BES TRACT 2. ice ce ees ee Bo i tnecsevino es 1

INTRODUCTION ....... ee eee ices eS I ee ee | 1

Pe CO GOO) ee OI Oe Se ee ee rn 2

ABBREVIATIONS USED FOR MUSEUMS AND COLLECTIONG.............. 2

MORPHOLOGY....... ee a OS eA ee 3

Family TANAOSTIGMATIDAE.............. oe a eis 8

i oso oe iss eos de ieee dawie sce caceeess> 12

Genus TANAOSTIGMODES Ashmead ress Re EO eee 13

Key to Species Groups and Species. ............... Ee eos as vce oh vee ts 14

Flavicorpus Group........... Sorte sda wamneau aoe ee i ee oe a se aie ss 23

Emarginatus Group.......... Pee ee oes ees Do eee 28

Carinatus Group ........ ee ee ee ak 33

Dilatus Group.......... Saye aya es cen Bee eas 36

Basilaris Group...... ee ror cn a anny ied ey capi ene ie ds a 38

UE SEMI ICED SCO 100 SAE SS eee Al

Minutus Group....,....:....% Se eos steed sn ces eneea uae oe

Aulafrons Group....... Pepe te i hae a Pascal Ge gan 47

OS nh ard oe hn ed os ein soe os 49

Desantisi Group.............. EOE EEA GSE an oe eS 51

Insculptus Group ................008. OE SOAS) Cee On Cer ee Renee 54

Kiefferi Group ....... enue ee aoa, ei cence eecon 55

Fisheri Group............ cea oe ee es es Sete Ce cue 57

BE OR oh ros ins vas cal oor s bane neo adeteasiuccesatsnoey Cucabauss 63

Tenuisulcus Group...............06 Peis ok ess lds | esa ee ea 67

Coccophagus Group.......... ns tan: Pia EG yee a ag uae ences cenianya ae hades 69

PVCRT GrOUOD ooo on. is icdes sess es Eh UR Oe DE Renae yen eer onc on 70

i es ssc div cesd nse sh ncko baces bcd ease shuuescsegonasue yess os 86

Tricolor Group,....<..siccecses. Te oe ars Ce een hee ee 88

NG eee sk eared Rae ives anso cove ob ceusrun de 89

Unplaced Species in the Genus TandostigMmode...............ccccceeeceess 91

Genus MINAPIS Bréthes...... obs bce tbe cee esec sens 92

Genus TANAOSTIGNMA HOWE couse cbc cise ceveseanecipecsvocssctdssceasoess 94

Key to Species ........... dewannca eee: Be iets i es boa vod sal Coane 96

Genus TANAONEURA He Oe ee 114

Key to Species .............cecceeees Se i asccas cic aund eee 6s

Genus MICHOPROBOLOG, BP y Diiccciiscseces vocccssoneroedvecvsbevsvassvscesvess 133

Unplaced Genera and Species of New World Tanaostigmatidae DES ee 136

PPE R ATURE CITB oi. ccceeet sit eee ss Sorta Se Cant ee Beer Cao an 138

ILLUSTRATIONG.............. 8 een ed aaaute GaNuds waa eA cousancen 142

APPENDIX 1. New Synonyma.......... Fee oui ki cinerea sudan Ws Koduevs 175

APPENDIX 2. New Combinations ..... ae eed ibs civighies Muceeinss cubsinetons 175

APPENDIX 3, Lectotypes Desiemated oo.) ciciciiicc is .s.cscsdecssseeecnececeseseseess 175

Por IN UK A) New Tama DesGr ed ic. k 5. scsi cc scov esc saiesin cer deadon dievececseeces 176

APPENDIX 5. Genera Described as Tanaostigmatidae Which

Delong 1. Other Families cc... ccycscacgesiseecetsieesasesensiavesous 176

APPENDIX 6. Checklist of Old World Tanaostigmatidae...................065 177

APPENDIX 7. Host Associations of New World Tanaostigmatidae........ 178

NEW WORLD TANAOSTIGMATIDAE

(HYMENOPTERA, CHALCIDOIDEA)

JOHN LaSALLE

ABSTRACT. This revision of New World Tanaostigmatidae recognizes 5

genera: Tanaostigmodes Ashmead (45 species, 34 of which are new);

Minapis Bréthes (1 species); Tanaostigma Howard (11 species, 6 of which

are new); Tanaoneura Howard (11 species, 8 of which are new);

Microprobolos, gen. n. (1 species, which is new). Twenty species groups are

erected in the genus Tanaostigmodes. Keys are presented to all genera,

species groups and species. Five species and two genera are not treated as

material was unavailable for study. 1 specific synonymy, 5 generic

synonymies, and 12 new combinations are proposed; lectotypes are

designated for 10 species.

INTRODUCTION. The Tanaostigmatidae is a small to moderate sized

family of Chalcidoidea, related to the Encyrtidae and Eupelmidae. They are

unusual in that most members are phytophagous rather than parasitic.

There has never been a revision of the New World members of this family.

Ashmead (1904) provided a key to the four genera which he placed in his

tribe Tanaostigmini: Tanaostigma, Tanaostigmodes, Trichencyrtus

[=Tanaostigma], and Eutrichosoma [a pteromalid]. Crawford (1911)

provided a key to the four species of tanaostigmatids then known to occur in

the United States. Outside of these two works, there have only been

descriptions of single or a few species.

The present work attempts to update our knowledge of

Tanaostigmatidae, and provide a classification which will enable future

research in this family. Despite the relatively large number of new species

described in this work (49), it is felt that the majority of species are still

unknown, and the classification proposed should thus be considered

tentative. An attempt has been made to define taxa on the basis of

synapomorphic character states, however in a few instances, which are

noted in the text, this has not been accomplished.

Information concerning types, biology, and distribution are given

under the individual species. Complete label data are given in the Material

Examined section for each species, however erroneous hosts and doubtful

records are not listed in the Biology and Host Records section. Normal

2 Contrio. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

infraspecific variation has been included in the descriptions or

redescriptions of each species. Geographical variation, or variation that

was not clearly understood (i.e. I was not sure whether the variation

represented normal infraspecific variation, or whether it was of specific

value) is treated separately. Due to the small number of specimens

available for most taxa, systematic and nomenclatural decisions tend to be

conservative.

Appendices list new synonymies, new combinations, lectotype

designations, new taxa, genera described as Tanaostigmatidae which

belong in other families, a checklist of Old World Tanaostigmatidae, and

host associations of New World Tanaostigmatidae.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. I wish to thank the following people for help

during this study. |

For providing advice and information: Zdenék Bouéek (BMNH),

Kenneth W. Cooper (UCR), Gary A.P. Gibson (CNC), Gordon Gordh (UCR),

E. Eric Grissell (USNM), John T. Huber (CNC), John D. Pinto (UCR),

James B. Woolley (TAMU).

Loans of material have generously been made available by: P.H.

Arnaud (CAS), A.O. Bachmann (MBR), R.W. Brooks (SMEK), Z. Bouéek

(BMNH), L. Caltagirone (UCB), E.C. Dahms (QMB), L. De Santis (MLP), M.

Favreau (AMNH), O.V. Ferreira (IOC), M. Fischer (NHMV), G.A.P.

Gibson (CNC), E.E. Grissell (USNM), F. Koch (ZMHB), L. Masner (CNC),

J.S. Noyes (BMNH), V. Roth (SWRS), M.E. Schauff (USNM), R.O. Schuster

(UCD), B.M. Spears (UAT), A.L. Teran (IML), H.K. Townes (AEI), M.

Wasbauer (CDAS), F. Werner (UAT), J.B. Woolley (TAMU), C.M.

Yoshimoto (CNC).

Andrew C. Sanders (UCR) provided plant identifications and botanical

information.

ABBREVIATIONS USED FOR MUSEUMS AND COLLECTIONS.

AEI American Entomological Institute, Gainesville, Florida, USA

AMNH American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York,

USA

ANIC Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO, Canberra, ACT,

Australia

BMNH British Museum (Natural History), London, England

CAS California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California, USA

CDAS’ California Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento,

California, USA

CNC Canadian National Collection, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

FSCA Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Florida State Department

of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Gainesville, Florida, USA

IML Fundacién e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidad Nacional de

Tucuman, San Miguel de Tucumén, Argentina

IOC Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

LAS Personal collection of author

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae 3

Museo Argentina de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia," —

MBR

Buenos Aires, Argentina

MCZ Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University,

Cambridge, Massachussetts, USA

MLP Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional

de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina |

NCSR_ North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA

NHMV Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria

PPRI Plant Protection Research Institute, Pretoria, South Africa

QMB Queensland Museum, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

SMEK Snow Museum of Entomology, University of Kansas, Lawrence,

Kansas, USA

SWRS__ Southwest Research Station (AMNH), Portal, Arizona, USA

TAMU Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA

VAT University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA

UCB University of California, Berkeley, California, USA

UCD University of California, Davis, California, USA

UCR University of California, Riverside, California, USA

USNM United States Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian

Institution, Washington, D.C., USA

ZIL Zoological Institute, Academy of Sciences, Leningrad, USSR

ZMHB- Zoologisches Museum, Humboldt Universitat, East Berlin,

Germany

MORPHOLOGY. Morphological terms used are shown in Figs. 1-10.

Terminology is taken from Graham (1969), with the following changes:

Mesosoma = combined thorax and propodeum

Metasoma = petiole and gaster

Prepectus = postspiracular sclerite of Graham.

The following terms may need additional clarification.

Basal cell. The area of the forewing beneath the submarginal vein

extending from the wing base to the speculum (fig.8). Setal counts for the

basal cell include only setae on the dorsal surface of the wing, and do not

include setae which are part of the subcubital vein.

Dorsal projection. A short projection sometimes present on the dorsal

surface of funicular segments of the male antenna (fig.7). This projection

usually extends the entire length of the segment. The height of these

projections is given as width to keep terminology consistent with that in

female and male antennae without dorsal projections.

r: er The area of the anterior part of the head ventral to the toruli

ig.4).

Frons. The area of the anterior part of the head between the toruli and

median ocellus (fig.4).

Humeral plate. The basal plate of the forewing which is situated just

distal to the tegula (figs.1-2).

4 Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

Interantennal projection. A slight to prominent raised area between

the toruli, which extends into the scrobal impression (fig.4).

Knee. This term describes the area around the connection of the femur

and the tibia, including the extreme distal portion of the femur and the

extreme basal portion of the tibia. It is used solely as a term of convenience

for describing color patterns.

Lateral glabrate area on scutellum. An area on the scutellum which is

glabrate and free of the normal sculpture for the sclerite (fig.96).

Marginal fringe. The outer fringe of setae on the margin of the wing

(fig.8). In the forewing this fringe (when present) always starts just distal

to the frenal fold and may extend from only a short distance to completely

around the apex of the wing to the postmarginal vein.

Medial incision of metasomal tergum. A medial incision of the

posterior margin of a metasomal tergum (fig.10).

Medial line on metasomal tergum. A medial longitudinal line on a

metasomal tergum (fig.10). This line may take the form of a small raised

line, an infolding of the metasoma, or a sharp raised crease, and can vary

within a species depending on how the specimen dries.

Mesopleural suture. A small suture usually present in the

anterodorsal portion of the mesopleuron (fig.2) (cf. sternopleural suture).

Ocellar ratios. The positioning of the ocelli can be of value in

separating species, and this is given using the ratio OOL/LOL, the distance

between the lateral ocellus and the eye margin divided by the distance

between the lateral ocellus and the median ocellus (fig.3).

Rami (R1-R5). Elongated branches which may be present on the

funicular segments of the male antenna (fig.6).

Squamiform setae. Enlarged and modified, usually flattened, setae

present on the head and body of some species (fig.27).

Sternopleural suture. A longitudinal suture separating the ventral

margin of the mesopleuron from the sternum (fig.2) (cf. mesopleural

suture).

Terga (T1-T8). Metasomal terga are numbered as T1-T8. T1 is the first

metasomal tergum (=petiole), T2 the first tergum posterior to the T1 (=first

gastral tergum), the spiracle is on T7, the pygostylus on T8 (figs.9-10).

Wing vein ratios. Relative lengths of the wing veins are of value and

these ratios are given using the abbreviations: CC = costal cell, MV =

marginal vein, PMV = postmarginal vein, SV = stigmal vein (fig.8). The

length of the costal cell (CC) is used instead of the submarginal vein

because it is easier to measure accurately and reflects the same distance.

Sculpture (figs.17-26). The following terms are used to describe sculpture.

Definitions are mainly from Harris (1979), and Eady (1968).

Coriaceous (incised) (fig.20). Leather-like in sculpture, with minute

cracks like the human skin.

Elongate reticulate (raised) (fig.18). Like reticulate, but cells elongate,

usually at least twice as long as wide. Some of the sculpture assigned to

this type does not always have the cells completely closed at the ends

(fig.18), however this seems the most appropriate term to use.

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae S

Glabrate (fig.23). Smooth or nearly so and devoid of pubescence and

sculpture.

Imbricate (raised) (fig.19). Partly overlapping and appearing like

shingles on a roof or scales on a fish.

Reticulate (raised) (fig.17). Superficially net-like or made up of a

network of raised lines.

Rugose (raised) (fig.24). Having a wrinkled appearance.

Strigate (fig.21). Having narrow lines or streaks, either raised or

impressed.

Strigulate (fig.22). Finely or minutely strigate, with numerous fine

lines.

Abbreviations Used.

Al1,A2 1st anellus, 2nd anellus (fig.5).

CC Costal cell (fig. 8).

F1-F6 Funicular segments 1 through 6 (fig.5).

LOL Lateral ocellar length, the distance between the lateral ocellus

and the median ocellus (fig.3).

MV Marginal vein (fig.8).

OOL Oculo-ocellar length, the distance between the eye margin and the

lateral ocellus (fig.3).

PMV Postmarginal vein (fig.8).

R1-R5 Rami 1-5 (.e., the respective rami on funicular segments 1-5 on

the male antenna)(fig.6).

SMV Submarginal vein (fig.8).

SV Stigmal vein (fig.8).

T1-T8 Metasomal terga (figs.9-10).

Measurements. In the descriptions, ranges for length represent

measurements of all specimens. Other measurements and ratios are

taken from a sample of 10 specimens (less when there was insufficient

material). Measurements and ratios are rounded off to increments of 0.05.

Important Characters. The following are characters which are referred to

in the text and are used above the species level (i.e. for defining genera, and

the species groups in Tanaostigmodes). For every character, alternative

character states are given, with (+) designating the state presumed to be

derived, and (—) the ancestral state. Where characters could not be

polarized with confidence both states are given as (?). Character states

were polarized through comparison with the Encyrtidae (sister group) and

Eupelmidae (outgroup). All characters felt to be of importance above the

species level are listed here, although some of these were not used in the

classification due to problems with homoplasy.

Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

Head.

Frons without a transverse furrow (—) (figs.29-34,36-40,43-52); female

frons with a transverse furrow extending from eye margin to scrobal

impression at level halfway between torulus and median ocellus (+)

(figs.35,41-42); male frons with transverse furrow extending from eye

margin to scrobal impression at level halfway between torulus and

median ocellus (+). (Presence of this character in females and males is

considered separately because the character occurs in the males of

many species whose female does not have it.)

Scrobal impression not carinate laterally (—) (figs.29-44,47-52); scrobal

impression carinate laterally (+) (figs.45-46).

Interantennal projection present and small (-) (figs.30,33-34);

interantennal projection present and large, strongly projecting into

scrobal impression (+) (figs.36-37); interantennal projection absent (+)

(figs.31-32). (Both of the derived character states are assumed to have

arisen independently from the primitive state.)

Subocular sulcus present (?); subocular sulcus absent (7).

Antenna.

10.

Female scape without strong ventral expansion, more than 3 times

longer than wide (—) (figs.62-64,66-72,81-84); female scape with distinct

ventral expansion, less than 3 times longer than wide (+) (figs.53-60,77-

80).

Female scape without emarginate ventral expansion (—) (figs.58-60);

female scape with ventral expansion which is emarginate apically (+)

(figs.55-57).

Female with funicular segments neither all wider than long, nor all

longer than wide; usually with some segments longer than wide, and

others quadrate to wider than long (—) (figs.53-57,59-61 ,63-76). female

with all funicular segments distinctly wider than long (+) (figs.77-79);

female with all funicular segments distinctly longer than wide (+)

(figs.62,81-83). (Both of the derived character states are assumed to

have arisen independently from the primitive state).

Female with first funicular segment not greatly reduced, at least about

1/2 the length of second segment (—) (figs.54-84); female with first

funicular segment anelliform, making antennal formula appear to be

11353 (+) (fig.53).

Male funicular segments with long rami (?) (fig.6); male funicular

segments without rami (?).

Male funicular segments with dorsal projections (?) (fig.7); male

funicular segments without dorsal projections (?).

Mesosoma.

12.

Notauli complete, extending to hind margin of mesoscutum (-)

(figs.1,89-90); notauli incomplete, not extending to posterior margin of

mesoscutum (+) (figs.88,119-120).

Scutellum without lateral glabrate area (—) (figs.91-95); scutellum with

lateral glabrate area (+) (fig.96). _

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae 7

13. Propodeum without plicae (—) (figs.97-103,115); propodeum with |

distinct plicae (+) (figs.111-114,116).

Wing.

14. Female forewing hyaline, or only weakly and uniformly infuscated (—)

(figs.123-130,132); female forewing strongly patterned, with contrasting

dark brown and hyaline areas (+) (fig.131).

15. Stigmal vein distinctly curved, at distinctly less than a right angle to

postmarginal vein (—) (figs.125-129,131-132); stigmal vein straight or

only slightly curved, perpendicular or nearly so to postmarginal vein

(+) (figs.123-124,130).

16. Stigma not swollen (—) (figs.125-132); stigma distinctly swollen (+)

(figs.123-124).

17. Basal cell without a reduced number of setae (—) (figs.123-127,129-

134,136-137,139-144); basal cell with a reduced number of setae (less

than 5) (+) (figs.128,135,138).

18. Speculum open to posterior margin of wing, or separated from it by

only the single line of setae representing subcubital vein (—) (figs.123-

128,130,132,135-136,138,140,142,144); speculum separated from

posterior margin of wing by more than the single line of setae

representing subcubital vein (+) (figs.133-134,137,139,1 41,143).

Metasoma.

19. T2 not elongate, less than half the length of the metasoma (—) (figs.155-

156,160-163); T2 elongate, longer than remaining terga combined (+)

(fig.157).

20. Medial line absent from metasomal terga (—) (figs.9,155-157); medial

line present on at least some metasomal terga (+) (figs.10,161,163).

21. Medial incision absent from metasomal terga (—) (figs.9,157,162);

medial incision present on posterior margin of at least some

metasomal terga (+) (figs.10,161,163).

General.

22. Without squamiform white setae (—); squamiform white setae present

on head and/or body (+) (figs.27,38-40,89).

23. Without punctures on head and/or body (—); small setiferous or non-

setiferous punctures present on head and/or body (+) (fig.26); large,

setiferous punctures present on head and/or body (+) (figs.25,36-37,90).

(It is unclear whether large and small punctures represent two

separate derived characters, or whether they are part of a multistate

character. They have both arisen more than once in unrelated

lineages).

24. Metallic coloration present (?); without metallic coloration (?).

8 Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

Family TANAOSTIGMATIDAE Ashmead

Tanaostigmini Ashmead, 1904.

Type genus Tanaostigma Howard.

Tanaostigminae (as Taneostigminae) (Girault, 1915).

Tanaostigmatidae (Peck, 1951).

FEMALE. Small to medium sized chalcidoids, 0.7-3.8 mm long. Coloration

usually non-metallic, black to brown or yellow, rarely wholly or partially

metallic.

Head almost always wider than high. Clypeus bilobed. Maxillary

palpus 4-segmented, labial palpus 3-segmented. Mandible with 3 teeth,

ventral tooth largest.

Antenna with 2 anelli and 6 funicular segments, rarely with F1, or F1

and F2, reduced to size of anellus. Club weakly 3-segmented, rarely entire.

Mesosoma with prepectus large, distinctly swollen anteriorly, broadly

attached posteriorly to anterior margin of mesopleuron. Pronotum short,

usually vertical and not or barely visible in dorsal view. Notauli usually

present, sinuate, meeting posteriorly at or near posterior margin of

mesoscutum. Mesoscutum and scutellum joined by a flexible membrane

which allows articulation along the scuto-scutellar suture. Mesopleuron

large, convex, without groove or furrow for reception of middle femur.

Middle coxa large, subspherical, attached near posterior margin of

mesopleuron. Middle tibia with large spur. At least middle basitarsus,

and usually all tarsal segments on middle leg, with two rows of peglike

teeth on ventral surface.

Wings with marginal vein long, several times longer than wide, and

usually distinctly longer than either postmarginal or stigmal veins.

Metasoma with pygostyli located near apex.

MALE. Similar to female except in sexual characters and antenna.

Antenna with or without funicular rami; with or without dorsal projections

on funicular segments.

COMMENTS. The first tanaostigmatid was described by Howard (1890) in

the Encyrtidae. Subsequently several species were described, and Ashmead

(1904) elevated this group to tribal status as the Tanaostigmini within the

encyrtid subfamily Eupelminae. This was the first use of a family level

name for this group, and gives authorship for the family to Ashmead.

Girault (1915) first gave this group subfamily status as Taneostigminae

[sic] in the Encyrtidae, where he also placed the Encyrtinae, Eupelminae,

Signiphorinae, and Aphelininae. Peck (1951) first elevated this group to the

family Tanaostigmatidae, and first correctly used the stigmat- root in

family name formation rather than the stigm- root used by previous

authors.

DISCUSSION. The Tanaostigmatidae possess a single synapomorphic

character by which the family is defined as monophyletic: the prepectus is

enlarged, and distinctly swollen anteriorly. The prepectus is not only

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae 9

clearly visible in lateral view (figs.2,12), but also in dorsal view where it |

appears as a large shoulder projecting forward of the pronotum (figs.1,11).

No other chalcidoids have the prepectus enlarged in this manner. Other

important characters are: mesopleuron convex, without groove or furrow

for reception of middle femur (figs.2,12,105-110); middle tibial spur large,

saltatorial (fig.16); at least middle basitarsus, and usually all tarsal

segments on middle leg, with two rows of peglike teeth on ventral surface

(figs.15-16); notauli usually present, sinuate, meeting posteriorly at or near

posterior margin of mesoscutum (figs.1,13); mesoscutum and scutellum

joined by a flexible membrane which allows articulation along the scuto-

scutellar suture (fig.13); marginal vein long, several times longer than

wide, and usually longer than postmarginal or stigmal veins (fig.8);

pygostyli situated at or near apex of metasoma (figs.9-10); middle coxal

articulation at posterior of mesopleuron (fig.2); pronotum short, usually

vertical and not or barely visible in dorsal view (figs.1-2,11-13).

RELATIONSHIPS. The Tanaostigmatidae are closely related to the

Encyrtidae and Eupelmidae, and these three groups form a lineage which

is considered monophyletic as members possess two derived character

states which are not found in other Chalcidoidea: 1) the mesopleuron is

large, convex, longer than high, and without a groove or furrow for the

reception of the middle femur (figs.2,12,105-110); 2) the middle leg

possesses, in combination, a large tibial spur, and one or two rows of

strong, peglike spines on the ventral surface of at least the basitarsus, and

usually all tarsal segments (figs.15-16). In this discussion, and elsewhere

in this work, the Encyrtidae is considered in the strict sense, and does not

include the Aphelinidae and Signiphoridae. These groups have

occasionally been placed as subfamilies of the Encyrtidae, however they do

not belong there as they lack the synapomorphies which define this entire

pee as well as the synapomorphies which define the Encyrtidae (see

elow).

Within this lineage encyrtids possess the following derived character

states not found in tanaostigmatids or eupelmids: antenna usually without

anelli (rarely with 1) and with 4-6 funicular segments; pygostyli situated

distinctly anterior to apex of metasoma; articulation of middle coxa

advanced to anterior of midline of mesopleuron; marginal vein short, often

punctiform, usually shorter than stigmal or postmarginal veins. Due to

the absence of these derived characters, the Tanaostigmatidae and

Eupelmidae have been considered more closely related to each other than

either is to the Encyrtidae, and tanaostigmatids have been recently placed

as a subfamily of the Eupelmidae (Burks, 1979). However, this grouping is

artificial as it is based solely upon primitive characters states shared by

tanaostigmatids and eupelmids.

I feel that tanaostigmatids and encyrtids are sister groups because

they share two derived characters with each other which are not found in

the Eupelmidae. The first is the shape of the notauli. Although most

encyrtids have lost their notauli, there are a few which still have them, and

in form they are very similar to those in tanaostigmatids. In both groups

the notauli, when present and complete, are sinuate, converge posteriorly,

10 Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

and meet at or near the posterior margin of the mesoscutum

(figs.1,11,13,85-90). In eupelmids, and almost all other chalcidoids which

have notauli, the notauli are straight or nearly so, and are widely separated

on the posterior margin of the mesoscutum. The second derived character

is the shape of the ovarian egg. LaSalle & LeBeck (1983) noted that

tanaostigmatids have encyrtiform eggs (fig.14). Eggs of this type are found

in all encyrtids, unknown in eupelmids, and known but rare in other

chalcidoids (Hagen, 1964). On the basis of these two synapomorphies

tanaostigmatids and encyrtids are considered sister groups. There is no

evidence to support the Eupelmidae as a monophyletic group which is sister

group to the Encyrtidae-Tanaostigmatidae, and the Eupelmidae may

represent a grade level (paraphyletic) taxa. In this study the Eupelmidae is

used as the outgroup (and Encyrtidae as sister group) in attempts at

character polarization within the Tanaostigmatidae.

Although relationships within this lineage are not yet fully

understood, the Tanaostigmatidae is treated at the family level in this work

on the basis of the sister group relationship with the Encyrtidae, which is

generally agreed to be deserving of family status. (The alternative would be

to place the Tanaostigmatidae as a subfamily of the Encyrtidae, rather than

the Eupelmidae where they have more frequently been placed, and consider

the Encyrtidae as having two subfamilies: the sister groups Encyrtinae and

Tanaostigmatinae).

CLASSIFICATION WITHIN THE FAMILY. This work recognizes five

genera: Tanaostigmodes Ashmead (45 species), Minapis Bréthes (1

species), Tanaostigma Howard (11 species), Tanaoneura Howard (11

species), and Microprobolos, gen. n. (1 species). The genera Minapis,

Tanaostigma, Tanaoneura, and Microprobolos are considered to represent

monophyletic taxa which are based upon derived characters (see the

discussions of the individual genera for the characters which define them,

and Important Characters in the Morphology Section for the presumed

polarity of the character states). However, derived characters were not

found to define the genus Tanaostigmodes as monophyletic, and it appears

to be a paraphyletic genus most easily recognizable because its members do

not possess the derived characters seen in the other four genera. Although

derived characters were found to define the genera (except for

Tanaostigmodes), shared derived characters were not found which could

elucidate relationships among genera. There is no evidence that Minapis,

Tanaostigma, Tanaoneura, and Microprobolos represent one or more

separate lineages from Tanaostigmodes, and it is conceivable that some or

all of these genera arose from within the Tanaostigmodes lineage.

BIOLOGY. In their biology, Tanaostigmatidae are unusual among

Chalcidoidea, and differ strikingly from their closest relatives. Whereas

most chalcidoids (including encyrtids and eupelmids) are parasitic on

other insects, tanaostigmatids are predominantly phytophagous in habit.

Tanaostigmatids are mainly associated with galls, in most cases as the

presumed gall-formers. There are many records of species reared from

galls, however very few detailed biologies are known for this family, and

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae 1]

exceptions to gall-forming are known. Strict seed infestation without gall

formation has been reported from India (Lateef, 1977; Lateef, et.al., 1985);

and inquilinism in cecidomyiid galls is known from Brazil (Fernandes,

et.al., in press), and Japan (J. Yukawa & H. Ikenaga, personal

communication). The Japanese species Cynipencyrtus flavus Ishii, which

is the only known parasitic tanaostigmatid, attacks gall-forming cynipids

(Tachikawa, 1973,1978; LaSalle & Noyes, 1985). Preferred host plants for

tanaostigmatids are woody trees and shrubs in the pea family Fabaceae

(=Leguminosae), although species have been reared from galls on Triplaris

(Polygonaceae), Scutia and Condalia (Rhamnaceae), and Psidium

(Myrtaceae), and recorded as collected on several other families. In this

work the Fabaceae is considered in the broad sense as including three

subfamilies: Faboidea, Mimosoidea, Caesalpinoidea. These groups have

often been treated as separate families. In the text, subfamilies are always

given with hosts in this family.

Galls are of many types, and may be found on stems, leaves, seeds, or

flowers (usually in deformed ovaries) (figs.164-177). Descriptions of the galls

are given under the individual species which form them. Host associations

for New World Tanaostigmatidae are listed in Appendix 7 (p.176).

Questionable host records are not included in the host list, or in the biology

section under the individual species.

DISTRIBUTION. Tanaostigmatidae are mainly tropical in distribution,

and are known from tropical and subtropical regions in the Americas,

Australia, Asia and Africa (although no species have been described from

Africa, a few undetermined species have been reported by Prinsloo, 1980).

The New World is by far the richest area for tanaostigmatids in both

number of species and diversity. Seventy-four species are now known from

the New World, with only fourteen described from other geographic areas.

In the New World they extend from central Argentina northward

throughout South and Central America and reach the subtropical areas of

the United States: southern Florida and the desert regions of the southwest.

The genera Minapis, Tanaostigma, Microprobolos and Tanaoneura

are strictly New World in distribution. Tanaostigmodes is pantropical, and

most of the Old World species of Tanaostigmatidae I have seen belong to

this genus. |

Distribution is given under each individual species by country, or by

country and state for the four largest countries (United States, Mexico,

Brazil, and Argentina).

Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

Key to New World Genera of Tanaostigmatidae

(Based on females)

2(1)

4(3)

Forewing strongly patterned, with contrasting dark brown and

hyaline areas (fig.131). Propodeum long, without median carina or

plicae, length at spiracle 6 times diameter of spiracle (fig.115).

Metasoma with T1 (petiole) clearly visible; T2 longer than remaining

segments combined (fig.157).

ih ais Ae Minapis Bréthes (p.92)

Forewing hyaline, or at most faintly and uniformly infuscated.

Propodeum usually shorter, if somewhat lengthened then plicae are

present (figs.111-114). Metasoma with T1 (petiole) usually not visible,

T2 usually not so long.

0000 H0HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHOHOO

Large, flattened white setae present on head and/or mesosoma

(figs.38-40,89). If these setae absent, then the following characters all

present: all funicular segments distinctly wider than long (figs.77-

79); stigmal vein slender, straight or only slightly curved, and

perpendicular or nearly so to postmarginal vein (fig.130); scape 1.5-

2.5 times longer than wide with flattened ventral expansion (figs.77-

80).

eee. ww... Tanaostigma Howard (p.94)

Without large, flattened white setae. Never with all funicular

segments distinctly wider than long. Stigmal vein usually otherwise;

if straight and perpendicular to postmarginal vein, then stigma

distinctly swollen. Scape variable.

COFFS SHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHOH OE

Face and frons without large, setiferous punctures.

cee RR re One Tanaostigmodes Ashmead (most) (p.13)

Propodeum with strong median carina and very strong plicae which

converge and meet medially before the posterior margin of

propodeum (fig.116). Interantennal projection small (fig.52).

sini Mie cetipee eres Microprobolos, gen. n. (p.133)

Propodeum not as above, if plicae present, then these are parallel and

do not meet medially (fig.104, and as in figs.111-114). Interantennal

projection prominent to small.

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae 13

(4) Interantennal projection present and prominent (figs.36-37,49-50).

F1-F5 and usually F6 distinctly longer than wide (figs.81-82).

iiives abn caee genres Tanaoneura Howard (p.114)

5! Either interantennal projection very small or absent, or at least

several funicular segments not distinctly longer than wide. (Few

species would key here).

Oe Ric Se eR ae Tanaostigmodes Ashmead (part) (p.13)

Genus TANAOSTIGMODES Ashmead

Tanaostigmodes Ashmead, 1896:9,18-19. Type species Tanaostigmodes

howardii Ashmead, 1896, by original designation.

Monopleurothrix Mayr, 1905:179-181. Type species Monopleurothrix

kiefferi Mayr, 1905, by monotypy. Syn. n.

Dendrosema Kieffer & Jérgensen, 1910:419. Type species Dendrosema

coeruleum Kieffer & Jorgensen, 1910, by subsequent designation

(Gahan & Fagan, 1923:42). Syn. n.

Eutetracera Bréthes, 1924:24. Type species Eutetracera ringueleti Bréthes,

1924, by monotypy. Syn. n.

Eutricnemus Blanchard, 1940:107. Type species Eutricnemus coccophagus

Blanchard, 1940, by monotypy. Syn. n.

DIAGNOSIS. Tanaostigmodes is characterized by the lack of

Synapomorphies used to define the other four genera. Without

Synapomorphies, diagnosis becomes difficult, and the description must

serve as such. Certain characteristics used to define the other genera are

occasionally found in Tanaostigmodes (e.g. large setiferous punctures, all

funicular segments longer than wide), but never in the same combination

as found in other genera.

FEMALE. Sculpture and setal types variable, however never with

Squamiform white setae, and only rarely with large, shallow punctures;

sometimes with minute punctures.

Head with scrobal cavity usually shallow and without a well-defined

lateral margin. Interantennal projection usually present and small:

sometimes absent; sometimes present and prominent. Subocular sulcus

from present and complete to incomplete or absent.

Antenna with scape variable, from 1.3 times longer than wide with

large, flattened ventral expansion to 6.0 times longer than wide without

ventral expansion. Funicle variable, usually F1 longer than wide, each

successive segment slightly shorter than preceding one to F6, which is

subequal in length and width.

Mesosoma with notauli present, usually complete, sometimes

incomplete. Propodeum variable, usually short, with or without plicae and

median carinae. Sternopleural suture usually not reaching anterior

margin of mesopleuron, may be connected to mesopleural suture.

14 Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

Wings usually hyaline, rarely with faint infuscation over entire wing.

Venation and setation variable, usually with stigmal vein curved and at a

distinct angle to postmarginal vein.

Metasoma. Posterior margin of T2-T5 may have medial incision.

Medial line may be present on T2-T5.

MALE. Antenna may have three to five long funicular rami; may be

without rami but with dorsal projection on funicular segments. Frons may

have transverse furrow halfway between torulus and median ocellus.

DISCUSSION. Tanaostigmodes is the largest and most poorly defined of the

tanaostigmatid genera. It is characterized by the absence of the derived

characters used to define the other genera, and as such is probably a

paraphyletic group.

This genus is divided into twenty species groups (with 8 of these

containing a single species). The species groups, with the possible

exception of the Tychii Group, are felt to represent monophyletic taxa,

although the relationships between them could not be clarified. The species

groups are intended solely to help the user visualize groups of closely

related species. As species groups they do not have (nor are they intended

to have) any nomenclatural standing. Some of these groups may eventually

prove to be worthy of higher ranking, however I feel that additional species

will have to be found and studied to clarify relationships before such

decisions can be made.

The characters used to define each group are given in the text under

that group (polarities for these characters are given in the Important

Characters section under Morphology).

Key to New World Species Groups and Species of Tanaostigmodes.

(Based on females)

1 F1 reduced to size of anellus, distinctly less than half the length of

F2, making antennal formula appear to be 11358 (fig.53). Frons with

transverse furrow halfway between torulus and median ocellus

(figs.41-42,see also fig.35). (Anellarius Group).

nee Oe tr ec ne ere, eee ae eee yy

t F1 not so reduced, at least half the length of F2; antennal formula

clearly 11263 (figs.54-76). Frons usually without (rarely with)

transverse furrow.

2(1)

3(2)

4(3)

(3)

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae 15

Stigmal vein straight, perpendicular to postmarginal vein, and

distinctly swollen apically (figs.123-124). Postmarginal vein shorter

than stigmal vein. Mesopleuron entirely reticulate (fig.105). Scape

with flattened ventral expansion, less than 3.0 times longer than

wide (fig.54). (Flavicorpus Group).

Sih. ah eal Bee 3

Stigmal vein not as above, never distinctly swollen apically, rarely

almost straight, but then not perpendicular to postmarginal vein

(figs.125-128). Length of postmarginal vein, sculpture on

mesopleuron, and width of scape variable.

Frons with transverse furrow halfway between torulus and median

ocellus (fig.35).

SHOHTH SHH HSHSHSHSHSHHSHHSHSHSHH HHH HHHHHHHE HOOD

SOSH HHHTHHHHHHHHTHHHSHHHHHHHHHHEHHHHHOD

Notauli complete (fig.85). Speculum separated from posterior

margin of wing by more setae than a single line representing

subcubital vein (figs.133-134). (Minutus Group).

Notauli incomplete, neither meeting nor reaching the posterior

margin of the mesoscutum (fig.119). Speculum open to the

posterior margin of the forewing (fig.140). (Aulafrons Group).

Leathe xeeihen ey Pee btreaias aulafrons, sp. n. (p.48)

Scape with large, flattened, ventral expansion; distinctly less than

3.0 times longer than wide (figs.55-60).

ats alec a A OE ain hat 6

Scape without flattened ventral expansion, or with only slight

ventral expansion; more than 3.0 times longer than wide (figs.62-

64,66-72).

Scape not distinctly emarginate at apex; at most slightly incised in

apical half (figs.58-60).

16)

8(6)

11(10)

11’

Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

Propodeum short, without plica (fig.97). Speculum extending to

posterior margin of wing, or at most separated by a single line of

setae representing the subcubital vein (figs.135-136). Subocular

sulcus absent. (Emarginatus Group).

Propodeum somewhat lengthened, with strong plicae (fig.111).

Speculum separated from posterior margin of wing by more setae

(on the ventral surface of the wing) than a single line representing

the subcubital vein (fig.137). Subocular sulcus present. (Carinatus

Group).

Propodeum with strong plicae, and strong transverse carina along

posterior margin which connects plicae (fig.112). Mesopleuron

glabrate. Scutellum coriaceous. (Dilatus Group).

Propodeum without plicae or transverse carina (figs.99-100).

Sculpture on mesopleuron and scutellum variable.

SPOSHSHHHSOHSHHHHOHESHHOHHHHTHHHHHHHOHHHOOHE

Basal cell with 5 or fewer setae (fig.138). Subocular sulcus absent,

or present but very short and only represented just ventral to eye.

(Basilaris Group).

Basal cell with 10 or more setae. Subocular sulcus variable, usually

present.

COPS SHHHSHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHOOHS

SOSH SHHHHHHHSHHHSHHHHHHHOHHH OHHH HHOHS

A2 quadrate, almost as long as wide, distinctly longer than Al

(fig.76). Head and body deep metallic blue, dorsum of metasoma

yellow, legs and antenna with yellow markings. (Coeruleus

Group).

LED HN APS a At ee coeruleus (Kieffer & Jérgensen) (p.86)

A2 subequal in size to Al, or at most only slightly longer than Al

and still distinctly wider than long (figs.62-74). Color not as above.

Pe er als auccseh levies 12

12(11)

12'

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae 17

Marginal vein more than 2.5 times longer than either postmarginal

vein or stigmal vein (fig.147). Head almost circular in frontal view,

subequal in height and width (fig.44). Head and body metallic green

to blue. (Viridis Group).

Se eas Nesey viridis, sp. n. (p.90)

Marginal vein less than 2.0 times longer than either postmarginal

vein or stigmal vein (figs.125-128). Head distinctly wider than high

in frontal view (figs.31-34,45-47). Color not as above.

sigsuiiens buproieecatan ene hes 13

13(10,12) Funicle slender, all segments distinctly longer than wide (fig.62).

15(14)

Subocular sulcus absent. Mesopleuron strigulate anteriorly,

SP SSHHSHHHHOHHSOHHSHHHHHHHSHH OHHH HHOHOED

At least some funicular segments wider than long or subequal in

length and width (figs.63-74). Subocular sulcus present or absent;

sculpture on mesopleuron variable.

ORE ay LTR OPENS ete 14

Marginal fringe completely absent (fig.128). Basal cell usually

without setae, may have 1-2 setae. Body dark brown to black.

(Coccophagus Group).

Sugucnstaea set itsoneph eee ee es coccophagus (Blanchard) (p.69)

Marginal fringe present at least along posterior margin of forewing

just distal to frenal fold (figs.125-127). Basal cell with more than 5

setae. Body color variable.

Scrobal impression carinate laterally (figs.45-46). Interantennal

projection prominent. Each successive funicular segment wider (in

lateral view) than preceding one; F6 noticeably wider than F1; club

wider than F6 (fig.66). (Note: TJ. insculptus has the antenna

somewhat similar to this (fig.67), but differs in the other

characters). (Desantisi Group).

Scrobal impression variable, however never carinate laterally,

rarely sharply rounded (figs.31-34,47). Interantennal projection

variable. Funicular segments and club all approximately equal in

width, or some segments slightly narrower than preceding

segment (figs.63-65,68-74).

17(16)

18(17)

19(18)

20(19)

20'

Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

Scutellum coriaceous (fig.91). Speculum separated from posterior

margin of wing by more setae (on ventral surface) than a single line

representing subcubital vein (fig.139). Face and frons with

scattered, minute punctures 31,47).

Renee De gee ane eee Ee 17

Scutellum reticulate, imbricate, or with otherwise raised sculpture.

Speculum usually open to posterior margin of wing, or at most

separated by a single line of setae representing subcubital vein

(figs.125-127); only rarely separated from posterior margin of wing

by more setae than a single line. Face and frons usually without,

rarely with, scattered minute punctures.

SPOHSHSHSHSHHSHSHHSHHHHSHSHOSOHH SHH HHOHHOHOOS

Interantennal projection absent (fig.31). Toruli separated from

each other by a distance distinctly greater than diameter of torulus.

(Kiefferi Group).

Peghtivhs RAR oe Le iets tees kiefferi (Mayr) (p.55)

Interantennal projection small but present (fig.47). Toruli

separated from each other by a distance only slighty, if at all,

greater than diameter of torulus. (Insculptus Group).

Rey (2, ae Ee te eer i insculptus, sp. n. (p.54)

Interantennal projection absent (fig.32). Club and funicle always

concolorous, brown to dark brown; never with funicle dark and club

yellow to white. Body brown to dark brown, never with metallic

color. (Fisheri Group).

Interantennal projection present, usually pointed dorsally,

although sometimes small (figs. 33- 34). Club, funicle, and body

variable in color.

Notauli easily visible, and incomplete, neither meeting nor

extending to posterior margin of mesoscutum (figs.88,120).

Me dette a Mlle el 20

Notauli complete to posterior margin of mesoscutum, usually

meeting before reaching posterior margin, although sometimes

extremely fine and very difficult to see.

APPARTMENT Mg Neh | Mp 21

Dorsum of mesosoma with at least slight metallic shine. Notauli

narrow. (Tenuisulcus Group).

aha Henan a nateon iearabe eum tenuisulcus, sp. n. (p.67)

Dorsum of mesosoma without metallic coloration. Notauli

somewhat thickened (fig. pik (Howardii Group).

sights Preeti iene drain 36

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae 19

21119) Head and body with metallic green to blue shine, dorsum of

metasoma brown to yellow. (Tricolor Group).

Sa RE Sd RS tricolor, sp. n. (p.88)

i Species without any metallic coloration or shine. (Tychii Group).

Anellarius Group

22(1) Frons with one transverse furrow halfway between torulus and

median ocellus, another transverse furrow just ventral to median

ocellus, and longitudinal furrow bordering inner orbit between

them (fig.42). Marginal vein and postmarginal vein swollen at

junction with stigmal vein (fig.146).

2 ei. ELI sulcatus, sp. n. (p.43)

22' Frons with single transverse furrow halfway between torulus and

median ocellus (fig.41). Marginal vein and postmarginal vein not

swollen at junction with stigmal vein (fig.145).

SA UEIUGEN SER UAL TEAM Ret ote MN anellarius, sp. n. (p.42)

Flavicorpus Group

23(2) Basal cell with 20 or more setae on dorsal surface of wing (fig.123).

Apex of postmarginal vein extending distinctly farther distally than

most distal point of stigma.

yall alt, die Lectin pre Sa flavicorpus (Girault) (p.24)

23' Basal cell with 12 or fewer setae on the dorsal surface of the wing

(fig.124). Apex of postmarginal vein extending as far distal as, but

not farther than, most distal point of stigma.

Fo ECG eatin STD haematoxyli (Dozier) (p.26)

Minutus Group

24(4) Entire body concolorous, uniformly light brown to yellow except for

dark scrobal impression. Basal cell with 65-100 setae on dorsal

surface of wing (fig.134).

adh feb eA IRE cae pithecellobiae, sp. n. (p.45)

24' Body not concolorous, head and dorsum of mesosoma dark brown to

brown, conspicuously darker than light brown to yellow metasoma.

Basal cell with 35-50 setae on dorsal surface of wing (fig.133).

s saina hi ecaskasibslasne nace Mate minutus, sp. n. (p.46)

27) F1 distinctly shorter (about half the length) than F2 (fig.55). Basal

cell with fewer than 10 setae (fig.135). Frons glabrate (fig.29).

Dorsum of mesosoma coriaceous to imbricate (fig.86).

Jihde SOP RO Lees meltoni, sp. n. (p.28)

25' F1 as long as or longer than F2 (fig.56). Basal cell with more than

20 setae (fig.136). Frons reticulate or coriaceous (fig.30). Dorsum of

mesosoma reticulate (fig.87).

20 Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

26(25) Frons coriaceous, with many minute punctures. Pedicel entirely

black.

bees s he ds eva peruviensis, sp. n. (p.30)

26' Frons reticulate, without punctures (fig.30). Pedicel at least white

apically, may be entirely white.

eee et en ena emarginatus, sp. n. (p.31)

Carinatus Group

27(7) Hind femur with distinct tooth on ventral margin near apex

(fig.149). Scutellum entirely coriaceous. Head and body honey

yellow.

Geen eas eee fernandesi, sp. n. (p.34)

ZL. Hind femur without tooth (fig.150). Scutellum coriaceous

anteriorly, with large glabrate area in posterior half. Head and

body black.

Pentre cs RoE Sire et carinatus, sp. n. (p.33)

Dilatus Group

28(8) Face, frons, and pleural region of mesosoma predominantly light

brown. Ventral expansion of scape slightly incised in apical half

(fig.59).

PES Sener cenee ean tere dilatus, sp. n. (p.36)

28 Face, frons, and pleural region of mesosoma predominantly dark

brown. Ventral expansion of scape smoothly rounded apically

(fig.60).

Depa R ties cece epee latiscapus, sp. n. (p.37)

Basilaris Group

2919) Propodeum with strong transverse carina medial to spiracle

(fig.99). Dorsum of mesosoma coriaceous. Scape dark brown with

yellow marking near apex.

Are ees gear ce eres eee triplaris, sp. n. (p.40)

29' Propodeum without transverse carina (fig.100). Dorsum of

mesosoma predominantly reticulate (fig.11). Scape uniformly light

brown.

i Bene Sie ea basilaris, sp. n. (p.39)

Gracilis Group

30113) Scutellum reticulate. Basal cell with more than 25 setae.

oe Peal cated Se aie, liens. gracilis, sp. n. (p.49)

30' Scutellum coriaceous. Basal cell with fewer than 20 setae.

Diesen Bie ont Ake dominicensis, sp. n. (p.50)

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae 21

Desantisi Group

31(15) Scutellum coriaceous anteriorly, glabrate posteriorly. Hind femur

31’

with tooth on ventral margin near apex (fig.151). Face and frons

with numerous large, shallow, setiferous punctures (fig.45).

(ssel AUS AOR TGR octets punctus, sp. n. (p.52)

Scutellum reticulate anteriorly, coriaceous posteriorly. Hind femur

without tooth (fig.152). Face and frons with scattered, minute

punctures (fig.46). |

iar sere ee desantisi, sp. n. (p.51)

Fisheri Group

32(18)

32'

33(32)

33°

34(33)

34!

35(33)

Propodeum with strong plicae, and strong transverse carina along

posterior margin connecting plicae (fig.113). Face and frons with

prominent white setae. Mesoscutum with many large, very

shallow, setiferous punctures.

bola vsti bass ete, madrensis, sp. n. (p.57)

Propodeum without plicae or transverse carina (fig.101). Setation

on face and frons variable, but without prominent white setae.

Mesoscutum without punctures, or at most with minute, setiferous

punctures.

Scape yellow (may be somewhat darkened dorsally), in contrast to

brown to black flagellum.

Scape brown to dark brown, concolorous or almost so with

flagellum.

F1 slightly but noticeably shorter than F2 (fig.64). Posterior margin

of T2-T4 straight, or at most with slight emargination medially, but

without distinct, apically pointed, medial incision (fig.155).

os'ssianglevg heen ee ieee itr yuohuae, sp. n. (p.60)

F1 as long as or longer than F2 (fig.63). Posterior margin of T2-T4

with distinct, apically pointed, medial incision (fig.156).

Bb cS Sey A ee fisheri, sp. n. (p.58)

Mesoscutum predominantly reticulate. Notauli complete (although

difficult to see).

vided cde s0d4s sO Ra ene anexochus, sp. n. (p.61)

Mesoscutum predominantly imbricate. Notauli incomplete, neither

meeting nor continuing to posterior margin of mesoscutum

(although difficult to see).

Lath cde adbed eat CRCEAT SE esha laa brevisulcus, sp. n. (p.62)

Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

Howardii Group

36(35)

Basal cell densely setose, with over 100 setae (fig.141). Speculum

separated from posterior margin of forewing by more setae than a

single row representing subcubital vein. Body yellow and black.

Wee oe SU Ue ee D howardii Ashmead (p.63)

36' Basal cell with fewer than 40 setae (fig.142). Speculum open to

posterior margin of forewing. Body orange to brown.

LDCR he pea dene ere tescus, sp. n. (p.66)

Tychii Group

37(21) F1 wider than long, distinctly shorter (about half the length) than

F2 (figs.69-70). Marginal fringe at most extending to apex of wing

(figs.125-126).

Rider ae 38

37 F1 longer than wide, as long as or longer than F2 (figs.71,73-74). If

Fl appears slightly shorter than F2, than marginal fringe

extending past apex of wing (fig.127).

ep lbintay RUsta area bans cad cs 41

3837) Scape more than 4.5 times longer than wide (fig.69). Tegula

entirely black.

TATE SONOE RAC Ue ae RON mosesi, sp. n. (p.81)

38' Scape less than 4.0 times longer than wide (fg. 70). Tegula at least

partially white.

da MA Pee eet aera 39

3938) Basal cell with more than 30 setae on dorsal surface of wing.

Scutellum uniformly reticulate, without elongation of cells

anteromedially (fig.92).

ih Aahoetins howaes a geen lite larsoni, sp. n. (p.76)

39' Basal cell with fewer than 25 setae on dorsal surface of wing.

Scutellum not uniformly reticulate, cells (particularly

anteromedially) ee eee (fig. 93).

40(39) Metasoma predominantly dark brown dorsally, white ventrally.

Frons black with white spot bordering eye at level of toruli.

Mah Loo WL tis sonorensis, sp. n. (p.79)

40' Metasoma yellow, dusky dorsally, with longitudinal black stripe

laterally. Frons black, without white spot.

ore eae ee OU RS ae xanthogaster, sp. n. (p.77)

41(37) Scutellum with distinct longitudinal sculpture in the form of

raised, parallel lines (fig.94).

avid Lien memic en desdceenden 42

41’

SPOOHSHSHSHHSHHHSHHOHOHSHHSHHHHHOH OHHH OHHOD

42(41 )

42'

43(42)

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae 23

Club entirely white to yellow. F5 and F6 may be light brown to

yellow or white. :

liek ah MeechebAecryeaatiNe: albiclavus Girault (p.71)

Club entirely black to dark brown, or at least black to dark brown

basally and light brown to yellow apically. F5 and F6 always black

to dark brown.

Mesoscutum with strong, silver to white setae. Club entirely black

to dark brown.

bg hake atthe Aum ringueleti (Bréthes) (p.73)

Mesoscutum with dark brown to black setae. Club dark brown to

black basally, may be light brown to yellow apically.

Per Oh yer mexicanus, sp. n. (p.74)

Head and body lemon yellow.

Bo acho ks eee as Oem tetartus Crawford (p.85)

Subocular sulcus present. Ventral expansion of scape uniformly

rounded, widest medially (fig.73). Frons and vertex without

punctures. Marginal fringe not reaching apex of forewing.

ot ose tetm emia mn Net AN tychii Ashmead (p.82)

Subocular sulcus absent. Ventral expansion of scape not uniformly

rounded, distinctly widest in apical half (fig.74). Frons and vertex

with many small punctures. Marginal fringe extending at least to

apex of forewing.

ince Ce Baas Roebelei, sp. n. (p.84)

FLAVICORPUS Group

Females of the Flavicorpus Group are distinguished by the following

combination of characters: stigmal vein nearly straight, perpendicular to

postmarginal vein, and distinctly swollen at apex (a character unique to

this group) (figs.123-124); postmarginal vein shorter than stigmal vein;

mesopleuron entirely reticulate (fig.105); scape 2.2-3.0 times longer than

wide with flattened ventral expansion (fig.54); interantennal projection very

small to absent. Males have 4 or 5 long funicular rami, and do not have a

transverse furrow on the frons.

Two species are included in this group, flavicorpus and haematoxyli.

24 Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

Tanaostigmodes flavicorpus (Girault), comb. n.

Figure 123.

Tanaostigma flavicorpus Girault, 1917:3 (as Taneostigma flavicorpus).

Lectotype ¢ (present designation), MEXICO, Morelos (USNM, #20081)

[examined].

DIAGNOSIS. Females of T. flavicorpus are distinguished from other

species of Tanaostigmodes by the following characters: stigma strongly

swollen (fig.123); stigmal vein straight, nearly perpendicular to the

postmarginal vein; postmarginal vein shorter than stigmal vein; basal cell

with 20 or more setae on dorsal surface of wing; apex of postmarginal vein

extending distinctly farther distally than most distal point of stigmal vein.

This species is most closely related to T. haematoxyli (see discussion section

under this species).

FEMALE. Length 1.3-2.15 mm. Face yellow, frons orange-brown, with two

faint, transverse brown stripes; a narrow stripe at the level of the toruli and

a wider one just dorsal of the first through the scrobal impression; the

dorsal stripe can appear as two very close smaller stripes. Occiput orange

brown, with a dark brown area around occipital cavity which extends to the

median ocellus. Antennal scape yellow, with translucent ventral

expansion; club and Al white to light yellow; pedicel, A2, and F1-F6 dusky

yellow, pedicel darkened dorsally. Dorsum of mesosoma brown medially,

becoming orange laterally; mesopleuron, prepectus ventrally, thoracic

sterna and coxae orange; prepectus dorsally and tegula yellow. Metasoma

brown, becoming orange laterally. Head, dorsum of mesosoma except for a

median strip on the scutellum, and metasoma covered with silvery white

setae.

Head 1.55-1.65 times wider than high. Lateral ocellus closer to eye

margin than to median ocellus (OOL/LOL 0.6-0.9). Scrobal impression very

shallow, reticulate. Toruli inserted at or slightly above level of ventral

margin of eye. Interantennal projection very small to absent. Subocular

sulcus present, although may be faint and difficult to see. Face and frons

reticulate.

Antenna with scape 2.5-3.0 times longer than wide, with flattened,

ventral expansion. Pedicel 1.3-1.55 times longer than wide. Al about half

as long and slightly narrower than A2. All funicular segments from

subequal in length and width to slightly wider than long. Club 1.8-2.0 times

longer than wide, subequal in width to F6.

