1-P slightly separated from 2,3-P, weak; 5-7-P on common callus, 95, 6-P

multibranched; 13-P absent; 6-M and 7-T ordinary long slender setae; 13-M, T

and 14-M moderately to rather well developed. Abdomen. Setae 2-I-VII

mesad of respective 1-I-VI; 12-I absent; 6-I, IJ multibranched, strong; 13-II,

VI not dendritic. 6-III-VI longer than 6-I,II, 1-3 branched on III and V, VI,

multibranched on IV; 3-III, IV mesad of respective 1-III, IV; 1-5-VIII dorsolater-

al to lateral in position. Comb of numerous scales ina patch. Szphon with

pecten teeth scattered in whole length or basally restricted: seta 1-S of several

subventral pairs. Setae 1,2-X branched, 3,4-X single.

DISTRIBUTION. Oriental and Ethiopian regions.

The genus Malaya is represented in our area by a single species.

109. MALAYA GENUROSTRIS LEICESTER

(Figs. 157, 158, 258; Table 141)

Malaya genurostris Leicester, 1908: 258 (). Type-locality: Malaya.

Harpagomyia genurostris: Bohart and Ingram, 1946b: 54, Okinawa Is.,

Ryukyu Archipelago.

FEMALE (Fig. 258). Wing length 2.0-2.6 mm. Head. Vertex with an

anteromedian transverse oblong patch of broad silvery scales, the patch

extending anteriorly as a narrow line onto interocular space, greater anterior

lower part of tempus covered with broad silvery scales, remainder of vertex

and tempus covered with broad dark scales; one median and 2, 3 lateral verti-

cal, and 4, 5 temporal black bristles on each side. Clypeus silky white, some-

times yellowish, 2.5 as long as wide, ridged along median line. Antenna:

pedicel yellowish brown, with minute dark bristles on mesal surface; flagel-

lum 1.29-1.31 (2) length of proboscis; flagellomere 1 with a few pale scales,

1.53-1.55 length of Flm 2. Palpus 0.14-0.15 (2) length of proboscis, extending

488 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

only slightly beyond apex of clypeus, yellowish white, somewhat clavate,

pointed at apex, with 2 dark bristles at middle; stipes large, bearing 2-4

bristles near upper margin. Proboscis conspicuously swollen in apical 0.25,

yellowish white and clothed with pale scales in basal half, brown and clothed

with dark scales on apical club, with long upright dark bristles dorsally and

half-decumbent pale hairs ventrally; labella well developed, 0.67 length of

apical club, dark brown, hairy. Thorax. Anterior pronotal lobe covered

with silvery broad scales and bearing 6,7 dark bristles; posterior pronotal

lobe covered with scales similar to above, bearing 1,2 bristles near posterior

margin. Scutum with integument yellowish brown, infuscate on median line and

anterior supraalar area, covered with narrow curved dark scales, with a medi-

an double row of broad silvery scales from apex to antealar level; scutal

bristles dark bronzy brown or black, one humeral, usually one posterior dor-

socentral, rarely one anterior dorsocentral present. Scutellum heavily

covered medially with broad silvery scales and laterally with broad dark scales,

bearing 4 bristles on median lobe, 3 on each lateral lobe. Pleural integument

dark brown, prealar area pale yellow; broad silvery scales covering propleuron,

subspiracular area, sternopleuron (except for lower anterior margin) and

mesepimeron (excepting posterior and lower margins); pleural bristles yellow-

ish brown, 1,2 propleurals, 1-3 spiraculars, 1,2 sternopleurals at lower

angle, and less than 10 upper mesepimerals. Wing. Veins dark scaled; cell

Rog longer than vein r9,3. Halter with dark scaled knob. Legs. Coxae with

broad silvery scales. Posteroventral surface of femora and tibiae pale; femora,

tibiae otherwise and tarsi dark. Hindtarsomere 1 1.16-1.21 (2) length of tibia.

Abdomen. Terga dark scaled, laterotergite and side of II covered with silvery

scales, III entirely dark scaled, IV-VII with lateroapical patches of silvery

scales, the patches decreasing in size on posterior segments; VIII rather

hairy. Sterna silvery scaled, IV-VII with basal bands of dark scales, the

bands progressively broader on posterior segments.

MALE (Fig. 158). Wing length 1.9-2.4 mm. Basal half of apical club of

proboscis often paler. Antenna, palpus and claws similar to those of the female.

Sterna usually entirely pale scaled. Genitalia. Tergum IX emarginate at mid-

dle of apical margin; lobes only slightly produced, each bearing 8-13 rather

long setae. Basistyle short, 1.7-2.1 as long as wide at sternal base, tergally

and mesosternally bristled, laterally and ventrally scaled, with 2 strongly

thickened setae and 2 moderately thickened ones tergomesally distal to middle,

without mesal membrane; basal tergomesal lobe poorly defined, represented by

4 strong setae and many bristles. Dististyle moderately arcuate, about 0.6

length of basistyle, with a few minute setae in apical half; claw short and blunt.

Paraproct apically well sclerotized. Aedeagus moderately sclerotized, 1.16-

1.58 as long as wide in tergal view, constricted distad of middle, apically

expanded; lateroapical margin serrate; tergal surface distinctly emarginate at

apex and very deeply at base; sternal surface widely open.

LARVA (Fig. 157). Head. Width 0.9-1.1mm;1.3-1.5as wideas long; seta

1-C stout, strongly downcurved, separated by about 0. 63 their length; 4,6, 7-C ona

nearly straight diagonal line, distance from 4-6-C about 0.33 that of 6, 7-C;

4-C usually double; 5-C well caudad and slightly mesad of 6-C; 6-C usually

single; 7-C usually 3 branched, slightly stiffer than 4-6-C. Antenna 0.19-0. 27

mm long, 0.20-0.33 length of head, lightly pigmented, becoming slightly darker

distad; 1-A very slender, arising from a small tubercle at apical 0. 20-0. 25.

Mandible with MdS, long, curved, moderately pigmented. Cutting organ with

dorsal tooth moderately curved, bearing an acute basal denticle; ventral tooth

with VT-4 not quite reaching tip of VTg; VT9 about 2.0 as long and 1. 67 as wide

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 489

as VT4; VT, 3 about equal to VT1; ventral blade rapidly expanding to greatest

width in basal 0.33, then gradually tapering to a subacute tip, reaching to or

slightly beyond tip of VTj, finely pectinate on mesal margin; pectinate brush

of at least 3 fine hairs, the longest hair about 0.50-0.67 length of ventral blade,

the shortest about 0.33 length of the blade. Piliferous process only slightly

protuberant, apparently shallowly cleft at apex, with 5 hair groups rather poor-

ly defined. Maxilla. Seta 1-Mx single, on anterior margin. Mesostipes with

stipital sensoria at about middle; 2-Mx small, near lateral margin at about

level of apex of palpostipes; 4-Mx very stout, arising from a large socket near

apex. Lacinia with 5-Mx long, slender, at about level of stipital sensoria;

6-Mx very small. Palpostipes thumb-shaped; Sj slightly larger than the others;

S9.4 subequal, S5 very small, all lightly pigmented. Mentum plate with 25-27

(usually 27) subacute teeth, median tooth much stronger than flanking teeth,

which have their apices directed mesally. Thovax. Seta 5-P short, 0.5 length

of 6-P, about 20-25 branched, some branches strongly curved near base; 6-P

long, 12-16 branched; 8-P somewhat stiff; usually, 14-M 3 branched and 7-T

9 branched. Abdomen. Seta 9-I usually 8,9 branched; 14-II absent; 13-III

usually triple; 3-VII very long, reaching 1-S. Comb scales 40-60 in a patch,

individual scales paddle-shaped, laterally and apically fringed with spicules.

Siphon lightly pigmented, of fairly even diameter until narrowing rather abrupt-

ly in apical 0. 20-0. 33; index 3.4-4.2; pecten of 8-18 teeth in an irregular

single or double (occasionally proximally triple) row, extending from near

base to apical 0.33 of siphon; basalmost seta 1-S long, distally followed by

2-6 usually single moderately long setae, and 1-3, 1-4 branched short setae

arranged in a straight or zigzag row; siphon also with several dorsolateral

accessory setae: 2-4 pairs of moderately barbed stiff 1-3 proximally branched

setae and distally by 1-3 pairs of smaller unbarbed 3-6 branched setae; 2-S

stout, with tip hooked, 0.7 length of siphon diameter. Saddle proximally and

ventrally weakly sclerotized, bearing several pecten tooth-like spines between

setae 1, 3-X; 1-X with one branch always longer than others, about 4.0 length

of saddle; 3-X usually single, smooth or very lightly barbed near base; 4-X

usually single, sometimes double, fairly stiff, about 1.5-2.0 length of saddle.

Anal gills subequal, with apices subacute, 3.0-4.0 length of saddle.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED: RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO. 30, 33; with asso-

ciated skins (11, 1p), 25 L, 61: Okinawa Gunto (2 L: Chizuka, Okinawa Is.,

12 IX 1945, Bohart & Ingram; 1 L: Chizuka, Okinawa Is., 15 IX 1945, taro

axil, Bohart & Ingram; 2 L: Hedo, Okinawa Is., 23 [IX 1945, taro axil, Bohart

& Ingram, USNM. J-0412, J-0429, J-0433, J-0453, J-1289). 320°, 319; with

associated skins (101, 10 p), 33 L, 101: Yaeyama Gunto (K-0566, K-1305,

K-1445, K-1599, K-1752).

DISTRIBUTION. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO (Amami, Okinawa and Yaeyama

Guntd). TAIWAN. PHILIPPINES. INDONESIA. SOUTH CHINA. MALAYA.

SINGAPORE. THAILAND. BURMA. INDIA. SRI LANKA. MALDIVE

ISLANDS. NEW GUINEA. AUSTRALIA.

BIONOMICS. Common throughout the Ryukyu Archipelago. Larvae dwell

in water in leaf axils of Alocasia macrorrhiza. Adults are said to take food

directly from the mouths of ants, Cremastogaster sp.

(iv) TRIBE TOXORHYNCHITINI

ADULTS. Very large mosquitoes with metallic colored scales. Clypeus :

very broad. Proboscis strongly curved ventrocaudally at about middle, stout

490 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

and rigid in basal half, slender in apical half. Scutellum evenly rounded, with

a continuous row of bristles. Spiracular bristles present; sternopleural

bristles scattered in scaled area and not in a row along upper to posterior mar-

gin. Wing with cell Ro shorter than vein roig; r4,, bearing scaled basal spur

which carries r-m; margin with a slight emargination just distad of termina-

tion of cug, a V-shaped thickening of membrane opposite the emargination.

Male genitalia. Proctiger with strongly sclerotized paraproct.

LARVA. Head with setae 3, 4-C before anterior ecdysial line; 2-C absent;

5-8-C in a short transverse row on each side of frontoclypeus in front. Anten-

na with 2,3-A proximad of 1-A. Mouth brush of 6-10 strong teeth. Hypostomal

suture not reaching posterior tentorial pit. Mandible with only 2 slender spurs.

Maxilla with cardo completely incorporated into cranium, its presence indicated

only by presence of seta 1-Mx near ventroanterior margin of cranium. Thorax.

and abdomen brown with reddish, purplish or pinkish tinge, ventrally paler,

with well developed sclerotized calli, most of body setae arising from these

calli in groups; segment VIII without comb scales; siphon distinct, without

pecten; a single pair of 1-S; median dorsal valve not specialized.

The tribe Toxorhynchitini consists of a single genus, Toxorhynchites.

TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION. In the current treatment of the family Culicidae

(excluding Dixidae and Chaoboridae), toxorhynchitines are given subfamily

rank as the Toxorhynchitinae and placed between the Anophelinae and Culicinae

(e.g. Stone et al. 1959). Among the characters of toxorhynchitines, the evenly

rounded scutellum is shared with Anopheles and Bironella of the Anophelinae,

but the 3rd genus of this subfamily, Chagasia, has the scutellum trilobed; thus

this cannot be characteristic of the subfamily. Also, from a study of the other

morphological and behavioral characters, a close phylogenetic relationship

between them is difficult to assume. Many characters of toxorhynchitines are

seen, however, in Sabethini, and to a lesser extent, in Uranotaeniini and some

genera of Culicini. The male genitalia of toxorhynchitines do not exhibit any

intrinsic difference from those of Culicini and Sabethini. Most of the characters

of toxorhynchitines seem to be essentially of culicines. Though toxorhynchitines

have some very distinctive features, as stated by Belkin (1962), they are secon-

dary adaptive characters related to the large size and the feeding habits, and

thus must not be overemphasized. However, such characters as proboscis,

larval cranium, mouth brush, cardo, etc., are more highly specialized than

the most modified types in other culicines. Thus the differentiation of toxorhyn-

chitines appears more ancient than other culicines, and it may be reasonably

ranked as one of the tribes of the subfamily Culicinae and arranged last in this

subfamily.

14. GENUS TOXORHYNCGHITES THEOBALD

Megarhinus Robineau-Devoidy, 1827 (non Rafinesque 1820). Type-species;

Culex haemorrhoidalis Fabricius, 1787.

Megarhina auct. (nec St. Fargeau).

Toxorhynchites Theobald, 1901b: 234. Type-species: Toxorhynchites

brevipalpis Theobald, 1901d; Natal.

FEMALE. dead. Eyes contiguous above and below. Decumbent scales of

vertex all broad; erect scales on posterior margin; 2-8 vertical and 0-2 tempor-

al bristles on each side. Antennal flagellum much shorter than proboscis;

flagellomere 1 1.2-1.5 length of Flm 2, with scales. Palpus variable in length,

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 491

about 0.25 length of proboscis in subgenus Toxorhynchites, 0.67 or longer in

subgenera Lynchiella and Ankylorhynchus. Proboscis with many fine ventro-

basal bristles. Thovax. Pronotal lobes covered with broad scales; anterior

lobe moderately separated, with many stout dark and fine yellowish bristles on

anterior margin; posterior lobe without bristles. Scutum moderately arched,

covered with rather broad scales on disk, broad scales on margins; 1,2 pairs

of acrostichals on anterior promontory, many bristles on anterior margin at

termination of dorsocentral line, supraalars rather few anteriorly, numerous

posteriorly, other scutal bristles absent. Postnotum bare. Paratergite very

wide, bare. Pleura with broad scales covering propleuron, most sternopleuron

and most mesepimeron, often also lower prealar knob; spiracular bristles well

developed, usually dark; other pleural bristles pale to yellowish brown, many

on propleuron, prealar knob and sternopleuron; mesepimeron with several

upper and many posterior bristles, lower mesepimerals present or absent; no

postspiraculars. Base of mesomeron on level of that of hindcoxa. Wing.

Squama with some fine hair-like marginal scales; alula with minute marginal

scales. Membrane with distinct microtrichia. Vein scales broad. Cell Ro

very short, 0.25-0.40 length of vein T9139 shorter than M4149; la reaching

about level of r-m. Legs. Fore- and midtarsomere 5 equal to or slightly

shorter than 4. Claws equal and simple. Abdomen. Tergum I basally and

sublaterally hirsute; laterotergite scaled or unscaled; II-VII with fringe of

scales on lateral margin, with a row of fine bristles above the lateral marginal

scales, these bristles on VI-VIII often strongly developed forming a conspicuous

tuft. Seminal capsules 3, equal.

MALE. Vertex with a deep median groove. Antennal flagellum strongly

plumose; flagellomeres 12 and 13 elongate, both together much shorter than

Flm 1-11. Palpus 1.7-2.0 length of antenna, with dorsolaterally turned apex,

segment 5 longest, tapered, 2-5 without tufted bristles. Wing relatively longer

than infemale. Fore- and midtarsomere 4 shortened; 5 moderately modified,

much longer than 4, with 4 rows of stout ventrobasal setae. Hindtarsomere 1

shorter than tibia. Anterior claw of fore- and midtarsi longer than posterior

claw, with a median tooth; hindtarsal claws equal and simple. Genitalia.

Rather simple and fairly homogenous within the genus. Tergum IX medially

produced, with many apical bristles on each side, lobes not distinctly differ-

entiated. Sternum IX without bristles. Basistyle apically tapering, sternally

and laterally scaled, densely covered with bristles including many fairly strong

ones, with complete mesal membrane; claspette a triangular lobe, tergally

bristled, with one to a few stronger apical setae, apicalmost usually strongest;

no basal or apical tergomesal lobe. Dististyle slender, long, almost straight,

with many minute setae at least apically; claw slightly subterminal, long, simple.

Cercal setae present; paraproct strongly sclerotized, with apex 1-3-cuspid.

Aedeagus ampul-shaped, tergoapically closed, tergobasally and sternally open,

apex a pair of strongly sclerotized lanceolate lateral structures connected by

tergal membrane. Paramere short.

LARVA. Head rectangular, strongly sclerotized; lateral lobe of median

labral plate well developed; seta 0-C very short and transparent, basally thick;

‘14-C similar to 0-C. Antenna short, less than 0.5 length of head, smooth;

seta 1-A inserted distal to middle; 4-6-A apical; 6-A thickened. Mandible with-

out seta 1-Md; mandibular brush of a single row of stout curved simple hairs;

mandibular comb lacking. Cutting organ without dorsal spine, with very strong-

ly developed dorsal tooth longer than ventral tooth, which has 3 mesal denticles

but no lateral denticle; piliferous process undeveloped, without hair groups;

mandibular hairs in a single group. Maxilla. Mesostipes wider than long,

492 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

deeply concave on cephalic margin at middle, with mesal division extending

more cephalad; dorsal surface apparently membranous, with a diagonal broadly

sclerotized band from laterocephalic to mesocaudal corner, with cephalic

border densely covered with spiny hairs, stronger hairs on mesal division;

mesal membranous area with short stiff hairs; ventral surface sclerotized

except narrow area on mesal and caudal margins; twin stipital sensoria

located on lateral 0.33 near cephalic margin; 4 ring-based setae; 2 ventromeso-

subapical setae (2, 6-Mx), one ventrolateroapical seta (4-Mx), and dorsomesal

seta (5-Mx). Palpostipes large, length of mesostipes, fused mesobasally with

mesostipes, without seta 2-Mx, apex with ampulla and 3 sensoria: lateral 81,2

and mesal Sy. Mentum plaie short and broad, with irregular teeth. Thorax.

Prothorax with 2 major calli on each side: dorsolateral callus bearing setae

5-7-P, and ventrolateral callus bearing 8-12-P, occasionally 8-P free from

the callus; 5, 7,9-P stiff; 13-P lacking. Mesothorax with 3 major calli on

each side: dorsolateral callus bearing 5-7-M and also occasionally 3, 4-M,

lateral callus 13-M, and ventrolateral callus 8-12-M; 6,9,13-M stiff. Meta-

thorax with 4 major calli on each side: dorsolateral callus bearing 5, 6-T,

lateral callus 7-T, ventrolateral callus 8-12-T, and ventral callus 13-T;

6,7,9,13-T stiff. Abdomen. Segments I-VII each with 3 calli on each side:

dorsal callus bearing setae 1,3-5, lateral callus setae 6,7,9, and ventral

. callus setae 10-13; 8-V-VII on lateral callus; 1-I-V, VII, 3-VI, 4-I, V, 11-1,

IlI-V, and 13-II-VII stiff. Segment VII with a large sclerotized plate on each

side, 2-5-VIII on posterior edge of the plate, 4,5-VIII stiff. Szphon with seta

1-S inserted basal to middle. Saddle complete, slightly apically broadened,

apex densely fringed with needle-like hairs except for dorsomedian portion and

beneath the stiff seta 1-X; 2, 3-X branched; 4-X of subplumose hairs on grid,

apical 2 shorter and typically plumose; grid joined with saddle on midventral

line. Anal gills very short, globose.

DISTRIBUTION. Manchurian subregion. Macedonia. Oriental region.

Australian region. Ethiopian region. Southern Nearctic region. Neotropical

region.

The genus is composed of 3 subgenera, Toxorhynchites of the Old World,

and Ankylorhynchus and Lynchiella confined to the New World.

SUBGENUS TOXORHYNCHITES THEOBALD

Toxorhynchites Theobald, 1901b: 234. Type-species: 7x. brevipalpis Theobald,

1901d; Natal.

The subgeneric characters are given in the foregoing generic descriptions.

DISTRIBUTION. Manchurian subregion. Oriental, Australian and

Ethiopian regions. Macedonia.

20x

2(1).

110.

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 493

KEYS TO SPECIES OF TOXORHYNCHITES (TOXORHYNCHITES)*

FEMALE ADULT

Pedicel and laterotergite not scaled; scaling of posterior pronotal lobe

smooth; lateral tufted bristles of abdominal terga VI-VIII inconspicu-

ouge 02 2 PDA: re ee ee ere manicatus (p. 493)

Pedicel and laterotergite scaled; scaling of posterior pronotal lobe

shaggy; lateral tufted bristles of abdominal terga VI-VIII

CONSpPiCUOlUs, BPPONWuO AUG Pe Lee ABW aR LPL oe PR w ae Oe TT pee Z

Lateral tufted bristles of abdominal tergum VII orange.

christophi (p. 502)

Lateral tufted bristles of abdominal tergum VII blackish.

towadensis (p. 498)

MALE GENITALIA

Aedeagus with several teeth on apical lanceolate part.

manicatus (p. 493)

Aedeagus without teeth omapical lanceolate partis. coy pares 2

Aedeagus without a sclerotized tergomedian band. . chvristophi (p. 502)

Aedeagus with a sclerotized tergomedian band. . . towadensis (p. 498)

LARVA

Setae 3,4-M on a single common or divided small callus separated from

dorsolatéeratentine 2 fy FOP t eg Ny sp ary manicatus (p. 493)

Setae 3,4-M on dorsolateral callus. ........ 002 ee ee wee 2

Seta 11-II apically filamentous, with hair-like barbs; 5-T 6-16 branched.

christophi (p. 502)

Seta 11-II stiff, with strong spiny or stiff barbs; 5-T 2-7 branched.

towadensis (p. 498)

TOXORHYNCHITES (TOXORHYNCHITES) MANICATUS (EDWARDS)**

Megarhinus manicatus Edwards, 1921a: 630 (2). Type-locality: Toa Tsui

Kutsu, Taiwan.

DISTRIBUTION. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO. TAIWAN.

*Specimens of Toxorhynchites sp. are not available.

**One or more subspecies (in some species they are not fully studied) do not

occur in this region. The nominal subspecies does not occur in this region.

494 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

110A. TOXORHYNCHITES (TOXORHYNCHITES) MANICATUS YAMA DAI (OQUCHI)

NEW STATUS

(Figs. 158, 161, 259; Table 142)

Megarhinus yamadai Ouchi, 1939: 223 (*). Type-locality: Mt. Yuwan, Amami

Oshima, Ryukyu Archipelago.

FEMALE (Fig. 259). Wing length 6.1-6.6 mm. Head, Vertex covered

with metallic purple and indigo-blue scales, with silvery white ones on eye

margin; many, dark erect forked scales; tempus covered with somewhat golden

white scales; 3, 4 vertical bristles on each side, no temporals, many pale

yellow hairs on underside. Clypeus dark brown, medioapically light brown,

with silvery tinge varying with light. Antenna: pedicel brown, partly dark

brown, apparently tomentose with silvery reflection, without scales. Flagello-

mere 1 with dark scales. Palpus about 0.33 length of antenna, covered with

metallic purple and indigo-blue scales. Proboscis covered with metallic

purple and indigo-blue scales on basal rigid part, with more or less metallic

blue, green or bronzy scales on apical slender portion. Thorax. Anterior

pronotal lobe covered with pale golden scales; posterior pronotal lobe covered

with metallic purple scales (indigo-blue scales intermixed) on upper 0.4-0. 6,

with pale golden scales otherwise. Scutum with integument blackish brown,

mostly covered with metallic green scales, posterior scales bronze-tinged,

scales on anterior margin metallic purple with indigo-blue scales intermixed;

1, 2 pairs of yellowish brown acrostichals on anterior promontory, anterior

supraalars yellowish brown, posterior supraalars dark brown. Scutellum

covered with bronzy-tinged metallic purple scales, with or without lateral

pale scales; marginal bristles about 30, long and short, mostly dark brown,

some bronze-brown. Paratergite with lower angle rounded. Pleural integu-

ment dark brown, lighter on metapleuron; slightly golden-tinged silvery white

scales covering propleuron, sternopleuron (excepting cephalic lower oblong

portion) and mesepimeron (except posterior margin and lower caudal triangular

portion); about 10 yellowish brown propleural bristles, more than 10 bronze-

brown spiraculars, more than 10 pale yellow prealars, sternopleurals (in

scaled area) and posterior mesepimerals, 3-6 upper mesepimerals, 2-5 lower

mesepimerals. Wing. Veins with metallic purple and indigo-blue scales,

bronzy scales apically intermixed. Cell Ro 0.37 (2) length of vein rg+3 0. 61-

0.63 (2) length of Mj49; basal spur of rg,5 subequal to r-m in length; m-cu

approximately in line with r-m (2). Halter knob with pale golden scales.

Legs. Coxae each with a patch of scales similar to those of pleura. Femora

with pale apical fringe; forefemur ventrally with a pale golden streak, this

streak basally broadened and extending basally onto anterodorsal surface; mid-

femur pale golden on posterior and ventral surfaces, the pale area extending

onto dorsal surface basally; hindfemur basally pale golden, the pale area extend-

ing to near apex on ventral surface as a narrow streak. Foretarsomere 1 with

only a slight indication of pale scales basally on posterior surface, sometimes

with a few distinct pale scales; 3 dorsoapically pale; 4 entirely pale or dark

scales laterally and/or ventrally mixed. Midtarsomere 1 with a usually ill-

defined pale subbasal band; 2 sometimes dorsoapically pale; 3 with pale scaled

area variable, sometimes only dorsoapically and basally pale, dark scales

mediodorsally mixed, sometimes entirely pale; 4 entirely pale, or sometimes

with ventroapical dark spot. Hindtarsomere 1 with a subbasal spot on anterior

surface, sometimes the spot yellowish and obscure; 4 pale except apex, occa-

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 495

sionally only basal 0.67 pale and dark scales mixed on pale area. Legs other-

wise covered with metallic purple scales, with indigo-blue scales intermixed.

Fore- and midtarsomeres 5 length of 4; hindtarsomere 1 0. 80-0. 82 (2) length

of tibia. Abdomen. Tergum I medially covered with indigo-blue scales, white

scales sublateroapically, with a small spot of white scales on lateral margin;

laterotergite bristled but unscaled; II-VIII covered with indigo-blue scales,

more or less purplish varying with light especially on posterior segments,

scales on VIII most purplish; II-VIII with sublaterobasal patches of white

scales, largest on VI, sometimes reduced on VII and often on VIII, occasionally

the patches mesally extending as narrow usually incomplete bands, the bands

more developed on VI than on other terga; lateral fringe scales pale golden on

II-III and V-VI, purple on IV and VII; lateral marginal bristles fine and pale

yellow on II-VI, occasionally the bristles rather dense and dark ones mixed

at posterior corner of VI, VII with the bristles dark and rather stiff on posterior

corner to posterior 0.33, VIII laterally and apically with golden yellow bristles.

Sterna covered with golden scales, with a variable number of purple scales

along median line, the purple scales from a scattered few to forming a very

narrow but complete median line on II-III and V-VI, always forming a complete

basally broadened median line on IV, forming a broad, occasionally apically

abbreviated median line on VII, forming a mediobasal patch to covering entire

surface on VIII.

MALE (Fig. 158). (Described from a single specimen). Wing length:

7.6mm. Antenna about length of basal rigid part of proboscis. Palpus with

apical half of segment 4 extending beyond false joint of proboscis, covered with

metallic purple, indigo-blue and golden yellow scales, the golden yellow scales

forming an apical band on 2, a very broad median band on 3, and rather long

(reaching apical 0.4) ventrobasal patch on 4. Cell Rg 0.33 length of vein ro_9,

0.55 length of My,9. Foretarsomere 3 entirely dark; 4 dark scaled, with mixed

white scales on posterior surface. Midtarsomere 1 with white subbasal band

dorsally incomplete; 3 only dorsoapically white; 4 white dorsally and laterally

in basal 0.67. Hindtarsomere 4 white in basal 0.75 of posterior surface,

basal 0.5 of anterior and dorsal surfaces, dark scales intermixed. Hindtarso-

mere 1 0.78 length of tibia. Abdominal tergum V with a few anterior lateral

marginal scales dark; lateral bristles of VI-VII slightly more developed than in

female, dark bristles on posterior half of VII rather dense. Sterna I-VIII

with complete median line of purple scales, the line rather irregular on II,

moderately broad on III, V, VI, very broad on IV, VIII, strongly basally

broadened on VIL. Genitalia. Tergum IX transversely oblong-quadrate, with

straight apical margin, bearing 21, 22 rather long bristles on each side (these

characters of tergum IX likely variable). Basistyle 2.8 as long as broad;

claspette 0.96-1.09 as wide as long, with apex reaching basal 0. 48 of basistyle,

bearing 2 subequal strong apical setae (probably variable), a weaker (but

distinctly stronger than basal bristles) seta laterotergal to the apical setae on

left lobe, many weak bristles on tergal surface and mesal and lateral margins.

Dististyle shorter than basistyle, with 13,14 minute setae in apical 0.6. Para-

proct with apex unicuspid on the left, bicuspid on the right; apparently 2 cercal

setae on each side.. Aedeagus 2.70 as long as wide, with a sclerotized tergal

band proximad of middle, apical lanceolate part sternally with several retrorse

hooks.

LARVA (Fig. 161). Head. antenna, siphon and saddle brown; thorax and

abdomen brown with a weak reddish tinge, underside paler. Head. Width:

1.44-1.68 mm; 1.06-1.15 as wide as long (length measured from apex of

frontoclypeus); frontoclypeus 1. 06-1.20 mm long (measured on median line),

496 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

-1.26-1.49 mm wide, 1.19-1.34 as wide as long; seta 1-C longer than 3-C, sub-

equal to 4-C; 14-C usually single. Mouth brush of 6-8 curved rods. Antenna

0.53-0.60 mm long, 0.36-0.42 length of head, 0. 46-0. 52 of frontoclypeus,

slender, slightly curved; seta 1-A inserted at apical 0.13-0.17, with 7 to more

than 10 dendritic branches; 2,3-A inserted at apical 0. 20-0.27; 4-A longer

than 5,6-A; 5-A with distal division longer than proximal division; 6-A thick,

slightly larger than proximal division of 5-A. Mandible with a broad spinose

area proximally on dorsolateral surface, the microspines broad-based, very

_ short, rather blunt or with apex reduced; otherwise indistinguishable from

towadensis. Maxilla with S1.2 somewhat pigmented, S9 longer but more

slender than Sj; basal ring of S4 shorter than the sensorium; ampulla very

small; otherwise indistinguishable from towadensis. Mentum plate with 15

stout teeth. Thovax. Prothorax with 3 small calli on each side in addition to

2 major calli: more mesal dorsal callus larger than other 2, bearing setae

1-3-P; laterocephalic dorsal callus bearing 4-P, laterocaudal dorsal callus

0-P; 8-P usually free, rarely on ventrolateral callus; 5,7,9-P very stiff,

with strong spiny barbs; 7-P, when double, with dorsal branch shorter than

ventral one; 14-P usually single. Mesothorax with 2 small dorsal calli on each

side in addition to 3 major lateral calli: more mesal dorsal callus bearing

1,2-M, more lateral dorsal callus 3, 4-M, occasionally divided; 6, 9,13-M very

stiff, with strong spiny barbs; 13-M, when double, with dorsal branch longer

than ventral one. Metathorax with 3 small dorsal calli on each side in addition

to 4 major calli: mesodorsal, laterocephalic-dorsal and laterocaudal-dorsal

calli bearing 1-T, 3-T and 2-T respectively; 4, 5-T not on callus or on very

small callus, rarely 4-T on common callus with 3-T; 6,7,9,13-T very stiff,

with strong spiny barbs, 9 26 > 7 213 in length; 11-13-T usually single.

Abdomen. Setae 1-I-V, VII, 3-VI, 4-I,V, 7-VII, 11-I, UI-V, and 13-II-VIl

with strong spiny barbs; 11-II slender, apically filamentous, with fine hair-

like barbs, equal to or longer than 13-II; 6, 7-VI and 11-VI, VII with rather

stiff barbs; 2-I, III usually free, occasionally on dorsal callus; 2-II, IV, V either

free or on dorsal callus; 2-VI, VII consistently on dorsal callus; 8-TII, III free;

8-IV usually free, sometimes on lateral callus; 8-V-VII always on lateral

callus; 0-II-IV, VI, VIII, 11-III, 8,9-IV, 10-VI and 14-VII usually single; 3-V

usually double; 4, 5-VIII with strong spiny barbs. Siphon 0.74-0.89 mm long,

1. 52-1. 85 as long as broad; seta 1-S located at basal 0.29-0.36, x =0.32.

Saddle longer than siphon, 0.82-1.08 mm long, microsculpture very fine, but

more distinct than in towadensis, consisting of apparently flattened tubercles,

each apically fringed with several minute spicules; 1-X at apex of and shorter

than saddle, with strong large spiny barbs; 2-X always with more branches than

3-X; 4-X of 15-18 hairs.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO. 1°, 4°; with associ-

ated skins (3 1, 3 p), 3 L, 11: Amami Gunto (I-0240, I-0256, I-1829, I-1840,

I-1849, I-1853, I-1861, I-2271).

DISTRIBUTION. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO (Amami Gunto).

110B. TOXORHYNCHITES (TOXORHYNCHITES) MANICATUS YAEYAMAE

BOHART (NEW COMBINATION)

(Figs. 158, 260; Table 142)

Toxorhynchites yaeyamae Bohart, 1956: 29 (“, 2, P, L). Type-locality: East

fork of Nakara River, Iriomote Is., Ryukyu Archipelago. :

Toxorhynchites yamadai yaeyamae: Tanaka, 1971a: 4.

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 497

FEMALE. Wing length 5.4-6.7 mm. Head with vertical bristles 3-5,

most often 4. Antennal flagellomere 1 1.43-1.50 (2) length of Flm 2. Palpus

0.34-0.35 (2) length of flagellum; segment 3 1.81-1.87 of 2; 4 0.06-0.09 of 3.

Posterior pronotal lobe with upper 0.17-0.25 purple scaled, otherwise pale-

golden or silvery scaled. Sternopleural bristles about 10 or less. Cell Ro

0.30-0.38 (5) length of vein r9,9, 0.49-0. 61 (5) length of Mji9. Pale scaling

of tarsomeres in general slightly more developed than in manicatus yamadai.

Foretarsomere 1 usually with subbasal patch of white scales on posterior sur-

face; 2 sometimes with dorsoapical 0.25 white; 3 usually with dorsal and

posterior surfaces mostly white; 4 entirely white. Midtarsomere 1 with white

basal band usually more distinctly defined than in m™. yamadai; 2 with dorso-

apical 0.33-0.67 white; 3 and 4 entirely white; 5 occasionally narrowly white at

base. Hindtarsomere 1 with white subbasal anterior patch; 3 often with pale

apical fringe; 4 often entirely white, apex often with dark scales or a dark

spot. Foretarsomere 5 slightly shorter than or nearly length of 4; midtarso-

mere 5 shorter than 4; hindtarsomere 1 0.76-0.81 (5) length of tibia. Abdomen.

Only tergum III of one specimen out of 11 examined with an incomplete dorsal

band of white scales, otherwise dorsal band undeveloped; IV with posterior

lateral fringe scales golden; lateral marginal bristles of VI-VIII less developed,

finer and sparser. Sterna with purple scales fewer than in m. yamadai, II-III

entirely golden or sometimes with only a few purple scales at middle; IV most

often with a mediobasal patch of purple scales, sometimes with only a few

mediobasal purple scales, or with a complete median band; V entirely golden,

or at most with an obscure incomplete narrow median line of purple scales;

purple scales none to forming a distinct mediobasal patch on VI, forming a

narrow to broad, complete or almost complete median line on VII, none to

forming a broad median line on VIII.

MALE (Figs. 158, 260). Wing length 6.5-8.5 mm. Antennal flagellomere

12 1.25-1.41 (2) length of Flm 13, both together 0.49-0.58 length of Flm 1-11.

Palpus 1.79-1.99 (2) length of flagellum; length ratio of segments 2-5 : 0.32-

0.34: 0.48-0.51 : 0.52-0.55: 1.00. Cell Ro 0.24-0.32 (8) length of vein ro13,

0. 50-0. 57 (8) length of Mj49; m-cu basal to or in line with r-m. White scaling

of tarsi less developed than in female. Hindtarsomere 1 0.75-0.79 (5) length

of tibia. Purple scales on abdominal sterna more developed than in female,

usually forming a complete or incomplete median line, broad on IV, VII and

VU, narrow on others. Genitalia. Tergum IX apically narrowed, slightly to

deeply concave on apical margin, bearing 12-16 (6) bristles on each side.

Basistyle 2.6-3.2 as long as wide; claspette 1.10-1.40 (5) as wide as long, with

apex reaching basal 0.40-0. 48 (5) of basistyle, usually bearing 2 strong apical

setae, apicalmost seta usually stronger. Dististyle 0.72-0.81 (3) length of

basistyle, with 10-13 (6) minute setae in apical half; claw 0.16-0.18 (3) length

of dististyle. Cercal setae 2-4. Aedeagus 2.30-2.95 (5) as long as wide.

LARVA. Indistinguishable from m. yamadai.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO. 19°, 1392; with

associated skins (51, 5p), 21 L, 61: Yaeyama Gunto (1 L: Saitancho,

Iriomote Is., 1511954, Gentry; 3 L: Inoda, IshigakiIs., 9 V 1957, tree hole,

Yaeyama Health Center, USNM. K-0114, K-0134, K-0146, K-0157, K-0158,

K-0166, K-0169, K-0562, K-0563, K-0564, K-0579, K-0614, K-0684, K-0778,

K-0779, K-0936, K-0957, K-0958, K-1214, K-1537, K-1610, K-1771, K-1772,

K-1773, K-2270, K-2339).

DISTRIBUTION. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO (Yaeyama Guntd).

TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION. The characteristics differentiating yamadai,

yaeyamae and manicatus do not appear sufficient to consider them as 3 distinct

498 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

species. However, they may be recognized as 3 subspecies, because of the

existence of rather distinct and not clinal local variations and their definite

allopatricity. The posterior pronotal lobe is covered with dark metallic purple

or indigo-blue scales on upper 0. 5-0. 6 inyamadaiand manicatus, andthe upper 0. 25

or less in yaeyamae, White scaling on the tarsi is most developed in manicatus,

least in yamadai and intermediate in yaeyamae; this may be clinal. Transverse

bands of white scales on female abdominal terga are most developed in yamadaz,

least in yaeyamae and intermediate in manicatus, but these are also highly vari-

able within each subspecies. Lateral bristles of abdominal terga VI-VIII are

most developed in manicatus, the bristles are stiffer and denser than in the

other 2 subspecies, though not so conspicuous as in the fowadensis group; these

bristles are nearly equal to those on anterior terga in yaeyamae, while in

yamadai, they are more developed than in yaeyamae and less so than in manica-

tus. Purple scaling on the median line of the abdominal sterna is most 3

developed in manicatus, IV is usually golden only in narrow lateral margins

or small lateroapical patches, VII has a broad median line of purple scales,

II, V and VI usually have complete, narrow to moderately broad median lines,

II often has an incomplete one. The purple scaling is least developed in.

yaeyamae and intermediate in yamadai. Male tergum IX is broad, parallel-

sided, with the apical margin straight, having 21, 22 bristles on each side in

one specimen of yamadai. In yaeyamae and manicatus, it is fairly variable,

but usually more or less apically narrowed, or having the more strongly

rounded lateroapical angle, and the apical margin slightly to deeply concave;

the setae are 12-16 (6) in yaeyamae, 10-14 (2) in manicatus. The claspette is

0.96-1.09 (1) as wide as long in yamadai, while it is 1.10-1.40 (7) in the other

2. The shape of tergum IX is usually quite variable in this genus. At present,

we have only 1 male specimen of yamadai, and consider its 9th tergite as a

case of individual variation which is rather more remarkable than other vari-

able characters of this species.

BIONOMICS. Rather common in Yaeyama Gunt6, less so in Amami Gunto.

Larvae occur in tree holes, and devour larvae and pupae of mosquitoes and

midges, but they do not feed on Orthopodomyia anopheloides. As the females

do not take blood meals, they are of no medical importance.

111. TOXORHYNCHITES (TOXORHYNCHITES) TOWADENSIS (MATSUMURA)

(Figs. 159, 160, 260, 261; Table 143)

Megarrhina towadénsis Matsumura, 1916: 444 (“). Type-locality: Towada,

Aomori Pref., Japan.

Megarhinus towadensis: LaCasse and Yamaguti, 1950: 38 (%, §).

FEMALE (Fig. 261). Wing length 7.5-8.5 mm. Head, Vertex and tempus

covered with metallic green, purple, bronzy or coppery tinged broad dark

scales; scales of eye margin appear silvery in dorsal view, scales on underside

of head apparently pale; erect forked scales few, dark, in a row; 4-8 vertical

and one temporal dark bristles on each side; many fine pale yellow hairs on

underside of head. Clypeus pale or dark gray according to light, 1.5 as wide

as long. Antenna: pedicel dark, dorsally and laterally covered with silvery

gray scales; flagellomere 1 1.25 (1) length of Flm 2, with dark scales. Palpus

0.4 length of antenna, covered with metallic blue or purple tinged dark scales;

segment 3 1.91-2.12 (2) length of 2; 4 0.11-0.21 of 3, narrow. Proboscis

covered with metallic purple or blue tinged dark scales. Thorax. Integument

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 499

very dark brown. Pronotal lobes covered with broad metallic green or bronzy

scales, laterally with paler scales on anterior lobe and ventrally on posterior

lobe, scaling of posterior lobe shaggy. Scutum medially covered with rather

broad dark scales having weak metallic green, coppery, purple or bronzy

reflections; anterior and lateral margins widely covered with broad pale golden

ereen scales; bristles on anterior margin dark brown, supraalars all dark, or

occasionally posterior bristles golden brown. Scutellum medially covered with

metallic green or bronzy scales, heavily covered with pale, greenish golden

lateral scales, bristles golden brown. Pleura: propleuron, lower prealar knob,

sternopleuron except cephalic lower portion, and mesepimeron except posteri-

or margin and lower caudal area covered with somewhat golden white scales;

more than 10 dark spiracular bristles, more than 10 yellowish brown prealars,

other pleural bristles mostly pale yellow, many on propleuron, scaled area of

sternopleuron, and posterior margin of mesepimeron, 2-8 upper mesepimerals,

2-5 lower mesepimerals. Wing. Alula fringed with minute narrow pale scales.

Veins lightly covered with dark metallic bluish scales. Cell Ro 0.35-0.41 (4)

length of vein rg:i3, 0.56-0. 58 (3) length of Mj+9; spur of r4;5 about 2.0-3.0

length of r-m; m-cu in line with 4-m or more or less apical. Halter with

dark-scaled knob. Legs. Coxae covered with scales similar to those of

pleura. Forefemur pale in basal half of ventral surface, with pale scales on

anterior surface at base; midfemur pale in basal 0.67 of lower anterior surface

to posterior surface, the pale area apically narrowed; hindfemur pale on basal

0.60-0.67 of lower anterior surface to posterior surface, the pale area broad-

ened dorsad toward base. Mid- and hindtibiae occasionally with an obscure

yellowish patch ventrally in middle. Foretarsomere 1 with tip to apical 0.5

white; 2 usually entirely white, often with small dark dorsoapical and/or dorso-

basal spots, rarely broadly dark apically and basally on dorsal surface; 3

sometimes white at base. Midtarsomere 1 with pale apical fringe and a dor-

sally incomplete white basal band or a small ventrobasal patch; 2 entirely pale,

but often with a small dark dorsobasal spot; 2-5 entirely white. Hindtarsomere

2 at least with some medially scattered pale scales, often almost entirely white

except apex. Foretarsomere 5 about length of 4; hindtarsomere 1 0.76-0. 80 (4)

length of tibia. Abdomen. Terga covered with metallic blue or purple scales;

I with median scales green or bronzy tinged, with small lateral patches of

white scales; laterotergite white scaled; II and III with scales, slightly more

bluish than in other terga, with sublateral patches of white scales, the patch

larger on III than on I; IV and V with a slight indigo tinge; IV usually without

sublateral patch, sometimes with a few pale scales instead, pale scales rarely

forming a small patch which is definitely smaller than that of II; V with sub-

lateral patches large, triangular, occasionally extending dorsally to form a

barely complete dorsosubbasal band; VI-VIII slightly more purplish than other

terga; VI with sublateral patches of white scales near base; I-VI with white

lateral fringe-scales and pale yellow lateral hairs, the hairs becoming some-

what stouter and denser toward posterior segments; VI with blackish brown

lateral tufted bristles on posterior 0.4-0.5; VII with lateral fringe-scales dark,

and lateral tufted bristles blackish brown; VIII apically truncate, with lateral

fringe-scales sparse and dark, and with lateral and apical orange tufted bristles.

Sterna II-VIII covered with bluish purple scales intermixed with coppery ones,

apical 0.50-0.75 of II, III, V and VI covered with white scales, these white-

scaled areas often divided by a longitudinal median dark line; VII with a small

patch of white scales at each posterior angle; VIII truncate at apex, bearing dark

bristles on disk and fringed with orange ones at apex.

MALE (Figs. 159, 260). Wing length 7.8-10.5 mm. Antennal flagellomere

200 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

12 1.06-1.17 (3) length of Flm 13, both together 0.66-0.70 (2) of Flm 1-11.

Palpus 1.80-1.97 (2) length of antenna, with apical 0.4 of segment 4 extending

beyond basal rigid part of proboscis, 2 with apical band of pale golden scales,

3 with dorsolateral patch of pale golden scales distad of middle, palpus other-

wise covered with metallic blue scales which show various colored reflections;

length ratio of 2-5 : 0.42-0. 44 : 0.56-0.60 : 0.57: 1.00 (2). Cell Ro 0.31-0.37

(8) length of vein r9, 9, 0.52-0.57 (8) length of My49; m-cu in line with r-m

or somewhat basal. ee White scaling slightly less developed than in female.