Mesosoma reticulate dorsally. Propodeum reticulate, with some

longitudinal elongation of the reticulation medially, but no carina.

Mesopleuron reticulate. Sternopleural suture not reaching anterior

margin of mesopleuron, may be connected to mesopleural suture.

Mesopleural suture may be very faint to absent. Metapleuron small,

slightly sunken beneath lateral margin of propodeum.

Wings hyaline. Forewing (fig.123) with submarginal vein and

marginal vein light brown; stigmal vein and postmarginal vein darkened,

particularly the neck of the stigmal vein which is dark brown. Stigmal vein

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae | 25

straight, perpendicular to postmarginal vein, and distinctly swollen at

apex. Postmarginal vein projecting slightly but noticeably further distally

than the most distal point of the stigmal vein. Marginal fringe extending to

just past apex of wing. Basal cell with 20-32 setae. CC/MV 2.25-2.95,

MV/PMV 2.0-3.0, MV/SV 1.6-1.8, PMV/SV 0.65-0.8.

Metasoma reticulate to elongate reticulate. T2 and T3 with median

line. Posterior margin of T3 with medial incision equal to about half its

length; posterior margin of T2 and T4 with slight medial incision.

MALE. Length 1.9 mm. Coloration as in female except: stripes on frons

distinct, brown; antenna brown except club apically yellow. Antenna with

funicular rami on F1-F5; each ramus slightly shorter than preceding one;

ramus on F5 about equal in length to F6. Each successive funicular

segment slightly longer than the previous one; F5 approximately equal in

length to F6. F6 without ramus, but with definite dorsal projection distally.

VARIATION. Specimens from Baja California Sur differ from the Morelos

specimens as follows: in Baja California Sur specimens female length is

1.3-1.7 mm., OOL/LOL 0.6-0.65, scape 2.8-3.0 times longer than wide; in

Morelos specimens female length is 1.8-2.15 mm., OOL/LOL 0.8-0.9, scape

2.5-2.6 times longer than wide.

DISTRIBUTION. MEXICO: Morelos, Baja California Sur. |

BIOLOGY AND HOSTS. Unknown.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Lectotype ?, MEXICO, Morelos, A. Koebele

(USNM).

Paralectotypes. As lectotype (29,1 ¢°, USNM).

Non-type material. MEXICO, Baja California Sur: Las Barracas, ~30

km. E. Santiago, 16.iv and 14.v.1984, P. DeBach, yellow pan trap (29, UCR.

19: BMNH, CNC, LAS).

COMMENTS. The type series consists of three point-mounted specimens (2

female, 1 male) and one slide with one male antenna, and one female head

with both antennae and both mandibles removed, all of these mounted

under the same cover slip. The male antenna on the slide is almost

certainly from the point-mounted male specimen. The female head,

antennae and mandibles are clearly not from either of the point-mounted

specimens and must represent a fourth specimen in the type series.

DISCUSSION. T. flavicorpus is very closely related to T. haematoxyli, and

these species are difficult to distinguish from each other. I have a few

females (from Baja California Sur) which can not adequately be placed to

either species using the characters given in the key. It may prove that

these species will have to be synonymized in the future as more material

becomes available, particularly as there is variation within each species.

There does appear to be a good character for distinguishing males: in

flavicorpus the male has 5 long funicular rami (and a very short sixth one),

26 Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

and F6 is equal in length to F5; in haematoxyli the male has 4 long

funicular rami (sometimes a short fifth one), and F6 is shorter than F5.

Unfortunately, only a single male specimen is known for flavicorpus.

Characters that may also prove useful in separating these species, but

may not hold in every instance are: in flavicorpus the stigmal vein is

slightly darkened basally, and the metapleuron is slightly sunken below

level of the mesopleuron and propodeum; in haematoxyli the stigmal vein is

not darkened basally, and the metapleuron is confluent with the

mesopleuron and propodeum.

Tanaostigmodes haematoxyli (Dozier), comb. n.

; Figures 15,54,105,124,164.

Tanaostigma haematoxyli Dozier, 1932:104-105. Holotype 9, HAITI, Hinche

(USNM, #43939) [examined].

DIAGNOSIS. Females of T. haematoxyli are distinguished from other

species of Tanaostigmodes by the following characters: stigma strongly

swollen (fig.124); stigmal vein straight, nearly perpendicular to the

postmarginal vein; postmarginal vein shorter than stigmal vein; basal cell

with 12 or less setae on dorsal surface of wing; apex of postmarginal vein

extending as far distally as, but no farther than, most distal point of stigmal

vein. This species is most closely related to T. flavicorpus (see discussion

section under that species).

FEMALE. Length 0.9-1.85 mm. Face yellow; frons brown to orange-brown,

with three narrow transverse brown stripes, the ventral stripe at the level of

the torulus, the dorsal stripe being slightly over half the distance from the

torulus to the anterior ocellus. Scrobal impression dark brown medially.

Occiput and vertex dark brown, becoming orange to yellow near the eye

margins and on the gena. Antennal scape yellow, with translucent ventral

expansion; club and Al white to light yellow; pedicel, A2 and F1-F6 dusky

yellow, with funicular segments darkened apically and pedicel darkened

dorsally. Dorsum of mesosoma brown medially, becoming orange laterally;

mesopleuron, prepectus ventrally, thoracic sterna and coxae orange;

prepectus dorsally and tegula yellow. Metasoma brown, turning to orange

laterally. Head, dorsum of mesosoma except for a median strip on the

scutellum, and metasoma covered with silvery-white setae.

Head 1.15-1.65 times wider than high. Lateral ocellus nearer to eye

margin than to median ocellus (OOL/LOL 0.55-0.85). Scrobal impression

shallow, reticulate. Toruli inserted at or slightly above level of ventral

margin of eye. Interantennal projection very small to absent. Subocular

sulcus absent or only very faintly represented near ventral margin of eye.

Head reticulate.

Antenna (fig.54) with scape 2.2-3.0 times longer than wide, with

flattened ventral expansion. Al about half as long as, slightly narrower

than A2. All funicular segments from subequal in length and width to

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae 27

slightly wider than long. Club 1.5-1.9 times longer than wide, subequal in

width to F6.

Mesosoma reticulate dorsally. Propodeum reticulate with some

elongation of the reticulation medially, but no medial carina. Mesopleuron

(fig.105) wholly reticulate. Sternopleural suture not reaching anterior

margin of mesopleuron, may be connected to mesopleural suture.

Mesopleural suture may be very faint to absent. Metapleuron small,

confluent with lateral edge of propodeum. .

Wings hyaline, veins light brown to yellow. Forewing (fig.124) with

stigmal vein straight, perpendicular to postmarginal vein, and distinctly

swollen at apex. Postmarginal vein projecting as far distally as, but not

further than, the most distal point of stigmal vein. Marginal fringe

extending almost to wing tip. Basal cell with 5-12 setae. CC/MV 2.05-2.7,

MV/PMV 3.65-5.15, MV/SV 1.75-2.4, PMV/SV 0.35-0.6.

Metasoma reticulate to elongate reticulate. T2-T4 with median line.

Posterior margin of T3 with deep medial incision, equal to about half the

length of the tergum; posterior margin of T2 and T4 with slight medial

incision.

MALE. Length 1.2-1.65 mm. Coloration as in female except: antenna

brown; scape, pedicel basally, club apically yellow to light brown (and see

discussion of male color under variation). Antenna with long funicular

rami on F1-F4 or F5 (the ramus on F5 can vary from a small dorsal

projection distally to a ramus about 1/2 the length of F6). Each ramus

shorter than preceding one; each funicular segment longer than preceding

one except F'6 noticeably shorter than F5.

VARIATION. Specimens from Michoacan, Mexico differ from Caribbean

material as follows: lateral ocellus generally closer to eye in Michoacan

specimens (OOL/LOL 0.5-0.6) than in Caribbean specimens (OOL/LOL 0.55-

0.85); Michoacan females have ventral expansion of scape with a very slight

incision on apical half, and no median line on T4; as compared to no apical

incision on scape and a median line present on T4 in Caribbean females.

Michoacan males have a darker face, with dark brown color extending well

down the frons and two distinct, dark brown, transverse stripes across the

face, the lower stripe at the level of the toruli; Caribbean males have a

lighter colored face, mainly yellow, with brown color not present ventral to

anterior ocellus, and at most poorly defined, very light and/or incomplete

transverse stripes on the face.

DISTRIBUTION. HAITI, JAMAICA, CUBA, CAYMAN ISLANDS,

WINDWARD ISLANDS: Dominica, MEXICO: Michoacan.

BIOLOGY AND HOSTS. Dozier (1932) gave the biology of T. haematoxyli,

which was at that time a severe pest, infesting seeds of Haematoxylon

campechianum (Fabaceae; Caesalpinoidea) in Haiti.

Also from galls on Haematoxylon brasiletto in Michoacan, Mexico.

Galls are round, minute (less than 2 mm.), light brown, and attached to the

midribs on the underside of the leaves (fig.164).

28 Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype ?, HAITI, Hinche, 18.1.1930, H.L.

Dozier, seeds of Haematoxylon campechianum (USNM, on slide in

balsam).

Allotype o", as holotype (USNM).

Paratypes. HAITI: as holotype (39,4¢°, USNM); Damien, 111.1931, H.L.

Dozier, seeds of Haematoxylon campechianum (79,50, USNM).

Non-type material: JAMAICA: Trelawney, iv.1960, F.D. Bennett (19,

USNM); Brumelia, near Mandeville, 2-11.ii1.1931, G.S. Miller (19, USNM);

Stony Hill, 25.iv.1941, Chapin (19, USNM); St. Thomas Parish, Morant Bay

(at Morant R.), 3&6.iv.1975, E.E. Grissell, on Gynerium sagitiatum

[Poaceae] (49, USNM; 49, FSCA. 19: BMNH, CNC, LAS, UCR, AEI, MLP,

TAMU); Portland Parish, Olive Mt., nr. Durham, 3.iv.1975, E.E. Grissell,

on Gynerium. sagittatum [Poaceae] (39, USNM; 39, FSCA); Falmouth,

iv.1960, F.D. Bennett, on Casuarina [Casuarinaceae] (19, BMNH). CUBA:

Santiago de las Vegas, 10.iii.1937, L.C. Scaramuzza, campeche (19,¢,

USNM); HAITI: Kinscoff, La Decouverte, 5000 ft., 10.11.1955, A.M. Nadler

(19, AMNH); CAYMAN ISLANDS: Georgetown, Grand Cayman Island,

15-31.111.1965, I.R. McClintock, malaise trap (19, CNC); WINDWARD

ISLANDS: Dominica, Grand Savane, 8.ix.1965, D.L. Jackson (19, USNM);

MEXICO, Michoacan: 3 km. N. Capirio, 12.vii.1981, J. LaSalle, on

Haematoxylon brasiletto (29,90, UCR; 19,20, LAS).

EMARGINATUS Group

Females of the Emarginatus Group are distinguished by the following

combination of characters: scape with large, flattened, ventral expansion

(less than 2.0 times longer than wide), which is emarginate at apex (figs.55-

56); propodeum short, without plicae (fig.97); speculum open to posterior

margin of wing (fig.135-136); posterior margin of T2-T4 entire, or with weak

median incision; subocular sulcus absent or very weak. Males (unknown

for peruviensis) have long funicular rami; and the frons with a transverse

furrow at level halfway between torulus and median ocellus; ventral

expansion of scape not emarginate, incised in apical half.

Three species are included in this group, peruviensis, meltoni, and

emarginatus.

Tanaostigmodes meltoni LaSalle, sp. n.

Figures 29,55,86,97,135,165.

DIAGNOSIS. Females of 7. meltoni are distinguished from other species of

Tanaostigmodes by the following characters: scape with large ventral

expansion, which is emarginate apically (fig.55); propodeum short, without

plicae (fig.97); speculum open to posterior margin of wing (fig.135);

posterior margin of T2-T4 without medial incision; F1 distinctly shorter

(about half the length) than F2 (fig.55); basal cell with fewer than 10 setae

(fig.135); frons glabrate (fig.29); mesosoma coriaceous to imbricate (fig.86).

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae 29

FEMALE. Length 1.1-1.7 mm. Head black; scape, extreme basal portion of

pedicel, Al-F4 black, rest of antenna white, club slightly darkened.

Mesosoma black except almost entire tegula white; ventral 1/3-1/2 of fore

coxa, entire middle coxa, ventral 2/3 of hind coxa yellow. Legs yellow;

femora with apical white band, sub-apical black band; fore and middle

tibiae with basal white band, sub-basal black band, hind tibia black in

extreme basal portion. Metasoma yellow, with lateral, longitudinal black

stripe. T2 with second longitudinal stripe ventral to main stripe. Apex of

ovipositor sheaths darkened. Black color may have slight metallic tinge.

Head (fig.29) 1.25-1.4 times wider than high. Lateral ocellus nearer to

eye margin than to median ocellus (OOL/LOL 0.45-0.6). Scrobal impression

shallow, glabrate. Interantennal projection small. Subocular sulcus

absent. Face and frons ventrally coriaceous, frons dorsally glabrate.

Antenna (fig.55) with scape 1.55-1.75 times longer than wide, with

flattened ventral expansion. Ventral expansion emarginate apically.

Pedicel 1.3-1.55 times longer than wide. Al slightly shorter and narrower

than A2. F1 only about 1/2 the length of F2, F2-F6 subquadrate. Club 1.9-2.1

times longer than wide.

Mesosoma with mesoscutum imbricate (fig.86). Notauli very faint,

incomplete, neither meeting nor reaching posterior margin of

mesoscutum. Scutellum coriaceous to imbricate. Propodeum (fig.97) very

lightly sculptured with no carinae. Mesopleuron lightly sculptured,

reticulate to imbricate. Sternopleural suture not reaching anterior margin

of mesopleuron, mesopleural suture absent.

Wings hyaline, veins light brown. Forewing may have very faint

yellow color distal of parastigma. Marginal fringe not reaching apex of

wing. Basal cell (fig.135) with 2-7 setae. CC/MV 1.55-1.7, MV/PMV 1.9-2.15,

MV/SV 1.85-2.15, PMV/SV 0.95-1.0.

Metasoma very lightly sculptured, coriaceous to imbricate.

MALE. Length 0.75-1.5 mm. Color similar to female except: antenna dark

except pedicel white apically, face with small yellow to orange spot

bordering eye margin, entire dorsum of metasoma brown. Frons with

transverse furrow about halfway between torulus and median ocellus.

Ventral expansion of scape not emarginate, incised in apical half. Long

funicular rami on F1-F5. Funicular segments increasing slightly in length

distally, rami decreasing in length distally. R5 slightly longer than F6.

DISTRIBUTION. USA: Texas; MEXICO: Nuevo Leon, Baja California Sur.

BIOLOGY AND HOSTS. Several specimens were swept from

Pithecellobium flexicaule (Fabaceae: Mimosoidea) by C. W. Melton, who

also collected several leaves with small (1.5-2.0 mm) blister type galls

(fig.165). Dissection of these galls revealed dead, unemerged 7. meltoni

adults.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype 9, USA, Texas, Hidalgo Co., 2 mi. N.

Mercedes, Hoblizelle Farm (Texas A&M), 21.v.1983, C.W. Melton, sweeping

Pithecellobium flexicaule (USNM, point).

30 Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

209,350 paratypes. USA, Texas: as holotype and 30.v.1983 (69,17¢,

USNM. 19,20: BMNH, CNC, LAS, AEI. 20°: UCR, MLP, TAMU); Hidalgo

Co., 2 mi. S. Relampago, N. bank of Rio Grande, 4.xi and 15.xi1.1983, C.W.

Melton, on Pithecellobium flexicaule (29,10, USNM. 19: LAS, UCR, MLP);

Cameron Co., 3 mi. W. Santa Rosa, sugar mill, 16.vi.1983, C.W. Melton,

Pithecellobium flexicaule (19, TAMU); Weslaco, 10.ix.1963, J.W. Balock,

from ebony (29,3c¢°, USNM). MEXICO, Nuevo Leon: Municipio Guadalupe,

Rincon de la Sierra, 11.vii.1983, G. Gordh (29, UCR).

Non-type material. MEXICO, Baja California Sur: Las Barracas, ~30

km. E. Santiago, 14-19.v.1984, P. DeBach, yellow pan trap (29, UCR).

ETYMOLOGY. Named for C. W. Melton, who collected most of the

specimens of this species.

Tanaostigmodes peruviensis LaSalle, sp. n.

DIAGNOSIS. Females of T. peruviensis are distinguished from other

species of Tanaostigmodes by the following characters: scape with large

ventral expansion, which is emarginate apically; propodeum short,

without plicae; speculum open to posterior margin of wing; posterior

margin of T2-T4 without medial incision; Fl as long as or only slightly

shorter than F2; basal cell with more than 20 setae; frons coriaceuos, with

many minute punctures; mesosoma reticulate; pedicel entirely black; head

and mesosoma with some metallic coloration.

FEMALE. Length 1.55-1.7 mm. Head green, with small yellow spot

bordering eye on frons, yellow spot lateral to clypeus on face, and

longitudinal orange-yellow stripe bordering ventral half of scrobal

impression. Antenna black except F6 and club white. Dorsum of

mesosoma green medially, orange laterally. Prepectus green except

anterodorsal margin orange. Mesopleuron, metapleuron, fore and hind

coxae dorsally green. Entire middle coxa, fore and hind coxae ventrally,

yellow. Legs yellow except for apical band on all femora and basal band on

all tibiae. This band varies in width and intensity of color, from dusky to

dark brown or green. Metasoma yellow with dark brown, longitudinal

stripe laterally. T2 yellow with narrow brown band basally and brown band

along posterior margin. T3-T6 or T7 brown dorsally.

Head 1.2-1.3 times wider than high. Lateral ocellus nearer to eye

margin than to median ocellus (OOL/LOL 0.55-0.65). ‘Scrobal impression

reticulate to imbricate. Interantennal projection small, pointed apically.

Subocular sulcus absent. Face reticulate, frons coriaceous with many

minute punctures.

Antenna with scape 1.6-1.7 times longer than wide, with flattened

ventral expansion. Ventral expansion emarginate apically. Pedicel 1.3-1.55

times longer than wide. Funicular segments quadrate or nearly so; F1, F5,

F6 slightly wider than long; F2-F4 subequal in length and width. Club 1.65-

1.7 times longer than wide.

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae 3]

Mesosoma reticulate dorsally. Propodeum reticulate to imbricate.

Mesopleuron reticulate. Sternopleural suture not reaching anterior

margin of mesopleuron; mesopleural suture absent.

Wings hyaline, veins light brown to yellow. Marginal fringe extending

past apex of wing, not reaching postmarginal vein. Basal cell with 31-36

setae. CC/MV 2.0-2.1; MV/PMV 1.4-1.45; MV/SV 1.45-1.6; PMV/SV 1.0-1.1.

Metasoma reticulate to elongate reticulate or imbricate.

MALE. Unknown.

DISTRIBUTION. PERU.

BIOLOGY AND HOSTS. The only host record is the label on the holotype

which reads "on Acacia" (Fabaceae: Mimosoidea).

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype 9, PERU, Chiclayo, 28.vi.1960, Young &

Gonzalez, on Acacia (NCSU, on permanent loan to USNM, point).

19 paratype. PERU: Lima Dept., km. 46, Carretera Centra E. of Lima,

14.x1.1977, R.T. & J.C. Schuh (19, AMNH).

ETYMOLOGY. From Peru; referring to the Peruvian distribution.

Tanaostigmodes emarginatus LaSalle, sp. n.

Figures 30,56,87,136.

DIAGNOSIS. Females of T. emarginatus are distinguished from other

species of Tanaostigmodes by the following characters: scape with large

ventral expansion, which is emarginate apically (fig.56); propodeum short,

without plicae; speculum open to posterior margin of wing (fig.136);

posterior margin of T2-T4 without medial incision; Fl as long as or only

slightly shorter than F2 (fig.56); basal cell with more than 20 setae (fig.136);

frons reticulate, without punctures (fig.30); mesosoma reticulate (fig.87);

pedicel at least white apically, may be entirely white; head and mesosoma

with some metallic coloration. This species is common throughout Mexico,

and ranges down into South America.

FEMALE. Length 1.05-1.95 mm. Head green to very dark green (almost

black) with yellow to orange markings of variable size on the frons, face,

and gena. Scape black with small white spot basally; pedicel white apically,

black basally; Fl and F2 black, F3-F5 white to black, F6 and club white.

Dorsum of mesosoma green to dark green medially (sometimes with a blue

to violet tinge), yellow to orange laterally. Prepectus yellow with median,

longitudinal brown stripe. Mesopleuron orange or yellow to black, may

have metallic shine. Metapleuron, coxae, and legs yellow to orange. Hind

coxa sometimes darkened dorsally; fore and middle femora with brown

band or spots near apex; fore and middle tibiae with brown band or spots

near base. Metasoma yellow with longitudinal brown stripe laterally; tip of

Ovipositor sheaths dark brown to black.

32 Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

Head (fig.30) 1.15-1.2 times wider than high. Lateral ocellus nearer to

eye margin than to median ocellus (OOL/LOL 0.5-0.7). Scrobal impression

reticulate. Interantennal projection small, pointed apically. Subocular

sulcus absent. Frons and face reticulate.

Antenna (fig.56) with scape 1.55-1.9 times longer than wide, with

flattened ventral expansion. Ventral expansion emarginate apically.

Pedicel 1.15-1.45 times longer than wide. Anelli subequal in size. F1 from

slightly wider than long to subequal in length and width; F2-F4 subequal in

length and width; F5-F6 slightly wider than long. Club 1.7-2.25 times

longer than wide.

Mesosoma reticulate dorsally (fig.87). Propodeum reticulate.

Mesopleuron reticulate. Sternopleural suture not reaching anterior

margin of mesopleuron, connected to mesopleural suture. Metapleuron

small, widening posteriorly.

Wings hyaline, veins yellow to light brown. Forewing with marginal

fringe extending past apex of wing, sometimes reaching postmarginal

vein. Basal cell (fig.136) with 21-47 setae. CC/MV 1.9-2.4, MV/PMV 1.3-1.7,

MV/SV 1.3-1.85, PMV/SV 0.95-1.1.

Metasoma reticulate to elongate reticulate or imbricate.

MALE. Length 1.1-1.25 mm. Color similar to female except: dorsum of

mesosoma completely dark green, mesopleuron dark green, dorsum of

metasoma brown; scape white in basal half, black apically, funicular

segments dark. Ventral expansion of scape not emarginate, incised in

apical half. Long funicular rami on F1-F4. F1-F5 increasing in length

distally, F6 about half the length of F5. Frons with transverse furrow

halfway between torulus and median ocellus.

VARIATION. The color of the mesopleuron is usually orange to yellow,

however there is extensive variation and the color can range to entirely

black (and may have some metallic shine). Female specimens from South

America have only F1 and F2 black, with the rest of the funicle white;

Mexican females always have F3, usually F4, and sometimes F5 dusky to

black. In the single specimen from Peru metasomal tergites T3-T7 are

dark brown dorsally. In all other specimens the metasoma is yellow

dorsally.

DISTRIBUTION. MEXICO: Sinaloa, Morelos, Puebla, Michoacan,

Guerrero, Veracruz, Colima; PERU; URUGUAY.

BIOLOGY AND HOSTS. The only host information is the label on the

specimen from Peru which reads Malachra capitata (Malvaceae). This

record may be mistaken.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype 9, MEXICO, Sinaloa, 11 mi. N. La

Concha, nr. microondas sta. La Muralla 2, 25.x.1982, J.T. Huber (USNM,

point).

219,160 paratypes. MEXICO, Sinaloa: 12 mi. N. Mazatlan, 25.x.1982,

J.T. Huber (1c, UCR); MEXICO, Morelos: Amatlan (West), 14 km. N.

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae 33

Yautepec, 29.x.1982, J.T. Huber (19, UCR); MEXICO, Veracruz: 3 mi. N.

Cardel by Rio Actopan, 31.x.1982, A. Gonzalez & J.T. Huber (29, UCR);

MEXICO, Puebla: 15 km. W. Izucar de Matamoros, Hwy. 140, 27.vi.1981, J.

LaSalle (19, LAS; 3c%°, USNM); MEXICO, Colima: 7 mi. SSW. Colima, Hwy

110, 9.vi1.1984, J.B. Woolley (19, USNM); MEXICO, Michoacan: 49 mi. SE.

Aquila, 13.vii.1984, J.B. Woolley (39,307, USNM); MEXICO, Guerrero: 6 mi.

NE. Tixtla, 16.vii.1984, J.B. Woolley (1o°, USNM); 15 mi. W. Chichihualco,

~5000', 15.vii.1984, J.B. Woolley (39,107, USNM. 19,10: BMNH, CNC, AEI);

4 mi. W. Chilpancingo, ~4000', 15.vii.1984, J.B. Woolley (59,20, TAMU.

19,10: LAS, MLP).

Non-type material. PERU: Lambayque, 29.xi.1966, Malachra capitata

(19, USNM). URUGUAY: Montevideo, So. Amer. Paras. Lab, vii-viii.1944,

No. 1166-9, Berry (49, USNM).

ETYMOLOGY. The Latin emarginatus, meaning notched at the apex;

referring to the distinct shape of the scape.

CARINATUS Group

Females of the Carinatus Group are distinguished by the following

combination of characters: scape with large, flattened, ventral expansion

(less than 2.0 times longer than wide), which is emarginate at apex (fig.57);

interantennal projection absent (fig.43); posterior margin of T2-T4 with

medial incision; propodeum somewhat lengthened, with strong plicae

(fig.111); speculum separated from posterior margin of wing by more setae

(on ventral surface of wing) than a single line representing subcubital vein

(fig.137); subocular sulcus present. Males (known only for fernandesi) with

4 long funicular rami; frons with transverse furrow at level halfway

between torulus and median ocellus.

There are two species included in this group, carinatus and

fernandesi.

Tanaostigmodes carinatus LaSalle, sp. n.

Figure 150.

DIAGNOSIS. Females of T. carinatus are distinguished from other species

of Tanaostigmodes by the following characters: scape with large ventral

expansion, which is emarginate apically; propodeum somewhat

lengthened, with strong plicae; speculum separated from posterior margin

of wing by more setae (on ventral surface of the wing) than a single line

representing subcubital vein; posterior margin of T2-T4 with medial

incision; interantennal projection absent; hind femur without tooth on

ventral margin (fig.150); head and body black; scutellum coriaceous

anteriorly, glabrate posteriorly.

34 Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

FEMALE. Length 1.85 mm. Head generally dark brown to black. Lower

frons, face and gena light brown to honey yellow except brown transverse

stripe extending from eye margin almost to torulus. Scape light brown to

honey yellow, ventral margin brown. Funicular segments brown, F5 and

F6 dorsally and club pale yellow. Mesosoma and metasoma dark brown to

black except prepectus brown.

Head 1.25 times wider than high. Lateral ocellus nearer to median

ocellus than to eye margin (OOL/LOL 1.3). Scrobal impression small,

glabrate ventrally. Interantennal projection absent. Subocular sulcus

complete. Frons transversely strigate to carinate. Face strigulate to

coriaceous.

Antenna with scape 1.4 times longer than wide, with flattened ventral

expansion. Ventral expansion emarginate apically. Pedicel 1.55 times

longer than wide. Al shorter and slightly narrower than A2. F1 slightly

longer than wide; funicular segments decreasing in length distally; F6

subquadrate. Club 1.25 times longer than wide.

Mesosoma coriaceous dorsally, except scutellum with transverse

glabrate band in posterior half. Propodeum glabrate with strong plica,

callus coriaceous with complete longitudinal carina lateral to spiracle.

Mesopleuron glabrate posteriorly, strigulate anteriorly. Sternopleural

suture not reaching anterior margin of mesopleuron, connected to

mesopleural suture. Hind femur without tooth on ventral margin (fig.150).

Wings slightly yellowed, veins light brown. Forewing with marginal

fringe extending to slightly past apex of wing. Speculum separated from

posterior margin of wing by more setae’(on ventral surface of the wing)

than a single line representing subcubital vein. Basal cell with 31-35 setae.

CC/MV 1.9, MV/PMV 1.9, MV/SV 2.1, PMV/SV 1.1.

Metasoma reticulate dorsally. T2-T5 with medial line. T2-T5 with

medial incision on posterior margin. Ovipositor slightly exserted.

MALE. Unknown.

DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: Minas Gerais.

BIOLOGY AND HOSTS. Unknown.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype °, BRAZIL, Minas Gerais, Pedra Azul,

xi.1972, Seabra & Oliveira (CNC, point).

This species known only from the holotype.

ETYMOLOGY. From the Latin carinate, meaning having carinae;

referring to the distinct lateral carina on the propodeum.

Tanaostigmodes fernandesi LaSalle, sp. n.

Figures 43,57,111,137,149.

DIAGNOSIS. Females of 7. fernandesi are distinguished from other

species of Tanaostigmodes by the following characters: scape with large

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae 35

ventral expansion, which is emarginate apically (fig.57); propodeum

somewhat lengthened, with strong plicae (fig.111); speculum separated

from posterior margin of wing by more setae (on ventral surface of the

wing) than a single line representing subcubital vein (fig.137); posterior

margin of T2-T4 with medial incision; interantennal projection absent

(fig.43); hind femur with distinct tooth on yentral margin near apex

(fig.149); head and body honey yellow; scutellum entirely coriaceous.

FEMALE. Length 2.1-3.5 mm. Color honey yellow, except head with dark

brown spot in ventral portion of scrobal impression; transverse brown

stripe between eye margin and torulus; small brown spot bordering eye

margin just dorsal to transverse stripe. Ventral margin of scape brown;

F5, F6 and club pale yellow to white. T6 pale yellow to white posteriorly.

Head (fig.43) 1.45-1.65 times wider than high. Lateral ocellus nearer to

median ocellus than to eye margin (OOL/LOL 1.9-2.1). Scrobal impression

glabrate. Interantennal projection absent. Subocular sulcus complete.

Face and frons lightly coriaceous to glabrate.

Antenna (fig.57) with scape 1.35-1.55 times longer than wide, with

flattened ventral expansion. Ventral expansion emarginate apically.

Pedicel 1.5-1.7 times longer than wide. A1 slightly shorter and narrower

than A2. F1 longer than wide; funicular segments decreasing in length

distally; F6 subquadrate. Club 1.35-1.75 times longer than wide.

Mesosoma coriaceous dorsally. Propodeum glabrate, with strong

plicae (fig.111). Mesopleuron glabrate. Sternopleural suture not reaching

anterior margin of mesopleuron, connected to mesopleural suture. Hind

femur with a definite subapical tooth on ventral surface (fig.149).

Wings hyaline, veins light brown. Forewing with marginal fringe

extending past apex of wing, not reaching postmarginal vein. Speculum

separated from posterior margin of wing by more setae (on ventral surface

of the wing) than a single line representing subcubital vein (fig.137). Basal

cell with 28-49 setae. CC/MV 2.05-2.3, MV/PMV 1.4-1.8, MV/SV 1.85-2.05,

PMV/SV 1.1-1.3.

Metasoma coriaceous to lightly reticulate. T2-T5 with median line, T6

with median line anteriorly. T2-T5 with medial incision on posterior

margin. Ovipositor slightly exserted.

MALE. Length 1.5-2.7 mm. Color similar to female except: entire scrobal

impression dark brown. Frons with transverse furrow at level halfway

between toruli and median ocellus. Scape with ventral expansion in apical

half only. F1-F4 with long rami, each ramus slightly shorter than

preceding one; each funicular segment slightly longer than preceding one

to F5, F6 slightly shorter than F5.

DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: Minas Gerais.

BIOLOGY AND HOSTS. Fernandes, et.al. (in press) reared this species as

an inquiline from galls of Anadiplosis sp (Cecidomyiidae) on Machaerium

aculeatum (Fabaceae: Faboidea) in Brazil. This is the only record of

inquilinism for New World Tanaostigmatidae.

36 Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype 9, BRAZIL, Minas Gerais, Belo

Horizonte, UFMG Campus, 15.viii.1984, G.W. Fernandes, from gall on

Machaerium aculeatum (USNM, point).

59,4¢% paratypes. BRAZIL, Minas Gerais: as holotype (29,2c°, USNM.

19,1¢%: BMNH, MLP); Pedra Azul, xi.1972, Seabra & Oliveira, (19, CNC).

ETYMOLOGY. Named for G. Wilson A. Fernandes, who collected the

holotype and most of the paratypes, and discovered the biology of this

species.

DILATUS Group

Females of the Dilatus Group are distinguished by the following

combination of characters: scape about 2 times longer than wide, with

large, flattened, ventral expansion (figs.59-60); propodeum with strong

plicae and transverse carina at posterior margin of propodeum connecting

plicae (fig.112); scutellum coriaceous; subocular sulcus complete. Males

unknown.

There are two included species, dilatus and latiscapus.

Tanaostigmodes dilatus LaSalle, sp. n.

Figure 59.

DIAGNOSIS. Females of 7. dilatus are distinguished from other species of

Tanaostigmodes by the following characters: scape with large ventral

expansion, about 2 times longer than wide, which is slightly incised in

apical half (fig.59); propodeum with strong plicae, and carina along

posterior margin of propodeum which connects them; mesopleuron

glabrate; scutellum coriaceous; face, frons, and pleural region of

mesosoma predominantly light brown.

FEMALE. Length 1.75 mm. This specimen was in alcohol for 8 years and

some color leaching occurred. The extent of leaching is hard to assess, and

the original hue and intensity of color can no longer be determined. The

pattern of color is described, using the terms light and dark. Dark probably

refers to dark brown to black, light may be light brown to yellow or white.

Head generally light; vertex, occiput dorsally, scrobal impression and

ventral spot on gena bordering oral fossa dark. Scape dark except for

extreme basal and apical portions; funicle dark, club light. Dorsum of

mesosoma dark except pronotum laterally, mesoscutum laterally, axilla

and propodeum light. Prepectus light, tegula light anteriorly, dark

posteriorly. Pleural region light. Metasoma dark dorsally and laterally,

with longitudinal light stripe laterally; light ventrally. Ovipositor sheaths

light, apex dark.

Head 1.3 times wider than high. Lateral ocellus nearer to median

ocellus than to eye margin (OOL/LOL 1.2). Scrobal impression glabrate.

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae 37

Interantennal projection very small. Subocular sulcus complete. Frons and

face very lightly coriaceous.

Antenna (fig.59) with scape 2.0 times longer than wide, with flattened

ventral expansion. Ventral expansion widest medially, slightly incised in

apical half. Pedicel 1.6 times longer than wide. Al subequal in length to,

slightly narrower than A2. F1-F5 slightly longer than wide, F6

subquadrate. Club 2.2 times longer than wide.

Mesosoma with mesoscutum coriaceous to imbricate; scutellum

coriaceous. Propodeum glabrate with strong plica and transverse carina at

posterior margin of propodeum connecting plica. Mesopleuron glabrate.

Sternopleural suture not reaching anterior margin of mesopleuron, not

connected to mesopleural suture.

Wings hyaline, veins light brown. Forewing with marginal fringe

extending to postmarginal vein. Basal cell with 14-15 setae. CC/MV 1.45,

MV/PMV 1.55, MV/SV 2.05, PMV/SV 1.3.

Metasoma lightly sculptured, reticulate to imbricate to coriaceous. T2-

T5 with very small medial incision on posterior margin.

MALE. Unknown.

DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: Pernambuco.

BIOLOGY AND HOSTS. Unknown.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype ?, BRAZIL, Pernambuco, Caruaru,

iv.1972, M. Alvarenga (CNC, point).

This species known only from the holotype.

ETYMOLOGY. The Latin dilatus, meaning expanded; referring to the

flattened ventral expansion of the scape.

Tanaostigmodes latiscapus LaSalle, sp. n.

Figures 60,112.

DIAGNOSIS. Females of 7. latiscapus are distinguished from other species

of Tanaostigmodes by the following characters: scape with large ventral

expansion, about 2 times longer than wide, which is uniformly rounded

and not excised in apical half (fig.60); propodeum with strong plicae, and

carina along posterior margin of propodeum which connects them (fig.112);

mesopleuron glabrate; scutellum coriaceous; face, frons, and pleural

region of mesosoma predominantly dark brown; ventral expansion of scape

uniformly rounded, not incised in apical half.

FEMALE. Length 1.8-2.2 mm. Head dark brown with light brown area

lateral to clypeus. This area may be small and poorly distinguished. Light

brown to yellow stripe may be present on frons at inner eye margin.

Antenna dark brown except apex of scape light brown, F6 dusky yellow,

club yellow. Mesosoma dark brown except mesoscutum and axilla

38 Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

laterally, prepectus dorsally, tegula light brown. Fore and hind coxae

apically, entire middle coxa, yellow; fore and middle coxae basally, dark

brown. Legs yellow; except fore femur dorsally, middle and hind femora

except basally and apically, dark brown. Metasoma dark brown; T8,

ovipositor sheaths except apex, light brown to yellow.

Head 1.25-1.35 times wider than high. Lateral ocellus about equidistant

from eye margin and median ocellus (OOL/LOL 0.95-1.15). Scrobal

impression glabrate. Interantennal projection small. Subocular sulcus

complete. Frons and face coriaceous to lightly imbricate.

Antenna (fig.60) with scape 1.95-2.1 times longer than wide, with

flattened ventral expansion. Pedicel 1.4-1.7 times longer than wide. Al

about as long as, slightly narrower than, A2. F1 slightly longer than wide;

funicular segments decreasing in length distally; F6 subquadrate. Club

1.55-1.95 times longer than wide.

Mesosoma with mesoscutum coriaceous to imbricate; scutellum

coriaceous. Propodeum glabrate medially with strong plicae and strong

transverse carina at posterior margin of propodeum connecting plicae

(fig.112); callus coriaceous. Mesopleuron glabrate posteriorly, lightly

strigulate anteriorly. Sternopleural suture not reaching anterior margin of

mesopleuron, connected to mesopleural suture.

Wings hyaline, veins light brown. Forewing with marginal fringe

extending to postmarginal vein. Basal cell with 20-28 setae. CC/MV 1.55-

1.95, MV/PMV 1.6-1.9, MV/SV 1.9-2.25, PMV/SV 1.1-1.35.

Metasoma lightly reticulate, glabrate anteriorly on T2. T2 with medial

line, T3-T5 folded medially, without defined line. T2-T5 with slight medial

incision on posterior margin.

MALE. Unknown.

DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: Santa Catarina.

BIOLOGY AND HOSTS. Unknown.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype ?, BRAZIL, Santa Catarina, Nova

Teutonia, 20.x.1949, F. Plaumann, B.M. 1957-341 (BMNH, card).

7 paratypes. As holotype (59, BMNH. 19: USNM, CNC).

ETYMOLOGY. From the Latin latus, meaning wide, and scapus;

referring to the wide, flattened ventral expansion of the scape.

BASILARIS Group

Females of the Basilaris Group are distinguished by the following

combination of characters: scape less than 2.5 times longer than wide, with

large, flattened, ventral expansion (fig.58); propodeum without plicae

(figs.99-100); basal cell with less than 5 setae (fig.138); subocular sulcus

absent, or present but very small and only represented just ventral to eye.

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae 39

Male funicular segments dorsally expanded, without rami; frons with

transverse furrow at level halfway between torulus and median ocellus.

There are two included species, basilaris and triplaris. These are the

only two tanaostigmatids known from host plants within the Polygonaceae

(Triplaris). |

Tanaostigmodes basilaris LaSalle, sp. n.

Figures 11,100.

DIAGNOSIS. Females of T. basilaris are distinguished from other species

of Tanaostigmodes by the following characters: scape with large ventral

expansion, less than 2.5 times longer than wide; basal cell with less than 5

setae; subocular sulcus absent, or present and very short; propodeum

without transverse carina medial to spiracle (fig.100); dorsum of mesosoma

predominantly reticulate (fig.11); scape dark brown with yellow marking

near apex. |

FEMALE. Length 2.45-2.85 mm. Face and frons ventrally yellow; frons

dorsally and scrobal impression orange. Epistomal suture, ventral margin

of clypeus brown. A small brown spot anterior to lateral ocellus and two

small brown spots anterior to median ocellus may be present. Antenna

yellow to light brown; margin of ventral expansion of scape and pedicel

basally brown; F1-F3 somewhat dusky ventrally. Mesosoma and legs

orange to yellow; metanotum and propodeum with some lateral duskiness,

tegula very light yellow to white with posterior margin darkened.

Metasoma dark brown dorsally, brown laterally and ventrally, with

longitudinal light yellow stripe laterally. T8 yellow posteriorly except apex

dark brown.

Head 1.2-1.25 times wider than high. Lateral ocellus slightly nearer to

eye than to median ocellus (OOL/LOL 0.7-0.85). Scrobal impression

glabrate. Interantennal projection small, with sharp median carina

dorsally. Subocular sulcus absent, indicated only by slight depression near

ventral margin of eye. Frons and face lightly imbricate to coriaceous, the

sculpture sometimes elongated. Face with scattered, minute, setiferous

punctures.

Antenna with scape 2.25-2.35 times longer than wide, with flattened

ventral expansion. Pedicel 1.2-1.45 times longer than wide. Al subequal in

length to, slightly narrower than, A2. F1 slightly longer than wide;

funicular segments decreasing in length distally, F6 subquadrate. Club

1.85-2.0 times longer than wide. .

Mesosoma (fig.11) reticulate to imbricate dorsally, with numerous

light colored setae. Propodeum imbricate to reticulate, without transverse

carina medial to spiracle (fig.100). Mesopleuron lightly sculptured,

reticulate to imbricate. Sternoplerual suture connected to mesopleural

suture.

Wings hyaline, veins very light brown to yellow. Forewing with

marginal fringe extending to apex of wing. Basal cell with 0-3 setae.

CC/MV 1.8-2.1, MV/PMV 1.8-2.5, MV/SV 1.7-2.1, PMV/SV 0.8-0.95.

40 Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

Metasoma lightly reticulate to imbricate. T2-T4, sometimes T5, with

medial line and medial incision on posterior margin of tergum.

MALE. Length 2.15-2.4 mm. Head dark brown, frons ventrally, face and

gena light yellow to white. Scape dark brown, ventral expansion light

yellow to white ventrally, brown dorsally. Pedicel brown, white apically.

Funicular segments and club missing, except for Fl on one specimen

which is brown. Dorsum of mesosoma brown, pleuron orange to yellow.

Metasoma colored as in female. F1 with dorsal projection [F2-club

missing]. Frons with transverse suture halfway between torulus and

median ocellus. Frons dorsally with minute, setiferous punctures.

DISTRIBUTION. CANAL ZONE.

BIOLOGY AND HOSTS. Found with seeds of Triplaris, and on Triplaris

cumingiana (Polygonaceae).

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype 9, CANAL ZONE, 16.v.1939, Smith,

with Triplaris seed, Lot No. 39-9794 (USNM, point).

89,20 paratypes. CANAL ZONE: as holotype (49,2%°, USNM. 19:

BMNH, CNC); Balboa Heights, 24.v.1923, H.Y. Gouldman, on Triplaris

cumingiana, F.H.B. No. 46251 (29, USNM).

ETYMOLOGY. The Latin basilaris, meaning concerning the base;

referring to the basal cell of the forewing, with its reduced number of setae.

Tanaostigmodes triplaris LaSalle, sp. n.

Figures 58,99,138,160.

DIAGNOSIS. Females of T. triplaris are distinguished from other species

of Tanaostigmodes by the following characters: scape with large ventral

expansion, less than 2 times longer than wide (fig.58); basal cell with less

than 5 setae (fig.138); subocular sulcus absent, or present and very short;

propodeum with strong transverse carina medial to spiracle (fig.99);

dorsum of mesosoma coriaceous; scape light brown.

FEMALE. Length 2.9-3.5 mm. Head orange to yellow, darker dorsally than

ventrally. Vertex between ocelli, and occiput dorsally black. Anterior

tentorial pit, epistomal suture ventral to anterior tentorial pit, and ventral

margin of clypeus black. Scape black with yellow area dorsoapically,

complete longitudinal yellow line along dorsal margin of ventral

expansion. Pedicel black with small yellow area apically. F1-F5 dusky

ventrally, yellow dorsally, F6 yellow. [Club missing.] Dorsum of mesosoma

black, mesoscutum and axilla orange laterally. Tegula and prepectus

anterodorsally white, prepectus and mesopleuron orange, metapleuron

yellow. Legs and coxae yellow to orange, and brown. Metasoma orange

brown to brown, T2 yellow medially, ovipositor sheaths yellow.

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae 4)

Head 1.45-1.55 times wider than high. Lateral ocellus nearer to

median ocellus than to eye margin (OOL/LOL 1.35-1.5). Scrobal impression

glabrate. Interantennal projection very small. Subocular sulcus absent,

indicated only by slight depression near ventral margin of eye. Frons and

face mainly lightly imbricate to coriaceous, with some areas of light

reticulation. Face with a few scattered, minute, setiferous punctures.

Antenna (fig.58) with scape 1.6-1.85 times longer than wide, with

flattened ventral expansion. Pedicel 1.2-1.5 times longer than wide. Al

slightly shorter and narrower than A2. All funicular segments slightly

longer than wide. [Club missing.]

Mesosoma coriaceous dorsally, with numerous white setae.

Propodeum glabrate medially, with distinct transverse carina medial to

spiracle (fig.99). Mesopleuron lightly sculptured, reticulate to imbricate.

Sternopleural suture not reaching anterior margin of mesopleuron,

connected to mesopleural suture.

Wings hyaline, veins light brown. Forewing with marginal fringe

extending to apex of wing. Basal cell (fig.138) with 1-4 setae. CC/MV 1.85-

2.15, MV/PMV 1.8-2.1, MV/SV 1.4-1.6, PMV/SV 0.7-0.95.

Metasoma (fig.160) lightly reticulate dorsally. T2-T5 without defined

medial line, but with terga folded medially.

MALE. Length 2.05-2.25 mm. Color similar to female except: head dark

brown except orange to yellow transverse line across frons overlapping

transverse suture, lower face yellow; scape dark brown without yellow

markings; funicular segments dusky brown, club light yellow.

Mesopleuron brown; metasoma dark brown, T2 light brown anteriorly. F1-

F5 with dorsal projection, these projections shorter distally. Frons with

transverse furrow halfway between the torulus and the median ocellus.

DISTRIBUTION. VENEZUELA.

BIOLOGY AND HOSTS. Reared from galls of Triplaris (Polygonaceae).

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype ?, VENEZUELA, El Valle, 10.11.1943,

C.H. Ballou, Triplaris gall, No. BBE, Lot No. 4383-20941 (USNM, point).

89,8c paratypes. As holotype (59,5c°, USNM. 19,10°: BMNH, CNC,

LAS).

ETYMOLOGY. From Triplaris; referring to the generic name of the host

plant.

ANELLARIUS Group

Females of the Anellarius Group are distinguished by the following

combination of characters: first funicular segment reduced to the size of an

anellus, making antennal formula appear to be 11353 (fig.53)(a character

unique to this group); frons with transverse furrow halfway between

torulus and median ocellus (fig.41-42); interantennal projection absent to

42 Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

very small; scape 2.0-2.5 times longer than wide, with flattened ventral

expansion (fig.53); ventral expansion from emarginate apically to incised in

apical half. Males (only known for anellarius) with 4 long funicular rami;

frons with transverse furrow halfway between torulus and median ocellus.

Two species are included in this group, anellarius and sulcatus.

Tanaostigmodes anellarius LaSalle, sp. n.

Figures 41 ,53,145.

DIAGNOSIS. Females of T. anellarius are distinguished from other

species of Tanaostigmodes by the following characters: F1 reduced to the

size of an anellus, making antennal formula appear to be 11353 (fig.53);

frons with transverse furrow halfway between torulus and median ocellus

(fig.41); frons without transverse furrow just ventral to median ocellus, and

without longitudinal furrows bordering eye margin; forewing with

marginal postmarginal veins not swollen at junction with stigmal vein

(fig.145). |

FEMALE. Length 1.15-1.2 mm. Occiput, vertex, and frons dorsally brown,

face and frons ventrally yellow to yellow-orange with brown markings as

follows: two transverse stripes on frons ventrally; face medially from

torulus to clypeal margin; spot near mouth margin. Scrobal impression

medially dark brown. Antenna brown, except scape apically, pedicel

apically, anelli, and apical club segment white. Dorsum of mesosoma

brown, becoming orange laterally; tegula light yellow with brown margin,

pleural and sternal regions orange-yellow to yellow; legs yellow, with some

dusky brown coloration. Metasoma orange dorsally, brown ventrally, with

the posterior margins of terga slightly darkened.

Head (fig.41) 1.3-1.4 times wider than high. Lateral ocellus nearer to

eye margin than to median ocellus (LOL/OOL 1.3-1.35). Frons with

transverse suture halfway between median ocellus and torulus. Scrobal

impression reticulate. Subocular sulcus absent. Face and frons reticulate.

Antenna (fig.53) with scape 2.0-2.2 times longer than wide, with

flattened ventral expansion. Ventral expansion ranging from emarginate

apically to incised in apical half. Al subequal in length and width with A2.

F1 much reduced, only slightly larger than an anellus and distinctly less

than half the length of F2. F2-F6 from subequal in length and width to

slightly longer than wide. Club 2.0-2.25 times longer than wide.

Mesosoma reticulate dorsally. Propodeum reticulate. Mesopleuron

reticulate. Sternopleural suture not reaching anterior margin of

mesopleuron, not or only faintly connected to mesopleural suture. :

Wings hyaline, veins light brown. Forewing with marginal fringe

extending to apex of postmarginal vein. Basal cell with 30-45 setae.

Marginal and postmarginal veins not swollen at junction of stigmal vein

(fig.145). CC/MV 2.2-2.7, MV/PMV 1.4-1.85, MV/SV 1.3-1.65, PMV/SV 0.85-

1.05.

Metasoma dorsally elongate-reticulate medially, reticulate laterally.

T2-T5 with median line.

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae 43

MALE. Length 0.9-0.95 mm. Coloration as in female. Antenna with rami

on F1-F4, each ramus shorter than preceding one. R4 slightly longer than

F5. Each funicular segment from F1-F4 longer than preceding one; F4 and

F5 subequal in length; F6 noticeably shorter than F5.

DISTRIBUTION. MEXICO: Michoacan, Colima; BAHAMA ISLANDS.

BIOLOGY AND HOSTS. Unknown.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype ?, MEXICO, Michoacan, 3 km. N.

Capirio, 12.vii.1981, J. LaSalle (USNM, point).

99,4" paratypes. MEXICO, Michoacan: as holotype (29,20, USNM.

19,1¢ LAS); 10 km. N. Nueva Italia, 12.vii.1981, J. LaSalle (19, BMNH).

MEXICO, Colima: 7 mi. SSW. Colima, Hwy 110, 9.vii.1984, J.B. Woolley (19,

TAMU). BAHAMA ISLANDS: Exuma, Simon's Point, 15-20.v.1986, T.L.

McCabe (29,1¢°, USNM. 19: CNC, AEI).

ETYMOLOGY. A dimunitive form of the Latin anellus; referring to the

anelliform first funicular segment.

Tanaostigmodes sulcatus LaSalle, sp. n.

Figures 42,146.

DIAGNOSIS. Females of T. sulcatus are distinguished from other species

of Tanaostigmodes by the following characters: F1 reduced to the size of an

anellus, making antennal formula appear to be 11353; frons with

transverse furrow halfway between torulus and median ocellus and with

transverse furrow just ventral to median ocellus, and with longitudinal

furrow bordering eye margin which connects the two transverse furrows

(fig.42); forewing with marginal and postmarginal veins swollen at

junction with stigmal vein (fig.146).

FEMALE. Length 1.0 mm. Occiput and vertex brown; face and frons brown

with orange markings as follows: frons with transverse stripe confluent

with each of the two transverse furrows, longitudinal stripe bordering eye

margin and scrobal impression; face with spot bordering clypeus and spot

at ventral eye margin. Antenna brown, except scape apically, pedicel

apically, anelli, and apical club segment white. Mesosoma dark brown

dorsally, brown on pleural region except for orange spot dorsally on

mesopleuron; sterna, coxae and legs yellow with some brown coloration.

Metasoma orange-brown to brown, the posterior margin of each tergum

slightly darker than the rest of the tergum.

Head (fig.42) 1.2 times wider than high. Lateral ocellus closer to eye

margin than to median ocellus (LOL/OOL 2.0). Frons with one transverse

furrow halfway between torulus and median ocellus; another transverse

furrow just ventral of median ocellus; longitudinal furrow bordering eye

margin connecting these furrows. Scrobal impression reticulate. Subocular

sulcus absent. Face and frons reticulate. :

44 Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

Antenna with scape 2.5 times longer than wide with flattened ventral

expansion. Ventral expansion incised in apical half. Al subequal in length

and width to A2. F1 much reduced, only slightly larger than an anellus

and distinctly less than half the length of F2; F2-F6 subquadrate. Club 1.6

times longer than wide.

Mesosoma reticulate dorsally. Propodeum reticulate. Mesopleuron

faintly reticulate. Sternopleural suture not reaching anterior margin of

mesopleuron, connected to mesopleural suture.

Wings hyaline, veins light brown. Forewing with marginal fringe

extending to apex of postmarginal vein. Basal cell with 15 setae. Marginal

and postmarginal veins swollen at junction with stigmal vein (fig.146).

CC/MV 1.85, MV/PMV 2.1, MV/SV 2.25, PMV/SV 1.2.

Metasoma dorsally elongate-reticulate medially, reticulate laterally.

T2-T4 with medial line.

MALE. Unknown

DISTRIBUTION. MEXICO, Chiapas.

BIOLOGY AND HOSTS. Unknown.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype 9, MEXICO, Chiapas, 30 km. SW

Ocozocoautla, 30.vi.1981, J. LaSalle (USNM, point; left wings and left

antenna on slide in balsam).

This species known only from the holotype.

ETYMOLOGY. The Latin sulcatus, meaning furrowed; referring to the

furrows on the frons.

MINUTUS Group

Females of the Minutus Group are distinguished by the following

combination of characters: frons with transverse furrow halfway between

torulus and median ocellus (fig.385); speculum separated from posterior

margin of wing by more setae than a single line representing subcubital

vein (figs.133-134); Fl as long as or only slightly shorter than F2 (fig.61);

notauli complete; interantennal projection absent or very small; scape 2.5-

3.0 times longer than wide, with flattened, ventral expansion (fig.61 );

dorsum of mesosoma somewhat flattened; species small, less than 1.7 mm

in length. Males have funicular segments with dorsal projections, without

rami; frons with transverse furrow at level halfway between torulus and

median ocellus.

There are two species in this group, pithecellobiae and minutus. Both

species are associated with plants in the genus Pithecellobium (Fabaceae;

Mimosoidea).

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae 45

Tanaostigmodes pithecellobiae LaSalle, sp. n.

Figures 35,61 ,85,98,106,134.

DIAGNOSIS. Females of T. pithecellobiae are distinguished from other

species of Tanaostigmodes by the following characters: frons with

transverse furrow halfway between torulus and median ocellus (fig.35); F1

as long as or only slightly shorter than F2 (fig.61); speculum separated

from posterior margin of wing by more setae than a single row

representing subcubital vein (fig.134); notauli complete; basal cell with 65-

100 setae (fig.134); body uniformly light brown to yellow except for dark

brown scrobal impression.

FEMALE. Length 1.0-1.65 mm. Head and body light brown to yellow.

Scrobal impression dark brown. Scape slightly darkened dorsally; funicle

and club dusky.

Head (fig.35) 1.25-1.4 times wider than high. Lateral ocellus about

equidistant from median ocellus and eye margin (OOL/LOL 0.8-1.2).