Tibiae without yellowish patch. Foretarsomere 1 entirely dark to white on

apical 0.5; 2 with only ventral surface except base white to entirely white; 3

entirely dark to white on basal 0.5. Midtarsomere 1 with pale apical fringe,

ventrobasally, basally or subbasally white scaled; 2 entirely pale, or with a

small dorsobasal spot or a narrow dark basal band; 3-4 entirely white or with

dark scales intermixed, 4 occasionally entirely dark; 5 varying from entirely

dark to entirely white. Hindtarsomere 2 entirely dark to almost entirely white

except apex. Foretarsomere 5 1.57 (1) length of 4; midtarsomere 5 1. 27-1.38

(2) length of 4; hindtarsomere 1 0. 75-0. 76 (2) length of tibia. Abdomen. Ter-

eum IV with distinct sublateral patches usually slightly smaller than those of

lI; VII rarely with sublateral patches of white scales near base, blackish brown

and orange lateral tufted bristles of VI-VIII slightly longer than in female.

Sternal white patches generally smaller than in female, divided by a dark

broad median line. Genitalia. Tergum IX with apical margin almost straight

to distinctly concave, bearing 16-27 bristles on each side. Sternum IX rather

broadly crescent-shaped, with apical margin evenly rounded. Basistyle 2.2-

2.5 as long as wide, with several tergoapical scales in additionto sternal and

lateral scales; claspette 1.1-1.3 as wide as long, with apex reaching basal

0.38-0. 55 (8) of basistyle, apical bristles strongest, 1,2 subapical bristles

usually only slightly weaker than the apical. Dististyle slightly longer than

basistyle, with 13-24 scattered minute setae on apical half; claw about 0.14

length of dististyle. Cercal setae 3-5. Aedeagus 2. 09-2. 86 (8) as long as

wide, with a distinct sclerotized tergomedian band just distad of anterior border

of apical closure, posterior margin of the band more or less concave, occa-

sionally very deeply concave dividing the band into 2 triangular lateral pieces;

apical lanceolate portion simple.

LARVA (Fig. 160). Head, antenna, siphon and saddle brown; thorax and

abdomen brown with purplish tinge, underside paler. Head. Width: 2.1-2.3

mm; slightly wider than long; frontoclypeus 1. 45-1.58 mm long (measured on

median line), 1.70-2.02 mm wide, 1.14-1.27 as wide as long; seta 1-C usually

single, longer than 3-C, shorter than 4-C; 12-C usually triple. Mouth brush of

7-9 curved rods. Antenna slender, 0.73-0.85 mm long, 0.4 length of head,

0. 49-0. 56 (x =0. 53) length of frontoclypeus; seta 1-A inserted at apical 0. 09-

0.14, with more than 10 dendritic branches; 2, 3-A located at apical 0.15-0. 22,

usually 2-A very slightly proximad of 3-A; 4-A longer than 5, 6-A; 5-A with

basal division slightly pigmented and longer than apical transparent division;

6-A thicker than 5-A but only slightly longer than proximal division of 5-A.

Mandible proximally coriaceous on dorsolateral surface, without microspines;

dorsal mandibular spur stouter than ventral one, bilaterally pectinate, ventral

spur subequal to dorsal one in length, laterally pectinate. Cutting organ with

dorsal tooth very strong, very dark, nearly 0.33 length of mandible, with a

strong mesobasal denticle; ventral tooth also very strong and dark, bluntly

pointed; VT» largest of 3 mesal denticles, somewhat pentagonal; VT, triangu-

lar, larger than VT3. Mandibular hairs about 40, barbed. Maxilla. Seta 1-Mx

single, rarely double. Mesostipes with short spiny spicules on lateral part of

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 001

dorsal sclerotized band; stipital sensoria subequal, on a common, slightly

asymmetric, basal ring; 2 ventromesosubapical setae (2, 6-Mx) short; one

ventrolateroapical seta (4-Mx) rather long, 5-Mx shorter than 4-Mx. Pal-

postipes lateroventrally rugose; apex with $1, 2 equal, unpigmented, on a

common, asymmetric, pigmented basal ring; S4 on a pigmented basal ring

longer than the sensorium. Mentum plate with 13-17, usually 15, teeth of

various sizes. Thorax. Prothorax with 3 small dorsal calli on each side in

addition to 2 major lateral calli: more mesal dorsal callus bearing setae 1-3-

P; laterocephalic dorsal callus equal to or smaller than more mesal callus,

bearing 4-P; laterocaudal dorsal callus bearing 0-P; 8-P consistently on ventro-

lateral callus; 5,7,9-P very stiff, with strong spiny barbs; 7-P with dorsal

branch shorter than ventral one. Mesothorax with a small dorsal callus on

each side in addition to 3 major lateral calli, 1,2-M arising from the dorsal

callus; dorsolateral callus bearing 3-7-M; 3,4-M usually single; 6,9,13-M

very stiff, with strong spiny barbs; 13-M with dorsal branch longer than

ventral one. Metathorax with 3 small dorsal calli on each side in addition to

4 major calli: mesodorsal, laterocephalic dorsal and laterocaudal dorsal calli

bearing 1-T, 3,4-T and 2-T respectively; 6,7,9,13-T very stiff, with strong

Spiny barbs. Abdomen. Setae 1-I-V, VII, 3-VI, 4-I, V, 11-I, II-V, and

13-II-VII with strong spiny barbs; 11-II similar to those, or with more slender

but still stiff apex and barbs as well as 7-VII, usually double, equal to or only

slightly longer than 13-I]; 6, 7-VI with rather stiff barbs; 2-I usually free,

rarely on dorsal callus; 2-II, V usually on dorsal callus, rarely free; 2-II,1IV

either free or on dorsal callus; 2-VI, VII always on dorsal callus; 8-II-IV free;

8, 9-II, 6,8-V and 2-VI usually single; 3-V usually double; 1-VIII free, usually

apically bifurcate; 3-VIII usually with more than 10 branches; 4, 5-VIII with

acute apices and stiff barbs. Szphon 1.27-1.57 mm long, 1.9-2.1 as long as

broad; seta 1-S located at basal 0. 24-0.33 (x =0.28). Saddle about length of

siphon; microsculpture extremely fine, consisting of scarcely raised tubercles,

each fringed with 1-6 minute spicules; seta 1-X at apex of and slightly shorter

than saddle, with acute apex and stiff barbs; 2-X always with more branches

than 3-X; 4-X of 20-24 hairs.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN. 1°, 192, 2 L: Hokkaido

(1%: Maruyama, 29 V 1935, Okada; 12: Sapporo, EHU. A-1679). 9° with

associated skins (11, 1p), 1 L: Honshu (Holotype “: Towada, Aomori Pref.,

VII 1905, EHU. 2%: Mt. Takao, Tokyo, 11 VII 1969, net, Tachikawa, MSCOL.

C-2266, C-2268, D-0052, D-2267, E-1699). 16°", 10° with associated skins

(141, 14p), 21 L, 131: Yakushima (H-0085, H-0809).

DISTRIBUTION. PALAEARCTIC JAPAN (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku,

Kyushu, Yakushima, Tsushima).

TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION. The population of Yakushima, the southern-

most island of Palaearctic Japan, has, in general, the less developed white

scaling on the tarsi, the broader aedeagus, and the more posteriorly located

claspette than in northern specimens; the apical margin of tergum IX is nearly

straight in the Yakushima population, while it is distinctly concave in speci-

mens from central Honshu. However, both Yakushima and northern popula-

tions are consistent in the more important characters; namely, the presence

of the sclerotized tergomedian band of the aedeagus, entirely dark proboscis,

usually entirely dark tibiae, absence of the sublateral patches of female

abdominal tergum IV, dark lateral tufted bristles of abdominal terga VI-VI,

and the stiff larval seta 11-II.

Stackelberg (1937) and Gutsevich et al. (1970) treated towadensis as a

doubtful synonym of christophi. However, some distinct differences were

202 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

detected between them. The aedeagus of towadensis has a well sclerotized

tergomedian band, its anterior and posterior borders are distinctly defined,

the posterior border is usually concave, sometimes this concavity is very

deep, almost dividing the band into 2 triangular pieces. The aedeagus of

christophi does not have such a band. * In the adult towadensis, the proboscis

is entirely dark, (with a pale median band in christophi), the posterior supra-

alar bristles usually dark brown (yellow), the lateral tufted bristles of abdom-

inal tergum VII are blackish brown (orange yellow) and the lateral tufts of abdom-

inal segments V-VIII are more developed in Korean christophi than in towaden-

sis. In the larva of towadensis, seta 11-II is stiff, with strong spiny or stiff

barbs, and is equal to or only slightly longer than 13-I (slender, with hair-

likebarbs, distinctly longer than 13-II), and4-X has 20-24 tufts (x = 21.5, mode=

22) (18-20); some other differences are also shown in tables 37 and 38.

TABLE 37. Comparison of larval characteristics between Toxorhynchites

(Toxorhynchites) towadensis and Tx. (Tox.) christophi.

towadensis christophi

10 specimens from Yakushima 3 Specimens from Siberia**

Seta Range x Mode Range x Mode

2-IV 1-2 1.4 i 3-5 3.3 ~

3-VIII 9-multiple - “ 5-6 = ~

BIONOMICS. Mountain species; not very common throughout the range.

Larvae occur usually in tree holes; one larva was found in a small cement tank

with clean water and fallen leaves; one was obtained from a boot discarded ona

mountain trail. Cannibalism is common, thus usually only a single larva can

live ina container. However, in Yakushima, about 60 mature larvae were

found in a fairly large hole (diameter about 50 cm) of a cut-down Criptomeria.

They feed on mosquito larvae and pupae of most species. Adults are often

observed flying up and down close to large tree trunks.

112. TOXORHYNCHITES (TOXORHYNCHITES) CHRISTOPHI (PORTSCHINSKY)

(Figs. 159, 161, 262; Table 144)

Megarhina christophi Portschinsky, 1884: 122 (2). Type-locality: Amur.

Megavhinus aurifluus var. koryoensis Ogasawara, 1939b: 242 (‘) (nomen

nudum); Koryo (Kwangnung), Korea.

Megarhinus towadensis: Chu, 1956: 42.

*Dr. Danilov (1977, personal communication) confirmed this for Siberian

specimens.

**After Danilov 1977 (personal communication).

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 903

Toxorhynchites (T.) christophi: Chow, 1973: 43 (based on Tanaka's identifica-

tion).

FEMALE*. Wing length 5.1-7.2 mm. Head. Scales of vertex with golden

yellow or green, partially purple luster; 2-4 vertical and 1, rarely 2, temporal

bristles on each side (4). Antennal flagellomere 1 with dark or silvery scales.

Proboscis with an obscure to distinct pale band (often dorsally incomplete) at

curved portion. Thovax. Scales of anterior pronotal lobe golden yellow,

those of posterior lobe golden yellow or green, scales on ventral corner pale.

Marginal scales of scutum golden yellow, tinged with metallic green, or

golden brown; anterior supraalar bristles dark brown, posterior supraalars

golden brown. Both upper and lower mesepimeral bristles 2,3 (5). Wing. Cell

Ro 0.31-0.37 (2) length of vein r9,9, 0.51-0.57 (2) length of My,9; m-cu basad

of or almost in line with r-m (2). Legs. Midtibia usually yellowish brown

except for dorsal surface, base and apex, occasionally yellowish brown area

reaching base; hindtibia yellowish brown in median 0. 33-0. 40 ventrally and

posteriorly. Foretarsomere 1 white in apical 0.5-0.6, usually with a white

ventrobasal patch, occasionally entirely ventrally white; 2 entirely white; 3

ventrally white at base, occasionally also narrowly white dorsally. Midtarso-

mere 1 white in basal 0.33-0.40 except very narrow dark basal ring; 2-5

entirely white. Hindtarsomere 1 with a white ventrosubbasal patch, often this

pale patch occupying basal 0.33 of the joint; 2 entirely pale. Hindtarsomere 1

0. 77-0.'78 (2) length of tibia. Abdomen. Tergal scales most frequently tinged

with golden yellow or green on I, greenish or bluish on II-III, bluish on IV-VI,

indigo on VII, and purplish on VIII; V usually and II sometimes with sublateral

patches mesally extending to form a complete or incomplete band; lateral tufted

bristles of apex more developed than in towadensis; lateral bristles at posterior

corner of V also stronger, denser and more deeply yellowish than those proxi-

mad, though weaker and sparser than those distad; lateral tufted bristles very

dense and blackish brown on VI, very dense and orange on VII-VIII, occasionally

VII with some dark bristles anteriorly mixed; apical margin of both tergum

and sternum VII also with many orange bristles. Sterna II-III silvery scaled,

anteriorly and medially with purple or blue scales; IV mostly purple or blue,

with silvery lateral patches; V entirely silvery; VI laterally silvery, medially

purple or blue; VII entirely purple or blue; VII basally with some pale and

purple scales.

*After the submission of the manuscript, Dr. V. N. Danilov, Martsinovsky

Institute of Medical Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Moscow, compared

the specimens of Tx. christophi from the Soviet Far East (Prymorsky and

Khabarovsk districts) with our draft of description and figures of christophi

from Korea and found that they were identical. Some inconsistencies seen

between Korean specimens and the descriptions and figures given by Portsch-

insky (1884), Stackelberg (1937), Gutsevick et al. (1970) and Shamrai and

Gutsevich (1974) appear to be due to the inaccuracy of the latter. Dr. Danilov

thus concluded that Korean christophi was true christophi (Danilov 1977,

personal communication). According to this finding, we partially amended

the taxonomic discussions for Tx. towadensis and christophi, and Tables 37

and 39 in the course of printing. This is the only exceptional case where

changes were made in the taxonomic portions of the manuscript after the sub-

mission of the manuscript to the editor. All other such changes are shown as

footnotes.

004 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

MALE (Figs. 159, 262). Wing length 5.2-9.0 mm. Vertical bristles 4, 5

(4). Pale median band of proboscis in general more distinct than in female.

Upper mesepimeral bristles 3-8 (2) and lower ones 1-3 (3). Cell Roy 0.32 (1)

length of vein rg,9, 0.49 length of My, 59. Tibia with yellowish brown median

area less developed than in female. White scaling of tarsi slightly less

developed than in female. Foretarsomere 1 with apical 0.25-0.40 white; 2

entirely white; 3 entirely dark, or at most white in ventrobasal 0.67. Mid-

tarsomere 1 white in basal 0.25-0.40, with extreme base very narrowly dark,

occasionally this basal white area obscure; 2-4 entirely white; 5 entirely white,

or sometimes with dark dorsobasal spot. Hindtarsomere 1 usually entirely

dark, sometimes with an ill-defined pale subbasal spot; 2 usually entirely white,

sometimes with dark apical fringe. Abdomen. Sublateral white patch on IV

subequal to that of III; that of V larger than others; dorsal bands on HI and V

undeveloped; sometimes a few dark bristles among golden yellow posterior

rufted bristles on V, and a few brownish bristles mixed anteriorly in dark

lateral tufted bristles on VI. Sterna covered with metallic purple or blue

scales, IV with small lateroapical patch of silvery scales, V with moderate-

sized laterobasal patches of silvery scales. Genitalia. Tergum IX more or

less apically narrowed, with apical margin concave, bearing 11-19 bristles on

each side (these characters of tergum IX probably variable). Basistyle 2.4-

2.8 as long as wide; claspette 1.2-1.4 as wide as long, with apex reaching basal

0. 46-0. 53 (2) of basistyle, subapical bristles distinctly weaker than the apical

one in 2 specimens examined (probably variable). Dististyle with 7-15 (2) |

minute setae; claw 0.15 (1) length of dististyle. Aedeagus 2.51-2.92 (2) as long

as wide, without sclerotized band just distad of anterior border of tergoapical

closure. ,

LARVA (Fig. 161). Head. Frontoclypeus 1.19-1.37 mm long, 1. 37-1. 60

mm wide, 1.16-1.25 as wide as long; seta 8-C usually single; 12-C 3,4

branched. Mouth brush of 7, 8 curved rods, often bicuspid at tip. Antenna

0. 58-0.66 mm long, 0. 46-0. 53 (x =0.51) length of frontoclypeus; seta 1-A

inserted at apical 0.12-0.16; 2,3-A at apical 0.18-0.22; 6-A about as large as

proximal division of 5-A. Mandible, maxilla and mentum plate not different

from those of towadensis. Thorax. Usually, seta 3-M single and 13-M double;

6-M and 9-M, T with weaker barbs than in towadensis.. Abdomen. Setae 8, 9-II,

4-V, 10-VI, 4,9-VII usually single; 4-I and 1-VI usually double; 2-V usually

triple; 2-I always free from dorsal callus, 2-II-VII consistently on dorsal

callus; 10-I occasionally free from ventral callus; 11-II slender, distinctly

longer than 13-II, with fine hair-like barbs; 3-VIII 2-7 (x =4.7) forked; 1-S

located at basal 0. 20-0. 26 (x =0.23) of siphon; 4-X of 18-20 hairs.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. KOREA. 6°, 72; with associated skins (5 1,

5 p); 31: Korean Peninsula (1°: National Forest, Kyongki Do, 20 VI 1954,

207 Prev. Med. Surv. Det.; 1%, 12: National Forest, Kyongki Do, 15 VII

1954; 10°: National Forest, Kyongki Do, 26 X 1954, pine tree hole, McFadden,

USNM. L-0554, L-0822, L-2109, L-2110, L-2111, K-2112, L-2113)

DISTRIBUTION. KOREA (Korean Peninsula). PRYMORYE.

TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION. In addition to some of the characteristics

described above, some other differences in branching of setae between

christophi from Korea and towadensis are noted (Table 38).

Toxorhynchites christophifrom Korea is distinct from fowadensis but

appears to be identical to christophi from Amur and Prymorye districts. *

*Danilov 1977, personal communication.

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 205

Differences found in the branching of some larval setae are mostly insignifi-

cant except for 12-II (Table 39). Toxorhynchites christophi appears to be very

closely allied to auwrifluus (Edwards) from Taiwan. The male genitalia are

apparently identical. The aedeagus has no sclerotized tergomedian band in

specimens studied (2 Korean christophi and 2 aurifluus); Lien (1965) does not

show any band on the aedeagus of auvifluus; it appears the same in Siberian

christophi. *

Korean specimens of christophi are identical with aurifluus (3 males and 4

females from Taiwan were examined) in the presence of a yellowish brown

median area on the mid- and hindtibiae, but different from it in the existence

of a pale median band on the proboscis, the golden color of the scutal marginal

metallic scales (bluish green in aurifluus), the more developed white scaling of

the tarsi, the lack of the sublateral patches on female abdominal tergum IV

(occasionally a few white scales present) (awrifluus has sublateral patches sub-

equal to those of III in size), and in that the lateral tufted bristles on female

abdominal tergum VI are all dark (anterior 0. 33-0.40 of lateral bristles are

yellow in auvifluus). In the larvae, only minor differences are detected

(Table 40).

The metallic coloration in insects in general is quite variable, it easily

changes within a species between green, blue, purple, coppery golden, etc.

Such variability must be considered. White scaling of the tarsi was found to be

more developed in the northern populations of towadensis than in the southern

ones. Differences in the tarsal white scaling between Korean christophi and

Formosan auvifluus appear to be a Similar case. All the differences in the

larvae are in the branching of minor setae, and their significance may not be

very great. Thus, important characters will be: (1) the pale median band of

the proboscis, (2) the yellowish brown median area of the mid- and hindtibiae,

(3) the sublateral patches of female abdominal tergum IV and (4) the lateral

tufted bristles of female abdominaltergum VI. Korean christophi differs from

aurifluus in (1), (3) and (4). They are, however, consistent in other essential

characters, the tergomedian band of the aedeagus, the lateral tufted bristles

of abdominal terga VII-VIII, and larval seta 11-II. On the basis of present

knowledge, they appear allopatric. Thus, there might be 2 possible interpreta-

tions, they are either 2 distinct species, or local forms (subspecies) of a single

species. For a final decision of their taxonomic statuses, much more material

must be studied. :

BIONOMICS. Apparently rare in Korea. Larvae are found in tree holes.

*Danilov 1977, personal communication.

006 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

TABLE 38. Comparison of larval setal branching between Toxorhynchites

(Toxorhynchites) christophi, and Tx. (Tox.) towadensis.

christophi towadensis

Specimens examined 6 from Korea 10 from Yakushima

Seta Range Mode bs Range Mode x

9-C 2-6 4 3.8 1-3 1.8

11-P 2-4 2 226 1-2 = 1.5

o-T 6-11 ~ 8.5 2-7 - 4.5

2-I 3-5 5) 4.2 1-4 2 2.6

o-1 3-95 5) 4.4 o-9 6 6.5

2-Il 2-4 3 2.7 1-3 1 1.6

12-I 1-2 - 1.5 2-6 3 S20

2-ITl 2-4 3 209 1-3 2 8

o- TI o-7 5) 0.9 3-4 4, 3.6

12-III 1-2 2 1% 2-4 3 2.9

2-IV 2-4 3 2.9 1-2 1 1.4

12-IV 1-2 1 1.4 2-5 - 3.4

2-V 2-3 3 2.8 1-2 1 1,3

12-VI 1 “ - 1-3 2 ligt

12-VII 1 - ~ 1-4 3 2.9

2-VIIl 2-3 2 2.3 1-2 1 > 1.4

TABLE 39. Comparison of larval characteristics of Toxorhynchites

(Toxorhynchites) christophi from Korea and Siberia.

3 specimens from Siberia (after

Danilov 1977, personal communi-

6 specimens from Korea cation)

Seta Range x Mode Range x Mode

9-] 1-4 2.4 3 1-5 2.8 ~

9-II 1-2 t.1 1 1-3 Led 1

12-1 1-2 15 ~ 2-5 oe2 w

2-IV 2-4 2.9 8} 3-5 360 -

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 207

TABLE 40. Comparison of larval characteristics between Toxorhynchites

(Toxorhynchites) christophi and Tx. (Tox.) aurifluus.

christophi aurifluus

6 specimens from Korea Lien (1965)

Seta Range iy Mode Range

11-P 2-4 2,16 2 1-2

2-II 2-4 Bot 3 3-7

12-II 1-2 1.5 - 2-6

12-III 1-2 dad 2 2-7

12-IV 1-2 1.4 1 2-6

2-VII 1 ~ - 1-5

3-VIII 2-7 4.7 6 4-19

113. TOXORHYNCHITES (TOXORHYNCHITES) SP.

(Table 145)

Toxorhynchites sp. Gentry, 1957: 82 (L), Ada, Okinawa Is., Ryukyu Archi-

pelago.

3RD STAGE LARVA. Similar to towadensis. Head 1.27 mm wide, rela-

tively narrower. Antenna 0.44 mm long. Seta 10-P length of and as stout as

9-P, with spiny barbs as in 9-P. Setae 3,6,7-I-IV, 4-II, 10-II-V and 11-I

Single.

The 4th stage larvae and adult specimens were not available for examina-

tion.

SPECIMEN EXAMINED. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO. 1 3rd stage larva:

Okinawa Gunté (Ada, Okinawa Is., 20 IV 1955, tree stump, Nakata, USNM).

DISTRIBUTION. RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO (Okinawa Guntd).

TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION. This species is closely allied to towadensis,

belonging to a separate group from manicatus. Detailed discussions will be

made elsewhere. It is intriguing that manicatus occurs in both the northern

(Amami Guntd) and southern (Yaeyama Gunt6) Ryukyu Archipelago, but it is

replaced by a species allied to towadensis on Okinawa Is., central Ryukyus,

BIONOMICS. Apparently a very rare species. One larva was found ina

tree stump.

208 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We wish to express our deep appreciation to LTC Alexander A. Hubert and

CPT Robert W. Vavra, Jr. for their administrative assistance and manuscript

review while serving as Chief, Department of Entomology, 406th Medical

Laboratory, and U. S. Army Medical Laboratory, Pacific, and also to Dr.

Ronald A. Ward, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research and the Medical

Entomology Project, Smithsonian Institution, for his great assistance in arrang-

ing for the final typing, correction of illustrations, editorial review of the

manuscript, preparation of the index, correction of page proofs and for permis-

sion to examine specimens and literature located in the Medical Entomology

Project. Special thanks are due to LTC Ronald W. Intermill, formerly, U. S.

Army Medical Center, Ryukyu islands; Dr. Kiyoshi Kamimura, Toyama Insti-

tute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology; Mr. Kwan-Woo Lee, National Insti-

tute of Health, Korea; Dr. Jih-Ching Lien, formerly, Naval Medical Research

Unit No. 2 and presently, Taiwan Provincial Institute of Infectious Diseases;

Dr. Peter F. Mattingly, British Museum (Natural History); Mr. E. L. Peyton,

Medical Entomology Project; Dr. Manabu Sasa, National Institute of Pollution,

Japan; Dr. Alan Stone (retired), Systematic Entomology Laboratory, U. S.

Department of Agriculture; Dr. Graham B. White, London School of Hygiene and

Tropical Medicine; and CPT Jerry H. Williams, formerly, 5th Preventive

Medicine Unit, 8th Army in Korea; for the gift or loan of specimens, or permis-

sion to study specimens in their laboratory or museums; and also to LTC John

F. Reinert, formerly, U. S. Army Medical Research and Development Com-

mand, for the support of this project as well as help in material; Prof. Richard

M. Bohart (retired), University of California, sent valuable specimens of his

collection in the Ryukyus to the U. S. National Museum for our study;

Dr. Takao Kishimoto, Okinawa Institute of Pollution and Health, and Prof.

Shozo Sato, Hokkaido University of Education, gave us especially useful infor-

mation on mosquito habitats as well as valuable specimens; Dr. Keisaku

Hattori, Hokkaido Health Institute, and Dr. Satoshi Shinonaga, Tokyo Medical

Dental University, offered us important material and helped in field work;

Dr. Yoshitake Wada, Tokyo Women's Medical College, and Mr. Sumio

Takahashi, Quarantine Office, Tokyo Airport, allowed us to describe a new

species which they had obtained prior to us; Prof. Kikuo Matsuo, Kyoto Pre-

factural Medical College, and Prof. Chihisa Watanabe, Hokkaido University,

permitted us to study type-specimens preserved in their laboratories. We are

indebted to Dr. Masaru Nishikawa, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., who contributed

largely to the establishment of our present collection during his service as a

member of our project; also to Mr. Masaaki Sawada, Agricultural Experiment

Station of Chiba Prefecture, and Mr. Akimasa Yoshii, Nagasaki City, for their

field and laboratory work while they served as members of this project; also

to Mr. S. R. Crutchfield, Mr. B. D. Hall, Mr. Yuji Hattori, Mr. Akira Kato,

Mr. Victor A. Robinson and Miss Yoshiko Yoshida for their help in field or

laboratory work during their service at the Department of Entomology. We are

also indebted to the following individuals who aided us in various ways:

Mr. C. 8. Chong, 5th Preventive Medicine Unit, Korea; Prof. Rokuro Kano,

Tokyo Medical Dental University; Mr. Takahiko Kikuchi, Meiji Confectionary;

Mr. Kazuo Matsuki, Taiwan University; Prof. Ichiro Miyagi, University of

Ryukyus; Dr. Tsuyoshi Otani, Hokkaido University; Dr. Kotaro Okada, Juntendo

University; LTC Linnaeus B. Savage and his staff, formerly, U. S. Army Medi-

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 009

cal Center, Ryukyu islands; Dr. Sunthorn Sirivanakarn, Medical Entomology

Project; Dr. Setsuo Suguri, Okayama University; Dr. Hiroshi Takahasi, Tokyo,

and Prof. Yoshito Wada, Nagasaki University.

The following individuals also helped us in various capacities, and we are

sincerely grateful to them; Dr. Yutaka Arita, Meijo University; Dr. Shojiro

Asahina, National Institute of Health, Japan; CPT Robert L. Frommer and

Mrs. C. A. Cho, formerly, 5th Preventive Medicine Unit, Korea; Dr. V. N.

Danilov, Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology and Tropical Medicine,

Moscow; Dr. Narao Fukuhara, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Japan;

MAJ Bruce M. Furlow, formerly, U. S. Army Health and Environment Activity,

Okinawa; Mr. Thomas V. Gaffigan, Medical Entomology Project; Dr. Tadashige

Habe, National Science Museum, Tokyo; Dr. Megumi Hasegawa, Hokkaido

Health Institute; Mr. Zentoki Hajime, Amami Oshima, Mr. Shuzo Hayashida,

Tokyo University of Agriculture; Dr. Eitaro Hori, Saitama Medical College;

Mr. Yoshihide Imamura, Tokyo University of Agriculture; Prof. Seiichi

Inatomi, Okayama University; Dr. Takashi Ishii, Tokushima University;

Mr. Ryosuke Ishikawa, National Science Museum, Japan; Dr. Kazuo Itano,

Okayama University; Prof. Shushiro Ito, Osaka Prefectural University;

Mr. E. Kanda, Hokkaido University of Education; Dr. Tsukasa Kishimoto,

Naha Health Station; Dr. Shigeo Kitaoka, National Institute of Animal Health,

Japan; Prof. Kenneth L. Knight, North Carolina State University; Dr. Yoshio

Kurashige, Utsunomiya University; Dr. Kazuyoshi Kurosa, Institute of Medical

Science, Tokyo University; Mr. Kazuo Kuroshima, Yaeyama; Mr. Yoshihisa

Kusui, Quarantine Office, Tokyo Airport; Dr. Kiyoshi Makiya, Nagoya Univer-

sity; Mr. Takaji Matsui, Kanagawa Pref.; Dr. Kobo Miyara, Yaeyama Health

Station; Dr. Motoyoshi Mogi, Nagasaki University; Dr. Kuniyasu Morikawa,

Shinonome Junior College; Dr. Hiroshi Nakagawa, Tokyo; Mr. Koji Nagano,

Sendai Health Station, Kagoshima Pref.; Dr. Akira Nobuchi, National Institute

of Forestry, Japan; the late Dr. Shinken Ohama, Yaeyama; Dr. Hitoo Ohira,

Aichi University of Education; Dr. Yasumasa Ohmori, Akita University;

Dr. Toyohi Okada, Tokyo Metropolitan University; Dr. Shuji Okajima, Tokyo

University of Agriculture; Dr. Hiroshi Ono, Obihiro Zootechnical University;

Prof. Masamitsu Otsuru, Niigata University; the late Prof. Fritz Peus, Insti-

tute fur Angewandte Zoologie, Germany; Dr. C. W. Sabrosky, Systematic

Entomology Laboratory, U. S. Department of Agriculture; Mr. Kaoru Sakai,

Tokyo; Dr. Masazumi Sakakibara, Aichi Pref.; Mr. Hideki Sato, National

Institute of Pollution, Japan; Dr. Masataka Sato, Nagoya Women's College;

Dr. Akiko Shirasaka, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo University;

Mr. Yasuro Shirasaka, Ogasawara Office, Government of Tokyo Metropolis;

Mr. Kan'ichi Soma, Tokyo; Mr. Kunihiko Soma, Tokyo; Mr. Shuji Tachikawa,

Tokyo University of Agriculture; Dr. Sadao Takagi, Hokkaido University; Prof.

Tetsuo Takara, University of Ryukyus; Dr. Ryozo Tamaboko, High School at

the University of Kanazawa; Mr. Junzo Tamamori, Yaeyama; Dr. Hiroshi

Tanaka, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo University; Dr. Shun'ichi Ueno,

National Science Museum, Japan; Mr. Yoshinobu Uemura, Tokyo; Mr. Akio

Urata, Tsushima; Mr. Ken'ichi Watanabe, Yaeyama High School; Dr. Noboru

Yamaguti, Saitama Medical College; Dr. Susumu Yamamoto, Kagoshima

Health Institute; Dr. Toshiro Yasuda, Osaka Prefectural University;

Dr. Yasunobu Yasue, Okayama University.

The illustrations were prepared by the artist staff of our Department:

Mr. Kei Daishoji, Mr. Saburo Shibata, Mrs. Kinuyo Miyasaka, Mr. Yusaku

Sonobe, Mr. Shozo Ohtawa, Mr. Masao Hasunuma, Mr. Takashi Ando,

Miss Mutsuko Misaki and Mr. Ichiro Yoshigaki. Corrections to the illustra-

O10 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

_ tions and labeling of many larval plates were accomplished by Mrs. Thelma

Ford Smith, formerly of the Medical Entomology Project, and Mrs. Ann H.

Dery of the above project. Typing of the final draft of the manuscript was

performed by Mrs. Sharon L. Grant, Mr. Yasuo Tamanaha and Mrs. V.

Horiuchi of our laboratory. Mrs. Janet D. Rupp, Medical Entomology Project,

kindly typed the manuscript for offset reproduction. We appreciate their con-

tribution to this project.

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LITERATURE CITED (ADDENDA)

The following are important papers relating to this mosquito fauna that

were published after submission of the manuscript.

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 991

FILIPPOVA, V. V.

1978. Description of the pupa of the mosquito Toxorhynchites christophi

Portschinsky, 1884 (Culicidae) (in Russian). Parazitologiya

(Leningr. ) 12: 362-4.

FROMMER, R. L., CHE MI PAE, CHUN SIK CHONG and TAEK KU LEE

1977. The distribution and abundance of mosquitoes collected from light

traps in the Republic of Korea during 1976. J. Korean Med.

Assoc. 20: 715-9.

HARBACH, R. E. and K. L. KNIGHT

1977. A mosquito taxonomic glossary XI. The larval maxilla.

Mosq. Syst. 9: 128-75.

ISHII, T.

1975. On Culex pipiens molestus in Japan. - A short historical review

of its research (in Japanese). Circ. Jpn. Soc. Syst. Zool.

48: 1-13.

1977. On the Culex pipiens group in Japan. Part III. A historical

review of its research. 1. Names adapted for "Culex pipiens

pallens Coquillett"' (Diptera, Culicidae) (in Japanese). J. Sci.

Coll. Gen. Educ. Univ. Tokushima 10: 31-57.

1978. On the Culex pipiens group in Japan. Part III. 2. Review. A

historical review of its research. 2. Review of the adult

characters (1) (in Japanese). J. Sci. Coll. Gen. Educ. Univ.

Tokushima 11: 31-50.

KANDA, T. and Y. OGUMA

1976. Morphological variations of Anopheles sinensis Wiedemann, 1828

and A. lestevi Baisas and Hu, 1936 and frequency of clasper

movements of the males of several Anopheles species during

induced copulation. Jpn. J. Sanit. Zool. 27: 325-31.

1977a. Hybridization between Anopheles sinensis and Anopheles

sineroides. Mosq. News 37: 115-7.

1977b. Hybridization between Anopheles sinensis and Anopheles lesteri.

Mosq News 37: 118-23.

KNIGHT, K. L.

1978. Supplement to a catalog of the mosquitoes of the world (Diptera:

Culicidae). Thomas Say Found., Entomol. Soc. Am., Vol. 6

Suppl., 107 p.

MIYAGI, I.

1977. On the mosquitoes of Minami Daito Island of the Ryukyu Archi-

pelago (in Japanese). Jpn. J. Sanit. Zool. 28: 245-7.

002

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

MIYAGI, I. and T. TOMA

1977b.

1978a.

1978b.

1978c.

1979.

MOGI, M.

1976a.

1976b.

1978a.

1978b.

Taxonomic and biological studies on Aedes (Stegomyia) scutellaris

group from Japan. 4. On the specific validity of Aedes downsi

(abstract, in Japanese). Jpn. J. Sanit. Zool. 28: 31. .

Hybridization experiments on Tvipteroides bambusa from the

Ryukyus (Ishigaki) and Nagasaki (abstract, in Japanese). Jpn. J.

Sanit. Zool. 29: 25.

Studies on the mosquitoes in the Yaeyama islands. 1. Appear-

ances of anopheline mosquitoes, expecially Anopheles minimus

minimus Theobald in Ishigakijima and Iriomotejima (in Japanese).

Jpn. J. Sanit. Zool. 29: 243-50.

Studies on the mosquitoes in the Yaeyama islands, Japan. 2.

Notes on the non-anopheline mosquitoes collected at Ishigakijima,

1975-1976 (in Japanese). Jpn. J. Sanit. Zool. 29: 305-12.

Studies on the mosquitoes in the Yaeyama islands, Japan. 3.

Description of the male, pupa and larva of Aedes (Vervallina)

iriomotensis (Diptera: Culicidae). Mosq. Syst. 11: 14-25.

The mosquitoes of Tsuchima (in Japanese), p. 309-16. In Fauna

and flora of Tsushima Island, Nagasaki Biol. Soc., Nagasaki.

Notes on the northern record of Aedes (Stegomyia) riversi Bohart

and Ingram. Mosq. Syst. 8: 347-52.

Mosquitoes from Chikuzen Okinoshima (abstract, in Japanese).

Jon. J. Sanit. Zool. 29: 80.

Two species of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) new to Japan.

Jon. J. Sanit. Zool. 29: 367-8.

OGUMA, Y. and T. KANDA

1977.

SASA, M.,

1977.

The distribution of Anopheles sinensis, A. sinensis "E",

A. lesteri and A. sineroides at thirty-four localities of Japan.

Jpn. J. Sanit. Zool. 28: 417-21.

K. KAMIMURA and I. MIYAGI

Mosquitoes, p. 1387-75. In Sasa, M., H. Takahasi, R. Kano

and H. Tanaka (ed.), Animals of medical importance in the

Nansei islands in Japan. Shinjuku Shobo Ltd., Tokyo. 410 p.

TOMA, T. andI. MIYAGI

1977.

Taxonomical and biological studies in Aedes Stegomyzia)

scutellaris group from Japan. 3. Hybridization experiments

between Aedes albopictus and Aedes downsi (abstract, in

Japanese). Jpn. J. Sanit. Zool. 28: 30.

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea D093

1978. Taxonomical and biological studies in Aedes Stegomyia)

scutellaris group from Japan. 5. Hybridization experiments

between Aedes riversi from Okinawa Island and Aedes alcasidi

from Taiwan (abstract, in Japanese). Jpn. J. Sanit. Zool.

201) 26:

0504 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

LIST OF FIGURES

Figures 1 through 10 are in the body of the text. The remaining figures

follow this listing.

Map (I). Area covered by this work

Map (II). Prefectures, provinces and minor islands

Morphology (I). Adult - 1

Morphology (II). Adult - 2

Morphology (III). Larva

Morphology (IV). Larval mandible

Morphology (V). Larval maxilla - 1

Morphology (VI). Larval maxilla - 2

Morphology (VII). Larval maxilla - 3

10. Morphology (VIII). Larval maxilla - 4

11. Anopheles (Cellia) minimus - larva

12. An. (Cel.) minimus and tessellatus - male genitalia

13. An. (Cel.) tessellatus - larva

14. An. (Anopheles) bengalensis - larva

15. An. (Ano.) bengalensis and omorii - male genitalia

16. An. (Ano.) omorii - larva

17. An. (Ano.) lindesayii japonicus and koreicus - male genitalia

18. An. (Ano.) lindesayii japonicus - larval head, setae 1-I-III and pecten;

koreicus - larval head; sinensis - larval head, setae 3-C, 1-I-III and

pecten; sineroides - seta 3-C

19. An. (Ano.) saperoi saperoi - larva

20. An. (Ano.) saperoi saperoi and sinensis - male genitalia; sineroides and

pullus - leaflets

21. An. (Ano.) sp. (Engaru race) - larva

22. An. (Ano.) lesteri - larva

23. Mimomyia (Etorleptiomyia) luzonensis - larva

24. Mi. (Eto.) luzonensis and elegans - male genitalia

25. Culiseta (Culicella) nipponica - larva

26. Cs. (Cus.) nipponica and kanayamensis - male genitalia

27. Cs. (Cus.) kanayamensis - larva

28. Orthopodomyia anopheloides - larva

29. Or. anopheloides and Mansonia (Mansonioides) uniformis - male genitalia

30. *Ma. (Mnd.) uniformis - larva

31. *Ma. (Coquillettidia) ochracea - larva

32. Ma. (Coq.) ochracea and crassipes - male genitalia

33. Culex (Culex) fuscocephala - larva

34. Cx. (Cux.) fuscocephala and vagans - male genitalia

35. *Cx. (Cux.) vagans - larva

36. Cx. (Cux.) pipiens quinquejfasciatus - larva

37. *Cx. (Cux.) pipiens pallens - larva

38. Cx. (Cux.) pipiens pallens - male genitalia; pipiens quinquefasciatus and

pipiens molestus - aedeagus; tritaeniorhynchus - male genitalia

oOMOmO Our WHF

*After LaCasse and Yamaguti 1950.

Neo ee OB

44. Cx

A554 C%

46. Cx

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 095

. (Cux.) tritaeniorhynchus - larva

. (Cux.) pseudovishnui - larva

. (Cux.) pseudovishnui and sitiens - male genitalia

. (Cux.) sitiens - larva

. (Cux.) whitmoret - larva

. (Cux.) whitmorei and jacksoni - male genitalia

. (Cux.) jacksoni - larva

. (Cux.) mimeticus - larva

. (Cux.) mimeticus and orientalis - male genitalia

. (Cux.) orientalis - larva

. (Cux.) boninensis - larva

. (Cux.) boninensis and bitaeniorhynchus - male genitalia

. (Cux.) bitaeniorhynchus - larva

02. *Cx. (Cux.) sinensis - larva

03. Cx. (Neoculex) rubensis - larva

54. Cx. (Ncx.) rubensis and Cx. (Eumelanomytia) hayashii hayashii - male

genitalia

55. Cx. (Eum.) hayashii hayashii - larva

06. Cx. (Eum.) okinawae - larva

57. Cx. (Eum.) okinawae and brevipalpis - male genitalia

08. Cx. (Eum.) brevipalpis - larva

59. Cx. (Lophoceraomyia) infantulus - larva

60. Cx. (Lop.) infantulus and cinctellus - male genitalia

61. *Cx. (Lop.) rubithoracis - larva

62. Cx. (Lop.) rubithoracis and bicornutus - male genitalia

63. Cx. (Lop.) bicornutus - larva

64. Cx. (Lop.) tuberis - larva

65. Cx. (Lop.) tuberis and Cx. (Culiciomyia) ryukyensis - male genitalia

66. Cx. (Cut.) ryukyensis - larva

67. Cx. (Cui.) nigropunctatus - larva

68. Cx. (Cui.) nigropunctatus and pallidothorax - male genitalia

69. Cx. (Cui.) pallidothorax - larva

70. Cx. (Cut.) kyotoensis - larva

71. Cx. (Cui.) kyotoensis and sasai - male genitalia

72. Cx. (Cut.) sasai - larva

73. Cx. (Barraudius) inatomii - larva

74. Cx. (Bar.) inatomii and Cx. (Lutzia) fuscanus - male genitalia

79. Cx. (Lut.) fuscanus - larva

76. Cx. (Lut.) halifaxii and shinonagai - male genitalia

77. Cx. (Lut.) shinonagai - larva

78. Heizmannia (Heizmannia) lii - male genitalia and claws

79. Aedes (Ochlerotatus) vigilax - larva

B27. Ae

83. Ae

84. Ae

85. Ae

. (Och.) dorsalis - larva

. (Och.) dorsalis and excrucians - male genitalia

. (Och.) excrucians - larva

. (Och.) impiger daisetsuzanus - larva

. (Och.) impiger daisetsuzanus and sticticus - male genitalia

. (Och.) sticticus - larva

. (Och.) communis - larva

. (Och.) communis and punctor - male genitalia

*After LaCasse and Yamaguti 1950.

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

. (Och.) punctor - larva

. (Och.) hexodontus hokkaidensis - larva

. (Och.) hakusanensis - larva

. (Och,) hakusanensis and Ae. (Och.) sp. - male genitalia

. (Och.) intrudens - larva

. (Och.) intrudens and diantaeus - male genitalia

. (Och.) diantaeus - larva

. (Finlaya) japonicus japonicus - larva

. (Fin.) koreicus - larva

. (Fin.) japonicus japonicus and hatorii - male genitalia

. (Fin.) hatorii - larva

. (Fin.) togot - larva

. (Fin.) togoi and savoryi - male genitalia

. (Fin.) savoryi - larva

. (Fin.) seoulensis - larva

. (Fin.) seoulensis and kobayashii - male genitalia

. (Fin.) kobayashii - larva

. (Fin.) aureostriatus okinawanus - larva

. (Fin.) aureostriatus okinawanus and koreicoides - male genitalia

. (Fin.) kovreicoides - larva

. (Fin.) nipponicus - larva

. (Fin.) nipponicus and nishikawai - male genitalia

. (Fin.) nishitkawai - larva

. (Fin.) oreophilus - larva

. (Fin.) oreophilus and watasei - male genitalia

. (Fin.) watasei - larva

. Stegomyia) riversi - larva

. (Stg.) riversi and galloisi - male genitalia

. (Stg.) galloisi - larva

. (Stg.) albopictus - larva

. (Stg.) albopictus and flavopictus flavopictus - male genitalia;

flavopictus miyarai - claspette

Ae.

. Stg.) aegypti - larva

. Stg.) aegypti and wadai - male genitalia

. Stg.) wadai - larva

. (Stg.) chemulpoensis - larva

. Stg.) chemulpoensis and alboscutellatus - male genitalia

. (Stg.) alboscutellatus - larva

. (Aedimorphus) vexans nipponii - larva

. (Adm.) vexans nipponii and Ae. (Geoskusea) baisasi - male genitalia

. (Geo.) baisasi - larva

. (Neomelaniconion) lineatopennis - larva

. (Neo.) lineatopennis - male genitalia; Ae. (Edwardsaedes) imprimens

(Stg.) flavopictus flavopictus - larva

- male and female genitalia and male palpus

. (Aedes) esoensis - larva

. (Aed.) esoensis, yamadai, sasai and cinereus - male siphon

. (Aed.) esoensis and yamadai - male genitalia

. (Aed.) yamadai - larva :

. (Aed.) sasai - larva

. (Aed,) sasaiand Ae. (Verrallina) nobukonis - male genitalia

. (Ver.) nobukonis - female genitalia

. (Ver.) nobukonis - larva

. Ae,

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea O07

(Ver.) iriomotensis - female genitalia

(Ver.) atriisimilis - male and female genitalia

Ae. (Ver.) atriisimilis - larva

Armigeres (Armigeres) subalbatus - larva

Ar. (Arm.) subalbatus and Uvanotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) jacksoni - male

genitalia

UY.

Ur.

UY.

Ur.

UY.

Ur.

Uy.

(Pfc.) jacksoni - larva

(Pfc.) ohamai - larva

(Pfc.) ohamai and yaeyamana - male genitalia

(Pfc.) yaeyamana - larva

(Pfc.) novobscura novobscura - larva

(Pfc.) novobscura novobscura and nivipleura - male genitalia

(Pfc.) nivipleura - larva

(Uranotaenia) annandalei - larva

(Uva.) annandalei and macfarlanei - male genitalia

(Ura.) macfarlanei - larva

Tripteroides (Tripteroides) bambusa bambusa - larva

Tp.

(Trp.) bambusa bambusa and Topomyia (Suaymyia) yanbarensis -

male genitalia

To.

(Sua.) yanbarensis - larva

Malaya genurostris - larva

Ml. genurostris and Toxorhynchites (Toxorhynchites) manicatus

yaeyamae - male genitalia; Tx. (Tox.) manicatus yamadai - tergum IX

fie a

bie oe

(Tox.) towadensis and christophi - male genitalia

(Tox.) towadensis - larva

Tx. (Tox.) manicatus yamadai - larval thorax, setae 10-13-II, 4, 5-VUI

and 1-X; towadensis - larval setae 10-13-II; christophi - larval setae

10-13-II, 4, 5-VIII and 1-X

Anopheles (Cellia) minimus - adult

An,

(Cel.) tessellatus - female palpus, proboscis and hindleg; An.

(Anopheles) lindesayti japonicus - female palpus, proboscis and hind-

femur; An. (Ano.) koreicus and lesteri - female palpus, proboscis and

hindtarsus; An. (Ano.) yatsuchiroensis - female palpus and proboscis;

An.

(Ano.) sineroides - female hindtarsus

An. (Cel.) tessellatus, An. (Ano.) lindesayii japonicus An. (Ano.)

koreicus and An. (Ano.) koreicus (edwardsi-type) - female wing

. (Ano.) bengalensis - adult

. (Ano.) omorii - adult

. (Ano.) saperoi saperoi - adult

. (Ano.) sinensis - adult

. (Ano.) sinensis, pullus, sineroides and lesteri - female wing

An.

(Ano.) lesteri - adult

Mimomyia (Etorleptiomyia) luzonensis - adult

Mi. (Eto.) elegans - adult

Culiseta (Culicella) nipponica - adult

Cs,

(Culiseta) kanayamensis - adult

Orthopodomyia anopheloides - adult

Mansonia (Mansonioides) uniformis - adult

Ma.

(Coquillettidia) ochracea - adult

(Coqg.) crassipes - adult

Culex (Culex) fuscocephala - adult

Cy.

(Cux.) vagans - adult

208 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

181. Cx. (Cux.) pipiens pallens - adult; pipiens quinquefasciatus - female

abdomen

182. Cx. (Cux.) tritaeniorhynchus - adult

183. *Cx. (Cux.) pseudovishnui - adult

184. Cx. (Cux.) sitiens - adult

185. Cx. (Cux.) whitmorei - adult

186. Cx. (Cux.) jacksoni- adult

187. Cx. (Cux.) mimeticus - adult

188. Cx. (Cux.) orientalis - adult

189. Cx. (Cux.) boninensis - adult

190. *Cx. (Cux.) bitaentorhynchus - adult

191. *Cx. (Cux.) sinensis - adult

192. *Cx. (Neoculex) rubensis - adult

193. *Cx. (Eumelanomyia) hayashii hayashit - adult

194. Cx. (Eum.) okinawae - adult

195. Cx. (Eum.) brevipalpis - adult

196. *Cx. (Lophoceraomyia) infantulus - adult

197. Cx. (Lop.) cinctellus - adult

198. *Cx. (Lop.) rubithoracis - adult

199. Cx. (Lop.) bicornutus - adult

200. Cx. (Lop.) tuberis - adult

201. Cx. (Culiciomyia) ryukyensis - adult

202. Cx. (Cui.) nigropunctatus - adult

203. *Cx. (Cui.) pallidothorax - adult

204. Cx. (Cui.) kyotoensis - adult

205. Cx. (Cui.) sasai - adult

206. Cx. (Barraudius) inatomii - adult

207. Cx. (Lutzia) fuscanus - adult

208. *Cx. (Lut.) halifaxti - adult

209. Cx. (Lut.) shinonagai - adult

210. Heizmannia (Heizmannia) kana - adult

211. Hz. (Hez.) lit - adult

212. Aedes (Ochlerotatus) dorsalis - adult

213. Ae. (Och.) excrucians - adult

214. Ae. (Och.) impiger daisetsuzanus - female thorax; communis - female

thorax and abdomen; hexodontus hokkaidensis and diantaeus - female

abdomen

215. Ae. (Och.) sticticus - adult

216. Ae. (Och.) punctor, hakusanensis, intrudens and diantaeus - female thorax

217. Ae. (Finlaya) japonicus japonicus - adult

218. Ae. (Fin.) koreicus - female thorax and hindleg; japonicus shintienensis,

japonicus yaeyamensis, japonicus amamiensis and japonicus japonicus -

female hindfemur

219. Ae. (Fin.) hatorii - adult

220. Ae. (Fin.) togoi - adult

221. Ae. (Fin.) savoryi - adult

222. Ae. (Fin.) seoulensis - adult

223. Ae. (Fin.) kobayashii - adult

224. Ae. (Fin.) aureostriatus okinawanus - adult; aureostriatus tatwanus -

female wing and legs

*After LaCasse and Yamaguti 1950.

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 559

. Ae. (Fin.) koreicoides - adult

Ae. (Fin.) nipponicus - adult

Ae. (Fin.) nishikawai - adult

Ae. (Fin.) oreophilus - adult

Ae. (Fin.) watasei - adult

Ae. (Stegomyia) riversi - adult

Ae. (Stg.) galloisi - adult

Ae. (Stg.) albopictus - adult

Ae. Stg.) flavopictus downsi - adult; flavopictus miyarai - female wing

. Ae. Stg.) aegypti - adult

. Ae, (Stg.) wadai - adult

. Ae. (Stg.) chemulpoensis - adult

. Ae. (Aedimorphus) alboscutellatus - adult

Ae. (Adm.) vexans nipponii - adult

Ae. (Geoskusea) baisasi - adult

Ae. (Neomelaniconion) lineatopennis - adult

Ae. (Edwardsaedes) imprimens - adult

Ae. (Aedes) esoensis - adult

Ae. (Aed.) yamadai - adult

Ae. (Aed.) sasai - adult

Ae. (Vervallina) nobukonis - adult

Ae. (Ver.) iviomotensis - adult

Ae. (Ver.) atriisimilis - adult

Armigeres (Armigeres) subalbatus - adult

Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) jacksoni - adult

Ur. (Pfc.) ohamai - adult

Ur. (Pfc.) yaeyamana - adult

Ur. (Pfc.) novobscura novobscura - adult; novobscura ryukyuana - female

thorax

Ur. (Pfc.) nivipleura - adult

Ur. (Uvanotaenia) annandalei - adult

Ur. (Ura.) macfarlanei - adult

Tripteroides (Tripteroides) bambusa bambusa - adult; bambusa

yaeyamensis - female thorax

Topomyia (Suaymyia) yanbarensis - adult

Malaya genurostris - adult

Toxorhynchites (Toxorhynchites) manicatus yamadai - adult

Tx. (Tox.) manicatus yaeyamae and towadensis - male adult

Tx. (Tox.) towadensis - female adult

Tx. (Tox.) christophi - male adult

060

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

LIST OF FIGURE ABBREVIATIONS (Figs. 11-262)

Antenna

Acus

Aedeagus

Aulaeum

Basal plate

Basistyle

Basal tergomesal lobe

Head

Cibarial armature

Claspettoid

Cercus

Claw

Cutting organ

Collar

Claspette

Comb scale

Clypeus

dorsal

Dististyle

Empodium

Spiny excrescence

Forefemur

Foreleg

Flagellomere

Foretibia

Foretarsomere

Foretarsus

Genitalia

Gill

Galea

Hindfemur

Hindleg

Hindtibia

Hindtarsomere

Hindtarsus

Hypostomal suture

Interbasal fold

Labium

lateral

Leaflet

Labral process

Labrum

Lower vaginal lip

Lower vaginal sclerite

Mesothorax

mesal

Mouth brush

Mandible

Midfemur

Midleg

Mentum plate

Mouthpart

Midtibia

Midtarsomere

Midtarsus

Maxilla

Opisthophallus

Prothorax

Pecten

Prementum

Palpifer

Postgenital plate

Phallus

Palpus

Paramere

Prosophallus

Paraproct

Proboscis

Phallosome

Pecten tooth

Proctiger

Posterior tentorial pit

Siphon

sternal

Seminal capsule

Subcosta

Saddle

Spermathecal eminence

Subapical lobe

Spiracle

Sternum

Tanaka et al.:

Metathorax

tergal

Tergum

Pupal trumpet

Upper vaginal lip

Upper vaginal sclerite

Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 561

V ventral

I-X referring to segments of

flagellum, palpus, tarsus

and abdomen.

Fag: |2

+0. mm ——_—_}

ey | peo

(Christophers

1935, Free aoe? )

An.(Cel.) tessellatus from Taiwan

Sonobe

An. (Cel. ) tessellatus from Taiwan

Fig. 14

\ A /

\ /

NI Y, 10

N Wh

iN /S 1 = 9

1S. TWN TQ ie

ON 7 \ Y °F

7,4 i Ves

| 7 \ fers . i a iI

ti 4 be 1 7) 8

\ T 3P2

ANN 0 3 12 di

I\| 5 7 GY

AY A 3 1 \io

\ \ 4 14

RAM (IFES M

aN i ]

ANA ,

SSSA 13

Ay |

> 5 3 4

S&S

7. 6 K H T 12

\ y

1-lll

Qe Zsa

Bf 2

N hy i

é \ it 3 i mn

An. (Ano. ) bengalensis

Fig. 15

Sonobe

wW/

ral

-+-—————— 0.05 —————

(e)

() \ Ip 5

An. (Ano.) omorii

An. (Ano. ) bengalensis

Fig. 16

An. (Ano.) omoriti

Fig. 17

H—— Q.] ———1

An. (Ano. ) koreicus

Fig. 18

SLSUaUts

saplodeurs

An. (Ano. ) spp.

Japonteus

Lindesayti

11 fosapury

sno1atoy

2k sy Vi

)

An. (Ano. ) saperoi saperoi

M 12

mM. Mirai

An. (Ano. ) sp. (Engaru race)

TT: Amdo

An. (Ano.) lesteri from Honshu

|—---

ROY OA lawa Wl

Mi. (Eto.) luzonensis from Taiwan

Fig.24

1.Y oshigaki

IX -Tg

Mi. (Eto. ) elegans of the Ryukyus

Fig. 26

t—— 02 ———;__ 242g

IX-Tg

Cs. (Cuc.) nipponica

©)

> © O

=) — 2) O O

MELE EY,;

c Bé\ 6

5 K\ 4/4

Q s 0

\ 1YOSHIGAKI

Cs. (Cus. ) kanayamensis

Fig.2/

aw, 2

: 10 A Wi

Woe

HE Aaa asi

5 uf i

{

ra)

{

aie

Hey

Cs. (Cus. ) kanayamensis Mm. Miuaki

Fig. 29

2845

Or. anopheloides

|_Y OSHIGAKI

Ma. (Mnd. ) uniformis

Fig. 30

\\ NS

10,

ill

Ky,

24g, Ma.(Mnd.) uniformis (after LaCasse and Yamaguti 1950 )

Fig. 31

ESA

wwc¢c’o ete

foams

aguti

nd Yam

fter LaCasse a

a (a

race

)och

(Coq.

Ma.

-— O]lmm —

Ma. (Coq.) crassipes

Fig. 33

Vy,

= N

SSF

ae aes

“4

Jk.

|/-——___——- 1.0 —————___

]

D. OAtawa.

Cx. (Cux.) fuscocephala

Fig. 34

Cx. (Cux. ) fuscocephala in he

7118

Cx. (Cux.) vagans

Fig. 35

Cx.(Cux.) vagans (after LaCasse and Yamaguti 1950 )

re)

Fig. 36

S OAT ROA, ‘76

Cx. (Cux.) pipiens quinquefasciatus

go Reew

. 10

Aa 12

Cs /

fl i De 2 ; Au:

HAGA ANS Z

dy i A, Nii

Ng NVM aN!

AAC RNATNY i Hi,

\ \ MP

Se Lea,

> Mamma! li,

i u)

'— 0.3mm —

ek Site eS

ew 1.

a \ = ATT

= \ 77

—— i

Cx. (Cux.) pipiens pallens (after LaCasse and Yamaguti 1950 )

Fig. 38

_ quinque fasetatus pallens

Cx. (Cux.) pipiens

S.Smbata

fer O70 inert

Cx. (Cux.) tritaeniorhynchus

Cx. (Cux. ) tritaeniorhynchus

oy OA twas 76

Fig. 40

I=Mx 5

)

]

Les

- median tooth

S. OATAWA 76

Cx. (Cux.) pseudovishnui

Fig. 4

re OL, ee ee

Cx. (Cux. ) pseudovishnui

B is

Sa = 4

ff eS 2

€ =

ma)

Cx. (Cux.) sitiens

DN bare Toe

Cx. (Cux.) sitiens

Fig. 43

eS ae

ae Se

; Oo

—

————

Cx. (Cux. ) whitmorei

Fig. 45

\ i

TMS

2) as

YS, ate = 2 a age ie

a = oso N“ Z

= —s se)

2 a =o a 9 a

wie so =

192) N

Sy 2 a

= ja le = ae > — >

Ne qe

aoe cake

NN — ro) ee eS : Z

ola om ss ~ wane o

oo sg pe = ——

sss t< DS ro =

ne Ooms ns SSS ; <

a a

; sis

roe)

f cof ©0

No) f

So) No) No)

Cx. ( Cux. ) jacksoni

Cpt hai des

| ]

I, Wi

10 Wy

/ Wp /;

Hf.

1 " Hf

fo)

Cx. (Cux.) mimeticus

OM NM

1=Mx

ra)

Shi

Fig. 47

Cx. ( Cux. ) mimeticus

-—_—————— 0.2mm

Cx. (Cux.) orientalis

|. YOSHIGAKI

Fig. 48

Of Ha)

§. Of tawes oe , /——— 1.0 ———

Cx. (Cux. ) orientalis

ites

NG SEND

df yy, \ dase Ae

yr y

8 Le /

Ottawa ‘77 ‘i :

Cx. (Cux. ) boninensis

Fig.50

IX-Tg

Op es

0.1mm

bST9

Cx. (Cux.) boninensis

lYo

Cx. (Cux.) bitaeniorhynchus

Cx.( Cux.) bitaeniorhynchus $. Kowa Fe

Fig. 52

KH— 0.5mm —-4

pC) ——

Cx. (Cux.) sinensis (after LaCasse and Yamaguti 1950)

Fig, 53

1.0 mm

PSO NN

SER Soe

OSS ’

z 3 "4 te

Cx. (Nex. / rubensis

|\YOSHI

froin! i es ee eee

| Yoshigaki

Cx.(Eum.) hayashii hayashii

Fig.55

vill \ 2

{ \e

Sue \ es 005

AS |

Cx. (Eum.) hayashii hayashit

Fig.56

Cx. (Eum.) okinawae

+——— Qlmm ———

Cx. ( Eum.) okinawae

27136

AVES

Vy yb

Bi.

lYo

Cx.(Eum. ) brevipalpis

|. Yoshigaki

Cx. (Eum. ) brevipalpis

4c ge

~y aia

| median tooth

Lus4id

Mth i hp 4

4 229

S. Qtawe- "Fz

Cx. (Lop. ) infantulus

Fig. 6O

\Yoshigaki

0lmm —————

Cx. (Lop. ) cinctellus

Cx. (Lop. ) infantulus

ey ON ae

Fig. 6!

nea

eae

(after LaCasse and Yamaguti 1950)

Cx. ( Lop.) rubithoracis

Fig. 62

SL-l

Cx. (Lop. ) rubithoracis

lYo

Cx. (Lop. ) bicornutus

10.

Fig.64

T Auto. Cy. (Lop.) tuberis from Yaeyama

Fig.65

Yo \

Cx. (Lop. ) tuberis from Yaeyama

|.Yoshigaki

Cx. (Cul. ) ryukyensis

eemmemnnnani ma aeteetsl| le: si. ceuamueacame ae

Cx. (Cui. ) ryukyensis

Cx. (Cui. ) nigropunctatus

Fig. 68

2615

IX-Tg

2616

I Yoshigaki Cx. (Cui. ) pallidothorax from Taiwan

1246 4 3

10 :

“is

VIII

Abid

5 iy WETS

ane

pie

C OlewWa- :

Cx. (Cui. ) pallidothorax from Taiwan

C 0Atawa 7h

Vill = \°

a MH

4 a

2INSS

yy WR

X 1 11\\\\

Cx. (Cui. ) kyotoensis

0.05

Fig. 7|

lYoshigaki Cx. (Cui.) kyotoensis

5 cen And

> ‘

Ws wit i KC

Gays}

Cx. (Cui.) sasai

Fig. (3

Cx.( Bar.) inatomi;

Fig. 74

— Olmm

ht ee

Cx. (Bar. ) inatomii

| Yoshigaki

0.2mm ——

eigen: ee]

e ‘4

EF. 20. +

to ae =

ype <4 a

Se ies

Ae-— |

LV4 lz

PVE ES

Lo.

/ OD

" \V\ Cx. (Lut. ) fuscanus

Cx. (Lut) fuscanus from Taiwan

Fig. 76

02mm ——— poet OU ore

Cx. (Lut.) shinonagai n. sp.

Cx. (Lut) shinonagai Nn. sp.

Fig. 78

CI-Mts o% Cl-Hts o%

CI-Fts of

Og seed

Ss Shibata

Hz. (Hez.) /ii from Korea

Fig. 79

iw )

Ae. (Och. ) vigilax

Fig.80

[+___—_—- 1.0 mm

Vill

= Z

—- Z

= See

— ~§ ee =

== ——

== TSS

—~ ~ =

Tlaesvesetenn N

Hips

Op lpiigene

Ae. (Och.) dorsalis

Fig. 8l

ee a Oue a a!

2948

iX-Tg

lYo

Ae. (Och. ) dorsalis

Ae. ( Och.) excrucians

72 ,

S COAtAWA ~4

ae ree

Ae. (Och. ) excrucians

Fig.83

Ae. (Och.) impiger daisetsuzanus nf. ssp.

Fig. 84

+— 0.Jmm —

“la,

2160

IX—Tg 3

Ae. (Och. ) sticticus from U.S. A. J >>

Fig.85

/ 1.0

Thy

i |

\ \ 'E

NY {P) °s

\ 4

\\ 8

1.0

Pidads We. COGh.? sticticus trom, U.S.A.

S. OAfAwaA

Ae. ( Och. ) communis

Fig.87

+—— 0.2mm —

ow. °

oO 0g OA tite Oe

fe)

IX-Tg

Ae. (Och.) punctor

Ae. (Och. ) hexodontus hokkaidensis ssp.n.

-————— 1.0 mm ——H 3

PT.

6 Onlin We DAO PR Net ee loa

Ae. (Och. ) hakusanensis

Fig. 91

Ae. (Och. ) sp.

Fig.92

anata Si aa 6 OATAWwA

Ae. (Och. ) intrudens

Fig.93

— Olmm —

Ae. (Och. ) intrudens

—

’ =

On SS

SIS

eS =] 2S%

Ae. (Och. ) diantaeus

Fig.94

6. tawaZs

—S

= /

SSS

{

| \

—

Ae. (Och. ) diantaeus

Ae. (Fin.) japonicus japonicus

Fig.96

LLG gnome

° ZZ

(<SSS

ss =

S—

<—=s

ZEEE

CAE

> 0 oth vbas

Pam NN

‘ ; NR ;

\AN

\\ SO ee

4 Ah

Gist GN yy Ae

i iS e 9)

Gan

414

Ae. (Fin. ) koreicus

S, SAI bata

+—— 0.lImm ——

Ae. ( Fin.) hatorii

IX-St

Fig.97

12 13

13 bh

Zs as

0.05 oll ll [3

] 12 4 ]

Lee f \

214 O=

CS Vill

Maia! A

fie fe sis S

™

Ae. (Fin. ) hatorii

Ne 10

6 2

Sa3 \

; 1

r 10

S37

ah i:

4 eee

—— 4

1.0 mm

6 5 °4 2

We ths

ll 12

12/

tI {|

714

pl4

- 12

Bir

)

OS al

Ae. (Fin.) togoi

Fig. Tele

Z1]

Ae. (Fin.) togoi

Ae. ( Fin.) savoryi

|. Yoshigaki

Fig. 1Ol

Ae. (Fin.) savoryi

Vil

Cort

ARN

lay |

Al) Hes i

cs PT

™m.Mireki se (Fin.) seoulensis

Fig. 103

|. Yoshigaki

Ae. ( Fin.) seoulensis

Ae. (Fin. ) kobayashii

Fig.104

Ae. (Fin. ) kobayashii

je Om eee

) /

bing

okinawanus

Ae. (Fin.) aureostriatus

Fig.106

l Yoshigaki \\ Ae. (Fin.) koreicoides

Fig.1O7

Ae. (Fin. ) koreicoides

4 m\\) D Ik

w)\ ‘A

s OkTaA «ra it

Ae. (Fin. ) nipponicus

Fig.109

4 awe

\ S, GANZ

. sS a

)

IX-Tg

Ae. (Fin. ) nipponicus

+——— 0.] ———"

IX-Tg

n. Sp.

Ae. (Fin. ) nishikawai

n. Sp.

Fig. III

5 OAtawoar 2%

Ae. (Fin./ oreophilus

Fig.12

— 0.lmm —

IX-Tg

1054

IX- St

9319

Y |

O.lmm

oS ene est |

° 4 i = -

° no 4:_ :

yf ° A\ EAC

is ° RS

: ISS SSSNN

2 ° os =

° ——

° we > Ses. \ 1

° 5 ‘ ASc5

° Le

Ae. (Fin. ) watasei

fp OO) Ra

Ae. (Fin. ) watasei

sf Mons

Af is

AU 7//

Ae. (Stg.) riversi

mM. Misaki.

Fig. (1S

/@ 3

4 i

Fig. 117

Ae. (Stg. ) albopictus

-—— 0.1 ————4

Ae. (Stg.) albopictus

ssp. flavopictus

Ae. (Stg.) flavopictus

Fig. 119

1.0mm

855-9

ac Bae to a ae

AMAT. —

Ae.(Stg.) flavopictus flavopictus

Fig.120

[1.0 mm ——_+

§ EAC arg erm

Ae. (Stg.) aegypti (Laboratory Colony)

Fig.l2l

IX- St

Ae. (Stg. ) aegypti IYO

—— 02mm ——

iX=Tig

IX-St

|. Yoshigaki

Ae. (Stg.) wadai n. sp.

Fig.l23

7 Ando

Ae. (Stg.) chemulpoensis

Fig. 124

7314

IX-Tg

Ae. (Stg. ) chemulpoensis

Sai

| YOSHIGAKI

Ae. ( Adm.) a/boscutel/atus

Fig.125

c Ok taAW > 74

Ae. (Adm. ) alboscutellatus from Mindanao

}—__1.9mm——__+4

Ae. (Adm. ) vexans nipponii

GC Oxk tare a

ait

Fig.127

IX-

Ae. (Adm. ) vexans nipponti

| Yoshigaki

Ae. (Geo. ) baisasi

Vill

pas,

005

Ae. (Geo. ) baisasi

Ae. (Neo.) lineatopennis from Thailand

Fig.130

APS

‘ Ay e

0.1 nim —4

Ae.(Edw.) imprimens (after Yamaguti and LaCasse, unpublished )

Fig.13l

Ae. (Aed.) esoensis from Mt. Hakusan

esoensts from Hokkaido

1254

BRAALOLA \ BERRA NNN

esoensts from Mt. Hakusan

Ae. ( Aed. ) spp. —siphons

Fig.133

variation of Cd

|. Yoshigaki

LYo Ae. (Aed.) yamadai

—

~S See

To Amdo. Ae. ( Aed.) yamadai

i es

Ae. (Aed.) sasai (after Tanaka et al. 1975)

lYo

| Yoshigaki

Ne Ae. (Ver. ) nobukonis

Fig. 137

RATAN fy RID

i} Hit iM La

0.2mm

LVS

(not turned over)

LVL

mn these”

Ae.( Ver.) nobukonis

Ae. (Ver.) nobukonis

1374

VIll-St

variation

of Ex

| al

So)

——

Ae. ( Ver.) iriomotensis (after Tanaka and Mizusawa 1973)

Fig.139

Fig.140

vill-St 2

(ay

IN Wig

nt i

Ae. (Ver.) atriisimilis (after Tanaka and Mizusawa 1973)

Ae.( Ver.) atriisimilis ( after Tanaka and Mizusawa 1973)

]

IOs

| Hi]

1 i

(/ | Bl 2

/ ery

{

8 6

0.5 ——4 A

S. BA tawa V3

Fig. 142

+————- 1.0 m m——+]

Pe ee: “mae

Vill

Ar.(Arm. ) subalbatus

Lt DAT Rea fe

Fig.143

“>

TAN

Qn Yo 0 0

R Seon Te

ont No

i ae

Ar. (Arm. ) subalbatus

a 0OSmm

Oilmm —————

(

Ur. (Pfe.) jacksoni

Ee OP ok ae einer wy) W

\\\W ¥ 10

: A 7 6X4 21 ip = #

ANY - (\\ \ BY

ail \\ \V Ve

7 24 ‘ Vv

/ oy os S \G 4 |

SHS

io 9 15 AGN T

12 9

10 JN gs 7

J oftawa”

Ur. (Pfe.) jacksoni

¢ ChAtawa “77

Ur. (Pfc. ) ohamai (after Tanaka et al. 1975)

Fig. 146

Olmm

0.05mm ———

Ur. (Pfc. ) yaeyamana (after Tanaka et al. 1975)

Ur. (Pfc. ) novobscura novobscura

Fig.149

Pare tes 0)

Ur. (Pfce.) novobscura novobscura

a Ur. (Pfc.) nivipleura from Taiwan

Fig.I50

Ur. (Pfc. ) nivipleura from Taiwan

Co Ohlawro | 73

Ur. (Ura. ) annandale/

Fig.152

Ur. (Ura. ) mactarlane/

2353

lYo

be Lads of 003

Y 10 153 2

ae Be pe il : laa ARUN

7 } \

Uf \ 10

3 \ 14 \

rO \

1.0 6

abe ; Sl 9

15 3

° ; My a) um

: 1012 | | n- Has

Ur. (Ura. ) macfarlane/

/ =

‘ 1

Sy ve

6 ISS B ]

— —— b,!

S = =

INS

POS

Tp. (Trp. ) bambusa bambusa

| YOSHIGAKI

To. (Sua.) yanbarensis

Fig. 56

Uy);

To. (Sua. ) yanbarensis

Fig.157

MI. genurostris

Fig.158

memuirexgumet-¢.. 111.) Mamatacmamaa!

lYoshigaki

Ml. genurostris

— 0.2mm —

mes 1G, 7 aerate

ssp. yamadai

Tx. (Tox.) manicatus

Fig. 159

LYOSHIGAK Imp rN |

Fig. 160

Tx. (Tox. ) towadensis

WSS

— — = —\4

Cchristophi

SSSsu

moanicatus

yamadai

towadensis

% moanicatus |

yamadai

Tx. (Tox.) spp. 5. shibat®

christophi

Fig. 162

_) minimus

(Cel

An.

Fig. 163

koretcus

tessellatus from Taiwan

lestert from Hokkaido

fe}

3 S

eS a

= r wy iv)

tessellatus from Taiwan Q. " 8 S

ASA) S eS

“SO i) ae

me N) & i oO

aS & ® we

=> 9 2 4

@ 20 Ba 3 Pics

& 2.0 | 3

10 < ats

: 5 :

oi NS

Anopheles spp.

Fig. |64

fessellatus from Ta

Iwan

onicus

i jap

desay/

1cus

kore

'—type

(edwards

/Cus

kore

Anopheles spp.

Fig. 165

eagayasapeans 0 Sexier angen aa

(Ano.) bengalens

Fig. |67

Cl Fis’

OS +—a

(Ano.) saperoi saperol

An.

Fig. 168

An. (Ano. ) sinensis

Fig. 169

s/nensts

pullus

sinero/des

from Hokkaido

lester!

An. (Ano. ?) spp.

base 0) aaa

Mi. (Eto. ) elegans of the Ryukyus

FIG. 173

Cs. (Cuc. ) nipponica

Fig. 174

Cs.(Cus. ) kanayamensis

Fig. 1:09

-——— 10 ————"4

Or. anopheloides

Ma. ( Cog.) ochracea

Fig.178

Pens

.) crassipes

(Coq

Moa.

Fie. 179

SSS

Cx. (Cux.) fuscocephala

Fig. |8O

Cx. (Cux.) vagans

ii.

Wiehaepatiee

Q ——————4

fiom |]

Fig. 18I

snjorgsoyanbuinb

.(Cux.) pipiens pallens

S Shibata

pene (5

Cx. (Cux.) tritaeniorhynchus

Cx. (Cux. ) pseudovishnui

(after LaCasse and Yamaguti 1950 )

Cx. (Cux.) whitmorei Kec, Lee

Fig. 186

) jacksoni

. (Cux.

Fig. 187

_(Cux. ) mimeticus

Fig. 188

Cx. (Cux.) orientalis “Tt Wade

Fig. 189

IN€NSIS

Cx. (Cux.) bon

Cx. (Cux.) bitaeniorhynchus

(after LaGasse and Yamaguti 1950) :

Cx. (Cux.) sinensis

(after LaCasse and Yamaguti 1950)

Cx. (Nex. ) rubensis

(after LaCasse and Yamaguti 1950 )

EN AIA

Cx.(Eum.) hayashii hayashii

(after LaCasse and Yamaguti 1950)

[pis

Cx.(Eum. ) brevipa

Fig. 196

Cx. ( Lop.) infantulus Me

(after LaCasse and Yamaguti 1950) \

Pig io

1.0

"essential astra ritaa asa natn saeteeReee

“Sosssssssataoean

Shibata

tellus

nce

Cx. (Lop

ue,

Gs,

cone

Cx. ( Lop.) rubithoracis

(after LaCasse and Yamaguti 1950)

Fig (99

) bicornutus

Cx. (Lop

Fig. 200

SRSA chaque

SSIS ae

Pa,

from Yaeyama

SSR ne ee

ee EER oa css

Cx. (Lop. ) tuber

Fig. 20I

;

) ryukyensis

it Cul

rid. 202

Cx. (Cui. ) nigropunctatus

Cx. ( Cui. ) pallidothorax

(after LaCasse and Yamaguti 1950)

Fig<204

. ) kyotoens

Cx (Cu

Pid 205

) sasai

Cul

Fig. 206

2.0

Cx. ( Bar.) inatomii

Fig. 207

eR S

) fuscanus

(Lut.

Cx. ( Lut.) halifaxii

(after LaCasse and Yamaguti 1950 ) 5,

Fig. 209

oid

inonagal

ti) sh

(Lu

Fig. 210

ez.) kana Nn. Sp.

eT:

Fig. dll

Hz. (Hez.) lit

Fig.2l2

(Och. ) dorsalis

rig. 213

1QnS

) excruc

eer.

commun

impiger da/setsuzanus n. ssp.

diantaeus

CcommuUunIS

idens

hexodontus hokka

fic

n. ssp.

Ae. (Och. ) spp

Fig. 215

"eo

Ae. (Och. ) sticticus from U.S. A.

Fig. 216

) hakusanensis

Ae. (Och

) punctor

(Och

Ae.

faeus

/an

) di

Ae. (Och

intrudens

)

(Och

Ae.

fie7

Fig.217

1CUS

/cus japon

japon

)

Nn.

Fig. 218

_——— eee OTE

Ae. (Fin. ) koreicus

none

WWE

74e/

Peneretnsieaen

sn2iuodo/

hindfemora

japonicus —

Ae. (Fin. )

Fig.219

Ae. (Fin.) hatorii

Figs 220

Ae. (Fin.) togoi

Ae. (Fin.) seoulensis

Fig. 223

Fin.) kobayash

(

ssp. okinawanus

ees eC) inal itn) ==

ssp. fa/wanus

bere renet heed

ssp. ok/nawanus

a Meee eek MW. Miseki

Ae. (Fin. ) aureostriatus

* §S0P. 3

_ Dp. fa/wanus

sis es Le ee

Fig. 225

Ae. (Fin. ) koreicoides

Fig. 226

1CUus

Ae. (Fin. ) nippon

Fig. 227

5: Ae. (Fin. ) nishikawai nf. sp.

Fig. 228

Ae. (Fin. ) oreophilus

Fig. 231

Pe Os Saar ey

Ae. (Stg.) galloisi ro wer

Ae. (Stg. ) albopictus

1.0 = ark:

Ae. (Stg.) flavopictus downsi fac

Pig. 2o4

Laboratory

Laboratory Colony

soa

Yaeyama

Ae. (Stg.) wadai n. sp.

bern Od pore

Ae. (Stg. ) chemu/poensis

ic ed

Ae. (Adm. ) alboscutel/atus from Mindanao

Fig: 2o¢

enonaerer ee

pparaarend ee

jppo

Ae. (Adm. ) vexans n

Fig. 239

—eE Sas!

SANE.)

’

/Sasl

(Geo. )ba

pp ah 0h ae fic Draishgee—

Ae. (Neo. / lineatopennis from Thailand

Fig. 24

por 0 OS" et

Ae. (Edw.) imprimens

Fig. 242

;

d. ) esoens

( Ae

Ae. ( Aed.) sasai (after Tanaka et al. 1975) Kec. Laishy

Fig. 245

Ae. (Ver. ) nobukonis

Ae. (Ver.) iriomotensis (after Tanaka and Mizusawa 1973)

aestete

wapneetite

(

‘

1.0 ———————_4

atriisimilis (after Tanaka and Mizusawa 1973)

Fig. 248

OAs

) subalbatus

raat

Ar. (Arm

Fig.249

SORES oe WR ge es Se ee

00g | “ |

Ur. (Pfe.) jacksoni

Fig. 250

Ur. (Pfc. ) ohamai (after Tanaka et al. 1975)

) yaeyamana (after Tanaka et al. 1975)

(Pfe.

Ur.

encmuammmcer ae, oem it a

ryukyuana Nn. ssp.

+——0.05——4

Ur. (Pfc. ) novobscura novobscura

Cetera rcccnitte

SWS cage, x

aS SSE gas, ee WAS

SSS gee

Ur. (Pfc. / nivipleura

Fig. 254

) annandale

(Ura.

Ur.

Ur. (Uira.) mactarioner * fee Lrushage—

Fig. 256

1 Careers

yaeyamens!s Nn. ssp.

ra lee, ka a

Tp. (Trp.) bambusa. bambusa Seay ed

Fig. 257

BRN S

) yanbarensis

.(Sua

Fig. 259

100

dal

fus yama

7x. (Tox. ) man

Tx. (Tox. ) manicatus yaeyamae, #4

(Tox. ) towadensis, 3

Fig. 261

Tx. (Tox. ) towadensis

Fig.262

Tx. (Tox. ) christophi, &

ies beeeed 9, Bivtoese

aes Ap

nih 4 , ‘aes ? ae ; 2 ese) ¥ 73 2

eae

Gey a A ek, OY aX sh

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 815

APPENDIX A. Abbreviations

Generic Names (Reinert 1975)

Ae. - Aedes Mi. - Mimomyia

An. - Anopheles MI. - Malaya

Ar. - Armigeres Or, - Orthopodomyia

Cs. - Culiseta To. - Topomyia

Cx. = Chex Tp. - Tripteroides

Hz. - Heizmannia Tx. - Toxorhynchites

Ma, - Mansonia Ur. - Uvanotaenia

Subgeneric Names (Reinert 1975)

Aed,. - Aedes Geo. - Geoskusea

Adm.- Aedimorphus Hez. - Heizmannia

Ano. - Anopheles Lop. - Lophocevaomyia

Arm. - Armigeres Lut. - Lutzia

Bar. - Barvaudius Mnd. - Mansonioides

Cel=* “Cella Nex..- Neoculex

Cog. - Coquillettidia Neo. - Neomelaniconion

Cuc. - Culicella Och. - Ochlerotatus

Cui. - Culiciomyia Pfc. - Pseudoficalbia

Cus, - Culiseta Sig. - Stegomyia

Cusp = Culex Sua. - Suaymyia

Edw. - Edwardsaedes Tox. - Toxorhynchites

Eto. - Etorleptiomyta Trp. - Tripteroides

Eum.- Eumelanomyia Ura. - Uvanotaenia

Fin.. - ~Finlaya Ver. - Verrallina

Specimens

L - 4th stage larva Pp - Pupa

1 - 4th stage larval exuvium p - Pupal exuvium (skin)

(skin)

Specimen Depositories

BM British Museum (Natural History), London, Great Britain

EHU Department of Entomology, Hokkaido University, Japan.

JHCOL J. Hara Collection, Department of Biology and Medical Zoology,

Juntendo University, Japan

IMCOL I. Miyagi Collection, Laboratory of Medical Zoology, University

of the Ryukyus, Japan

IMSUT Department of Parasitology, Institute of Medical Science, University

of Tokyo, Japan

KKCOL kK. Kamimura Collection, Toyama Institute of Hygiene and Medical

Microbiology, Japan

MSCOL M. Sawada Collection, Chiba Agricultural Experiment Station, Japan

NAMRU-2 U. S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 2, Taipei, Republic of China

NIHK National Institute of Health, Korea

816

SSCOL

TPMRI

USNM

YHS

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

S. Shinonaga Collection, Department of Medical Zoology, Tokyo

Medical and Dental University, Japan

Taiwan Provincial Malaria Research Institute, Taipei, Republic of

China

U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C., U.S. A.

Yaeyama Health Station, Okinawa, Japan

817

Larval Chaetotaxy Tables

APPENDIX B

“SI TM@STYSI WOTT OL :peutTmexe susomtoedg

esoumTd :d :(seyouerq usey wey. eTom Y4TA) eTdtTqyrTnm :m fpezts e#zeT :T $oT4TazApuep :p

- i = = — ; = ‘ i = = Tt ST

Lie G-€ G-z q-T {-T - - - ZT-6 9-1 w v1

H-€ Ot-1, G-€ G-€ 6-t OT-9 9-S q-€ 6-S 9-€ 6-S ¢T

q-Z G-Z G-€ H-€ E=¢ G-2 H-€ G-€ z (I)T 9-1 ZI

rd re Hoc Hod e=¢ Sass G-€ reat 3 T q-2 (d)Qgy-TH II

L-¢ HE q-€ rs €-2 H-E q-€ (I)T (I)T (‘I)T €-2 OT

eT=1 OT-9 6-9 Q-S Lag OT-§ L=S (I) TT-9 (I)T (I)€T-2T 9-9 6

9-H €-T c-2 os <2 Sc > (d*7j9e=Je (dyoe-er (4*9)9e-ge jos 8

ant aM apa d=" aan (d*T)9€-92 (d°1)TE-92 (A°T) HE-Qe q-e (d)sz-€e = (4) S2-LT L

9-€ e-c € € (d§T)tTe-LT (4°T)o€-E2 (d°1)0€-S2 G-€ C-t. 3 (d)9T-€T 9

ZI-Q gi-9 OT-2 Eek L-S 9-S 9-S (d°T)9E-tE ¥ (d)gy-TE€ (d)ST-2eT S

G-h T T q-T q-Z f-€ 9-S 6-S q-€ 9-4 (2) T-OT T 4

€T-6 Eat T t 1-2 T T z QT-2T T T z ¢

ee=OL 7-2 3 ‘3 T R-2 G-t 9-t 3 ert (a) JT-ET T z

ot O2-ST eri a Pear UN ye=tT Sorat te" QT-7T e=t (d)re-l2 (d)S2-02 T T

a e-T o-T E-2 €-T eat e-T - - - T T 0

IIIA IIA IA A AI III II I -VLIW -OSIN -OUd “On

NaWoaay XVUOHL a Yea

SR BI I I BIE I ET IO TS 5 SE PTET EE GE ET OE I FS TE DIE SS IT I SSS SE TS EE LL SI DEE EL I GBS EI TIE ERTL IS ISIE ETSI TE ITE TL LEGS GET A ES IR IE ITE SY iE TIN SERIE BETTS LETTE IEEE ILE ERE OED IIE ERTS TERE

TO6T *PTBqoeyul, snuwiutm (017799) sezeydouy AO VAUYVT UVLSNI HL’ FHL dO AXVLOLAVHD “Iv ATaVL

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

818

‘UBMTBI, WOLJ SG :paeutTmexs susutoeds

ssountTd :d ¢(seyouertq usey ueyy etom YIM) eTdTy[InM :W fpezts eBIVST 37

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T ES Gaal a iL é = = = { € 3 a!

a 8-S € G-€ Jon G-t G ee G-€ L-S G ¢T

T 5p ere Soe, eae T € Z T er ZT

c Ce eqs € E-€ iL E=¢ Z “ T (d)m Ut

€ g T 1 ‘ E-g ie T OT

aos 9-S 1-¢ G-t Lah 9-S H-€ Es 2-1 6

Hoe eg c=E g Gall eal = (d)2T = 8

€ € € € q-€ oT (d)2T 6-9 L

Gwe € Z oa 9 et aa T OT-9 9

L-S 9-1 € € ees. G-t € CF = (2) TE 9-S S

t Bea! e e-< Eg ed G-t G-€ ee ee (d)ST-@ ie v

6-8 e=c iE i at T 2 T i c Li 3 ¢

8 g-€ G-t G-t G-t 1=< 7 s: T H-€ 6-1 z 7

i 1a eicE ST-LT LR=GT JI=S1 tie 9-1 gat (@) 6T-ST G-€ x T

‘t E T T ji T T - - - e-1 0

IIIA IIA IA A AI tI II I -VLAW -OSAW -OUd “ON

aqvsH

NOWOdavV XVYOHL VLaS

LE ce OT A OEE nt me

TO6T ‘PTBQOeUL 81401128804 (D111a9) sezeydouy 4O VAUVI UVLSNI HL? JHL AO AXVLOLAVHO *tp ATAVL

819

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea

“euTysQ Tweuy Wott OT :peuTuexe suUsuTOedg

‘asountd :d ¢(seyduerq Us} UBYyy s10U Y4TM) eTdtytinu :W fpaezts eszreT :J $oTyTApuep :p

: = 7 je = = = s 4 ane SI

8 i oan ont ena si - = os OT-2, Q-t {ul rT

ae ot-1, ST-OT QT-OT )IT-OT tT=1 H-€ 6-9 “(B)IT=-8 OT-9 ST

Sd eee G-€ gee € H-€ {-2 T CHT ae ZT

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(eae 9T-g Lo ZTt-6 61-6 6-9 Ci) 1=F Ciye-t —€ E-E 6

La q-Z emt eal gar = (d*yy6e=9e <(2j0c=ST Ce") le-TE ee 8

9-1 9-S 1=9 OT-2. Rasa oe=Ge (o%a)Je-ce (2°) 6e-9¢ 1-€ (d§qT)0€-Le (d)oe-€T l

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€ T 7 ert er See ii Q-€ =< fie (d)og-LT g-€ y

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Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

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:peuTueXxs susmTOeds

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- - - - - - - - - - - €-T ST

T z T t T zt - - ~ w G-€ t vI

cH 8-9 Gt G-€ 9-S L-S L-9 €-Z (P) L-9 at gT

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9-1 E-T e-T g-T g=T T Z-T T T 18 gat 0)

G-€ G-€ -€ G-z2 ie 8-S L-S (a* F)2-T (a°TI)T epi % 6

a q-€ €-T €-T €-¢ €-T - (d*7)Ge-se (d)9e-gt (d*1)SE-ne T 8

4-E 4-2 lan g-9 G-E (dT) Sent (461) 6T-St (d*1) LE-g2 € — (d*T)on-ze T L

c-€- (G*T)LT-1TT (4°T)2T-6 «=(4°T)TT-L §=(4*1)6T-g (d*T)Sz-02 (d*1)xz-02 G-t “Cc T 3 9

L-S re Gt G-E 9-t G-E € (d°T) 9€-€2 c (t*Tyen-6e t S

: ic T q-€ €-Z E-2 Lah 8-9 E-2 h-€ (d)€2-9T T v

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l= T T r z e=Z 1-2 ft ; i (d)QT-qT iE Z

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IIIA IIA IA A AI III II I -V.LAW -OSAW -OUd i “on

NHWOQd4Y XVUOHL

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TE pA SEI SL SPR I ETI EE SE SEL DE oT IE LE EE AIL A DEL a TE SESE SSSA ELS IEE I LEST SL TS GT ESRI SED ESS AS SSE IL a ETT AEE EIS SETI EECA GE UTTER ESL LE RD RIO TIE IE TBE SEY TO TOE LTE SILER

6S6T *eteqryeyes 2210u0 (sazeydouy) sezeydouy 40 VAYVT UVISNI HL? JHL 40 AXVLOLAVHD “yp FATGVL

821

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea

6i-cu

o-T

{-¢

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Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

822

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*ssountd :d ¢(seyouerq Ue} Ueyy Siow YT) STATITNM :W $paeztTs ssLeT :J $OT4YTApUSp :p

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6-S G-€ 9-1 Q-€ 8-H (4°T)€2-9T (d*1)te-Gt (d*T)_e-6T €-T (d'Wyogece- (Poc-tt l

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823

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea

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= = = 3 = = = = 2 ‘. = 6=S ST