Scrobal impression glabrate to faintly strigulate. Frons with transverse

furrow halfway between toruli and median ocellus. Interantennal

projection absent or very small. Subocular sulcus incomplete. Sculpture on

head faint, reticulate to imbricate.

Antenna (fig.61) with scape 2.55-2.85 times longer than wide, with

flattened ventral expansion. Pedicel 1.1-1.4 times longer than wide. Al and

A2 subequal in length and width. F1 longer than wide; funicular segments

decreasing in length distally; F6 subequal in length and width. Club 1.9-2.5

times longer than wide.

Mesosoma dorsally reticulate to imbricate; slightly flattened so that

mesoscutum (fig.85), scutellum and axillae all lie in approximately the

same plane. Scutellum usually about equal in length and width, rarely

slightly longer than wide. Propodeum (fig.98) very faintly sculptured.

Mesopleuron (fig.106) glabrate. Sternopleural suture not reaching anterior

margin of mesopleuron, not connected to short mesopleural suture.

Mesopleural suture very faint to absent.

Wings hyaline, veins light brown to yellow. Forewing with marginal

fringe extending to postmarginal vein. Basal cell (fig.134) with 65-100 setae.

Speculum separated from posterior margin of wing by more setae on dorsal

surface of wing than a single line representing the subcubital vein. CC/MV

2.2-2.65, MV/PMV 1.15-1.35, MV/SV 1.1-1.3, PMV/SV 0.9-1.1.

Metasoma imbricate to reticulate.

MALE. Length 0.95-1.4 mm. Coloration as in female. Funicular segments

subequal in length, each with dorsal projection; projections no taller than

the length of funicular segment.

DISTRIBUTION. USA: Florida.

BIOLOGY AND HOSTS. Reared from small, blister type galls on the leaves

of Pithecellobium guadalupense and P. ungus-cati (Fabaceae;

Mimosoidea).

46 Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype ¢, USA, Florida, Monroe Co.,

Marathon, 28.viii.1973, W.E. Wyles, leaf gall on Pithecellobium

guadalupense (USNM, point).

879,260 paratypes. USA, Florida: as holotype (279,40°, USNM. 29,10:

BMNH, CNC, LAS, UCR, AEI, MLP, TAMU, FSCA, ANIC, QMB, PPRI,

ZIL); Monroe Co., Key West, iv.1887, (19, USNM); Monroe Co., 28.vi11.1973,

leaf gall on Pithecellobium ungus-cati (19,10, USNM); Monroe Co., Key

Largo, 15.vi.1961, F.C. Craighead, gall on Eugenia axillaris [Myrtaceae]

(19, USNM); Monroe Co., Key Largo, W.E. Wyles & R. Clark,

Pithecellobium guadalupense (19,10, FSCA); Monroe Co., Summerland

Key, 27.vi.1973, W.E. Wyles & H. Burnett, Pithecellobium ungus-cati (29,

FSCA); Monroe Co., Grassy Key, 22.i11.1977, E.E. Grissell, Pithecellobium

guadalupense (29,10, FSCA); Monroe Co., Long Key, 22.11.1977, E.E.

Grissell, Pithecellobium guadalupense (39,10, FSCA); Monroe Co., Key

Largo Key, North End, 21.iii1.1977, E.E. Grissell, Pithecellobium

guadalupense (129,20, USNM; 129,20, FSCA); Big Pine [presumably Big

Pine Key, Monroe Co.,], 6.iii, Schwarz (1c°, USNM); Greynolds Pk.,

21.11.1967, W.T. Rowan, gall on Pithecellobium ungus-cati (19,10, USNM).

ETYMOLOGY. From Pithecellobium; referring to the generic name of the

host plant.

Tanaostigmodes minutus LaSalle, sp. n.

Figure 133.

DIAGNOSIS. Females of 7. minutus are distinguished from other species

of Tanaostigmodes by the following characters: frons with transverse

furrow halfway between torulus and median ocellus; F1 as long as or only

slightly shorter than F2; speculum separated from posterior margin of

wing by more setae than a single row representing subcubital vein (fig.133);

notauli complete; basal cell with 35-50 setae (fig.133); head and mesosoma

dark brown to brown, conspicuously darker than light brown to yellow

metasoma.

FEMALE. Length 0.7-1.0 mm. Head dark brown; frons with transverse

furrows just ventral to median ocellus and halfway between median ocellus

and toruli, and longitudinal furrows bordering scrobal impression and eye

margin orange to light brown; area between these furrows may be lighter

brown than the rest of frons. Scape dark brown, pedicel yellow, funicle and

club dusky. Mesosoma dark brown dorsally, light brown to orange

laterally. Legs yellow. Metasoma yellow, slightly dusky dorsally.

Head 1.25-1.3 times wider than high. Lateral ocellus nearer to eye

margin than to median ocellus (OOL/LOL 0.55-0.65). Scrobal impression

glabrate. Frons with transverse furrow halfway between median ocellus

and toruli, transverse furrow just ventral to median ocellus, longitudinal

furrows connecting them bordering eye margin and scrobal impression.

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae 47

Interantennal projection absent or very small. Subocular sulcus absent.

Sculpture on head imbricate.

Antenna with scape 2.5-2.8 times longer than wide, with flattened

ventral expansion. Ventral expansion slightly incised in apical half.

Pedicel 1.3-1.4 times longer than wide. All funicular segments subequal in

length and width. Club 2.4-2.5 times longer than wide.

Mesosoma dorsally reticulate to imbricate; flattened so that

mesoscutum, scutellum and axillae all lie in approximately the same

plane. Scutellum slightly wider than long. Propodeum faintly sculptured.

Mesopleuron glabrate. Sternopleural suture not reaching anterior margin

of mesopleuron, connected to mesopleural suture.

Wings hyaline, veins light brown. Forewing with marginal fringe

extending to postmarginal vein. Basal cell (fig.133) with 36-48 setae.

Speculum separated from posterior margin of wing by more setae on dorsal

surface of wing than a single line representing the subcubital vein. CC/MV

1.9-2.0, MV/PMV 1.5-2.15, MV/SV 1.45-1.7, PMV/SV 0.8-0.95.

Metasoma reticulate to imbricate.

MALE. Length 0.8-0.9 mm. Coloration as in female except pedicel orange

to brown, metasoma brown dorsally. Funicular segments subequal in

length, each segment with dorsal projection; projections progressively

shorter distally.

DISTRIBUTION. USA, Texas.

BIOLOGY AND HOSTS. Swept from Pithecellobium flexicaule (Fabaceae:

Mimosoidea).

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype 9, USA, Texas, Hidalgo Co., 2 mi. N.

Mercedes, Hoblizelle Farms (Texas A & M), 30.v.1983, C.W. Melton,

sweeping Pithecellobium flexicaule (USNM, point).

39,20 paratypes: USA, Texas: as holotype but 21.v.1983 (19,12,

USNM); Hidalgo Co., 1 mi. N. Mercedes, on Mile 2 West, 23.vi.1983, C.W.

Melton, on Pithecellobium flexicaule, (19, 1¢', USNM); Cameron Co., 3 mi.

W. Santa Rosa, sugar mill, 16.vi.1983, C.W. Melton, on Pithecellobium

flexicaule (19, BMNH). |

ETYMOLOGY. The Latin minutus, meaning little or small; referring to its

extremely small size.

AULAFRONS Group

Females of the Aulafrons Group are distinguished by the following

combination of characters: frons with transverse furrow halfway between

the toruli and median ocellus; notauli incomplete (fig.119); F1 as long as or

only slightly shorter than F2 (fig.75); speculum open to posterior margin of

forewing (fig.140). Two other groups, the Anellarius Group and the

Minutus Group, have the transverse furrow on the frons, however the

48 Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

Anellarius Group has F1 reduced to the size of an anellus, and the Minutus

Group has the speculum separated from the posterior margin of the wing

by more setae than a single row representing the subcubital vein.

Additionally, both of these groups have complete notauli.

This group contains the single species, T. aulafrons.

Tanaostigmodes aulafrons LaSalle, sp. n.

Figures 75,119,140.

DIAGNOSIS. Females of T. aulafrons are distinguished from other species

of Tanaostigmodes by the following characters: frons with transverse

furrow halfway between torulus and median ocellus; notauli incomplete

(fig.119); Fl as long as or only slightly shorter than F2 (fig.75); speculum

open to posterior margin of wing (fig.140); scape with flattened ventral

expansion, less than 2.5 times longer than wide (fig.75).

FEMALE. Length 1.55-1.75 mm. Head black (may have very weak metallic

shine) with yellow markings as follows: spot ventral to median ocellus;

transverse stripe on frons corresponding with transverse furrow; large spot

ventral and medial to lower eye margin; face medially. Scape black with

small white to yellow mark basally. Pedicel black basally, white to yellow

apically. Anelli and F1 dark brown, each successive funicular segment

slightly lighter in color, F6 brown to light brown. Club yellow to light

brown. Mesosoma black (may have very weak metallic shine), except

yellow area on prepectus dorsally and tegula anterodorsally, and yellow

sternum. Coxae yellow. Legs yellow except middle femur with subapical

brown band; fore and middle tibiae with subbasal brown band; hind leg

with brown knees. Metasoma yellow, with longitudinal black to brown

stripe laterally on T2-T5, dorsum slightly dusky medially.

Head 1.25-1.3 times wider than high. Lateral ocellus nearer to eye

margin than to median ocellus (OOL/LOL 0.6-0.7). Scrobal impression

glabrate medially, reticulate laterally. Frons with transverse furrow

halfway between median ocellus and toruli extending from eye margin to

scrobal impression. Subocular sulcus absent. Sculpture on head imbricate.

Antenna (fig.75) with scape 2.1-2.25 times longer than wide, with

flattened ventral expansion. Pedicel 1.55-1.7 times longer than wide. F1 and

F5 subequal in length and width, F2-F4 slightly longer than wide, F6

slightly wider than long. Club 1.8-1.9 times longer than wide.

Mesosoma with mesoscutum imbricate. Scutellum imbricate to

reticulate laterally, longitudinally elongate reticulate medially. Notauli

incomplete, neither meeting nor reaching the posterior margin of the

mesoscutum (fig.119). Mesopleuron imbricate to reticulate. Sternopleural

suture neither reaching anterior margin of mesopleuron, nor connected to

very faint mesopleural suture.

Wings hyaline, veins light brown. Forewing with marginal fringe

extending to postmarginal vein. Basal cell (fig.140) with 30-40 setae.

CC/MV 1.9-2.0, MV/PMV 1.15-1.35, MV/SV 1.5-1.65, PMV/SV 1.2-1.3.

Metasoma reticulate to imbricate.

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae 49

MALE. Unknown.

DISTRIBUTION. COSTA RICA.

BIOLOGY AND HOSTS. Unknown.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype ¢, COSTA RICA, Guanacaste, Santa

Rosa Park, 8.x11.1976, D.H. Janzen, dry hill (AEI, point).

19 paratype. As holotype but 14.viii.1977 (19, AED;

ETYMOLOGY. From the Latin aulax, meaning furrow, and frons;

referring to the transverse furrow on the frons.

GRACILIS Group

Females of the Gracilis Group are distinguished by the following

combination of characters: funicle long and slender, with all segments

distinctly longer than wide (fig.62X within Tanaostigmodes this character is

unique to this group); subocular sulcus absent; scape more than 4 times

longer than wide, without ventral expansion (fig.62); mesopleuron

strigulate anteriorly, glabrate posteriorly. Males unknown.

There are two species in this group, gracilis and dominicensis.

Tanaostigmodes gracilis LaSalle, sp. n.

DIAGNOSIS. Females of 7. gracilis are distinguished from other species of

Tanaostigmodes by the following characters: funicle long and slender, with

all funicular segments distinctly longer than wide; scape without ventral

expansion, more than 4 times longer than wide; scutellum reticulate; basal

cell with more than 25 setae.

FEMALE. Length 1.55 mm. Head dark brown. Scape yellow; pedicel light

brown; remainder of antenna brown. Mesosoma brown, prepectus

posteriorly and mesopleuron anterodorsally light brown. Fore and hind

coxa, fore femur brown; middle coxa, middle and hind femora, all tibiae

and tarsi yellow, may have brown markings of varying size and intensity.

Metasoma yellow, with lateral, longitudinal dark brown stripe, T2-T7

darkened medially.

Head 1.25 times wider than high. Lateral ocellus slightly nearer to

median ocellus than to eye margin (OOL/LOL 1.05). Scrobal impression

glabrate. Interantennal projection present, pointed apically. Subocular

sulcus absent. Face reticulate, frons reticulate to imbricate, remainder of

head imbricate.

Antenna with scape 4.15 times longer than wide. Pedicel 1.5 times

longer than wide. Al subequal in length and width to A2. All funicular

segments longer than wide, subequal in length. Club 2.7 times longer than

wide.

50 Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

Mesosoma dorsally reticulate. Propodeum faintly sculptured to

glabrate medially, with median and submedian carina; callus lightly

imbricate. Mesopleuron glabrate, lightly strigulate anteriorly.

Sternopleural suture not reaching anterior margin of mesopleuron,

connected to mesopleural suture.

Wings hyaline, veins light brown to yellow. Forewing with marginal

fringe extending to postmarginal vein. Basal cell with 30 setae. CC/MV

2.25, MV/PMV 1.05, MV/SV 1.25, PMV/SV 1.15.

Metasoma reticulate to imbricate.

MALE. Unknown.

DISTRIBUTION. COSTA RICA.

BIOLOGY AND HOSTS. Unknown.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype ¢, COSTA RICA, Puntarenas, 8 km. S.

Miramar, Hwy. 1 & Rio Naranjo, 7.xi.1980, J.B. Woolley (USNM, point).

This species known only from the holotype.

ETYMOLOGY. The Latin gracilis, meaning slender; referring to the

elongate, slender antennae.

Tanaostigmodes dominicensis LaSalle, sp. n.

Figure 62.

DIAGNOSIS. Females of T. dominicensis are distinguished from other

species of Tanaostigmodes by the following characters: funicle long and

slender, with all funicular segments distinctly longer than wide (fig.62);

scape without ventral expansion, more than 4 times longer than wide;

scutellum coriaceous; basal cell with fewer than 20 setae.

FEMALE. Length 1.3 mm. Head and body black to dark brown, prepectus

posteriorly brown to light brown. Scape and pedicel yellow, scape with dark

spot dorsoapically, pedicel darkened dorsally; remainder of antenna brown.

Fore and hind coxae basally, middle coxa, and all legs yellow. Metasoma

dark brown dorsally except for basal area and T7 yellow; yellow ventrally.

Head 1.15 times wider than high. Lateral ocellus nearer to eye margin

than to median ocellus (OOL/LOL 0.75). Scrobal impression glabrate.

Interantennal projection present, pointed apically. Subocular sulcus

absent. Frons and face reticulate to imbricate, remainder of head

imbricate.

Antenna (fig.62) with scape 4.85 times longer than wide. Pedicel 1.35

times longer than wide. Al subequal in length and width to A2. All

funicular segments subequal in length, distinctly longer than wide. Club

2.25 times longer than wide.

Mesosoma with mesoscutum and axilla imbricate. Scutellum mainly

coriaceous, slightly imbricate anteriorly. Propodeum very lightly

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae 51

sculptured. Mesopleuron strigulate anteriorly, fading to glabrate

posteriorly and ventrally. Sternopleural suture not reaching anterior

margin of mesopleuron, connected to mesopleural suture.

Wings hyaline, veins light brown to yellow. Forewing with marginal

fringe extending to postmarginal vein. Basal cell with 12-17 setae. CC/MV

1.9, MV/PMV 1.4, MV/SV 1.4, PMV/SV 1.0.

Metasoma reticulate to imbricate.

MALE. Unknown.

DISTRIBUTION. WINDWARD ISLANDS: Dominica.

BIOLOGY AND HOSTS. Unknown.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype ?, WINDWARD ISLANDS, Dominica,

1 mi. E. Calibishie, 27.11.1965, H.E. Evans (USNM, point).

This species known only from the holotype.

ETYMOLOGY. From Dominica; referring to the locality where this species

was collected.

DESANTISI Group

Females of the Desantisi Group are distinguished by the following

combination of characters: scrobal impression with carinate lateral

margin (figs.45-46) (a character unique to this species group);

interantennal projection present, prominent: each funicular segment

wider than preceding one, so that F6 is distinctly wider than F1 (fig.66);

club wider than F6 (T. insculptus has an antenna which is similar to this

(fig.67), but this species differs in the other characters); scape 5.0-6.0 times

longer than wide, without ventral expansion. Males unknown.

There are two species included in this group, desantisi and punctus.

Tanaostigmodes desantisi LaSalle, sp. n.

Figures 46,66,152.

DIAGNOSIS. Females of T. desantisi are distinguished from other species

of Tanaostigmodes by the following characters: scrobal impression with

carinate lateral margin (fig.46); interantennal projection prominent,

pointed apically, with carinate lateral margin; each funicular segment

wider than preceding segment, so that F6 is distinctly wider than F1

(fig.66); club wider than F6; scape 5.0-6.0 times longer than wide, without

ventral expansion; scutellum reticulate anteriorly, coriaceous posteriorly;

hind femur without tooth on ventral margin (fig.152); face and frons with

minute punctures (fig.46).

52 Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

FEMALE. Length 2.4-2.65 mm. Frons, face and gena orange yellow; vertex,

occiput and small area at ventral margin of eye brown. Scape yellow,

darkened dorsally; remainder of antenna brown. Body dark brown,

mesoscutum laterally, prepectus and mesopleuron anteriorly light brown.

Hind coxa ventrally, femora and tibiae basally and apically, and tarsi light

brown to yellow. Ovipositor sheaths light yellow, brown apically.

Head (fig.46) 1.25-1.45 times wider than high. Lateral ocellus about

equidistant from median ocellus and eye margin (OOL/LOL 0.95-1.1).

Scrobal impression reticulate; lateral margin carinate, the carina

extending to median ocellus. Interantennal projection prominent, pointed

apically, laterally carinate. Subocular sulcus present, complete. Frons and

face reticulate to imbricate, with scattered minute punctures. Occiput and

gena elongate reticulate to imbricate.

Antenna (fig.66) with scape 5.0-5.9 times longer than wide. Pedicel 1.5-

1.65 times longer than wide. Al subequal in width to, slightly shorter than

A2. F1 slightly longer than wide; each funicular segment wider than

preceding one; F6 wider than long, distinctly wider than F1. Club 1.35-1.7

times longer than wide, wider than F6.

Mesosoma dorsally mainly reticulate to imbricate. Scutellum

reticulate anteriorly, faintly imbricate to coriaceous posteriorly. Propodeum

faintly imbricate to glabrate medially, faintly reticulate laterally.

Mesopleuron faintly reticulate to imbricate anteriorly, glabrate posteriorly.

Sternopleural suture not reaching anterior margin of mesopleuron,

connected to faint mesopleural suture. Hind femur without tooth on ventral

margin (fig.152).

Wings hyaline, veins light brown to yellow. Forewing with marginal

fringe extending to apex of wing or slightly past. Basal cell with 29-34 setae.

CC/MV 1.9-2.15, MV/PMV 1.85-2.1, MV/SV 2.1-2.25, PMV/SV 1.0-1.2.

Metasoma imbricate.

MALE. Unknown

DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: Pernambuco.

BIOLOGY AND HOSTS. The plant "catingueira" mentioned in the label

data is probably Caesalpinia pyramidalis (Fabaceae; Caesalpinoidea).

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype 9, BRAZIL, Pernambuco, Gloria do

Goita, iv.1972, Bezerra, catingueira (MLP, point).

39 paratypes. As holotype (29, MLP; 19, USNM).

ETYMOLOGY. Named for Luis De Santis.

Tanaostigmodes punctus LaSalle, sp. n.

Figures 45,151.

DIAGNOSIS. Females of T. punctus are distinguished from other species

of Tanaostigmodes by the following characters: scrobal impression with

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae 53

carinate lateral margin (fig.45); interantennal projection prominent,

pointed apically; each funicular segment wider than preceding segment, so

that F6 is distinctly wider than F1; club wider than F6; scape 5.0-6.0 times

longer than wide, without ventral expansion; scutellum coriaceous

anteriorly, glabrate posteriorly; hind femur with tooth on ventral margin

near apex (fig.151); face and frons with large, setiferous punctures (fig.45).

FEMALE. Length 1.9 mm. Head and body brown. Face, gena and frons

ventrally yellow. Scape light brown to yellow, darkened dorsally;

remainder of antenna brown. Tibiae apically, tarsi and ovipositor sheaths

light brown to yellow.

Head (fig.45) 1.3 times wider than high. Lateral ocellus slightly closer

to median ocellus than to eye margin (OOL/LOL 1.25). Scrobal impression

transversely strigulate, lateral margins carinate. Interantennal projection

pointed apically. Subocular sulcus present, complete. Head coriaceous to

imbricate with numerous setiferous punctures on frons, face and gena.

Antenna with scape 5.45 times longer than wide. Pedicel 1.45 times

longer than wide. Al about equal in width to, slightly shorter than A2. F1

slightly longer than wide; each funicular segment wider than the

preceding one; F6 wider than long, distinctly wider than Fl. Club 1.4 times

longer than wide, wider than F6.

Mesosoma dorsally imbricate to coriaceous. Scutellum coriaceous

anteriorly, glabrate posteriorly. Propodeum with small submedian carina,

faintly imbricate laterally. Mesopleuron mainly glabrate, lightly strigulate

anteriorly. Sternopleural suture not reaching anterior margin of

mesopleuron, connected to faint mesopleural suture. Ventral margin of

hind femur with a tooth or denticle near the apex (fig.151).

Wings hyaline, veins light brown to yellow. Marginal fringe extending

to apex of postmarginal vein. Basal cell with 43-47 setae. CC/MV 2.7,

MV/PMV 1.1, MV/SV 1.5, PMV/SV 1.35.

Metasoma imbricate to coriaceous.

MALE. Unknown.

DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: Minas Gerais.

BIOLOGY AND HOSTS. Unknown.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype 9, BRAZIL, Minas Gerais, Pedra Azul,

x1.1972, Seabra & Oliveira (CNC, point).

This species known only from the holotype.

ETYMOLOGY. The Latin punctus, meaning a small hole; referring to the

large shallow punctures on the face and frons.

54 Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

INSCULPTUS Group

Females of the Insculptus Group are distinguished by the following

combination of characters: scutellum coriaceous; speculum separated from

posterior margin of forewing by more setae (on the ventral surface of the

wing) than a single line representing the subcubital vein; scape without

ventral expansion, more than 3 times longer than wide (fig.67);

interantennal projection small but present (fig.47). The first three

characters are shared with T. kiefferi, however kiefferi lacks an

interantennal projection which is present (although small) in insculptus.

The antenna (fig.67) is similar to that seen in the Desantisi Group, with

each successive funicular segment slightly larger than the preceding one,

however it shares none of the other distinctive characters of that group.

This group contains the single species, T. insculptus.

Tanaostigmodes insculptus LaSalle, sp. n.

Figures 47,67.

DIAGNOSIS. Females of T. insculptus are distinguished from other

species of Tanaostigmodes by the following characters: scutellum

coriaceous; speculum separated from posterior margin of forewing by more

setae (on the ventral surface of the wing) than a single line representing the

subcubital vein; scape 3.5 times longer than wide, without ventral

expansion (fig.67); interantennal projection small but present (fig.47); each

successive funicular segment slightly wider than the preceding one (fig.67).

FEMALE. Length 1.9 mm. Head and body dark brown to black. Scape light

brown to yellow, darkened dorsally, with small, translucent, ventral

expansion apically; remainder of antenna dark brown. Legs dark brown,

tibiae apically and tarsi light brown to yellow. T8 apically light brown.

Head (fig.47) 1.25 times wider than high. Lateral ocellus about

equidistant from eye margin and median ocellus (OOL/LOL 0.95). Scrobal

impression lightly sculptured dorsally, reticulate to rugose; glabrate

ventrally. Interantennal projection small. Subocular sulcus complete.

Face and frons imbricate to coriaceous with many minute, setiferous

punctures.

Antenna (fig.67) with scape 3.5 times longer than wide. Pedicel 1.35

times longer than wide. Al subequal in length and width to A2. F1 longer

than wide, each succesive funicular segment slightly wider than preceding

one, F'6 subequal in length and width. Club 1.65 times longer than wide.

Mesosoma with many minute, setiferous punctures. Mesoscutum

imbricate to coriaceous. Scutellum coriaceous, with a transverse glabrate

stripe near posterior margin, and with transverse row of strong setae in

this glabrate area. Propodeum imbricate to rugose with a small median

carina. Mesopleuron mainly glabrate, imbricate anterodorsally.

Sternopleural suture not reaching anterior margin of mesopleuron,

connected to mesopleural suture. Ventral margin of hind femur with a

subapical denticle.

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae So

Wings hyaline, veins light brown. Forewing with marginal fringe

extending to postmarginal vein. Basal cell with 32 setae. Wing veins

slender. Speculum separated from posterior margin of forewing by more

setae (on ventral surface of wing) than a single line representing subcubital

vein. CC/MV 2.15, MV/PMV 1.8, MV/SV 2.0, PMV/SV 1.15.

Metasoma reticulate to imbricate. Posterior margin of T2 with strong

medial incision, posterior margin of T3-T6 with slight medial incision. T2-

T6 with medial line.

MALE. Unknown.

DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: Minas Gerais.

BIOLOGY AND HOSTS. Unknown.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype ?, BRAZIL, Minas Gerais, Aguas

Vermelhas, xi1.1983, M. Alvarenga (CNC, point).

This species known only from the holotype.

ETYMOLOGY. The Latin insculptus, meaning engraved; referring to the

coriaceous, or engraved, sculpture on the scutellum.

KIEFFERI Group

Females of the Kiefferi Group are distinguished by the following

combination of characters: scutellum coriaceous (fig.91); speculum

separated from posterior margin of forewing by more setae (on the ventral

surface of the wing) than a single line representing the subcubital vein

(fig.139); scape without ventral expansion, more than 3 times longer than

wide (fig.68); interantennal projection absent (fig.31). The first three

characters are shared with T. insculptus, however insculptus has a small

interantennal projection which is absent kiefferi.

This group contains the single species, 7. kiefferi.

Tanaostigmodes kiefferi (Mayr), comb. n.

Figures 31,68,91,139,161.

Monopleurothrix kiefferi Mayr, 1905:181. Lectotype ? (present designation),

PARAGUAY (NHMV) [examined].

DIAGNOSIS. Females of T. kiefferi are distinguished from other species of

Tanaostigmodes by the following characters: scutellum coriaceous (fig.91);

speculum separated from posterior margin of forewing by more setae (on

the ventral surface of the wing) than a single line representing the

subcubital vein (fig.139); scape 3.5 times longer than wide, without ventral

expansion (fig.68); interantennal projection absent (fig.31).

56 Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

FEMALE. Length 2.05-2.6 mm. Head and body black to dark brown.

Antenna brown to dark brown; scape with small translucent ventral

expansion apically. Legs dark brown; knees and tibiae apically may be

light brown to yellow. Tarsi yellow to light brown.

Head (fig.31) 1.3-1.4 times wider than high. Lateral ocellus usually

nearer to median ocellus than to eye margin, rarely equidistant from both

(OOL/LOL 1.0-1.35). Vertex with transverse medial carina just posterior to

lateral ocelli. Scrobal impression imbricate to coriaceous. Interantennal

projection absent. Subocular sulcus complete. Head imbricate to

coriaceous, frons and face with scattered, minute, setiferous punctures.

Antenna (fig.68) with scape 3.4-3.75 times longer than wide. Pedicel

1.25-1.5 times longer than wide. Al subequal in length, slightly narrower

than A2. F1 longer than wide; funicular segments decreasing slightly in

length distally; F6 from subequal i in length and width to slightly wider than

long. Club 1.85-2.25 times longer than wide.

Mesosoma with mesoscutum imbricate to coriaceous with scattered,

minute, setiferous punctures. Scutellum (fig.91) coriaceous. Propodeum

imbricate to coriaceous with median carina and one or more submedian

carinae. Mesopleuron reticulate to imbricate anteriorly, glabrate

posteriorly and anterior to mesopleural suture. Sternopleural suture not

reaching anterior margin of mesopleuron, connected to mesopleural

suture.

Wings hyaline, veins brown to light brown or yellow. Forewing with

marginal fringe extending past apex of wing, often reaching postmarginal

vein. Basal cell (fig.139) with 34-65 setae. Speculum separated from

posterior wing margin by more setae (on ventral surface of wing) than a

single line representing the subcubital vein. CC/MV 2.25-2.5, MV/PMV

1.55-1.9, MV/SV 2.0-2.3, PMV/SV 1.15-1.3.

Metasoma (fig.161) imbricate. Posterior margin of T2-T5 with slight

medial incisions. T2-T5 with medial lines.

MALE. Length 1.7-2.15 mm. Coloration as in female. Funicular segments

subequal in length, each with dorsal projection. F1-F5 slightly wider than

long (with projection), F6 subequal in length and width.

DISTRIBUTION. PARAGUAY; BRAZIL: Santa Catarina.

BIOLOGY AND HOSTS. Reared from a gall on an unknown plant. From

label data one assumes that the galls are globose, and contain more than

one individual.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Lectotype ?, PARAGUAY [exact locality

unknown], G. Mayr, from gall (NHMV, on minuten).

Paralectotypes. As lectotype (369,70, NHMV; 19,1c°, USNM. 19:

BMNH, CNC, UCR, AEI, MLP).

Non-type material. PARAGUAY: "gall rot. polythalama" (19, MLP).

BRAZIL, Santa Catarina: Nova Teutonia, 300-500 m., x.1972, F. Plaumann

(69,110, CNC. 19,1¢%°: USNM, LAS, MLP, TAMU, ANIC, QMB, PPRI,

ZIL).

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae oF

FISHERI Group

Females of the Fisheri Group are distinguished by the following

combination of characters: interantennal projection absent (fig.32); scape

more than 3 times longer than wide, without ventral expansion (figs.63-64);

scutellum reticulate, imbricate, or with otherwise raised sculpture; frons

without transverse furrow. Club brown to black, concolorous with funicle,

never white to yellow in contrast to brown or black funicle; body brown to

black, never with metallic coloration. Male antenna either with funicular

segments dorsally expanded (fisheri, madrensis) or with funicular rami

(yuohuae). Frons may have weak transverse furrow halfway between

torulus and anterior ocellus.

Five species are placed in the Fisheri Group: madrensis, fisheri,

yuohuae, anexochus, and brevisulcus. T. madrensis is easily separated

from the remaining four species by characters that are unique within this

species group: strong propodeal plicae, and a strong transverse carina at

the posterior margin of the propodeum connecting the plicae (fig.113);

prominent white setae on the face and frons; and large, very shallow,

setiferous punctures on the mesoscutum. The remaining four species,

fisheri, anexochus, yuohuae, and brevisulcus, form a closely related group,

and are difficult to distinguish from each other. T. ywohuae is the only one

of these species with F1 shorter than F2 (fig.64). T. brevisulcus is the only

one with incomplete notauli, although this may be extremely difficult to see.

Tanaostigmodes madrensis LaSalle, sp. n.

Figures 113,166.

DIAGNOSIS. Females of 7. madrensis are distinguished from other

species of Tanaostigmodes by the following characters: interantennal

projection absent; scape without ventral expansion, more than 3 times

longer than wide; scutellum reticulate to imbricate; frons without

transverse furrow; propodeum with plicae, and carina along posterior

margin which connects the plicae (fig.113); face and frons with prominent

white setae; mesoscutum with large, very shallow, setiferous punctures.

FEMALE. Length 1.5-1.85 mm. Head and body black. Scape yellow,

darkened dorsally; remainder of antenna black to dark brown. Knees

yellow; tibiae apically, and tarsi light brown to yellow. Ovipositor sheaths

yellow with dark line apically. Face, frons, mesosoma dorsally, callus, and

metasoma laterally with scattered white setae.

Head 1.1-1.4 times wider than high. Lateral ocellus nearer to median

ocellus than to eye margin (OOL/LOL 1.5-1.7). Scrobal impression

reticulate. Interantennal projection absent. Subocular sulcus complete.

Head imbricate, frons and face with scattered large, very shallow,

setiferous punctures.

Antenna with scape 4.55-5.5 times longer than wide. Pedicel 1.6-1.85

times longer than wide. Al subequal in length and width to A2. Funicular

segments subequal in length; F1 longer than wide; funicular segments

58 Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

increasing slightly in width distally; F6 subequal in length and width. Club

1.8-2.3 times longer than wide.

Mesosoma with mesoscutum imbricate, scutellum and axilla

reticulate to imbricate. Entire dorsum of mesosoma with scattered large,

very shallow, setiferous punctures. Propodeum glabrate to imbricate, with

strong plica, and transverse carina at posterior margin of propodeum

connecting plicae (fig.113). Mesopleuron glabrate, strigulate anteriorly.

Sternopleural suture not reaching anterior margin of mesopleuron,

connected to mesopleural suture.

Wings hyaline to very lightly infumated, veins brown. Forewing with

marginal fringe extending to postmarginal vein. Basal cell with 32-50

setae. CC/MV 1.8-1.95, MV/PMV 1.8-2.05, MV/SV 1.9-2.15, PMV/SV 1.0-

1.15. |

Metasoma reticulate dorsally, imbricate laterally. Posterior margins

of T2-T4 with slight medial incision.

MALE. Length 1.25-1.3 mm. Coloration as in female. Funicular segments

subequal in length, projecting dorsally. Dorsal projections on F3 and F4

slightly taller than on the other funicle segments.

DISTRIBUTION. MEXICO: Morelos.

BIOLOGY AND HOSTS. Swept from flowers of Aeschynomene petraea var.

madrensis (Fabaceae: Faboidea). One unemerged female was dissected

from a gall within the ovary of one of these flowers (fig.166).

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype ?, MEXICO, Morelos, Canon del Lobo,

20 km. E. Cuernavaca, 7.vii.1981, J. LaSalle, on Aeschynomene petraea

var. madrensis (voucher specimen of plant in UCR Herbarium, #24555)

(USNM, point).

49,20 paratypes. As holotype (29,20°, USNM. 19: BMNH, CNC).

ETYMOLOGY. From madrensis; referring to the varietal name of the host

plant.

Tanaostigmodes fisheri LaSalle, sp. n.

Figures 63,156,167.

DIAGNOSIS. Females of 7. fisheri are distinguished from other species of

Tanaostigmodes by the following characters: interantennal projection

absent; scape without ventral expansion, more than 3 times longer than

wide (fig.63); scutellum reticulate to imbricate; frons without transverse

furrow; propodeum without plicae; scape yellow (may be darkened

dorsally), in contrast to brown to dark brown funicle; Fl as long as F2

(fig.63); posterior margin of T2-T4 with distinct, but small, medial incision

(fig.156); notauli complete.

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae 59

FEMALE. Length 1.85-2.75 mm. Head and body black. Scape yellow,

darkened dorsally. Knees and tarsi yellow. Tibiae from entirely yellow to

brown basally (except for area around knees) and yellow apically. Amount

of brown coloration variable. Ovipositor yellow with dark line apically.

Head 1.25-1.35 times wider than high. Lateral ocellus nearer to

median ocellus than to eye margin (OOL/LOL 1.15-1.3). Scrobal impression

glabrate. Interantennal projection absent. Subocular sulcus complete.

Head imbricate to coriaceous.

Antenna (fig.63) with scape 4.45-5.15 times longer than wide. Pedicel

1.3-1.65 times longer than wide. Al subequal in width to, slightly shorter

than or equal in length to A2. F1-F5 subequal in length, F6 slightly shorter;

F1 longer than wide; F2-F6 subequal in length and width. Club 2.1-2.35

times longer than wide.

Mesosoma dorsally reticulate to imbricate. Propodeum reticulate to

imbricate. Mesopleuron glabrate, strigulate anteriorly. Sternopleural

suture not reaching anterior margin of mesopleuron, apparently not

connected to faint mesopleural suture.

Wings hyaline, veins light brown to yellow. Forewing with marginal

fringe extending to postmarginal vein. Basal cell with 27-40 setae. CC/MV

2.2-2.55, MV/PMV 1.15-1.35, MV/SV 1.3-1.65, PMV/SV 1.05-1.2.

Metasoma reticulate to imbricate. Posterior margin of T2-T4 with very

slight median incision (fig.156).

MALE. Length 1.9-2.3 mm. Coloration as in female except some to all

tarsal segments may be light brown to brown. Funicular segments

subequal in length, each with a dorsal projection; projection usually as tall

as or taller than length of segment.

DISTRIBUTION. MEXICO: Baja California Sur; USA: Arizona.

Galls on Calliandra californica almost certainly attributable to this

species were observed by E. M. Fisher and the author near Catavina, Baja

California (Norte), but no specimens were reared from these galls.

BIOLOGY AND HOSTS. Reared from galls on Calliandra californica

(Fabaceae; Mimosoidea). Galls (fig.167) are oval, single chambered, 4-5

mm wide, 5-7 mm long and densely covered with long, fine, white hairs.

They occur in flower clusters, and may result from eggs laid in ovaries.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype ?, MEXICO, Baja California Sur, 25 rd.

km. E. Rancho San Jose de Castro, Vizcaino Peninsula, 25.iii.1980, E.M.

Fisher, gall on Calliandra californica (USNM, point).

129,5o% paratypes. As holotype (69,50°, USNM. 19: BMNH, CNC, LAS,

UCR, AEI, MLP).

Non-type material. USA, Arizona: Santa Cruz Co., 12 mi. NE.

Nogales, 28.viii.1982, J. LaSalle & S.Y.H. Lin (19, UCR).

ETYMOLOGY. Named for the collector of the type series, Eric M. Fisher.

60 Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

Tanaostigmodes yuohuae LaSalle, sp. n.

Figures 32,64,101,155,168.

DIAGNOSIS. Females of 7. yuohuae are distinguished from other species

of Tanaostigmodes by the following characters: interantennal projection

absent (fig.32); scape without ventral expansion, more than 3 times longer

than wide (fig.64); scutellum reticulate to imbricate; frons without

transverse furrow (fig.32); propodeum without plicae (fig.101); scape yellow

(may be darkened dorsally), in contrast to brown to dark brown funicle; F1

slightly but distinctly shorter than F2 (fig.64); posterior margin of T2-T4

without distinct medial incision (fig.155); notauli complete.

FEMALE. Length 1.4-2.2 mm. Head and body dark brown to black. Scape

light brown to yellow, brown dorsally; remainder of antenna brown.

Femora brown, yellow basally and apically; fore tibia yellow, brown

ventrally; middle tibia yellow; hind tibia yellow, darkened subbasally. Tarsi

yellow. Ovipositor sheaths yellow.

Head (fig.32) 1.25-1.3 times wider than high. Lateral ocellus about

equidistant from median ocellus and eye margin (OOL/LOL 0.95-1.05).

Scrobal impression glabrate. Interantennal‘ projection absent. Subocular

sulcus present, complete, but faint and hard to see. Frons and face

imbricate to reticulate; remainder of head imbricate.

Antenna (fig.64) with scape 4.75-5.45 times longer than wide. Pedicel

1.5-1.85 times longer than wide. Al about equal in width, slightly shorter

than A2. Fl subquadrate, slightly shorter than F2; F2-F4 longer than wide;

F5-F6 slightly longer than wide to subequal in length and width. Club 2.1-

2.45 times longer than wide.

Mesosoma dorsally reticulate to imbricate. Notauli complete, but

sometimes faint and difficult to see. Propodeum transversely imbricate

medially, faintly reticulate laterally (fig.101). Mesopleuron glabrate to

faintly strigulate. Sternopleural suture not reaching anterior margin of

mesopleuron. Mesopleural suture absent or faint.

Wings hyaline, veins yellow to light brown. Forewing with marginal

fringe extending to postmarginal vein. Basal cell with 20-39 setae. CC/MV

2.0-2.4, MV/PMV 1.3-1.5, MV/SV 1.35-1.7, PMV/SV 1.0-1.15.

Metasoma reticulate dorsally, reticulate to imbricate laterally and

ventrally. Posterior margin of T2-T4 may have wide, very shallow

emargination medially, but without distinct, apically pointed, median

incision (fig.155).

MALE. Length 1.2-1.85 mm. Color as in female except scape light brown.

Scape 2.8-3.25 times longer than wide. F1-F3 with long rami of about equal

length. F4 clearly the longest funicular segment, almost twice as long as

F3 or F5.

DISTRIBUTION. USA: Arizona; MEXICO: Sonora.

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae 6]

BIOLOGY AND HOSTS. Reared from galls on Mimosa dysocarpa

(Fabaceae; Mimosoidea). The galls are small (ca 2 mm), globose, and are

found on young stems, including leaf midribs and flower stalks (fig.168).

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype 9, USA, Arizona, Cochise Co., 2 mi. E.

Bisbee, Jct. Hwy 80 & Warren Rd., 27.viii.1982, J. LaSalle & S.Y.H. Lin,

sweeping Mimosa dysocarpa (voucher specimen of plant in UCR

Herbarium, #273860) (USNM, point).

489,79" paratypes. USA, Arizona: as holotype and reared from galls

on Mimosa dysocarpa (199,560, USNM. 29,2c°: BMNH, CNC, LAS, UCR,

AEI, MLP, TAMU, ANIC, QMB, PPRI, ZIL); Pima Co., 11.v.1972, F.

Werner, Mimosa galls (19, USNM); Pima Co., Madera Canyon, Bog

Springs Campground, 28.viii.1982, J. LaSalle (29, 10°, UCR); Santa Cruz

Co., Sycamore Canyon, Hank and Yank Springs, 4200’, 7-8.viii.1982, G.A.P.

Gibson (29, CNC); Santa Cruz Co., 1.0 mi. S. Pena Blanca Lake, 4100’,

6.vii1.1982, G.A.P. Gibson (19, CNC); Cochise Co., Chiricahua Mountains,

Sunny Flat Campground, 24.viii.1982, J. LaSalle, sweeping Mimosa

dysocarpa (19, UCR).

Non-type material. MEXICO, Sonora: 29 mi. N. Hermosillo, 9.viii.1960,

P.H. Arnaud, E.S. Ross, D.C. Rentz (19, 10°, CAS).

ETYMOLOGY. Named for Sarah YuoHua Lin. (This species name is

pronounced yo-wah-ee).

Tanaostigmodes anexochus LaSalle, sp. n.

DIAGNOSIS. Females of T. anexochus are distinguished from other

species of Tanaostigmodes by the following characters: interantennal

projection absent; scape without ventral expansion, more than 3 times

longer than wide; scutellum imbricate; frons without transverse furrow;

propodeum without plicae; scape brown to dark brown, concolorous with

funicle; Fl as long as F2; mesoscutum predominantly reticulate; notauli

complete (although difficult to see).

FEMALE. Length 1.35-1.55 mm. Head and body black. Face with minute

yellow spot bordering oral fossa at subocular sulcus. Scape brown;

remainder of antenna brown to black. Knees and tarsi light brown to

yellow. Tibiae from entirely yellow, to brown basally (except for area

around knees) and light brown to yellow apically; amount of brown

coloration variable.

Head 1.15-1.2 times wider than high. Lateral ocellus from slightly

nearer to median ocellus than eye margin, to equidistant from both

(OOL/LOL 1.0-1.15) Scrobal impression glabrate. Interantennal projection

absent. Subocular sulcus complete, but faint and hard to see. Face and

frons lightly imbricate to coriaceous, with a few scattered, minute

punctures.

Antenna with scape 3.7-4.0 times longer than wide. Pedicel 1.3-1.7

times longer than wide. Al subequal in length and width to A2. All

62 Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

funicular segments subequal in length; F1-F4 slightly longer than wide; F5

and F6 subequal in length and width. Club 2.25-2.65 times longer than

wide.

Mesosoma dorsally predominantly imbricate. Propodeum imbricate.

Mesopleuron glabrate, faintly strigulate anteriorly. Sternopleural suture

not reaching anterior margin of mesopleuron, apparently not connected

with faint mesopleural suture.

Wings hyaline, veins light brown to yellow. Forewing with marginal

fringe extending to apex of postmarginal vein. Basal cell with 37-49 setae.

CC/MV 2.05-2.15, MV/PMV 1.45-1.5, MV/SV 1.6-1.65, PMV/SV 1.1-1.15.

Metasoma reticulate to imbricate.

MALE. Unknown.

DISTRIBUTION. MEXICO: Puebla, Morelos.

BIOLOGY AND HOSTS. Unknown.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype 9, MEXICO, Puebla, 15 km. W. Izucar

de Matamoros, 27.vi.1981, J. LaSalle (USNM, point).

19 paratype. MEXICO, Morelos: 20 km. E. Cuernavaca, Canon del Lobo,

7.v11.1981, J. LaSalle (19, USNM).

ETYMOLOGY. From the Greek an-, meaning without, and exochos,

meaning projection; referring to the absence of an interantennal projection.

Tanaostigmodes brevisulcus LaSalle, sp. n.

DIAGNOSIS. Females of 7. brevisulcus are distinguished from other

species of Tanaostigmodes by the following characters: interantennal

projection absent; scape without ventral expansion, more than 3 times

longer than wide; scutellum reticulate to imbricate; frons without

transverse furrow; propodeum without plicae; scape brown to dark brown,

concolorous with funicle; Fl as long as F2; mesoscutum predominantly

imbricate; notauli incomplete (although difficult to see).

FEMALE. Length 1.3 mm. Head and body dark brown. Antenna and legs

brown; knees and tarsi light brown to yellow.

Head 1.3 times wider than high. Lateral ocellus nearer to median

ocellus than to eye margin (OOL/LOL 1.55). Vertex with short median

carina posterior to ocelli. Scrobal impression glabrate. Interantennal

projection absent. Subocular sulcus absent. Head reticulate to imbricate.

Antenna with scape 3.65 times longer than wide. Pedicel 1.8 times

longer than wide. Al subequal in length and width to A2. Funicular

segments subequal in length; F1 slightly longer than wide; funicular

segments increasing slightly in width distally; F6 subequal in length and

width. Club 2.4 times longer than wide.

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae 63

Mesosoma dorsally reticulate to imbricate. Notauli incomplete,

neither meeting nor reaching posterior margin of mesoscutum.

Mesoscutum predominantly reticulate. Mesopleuron reticulate to strigulate

anteriorly, very lightly reticulate to glabrate posteriorly. Sternopleural

suture not reaching anterior margin of mesopleuron, connected to faint

mesopleural suture.

Wings hyaline, veins light brown. Forewing with marginal and

postmarginal veins swollen at junction of stigmal vein. Marginal fringe

extending to apex of postmarginal vein. Basal cell with 28-30 setae. CC/MV

2.7, MV/PMV 1.9, MV/SV 1.9, PMV/SV 1.0.

Metasoma reticulate.

MALE. Unknown.

DISTRIBUTION. MEXICO: Puebla.

BIOLOGY AND HOSTS. Unknown.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype 9, MEXICO, Puebla, 15 km. W. Izucar

de Matamoros, 27.vi.1981, J. LaSalle (USNM, point).

This species known only from the holotype.

ETYMOLOGY. From the Latin brevis, meaning short, and sulcus;

referring to the incomplete notauli.

HOWARDII Group

Females of the Howardii Group are distinguished by the following

combination of characters: notauli somewhat thickened, easily visible,

incomplete (fig.88); interantennal projection present, pointed dorsally,

although sometimes small (fig.33); scape 2.0-3.2 times longer than wide,

with slight to distinct flattened, ventral expansion (figs.5,65); no metallic

coloration. Males (known only for tescus) have funicular segments with

dorsal expansion; frons with faint transverse furrow at level halfway

between torulus and median ocellus.

There are two species included in this group, howardii and tescus.

Tanaostigmodes howardii Ashmead

Figures 16,33,65,88,102,1 41,169,170.

Tanaostigmodes howardii Ashmead, 1896:19. Lectotype ? (present

designation), USA, California, Riverside Co. (USNM, #3468)

[examined].

DIAGNOSIS. Females of T. howardii are distinguished from other species

of Tanaostigmodes by the following characters: notauli incomplete,

somewhat thickened and easily visible (fig.88); scape with flattened ventral

64 Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

expansion, less than 2.5 times longer than wide (fig.65); basal cell densely

setose, with over 100 setae on dorsal surface of wing (fig.141); speculum

separated from posterior margin of forewing by more setae than a single

row representing subcubital vein; general body coloration yellow and black.

FEMALE. Length 1.65-3.0 mm. Head yellow; the following dark brown to

black markings may be present: spot on face medial and slightly ventral to

ventral margin of eye; spot on clypeus; anterior tentorial pit; from almost

entire vertex to a small spot bordering each ocellus; occiput; gena

sometimes dusky. Scape yellow to dark brown, margin of ventral

expansion sometimes darkened; pedicel yellow to dusky or brown; anelli

yellow; F1-F5 dusky brown to black; F6 yellow to brown; club light yellow to

white. Dorsum of mesosoma dusky to dark brown or black. Prepectus,

mesopleuron dorsally, propodeum laterally yellow. Tegula white to yellow.

Remainder of mesosoma and legs usually dusky to dark brown, rarely

yellow. Tarsi yellow to dusky. Metasoma brown to black with longitudinal

yellow stripe laterally. Terga with yellow stripe anteriorly, but this stripe

usually not visible due to telescoping of metasomal segments.

Head (fig.33) 1.2-1.45 times wider than high. Lateral ocellus usually

slightly closer to eye margin than to median ocellus (OOL/LOL 0.7-1.0).

Scrobal impression poorly defined, reticulate. Interantennal projection

small. Subocular sulcus present, incomplete, extending about half or less

the distance from eye to oral fossa. Frons and face reticulate; occiput and

gena reticulate to imbricate.

Antenna (fig.65) with scape 2.1-2.4 times longer than wide, with

flattened ventral expansion. Pedicel 1.3-1.6 times longer than wide. Al

shorter and narrower than A2. F1 slightly longer than wide; funicular

segments decreasing in length distally, F6 subquadrate. Club 1.7-2.35

times longer than wide.

Mesosoma dorsally reticulate. Notauli incomplete, neither meeting

nor reaching posterior margin of mesoscutum (fig.88). Propodeum

reticulate (fig.102). Mesopleuron reticulate. Sternopleural suture not

reaching anterior margin of mesopleuron, connected to mesopleural

suture.

Wings hyaline to lightly and uniformly infuscated. Veins light brown

to yellow. Marginal fringe extending to apex of wing or slightly past. Basal

cell (fig.141) densely setose with well over 100 setae. Speculum separated

from posterior margin of forewing by more setae than a single row

representing subcubital vein. CC/MV 2.15-2.5, MV/PMV 1.8-2.45, MV/SV

1.45-1.7, PMV/SV 0.65-0.9. |

Metasoma reticulate. T2 with medial line; medial line may be

indicated on T3-T5.

MALE. Unknown. Two gynandromorphs have been collected, with male

genitalia but otherwise possessing predominantly female characteristics.

DISTRIBUTION. USA: California, Arizona; MEXICO: Baja California,

Sonora.

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae 65

BIOLOGY AND HOSTS. Reared from galls on Acacia greggii (Fabaceae;

Mimosoidea). Two gall types are formed by T. howardii. The first type is

globular, 5-8 mm. in diameter, and narrowly attached to the stems (fig.169).

Galls of this type are mentioned by Houard (1946:59) and Felt (1940, p.273;

plate 2(1), p.48). Felt also described and pictured a narrow, non-detachable

stem gall (p. 272-3; plate 2(2), p.48) which he attributed to T. howardii,

however these galls are made by T. tychii or T. tescus. In the caption for the

plate he incorrectly referred to the host plant as Mimosa biuncifera

(Fabaceae; Mimosoidea), but he correctly referred to this plant as Acacia

greggii in the text.

The second gall type formed by T. howardii is formed between opposite

leaflets on the compound leaves (fig.170). These galls form a small (3-4

mm.), woody union between the bases of the leaflets, with the leaflet apices

projecting past the gall tissue.

Records from Prosopis may be erroneous.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Lectotype ?, USA, California, Riverside Co.,

Cabazon, 4.v.1891, D.W. Coquillett (USNM).

Paralectotypes. As lectotype (279, USNM; 19, CNC).

Non-type material. USA, California: San Bernardino Co., Morongo

Valley, 15.v.1939, P.H. Timberlake, reared from Acacia greggii gall (19,

UCR); Riverside Co., Painted Canyon, ca 8 mi. E. Mecca, 9.v.1981, J.

LaSalle, sweeping Acacia greggii (159, LAS). USA, Arizona: Br't Angel,

Col Canyon [presumably Coconino Co., Grand Canyon National Park,

Bright Angel Canyon], 2300 ft., 10 May 1903, H.S. Barber (89, USNM);

Tucson, 1935, L.H. Weld (29, USNM); Box Canyon, 24.iv.1979, B. Spears,

reared from Acacia greggii gall (179, UAT); Sta. Rita Rge. Res., 25.111 and

23.iv.1978, B. Spears, reared from Acacia greggii gall (89, UAT;

gynandromorph, LAS). MEXICO, Baja California: 36 mi. SE El Rosario,

Rancho El Progreso, 25.iii.1979, J. LaSalle, reared from Acacia greggil

galls (159, UCR; 59, USNM; 39, LAS); 0.3 mi. SE Catavina, in arroyo,

27.i11.1979, J. LaSalle, reared from Acacia greggii galls (189, UCR; 59,

USNM; 39, LAS); 8 km. N., 2 km. W. Catavina, 4-5.iv.1981, J. LaSalle,

reared from Acacia greggii gall (109, LAS); 20 km. E. El Rosario, 5-

6.iv.1981, J.T. Huber & J. LaSalle, reared from Acacia greggii gall (99,

USNM; 99, gynandromorph, LAS. 39: BMNH, CNC, AEI, MLP, TAMU,

ANIC, QMB, PPRI, ZIL); 3 mi. S. Puertecitos, 23-24.v.1987, J. LaSalle,

yellow pan traps under flowering Acacia greggii (29, LAS). MEXICO,

Sonora: Bahia de San Carlos, 27.iii.1980, J. LaSalle, reared from Acacia

greggii gall (19, UCR).

COMMENTS. There must be additional specimens which Ashmead

examined when describing this species, as he mentioned specimens from

Los Angeles and Arizona; however I find no other specimens which can

definitely be referred to the type series. There are 4 females in the USNM

labeled "Ariz.", and 1 female labeled "Los Angeles, Cal". These specimens

were probably the ones examined by Ashmead, however there are no labels

or other evidence to support them as types. Coquillett's notes (at USNM)

66 Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

indicate that most of the type specimens were collected at Cabazon, San

Diego County, California in 1891. At that time the present Riverside County

had not been formed, and was still part of San Diego County. The location

of Cabazon may have moved since 1891, but all possible locations for this

collection are in what is now Riverside County.

Tanaostigmodes tescus LaSalle, sp. n.

Figures 5,142,171.

DIAGNOSIS. Females of T. tescus are distinguished from other species of

Tanaostigmodes by the following characters: notauli incomplete, somewhat

thickened and easily visible; scape with flattened ventral expansion, 2.5-3.15

times longer than wide (fig.5); basal cell with less than 40 setae on dorsal

surface of wing (fig.142); speculum open to posterior margin of forewing;

general body coloration orange and brown.

FEMALE. Length 2.05-2.8 mm. Head yellow to orange. Dusky areas may be

present on face medially between toruli, and laterally between the

subocular sulcus and the torulus. Scape yellow to orange, margin of

ventral expansion may be darkened or translucent. Pedicel and anelli

orange-yellow, F1-F5 dusky to brown, F6 from light yellow to brown; club

light yellow to white. Mesosoma and legs orange to orange yellow.