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G-€ q-€ eae ec Soa €=¢ = (@>"yGe=ce - (2)9I=TT (AF 9c-te 6-S g

L-S H-€ G-t 6-1 6-1 (d*q)22-6T (d*1)2e-1t (4°1)He-02 H-Z (A°T)6T-9T (d)oz-LT |] 2

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Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

824

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6-S TI-9 6-S 9-S ZT-8 {1-8 L=€ (d*1)R€-t2 T (d)TE-2e (d)oe-_T S

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t €e-9T 1 Peto A Schad Pa Go-LT Seas a8 mu uw (2) 9¢-T2 E=E T T

{7-2 1-2 sass {-2 2 H-€ 2 = - et bz 0

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NHdwWoOoaady XVUOHL 2s ve

—————— 60 OOOO

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Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

queyzodmt tof eeroy Worsy 9g pue OpTeyyoH wots 6 TeuoTyTppe Sveroy mors g SnysuoH Wor 4 SOpTeyyoH wots 4

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1Z6T Sepewex sapioceurs (sezeydouy) sezeydouy AO VAUVT UVISNI HL’ SHL AO AXVLOLAVHO °OS ATV

827

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea

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:poutTuexs sUeuTIeds

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828

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(fjye-t. - (S°HEL-01 E (aST)L-S

(a°1)L-¢ t (Q°T)T (I)T

G-€ {-2 (Q°I)T (Q°1)T

(B) ,TT-h G-€ €-2 (2)e-h

E-¢ (Z)S-€ T (a) S-2

T at G-T T

(Z)€-T 2-T T (+0°T)T

: = = (P) ,2t-8

I -V.LAW -OSAN -OUd

XVUOHL

(€O6T *S®8TTD) saprozaydoun v2rfuopodoyzi9 AO WAYV1 YVLSNI HL’ AHL JO AXV.LOLAVHO

:peuTuexs susutToeda

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Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

*(soyouerq Usd UeYy SLOW YATM) SeTATY[NMM :W fpazTs UMTpeM :W fpezts exzeT :7J

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T T T i T T - - - (p)w a €-2 rI

9-2 (p)m G-€ G-€ G-2 (p)w €-T 9-9 (p)w - 1-2 ST

T se t err eS ae e=_ o-t (a°T)T (a°T)T 1-2 ral

€=T Sol! eos E=T €-T at l= d {-T 9-1 €-2 Il

T i x age a T 5 (a°T)T (a°I)T ic ee or

a it T T, t et 1-2 (aT )O-€ = (4° TiG-e ene G-E 6

e-t exo org Sco ore Sea) = (Pp) (a°1)S-t (d)q-2 G-€ g

t Sao LS 6-h Q-t 1a (ayer - (aT 9<5 (e°1)E (a°1)S-2 (d)L—-S Z

(p)u (arta (ETE (a°W) 4-2 (a°1)T (a* THK - (a THe T (air (a°T)T (L)E-Z 9

€-T cr eal ei €-T q-T (P)6-t e-T (a°I)T (a°1)T (a)€-2 S

“i T E-T L-€ eri G-2 g-€ ET-L 9-1 €-T et en ¥

(a)8-9 ee ia T €-T ogi gt q-Z 9-2 t (a*1)e-T z ¢

x bi T ai T T c rage 8 1-2 9-€ (a°T)T - Z

(2)9-% q-2 (HHT yet (2 eet eer (Weje=T E-¢ 9-2 G-2 E=] (a°T)T T if

T T T iE ii ic T = - - (p)u 13 0

IIIA IIA IA A AI 11 II I -V.LIW -OSHN -OUd “ON

sia VLUS

NHdWOQddY XVUYOHL

eee eemaaaammmmmmamaaaaaamaaaaaaaaaa aaa aaa

LO6T ‘pTeqoeul, vzMYydeooosnf{ (xe1NJ) X21ND JO VAUVI UVISNI HLY JHL dO AXVLOLSVHO °9S =FTAVL

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‘ : s a = * = - - ~ ~ 1-2 ST

ent reall T 1 ont _ - - (p)m T T vT

. G-€ (p)u (A)q-€ (A) q-€ (4)S-€ (p)u €-T (a) l-t (p)u = (4)€-z. eT

g 3 T T ert eT e< €-T T (a°T)T (a°T)T 4-2 ZT

E eT e=1 See E=T eat S21 9-1 1-2 qe 1-€ (4) q-Z IT

a 42 T T T T 3 3 (a°1)T (a°T)T (Q)T q-2 OT

rs Q-£ G-2 T T T T - (D)m (a°T)9-S = (aS T)E-z 1-2 8

5. T T oT-9 6-9 6-¢ Ime (@°T)E-Z_ (MST)OTHL_ ss (a°T)T.— (a*T)E-Z-—s (@)TT-L || Z

g (p)u he (a°T)2 (a°I)2 (a*T)2 (Q°95G=e - “(aT }O-E T (a°I)T (a°I)T (a)9-h 9

i: Q-€ ime ae ee ert Saal 8 6-1 T (a°I)T (aSI)T (a)L-t S

- 4 T eZ g-€ ote eT lay w6 JAH c (a°T)2 T v

£ (a) 6-1 Z-T T T 2-T : Z-T Z-T o-€ T (a°T)T I ¢

S = ‘ 3 T Es 3 T T oc saa 2 (a°1)T = (4

(2) 8-9 (G)S-£ (a)€-2 (a) 4-2 (d)t-2 (a)2 €-T J=-€ G-z T (a°I)T T I

T T T ‘ T T T = = - (p)u T 0

IIIA IIA IA A AI III II I -V.LIW -OSIN -OUd ee “on

NHdWOQdadY XVUOHL

(Ra I EE IS I ES TS EEG NLT IBS SED COS GEL EEN AL LTE ETE ET TEED ET DD DE TELE TOILE OE ETO LI OEE TELL LEED IN ALEE LE DIE EEN EDD LED EL AED LEENA! ELE LEE LELLAL LIED

QZQgT Suusemepetm supbpa (xaqNQ) xa7ND AO VAUYVT UVLSNI HL’ SHL dO AXVLOLAVHO °LS = ATAVL

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

834

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= = er = oe a # * = = = G-2 ST

et iG bei ii ys = - (p)u T gt vi

(p)u (a yvere (Sexe (1)S-2 (P)a Gai g-£ (D)u > (1) t-Z ¢T

: z gam chap Seas o-7 i (a°3 51 (a TYE ar ZT

ca g eT eet E-2 G-2 €-2 te L-t ip Il

t a T i iE i eagle (qo \T (a)T €-2 OT

T T eek z T got (S°'T 26 (a 1) o=s (Q)T 9-2 6

Q-€ er cat er t ” (D)m (aj GC Tek Ser 8

T 6-1 OT-9 Q-t (1) q-€ Ca Tie Cae OrK9. Cae (a"Der1 (2) TI-8 L

(d)e (d)z (d)z (a)2 (a eg eee T (a°1)T (a°T)T ()9-h 9

G-T €=T €=T €-T c 6-€ t (aT) (a°T)T (a)9-t S

t c 7 Te =) Sei heals eL-9 G-E ‘Sie (aE )c T v

(d)9-9 Foil z % male t v T G-2 1: Cor). ie ¢

T E t T it T - a Ga er (q°1)1 = Z

(d)9-t (a)q-€ (a)€-2 (G)e=1. (€)€-T (ayo gan Gre qT e eco as aE T

r i T T ieee T t - - - (p)u t 0

IIIA IIA IA A AI Eri II I -V.LAW -OSaN -OUd ‘ON

SS ee ditic

NHdWOddYV XN SE OH aE

ca a

835

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea

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ent oe e=t via et Sails . = = (p)w an et vI

ae (d)t-2 (1) q-2 Ca) He 2 Eo (2) 9-6 Ao g (A) q-2 gl

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zn us T | E T 2-5 CET (a°1I)T (Q)T te OT

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Q-2 G-T Ls e=¢ fet EEG T (a°1)T (a°I)T (a) L-S S

T T c G-2 Cae Crk Et w—), Q-€ lS (a°I)2 T v

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if T ug T T ie 3 T €=T {2 (a°I)T = Z

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T ie T iE T if T - - - (p)w 0

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VLas

NOdWOaavyv Kote. Ox Hak

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Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

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(€)8-9 T T s3 T T 43 t -Z T (a°1)T t ¢

T T t £ 3 Tt x t T “toh Cars) T = Z

(2)8-t (€)S-€ (d)z (a)€-2 (a)€-2 (a)€-2 €-T G2 o-T T (a°T)T * I

t ia T a T t T - ~ - (P)u-6 T 0

IIIA IIA IA A AI III II I -V.LIW -OSHW -OUd “ON

aig VLdS

NHdWOQdV XVUOHL

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T T T T x 2 = = (D)w T

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x T 7 ¥ ony, o-t Ser qT on (E°2)t (a°I)T

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. 1-2 ‘! T t e T 1-2 (atin (a™iyok T

2 8-1 GS-2 g c t a * (p)u-9 (a°1)9-1 (a°1)2

3. €-T q-€ w-), 3 Raa tel 6-S (a*T)e (a*°1)9-S (a°T)T (aS T)t-€

g w (a°1)2 (a°1)2 (a°1)€-2 Cente (S-aysec Ce Tre 13 (a°'I)T (a°T)T

_ q-Z G-2 1-2 €-2 €-2 exe L-€ T (a°I)T (a°T)T

2 55 onl Wee TI-S aT Ent OT-t w G-€ €-2 (a°T)2-T

: (a)9-9 G-€ t ont E<2 Ene c= crc 6-S T (a°T)T

& T T T T z T t Z-T €-Z H-Z (a*T)T

(a)L-1 1-S Gre G-€ q-€ qe ra 6-€ ie ; (a°I)T

T T = T T T T = - = (p)u

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NOWOQdaV XVUOHL

G-2

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Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

838

‘ewekoeR WoTs g SeuTysO Tmwemy Wort + :peuTWuexe sueutoedg

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ik T T i “ T = = = (D)u £

Lt (p)a L-t L-t aaa (2 )u Viglt Sa ae €

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fic G=2 €-2 ee ore Se) G-€ €=i G-2 Q-"

eat i IL 5 T T c (a2 YT (GENT "i

Crk E a zh it i Soe (ayes (ae tee ue

Gre 9-€ GEE Cail Cae one = (D)w (Ge TGs (aa eet

e-] G-¢ w-Q i w- ), (Heth (a° TT (a°T)9-h (GET it (Gea )aed

u-6 (aD: (a ead (aS I)E (Sere CAS eKee CESS T (S21) £ (Ge1)E

Gre Re? Ge are, q-2 Heo Q-t c (ao 1)E (Get ht

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(a)9-S Q-€ cll T nee ere ire 9-€ phy T (SITE

Lb z E it T E E go Sa4 Gre (a2 jr

(a)9-€ OT-9 6-t Oly 6-1 Tage o=L Sai us oni (a°1)T

E 7 T ii T iE ii = - = w

TEEA IIA IA A AI III II I -VLIW -OSAW -OUd

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Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea

‘ST TweSTUS[ WOLJ OT :peuTWwexe suswtoeds

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- - > . = = r = = e = are ST

oak ( ee zi T = - - (p)u T ont vi

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3 T rt ork Eft et eat ot (a°1)T (a°T)T fo TUE we E

Ser eae Sec eee CEL e¢ G-2 S=T ee Q-€ ce IT

a5 a i = t T eat (CG) E (a°1)T T E-< OT

G-T L ie = i e-T €-T (aS1T)L-S (a°T)9-n t e~¢ 6

G-2 Ste e-L ert T 1 = (p)u (E°DjO-t 1 afe"d eee G-2 8

if ask Q-€ 6-¢ Lt 9-h (a°1)T (a°F)0T-6 (EET (a°I)E (a)OT-9 L

QT-8 (a°1)2 (a*1)2 Ce TjeHc (eee (a°T)E (G°Fje-? Tt (a°2)T (a°I)T (a)9-h 9

=e €=1 {1 eet Cet eT 9-€ t (ae YL (a°I)T (d)L-S S

T at ead Seas al eel Lee (Q)OT-9 Gre Ere (aT )E-e T v

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T a £ ic t = t T ert E-2 (aT ye-T = Z

(a)8-S G-€ ate q-c Yo? ted e-1 e-L y ont (a je-t.- (98)T T

t i T Bt T 3 T = = - (p)u T 0

ILIA IIA IA A AI III II I -V.LAW -OSAW -OUd “ON

eH aac

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(a) S-t G=¢ 9-1 Hak les 1-S tT 9-€ €=-2 €-T (a°I)T (48)T T

i! T i! T T T I * > ae (p)a T 0

IIIA IIA IA A AI III II I -V.LAIW -OSIN -OuUd “ON

NAaWOaday XVUOHL a yes

(HO6T *S®TTD) 2axounzym (xa1Ng) xe1]N) AO WAUVT UVLSNI HL? JHL 4O AXVLOLAVHD °y9 FTEVL

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e-T S=¢ e-T oT €=2 t-2 a €-2 9-h

t T 5 T t Z-T (a°1)T (a°T)T T

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€-2 Q-t 8-9 6-9 (a)9-€ (a°T)T (a°T)6-S ig: aha i (a°1)t-2

(q1j)e-c (a°*tyeee fe Tyt (a*iIjyee Ca TyiRe | 8 6(aeHee T (a°T)T (a°T)T

et €=T g*T €-T €=T =n T (a°I)T (aST)T

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(a) TI-9 ae e=t o=t So 2 oc E“g Sas 8 G-2 T (a°T)T

e=T T T T T rt T T 2 L-t (a°T)T

(a) L=t (d)9-4 (a) q-2 (a) e-2 (44)E-T o7t T EF 3 ore (a°T)T

T T T T T T = - a (D)u

IIIA IIA IA A AI III II I -VLIW -OSHN -OUd

NHTWOQdYV XVUOHL

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Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

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eat (p)u E+Z gol ST (p)u Z*T €=T (p)u a E=e ¢T

l T it ee e=t e=T Sioa o-T (a*T)T (a°I)T €-Z ZT

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si T 4 T t " CTT (fIVE T Ges. OL

Sa it T T T di ee (a°T)9o-h (a°'T)9-t aC G-€ 6

Tee &*2 e=t oak Fi T = (p)u (E1)9-h (a e=2 ao 8

T T 9-1 l-S l+€ (44) S-€ (a°T)T (a°T)L-S (a°T)T (a°T)E-Z (a) L-t l

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ont si ag T c T a ort o-T 9-t (a°T)T = Z

(d)9-1 Hae g & ora own t e-1 ii Cor (a°1)T (48)T T

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IIIA IIA IA A AI III II I -VLIW -OSAW -OUd “ON

pel VLaSs

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843

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea

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- 5 = 4 " ‘i “ ‘i = :; = g-€ ST

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grt Pe ort 9-1 a Che {-2 w= cee = e-2 £1

T T i: St HZ E=-Z €=2 1-2 (a°T)T (a°1)T G-2 ZT

{-Z G-Z G-€ 1-Z €-2 1-2 Lee G-E G-2 ess e-t Il

i E T i L ce T CEE) (aS TI)T T He OT

Cag, T T iE z T G-t (d'tyteaS (aE a-4 e=t L=¢ 6

Q-€ Gre 1g te ob e~t - (P)u Ca"Tyo=-5% 83— (4S ESS bre 8

yi te doe ET=g iets (49)6-S (@°T)e-T (a T)L-7 (a°1)T (a*1)q-2 (a) 6-1 l

w= ), (a ye (a°TI)2 (ao tyeme (aetiese (SSP yGe - (are E (a°T)T (a°T)T (a)E-2 9

G-2 “el tad e=-¢ te t=d Q-S Bi (a°TI)T (a°T)T (2) S-€ S

t T €+¢ Q-t we org 8-S (44)u L=t ea (a°T)T oa 7

(€)6-9 LE gor eet ere ET eT 1-2 L=t T (a°I)T T ¢

t e-t T ert t one ene ou 9-2 6-1 (a°T)T % Z

(€)9-S Q-S Ln jer 9-1 G-E E=T L=€ e=1 g=1 (a°1)T (8)T T

T T T i i i T - ~ - (p)u T 0

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(sey a OT U4 UFTM) CqT

5 a ‘ 5 re ‘: * g > “ S-2 ST

h ae 3 i T Af ts “ + (p)w E ia vI

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D> t ct T ert ert >t e=t H=T (a°T)T COFa VE aT hes

= re eet Z aa ae e-T 9-2 ome He Q-€ has II

= £ T i = x T | (Q°q)}t Ec haie ) T c= OT

. ie T T T < 7 ie (aoe... (a ere " E-Z 6

a rs ial é c=1 T « = (p)w (at j-% (aa yere H-Z 8

4 T é 6-9 6-9 6-S Bae (dese t= (i ayerk (aay (a°T)E-2 (€)OT-9 l

z Teast Cathe (a2 Co eS Se ae Re (Cobia ks (a Tj tec A; (q°t)T Cobian ge copay 9

Sars a Salil Se ort q-T pe i ci Carat (2) q-2 S

E 33 ante enn, o=% Sk aL 9-€ (anei=. c=S co (a°T)T i v

e (a)OT-L i= T ee : T ot ill H-€ it (a°T)T T ¢

8 T z i: : T t t on wou Sims ep = Z

(a) L-S tas ae ie ia! ch €-T aa et G=T (a°T)T 1 T

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IIIA IIA IA A AI ioe II I -W.LIW -OSAW -OUd “ON

aqvaH

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a a A TT PE EE A OC TOTO ETE Lo NO

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844

845

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea

‘emekoex WOLS g SBUTYSOQ Twely Woy g SnysuOoyH MoLy g :peuTMexe sueutoeds

*(seyouerqg Us, UeYyy S10 Y4TM) STATYTNU :W Spezts eBreT :7 $oOTqarrpuep :p fpeqreq ATYBeem :q fpoeqteq :q

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Exc (p)w E-% Ec E72 (P )u-g SF G-E (p)u = ESE eT

os €-2 T at ro €-T €=T 3-1 (a*E)T (Q°T)T q-2 ZT

ent Z g rs eo €-2 €-2 a ie S-t ae IT

q-Z Soa rege 8 c Ee e-T oT (a°1)T (a°I)T ek Soa OT

goT T T T T is 1-2 (a°T)6-S (a°1)Q-S Ent 9-2 6

Q-€ g C ex T E = (p)u (a*T)9-S (a°T)2 tre 8

oc GS-2 L-t 6-S OT-9 (4)9-t (a°T)T (a*1)g-9 (EET (a°T)E (d)S-t l

w (aes (jee (SE THee Cac test (aS T)E (Haj et (a°I)T (a°I)2-T (q)E-T 9

=F art Se c=T =~ €-2 9-1 T (a°I)T (a°I)T (a)€-z2 S

o €-2 1-2 Q-t ert €-T Lee w—), L-t SF (a°T)e-T €-T v

(€)8-S E-c are aac i< eg €-2 E-2 9-€ T (aS T)T T ¢

wa ti T T T T ‘i ent Se 9-2 (SS F}E > Z

(a)L-S Cnt 1-2 igs wed E-g ert E-T x E (a°T)T T T

T z z ‘i T % T - - - (p)a t 0

IIIA IIA IA A AI III II I -V.LAW -OSAW -OUd “ON

oe VLaS

NOWOQddYV XVUOHL

TO6T SSeTTDN snyouhkyto1uenji1g (xezng) xeznQd AO VAUVT UVLSNI HL’ SHL AO AXV.LOLAVHO "69 ATAVL

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

*(0S6T) Tynsewex pue asseNey WOT peuTeyqo eyep 9y4 fo qred Vv

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846

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T j T é 17 j = = - (p)u T T vI

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“i Z g ri Cc g €-Z t €-Z S gat IT

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| sa VLaS

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Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea

“OPTBYYOH WOTS [TZ :peutmexe suemtoeds

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E=<¢ L=-S OT-S 9-S Ny fare — hae ec (a°T)T (a°T)q-2 (a)6-9 L

(a°1)2 (aS1)2 (a°T)€-c (a*T)E-e (a°T)e-e (a*T)H-€ “5 (a°1)T (a°‘I)T (a°1)2 9

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(ad) TT-9 He T ie e*e '—2 eT g=<2 9-1 gor (d)9-2 t. ¢

T i 2 T T T E T exZ e=2 (a°1)T = 4

(d)l-1 Iocan G-2 G-E Gee H-€ a5 T €-T 12 (eh) T (48)T I

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IIIA IIA IA A AI III II -VLIW -OSAW -OUd “ON

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~ ~ ~ - - - ~ - - ~ = ZI-9 ST

z e-T T T T T - - - (p)a g-T 9-2 vI

6-2 (p)w 1-2 €-2 E-2 (Dp) e=¢ 6-9 (p)w ss ot ET

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¥ e=¢g T T T t so €-2 (a°T)L-S (a°1)9-4 T 9-€ 6

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T : T eg 1H St €=T 9-1 ZT-§ 1-2 1-2 1-2 €-2 v

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S T bf T ‘3 £ T T 5] { t-2 (a°T)T cy Z

(a) Lt L-t 6-2 9-€ 9-1 GE eT Zi, i! reg 8 (a°I)T (48)T I

T T T ft i T T - ~ - (p)w T 0

IIIA IIA IA A AI III II I -V.LAW -OSAW -OuUd “ON

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NHdWOaddy XVYOHL VLaS

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848

849

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea

“BMBUTHO WOLF :peutuexe suseutoedg

*"FFTIS 248

~ - - - _ - - - - - - 6-9 ST

‘1 T T T T T - ‘s ; (p)m tT TE vI

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T bs x PT ee o-T €-T (5)T (a°T)T (a°T)T G-€ ZT

es e-T e-T S=T o-T €-2 Z=T €-Z €-T G-t {-z II

‘i T i T T T T (a°I)T (a°T)T T 1-2 0)

Hz T T T a iE €=¢ (E°1)9-S (a°T)S-E 3 H-€ 6

ne ere c=¢ ro @ T 4 Q-S (a°1)q-2 (a°I)T t-Z 8

T {~< Loe 1-9 1-9 L=€ (ST }t (a°1) 1-9 (a°T)T (a°T)2-T (£)9-S l

ZL (a°T)? (a°1)2 (a 1 )e<2 (a°T)2 (a°T)2 (a°T)z2 x (a°I)T (A°T)T (d)2 9

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(a)6-L G-2 T i! t cy ent €-T 6-2 o-T (€)T tT ¢

T T e T e T gi T Ere q-E (AST)T = Z

(L)9-4 G-h Hee {-2 ease q-€ q-Z c= o-T ort (a°1)T (48)T T

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IIIA IIA IA A AI Id] II I -V.LIN -OSAW -OUd Of

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SSE SES SR SS RT ES IS SEE LE OE SAL I ET SEE I AE OTE A LEE IEE EOL DE I DET IE EEE DET GPCL ETS EN NESE EI DE EER TS ETE A IIT A ESTES EEE EGEE IEEE

EG6T S4teyog aDrmMULYO (DT AuOUDJEWN_Z) xo7nNZ AO WAUVT UVLSNI HL’ SJHL dO AXVLOLIVHO *¢L aATAVL

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

850

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(p)u (d61)0 (@)2-T (q)e-T (Gig) aT e=e (aS a (a°1)T C.@°t)t (@*9)e-e 41

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NA3WOaddyV XVUOHL —

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a i ae on ok e-T €-Z aa 9-€ T (a6 1)T (a°T)T

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IIIA IIA IA ns AI III II I -VLIW -OSdW -OUd

NHOWOQdaYV

XVUOH L

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Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

852

“euTYsQ TWeUy WorS OT :peuTurexe susutoadg

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- 3 | 2 = - ~ - - a ~ 2 lt ST

t T si T T T = 7 (Pp) ort ne vT

leh (PR )u dent L=t q-€ (p)u €-2 1T-6 (p)u - H-€ zt

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ro T ‘2 e-T mT ig T (a°1)T (a°I)T ze €-2 OT

bg. T it T ‘i T q-€ (a°>T)J=9 (a°1)9-t eet TT-9 6

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7, €-T €-T ont ert €-¢ 9-€ T (a°I)T ee1)T (a°T)2 s

8 = eee G-€ rae h er aes 9-S w ot q-Z (a°T)2 q{-Z v

(2) 6-9 9-€ Sa s Gre 2 Se G-€ LS to" Tes i: £

err T T rt T T ai ‘4 q-£ 9-4 GETTY T - Zz

(d)9-t 6-9 L-t 8-S L-S 9-h a3 T E T (a°1)T (98)T T

T t 5 T 5 T T - - - (p)a “3 0

IIIA IIA IA A AI III II I -V.LAW -OSAN -OUd “ON

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853

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea

‘ST OYOWOTAL Wor S **sT THeZTUST Wory G :peuTuexe susUuToOedsg

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=e rt e T oy T G-2 (a°'1)S-€ (a°T)t T Q-t 6

9-1 we re E=¢ ‘=<? = WG (a*T)H-€ (a°T)T G-2 8

o-T two 6-S 6-9 OT-9 6-t (Ss dee (2° o-% (a°T)T (a1 e-T (a)8-9 ;

nT-8 Ce’ tjs-o (a ie=e - (e™e<e . (eyed (a°T)2 (a°T)2 T (a°T)T (a°T)T (a°Tye-2 9

noe Seat ont ont et tx<¢ Le 1 Ca" SFT (a°T)T (a“Eje-2 S

T ont es 9-S ont ort L-S {{T-OT q{-2 G-2 (a°I)¢ t v

(a) l= ent T T ese att Sac q-€ 9-€ T (a)T T ¢

T T bE T v T T T t<2 7-2 (a°T)T f Z

(a)q-€ q-€ E-< €-¢ € € 2 % enr T (a°T)T T T

i 3 T T T T i “ - = (p)u T 0

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NN a a—=s>__ CV Ji@o

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Se nn mmm

(OT6T “PTBqQosyL,) suznutoor1g (DL hmoDteo0ydoT) 217M) 3O VAYVI UVLSNI HL? AHL JO AXVLOLAVHO “LiL «FMV

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

“ST S4OWOTZT WOT. S$ °*SsELatMestusy. mors ¢

:peutuexs susemToOedg

‘qnoJs :48 {(seyouerg Ue, UeYy s10m U9TA) STdT4IMwu :u $pezts aeSzeT :7J $o9TYTApuep :p tpeqaseq :¢_

= + = = se ae = = = = a G-E ST

a: ek ail T T He - = - (p)u 1-2 lak vT

Q-g (p)w et Esc €-2 (P)TT-9 E-Zg 9-2 (p)w = G-t ¢T

T T T ak EZ 2 itee erg (a°T)T (a°T)T L-t ZT

Voe cok q-T Er g-1 ick oe G=¢e G-€ O=¢ 9-1 Il

ea i: T ons val er i (a°1)T (a°T)T iE ad Ot

yet ie ac se a Cue (a8t)l-h. (51) 9-f HE G-€ 6

fae ed Se toc ra Cau = (P)gu-9 (a°T)S-t (@)q-T tee 8

vee H-€ Q-€ Q-€ dt g-€ (2297 (aS T)L-S (2: D)t (a*1)2 (a) S-€ L

cE=6 (d)€-z (d)€-2 (Gje-c (d)¢ (afiujc-2 . (G°a)Gee i (a°I)T (Ga) (a°T)T 9

Beil nL alt al eat CHE 9-€ HE (a°I)T (q25)0 (Ge e=n S

T iE eee is Gal eal dee Clad G-E SHE (Se 12-2 Gn 4

(a)e8-9 ied Li T e- ek E-T 1-2 G-€ i T i ¢

T t : i: T an I aE €-¢2 1 (a°T)T = 4

See z gag 2nT oak el z T i t (a°1)T (38)T T

a t T i T a q = = = . (P)w-6 T 0

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a a a TF SBS SS SE EE BE LEED EET ETT AE EE RE AEE EEE EEE ELLE EE EIS

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Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea

‘euekeexy WOT + SBMBUTYOQ WOLl [TT STwemy wouy [T :peutTwexe suemtoeds

*(ssyouviq Us} UeYy4 STOW Y4IM) STdT4TnM iW fpazts aBuel :7 $otytaupuep :p SOTQeTABA BuTqreq :4q Speqrteq ATYBeM :q Spaqaieq :g

- - - - - - - - ~ ~ - 6-1 ST

T T T T t T - = - (Pp) eae ert vI

g (p)w G-€ Q-€ G-2 (p)u or 9-1 (p)u = (a) l-t eT

T t ert eat Cut oe eT z (a 1)T (a° 1 G-2 cl

ese vga tise Ge g=< ese G-2 ioe {= G=E G-€ IT

t L t eT T T eg (Q°T)T (a54)T i ead ot

eae aE 7 a ik er um? (G°d Oem "(GST Sse 3 9-€ 6

a G-¢ T t T 7 = (P)u (a°T)S-t (e° te cay 8

a T Lh CEG Lt (A) q-2 (dotjcec — {2° a) i-4 (a°1)T (aoa ye (€@)8-S £

(p)w ecgrae a (e" Gye) (a tee a he=—. (a ee =. aa ee t (G°E)E (e°T ht (a) y-€ 9

Hoe es1 e=1 Seas Seat q-T 9-1 t (a"T)e-1 (HINT (a)q-€ S

ss t cei Q-€ ear q=T Q-t w—), Gye E=1 (a°I)2 (+9 )€-T v

(€)6-9 erg c= T {2 T g-1 [-- G-2 T (@)2-T : ¢

E T t E i T T ail ear G-2 (a°T)T t Z

(2)9-t (Gest T (edo) T (eo Ft et 1-2 G-2 g-<¢ ned (a°T)e T \

4; T T T q T T - = = (D)t 3 0

IIIA IIA IA A AI III II I -VLIW -OS4W -OUd “ON

se VLaS

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Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

*(soyouerzq useq Ueyy s10W YT) eTdty[nu :W fSpezts asBs7eT 3:7 $oTyTzpuep

‘o4uny eurefsez WOT OT

:poutTuexs sueutToeds

2p SeTqerrea Butqreq :4q Speqrzeq ATWeem :q *peqreq :g

856

- - = - he “; * a 4 = i S-t ST

T T T e-T T T 3 = - (p)u €-T oat vI

(p)a 9-2 ies bane qT-S a F Q-€ (p)u = (2)9-t ¢T

5 T e=c €-2 orL €-T T (a°I)T (a°T)T 9-€ ZI

E-g Se €-2 €-T €-2 H-€ et eat 9-1 G-€ II

T T T T T T (a°I)2-T he Ee t =2 OT

T i T T T q-€ (a°1T)9-4 (a°1)9-1 3 1-2 6

T=72 C<< cj ro T “ (p)u (a°1)9-4 (a°T)2 oat 8

- Fat 8-S 9-1 (49) S-2 (a°T)2 (a°T)6-L (a°1)T (GeTjés2 (a)9-S l

(a°I)T (ecgee 843 (a°TI)T (a°1)T q-€ (a°1)q-Z T (a°1)T €a°1)T (2) q-€ 9

G-€ G-€ 9-1 G-€ G-€ L-t grt (a°T)T (a°1)T (2)S-€ S

2-T T Z-T g-€ €-T €-T 1 L-t G-€ e-T (d)2-T T v

(d)9-S €-T q-z T 2-T 2-T T eT €-2 T (a)T T ¢

T T T o-T T T T "nr ert 9-€ (a°I)T T Z

(ad) L-4 (aS T)T T (a°1)T (42 TT G-€ "<2 G-€ q-c G-€ (a°I)T T T

T T T 3 T T ‘3 - - - (p)u t 0

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Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea

“UBMTB, WOLT OT :peuTWwexe susmtoeds

*(soyouerq ue UeYyy 210m YIM) STATA TMM :u *PpeZTS seszeT :J foTITazpuep :p feTqetzea Sutqzeq 744 Spaeqteq ATYeem :q fpeqteq :g

= 7 5 3 + ; = is - z 7 S-€ ST

z T T : T T - - - (p)w T o-T yl

G-2 (p)u H-€ 1-2 G-2 (p)u or OT-9 (p)u = (+9)9-2 |] cf

Ys T i e=t o-T ot cE T (a°T)T (a°T)T 1-2 ral

1-2 €-2 1-z So ont t-Z G-2 q-2 E-2 c-€ €-z Il

T T T T T T T (a°T)T (a°I)T Z c=5 Ot

e-¢ T Fi T 7 T H-T (a°T)1-S (a°ST)S-E T 9-€ 6

L-* G-2 T T T 2 = (p)u (a"*ty)6-R {2° e-e ot g

T T —* 6-1 9-2 (4) S-2 (a*1)2 (a°T)1-9 (a°1)T (a°T)€-2 (€)8-9 L

wm (a°1)T (44°T)T (€)e-T (S°dh5 (a°T)2 (a°T)2 T (a°T)T (a°I)T (a)q-2 9

€-2 €-T oMt eT ont Cat 9-€ T (a°T)T (a°T)T (a)€-2 S

T T co q-Z e-5 ae 9-€ GT-6 G-€ 1-2 (a°T)2 T b

(d)Q-L ig 9-2 T E-T ok eat q-7 G-E T (a)E-z T S

T T < 3 T T T T E-2 ie (a°1)T T 4

(a)9-1 (49)T T Cet (44°T)T c= ait oct ot Go (a°T)2 Tr I

t T T T T T z - = - (p)w 42 0

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Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

*(seyouerq Ue} UeYyy efoW YyTM) eTdTyTNM :u [pezts es7zeT 37

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r = 2 = = = = as = = 9-€ ST

1 T T L = = = (p)w et en-1 pT

(Pie q-2 H-€ t-2 (ee oT Boe (p)u 5 ()8-" eT

a T Cra €=1 ga ae T (a°T)T (ahaa gk G-€ ZT

ere tice {2 ene lg te ed t= G-E Lt Tt

1 z a= i T ti (aor (a°T)T T rs OT

T I T T T H-2 (a°T)l-n (a°1)S-€ T L-€ 6

G-~6 a a all T = (p)u (a°")9-6 (ah )e=-t ee 8

o Lei 6-S Ora (€)S-2 igs iaee die (a°1)6-t (aot (a°1)2 (@)OT-S zt

ce° aN Ca iewe oa eae 6 Cael het (a°T)2 (a°T)2 T (case Fe (a°1)T (a) S-2 9

oa ert Seu gees ees it a (a°T)T (a°T)T (€)S-2 S

"E 4 Exg 9-1 et eee 9-t €T-6 9-1 é (a°T)2 o-T v

(a) 6-2 Seal €-Z T ork T er ent iim ga1 (a)E-2 T ¢

T T < ai ie yi T iL eu 6-2 cage i T e

(€)Q@-S (aje-1 ek (a) (Gra ye-t Eat So? jee Hc u-T fd Zc iE T

T T at t iE T £ = = = (p)w "h 0

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Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea

*(seyouerq Us} UeYyyY eZOW Y4TM) eTdT4 nM

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a = * ng e i : 2 ia = 9-2 ST

. cot : T i T : - = (p)w T ot rI

H-2 (p)w 6-2 (4.4)S-2 G-€ (p)u 2-T 6-€ (p)u - 6-2 sT

T 3 oa, ‘: e-T 2 S=T E (a°T)T (a°1)T {-Z ZT

{=< ot {-2 ete q-T E=c Le EAL €=1 9-€ q-€ IT

c T i t get E u (a°1)T (a°T)T T o-T OT

ag 8 gr T T T T q-Z (fayW-s ‘ (a°1)o-h T q-2 6

be mea t T T T = (P)u (a°1)9-S (a°T)E-T ear 8

T i L-t 6-S 9-1 (€)9-€ (dee fa Eo—< (a°I)T (5a jee (€)9-9 l

61-8 (a°1)T (a*T)2 (a Tyee (a° D2 Gis Caaye-2 T (a°T)T (a°T)T (a) 4-2 9

sai se 1-2 1-2 i Soa ie T (a°Tye-T (a°1)T (a)q-2 S

T 4-2 = 6=T H-Z G=€ (a)2T- G2 €-T (a‘1)z2 €-T b

(q)TT-2 1-2 9-2 a cet Gt EST Sea G-€ et (d)2 = ¢

t el 3 T T if f o-T 1-2 1-2 (a°T)T Z

(d)9-2 (EE ort (a°T)T (a°1)T G-2 Cel et eg 1-2 (a°T)2 T T

t T T a T E i - - - (D)w T 0

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NOwWoaay XVUOHL VLdS

1G6T ‘ekemy pue ezeyeqIN ‘ouey

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Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

*nysuoy ** joerg euekeyQ *emo0qjN WOrS OT

:peutuBexs sUsmToOedg

*(ssyouerq OT UByy sf0M YTM) eTdTy [nM :m fpezZTs esreT :J SOT4FTApuep :p Speqrteq ATYBeM :q Speqrteq :g

= = 2 = 5 > = ad = 5 = G-2 ST

T o-T T T - - - (p)m €=T E-T vI

(P)m (d-2)S-€ (d-a)S-€ (4)S-2 (p)u ee 6-S (p)m ss q-2 or

t t g-T et e-2 hee, (Q)T (a°1)T (a°I)T G-€ ZT

ET €-T g Z €-T (B)qT- q-Z H-€ GS-2 CHT, Il

bi T T T T T (a°T)T CTT (4)T Gag OT

t t T i. ‘a €-2 (a°T)l-y (a°T)S-€ (Q)T 9-1 6

G-z €-2 zZ Z-T (a)z-1 - um (a°1)9-4 — (a®T)E-z L-€ g

e-T lS Lot g-t (a) Lt (a‘*T)z (a°1) L-¢ (a°T)T (a°1)€-2 (@)6-S L

(a°T)n-€ (aST)H-E (a T)H-€ (a°T)E (aS T)R-E (a°I)E T (a°‘I)T (a°I)T (a)€-2 9

eset 8 e-T e~T ys €-T Q-€ t (ott (a°T)T (d)q-Z2 S

eat T ert Q-€ raga! a) Lay (4)TT-9 G-2 €-T (E57) ST e-t p

(d)6-9 ore 2 Tt raat g~T o=T €-2 Q-€ T (a°T)T ; ¢

T t T ¥ T " T T ez. Saas (a°T)T > t

(2) 9-S (4) L- g-€ 9-t 9-h G—t e-T 9-T o-T e-T (a°T)T T I

oat T T T i: e sy ~ - - . (e)a x 0

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861

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea

‘UBMTBI, WOLF 6 S*ST BMBUTYO WOLF [T :peutuexe suemtoedg

*(seyouerq Us} Wey} SLOW YYTM) eTAdTITNU :W Spezts eSreT : 7 :peqaeq ATYyeen :q fpeqreq :g

‘i t = = 7 iG % #1 : = 5 o-T ST

ba T i T t | T * + “= wa Sa | o-T vI

(Q)T OT-9 T Tt T TI-€ got (4) 9-4 GT-8 = T ST

T T o-T e-2 e=7 i T T (‘I)T (I)T Lt ZT

T S=T €=1 vesd ean 2 G-2 ora ies S-2 E Il

T T t T t t = (4°I)T (Q°T)T T 2-1 OT

ome T T T t T 1-2 (4°T)9-E = (AST) H-E T G-€ 6

G-€ hed @ q-2 (Q)€-T (A )E=T (A)E-2 = OT-S (a°'T)6-9 (a) q-Z ao 3 8

i T G-2 (4)S-2 (A)q-T faeries (artes (aotierl (ene (Q)T o=L l

Q-€ (a)e-T (a°T)t-2 8 (a°T)R-€ = (ST) G-E (a°I)2 (aS TI)? T CET hE € (I)T 9

eT T 3 t T T 1-2 t (AS1)T T (I)T S

t T T G=c ZT gmt G-2 (2) S-2 G-€ T 7 1-2 v

(@)OT-g T ~ T e 3 T T tal T T i g

-- £ T i T T T T e-T g eS = Z

o-t T T T T T T T T t T T T

E < t M3 3 se i - = ~ G=L T 0

IIIA IIA IA A AI III II I -V.LAW -OSAW -OUd “ON

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NUWOQadY XVUOHL VLS

SA a aS SETS SESE BOTS ET OLESEN SEE ILE TE ALLIED IEEE NL AGED EEE EDDIE NLD SEEN IERLE LAE LIENS SER ETE LEE DR I LEDGE LLTES IRDA SIAN LEE DIDIG NEES EVOL SENET EOE IE SSSA EAS EBERT ENDED ERE SNEED NEL EB IIE BSE ERG ARB ETS 18 5S i PORTS DANE HOS ARORA SOIREE EROS

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Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

862

*nysnsy Wors € SnysuoH Worms J :peuTmexe sueuToOedg

{PeZTS sF1eT :T faTqetTaea Sutqzeq :4q $peqaeq ATHeeM :q Speqteq :g

= = = _ = = = = : = = t ST

ie T i it iE T - = = €T-g T T v1

(+94)T Cla £ gt Cel Q-t ral (2) 9-€ ST-6 = T oT

ik a esl. E21 Si < t t (Gon i Let ZT

cc Eng €=L eae ear ert tt=< E-1 ge 6-2 is Il

ue Tt E HE z rE ub (GL) Tb okeg 20 a Eee OT

Ear £ si < i ic q-7o (a°mye-€. (a WGe (aT OT-9 6

9-2 wee Hee (a\eqr (aye-1 (a)g=T = eL=9 (Gi T)0t-G (a)c-c ro 8

rc T | G-2 (44) S=¢ (eOjE-T. (G2T9-€ (atmig-€ (a*I)eT-9 (a)T Bor As Zz

67e (ao Tyg-1 (2° TD (a°iyG-¢ (S°aG-€ (eajese (aoa je=2 T (G24) 0 L ue 9

cae T Ct ect a: Goll Sa 7 (QF TT 3 aE S

T it oe Gate {HE acl ed =o Gre ic ic Ge 7

(a)ETH-L c-T Tt ic T T t 7 1-2 T 6 T ¢

iE : T T T T T T en g T 5 Z

i: T iE (+4)T (Q)T eT ic T i eT T T I

ze as if i T i T = - = 6-€ ac 0

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Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea

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€ mw ere (4)S=€ mw =

g e-t T T eeiges) a (Q)T

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oO a T T €-Z €-T £ =z (a°I)T (a°T)T t €-2 or

ro H-2 T T :: ? t Z-T (a°1)2T-6 (a*T)T-9g T q-Z 6

g OT-S t T i t mal oe (Pp )u=-9 (a*°I)2T-6 ert HES 8

= p €-2 6-S 6-S 9-9 tt (ST) eo". {a"1yet-et . (a 1st (a°T)o-T (€)OT-9 L

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& T GE 9-€ Q-s € t oT-¢ oT-g € ct €-z2 9-€ y

2 (a)"T-6 9-H H-T rz Cnt C= ; p (P) OT H-Z €-Z t ¢

3 T T tu T + :: T sb q-€ 4 ent - Z

= q-2 ree G-€ orc G-€ G-€ €-T t €-T {=T (44)T (F8)T I

iF T t T T i yi - - - w g 0

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Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

876

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T T 3 T it T T = - - 6-S &T 0

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T E ‘i r T T 13 os - = OT-S 3 0

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Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

880

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T T T T T 3 T (a°T)T (a°1)T T oo. OT

e=% T T T T T a! (a°1)1-S (a°T)6-S Haat 1-2 6

S=c oot orn Gal g-E €-Z = q-2 (a) TT2 Enz reg 3 8

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T T €=1 G-E ei €-T 9-t 6-1 G-z e-T (4)g-T 9-1 v

isjorse * “(a jert z. T ect e-T T CHT c-t (4)T 7 T ¢

T T T t < T T - T o-T (4)T = Z

oF Fig 8 G-2 €=T are G-T ae OT-t €-2 E=2 Eo bes rag & T T

T T T T t T 3 i = ms L=t é 0

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ont T T a i = (€) 9-" 1-2 9-€ v1

(a)8-9 (€)8-9 (d)6-9 (a) TT-L €-T (€)0T-9 (€)8-S ‘ (€)8-S eT

e-T o-T g-T o-T o-T (44)T (a°T)T (+4)T q-€ ZT

q-2 q-2 q{-2 q-2 (2) S-€ €=¢ G-2 G-2 (2) qT-L TT

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T et T rag) T (a°T)9-y (aS1)9-S (4)e-T (44) L-€ 6

(A)2 (A)€-T (49) 2-T (+9) 2-T = (d)6-€ (a°1)L-€ (+4) S-E (4)2-T 8

(2) 9-2 (€)S-€ (dq) L-€ (2) 9-€ (€)t-2 (a°T)8-" (a°1)T (a*T)9-" (q)6-9 .

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea

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T T 2-T 2-T o-T (44)T et (4.4)T = Z

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< T T T T ‘ - - - (49) L-S T 0

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Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

882

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Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

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Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea

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IIIA IIA IA A AI III FT I -V.LAIW -OSdN -OUd ‘on

Nawoaay XVUOHL wen [| vas

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Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

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NaWoaay XVYOHL wen || vias

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891

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea

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IIIA IIA IA A AI III II I -VLIW -OSdW -OUd “ON

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893

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea

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Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

894

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Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea

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IIIA IIA IA A AI III II i -V.LAW -OSHW -OUd -ON

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Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

896

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(2) q-Z (a)g-€ (a*FS)OT-2 (a°FS)6-E (A°x)eT-S - g-T ¢T

oT (Q)T - T Es igs gt ()T €-T ct

real) (Q)e-T (a°FS)Q-€ gt e-1 EMT (a) L-€ II

(A)T (4)T 1: (a°1)e-T (a°1)T T T ot

(a°FS)G-2 (ad°FS)G-E e=¢g (a*I)e-T (a°1)e-2 (A)Z-T ST 6

T (4)2-T - (a°#)6- (a°I)E-Z (d°x)TI-8 T 8

(aigs}o-e (Ees)aq-e (a™je-T of8*2)G-e (a°I)T (a* I)€-z T L

(e*1)e-c (Ca T)tert ea )Ge (a)T (a°T)q-€ (a)T T 9

(a°5S)G-€ (a°sS)H-E (aTS)O-H (ASFS)L-E (A°T)e-T (a)t-e T S

T (2) q-2 (aSFS)E-T (a° FS) q-2 (4)T (dow) L-€ 9-2

(4)T (a)T (4)T (2)e-T (4)T (A)€-2 T ¢

(aSs8)9-€ (a°FS)G-E (A°FS)L-E (q)T (4)T = g

(acgs)e-z (a°ss)y-z (atss)H-Z (a) H-Z (q)4-z2 (a) 4-2 t I

Si e-t = - - (4)OT-% i! 0

III II I -V.LIW -OSAW -OUd “ON

XVUOHL vase

‘ds -u qpom (pzhuobezg) sepey 40 WAUV1 UVLSNI HL? SHL dO AXV.LOLAVHO °OZT =aTEVL

897

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea

"@aI0y Wolf 9 :peUTuexe suomToedg

*peutuexs susutoeds 4som uo ZUTSSTM sBjes ssouy, 3:14

"OYBTTOE4YS sy SPeZTS SsreT :J feTqetzea Butqreq :4q Speqteq ATHeem :q Speqreq :¢

= “ _ a = > _ = = - G-2

si e-T < e-T T o-T ~ = = (w°@)TT-OT (#62) SE-S2 g-€

w°Q)6T-TT (#64) 6T-6 (x°I)QT-ZT (#°2)QT-TT (46@)ST-OT (46H) OT-TT (4°A)ST-TT (#°2)QT-HT (#62) 6T-ET = t

T T rE | T T E . (4)T (a°T)T (49) T ork

= T i T . T (#° 2) T-6 ot E SE (4)S-2

i T T t T (44)T (+4)T (a°T)T (a°T)T (+4)T T

(*°@)6T-9] (#°A)TT-9 (#°A)TT-g (#°A)OT-L (x°)8-9 (d)e-h (a) 9-n 9-2 (ASTjgst- (2°E)e (#*@)TT-9 T

(#°2)OT-9 q-c (Q)T T T g-T a (wfQ)9T-TT (a°T)E-Z (6) OZ-HT T

(€)S-2 (#°A)4TT-OT (#°@)2T-Q (e°AX)CT-Q (eSA)TT-Q (#62) E-S (a°T)T (a°T)S-E (a°1)T (a°T)2 T

(2) q-z (a Tyet -(e*Te-2 (a°1)z (e* Te (a°1)2 (a°T)€-z (4)T (a°I)2-T (a°T)T T

(#°@)62-ST (#°2)2T-6(w°A)ET-OT (wSA)ET-OT (wSA)ST-OT (x°G)ZT-6 (eSA)TI“Q (#S@)ET-OT (eS a)4T-6 8 (a°T)T (q°9) 2-1 T

T T o (qQye-1 “4 T €-T (a)T (x‘@)RT-9 (4)T («6@)22-ST G-2

(6 @)TT-9 T ¥ T e T 25 (49)T (49) -T (4.4)T (x‘@) 9T-6 53

T (w°@)TT-9 (a°A@)TT-L (w°2)6-9 8 (w°A)OT-Q (x#°A)TT-Q (#°A@)TT-6 (#6) ET-6 < T (+4) 2-T *

(w°2)OZ-6 (6G) 9T-6(%°A)ST-OT (x°Q)9OT-OT (x°A)ST-OT (x°A)HT-OT (wSA@)ET-6 (a°A)NT-6 (#°G)YT-Q (x°A)TT-9 (a°T)H-E T

T T T T T eT E = = 4 (x *@) LI-TT T

IIIA IIA IA A AI III II I -V.LAN -OSHN -OUd

qvdH

NUWOddvV XVUOHL

TZ6T Sepeuex s2suaodjnueyo (n2huobezg) sepey 40 VAUMVT UVLSNI HL? SHL dO AXVLOLAVHD “tél FIGVL

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

898

‘souTddtT tug

*(soyouertq us Wey eToW YATA) eTdt4tnm :W fpezts eszeT :7T

‘*s~T oeuepuTy, WOLS OT

SOT4TApuep :p sSpaeqreq ATHWeem :q Speqrteq :¢q

E-T ent g=1 T “2 - - - (p)u gi

Lo! (oye ore oz 1-t (2) eT ie ei 2

q-€ See I fel a ere = 1-2 (a°T)T T

cat ie 1-2 G-2 G-Z 6-€ gi os eel H-€

Seu .: Sore) ee¢ €-2 T e=t (ao) e (a°T)T x

SAG T E t z “3 n¢ (a°1)9-S (a°T1)8-9 q-2

w Q-€ T T T seed = (p)w (a°T)9-t e-t

G=<¢ 1=€ w w Glass (2) Q-t (a°I)2 (a°T)6-S (rr (aed

w Gee 9-2 G-2 (a\e-~ (4° 7)6-€ = (aor q-€ (a°T)S-€ (aot

Grd ted eau g-1 cae vie ies T (a°1)T (ert

ert G-€ 6-t 9 ec ee (P)u-6 (P)u g-t Ol=7 9-1

= che) Pe Gee enh Lt TEs Sal (Rye Lake aa

H-€ I I iE z iE iP 1 6-9 1-2 eae

(f)OT-9 6-4 9-9 OT-9 6-S 6-¢ 2-1 oS T 9-S T

iE a af T T T ai = = = a

IIIA IIA IA A AI III II I -VLIW -OSHN: -OUd

NAWOQdY XVUOHL

(Sa I NE OS I SI I I I ETI SEE CT OT PSOE SD LEN IT TT I TEI IESE TE EES LEAT CE SE ETS EI EE EE IROL ESE IE EEE AT LEED IE TELL E LA EEE P OIE EEE TOLLE EY,

(GO6T *PTBQoeYuL) su2077a4NaS0qG1D (snydiow1pey) sapey JO VAUVT UVLSNI HL’ AHL AO AXVLOLAVHO

:peuTMexs sueMToOSeds

9-h ST

ze v1

e-2 gT

jaa ZI

L=€ IT

6-7 OT

G-2 6

G-€ 8

(d)L-S L

(d)€-2 9

(d)H-€ S

(P)2T-S 7

is ¢

> Z

T T

i 0

ee Wy a:

*7ZI ATAVL

899

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea

‘euefsex WOLS T SBMBUTHO WOAs T *‘nysuoyg wou 2 ‘OpTeyyoH wots ) :peutTmexs susemtoeds

"(seyoueiq Us} UeYy e1oW YYTA) eTdTyTNM :m fpezts aBreT :7 foT4Tapuap >p Speqreq ATYBem :q Spoeqreq :g

: : : : : = = ; ; : = 9-H SI

T om ot Saal : o-T - - - (p)w T at al

Ti=y (p)w e-T T a (2) ug 2-1 u-), (p)w = et ST

T 3 ot o ese €-T = - (a°T)T T Le ran

ee €=T et q-T €-T or ¢-T 9-2 {me a 6-S Il

er T T i eT T T (a°T)T (a°I)T E E=< Or

9-2 gat omE I Bs o-T 1-2 (a Tyo-) Ca 89 o-T ns 6

TT-9 ¢-T oe T a e=¢ = (p)w (a°T)0T-9 ~(a)e=T T g

e=2 9-2 Q-t EI=S (d)9-% (L)9-€ (a°ry-o (ETc -fa*tjt (aST)t-Z2 (aq) TT-L l

TT=S CeO bort x(t ed a eat Ke tie-e (ec (a°T) G-€ 3 Aogee s URS (a EE (@)€-T 9

ee C2 Sas G-2 Lae = o-t . (a°T)T (a tyere (€)S-2 S

c=c oe G-€ C= ic Cae w=9 WJ, ore ie, et 9-1 v

(@)0T-9 Q-t Say ce ie c=¢ 1-2 G-2 WG T f-2 T ¢

Soe it T T T i! i T t-2 {7-2 T = Z

(@) OTL TENS et-h OT-9 u-9 OT-S €-T +-T oe G-€ (4)T T I

T T T “3 ie % ~ - - = (p)w j 0

IIIA IIA IA A AI III II I -V.LAW -OSdW -OUd pi “ON

ert ee cenit a estrescar sro aone-e nef EAE Epi Sta foes sagen. ain hii cate a edegpad coipdin eos pave uname a al oie coe VLaS

N“a WO Ca¥ x at OLE

(LO6T *PTeqoeuL) 22uoddiu supxea (snydxow1pey) sepey JO VAUVT UVLSNI HL’ JHL AO AXVLOLAVHD ZI =ATAVL

“ST eqjOWOTA[ WOTF OZ :peutuexe suseutoeds

*(soyouertq OT wey esf0W Y4TM) aTdrqTnm :W fpaezts eBreT :T Speakers :JF SoTYTApuep :p Speqteq ATHeem :q Speqteq :g

= T = = . K Z = = a S~2 ST

ent S255 q-T "ea T T = = - (D)w 1-2 <t rI

97 T cea q-€ o-T E-¢ os o-T OT-9 (P= e 8-H ¢T

> T c T et eae G-T ag T (Q°T)T T G-2 ZT

= a7 ere oil nt | at aot Cac G-T =o ET Q-S Il

= eat T art oat ; E=2 (AST)T (a°I)T T G-z2 OT

2 ae ‘ T T zt rad 3 ee (a°1)9-9 (a°1)8-S e-t i= 5

e OT-t G-€ T T et G-€ = (p)u (a*T)OT-Q eat i 8

a E-T 9-€ 9-€ 9-t ie 9-2 (a“Tye=t - (81 et-Or T (a)E-z (€)9T-6 |} Z

5 ere "shea 8 er eat ee ia Tec” ee ae i (a)9-t (Q)T (a°1)T 9

tH G-2 Said rea a 3 aaa B G-2 9-€ £ (4)T (a)T (ASI)E-T S

g e=1 2 Q-€ 6-S a Soe 6-S 6-9 €-2 G-T €-2 ea "7

z (F)9-2 | G-t ent Sa G-€ wee G-z 9-2 1 Ste = ec T ¢

8 T T fi T T T T e-T 1-2 ga T = Z

L-t 9-€ Roms e-H 6S 9-4 9-2 L-€ H-2 9-2 T T I

T T T T £ T T 2 - = (P)ST-S i 0

IIIA IIA IA A AI III II I -VLIW -OSSW -OUd “ON

ae VLAS

NHdWOQaaY XVUYOHL

RS aS IE SN ESSE IIS EN I ET BE TED VI IT IEG SETTER EE IEE EEL TGA AIEEE EE LIES LEE BELLE TIED DELETE SLL LES LED LE IEE LEED A LD AE LEE LED LED L A PELE ECDL IIE DELEGATES BELLE IE BOTS ELLE LIE EEL ELE

TS6T ‘TINH PUe JUSTUY 2ESDSs7Hq (DasNys0eD) SePeV 3Q VAUVI UVISNI HL? FHL dO AXVLOLAVHD *yZI ATAVL

900

901

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea

“pusTTeu,, Woly g speuTmexe susmtToedg

*(peuTmexe susutoeds uo SUTSS TU) *(T96T) ATSUTLIeNW pue *(€S6T) TINH pue yusTUy Mors :y §sUusuToeds amo uo eTQeututeysepun

uotytsod zo SAT reaToO usees oq YoU pTNoD 3:3 ‘(seyouerq use ueyy stom U3T4) eTAdTyTnu :m $pezts s#reT :7 SOT4TIApuUSp :p fSpeqrzeq :q

-~ - - > ~ = oa ~ - - - 9-H oT

T 3 T T é j * = = (p)u Stee T vt

g (P)u L-t t 1-9 (D)u T (P)a (P)a (a)€-z2 £T

é €-2 g € € 1-2 T €-T (a°I)T T Gi et

3 82 rE S32 q-€ {-Z ‘3 3 3 q-€ L-S a

é c ent cg €-2 env T (a°T)T (a°TI)T T g-€ oT

t T T 3 T ent € (a°T)E (a°T)8S oe q-€ 6

80T AS Suc o Ec S=— = (p)a (a°T)OT-L (a°T)k-z ro 8

i t Ags 88 org OT-g (a) 6-9 (a°T)2 Ca Tytt-e (e" hE (a°T)q-2 (2) TT-g L

(P)u (a)T (2)T (het (€)e-T (2) g-€ (a°TI)E ent (a°1)9-S (a°T)T (a)9 9

8S bn € £2 n-€ Gn~E G-h T (a°T)€-T (a°I)T alt S

Sac € t £0T 3 3 (p)u (Pp) G-t u-Z € 9-1 Y

(€) OT-6 9 &z SH aS Exe q-€ t-2 GT-€T en L-€ T ¢

€-2 T T T T T T T H-€ H-€ 2 = Z

(a) 1-9 4S bt 1h b at j é Gmt Hr-E ert T I

T b b b i b s ~ - - (p)u b 0

IIIA IIA IA A AI ire II I -V.LIN -OS3W -OUd ae on

NOWOdadv XVUOHL

SAL I SN TEIN TESTI EEE EE IED OSE Ea SES SE EERE PA TRAE EE EL AS EDS SALE SEES ELE I ET TILE SETI ECT BEEN SITE CIE EES LIE TDA TEE TES EIS ERLE IN NRE BOL STOP BEIT DANG BIOS SON EIEIO IEEE SHG, BET TE NED Se IEG ION SFT ATES

(SO6T “MOTPNT) s2uuedozveUu12 (UoLUCD1UD] aUOeN) SAP2Y AO WAUVT UVLSNI HL’ SHL dO AXVLOLSVHD *ScI ATEVL

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

902

“nyusuoyH Worgy gz pue SOpTeYyOH Wors OT :peutTuexe sueutoeds

*(soyouertq Us, Ueyy e10M Y4TM) eTATITNM :U SpezTs ssreT : J fOT4ITApuep :p tpeqteq :¢q

= = T = = = = = = = = ae 3 ST

Gat q-T ga5 x Cau t z * (Dp) ee t vI

Sh a (p)u oe lee 6-€ (p)w ved w (Pp) = GS-2 ¢T

eae Cat. A 1 G-T Ge = IE (a°T)T E €T-S ZI

€-T ci eT iL G-T G-T 9-2 =i {-T ie cT-S II

Sai Cae Saat qT, Seal a E-t (a°T)T Cae gat 9=-T OT

G-T oa8 cat i i eae {-E (a°T)H-€ (8° 1)6-h it 9-2 6

W-G oe =r gat eK te2 = w (a")o-% (a ye-1 G-T g

he T e-s u-9 we ), €T-9 2 Oh oe Sm es a aan 2 as (0) yy ce ake (a°T)tH-€ (€)ST-6 i

w J, (d)e-T (a°T)e-t (a T)e-T «(a°t)e-T = =(a* ite) 83=— (aT) t-€ T (aot dt (a°1)T (€)8-t 9

6-1 Gee tic c-T 9-2 O=2 OT-€ ent (a°I)T (a°I)T (€)6-S S

2 ee Nee w= ema 1-T we ), w dee Q-€ ic (P)ET-9 |] ¥

(a)ot-$ Zt-S ae Gag 9-€ Gm g-€ g-t w gat G-2 T ¢

cat i T E gai eat Cat 1 9-€ 9-2 Cat = Z

g-4 ZI-€ Ate ZT-S ZT-9 €T-S l-z OT-T G-2 l-e T T T

Cae T T T t T T - - w ; 0

IIIA IIA IA A AI III II I -VLIW -OSHN -OUd “ON

I eens, WAH a.

N34. WO. G4 p Bee. HE 0 > TF

Seer eee nnn nn nn aaa

T26L “epee szsuaosa (sapey) SePeV 4O WAUV1 UVLSNI HL? FHL dO AXVLOLAVHO °O?I ~=ATAVL

903

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea

*(soyoueiq Us} UeYyY eTOM Y4TA) aTdty[MM :W Spazts ssreT :J £oT4ytapuep :p speqszeq

‘QPTBYYOH Worms |,

:poeuTMexs susuTOeds

ATWYBan :q Speqteq :¢

a % a ‘ 2 sj és “ = 2 = {-Z ST

ort eT gt =i = - = (p)u €-Z T vI

Se i (p)w G-€ 9-€ Q-t (p)u q-T (P)u-g (P)u ee ee ET

Ss, E=2 ot eT E*¢ a? os T (a°I)T T Ee) ZI

E-T Geo PAGS et e-< G-2 cai e-T E-1 1-2 OT-9 Il

1-2 aah c= <6 E=<e eu e-1 (2S TjT (a°I)T 3 9-1 OT

G-2 E t T T See oa (A Hee Ce°=s5 S-1 G-2 6

w-), G-2 Se cr eae tec = w-6 (a°T)Q-% (a°I)2-T G-€ g

cre hs ZT- Sie) si (a) €T-S (at (ete. Car (a°1)€-2 (€)ST-g |} z

CE (a)T (a Est (a°TyT (a°T)T (a®*T)ae . (aa) e=¢ (a°1)9-t (a°I)T (€£)9-t 9

9-2 G-2 G-2 6-2 9-€ Q-t et 3 (a°1)T (a°T)T (@)OT-9 S

€-2 gl riggs OT-9 S=e {eo u-g w Q-t 9-€ G-€ (P)2T-L |}

(ad) TT-S ce 9-€ G=€ ome G-t Q-t OT-* w E< l-t “3 ¢

Gc T T T i t : G Q-t <2 e=2 = Z

(a) L-t i-€ qT-L tts Et-Z 2T-S G-T G-T Coe 1-t 3 T T

T T T T T T T - - - (p)a 3 0

IIIA IIA IA A AI III II I -V.LIW -OSAW -OUd “ON

aqvgH

NOWOQddY XVUOHL VLas

SLI REE AE TSS SS SE TS EE LEN OL EE EDL EE SLE LOLS TLE LEO SERGE POE I BTL EEE IO BEDE TED SEB EB SEE EE TB ISIS EE IIE TE OE NIE 8B SI Gi ION NEA UG BIN SE I POS TRS SY 20 HS TET SI OTS SPIRES,

OS6T ‘Tseueye_ pue ouvy ‘eseg qzpoppuhh (sapey) sepey JO WAYV1 UVISNI HL’ JHL dO AXV.LOLUVHO °Z7I «ATAVL

*nysuoy Wory (eejes queqsodmt tof 62) 6T :PpeuTuexe sueutoeds

*(seyouerq Us} ueyy etoW Y4TA) STAIZTNM :W $pezts eB8reT :T {oTyTaApusep :p fpeqaeq ATHBeam :q Speqrteq :_q

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

904

= 7. 7 = = = = = = = B L-€ ST

e-T Gre et ort oe os = _ (p)u G-2 T tI

gt (Bu {re qd q-¢ (Bye q-T (P)u (P)a = q-¢ eT

ak Gui oe ml eT €=T = T (a5 2)1 T 6-S ZT

q-T at ert a= grt q-T G-2 ¢-T 6-2 l-€ {T-S II

€-E z T o-T at T e-1 (a°T)T (a°I)T T 1-2 0)

7 T T T T T +=" (a°1)S-e (a°1)9-t ok €-2 6

6-1 q-T o-T T rea” o-t = (p)u (a°T)8-S (@)€-T €-T 8

=e 9-€ glak T9 (@)ET-S (a) L-€ (a°I)T (a°T)6-9 (a°I)T (a°T)E-2 (€)9T-S L

TT-§ (A)T (4)T ft ije- t-test (tice = (aa T (a°T) 9-4 (a°T)T (a) 6-n 9

i ae ire ae it g-€ eT-9 + (a°T)T (a°T)T (a)6-€ S

T €-Z Q-€ 6-S €-T G-z u=9 w ie a 2 1-2 TT-9 v

(a)OT-9 9-4 e-T Sato €-2g Sige G-€ a2 w-), T W=2 T ¢

ort T T =e ot T E-T g74 1-2 {-2 T = Z

(4)9-€ Q-€ TT-S e-5 9-1 Q-h 6-2 H-Z tT H-2 3-T 2-T .

T x T i T T < - - - (p)a b 0

IIIA IIA IA A AI III | I -V.LAW -OSHN -OUd “ON

NAdWOQdaY XVUOHL = VLIS

SLOT “peqssneg pue eaesnztW ‘eysueL 1Dsbs (sepey) sepPeY 4O VAUVI UVLSNI HL? SHL JO AXVLOLSVHO °8ZI ATGVL

905

*(seyouerq ue} weyy stom

“SI THBSTYST Wors OT

UtTA) STATATMM :u fpezts eBzeT :J foT4yrapuep :p ‘peqreq ATYeom :q Speqteq :g

:poutTuexs suseutToedg

- 4 : 2 2 : . - - - : e-n || st

T T Z-T T T T - - - g €-z T al

: m~< m mt 6-1 6-S uJ, T g-t (pu 4-2 sT

. {-2 G-€ J €-2 Soe G-€ = €-T (a°T)T ot 9-H ZI

s €-2 €-1 Z gz 4-2 €-2 HoT Et Z-T 9-€ 4-2 II

5. H-€ €-T q-z G-€ G-2 2-1 €=2 (Q°T)e-—T = (a*T)T T G-€ ot

ri €-2 T T t T T €-2 (a°T)€ — (a@*"T)6-S €-T o-1 6

3 w-¢ Ine I i T zg . (P)m-6 (a8I)6-9 (a)T 9-€ g

2 €-2 €-2 g-S et @- ot (Q°m)t. (atten. (a*a)T_. « (ata)e.. fey 2

S 6-S o-T (Q)T (Q)T (2)T (2° T)T (aS 1)€-2 €-z2 (a°T)1-9 (a°I)T (a)z 9

a G-2 ent e-T oT Ee, q{-Z hg T (a°T)T (a°I)T (d)2 S

bi T G-2 9-1 8-9 e-2 cc tJ, m1 J-S L-S q-€ L-t y

g (€)9-S G-€ G-€ G-€ 9-4 9-H =H oH 6-9 qn-€ q-z T ¢

8 Hr2 T ¥ T - T T T rs Hr2 €-2 ~ :

Q-€ G-t G-t o-t L-t Q-S ok oT €-2 t-€ 7 T rf

T ‘ T T T T i - - - (D)™-6 T 0

IIIA IIA IA A AI III II I -V.LIW -OSIW -0ud “a

| ae VLUS

NaWoaay XVUOHL

LSE ANESTESIOL SE SSI CL I LER PLSD EET DETR DEL LEY ENERO SLATE LEED LABELED LEB TERT SLOTS EE IESE ET EN NEN SS ESE SEA SNIP PINS TEE LENE EI a ALE SS OES DESI MEETS IE OI SE ES ELIS TN SE CSTE TITY

cel Sepemex Ss2UOYNGoU (DULI7ZoALeA) SOPEV AO VAUVT UVLSNI HL’ FHL dO AXVLOLAVHO °67I ~ATAVL

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

906

“ST Sqj0mOTZ~T wory sadxyered |.

>peuTuUexs suemToedg

"(seyouerq OT wey atom Y4TAM) eTAdTATNM :u fpeZzts eBreT :7 $oTarTapuep :p ‘peqrteq :g

= . e = s = = 2 9-4 st

if si 2 E a ie = - = (p)w C2 < vt

6-S (p)u n-Z G-2 6-2 (D)w 2-T (p)u (p)u - H-z ST

exe Se e-1 €-2 eae foe os eat t x 9-S cl

€-T er €-T e2 E-T c-2 €-¢ Zab 2 G-€ L-t Il

Wa T i o-T €-T o-T 1-2 (ar (a°T)T r e-2 ot

€-¢ T a iE T T n-€ (GT je-2 .- (ao or, ent G-€ 6

TI-S 9-1 T i c ail = (D)m (a°T)6-9 (a°T)T c 8

oe G-4 Tr €T-OT 6-9 (d)eT-4 (ay T (Go 7 Oto Ce Te (a°T)2 (€)9T-TT L

IQ ‘i (a)T (a°I)T (a° 217 (a° 1)€-2 (ge a)2 eee (dom) l= (G2 T)E (2) L—-S 9

Va G-c wee 1-2 1-2 ot 9-€ T (a°I)T (aed \T (a)9-S s

co q7-€ G-€ Ola Eze E=¢ w (P)u Le G-€ {-2 Q-S v

(@)0T-9 J=€ see H-¢ {-2 1-2 Q-€ 9-S w E E=¢ ie S

Z T £ T T 3 x T G-2 Late Z - Z

(€)9-* Lt g-h ea B79 6-t aE T Q-€ 9-€ T T T

t iT T 4 2 T T - - - (p)w LE 0

IIIA IIA IA A AI jel II I -V.LAW -OSaN -OUd “ON

qvdH

NHdWOadvV XVYOHL VLaS

ELET “SMESNZTW PUB BASULL, $27 2WI82723D (pUu1]]DAteA) sepey AO VAUWT UVLSNI HLY SHL JO AXVLOLAVHO *OST ATAVL

907

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea

*euekoey Wolf [T SBMBUTYO Wory eo STweMmy Worms ¢ ‘nysnfy wouy T S‘nysuoy wory €

:peuTwexs suUsuTOeds

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= - - ’ = = = = = » = Exc ST

S26 e=T E=T ort Se ct = = - (p)w G-€ tT vT

w= (p)u (a)E-T (@)E-T (€)€-T (P)u~g o=T u- ), (p)w = We ET

1-2 1-2 we €-T €-2 g-S = ent (a°T)L=-€ (Q)T g-€ ZT

ie uate bao q-2 n=? G-E TES G-€ G-€ OtSk OT=S II

e=1 pe Hoe G=E G-2 He 1-S (a*T)o-] . (2° 2je-T E est OT

iets t T t 43 eel ite (a°T)OT-S (a*T)9T-L g-€ (a)€-z2 6

w-9 ie ok ond ie g-€ = w=), fa T)9t-@ = Ga) iHt 2 8

G-€ G-2 OT=t OT-9 9-S (2) q-T (a)€-2 (a°T)el=9 (a™IjE-—t (a 1E)e=s (a)€-2 ZL

€T-9 TI (a°T)e-T (a"iye (ete (a°aje=¢ (a*T}et-9 o-1 (a°T) 6-1 (aye T 9

G=Z Q-€ G-€ 9=€ are oe o~€ ue (a*T)S-€ (d)q-2 (A)n-Z S

H-€ Q-€ Q-S a 9-€ 6-9 TT=2 Cla, ie OT-¢ g-t g-€ v

(@)0T-9 Q-S 1h OT- H-E G-€ 6-S g-S 6-9 (Q)T G-2 t ¢

G-€ t T T T ‘: TE 53 e=T €-T e-T = Z

or], L=t 6-1 (Qyic-t G-T 9-2 g-t 6-S 9-2 9-2 (@)€-T E T

ent iz i: I T T E ~ - - g-€ a 0

IIIA IIA IA A AI III II I -V.LAW -OSHW -OUd ips, “ON

NaWoaay XVUOHL a

(Q6QT *798TTINbog) snqnq]pqns (Ssedebumiy) satebluty AO WAYVI UVLSNI HL? JHL AO AXVLOLAVHD “Est “TGV

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

908

“SI BMBUTYQ WOIJ [TT :peuTwexe suemtoedg

‘SITUS :gS $(seyouerq Usy UeYyy e1OM YYTM) STdIAInNM :W $pezts peBrelT :7J foTATapuep :p ‘peqreq ATHBEM :q Speqteq :_¢

z * % 3 = 5 fa a 3 = % qe ST

1 a I i 4 : - - L-t (a)6T-0T tee || ot

1-2 O1-S e—2 g 2 g T G-t (p)w ~ €-T T

g-T q E-g z E-2 €-T {-2 T (a°1)T €-z2 {-Z ZT

eet €-T Srl crc o-T E-T ($S)T T T €=T c-€ IT

erik 1, rf T T T E=T (a°'T)T (a°T)T (a°T)T Z OT

ag iT (He ik ($8)T ($S)T (FS)T t (a°1)6-— (a°1)L-S e-e sagt 6

6-4 ne tat igh a HE = Os (a°T)6-9 OT-9 i 8

Fugit G-€ 9-1 I-t 9-t Sohats Ma (oS. Cea ia (Q)T (aST)S-€ OT-S L

Q-€ (a° a e=2 (a; 12 (Set. (aa )e-T (a°I)2 (a*I)2 a (a°1)T (a°1)T T 9

e=2 (FS)T (58) T ($S)T “2 €-T 1-2 (JS)T (4SI)T (a°I)T 1-2 S

1t T Se tec e Ene G-2 L-S ie €-2 Ca*T)OT=2 G-2 v

(<)6-1 Gag HE i 2-1 T HP He (s8)E-¢ z (a*I)OT-9 E ¢

T <i £ aL T “i (5S)T (5S)T ni T (a°1)T = Z

(Q)T o-T Z Gar ea ga. “4 z (38) t-z (FS )S-€ (a°T)z T I

i! Fr ca T Sagi T T - - - 9-1 T 0

IIIA IIA IA A AI III i I -VLIW -OSaN -OUd “ON

NHOdWOQdV XVYOHL ea VLAS

Ram NST SSS SS ET SSI NES A STS TD EE EAE OEE TEE TET ENT Pa LSE DST TT EE TR EOE LIS ETE ET IRI EE IRS SN IE EES ITIVE TE I PT I BE TEEN STE I SE BE TEL ET AP AEE LEED PIE TRELLIS WN IOS INT EERE STE EEG ET AEE TE ETRE TTT TELE)

GC6T ‘sprempy 2uUosyool (v1qzvo1fopneasg) Di1uaDzouDtQ AO VAUVT YVLSNI HL? AHL dO AXVLOLAVHO *7STl FTGVL

909

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-ameXfeexy WOTT OZ :peuTuexe suemToeds

"JFTYS ss $(seyouerq Us} ueYyy etom Y4TM) eTdTyTNM :u fpezTs esreT :7 $OTZTapuep :p Speqrteq ATYBem :q Speqsteq :¢

i = ss 7 = 5 + a Es = = G-€ ST

T 7 T 4 t i = - = (F8)Q-h (aS FS)ZT-S T vt

4-2 it H-€ H-€ q-e 1-2 oT Q-€ (D)w = So: ¢T

rgd erL CHT €-T tec BHT G-2 T (a°I)T G-2 €-T aa

a= S=T a go E=T €-T (FS)E-Z T T cr E=Z II

curt EAT oot ent ort €-T q-2 (a°I)T (e°a)T (A°T)T €-T OT

Z-T T (eT eit (5S)T (xajT €-T (a°T)@-9 (a*T)OT-9 €-z Z-T 6

Q-€ EAT "ae eat ro i8 eT = (p)u (a T)OT=1 TI-S et 8

e-T are q-2 =? tis ae ead (a°1)T (a°'T) 4T-9 (a)T (aT) H-€ Erb l

He (aive~e “Mae pee -€G5D)e-oc -(SG)e-T tae eHe-c (a°T)2 x (a°I)T (a°1)T T 9

gaT (F8)T (FS)T (FS)T (JS)T o-1 ee (JS)T (a°I)T (a°I)T L=-€ S

soa + ecT Ez car e=T €-T (5S )E-2 1-2 c< (2) 6-t q-2 v

(a)6-9 (a)€ eet < g=T T T 5 (FS)E-Z z (a*'T)OT-S T ¢

s! T = T T A (SS)T (Fs)2-T g-T z (a°T)T = Z

E=2 ae wee q-2 q-Z oT q-Z (FS) q-T (FS )9-t (Jen-€ «(a dsert Tt T

T T T T i T T zy = = ET-S T 0

IIIA IIA IA A AI III II I -V.LIN -OSdN -OUd “ON

aqvaH Was

NHWOddY XVUOHL

Sera SSS TS SDR TS ESI SE SSE TESST IEEE SEEDED DELETED IEEE ELE EDDIE LEED LE LITE LE DELETE LEE LEE LAE DELLE LLL LDN ELLE LLL LE ELLE LEE DE EEL ALLY

GL6OT “peissneg pue BaesNzTH SeyeuUel, ~uMYyo (D1qQ]veLfopnasg) D2UEVZOUDA 43O VAUVIT UVLSNI HL? JHL 4O AXVLOLIVHO °SSl ATAVL

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

910

‘euekeet Wooly Og :peuTmexe suemtoedg

S ¢(seyouerq Use} UeYyy s10W YIM) eTdTY[MM :W fpezts osreT :7 $OTITApUSp :p ‘Speqreq ATyeem :q Speqzeq :¢g

“

wit)

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aN eat a T ue ie = = OT-S (a°FS)02-6 =e vl

Lear 6-§ ied G-2 Gee 9-2 ea a aS (D)w = = gT

et eat cao age Ore, ei C-2 1 (QeT)T G-T G~2 cl

eat Cae o=1 Gaal €-T qT (FS)E-T T eat H=T L=t Tl

Ca G1 cou Cali gL Cot €-T (GED) T (a°I)T (Q)E We OT

Cul eee (58 )4 (FS)T (JST (FS)T t (aa) 136 (a°T)9-h =e Sab 6

OT-€ ero eel CmT iE T = OT-t (a°T)6-9 iy ee T 8

eat lees Q-€ Q-€ FSS (Gaver e (a°1)T (a 1)2i-¢ (4)T (a°T)9-€ ers £

Jet (O° le. (aoe (Q°1)€-c (a°1)e-1 (G2 a)2 (ai T (GAT) rT (QTE E 9

eal (FS)T (5S)T -(E8)1 Ger eee oo ($S)T (a°T)% (a°T)T Q-€ =

UgclOas eas oe O=6 ae oa nae 6-1 Hag =r (a°'T)2T-8 G-2 v

()6-9 Sac et ek C-i Gar ak eal (FS)€-2 Eat (aT yet=1 T ¢

ea z Aue i T T (SS)T (8)T aii | (qt - Z

LG \e1. €-Zg Seal Tad €-T e-1 C=T ert (52) C-g (#2 )o36 - (a 1) er T lt

i a: a eel e-1 ger i - - - 9-1 eee 0

IIIA IIA IA A AI BEE II I -VLAW -OSAW -OUd ited on

VLUS

Noa Weer av. XR Oa

RRS IR PP IER AIS CELE SS a EPSTEIN TE SE SS TEE ETE ET EIT EE ET TET TNE ET a LE ETT GETS IE EEE EIB ETI TOT EE TE EG OS TT ITE LDS ELE RTL EST STIS Eig IOS AB ARETE EAELEL SILEGBE GTI STII LIPO ESI II TEE IIE

GLOT “peqssneg pue emesnzIW ‘eyeuel, DuDumhavh (v1q]va1fopnasg) D1ueDdzouvaQ AO VAYVT UVLSNI HL’ 3HL AO AXVLOLAVHD “vol ATaVL

911

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea

*nysnéy WoTs [T *nYOYTYS Wors g SnysuoH WorF g

2p SeTqQetrea Butqreq :4q s$paqrteq ATHBem :q Speqteq :_

*(seyouerq use} Vey eTOW YYTA) eTdtzy[Inu :W $paezts asreT :J $o9T4TApuep

:peuTMexXs suUseuTOSdg

= = = - = ae = = = = = G-E ST

T t T 1 t - - - (p)a (+4)E-2 t vi

Q-€ (p)u OT-€ WG 6-1 u-g T (p)u-) (p)w = Z gT

o-T E=T g=T 2-1 See ye 1-2 2=T (a°1)T (4)S-2 9-2 ZT

T e-T os €-2 o-T g=T o-Z e-T ae: GS-2 (P)u-g 1)

{-2 E-T €-2 Soe g €-T G-z (a°T)T (a°I)T t iT 0)

e-Z t ES o-T E e-T T (a°T)9-y «= (@°T)9-K et €-2 6

g-t ior €=T G2 E=T e=e = (p)u (a°T)L-t OT-S al 8

ere 9-1 6-1 9-€ 6-1 (a°1)T (a°T)T (a°1)8-9 (Q)T (a°I)e-T | L-t L

L-9 (a)T (fjeot (2)E-T (fq)E=-T Carry s (a°1)T ESE (a)T (a)T T 9

€-z q-2 n-Z €-T H-2 9-2 €-T i: (a)2-T (a°I)T T S

Het E> H-€ G-€ E-T ST G-€ TI-S E-¢ g-€ (4)€-T w-g v

(2)9-1 (A)T C-T e-T q-2 €-T €-T t-Z OT-9 €-T (2)E=T T ¢

c=T T is i 3 is gi: rage G-2 oat Ca YE = Z

(P)6-9 od L-S Qo-t i Q-t GS-2 led 9-2 9-€ CEST T T

ie T T T 1; : ! - - - u=9 T 0

IIIA IIA IA A AI III II I -V.LAW -OSAW -OUd oe

aqvaH Bet

NHdWOQadv XVUOHL

He nnn nnn nnn nnn ee aaaaacamaarcanaammmmamammmamaaaamaaaaaal

HE6T Spnertzeg Dinosqoaou vainasqoaou (v01qG]ve1fopnasg) DLuaepzounan AO VAUVT UVLSNI HL? 3HL dO AXVLOLYVHO *ScT ATaVL

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

912

‘UBAMTBI, WOLJ ZG :peuTuexe sueuToedg

*(seyouerq Ue} wey} etom YFTA) STAT}INM :W $pezts eBreT :T {9T4YTApuep :p sSpeqieq ATHWeem :q Spoeqsteq :_¢

~ - ~ ~ - - - - ~ - - Z ST

gj rea § £ T T ss = = (P)ET-L (a)2 é vT

9-€ (P)OT-g (a)S-€ (A)E (a)E G-€ T L-S (BP )OT-g = o-T ST

ss is T T re g Be T (a°T)T T g ZI

e-T eal g ont Sey =2 1-2 T T 1-2 G-t II

E-2 t-2 gil Aaah 2 T te (a°I)T (a°1)T (a)T z OT

e-1 T eat oor T e1 gk (a°I)2 (a°T)2 (d)2 q{-2 6

ce ar , fae Cue, €-2 €-2 = g-t (a°1)q-€ G-t A 8

€-2 G-t iat G 9-€ (a°T)T (a°1)T (a°1)S-t e=¢ (a°I)E q-€ L

G-E€ (a)z2 (aS I)2 (a°T)2 (a°T)2 (aS T)E (QS T)E c= (a°I)T (a°1)T T 9

qu-T €-T omL aes! €-2 Soe re T (a°I)T (a°1)T (a)T S

T €-z €-Z G-E Z-1 zZ L-S 62g). Gee (a)z2 T y

(a)e (aja > -(8yferc hi E=¢ == € € € er. (2) q-€ T

oc < T e-L c=_ T out T o~T T (a° 3% = Zz

sige (1)€-2 €-2 (A)€ (A)E (a)€ g-€ S3 E €-2 Q-2 (a°T)T T T

i T b : T 3 t - ~ ~ 9-1 iE 0

IIIA IIA IA A AI III II I -VLIW -OSaW -OUd “ON

NN _-- V ee

NOdWOQaadV XVUYOHL

(a SS EE EES LEED DELILE EEE LD

QO6T SteyseaTeT Dinazdiratu (D1iqzvo1fopnesd) DJUeDjzOUDTN AQ VAUVI UVLSNI HLY SHL dO AXVLOLEVHO °OST ATAVL

913

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea

‘ST THBSTYsS]I Wors OT :peutuexe susutoeds

*pedoTeaep TTea ATTensnun :4

*Jnoys :4s {(sayouerq OT weyA ezom UTA) STATITMM :m fSpazts eBreT :7 SOTYTIpuep :p sSpeqreq ATHeeA >q Speqreq :g

- = = ns = - - 3 = - “3 €-2 ST

e=T get x o-T o-T = = = (p)u (4)2-T (+)T vT

G-€ (p)u G-€ H-€ t-2 L-t G-T 1-t a = 2-T €T

E-T €-¢ €-T ani -? =< re e-1 T G-2 q-T Z1

T g-T e=1 e eT ot 9-1 cq €-T G-€ 1-2 Tl

€ S- €-T oa J et oT GS-2 (A°T)T (aST)T i. T OT

< T T T T T g (a°1) 4 (a°T)h q-c €-z2 6

9-£ t-Z {-2 7-2 o-T o-T = OT-9 (a°T)1-S G-2 ent 8

E=T G-2 G-€ a 9-2 1-2 (a°T)T (a°T)1-S T (d“"Eye=T (4)2-T l

i=e g-S 9-1 9-1 (a°T)2 (2°T)E (a°T)E eT (a°T)T (a°T)T (+)T eS.

ere Ee se Ertl Sat G-2 “¢ ¥ (A°T)T (a°T)T (+)T S

= eas (2)9-2 9-S €-T €-2 6-S TEL 1-2 G-€ (@)q-€ et 17

(d)9-h 6-8 L-€ ae 3 G-€ -c 2 a 8-S g-S ye (2)6-9 3: y

-T T ss T T t T ot G-2 T (a)T - Z

9-€ Er l-€ 1-S 1-9 Q-S 9-4 ot TI1 11-9 (@)T (98)T T

T T T t T T ue = - - 6-9 T 0

IIIA IIA IA A AI III II I -VLIW -OSHN -OUd “ON

dqVaH

eine an a Reet 0 aaa a ees Sie amie moo eran: VLaS

NHWOddY XVUOHL

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Qc6T “Pnerteg 2e7DpunuuD (DiueDzoUDAs]) DIUeD2OUDA) AO WAMVT UVLSNI HLb JHL dO AXV.LOLAVHO *ZET ATV

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

-oqUNDy euefeex WOLS OT :peutuexs suseutToedg

*pedoTeasp [Tea ATTensnun :+

SoyveTTOds zy S4noqs :4s {(seyouerq OT UeYy S1ou YT) eTdty~mm :w fpezts aBreT : J $oTYTIpuep :p Spaeqreq ATHBam :q fSpeqteq :_g

~ - - = = = = e = = = eee ST

HE Tt ent aE L T - = = (p)a (Q)T (48)T vl

(P)u (#) 6-2 (#)8-S (#) 1-9 () 1-9 g-T (x) TT-L (D)u - 1-2 ¢T

1 i L C-T ean G-€ G-T Cie {-T 8-1 cl

eau et e-< ext ae Ly im? ee G-Z (a) 6-4 IT

qo1 Sea ork Cau qed hema (ao) C (a°1)T (a°I)T o-T oT

t 0 E Fale x ot (a°1)9-h (a°1)9-S (d)2 € 6

noe See, Se €-T Crk = wm (a°1)L-S (a) L—-t e-t 8

G-2 K€ G-2 G-€ (ao) et (Goa) te (ae 6-7, (4)T (a° I) €-2 (4)S-€ L

(#* )CT-6 (%)OT-9 (#)OT-8 (%)6-9 ie shead ts BS (a°I)E c=7 (a°T)T Sia eS (+)T 9

Sed Hes ie E=<¢ Cae 9-2 eal (aoa) ¢ (a1) (+)T S

ere aa g=2 G-€ get gi G-2 el-S ae G-€ (a°1)2 H1=¢ 4

(aQyl-S (ae)IT-6 {1 Z €-T €-T (w)l-S (w)L-S (x) O-N 4-€ (a) 6-S r ¢

c=E i T T T t T 7 q-T T (aST)T - Z

(ajo (9% a)@-L (a) 6-1 (*)0T-8 (#)OT-8 (x)0T-8 (#) 9-1 a. (#)8-9 (alQ-d (d,1)T (98)T T

TE Pas ie ie T iE sa t - - - (p)u T 0

IIIA IIA IA A Al III II I -VLIW -OSIN ss - Od “ON

NHdWOaay XV 40.n 1 oe ce

914

a SS SS Se ISS EE ESI TE TIT TES TS EE SELES ELT ELLIE ALLIED LE EEE LET EAT. ERLE LEE LEA LES DE

HI6T ‘SPTeMPH 2eUub,unfonu (DLUeDZOUnA]) DLUEDZOUDIN 3Q VAUV1 UVLSNI HL? JHL dO AXVLOLAVHO °sST AIGVL

915

‘OPTSYYOH WOLS [T “nysuoq wory 6 :peutTmexe suoutoedg

"OPVETTOYS 2 $3No¥S :4S $(BSuOT) pezts eszeT :T tpequeq ATYBen :q tpeqteq :_g

* 2 = = = zn = = = a Ot ST

T (a-BLaL bbe eee CTO. ha Stab... fee Mela 6. Cac 2) TT 6 = Zs (#°4)L2-9T (#64) TE-tHZ 6=£ vI

b # Ujec-Li ta’ 4)Ge-81 (aS) Gc-61 (a°d)ne-2T (af ajee-1T (e*Q)ec-LE (a°4)Se-6T (64) e2e-ET (a °4)be-60 (ee ee tz T ST

x a e 7 at y = = T (GSE) T aC eae ai T ZI

; #°4)G2-9T(*69)S2-O02 (46 A)H2-OT (#694)2C-9T (w°A)O2-HT (%°9)9T-2T (¥°9)LT-2T G-2 q-Z ie (4)€T-OT II

S. T T L E = 8 T Cae COSTE (A°T)T T OT

a #° O)CT-hl(e 4)9T-CT (e°S)Gi-et. (e°a)qt-y (e°9)0Tl (atdje-9- Ge Q)l-y. -Gavije-9. -GasThé-9 ~~ (4° D)S-e ea 6

3 (#°Q)Te-ST 9-€ €-2 e z a = (#°%)OZ-ST (#69)00-ST (#6 4)E2-LT gal g

2 T T t T 7 (4ST)T COSTE (4°48)q-2 t (#°4)9T-TT =e l

= ee =) eon (a*1)e CGS Tite. (Gly jesd ca Lye (a° Ty? T (a°9S)T (aS T)T ext 9

s be lon Wad ipe=tcle Gi io-OT (ae WJESHOT (eS AJOS-CE (aD) GeHOT (aS) ETHel (eS )OT-TT (af a) 8e-gt = - CAS T)T (QS SE) T ~

3 i i T (4)T ic I T (4)T (#6 4)QT=2T T (#°9)LT-OT < v

: (#) 1-6 CoD) T is is x is as Z (4)T (#°9)ST-OT T ¢

a (e° D)ec-9l la GyiCHLT te* Qfee-ol (a GJOC=S1 Ge SuGt- cl Ge SOT eT fe a) te-ST t t £ = Zz

(«° A) LE=TE (a6 a) ZE-Ta(a*a)6e-ES (x6 a)Le-ES (e691) SE-QT (aS A)Se-LT (2° A) QTHqT (4#°9)02-ST (2° A)EC-9T (e°A)Le-1T (9) 6e-QT (98)T T