Anterior margin of metanotum and propodeum dark brown. Dark

markings sometimes present on dorsum of mesosoma. Metasoma orange

to orange-yellow, terga sometimes with faint transverse brown markings.

Head 1.25-1.4 times wider than high. Lateral ocellus about equidistant

from median ocellus and eye margin (OOL/LOL 0.8-1.1). Scrobal

impression shallow, lightly reticulate. Interantennal projection small,

with sharp median carina dorsally. Subocular sulcus present, complete.

Frons and face lightly reticulate to imbricate.

Antenna (fig.5) with scape 2.5-3.15 times longer than wide, with

flattened ventral expansion. Pedicel 1.3-1.5 times longer than wide. Al

shorter and narrower than A2. F1 longer than wide, funicular segments

decreasing in length distally, F6 subquadrate. Club 1.9-2.5 times longer

than wide.

Mesosoma dorsally reticulate. Notauli incomplete, neither meeting

nor reaching the posterior margin of the mesoscutum. Propodeum

reticulate. Mesopleuron reticulate to lightly reticulate. Sternopleural

suture not reaching anterior margin of mesopleuron, not connected to

mesopleural suture.

Wings hyaline, veins yellow to brown. Marginal fringe extending to

apex of wing. Basal cell (fig.142) with 15-30 setae. Speculum open to

posterior margin of forewing. CC/MV 2.5-2.95, MV/PMV 1.7-2.05, MV/SV

1.25-1.6, PMV/SV 0.55-0.9.

Metasoma reticulate to imbricate. T2 with broad medial line basally.

MALE. 1.95-2.25 mm. Body and head entirely dark brown to black.

Antenna and legs brown, tarsi yellow to brown. F1-F6 with dorsal

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae 67

projections; the projections slightly shorter distally. Frons with poorly

defined, short, shallow transverse furrows lateral to scrobal impression

halfway between torulus and median ocellus.

DISTRIBUTION. USA: California, Arizona; MEXICO: Sonora.

BIOLOGY AND HOSTS. Reared from galls on Acacia greggii (Fabaceae;

Mimosoidea). The gall formed is a narrow, oval, non-detachable stem gall

(fig.171) which ranges from 3-7 mm in width and 6-10 mm in length.

Several galls may be present very close to one another causing a larger

swelling on the stem. The gall is similar in size and shape to that formed by

T. tychii (see discussion under that species).

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype ¢, USA, California, San Bernardino

Co., Afton Canyon, 29.iv.1981, R.D. Goeden & D.W. Ricker, reared from

Acacia greggii galls (USNM, point). 3

449,4c¢ paratypes. USA, California: as holotype (39,1<°, USNM; 19,

LAS); San Bernardino Co., Yucca Valley, nr. Pioneertown, 14.v.1981, G.

Gibson (19, CNC). USA, Arizona: Pima Co., Tucson, Rillito River,

27.1v.1979, B. Spears, reared from Acacia greggii galls (149,2c%, UAT;

19,1¢°, BMNH. 19: CNC, LAS, AEI, MLP, TAMU, ANIC, QMB, PPRI,

ZIL). MEXICO, Sonora: Bahia de San Carlos, 27.111.1980, J. LaSalle, reared

from Acacia greggii galls (139, UCR; 29, USNM).

ETYMOLOGY. The Latin tescus, meaning desert; referring to the habitat

of this species.

TENUISULCUS Group

Females of the Tenuisulcus Group are distinguished from other

Tanaostigmodes by the following characters: notauli incomplete, narrow

(fig.120); frons and dorsum of mesosoma with slight metallic color; scape

with flattened ventral expansion, 2.8-3.2 times longer than wide (fig.72). T.

tenuisulcus differs from members of the Howardii Group, which also have

incomplete notauli and the scape with a flattened ventral expansion,

because the notauli are narrower, and there is weak but distinct metallic

coloration.

This group contains the single species, 7. tenuisulcus.

Tanaostigmodes tenuisulcus LaSalle, sp. n.

Figures 72,120.

DIAGNOSIS. Females of 7. tenuisulcus are distinguished from other

species of Tanaostigmodes by the following characters: notauli incomplete,

narrow (fig.120); frons and dorsum of mesosoma with slight metallic color;

68 Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

scape with flattened ventral expansion, 2.8-3.2 times longer than wide

(fig.72); interantennal projection present, small.

FEMALE. Length 1.7-1.8 mm. Head yellow with dusky markings on face

and lower frons. Upper frons and vertex brown, with weak metallic blue to

green shine. Scape yellow, with small brown spot at apex and brown

ventral expansion. Pedicel pale yellow, brown basally. Remainder of

antenna yellow to light brown. Mesosoma brown dorsally, with weak

metallic blue to green shine, which is strongest on the scutellum.

Mesopleuron orange, remainder of mesosoma yellow. Coxae and legs

yellow, femora with dorsal brown spot subapically. Metasoma yellow,

diffused with dusky coloration dorsally.

Head 1.25-1.3 times wider than high. Lateral ocellus nearer to eye

margin than to median ocellus (OOL/LOL 0.7-0.8). Scrobal impression

glabrate to faintly reticulate. Interantennal projection small, well-defined

and pointed apically. Subocular sulcus absent. Head imbricate, face and

frons with scattered minute punctures. )

Antenna (fig.72) with scape 2.8-3.2 times longer than wide, with

flattened ventral expansion in apical half. Pedicel 1.25-1.35 times longer

than wide. Al subequal in size to A2. F1-F4 slightly longer than wide, F5-

F6 subquadrate. Club 1.9-2.0 times longer than wide. | |

Mesosoma dorsally reticulate. Notauli incomplete, neither meeting

nor reaching the posterior margin of the mesoscutum (fig.120). Propodeum

reticulate. Mesopleuron reticulate. Sternopleural suture not reaching

anterior margin of mesopleuron, connected to mesopleural suture.

Wings hyaline, veins light brown. Marginal fringe extending past

apex of wing, reaching or nearly reaching postmarginal vein. Basal cell

with 40-45 setae. CC/MV 1.9-2.0, MV/PMV 1.5-1.55, MV/SV 1.5-1.65,

PMV/SV 1.0-1.05.

Metasoma reticulate dorsally. T2 with faint medial line.

MALE. Unknown.

DISTRIBUTION. BAHAMA ISLANDS.

BIOLOGY AND HOSTS. Unknown.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype ?, BAHAMA ISLANDS, Exuma,

Simon's Point, 15-20.iv.1986, T.L. McCabe (USNM, point).

19 paratype. As holotype (19, USNM).

ETYMOLOGY. From the Latin tenuis, meaning thin, and sulcus;

referring to the notauli which are more slender in this species than in the

Howardii Group.

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae 69

COCCOPHAGUS Group

Females of the Coccophagus Group are distinguished from other

Tanaostigmodes by the following characters: marginal fringe absent

(fig.128) (a character only found in this group); basal cell with 0-2 setae on —

dorsal surface of wing; scape more than 3 times longer than wide; no

metallic coloration.

This group contains the single species, 7. coccophagus.

Tanaostigmodes coccophagus (Blanchard), comb. n, .

Figure 128.

Eutricnemus coccophagus Blanchard, 1940:107. Lectotype ? (present

designation), ARGENTINA, Entre Rios, Concordia (MLP) [examined].

DIAGNOSIS. Females of T. coccophagus are distinguished from other

species of Tanaostigmodes by the following characters: marginal fringe

absent (fig.128); basal cell with 0-2 setae on dorsal surface of wing; scape

more than 3 times longer than wide, with small ventral expansion; no

metallic coloration; interantennal projection present, prominent.

FEMALE. Length 1.7-2.35 mm. Head and body black except face with small

light brown to yellow spot bordering oral fossa lateral to clypeus; tegula

translucent anteriorly, brown posteriorly. Scape black with translucent

ventral expansion apically. Pedicel brown to black; anelli brown; funicular

segments brown, black apically; club dusky to light brown. Femora and

tibiae brown, yellow basally and apically; tarsi yellow to dusky.

Head 1.15-1.35 times wider than high. Lateral ocellus nearer to eye

margin than to median ocellus (OOL/LOL 0.6-0.75). Scrobal impression

glabrate. Interantennal projection prominent, pointed dorsally. Subocular

sulcus present but faintly indicated. Frons and face reticulate to elongate

reticulate.

Antenna with scape 3.35-4.0 times longer than wide, with small,

flattened ventral expansion apically. Pedicel 1.45-1.5 times longer than

wide. Al shorter and narrower than A2. Funicular segments subquadrate.

Club 1.8-2.0 times longer than wide.

Mesosoma dorsally reticulate. Propodeum lightly reticulate with some

strigations between spiracles. Mesopleuron longitudinally reticulate.

Sternopleural suture not reaching anterior margin of mesopleuron.

Mesopleural suture faint, poorly indicated.

| Wings hyaline, veins light brown. Forewing (fig.128) with marginal

fringe absent. Basal cell usually without setae, may have 1-2 setae. CC/MV

2.15-2.25, MV/PMV 1.8-1.95, MV/SV 1.9-2.15, PMV/SV 1.0-1.1.

Metasoma reticulate dorsally, reticulate to imbricate ventrally.

MALE. Length 1.75-1.9 mm. Coloration as in female. Antenna with long

funicular rami on F1-F3; rami subequal in length. F1-F4 succesively

70 Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

longer than the preceding segment; F5-F6 subequal in length, shorter than

F4. Frons without transverse furrow.

DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: Entre Rios.

BIOLOGY AND HOSTS. Unknown. Label data stating from Tachardiella

argentina (Homoptera; Lacciferidae) is probably erroneous.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Lectotype ?, ARGENTINA, Entre Rios,

Concordia, s/ Tachardiella argentina (MLP, point).

Paralectotypes. As lectotype (109,2c°, MLP; 19, MLP, on permanent

loan to USNM).

TYCHII Group

Although I feel that the Tychii Group is composed of species which are

more closely related to each other than to any species outside of this group,

derived characters have not been found to define this group, and it may be

paraphyletic. Females of the Tychii Group are distinguished by the

following combination of characters: scape from 2.4 times longer than wide

and with a slight ventral expansion to 5.3 times longer than wide and

without ventral expansion (figs.69-71,73-74); funicular segments usually

from slightly longer than wide to subequal in length and width, never with

F1 reduced to the size of an anellus, never with all funicular segments

longer than wide, never with each successive funicular segment wider

than the previous one; head without transverse furrow on frons (fig.34);

interantennal projection present, sometimes small, usually pointed

dorsally; notauli complete (fig.13); propodeum without plicae; forewing

with stigmal vein neither swollen nor perpendicular to postmarginal vein

(fig.125-127); no metallic color.

Three complexes of closely related species are seen within this group:

larsoni, xanthogaster, sonorensis, and mosesi have F1 wider than long and

distinctly shorter (about half the length) than F2 (figs.69-70), marginal

fringe extending at most to apex of forewing (figs.125-126), and scutellum

reticulate, although in some species there is a longitudinal elongation of

reticulations (figs.92-93); albiclavus, ringueleti, and mexicanus have

distinct longitudinal sculpture on the scutellum in the form of raised,

parallel lines (fig.94), marginal fringe clearly extending past apex of

forewing (fig.127), and F1 longer than wide and usually as long as or longer

than F2 (fig.71); tychii, koebelei, and tetartus have F1 longer than wide and

as long as or longer than F2 (figs.73-74), scutellum reticulate, and

marginal fringe variable.

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae | 7]

Tanaostigmodes albiclavus Girault

Figures 12-14,34,71 94,127,172.

Tanaostigmodes albiclavus Girault, 1917:4 (as Taneostigmodes albiclavus).

Holotype ¢, USA, Arizona, Catalina Springs (USNM, #20082)

[examined].

DIAGNOSIS. Females of T. albiclavus are distinguished from other species

of Tanaostigmodes by the following characters: scape 3.85-4.25 times longer

than wide, with small ventral expansion apically (fig.71); interantennal

projection present, small (fig.34); notauli complete (fig.13); scutellum with

longitudinal sculpture in the form of raised, parallel lines (fig.94); F1 as

long as or longer than F2 (fig.71); marginal fringe extending past apex of

forewing (fig.127); mesoscutum without distinct silvery white setae; club

entirely white.

FEMALE. Length 1.95-2.7 mm. Head and body black. Scape yellow to light

brown, with translucent ventral expansion apically. Pedicel through F4

black; F5 from entirely black to black basally, brown apically; F6 from black

basally, brown apically to light yellow to white; club light yellow to white.

Legs black to dark brown; femora and tibiae usually with small light brown

to yellow spots apically and basally; tarsi light brown to yellow. Metasomal

terga with transverse yellow to orange markings anteriorly, but due to

telescoping of the metasomal segments, these markings only seen in

specimens with extremely distended metasomas. Ovipositor sheaths light

brown to yellow or white, darkened apically.

Head (fig.34) 1.15-1.25 times wider than high. Lateral ocellus usually

slightly nearer to eye margin than to median ocellus (OOL/LOL 0.85-1.0).

Scrobal impression glabrate. Interantennal projection present, small,

narrowly rounded dorsally. Subocular sulcus present, complete, but faint

and hard to see in some specimens. Frons and face imbricate to reticulate;

frons lateral to scrobal impression with large rough wrinkles overlaid with

the surface sculpture.

Antenna (fig.71) with scape 3.85-4.25 times longer than wide, with

small flattened ventral expansion apically. Pedicel 1.45-1.75 times longer

than wide. Al about as long as, slightly narrower than A2. F1 longer than

wide, slightly shorter than F2; F2 longest funicular segment; segments

decreasing in length distally; F6 from slightly wider than long to subequal

in length and width. Club 1.6-2.0 times longer than wide.

Mesosoma with mesoscutum (fig.13) imbricate to reticulate; scutellum

(fig.94) with distinct longitudinally elongate sculpture. Propodeum lightly

imbricate. Mesopleuron finely reticulate to elongate reticulate dorsally,

imbricate to glabrate ventrally. Sternopleural suture not reaching anterior

margin of mesopleuron, faintly connected to mesopleural suture.

Wings hyaline, veins light brown. Forewing (fig.127) with marginal

fringe extending past apex of wing, but not reaching postmarginal vein.

Basal cell with 23-34 setae. CC/MV 2.2-2.45, MV/PMV 1.5-1.85, MV/SV 1.55-

1.9, PMV/SV 0.9-1.1.

Metasoma reticulate dorsally, reticulate to imbricate ventrally.

72 Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

MALE. Length 1.5-2.15 mm. Color as in female except scape light brown to

yellow; pedicel through F6 brown; club brown basally, light yellow to white

apically. Scape with flattened ventral expansion, 2.25-2.5 times longer than

wide. F1-F4 with long rami; Rl and R2 subequal in length, R3 and R4_

progressively slightly shorter. F1-F3 increasing in length distally; F4 and

F5 subequal in length to F3; F6 noticeably shorter than F5.

DISTRIBUTION. USA: Arizona, New Mexico, Texas; MEXICO:

Chihuahua.

BIOLOGY AND HOSTS. From galls on Mimosa biuncifera (Fabaceae;

Mimosoidea). The galls formed are woody, globose, non-detachable stem

galls (fig.172), which range from 5-18 mm in diameter. Several adults may

emerge from larger galls. This gall is pictured by Houard (1946:59) who

attributed it to a cynipid. The cynipid inquiline Myrtopsen mimosae Weld

also occupies this gall. |

Another plant given as host is Acacia greggii (Fabaceae; Mimosoidea).

These records need verification, as this plant is extremely similar to M.

biuncifera.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype ?, USA, Arizona, Catalina Springs, 5.v,

Hubbard & Schwarz (USNM, point, left forewing and left antenna removed

and mounted on slide in balsam).

Non-type material. USA, Arizona: [Santa Cruz Co.], Ruby, G.P.

Engelhardt, gall on Mimosa biuncifera (149, 10°, USNM); Santa Cruz Co.,

14 mi. N. Nogales, 19.viii.1971, E.E. Grissell & R.F. Denno, stem gall on.

Acacia greggii (39,20, USNM; 29,10, FSCA); Santa Cruz Co., 10 mi. NE

Nogales, 19.viii.1971, E.E. Grissell & R.F. Denno, stem gall on Acacia

greggii (39,20, USNM; 19,10, FSCA); Santa Cruz Co., White Rock

Campground, Pena Blanca Lake, 10.ix.1965, L. & C.W. O'Brien (19, FSCA);

Santa Cruz Co., 1 mi. S. Pena Blanca Lake, 6.viii.1982, G.A.P. Gibson (19,

CNC); Gila Co., Globe, Six-shooter Canyon, Parker Ranch, 22.viii.1952,

H.B. Leech & J.W. Green (1 0", CAS); Santa Cruz Co., Gardner Canyon, 4.0

mi. N. Sonoita, 10.viii.1982, G.A.P. Gibson (39, 1c, CNC); Pima Co.,

Coronado National Forest, Midland Picnic Area, 11 mi. NE Tanque Verde,

23.v111.1982, J. LaSalle & S.Y.H. Lin, reared from galls on Mimosa

biuncifera (voucher specimen of plant in UCR Herbarium, #27359) (49,527,

UCR; 49,5c¢°, USNM. 29,2c%°: BMNH, CNC, LAS, AEI, MLP, TAMU, ANIC,

QMB, PPRI, ZIL); [Cochise Co.], Portal, 28.vii.1955, P.H. Timberlake, woody

gall on Mimosa biuncifera (169, 10°, UCR); Cochise Co., 1 mi. NE Portal,

14.ix.1978, J. LaSalle (29, 10, UCR); Cochise Co., 1 mi. NE Portal,

14.1x.1978, G. Gordh (19, UCR); Cochise Co., 1 mi. NE Portal, 25.viii.1982, J.

LaSalle, screen sweeping (19, UCR); Cochise Co., 1 mi. E. Portal,

31.v1i.1982, G.A.P. Gibson, sweeping Acacia constricta (10°, CNC); Cochise

Co., 2.7 mi. E. Paradise, 12.ix.1978, J. LaSalle (19, 10°, UCR); Cochise Co.,

Peloncillo Mtns., Guadalupe Canyon, 12.viii.1982, G.A.P. Gibson (19, 1<¢,

CNC); Cochise Co., 30 mi. NE Douglas, Cottonwood Creek, 31.viii.1965 (19,

UCR). USA, New Mexico: Eddy Co., Guadalupe Mtns., 6 mi. W. Jct. Hwy

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae 73

285 & 137, 26.viii.1971, E.E. Grissell & R.F. Denno, stem gall on Acacia

greggii (19, 30°, USNM). USA, Texas: Brewster Co., Big Bend Nat'l Park,

5.3 mi. W. Panther Junction, 29.vi.1982, G.A.P. Gibson (1c, CNC); Jeff

Davis Co., Davis Mines State Park, Limpia Creek, 18.vii.1982, G.A.P.

Gibson (29, 20°, CNC). MEXICO, Chihuahua: 9 mi. S. Hidalgo del Parral,

26.vi1.1967, R.C. Gardner, C.R. Kovacic & K. Lorenzen (19, UCD).

Tanaostigmodes ringueleti (Bréthes), comb. n.

Eutetracera ringueleti Bréthes, 1924:4. Lectotype ? (present designation),

ARGENTINA, Entre Rios, La Plata, Rio Santiago (MBR) [examined].

DIAGNOSIS. Females of T. ringueleti are distinguished from other species

of Tanaostigmodes by the following characters: scape 4.0-4.5 times longer

than wide, with small ventral expansion apically; interantennal projection

present, prominent; notauli complete; scutellum with longitudinal

sculpture in the form of raised, parallel lines; F1 as long as or longer than

F2; marginal fringe extending past apex of forewing to postmarginal vein;

mesoscutum with distinct silvery white setae; club black to brown.

FEMALE. Length 1.8-2.4 mm. Head and body black to dark brown. Scape

yellow to light brown, with translucent ventral expansion apically. Pedicel,

anelli, and club apically brown, F1-F6 and club basally black. Femora

usually yellow apically. Tibiae range from almost completely black to

entirely yellow. Tarsi light brown to yellow.

Head 1.15-1.2 times wider than high. Lateral ocellus usually slightly

nearer to eye margin than to median ocellus (OOL/LOL 0.7-1.0). Scrobal

impression glabrate to transversely strigulate. Interantennal projection

prominent, often with longitudinal median furrow. Subocular sulcus

present, complete. Face reticulate, frons reticulate to imbricate, occiput

and gena reticulate to imbricate.

Antenna with scape 4.0-4.5 times longer than wide, with small,

flattened ventral expansion apically. Pedicel 1.25-1.8 times longer than

wide. Al about as long and wide as A2. F1 longer than wide, funicular

segments decreasing in length distally, F6 from slightly longer than wide to

subequal in length and width. Club 1.65-2.0 times longer than wide.

Mesosoma with mesoscutum imbricate to reticulate. Scutellum with

distinct longitudinally elongate sculpture in the form of raised, parallel

lines. Propodeum lightly imbricate. Mesopleuron finely reticulate to

elongate reticulate dorsally, strigulate ventrally. Sternopleural suture not

reaching apical margin of mesopleuron. Mesopleural suture absent,

indicated by difference in sculpture between mesopleuron and glabrate area

anterior to sternopleural and mesopleural sutures.

Wings hyaline, veins light brown. Forewing with marginal fringe

extending to postmarginal vein. Basal cell with 53-75 setae. CC/MV 2.05-

2.2, MV/PMV 1.15-1.6, MV/SV 1.3-1.7, PMV/SV 1.0-1.15.

Metasoma reticulate to imbricate dorsally, imbricate ventrally.

74 Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

MALE. Length 1.65-1.9 mm. Coloration as in female except: scape

darkened dorsally; fore femur partially to entirely yellow. F1-F4 with long

rami, F5 with slight dorsal projection distally. R2 slightly longer than R1;

R3 and R4 decreasing in length distally. F1-F5 increasing in length distally,

F6 noticeably shorter than F5.

VARIATION. The two female specimens from Bolivia differ from other

specimens in having the lateral ocellus slightly nearer to the median

ocellus than to the eye margin (OOL/LOL 1.1-1.4), and having fewer setae

(42-47) in the basal cell.

DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: Entre Rios; BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro,

Santa Catarina; BOLIVIA.

BIOLOGY AND HOSTS. Reared from gall on Calliandra bicolor (Fabaceae;

Mimosoidea), also associated with C. selloi. Bréthes described and

illustrated the gall in the original description. It is globose, laterally

attached to the branches, and can attain a diameter of 3-4 cm. A mature

gall can contain close to 100 larvae.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Lectotype °, ARGENTINA, Entre Rios, La Plata,

Rio Santiago (MBR, slide).

Paralectotypes. As lectotype (10°, MBR, same slide as lectotype; 29,2¢’,

USNM, points).

Non-type material. BRAZIL, Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara, 22.xii.1971,

Carneiro, Calliandra selloi (19,14, MLP); BRAZIL, Santa Catarina: Nova

Teutonia, 23.1x-3.xi.1944, F. Plaumann (89,40°, BMNH). BOLIVIA: Santa

Cruz, J. Steinbach (29, MCZ).

COMMENTS. The specimen designated as lectotype was so designated

because: it and the paralectotype male on the same slide are the only

specimens actually marked by Bréthes as type material, and are

presumable the specimens he intended to be the types, and it is the only

female specimen in the MBR (where Bréthes intended his types to go).

There are two female and two male paralectotypes in the USNM which are

in better condition.

Tanaostigmodes mexicanus LaSalle, sp. n.

DIAGNOSIS. Females of 7. mexicanus are distinguished from other

species of Tanaostigmodes by the following characters: scape 3.9-4.2 times

longer than wide, with small ventral expansion apically; interantennal

projection present, small; notauli complete; scutellum with longitudinal

sculpture in the form of raised, parallel lines; F1 as long as or longer than

F2; marginal fringe extending past apex of forewing; mesoscutum without

distinct silvery white setae; club black to brown basally, light brown to

yellow apically.

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae 75

FEMALE. Length 1.7-1.85 mm. Head and body black to very dark brown.

Scape light brown to yellow, darkened dorsally, with small translucent

ventral expansion apically; remainder of antenna black to dark brown,

except club light brown to yellow apically. Femora and tibiae usually with

small light brown to yellow marks apically and basally. Tarsi light brown

to yellow. Ovipositor sheaths light brown to yellow or white, darkened |

apically.

Head 1.15-1.2 times wider than high. Lateral ocellus nearer to eye

margin than to median ocellus (OOL/LOL 0.65-0.8). Scrobal impression

glabrate. Interantennal projection narrowly rounded apically. Subocular

sulcus present, complete, although faint and hard to see. Frons and face

imbricate to reticulate; occiput and gena imbricate.

Antenna with scape 3.9-4.2 times longer than wide, with small,

flattened ventral expansion apically. Pedicel 1.25-1.35 times longer than

wide. Al about equal in length, slightly shorter than A2. F1 longer than

wide; F2 and F3 the longest funicular segments; funicular segments

decreasing in length distal to F3; F6 subequal in length and width. Club 1.9-

2.0 times longer than wide.

Mesosoma with mesoscutum imbricate to reticulate. Scutellum with

distinct longitudinally elongate sculpture in the form of raised, parallel

lines. Propodeum lightly imbricate. Mesopleuron finely reticulate to

elongate reticulate dorsally, imbricate to glabrate ventrally. Sternopleural

suture not reaching anterior margin of mesopleuron, connected to poorly

distinguished mesopleural suture.

Wings hyaline, veins light brown. Forewing with marginal fringe

extending to postmarginal vein. Basal cell with 30-48 setae. CC/MV 2.15-

2.2, MV/PMV 1.55-1.8, MV/SV 1.6-1.8, PMV/SV 1.0-1.05.

Metasoma reticulate to imbricate.

MALE. Unknown.

VARIATION. The Michoacan specimen differs slightly from the other

specimens as follows: face and frons with several minute punctures; scape

5.0 times longer than wide; pedicel 1.65 times longer than wide; club 2.45

times longer than wide; wing vein ratios CC/MV 2.0, MV/PMV 2.0, MV/SV

1.9, PMV/SV 0.95.

DISTRIBUTION. MEXICO: Puebla, Morelos, Michoacan.

BIOLOGY AND HOSTS. Michoacan specimen swept from Mimosa

guatamalensis (Fabaceae; Mimosoidea).

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype 9, MEXICO, Puebla, 15 km. W. Izucar

de Matamoros, 27.vi.1981, J. LaSalle (USNM, point).

19 paratype. MEXICO, Morelos: Yautepec, 31.vii.1963, F.D. Parker &

L.A. Stange (19, UCD).

Non-type material. MEXICO, Michoacan: 3 km. N. Gabriel Zamora,

12.vii.1981, J. LaSalle, sweeping Mimosa guatamalensis (voucher

specimen of plant in UCR Herbarium, #24575) (19, USNM).

76 Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

ETYMOLOGY. From Mexico; referring to the Mexican distribution of this

species.

Tanaostigmodes larsoni LaSalle, sp. n.

Figures 92,125

DIAGNOSIS. Females of 7. larsoni are distinguished from other species of

Tanaostigmodes by the following characters: scape 3.25-3.75 times longer

than wide; interantennal projection present, small; notauli complete; Fl

wider than long, noticeably shorter (about half the length) than F2;

scutellum reticulate, the reticulations not elongate (fig.92); marginal fringe

extending to apex of forewing (fig.125); tegula white with black border; basal

cell with more than 30 setae (fig.125).

FEMALE. Length 1.25-1.65 mm. Head black, sometimes with slight

metallic sheen. Frons with very small light brown spot on eye margin

dorsal to ventral margin of eye. Clypeus with light brown to yellow spot

medially; face with light brown to yellow spot bordering clypeus. Scape,

pedicel, anelli, F1-F4 black to brown; F5-F6 brown to dusky; club yellow,

may be dusky basally. Mesosoma black, prepectus with white spot dorsally.

Tegula white except black border posteriorly and mesally. Coxae black

dorsally, yellow ventrally. Legs with variable brown to black and yellow to

white markings. Tarsi yellow, often dusky dorsally. Metasoma brown

dorsally, with longitudinal white stripe laterally, dusky ventrally.

Transverse yellow to orange stripes present on all terga, but these can only

be seen in specimens in which the metasoma is distended. Ovipositor

sheaths yellow, brown apically.

Head 1.1-1.25 times wider than high. Lateral ocellus nearer to eye

margin than to median ocellus (OOL/LOL 0.65-0.7). Scrobal impression

glabrate. Interantennal projection small, rounded, with no longitudinal,

medial ridge. Subocular sulcus present, complete, but faint and hard to

see. Sculpture on head elongate reticulate to imbricate.

Antenna with scape 3.25-3.75 times longer than wide. Pedicel 1.45-1.7

times longer than wide. Al shorter and narrower than A2. F1 wider than

long, noticeably shorter (about half the length) than F2. F2 shorter, usually

noticeably, than F3. F3 longer than wide, subequal in length to F4. F5-F6

decreasing in length distally, F6 subquadrate. Club 1.7-2.15 times longer

than wide.

Mesosoma dorsally reticulate. Scutellum (fig.92) reticulate.

Propodeum glabrate medially, callus lightly reticulate. Mesopleuron

elongate reticulate to imbricate. Sternopleural suture not reaching

anterior margin of mesopleuron. Mesopleural suture faint, poorly

indicated.

Wings hyaline, veins light brown. Marginal fringe extending to apex

of forewing (fig.125). Basal cell with 31-42 setae. CC/MV 2.1-2.5, MV/PMV.

1.4-1.85, MV/SV 1.35-1.65, PMV/SV 0.8-1.0.

Metasoma with T2-T4 reticulate dorsally, remainder of metasoma

imbricate.

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae 77

MALE. Length 1.15-1.35 mm. Color as in female except: frons with two

yellow spots bordering eye margin; scape brown, with longitudinal yellow

stripe ventrally, remainder of antenna brown to dusky; metasoma brown,

with longitudinal yellow stripe ventrally. Frons with transverse furrow

extending from eye margin to scrobal impression halfway between the

torulus and the median ocellus. F1-F4 with long rami which decrease —

slightly in length distally. F1-F5 increasing in length distally, F5 noticeably

shorter than F6.

DISTRIBUTION. USA: Arizona, Texas.

BIOLOGY AND HOSTS. Collected sweeping Acacia constricta (Fabaceae;

Mimosoidea) (voucher specimen of plant in UCR Herbarium, #27358).

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype ?, USA, Arizona, Cochise Co., 1.0 mi.

E. Portal, 4700', 31.vii.1982, G.A.P. Gibson, sweeping flowering Acacia

constricta (USNM, point).

319,80" paratypes. USA, Arizona: as holotype (49,10, CNC); Cochise

Co., 1 mi. NE Portal, 14.ix.1978, 28.viii.1979 & 25.viii.1982, J. LaSalle (69,2¢",

UCR. 19: ANIC, QMB, ZIL); Cochise Co., Portal, Southwest Research

Station, 26.v.1981, M.E. Schauff (79,20, USNM. 19: BMNH, LAS, AEI,

MLP, TAMU, PPRI); Cochise Co., Portal, 2.v.1972, on Acacia and mesquite

(29,30°, AMNH); Cochise Co., 7 mi. NE Douglas, 27.viii.1979, C.W. Melton

(19, LAS). USA, Texas: Culberson Co., 3.6 mi. S. Pine Springs, old

Guadalupe Pass Rd., nr. Guadalupe Springs, 5200’, 20-22.vii.1982, G.A.P.

Gibson, sweeping flowering Acacia constricta (19, CNC); Brewster Co., Big

Bend National Park, Grapevine Hills Campground, 3200’, 23-27.vi.1982,

G.A.P. Gibson (19, CNC).

ETYMOLOGY. Named for cartoonist Gary Larson.

Tanaostigmodes xanthogaster LaSalle, sp. n.

DIAGNOSIS. Females of T. xanthogaster are distinguished from other

species of Tanaostigmodes by the following characters: scape 2.4-2.8 times

longer than wide, with flattened ventral expansion; interantennal

projection present, small; notauli complete; F1 wider than long, noticeably

shorter (about half the length) than F2; scutellum longitudinally elongate

reticulate (especially medially); marginal fringe not extending to apex of

forewing; tegula white with black stripe posteriorly; basal cell with less

than 20 setae; metasoma yellow, dusky dorsally, with longitudinal black

stripe laterally; frons entirely black.

FEMALE. Length 1.1-1.65 mm. Head and mesosoma black (may have

slight metallic shine), except prepectus dorsally brown to orange, tegula

white with black stripe posteriorly. Scape light yellow to white

ventrobasally, black dorsoapically. Pedicel light yellow to white with small

black area basally. Anelli and F1-F4 black, F5-F6 light yellow to white, club

78 Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

white to yellow or dusky brown. Fore and hind coxae black basally, yellow

apically; middle coxa yellow. Legs yellow, all femora white apically with

black area subapically; fore and middle tibiae white basally with black area

subbasally; hind tibia with some dusky coloration basally. Metasoma

yellow, with longitudinal black stripe laterally on T2-T5, and light brown to

brown area medially on T2-T4. Apex of ovipositor sheaths black.

Head 1.1-1.2 times wider than high. Lateral ocellus nearer to eye

margin than to median ocellus (OOL/LOL 0.3-0.45). Scrobal impression

glabrate medially, finely imbricate laterally. Interantennal projection

small. Subocular sulcus absent. Head imbricate.

Antenna with scape 2.4-2.8 times longer than wide, with flattened

ventral expansion which is slightly excised apically. Pedicel 1.45-1.6 times

longer than wide. Al and A2 approximately equal in size. F1 distinctly

wider than long, noticeably shorter (about half the length) than F2. F2

slightly wider than long; F3 longer than wide; F4 subequal in length and

width; F'5 and F6 wider than long. Club 1.5-2.0 times longer than wide.

Mesosoma dorsally reticulate to elongate reticulate. Scutellum

longitudinally elongate reticulate, especially medially. Propodeum finely

imbricate to glabrate medially, callous lightly reticulate. Mesopleuron

reticulate anteriorly, finely strigulate posteriorly. Sternopleural suture not

reaching anterior margin of mesopleuron. Mesopleural suture absent.

Wings hyaline, veins light brown to yellow. Marginal fringe not quite

extending to apex of forewing. Basal cell with 8-20 setae. CC/MV 1.7-1.85,

MV/PMV 2-2.1, MV/SV 1.75-1.95, PMV/SV 0.9-0.95.

Metasoma reticulate dorsally, imbricate laterally.

MALE. Length 0.9-1.0 mm. Coloration as in female except antenna

uniformly brown except scape basally and pedicel apically yellow;

metasoma with T2-T5 brown dorsally, T6 dorsally and entire metasoma

ventrally yellow. Frons with transverse furrow extending from eye margin

to scrobal impression at level halfway between torulus and anterior ocellus.

F1-F5 with long rami, each ramus slightly shorter than preceding one;

each funicular segment slightly longer than preceding one.

DISTRIBUTION. USA: Texas.

BIOLOGY AND HOSTS. Collected sweeping Pithecellobium flexicaule

(Fabaceae; Mimosoidea).

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype ?, USA, Texas, Hidalgo Co., 2 mi. S.

Relampago, N. bank of Rio Grande, 4.xi.1983, C.W. Melton, on

Pithecellobium flexicaule (USNM, point).

79,20 paratypes. USA, Texas: as holotype and 15.xii.1983 (39,2¢,

USNM. 19: BMNH, LAS, UCR); Zapata Co., Falcon State Park, 250’,

3.vii.1982, G.A.P. Gibson (19, CNC).

ETYMOLOGY. From the Greek xanthos, meaning yellow, and gaster;

referring to the predominantly yellow color of the metasoma.

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae 79

Tanaostigmodes sonorensis LaSalle, sp. n.

Figures 70,93,107,126.

DIAGNOSIS. Females of T. sonorensis are distinguished from other

species of Tanaostigmodes by the following characters: scape 3.1-3.4 times

longer than wide, with small, flattened ventral expansion apically (fig.70);

interantennal projection present, small; notauli complete; Fl wider than

long, noticeably shorter (about half the length) than F2 (fig.70); scutellum

longitudinally elongate reticulate (especially medially) (fig.93); marginal

fringe extending to apex of forewing (fig.126); tegula white with black stripe

posteriorly and mesally; basal cell with less than 25 setae (fig.126);

metasoma dark brown dorsally, white ventrally; frons black with white spot

bordering eye margin.

FEMALE. Length 0.95-1.55 mm. Head black, frons with small white spot on

eye margin dorsal to ventral margin of eye. Scape black to brown with

slight, translucent ventral expansion apically. Pedicel black to brown,

yellow to light brown apically. Al, A2, F1-F4, F5 ventrally black to brown,

F5 dorsally, F6 and club light yellow to white. Mesosoma black, prepectus

usually with small white spot posterodorsally; tegula white except black

border posteriorly and mesally. Coxae black dorsally, yellow ventrally.

Legs with variable brown to black and yellow to white markings. Tarsi

light brown to yellow. Metasoma brown dorsally except medial orange

spots on T2, T6 and T7. Transverse yellow to orange stripes present on all

terga, but these can only be seen in specimens in which the metasoma is

distended. Metasoma ventrally and T8 white to pink to orange. Ovipositor

sheaths yellow, black apically. |

Head 1.15-1.35 times wider than high. Lateral ocellus nearer to the eye

margin than to the median ocellus (OOL/LOL 0.55-0.75). Scrobal

impression glabrate. Interantennal projection small, rounded, with no

longitudinal, medial ridge. Subocular sulcus present, complete, but faint

and hard to see. Sculpture on head elongate reticulate to imbricate.

Antenna (fig.70) with scape 3.1-3.4 times longer than wide, with small,

flattened, ventral expansion apically. Pedicel 1.3-1.7 times longer than

wide. Al shorter and narrower than A2. F1 wider than long, noticeably

shorter (about half the length) than F2. F2 longer than wide, subequal in

length to F3; F3-F6 decreasing in length distally, F6 subquadrate. Club 1.8-

2.25 times longer than wide.

Mesosoma dorsally reticulate to elongate reticulate. Scutellum

longitudinally elongate reticulate, especially medially (fig.93). Propodeum

glabrate medially, callus faintly reticulate. Mesopleuron reticulate to

elongate reticulate anteriorly, glabrate posteriorly (fig.107). Sternopleural

suture not reaching anterior margin of mesopleuron. Mesopleural suture

faint, poorly indicated.

Wings hyaline, veins light brown. Marginal fringe extending to apex

of forewing (fig.126). Basal cell with 9-23 setae. CC/MV 2.2-2.45, MV/PMV

1.6-2.0, MV/SV 1.5-1.8, PMV/SV 0.9-1.05.

Metasoma with T2-T5 reticulate dorsally, remainder of metasoma

imbricate.

80 Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

MALE. Length 0.8-1.35. Color as in female except: frons with two white

spots bordering eye margin; face with white spot bordering clypeus; scape

brown, white ventrobasally, remainder of antenna brown; metasoma brown

dorsally except median spot on T5 and T6 orange to pink or white, orange to

pink or white ventrally. Frons with transverse furrow halfway between the

torulus and the median ocellus. F1-F4 with long rami, which decrease

slightly in length distally. F1-F5 increasing in length distally, F6 noticeably

shorter than F5.

DISTRIBUTION. USA: Arizona, New Mexico, Texas; MEXICO: Sonora.

BIOLOGY AND HOSTS. Collected sweeping Acacia constricta (Fabaceae;

Mimosoidea) (voucher specimen of plant in UCR Herbarium, #27358).

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype ¢, USA, Arizona, Cochise Co., 1.0 mi.

E. Portal, 4700', 31.vii.1982, G.A.P. Gibson, sweeping flowering Acacia

constricta (USNM, point).

449,41 paratypes. USA, Arizona: as holotype (49, CNC); Cochise Co.,

1 mi. NE Portal, 14.1x.1978, J. LaSalle, on Acacia constricta (19,70, UCR);

Cochise Co., 1 mi. NE Portal, 28.viii.1979, C.W. Melton & J. LaSalle, on

Acacia constricta (19,60, USNM); Cochise Co., 1 mi. NE Portal,

25.viii.1982, J. LaSalle, on Acacia constricta (69,90, USNM. 10°: BMNH,

LAS, AEI, MLP, TAMU, ANIC, QMB, PPRI, ZIL); Cochise Co., Portal,

Southwest Research Station, 26.v.1981, M.E. Schauff (19, USNM); Cochise

Co., 5.7 mi. E. Portal, 12.1x.1978, J. LaSalle (49,20°, UCR. 19: BMNH, LAS,

AEI, MLP, TAMU, ANIC, QMB, PPRI, ZIL); Cochise Co., 2.7 mi. E.

Paradise, 12.1x.1978, J. LaSalle (20°, UCR); Cochise Co., 7.5 mi. E. Douglas,

15.ix.1978, J. LaSalle (19,10°, BMNH);Pima Co., 4 mi. S. Robles Junction,

26.viii.1979, C.W. Melton & J. LaSalle (19,3c°, UCR); Pima Co., Brawley

Wash, Mile Wide Rd., 1.5 mi. E. Sandaro Blvd., 2500’, 3.viii.1982, G.A.P.

Gibson, sweeping Baccharis glutinosa [Asteraceae] (19,10, CNC); Arizona

[other locality infromation not given], vii.1969, G.M. Forister, Acacia

constricta (19, USNM). USA, New Mexico: Luna Co., 0.5 mi. S. Columbus,

13.1x.1978, J. LaSalle (19, UCR). USA, Texas: Culberson Co., 3.6 mi.S. Pine

Springs, old Guadalupe Pass Rd., nr. Guadalupe Springs, 5200', 20-

22.vii.1982, G.A.P. Gibson, sweeping flowering Acacia constricta (89,20,

CNC); Brewster Co., Big Bend National Park, Glenn Springs Rd., 0.5 mi.

in, 3000', 23.vi.1982, G.A.P. Gibson (19, CNC); Brewster Co., Big Bend

National Park, Grapevine Hills Campground, 3300', 12.vii.1982, G.A.P.

Gibson (19, CNC); Brewster Co., Big Bend National Park, Oak Cyn.-

Window Trail, 5400’, 24-27.vi.1982, G.A.P. Gibson (29, CNC); MEXICO,

Sonora: 40 km. N. Carbo, 22.vi.1981, J. LaSalle, on Acacia constricta

(voucher specimen of plant in UCR Herbarium, #24557) (19, LAS).

ETYMOLOGY. From Sonora; referring to the Sonoran desert distribution.

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae 8]

Tanaostigmodes mosesi LaSalle, sp. n.

Figure 69.

DIAGNOSIS. Females of 7. mosesi are distinguished from other species of

Tanaostigmodes by the following characters: scape 4.6-5.35 times longer

than wide, without ventral expansion (fig.69); interantennal projection

present, small; notauli complete; Fl wider than long, noticeably shorter

(about half the length) than F2 (fig.69); scutellum reticulate; marginal

fringe not extending to apex of forewing; tegula entirely black; basal cell

with less than 20 setae.

FEMALE. Length 1.55-2.15 mm. Head black. Frons with small yellow to

orange spot on eye margin dorsal to ventral margin of eye. Clypeus may

have small orange to yellow spot medially, face may have small orange to

yellow spot bordering clypeus. Scape, pedicel, anelli, F1-F2 black; F3 black,

white anterodorsally; F4-club white, F4 may have black base. Mesosoma

black, prepectus with white spot dorsally. Fore coxa black, middle and hind

coxae black dorsally, orange to yellow ventrally. Legs with variable brown to

black and yellow to white markings. Tarsi yellow to light brown. Metasoma

orange, T2-T5 with transverse brown markings (sometimes entire dorsum

of tergum brown), T6 may have medial brown mark. First metasomal

segment with lateral, longitudinal, brown stripe. Pygostyle and apex of

ovipositor sheaths brown.

Head 1.2-1.3 times wider than high. Lateral ocellus nearer to eye

margin than to median ocellus (OOL/LOL 0.45-0.6). Scrobal impression

glabrate. Interantennal projection small, with slight but noticeable

longitudinal medial ridge. Subocular sulcus present, complete, but faint

and hard to see. Vertex around ocelli reticulate to elongate reticulate, rest

of head elongate reticulate to imbricate.

Antenna (fig.69) with scape 4.6-5.35 times longer than wide. Pedicel

1.4-2.0 times longer than wide. Al shorter, narrower than A2. F1 wider

than long, noticeably shorter (about half the length) than F2. F2 longer

than wide, as long as or longer than F3. F3-F6 decreasing in length

distally, F6 subquadrate. Club 1.9-2.35 times longer than wide.

Mesosoma dorsally reticulate. Propodeum lightly sculptured, glabrate

to imbricate medially, imbricate to reticulate laterally. Mesopleuron

elongate reticulate to imbricate. Sternopleural suture not reaching

anterior margin of mesopleuron. Mesopleural suture very faint, barely

indicated.

Wings hyaline, veins light brown. Marginal fringe not reaching apex

of wing. Basal cell with 10-18 setae. CC/MV 2.0-2.2, MV/PMV 1.9-2.25,

MV/SV 1.6-1.8, PMV/SV 0.8-0.9.

Metasoma with T2-T4 reticulate dorsally, remainder of metasoma

imbricate.

MALE. Length 1.4 mm. Color as in female except: frons with two yellow

spots bordering eye margin; scape brown with longitudinal white to yellow

stripe ventrally; pedicel brown, yellow apically; funicular segments dusky

to brown; club yellow, dusky basally; metasoma brown dorsally, pink to

82 Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

orange ventrally. Frons with transverse furrow extending from eye

margin to scrobal impression at level halfway between torulus and median

ocellus. F1-F4 with long rami, rami decreasing slightly in length distally.

F1-F5 increasing in length distally, F6 noticeably shorter than F5.

DISTRIBUTION. USA: Arizona, Texas.

BIOLOGY AND HOSTS. Collected sweeping Acacia constricta (Fabaceae;

Mimosoidea) (voucher specimen of plant in UCR Herbarium, #27358).

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype ¢, USA, Arizona, Cochise Co., 1 mi. NE

Portal, 25.viii.1982, J. LaSalle (USNM, point).

209,1¢ paratypes. USA, Arizona: as holotype (49, USNM; 19, LAS);

Cochise Co., 1.0 mi. E. Portal, 4700’, 31.vii.1982, G. A. P. Gibson, sweeping

flowering Acacia constricta (89, CNC. 19: BMNH, AEI, MLP, TAMU);

Cochise Co., 1 mi. NE Portal, 28.viii.1979, C.W. Melton (19, LAS); Cochise

Co., 5.7 mi E. Portal, 12.1x.1978, J. LaSalle (29, UCR); Pima Co., 4 mi. S.

Robles Junction, 26.viii.l979, J. LaSalle (1o, USNM). USA, Texas:

Culberson Co., 3.6 mi. S. Pine Springs, old Guadalupe Pass Rd., nr.

Guadalupe Springs, 5200', 20-22.vii.1982, G.A.P. Gibson, sweeping

flowering Acacia constricta (49, CNC); Brewster Co., Big Bend National

Aa 12.5 mi. SE Panther Jct., 2500', 23-26.vi.1982, G.A.P. Gibson (19,

ETYMOLOGY. Named in memory of a good friend.

Tanaostigmodes tychii Ashmead

Figures 73,173.

Tanaostigmodes tychii Ashmead, 1896:19. Holotype 9, USA, California,

San Bernardino (USNM, #3469) [examined].

DIAGNOSIS. Females of T. tychii are distinguished from other species of

Tanaostigmodes by the following characters: scape 2.75-2.95 times longer

than wide, with flattened ventral expansion (fig.73); interantennal

projection present, small; notauli complete; scutellum reticulate; Fl as

long as or longer than F2 (fig.73); marginal fringe not extending to apex of

forewing; head and body brown; subocular sulcus present; ventral

expansion of scape uniformly rounded, widest medially (fig.73).

FEMALE. Length 2.1-2.9 mm. Head brown to dark brown. Face may have

light brown to yellow markings ventral to toruli and bordering oral fossa.

Gena may have light brown to yellow markings ventral to eye margin and

bordering oral fossa. Scape light brown to brown; pedicel through F6

brown; club light yellow to white, may be dusky basally. Dorsum of

mesosoma black, remainder of mesosoma brown to dark brown or black.

Prepectus and mesopleuron usually with light brown to yellow markings

anterodorsally. Tegula light brown to dark brown. Mesosternum with

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae 83

light brown to yellow markings posteriorly. Legs brown, tibiae and femora

with light to yellow markings basally and apically. Tarsi light brown to

yellow or white. Metasoma brown to dark brown. Metasomal terga with

transverse orange markings anteriorly, but due to telescoping of

metasomal segments these markings are only seen in specimens with

extremely distended metasomas. Ovipositor sheaths light brown to yellow.

Head 1.25-1.35 times wider than high. Lateral ocellus usually slightly

closer to median ocellus than to eye margin (OOL/LOL 1.0-1.15). Scrobal

impression reticulate. Interantennal projection small, may have sharp

median carina dorsally. Subocular sulcus present, complete. Frons and

face reticulate; occiput and gena reticulate to imbricate.

Antenna (fig.73) with scape 2.75-2.95 times longer than wide, with

flattened ventral expansion. Pedicel 1.1-1.4 times longer than wide. Al

shorter and narrower than A2. F1 longer than wide; funicular segments

decreasing in length distally; F6 slightly wider than long. Club 1.75-2.55

times longer than wide.

Mesosoma dorsally reticulate. Propodeum reticulate. Mesopleuron

reticulate. Sternopleural suture not reaching anterior margin of

mesopleuron, faintly connected to mesopleural suture.

Wings hyaline, veins light brown to yellow. Marginal fringe not

reaching apex of wing. Basal cell with 17-28 setae. CC/MV 2.65-3.1,

MV/PMV 1.55-1.9, MV/SV 1.25-1.45, PMV/SV 0.7-0.9.

Metasoma reticulate dorsally; reticulate to imbricate ventrally.

MALE. Unknown.

DISTRIBUTION. USA: California, Arizona; MEXICO: Baja California.

BIOLOGY AND HOSTS. From galls on Acacia greggii (Fabaceae;

Mimosoidea). The gall formed is a thin, oval, non-detachable stem gall

(fig.173), 3-7 mm in width, 6-10 mm in length. Several galls can be present

very close to one another causing a larger swelling. This type of gall is

pictured in Felt (1940: plate 2(1), p.49). In the caption he erroneously lists

this gall as being formed by Tanaostigmodes howardii on Mimosa

biuncifera, however in the text (p. 272-3) he correctly lists the plant as

Acacia greggil. Tanaostigmodes howardii does not form this type of gall;

and this picture depicts a gall formed by either T. tychii or T. tescus.

The host record for the holotype (a parasite of a curculionid on lupine)

is almost certainly erroneous. Records from Mimosa or Prosopis (Fabaceae;

Mimosoidea) may also be in error.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype ?, USA, California, San Bernardino,

D.W. Coquillet (USNM, point).

Non-type material. USA, California: San Bernardino Co., May (19,

USNM); Riverside Co., Andreas Canyon, 19.iv.1979, G. Gordh, reared from

Acacia greggii galls (49, UCR. 19: BMNH, CNC, LAS); Riverside Co.,

Cabazon, 9.iv.1971, D. Hendrickson & R. Gill (39, CDAS). USA, Arizona:

Pima Co., Tucson, 1935, L.H. Weld, galls on Mimosa (29, USNM); Pima

Co., Tucson, gall on Acacia greggii (69, USNM). MEXICO, Baja California:

84 Conirib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

8 km. N., 2 km. W. Catavina, 4-5.iv.1981, J. LaSalle, reared from gall on

Acacia greggii (19, UCR).

Tanaostigmodes koebelei LaSalle, sp. n.

Figure 74.

DIAGNOSIS. Females of T. Roebelei are distinguished from other species of

Tanaostigmodes by the following characters: scape 2.85-3.05 times longer

than wide, with flattened ventral expansion apically (fig.74); interantennal

projection present; notauli complete; scutellum reticulate; Fl as long as or

longer than F2 (fig.74); marginal fringe extending to apex of forewing; head

and body brown; subocular sulcus absent; ventral expansion of scape not

uniformly rounded, widest in apical half (fig.74).

FEMALE. Length 2.8-3.1 mm. Head and body dark brown to black, except

scrobal impression yellow laterally. Scape yellow with translucent ventral

expansion apically, remainder of antenna brown to dark brown. Coxae

apically, trochanters and femora basally light brown to yellow; femora

mainly brown; knees, tibiae and tarsi light brown to yellow; tibiae may

appear orange. Ovipositor sheaths light brown to yellow, dark apically.

Head 1.15-1.3 times wider than high. Placement of ocelli variable

(OOL/LOL 0.9-1.5). Scrobal impression reticulate to imbricate with strong,

dorsally pointed interantennal projection. Subocular sulcus absent. Frons,

face, and vertex reticulate to imbricate, with scattered, small, setiferous

punctures; remainder of head imbricate.

Antenna (fig.74) with scape 2.85-3.05 times longer than wide, with

flattened ventral expansion apically. Pedicel 1.4-1.7 times longer than

wide. Al subequal in length and width to A2. F1 longer than wide; F2

slightly longer than F1; funicular segments decreasing slightly in length

distal to F2; F6 subequal in length and width. Club 1.85 times longer than

wide.

Mesosoma dorsally reticulate. Propodeum imbricate to reticulate.

Mesopleuron reticulate dorsally and anteriorly, reticulate to imbricate or

glabrate posteriorly and ventrally. Sternopleural suture not reaching

anterior margin of mesopleuron, connected to very faint mesopleural

suture.

Wings hyaline, veins brown. Forewing with marginal fringe

extending to apex of wing. Basal cell with 40-45 setae CC/MV 2.45-2.6,

MV/PMV 1.55-1.75, MV/SV 1.5-1.6, PMV/SV 0.9-1.0.

Metasoma reticulate to imbricate, T2 glabrate basally.

MALE. Unknown. 1

DISTRIBUTION. MEXICO: Morelos.

BIOLOGY AND HOSTS. Unknown.

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae 85

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype ?, MEXICO, Morelos, A. Koebele

(USNM, point).

1? paratype. As holotype (19, UCB).

ETYMOLOGY. Named for the collector, Albert Koebele.

Tanaostigmodes tetartus Crawford

Tanaostigmodes tetartus Crawford, 1911:443. Lectotype 9 (present

designation), WINDWARD ISLANDS, West Indies, Barbados (USNM,

#13661) [examined].

Tanaostigmodes americanus Girault, 1913:67 (as Taneostigmodes

americana). Syntypes, PARAGUAY, San Bernardino (29, ZHMB) [19

examined]. Syn. n.

DIAGNOSIS. Females of 7. tetartus are distinguished from other species of

Tanaostigmodes by the following characters: scape 2.8-3.1 times longer

than wide, with flattened ventral expansion; interantennal projection

present, small; notauli complete; scutellum reticulate; Fl as long as or

longer than F2; head and body lemon yellow; marginal fringe extending to

apex of forewing; subocular sulcus absent; ventral expansion of scape

uniformly rounded, widest medially.

FEMALE. Length 1.55-2.3 mm. Head and body yellow. Dark spots may be

present adjacent to each ocellus, and at dorsal edge of scrobal impression.

Funicle may be dusky, dorsum of metasoma with large, medial dusky area.

Head 1.15-1.25 times wider than high. Lateral ocellus nearer to eye

margin than to median ocellus (OOL/LOL 0.5-0.55). Scrobal impression

reticulate. Interantennal projection small, with sharp median carina

dorsally. Subocular sulcus absent. Frons and face reticulate, occiput and

gena reticulate to imbricate.

Antenna with scape 2.8-3.1 times longer than wide, with flattened

ventral expansion. Pedicel 1.3-1.6 times longer than wide. Funicular

segments subquadrate. Club 1.65-2.0 times longer than wide.

Mesosoma dorsally reticulate. Notauli complete, although they may

appear to be incomplete as they are darkened anteriorly and not posteriorly

and they are more shallow and harder to see posteriorly than anteriorly.

Propodeum reticulate. Mesopleuron reticulate. Sternopleural suture not

reaching anterior margin of mesopleuron, not connected to mesopleural

suture.

Wings hyaline, veins light brown. Marginal fringe extending to apex of

wing. Basal cell with 15-23 setae. CC/MV 2.05-2.35, MV/PMV 1.65-1.9,

MV/SV 1.45-1.55, PMV/SV 0.8-0.95. |

Metasoma reticulate dorsally, reticulate to imbricate ventrally.

MALE. Unknown.

DISTRIBUTION. WINDWARD ISLANDS: Barbados; PARAGUAY.

86 Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

BIOLOGY AND HOSTS. Unknown. The T. tetartus type series is labeled as

being collected "on Hibiscus", however this record should be considered

doubtful without further records.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Lectotype 9? (Tanaostigmodes tetartus),

WINDWARD ISLANDS, Barbados, [West Indies], 25.v.1909, H.A. Ballou,

on Hibiscus (USNM, point).

Paralectotypes (Tanaostigmodes tetartus). As lectotype (2?, USNM).

Crawford states that this species was described from 4 specimens, but there

are only 3 in the USNM.

Syntype @ (Tanaostigmodes americanus). PARAGUAY, San

Bernardino, K. Fiebrig (ZMHB). A second ? syntype in ZMHB was not

examined. A lectotype is not designated as the examined specimen is in

poor condition.

COERULEUS Group

Females of the Coeruleus Group are distinguished from other

Tanaostigmodes by the following combination of characters: head and body

with predominantly metallic coloration; A2 large, quadrate, almost as long

as wide (fig.76) (a character unique to this group); scape 5.25-6.0 times

longer than wide, without ventral expansion; notauli complete; marginal

fringe not reaching apex of forewing; scutellum longitudinally elongate

reticulate.

This group contains the single species, 7. coeruleus.

Tanaostigmodes coeruleus (Kieffer & Jorgensen), comb. n.

Figures 76,174.

Dendrosema coeruleum Kieffer & Jérgensen, 1910:420. Type material (90),

ARGENTINA [lost].

DIAGNOSIS. Females of 7. coerueleus are distinguished from other

species of Tanaostigmodes by the following characters: head and body dark

metallic blue to blue green except dorsum of metasoma and ovipositor

sheaths yellow to dusky yellow; A2 large, quadrate, almost as long as wide

(fig.76); scape 5.25-6.0 times longer than wide, without ventral expansion;

notauli complete; marginal fringe not reaching apex of forewing;

scutellum longitudinally elongate reticulate.

FEMALE. Length 1.95-2.75 mm. Head and body dark metallic blue to blue

green, except dorsum of metasoma and ovipositor sheaths yellow to dusky

yellow. Scape through F1 black to dark metallic blue, except pedicel

apically and sometimes F1 apically yellow to light brown; F2-club light

yellow to white. Legs dark metallic blue with some small light brown to

yellow markings. Tarsi light brown to brown.

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae 87

Head 1.2-1.4 times wider than high. Lateral ocellus nearer to eye

margin than to median ocellus (OOL/LOL 0.6-0.85). Scrobal impression

reticulate, glabrate laterally. Interantennal projection prominent, pointed

dorsally. Subocular sulcus present, incomplete. Frons and face reticulate;

remainder of head elongate reticulate to imbricate.

Antenna (fig.76) with scape 5.25-6.0 times longer than wide. Pedicel

1.4-1.7 times longer than wide. A2 large, almost as long as wide, about

twice as long as Al. F1 longer than wide, shorter than F2; F2 longest

funicular segment; F3-F6 decreasing in length distally, F5 and F6 about

equal in length and width. Club 1.6-2.15 times longer than wide.

Mesosoma with mesoscutum imbricate to reticulate; scutellum

reticulate, the cells longitudinally elongate. Propodeum lightly imbricate.

Mesopleuron finely reticulate to elongate reticulate dorsally, imbricate to

strigulate ventrally. Sternopleural suture not reaching anterior margin of

mesopleuron, not connected to mesopleural suture.

Wing hyaline, veins light brown to yellow. Marginal fringe not

reaching apex of wing. Basal cell with 24-46 setae; these setae light yellow

to white and difficult to see. CC/MV 1.95-2.4, MV/PMV 1.85-2.2, MV/SV

1.75-2.2, PMV/SV 0.8-1.05.

Metasoma reticulate dorsally, reticulate to imbricate ventrally.

MALE. Length 1.7-2.15 mm. Color similar to female except dorsum of

metasoma brown with slight metallic tinge; metasomal terga with

transverse yellow to orange markings anteriorly, but due to telescoping of

metasomal segments these markings only seen in specimens with

metasoma distended. Funicular segments dusky to brown, F2-F6 white to

light yellow dorsally. Club white to light yellow. Scape with small flattened

ventral expansion, 2.5-2.85 times longer than wide. F1-F5 with long rami.

R1-R3 subequal in length, R4 and R5 progressively shorter; R5 about half

the length of F5. F6 dorsally pointed apically. F1-F4 increasing in length

distally; F5 subequal in length to F4; F6 noticeably shorter than F5.

DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: Cordoba, Catamarca, Tucuman, Santa

Fe; PARAGUAY.

BIOLOGY AND HOSTS. From galls on Prosopis alba, P. alpataco, P.

chilensis, and P. nigra (Fabaceae; Mimosoidea). Galls are globose, multi-

chambered, 10-25 mm in diameter, attached laterally to the stem (fig.174).

The original description records this species as a parasite of

Eschaterocerus niger (Hymenoptera; Cynipidae). T. coeruleus reared from

Prosopis alba and P. nigra by A. Teran in Tucuman, Argentina were sent

to me with all the Hymenoptera that issued from these galls, including

many specimens of a species of Eschaterocerus (far more than the number

of T. coeruleus that emerged). Weld (1952) lists Eschaterocerus as a gall

former and not an inquiline, and the association between this cynipid and

T. coeruleus remains unknown.

88 Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Type material not examined, probably lost.

Non-type material. ARGENTINA, Cordoba: W.M. Davis, from gall on

algarobo (329,230, MCZ); Rt. 9, K851, S. of Ville de Maria, 6.x11.1967 (19,

USNM); ARGENTINA, Catamarca: Andalgala, 27.xi.1971, gall on Prosopis

chilensis (19,10, USNM); ARGENTINA, Tucuman: Ticucho, 11-1-81, A.

Teran, reared from galls on Prosopis nigra (49,30, IML. 19: TAMU,

ANIC, QMB, PPRI, ZIL); Ticucho, 11-1-81, A. Teran, reared from galls on

Prosopis alba (19,1¢°: IML, CNC, LAS, UCR, AEI); ARGENTINA, Santa

Fe: Santa Fe,.xi.1969, Pasqualini, gall on algarrobo (19, 1c&%, MLP).

PARAGDAY: Chaco, Nanawa, 30.x.1926, A. Pride (19, BMNH).

COMMENTS. Type material for this species was not examined (see

discussion of Kieffer & Jérgensen's type material under Unplaced Species

of New World Tanaostigmatidae). However, this name could be assigned to

the material examined with confidence due to the distinct color pattern

(found in no other tanaostigmatid), particularly as some of this material

was reared from the same host as that given in the original description.

TRICOLOR Group

Females of the Tricolor Group are distinguished from other

Tanaostigmodes by the following combination of characters: head and body

with metallic coloration; scape 2.9-3.35 times longer than wide; marginal

fringe extending past apex of forewing to postmarginal vein; scutellum

reticulate; head distinctly wider than high, marginal vein less than twice

as long as either postmarginal or stigmal vein.

This group contains the single species, 7. tricolor.

Tanaostigmodes tricolor LaSalle, sp. n.

DIAGNOSIS. Females of T. tricolor are distinguished from other species of

Tanaostigmodes by the following characters: head and mesosoma metallic

green to black with metallic shine; scape 2.9-3.35 times longer than wide;

marginal fringe extending past apex of forewing to postmarginal vein;

scutellum reticulate; head distinctly wider than high, marginal vein less

than twice as long as either postmarginal or stigmal vein.

FEMALE. Length 1.0-1.8 mm. Head from dark metallic green to black with

metallic tinge. Scape brown, yellow basally. Pedicel brown mesally, yellow

apically and laterally. Funicle brown; club light brown to yellow.

Mesosoma dark metallic green to black with metallic tinge except prepectus

anteriorly and ventrally, tegula, and dorsoapical spot on mesopleuron light

brown to yellow. Coxae and legs yellow except hind coxa darkened dorsally.

Metasoma yellow, with lateral, longitudinal line black with metallic tinge;

dorsum of metasoma slightly darkened.

Head 1.1-1.3 times wider than high. Lateral ocellus nearer to eye

margin than to median ocellus (OOL/LOL 0.6-0.8). Scrobal impression

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae 89

glabrate. Interantennal projection present, pointed dorsally. Subocular

sulcus present, complete, although faint and difficult to see ventrally. Face

and frons ventrally reticulate; frons dorsally, vertex, occiput, and gena

imbricate.

Antenna with scape 2.9-3.35 times longer than wide. Pedicel 1.35-1.7

times longer than wide. Al and A2 subequal in length and width. Fl

longer than wide; funicular segments decreasing slightly in length

distally; F6 subequal in length and width. Club 2.1-2.3 times longer than

wide. |

Mesosoma dorsally reticulate. Propodeum lightly sculptured,

reticulate to imbricate. Mesopleuron finely reticulate to elongate reticulate

or strigulate dorsally, glabrate ventrally. Sternopleural suture not reaching

anterior margin of mesopleuron, not connected to faint mesopleural

suture.

Wings hyaline, veins light brown to yellow. Forewing with marginal

fringe extending to postmarginal vein. Basal cell with 39-46 setae. CC/MV

1.7-2.05, MV/PMV 1.3-1.5, MV/SV 1.6-1.9, PMV/SV 1.05-1.25.

Metasoma reticulate to imbricate.

MALE. Length 1.05-1.5 mm. Coloration as in female except scape yellow

except for brown spot apically; funicle and club concolorous, brown to light

brown. Funicular segments subequal in length. F1-F5 with dorsal

projections; projection tallest on F2 and F3, decreasing in height distally.

DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: Cordoba.

BIOLOGY AND HOSTS. Label data states from prickly algarobo. The name

algarobo probably refers to some species of Prosopis (Fabaceae;

Mimosoidea).

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype 9, ARGENTINA, Cordoba, W.M. Davis,

prickly algorobo (MCZ, point).

649, 17o¢ paratypes. As holotype (459,10c¢°, MCZ. 29,10: USNM,

BMNH, CNC, LAS, UCR, AEI, MLP. 19: TAMU, ANIC, QMB, PPRI, ZIL).

ETYMOLOGY. From the Latin tri-, meaning three, and color; referring to

the predominantly green, black and yellow coloration.

VIRIDIS Group

Females of the Viridis Group are distinguished from other

Tanaostigmodes by the following combination of characters: head and body

with metallic green to blue coloration; marginal vein long in relation to

postmarginal and stigmal veins, over 2.5 times as long as either vein

(fig.147); head nearly circular in frontal view, about equal in width and

height (fig.44); scape 3.0-3.3 times longer than wide; marginal fringe not

reaching apex of forewing.

This group contains the single species, 7. viridis.

90 Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

Tanaostigmodes viridis LaSalle, sp. n.

Figures 44,147.

DIAGNOSIS. Females of T. viridis are distinguished from other species of

Tanaostigmodes by the following characters: head and body metallic green

to blue; marginal vein long in relation to postmarginal and stigmal veins,

over 2.5 times as long as either vein (fig.147); head nearly circular in frontal

view, about equal in width and height (fig.44); scape 3.0-3.3 times longer

than wide; marginal fringe not reaching apex of forewing.

FEMALE. Length 1.25-1.7 mm. Vertex and frons dorsally dark metallic

green to blue; frons ventrally and face bright metallic green. Antenna

brown with slight metallic tinge, except scape basally and club light yellow

to white. Mesosoma and metasoma deep metallic green to blue. Fore and

middle legs generally yellow; femora and tibiae may have brown coloration

of varying size and intensity. Hind femur and hind tibia basally brown with

metallic tinge. All tarsi white to yellow or light brown.

Head (fig.44) nearly round in frontal view, 0.95-1.05 times wider than

high. Lateral ocellus nearer to eye margin than to median ocellus

(OOL/LOL 0.6-0.7). Scrobal impression glabrate. Interantennal projection

very small. Subocular sulcus represented only by a small depression at

ventral margin of eye. Head reticulate to imbricate.

Antenna with scape 3.0-3.3 times longer than wide. Pedicel 1.3-1.5

times longer than wide. Al subequal in length and width to A2. All

funicular segments subequal in length and width. Club 1.8-2.1 times

longer than wide.

Mesosoma dorsally reticulate to imbricate. Propodeum lightly

sculptured, imbricate to reticulate. Mesopleuron lightly sculptured,

reticulate to imbricate. Sternopleural suture not reaching anterior margin

of mesopleuron, connected to very faint mesopleural suture.

Wings hyaline, veins light brown. Setae on wings pale yellow to white.

Forewing with marginal fringe not reaching apex of wing. Basal cell with

12-18 setae. Postmarginal vein and stigmal vein short in relation to

marginal vein (fig.147). CC/MV 2.05-2.1, MV/PMV 2.85-3.4, MV/SV 2.8-3.1,

PMV/SV 0.8-1.1.

Metasoma reticulate.

MALE. Unknown.

DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: La Pampa.

‘BIOLOGY AND HOSTS. From galls on Prosopis strombulifera (Fabaceae;

Mimosoidea).

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype 9, ARGENTINA, La Pampa, General

Pico, 26.x1.1973, Williamson, galls on Prosopis strombulifera (MLP, point).

39 paratypes. As holotype (29, MLP; 19, USNM).

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae 91

ETYMOLOGY. The Latin viridis, meaning green; referring to the

characteristic green coloration.

Unplaced Species in the Genus Tanaostigmodes

Tanaostigmodes mayri Ashmead.

Tanaostigmodes mayri Ashmead, 1900:262. Holotype &, WINDWARD

ISLANDS, Grenada, Mount Gay Estate (BMNH, #5.1039) [examined].

FEMALE. Unknown.

MALE. Length 1.1 mm. Head yellow; occiput, vertex and scrobal

impression black. Mesosoma and metasoma yellow laterally and ventrally,

dark brown to black dorsally except metanotum yellow medially. Legs

yellow.

Head 1.15 times wider than high. Lateral ocellus nearer to eye margin

than to median ocellus (OOL/LOL 0.65). Frons with transverse furrow from

eye margin to scrobal impression at level halfway between torulus and

median ocellus. Subocular sulcus either incomplete or complete but very

faint ventrally. Head reticulate to imbricate.

Antenna with scape 3.0 times longer than wide. Pedicel 1.35 times

longer than wide. Funicular segments with short, dorsal projections

extending the length of each segment. Dorsal projections on F1-F3

subequal in height; projections on F4-F6 decreasing in height distally. Club

2.15 times longer than wide.

Mesosoma with mesoscutum reticulate; scutellum reticulate to

imbricate. Propodeum imbricate medially, callus very lightly sculptured to

glabrate. Mesopleuron lightly reticulate anteriorly, glabrate posteriorly.

Sternopleural suture not reaching anterior margin of mesopleuron, not

connected to mesopleural suture. Mesopleural suture short, only

represented dorsally.

Wings hyaline, veins light brown to yellow. Forewing with marginal

fringe extending to apex of wing. Basal cell with 13-18 setae. CC/MV 2.35,

MV/PMV 1.35, MV/SV 1.55, PMV/SV 1.15.

Metasoma reticulate to imbricate. Terga with transverse row of setae

near posterior margin.

DISTRIBUTION. WINDWARD ISLANDS: Grenada.

BIOLOGY AND HOSTS. Unknown.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype o’, WINDWARD ISLANDS, Grenada,

Mount Gay Est., (Leeward side), H.H. Smith (BMNH, point).

This species known only from the holotype.

DISCUSSION. This species cannot be placed as the female is yet unknown.

92 Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

Genus MINAPIS Bréthes

Minapis Bréthes, 1916:422. Type species Minapis nigra Bréthes, 1916, by

monotypy.

DIAGNOSIS. Females of the genus Minapis are distinguished from other

tanaostigmatids by the following characters (all of which are unique to this

genus): forewing strongly patterned, with contrasting dark brown and

hyaline areas (fig.131); propodeum long (at least 6 times as long as

diameter of spiracle), and without median carina or plicae (fig.115);

metasoma with T1 (petiole) clearly visible, T2 longer than remaining

segments combined (fig.157); scape long and slender, about 7 times as long

as wide (fig.84).

Males are recognizable because they also have the lengthened

propodeum without a median carina or plicae, and a distinctly visible

petiole. They lack patterned wings. Funicular segments have dorsal

projections.

FEMALE. Without metallic coloration or modified setae.

Head reticulate to imbricate. Interantennal projection very small to

absent. Subocular sulcus complete.

Antenna with scape long and slender, about 7 times longer than wide.

F1 longer than wide; funicular segments decreasing in length distally; F6

subequal in length and width.

Mesosoma reticulate to imbricate dorsally. Notauli complete.

Propodeum very long, length at spiracle about 6 times the diameter of

spiracle.

Forewing strongly patterned with contrasting dark brown and hyaline

areas. Stigmal vein strong, distinctly curved. Hind wing with single dark

brown spot near base of wing.

Metasoma with T1 (petiole) clearly visible, wider than long. T2 long,

longer than remaining segments combined.

_ MALE. Antenna without long rami. All funicular segments subequal in

length; with short dorsal projection. Wings hyaline. Frons without

transverse furrow.

DISCUSSION. Minapis is distinct from other tanaostigmatids due to the

several unique characters given in the generic diagnosis. A few New

World tanaostigmatids have the forewing slightly and uniformly

infuscated, but such a distinct color pattern is found only in Minapis.

Other tanaostigmatids may have the propodeum slightly to considerably

lengthened, but only Minapis has a lengthened propodeum without plicae

or a median carina. The metasomal characters, T1 (petiole) visible and T2

longer than the remaining metasomal segments combined, are unique to

Minapis. |

Minapis presently contains a single species, M. nigra Bréthes.

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae 93

Minapis nigra Bréthes

Figures 51,84,115,131,157.

Minapis nigra Bréthes, 1916:422. Lectotype 9 (present designation),

ARGENTINA, Buenos Aires (MBR) [examined].

DIAGNOSIS. Females of M. nigra are distinguished from all other

tanaostigmatids by the following characters: forewing strongly patterned,

with contrasting dark brown and hyaline areas (fig.131); propodeum long

(at least 6 times as long as diameter of spiracle), and without median

carina or plicae (fig.115); metasoma with T1 (petiole) clearly visible, T2

longer than remaining segments combined (fig.157); scape long and

slender, about 7 times as long as wide (fig.84).

FEMALE. Length 3.0-3.1 mm. [orig. descr. 2.5-3.5]. Head yellow to orange-

brown; vertex and frons dorsally brown. Scape light brown, pedicel

through F6 dark brown, club and dorsoapical spot on F6 light yellow to

white. Mesosoma brown; pronotum laterally and prepectus light brown.

Metasoma dark brown; T8 dorsally and ovipositor sheaths brown to light

brown.

Head (fig.51) 1.15-1.2 times wider than high. Lateral ocellus nearer to

median ocellus than to eye margin (OOL/LOL 1.2-1.3). Scrobal impression

reticulate. Interantennal projection very small to absent. Subocular sulcus

complete, although difficult to see as it nears oral fossa. Head reticulate to

imbricate.

Antenna (fig.84) with scape 7.0-7.25 times longer than wide. Pedicel

1.4-1.5 times longer than wide. A2 subequal in width to, about twice as long

as Al. F1-F3 longer than wide; F4-F6 decreasing slightly in length distally;

F6 subequal in length and width. Club 1.5-1.6 times longer than wide.

Mesosoma dorsally reticulate to imbricate. Propodeum (fig.115)

without median carina or plicae, lightly reticulate to imbricate, long,

length at spiracle about 6 times the diameter of spiracle. Mesopleuron

strigulate to reticulate dorsally, strigulate to glabrate ventrally.

Sternopleural suture not reaching anterior margin of mesopleuron,

connected to mesopleural suture.

Forewing (fig.131) strongly patterned, with contrasting dark brown

and hyaline areas. Hind wing hyaline with dark brown area near base of

wing. Forewing with marginal fringe extending to apex of wing. Basal cell

with 40-52 setae. CC/MV 1.95-2.1, MV/PMV 1.3-1.45, MV/SV 1.9-2.0,

PMV/SV 1.4-1.5.

Metasoma (fig.157) reticulate to imbricate. T1 (petiole) clearly visible,

wider than long. T2 long; longer than remaining segments combined.

MALE. Length 2.25-2.3 mm. Coloration as in female except T8 brown

dorsally; wings hyaline. Funicular segments equal in length, each with

dorsal projection. F1 widest, F2-F6 decreasing in width distally.

DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: Buenos Aires.

94 Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

BIOLOGY AND HOSTS. From galls on Scutia buccifolia (Rhamnaceae).

The gall is large (up to the size of a fist), spherical, multi-chambered, and

apparently laterally attached to the stem [from the original description].

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Lectotype 9, ARGENTINA, Buenos Aires,

111.1915, galls on Scutia buccifolia (MBR, slide).

Paralectotypes. As lectotype (1c, MBR;19,1¢, MLP;19,10¢, USNM).

Non-type material. ARGENTINA, Buenos Aires: Tigre, iii.1964, Behr,

from gall on Scutia buccifolia (20, MLP).

COMMENTS. The specimen designated as lectotype was so designated

because: it and the paralectotype male on the same slide are the only

specimens actually marked by Bréthes as types and are presumably the

specimens he intended to be types; and it is the only female in MBR (where

Bréthes intended his types to be). The paralectotypes in the USNM and MLP

are in better condition.

Genus TANAOSTIGMA Howard

Tanaostigma Howard, 1890:147-148. Type species Tanaostigma coursetiae

Howard, 1890, by monotypy.

_ Trichencyrtus Ashmead, 1904: 291,292,392,495. Type species Trichencyrtus

chapadae Ashmead, 1904, by original designation. Syn. n.

DIAGNOSIS. Females of the genus Tanaostigma are distinguished from

other tanaostigmatids by the following unique characters: head and body

with squamiform setae (figs.38-40,89); all funicular segments wider than

long (figs.77-79); stigmal vein slender, straight or only slightly curved, and

perpendicular or nearly so to postmarginal vein (fig.130). Unfortunately,

none of these characters are found in every species in this genus (see

discussion). In all species the scape is 1.5-2.5 times longer than wide with

flattened ventral expansion (figs.77-80), however this character is seen in

many species of Tanaostigmodes.

Males have 4-5 funicular rami (fig.6), sometimes frons with transverse

furrow halfway between torulus and median ocellus.

FEMALE. Color usually mostly black to dark brown, sometimes with

metallic tinge. Head usually with transverse white to yellow stripe on both

face and lower frons. Head and body usually with squamiform setae.

Head usually reticulate to imbricate. Scrobal impression shallow,

without well defined margin. Interantennal projection present and small

or absent. Subocular sulcus complete

Antenna with scape 1.5-2.5 times longer than wide, with flattened

ventral expansion. Funicular segments usually all wider than long; F1 or

F2 often the widest funicular segment, with funicle gradually becoming

narrower distally.

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae 95

Mesosoma dorsally usually reticulate. Notauli complete. Scutellum

often with lateral glabrate area. Propodeum variable, often with one or

more medial carina. Mesopleuron usually reticulate. Middle tibia often

with longitudinal carina on dorsal margin.

Wings hyaline, usually with slender, delicate veins. Stigmal vein

usually straight or only slightly curved, and perpendicular or nearly so to

postmarginal vein.

Metasoma usually reticulate. Posterior margin of T2-T4 usually with

medial incision. Ovipositor slightly exserted.

MALE. Antenna with 4-5 long funicular rami. Funicular segments

increasing in length distally. F6 longest funicular segment in species with

5 rami, shorter than F5 in species with 4 rami. Frons often with transverse

furrow about halfway between torulus and median ocellus.

DISCUSSION. Several characters are used to define Tanaostigma, however

none of them is found in all members. The two best characters are the

presence of white squamiform setae on the head and body (figs.38-40,89),

and the antenna with all funicular segments distinctly wider than long and

more or less laterally compressed (figs.77-79). Neither of these characters

are seen in other Tanaostigmatidae, and they are synapomorphies used to

define this genus. Unfortunately, both undergo reversals. T. glabrum and

impilum have no squamiform setae, T. slossonae has a funicle which is

cylindrical or only very slightly laterally compressed, with some of the

funicular segments only slightly wider than long or subequal in length and

width (fig.80). Other characteristics of this genus are: scape 1.5-2.5 times

longer than wide and with flattened ventral expansion (figs.77-80); all

species except stanleyi have a medial incision on the posterior margin of

T2-T3 (fig.163), and have the stigmal vein slender, straight or only slightly

curved, and perpendicular or nearly so to the postmarginal vein (fig.130);

the scutellum is reticulate with a lateral glabrate area (fig.96) in all species

except stanleyi and bennetti, which have the scutellum entirely reticulate

(fig.95), and glabrum and impilum which have the entire posterior half of

the scutellum glabrate, and the anterior half glabrate to coriaceous.

Although T. stanleyi has several striking autapomorphs, it is

considered to be the most primitive member of this genus. It possesses

squamiform setae and a flattened funicle, however it lacks two characters

found in all other members of this genus: the slender, almost straight

stigmal vein, and a medial incision on the posterior margin of T2-T3. It

also, together with bennetti (which is considered to be the next most

primitive member of the genus), lacks the lateral glabrate area on the

scutellum which is seen in most other species.

The remaining species form three groups. T. glabrum and impilum

lack squamiform setae (considered a reversal), and have the scutellum

lightly sculptured to glabrate anteriorly and completely glabrate posteriorly,

so that it is not certain whether they once had lateral glabrate areas and

lost them or they never had them. T. slossonae, gahani and plaumanni

lack squamiform setae dorsally on the pedicel, and have scattered, minute

punctures on the face (fig.40) (these characters difficult to see).

96 Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

Additionally, males of slossonae and gahani (unknown for plaumanni) are

the only Tanaostigma males without a transverse furrow on the frons at a

level halfway between the toruli and median ocellus. JT. coursetiae,

chapadae, and lobo have squamiform setae dorsally on the pedicel, and lack

minute punctures on the face.

T. albosquamatum could not be placed, as it is known only from the

description. However, the male is described as having 5 funicular rami, a

character only known in se ak and bennetti; all other Tanaostigma have

4 funicular rami.

Key to New World Species of Tanaostigma

(Based on females)

1 Squamiform white setae present on head and body (fig.38-40,89).

Scutellum reticulate, usually with lateral glabrate areas (fig.95-96).

SCHOHSHOHSHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHOE

211) Scutellum entirely glabrate. Thorax dark brown, without white

: markings.

CRE es oe ea ee glabrum, sp. n. (p.101)

2 Scutellum coriaceous anteriorly, glabrate posteriorly. Thorax dark

brown with the following white markings: transverse stripe on

posterior margin of pronotum, prepectus dorsally, tegula

anteromedially, longitudinal stripe on dorsal margin of mesopleuron

in anterior half.

Pe OR Me hs meee tere impilum, sp. n. (p.102)

3(1) Forewing with many large, dark, modified setae, giving the wing a

patterned appearance (fig.129). Pleural regions with orange to pink

markings. Posterior margin of T2-T4 without medial incision

(fig.162).

ee ea he stanleyi, sp. n. (p.97)

3 Forewing setae normal, unmodified (fig.130). Pleural regions black to

brown, at most with longitudinal white line on dorsal margin of

mesopleuron. Posterior margin of T2-T4 with medial incision

(fig.163).

4(3) Propodeum with squamiform setae present medially between

spiracles (fig.114). Scutellum without lateral glabrate area.

Enc hee ee ae bennetti, sp. n. (p.99)

4! Propodeum without squamiform setae between spiracles. Scutellum

with lateral glabrate area (fig.96).

5(4)

8(6)

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae 97

Mesopleuron with complete, longitudinal white stripe on dorsal

margin.

Mesopleuron without white stripe, or with incomplete, longitudinal

white stripe on dorsal margin which is no longer than half the

length of mesopleuron.

Frons with longitudinal white stripe bordering eye margin; occiput

with transverse white stripe posterior to ocelli.

pci .c ee, at coursetiae Howard (p.108)

Frons without white stripe bordering eye margin; occiput without

white stripe posterior to ocelli.

Body black, antenna black, hind femur black to dark brown. Hind

femur with subapical tooth ventrally (fig.158). All funicular

segments wider than long (fig.79).

vale, sal, eee Se SCS aaa gahani (Gomes) (p.104)

Body brown, antenna brown with light brown to yellow ventral

expansion of scape, hind femur light brown to yellow. Hind femur

without tooth (fig.159). Some funicular segments may be subequal in

length and width (fig.80).

Gee en a slossonae (Crawford) (p.106)

Mesopleuron with longitudinal white or yellow stripe on dorsal

margin in anterior half of sclerite. F2 distinctly wider than F6

(fig.78).

ee OP nen ee Re Se plaumanni, sp. n. (p.103)

Mesopleuron entirely black. F2 subequal in width to following

segments.

Median ocellus bordered by a small white spot. Humeral plate with

large black seta in addition to squamiform white setae (fig.121).

Metapleuron small but visible.

ES esnebd eee coe chapadae (Ashmead) (p.112)

Median ocellus not bordered by white spot. Humeral plate without

large black seta (fig.122). Metapleuron not visible.

Sts bide sieeve i on ee ue lobo, sp. n. (p.110)

Tanaostigma stanleyi LaSalle, sp. n.

Figures 28,38,95,103,108,129,162.

DIAGNOSIS. Females of T. stanleyi are distinguished from other

Tanaostigma (and all tanaostigmatids) by the following unique characters:

forewing with strong, modified setae which give wing a patterned

98 Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

appearance (figs.28,129); the striking coloration with pink, orange and

white on the pleural regions and face. Additionally, the stigmal vein is

strongly curved (fig.129); scutellum lacks laterate glabrate area (fig.95);

posterior margin of T2-T4 without medial incision (fig.162).

FEMALE. Length 1.1-1.95 mm. Head and body black with extensive pink to

orange and white markings on the head, antenna, mesosoma, legs and

metasoma.

Head (fig.38) 1.2-1.25 times wider than high. Lateral ocellus closer to

eye margin than to median ocellus (OOL/LOL 0.5-0.7). Scrobal impression

shallow, reticulate. Interantennal projection small. Subocular sulcus

complete. Head reticulate.

Antenna with scape 2.05-2.3 times longer than wide, with flattened

ventral expansion. Pedicel 1.1-1.3 times longer than wide. Al about half as

long and slightly narrower than A2. All funicular segments wider than

long, slightly laterally compressed; Fl and F2 widest, decreasing in width

to F6. Club 1.45-1.75 times longer than wide, narrower than funicle.

Mesosoma dorsally minutely reticulate, scutellum (fig.95) without

lateral glabrate area. Propodeum (fig.103) glabrate to reticulate without

median carina. Mesopleuron (fig.108) reticulate. Sternopleural suture

fused with mesopleural suture. Metapleuron easily visible. Middle tibia

without a longitudinal carina on dorsal margin.

Wings hyaline; forewing (fig.129) with patterned appearance due to

numerous large, modified, dark setae. Proximal portion of submarginal

vein, marginal vein and postmarginal vein white; submarginal vein

distally and stigmal vein brown. Stigmal vein strong, distinctly curved.

Marginal fringe absent except for a few setae on posterior margin of wing.

CC/MV 2.2-2.65, MV/PMV 1.85-2.15, MV/SV 1.45-1.6, PMV/SV 0.65-0.8.

Metasoma (fig.162) reticulate. T2-T5 with weak medial line. Posterior

margin of T2-T4 straight, without medial incision.

MALE. Length 1.0-1.3 mm. Head black with most of face pink; pink spots

on gena bordering eye near ventral margin; on frons bordering eye at level

of torulus; on frons at level of transverse furrow; adjacent to median

ocellus. Scape with pink to orange spot basally. Mesosoma black;

prepectus pink anterodorsally; tegula pink anteriorly. Coxae black, pink

ventrally; legs mottled, pink, orange, yellow, brown. Metasoma brown

dorsally, pink ventrally. No squamiform setae. Frons with transverse

furrow about equidistant between torulus and median ocellus. Antenna

with 5 funicular rami on F1-F5; rami decreasing in length distally.

Funicular segments increasing in length to F6.

DISTRIBUTION. USA: Arizona, New Mexico, Texas; MEXICO: Sonora,

Chihuahua.

BIOLOGY AND HOSTS. Collected sweeping Acacia constricta (Fabaceae;

Mimosoidea) (voucher specimen in UCR Herbarium, #27358).

Lasalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae 99

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype ¢, USA, Arizona, Cochise Co., 1 mi. NE

Portal, 28.viii.l979, C.W. Melton & J. LaSalle, sweeping Acacia constricta

(USNM, point).

1339,79c% paratypes. USA, Arizona: as holotype (99,2c, USNM);

Cochise Co., 1 mi. NE Portal, 14.ix.1978, J. LaSalle, sweeping Acacia

constricta (229,10, USNM; 69,30", LAS); Cochise Co., 5.7 mi. E. Portal,

12.i1x.1978, J. LaSalle, sweeping Acacia constricta (59,50 USNM. 29,1¢:

MLP, TAMU, ANIC, QMB, PPRI, ZIL); Cochise Co., 7.5 mi. E. Douglas,

15.1x.1978, J. LaSalle, sweeping Acacia constricta (39,40, UCR); Cochise

Co., 2.7 mi. E. Paradise, 12.ix.1978, J. LaSalle, sweeping Acacia constricta

(69,20, UCR); Cochise Co., 1.7 mi. W. Portal, 6.viii.1976, Saul & Suzy

Frommer (19, UCR); Cochise Co., Portal, 2.v.1972, on Acacia (29,607,

AMNH; 19,3c, SWRS); Cochise Co., Portal, Southwest Research Station,

26.v.1981, M.E. Schauff (19, USNM); Pima Co., 4 mi. S. Robles Junction,

26.v111.1979, C.W. Melton & J. LaSalle, sweeping Acacia constricta

(109,340, USNM); Yavapai Co., 10 mi. S. Camp Verde, 8.viii.1969, G.W.

Forister, on flowers of Acacia constricta (1¢°, USNM). USA, New Mexico:

Luna Co., 0.5 mi. S. Columbus, 13.ix.1978, J. LaSalle, sweeping Acacia

constricta (29,1¢°, UCR). USA, Texas: Culberson Co., 3.6 mi. S. Pine

Springs, Old Guadalupe Pass Rd., nr. Guadalupe Springs, 5200', 20-22 July

1982, G.A.P. Gibson, sweeping Acacia constricta (309,70, CNC); Big Bend

National Park, 19.vii.1977, L. Masner, lowland desert springs (19, CNC).

MEXICO, Sonora: 40 km. N. Carbo, 22.vi.1981, J. LaSalle, sweeping Acacia

constricta (voucher specimen of plant in UCR Herbarium, #24557) (159,20,

UCR. 39,1c%: BMNH, AEI). MEXICO, Chihuahua: 3 mi. W. Santa

Barbara, 22.vii.1967, R.C. Gardner, C.R. Kovacic & K. Lorenzen (19, UCD).

ETYMOLOGY. Named for my father, Stanley G. LaSalle.

Tanaostigma bennetti LaSalle, sp. n.

Figures 48,114.

DIAGNOSIS. Females of T. bennetti are distinguished from other

Tanaostigma by the following characters: propodeum with squamiform

setae medially between spiracles (fig.114) (a character unique to this

species); scutellum without lateral glabrate area; head more or less

triangular in frontal view (fig.48). |

FEMALE. Length 2.9 mm. Black to dark metallic blue-green with white to

light brown markings as follows: clypeus except ventral margin;

maxillary and labial palpi; prepectus anterodorsally; segments 1-2 on

middle tarsus, segments 1-3 on hind tarsus; T8 apically; ovipositor sheaths

dorsally. Squamiform white setae as follows: face, frons, gena, occiput,

dorsal margin of scape, pedicel dorsally, pronotum, mesoscutum, axilla,

scutellum, prepectus, tegula, humeral plate, one seta just lateral to middle

of metanotum, propodeum (fig.114) laterally and medially between

spiracles, mesosomal sterna, coxae, femora, T2-T8.

100 Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

Head (fig.48) 1.5 times wider than high, triangular in frontal view.

Lateral ocellus nearer to median ocellus than to eye margin (OOL/LOL

1.9). Scrobal impression shallow. Interantennal projection small.

Subocular sulcus complete. Frons reticulate; face, vertex, occiput and gena

longitudinally reticulate.

Antenna with scape 2.0 times longer than wide, with flattened ventral

expansion. All funicular segments wider than long, slightly laterally

compressed; F2 widest, segments decreasing in width to F6. Club 1.15 times

longer than wide, narrower than funicle.

Mesosoma dorsally reticulate, scutellum without lateral glabrate area.

Propodeum (fig.114) without median carina, with plicae. Mesopleuron

reticulate. Sternopleural suture not reaching anterior margin of

mesopleuron, fused with mesopleural suture. Metapleuron reduced and

sunken, barely visible. Middle tibia without a longitudinal carina on dorsal

margin.

Wings hyaline, veins light brown. Stigmal vein slightly curved, at

slightly less than right angle to postmarginal vein. Marginal fringe

extending to postmarginal vein, very short as it nears postmarginal vein.

Basal cell with 45-55 setae. CC/MV 2.2, MV/PMV 2.1, MV/SV 1.75, PMV/SV

0.85.

Metasoma short, 0.6 length of mesosoma, reticulate. T2-T5 with

medial line. Posterior margin of T3 with deep medial incision equal to about

half the length of the tergum. Posterior margin of T2, T4, and T5 with slight

medial incision.

MALE. Length 1.55-2.35 mm. Black, tarsal segments 1 to 3 or 4 on all legs

yellow to brown. Squamiform setae present as in female. Frons with

transverse furrow about equidistant between torulus and median ocellus.

Antenna with long rami on F1-F5; rami on F2-F4 subequal in length, rami

on F1 and F5 slightly shorter. Funicular segments increasing in length

distally, F6 twice as long as F5.

DISTRIBUTION. TRINIDAD. |

BIOLOGY AND HOSTS. From gall on Machaerium robinifolium

(Fabaceae; Faboidea). |

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype 9, TRINIDAD, St. Augustine, 1.i1v.1959,

F.D. Bennett, from gall on Machaerium robinifolium. (USNM, point).

20" paratypes. TRINIDAD: as holotype (1¢°, USNM); St. Augustine, St.

George, 22.vi.1976, J.S. Noyes (1c, BMNH).

ETYMOLOGY. Named for the collector of the holotype, Fred D. Bennett.

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae 101

Tanaostigma glabrum LaSalle, sp. n.

Figure 6.

DIAGNOSIS. Females of T. glabrum are distinguished from other

Tanaostigma by the following characters: head and body without

squamiform setae (a character shared only with impilum); scutellum

entirely glabrate; thorax dark brown, without white markings.

FEMALE. Length 0.95-1.25 mm. Brown to dark brown with white to light

yellow markings as follows: face with wide transverse stripe which

continues onto gena and occiput; frons with narrow transverse stripe from

eye margin to scrobal impression at level slightly dorsal to torulus,

connected to longitudinal stripe bordering scrobal impression for about half

the distance from torulus to anterior ocellus; longitudinal stripe on dorsal

part of interantennal projection; tarsal segments 1-4 on all legs; ovipositor

sheaths.

Head 1.15-1.3 times wider than high. Lateral ocellus slightly nearer to

median ocellus than to eye margin (OOL/LOL 1.1-1.15). Scrobal impression

glabrate to slightly reticulate. Interantennal projection small, pointed

apically. Subocular sulcus complete. Face elongate reticulate, frons

coriaceous to glabrate.

Antenna with scape 1.85-2.0 times longer than wide, with flattened

ventral expansion. Pedicel 1.55-1.65 times longer than wide. A1 slightly

shorter and narrower than A2. All funicular segments wider than long,

each successive segment slightly longer than preceding one. Club 1.25-1.85

times wider than long.

Mesosoma with mesoscutum transversely reticulate to coriaceous;

scutellum and axilla glabrate to coriaceous; scutellum entirely glabrate

over at least its posterior half. Propodeum lightly sculptured, without

carinae, with prespiracular prominence. Mesopleuron lightly reticulate to

glabrate. Sternopleural suture nearly reaching anterior margin of

mesopleuron. Mesopleural suture indistinct or absent. Metapleuron not

visible.

Wings hyaline, veins light brown. Forewing with stigmal vein

straight, nearly perpendicular to postmarginal vein. Marginal fringe

extending past apex of wing, sometimes as far as postmarginal vein. Basal

cell with 15-19 setae. CC/MV 2.35-2.5, MV/PMV 3.1-3.6, MV/SV 1.8-2.0,

PMV/SV 0.5-0.65.

Metasoma delicately reticulate. T2-T5 with median line. Posterior

margin of T3 with deep medial incision equal to about half the length of

tergum. Posterior margin of T2 and T4 with slight medial incision.

MALE. Length 0.8-0.95 mm. Brown, tarsal segments 1-4 on all legs yellow.

Frons with transverse furrow at lavel halfway between torulus and median

ocellus. Antenna (fig.6) with long rami on F1-F4; rami on F1-F3 about equal

in length, rami on F4 slightly shorter. Funicular segments increasing in

length to F5, F6 noticeably shorter than F5.

DISTRIBUTION. MEXICO: Tabasco, Guerrero.

102 Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

BIOLOGY AND HOSTS. Unknown. Label data for the holotype indicates

that this species is parasitic on a cecidomyiid, but this may just mean that

the specimens were reared from a gall.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype °, MEXICO, Tabasco, 2.vi.1897, par. on

cecid. (USNM, point).

29,40 paratypes. MEXICO, Tabasco: As holotype (19,40, USNM).

MEXICO, Guerrero: Amula, 6000 ft., viii.1904, H.H. Smith (19, BMNH).

ETYMOLOGY. The Latin glabrum, which can mean both hairless and

smooth; referring to the glabrate posterior half of the scutellum, and lack of

squamiform setae.

Tanaostigma impilum LaSalle, sp. n.

DIAGNOSIS. Females of 7. impilum are distinguished from other

Tanaostigma by the following characters: head and body without

squamiform setae (a character shared only with glabrum); scutellum

coriaceous anteriorly, glabrate posteriorly; thorax dark brown with the

following white markings: transverse stripe on posterior margin of

pronotum, prepectus dorsally, tegula anteromedially, longitudinal stripe

on dorsal margin of mesopleuron in anterior half.

FEMALE. Length 1.6 mm. Brown to dark brown with white to light yellow

markings as follows: face with wide transverse stripe which continues onto

gena and occiput; frons with narrow transverse stripe from eye margin to

scrobal impression at level slightly dorsal to torulus, connected to

longitudinal stripe bordering scrobal impression to median ocellus, and

very thin longitudinal stripe bordering eye margin to vertex; mark on

dorsal part of interantennal projection; small mark posterolateral of lateral

ocellus; transverse stripe along posterior margin of pronotum; prepectus

dorsally; tegula anteromedially; longitudinal stripe dorsally on

mesopleuron in anterior half only; tarsal segments 1-4 on all legs.

Head 1.25 times wider than high. Lateral ocellus about equidistant

from median ocellus and eye margin (OOL/LOL 1.0). Scrobal impression

glabrate to very lightly reticulate. Interantennal projection small, pointed

apically. Subocular sulcus complete. Face reticulate to imbricate, frons

imbricate.

Antenna with scape 1.8 times longer than wide. Pedicel 1.1 times

longer than wide. Al shorter and narrower than A2. Funicular segments

all wider than long, each successive segment slightly longer than

preceding one, F1 noticeably narrower than F2. Club 1.5 times longer than

wide.

Mesosoma with mesoscutum imbricate to coriaceous. Scutellum

coriaceous anteriorly, glabrate posteriorly. Propodeum lightly sculptured,

with small median carina and prespiracular prominence. Mesopleuron

lightly reticulate. Sternopleural suture reaching anterior margin of

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae 103

mesopleuron, not connected to small and incomplete mesopleural suture.

Metapleuron small but visible.

Wings hyaline, veins light brown. Forewing with stigmal vein

straight, nearly perpendicular to postmarginal vein. Marginal fringe

extending past apex of wing, not reaching postmarginal vein. Basal cell

with 11-13 setae. CC/MV 2.1, MV/PMV 2.1, MV/SV 1.9, PMV/SV 0.9.

Metasoma lightly reticulate. T2-T5 with median line. Posterior

margin of T3 with deep medial incision, T2 and T4 with slight medial

incision.

MALE. Unknown.

DISTRIBUTION. COSTA RICA.

BIOLOGY AND HOSTS. Unknown.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype ?, COSTA RICA, Guanacaste, 3.11.1978,

D.H. Janzen, riparian (AEI, on point).

This species known only from the holotype.

ETYMOLOGY. From the Latin im-, meaning not or without, and pilus,

meaning hair; referring to the absence of squamiform setae.

Tanaostigma plaumanni LaSalle, sp. n.

Figure 78.

DIAGNOSIS. Females of T. plaumanni are distinguished from other

Tanaostigma by the following characters: squamiform white setae present

on head and body; scutellum with lateral glabrate area; mesopleuron with

longitudinal white or yellow stripe on dorsal margin in anterior half; F2

distinctly wider than F6 (fig.78); dorsal surface of pedicel without

squamiform setae; face with scattered minute punctures.

FEMALE. Length 1.9-2.0 mm. Dark brown with yellow markings as

follows: face with wide transverse stripe which only extends from lateral

margin of clypeus about 2/3 of distance to subocular sulcus; stripe

bordering eye margin on gena from slightly lateral to genal suture to about

1/3 eye height, turning slightly medially dorsally and terminating on

occiput; frons with narrow transverse stripe from eye margin to scrobal

impression at level of dorsal margin of torulus; narrow longitudinal stripe

bordering dorsal 2/3 of scrobal impression; longitudinal stripe on

prepectus dorsally, humeral plate, anterior half of mesopleuron; tarsal

segments 1-4 on all legs (hind basitarsus dark dorsally); T8 apically;

ovipositor sheaths. Squamiform white setae on frons, dorsum of mesosoma,

T2-T7.

Head 1.2-1.35 times wider than long. Lateral ocellus nearer to median

ocellus than eye margin (OOL/LOL 1.7-1.8). Slight transverse ridge between

lateral ocelli. Scrobal impression glabrate to finely, transversely strigulate.

104 Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

Interantennal projection small, with slight median ridge. Subocular

sulcus complete. Frons and interantennal projection reticulate; face

transversely reticulate to finely strigulate with numerous minute,

setiferous punctures.

Antenna (fig.78) with scape 1.6-1.75 times longer than wide, with

flattened ventral expansion. Pedicel 0.9-1.0 times as long as wide. Al

slightly shorter and narrower than A2. All funicular segments wider than

long, slightly laterally compressed; F2 widest, segments decreasing in

width to F6. Club 1.7-1.8 times longer than wide, slightly narrower than

funicle.

Mesosoma dorsally oStiolll atay scutellum with lateral glabrate area.

Propodeum with median carina, lateral carinae between median carina

and prespiracular prominence. Mesopleuron reticulate to elongate

reticulate. Sternopleural suture not reaching anterior margin of

mesopleuron, not connected to mesopleural suture. Metapleuron small but

easily visible. Middle tibia with longitudinal carina on dorsal margin.

Wings hyaline, veins light brown. Forewing with stigmal vein

straight, nearly perpendicular to postmarginal vein. Marginal fringe

extending to apex of wing. Basal cell with 13-20 setae. CC/MV 2.05-2.35,

MV/PMV 3.0-3.75, MV/SV 2.1-2.25, PMV/SV 0.6-0.75.

Metasoma reticulate to transversely reticulate. T2-T4 with median

line. Posterior margin of T3 with deep medial incision equal to about half

the length of tergum. Posterior margin of T2 and T4 with slight medial

incision.

MALE. Unknown.

DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: Santa Catarina.

BIOLOGY AND HOSTS. Unknown.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype ¢, BRAZIL, Santa Catarina, Nova

Teutonia, 22.x.1949, F. Plaumann (BMNH, point).

39 paratypes. As holotype (29, BMNH;19, USNM).

ETYMOLOGY. Named for the collector, Fritz Plaumann.

Tanaostigma gahani (Gomes), comb. n.

Figures 79,158,175.

Trichencyrtus gahani Gomes, 1942:290-292. Holotype ?, BRAZIL [not

examined].

DIAGNOSIS. Females of T. gahani are distinguished from other

Tanaostigma by the following characters: squamiform white setae present

on head and body; scutellum with lateral glabrate area; mesopleuron with

complete longitudinal white stripe on dorsal margin; F2 not distinctly

wider than F6 (fig.79); dorsal surface of pedicel without squamiform setae;

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae 105

face with scattered minute punctures; body black, antenna black, hind

femur black to dark brown; ventral surface of hind femur with subapical

tooth (fig.158); all funicular segments wider than long.

This species may be extremely difficult to separate from T. slossonae

(see discussion section under this species).

FEMALE. Length 1.35-2.45 mm. Black to dark brown with white to yellow

markings as follows: face with wide transverse stripe which continues onto

gena for about half the height of eye then turns medially and ends on

occiput, this stripe may be partially or completely interrupted medially at

clypeus; frons with narrow transverse stripe from eye to scrobal

impression at level of dorsal margin of torulus; raised longitudinal stripe

bordering scrobal impression in dorsal half; longitudinal line on prepectus

dorsally; longitudinal line on mesopleuron dorsally; spot on tegula

anterodorsally; tarsal segments 1-4 on all legs; T8 apically; ovipositor

sheaths. Squamiform white setae as follows: frons, dorsal margin of scape,

pronotum dorsally, mesoscutum, scutellum, axilla, prepectus, humeral

plate, propodeum laterally, mesosomal sterna, coxae, femora, T2-TS8.

Head 1.25-1.35 times wider than high. Lateral ocellus much nearer to

median ocellus than eye margin (OOL/LOL 2.4-2.75). Scrobal impression

glabrate, extending to median ocellus. Interantennal projection small,

without median ridge. Subocular sulcus complete. Frons reticulate; face

elongate reticulate to finely strigulate with numerous minute, setiferous

punctures.

Antenna (fig.79) with scape 1.9-2.0 times longer than wide, with

flattened ventral expansion. Pedicel 1.2-1.25 times longer than wide. Al

slightly shorter and narrower than A2. All funicular segments wider

than long, slightly laterally compressed, of approximately equal width.

Club 1.45-1.7 times longer than wide, slightly narrower than funicle.

Mesosoma dorsally reticulate; scutellum with lateral glabrate area.

Propodeum reticulate with small median carina. Mesopleuron reticulate.

Sternopleural suture not reaching anterior margin of mesopleuron, faintly

connected to mesopleural suture. Metapleuron slightly reduced and

sunken, but still easily visible, subrectangular. Middle tibia with

longitudinal carina on dorsal margin. Hind femur with small tooth distally

on ventral margin (fig.158).

Wings hyaline, veins light brown. Forewing with stigmal vein

straight, at slightly less than a right angle to postmarginal vein. Marginal

fringe extending to apex of wing. Basal cell with 10-20 setae. CC/MV 2.1-

2.2, MV/PMV 2.2-2.4, MV/SV 2.05-2.15, PMV/SV 0.85-0.95.

Metasoma reticulate. T2-T4 with medial line. Posterior margin of T3

with deep medial incision equal to about half the length of tergum.

Posterior margin of T2 and T4 with slight medial incision.

MALE. Length 1.5-1.85 mm. Coloration and squamiform setae as in

females. Frons without transverse furrow. Antenna with long rami on F1-

F4; rami on Fl and F2 about equal in length, rami on F3 and F4

progressively shorter; rami on F2-F4 reaching apex of F5. Funicular

segments increasing in length to F5, F6 noticeably shorter than F5.

106 Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro, Bahia; COLOMBIA;

VENEZUELA.

BIOLOGY AND HOSTS. From the seeds of Cratylia moelis and Canavalia

ensiformis (Fabaceae; Faboidea), and Inga sp. (Fabaceae; Mimosoidea).

Three seeds of C. ensiformis are in the USNM associated with the 2 females

collected by P. Kinzel in Venezuela; seeds of this species are also pictured

by Gomes with the original description (1942:291). The seeds are about 15

mm. long with one to several small (2-4mm), globose galls on their

perimeter (fig.175).

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Paratypes. BRAZIL, Rio de Janeiro: Distrito

Federal [Estado do Rio], Guaratibo, 29.vii.1934, A. Silva (39, USNM);

BRAZIL, Bahia: 9.vii.1928, G. Bondar, seeds of Canavalia ensiformis

(39,20°, IOC).

Non-type material. VENEZUELA: E] Valle, 5.v.1939, P. Kinzel, galls in

seed of Canavalia ensiformis (29, USNM). COLOMBIA: Dept. Valle,

Atuncela, 10.xii.1974, R. Wilkerson, malaise trap by stream (39, FSCA. 19:

BMNH, CNC, LAS).

DISCUSSION. T. gahani and slossonae are very closely related, and may be

difficult to separate. Character states given in the key and discussion are

not always discrete, and may grade into one another. 7. gahani is known

from South America, slossonae from southern Florida and the Carribean.

It may be that differences between these species represent geographical

variation in one widespread species.

COMMENTS. Gomes stated in his original description that type material

was in the "Divisio de Defesa Sanitaria Vegetal", IOC and USNM. I have

examined paratypes from IOC and USNM, but was unable to locate and

borrow the remaining material, which presumably contained the holotype.

-Tanaostigma slossonae (Crawford), comb. n.

Figures 40,80,159.

Tanaostigmodes slossonae Crawford, 1911:442. Lectotype ? (present

designation), USA, Florida, Biscayne Bay (USNM, #13360) [examined].

DIAGNOSIS. Females of T. slossonae are distinguished from other

Tanaostigma by the following characters: squamiform white setae present

on head and body; scutellum with lateral glabrate area; mesopleuron with

complete longitudinal white stripe on dorsal margin; F2 not distinctly

wider than F6 (fig.80); dorsal surface of pedicel without squamiform setae;

face with scattered minute punctures (fig.40); body brown, antenna brown

with light brown to yellow ventral expansion of scape, hind femur light

brown to yellow; ventral surface of hind femur without subapical tooth

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae 107

(fig.159); some funicular segments may be subequal in length and width

(fig.80).

This species may be extremely dificult to separate from T. gahani (see

discussion section under that species).

FEMALE. Length 1.35-2.15 mm. Brown with light yellow markings as

follows: face with wide transverse stripe which continues on gena for over

half the height of eye; frons with narrow transverse stripe from eye to

scrobal impression at level of dorsal margin of torulus, this stripe turning

dorsally as it nears torulus and bordering scrobal impression almost to

median ocellus, stripe slightly raised where it borders scrobal impression

(these transverse bands on the face and frons may not be sharply

differentiated, rather just slightly divided by an indistinct band of darker

color); scape ventrally; dorsal line on prepectus; humeral plate dorsally;

longitudinal line dorsally on mesopleuron; tarsi; T8 apically; ovipositor

sheaths. Legs light brown to yellow. Squamiform white setae as follows:

frons, pronotum dorsally, mesoscutum, scutellum, axilla, prepectus,

humeral plate, propodeum laterally, coxae, femora, mesosomal sterna, T2-

T8.