T be Q)6I-nt (a GPLI-cl Grraiyr=0r ‘Ce"Qet-6. GaWd)t-9 “Gao? = - = (1)€2-ST zt 0

IIIA IIA IA A AI III II I -V.LIW -OSHW -OUd ‘On

val VLES

Ned 0). 08. ¥ KoVatsOsit ob

Sa Sa SIG A NI SS RT MB TE IEA EB TI SN gO SGI SRS SRA TE RIES eS ESE IE ET EE OS SE EE AS PES 2 SS IEE TT I EEN EI TT IEE IES ED BE END CCE TEE TEI ET EE SEE EE eT I EEE RE)

LI6T ‘(epewex) Dsnquig vsnquog (sepiodezdity) sap1otezd24y AO VAUVT UVLSNI HL’ AHL dO AXV.LOLAVHD °6ET ATaVL

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

916

“BMBUTHO WOLJ € :pauTMexe suseuToOSeds

"qgnoys :4S8 $(seyouetTq Us} UeY STOW Y4TA) eTdTqTnM :u fpezts exszeT :T SeTqetzen BSutqreq :4q Spaeqteq ATYBen :q fpequeq :g

z = z re = ? | a 3 = >: 3 Lt ST

i i é : Pi Pi = 3 = 15 ext (+4)9-€ |] I

€ W-6 ie Loe ae te (1)TT-§ (A)ET-L (q)a (€)OT-S c E=i eT

“i os Saat 3 v (A) t-2 4 T (a°T)T (a°1)T o ra

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ao et E-Z T i T gil 2 9-1 T fie T ¢

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T T . a: T % T ~ - 3 i-=9 i 0

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917

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea

*(seyouerq OT ueyy eto YT )

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:peuTmexs suseUulToeds

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~ - - - = - = ~ = = = et ST

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e-T e-1 Te oe €-2 eg €-z 1-2 e=T as OT-S e-F 7

Q-T (a°T)T ee T T T Sat 8 €-T G-2 ek et T ¢

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or VLaS

NOdWOQaaV XVUOHL

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Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

‘ojuny eurekaez WOTT OL SeuUTYysO TWweMmy Wors 2

“JITIS :JS ¢(seyouetq Us weyy e70m U4ts) STAT4YTNM :m Spezts eBreT

:peuTuUeXxS sSUsMTOEdg

:T $OTFTapuep :p Speqreq :g

918

= . . = = = = = = = . 1-2 ST

= = = = - - (p)a ea oT vI

(aS FS)T (a°5S)T (2°FS)T (a°Fs)T (L)E-T (a°seje=1 (asset - u-Q ¢T

G-T ct {-T E- w Z-T T T OT-S ZT

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(a° 12 (a*t)2 (a° Bie cdo) i: (a°1)T (a)T (a)T L=% OT

T Z-T T Z-T ~ (p)u (D)u w-), q-2 8

(a°T)T (2° Td (a°T)¢2 (ag (a°T)2 (a°58)g-T Cra (G° Fe) 2=t r c

(EE (a°T)2 siggy (a°T)2 (G7 )\¢ (q° se) (a°5S)T e-< t 9

Lae G-¢ G-2 9-2 6-€ ut (€)T (a°FS)T (P)u S

(a°5S)T (a°T)T (qe (a°1)2 (2° FS)e-1 W-G c=1 w T v

(a T\g=1 (a°T)2 (ae (4° Dye (a° "1 ye u Soli OT-t UE ¢

9-2 I a Seal gE €-T 7 oe w+ €-T Hee - Z

Cat (a°5S)T qd (2551 (a°FS)T (a°5S)T (f° g8)T (2° ge) ul iE ir € T

ont et et o-T ga e-E gd 2 - = (D)w iE 0

IIIA IIA IA A AI cht II I -V.LAW -OSHW Oud “ON

= VLaS

NAdWOQaavy XVUOHL

RAR ESS a TA ST IT TN ST PTE EI ET SBSH SE LETT SE EE EA ET SS ET ESE SE DSO ET I DESI ET GEE I RED I ISERIES ESS TE EE ESET EEE ESTE OTE EOE GEE ITI SS EBC TED TI RESTS TESTED EES TL NUE TIS ST OORT IESE IE EASE PLES AEE,

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919

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea

“nysnty *euTys—nyet Wools OT :peuTWwexe sueutoeds

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> =F = ~ 2 - ~ > = (p)u T T vi

(acs) i. . (a est (aS FS)T (aS FS)T (a°5S)T (aSFS)T (a)T (aS FS)T (a° FS jz = 6-1 ¢T

q=L i G-2 G-2 1-2 9-2 (p)u : T t G-€ ZT

(a)T (a)T (G°5S.)T (aS FS)T (a°3S)T (a°5S)2-T (a°FS)2 soa Sa ent (p)a II

t T (a°I)2 (a°1)2 (a°1)2 fae e-E (a°T)T (a)T (a)T 9-€ OT

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mw uw ot T E sgt * a (p)u (p)u (Pp)u T 8

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a ee (q°a)jg-E (a°a)<¢ (aaj2 (a°1)2 (a°T)z (a°5S)T (a2e)T A E 9

g-€ i i=% G-€ q-€ Lt 6-S Jd (a)T (a°FS)T w S

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u-6 nag (GSS fe kerk (a Eyed (a°1I)2 (a°T)2 (aitie wa enk 6-S t ¢

a T al en ot c= e-f + L-€ i: 2 = Z

ell (a°FS)T Sere (a°FS)T (a°FS)T (a°FS)T (a°5S)T (a°FS)T (Q)T T T ant T

T a T T t: T E - - - (p)u T 0

IIIA IIA IA A AI III II I -V.LIW -OSIN -OUd pel “on

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:poutuexs sueutoeds

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§ O-T u-6 (a*sajg-T. (ar fe baet ly (a°T)2 (a6 FS )2-T uw), T w 1 v

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8 gee T ont Eng 1-2 1-2 1-2 G-€ 6-€ T q-2 - Z

ST (a°5S)T oT (a°FS)T (a°5S)T (a°FS)T (a°5S)T (a°FS)T (Q)T T T T T

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Nawoaay XVUOHL pee

————————————————— OOOO

(HQQgt ‘AysuTYyosyaog) 2ydoqswtyo (seqiyouhytoxol) sazryouhytoxoy AO WAXVT UVLSNI HL’ JHL dO AXVLOLAVHD “vel = ATaVL

920

921

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea

IIIA

“JITIS Fs

(a°FS)T

(a)T

NHdWOddY

(a°FS)T

(a)T

(a°3S)T

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(a)T

(DP )u

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‘ST BMBUTHO WOLT [T :peuturexs suemtdedsg

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€

$(seyouezq Us UeYyy stom Y4TM) eTdT4Tnm :u fpazts e8reT :T £OTAZTApuep :p Speqreq :g

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oe)

APPENDIX C. COLLECTION RECORDS*

Coll. No. Locality Habitat

D-0001 Odaru, Shizuoka Pref. MC: Tire

D-0002 i RH

D-0003 MC

D-0004 ‘ RH

D-0005 ie MC: Gravestone

D-0006 Shimoda, Shizuoka Pref. MC

D-0007 5 MC

D-0008 * TP

D-0009 he MC: Vase

D-0010 Bi MC: Concrete

tank

D-0011 ¢ RH

D-0012 és MC: Jar

D-0013 Yugashima, Shizuoka MC: Wooden

Pref. cask

D-0014 Y MC

D-0015 Joren-no-taki, RH

Shizuoka Pref.

D-0016 si RH

D-0017 . RH

D-0018 ” RH

D-0019 " RH

D-0020 Izu-kogen, Shizuoka MC: Stone vase

Pref.

D-0021 " MC: Gravestone

D-0022 a MC: Tire

D-0023 " MC: Sink

F-0024 Yonago, Tottori Pref. TH

A-0025 Mt. Moiwa, Hokkaido (Net)

A-0026 e TH

A-0027 " MC: Cask

A-0028 Maruyama, Hokkaido MC: Gravestone

A-0029 Tenninkyo, Hokkaido (Net)

A-0030 e y

A-0031 i GP

A-0032 Toyotomi, Hokkaido GP

A-0033 _ GP

A-0034 Shari, Hokkaido MC: Tire

A-0035 Mt. Rausu, Hokkaido (Net)

A-0036 Hisagonuma, Hokkaido (Net)

A-0037 Yukomambetsu, Pp

Hokkaido |

A-0038 Tokotan, Hokkaido (Net)

A-0039 Akkeshi, Hokkaido GP

A-0040 Ayamegahara, Hokkaido (Net)

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea

Date

19 VI 1969

26 VI

24 VII 1969

923

Collector(s)

A.Y. & M.S.

924

Coll. No.

A-0041

A-0042

A-0043

A-0044

A-0045

C-0046 —

D-0047

D-0048

D-0049

D-0050

D-0051

D-0052

D-0053

D-0054

D-0055

D-0056

D-0057

D-0058

D-0059

D-0060

D-0061

D-0062

D-0063

D-0064

D-0065

D-0066

B-0067

C-0068

H-0069

H-0070

H-0071

H-0072

H-0073

H-0074

H-0079

H-0076

H-0077

H-0078

H-0079

H-0080

H-0081

H-0082

H-0083

H-0084

H-0085

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

Locality

Mt. Moiwa, Hokkaido

Onuma, Hokkaido

Misakubo, Shizuoka

Pref.

Nanairi, Fukushima

Pref.

Asakawa, Tokyo

Mt. Unzen, Nagasaki

Pref.

Tsuyoshi, Hirado Is.

Mt. Yasuman, Hirado

Is.

Tosu, Saga Pref.

Cape Sata, Kagoshima

Pref.

v’

Ambo, Yakushima

Kosugidani, Yakushima

Teganuma, Chiba Pref.

Habitat

BbS

MC: Gravestone

MC: Can

(Net)

MC.

MC: Drum

MC: Basin

(Resting)

MC: Gravestone

MC: Wooden tub

MC: Vase

(Net)

MC: Cement

tank ©

(Bait)

MC: Gravestone

MC: Can

Date

4 VIII 1969

o VIII

16 VIII 1969

14 VIII 1969

19 VII

17 VII

‘?

18 VIII

VA?

22 VIII 1969

3 IX 1969

26 VIII 1969

29 VIII

Collector(

Coll. No.

H-0086

H-0087

D-0088

D-0089

D-0090

D-0091

K-0092

K-0093

K-0094

D-00995

F-0096

F-0097

D-0098

C-0099

J-0100

D-0101

L-0102

L-0103

L-0104

M-0105

L-0106

L-0107

L-0108

C-0109

K-0110

K-0111

K-0112

K-0113

K-0114

K-0115

K-0116

K-0117

K-0118

K-0119

K-0120

K-0121

K-0122

K-0123

K-0124

K-0125

K-0126

K-0127

K-0128

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea

Locality

Kosugidani, Yakushima

Akaishi Spa, Shizuoka

Pref.

Nakama Riv., Iriomote

Is.

Mt. Goza, Iriomote Is.

Omoto, Ishigaki Is.

Oyama, Shizuoka Pref.

Utoma, Okayama Pref.

Mt. Dando, Aichi Pref.

Sato, Mikura Is.

Okinawa Is.

nr. Ippeki-ko, Shizuoka

Pref.

Munsan, Kyongki Do

Uijong-bu, Kyongki Do

Mosul-po, Cheju Do

Kwandaeri, Kangwon Do

Sintanjin,

Chungchongnam Do

Secret Garden, Seoul

Zama, Kanagawa Pref.

Tonoshiro, Ishigaki Is.

foot of Mt. Banna,

Ishigaki Is.

‘?

Mt. Banna, Ishigaki Is.

Hirai, Ishigaki Is.

Yarabu Pen., Ishigaki

Is.

Val

Fanan Riv., Ishigaki Is.

‘?

Tarama, Ishigaki Is.

Mt. Nosoko, Ishigaki Is.

Mt. Omoto, Ishigaki Is.

Habitat

TH ,

(Bait)

MC: Can

(Light)

MC: Nightsoil

tank

MC: Can

MC: Glass

Date

1 Ix 1969

11 IX 1969

12 IX

3 Ix 1969

0 IX

18 IX 1969

3 X 1969

24 X 1969

20 X 1969

”

27 IV 1970

8 VII 1969

VII 1969

12 VIII 1969

19 IX

8 IX

19 IX 1969

22 IX 1969

22 IV 1970

23 IV

24 IV

29 IV

925

Collector(s)

K.M. & A.Y.

i \/

K.M. & M.S.

oth P.M.U.

406 M.L.

M.N.

926

Coll. No.

K-0129

K-0130

~K-0131

K-0132

K-0133

K-0134

K-0135

K-0136

K-0137

K-0138

K-0139

K-0140

K-0141

K-0142

K-0143

K-0144

K-0145

K-0146

K-0147

K-0148

K-0149

K-0150

K-0151

K-0152

K-0153

K-0154

K-0155

K-0156

K-0157

K-0158

K-0199

K-0160

K-0161

K-0162

K-0163

K-0164

K-0165

K-0166

K-0167

K-0168

K-0169

K-0170

C-0171

K-0172

K-0173

K-0174

K-0175

K-0176

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16,

Locality

Kabira, Ishigaki Is.

Mt. Banna, Ishigaki Is.

Mt. Omoto, Ishigaki Is.

Mt. Maeshi, Ishigaki Is.

Ishigaki, Ishigaki Is.

Yoshiwara, Ishigaki Is.

Yonehara, Ishigaki Is.

Mt. Omoto, Ishigaki Is.

Itokawa-rindo, Iriomote

Is.

foot of Mt. Goza,

Iriomote Is.

TY,

Mt. Goza, Iriomote Is.

Mt. Banna, Ishigaki Is.

Mt. Goza, Iriomote Is.

Fanan Riv., Ishigaki Is.

Tono, Kanagawa Pref.

Tonoshiro, Ishigaki Is.

Yarabu Pen., Ishigaki

Is.

Fanan Riv., Ishigaki Is.

Mt. Nosoko, Ishigaki Is.

Tarama, Ishigaki Is.

Habitat

F: Water buffalo

(Net)

Gravestone

1979

Date

30 IV 1970

27 IV 1970

27 V 1970

23 IV 1970

26 IV

27 IV

28 IV

Collector(s)

M.N.

K.M. & M.N.

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 927

Coll. No. Locality Habitat Date Collector(s)

K-0177 Kabira, Ishigaki Is. (Net) 30 1V 1970 M.N.

K-0177a Ishigaki, IshigakilIs. (Net) 5 V 1970 K.M. & M.N.

K-0178 Yoshiwara, IshigakilIs. (Net) 6V ih

K-0179 Yonehara, IshigakilIs. (Net) 4 MF

K-0180 Mt. Omoto, IshigakiIs. (Net) 7V ie

K-0181 Itokawa-rindo, Iriomote (Net) 8V “

Is.

K-0181a Ohara, Iriomote Is. (Net) = 7

K-0182 foot of Mt. Goza, (Net) 9V y

Iriomote Is.

K-0182a nr. Mt. Goza, Iriomote (Net) 4 si

Is.

K-0183 Mt. Goza, Iriomote Is. (Net) 10 V ie

K-0184 Mt. Banna, IshigakilIs. (Net) 12 V "

A-0185 Zenibako, Hokkaido GP 29 V "

A-0186 - GP r cl

A-0187 nm (Biting) ‘: mt

A-0188 ue (Net) is

A-0189 Mt. Moiwa, Hokkaido RH 30 V .

A-0190 Yukomambetsu, GP 31V #

Hokkaido

A-0191 a GP 1 VI a

A-0192 et GP " "

A-0193 Sarobetsu, Hokkaido GP 2 VI "

A-0194 sf GP " "

A-0195 si GP " "

A-0196 is D i "

A-0197 F: Cow - si

A-0198 Toyotomi, Hokkaido GP os i

A-0199 . D , .

A-0200 Iwaobetsu, Hokkaido GP 4 VI 4s

A-0201 * GP ‘ 6

A-0202 Iwaobetsu Spa, Hokkaido TH i. y

A-0203 Shiretoko-goko, GP i P

Hokkaido

A-0204 a GP " "

A-0205 " GP 5 VI r

A-0206 s GP mt so

A-0207 ‘i GP . ’

A-0208 Ss GP io "

A-0209 i GP ¢) "

A-0210 " (Net) i as

A-0211 Yukomambetsu, GP 7 VI 1970 Ths 2 gots oe

Hokkaido & M.N.

A-0212 ia GP ‘ "

A-0213 Hisagonuma, Hokkaido P 8 VI 1970 K.M. & M.N

A-0214 Tokotan, Hokkaido (Biting) 10 VI 4

A-0215 Ayamegahara, Hokkaido GP iS am

A-0216 " (Net) " "

928

Coll. No.

A-0217

A-0218

A-0219

A-0220

A-0221

A-0222

A-0223

A-0224

A-0225

F-0226

F-0227

F-0228

F-0229

F-0230

F-0231

F-0232

F-0233

I-0234

I-0235

I-0236

I-0237

I-0238

J-0239

I-0240

I-0241

I-0242

I-0243

I-0244

I-02495

I-0246

I-0247

I-0248

I-0249

I-0250

I-0251

I-0252

I-0253

I-0254

I-02599

I-02596

I-02957

I-0258

I-0259

I-0260

I-0261

I-0262

I-0263

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

Locality

Wakoto Pen., Hokkaido

Zenibako, Hokkaido

| Yukomambetsu,

Hokkaido

Toyotomi, Hokkaido

Kurashiki, Okayama

Pref.

Utoma, Okayama Pref.

Akagina, Amami

Oshima

Mt. Yuwan, Amami

Oshima

Habitat

(Biting)

(Bait)

(Resting)

(Biting)

Date

12 VI 1970

7 VI 1970

2 VI 1970

14 VII 1970

15 VII 1970

V-VII 1970

28 VI 1970

30 VI

Collector(s)

K.M. & M.N.

‘?

er.

Coll. No.

I-0264

I-0265

I-0266

I-0267

I-0268

I-0269

I-0270

I-0271

I-0272

I-0273

I-0274

I-0275

I-0276

I-0277

1-0278

I-0279

I-0280

I-0281

I-0282

I-0283

I-0284

I-0285

I-0286

I-0287

I-0288

I-0289

I-0290

I-0291

I-0292

I-0293

I-0294

I-0295

I-0296

I-0297

I-0298

I-0299

I-0300

I-0301

I-0302

I-0303

I-0304

I-0305

I-0306

I-0307

I-0308

I-0309

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea

Locality

Yuwan, Amami Oshima

Koniya, Amami Oshima

Yuwan, Amami Oshima

Nishinakama, Amami

Oshima

Yuwan, Amami Oshima

Nase, Amami Oshima

Mt. Yuwan, Amami

Oshima

Shimmura, Amami

Oshima

Yuwan, Amami Oshima

Nishinakama, Amami

Oshima

Habitat

MC: Gravestone

MC: Vase

MC: Cement

tank

MC: Gravestone

(Net)

(Resting)

(Net)

Date

. VII 1970

6 VII

929

Collector(s)

K.M. & M.N.

930

Coll. No.

I-0310

I-0311

I-0312

I-0313

I-0314

H-0315

H-0316

H-0317

H-0318

B-0319

B-0320

B-0321

B-0322

B-0323

B-0324

B-0325

B-0326

B-0327

B-0328

B-0329

B-0330

B-0331

B-0332

B-0333

B-0334

B-0335

B-0336

B-0337

B-0338

B-0339

B-0340

B-0341

B-0342

B-0343

B-0344

B-0345

B-0346

B-0347

B-0348

B-0349

B-0350

B-0351

B-03 52

B-0353

B-0354

B-0359

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

Locality

Nishinakama, Amami

Oshima

Yuwan, Amami Oshima

Hatsuno, Amami

Oshima

Shiroyama, Kagoshima

Pref.

Sukayu, Aomori Pref.

Kimen Vall., Aomori

Pref.

Kenashi Highland,

Aomori Pref.

gy?

Sukayu, Aomori Pref.

Habitat

(Net)

Date |

9 VII 1970

2 VII 1970

15 VII 1970

21 VII 1970

22 VII

Collector(s)

K.M. & M.N.

Coll. No.

B-03 956

B-0357

B-0358

B-0359

B-0360

B-0361

B-0362

B-0363

B-0364

B-0365

B-0366

B-0367

B-0368

B-0369

B-0370

B-0371

B-0372

B-0373

B-0374

B-0375

B-0376

B-0377

B-0378

B-0379

B-0380

B-0381

B-0382

B-0383

B-0384

B-0385

D-0386

D-0387

D-0388

D-0389

D-0390

D-0391

D-0392

D-0393

D-0394

D-0395

D-0396

D-0397

D-0398

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea

Locality

Sukayu, Aomori Pref.

Nenokuchi, Aomori

Pref.

Tsuta, Aomori Pref.

nr. Jogakura, Aomori

Pref.

Shinyu, Aomori Pref.

Sukayu, Aomori Pref.

Tsuta, Aomori Pref.

Tf.

nr. Jogakura, Aomori

Pref.

Sukayu, Aomori Pref.

Tsuta, Aomori Pref.

Kanayama, Yamanashi

Pref.

Norikura-kogen, Nagano

Pref.

Inagoki, Nagano Pref.

’

Kanayama, Yamanashi

Pref.

Habitat

MC: Cement

tank

(Net)

(Biting)

(Net)

(Resting)

(Net)

MC: Basin

MC: Can

MC: Tire

MC: Basin

MC: Can

Date

29 VII 1970

26 VII

28 VII

24 VII

26 VII

27 VII

28 VII

24 VIL

2 VIII 1970

4 Vill

931

Collector(s)

.K. & MLN.

«Leet, Y.

932 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

Coll. No. Locality Habitat Date Collector(s)

D-0399 Kanayama, Yamanashi MC: Tire 6VlI1970 J.L.Y&A.Y.

| Pref.

D-0400 i MC: Tire if nm

D-0401 a , MC: Tire iy i

D-0402 ~~" TH 4 i

D-0403 Norikura-kogen, Nagano P 2 VIII ii

Pref.

D-0404 Kanayama, Yamanashi (Biting) 1 VU _

Pref.

D-0405 fi (Biting) 2 VIII s

D-0406 ‘ (Biting) 4 Vill ‘3

J-0407 Mt. Nago, Okinawals. P 28 VIII 1970 K.T. & K.M.

J-0408 ei TH — 7 =

J-0409 TH is 4

J-0410 Taiho, Okinawa Is. GP 29 VIII :

J-0411 Shirahama, Okinawa Is. TH

J-0412 Janagusuku, Okinawa Is. LA " "

J-0413 Kijoka, Okinawa Is. TH U .

J-0414 . TH ‘i

J-0415 : MC Mf if

J-0416 i MC i ‘

J-0417 Kogachi, Okinawa Is. GP i y

J-0418 Taira, Okinawa Is. D 30 VII He

J-0419 MC uy ‘i

J-0420 Gajanokobanta, Okinawa RH 31 VOI =

Is.

J-0421 fi RH i 4

J-0422 if RH | a

J-0423 : RH r +

J-0424 7m RH ¥ =

J-0425 a RH : mp

J-0426 i RH = i

J-0427 iS RH “4 ‘i

J-0428 “4 RH 4 He

J-0429 Yona, Okinawa Is. LA 1 IX 4

J-0430 i RH = *

J-0431 a TH 4 1:

J-0432 7 TH . 1

J-0433 # LA 2 IX ‘i

J-0434 * RH = i

J-0435 i BbS i "

J-0436 . BIS ‘o

J-0437 ey RH v iH

J-0438 i RH i i

J-0439 e MC “i a

J-0440 vi str 3 IX z

J-0441 fi TH A "

J-0442 3 TH = i

J-0443 v TH e ‘

J-0444 tt RH " ii

J-0445 isk RH ‘ t"

Coll. No.

J-0446

J-0447

J-0448

J-0449

J-0450

J-0451

J-0452

J-0453

J-0454

J-0455

J-0456

J-0457

J-0458

J-0459

J-0460

J-0461

J-0462

J-0463

J-0464

J-0465

J-0466

J-0467

J-0468

J-0469

J-0470

J-0471

J-0472

J-0473

J-0474

J-0475

J-0476

J-0477

J-0478

J-0479

J-0480

J-0481

J-0482

J-0483

J-0484

J-0485

J-0486

J-0487

J-0488

J-0489

J-0490

J-0491

J-0492

J-0493

J-0494

J-0495

Locality

Yona, Okinawa Is.

Mt. Yonaha, Okinawa

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea

Is.

Habitat

Date

3 IX 1970

933

Collector(s)

K. Tachake Ms,

934

Coll. No.

J-0496

J-0497

J-0498

J-0499

J-0500

J-0501

J-0502

J-0503

J-0504

J-0505

J-0506

J-0507

J-0508

J-0509

J-0510

J-0511

J-0912

J-0913

J-0514

J-0515

J-0516

J-0517

J-0518

J-0919

J-0520

J-0521

J-0522

J-0923

J-0524

J-0525

J-0526

J-0527

J-0528

J-0529

J-0530

J-0531

J-0532

J-0533

J-0534

J-0535

J-0536

J-0537

J-0538

J-0539

J-0540

J-0541

J-0542

J-0543

J-0544

K-0545

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

Locality

Mt. Yonaha, Okinawa

Is.

Le!

Oku, Okinawa Is.

Yona, Okinawa Is.

Mt. Onishi, Okinawa Is.

Mt. Nago, Okinawa Is.

Kogachi, Okinawa Is.

Nago, Okinawa Is.

Izumi, Okinawa Is.

Nago, Okinawa Is.

Gajanokobanta, Okinawa

Yona, Okinawa Is.

Oku, Okinawa Is.

Onishi, Okinawa Is.

Yona, Okinawa Is.

Okinawa Is.

Miyagi Is.

Ishigaki Is.

Habitat

Date

9 IX 1970

Collector(s)

K.T. & K.M.

Coll. No.

K-0946

H-0547

H-0548

H-0549

L-0590

L-0591

L-0552

L-0553

L-0554

L-0599

L-0556

L-0557

L-0558

L-0559

L-0560

K-09061

K-0562

K-0963

K-0564

K-0565

K-0966

K-0567

K-0568

K-0569

K-0570

K-0971

K-0572

K-0573

K-0574

K-0575

K-0576

K-0577

K-0578

K-0579

K-0580

K-0581

K-0982

K-0583

K-0584

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea

Locality

Iriomote Is.

Izuhara, Tsushima

National Forest,

Kyongki Do

Secret Garden, Seoul

National Forest,

Kyongki Do

Namhan Castle,

Kyongki Do

National Forest,

Kyongki Do

Yong San, Seoul

Kang Hwa Do, Kyongki

Do ,

National Forest,

Kyongki Do

Yonehara, Ishigaki Is.

Mt. Banna, Ishigaki Is.

Arakawa, Ishigaki Is.

Itokawa-rindo,

Iriomote Is.

foot of Mt. Goza,

Iriomote Is.

Itokawa-rindo,

Iriomote Is.

Yonehara, Ishigaki Is.

Mt. Banna, Ishigaki Is.

Ishigaki, Ishigaki Is.

Habitat

BbS

MC:

TH:

(Net)

Itokawa-rindo, Iriomote (Net)

Is.

foot of Mt. Goza,

Iriomote Is.

(Net)

Itokawa-rindo, Iriomote (Net)

Is.

Gravestone

Date

Tx 1970

8 X

2 VII 1967

11 VII

22 IX 1969

21 X 1969

18 VIII 1970

20 VIII

18 X 1965

19 II 1968

6 VIII 1968

12 IX 1969

18 XII 1970

935

Collector(s)

U.S.A. Mec.

M.N.

oth P.M. U.

936

Coll. No.

K-0589

K-0586

K-0587

K-0588

K-0589

K-0990

K-0991

K-0592

K-0593

K-0994

K-0995

K-0996

~ K-0597

K-0598

K-0599

K-0600

K-0601

K-0602

K-0603

K-0604

K-0605

K-0606

K-0607

K-0608

K-0609

K-0610

K-0611

K-0612

K-0613

K-0614

K-0615

K-0616

K-0617

K-0618

K-0619

K-0620

K-0621

K-0622

K-0623

K-0624

K-0625

K-0626

K-0627

K-0628

K-0629

K-0630

K-0631

K-0632

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

Locality

Nago, Okinawa Is.

Okinawa Is.

Iriomote Is.

foot of Mt. Maeshi,

Ishigaki Is.

Nagura, Ishigaki Is.

Arakawa Riv., Ishigaki

Is.

Yonehara, Ishigaki Is.

Piutta Riv., Ishigaki Is.

foot of Mt. Maeshi,

Ishigaki Is.

Hirano, Ishigaki Is.

Inoda, Ishigaki Is.

Habitat

(Biting)

Date

13 XII 1970

0 IV 1971

Collector(s)

K.M.

U.S: ASMEC.

K.M. & M.N.

Coll. No.

K-0633

K-0634

K-0635

K-0636

K-0637

K-0638

K-0639

K-0640

K-0641

K-0642

K-0643

K-0644

K-0645

K-0646

K-0647

K-0648

K-0649

K-0650

K-0651

K-0652

K-0653

K-0654

K-0655

K-0656

K-0657

K-0658

K-0659

K-0660

K-0661

K-0662

K-0663

K-0664

K-0665

K-0666

K-0667

K-0668

K-0669

K-0670

K-0671

K-0672

K-0673

K-0674

K-0675

K-0676

K-9677

K-0678

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea

Locality

Inoda, Ishigaki Is.

oy?

Mt. Banna, Ishigaki Is.

foot of Mt. Banna,

Ishigaki Is.

Hoshino, Ishigaki Is.

nr. Fannan Riv.,

Ishigaki Is.

Miyara Riv.,

Ishigaki Is.

Lh}

Itokawa-rindo,

Iriomote Is.

Habitat

MC: Can

Date

18 IV 1971

937

Collector(s)

K.M. & M.N.

938

Coll. No.

K-0879

K-0680

K-0681

K-0682

K-0683

K-0684

K-0685

K-0686

K-0687

K-0688

K-0689

K-0690

K-0691

K-0692

K-0693

K-0694

K-0695

K-0696

K-0697

K-0698

K-0699

K-0700

K-0701

K-0702

K-0703

K-0704

K-0705

K-0706

K-0707

J-0708

J-0709

J-0710

J-O711

J-0712

J-0713

J-0714

J-O715

J-0716

J-0717

J-0718

K-0719

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

Locality

Itokawa-rindo,

Iriomote Is.

Ohara, Iriomote Is.

foot of Mt. Goza,

Iriomote Is.

Mt. Goza, Iriomote Is.

foot of Mt. Goza,

Iriomote Is.

Itokawa-rindo,

Iriomote Is.

nr. Shirahama,

Iriomote Is.

nr. Sonai, Iriomote Is.

nr. Shirahama,

Iriomote Is.

‘?

Fuka, Hateruma Is.

Naishi, Hateruma Is.

Kita, Hateruma Is.

Gajanokobanta,

Okinawa Is.

‘?

Yona, Okinawa Is.

foot of Mt. Maeshi,

Ishigaki Is.

Habitat

: Cement

tank

Tire

F: Water

buffalo

MC:

Well

Date

14 Iv 1971

Collector(s)

Vege el an IN ie eg Nh i A Bae a ee catalan ame

._M. & MLN.

Coll. No.

K-0720

K-0721

K-0722

K-0723

K-0724

K-0725

K-0726

K-0727

K-0728

K-0729

K-0730

K-0731

K-0732

K-0733

K-0734.

K-0735

K-0736

J-0737

J-0738

K-0739

K-0740

D-0741

D-0742

D-0743

D-0744

D-0745

D-0746

D-0747

D-0748

D-0749

D-0750

D-0751

D-0752

D-0753

D-0754

D-0755

D-0756

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea

Locality

Mt. Banna, Ishigaki Is.

nr. Arakawa Riv.,

Ishigaki Is.

foot of Mt. Maeshi,

Ishigaki Is.

Inoda, Ishigaki Is.

Mt. Banna, Ishigaki Is.

Ishigaki, Ishigaki Is.

Itokawa-rindo,

Iriomote Is.

foot of Mt. Goza,

Iriomote Is.

4B ¢

Mt. Goza, Iriomote Is.

Itokawa-rindo,

Iriomote Is.

nr. Shirahama,

Iriomote Is.

nr. Sonai, Iriomote Is.

nr. Shirahama,

Iriomote Is.

Fuka, Hateruma Is.

Naishi, Hateruma Is.

Kita, Hateruma Is.

Gajanokobanta, Okinawa

Is.

Yona, Okinawa Is.

Itokawa-rindo,

Iriomote Is.

foot of Mt. Goza,

Iriomote Is.

Masutomi, Yamanashi

Pref.

Akaishi Spa,

Shizuoka Pref.

Nigorigo Spa, Gifu Pref. MC: Canoe

Habitat

(Net)

(Resting)

(Net)

(LT)

MC: Concrete

tank

Date

7 IV 1971

11 IV

12 IV

18 IV

22 IV

24 1V

14 IV

19 IV

16 IV

17 IV

19 IV

20 IV

21 IV

8 IV

9 IV

10 IV

3 IV

4 IV

14-15 IV

16-17 IV

23 V

7’

22 V

22 VI 1971

22 VI

23 VI

6 VII 1971

939

Collector(s)

K.M. & M.N.

940

Coll. No.

D-0757

K-0758

K-0799

K-0760

K-0761

K-0762

K-0763

K-0764

K-0769

K-0766

K-0767

K-0768

K-0769

K-0770

K-0771

K-0772

K-0773

K-0774

K-0775

K-0776

K-0777

K-0778

K-0779

K-0780

K-0781

K-0782

K-0783

K-0784

K-0785

K-0786

K-0787

K-0788

K-0789

K-0790

K-0791

K-0792

K-0793

K-0794

K-0795

K-0796

K-0797

K-0798

K-0799

K-0800

K-0801

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

Locality

Mt. Fuji, Shizuoka

Pref.

Mt. Maeshi, Ishigaki

Is.

foot of Mt. Maeshi,

Ishigaki Is.

wav

Yonehara, Ishigaki Is.

foot of Mt. Banna,

Ishigaki Is.

Mt. Banna, Ishigaki Is.

Itokawa-rindo,

Iriomote Is.

Inoda, Ishigaki Is.

Yonehara, Ishigaki Is.

foot of Mt. Maeshi,

Ishigaki Is.

Habitat

Date

17 VI 1971

28 VII 1971

Collector(s)

K.T.

K.M.

Coll. No.

K-0802

K-0803

K-0804

K-08095

J-0806

J-0807

J-0808

H-0809

H-0810

D-0811

D-0812

D-0813

D-0814

L-0815

L-0816

L-0817

L-0818

L-0819

L-0820

L-0821

L-0822

L-0823

L-0824

L-0825

L-0826

L-0827

L-0828

L-0829

L-0830

L-0831

L-0832

L-0833

L-0834

L-0835

L-0836

L-0837

L-0838

L-0839

L-0840

L-0841

M-0842

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea

Locality

foot of Mt. Maeshi,

Ishigaki Is.

Yona, Okinawa Is.

my.

Kusugawa, Yakushima

Ambo, Yakushima

Mt. Fuji, Yamanashi

Pref.

Aokigahara, Yamanashi

Pref.

‘?

Afi}

National Forest,

Kyongki Do

National Forest,

Kyongki Do

’

Bhopjusa,

Chungchongpuk Do

’

Sogrisan,

Chungchongpuk Do

Inchon, Kyongki Do

Mt. Halla, Cheju Do

Habitat

BLS

(Net)

(Biting)

MC: Can

tank

Date

4 VIII 1971

7 VIII

wat

12 VII 1971

25 VII 1971

18 IX

VAs

26 VIII 1971

29 VIII 1971

31 VIII 1971

1 IX

2 IX

4 IX 1971

941

Collector(s)

K.M.

Date

5 Ix 1971

9 IX

10 Ix

14 Ix 1971

14 VIII 1971

17 IX 1971

23 VIII 1971

23 IX 1969

7 VI 1968

942 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

Coll. No. Locality Habitat

M-0843 Sogwipo, Cheju Do (Biting)

M-0844 Mt. Halla, Cheju Do BIS

M-0845 Y : BIS

M-0846 " RH

M-0847 A RH

M-0848 a TH

M-0849 Sogwipo, Cheju Do (Net)

M-0850 “ D

M-0851 Mt. Halla, Cheju Do (Net)

M-0852 Chungmunni, Cheju Do RH

M-0853 @ RH

M-0854 Mt. Halla, Cheju Do MC

M-0855 " MC

M-0856 BIS

M-0857 RH

M-0858 " RH

M-0859 M GP

M-0860 " TH

M-0861 e RH

M-0862 a RH

M-0863 Sogwipo, Cheju Do MC

M-0864 a MC

L-0865 Mt. Sorak, (Net)

Kangwon Do

L-0866 “a TH

L-0867 us TH

L-0868 ie (Net)

L-0869 me RH

L-0870 id RH

L-0871 7 TH

L-0872 e (Net)

L-0873 . TH

L-0874 E (Net)

L-0875 i TH

L-0876 a TH

M-0877 Cheju Do id

L-0878 Pusan, TH

. Kyongsangnam Do

L-0879 Mt. Sorak, Kangwon Do RH

L-0880 Inchon, Kyongki Do RH

L-0881 Bu-pyong, Kyongki Do (LT)

L-0882 Uijong-bu, Kyongki Do (LT)

L-0883 W (LT)

L-0884 Kwangju, Kyongki Do (LT)

Collector(s)

K.M.,

C.8.C. &

O2Nse.

D> ~|

14 VOI 1968 C.S.C.

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 943

Coll. No. Locality Habitat Date Collector(s)

L-0885 National Forest, ? 21 X 1969 oth P.M.U.

Kyongki Do

L-0886 i 2 2 X 1969 Hid SQ

M-0887 Cheju, Cheju Do RP 30 1X 1968 5th P.M.U.

M-0888 Aewol-myon, Cheju Do RP 2 X 1968 a

L-0889 Kwang Nung, Kyongki i, tl ViRdAgeT;

L-0890 National Forest, t 7 X 1962 HJ 2

Kyongki Do

L-0891 Kwang Nung, D 11 IX 1962 =Sth P.M.U.

Kyongki Do

L-0892 National Forest, ? 2 X 1969 H. J aes

Kyongki Do

L-0893 ie 2 12 TX 1969 ° ™

L-0894 Munsan, Kyongki Do (LT) 8 VIL 1963 5th P.M.U.

L-0895 Mt. Sorak, Kangwon TH 8 VII 1971 ="

Do 3

L-0896 Mt. Sorak, Kangwon Do TH 7 VIIL1971 Sth P.M.U.

L-0897 Mojin Dong, Seoul e 11 VOI 1965 H.S.Y.

J-0898 Yona, Okinawa Is. (Net) 24X1971 K.M., S.S.

; & SEK.

J-0899 be BIS il e

J-0900 si BIS EB .

J-0901 H BLS e a

J-0902 i TH i eh

J-0903 me RH a '

J-0904 io (Biting) 25 X ne

J-0905 -! GP - ae

K-0906 Funaura, Iriomote Is. _ (Net) PATER. 4 af

K-0907 i str et i

K-0908 # GP ¥ M

K-0909 a MC: Tin can is is

K-0910 i TH e "

K-0911 as TH i 2

K-0912 Y TH Y ff

K-0913 Kambira-taki, Iriomote (Net) 28 X se

Is.

K-0914 yy’ RH ’? Os

K-0915 if TH " "

K-0916 i TH " "

K-0917 - TH " "

K-0918 " TH " "

K-0919 nr. Uehara, Iriomote (Net) 29 X "

Is.

K-0920 A GP y 4

K-0921 £7 BIS ’ ?

K-0922 i Str ai +

K-0923 ‘i TH v i

K-0924 a (Net) 30 X "

K-0925 nr. Funaura, Iriomote (Net) 31 X u

Is.

944

Coll. No.

K-0926

K-0927

K-0928

K-0929

K-0930

K-0931

K-0932

K-0933

K-0934

K-0935

K-0936

K-0937

K-0938

K-0939

K-0940

K-0941

K-0942

K-0943

K-0944

K-09495

K-0946

K-0947

K-0948

K-0949

K-0950

K-0951

K-0952

K-09953

K-0954

K-09959

K-09956

K-0957

K-09958

K-0959

K-0960

K-0961

K-0962

K-0963

K-0964

K-0965

K-0966

K-0967

K-0968

K-0969

K-0970

K-0971

K-0972

K-0973

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

Locality

nr. Funaura, Iriomote

Is.

Nakamuru, Hatoma Is.

Yonehara, Ishigaki Is.

Itokawa-rindo,

Iriomote Is.

Mt. Banna, Ishigaki Is.

Habitat

MC: Tin can

(Net)

MC: Cement

tank

BIS

Date

31 X 1971

‘y

8 XI 1971

‘?

Collector(s)

K.M., S.S.

& T.K.

.M. & 8.8.

.T. & K.M.

Coll. No.

K-0974

K-0975

K-0976

K-0977

K-0978

K-0979

K-0980

K-0981

K-0982

K-0983

K-0984

K-0985

K-0986

K-0987

K-0988

K-0989

K-0990

K-0991

K-0992

K-0993

K-0994

K-0995

K-0996

K-0997

K-0998

K-0999

K-1000

K-1001

K-1002

K-1003

K-1004

K-1005

K-1006

K-1007

K-1008

K-1009

K-1010

K-1011

K-1012

K-1013

K-1014

K-1015

K-1016

K-1017

K-1018

Tanaka et al: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea

Locality

Habitat

foot of Mt. Maeshi,

Ishigaki Is.

(Net)

Str

Itokawa-rindo, Iriomote (Net)

Is.

nr. Ohara, Iriomote Is.

foot of Mt. Maeshi,

Ishigaki Is.

foot of Mt. Banna,

Ishigaki Is.

Minarisukumuru,

Ishigaki Is.

vy?

Hirai, Ishigaki Is.

nr. Funaura, Iriomote

Is.

Funaura, Iriomote Is.

‘Y

BIS

Rut pool

Date

9 XI 1971

945

Collector(s)

K. Ty @ K.M.

946

Coll. No.

K-1019

K-1020

K-1021

K-1022

K-1023

K-1024

K-1025

K-1026

K-1027

K-1028

K-1029

K-1030

K-1031

K-1032

K-1033

K-1034

K-1035

K-1036

K-1037

K-1038

K-1039

K-1040

K-1041

K-1042

K-1043

K-1044

K-1045

K-1046

K-1047

K-1048

K-1049

K-1050

K-1051

K-1052

K-1053

K-1054

K-1055

K-1056

K-1057

K-1058

K-1059

K-1060

K-1061

K-1062

K-1063

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

Locality

Funaura, Iriomote Is.

Yashi-gawa, Iriomote

Is.

Shirahama, Iriomote Is.

Mt. Maeshi, Ishigaki Is.

Ohara, Iriomote Is.

Itokawa-rindo, Iriomote

Is.

foot of Mt. Goza,

Iriomote Is.

Itokawa-rindo,

Iriomote Is.

foot of Mt. Goza,

Iriomote Is.

Mt. Banna, Ishigaki Is.

Yarabu Peninsula,

Ishigaki Is.

Habitat

(Net)

Date

17 XI 1971

18 XI

19 XI

9 XI 1971

12 XI

16 XI

17 XI

18 XI

17 XI

Collector(s)

K.M.

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 947

Coll. No. Locality Habitat Date Collector(s)

K-1064 Yarabu Peninsula, TH 20 Xiah K. Ts

Ishigaki Is.

K-1065 Mt. Maeshi, Ishigaki Is. (Net) 22 XI11971 K.M.

K-1066 “ str %

K-1067 " BIS 2 4

K-1068 nr. Sonai, Yonagunils. (Biting) 23 XI e

K-1069 * (Net) 4 ‘

K-1070 : str " if

K-1071 '? P fal: ‘7’

K-1072 ba MC i si

K-1073 ss MC = "

K-1074 ¢ (Net) 24 XI ?

K-1075 Mt. Omoto, IshigakiIs. (Net) 26 XI i

K-1076 . TH . i

K-1077 % GP i

K-1078 nr. Uehara, Iriomote (Net) 27 XI "i

Is.

K-1079 iB GP E if

K-1080 vi GP q "

K-1081 - : GP es bi

K-1082 " CH uy if

K-1083 e CH i

K-1084 i CH @ i

K-1085 CH “ is

K-1086 2 CH i :

K-1087 i CH i" ‘

K-1088 . . Ces % ie

K-1089 nr. Funaura, Iriomote (Net) 28 XI mt

Is.

K-1090 GP i ie

K-1091 4 : TH i 4

K-1092 CH o “

K-1093 us CH i iy

K-1094 in CH A: Hi

K-1095 " CH % i

K-1096 vi . CH e fe

K-1097 v? P CH yy? v?Y

K-1098 a CH ‘i ny

K-1099 my CH " q

K-1100 nt CH i pe

K-1101 ‘" CH iN i

K-1102 Funaura, Iriomote Is. _ (Biting) 30 XI .

K-1103 i TH ~ i

K-1104 % GP iy: -

K-1105 i GP _

K-1106 “4 GP y e

K-1107 g GP 4 *

K-1108 @ GP 4 i

K-1109 GP " i

K-1110 f GP o a

K-1111 % (Net) 1 XII

948

Coll. No.

K-1112

K-1113

K-1114

K-1115

K-1116

K-1117

K-1118

K-1119

K-1120

K-1121

K-1122

K-1123

K-1124-

K-1125

K-1126

K-1127

K-1128

K-1129

K-1130

J-1131

J-1132

J-1133

K-1134

A-1139

K-1136

K-1137

K-1138

K-1139

K-1140

C-1141

C-1142

C-1143

C-1144

C-1145

C-1146

C-1147

H-1148

H-1149

H-1150

H-1151

H-1152

H-1153

D-1154

D-1155

D-1156

D-1157

D-1158

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

Locality

Funaura, Iriomote Is.

TY,

nr. Kabira, Ishigaki Is.

nr. Yoshiwara, Ishigaki

Is.

Gajanokobanta,

Okinawa Is.

Ishigaki Is.

Toyotomi, Hokkaido

Otomi, Iriomote Is.