Head (fig.40) 1.25-1.45 times wider than high. Lateral ocellus nearer to

median ocellus than eye margin (OOL/LOL 1.8-2.5). Scrobal impression

nearly glabrate, only very faintly sculptured. Interantennal projection

small, with median ridge dorsally. Subocular sulcus complete. Frons

reticulate; face elongate reticulate to finely strigulate with numerous

minute, setiferous punctures.

Antenna (fig.80) with scape 2.05-2.2 times longer than wide, with

flattened ventral expansion. Pedicel 1.0-1.1 times longer than wide. Al

slightly narrower than and about half the length of A2. Funicular

segments usually wider than long, F5-F6 may be subequal in length and

width. Club 1.8-1.95 times longer than wide, subequal in width to funicle.

Mesosoma dorsally reticulate; scutellum with lateral glabrate area.

Propodeum reticulate with median longitudinal carina. Mesopleuron

reticulate. Sternopleural suture not reaching anterior margin of

mesopleuron, faintly connected to mesopleural suture. Metapleuron

slightly reduced and sunken, but still visible. Middle tibia with longitudinal

carina on dorsal margin. Ventral margin of hind femur without tooth

(fig.159), may be slightly produced near apex, but not definitely toothed as in

T. gahani.

Wings hyaline, veins light brown. Forewing with stigmal vein

straight, at slightly less than a right angle to postmarginal vein. Marginal

fringe extending to apex of wing. Basal cell with 10-22 setae. CC/MV 2.15-

2.35, MV/PMV 1.8-2.6, MV/SV 1.7-2.05, PMV/SV 0.75-0.95.

Metasoma reticulate. T2-T4 with median line. Posterior margin of T3

with deep medial incision equal to about half the length of tergum.

Posterior margin of T2 and T4 with slight medial incision.

MALE. Length 1.1-1.8 mm. Coloration and squamiform setae as in female.

Frons without transverse furrow. Antenna with long rami on F1 to F4;

rami on F1 and F2 about equal in length; rami on F3 and F4 progressively

108 Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

shorter, reaching apex of F5. Funicular segments increasing in length to

F5, F6 noticeably shorter than F5.

DISTRIBUTION. USA: Florida; BAHAMA ISLANDS; CUBA.

BIOLOGY AND HOSTS. Reared from seeds and pods of Galactia volubilis

and G. striata (Fabaceae; Faboidea). Pods of G. volubilis infested by T.

slossonae have few or no properly formed seeds in them, rather they are

full of small (1.5-3.0 mm.) globose galls from which these wasps had

emerged.

as EXAMINED. Lectotype ?, USA, Florida, Biscayne Bay (USNM,

point).

Paralectotypes. As lectotype (29,1 o°, USNM).

Non-type material. USA, Florida: Key West, 10.v.1950, L.W. Holley (29,

20° USNM); Key West, 7.iv.1945, from seeds of Galactia volubilis (39,2¢,

USNM. 29,1¢: CNC, UCR, AEI); 1.9 mi. S. Cudjoe Key, Loggerhead Key,

15-17.11.1973, R. Thorington, J. Layne, P. Cone (19, USNM); Marathon,

21.11.1967, C.E. Stegmaier, on Galactia (19, USNM); Matecumbe Key,

15.vii.1970, C.E. Stegmaier, pods of Galactia striata (59,3¢°, USNM; 29,1¢,

BMNH); Dade Co., Hialeah, 15.vii.1972, C.E. Stegmaier, seed pods of

Galactia (69,30, USNM. 19,10¢%: FSCA, LAS, MLP, TAMU, ANIC, QMB,

PPRI, ZIL); Monroe Co., Lower Matecumbe Key, 22.i11.1977, E.E. Grissell,

Galactia volubilis (89,1¢%°, USNM, 19, LAS); Monroe Co., Key Largo,

26.11.1956, H.V. Weems, Jr., (19,20°, USNM, FSCA); Monroe Co., Key Largo

Key, North end, 21.11.1977, E.E. Grissell, Coccoloba diversifolia (19, FSCA);

Monroe Co., Upper Matacombe, 22.i11.1977, E.E. Grissell, on vine (1¢,

FSCA) BAHAMA ISLANDS: Little Harbor Cay, Berry Islands, 1.v.1953,

E.B. Hayden & L. Giovannoli (19, USNM); West End, Grand Bahama

Island, 12.v.1953, E.B. Hayden & G.B. Rabb (19, AMNH). CUBA:

Guatanamo, C.W. Metz (19, MCZ). |

DISCUSSION. T. slossonae is very closely related to gahani. See discussion

section under that species.

Tanaostigma coursetiae Howard

Figures 77,130,176.

Tanaostigma coursetiae Howard, 1890:148. Lectotype 9 (present

designation), MEXICO, Sonora, Alamos Mtns. (USNM, #1487)

[examined].

DIAGNOSIS. Females of 7. coursetiae are distinguished from other

Tanaostigma by the following characters: squamiform white setae present

on head and body; scutellum with lateral glabrate area; dorsal surface of

pedicel with squamiform setae; face without minute punctures;

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae 109

mesopleuron with complete, longitudinal white stripe on dorsal margin;

occiput with transverse white stripe posterior to ocelli.

FEMALE. Length 1.6-1.9 mm. Black to dark brown with blue to violet tinge,

and white to pale yellow markings as follows: face with wide transverse

stripe which continues onto gena and occiput; frons with narrow

transverse stripe at level of dorsal margin of torulus; scrobal impression

white except central black patch connected to very narrow longitudinal

black line projecting dorsally to median ocellus; longitudinal line on dorsal

half of interantennal projection; transverse line on vertex posterior to

ocelli; longitudinal line bordering inner eye margin; transverse line on

occiput extending from eye margin medially about halfway to center of

head; transverse line on pronotum dorsally; spot on anterodorsal margin

of prepectus; longitudinal stripe on mesopleuron dorsally; small spot on

fore tibia distally; middle tarsal segments 1-4; hind tarsal segments 3-4; T8

posteriorly; ovipositor sheaths except for thin black line ventrally.

Squamiform white setae as follows: frons, occiput dorsally, dorsal margin

of scape, pedicel dorsally, pronotum, mesoscutum, scutellum, axilla,

prepectus, tegula, humeral plate, propodeum laterally, coxae, femora,

tibiae, T2-T8.

Head 1.4-1.5 times wider than high. Lateral ocellus variable in relation

to median ocellus (OOL/LOL 0.8-1.2). Scrobal impression shallow, glabrate.

Interantennal projection small, with median ridge ventrally. Subocular

sulcus complete. Frons reticulate; face, gena and occiput elongate-

reticulate.

Antenna (fig.77) with scape 2.0-2.3 times longer than wide, with

flattened ventral expansion. Pedicel 1.1-1.25 times longer than wide. Al

about half as long, slightly narrower than A2. All funicular segments

wider than long, of about equal width, slightly laterally compressed;

segments increasing in length distally. Club 1.3-1.65 times wider than

long, about equal in width to funicle.

Mesosoma dorsally reticulate; scutellum with lateral glabrate area.

Propodeum lightly reticulate with very slight median carina. Mesopleuron

reticulate. Sternopleural suture complete to anterior margin of

mesopleuron, not connected to mesopleural suture. Metapleuron highly

reduced, barely visible. Middle tibia with longitudinal carina on dorsal

margin.

Wings hyaline, veins light brown. Forewing (fig.130) with stigmal vein

straight or only very slightly curved, nearly perpendicular to postmarginal

vein. Marginal fringe extending to apex of wing. Basal cell with 6-24

setae. CC/MV 1.95-2.3, MV/PMV 3.3-4.15, MV/SV 1.8-2.35, PMV/SV 0.5-

0.65.

Metasoma reticulate. T2-T5 with medial line. Posterior margin of T3

with deep medial incision equal to about half the length of tergum.

Posterior margin of T2,T4 and T5 with slight medial incision.

MALE. Length 1.3-1.65 mm. Black to dark brown with slight metallic blue

to purple tinge, without white markings or squamiform setae. Frons with

transverse furrow about equidistant from torulus and median ocellus.

110 Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

Antenna with long rami on F1-F4, all rami extending to apex of funicle.

Funicular segments increasing in length to F5; F6 noticeably shorter than

F5.

VARIATION. Specimens from Mexico and Costa Rica have OOL/LOL 1.1-

1.2; specimens from Puerto Rico and Dominican Republic have OOL/LOL

0.8-0.9. Mexican specimens have a longitudinal white stripe on ventral

surface of scape; all other specimens lack this stripe.

DISTRIBUTION. MEXICO: Sonora, Sinaloa, Michoacan; COSTA RICA;

PUERTO RICO; DOMINICAN REPUBLIC.

BIOLOGY AND HOSTS. From galls in ovaries of Willardia mexicana

(fig.176) (in Mexico), buds of Lonchocarpus latifolia (in Puerto Rico)

(Fabaceae; Faboidea).

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Lectotype ?, MEXICO, Sonora, Alamos Mtns.,

early 1890, E. Palmer, ovaries of Willardia mexicana (USNM, point).

Paralectotypes. As lectotype (29,9<0°, USNM).

Non-type material. MEXICO, Sonora: Alamos Mtns., E. Palmer (2c,

MCZ); MEXICO, Sinaloa: 22 km. N. Los Mochis, 23.vi.1981, J. LaSalle,

sweeping flowers of Willardia mexicana (voucher specimen of plant in

UCR Herbarium, #24556) (19, LAS); MEXICO, Michoacan: 49 mi. SE

Aquila, 13.vii.1984, J.B. Woolley (19, TAMU). COSTA RICA: Guanacaste,

Santa Rosa Park, 18.ix.1977 & 8.ii.1978, D.H. Janzen, dry hill (29, AEI).

PUERTO RICO: Dorado, 20.iv.1964, R. Woodbury, from buds of

Lonchocarpus latifolia (129,10, USNM. 19: BMNH, CNC, LAS, UCR,

AET). DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: San Jose de las Matas, 1000-2000 ft.,

vi.1938, Darl. (19, MCZ).

Tanaostigma lobo LaSalle, sp. n.

Figure 122.

DIAGNOSIS. Females of T. lobo are distinguished from other Tanaostigma

by the following characters: squamiform white setae present on head and

body; scutellum with lateral glabrate area; dorsal surface of pedicel with

squamiform setae; face without minute punctures; mesopleuron entirely

black; median ocellus not bordered by white spot; humeral plate without a

large black seta in addition to squamiform setae (fig.122); metapleuron not

visible (fig.122).

FEMALE. Length 2.05-2.15 mm. Black with white or pale yellow markings

as follows: face with wide transverse stripe; frons with narrow transverse

stripe extending from eye to scrobal impression just dorsal to torulus;

small spot adjacent to lateral ocellus; small longitudinal line dorsally on

interantennal projection; small median spot on dorsum of pronotum (some

specimens lack this spot); anterodorsal spot on prepectus; small stripe on

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae 111

dorsal edge of tegula; T8 apically. Body with squamiform white setae as

follows: frons, occiput, gena, dorsal margin of scape, pedicel dorsally,

pronotum dorsally, mesoscutum, prepectus, axilla, scutellum, propodeum

laterally, tegula, humeral plate, fore and middle sterna, coxae, femora, T2-

Head 1.45-1.6 times wider than long. Lateral ocellus closer to median

ocellus than eye margin (OOL/LOL 1.15-1.4). Weak transverse ridge

between lateral ocelli. Scrobal impression shallow, reticulate dorsally,

glabrate ventrally. Interantennal projection small, with longitudinal

median carina ventrally. Subocular sulcus complete. Frons reticulate;

face, gena and occiput elongate reticulate.

Antenna with scape 1.75-2.1 times longer than wide, with flattened

ventral expansion. Pedicel 1.15-1.3 times longer than wide. Al about half

as long, slightly narrower, than A2. All funicular segments wider than

long, slightly laterally compressed; F2 widest, segments decreasing in

width to F6. Club 1.35-1.85 times longer than wide, narrower than funicle.

Mesosoma (fig.122) dorsally reticulate; scutellum with lateral glabrate

area. Propodeum with median carina, and one to three lateral carinae

between median carina and spiracle. Mesopleuron reticulate.

Sternopleural suture complete to anterior margin of mesopleuron, not

connected to mesopleural suture. Metapleuron not visible. Middle tibia with

longitudinal carina on dorsal margin.

Wings hyaline, veins light brown. Forewing with stigmal vein

straight or slightly curved, nearly perpendicular to postmarginal vein.

Marginal fringe extending past apex of wing, sometimes as far as

postmarginal vein. Basal cell with 20-26 setae. CC/MV 1.8-1.95, MV/PMV

3.15-3.4, MV/SV 2.05-2.4, PMV/SV 0.6-0.75.

Metasoma reticulate. T2-T5 with medial line. Posterior margin of T3

with deep medial incision equal to about half of the length of tergum.

Posterior margin of T2, T4 and T5 with slight medial incision.

MALE. Length 1.15-1.55 mm. Black, may have small white to yellow spot

lateral to clypeus on oral fossa, and/or at ventral margin of eye. Usually

squamiform setae present at least on metasoma. Frons with transverse

furrow about equidistant between torulus and median ocellus. Antenna

with long rami on F1-F4, all rami extending to apex of funicle. Funicular

segments increasing in length to F5, F6 noticeably shorter than F5.

DISTRIBUTION. MEXICO: Morelos, Guerrero.

BIOLOGY AND HOSTS. Collected sweeping flowers of Aeschynomene

petraea var. madrensis, (Fabaceae; Faboidea).

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype 9, MEXICO, Morelos, 20 km. E.

Cuernavaca, Canon del Lobo, 7.vii.1981, E.M. Fisher & J. LaSalle, sweeping

Aeschynomene petraea var. madrensis (voucher specimen of plant in

UCR Herbarium, #24555) (USNM, point).

112 Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

69,9c paratypes. MEXICO, Morelos: as holotype (29,60, USNM.

19,1¢%°: BMNH, CNC, LAS). MEXICO, Guerrero: 5 mi. S., 2.5 mi. E.

Chilpancingo, 3800’, 6.viii.1962, Univ. Kans. Mex. Exp. (19, SMEK).

ETYMOLOGY. The Spanish word lobo, meaning wolf, taken from the type

locality, Canon del Lobo, Morelos, Mexico.

Tanaostigma chapadae (Ashmead), comb. n.

Figures 39,89,96,1 21,163.

Trichencyrtus chapadae Ashmead, 1904:291. Holotype ¢, BRAZIL, Mato

Grosso, Chapada (USNM, #60554) [examined].

Trichencyrtus robustus Ashmead, 1904:495. Objective synonym of T.

chapadae.

DIAGNOSIS. Females of T. chapadae are distinguished from other

Tanaostigma by the following characters: squamiform white setae present

on head and body (fig.39,89); scutellum with lateral glabrate area (fig.96);

dorsal surface of pedicel with squamiform setae; face without minute

punctures; mesopleuron entirely black; median ocellus bordered by small

white spot; humeral plate with a large black seta in addition to squamiform

setae (fig.121); metapleuron small but visible (fig.121).

FEMALE. Length 1.95-2.7 mm. Black with white to pale yellow markings as

follows: face with wide transverse stripe which continues onto gena and

occiput; frons with narrow transverse stripe extending from eye to scrobal

impression just dorsal to torulus, turning slightly dorsally at torulus and

terminating in scrobal impression; small longitudinal stripe dorsally on

interantennal projection; small spot adjacent to each ocellus; small spot on

occiput bordering hind margin of compound eye; white spot anterodorsally

on prepectus; longitudinal white stripe may be present on tegula; T8

apically; ovipositor sheaths. Terminal tarsal segment always black, other

tarsal segments variable from white to black. Squamiform white setae as

follows: face, vertex, occiput, dorsal margin of scape, pedicel dorsally,

mesoscutum, tegula, humeral plate, prepectus, axilla, scutellum,

propodeum laterally, sterna, coxae, femora, T2-T8. One large, black seta

on humeral plate.

Head (fig.39) 1.35-1.5 times wider than long. Lateral ocellus nearer to

median ocellus than eye margin (OOL/LOL 1.15-1.45). Scrobal impression

shallow, reticulate. Interantennal projection small. Subocular sulcus

complete. Face and frons reticulate, gena and occiput elongate reticulate.

Antenna with scape 1.85-2.05 times longer than wide with flattened

ventral expansion. Pedicel 1.1-1.35 times longer than wide. Al slightly

shorter and narrower than A2. All funicular segments wider than long,

slightly laterally compressed, F2 widest. Club 1.25-1.7 times wider than

long, narrower than funicle.

Mesosoma (fig.121) with mesoscutum (fig.89) and scutellum (fig.96)

reticulate, scutellum with lateral glabrate area. Propodeum without

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae 1138

median carina, with transverse carina posteriorly medial to prespiracular

prominence. Mesopleuron reticulate. Sternopleural cleft almost complete

to anterior margin of mesopleuron, faintly connected to mesopleural

suture. Metapleuron reduced but easily visible. Middle tibia with

longitudinal carina on dorsal margin.

Wings hyaline, veins light brown. Forewing with stigmal vein almost

straight, at slightly less than a right angle to postmarginal vein. Marginal

fringe extending past apex of wing, sometimes as far as postmarginal vein.

Basal cell with 20-22 setae on dorsal surface of wing. CC/MV 1.6-2.25,

MV/PMV 2.6-2.95, MV/SV 1.85-2.6, PMV/SV 1.05-1.4.

Metasoma (fig.163) reticulate. T2-T5 with medial line. Posterior

margin of T3 with deep medial incision equal to about half the length of

tergum. Posterior margin of T2 and T4 with slight medial incisions.

MALE. Length 1.3-2.15 mm. Black except small white to yellow spot on face

lateral to clypeus; tarsal segments 1 to 3 or 4 on all legs brown. Without

squamiform setae. Frons with transverse furrow about equidistant from

torulus and median ocellus. Antenna with long rami on F1-F4, all rami

extending to apex of funicle. Funicular segments increasing in length to

F5, F6 noticeably shorter than F5.

DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: Mato Grosso, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo;

ARGENTINA: Misiones; TRINIDAD.

BIOLOGY AND HOSTS. Known from galls on Machaerium sp. (Fabaceae;

Faboidea). Gomes (1942) gave a photograph of these galls. They are globose

and attached laterally to the branches by a small petiole. Each gall contains

several wasps.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype ¢, BRAZIL, Mato Grosso, Chapada,

April, H.H. Smith (USNM, point).

Non-type material. BRAZIL, Sao Paulo: Brotas, 7.viii.1932, galls on

Machaerium, (19, USNM) [referred to as homeotype by Gomes (1942)];

BRAZIL, Santa Catarina: Nova Teutonia, 300-500 m, vii & x.1972, F.

Plaumann (179,250, CNC. 19,1¢°: USNM, BMNH, LAS, UCR, AEI, MLP,

TAMU, ANIC, QMB, PPRI, ZIL). ARGENTINA, Misiones: Loreto,

30.viii.1935, A.A. Oglobin (19, MLP); TRINIDAD: St. George, St.

Augustine, 15.vii-13.viii.1976, J.S. Noyes, malaise trap (19, BMNH).

COMMENTS. T. chapadae and T. robustus (Ashmead) 1904 are objective

synonyms, being two different names given by Ashmead to the same

specimen. This specimen was described as T. robustus by Ashmead

(p.495), and that name is on a label on the specimen. However, in an

earlier part of the same work (p.291-2) he first mentioned the genus

Trichencyrtus and designated T. chapadae as the type species. There was

only one specimen involved (from Chapada) and it is obvious that both

names refer to this same specimen. 7. chapadae was given as the type

species of Trichencyrtus by Ashmead, and Gahan & Fagan (1923:147) listed

T. chapadae as type species of Trichencyrtus by original designation. For

114 Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

this reason Gomes (1942), acting as first reviser, chose T. chapadae to

have priority over T. robustus.

Unplaced Species in the Genus Tanaostigma.

Tanaostigma albosquamatum (Kieffer & Jérgensen), comb. n.

Dendrosema albosquamatum Kieffer & Jérgensen, 1910:430. Type material

(90), ARGENTINA [lost].

Material for this species was not examined.

DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA.

BIOLOGY AND HOSTS. Supposedly a parasite (more likely the gall

former) within a gall on Prosopis strombulifera (Fabaceae; Mimosoidea).

COMMENTS. I have not located type material, or other material of this

species, and the types are probably lost (see discussion of Kieffer &

Jérgensen's type material under Unplaced Species of New World

Tanaostigmatidae).

DISCUSSION. Even though I have seen no material, I am confident that

this species belongs in the genus Tanaostigma. It is described as having the

head, mesosoma, femora, tibiae and metasoma densely covered with scale-

like setae (a character unique to this genus). Additionally, body color and

shape of the antenna correspond to Tanaostigma.

It is not possible to assess relationships of albosquamatum with other

members of this genus, however it does appear distinct from any treated

here. The male antenna is described as having 5 funicular rami, a

character only seen in stanleyi and bennetti. From the description,

albosquamatum is definitely not stanleyi and most likely not bennetti; nor

does it appear to be plaumanni, the only species for which males are

pian ie Nothing more can be assumed about this species without seeing

material.

Genus TANAONEURA Howard

Tanaoneura Howard, 1897:146-147. Type species Tanaoneura ashmeadi

Howard, 1897, by monotypy.

DIAGNOSIS. Females of the genus Tanaoneura are distinguished from

other tanaostigmatids by the following combination of characters: head and

dorsum of mesosoma with large, usually shallow, setiferous punctures

(figs.36-37,49-50,90); interantennal projection present, strongly developed,

and usually extending 1/3-1/2 the distance from the torulus to the median

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae 115

ocellus (figs.36-37,50); F1-F5 and usually F6 longer than wide (figs.81-82);

dorsum of metasoma glabrate basally (at least base of T2).

FEMALE. Color usually black to dark brown with some yellow markings.

White or silver setae often present on head and/or body.

Head with large, usually shallow, setiferous punctures. Interantennal

projection present, usually well developed and extending 1/3-1/2 the

distance from the torulus to the median ocellus. Scrobal impression

usually deep, with well-defined, narrowly rounded to sharp lateral margin.

Subocular sulcus complete or incomplete.

Antenna with scape usually more than 3.5 times longer than wide;

usually with small ventral expansion apically. Funicular segments

usually all longer than wide; at least F1-F5 longer than wide, F6 may be

subequal in length and width.

Mesosoma dorsally with large, usually shallow, setiferous punctures,

although these may be difficult to distinguish in some species. Notauli

usually complete, sometimes incomplete. Propodeum variable, usually

with one or more median carinae. Mesopleuron usally strigulate to

glabrate; may have some reticulate sculpture.

Wings usually hyaline, may be faintly infumated. Stigmal vein

distinctly curved.

Metasoma dorsally glabrate at base. Posterior margin of T2-T4 may

have slight medial incision.

MALE. Antenna without rami, usually with funicular segments with

slight to distinct dorsal projection. Frons without a transverse furrow.

DISCUSSION. Tanaoneura is distinguished by a combination of

characters. None of these characters are unique to this genus, they are all

found in a few other species in the family. However, only in Tanaoneura

are they found in combination. The large, setiferous punctures are seen in

Tanaostigmodes punctus, which also has a strong interantennal

projection, however this species has several of the funicular segments

distinctly wider than long. Microprobolos titan also has large, setiferous

punctures, as well as similar antenna to Tanaoneura, however this species

lacks a strong interantennal projection, and differs in other characters

discussed below. Minute punctures are seen in many species, however

these are not easily confused with the larger punctures, and they are never

found in combination with the other characters of this genus. The large

interantennal projection and the funicle with all segments longer than

wide are each found in species of Tanaostigmodes, but never in

combination with each other and large punctures. Within Tanaoneura,

only T. aurifer and incompleta do not display all these characters in that in

these species the interantennal projection, while distinct, only extends

about 1/4 of the distance from the torulus to the median ocellus.

Tanaoneura is most closely related to Microprobolos. Both have large,

setiferous punctures, and similar antennae with all funicular segments

longer than wide. These are derived characters for these two genera, and

make them a monophyletic unit. The large punctures only appear in one

116 Contrio. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

other New World tanaostigmatid (Tanaostigmodes punctus) and that is

undoubtedly due to convergence. They are treated as separate genera

because each has a derived character not found in the other. Tanaoneura

has the large, prominent interantennal projection, and Microprobolos has

the unique propodeum (fig.116) which is somewhat lengthened with a

strong median carina and very strong plicae which meet before the

posterior margin of the propodeum. They are considered sister groups.

Within Tanaoneura the species aurifer, smicropleura and inexacta

are distinct due to unique characters: the densely setose basal cell (over 100

setae) (fig.143) and honey yellow color in aurifer; the reduced mesopleuron

(fig.117) and antennae inserted very high on the frons (fig.50) in

smicropleura; and the marginal and postmarginal veins swollen at the

junction of the stigmal vein, and short postmarginal vein (less than half the

length of the stigmal vein) (fig.148) in inexacta. In hirticoxa, matamata and

darwini the hind coxa is densely covered with silver to white setae over the

entire dorsal surface (fig.153); aurifer has the hind coxa covered with

brown setae over the entire dorsal surface, other species have the hind coxa

without setae basally (fig.154), or with only a single row. Three species,

maculiventris, flavilineata, and incompleta appear to form a related group

as they are all black to dark brown with the base of the metasoma dorsally

yellow to light brown (hirticoxa also has this character), however a non-

color character has not been found to unite these species. The remaining

two species, ashmeadi and portoricensis, are very closely related, and are

only separated from each other by the exceptionally long postmarginal vein

in ashmeadi.

Key to New World Species of Tanaoneura

(Based on females)

1 Forewing densely setose, basal cell with more than 100 setae

(fig.143). Scrobal impression shallow, without well-defined lateral

margin (fig.49). Interantennal projection extending less than 1/4

the distance from torulus to median ocellus. General color honey-

yellow to orange, with brown markings.

4s sda s Beas es Lied Aes g¥eR Gs aurifer, sp. n. (p.118)

1' Forewing not so densely setose, basal cell with less than 60 setae

(fig.144). Scrobal impression deep, with well-defined, narrowly

rounded or sharp lateral margin (figs.36-37,50). Interantennal

projection usually extending 1/3-1/2 the distance from torulus to

median ocellus. General color dark brown to black, often with

yellow markings.

2(1)

oO!

3(2)

4(3)

5(4)

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae V7

Mesopleuron reduced, distance from middle coxa to sternopleural

suture equal to half the width of mesopleuron at that point (fig.117).

Toruli inserted very high on head, distinctly closer to median

ocellus than to clypeal margin (fig.50).

Udi Santas ear tee: smicropleura, sp. n. (p.120)

Mesopleuron not so reduced, distance from middle coxa to

sternopleural suture distinctly less than 1/4 the width of

mesopleuron at that point (fig.109-110,118). Toruli closer to clypeal

margin than to vertex, or equidistant from both (figs.36-37).

SOHHSHHHHHHHEHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHOES

Hind coxa densely covered over entire dorsal surface with silver to

white setae (fig.153).

aa al eae feces cman AE, hag 4

Hind coxa without setae in basal half (fig.154), or with only a single

line of setae.

Dorsum of metasoma dark brown to black, with basal yellow spot or

transverse line.

snc UR Dis SRG ets Ged sat Bags hirticoxa, sp. n. (p.121)

Dorsum of metasoma entirely dark brown.

SOHO HSHHHHSHHHHHHHHHHHHHHOHHHHHHHHSEHHHOE

Club white, in contrast to dark funicle.

Se Ena Sati th tance sak matamata, sp. n. (p.122)

Antennal coloration not as above, either entirely brown to black or

with white to yellow funicle.

Dorsum of metasoma entirely glabrate. Ovipositor exserted about

1/4 the length of metasoma.

sha hicieinean Ta elem ae darwini, sp. n. (p.124)

Dorsum of metasoma predominantly reticulate to strigulate, only

glabrate basally on T2. Ovipositor not so exserted.

SPOHSSHSHSHHSHOSHHSHSHSHSSEOHHHOHHOHHEHHHHOHOHHES

Dorsum of metasoma dark brown to black with basal yellow to light

brown spot or transverse line.

Dorsum of metasoma dark brown to black without yellow to light

brown markings basally.

118 Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

8(7) Notauli complete. Mesopleuron with at least some reticulate

sculpture.

i De eit ae ek: flavilineata, sp. n. (p.125)

8' Notauli incomplete. Mesopleuron strigulate to glabrate, without

reticulate sculpture.

9(8) Anelli, and F1 yellow. Scutellum coriaceous (with punctures).

Maas laa: incompleta, sp. n. (p.127)

9’ Anelli and funicular segments black to dark brown. Scutellum

reticulate to imbricate (with punctures).

eA maculiventris (Gomes) (p.126)

107) Funicle white, club infumated. Forewing with marginal vein and

postmarginal vein swollen at junction of stigmal vein (fig.148).

Postmarginal vein very short, less than half the length of stigmal

vein.

Le tebe sta tewescesacsen ne inexacta, sp. n. (p.129)

10’ Funicle black to dark brown. Forewing with marginal and

postmarginal veins normal, not swollen at junction of stigmal vein.

Postmarginal vein distinctly longer than half the length of stigmal

vein.

11(10) Postmarginal vein very long, longer than marginal vein.

lee siivea dia ae ashmeadi Howard (p.130)

1)" Postmarginal vein distinctly shorter than marginal vein.

Merry eines en oe ee portoricensis (Crawford) (p.131)

Tanaoneura aurifer LaSalle, sp. n.

Figures 49,82,143.

DIAGNOSIS. Females of T. aurifer are distinguished from other

Tanaoneura by the following characters: forewing densely setose, basal cell

with more than 100 setae (fig.143) (the only Tanaoneura having this

character); speculum seperated from posterior margin of forewing by more

setae than a single row representing subcubital vein; scrobal impression

shallow, without well-defined lateral margin (fig.49); interantennal

projection extending less than 1/4 the distance from torulus to median

ocellus; head and body honey yellow to orange, with brown markings (the

only Tanaoneura having this character); hind coxa densely covered with

brown setae over entire dorsal surface.

FEMALE. Length 3.0-3.8 mm. Head yellow to honey-yellow with median

black spot slightly below toruli, and with line around subocular sulcus and

ventral margin of clypeus darkened. Scape yellow, darkened apically;

remainder of antenna dark brown to black. Mesosoma honey-yellow to

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae 119

brown dorsally, honey-yellow laterally, except propodeum laterally,

metapleuron and hind coxa dark brown. Legs yellow. Metasoma honey

yellow to orange yellow with lateral, longitudinal brown stripe. Ovipositor

sheaths, at least apically, brown.

Head (fig.49) 1.15-1.385 times wider than high. Lateral ocellus much

nearer to median ocellus than to eye margin (OOL/LOL 2.1-2.35). Scrobal

impression glabrate, shallow, lateral margin not well-defined.

Interantennal projection small, narrowly rounded apically, extending less

than 1/4 of distance from torulus to median ocellus. Subocular sulcus

extending about 1/2 the distance from eye to oral fossa. Frons and face very

finely coriaceous, with scattered, large, shallow, setiferous punctures;

these punctures with large black setae.

Antenna (fig.82) with scape 2.95-3.7 times longer than wide, with

slight ventral expansion apically. Anelli subequal in width, Al longer than

A2. Pedicel 1.1-1.4 times longer than wide. F1 longer than wide, very

slightly dorsally produced; funicular segments decreasing in length

distally; F6 subequal in length and width. Club 2.3-2.6 times longer than

wide.

Mesosoma coriaceous dorsally, with large, shallow, setiferous

punctures. Scutellum with an impressed, longitudinal, medial furrow in

anterior half. Propodeum with distinct median carina, and numerous

smaller carinae. Mesopleuron entirely glabrate. Sternopleural suture not

reaching anterior margin of mesopleuron, connected to mesopleural

suture. Entire surface of hind coxa densely covered with brown setae.

Metapleuron large, triangular.

Forewing lightly darkened, except for hyaline basal area; veins brown.

Marginal fringe extending to postmarginal vein. Marginal vein slightly

thickened at junction of stigmal vein. Forewing densely setose, basal cell

(fig.143) with more than 100 setae. Speculum separated from posterior wing

margin by more setae than a single row representing subcubital vein.

CC/MV 2.05-2.15; MV/PMV 1.35-1.55; MV/SV 1.55-1.8; PMV/SV 1.05-1.3.

Metasoma very lightly coriaceous except T2 and T3 glabrate dorsally.

A dense cluster of short setae present on T8 anterior to pygostyle, although

this cluster not always visible due to telescoping of metasomal segments in

some dried specimens. T8 densely setose in area where tergum wraps

ventrally to enclose ovipositor sheaths. Ovipositor slightly exserted.

MALE. Unknown.

DISTRIBUTION. COLOMBIA.

BIOLOGY AND HOSTS. Reared from gall on Calliandra (Fabaceae;

Mimosoidea).

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype 9, COLOMBIA, Medellin, v.1971, A.

Madrigal, gall on Calliandra (USNM, point).

99 paratypes. As holotype (69, USNM; 1¢: BMNH, CNC, LAS).

120 Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

ETYMOLOGY. The Latin aurifer, meaning gold bearing; referring to the

golden color.

Tanaoneura smicropleura LaSalle, sp. n.

Figures 50,117.

DIAGNOSIS. Females of 7. smicropleura are distinguished from other

Tanaoneura by the following characters: mesopleuron reduced in size, the

distance from middle coxa to sternopleural suture equal to half the width of

mesopleuron at that point (fig.117); toruli inserted very high on head,

distinctly closer to median ocellus than to clypeal margin (fig.50) (both of

these characters unique to this species).

FEMALE. Length 2.7-3.2 mm. Black to dark brown except scape, tegula,

femora apically, tibiae and tarsi yellow to light brown.

Head (fig.50) 1.2-1.25 times wider than high. Lateral ocellus nearer to

median ocellus than to eye margin (OOL/LOL 1.3-1.7). Scrobal impression

deep, lateral margin well-defined. Toruli placed very high on head,

distinctly nearer to median ocellus than to clypeal margin. Interantennal

projection pointed apically, extending slightly over 1/2 the distance from

toruli to median ocellus. Subocular sulcus extending about 1/2 the distance

from eye to oral fossa. Frons and face imbricate to coriaceous with large,

shallow setiferous punctures; these setae small and white. Face with

finely imbricate median stripe confluent with interantennal projection.

Antenna with scape 4.65-5.0 times longer than wide. Pedicel 1.45-1.6

times longer than wide. Al slightly longer and narrower than A2. F1

longer than wide; funicular segments decreasing in length distally; F6

subequal in length and width. Club 2.1-2.3 times longer than wide.

Mesosoma with mesoscutum imbricate-rugose; scutellum reticulate

anteriorly, imbricate posteriorly; both with large, shallow setiferous

punctures. These punctures may be difficult to distinguish. Propodeum

with median carina, plus a strong lateral carina and distinct transverse

carina posterior to spiracle. Mesopleuron strigate anteriorly, glabrate

posteriorly. Sternopleural suture not reaching anterior margin of

mesopleuron, connected to mesopleural suture. Mesopleuron reduced

(fig.117); distance from middle coxa to sternopleural suture about half of the

width of mesopleuron at that point. Dorsal surface of hind coxa sparsely

setose, bare in basal half.

Wings hyaline, veins brown. Forewing with marginal fringe

extending to postmarginal vein. Basal cell with 36-47 setae. CC/MV 3.05-

4.1, MV/PMV 0.95-1.2, MV/SV 1.0-1.35, PMV/SV 1.05-1.1.

Metasoma very lightly imbricate to coriaceous dorsally. A dense

cluster of short setae present on T8 just anterior to pygostyle, although this

cluster not always visible due to telescoping of metasomal segments in

some dried specimens.

MALE. Unknown.

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae 121

DISTRIBUTION. PERU, NICARAGUA.

BIOLOGY AND HOSTS. Recorded from galls on guava, and Inga

(Fabaceae; Mimosoidea) galls. Guava could refer to a variety of plant

species, but most likely refers to members of the genus Psidium

(Myrtaceae).

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype ?, PERU, Lima, B. Java, galls on

branches of guava (USNM, point).

29 paratypes. PERU, Eulalia (Lima), 30.xi.1961, J. Soukup, Inga galls

(19, USNM). NICARAGUA, Los Cocos, Masaya, 7.1x.1957, L.A. Osorio,

"dentro rama guaba" (19, USNM).

ETYMOLOGY. From the Greek smicros, meaning small, and pleuron;

refering to the reduced size of the mesopleuron.

Tanaoneura hirticoxa LaSalle, sp. n.

Figures 7,36,81 ,90,104,109,144,153.

DIAGNOSIS. Females of 7. hirticoxa are distinguished from other

Tanaoneura by the following characters: hind coxa densely covered with

silver to white setae over entire dorsal surface (fig.153); mesosoma with

many silver to white setae; dorsum of metasoma dark brown, with yellow

spot basally; venter of metasoma yellow.

FEMALE. Length 1.65-2.9 mm. Head and mesosoma black to dark brown,

except prepectus anterodorsally and on posterior margin, and tegula

anteriorly yellow. Scape yellow to light brown, darkened dorsally, with

small translucent ventral expansion apically. Pedicel from light brown to

yellow ventrally, brown dorsally to entirely brown; remainder of antenna

brown to black. Coxae and femora brown; femora basally and apically,

tibiae and tarsi yellow to light brown; tibiae may have dusky to brown

markings of varying size. Metasoma brown dorsally except T2 posteriorly,

T3 anteriorly, and median spot on T7 yellow; brown laterally; yellow

ventrally. Lateral brown coloration more extensive in anterior half of

metasoma. Ovipositor sheaths yellow to light brown, dark brown apically.

Head (fig.36) 1.2-1.25 times wider than high. Lateral ocellus nearer to

eye margin than to median ocellus (OOL/LOL 0.75-0.9). Scrobal impression

rugose, margins abrupt. Interantennal projection acute dorsally,

extending less than half the distance from torulus to median ocellus.

Subocular sulcus complete. Face and frons reticulate to imbricate, with

many large, shallow, setiferous punctures; the setae silver to white.

Antenna (fig.81) with scape 4.75-5.3 times longer than wide, with

small ventral expansion apically. Pedicel 1.5-1.8 times longer than wide.

Al subequal in width and slightly shorter than A2. F1-F5 longer than wide;

F6 from longer than wide to subequal in length and width. Club 1.6-2.0

times longer than wide.

122 Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

Mesosoma dorsally reticulate, with scattered silver to white setae;

these setae may be in shallow punctures on mesoscutum (fig.90). Notauli

complete. Propodeum (fig.104) glabrate medially with a few to several

longitudinal carinae; callus imbricate. Mesopleuron (fig.109) reticulate to

imbricate anterodorsally, remainder imbricate to strigulate. Sternopleural

suture not reaching anterior margin of mesopleuron, connected to

mesopleural suture. Entire dorsal and ventral surface of hind coxa densely

covered with silver to white setae (fig.153).

Wings hyaline, veins light brown to yellow. Forewing with marginal

fringe extending past apex of wing but not reaching postmarginal vein.

Basal cell (fig.144) with 10-22 setae. CC/MV 1.8-2.1, MV/PMV 1.4-1.75,

MV/SV 1.5-1.8, PMV/SV 0.95-1.1.

Metasoma imbricate; dorsal surface of T2 glabrate basally. Posterior

margin of T2-T4 with very slight medial incision.

MALE. Length 1.4-2.2 mm. Coloration as in female except pedicel brown;

metasoma dark brown to black except pleural and sternal region in

posterior half may be brown to yellow. F1-F6 with short dorsal projections

extending length of segment (fig.7). Projection on F1 tallest; projections

decreasing in height distally.

DISTRIBUTION. CANAL ZONE, MEXICO: [?]Nuevo Leon.

BIOLOGY AND HOSTS. According to label data from Inga legume

(Fabaceae; Mimosoidea).

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype ?, CANAL ZONE, Barro Colorado

Island, iv.1939, Inga legume (USNM, point).

1039,54¢ paratypes. As holotype (819,430 USNM. 29,1o%: BMNH,

CNC, LAS, UCR, AEI, MLP, TAMU, ANIC, QMB, PPRI, ZIL).

Non-type material. MEXICO, [?]Nuevo Leon: Monterrey, [Laredo

P.O.E., intercepted by agricultural inspectors], 7.ix.1960, tree seed pod

(19,1¢°, USNM).

ETYMOLOGY. From the Latin hirtus, meaning hairy, and coxa; referring

to the densely setose hind coxa.

Tanaoneura matamata LaSalle, sp. n.

Figures 37,110.

DIAGNOSIS. Females of 7. matamata are distinguished from other

Tanaoneura by the following characters: hind coxa densely covered with

silver to white setae over entire dorsal surface; mesosoma with many silver

to white setae; dorsum of metasoma entirely brown; club white, in contrast

to brown funicle.

FEMALE. Length 2.0-3.4 mm. Head dark brown to black except narrow,

longitudinal, yellow to light brown stripe bordering ventral half of inner eye

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae 123

orbit; similar stripe bordering entire outer eye orbit; face lateral to clypeus

may be lighter brown than rest of face and frons. Scape yellow to light

brown, darkened dorsally, with small, translucent ventral expansion

apically. Pedicel and anelli light brown to brown; F1-F5 dark brown; F6

brown to yellow or white; club yellow to white. Mesosoma dark brown to

black except tegula anteromedially and prepectus ventrally light brown to

white. Coxae and femora brown; femora apically, tibiae and tarsi yellow to

white; tibiae may have dusky to brown markings of varying size. Metasoma

dark brown except the following areas white to yellow: longitudinal, lateral

stripe and venter apically; T7 posteriorly and medially; T8 except area

around cercal plates. Ovipositor sheaths brown after issuing from

metasoma.

Head (fig.37) 1.25-1.35 times wider than high. Lateral ocellus nearer to

median ocellus than to eye margin (OOL/LOL 2.0-2.3). Scrobal impression

coriaceous to imbricate, margins abrupt. Interantennal projection acute

dorsally, extending less than half the distance from torulus to median

ocellus. Subocular suture incomplete, only present just ventral to eye. Face

and frons coriaceous to imbricate with many large, shallow, setiferous

punctures; the setae silvery white.

Antenna with scape 3.5-3.9 times longer than wide, with small ventral

expansion apically. Pedicel 1.15-1.45 times longer than wide. Al subequal

in length to, slightly narrower than A2. All funicular segments longer

than wide. Club 2.3-2.8 times longer than wide.

Mesosoma with mesoscutum reticulate to imbricate; scutellum

imbricate to coriaceous. Propodeum very lightly sculptured to glabrate

medially, without median carina; callus imbricate. Mesopleuron (fig.110)

reticulate to imbricate. Sternopleural suture not reaching anterior margin

of mesopleuron, not distinctly connected to mesopleural suture. Hind coxa

densely covered with many silver to white setae on both dorsal and ventral

surfaces.

Wings hyaline, veins brown. Forewing with marginal fringe

extending past apex of wing, but not reaching postmarginal vein. Basal cell

with 16-25 setae. CC/MV 2.2-2.6, MV/PMV 1.75-2.25, MV/SV 1.35-1.8,

PMV/SV 0.65-0.85.

Metasoma reticulate to imbricate; T2 glabrate basally. T2 with medial

line. Posterior margin of T2 with small medial incision.

MALE. Length 1.85 mm. Coloration as in female. Funicular segments

with short, fat dorsal projections.

DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: Para.

BIOLOGY AND HOSTS. According to label data, reared from seeds of

matamata tree. This tree is probably Eschweilera matamata

(Lecythidaceae).

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype ¢, BRAZIL, Para, Belem, xii.1962, Paul

Ledoux, ex. seeds matamata tree (USNM, point).

124 Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

149,1¢ paratypes. As holotype (89,1¢°, USNM. 19: BMNH, CNC, LAS,

UCR, AEI, MLP).

ETYMOLOGY. From the matamata tree; referring to the common name of

the host plant.

Tanaoneura darwini LaSalle, sp. n.

DIAGNOSIS. Females of JT. darwini are distinguished from other

Tanaoneura by the following characters: hind coxa densely covered over

entire dorsal surface with silver to white setae; metasoma entirely black to

dark brown; antenna entirely black; entire dorsal surface of metasoma

glabrate; ovipositor exserted for a distance about 1/4 the length of

metasoma.

FEMALE. Length 2.9 mm. Black to dark brown with the following areas

yellow to light brown: scape; mandibles; small spot on tegula; small spot

anteriorly on prepectus; mesosternum posteriorly; middle coxa posteriorly;

trochanters; femora apically; tibiae; tarsi; apex of metasoma ventrally; and

ovipositor sheaths.

Head 1.25 times wider than high. Lateral ocellus nearer to median

ocellus than to eye margin (OOL/LOL 2.0). Scrobal impression deep,

reticulate to imbricate, with well defined lateral margins. Interantennal

projection narrowly rounded apically, extending slightly less than 1/2 the

distance from toruli to median ocellus. Subocular sulcus extending over 1/2

the distance from eye to oral fossa, but weak ventrally. Frons and face

lightly imbricate, with large, shallow, setiferous punctures; setae small

and white.

Antenna with scape 4.7 times longer than wide with small ventral

expansion apically. Pedicel 1.5 times longer than wide. Al subequal in

length to, slightly narrower than, A2. All funicular segments longer than

wide, decreasing in length distally. Club 2.6 times longer than wide.

Mesosoma with mesoscutum imbricate-rugose, with several very

poorly defined puncture-like areas. Notauli in the form of several

punctures separated by small, transverse carinae. Scutellum and axilla

reticulate. Propodeum with carina just medial to spiracle and several

weak carina near the middle, but no single distinct medial carina.

Mesopleuron strigulate anteriorly, glabrate posteriorly. Sternopleural

suture not reaching anterior margin of mesopleuron, connected to

mesopleural suture. Entire dorsal surface of hind coxa covered with silver

to white setae. |

Wings hyaline, veins brown. Forewing with marginal fringe

extending past apex of wing, but not reaching postmarginal vein. Basal

cell with 21-23 setae. CC/MV 2.1, MV/PMV 1.55, MV/SV 1.8, PMV/SV 1.15.

Metasoma glabrate dorsally, coriaceous laterally and ventrally.

Posterior margin of T2-T4 with slight medial incisions. Ovipositor

exsertion slightly over 1/4 the length of metasoma.

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae 125

MALE. Unknown.

DISTRIBUTION. COSTA RICA.

BIOLOGY AND HOSTS. Unknown.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype ?¢, COSTA RICA, Monte Verde, T-B, 13-

17.11, H.M. Powell (UCD, point).

This species known only from the holotype.

ETYMOLOGY. Named for Charles Darwin.

Tanaoneura flavilineata LaSalle, sp. n.

Figure 154.

DIAGNOSIS. Females of T. flavilineata are distinguished from other

Tanaoneura by the following characters: dorsal surface of hind coxa

sparsely setose, bare in basal half (fig.154); metasoma black, T2 with

transverse, medial, yellow stripe dorsally; notauli complete; mesopleuron

with at least some reticulate sculpture.

FEMALE. Length 2.1-2.15 mm. Head black, brown near oral fossa. Scape

light brown to yellow, slightly darkened dorsoapically, with small,

translucent, ventral expansion apically; remainder of antenna dark brown

to black. Mesosoma black, except posterior margin of prepectus brown to

light brown. Coxae, femora, fore tibia, middle and hind tibiae basally black

to dark brown; femora basally, knees, middle and hind tibiae apically and

tarsi light brown to yellow; middle and hind tibiae may have more extensive

dusky to brown markings. Metasoma black, T2 with transverse, medial,

yellow stripe dorsally. Ovipositor sheaths black.

Head 1.2-1.3 times wider than high. Lateral ocellus nearer to eye

margin than to median ocellus (OOL/LOL 0.45-0.5). Scrobal impression

glabrate ventrally, lightly imbricate dorsally; margins abrupt.

Interantennal projection acute dorsally, extending less than half the

distance from torulus to median ocellus. Subocular sulcus incomplete,

only present just ventral to eye. Face reticulate to imbricate; clypeus and

frons coriaceous to imbricate. Face and frons with many large, shallow,

setiferous punctures; setae silvery white.

Antenna with scape 5.2-5.55 times longer than wide, with small

ventral expansion apically. Pedicel 1.45-1.55 times longer than wide. Al

subequal in length to, slightly narrower than A2. All funicular segments

longer than wide. Club 2.75-2.8 times longer than wide.

Mesosoma dorsally reticulate to imbricate with many shallow,

setiferous punctures; setae dark. Notauli complete. Propodeum lightly

reticulate, without median carina. Mesopleuron reticulate to imbricate

anteriorly, strigulate posteriorly. Sternopleural suture not reaching

anterior margin of mesopleuron, connected to mesopleural suture. Dorsal

surface of hind coxa sparsely setose, bare in basal half (fig.154).

126 Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

Wings hyaline, veins light brown. Forewing with marginal fringe

extending past apex of wing, but not reaching postmarginal vein. Basal cell

with 19-22 setae. CC/MV 1.65-1.8, MV/PMV 2.15-2.25, MV/SV 2.4-2.5,

PMV/SV 1.1-1.15.

Metasoma reticulate to imbricate, T2 glabrate basally. Posterior

margin of T2 and T3 with slight medial incision.

MALE. Unknown.

DISTRIBUTION. TRINIDAD.

BIOLOGY AND HOSTS. Unknown.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype ¢, TRINIDAD, St. George, El Tucuche,

s. slope, rainforest, 25.viii.1976, J.S. Noyes (BMNH, card).

19 paratype. As holotype (19, BMNH).

ETYMOLOGY. From the Latin flavus, meaning yellow, and lineatus,

meaning of a line; referring to the transverse yellow stripe on T2.

Tanaoneura maculiventris (Gomes), comb. n.

Minapis maculiventris Gomes, 1941:143-144. Holotype 9, BRAZIL, Bahia,

Caravelas (IOC) [examined].

DIAGNOSIS. Females of T. maculiventris are distinguished from other

Tanaoneura by the following characters: dorsal surface of hind coxa

sparsely setose, bare in basal half; metasoma dark brown dorsally, base of

T2 yellow; notauli incomplete; mesopleuron strigulate to glabrate, without

reticulate sculpture.

FEMALE. Length 1.85-2.7 mm. Head dark brown to black; longitudinal

yellow stripe bordering ventral half of eye margin on both frons and occiput;

light brown to yellow area bordering oral fossa on either side of clypeus.

Scape yellow to light brown, slightly darkened dorsally and apically, and

with small, translucent, ventral expansion apically. Pedicel brown, light

brown apically; remainder of antenna dark brown to black. Mesosoma

dark brown to black, except prepectus posteriorly, tegula, and humeral

plate anteromedially light brown. Coxae and femora brown; fore tibia

yellow dorsally, brown ventrally; middle and hind tibiae and tarsi yellow.

Metasoma dark brown dorsally, except base of T2 yellow; brown to light

brown laterally. Ovipositor sheaths yellow.

Head 1.15-1.25 times wider than high. Lateral ocellus about equidistant

from eye margin and median ocellus (OOL/LOL 0.9-1.1). Scrobal

impression rugose, with sharp lateral margin which extends to median

ocellus. Interantennal projection acute dorsally, extending less than half

the distance from toruli to median ocellus. Subocular sulcus complete,

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae 127

may be faint ventrally. Face and frons imbricate with large, shallow

setiferous punctures; the setae silvery white.

Antenna with scape 5.2-5.8 times longer than wide. Pedicel 1.5-1.9

times longer than wide. Al subequal in length and width to A2. All

funicular segments longer than wide; decreasing slightly in length

distally. Club 2.1-2.6 times longer than wide.

Mesosoma with mesoscutum imbricate to rugose with large, shallow,

setiferous punctures; scutellum imbricate to reticulate with large, shallow,

setiferous punctures. All mesosomal setae brown to black. Notauli

incomplete, neither meeting nor reaching the posterior margin of the

mesoscutum. Propodeum with several medial carinae, with strong

transverse carina posterior to spiracle. Mesopleuron strigulate, may be

glabrate posteriorly. Sternopleural suture not reaching anterior margin of

mesopleuron, connected to mesopleural suture. Dorsal surface of hind

coxa sparsely setose, bare in basal half.

Wings hyaline, veins light brown to yellow. Forewing with marginal

fringe extending to postmarginal vein. Basal cell with 29-37 setae. CC/MV

2.0-2.15, MV/PMV 1.2-1.55, MV/SV 1.3-1.5, PMV/SV 0.95-1.05.

Metasoma imbricate, dorsal surface of T2 glabrate basally. Posterior

margin of T2-T4 with very slight medial incision.

MALE. Length 1.75 mm. Coloration as in female except femora yellow

apically, tibiae yellow. Antenna very similar to female, with only very

slight dorsal projections.

DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: Bahia.

BIOLOGY AND HOSTS. Reared from galls on Inga sp. (Fabaceae;

Mimosoidea). Gomes (1941:143-144) briefly discusses the galls. He states

that they are similar to those produced by Minapis nigra. They are globose,

and many wasps emerge from a single gall.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype ?, BRAZIL, Bahia, Caravelas, iv.1929,

Gregorio Bondar, galls on Inga sp (IOC, vial 348, point).

Allotype o. As holotype (IOC, vial 348, same point as holotype).

Paratypes. As holotype (139, vials 347-349, slides 836-837, IOC).

COMMENTS. Gomes designated types in his original description, however

his specimens in IOC lack appropriate labels. As the best female specimen

is mounted on the same point with the unique male (allotype), I am

assuming that it is the holotype. I have labeled these specimens

accordingly, and the rest of the type series as paratypes. One female

eurytomid is mixed in with the type series.

Tanaoneura incompleta LaSalle, sp. n.

DIAGNOSIS. Females of T. incompleta are distinguished from other

Tanaoneura by the following characters: dorsal surface of hind coxa

128 Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

sparsely setose, bare in basal half; metasoma black to dark brown dorsally,

base of T2 yellow; notauli incomplete; mesopleuron strigulate to glabrate,

without reticulate sculpture.

FEMALE. Length 2.0 mm. Head and mesosoma black to dark brown. Scape

and pedicel light brown to yellow, slightly darkened dorsally; anelli and F1

light yellow [antenna missing past F1]. Femora apically, tibiae and tarsi

light brown to yellow. Metasoma black to dark brown, base of T2 yellow.

Ovipositor sheaths and T8 apically yellow to light brown.

Head 1.2 times wider than high. Lateral ocellus slightly nearer to

median ocellus than to eye margin (OOL/LOL 1.15). Scrobal impression

with well defined lateral margin. Interantennal projection small,

extending less than 1/4 the distance from torulus to median ocellus.

Subocular sulcus incomplete, represented only by a shallow depression just

ventral to eye. Face and frons imbricate to reticulate, with large, shallow,

setiferous punctures.

Antenna with scape 4.2 times longer than wide. Pedicel 1.5 times

longer than wide. Al subequal in width to, slightly shorter than A2. F1

longer than wide. [Antenna missing past F1.]

Mesosoma with mesoscutum and axilla imbricate, scutellum

coriaceous; both with large, shallow, setiferous punctures. Notauli

incomplete, neither meeting nor reaching posterior margin of

mesoscutum. Propodeum lightly reticulate, with median carina.

Mesopleuron strigulate anteriorly, glabrate to lightly imbricate posteriorly.

Sternopleural suture not reaching anterior margin of mesopleuron,

connected to mesopleural suture. Dorsal surface of hind coxa sparsely

setose, bare in basal half.

Wings hyaline, veins light brown. Forewing with marginal fringe

extending to postmarginal vein. Basal cell with 18-20 setae. CC/MV 1.85,

MV/PMV 3.85, MV/SV 2.5, PMV/SV 0.65.

Metasoma reticulate to imbricate, T2 glabrate basally. Posterior

margin of T2-T4 with slight medial incision.

MALE. Unknown.

DISTRIBUTION. VENEZUELA.

BIOLOGY AND HOSTS. Unknown.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype ?, VENEZUELA, Aragua, Rancho

Grande, 700 m, 9.ix.1970, Bechyne (BMNH, card).

This species known only from the holotype.

ETYMOLOGY. From the Latin in-, meaning not, and completus, meaning

finished; referring to the incomplete notauli.

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae 129

Tanaoneura inexacta LaSalle, sp. n.

Figure 148.

DIAGNOSIS. Females of JT. inexacta are distinguished from other

Tanaoneura by the following characters: dorsal surface of hind coxa

sparsely setose; metasoma entirely black to dark brown; funicle white, club

infumated; forewing with marginal and postmarginal veins swollen at

junction of stigmal vein (fig.148); postmarginal vein very short, less than

half the length of stigmal vein (within Tanaoneura only T. inexacta has

these last two characters).

FEMALE. Length 2.6 mm. Head and body black to dark brown. Scape and

pedicel light brown to yellow, slightly darkened dorsally; anelli and

funicular segments light yellow to white; club dusky. Fore tibia brown,

tarsi light brown; middle and hind tibiae and tarsal segments 1-4 light

yellow, apical tarsal segment brown.

Head 1.2 times wider than high. Lateral ocellus nearer to median

ocellus than to eye margin (OOL/LOL 1.6). Scrobal impression reticulate to

imbricate, with medial, longitudinal carina dorsally, and well defined

lateral margins. Interantennal projection prominent, acute dorsally,

extending slightly over 1/3 the distance from torulus to median ocellus.

Subocular sulcus incomplete, represented only by shallow depression just

ventral to eye margin. Face and frons with large, setiferous punctures;

setae dark.

Antenna with scape 4.4 times longer than wide. Al subequal in length

and width to A2. F1-F5 longer than wide, F6 subequal in length and width.

Club 1.7 times longer than wide.

Mesosoma dorsally coriaceous with large, setiferous punctures.

Propodeum glabrate, with longitudinal median carina and transverse

carina medial to spiracle; callus lightly imbricate. Mesopleuron strigulate

anteriorly, glabrate posteriorly. Sternopleural suture not reaching anterior

margin of mesopleuron, not or only faintly connected to indistinct

mesopleural suture. Dorsal surface of hind coxa sparsely setose.

Wings hyaline, veins light brown. Forewing with marginal fringe

extending to postmarginal vein. Basal cell with 30-31 setae. Postmarginal

vein very short, less than half the length of stigmal vein (fig.148). CC/MV

1.8, MV/PMV 6.15, MV/SV 2.65, PMV/SV 0.45.

Metasoma imbricate, T2 glabrate basally. Posterior margin of T2-T5

with very slight medial incision.

MALE. Unknown.

DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL. The exact locality for this specimen is

unknown. There are at least two Rio Guapores in Brazil, and probably

many more San Miguels.

BIOLOGY AND HOSTS. Unknown.

130 Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype 9, BRAZIL, [state unknown], Rio

Guapore, nr. S. Migul [probably San Miguel], 22.viii.1909 (USNM, point).

This species known only from the holotype.

ETYMOLOGY. From the Latin in-, meaning not, and exactus, meaning

precise; referring to the exact location of the type locality being unknown.

Tanaoneura ashmeadi Howard

Tanaoneura ashmeadi Howard, 1897:147. Holotype ?, WINDWARD

ISLANDS, Grenada (BMNH, #5.1157) [examined].

DIAGNOSIS. Females of T. ashmeadi are distinguished from other

Tanaoneura by the following characters: dorsal surface of hind coxa

sparsely setose; scape light brown to yellow, remainder of antenna brown;

dorsum of metasoma predominantly reticulate to strigulate, only glabrate

basally on T2; postmarginal vein longer than marginal vein (a character

unique to this species).

T. ashmeadi is very closely related to T. portoricensis (see discussion

under this species).

FEMALE. Length of head and mesosoma 1.0 mm [metasoma missing].

Head and mesosoma black to dark brown. Scape light brown to yellow,

darkened dorsally, with small, translucent, ventral expansion apically;

remainder of antenna brown. Femora mainly brown; coxae apically,

trochanters, femora basally and apically, tibiae and tarsi light brown to

yellow. Fore tibia with some dusky coloration.

Head 1.25 times wider than high. Lateral ocellus nearer to median

ocellus than to eye margin (OOL/LOL 1.55). Scrobal impression reticulate.

Interantennal projection acute dorsally, extending less than half the

distance from torulus to median ocellus. Subocular sulcus faint, extending

slightly over half the distance from eye to oral fossa. Frons and face

imbricate with large, shallow, setiferous punctures. Punctures with small

silver to white setae.

Antenna with scape 4.75 times longer than wide, with small, ventral

expansion apically. Pedicel 1.45 times longer than wide. Al subequal in

length and width to A2. All funicular segments longer than wide, subequal

to each other in length and width. Club 2.45 times longer than wide.

Mesosoma dorsally reticulate. Mesoscutum slightly rugose; scutellum

with a few punctures. Propodeum reticulate with a pair of median carinae.

Mesopleuron strigulate anteriorly, glabrate posteriorly. Sternopleural

suture not reaching anterior margin of mesopleuron, connected to

mesopleural suture.

Wings hyaline, veins light brown to yellow. Marginal fringe extending

to postmarginal vein. Basal cell with 21 setae. Postmarginal vein longer

than marginal vein. CC/MV 2.45, MV/PMV 0.9, MV/SV 1.05, PMV/SV

1.15.

Metasoma missing.

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae 131]

MALE. Unknown.

DISTRIBUTION. WINDWARD ISLANDS: Grenada.

BIOLOGY AND HOSTS. Unknown.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype ?, WINDWARD ISLANDS, Grenada,

Mirabeau Estate, (Windward side), H.H. Smith (BMNH, point).

This species known only from the holotype.

DISCUSSION. T. ashmeadi and portoricensis are very closely related. The

only character which separates them is the extremely long postmarginal

vein (longer than the marginal vein) in ashmeadi. Such a long

postmarginal vein is unknown in other tanaostigmatids. T. ashmeadi is

known from a single female, and this character may just be an aberration

in this specimen, but further material is necessary to be certain one way or

the other.

Tanaoneura portoricensis (Crawford), comb. n.

Figures 118,177.

Tanaostigmodes portoricensis Crawford, 1913:247. Lectotype ? (present

designation), PUERTO RICO, Mayaguez (USNM, #15315) [examined].

DIAGNOSIS. Females of T. portoricensis are distinguished from other

Tanaoneura by the following characters: dorsal surface of hind coxa

sparsely setose, may have a single line of setae in basal half: dorsum of

metasoma dark brown; scape and pedicel light brown to yellow, remainder

of antenna brown; dorsum of metasoma predominantly reticulate to

strigulate, only glabrate basally on T2; postmarginal vein shorter than

marginal vein.

T. portoricensis is very closely related to T. ashmeadi (see discussion

under that species).

FEMALE. Length 1.6-2.35 mm. Head and mesosoma brown to dark brown.

Area around oral fossa, dorsum of mesosoma laterally, and anterodorsal

pleural region of mesosoma light brown to yellow. Scape and pedicel light

brown to yellow, darkened dorsally; scape with small, translucent, ventral

expansion apically; remainder of antenna brown. Femora mainly brown;

coxae at least apically, trochanters, femora basally and apically, tibiae and

tarsi light brown to yellow. Metasoma dark brown dorsally and laterally,

light brown to yellow ventrally; ovipositor sheaths light brown to yellow.

Head 1.15-1.3 times wider than high. Lateral ocellus nearer to median

ocellus than to eye margin (OOL/LOL 1.2-1.45). Scrobal impression

reticulate. Interantennal projection acute dorsally, extending slightly less

than half the distance from torulus to median ocellus. Subocular suture

complete, but may be faint. Frons and face imbricate, with large, shallow,

setiferous punctures; punctures with small, silver to white setae.

132 Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

Antenna with scape 4.6-5.15 times longer than wide, with small

ventral expansion apically. Pedicel 1.25-1.7 times longer than wide. Al

subequal in length and width to A2. All funicular segments longer than

wide, subequal to each other in length and width. Club 2.0-2.5 times longer

than wide.

Mesosoma dorsally reticulate. Mesoscutum slightly rugose; scutellum

may have a few punctures. Propodeum reticulate, with one or two median

carinae; submedial carina may be present. Mesopleuron (fig.118) strigulate

anteriorly, glabrate posteriorly. Sternopleural suture not reaching anterior

margin of mesopleuron, connected to mesopleural suture. Dorsal surface of

hind coxa sparsely setose, may have a single line of setae in basal half.

Wings hyaline, veins light brown to yellow. Forewing with marginal

fringe reaching or nearly reaching postmarginal vein. Basal cell with 10-

23 setae. CC/MV 1.9-2.5, MV/PMV 1.3-1.75, MV/SV 1.35-1.75, PMV/SV 1.0-

Metasoma reticulate to imbricate; T2 glabrate basally.

MALE. Length 1.65-1.75 mm. Coloration as in female. Funicular

segments as in female, except very slightly produced dorsally.

VARIATION. Specimens from Brazil are darker than the Caribbean

material. Coloration for these females is as follows. Head dark brown to

black. Scape yellow to light brown, slightly darkened dorsoapically, with

small, translucent, ventral expansion apically. Remainder of antenna dark

brown to black. Mesosoma dark brown to black, except tegula

anteromedially light brown to yellow. Coxae and femora brown;

trochanters, femora basally and apically, tibiae and tarsi light brown to

yellow. Metasoma brown to dark brown; ovipositor sheaths light brown to

yellow, dark brown apically. The main difference is the absence of light

brown to yellow markings on the head, pleural region of the mesosoma,

and metasoma. Additionally, the lateral ocellus is slightly closer to the

median ocellus in the Brazilian specimens (OOL/LOL 1.65-2.0) than in the

Caribbean specimens (OOL/LOL 1.2-1.45).

DISTRIBUTION. COSTA RICA, PUERTO RICO, VIRGIN ISLANDS,

BRAZIL: Santa Catarina.

BIOLOGY AND HOSTS. Reared from seed and pulp of Inga sp. (Fabaceae:

Mimosoidea). The Virgin Island material is reared from Inga laurina

seeds. The specimens are accompanied by a small packet containing

several loose seeds and one seed still contained in a small portion of pod.

The seeds are oval, 10-15 mm long. Galls (fig.177) are 2-3 mm long,

suboval, and around the perimeter of the seeds, usually clustered in

bunches of 2-6 galls.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Lectotype 9, PUERTO RICO, Mayaguez,

27.1.1910, C.W. Hooker (USNM, point).

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae 133

Paralectotypes: as lectotype (29, USNM). There was a male as part of

the type series, but this specimen is missing from the point, which is still in

the USNM. |

Non-type material. PUERTO RICO: Mayaguez, 19.i.1933, A.G. Harley,

reared from Inga sp. (39,20, USNM); Mayaguez, 24.i11.1932, A.G. Harley,

Inga seed and pulp (29,1¢°, USNM). VIRGIN ISLANDS: St. Thomas, Ex

Sta, 24.11.1941, seeds Inga laurina in pods, lot no. 41-12079 (59, USNM. 19:

CNC, LAS, UCR, AEI). COSTA RICA: Guanacaste, Santa Rosa Park,

8.1x.1977, 8.v.1978 & 16.vii.1978, D.H. Janzen, riparian (29,10, AEI).

BRAZIL, Santa Catarina: Nova Teutonia, ix.1943, F. Plaumann (39,

BMNH).

Genus MICROPROBOLOS, gen. n.

Type species: Microprobolos titan, sp. n.

DIAGNOSIS. Females of the genus Microprobolos are distinguished from

other tanaostigmatids by the following characters: head and mesosoma

with large, setiferous punctures (fig.52); all funicular segments longer

than wide (fig.83); interantennal projection small (fig.52); propodeum

somewhat elongate with a strong median carina, and very strong plicae

which converge and meet before the posterior margin of the propodeum

(fig.116) (a character unique to this genus).

FEMALE. Head and mesosoma black, metasoma yellow with black

markings. Head and mesosoma with silver to white setae in addition to

black ones.

Head with large, setiferous punctures. Interantennal projection very

small.

Antenna with scape more than 3.5 times longer than wide, with small

ventral expansion apically. Funicular segments all longer than wide.

Club short, truncate apically.

Mesosoma dorsally with large, well-defined, setiferous punctures.

Propodeum somewhat elongate with a strong median carina, and very

strong plicae which converge and meet before the posterior margin of the

propodeum. Mesopleuron strongly strigulate to rugose.

Wings hyaline, forewing with faint infuscation beneath marginal vein.

Stigmal vein curved, at distinct angle to postmarginal vein.

Metasoma glabrate basally, remainder lightly sculptured.

MALE. Unknown.

ETYMOLOGY. From the Greek mikros, meaning small, and probolos,

meaning a projection; referring to the small interantennal projection.

Gender masculine.

134 Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

DISCUSSION. Microprobolos is most closely related to Tanaoneura. They

share two derived characters: large, setiferous punctures, and antennae

with all funicular segments longer than wide. The large punctures only

appear in one other New World tanaostigmatid (Tanaostigmodes punctus)

and that is undoubtedly due to convergence. They are treated as separate

genera because each has a derived character not found in the other.

Tanaoneura has the large, prominent interantennal projection, and

Microprobolos has the unique propodeum (fig.116) which is somewhat

lengthened with a strong median carina and very strong plicae which meet

before the posterior margin of the propodeum. They are considered to be

sister groups.

Microprobolos presently contains a single species, Microprobolos titan,

sp. n.

Microprobolos titan LaSalle, sp. n.

Figures 52,83,116,132.

DIAGNOSIS. Females of M. titan are distinguished from other

tanaostigmatids by the following characters: head and mesosoma with

large, setiferous punctures (fig.52); all funicular segments longer than

wide (fig.83); interantennal projection small (fig.52); propodeum somewhat

elongate with a strong median carina, and very strong plicae which

converge and meet before the posterior margin of the propodeum (fig.116);

silver to white setae present on head and mesosoma in addition to dark

setae; hind coxa densely covered with silver to white setae over entire dorsal

surface.

FEMALE. Length 2.6-3.4 mm. Head black. Antenna dark brown to black

except scape yellow. Mesosoma black except tegula with brown markings.

Coxae and legs black to dark brown except knees, tibiae apically, and tarsi

light brown to yellow. Metasoma yellow; T3 with transverse dark brown

band which joins longitudinal dark brown band present laterally from T3

(sometimes T2) to T7; T7 with dark brown spot medially. Some silvery white

setae present on head and mesosoma in addition to dark ones.

Head (fig.52) 1.2-1.3 times wider than high. Lateral ocellus about

equidistant from eye margin and median ocellus (OOL/LOL 0.9-1.2).

Scrobal impression rugose. Interantennal projection very small, barely

projecting into scrobal impression. Subocular sulcus complete. Face and

frons imbricate to coriaceous with large, setiferous punctures; the setae

silvery white.

Antenna (fig.83) with scape 4.2-4.9 times longer than wide. Pedicel 1.4-

1.8 times longer than wide. A2 slightly longer and wider than Al. All

funicular segments slightly longer than wide; F1 longest, each successive

segment slightly shorter than preceding one. Club short, conical, truncate

apically, 1.4-1.9 times longer than wide.

Mesosoma dorsally coriaceous to imbricate with large, setiferous

punctures; some of the setae silvery white. Notauli meeting medially, may

continue to posterior margin of mesoscutum. Propodeum (fig.116)

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae 135

somewhat elongate with a strong median carina, and very strong plicae

which converge and meet before the posterior margin of the propodeum;

callus with numerous long silvery white setae. Mesopleuron strigate, with

median rugose patch. Entire dorsal surface of hind coxa densely covered

with silver to white setae.

Wings hyaline, veins yellow to light brown. Forewing (fig.132) with

faint infuscation posterior to marginal vein. Marginal fringe extending

past apex of wing, not reaching postmarginal vein. Basal cell with 15-24

setae. CC/MV 1.5-1.8, MV/PMV 1.7-2.2, MV/SV 2.1-2.2, PMV/SV 1.0-1.2.

Metasoma with T2 glabrate dorsally; remainder of metasoma lightly

sculptured, reticulate to imbricate. Posterior margin of T2 with slight

medial incision. |

MALE. Unknown.

VARIATION. In Mexican specimens the notauli meet, but are separated

from the posterior margin of the mesoscutum by several large punctures,

and there is no longitudinal brown stripe laterally on T2 basal to the

transverse stripe. In Brazilian specimens the notauli can be traced between

the punctures to the posterior margin of the mesoscutum, and there is a

longitudinal brown stripe on T2 basal to the transverse stripe. The holotype

(from Costa Rica) is intermediate, with junctions of the mesoscutal

punctures forming a line from where the notauli meet and the posterior

margin of the mesoscutum, and a short, incomplete longitudinal brown

stripe on T2 basal to the transverse stripe.

DISTRIBUTION. MEXICO: San Luis Potosi, Campeche; COSTA RICA;

BRAZIL: Guanabara.

BIOLOGY AND HOSTS. Unknown.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype ¢, COSTA RICA, Puntarenas, Manuel

Antonio National Park, coastal rain forest, 23-28.viii.1986, L. Masner (CNC,

point).

49 paratypes. MEXICO, Campeche: 10 km W. Xpujil, Chicanna,

13.vi1.1983, M. Kaulbars (19, CNC). MEXICO, San Luis Potosi: El Salto,

1700’, 21.viii.1954, Univ. Kan. Mex. Exp. (19, KU). BRAZIL, Guanabara:

Represa Rio Grande, vii.1972, F.H. Oliveira (19, CNC; 19, USNM).

ETYMOLOGY. The Greek Titan, a child of Uranus and Gaea, symbolic of

strength and large size; referring to the large, robust body form.

136 Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

- UNPLACED GENERA AND SPECIES

OF NEW WORLD TANAOSTIGMATIDAE.

The following genera and species remain unplaced because type material,

or other material assignable to them has not been examined, and they can

not be placed from their descriptions.

Kieffer & Jorgensen (1910) described four species of Fuuhestiematidae

(as Encyrtidae) in two genera. They make no comment on the disposition of

their types, and it is not clear what has become of this material. Dr. Luis

De Santis, the leading South American expert on Chalcidoidea, has

previously searched for their type material and considers it to be lost

(personal communication). One of the genera (Dendrosema) and two of the

species (D. coeruleus and D. albosquamatum) could be placed through their

descriptions, the other genus and two species remain unplaced.

GENERA

Cubaniella Russo, 1930:133-134. Type species Cubaniella trotteri Russo,

1930, by original designation.

Liebeliella Kieffer & J6rgensen, 1910:380. Type species Liebeliella epiuries

Kieffer & Jérgensen,.1910, by monotypy.

SPECIES

Dendrosema albitarse Kieffer & Jérgensen, 1910:423-424. Type material

(90°), ARGENTINA [?lost].

Reared from ery on Prosopis alpataco (Fabaceae: Mimosoidea).

Minapis bicolor Gomes, 1941:144-145. Holotype ?, BRAZIL, Rio de Janeiro.

Described from 59,9¢ (holotype, allotype, and paratypes) Distrito

Federal [=Estado do Rio], Guaratiba, from galls on petioles and leaves of an

unidentified plant.

Gomes stated that type material was in "Gabinete de Entomologia da

Escola Nacional de Agronomia, Rio de Janeiro". I was unable to locate and

borrow this material.

Liebeliella pleuralis Kieffer & Jorgensen, 1910:380-381.Type material (<),

ARGENTINA [?lost].

Reared from galls on Condalia lineata (Rhamnaceae).

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae 137

Minapis pseudonigra Gomes, 1945:128-129. Holotype ?, BRAZIL, Rio de

Janeiro.

Described from 39 (holotype and paratypes), D. Federal [=Estado do

Rio], x.1943, from galls on unknown plant. |

Gomes stated that the holotype was in his collection, and paratypes in

"Gabinete Entomologico da E. N. de Agronomia. Rio de Janeiro." I was

unable to locate and borrow this material.

Cubaniella trotteri Russo, 1930:134-139 (as Cubaniella Trotteri). Type

material (?), CUBA.

Described from galls on Belaira mucronata (Fabaceae; Faboidea).

Russo stated that type material was in "Coll. R. Labor. Entom.

Portici". I was unable to ascertain whether or not this material is in this

collection in Portici.

138 Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

LITERATURE CITED

Ashmead, W. H. 1896. On the genera of the Eupelminae. Proceedings of

the Entomological Society of Washington, 4(1 ):5-20.

Ashmead, W. H. 1900. Report upon the aculeate Hymenoptera of the

islands of St. Vincent and Grenada, with additions to the parasitic

Hymenoptera and a list of the described Hymenoptera of the West

Indies. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 48:207-

367.

Ashmead, W. H. 1904. Classification of the chalcid flies or the superfamily

Chalcidoidea with descriptions of new species in the Carnegie

Museum, collected in South America by Herbert H. Smith. Memoirs of

the Carnegie Museum, 1(4):225-551.

Blanchard, E. E. 1940. Apuntes sobre Encirtidos Argentinos. Anales de la

Sociedad Cientifica Argentina, 130(3):106-128.

Bréthes, J. 1916. Hyménoptéres Parasites de L'Amérique Méridionale.

Anales del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Buenos Aires,

27:401-430.

Bréthes, J. 1924. Description d'une galle de Calliandra bicolor et de

l'Hyménoptére qui la produit. Revista de la Facultad de Agronomia de

La Plata, 15(3):23-26.

Burks, B. D. 1979. Family Eupelmidae, pp. 878-889. In Krombein, K. V. et

al., Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico. I. Symphyta

and Apocrita (Parasitica). Smithsonian Institution Press,

Washington, D.C. 1198 pp.

Crawford, J.C. 1911. Descriptions of new Hymenoptera. 2. Proceedings of

the United States National Museum, 40:439-449.

Crawford, J. C. 1913. Descriptions of new Hymenoptera, No. 6.

Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 45:241-260.

De Santis, L. 1980. Catalogo de los himenopteros Brasilefios de la serie

parasitica incluyendo Bethyloidea. Editora da Universidade Federal do

Paranda, Curitiba. 395 pp.

Dozier, H. L. 1932. Two important West Indian seed-infesting chalcid

wasps. Journal of the Department of Agriculture of Puerto Rico,

16(2):103-112.

Eady, R. D. 1968. Some illustrations of microsculpture in Hymenoptera.

Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London. (A). 43(4-

6):66-72.

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae 139

Felt, E. P. 1940. Plant Galls and Gall Makers. Comstock Publishing Co.,

Ithaca, N.Y. 364 pp.

Fernandes, G. W., R. P. Martins & E. T. Neto. In press. Food web

relationships involving Anadiplosis sp. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) leaf

galls on Machaerium aculeatum Leguminosae. Revista Brasileira de

Botanica.

Ferriére, C. 1929. Chalcidiens gallicoles de Java. Annales de la Societe

Entomologique de France, 98:143-161.

Ferriére, C. 1932. Un nouveau Chalcidien gallicole de Sumatra.

Miscellanea Zoologica Sumatrana, 63:1-4.

Gahan, A. B. & M. M. Fagan. 1923. The type species of the genera of

Chalcidoidea or chalcid-flies. Bulletin of the United States National

Museum, 124:1-173.

Girault, A. A. 1913. More new genera and species of Chalcidoid

Hymenoptera from Paraguay. Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte, 79a(6):51-

69. :

Girault, A. A. 1915. Australian Hymenoptera Chalcidoidea - VII. The

family Encyrtidae with descriptions of new genera and species.

Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 4:1-184.

Girault, A. A. 1917. Descriptiones stellarum novarum. Privately

published. 1-22.

Girault, A. A. 1921. Miscellaneous species of chalcid-flies from Australia

(Hymenoptera, Chalcididae). Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus, 9:186-

191.

Girault, A. A. 1922. New chalcid flies from Eastern Australia - II

(Hymenoptera, Chalcididae). Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus, 10:100-

108. |

Girault, A. A. 1927. Notes on and descriptions of chalcid wasps

(Chalcididae) in the South Australian Museum. Records of the South

Australian Museum, 3:309-338.

Girault, A. A. 1933. Some beauties inhabitant not of commercial boudoirs

but of nature's bosom, notably new insects. Privately published. 1-5.

Gomes, J. G. 1941. Encirtideos cecidogenos do genero Minapis Bréthes,

com a descricéo de duas novas especies (Hymenoptera. Chalcidoidea).

Boletim da Sociedada Brasileira de Agronomia, 4:141-150.

140 Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

Gomes, J. G. 1942. Segunda contribuicaéo sébre Trichencyrtus Ashmead,

1904, com a descricao de uma nova espécie (Chalcidoidea-Encyrtidae).

Boletim da Sociedada Brasileira de Agronomia, 5(3):287-296.

Gomes, J. G. 1945. Um novo inseto galicola (Hymenoptera-Chalcidoidea).

Boletim Fitossanitario 1(2):127-129.

Graham, M. W. R. de V. 1969. The Pteromalidae of Northwestern Europe

(Hymenoptera:Chalcidoidea). Bulletin of the British Museum

(Natural History), Entomology, Supplement 16. 908 pp.

Hagen, K. S. 1964. Developmental Stages of Parasites. Chapter 7. In

DeBach, P. H. (ed). Biological Control of Insect Pests and Weeds.

Reinhold Publishing Corp. New York. 844 pp.

Harris, R. A. 1979. A glossary of surface sculpturing. California

Deptartment of Food & Agriculture, Occasional Papers in Entomology,

28:1-31.

Hayat, M. 1983. The genera of Aphelinidae (Hymenoptera) of the world.

Systematic entomology, 8:63-102.

Houard, C. 1946(1943). Les collections cécidologiques du Laboratoire

d'Entomologie du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris: Galles des

Etats-Unis et du Mexique. Annales de la Société Entomologique de

France, 112:1-66.

Howard, L. O. 1890. A new and remarkable encyrtid: is it parasitic? Insect

Life, 3:145-148.

Howard, L. O. 1897. On the Chalcididae of the island of Grenada, B.W.I.

Journal of the Linnean Society of London. Zoology, 26:129-178.

Ishii, T. 1928. The Encyrtinae of Japan. Bulletin of the Imperial

Agricultural Experiment Station in Japan, 3(2):79-160.

Kieffer, J. J. & P. Jérgensen. 1910. Gallen nd Gallentiere aus

Argentinien. Centralblatt fiir Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunde und

Infektionskrankheiten. Zweite Abteilung, 27:362-444.

LaSalle, J. & L. M. LeBeck. 1983. The occurence of encyrtiform eggs in the

Tanaostigmatidae (Hymenoptera:Chalcidoidea). Proceedings of the

Entomological Society of Washington, 85(2):397-398.

LaSalle, J. & J. S. Noyes. 1985. New family placement for the genus

Cynipencyrtus (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Tanaostigmatidae).

Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 93(4):1261 -1264.

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae 14]

Lateef, S. S. 1977. A new Hymenopteran pest (Taraostigniodes sp.

(Hymenoptera:Taraostigmodae) recorded on pigeon pea (Cajanus

cajan Millsp) at ICRISAT, Hyderabad, India. Tropical Grains

Bulletin, 7:6.

Lateef, S. S., W. Reed & J. LaSalle. 1985. Tanaostigmodes cajaninae

LaSalle sp. n. (Hymenoptera: Tanaostigmatidae), a potential pest of

Pigeonpea in India. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 75(2):305-313.

Masi, L. 1940. Description of a new Tanaostigmine from Japan (Hymen.

Chalcidoidea). Mushi, 13:29-32.

Mayr, G. 1905. Eine Neue Gallenerzeugende Perilampidengattung aus

Paraguay. Marcellia, (4):179-181.

Noyes, J. S. & M. Hayat. 1984. A review of the Indo-Pacific Encyrtidae

(Hymenoptera:Chalcidoidea). Bulletin of the British Museum

(Natural History). Entomology series, 48(3):131-395.

Peck, O. 1951. Superfamily Chalcidoidea, pp. 410-593. In Muesebeck, C. F.

W. et al., eds., Hymenoptera of America North of Mexico, Synoptic

Catalog. United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture

Monograph 2. 1420 pp.

Prinsloo, G. L. 1980. An illustrated guide to the families of African

Chalcidoidea (Insecta:Hymenoptera). Scientific Bulletin of the

Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Republic of South Africa,

395:1 -66.

Russo, G. 1930. Descrizione di Chalcididae galligeno nov. gen. e nov. sp. di

Cuba (Antille). Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e

Agraria del R. Instituto Superiore Agrario di Portici, 24:132-139.

Tachikawa, T. 1973. Discovery of the hosts of Cynipencyrtus bicolor Ishii

and Microterys tarumensis Tachikawa (Hymenoptera:Chalcididea-

Encyrtidae). Transactions of the Shikoku Entomological Society,

11(4):133-134.

Tachikawa, T. 1978. A note on the genus Cynipencyrtus Ishii

(Hymenoptera:Chalcidoidea-Encyrtidae). Transactions of the Shikoku

Entomological Society, 14(1-2):69-71.

Weld, L. H. 1952. Cynipoidea (Hym.) 1905-1950 being a supplement to the

Dalla Torre and Kieffer monograph - the CYNIPIDAE in Das

Tierreich, Lieferung 24, 1910 and bringing the systematic literature of

the world up to date, including keys to families and subfamilies and

lists of new generic, specific and variety names. Privately published,

Ann Arbor, Michigan. 351 pp.

142 Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

PRONOTUM

MESOSCUTUM PREPECTUS

(MID LOBE) NOTAULUS

gee TEGULA

S333 aw HUMERAL PLATE

pas

ON YA METANOTUM

1 (XN Fo PROPODEUM

HUMERAL PLATE

PROPODEUM

PRONOTUM

MESOPLEURAL METAPLEURON

SUTURE

PROSTERNUM

2 STERNOPLEURAL SUTURE

MESOSTERNUM

Figures 1-2. Generalized tanaostigmatid mesosoma. 1. Dorsal view. 2.

Lateral view.

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae 143

MEDIAN

OCELLUS

LATERAL

OCELLUS

INV

Y¥VINOINNSA

SCROBAL

IMPRESSION

INTERANTENNAL

SUBOCULAR PROJECTION

Sues CLYPEUS

ss 7

wu FUNICLE

PEDICEL | z | | ne

Figures 3-7. 3. Generalized tanaostigmatid head, dorsal view. 4.

Generalized head, frontal view. 5. Tanaostigmodes tescus, 9 antenna. 6.

Tanaostigma glabrum, o& antenna. 7. Tanaoneura hirticoxa, & antenna.

SNOILOSFOUd 1VSHYOd

144 Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

SUBMARGINAL VEIN (SMV)

MARGINAL POSTMARGINAL VEIN

COSTAL CELL (CC) VEIN (MV) (PMV) STIGMA

Pa? a 4 ¢

7 : aa aie ae ——— Fee

ae. ey i ia ai ahaa Aas eae

VA a rr a - got a LOO PN Vn

ie ees Z

LafP Ca aera A Ae ce A ey

LOL LLL ML get Sp OES ee le

sae i

Sor te ale og vi Le % Ma Pag tt ag ME LO

- Sieg Soe a 4 ty Y Bee Sees

-— oa ee la ea " Rect “ 7 Z

= es SS “ 7 4, 2 aren. ee ae eee eA

_— = of o- ~) CANA ‘9 < in oe . — me yo, ty,

~~ 29 ga Vv ‘a vl & ee SRN Rae ‘< a (eT %

a SAG ay ) 17 76 2 peer ee J ae ee a ae

- aoe Ae © Fee Z ye LE ff ee Sih Sag las Ppacty te Ge

— x“ e Se D872 gee: / = a ae they yp hee a 7

hes: (3) a ins ea ea, ay OT ees LF hy 4 ee ee ee ra a Bay

_ Ae cae gia ON, ae SRD es pa ely fay Fo ae

BASAL CELL cs pe Pa el i foe Pe de J ee ae

i se ai - Sid Pipe ig Poe vow ae yy a y aes yy Bi A foe Be

=— Caer coat = y “ Fa sais Saar

— ea ef i Le Zz eG. 7 Sonera ee weehy | Page

te Dae sage ae 7 Med eae Ve 7 rae me 4 os ates coe

sae bs) ee a

= = ee ai Vi F / Ve aS pee

SUBCUBITAL VEIN oe. ae eS te era, a Aue) ci “ AO tera a ca AACR

Se See ee 2a a minis!

— =_ Ma (ee Pe

a . ene sf Ta ge Ae ee Kove s he ease tate Pee ee

_ oe fe 4 ¥ La ca ve 4 ro o- oe PSE: TA

pe ee

i eo he Ze iy 7 Ee. Y e Za ee

eo eee aS ee / —

ma a Ye “A AL

oe ORL ART ot he a 7G

k ae aa ye lo

’N. MARGINAL FRINGE

Ti(PETIOLE)

MEDIAL Opa ae MEDIAL

INCISION ye LINE

PYGOSTYLE

Figures 8-10. 8. Generalized tanaostigmatid wing. 9-10. Generalized

tanaostigmatid metasoma, dorsal view.

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae 145

Figures 11-16. 11. Tanaostigmodes basilaris, 9, mesosoma, dorsal view. 12.

Tanaostigmodes albiclavus, ?, mesosoma, lateral view. 13. T. albiclavus, 9,

mesoscutum and scuto-scutellar suture. 14. T. albiclavus, ovarian egg. 15.

Tanaostigmodes haematoxyli, 9, middle tarsi. 16. Tanaostigmodes

howardii, 9, middle basitarsus.

146 Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

: — S

Figures 17-22. Sculpture types. 17. Reticulate. 18. Elongate reticulate. 19.

Imbricate. 20. Coriaceous. 21. Strigate. 22. Strigulate.

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae 147

Figures 23-28. Sculpture and setation types. 23. Glabrate. 24. Rugose. 25.

Large setiferous punctations. 26. Minute punctations. 27. Squamiform

setae. 28. Tanaostigma stanleyi 9, setae on forewing.

148 Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

Figures 29-34. Head, 9, frontal view. 29. Tanaostigmodes meltoni. 30. T.

emarginatus. 31. T. kiefferi. 32. T. yuohuae. 33. T. howardii. 34. T.

albiclavus.

Lasalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae 7 149

Figures 35-40. Head, ?, frontal view. 35. Tanaostigmodes pithecellobiae. 36.

Tanaoneura hirticoxa. 37. Tanaoneura matamata. 38. Tanaostigma

stanleyi. 39. Tanaostigma chapadae. 40. Tanaostigma slossonae.

150 Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

Figures 41-46. Head, 9, frontal view. 41. Tanaostigmodes anellarius. 42. T.

sulcatus. 43. T. fernandesi. 44. T. viridis. 45. T. punctus. 46. T. desantisi.

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae 151

Figures 47-52. Head, ?, frontal view. 47. Tanaostigmodes insculptus. 48.

Tanaostigma bennetti. 49. Tanaoneura aurifer. 50. Tanaoneura

smicropleura. 51. Minapis nigra. 52. Microprobolos titan.

152 Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

O18)

Figures 53-60. Antenna, ¢. 53. Tanaostigmodes anellarius. 54. T.

haematoxyli. 55. T. meltoni. 56. T. emarginatus. 57. T. fernandesi. 58. T.

triplaris. 59. T. dilatus. 60. T. latiscapus.

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae 153

61 63

66 68

Figures 61-68. Antenna, ?. 61. Tanaostigmodes pithecellobiae. 62. T.

dominicensis. 63. T. fisheri. 64. T. yuohuae. 65. T. howardii. 66. T.

desantisi. 67. T. insculptus. 68. T. kiefferi.

154 Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

Figures 69-76. Antenna, ?. 69. Tanaostigmodes mosesi. 70. T. sonorensis.

71. T. albiclavus. 72. T. tenuisulcus. 73. T. tychii. 74. T. koebelei. 75. T.

aulafrons. 76. T. coeruleus.

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae OD

Figures 77-84. Antenna, 9. 77. Tanaostigma coursetiae. 78. Tanaostigma

plaumannt. 79. Tanaostigma gahani. 80. Tanaostigma slossonae. 81.

Tanaoneura hirticoxa. 82. Tanaoneura aurifer. 83. Microprobolos titan. 84.

Minapis nigra.

156 Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

Figures 85-90. Mesoscutum, 9. 85. Tanaostigmodes pithecellobium. 86.

Tanaostigmodes meltoni. 87. Tanaostigmodes emarginatus. 88.

Tanaostigmodes howardii. 89. Tanaostigma chapadae. 90. Tanaoneura

hirticoxa.

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae 187

ish Hh

Figures 91-96. Scutellum, ¢. 91. Tanaostigmodes_ kiefferi. 92.

Tanaostigmodes_ larsoni. 98. Tanaostigmodes _ sonorensis. 94.

Tanaosigmodes albiclavus. 95. Tanaostigma stanleyi 96. Tanaostigma

chapadae.

158 Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

Figures 97-104. Propodeum, 9. 97. Tanaostigmodes meltoni. 98.:

Tanaostigmodes pithecellobiae. 99. Tanaostigmodes triplaris. 100.

Tanaostigmodes basilaris. 101. Tanaostigmodes yuohuae. 102.

Tanaostigmodes howardii. 103. Tanaostigma stanleyi. 104. Tanaoneura

hirticoxa.

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae 189

05.

HR fit

Hi a

| | Hi

Figures 105-110. Mesopleuron, 9. 105. Tanaostigmodes haematoxyli. 106.

Tanaostigmodes pithecellobiae 107. Tanaostigmodes sonorensis 108.

Tanaostigma stanleyi. 109. Tanaoneura hirticoxa. 110. Tanaoneura

matamata.

160 Contrio. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

112

9 (RG

Figures 111-116. Propodeum, 9. 111. Tanaostigmodes fernandesi. 112.

Tanaostigmodes latiscapus. 113. Tanaostigmodes madrensis. 114.

Tanaostigma bennetti. 115. Minapis nigra. 116. Microprobolos titan.

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae 161

117 118 D

MAKES

Figures 117-122. 117. Tanaoneura smicropleura, 9, mesopleuron. 118.

Tanaoneura portoricensis, 9, mesopleuron. 119. Tanaostigmodes

aulafrons, 2, mesoscutum. 120. Tanaostigmodes_ tenuisulcus, 9,

mesoscutum. 121. Tanaostigma chapadae, 9, mesosoma, lateral view. 122.

Tanaostigma lobo, ?, mesosoma, lateral view.

162 Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

ee GOA By 2 daar,

7 = ai a ar Sia

Cie aes CA og Z Fp 4s gs = aes

TAO RCT a Cok ot eye 2 I A OCR oa a a a On Ne a =~ ssi

BE Y mae yas 2 hee

ime 2 Bi LG | oa st Seer) Sa oe a —

ety tS uae ea

ff fan fly! eth a ee eA Segoe says cutee a Bers a

eat bearer! Ai ae Be Sh aa x

a <a tes i ~2 4 Soca eal Cree -_ ~~ +3

FG: ¢ a4 — Be er aoe ra 4 inne

a Ca a ees ae ee, ee er ee i ere iN hee ety I

=— 4 4 Se Pa _ Ae ee ery, oe -_-_ ms eo

A 7a eg, meee, a a Ne _- fas it el ee ha) cee pees

a gf _ a EE oh tee Mare gee Ae 1 ~ ee _

i a _ 7 ~~ = ee a“ xe “ay ma Vea

es — ye —

ee wa a yea A ae a ee et eae ee pat

vi CENA eh ee = joe cot a =_ ~ cg ee

— —

5 it ” ote WO Sree Sas eee _ FO ase Pak =

ie SS allies mend eal ai 7 ee gee oe sah th

pag

_- aa ye es jes Po a _

ee ne al ep 7 eae ane cee al ot Se = - Pte a

— + _ 7 ee oA a

ra - =— aoa =— —

_-_ = a =— = ca wa — ye Soc AS ack _—

ra ad ue ob ce a: belgie ae - Z yee - Lee

pa onan a A ie _ its as wr ne a alee a pac ae aan

be _ ~ poe ae ke _

at ge - = ee _ a4 an aan _

we, - ahs et as <a he mee aS ee ees eet a

pes = we, ie —

poe, eee ae as ie i Sane coe al = Bh parties | 2 oes

say Tene Rees kaa es _— et Ny na mre i= ap va - he's ahh

ae ae eee. Saeed 3 = —

= Bees ee go ae ah ee aid wa -—-_ =

_ = far — — —_ baat —

proat ace Te a <a —- — ve VE eS ee

CDi ak 2 aq wa

— aes Va sori

aye fag ewes wea Ee a aay i ae ae.

a No - a 7 2 ANS _

i age a 2 a8: ete ~ ~

= wd mA pe eg Re o ge = bes

Pt — es

eS ate eg es sae saa Soe

ies ig, OS eae VSN ay ee

cos a,

Sa ee | ee CF

Sas

ee ee re oa me ae Pega I eee ees

— eet 4 yes

es oe Pou

md fy — ea =

ef Caan femme /emenve, fem ketene a a Zz = aoe eat ai

bel 4 <i “7 Se tame bak

a CEG = _— ie

om =a Pa es Ze = se ah ra eae pid

— Gi a — —_ Uae PS ats

rail a oe. ae eT" = Cae e

a i Fi cn, a “i SiN ae Sar es ye.

= = tee Terie aoe Seer ee

poe — es _ Mee Be ae eal

_ pe = —_— oo — — a —

fo Com ae ek, — ae

_ ~~ > — aak = Soe oe

= z —

aay eae 2 ae ace fae pie 2 oe. —

poem — — or — —

wu —_— Ade: — —— > i ee —

a Ses ar ox baie — es aes is pe Wai on a ar a

ra is _— se gel at. ~ — =-y ee ea

— ar ~ a ST —_

a ea. a Ca ag _ XN “ar ~ —

— — a Po

aa DS, a ~ ret

= eh _ a SS A =

_ =~ ~ _—_— ee +. a

ou = ~ N sy peme b ~~ a he,

— a, rors ie — oe 5 aon

me is. pee We pues ge a Sy ir ie =_ —

-_ — Sian Stee Sots wes a oa — Ee saya a

a ~ See ie aS = ~ a Zea rae —

a ._- =e un ~~ ea

ete cay oe ~ =

_— _ XN tee — t. Se ree

a ath ~ — — potas

_ - Pye faze: a — tae betes cil

_ Sr Ne os! pe ME Ss _ — Coos 2 te a pt ae

a & — ivan: ss a ae

~ ot Wy L: “2 eaeee ae Ta

— Rane food a: ae be me =—_ ~~ — =z

eu, _— ~~ ~ ee

_ aa’ x ae

—_— eet oS ees eee S ~ ~—

~ aE

es a oeas ee —_— =~

ey a Ne

ax ae = =< CaN ee

or -_— ~ —

= — ies wae et oe

hee ine —

amet Tat —_ —

we =— aS =

Figures 123-124. Forewing, ?. 123. Tanaostigmodes flavicorpus. 124. T.

haematoxyli.

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae 163

agen Ee OE EAC eS

7 oe via pe) TS eee Aas alate

Rage Pra a= — ~~ ae

a gas 4 ye _ yy, ees ee

bus or alee — — cob eae Joe

o-, - eS a, an -_ fe —

hep ff re 2 — Pe Gos Soe ae ia oy ~

ge =_ pas cil ea NG ao Px ie,

yo —

—~ am a ee ae ial > Pr a en ee LE tn pe ee a

i ao =_— = —_ hes

_ a atl a nee * watt ee — - iO =

_ - _ Zee a _ i ee Roath, cory Ne

_ - px = _— —

_ — a — _—

=_ Js Be (oe eee i, i x

-” - a ne oe —_ _ TiS Se

eee Le Ca , ast =_ m— eee ee oes re ee sc Areata. _— —

. os -_- &« a - -_ -_ be ce re ~~ _—_—

PE A oti oe Ee - _ a ie) oe _— ce

—_— =— ars a

Pi: aes ack = pe «ee ae ale ha — mae ee

_ _ _ =

a Pe AES ee Teas ee Sa eT te 2) Sa0g jae au

_ _ ho tra _—_

age Mee _ oe ae eee eta , eely Lome ae Fr a eet sate

ve a) ae a a ees ae =_-— —_— —

a alee oe Th es —a pa

oe = i <eime i _ ~ sory

-_ = — _ — aera &

ce ee, - ms — _— en i= oe

a nar - -— _ a al een ~ e = BL a

— _ —s ome a Ce ee oe ay

we Ne oe te ne _ aly — _ aes

ae _ Say | ee ge, _- a soit _ oie _— —_

eo an Van ad gSP Ne eae ae

—_ Ee otis ee — _ = es ~~ Se scones _

-_ a eee ere —_— — ae

ae _ = oe -_ we Ee ~ _ ie

eas ae) er Rees Ae es = aoe Pre Meret Ed > ~~ =— — mos

=_ o> = Ta tay ee, tao mess Cap boa _

iv —_— = = _ = -_ ae a a —_—

_— Z _ 7 ae — — et

ee oy Lm aoe hee. a — EP it enna, i. ~~ Fe = _

a — a

_ = - _ _ or —

— poe ras ye ae, x er xX er eo

pata a atc ee: Pe 4 ak: — - cr ree ee ce ah SS

% _ Vian Pay. = = = aa

_— _— jae =

= Zs oo — a * _-_ =~ es Tse Toh hes Col Sg

— - =- ss

oot aces - = —— Pa es Seat) sy eee

ga ~~ es 3 SS eae aes a

ey ee

_ o 2 ae go RE Ot _—_ — SE RI a a

_ al - oe Ramee eee: OTE er ee Te ig ae

—_—- —~- —~— wm sn

_ a” ae as. ~ ~~ ~— ~ ee Ke

cate — —d id ‘mee TT, ae ~

- es Se OE Pr ode tay Rese ee

- Se SS te Fo ~ _

SE ae Wie ~ ~ —

ete See ee a ee eee cvs pres

o_o a a —_ =~

Naas ee

aa 4 =

la ee a L@

y — ns Re fee 3 Te AEH eae ae

Le hance Le So apatite 3

eae, / pone ieee Se Sie et —

mn _ an RL a

‘eas ff cece Coe: ae ns eal cae Pk nd —_—_— —

- ae = — eer eee nN

-_ i, _—_ a

cc V2 CE rat o“ Oi 2) salem Se seca

en 7 —

ee a prs —_ fen _

os ae ~ _

Gh a = She = -— aul

oot —_ —

aad 4 mille Pa ee RSs es. a Kee Oe me — ey

— —

Fa ee —— —_— ——

cll — —_— ™— Tr ~ - Ee ee! — ah ee

—— — eet A uy OA lie 2 ee Fea Spins HD,

_— — — ea ee es _ —

—_ yee . = —_— _— pee — = ee

_-_ /~ Se —_ — — ~ pee,

_ — Sy aes ed as ee aot potest aa em

ban -_

paiees — _— ao 3) Les athe es

5 _ _ ~~ ret le me

Da ae ~— SS | a _ ~ ay)

= _ > pe 3 we ne

eee eae Bia ~ ae _— a = os a

a — = se — =a

Mtg ane Pr aes ee ia i -_ -— wae | ae ci

re ee | ace Ast = a od, oe e _

ie ne ~ a Stee pe ee ee, =_ oe

— _ — —_— _ —

Ne ee my ole SS ~~ is = ik eae ae. cat a oe

\ ~ eS RS Hak _ Es aan bial

~ _— — ~ aaa oe or. Sl AS ae re

oe as —

\ as a eee Re En a he oa

4 a | ne Seer ae Re awe es eas _—

oe —- eA gh Ere os Bee ee — Sg sees et ae a

\ Viens _ i — a — a. =e == aid

= oe RS eee ES = = " ee:

a el = Aa as, ty — — er as ees wees

ee 6: Tees a SS ha — _

es — ~~

«VO pol = = par Son Ce Sask y

aye ~ SS meee SUA _— ss —

NS es wie - ii ae te fg AY a

N _ Se ee —_— ~~ —_— — bea ney

eee _ caine AP RT a a alte

— SS. —~ SS _

~ ~ —

~~ aes ~

\ os 2 ie ee ~

\ os — ~ aah a.

lad eo ee -_— pes te

\ a — a _

SO kere alee oie

ae eee a are

— ~~ =|

Figures 125-126.

sonorensis.

Forewing, 9. 125. Tanaostigmodes larsoni. 126. T.

164 Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

a Te

‘ es ae paar Be Le ii c

= Tay Zz vA ta - ee

FIONN GN ee es ayer ‘ 7 Ve

ee ie sie ae ¢ a A Vie

7 7 % Ta

¥ L-/- et Yih aay) eG

Se ff Ve ae att a gee: e i %

fe ffeteL ee ay

of ae aie oe y / - :, ay

a Sa

So S

if ie seine 2 Bes ge ee ia thet we

am Sg Gee Ween ar e nik Ge

Wi ie a © Z ee 7 ae a

<a a aa 2 a

ff bs ve 2B i Lxa a Pao

VA Yo A fon

“ae “ee ji pe x - ae ee

Va ig oss ye ih Sia ge

a - zi a a ra

VA Y 7 ae v Ye

128 € Pee ge ee ge ne oe

Va oe Ze *, 7. oy y y 4

ie: ee

wae : 3 Be a - 2 4

/ a Ca

= To

4 - alee ate Z 2 y

aid ee fi 7 /

mae ) e

7 4;

Figures 127-128. Forewing, ?. 127. Tanaostigmodes albiclavus. 128. T.

coccophagus.

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae

See

~ = -

~ De eNO rer er ON ~LARN So ey

Saath seni et ES i Pe Ss ee tige ten

SoN AX ass = ~N

=~ SS SSS as xAwxw YK

~ Ne SK

SX a ee

ma NES re

rie oe

ap eee

eT ;

- Z chlo bbe BOE TES SG eS eo

Sax Mae a Fai Were ee in a “

es - aah dl ra

a lee. _— sr eer laa ra

a“ Pe nea le a ag ee ee / 7 7 nara ee i

— pa - ee Vain fae _— ee ih ay Om ha i = pete v

\ is ai a Me — / GM: eae: We x = AG,

ae Gea ee os 3s iy oe ie LS ee LG

\ jes ap _ eee ee ee ne ae i es ye? y Ya va A sa 2?

oa = Je a Stone up pee es ee ee i piste LG ve i By

\ _— can ps ge te aca ( Va a TAK, ef

ee ee gee te a 7 a mi

\ - er ‘late oa lies seilee” re 7 ims fe

N pe = ot 7 Z A Ait Yess Le Ah A Ps

N cae eas ae ee ees ier kay 92 2 gay, ee -_ et

\ - _— EE a ae ie

Hs tee MO Poe meen ae ale es 9 RE eas Pg pte

Wee ie er a mn oe Oy ee i ae ee Bei a

Mgt cs Sa are eg Cay, Co - ee ee ge os, 7

Be i ve canbe aalen, whee eee cael 7 7 ee cap Ps - - 4st

_— -_ ps oe age eo _ eA ea rd f Pa a

fag coal os Le ie ie

_— hee a vy Ze a ( cA Zi. Gre

Seis! ee Ne a BEE A in is / G 7 ae

eT ee ee ge MeN, he idee 7 fee Lens a e

za Ze ee Ge 4

ps ese a a Ne Pa a ¢ a; € me hea

a at We me Wis Le / ri

om x eae t

Pen Va yA y we Panne Ze ee

Ze la oe

eee te ee Cy ee / Ge Mae

Z i /

a 4 / Saf ii

fOr Z VARY Ae ght a Tie

wn /

Figures 129-130. Forewing, 9. 129. Tanaostigma stanleyi. 130. T.

coursetiae.

166 Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

i ak

The eK Te Uonrede alle Tada

We / f aa owe sc S Pecanw A a a

BUR ee Vie 7 RD met Wace Za ‘gallo Pree as ts Bee

7 { os ‘ane po Uf Eke Sect ae B: er foot Ree:

sat ee / ae ees “gle ne sot iy aaa ee rte

/ 7 Te SF am Ne ia AY, 57/2 ae Ney yy Hae Cee

/ f* as. cat i oop Mn RL gk SO, ag ee

( Ts ae 3 ale eee aig ek He eta ee

@ f eT ee NEE OE a ancl RES CRN aii ey

f- <7 i Ae OF oy ial PAC ae SO ea I et SE

Ves Oe / Wg an pe ee a ie a ME RK

—_— 7 gta ie Reon On ee ne OO RN ON Gore

/ a, Pa ean he A va — ve a ss

fay 7 _ oes Saas _— Si Gago ty Bee

aaah = ow ye aa Tt Sis RE Lae | ae ee ee Pere eS <a ee

‘ vi Va o Wee BEE ae aes VN A cams a BA

Xs ee ee A 2 ae Le er ee

pa ih

ele a Pisce gt te hei: , ihe cle Se AE cok ae

Pour ray VE a re a a. os 7 a ie eee

Pu se yj ane Gc) ie cs aha te hea WP ae

a a ee

132 TG a ee ee dra

Figures 131-132. Forewing, ?. 131. Minapis nigra (setae on wing not

shown). 132. Microprobolos titan.

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae 167

FAG

lf les Le

e247 2 LAr

Figures 133-138. Base of forewing, ?. 133. Tanaostigmodes minutus. 134. T.

pithecellobiae. 135. T. meltoni. 136. T. emarginatus. 137. T. fernandesi. 138.

T. triplaris.

168 Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

t En Ss

fe PONG ST eas

—é

Millie sks

ra < a<

Be LAG Wr GGA. Ger Ae Py te oe

Figures 139-144. Base of forewing, 9. 139. Tanaostigmodes kiefferi. 140.

Tanaostigmodes aulafrons. 141. Tanaostigmodes howardii. 142.

Tanaostigmodes tescus. 143. Tanaoneura aurifer. 144. Tanaoneura

hirticoxa.

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae 169

151

— 152

Figures 145-152. 145-148. Venation of forewing, ?. 145. Tanaostigmodes

anellarius. 146. Tanaostigmodes sulcatus. 147. Tanaostigmodes viridis.

148. Tanaoneura inexacta. 149-152. Hind femur, 9. 149. Tanaostigmodes

fernandesi. 150. Tanaostigmodes carinatus. 151. Tanaostigmodes punctus.

152. Tanaostigmodes desantisi.

170 Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

Figures 153-157. 153. Tanaoneura hirticoxa, 9, hind coxa. 154. Tanaoneura

flavilineata, 9, hind coxa. 155. Tanaostigmodes yuohuae, 9, metasoma,

dorsal view, T2-T4. 156. Tanaostigmodes fisheri, 9, metasoma, dorsal view,

T2-T4. 157. Minapis nigra, 9, metasoma, dorsal view.

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae 17]

Figures 158-163. 158. Tanaostigma gahani, 9, hind femur. 159.

Tanaostigma slossonae, ¢, hind femur. 160-163. Metasoma, 9, dorsal view.

160. Tanaostigmodes triplaris. 161. Tanaostigmodes kiefferi. 162.

Tanaostigma stanley. 163. Tanaostigma chapadae.

172

Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

ANY

M4]

r(,\

/\|

oa-o- ae

: ~~ on =

hadnt a" 2° NN Sager

SEE

> =

GALL CHAMBER

>yY Nee TT ae

\ ~~ S .—— “~

SSRN

2mm

Figures 164-168. Gall types. 164. Tanaostigmodes haematoxyli, gall on

midrib of Pithecellobium brasilensis leaf. 165. T. meltoni, blister galls on

Pithecellobium flexicaule leaflets. 166. T. madrensis, cross section of

Aeschynomene petraea var. madrensis flower showing gall in ovary. 167.