Ohara, Iriomote Is.

Ishigaki Is.

Kawamata, Saitama

Pref.

Meoto-daki, Yakushima

Bozuiwa, Yakushima

Kodakazuka, Yakushima

Hananoego, Yakushima

Umegashima Spa,

Shizuoka Pref.

Habitat

Date

1 XII 1971

2 XII 1966

vit 1970

24 IX

wf:

Iv 1970

21 V 1972

Collector(s)

K. M.

Coll. No.

C-1159

C-1160

C-1161

C-1162

C-1163

C-1164

C-1165

C-1166

C-1167

C-1168

N-1169

N-1170

N-1171

N-1172

N-1173

N-1174

N-1175

N-1176

N-1177

N-1178

N-1179

N-1180

N-1181

D-1182

D-1183

D-1184

D-1185

D-1186

D-1187

B-1188

B-1189

C-1190

C-1191

C-1192

C-1193

C-1194

B-1195

B-1196

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea

Locality

Mt. Kashozan, Gumma

Pref.

Oogiura, Chichijima

Mt. Chuozan,

Chichijima

Miyano-hama,

Chichijima

Mt. Chuozan,

Chichijima

Oogiura, Chichijima

Miyano-hama,

Chichijima

Mt. Chuozan,

Chichijima

Hokko, Hahajima

Kopepe-kaigan,

Chichijima

Mt. Hakusan, Ishikawa

Pref.

‘?

Ichinose, Ishikawa

Pref.

Bijodaira, Toyama

Pref.

Nanairi, Fukushima

Pref.

Hinoemata, Fukushima

Pref.

Oze, Gumma Pref.

ry?

Osawa, Gumma Pref.

Hinoemata, Fukushima

Pref.

Nanairi, Fukushima

Pref.

Habitat

B1S

(Resting)

Date

15 VI 1972

16 VI

17 VI

18 VI

24 VI 1972

29 VI

27 VI

28 VI

ay VI

27 VI

28 VI

29 VI

13 V 1972

30 VI 1972

7 VII 1972

8 VII

9 VII

8 VI 1972

10 VII 1972

11 VI

’

12 VO

949

ollector(s)

K.M. & S.H.

MF de ae dee

950 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

Coll. No. Locality Habitat Date Collector(s)

B-1197 Hinoemata, Fukushima (Net) 11. VUL1972 S.H. & Y.1.

Pref.

C-1198 Oze, Gumma Pref. (Net) 12 VII "

D-1199 Mt. Fuji, Yamanashi (Biting) 27 VIII 1972 K.T.

Pref.

D-1200 i GP i"

D-1201 Hy MC: Concrete " "

tank

D-1202 iY MC: Wooden ui a

tank

D-1203 MC: Wooden | 4

tank

D-1204 " MC: Wooden M .

tank

J-1205 Nago, Okinawa Is. (Net) 13 IX 1972 K.M.

J-1206 Gajanokobanta, CH 14 IX ie

Okinawa Is.

J-1207 uf CH : by

J-1208 1 RH y

J-1209 yd RH ‘i “

K-1210 nr. Yoshiwara, Ishigaki GP 16 IX

Is.

K-1211 Yoshiwara, Ishigaki Is. CH : 17 IX a

K-1212 " CH uy \

K-1213 4 CH of .

K-1214 nr. Yonehara, Ishigaki TH . 18 IX “i

Is.

K-1215 He TH * +

K-1216 a TH - ys

K-1217 i TH iy

K-1218 4 (Net) 7 o

K-1219 nr. Funaura, Iriomote Str 19 IX

Is.

K-1220 u CH ‘i "

K-1221 aM CH ‘i :

K~-1222 Uehara, Iriomote Is. GP 20 IX fe

K-1223 . CH i =

K-1224 i CH 4 '

K-1225 A CH “ ie

K-1226 CH AY in

K-1227 CH Si si

K-1228 He CH se y

K-1229 Funaura, Iriomote Is. GP 21 IX -

K-1230 x GP tf :

K-1231 2 .. GP ie 2

K-1232 A GP ss ey

K-1233 aq GP : by

K-1234 u TH & 7

K-1235 TH iy a

K-1236 Ohara, Iriomote Is. TH 22 IX MS

K-1237 Toyohara, Iriomote Is. GP 23 IX :

Coll. No.

D-1278

D-1279

Tanaka et al.:

Locality

Itokawa-rindo,

Iriomote Is.

Yonehara, Ishigaki Is.

Yoshiwara, Ishigaki Is.

ual

Gajanokobanta, Okinawa

is.

Yona, Okinawa Is.

’

Vel

Mt. Fuji, Yamanashi

Pref.

Ashizuri-misaki,

Kochi Pref.

Mt. Fuji, Yamanashi

Pref.

foot of Mt. Fuji,

Shizuoka Pref.

Habitat

(Net)

MC:

: Wooden

tank

: Wooden

tank

: Concrete

tank

Concrete

tank

Wooden

tank

Tin can

Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea

Date

24 IX 1972

2 X 1972

18 X

vay

25 X 1972

26 X

20-26 X

1 XI 1972

3 XI 1972

991

Collector(s)

K. M.

V.A.R.

952 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

Coll. No. Locality Habitat Date Collector(s)

D-1280 Mt. Fuji, Yamanashi MC POM 20 KOT See

Pref. V.A.R.

D-1281 - MC ie u

D-1282 u MC: Concrete 30 V 1973 in

ae tank

D-1283 i MC: Wooden a e

tank

B-1284 Aomori Pref. D IX 1954 406 M.L.

A-1285 Kotoni, Hokkaido . 20 VIII 1954 "

J-1286 Gajanokobanta, Okinawa (Net) 28 XI1 1972 K.M. & Y.I1.

Is.

Ja1257 ? BIS 2 '?

J-1288 ie TH eg he

J-1289 ze LA a ‘y

J-1290 . RH “

J-1291 if RH i s

J-1292 Mt. Nago, Okinawa Is. (Net) 29 XI is

J-1293 . MC: Tin can " i

K-1294 Mt. Omoto, Ishigaki Is. GP 2 Xi a

K-1295 fl RH i r

K-1296 e TH " ,

K-1297 ss TH rt .

K-1298 . TH a a

K-1299 TH . *

K-1300 s! GP | ie -

K-1301 . GP 2 a

K-1302 (Net) : -

K-1303 Kabira, Ishigaki Is. GP 3 XII is

K-1304 uy TH ig nt

K-1305 Yonehara, IshigakilIs. LA - m

K-1306 e TH ie 2

K-1307 nr. Yoshiwara, Ishigaki LA 4 XII HS

Is.

K-1308 ip GP : :

K-1309 A GP F mi

K-1310 . GP 7 ‘i

K-1311 - GP a a

K-1312 a GP es "

K-1313 e TH ti 4

K-1314 om TH 3

K-1315 TH by ws

K-1316 iu TH ay, '?

K-1317 wy, CH "’ '’

K-1318 : CH a Mi

K-1319 Y? CH 17 '?

K-1320 9) CH +

K-1321 bas CH is i

K-1322 4 CH Pe :

K-1323 4 CH a i

K-1324 a (Net) ut A

Coll. No.

K-1325

K-1326

K-1327

K-1328

K-1329

K-1330

K-1331

K-1332

K-1333

K-1334

K-1335

K-1336

K-1337

K-1338

K-1339

K-1340

K-1341

K-1342

K-1343

K-1344

K-1345

K-1346

K-1347

K-1348

K-1349

K-1350

K-1351

K-1352

K-1353

K-1354

K-1355

K-1356

K-1357

K-1358

-K-1359

K-1360

K-1361

K-1362

K-1363

K-1364

K-1365

K-1366

K-1367

K-1368

K-1369

K-1370

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea

Locality

nr. Kabira, Ishigaki Is.

Itokawa-rindo, Iriomote

Is.

foot of Mt. Goza,

Iriomote Is.

foot of Mt. Goza,

Iriomote Is.

Mt. Banna, Ishigaki Is.

Funaura, Iriomote Is.

sal

nr. Uehara, Iriomote

Is.

Habitat

(Net)

MC: Tin can

(Net)

MC: Tin can

Date

0 XII 1972

6 XII 1972

953

Collector(s)

K. Ms -¥.1.

954

Coll. No.

K-1371

K-1372

K-1373

K-1374

K-1375

K-1376

K-1377

K-1378

K-1379

K-1380

K-1381

K-1382

K-1383

K-1384

K-1385

K-1386

K-1387

K-1388

K-1389

K-1390

K-1391

K-1392

K-1393

K-1394

K-1395

K-1396

K-1397

K-1398

K-1399

K-1400

K-1401

K-1402

K-1403

K-1404

K-1405

K-1406

K-1407

K-1408

K-1409

K-1410

K-1411

K-1412

K-1413

K-1414

K-1415

K-1416

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

Locality

nr. Uehara, Iriomote

Is.

Mt. Banna, Ishigaki Is.

v7!

Omoto, Ishigaki Is.

Mt. Omoto, Ishigaki

Is.

Inoda, Ishigaki Is.

foot of Mt. Maeshi,

Ishigaki Is.

Mt. Maeshi, Ishigaki

Is.

Nosoko, Ishigaki Is.

nr. Yoshiwara, Ishigaki

Is.

nr. Yonehara, Ishigaki

"Ts.

Habitat

Date

12 XII 1972

Collector(s)

K.M.& Y.1.

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 959

Coll. No. Locality Habitat Date Collector(s)

K-1417 Itokawa-rindo, Iriomote (Net) 21 X11 1972 K.M. & Y.I.

Is.

K-1418 e MC: Tin can ¢ a

K-1419 ig TH : -

K-1420 Ohara, Iriomote Is. MC: Tin can 22 XII em

K-1421 ts Mes Tin-can:.- 2! -

K-1422 Toyohara, Iriomote (Net) 23 XII .

Is.

K-1423 a TH if i

K-1424 TH 4

K-1425 nr. Kabira, Ishigaki (Net) 26 XII di

Is.

K-1426 “ TH Ze

K-1427 . TH v -

K-1428 # TH x i

K-1429 Omoto, Ishigaki Is. GP 27 XII ij

K-1430 " GP ) "

K-1431 8 GP i y

K-1432 a | GP i -

K-1433 (Resting) a i

i404 oa: (Net) " "

K-1435 Yarabu Peninsula, - (Net) 28 XII fe

Ishigaki Is.

K-1436 us GP 2

K-1437 # GP e e

K-1438 ie GP “s ei

K-1439 e GP * 1

K-1440 a” GP nt 7

K-1441 ot GP 4 i

K-1442 : GP ie :

K-1443 a GP mM

K-1444 foot of Mt. Banna, (Net) 30 XII :

Ishigaki Is.

K-1445 LA Q s

K-1446 i GP ‘a si

K-1447 Mt. Banna, Ishigaki (Net) 31 XII pe

Is.

K-1448 as GP 4 i

K-1449 fh TH . zs

K-1450 - TH . os

K-1451 e TH “i Y

K-1452 "? TH 7 "7

K-1453 ig TH 4

K-1454 - TH a i‘

K-1455 e TH a i:

K-1456 . TH ee aj

K-1457 nr. Arakawa, Ishigaki (Net) 111973 an

Is.

K-1458 ie TH o a

K-1459 ii TH | si Yi

K-1460 oa TH y ie

K-1461 id TH be .

956

Coll. No.

K-1462

K-1463

K-1464

K-1465

K-1466

K-1467

K-1468

K-1469

K-1470

K-1471

K-1472

K-1473

K-1474

K-1475

K-1476

K-1477

C-1478

C-1479

C-1480

J-1481

J-1481a

L-1482

L-1483

L-1484

L-1485

L-1486

L-1487

L-1488

L-1489

L-1490

L-1491

K-1492

J-1493

J-1494

K-1495

C-1496

C-1497

C-1498

C-1499

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

Locality

nr. Arakawa, Ishigaki

Is.

Mt. Maeshi, Ishigaki

Is.

Nakara Rev., Iriomote

Is.

Kambira-taki, Iriomote

Is.

Iriomote Is.

Inoda, Ishigaki Is.

Iriomote Is.

Kawagoe, Saitama Pref.

Toya, Kanagawa Pref.

Mt. Tanzawa, Kanagawa

Pref.

Ojana, Okinawa Is.

Ginowan, Okinawa Is.

Kongju, Chungchongnam

Banpodong, Seoul

Kwangnung, Kyongki Do

Yechon, Kyongsangpuk

Jongmyo, Seoul

Yongju, Kyongsangpuk

Kwangnung, Kyongki Do

Haeinsa, Kyongsangnam

Sockni, Chungchongnam

Inoda, Ishigaki Is.

Yona, Okinawa Is.

Toguchi, Okinawa Is.

Inoda, Ishigaki Is.

Toya, Kanagawa Pref.

Yamato, Kanagawa

Pref.

Sagamihara, Kanagawa

Pref.

Ayase, Kanagawa Pref.

Habitat

Seepage

(Resting)

Date

111973

6 IV 1973

11 IV

14 IV

15 XII 1968

18 XII

14 VII 1953

7 VII 1965

28 IV 1966

16 IX 1972

18 IX 1972

30 IV 1970

19 IV 1972

24 X 1969

10 IX 1969

13 VIII 1972

30 VIII 1970

2 VIII 1972

1 X 1972

18 XII 1968

23 XI 1964

0 VIII 1969

18 XII 1968

7 VII 1965

12 VI 1969

. VII 1963

16 VI 1964

Collector(s)

K. M. *@ °¥.1.

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea

Coll. No. Locality Habitat Date

C-1500 Atsugi, Kanagawa Pref. ? 20 I 1964

C-1501 mf ? 4 III 1964

C-1502 F 5 II 1964

C-1503 Hachioji, Tokyo Met. ? 15 VI 1965

N-1504 Mt. Chuozan, GP 19 V 1973

Chichijima

N-1505 Fukiagedani, Chichijima GP 25 V

N-1506 Kitafukurozawa, TH 26 V

Chichijima

N-1507 si (Net) 19 V

N-1508 Mt. Kuwanokiyama, (Net) 20 V 1973

Hahajima

N-1509 Fukiagedani, Chichijima (Net) 25 V 1973

N-1510 Kitafukurozawa, (Net) 26 V

Chichijima

N-1511 . (Net) 26 V

N-1512 Fukurozawa, Chichijima (Net) ‘

N-1513 e (Net) 16 V

N-1514 Higashi-ko, Hahajima __ (Net) 211973

N-1515 Hahajima (Net) 20 III

N-1516 7 (Net) 1 IV

N-1517 " (Net) 7 Il

N-1518 Okimura, Hahajima (Net) TI

N-1519 Kominato, Chichijima GP 25 V 1973

C-1520 Hakone, Kanagawa Pref. TH 26 V 1973

C-1521 Zama, Kanagawa Pref. MC: Pail 1 VI 1973

C-1522 MC 4 VI

C-1523 Kawada, Mikura Is. (Net) 7 VI 1973

C-1524 is BbS 7

C-1525 is BbS +

C-1526 Ye TH "

C-1527 es TH *

C-1528 Sato, Mikura Is. TH 8 VI

C-1529 i, TH 3

C-1530 Y (Net) "

C-1531 Mt. Oyama, Mikura Is. (Net) 9 VI

C-1532 ? TH v?

C-1533 ig TH "

C-1534 i. BbS . 4

C-1535 Sato, Mikura Is. RH 10 VI

K-1536 Mt. Maeshi, Ishigaki (Net) 21 IV 1973

Is.

K-1537 Mt. Banna, IshigakilIs. (Net) 24 IV

K-1538 a (Net) 25 V

K-1539 Mt. Maeshi, Ishigaki Is. (Net) 29 V

D-1540 Kamikochi, Nagano GP 13 VI 1973

Pref.

D-1541 % GP 2

D-1542 1 GP ‘

D-1543 a GP M

C-1544 Zama, Kanagawa Pref. MC: Pail 16 VI 1973

N-1545 Hahajima GP VI 1973

957

Collector(s)

406 M.L.

S. 5.166 VR.

998

Coll. No.

N-1546

N-1547

N-1548

N-1549

N-1550

N-1551

N-1552

N-1553

N-1554

N-1555

N-1556

N-1557

N-1558

N-1559

N-1560

N-1561

N-1562

N-1563

N-1564

N-1565

N-1566

N-1567

N-1568

N-1569

N-1570

N-1571

N-1572

N-1573

C-1574

E-1575

E-1576

E-1577

D-1578

D-1579

C-1580

C-1581

D-1582

D-1583

D-1584

D-1585

D-1586

K-1587

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

Locality

Hahajima

Kominato, Chichijima

Chichijima

Hahajima

Mt. Kuwanokiyama,

Hahajima

Chichijima

7’

Zama, Kanagawa Pref.

Mt. Ohdaigahara, Nara

Pref.

‘?

Mt. Fuji, Yamanashi

Pref.

Zama, Kanagawa Pref.

Mt. Fuji, Yamanashi

Pref.

Zama, Kanagawa Pref.

Itokawa-rindo,

Iriomote Is.

Habitat

MC:

(Net

: Wooden

tank

: Concrete

tank

: Barrel

: Wooden

tank

: Wooden

tank

: Concrete

tank

: Concrete

tank

Barrel

Date

VI 1973

20 VII 1973

22 VIl

VII 1973

3 VIII 1973

27 VII 1973

Collector(s)

S.H.

E.5.8.

V.A.R.

als

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 959

Coll. No. Locality Habitat Date Collector(s)

K-1588 Itokawa-rindo, TH 27 VIL 1973 K.M.

Iriomote Is.

K-1589 c TH e _

K-1590 nr. Toyohara, Iriomote (Net) 28 VII a

Is.

K-1591 i TH 7 i.

K-1592 BIS i a

K-1593 Komi, Iriomote Is. (Net) 29 VII

K-1594 ¥3 GP y i

K-1595 S CH “ a

K-1596 foot of Mt. Banna, (Net) 30 VII i

Ishigaki Is.

K-1597 i GP in e

K-1598 Mt. Maeshi, Ishigaki (Net) 31 VI

Is.

K-1599 Hq LA Ne :

K-1600 HE BIS i ‘sf

K-1601 7 CH a a

K-1602 nr. Kabira, Ishigaki (Net) 1 VIII es

Is.

K-1603 uk TH is

K-1604 ! TH 7? '!

K-1605 pe BIS a Ht

K-1606 ars GP a ai

K-1607 si GP a _

K-1608 GP : ae

K-1609 Funaura CH 2 Vill "

K-1610 nr. Yonehara, Ishigaki TH 3 VIII .

Is.

K-1611 : TH :

K-1612 - LA fe y

K-1613 nr. Yoshiwara, Ishigaki TH 4 vill i

Is.

K-1614 - TH i 4b

K-1615 m CH a .

K-1616 Lal CH 1? t?

K-1617 i" GP is é

K-1618 is GP “i .

K-1619 i GP ie a

K-1620 - GP " =

K-1621 a GP <

K-1622 pe GP a

J-1623 Nago, Okinawa Is. (LT) 21 V1 1973 O.I.P.H.

J-1624 ie (LT) 23 VII i

J-1625 " (LT) 2 VII "

D-1626 Mt. Dando, Aichi Pref. BIS 11 VIII 1973 K.T.

D-1627 " (LT) 12 VI "

C-1628 Sagamihara, Kanagawa MC: Concrete 14 VIII 1973 E.S.S.

Pref. tank

C-1629 Zama, Kanagawa Pref. MC: Can 15 VIII a

K-1630 Komi, Iriomote Is. CH 24 VIII 1973 T.K. & J.T.

960 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

Coll. No. Locality Habitat Date Collector(s)

K-1631 Komi, Iriomote Is. CH 24 VIII 1973 T.K. & J. T.

A-1632 Mt. Moiwa, Hokkaido (Bait) 20 VIII 1973 E.S.S. &

K. M.

A-1633 ie | (Net) i i

A-1634 és TH sy n

A-1635 o TH a

A-1636 e MC: Cement is 6

tank

A-1637 Engaru, Hokkaido GP 21 VIII #

A-1638 . GP zo .

A-1639 Al P ‘? ?

A-1640 i (Net) 23 VIII

A-1641 Y TH. .

A-1642 mn GP ¥ We

A-1643 ‘: MC: Barrel is i

A-1644 m GP y ee

A-1645 in GP i ny

A-1646 ” GP a "

A-1647 * GP fy :

A-1648 i GP 24 VIII 1973 K.M.

A-1649 i GP "

A-1650 nN GP ie uv

A-1651 u TH 25 VIII 4

A-1652 " 3 GP a *

A-1653 ms GP n a

A-1654 it MC: Tin can " i

A-1655. ’ Pp "7? tY

A-1656 i Str = ms

A-1657 - Str . 7 q

A-1658 4 (Net) és .

A-1659 iy GP 26 VIII 4

A-1660 " GP re ih

A-1661 Shibecha, Hokkaido MC 24 VIII 1973 E.S.S.

A-1662 S| GP .

A-1663 i GP 25 VIII is

A-1664 Me MC a -

A-1665 . GP is

A-1666 fas D ? dal

A-1667 ¢? D ‘? 7

A-1668 ’ Pp ? ?

A-1669 1: Pp v? ‘?

A-1670 ‘Engaru, Hokkaido (Net) 27 VOI 1973 E.S.S. &

K. M.

A-1671 = TH ‘ "

A-1672 ‘? GP ‘! "?

A-1673 Tenninkyo, Hokkaido (Biting) 29 VIII a

A-1674 “i MC " ei

A-1675 . MC i

A-1676 Mt. Moiwa, Hokkaido MC 31 VOI 1973 K.M.

A-1677 Sapporo, Hokkaido MC 2 IX

A-1678 Hi | MC ‘i nt

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 961

Coll. No. Locality Habitat Date Collector(s)

-A-1679 Shakotan, Hokkaido TH VIII 1973 S. Sa.

A-1680 i GP V 1973 ”

A-1681 Sarufutsu, Hokkaido GP VII 1973

A-1682 r GP + .

A-1683 Rubeshibe, Hokkaido GP 12 V 1966

A-1684 at GP 29 V eo

E-1685 Mt. Ohdaigahara, Nara TH 11 IX 1973 °° K.Ta&

Pref. V.A.R.

E-1686 eS TH it

E-1687 " RH a

E-1688 ‘ RH i! i

E-1689 o RH 2

E-1690 3 RH i ‘

E-1691 “ RH a

E-1692 i) RH 4 ‘i

E-1693 ‘s TH 12 IX "

E-1694 Ht TH se

E-1695 fi TH $i id

E-1696 7 TH " Me

E-1697 ot TH . bs

E-1698 BLS ef Bs

E-1699 Mt. Sanzukochi, Mie MC: Boots 13 IX y

Pref.

E-1700 3 TH se

E-1701 Ay MC: Plastic cup " #

E-1702 Mt. Ohdaigahara, Nara (Net) 11 IX i

Pref.

E-1703 2 (Biting) 12. 1% i

E-1704 gi (LT) es "

E-1705 a (LT) 13 IX

K-1706 Toyotomi, Iriomote Is. (Net) 23 VIII 1973 T.K.

K-1707 Komi, Iriomote Is. (Net) 24 VIII °

A-1708 Mt. Muine, Hokkaido £4 23 VIL 1957 K.H

A-1709 “i ig 27 VII "

A-1710 Usubetsu, Hokkaido a id :

A-1711 Kitami, Hokkaido ‘4 23 VII 1958 "

A-1712 Engaru, Hokkaido y VIII 1973 E.S. 85 2

K.M.

A-1713 Shibecha, Hokkaido ? VIII 1973 E.S.S.

N-1714 nr. Mt. Chuozan, (Net) 28 1X 1973 K.M.

Chichijima

N-1715 fof TH 77 ?

N-1716 “ TH ve .

N-1717 aR TH e w

N-1718 bd TH ° mt

N-1719 ie TH y "

N-1720 i GP * Hi

N-1721 " GP f Mt

N-1722 Oogiura, Chichijima str " "

N-1723 Mt. Chuozan, RH mt | bi

Chichijima

962

Coll. No.

N-1724

N-1725

N-1726

N-1727

N-1728

N-1729

N-1730

K-1731

K-1732

K-1733

K-1734

K-1735

K-1736

K-1737

K-1738

K-1739

K-1740

K-1741

K-1742

K-1743

K-1744

K-1745

K-1746

K-1747

K-1748

K-1749

K-1750

K-1751

K-1752

K-1753

K-1754

K-1755

K-1756

K-1757

K-1758

K-1759

K-1760

K-1761

K-1762

K-1763

K-1764

C-1765

K-1766

K-1767

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

Locality

Okumura, Chichijima

Ohmura, Chichijima

wey

Itokawa-rindo,

Iriomote Is.

Maira Riv., Iriomote

Is.

’

Yonehara, Ishigaki Is.

nr. Kabira, Ishigaki Is.

wal

‘?

Mt. Banna, Ishigaki Is.

nr. Yonehara, Ishigaki

Is.

Kabira, Ishigaki Is.

Itokawa-rindo, Iriomote

Is.

nr. Ibaruma, Ishigaki

Is.

Zama, Kanagawa Pref.

Ohama, Ishigaki Is.

Habitat

Date

29 IX 1973

6 XII 1973

7 XII

Val

8 XII 1973

10 XII 1973

11 X01

13 XI 1973

15 XI 1973

20 Ill 1974

1 V 1974

Collector(s)

K. M.

‘?

Coll. No.

K-1768

K-1769

K-1770

K-1771

K-1772

K-1773

K-1774

K-1775

K-1776

K-1777

K-1778

J-1779

A-1780

A-1781

A-1782

A-1783

A-1784

A-1785

A-1786

A-1787

A-1788

A-1789

A-1790

A-1791

A-1792

A-1793

A-1794

A-1795

A-1796

A-1797

A-1798

A-1799

A-1800

A-1801

A-1802

A-1803

A-1804

A-1805

A-1806

C-1807

A-1808

A-1809

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea

Locality

Kannonzaki, Ishigaki

As.

nr. Yonehara, Ishigaki

Is.

Ty,

nr. Yoshiwara, Ishigaki

Is.

nr. Agarisuji,

Kuroshima

Nago, Okinawa Is.

Zenibako, Hokkaido

Mt. Moiwa, Hokkaido

Toyotomi, Hokkaido

Engaru, Hokkaido

Zenibako, Hokkaido

Kunitomi, Hokkaido

Sagamihara, Kanagawa

Pref.

Onuma-koen, Hokkaido

Zenibako, Hokkaido

Habitat

Cement

tank

Date

2 V 1974

4 V 1974

19 II 1974

17 V 1974

19 V

21 V 1974

29 V

1 VI 1974

2 VI

30 V

1 V 1974

15 VIII 1972

19 VIII

7 VI 1974

30 IV 1959

IV-V 1966

963

Collector(s)

K.M. &

K.W.

‘’

-K

K.M. &

D.H.

K.H.

ae it

964 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

Coll. No. Locality Habitat Date Collector(s)

C-1810 Sagamihara, Kanagawa BIS 19 V11974 V.A.R.

Pref.

C-1811 i BIS 25 VI "

C-1812 nr. Toya, Kanagawa GP 9VI11974 V.A.R. &

Pref. ; B.D.H.

C-1813 ‘ GP " ri

C-1814 - GP " "

C-1815 7 GP " "

C-1816 ii GP " "

C-1817 . MC: Cement a E

tank

C-1818 N MC: Cement i ‘i

tank

C-1819 Zama, Kanagawa Pref. GP 10 VII 1974 E.S.S.

C-1820 ny, MC '’ ‘Y

C-1821 7 MC * sy

C-1822 , MC 30 VII i

C-1823 ‘?Y MC A? t?

H-1824 Hananoego, Yakushima MC: Tin can 26 VIL 1974 S.S.

H-1825 Kanosawa, Yakushima TH 30 VII SEe

C-1826 Sagamihara, Kanagawa MC: Concrete 7 VIII1974 E.S.S.

Pref. basin

C-1827 rf Wd '’ 1

I-1828 Mt. Yuwan, Amami TH 23 VII1974 E.S.S. &

Oshima | K.M.

I-1829 ? TH Al 127

I-1830 TH 24 VII Bs

I-1831 TH a: ¥

[-1832 '? TH ? wy

I-1833 if TH a i

I-1834 i TH M id

I-1835 '? TH Ua! ?

I-1836 ry MC: Tin can cf i

I-1837 is (Net) 29 VII i

I-1838 " Str is ,

I-1839 4 RH if ie

I-1840 < TH 25 VII ss

I-1841 ‘y / TH ? ?

I-1842 ? TH ff: MAE

I-1843 e TH il .

11-1844 "’ TH vey, v?

11-1845 ? TH ? ‘?

I-1846 " TH 25 VII ie

I-1847 7 TH (Ay ?

I-1848 a (Net) 26 Vil ‘a

I-1849 2 TH e 4

I-1850 a TH i” i

11-1851 ‘7 TH £49 ‘7

I-1852 a TH He i

I-1853 TH . .

11-1854 ? TH TY ?

I-1855 Yuwan, Amami Oshima GP e "

Coll. No.

I-1856

I-1857

I-1858

I-1859

I-1860

I-1861

I-1862

I-1863

I-1864

I-1865

I-1866

I-1867

I-1868

I-1869

I-1870

I-1871

I-1872

I-1873

I-1874

I-1875

I-1876

I-1877

I-1878

I-1879

I-1880

I-1881

I-1882

I-1883

I-1884

I-1885

I-1886

I-1887

I-1888

I~1889

I-1890

I-1891

I-1892

I-1893

I-1894

H-1895

C-1896

C-1897

C-1898

C-1899

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea

Locality

Yuwan, Amami Oshima

Mt. Yuwan, Amami

Oshima

Taken, Amami Oshima

Yuwan, Amami Oshima

1A /

Suko, Amami Oshima

nr. Ishara, Amami

Oshima

Taken, Amami Oshima

‘’

Yuwan, Amami Oshima

Mt. Yuwan, Amami

Oshima

Ashiken, Amami

Oshima

‘?

Shiroyama, Kagoshima

Pref.

Zama, Kanagawa Pref.

Sagamihara, Kanagawa

Pref.

‘?

Habitat

Tin can

: Catch

basin

+2 Catch

basin

Date

26 VU 1974

27 VIL 1974

7 VII

29 VII 1974

9 VIII

13 VII

15 VII

Collector(s)

E.S08.

1a:

966 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

Coll. No. Locality Habitat Date Collector(s)

C-1900 Sagamihara, Kanagawa MC 15 VIII 1974 B.D.H.

Pref.

C-1901 Tachikawa, Tokyo Met. MC 17 VII. 1974 E.S.S.

C-1902 Nakatsu Valley, RP 17 VIII 1974 B.D.H.

Kanagawa Pref.

C-1903 Zama, Kanagawa Pref. MC 19 VIII 1974 E.S.S.

C-1904 Sagamihara, Kanagawa MC 20 VIII 1974 B.D.H.

Pref.

C-1905 C Str "

C-1906 " MC 23 VIII 1974 E.S.S.

C-1907 y MC Mf C

C-1908 Nakatsu Valley, MC 17 VIII 1974 B.D.H.

Kanagawa Pref.

A-1909 Engaru, Hokkaido MC 27 VIII 1974 K.M. &

| B.D.H.

A-1910 : GP i !

A-1911 ? Pp ’ CY

A-1912 mn RF 28 VIII "

A-1913 u RF . Ht

A-1914 - RF "

A-1915 " GP i

A-1916 eS GP ‘a

A-1917 s GP . -

A-1918 " GP Mt ie

A-1919 s GP fe :

A-1920 C GP 7

A-1921 . GP s :

A-1922 a MC a iy

A-1923 - °" MC i a

A-1924 . GP . -

A-1925 " GP s .

A-1926 ie GP a -

A-1927 : GP -

A-1928 GP 29 VII iy

A-1929 a RF tg i

A-1930 ie GP us

A-1931 GP i :

A-1932 ie GP 4g .

A-1933 i GP i

A-1934 “ GP t i

A-1935 Mm MC “ i

A-1936 a GP 30 VIII 1974 K.M.

A-1937 ‘< GP : if

A-1938 " GP - ‘a

A-1939 2 GP 31 VU Mt

A-1940 Ss GP ‘ sé

A-1941 Rubeshibe, Hokkaido GP 30 VIII 1974 B.D.H.

A-1942 w GP a ¢

A-1943 . GP ‘a tt

A-1944 " GP 31 VOI ie

A-1945 . GP ds ii

Coll. No. Locality Habitat Date Collector(s)

A-1946 Rubeshibe, Hokkaido GP 31 VIII 1974 B.D.H

A-1947 Engaru, Hokkaido GP 1 IX 1974 K.M.

A-1948 i GP a .

A-1949 - GP e a:

A-1950 Sapporo, Hokkaido Pp 3 IX 1974 K.M.

T:0

A-1951 Mt. Moiwa, Hokkaido TH 4 Ix us

A-1952 Aizankei, Hokkaido GP 24 V11974 E.K.

C-1953 Sagamihara, Kanagawa MC 9 IX 1974 E.S.8

Pref.

C-1954 Zama, Kanagawa Pref. MC 13 IX iB

C-1955 " MC ot -

C-1956 us GP e A

L-1957 Secret Garden, Seoul MC 24 IX y

L-1958 TY Je Y? TY

L-1959 e MC e "

L-1960 1 P ? vy

L-1961 s MC a 0

L-1962 Y’ P '’ ?

L-1963 Korean Nat. Mus. p up :

Park, Seoul

L-1964 ie MC ‘ =

L-1965 National Forest, TH 25 IX o

Kyongki Do

L-1966 c MC "

L-1967 ? ? UAE ’

L-1968 is GP ia _

L-1969 Mt. Nam-han, GP 26 IX B

Kyongki Do

L-1970 Seoul GP i Ly

L-1971 ‘? 2 1:9 yy

L«1972 ? P ‘’ $y,

L-1973 Munsan, Kyongki Do D 27 IX i.

L-1974 i RF ie bi

L-1975 " RF p i

L-1976 GP ry

H-1977 Uto, Kumamoto Pref. Pp 211K 1974 K.M.

A.Y

H-1978 ? Pp YY VA

H-1979 Yatsushiro, Kumamoto BIS i) e

Pref.

H-1980 4 BLS r i

H-1981 nM BIS A ke

H-1982 i RF by .

H-1983 " RF a ‘i

H-1984 ie RF a om

H-1985 ¥ GP 22 IX Mt

H-1986 iM Str y 7

H-1987 e RF ia i

H-1988 iG BLS s :

H-1989 mn BIS " :

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea

968

Coll. No.

H-1990

H-1991

H-1992

H-1993

H-1994

H-1995

H-1996

H-1997

H-1998

H-1999

H-2000

H-2001

H-2002

H-2003

H-2004

H-2009

H-2006

H-2007

H-2008

H-2009

H-2010

H-2011

H-2012

H-2013

H-2014

H-2015

H-2016

H-2017

H-2018

H-2019

H-2020

C-2021

L-2022

L-2023

L-2024

L-2025

L-2026

L-2027

L-2028

L-2029

K-2030

K-2031

K-2032

K-2033

K-2034

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

Locality

Yatsushiro, Kumamoto

Pref.

Tamana, Kumamoto

Pref.

Tey

Aino, Nagasaki Pref.

Isuhara, Tsushima

Mt. Ariake, Tsushima

Kuwa, Tsushima

Naiin, Tsushima

Asamo, Tsushima

Mt. Ariake, Tsushima

Isahaya, Nagasaki Pref.

Zama, Kanagawa Pref.

Andong, Kyongsangpuk

Jongmyo, Seoul

Kongju, Chungchongnam

Wido, Chon Nam

Jongmyo, Seoul

Paju, Kyongki Do

Toyotomi, Iriomote Is.

Itokawa-rindo, Iriomote

Is.

Habitat

(Net)

>: Cement

tank

Date

22 IX 1974

29 IX 1974

26 IX

imi

29 XI 1974

30 XI 1974

Collector(s)

K.M. &

ALY.

Coll. No. Locality Habitat Date Collector(s)

K-2035 Itokawa-rindo, Iriomote TH 30 XI1 1974 K.M. & J.T.

Is.

K-2036 . TH 4 "

K-2037 : TH " "

K-2038 o GP " "

K-2039 i GP " "

K-2040 a GP " "

K-2041 Toyotomi, Iriomote (Net) 1X11 1974 K.M.

Is.

K-2042 4 GP ki é

K-2043 ‘. GP 7 u

K-2044 nr. Agarisuji, MC: Tin can 2 XI mn

Kuroshima

K-2045 RH 3 XII -

K-2046 uM RH " "

K-2047 Kannonzaki, Ishigaki Is. TP 4XI11974 K.M. &

K.W.

K-2048 - TP % ,

K-2049 nr. Yoshiwara, Ishigaki GP i a

Is.

K-2050 " GP : te

K-2051 i (Net) : HM

K-2052 he TH

K-2053 " TH " "

K-2054 a TH u a

K-2055 = Yonehara, IshigakilIs. (Net) 5 XII a

K-2056 e TH cs 4

K-2057 ¥ TH Mi ‘i

K-2058 ju TH a 7

K-2059 o TH - da

K-2060 Mt. Maeshi, Ishigaki Is. (Net) 6 X11 1974 K.M.

K-2061 ‘i TH ul

K-2062 Mt. Banna, IshigakilIs. (Net) ) is

K-2063 : GP He

K-2064 mt GP 4 a

K-2065 Inoda, Ishigaki Is. 18 X11 1968 U.S.A.M.C.

I-2066 Shimmura, Amami (Net) 30 Va. 1974 S.O.

Oshima

L-2067 Banpodong, Seoul iy 271X 1972 K.W.L.

L-2068 Sosa, Kyongki Do ? iG "

B-2069 Sakata, Yamagata Pref. ? 9 VII 1974 K.Sh.

K-2070 Taira, Miyako Is. (Net) 1 VII 1965 K.M.

E-2071 Mt. Kurama, Kyoto TH 29111975 K.M. &S.O

Pref.

E-2072 ” TH ‘i

E-2073 TH Li ‘|

A-2074 Onuma-koen, Hokkaido GP 21 V 1958 K.H.

D-2075 Mt. Amagi, Shizuoka TH 13 VI.1975 S.H. &

Pref. K. Sa.

J-2076 Geya-taki, Okinawa Is. Str 251V 1975 I.M.

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea

969

970 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

Coll. No. Locality Habitat Date Collector(s)

A-2077 Kitami, Hokkaido GP 23 VIII 1958 K.H.

A-2078 Sapporo, Hokkaido GP 30 VII 1958 "

A-2079 Zenibako, Hokkaido GP 1 V 1963 u

C-2080 Zama, Kanagawa Pref. MC 5 VI 1975 E.S.S.

C-2081 Sagamihara, Kanagawa (Resting) 17 V11975 K.M.

Pref.

C-2082 Zama, Kanagawa Pref. MC 18 VI11975 E.S.S

E-2083 Mt. Kurama, Kyoto (Net) 19 V711975 K.M.

Pref.

E-2084 ° TH fy e

E-2085 u TH i y

E-2086 4 TH a a

C-2087 Sagamihara, Kanagawa ? | 10 1V:1963 "

Pref.

E-2088 Mt. Kurama, Kyoto MC: Tin can 18 VII 1975 K.M. &

Pref. S.O.

E-2089 . TH y 4

E-2090 TH y eo

E-2091 " TH y 4

L-2092 Yechon, Kyongsangpuk ? g K.W.L.

L-2093 Kwangnung, Kyongki Do ? 29 1V 1973 °"

L-2094 Jong Myo, Seoul fe a Q

L-2095 Kwangnung, Kyongki Do TH 291V 1973 K.W.L.

L-2096 a TH . .

L-2097 3 TH * “

L-2098 4 "2 c “i

E-2099 Mt. Kurama, Kyoto TH 31 VIL1975 K.M.

Pref.

E-2100 A TH i :

E-2101 4 TH ns A

C-2102 Akigase, Saitama Pref. ? 10 V1.1 1953 «J. E.S.

C-2103 Atsugi, Kanagawa Pref. GP 26 1X.1975° S.R.C.

C-2104 Mt. Takatori, Kanagawa RH 4X 1974 K.M. &

Pref. ; s.O.

C-2105 ‘ MC: Cement os -

tank

K-2106 Kawarayama, Ishigaki (Net) 1 IV 1971 Y.U,

: Is.

C-2107 Okutama, Tokyo Met. BbS 3 VI 1966 K.T.

J-2108 Ada, Okinawa Is. BIS LA 19752. 1.M.

L-2109 Kwangnung, Kyongki ? 13 VOI 1972 K.W.L.

L-2110 Kwangnung, Kyongki Do ? 20 VOI 1972 K.W.L.

L-2111 . re 1 X 1973 ts

L-2112 e 28 ? "

L-2113 es ig 30 VIII 1970 "'

L-2114 Kongju, Chungchongnam ? 4 "

L-2115 ’ ? 7 "7?

B-2116 Tamagawa, Yamagata 11 V1 1975 K.Sh.

Pref.

Coll. No.

J-2117

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea

Locality

Makibaru, Okinawa Is.

Chibana, Okinawa Is.

Inoda, Ishigaki Is.

Miyagi Is.

Kuba, Okinawa Is.

Yaka, Okinawa Is.

Kagoshima, Kagoshima

Pref.

Sendai, Miyagi Pref.

Hokkaido

Chitose, Hokkaido

Kyoto, Kyoto Pref.

Yamato, Kanagawa

Pref.

Ayase, Kanagawa

Pref.

Yamato, Kanagawa

Pref.

Ronkokyo, Cheju Do

Pusan, Kyongsangnam

Nar

Yongju, Kyongsangpuk

Paju, Kyongki Do

Bomosa, Pusan,

Kyongsangpuk Do

Biwon, Seoul

Namcheju-kun, Cheju

Chinhae, Kyongsangnam

(Not used)

Yung ju, Kyongsangpuk

Bulkuksa, Kyungju,

Kyongsangpuk Do

Hapchon, Kyongsangnam

Kwrodong, Seoul

C. Okinawa,

Okinawa Is.

Kishaba, Okinawa Is.

Yonabaru, Okinawa Is.

Chibana, Okinawa Is.

Ishigaki, Ishigaki Is.

Habitat

(LT)

(Net)

Date

15 X 1969

10 XI 1969

18 XII 1968

13 II 1963

8 X 1968

29 IIT 1969

12 VII 1969

27 V 1949

14 V 1963

15 V 1963

20 XII 1953

3 III 1964

30 IV 1964

8 V 1964

18 IX 1969

17 VUI 1971

7 VIII 1973

23 IX 1950

23 IX 1973

20 X 1973

21 X 1969

VU 1970

1 ViA9T)

16 II 1971

11 VI 1958

14 X 1969

7 XI 1959

10 VI 1965

971

Collector(s)

U.S.A MAC.

THe

5. ¥.

207 M.S.D.

406 M.L.

Ti?

207 M.S.D.

Wack,

972

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

Coll. No. Locality Habitat Date Collector(s)

J-2154 Chibana, Okinawa Is. ? IX 1965 U.S.A.M.C.

J-2155 ai ? ’ fay

J-2156 Shimabuku, Okinawa Is. (LT) 14 X 1969

J-2157 Makibaru, Okinawa ls. (LT) 22 X mt

C-2158 Tokyo ¢ 12 VOI 1949 406 M.L

E-2159 Hikone, Shiga Pref. ? 20 VIII 1950 207 M.S.D

J-2160 Awase, Okinawa Is. ? 27 VIII 1956 R.P.

E-2161 Yodo, Osaka Pref. ¢ 16 VOI 1949 207 M.S.D

E-2162 Hikone, Shiga Pref. i 17 VO1I1950 "

E-2163 o : 28 Vil :

J-2164 Chibana, Okinawa Is. td VIII 1965 U.S.A.M.C

J-2165 Hi (LT) 14 X 1969 "

J-2166 Kuba, Okinawa Is. (LT) 13 XI es

J-2167 Awase, Okinawa Is. ? 17 VI. 1956 R.P.

J-2168 Chibana, Okinawa Is. (LT) 29 VIL 1950 U.S.A.M.C

J-2169 Okinawa Is. ? 1970 x

C-2170 Mt. Sengen, Kanagawa ? 11 VI11966 K.T

Pref.

C-2171 Okutama, Tokyo Met. MC: Stone 18 VI ‘

basin

D-2172 Mt. Amagi, Shizuoka RC 24 VI i

Pref.

D-2173 Mt. Hongu, Aichi Pref. RC 22 ViI.19T2 ."

C-2174 Manazuru, Kanagawa ? 20 XI 1969 A.K.

Pref.

C-2175 Sagiyama, Saitama : 24 V 1957 406 M.L.

Pref.

C-2176 a. ? 11 VI ,

C-2177 Fuchinobe, Kanagawa < 26 VIII 1965 "'

Pref.

C-2178 Machida, Tokyo Met. is 10 VI11963 ""’

C-2179 Sagamihara, Kanagawa ? 2 Vil é&

Pref.

C-2180 " ‘9 15 X iy

C-2181 Atsugi, Kanagawa 9 10 I 1964 ‘i

C-2182 Yamato, Kanagawa Pref. ? 211 ss

C-2183 Atsugi, Kanagawa Pref. ? 28 I ih

C-2184 Ayase, Kanagawa Pref. ? 29 I um

C-2185 Sagamihara, Kanagawa ? “tee "

Pref.

E-2186 Kyoto, Kyoto Pref. 7 22 V11948 207M.S.D

K-2187 Iriomote Is. . 15 XII 1968 U.S.A.M.C

K-2188 Inoda, Ishigaki Is. ‘4 18 XII si

I-2189 Aragusuku, Okinoerabu RF 23 1V 1964 K.K

Is.

E-2190 Kyoto, Kyoto Pref. MC: Cement 26 VI11953 «6Y.S. &

tank J. MC.

E-2191 di MC: Cement 15 VII .

tank

E-2192 y ? 27 V 1948 207. Ba.5. DD.

J-2193 Tancha, Okinawa Is. (LT) 13 X 1969 U.S.A.M.C

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea 973

Coll. No. Locality Habitat Date Collector(s)

J-2194 Haneji, Okinawa Is. ? 6 VIII 1969 U.S.A.M.C.

K-2195 Itokawa-rindo, Iriomote BbI 2111976 K.M. @ di T.

is.

K-2196 : BbI h

K-2197 di BbI iy Somes "

K-2198 Hichi, Okinawa Is. BbI 15 1 1976 I. M.

K-2199 _ BblI kes ve

J-2200 a BbI " “a

J-2201 Yona, Okinawa Is. BbI 13 1X 1975 ="

J-2202 x BbI ys a

J-2203 i BbI i A

J-2204 iu BbI sv 0

J-2205 " BbI 10 VII "

J-2206 is BbI 26 VIII a

J-2207 Ada, Okinawa Is. TH 21 VI

J-2208 Yona, Okinawa Is. TH £ “a

J-2209 Genga, Okinawa Is. BIS 15 1 1976 4

C-2210 Yokohama, Kanagawa (Lab. Col.) 406 M.L.

Pref.

C-2211 Kawasaki, Kanagawa (Lab. Col.) a

: Pref.

L-2212 Chinhae, Kyongsangnam (Biting) 271X 1950 207 M.S.D.

L-2213 ms ? | 29 IX .

C-2214 Tokyo Met. 4 24 VII 1949 "

C-2215 ie ? 10 IX ie

C-2216 Funabashi, Chiba Pref. (Net) ga V1'1908s% K.T*

C-2217 yi (Net) — 20 VI. 1954 ="

C-2218 Hatagaya, Tokyo Met. (LT) 2 VI 1956 ve

C-2219 Chitosefunabashi, Tokyo (Net) 17 Vitsssc ™

Met.

C-2220 Tajimagahara, Saitama (Net) 13 VI 1959 ="

Pref.

C-2221 Tama Hills, Tokyo Met. (Net) 16 VI o

C-2222 Sagamihara, Kanagawa _ (Net) 6VIL1970 kK. &T.T.

Pref.

C-2223 Tachikawa, Tokyo Met. ? VII 1965 406 M.L.

E-2224 Toyonaka, Osaka Pref. (Lab. Col.) N. 1. Bods

1-2225 Mt. Yuwan, Amami 4 VII 1970 K.M. & M.N

Oshima

C-2226 Zama, Kanagawa Pref. ? 10 IX 1963 406 M.L.

J-2227 Okinawa Is. ° V 1966 M.L.P.

C-2228 Funabashi, Chiba Pref. (Net) 3 IV 1952 K. T3

C-2229 Chitosefunabashi, Tokyo (Net) 8 VI 1965 "

Met.

C-2230 " (Net) 19 VI :

C-2231 " (Net) 17 XI ie

C-2232 Sagamihara, Kanagawa _ (Net) 6 V 1969 K. @ at,

Pref.

C-2233 7 (Net)

974 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

Coll. No. Locality Habitat Date Collector(s)

C-2234 Sagamihara, Kanagawa (Net) TOME 197Ae KK. GE:

Pref.

C-2235 iO (Net) 22 IV iy

C-2236 Funabashi, Chiba Pref. (Net) 13 VU 1953" K.T

C-2237 fd (Net) 15 VII i:

C-2238 : (Light) 28 VI 1954 ="

C-2239 4 (Net) 21 VII -

C-2240 4 (Light) 1 IX u

C-2241 Zama, Kanagawa Pref. ? 261V 1963 406 M.L.

C-2242 Sagamihara, Kanagawa ? 1. V. a,

Pref.

C-2243 Tokyo Met ? 17 V 1949 207 M.S. D.

C-2244 " rg 1 VI _

E-2245 Hikone, Shiga Pref. ed 13 II 1950

L-2246 Chinhae, Kyongsangnam ? 25 1X 1990."

Do :

E-2247 Kyoto, Kyoto Pref. MC: Cement 26 VI 19530.) T.S.B. &

tank J. MC.

2248-62 (Not used)

K-2263 Kuroshima GP 25 VIII 1967 K.N.

2264-5 (Not used)

C-2266 Okutama, Tokyo Met. (Net) 11 VI 1956 K.T.

D-2267 Kawai-mura, Gifu (Net) 18 V1 1972

Pref.

C-2268 Kurasawa, Tokyo Met. (Net) 9 V 1969 R.1

2269 (Blank)

K-2270 Sakieda, Ishigaki Is. (Net) 23 VIL 1962 T.M.

[-2271 Mt. Yuwan, Amami (Net) 18 V1 1963 __—sS:«.S..

Oshima

A-2272 Nopporo, Hokkaido GP 4 Vv 1962 K.H

A-2273 Sapporo, Hokkaido BIS 19 V1 1958 —s"'

A-2274 uv BLS 23 VI ?

A-2275 Mt. Moiwa, Hokkaido is 1 VU a

C-2276 Sagamihara, Kanagawa ? 13 VIII 1959 406 M.L.

Pref.

A-2277 Sapporo, Hokkaido ? 13 VI 1959 K.H.

E-2278 Kyoto, Kyoto Pref. BbS 17111950 207M.S.D.

C-2279 Tokyo MC 12 Vv. 1949 406 M.L.

A-2280 Aizankei, Hokkaido 4 1 VII 1963 K.H.

A-2281 Zenibako, Hokkaido ? T Vag: e

J-2282 Shioya, Okinawa Is. RF 18 VL. 1969 D.DF.

J-2283 Kudasaki, OkinawalIs. ? 101V 1967 U.S.A.M.C

K-2284 Shirahama, Iriomote Is. RP 23 V 1968 £A.B.S.

C-2285 Yokohama, Kanagawa ty v4 406 M.L

Pref.

C-2286 Hachioji, Tokyo Met. t 1965 o

J-2287 Mt. Oh-take, Kume Is. (Net) 30 VIII 1967 K.M.

L-2288 National Forest, ? 19 V1 1972 C.S.C.

Kyongki Do

C-2289 Tokyo ? 11 VI 1949 406 M.L.

C-2290 Chiba, Chiba Pref. ? 18 VOI 1949 207 M.S.D.

Coll. No.

C-2291

C-2292

C-2293

K-2294

J-2295

C-2296

H-2297

H-2298

H-2299

C-2300

C-2301

C-2302

C-2303

C-2304

C-2309

C-2306

J-2307

J-2308

J-2309

K-2310

K-2311

J-2312

F-2313

F-2314

L-23195

C-2316

C-2317

C-2318

C-2319

C-2320

C-2321

C-2322

C-2323

C-2324

C-2325

C-2326

C-2327

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea

Locality

Machida, Tokyo Met.

Yamato, Kanagaw

Pref. :

Inoda, Ishigaki Is.

Kayo, Okinawa Is.

Tana, Kanagawa Pref.

Taniyama, Kagoshima

Pref.

Kagoshima, Kagoshima

Pref.

Mt. Takatori,

Kanagawa Pref.

Jimmuji, Kanagawa

Pref.

Zushi, Kanagawa

Pref.

Fuchinobe, Kanagawa

Pref.

Sagamihara, Kanagawa

Pref.

Yonabaru, Okinawa Is.

Yomitan, Okinawa Is.

Oroku, Okinawa Is.

Arakawa, Ishigaki Is.

Inoda, Ishigaki Is.

Kubasaki, Okinawa Is.

Okayama, Okayama

" Pref.

Chinhae, Kyongsangnam

Do ,

Zama, Kanagawa Pref.

Mt. Kashozan, Gumma

Pref.

Tachikawa, Tokyo Met.

Machida, Tokyo Met.

Sagamihara, Kanagawa

Pref.

Toya, Kanagawa Pref.

Zama, Kanagawa Pref.

Yamato, Kanagawa

Pref.

Zama, Kanagawa Pref.

Enoshima, Kanagawa

Pref.

Sagamihara, Kanagawa

Pref.

Habitat

(LT)

: Stone

basin

Tin can

Date

3 X 1963

3 Ill 1964

8 V

17 V 1968

30 X 1969

11 VII 1965

21 VUI 1969

20 VUI

12 VOI

22 V 1976

10 IX 1963

30 VIII 1966.

24 V 1963

0 VIII 1958

23 X 1965

6 X 1969

9 II 1968

18 XT 1968

13 XI 1968

10 VOI 1949

24 VII

23 IX 1950

21 IV 1958

13 VI 1976

VIII 1965

19 VII

30 VI 1963

7 VII 1965

29 X 1963

12 VI 1969

24 X 1963

30 XII

29 I 1964

14 VII 1970

975

Collector(s)

A.K.

406 M.L.

gy’

976

Coll. No.

J-2328

J-2329

K-2330

K-2331

J-2332

J-2333

C-2334

C-2335

2336

C-2337

C-2338

K-2339

QyayAONW LS

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

Locality

Yomitan, Okinawa Is.

Nago, Okinawa Is.

Iriomote Is.

Inoda, Ishigaki Is.

Tancha, Okinawa Is.

Oze, Gumma Pref.

(Not used)

Sagamihara, Kanagawa

Pref.

Zama, Kanagawa Pref.

Mt. Omoto, Ishagaki

Is.

Habitat

Date Collector(s)

4 III 1969 U.S.A.M.C.

14 VOI e

15 XT. 1968 = ""

18 XII ‘if

13 X 1969

20 X

28 VII 1976 S.H.

A Wil 1976 <5. Rees

3 VII ‘i

7 V 1963

Abbreviations for Collection Records

Collection Number Prefixes

Hokkaido District

Tokoku District

Kanto District

Chubu District

Kinki District

Chugoku District

Shikoku District

BbI Bamboo internode

Bamboo stump

BIS Blocked stream

CH Crab hole

D Ditch

F Foot print

FS Fern stump

GP Ground pool

LA Leaf axil

MC Man-made container

P Pond

—Honshu

ZerAauen

Habitats

Kyushu District

Amami Gunto

Okinawa Gunto

Miyako and Yaeyama Gunto

Korean Peninsula

Cheju Do

Ogasawara and Volcano islands

Rock cavity

Rice field

Rock hole

Rock pool

Stream

Tree hole

Tide pool

Dry ice trap

. Col.) Laboratory colony

Light trap

SRP A a OS Se ae On One

oes

as OF

PmARCAS ynnun Ryn do

e Od w e ry e

opens

PHF

= eae

eo eer

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea

DNAQAAWW>>>

‘ahalalalalealalolalalcletetsbeleie ls

Collectors’ Names

. B. Silagan

. Kato

. Yoshii

«dy. Ft

Higa

A. Cho

. Kijoka

. S. Chong

. DeForest

. Kanda

. S. Saugstad

» od. CRG

. Suzuki

WG. 7 PS

. Takahashi

Miyagi

E. Scanlon

L. Young

McClendon

Tamamori

Hattori

Itano

Kamimura

Kuroshima

Mizusawa

Nagano

Soma

Sakai

. Shirahata

. Tanaka

. Takahashi

. & T. Tanaka

a Sate eS sees be EE es

CHMAME D> >OORAAHM POEM DORMS AD HME

aoa

“

KKK KKK SHH HHH HR AADHHHNNNADDWDAZSSSAR

. Watanabe

. W. Lee

. Nishikawa

. sawada

. S. Viray

. Tamiya

. Ishikawa

Kano

. Pangaldan

. W. Intermill

Hayashida

Miyake

Okajima

R. Crutchfield

Shinonaga

Sato

Sasagawa

Suguri

Yamamoto

. Higa

. Kikuchi

. Kishimoto

. Matsui

. Otani

. S. Bolinquit

. A. Robinson

. Arita

. Hattori

. Imamura

Kusui

. Shogaki

Tomidokoro

Uemura

U. S. Army oth Preventive Medicine Unit, Korea

U. S. Army 207th Malaria Survey Detachment, Kyoto,

Japan

977

406th Medical Laboratory, U. S. Army Medical Command,

Japan

U. S. Army Medical Laboratory, Pacific

National Institute of Health, Japan

Okinawa Institute of Pollution Health

U. S. Army Medical Center, Ryukyu Islands

978 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

POSTSCRIPTUM

Work on this project commenced in July 1969. At that

time, however, there was no suitable mosquito reference

collection maintained in the laboratory. Initially, numerous

field collection trips were conducted, and through the rigor-

ous effort made by members of this project, a large quantity

of specimens were accumulated. Approximately 90% of the

Species studied were collected during this project.

In total, 6 members of the Department of Entomology

participated in this project. Three of them have since

departed the laboratory, however, their contribution to the

project was invaluable. The names and times of participa-

tion of these individuals are:

Kazuo Tanaka duly 1969 - Present

Kiyoyuki Mizusawa July 1969 - Present

Edward S. Saugstad July 1972 - June 1975

Masaru Nishikawa March 1970 - June 1971

Masaaki Sawada July 1969 - May 1970

Akimasa Yoshii July 1969 - December 1969

Sagamihara, Japan Kal

6 December 1976

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea

979

INDEX

Names of valid taxa are set in Roman type; italic type is used for invalid

names of taxa (synonyms, misidentifications, spelling errors, incorrect

generic assignment, etc. ).

Italicized numerals refer to the primary text

references; roman numerals refer to secondary text references, the suffix k

indicates mention ina key. Roman numerals enclosed in parentheses refer to the

figures.

absobrinus (Culiseta) 98, 103

achaetae (Heizmannia) 248

Aedes (genus) 9, 12, 14, 19, 20, 21,

88k, 89k, 253-5, 255k, 348, 379,

425, 472, (4, 5)

Aedes (subgenus) 255k, 256k, 257k,

425-6, 426k, 436

Aedes (Ochlerotatus) sp. 27, 33, 260k,

261k, 261, 296, (91)

Aedes (Ochlerotatus) sp. (of LaCasse

and Yamaguti) 277

Aedimorphus (genus) 405

Aedimorphus (subgenus) 255k, 256k,

257k, 405-7, 407k, 422

aegypti (Aedes) 29, 30, 33, 36, 40,

370, 371, 372, 396-400, (120, 121,

234)

aegypti (Culex) 396

aegypti group 30, 369, 370, 371, 402,

405

aegypti subgroup (Aedes) 403

aitkenti bengalensis (Anopheles) 57

aitkenii group (Anopheles) 59

aitkenii var, bengalensis (Anopheles)

Akabane virus 414

albipes (Orthopodomyia) 107

albiventris (Culex) 185

albocincta (Finlaya) 340

albocinctus (Aedes) 33, 304, 305k,

306k, 308k, 340-1

albolateralis (Aedes) (in part) 351

albopictus (Aedes) 28, 30, 33, 36,

40, 228, 348, 370, 371, 372, 374,

376, 380-5, 388, 389, 394, 395,

(117, 118, 232)

albopictus (Culex) 380

alboscutellata (Lepidotomyia) 407

alboscutellatus (Aedes) 28, 33, 407k,

407-10, 424, (124, 125, 237)

albotaeniatus group (Anopheles) 70

alcasidi (Aedes) 376

alektorovi (Aedes) 341

Ankylorhynchus (subgenus) 491, 492

annandalei (Uranotaenia) 19, 34, 469k,

469-72, (151, 152, 254)

annulata (Culiciomyia) 220

annulatus (Culex) 36

annulus (Culex) 152

Anopheles (genus) 9, 12, 14, 18, 19,

20, 21, 38, 39, 40, 45-6, 46k, 53,

83, 475, 490, (4,5)

Anopheles sp. (Engaru race) 22, 27, 31,

54k, 55k, 56k, 57k, 76, 77, 78, 79,

82. 109e0(%,. 21)

Anopheles (subgenus) 8, 47k, 53, 54k

Anophelinae 1, 2, 44-5, 44k, 45, 85,

490

anopheloides (Mansonia) 109

anopheloides (Orthopodomyia) 22, 28,

31, 42, 109-13, 343, 348, 385,

498, (8, 28, 29, 175)

anopheloides nipponica (Orthopodomyia)

109

argenteoventralis (Topomyia) 483

Armigeres (genus) 9, 19, 20, 21, 88k,

89k, 445-7

Armigeres (subgenus) 447

asanumai (Aedes) 427, 430

atriisimilis (Aedes) 34, 439k, 443-5

(140, 141, 247)

aureochaeta (Heizmannia) 248

aureostriatus (Aedes) 29, 35, 304,

305k, 306k, 308k, 342, 344, 348,

368

aureostriatus aureostriatus (Aedes) 35,

347

aureostriatus group (Aedes) 257, 304

aureostriatus okinawanus (Aedes) 27,

33, 35, 302, 344-6, 347, 348,

(105, 106, 224)

aureostriatus taiwanus (Aedes) 33, 35,

346-8, (224)

aureostriatus var. dooni (Aedes) 35

aureostriatus var. greeni (Aedes) 35

aureostriatus var. kanaranus (Aedes) 35

980 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

aureostriatus (Culex) 344

aurifluus (Toxorhynchites) 505, 507

aurifluus var. koryoensis

(Megarhinus) 502

baisasi (Aedes) 1, 30, 33, 414, 415-8,

(127, 128, 239)

bambusa (Rachionotomyia) 478, 481

bambusa (Tripteroides) 29, 35, 343,

348, 385, 395, 478

bambusa bambusa (Tripteroides) 22,

29, 34, 35, 478-81, (10, 154, 155,

256)

bambusa yaeyamensis (Tripteroides)

1, 29, 34, 35, 481-2, (256)

bancrofti (Wuchereria) 118, 141, 152,

179, 264, 321, 334

barberi (Anopheles) 61

Barraudius (subgenus) 124, 127k,

th Beko eek

Batai virus 414

bekkui (Aedes) 423

bengalensis (Anopheles) 31, 54k, 55k,

56k, 57-9, (14, 15, 165)

bergrothi (Culiseta) 104

bicornuta (Lophoceratomyia) 207

bicornutus (Culex) 32, 198k, 199k,

207-10, 348, (62, 63, 199)

bigoti (Culex) 237

bimaculata (Uranotaenia)

(misidentification) 462, 465, 466

biroi (Culex) 40, 148

Bironella (genus) 490 |

bitaeniorhynchus (Culex) 19, 28, 32,

125, 126, 129, 130, 132k, 133k,

135k, 170, 173-7, 178, 191,

(50, 51, 190)

bitaeniorhynchus group (Culex) 126,

130, 131

bitaeniorhynchus var. kavatsuensis

(Culex) 173

boninensis (Culex) 30, 32, 129, 132k,

133k, 134k, 171-3, (49, 50, 189)

Branchiopoda 486

brevipalpis (Culex) 32, 125, 185,

186k, 187k,.191, 192, 193-6,

(57, 58, 195)

brevipalpis Stegomyia) 193

brevipalpis (Toxorhynchites) 490, 492

bufo japonicus (Bufo) 207

bunanoki (Aedes) 361, 363

butleri (Aedes) 436

California encephalitis virus 267

Carex (genus) 299

Cellia (subgenus) 46k, 47, 47k

Chagasia (genus) 490

Chaoboridae 9, 43, 490

Chaoborus (genus) 9

chemulpoensis (Aedes) 33, 370k, 371k,

372k, 403-5, (123, 124, 236)

chemulpoensis subgroup (Aedes) 405

cheni (Heizmannia) 250

Chikungunya virus 400

christophersi (Aedes) (misidentification)

341

christophi (Megarhina) 502

christophi (Toxorhynchites) 23, 253,

‘493k, 501, 502-7, (159, 161, 262)

cinctellus (Culex) 30, 32, 198k, 199k,

202-4, (60, 197)

cinereus (Aedes) 253, 425, 436, (132)

cinereus (Aedes) (misidentification) 434

cinereus subspecies (Aedes) (misidenti-

fication) 434

claviger (Anopheles) 37

coenosa (Abryna) 486

communis (Aedes) 32, 259k, 261k,

278-80, 285, 299, 301, 436, (86,

87, 214)

communis (Culex) 278

complex (Heizmannia) 248

concolor (Culex) 39, 243

confirmatus (Ochlerotatus) 257

Coquillettidia (subgenus) 115k, 118-9,

119k

crassipes (Culex) 122-4

crassipes (Mansonia) 31, 119k, 122-4

(32, 178)

Crematogaster sp. 489

Criptomeria (genus) 502

crispus (Potamogeton) 80

cristata (Topomyia) 484

Culex (genus) 8, 9, 14, 19, 20, 21,

88k, 89k, 124-6, 126k, 157, 170,

179, 239, (5)

Culex (subgenus) 127k, 128k, 129-31,

131k, 173

Culicella (subgenus) 99, 99k, 100

Culicidae 1, 18, 19, 20, 36, 43, 44k,

490

Culicinae 1, 14, 44, 44k, 85-6, 86k,

490, (5) .

Culicini 1, 86k, 87k, 87, 88k, 490

Culiciomyia (subgenus) 126, 127k,

128k, 214-5, 216k, 220, 222

Tanaka et al.:

Culiseta (genus) 9, 19, 20, 21, 42, 87,

88k, 89k, 98-9, 99k, 107

Culiseta (subgenus) 99, 99k, 103-4

Delphacidae 28

demersus (Ceratophyllum) 80

dengue viruses 400

diantaeus (Aedes) 33, 260k, 261k,

262k, 280, 285, 299-301, (93, 94,

214, 216)

dives (Culex) 36

alee anes 9°18, 19° 20,.21,,22,

Dixidae 9, 22, 43, 490, (7)

domestica (Uranotaenia) 405

dorsalis (Aedes) 20, 32, 170, 259k,

260k, 261k, 264-7, (80, 81, 212)

dorsalis albus (Aedes) 264

dorsalis (Culex) 264

downsi (Aedes) 390, 391, 393, 395

dyari (Culiseta) 100

Edwardsaedes (subgenus) 255k, 256k,

257k, 422-3

edwardsi (Anopheles) 41, 65

elegans (Dixomyia) 95

elegans (Ficalbia) 95

elegans (Mimomyia) 30, 31, 91k,

92k, 95-7, (24, 172)

elegans complex (Mimomyia) 97

engarensis (Anopheles) 27, 79

esoensis (Aedes) 34, 270, 285, 424,

427k, 427-32, 433, 435, 436,

(131; °132;°133; 242)

esoensis yariety flavus (Aedes) 432

Etorleptiomyia (subgenus) 90, 91, 91k

eucleptes (Aedes) 314, 317, 321

Eumelanomyia (subgenus) 127k, 185-6,

186k

Eumelanomyia (Mochthogenys) 127k,

128k, 186

Eumelanomyia (Protomelanoconion)

127k, 129k, 186

excrucians (Aedes) 20, 32, 259k, 261k,

262k, 267-70, 285, 291, (81, 82,

213)

excrucians subsp. (Aedes) 267

excrucians (Culex) 267

Jasciata Stegomyia) 36, 37, 39, 40,

396

fasciatus (Culex) 368

fatigans (Culex) 41, 141

Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea

981

feegradei (Aedes) 367, 368

feegvadei (Aedes) (misidentification)

364, 367, 368

fimbripes (Aedes) 414

Finlaya (subgenus) 12, 255k, 256k,

257k, 302-4, 305k, 348, (4)

fitchii (Aedes) 270

flavopictus (Aedes) 29, 35, 42, 343,

348, 368, 370, 371, 372, 376,

381, 383, 385, 386, 391, 392,

393

flavopictus downsi (Aedes) 33, 35,

374, 376, 383, 384, 388, 389-90,

391, 392, 393, 394, 395, 396,

(233)

flavopictus flavopictus (Aedes) 33, 35,

379, 380, 383, 384, 385, 386-8,

389, 390, 392. 393, 394, (118,

119)

flavopictus miyarai (Aedes) 1, 35,

374, 376, 383, 384, 388, 390-6,

397, (233)

formosaeniis I (Anopheles) 38

formosaensisI (Anopheles) 38, 48

formosaensis II (Anopheles) 38

fragilis (Culex) 214

furcifera (Sogatella) 28

fusca (Uranotaenia) 453

fuscana vorax (Lutzia) 243

fuscanus (Culex) 29, 32, 36, 39,

239k, 240k, 240-2, 244, 245,

247, (74, 75, 207)

fuscocephala (Culex) 31, 130, 131k,

133k, 134k, 135-8, (33, 34, 179)

fuscocephalus (Culex) 135

galloisi (Aedes) 33, 42, 343, 370, 371,

372, 376-80, 388, (115, 116, 231)

gelidus (Culex) 138

gelidus var. sinensis (Culex) 177

genurostris (Harpagomyia) 487

genurostris (Malaya) 34, 486, 487-9,

(157, 158, 258)

Geoskusea (subgenus) 255k, 256k,

257k, 414-5

Getah (Itakura) virus 414

gnapathi (Aedes) 360

gracilis (Topomyia) 482

graminen (Najas) 80

gubernatoris group sp. (Aedes) 364

haemorrhoidalis (Culex) 490

982

hakusanensis (Aedes) 22, 27, 33,

260k, 261k, 262k, 283, 292-5, 296,

(9, 90, 91, 216)

hakusanensis series (Aedes) 296

halifaxii (Culex) 28, 30, 32, 39, 40,

247, (76, 208)

Harpagomyia (genus) 486

hatorii (Aedes) 19, 28, 33, 304, 305k,

306k, 307k, 327-30, (97, 98, 219)

hatorii group (Aedes) 304

hayashii (Culex) 29, 35, 59, 78, 170,

177, 182: 187,09 19152192,°493,°207

hayashii hayashii (Culex) 32, 35, 186k,

187k, 187-90, 191, (54, 55, 193)

hayashii ryukyuanus (Culex) 1, 29, 32,

35, 186k, 187k, 190-1, 193

Heizmannia (genus) 88k, 89k, 247-9

Heizmannia sp, 249 |

Heizmannia (subgenus) 249, 249k

nexodontus (Aedes) 286, 289, 290, 294

hexodontus (Aedes) (of Suzuki) 286

hexodontus ("tundra variety"') (Aedes)

288, 289, 290

hexodontus ("'type hexodontus variety'')

(Aedes) 288, 289, 290

hexodontus hexodontus (Aedes) 286

hexodontus hokkaidensis (Aedes) 1, 27,

32, 260k, 261k, 262k, 283, 286-91,

(89, 214)

honjimaensis (Culex) 226

hyrcanus complex (Anopheles) 76, 85

hyrcanus group (Anopheles) 38, 42

hyrcanus var. lesteri (Anopheles) 83

hyrcanus var. sinensis (Anopheles) 72

imitata (Topomyia) 483

immitis (Dirofilaria) 334, 385

impatiens (Culiseta) 104

impiger (Aedes) 19, 20, 257, 258,

259, 271

impiger daisetsuzanus (Aedes) 1, 27,

32, 299k, 260k, 261k, 262k;.:.

271-4, (83, 84, 214)

impiger impiger (Aedes) 271, 274

impiger (Culex) 271

imprimens (Aedes) 28, 34, 410, 422,

423-4, (130, 241)

imprimens (Banksiella) Aedes 423

imprimens (Culex) 423

inatomi (Culex) (misspelling) 234

inatomii (Culex) 1, 32, 234-7, (73,

74, 206)

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

inconspicuosa (Eumelanomyia) 185

indefinitis (Anopheles) 38

indica (Neomaclayea) 436

inermis (Aedes) 359, 360

infantulus (Culex) 28, 30, 32, 170,

191, 198k, 199k, 199-202, 207,

228, 460, (59, 60, 196)

inornata (Culex) 214

inornata (Ficalbia) 453

intrudens (Aedes) 33, 260k, 261k,

262k, 280, 285, 291, 296-9, 301,

(92, 93, 216)

iriomotensis (Aedes) 34, 438k, 439k,

442-3, (139, 246)

irviomotensis (Neomacleaya) Aedes 442

ishigakiensis (Aedes) 439

jacksoni (Culex) 29, 31, 132k, 133k,

135k, 161-4, 166, (44, 45, 186)

jacksoni (Uranotaenia) 22, 34, 214,

454k, 455k, 455-7, (143, 144,

249)

Japanese encephalitis virus 40, 138,

148, 151,, 152,°155, 157%,. 160,.:177,

321, 327, 334, 385, 414

japonicus (Aedes) 19, 29, 35, 36, 41,

228, 233, 302, 303, 305k, 306k,

307k, 308, 309, 312, 313, 314,

315, 817,.318,: 329.-320,321,

324, 325, 326, 327, 329, 333, 336,

343, 362, 385, 436

japonicus amamiensis (Aedes) 1, 29,

93, Ge, 342-3) :815¢:316,. 317,818,

319, 320, 321, °3255 326; ;327; (218)

japonicus eucleptes (Aedes) 29, 35

japonicus japonicus (Aedes) 29, 33, 35,

309-d2Z, 314, 319, .316,. 317,, 318,

319, 320, 321, 325, 326, 327, (95,

97, 217, 218)

japonicus shintienensis (Aedes) 29, 35,

315, 316,.d14, 318,,319,..520,. 321,

326, 327, (218)

japonicus shintiensis (Aedes)

(misspelling) 315

japonicus var, bisanensis (Aedes) 309

japonicus var. tokushimaensis (Aedes)

309

japonicus yaeyamensis (Aedes) 1, 29,

ao, 30, 313-7, 318, 349, 321,326,

327, (218)

japonicus group (Aedes) 303, 304

japonicus (Anopheles) 61

japonicus (Culex) 36, 40, 308, 309

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea

jepsont (Culex) 157

jesoensis (Anopheles) 38, 39, 72, 78,

83, 84

judithae (Anopheles) 61

kana (Heizmannia) 1, 29, 32, 249k,

249-51, (210)

kanayamensis (Culiseta) 31, 99k,

100k, 104-7, (26, 27, 174)

kanayamensis (Theobaldia) 104

kangi (Culex) 161

kavatsuensis (Culex) 173

kobayashii (Aedes) 33, 253, 304,

305k, 307k, 308k, 341-3, 346,

(103, 104, 223)

Rochi (Culex) 302

kochi group (Aedes) 302

koreicoides (Aedes) 27, 33, 304, 305k,

307k, 308k, 348-51, (106, 107,

225) )

koreicoides group (Aedes) 304

koreicus (Aedes) 19, 33, 40, 303,

305k, 306k, 307k, 316, 317, 322-7,

(96, 218)

kovreicus (Aedes) (misidentification)

309, 321

koreicus (Anopheles) 31, 41, 54k,

55k, 56k, 57k, 65-8, 70, 83, (17,

18, 163, 164)

koreicus edwardsi (Anopheles) 65

koveicus koreicus (Anopheles) 65

koreicus var, hisaoi (Anopheles) 65

koreicus (Ochlerotatus) 40, 322

kyotoensis (Culex) 16, 28, 32, 42,

216k, 217, 3226-8, 234 «232,233;

233k, (6, 70, 71, 204)

latifolia (Zuzania) 118, 122

lesteri (Anopheles) 28, 31, 38, 54k,

55k, 56k, 57k, 76, 77, 78, 81, 82,

83-5, (22, 163, 169, 170)

lesteri anthropophagus (Anopheles) 84,

lesteri lesteri (Anopheles) 84

lesteri paraliae (Anopheles) 84

lii (Heizmannia) 29, 32, 249k, 251-3,

(78,211)

lindesayii (Anopheles) 64, 83

lindesayii benguetensis (Anopheles) 64

lindesayii cameronensis (Anopheles) 64

lindesayii japonicus (Anopheles) 16, 31,

54k, 55k, 56k, 61-5, 191, 228, (6,

17, 18, 163, 164)

983

lindesayii nilgiricus (Anopheles) 64

lindesayii pleccau (Anopheles) 64

lineatopennis (Aedes) 29, 33, 418,

419-22, (129, 130, 240)

lineatopennis (Taeniorhynchus) 419

Lophoceraomyia (subgenus) 8, 127k,

128k, 129k, 196-8, 198k, 210

lugens (Nilaparvata) 28

Lutzia (subgenus) 19, 124, 125, 126,

126k, 127k, 128k, 237-39, 239k,

247

luzonensis (Ficalbia) 92

luzonensis (Mimomyia) 22, 31, 91,

91k: 92k, 02-6, (8;-23,.24, 171)

luzonensis (O'Reillia) 92

Lynchiella (subgenus) 491, 492

macfarlanei (Uranotaenia) 19, 34,

451, 460, 469k, 472-5, (152, 153,

255)

macrorrhiza (Alocasia) 395, 489

maculipennis (Anopheles) 45, 53

Malaya (genus) 18, 21, 476k, 486-7

malayensis (Aedes) 376

malayi (Brugia) 78, 118, 157, 334

manicatus (Megarhinus) 493

manicatus (Toxorhynchites) 1, 29, 35,

113, 493k, 493, 507

manicatus manicatus (Toxorhynchites) »

35,497, 498

manicatus yaeyamae (Toxorhynchites)

1, 29, 34, 35, 496-8, (158, 260)

manicatus yamadai (Toxorhynchites)

1, 29, 34, 35, 494-6, 497, 498,

(158, 161, 259)

Mansonia (genus) 88k, 89k, 113-5,

115k, 124

Mansonioides (subgenus) 115k,

115-6

Mattinglyia (subgenus) 248

mediolineata (Mimomyia) 91

Megarhina (genus) 490

Megarhinus (genus) 490

mimeticus (Culex) 28, 30, 31, 59,

132k, 134k, 135k, 162, 164-7, 168,

(46, 47, 187)

mimeticus group (Culex) 173

Mimomyia (genus) 19, 21, 88k, 89k,

90-1, 91k

Mimomyia (subgenus) 90, 91

minimus (Anopheles) 31, 38, 47-8k,

A955 P.M 1) (UL, 12,0 hO2)

minor (Culex) 207, 210, 212, 460

984

Mochlonyx (genus) 9

modestus (Culex) 237

modestus Subsp, (Culex) 234

modestus inatomti (Culex) 1, 234, 237

mohani (Aedes) 360

molestus (Culex) 146

Myzomyia (genus) 47

Myzorhynchus (genus) 53

nanseica (Uvanotaenia) 469

Neoculex (subgenus) 124, 125, 127k,

128k, 179-80

Neomacleaya (genus) 436

Neomelaniconion (genus) 418

Neomelaniconion (Aedes) 255k, 256k,

257k, 418-9

neovishnui (Culex) 152

nigerrimus (Anopheles) 72

niggerimus (Anopheles) (misspelling)

72, 76

nigropunctatus (Culex) 32, 216k,

220-3, (67, 68, 202)

nipponevius (Aedes) 351

nipponica (Culiseta) 31, 99k, 100k,

100-3, (25, 26, 173)

nipponica (Orthopodomyia) 42, 109

nipponicus (Aedes) 33, 253, 304, 306k,

307k, 308k, 343, 351-5, 359, 360,

(108, 109, 226)

nipponicus (Aedes) (misidentification)

356

nipponicus group (Aedes) 304

nipponii (Culicada) 37, 410

nishikawai (Aedes) 1, 29, 33, 304,

306k, 307k, 308k, 356-60, (109,

110, 227)

niveus (Aedes) (in part) 351

niveus nipponicus (Aedes) 42, 351

nivipleura (Uranotaenia) 22, 34, 453k,

454k, 467-8, (149, 150, 253)

nobukonis (Aedes) 20, 27, 34, 439k,

439-42, (136, 137, 138, 245)

novobscura (Uranotaenia) 22, 28, 29,

35, 454k, 462

novobscura novobscura (Uranotaenia)

34, 35, 462-4, 465, (148, 149,

252)

novobscura ryukyuana (Uranotaenia) 1,

34, 35, 465-6, (252)

obturbans (Culex) 445, 447

obturbans (Desvoidya) 40, 447

Ochlerotatus (subgenus) 12, 106, 255k,

256k, 257k, 257-9, 259k, 274, (4)

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

Ochlerotatus sp. 432

ochracea (Mansonia) 28, 30, 31, 119k,

E19 422,431,325 14°27)

ochraceus (Taentorhynchus) 119

ohamai (Anopheles) 71

ohamai (Uranotaenia) 16, 22, 34,

213, 454k, 455k, 457-60, 462,

(6, 145, 146, 250)

okinawae (Culex) 32, 182, 186k, 187k,

191-3, (56, 57, 194)

okinawanus (Aedes) 344, 346

omorii (Aedes) 359, 360

omorii (Anopheles) 27, 31, 54k,

55k, 56k, 59-61, (15, 16, 166)

omurensis (Aedes) 407

oreophilus (Aedes) 33, 304, 305k,

307k, 308k, 361-4, (111, 112,

228)

oreophilus group (Aedes) 304

oreophilus (Ochlerotatus) 361

orientalis (Culex) 32, 59, 103,

132k, 133k, 135k, 166, 167-70,

177, (47, 48, 188)

Orthopodomyia (genus) 20, 21, 88k,

89k, 107-9, 113

osakaensis (Culex) 37, 144

pallens (Culex) 36, 39, 40, 144

pallidothorax (Culex) 28, 32, 148, 214,

PUG? 228 1P ge Ge\23b 232. 239k,

(68, 69, 203)

palpale (Neomelaniconion) 418

Panorpoidea 9

perniciosus (Quadraspidiotus) 39

perturbans (Culex) 118

pharoensis (Anopheles) 47

philippinensis (Rhunchomyia) 477, 478

pipiens (Culex) 36, 39, 41, 124, 129,

131, 132k, 133k, 134k, 144, 147,

148, 226

pipiens autogenicus (Culex) 41, 146

pipiens complex (Culex) 36, 42, 147

pipiens group (Culex) 130, 131

pipiens form molestus (Culex) 146-8,

(38)

pipiens molestus (Culex) 31, 41, 146

pipiens pallens (Culex) 28, 31, 36, 37,

40, 144-6, 147, 148, (37, 38, 181)

pipiens pipiens (Culex) 141, 148

pipiens quinquefasciatus (Culex) 27,

30, 31, 41, 141-4, 145, 146, 147,

148, (36, 38, 181)

pipiens var. pallens (Culex) 144

Tanaka et al.: Mosquitoes of Japan and Korea

pipiens var. pallens @utogenous

strain) (Culex) 146

plegepennis (Leucomyia) 37, 158

plumbeus (Anopheles) 61

plumiger var. jesoensis (Anopheles)

pseudoesoensis (Aedes) 427

Pseudoficalbia (subgenus) 19, 20, 22,

453k, 453, 469

pseudovishnui (Culex) 28, 31, 129,

132k, 132, 134k, 135k, 152-5, 170,

177, 191, (40, 41, 183)

pulcherrima (Uranotaenia) 451, 468

pullus (Anopheles) 29, 31, 54k, 55k,

56k, 57k, 79-80, 81, (20, 169)

punctibasis (Anopheles) 65

punctodes-abserratus series (Aedes)

283, 294

punctor (Aedes) 19, 20, 32, 260k,

261k, 262k, 270, 280, 281-5, 289,

290, 291, 294, 295, 296, 299, 301,

436, (87, 88, 216)

punctor (''tundra variety'') (Aedes) 284

punctor ("type punctor variety'’)

(Aedes) 284, 285

punctor-hexadontus series (Aedes) 283,

294

punctor subgroup (Aedes) 283, 284, 289,

294, 296

punctor (Culex) 281

pusillus (Culex) 233

quinquefasciatus (Culex) 141, 147

Rachionotomyia (subgenus) 477

Rachisoura (subgenus) 478

Ravenalites (subgenus) 90, 91

reidi (Heizmannia) 248, 250

riversi (Aedes) 27, 33, 348, 370, 371,

372-6, 383, 384, 385, 388, 389,

390, 394, 395, 396, 397, (114, 115

230)

rossi (Anopheles) 47

vossicus (Aedes) (misidentification) 427,

430

rubensis (Culex) 32, 82, 180-5, 432,

434, (58, 54, 192)

rubithoracis (Culex) 28, 32, 177, 198k,

199k, 204-7, (61, 62, 198)

rubithovacis (Lophoceratomyia) 204

ryukyensis (Culex) 32, 42, 59, 216k,

217k, 217-20, 222, 223, 460, (65,

66, 201)

989

ryukyensis (Culex) of LaCasse and

Yamaguti 226

Sabethini 1, 86k, 87k, 475-6, 476k,

490

Sagiyama virus 414

saperoi (Anopheles) 54k, 55k, 56k,

57k, 68

saperoi saperoi (Anopheles) 1, 31,

68-70, 71, (19, 20, 167)

saperoi ohamai(Anopheles) 29, 31, 71

sasai (Aedes) 27, 34, 427k, 430, 431,

432, 434-6, (132, 135, 136, 244)

sasai (Culex) 28, 32, 216k, 217k,

207, 228-33 “Sask (71. 72 2°905)

savoryi (Aedes) 30, 33, 304, 305k,

306k, 308k, 334-7, (100, 101,

221)

scintillans (Heizmannia) 247, 249,

250

scutellaris (Aedes) 376

scutellaris group (Aedes) 369, 370,

371, 383, 388, 460

scutellaris (Stegomyia) 36, 40, 380

seoulensis (Aedes) 33, 304, 305k,

306k, 308k, 337-9, (102, 103, 222)

seoulensis group (Aedes) 304

septemgutiata (Mansonioides) 115

shakujitensis (Culex) 119, 122

shillitonis series (Uranotaenia) 451

shinonagai (Culex) 1, 30, 32, 239k,

240k, 245-7, (76, 77, 209)

sibiricus (Aedes) 379

sinensis (Anopheles) 28, 31, 28, 39,

51, 53, 54k, 55k, 56k, 57k, 58,

72-8, 19, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85,

103, 151, 170, 177, 191, 228,

(18, 20, 168, 169)

sinensis group (Anopheles) 84

sinensis (Culex) 28, 32, 130, 132k,

133k, 135k, 177-9, (52, 191)

sineroides (Anopheles) 31, 54k, 55k,

56k,. 57k,. 76, 77,..78, 80, 81-3,

84, (18, 20, 163, 169)

sitiens (Culex) 29, 31, 129, 132k, 134k,

155-7, (41, 42, 184)

Spirogyra spp. 177, 179

Splendens (Harpagomyia) 486

splendens (Mimomyia) 90

Stegomyia (subgenus) 9, 19, 20, 255k,

256k, 368-70, 370k, 379

Stegomyia sp. (Aedes) 400

Stegomyia sp. I (Aedes) 400

986

sticticus (Aedes) 32, 257, 260k, 262k,

275-8, (84, 85, 215)

stictus (Culex) 279

stimulans (Aedes) 270

stimulans group (Aedes) 270

stonei (Uranotaenia) 214, 455, 457, 460

Suaymyia (subgenus) 483, 484

subalbatus (Armigeres) 22, 28, 34, 36,

40, 447-50, (9, 142, 143, 248)

subalbatus (Culex) 36, 447

summorosus (Culex) 148

surcoufi (Aedes) 270

taeniatus (Lophoceratomyia) 202

taiwanensis (Heizmannia) 253

territans (Culex) 179, 183, 184, 185

tessellatus (Anopheles) 31, 47k, 48k,

51-3, (12, 13, 163, 164)

Theobaldia (Culicella) sp. 100

tigvipes (Culex) 40, 243

tipuliformis (Culex) 138, 141

titillans (Culex) 113

togoi (Aedes) 30, 33, 37, 40, 148,

226, 228, 302, 304, 305k, 306k,

308k, 331-4, 337, (99, 100, 220)

togoi group (Aedes) 304

togoi (Culicelsa) 37, 331

Topomyia (genus) 9, 21, 476k, 482-3

towadensis (Megarrhina) 36, 498

towadensis (Megarrhinus) 498, 502

towadensis (Toxorhynchites) 27, 34, 36,

493k, 496, 498-502, 503, 504, 505,

506, 507, (159, 160, 260, 261)

towadensis group (Toxorhynchites) 498

Toxorhynchites (genus) 18, 19, 20, 21,

274, 490-2

Toxorhynchites (subgenus) 491, 492,

493k

Toxorhynchites sp. 29, 34, 493, 507

Toxorhynchitinae 44, 490

Toxorhynchititini 1, 86k, 489-90

Tripteroides (genus) 18, 20, 21, 476k,

477-8

Tripteroides (subgenus) 477, 478

tripunctatus (Culex) 177

tritaeniorhynchus (Culex) 28, 30, 31,

AG) 76. 182k 134k, 138, 122-52,

170, 177, 191, 207, 226, 228, 457,

(38, 39, 182)

tuberis (Culex) 32, 198k, 199k, 210-4,

460, (64, 65, 200)

uniformis (Lophoceraomyia) 196

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 16, 1979

uniformis (Mansonia) 28, 31, 116-8,

121 (29, 30, 176)

uniformis (Panoplites) 116

Uranotaenia (genus) 19, 20, 21, 22,

451-2, 453k

Uranotaenia (subgenus) 19, 21, 453k,

468-9, 469k

Uranotaeniini 1, 85, 86k, 450-1, 490

vagans (Culex) 30, 31, 132k, 133k,

134k, 138-41, 143, (34, 35, 180)

Verrallina (genus) 436

Verrallina (subgenus) 9, 255k, 256k,

257k, 436-8, 438k

vexans (Aedes) 407, 410

vexans nipponii (Aedes) 30, 33, 37,

41, 270, 407k, 410-4, 422, 424,

434, (126, 127, 238)

vexans nocturnus (Aedes) 413

vexans variety nipponii (Aedes) 410

vexans vexans (Aedes) 413, 414

vexans (Culex) 410

vigilax (Aedes) 32, 257, 259k, 260k,

261k, 262-4, (79)

vigilax (Culex) 262

viridis (Heizmannia) 250

vishnui (Culex) 129, 131, 152

vishnui subgroup (Culex) 155

vovax (Culex) 243, 245

vorax (Lutzia) 243

wadai (Aedes) 1, 30, 33, 370, 371,

372, 400-3, (121, 122, 235)

watasei (Aedes) 19, 27, 33, 304,

306k, 307k, 308k, 348, 364-8,

(112, 113, 229)

watasei group (Aedes) 304

Western equine encephalitis virus 267

whitmorei (Culex) 31, 37, 132k, 134k,

135k, 158-60, (43, 44, 185)

whitmorei (Taeniorhynchus) 158

yaeyamae (Toxorhynchites) 1, 496

yaeyamana (Uranotaenia) 22, 34, 213,

454k, 455k, 460-2, (146, 147, 251)

yamadai (Aedes) 34, 270, 426k, 427k,

431, 432-4, 435, (132, 133, 134,

243)

yamadai (Megarhinus) 494

yamadai (Toxorhynchites) 1

yamadai yaeyamae (Toxorhynchites)

496