T. fisheri, gall in old flower of Calliandra californica. 168. T. ywohuae, galls

on stem and leaf midrib of Mimosa dysocarpa.

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae 173

Figures 169-174. Gall types. 169. T. howardii, gall attached to stem of

Acacia greggii. 170. T. howardii, gall formed between leaflets of Acacia

greggit. 171. T. tescus, stem gall on Acacia greggii. 172. T. albiclavus, stem

gall on Mimosa biuncifera. 173. T. tychii, stem gall on Acacia greggii. 174.

T. coeruleus, gall attached to stem of Prosopis sp.

174 Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

3mm

Figures 175-177. Gall types. 175. Tanaostigma gahani, galls on seed of

Canavalia ensiformis. 176. Tanaostigma coursetiae, gall in ovary of

Willardia mexicana flower. 177. Tanaoneura portoricensis, galls on seed of

Inga laurina.

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae 175°

APPENDIX 1. NEW SYNONYMIES

SPECIES

Tanaostigmodes tetartus Crawford, 1911

Tanaostigmodes americanus Girault, 1913

GENERA |

Tanaostigma Howard, 1890

Trichencyrtus Ashmead, 1904

Tanaostigmodes Ashmead, 1896

Monopleurothrix Mayr, 1905

Dendrosema Kieffer & Jérgensen, 1910

Eutetracera Bréthes, 1924

Eutricnemus Blanchard, 1940

APPENDIX 2. NEW COMBINATIONS

(Original genus follows present combination in parentheses).

Tanaoneura maculiventris (Minapis)

Tanaoneura portoricensis (Tanaostigmodes)

Tanaostigma albosquamatum (Dendrosema)

Tanaostigma chapadae (Trichencyrtus)

Tanaostigma gahani (Trichencyrtus)

Tanaostigma slossonae (Tanaostigmodes)

Tanaostigmodes coccophagus (Eutricnemus) .

Tanaostigmodes coeruleus (Dendrosema)

Tanaostigmodes flavicorpus (Tanaostigma)

Tanaostigmodes haematoxyli (Tanaostigma)

Tanaostigmodes kiefferi (Monopleurothrix)

Tanaostigmodes ringueleti (Eutetracera)

APPENDIX 3. LECTOTYPES DESIGNATED

(Valid generic name, if different, follows original name in parentheses).

Eutricnemus coccophagus Blanchard (Tanaostigmodes)

Tanaostigma coursetiae Howard

Tanaostigma flavicorpus Girault (Tanaostigmodes)

Tanaostigmodes howardii Ashmead

Monopleurothrix kiefferi Mayr (Tanaostigmodes)

Minapis nigra Bréthes

Tanaostigmodes portoricensis Crawford (Tanaoneura)

Eutetracera ringueleti Bréthes (Tanaostigmodes)

Tanaostigmodes tetartus Crawford

Tanaostigmodes slossonae Crawford (Tanaostigma)

176 Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

APPENDIX 4. NEW TAXA DESCRIBED

GENUS

Microprobolos type species: Microprobolos titan LaSalle, sp.n.

SPECIES

anellarius, Tanaostigmodes

anexochus, Tanaostigmodes

aulafrons, Tanaostigmodes

aurifer, Tanaoneura

basilaris, Tanaostigmodes

bennetti, Tanaostigma

brevisulcus, Tanaostigmodes

carinatus, Tanaostigmodes

darwini, Tanaoneura

desantisi, Tanaostigmodes

dilatus, Tanaostigmodes

dominicensis, Tanaostigmodes

emarginatus, Tanaostigmodes

fernandesi, Tanaostigmodes

fisheri, Tanaostigmodes

flavilineata, Tanaoneura

glabrum, Tanaostigma

gracilis, Tanaostigmodes

hirticoxa, Tanaoneura

impilum, Tanaostigma

incompleta, Tanaoneura

inexacta, Tanaoneura

insculptus, Tanaostigmodes

koebelei, Tanaostigmodes

larsoni, Tanaostigmodes

latiscapus, Tanaostigmodes

lobo, Tanaostigma

madrensis, Tanaostigmodes

matamata, Tanaoneura

meltoni, Tanaostigmodes

mexicanus, Tanaostigmodes

minutus, Tanaostigmodes

mosesi, Tanaostigmodes

peruviensis, Tanaostigmodes

pithecellobiae, Tanaostigmodes

plaumanni, Tanaostigma

punctus, Tanaostigmodes

smicropleura, Tanaoneura

sonorensis, Tanaostigmodes

stanleyi, Tanaostigma

sulcatus, Tanaostigmodes

tenuisulcus, Tanaostigmodes

tescus, Tanaostigmodes

titan, Microprobolos

tricolor, Tanaostigmodes

triplaris, Tanaostigmodes

viridis, Tanaostigmodes

xanthogaster, Tanaostigmodes

yuohuae, Tanaostigmodes

APPENDIX 5. GENERA DESCRIBED AS TANAOSTIGMATIDAE

WHICH BELONG IN OTHER FAMILIES.

(References do not necessarily refer to original placement in other families).

Ataneostigma Girault, 1915:42-43.

Type species Ataneostigma pulchra Girault, 1915 (original designation).

APHELINIDAE (Hayat, 1983 =Coccophagus)

Eupelmomorpha Girault, 1915:43.

Type species Eupelmomorpha quadricolor Girault, 1915 (original

designation).

ENCYRTIDAE (Noyes & Hayat, 1984 =Charitopus)

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae 177

Eutrichosomella Girault, 1915:40-41.

Type species Eutrichosomella albiclava Girault, 1915 (original

designation).

APHELINIDAE (Hayat, 1983)

Rafa Bréthes, 1916:421.

Type species Rafa albitarsis Bréthes, 1916 (original designation).

EUPELMIDAE (De Santis, 1980 =Eupelmus)

Taneostigmoidella Girault, 1915:39.

Type species Taneostigmoidella nympha Girault, 1915 (original

designation).

APHELINIDAE (Hayat, 1983 =Prococcophagus)

Taneostigmomyia Girault, 1915:39.

Type species Taneostigmomyia spenceri Girault, 1915 (original

designation).

EULOPHIDAE (I have found no previous placement of this genus in the

Eulophidae) ,

APPENDIX 6. CHECKLIST OF OLD WORLD TANAOSTIGMATIDAE

GENERA (not found in New World)

Cynipencyrtus Ishii, 1928:106-107

(type species Cynipencyrtus flavus, original designation)

Miscogasteromorpha Girault, 1915:42

(type species Miscogasteromorpha ajax, original designation)

Protanaostigma Ferriére, 1929:156

(type species Protanaostigma milletae, monotypy)

Saavedra Girault, 1933:5

(type species Saavedra velasquezi, monotypy)

SPECIES

Cynipencyrtus flavus Ishii, 1928:107-108 (Japan)

(Synonym: Cynipencyrtus bicolor Ishii, 1928:108-109 )

Miscogasteromorpha ajax Girault, 1915:42 (Australia)

Miscogasteromorpha eja Girault, 1921:191 (Australia)

Miscogasteromorpha eupelmiformis Girault, 1915:42 (Australia)

Protanaostigma milletae Ferriére, 1929:156-159 (Java)

Protanaostigma derricola Ferriére, 1932:1-4 (Sumatra)

Protanaostigma kyushuana Masi, 1940:30-32 (Japan)

Saavedra velasquezi Girault, 1933:5 (Australia)

Tanaostigmodes bifasciatifrons Girault, 1915:44 (Australia)

Tanaostigmodes cajaninae LaSalle, 1985:305-307 (in Lateef, et. al., 1985)

(India)

Tanaostigmodes globosus Girault, 1915:44 (Australia)

178 Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

Tanaostigmodes globosus novus Girault, 1915:44 (Australia)

Tanaostigmodes silviae Girault, 1922:106 (Australia)

Tanaostigmodes unifascia Girault, 1927:311 (Australia)

APPENDIX 7. HOST ASSOCIATIONS OF NEW WORLD

TANAOSTIGMATIDAE.

Tanaostigmatid(s) follow host plants in parentheses.

Obviously erroneous records have been omitted.

[?] indicates a questionable record.

FABACEAE: Caesalpinoidea

Caesalpinia pyramidalis ( Panddstietiades desantisi)

Haematoxylon brasiletto (Tanaostigma haematoxyli)

Haematoxylon campechianum (Tanaostigma haematoxyli)

FABACEAE:Faboidea

Aeschynomene petraea var. madrensis (Tanaostigma lobo,

Tanaostigmodes madrensis)

Belaira mucronata (Cubaniella trotteri)

Canavalia ensiformis (Tanaostigma gahani)

Cratylia moelis (Tanaostigma gahani)

Galactia striata (Tanaostigma slossonae)

Galactia volubilis (Tanaostigma slossonae)

Lonchocarpus latifolia (Tanaostigma coursetiae)

Machaerium aculeatum (Tanaostigmodes fernandesi)

Machaerium robinifolium (Tanaostigma bennetti)

Machaerium (Tanaostigma chapadae)

Willardia mexicana (Tanaostigma coursetiae)

FABACEAE:Mimosoidea

Acacia constricta (Tanaostigma stanleyi, Tanaostigmodes larsoni,

Tanaostigmodes mosesi, Tanaostigmodes sonorensis)

Acacia greggii (Tanaostigmodes howardii, Tanaostigmodes tescus,

Tanaostigmodes tychii)

Acacia (Tanaostigmodes peruviensis)

Calliandra bicolor (Tanaostigmodes ringueleti)

Calliandra californica (Tanaostigmodes fisheri)

Calliandra selloi (Tanaostigmodes ringueleti)

Calliandra (Tanaoneura aurifer)

Inga laurina (Tanaoneura portoricensis)

Inga (Tanaoneura hirticoxa, Tanaoneura maculiventris, Tanaoneura

portoricensis, Tanaoneura smicropleura, Tanaostigma gahani)

Mimosa biuncifera (Tanaostigmodes albiclavus)

Mimosa dysocarpa (Tanaostigmodes yuohuae)

Mimosa guatamalensis (Tanaostigmodes mexicanus)

Pithecellobium flexicaule (Tanaostigmodes meltoni, Tanaostigmodes

minutus, Tanaostigmodes xanthogaster)

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae 179

Pithecellobium guadalupense (Tanaostigmodes pithecellobiae)

Pithecellobium ungus-cati (Tanaostigmodes pithecellobiae)

Prosopis alba (Tanaostigmodes coeruleus)

Prosopis alpataco (Dendrosema albitarse, Tanaostigmodes coeruleus)

Prosopis chilensis (Tanaostigmodes coeruleus)

Prosopis nigra (Tanaostigmodes coeruleus)

Prosopis strombulifera (Tanaostigma albosquamatum, Tanaostigmodes

viridis)

LECYTHIDACEAE

Eschweilera matamata (Tanaoneura matamata)

MALVACEAE

[?] Hibiscus (Tanaostigmodes tetartus)

[?] Malachra capitata (Tanaostigmodes emarginatus)

MYRTACEAE

Psidium (Tanaoneura smicropleura)

POLYGONACEAE

Triplaris cumingiana (Tanaostigmodes basilaris)

Triplaris (Tanaostigmodes basilaris, Tanaostigmodes triplaris)

RHAMNACEAE

Condalia lineata (Liebeliella pleuralis)

Scutia buccifolia (Minapis nigra)

180 Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst., vol. 23, no. 1, 1987

INDEX

albiclavus Girault, Tanaostigmodes ............. ee. ATED ral

albitarse Kieffer & Jérgensen, DendrosomMaG ............ccccccecsceccccecsecscsvcees 136

albosquamatum (Kieffer & Jorgensen), TANGOStIZMA ...........6.ccceescceeeess 114

americanus Girault, Tandostigmodes:s:. iain od I 85

anellarius, sp. n., Tanaostigmodes ..............eceeeees ee EN PE Banas 42

anexochus, sp. n., Tanaostigmodes ...... ee aan sh rep ene eb ee he mane 61

GSRMeCEAL HOWAVG.. 1 ANGORCUTA: 6, coder iso ics crack asda Ges sods coencbe ose ccceceds 130

aulafrons, sp. n., Tanaostigmodes ..... oe wiabee entra Glas Re AO De Sk a 48

aurifer, sp.n., Tanaoneura ..... amen, ca Aas Cs oe UU ee A Be ce 118

basilaris, sp. n., Tanaostigmodes ..............0+. Pee tei sav cede ps aes 39

bennetti, sp. n., TANGOStIGMA .........0ceeceeees Snr ge ae ee Meer ee NT SE RE RT 99

DiCOlOr COMES MING DIS. Aestredsauuiles sede PO RES 8.) Csi 136

DREVISUICUS,.SD. 1., 1 ANAOSTICMOGes 52.6 eos CO 62

carinatus, sp. n., Tanaostigmodes ............ ee PBN SORES SON on Ig ee tie gee Saar 33

chapadae (Ashmead), Tanaostigma ...... le cine pice nad dies eae ee 112

coccophagus (Blanchard), TandostigModes ............cccccccccccscescscsccscceseces 69

coeruleus (Kieffer & Jorgensen), Tanaostigmodes .......... Cree eee ae 86

coursetiae Howard, Tanaostigma ...............606 NO at See WEE ts BE Be 108

Cubaniella Russo ..............66 ia, Bo out alee Sie? sak AL 136

darwini, sp. n., Tanaoneura ..............06- asic pee rote 5. he 124

Dendrosoma Kieffer & JOrgensen .............cccceccsccccccecceccscsccecsnceecs oct tee 13

desantisi, sp. n., Tanaostigmodes ........... Srl ane VO) euics has nee Fas eA 51

dilatus, sp. n., Tanaostigmodes ......... eC HOLA NE toy Wa Be dana dienes | Skee 36

GOMINICENSIS; Bp: D., TARGOSUAMOGES: -.06.006508) hiicnwsceaees Sebiccee Ei, Bld 50

emarginatus, Sp. 0., TANAOStIYSMOES ...........ceeceecevcesceees et we alee 31

Eutetracera Bréthes ..... sai tie eee totes dcaw bat yaks DTS SL ae omni ees au 13

Eutricnemus Blanchard ......... SohehiGe aos: beer eit cue Sues nSoomiaiyhonml ens oles 13

fernandesi, sp. n., Tanaostigmodes ............ See aia dae Buty wali cr Poe 34

fisheri, sp. n., Tanaostigmodes .......... Nee Cay te fst owe Be eanat cae eiaiaa sae 58

flavicorpus (Girault), Tandostigmodes ..........ccccccececccesscccecscccssscscscecncece 24

flavilineata, sp. n., Tanaoneura ............. Pr ne er aren. Speedin s cel 125

gahani (Gomes), Tanaostigma ..............006 ed erate Ae) ssw ali aenkob asin 104

glabrum, sp. D., TANAOStIZMA .........c.ccececececeeeess Saree ects Per cere on Senn Re 101

BT OCUIS ODT AOS CIE OC CS 655 )oin. do venous utpelssnseocsndvencesassacedovacosaesvares 49

haematoxyli (Dozier), Tanaostigmodes ............. Se (Ran sehr Secale suntan 26

ETT ECON, SO TION UT i eins ace Soo das dccnsetncderhnscosecdects 121

howardii Ashmead, Tandostigmodes .............cccccccccscscscscsssccccscscscnceseces 63

impilum, sp. n., Tanaostigmda ...........00066 Me eb as pte, Miesleatren 102

SUC OUPRL OO, WRT PATON CUT 6 io55o ool oha iss chs eccvesnccierncccscedvcascecelescecds 127

PC MOCEA Be Fe TONG ONCI Tio ied i nhs ins ve Gacccccdevsdececssuveccasescedses 129

insculptus, sp. n., Tanaostigmodes. ............. ee UD ck OAK ak 54

Rie fer’ (Mayr); TANGO ima es ies iisciicek oaccsiessduceddba0alaGhbcsbekusciantecsecsss 55

ROCOC1 C1 BD) De, 1 ANE OSEIAHUOR CS © alice. inkdcveloeccesivecossavcovnseesscesesovnasdedes 84

POP SGML, BO Ais TON GOSH GOES <i ich Biases i cctnc cose scucsssvcsovscoevecnscvogsnsceees 76

HATIRCO RUS GD. FOTN AOS TH OIIOGER ass kos A Vln di de ib de scee su socesncccconesssessess 37

Piebelie ie Wieiier Be JOrgense ns ici cis thous fees isi dsdiens ssewetnissadecdvarviddvesess. 136

lobo, 8D. Ni, TANGOBLI BIG: cocccliics iiasancieseiecevesisss Ge Oe Sak acts AN asses 110

LaSalle: New World Tanaostigmatidae 181

maculiventris (Gomes), Tanaoneura .............6- puna aaa Gue a can ee 126

madrensis, sp. n., Tanaostigmodes ....... AES ee sie a nee 57

matamata, sp. n., Tanaoneura ............. Spe ere oe ee aa enh ed eas 122

mayrt Ashmead, TandostigMmodes ............ccccceccecsccsceess sO reds eee a 91

meltoni, sp. n., Tanaostigmodes ..............00c008 Ra paGg acts oe oi ca means enon as) 28

mexicanus, sp.n., Tanaostigmodes .......... sieel naka: chee iq ona eas 74

Microprobolos, gen. Nn. ........... sd gabvevadbbeen maeae eae teas aattcee a f oeiwA oie aed 133

Minapis Brethes. 5. 6.) cess isc csers & geass ea tcaeasle aS ea eter eiete! ent 92

minutus, sp. n. , Tanaostigmodes VEN Ss A retry haere i ihumersle aisle aueaerecesan 46

Monopleurothrix MOV ccs wed pi ieiouees Rees Peery te ae vides cedar Ecauanes 13

mosesi, sp. n., Tanaostigmodes .......... Scrat va Mie uwieue uation ooh eimai cee 81

nigra Bréthes, Minapis ...... Rescate. See Pustiveeceraa en es Pee Ree ee 93

peruviensis, sp. n., Tanaostigmodes ............ceccee0e: eileen ayaa age vigae 30

pithecellobiae, sp. n., Tanaostigmodes ..........cccccececsecscceees Se epee ae! 45

plaumanni, sp. n. , Tanaostigma aikes sale acaret ante abis gionkt Weenie aot ca oaks ona een tama 103

pleuralis Kieffer & Jorgensen, Liebeliella . Snead. Liat ween tee a sala rene 136

portoricensis (Crawford), Tanaoneura ...............000+ Mey SuuakeueNecn cuter nce, 131

pseudonigra Gomes, Minapis ........ PEGS) Re Mrrerac TMAH UO coe in aR EN Rohr HE bo? 137

punctus, sp. n., Tanaostigmodes ..............csece00 ecalca, eter Ree ae 52

Rafa Bréthes......... onan leh adeiude ean aa teen ta eet ie Oca, SEEN ee eae 177

ringueleti (Brathes), Tanaostigmodes ubiacn aieiess ee es Dene hen eerie 73

robustus (Ashmead), Tanaostigma ............0..c0000. sages eer aca: peg gew tian 112

slossonae (Crawford), Tanaostigma ........... RNs Gertenernienee es i Same ore 106

smicropleura, sp. n., Tanaoneura ............... ea a IR LS Ber oe pourra weeds 120

sonorensis, sp. n., Tanaostigmodes ........... uence nn 2 Naser reese ERG ere 719

stanleyi, sp. n., Tanaostigma ............. s P1SE Seneca ha an oe cei 97

sulcatus, sp. n., TANAOStIGSMOMES ..........ccecceescceeees bhai aera ahaa ice 43

Tanaoneura Howard ..............c.eceee0s aiid ae Canina ee Nuit CAGa a eL ese opin Gl Verna eee 114

Tanaostigma Howard ............. Te eee ee te MORE 7 ROT NR EER ECT OPN 94

Tanaostigmodes Ashmead. .................0008. ee ee ch ONCE RER UNEU ER ne 13

PRUISUICUS, BD. 1., TORGORLIOMOG 68.25 oscic cues ea 67

tescus, sp. n., Tandostigmodes .............ccceeceeees Sig oe Tae nga Ne ee 66

tetartus Crawford, Tanaostigmodes ............... ee ae sa heaet ...85

titan, sp. n., Microprobolos ........ pareuienees OVERS Pras PISCE Ag DRL MD ne 134

Trichencyrtus Ashmead (o5..0...c6008 hiccsccncteanss A oe Gos Souiceaeeie ae

PrECOLOF, SP. Tl., F ONGQOSUIBMGUES: tisk ae ie ee

friplaria,. sp. D., TANGOSIIEMOGER «..oic ioc. aod ek es. eee eeu 40

trottert Russo, Cubaniella ..............00000: ie rai Nc cach cncee LA AE ees se uedan nue 137

tychii Ashmead, Tanaostigmodes .................. Peeks ives Mcrseel eta cee een ies .82

viridis, sp. n., Tanaostigmodes ........ Ct mee rane LER MCGEE EO MEO SRI 90

xanthogaster, sp. n., Tanaostigmodes ....... EDN CUNO NOR DRA aCe rar an. mr Se i

wuonude, sp. B., TARGOSEBMOGER ice) asoeiie ate ond as eT eae 60

Contributions

of the

American Entomological Institute

Volume 23, Number 2, 1987

fie

A REVISION OF THE GENUS M/CROCHAROPS

(HYMENOPTERA : ICHNEUMONIDAE)

Virendra Gupta

CONTENTS

ABSTRACT .

INTRODUCTION . ‘

MATERIAL AND METHODS .

TAXONOMY

Genus Microcharops Roman .

Relationships

Species groups .

Key to species groups

Key to species

Description of species

Microcharops taitica (Holmgren) .

Microcharops bimaculata (Ashmead)

Microcharops anticarsiae, n. sp.

Microcharops latiannulata (Cameron)

Microcharops brasiliensis Szépligeti

Microcharops granulosa, n. sp.

Microcharops nigra, n. sp.

Microcharops plaumanni, n. sp.

Microcharops tibialis (Cresson)

. Microcharops peronota (Cameron)

. Microcharops townesi, n. sp.

. Microcharops rufoantennata, n. sp.

. Microcharops flavicoxa, n. sp.

. Microcharops nigricoxa, Nn. sp.

. Microcharops longiterebra, n. sp. -

. Microcharops fulvohirta (Cameron) .

. Microcharops similis (Szépligeti) .

. Microcharops hipposiderus, n. sp.

. Microcharops fulvoalaris, n. sp.

. Microcharops flavipetiolata, n. sp.

. Microcharops rufigaster, n. sp.

. Microcharops lissopleurum, n. sp.

. Microcharops alvarengai, n. sp.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .

REFERENCES

FIGURES .

A REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROCHAROPS

(HYMENOPTERA : ICHNEUMONIDAE)*

Virendra Gupta**

Entomology & Nematology Department

University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611

ABSTRACT. A revision of the world species of Microcharops has been undertaken. The genus is

confined to the New World. The type-species, taitica, was erroneously recorded from Tahiti. In the

present study 23 species are recognized, including 15 new species from North and South America. M.

albistylus (Szépligeti) is transferred to Xanthocampoplex. M. australis Kusigemati is transferred to

Eriborus. M. pilosus (Szépligeti) is synonymized with M. fulvohirta (Cameron). Taxonomic status of M.

ussuriensis Kasparyan could not be ascertained. Keys to the species groups and species are provided.

INTRODUCTION

Roman (1910) erected Microcharops to accommodate Limneria taitica

Holmgren, 1868 and differentiated it from Hymenobosmina by having the scutellum

flat and margined, propodeal spiracles small and subcircular, and propodeal areola

lacking. The type-species (Limnenia taitica) was described from Tahiti from

specimens collected by Dr. J. C. M. Kinberg who was the zoologist on the Swedish

frigate "Eugenie" sailing round the world during 1851-53 to protect commercial in-

terests of Sweden and in addition, making botanical and zoological collections and

meteorological and astronomical observations.

Persson (1971) has given an account of the localities, dates and labels of the

insects collected during that voyage by "Eugenie" and stated, "The labelling of the

specimens is very poor, and so are the locality data given in publications. Some of

the localities given in the text and on the labels are apparently wrong, but in at

least one case the errors can be explained... With reference to the specimens which

are considered to be mislabelled, it should be borne in mind that most of the har-

bors visited were frequently visited by merchant vessels, and in this way exotic

species could have been brought ashore by chance and found there by the collec-

tors."

No specimen of Microcharops has subsequently been collected on Tahiti or

from any other part of the Indo-Australian Area. On the other hand many

described and undescribed species of the genus are available from Central and

South America and a few occur in North America, strongly suggesting that the

genus in confined to the New World. Specimens of the type-species (taitica) are

also available from South and Central America. It is, therefore, certain that the

type-species was mislabeled and that the genus does not occur in the Indo-

Australian Area. The frigate "Eugenie" made several stops on the east and west

coast of the South American continent and apparently the labels got mixed up.

*Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, Journal Series No. 8445.

** Address for correspondence: 3005 S. W. 56th Avenue, Gainesville, Florida 32608.

2 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 2, 1987

During recent years two new species have been described from the Old World,

Microcharops australis Kusigemati, 1981 from Ryukyus and Japan, and M. ussurien-

sis Kasparyan, 1985 from eastern USSR. I have examined a paratype of australis,

which is a species of Eriborus (n. comb). I have not examined any specimen of us-

suriensis. Its description is in Russian and the figures do not depict any of the the

diagnostic characters of Microcharops. | am doubtful if it is Microcharops, but the

specimens will have to be studied to verify this.

At present 10 species of the genus are known from the Neotropical Region

(including taitica), of which two occur in the Nearctic Region also. In the present

study 23 species are recognized, of which 15 are described as new. Microcharops al-

bistylus (Szépligeti) from Peru is a species of Xanthocampoplex (n. comb.) and M.

pilosus (Szépligeti) is synonymized with M. fulvohirta (Cameron). The types of both

these species have been examined. ?

MATERIAL AND METHODS

This study began in early 1985 with a request by Dr. Jenine Powell to verify

the identity of a species of Microcharops, previously determined as M. bimaculata.

This species was imported from Costa Rica as a parasite of Anticarsia gemmatalis,

bred at the Stoneville Research and Quarantine Facility, and released in Homes-

tead area in Florida against the target pest in 1982-83. Recoveries were made in

the same year as well as in 1984 when no releases were made. The specimens

received from Stoneville, though close to bimaculata, and some others, did not

match with any of the known species and it appeared to be a new species. In order

to confirm the identity of the species, it soon became apparent that other related

species will have to be examined, the type-specimens of which were scattered in

different museums of the world. Working through the undetermined specimens in

the American Entomological Institute, several undescribed species were dis-

covered, including additional specimens of the species in question. A revision of

the genus was therefore necessary. What started as an identification work ended up

in a project to revise the world species of the genus in order to provide accurate

identification of a parasite of importance in biological control.

Borrowing of the type-specimens was a slow process. However, almost all the

type-specimens were borrowed and studied. Several hundred undetermined

specimens of the genus were also borrowed from various museums. The museums

that loaned the specimens together with the abbreviations used for them in the text

are given below:

AEI, GAINESVILLE. American Entomological Institute, 3005 S. W. 56th

Avenue, Gainesville, Florida 32608.

DPI, GAINESVILLE. Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Division of

Plant Industry, 1911 S.W. 34th Street, Gainesville,

Florida 32608.

USNM, WASHINGTON. National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian

Institution, Washington, DC 20560.

Gupta: Revision of Microcharops (Ichneumonidae) 3

ANSP, PHILADELPHIA Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 19th &

The Parkway, Logan Square, Philadelphia, PA 19103.

MCZ, CAMBRIDGE. Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard Univer-

sity, Cambridge, MA 02138.

CNC, OTTAWA. Canadian National Collections of Insects ..., Biosys-

| tematics Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

K1A, OC6.

BMNH, LONDON. British Museum (Natural History), Department of

Entomology, London SW7, SBD, England.

HNHM, BUDAPEST. Hungarian Natural History Museum, H-1088

Budapest, Baross u. 13, Hungary.

NRS, STOCKHOLM. Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, S-104 05 Stockholm 50,

Sweden.

WAHL Collection of Dr. David Wahl, Gainesville.

Genus Microcharops Roman

Microcharops Roman, 1910. Ent. Tidskr., 31: 178.

Type-species: Limneria taitica Holmgren; original designation.

Charopsimorpha Viereck, 1912. Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 42: 635.

Type-species: Charops tibialis Cresson; original designation. Syn. by Townes, Townes &

Gupta, 1961.

Paracharops Kreibohm de la Vega, 1940. Rev. Industr. Agri. Tucuman, 3: 170.

Type-species: (Paracharops annulata Kreibohm de la Vega) = bimaculata Ashmead;

monobasic. Syn. by Townes & Townes, 1966.

Taxonomy: Townes, Townes & Gupta, 1961: 248. Townes & Townes, 1966: 154. Carlson, 1979:

681. Carlson, 1979: 681.

Diagnostic features: Apical margin of clypeus thin and reflexed. Vertex strongly

compressed and abruptly sloping vertically from the level of lateral ocelli. Head

lenticular. Back of head, including sloping part of vertex, temples and occiput

smooth and shiny. Eyes strongly emarginate a little above the antennal sockets.

Mandible with a distinct flange along its ventral margin, narrowed apically, its

teeth subequal to equal. Occipital carina close to occipital foramen, joining hypos-

tomal carina far away from base of mandible, at least by a distance equal to the

basal width of mandible. Scutellum flat, granulose to rugose, its lateral carinae

prominent, raised and extending almost to its apex and forming a U-shaped border

along the scutellum. Propodeum convex, gradually to abruptly sloping apically.

Areola usually well formed but open apically. Costulae usually distinct. Median

longitudinal carinae often indistinct in the petiolar area, and the sides of areola

continuous with the lateral portions of the apical transverse carina so that sides of

areola appear diverging and the petiolar area appear bound by the diverging

carinae. Lateral longitudinal carinae absent beyond the costulae. Pleural carina

separating metapleurum from propodeum usually strong. Fore wing without an

areolet. Hind wing without an axillus vein. Nervellus not intercepted. Discoidella

absent, or faintly represented by an unpigmented groove. Hind basitarsus with a

continuous median ventral row of very closely spaced small hairs. First tergite flat

4 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 2, 1987

dorsally, trapezoidal in cross section, without a glymma. Ovipositor small, only

slightly longer than the apical depth of abdomen, or in longiterebra 2.0x as long.

Relationships

Microcharops is related to other porizontine genera that have a continuous row

of small compact hairs on the ventral side of hind basitarsus and without an

areolet, chiefly Eriborus, Melalophacharops and Dichelobosmina. In Eriborus the

clypeus is not impressed, its apical margin is blunt and not reflexed, the hind wing

has an axillus vein, and the ovipositor is much longer than the apical depth of ab-

domen. It is predominantly an Old World genus. Melalophacharops and

Dichelobosmina have the scutellum rather high and abruptly decurved near the

apex. They also have the axillus vein in the hind wing.

Species of Microcharops exhibit certain relationships on the basis of which they

may be arranged in various species groups as below:

Group A. THE TAITICA GROUP. Interocellar distance 2.0-2.5x the ocellocular

distance. Body pubescence long and silvery white, dense on propodeum and scutel-

lum. Pubescence on propodeum radially disposed. Malar space 0.3-0.4x the basal

width of mandible. Mesopleurum punctate with interspaces shiny. Areola small,

rectangular or pentagonal, open apically, or indistinct. Ovipositor short and straight

or slightly curved apically. Epomia normally formed along the lower edge of prono-

tal collar, then extending vertically upwards. Postpectal carina normally formed

and not cleft medially, may be slightly dented medially. Includes taitica, bimaculata,

and anticarsiae.

Group B. THE LATIANNULATA GROUP. Interocellar distance 1.2-1.8x the ocel-

locular distance. Body pubescence not long or dense, white. Malar space 0.5-0.8x

the basal width of mandible. Mesopleurum granulose, leathery or rugoso-punctate,

without distinct well separated punctures. Body largely black. Abdomen without

yellow stripes (except rarely in plaumanni and latiannulata). Tegula usually black

or brownish-black. Includes latiannulata, brasiliensis, granulosa, nigra and

plaumanni.

Group C. THE TIBIALIS GROUP. Interocellar distance 1.7-2.0x the ocellocular

distance. Body pubescence not long or dense, white. Malar space 0.4-0.5x the basal

width of mandible. Mesopleurum punctate, rugoso-punctate or striato-punctate.

‘Areola moderate-sized, comparatively larger than in the preceding groups, cre-

scentic or rectangular. Epomia stronger on pronotal collar. Includes tibialis,

peronota, townesi, and rufoantennata.

Group D. THE FLAVICOXA GROUP. Epomia strong and flange-like along the

anterior margin of pronotum. Postpectal carina deeply cleft medially. Thorax short

and compact. Propodeal carinae and areola differently formed, as in Fig. 32. Inter-

ocellar distance 1.8-1.9x the ocellocular distance. Malar space 0.5 the basal width

of mandible. Body pubescence not dense, white or golden brown. Includes

flavicoxa, nigricoxa, and longiterebra.

Gupta: Revision of Microcharops (Ichneumonidae) 5

Group E. THE FULVOHIRTA GROUP. Hind femur constricted basally, appearing

club-shaped (Fig. 00). Body pubescence golden brown. Ovipositor slightly up-

curved, short, slightly longer than the apical depth of abdomen. Nervellus slightly

reclivous. Epomia strong but not flange-like, running along anterior margin of

pronotal collar in lower half and then ascending vertically upwards. Postpectal

carina bent medially but not cleft as in Flavicoxa Group and its sides not raised.

Meso- and metapleurum punctate, punctures separate from each other and inter-

spaces shiny. Hind coxa granulose. Frons rugose. Legs with reddish-brown marks.

Includes fulvohirta and similis.

Group F. THE FULVOALARIS GROUP. Abdomen yellow. Wings slightly to

moderately tinged with yellow. Body pubescence white or golden brown. Interocel-

lar distance 1.5-1.8x the ocellocular distance. Malar space 0.4-0.8 the basal width of

mandible. Epomia moderately strong, extending vertically upwards. Postpectal

carina moderately dipped medially but not cleft with its sides raised. Nervellus

reclivous. Ovipositor slightly to moderately upcurved, about as long as the apical

depth of abdomen. Includes fulvoalaris, hipposiderus, flavipetiolata, rufigaster, lis-

sopleurum, and alvarengai.

Key to the species groups

1. Interocellar distance 2.2-2.5x the ocellocular distance. Body pubescence long,

dense, and silvery white, radially disposed on propodeum. Areola indis-

tinct to small. Petiolar area bounded by close and convergent median lon-

gid! Carinae Utes Mine PWS eee EEA IGG A. The Taitica Group

Interocellar distance 1.2-2.0x the ocellocular distance. Body pubescence not

long or dense, white to brown. Areola usually well formed, squarish, rec-

tangular or crescentic in shape (Figs. 10, 26, 29), or propodeal carinae and

arenia different ee ME Pae. OF es a ae SIS BOGS ee, 2

2. Epomia flange-like along the anterior margin of pronotal collar (Fig. 30).

Postpectal carina also raised and deeply cleft medially between middle

coxae (Fig. 31). Thorax short and compact. Propodeal carinae and areola

different; avin Bigsg2y OC Pee, D. The Flavicoxa group

Epomia and postpectal carina normal to moderately strong but not flange-like.

Propodeal carinae and areola normally formed, as in Figs. 10, 26, 29 ...3

3. Hind femur constricted basally, somewhat club-shaped (Fig. 22). Body pubes-

cence golden brown. Ovipositor slightly upcurved, slightly longer than the

apical depth of abdomen. Nervellus slightly reclivous.................

Wa 4g Ae RN RTE Ns ob rs Pei ee a . E. The Fulvohirta Group

Hind femur normal (Fig. 12); Other charactérs various 2.5 ...0000 000 eee +

4. Nervellus vertical. Body pubescence white. Abdomen largely black ....... o

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 2, 1987

Nervellus usually reclivous. Body pubescence golden brown to white. Abdomen

a Wigs generally tiged with yellow’. 00). ..4, 6. Siw wks

d RIO, Be i i tee Be) weet es: F. The Fulvoalaris Group

Interocellar distance 1.2-1.8 the ocellocular distance. Epomia weaker. Areola

small, squarish or rectangular. Abdomen largely black, without yellow

stripe (except in plaumanni and latiannulata). Tegula usually black ......

Py ey ar ea ee ON. Ga, B. The Latiannulata Group

Interocellar distance 1.7-2.0x the ocellocular distance. Epomia moderately

strong. Areola moderate-sized, crescentic or rectangular (Fig. 26, 29). Ab-

domen usually with yellow stripe on tergite 3 (except in rufoantennata)

where antenna is rufous ....... Gal sas C. The Tibialis Group

A. Key to the species of the Taitica Group

Abdomen largely yellowish-brown with black marks. In males tip of abdomen

Giack. Areola Simall and SQUaIISR «0 acs ows s «ees 1. taitica Holmgren

Abdomen black with yellow stripes on basal 2 or 3 segments. Areola incon-

SPICUOUS OF SCUATIS COipeniaconal SMI ogc... ek ee ye

Fore coxa largely to wholly yellowish-white. Tarsal segments basally white

(hind tarsus appears black and white). Propodeum convex and rugoso-

reticulate. Areola indistinct. Median longitudinal carinae indistinct.

Petidian-drea, not depressed or bounded by Carinae... cin ek ee ke

SOURIS RIS WINS «iT ORTROE mins att. gi ol 2. bimaculata (Ashmead)

Fore coxa black. Hind tarsus wholly black. Propodeum depressed medially and

rugose to rugoso-reticulate. Areola distinct but open apically, its median

longitudinal carinae convergent and bounding a groove-like narrow

POV Lage ie ce. “Qiky aa a ES Be se eAR ehcp Nuun Ga INS reap ng EN 3. anticarsiae, n. sp.

B. Key to the species of the Latiannulata Group

Clypeus seen in profile raised subapically and projecting as a median tubercle.

Malar space 0.8x the basal width of mandible. Mesopleurum ruguloso-

striate. Flagellum comparatively short and stout. Femora orange-yellow.

Interocellar distance 1.3x the ocellocular distance. Body comparatively

BUMOTL AN SI OCIRR CG's, Jer oi habs Lele id at PAT p lal bis 8. plaumanni, n. sp.

Clypeus normal, flat medially. Malar space variable. Mesopleurum polished,

minutely punctate, or leathery, granulose or rugoso-punctate ......... 2

Malar space longer, 0.75-0.8x the basal width of mandible. Mesopleurum

leathery and shiny, without distinct punctures or striations. All femora and

tibia black to blackish-brown. Interocellar distance 1.2x the basal width of

MEAN he lac gw pie abate tes Raa Deak a ga ECC Gh Annee fee 7. nigra, n. sp.

Gupta: Revision of Microcharops (Ichneumonidae) 7

Malar space 0.5-0.6x the basal width of mandible. Mesopleurum shiny and

finely punctate, or granulose, or rugoso-punctate, subpolished to dull.

Femora partly black and partly yellow to hind femur black wholly black . 3

Length 11-12 mm., slender. Mesopleurum polished with minute scattered punc-

tures. Ovipositor sheath short and clavate. Ovipositor short and with a

SUDADICAL CONSITICHON. 6 oie wide overt IPR Se 5. brasiliensis (Szépligeti)

Length 6-8 mm. Mesopleurum granulose to rugoso-punctate. Ovipositor and its

sheath of moral shape (Vig. a2) 0, ee O04 ek i sk .4

Mesopleurum rugoso-punctate. Face rugose. Hind tibia banded, yellow

medially and black basally and apically. Interocellar distance 1.3-1.4x the

OOS CIROP SISTANCE oi i ss tsi y Sarasin nem Tae 4. latiannulata (Cameron)

Mesopleurum granulose. Face granulose to rugulose. Hind tibia reddish-brown

with its apex black, not banded. Interocellar distance 1.7-1.8x the ocel-

locular distances oP le ors Oe ae re ee oe: 4 6. granulosa, n. sp.

C. Key to the species of the Tibialis Group

Mesopleurum with distinct punctures. Punctures separated from each other by

1.0-1.5x their diameter. Hind femur generally blackish in basal half and

reddish-brown in apical half (or reddish inside and black outside). 2

Mesopleurum rugoso-punctate to striato-punctate. Hind femur black in

perondt@ and brown: WV TUfOGniCnhata. eG a ES ee POR GA CPS, 5

. Areola wider than long (Fig. 29), crescentic or somewhat rectangular. Nervel-

lus vertical. Hind coxa subpolished. Scutellum rugose . 9. tibialis (Cresson)

Areola narrower, longer than wide or squarish (Fig. 17). Nervellus slightly

reclivous. Hind coxa finely granulose. Scutellum rugoso-punctate........

Gh PR CM i, he aM, ei ES eee alee We themed 11. townesi, n. sp.

Flagellum brown. Hind tibia not banded, yellowish-brown with extreme base

and apex black. Hind femur brownish-black. Face rugose. Mesopleurum

strlale-punetale 2 22 oC ae ae ee 12. rufoantennata, n. sp.

Flagellum black. Hind tibia with a yellow median band. Hind femur black.

Face rugulose. Mesopleurum rugoso-punctate . . . 10. peronota (Cameron)

D. Key to the species of the Flavicoxa Group

Ovipositor long and slender, upcurved, about 2.0x as long as the apical depth

of abdomen. Hind coxa black. Tegula black. Body pubescence whitish.

Petiole largely Digok Sr) AER boa AN Zudes 15. longiterebra, n. sp.

Ovipositor normal, stout, about as long as the apical depth of abdomen, only

slightly arched upwards. Coxae black or yellow. Tegula yellow. Body

pubescence golden brown, Petiole largely yellow oo 0 ee: Z

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 2, 1987

Coxae yellow. Hind coxa sometimes with black marks. Legs and abdomen

largely yellow to yellowish-brown. Flagellum brown. Mesopleurum

Be i La Stal i aes i weg oh hat gta a dl a RRA oe ap leo 13. flavicoxa, n. sp.

Coxae black. Fore coxa often partly yellow. Abdomen black (petiole yellow

basally). Legs and tegula with blackish marks. Flagellum black.

Mesopleurum rugoso-punctate ............... 14. _—inigricoxa, n. sp.

E. Key to the species of the Fulvohirta Group

Mesopleurum and metapleurum punctate, punctures separate from each other

and interspaces shiny. Hind coxa granulose. Frons rugose. Legs with

POU AIOISIRS key sine bh oe eka 16. fulvohirta (Cameron)

Mesopleurum and metapleurum rugoso-reticulate. Hind coxa shiny and

punctate. Frons rugulose. Legs more yellow ...... 17. similis (Szépligeti)

F. Key to the species of the Fulvoalaris Group

Mesopleurum polished, with scattered or well separated small punctures ... 2

Mesoplieumm rieese-punctate to pinctate soci acids (eis cae ok pals. . 3

Body pubescence golden brown. Postpetiole black. Hind femur 5.0x as long as

deep. Face rugoso-reticulate. Body slender, about 10 mm. long..........

ite seated or Wh & cintets tenn eee cobebaebtebtrdees ds .cblGh. mae 22. lissopleurum, n. sp.

Body pubescence white. Postpetiole reddish-brown. Hind femur short, 4.0-4.2x

as long as deep. Face finely rugose. Body small, length 6-8 mm..........

bid ae 0k 1 gt ass iat repeme Gg beh tet hand emda as ye tee 23. alvarengai, n. sp.

Propodeal areola large, horse-shoe shaped, its sides rounded. Area within

areola depressed and rugose. Body pubescence golden white. Wings not or

very slightly tinged yellow. Mesopleurum punctate. Postpetiole reddish.

blind ubig Dandeliacolinys beau lan pads Dial 18. hipposiderus, n. sp.

Propodeal areola small, hexagonal or rectangular, area within it not depressed.

Mesopleurum rugoso-punctate. Body pubescence yellowish-brown or white.

Wings figed with brown oraellow, sdirsiaie dial dwel x hase eww ln be: .4

Tergites 1-4 red. Body pubescence white. Hind femur and tibia red, tibia not

banded. Malar space long, about 0.8x as long as the basal width of man-

dible. Hind femur slender, 5.7-5.8x as long as deep. Ovipositor small and

STAG. aay ks oe ER biovete. Dige isl AS 21. rufigaster, n. sp.

Abdomen yellow. Petiole black or yellow. Body pubescence golden brown.

Malar space 0.4-0.5x the basal width of mandible.................. 5

Gupta: Revision of Microcharops (Ichneumonidae) 9

5. Tergite 1 yellow. Tergite 2 with a black apical line. Wings lightly tinged with

yellow. Second abscissa of cubitus 0.4x the intercubitus. Hind femur 5.2-

5.3x as long as deep. Length 6-8 mm............ 20. flavipetiolata, n. sp.

Tergite 1 black (apex of postpetiole reddish). Tergite 2 with a black basal tri-

angular mark in addition to a black apical line. Wings tinged with brown.

Second abscissa of cubitus 0.5-0.55 as long as intercubitus. Hind femur

slender, 5.7x as long as deep. Length 10-11 mm..... 19. fulvoalaris, n. sp.

Description of species

1. Microcharops taitica (Holmgren) (Figs. 1, 2, 45)

Limneria taitica Holmgren, 1868. Kongliga Svenska Fregatten Eugenies Resa, 2: 416. F. des. Lec-

totype (hereby selected and designated): Female, Society Is.: Tahiti (STOCKHOLM). Ex-

amined. [Erroneous record; certainly from Central or South America].

Limnerium taiticum: Dalla Torre, 1901. Catalogus Hymenopterorum, 3: 105. n. comb.

Microcharops taitica: Roman, 1910. Ent. Tidskr., 31: 178. F. n. comb., des.

Microcharops taitica: Townes, Townes & Gupta, 1961. Mem. Amer. Ent. Inst., 1: 248. cat., distr.

Society Is.

Microcharops taitica: Gupta, 1987. Mem. Amer. Ent. Inst., 41: 452. Not Indo-Australian.

Male and female: Body covered with long silvery pubescence. Face and clypeus

rugose, orbital borders and apical margin of clypeus smoother. Malar space 0.3-

0.4x the basal width of mandible. Frons and ocellar area rugulose. Vertex

granulose (Fig. 45). Interocellar distance 2.4-2.5x the ocellocular distance.

Pronotum with irregular striations in the middle and subpolished and with scat-

tered punctures dorsally. Mesoscutum rugoso-punctate on a granular surface, its

notaular areas somewhat reticulate. Scutellum rugose. Mesopleurum polished,

uniformly punctate, punctures separated by about 1.0-1.5x their diameters. Area

below subtegular ridge and in front of shiny speculum with parallel striations that

are somewhat oblique with the horizontal axis of body. Striations below speculum

oblique and irregular (Fig. 1). Mesosternum punctate on a granuloso-mat surface.

Sometimes sculpture of mesopleurum a little irregular and coarser. Metapleurum

subpolished, its upper part indistinctly punctate, juxtacoxal carina irregular, jux-

tacoxal area rugoso-reticulate. Propodeum reticulate and with long hairs (Fig. 2),

its pleural and basal areas rugulose. Areola small, pentagonal, open apically.

Median longitudinal carinae distinct some distance in the petiolar area. Costulae

distinct. Apical transverse carina partly distinct laterally. Lateral longitudinal carina

distinct basally. Propodeal spiracle oval to slightly elongate-oval. Hind coxa finely

granuloso-mat and subpolished. Hind femur about 5.3x as long as deep. Nervulus

postfurcal. Second abscissa of cubitus about 0.4-0.6x the intercubitus. Nervellus ver-

tical. Postpetiole and tergite 2 granuloso-mat. Rest of the tergites subpolished and

finely mat. Ovipositor short, slightly upcurved.

Black with apical half of abdomen yellowish-brown. Palpi, scape, pedicel,

tegula, wing bases, and trochanters, yellow. Scape and pedicel with a black lateral

line. All coxae black. Fore and middle legs otherwise largely yellowish-brown with

10 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 2, 1987

blackish marks on middle leg. Hind trochanter with blackish marks, femur brown

with blackish marks basally, tibia black basally and apically and with a large yellow

mark in-between, and tarsus black with bases of joints yellow. Tergites 1 and 2

black. Gastrocoeli and a subapical band on tergite 2 yellow, apex of tergite 2 with a

shiny dark black line. Tergite 3 and onwards largely yellowish-brown but with

blackish marks, the extent of which vary. Sternites 1-3 yellow, rest yellowish-brown

with black marks.

Length: 6-8 mm.; fore wing 3.4-4.5 mm.; ovipositor about 1 mm.

Specimens examined: “TAITI", Kinb., 4 females (syntype series) (STOCKHOLM).

One female with a red type label selected and designated as the lectotype. Over

250 males and females from: COLOMBIA (Anchicaya; Atuncela; Buga Valle;

Candelaria; Cali; Cerritos; Finca San Luis, 1010 m., Palmira Valle, 1006 m.);

ECUADOR (Guayas, 20 km. N. Playas; Bahiade Caraguez; La Toma, W. Loja, 1500

m.; Tilandia, 800 m.); SURINAM (Paramaribo; Ma Retraite; Charles Burgkrepie);

TRINIDAD (Curepe). (AEI, DPI, CNC, USNM). The only reared specimen examined is

from Colombia: Cerritos, 1 female, 26. II. 1975 (USNM).

Host: Anticarsia gemmatalis.

Collection dates: January - July and November - December, between 1963-77

Distribution: This species has a Caribbean distribution with extensions to

Surinam and Ecuador.

2. Microcharops bimaculata (Ashmead) (Figs. 3, 4, 12)

Charops bimaculata Ashmead, 1895. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1895: 778. F. des. Type: F, Grenada:

Mount Gay Estate (leeward side) (LONDON). Type examined.

Charops unicinctus Ashmead, 1900. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1900: 272. F. des. Type: F, Grenada:

Mount Gay Estate (leeward side) (LONDON). Type examined. Syn. by Townes & Townes,

1966: 155.

"Charops" bimaculata: Morley, 1915. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., (8) 16: 339. des.

Charops unicincta: Wolcott, 1936. J. Agri. Univ. Puerto Rico, 20: 515. Puerto Rico.

Paracharops annulatus Blanchard, 1939. Bol. Informativo Dir. Sanid. Veg., 2 (7): 36. Agrentina:

Tucuman. Host: caterpillar on leaves of cotton. Nomen nudum.

Paracharops annulatus Kreibohm de la Vega, 1940. Rev. Industr. Agri. Tucum4n, 3: 170. [F]. des.

as fig. Type: F, Argentina: Tucuman (?CASTELAR). Host: Alabama argillacea. Syn. by

Townes & Townes, 1966: 155.

Paracharops annulatus: Blanchard, 1941. Bol. Informativo Dir. Sanid. Veg., 4 (15): 28. Argentina:

Reconquista in Santa Fe. Host: Alabama argillacea.

Paracharops annulatus Blanchard, 1942. Ann. Soc. Cient. Argentina, 134: 107. "M" = F. des., fig.

Type: F, Argentina: Tucuman (CASTELAR). Argentina: Santa Fe Prov. Host: Alabama ar-

gillacea. Preocc. by annulatus Kreibohm de la Vega, 1940.

Charops unicinctus: Bruner, Scaramuzza & Otero, 1945. Catalogo de los Insectos que atacan a las

plantas econémicas de Cuba, p. 62. Host: Hippia insularis.

Charopsimorpha unicincta: Townes, 1948. In Wolcott: J. Agri. Univ. Puerto Rico, 32: 765. n. comb.

Charopsimorpha unicincta: Wolcott, 1948. J. Agri. Univ. Puerto Rico, 32: 768. Puerto Rico: San

Juan.

Charopsimorpha annulata: Townes & Townes, 1951. U. S. Dept. Agri., Agri. Monogr., 2: 386. n.

comb.

Charopsimorpha unicincta: Short, 1959. Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 110: 488. fig. of larva.

Gupta: Revision of Microcharops (Ichneumonidae) 11

Microcharops bimaculata: Townes & Townes, 1966. Mem. Amer. Ent. Inst., 8: 155. n. comb., syn.

Argentina, Grenada, Puerto Rico.

Microcharops bimaculata: Carlson, 1979. Catalog of Hymenoptera in America north of Mexico, 1:

681. cat., distr. Hosts: Alabama argillacea, Plathypena scabra.

Female: Body covered with long silvery hairs, particularly on face and

propodeum. Face finely granuloso-punctate, smoother along orbital margins.

Clypeus granulose, smoother apically. Malar space 0.33x the basal width of man-

dible. Frons rugulose. Ocellar area finely rugulose. Vertex granulose. Interocellar

distance 2.3-2.5x the ocellocular distance. Pronotum striate medially, subpolished

above. Mesoscutum and scutellum finely uniformly ruguloso-punctate.

Mesopleurum (Fig. 3) finely punctate on a smooth and shiny surface, interspace

1.0-1.5x the diameter of punctures, with parallel striations in front of smooth

speculum, these striations rather long and parallel to the horizontal axis, striations

on the lower side of speculum oblique. Mesosternum punctate on a subpolished

surface. Sternaulus moderately deep and short. Metapleurum irregularly punctate

above and rugose in the juxtacoxal area. Juxtacoxal carina incomplete and often

indistinct. Propodeum convex and rugoso-reticulate. Propodeal carinae indistinct

except costulae and sides of areola basad of costulae (Fig. 4). Apical transverse

carina faintly visible laterally. Areola incompletely formed or indistinct. Propodeal

spiracle oval. Hind coxa subpolished and very finely granulose. Hind femur 5.0-5.3x

as long as deep. Nervulus distad of basal vein by about 0.3 its length, slightly

curved but almost vertical. Second abscissa of cubitus about 0.6x the length of first

intercubitus. (positions of nervulus and intercubitus variable). Nervellus almost ver-

tical. Abdomen subpolished with postpetiole and tergite 2 finely granulose, with

their apices smooth. Tergite 3 mat. Rest of tergites with short pubescence.

Ovipositor slightly upcurved and as long as the apical depth of abdomen.

Black. Palpi, mandible, scape, pedicel, tegula, wing bases, fore leg, gastrocoeli,

and basal 0.4 of tergite 3, yellow. Sometimes tergite 2 with a faint subapical yellow

line. Scape and pedicel with a dorsal black line. Flagellum brown. Fore coxa white

and with blackish-brown marks at base. Middle and hind coxae black. Fore leg with

light brownish marks. Middle femora blackish basally and brownish dorsoapically.

Middle tibia and tarsal segments blackish-brown apically. Hind leg largely black

with trochanter, trochantellus, extreme base of femur, middle of tibia and bases of

tarsal segments, yellow. Sternites 1-3 yellow.

Male: Essentially similar to the female but with coarser mesoscutal sculpture

and propodeum coarsely reticulate and densely hairy. Fore coxa yellow. Middle

coxa partly yellow and partly black. Hind coxa black. Middle leg without blackish

marks. Hind femur largely orange-brown.

Length: 6-8 mm.; fore wing 4-5 mm.; ovipositor 1 mm.

Specimens examined: Many males and females from: U. S. A. (Texas: Brownes-

ville; Donna; Expraza; Higaldo Co.: McAllen Valley; Port Larvaca; Victoria;

Montana: Mt. Vernon); ARGENTINA (Horco Mollo near Tucuman; Yuto; Oran;

Positos, Salta; San Pedrode, Colalao); BRAZIL (Cabeca do Veado, 1100 m., Dist.

Federal Estacao Florestal; Encruzilhada, Bahia, 960 m.; Nova Teutonia; Pedra

12 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 2, 1987

Azul, M. Gerais); COSTA RICA (Guanacaste Palo Verde Natl. Park); COLOMBIA

(Dept. Valle: Atuncela; Villa Vicencio: Meta); JAMAICA (Try, Good Hope);

MEXICO (Sonora Alamos; Sinaloa Guamuchil); PANAMA (Canal Zone, Tabernilla);

PERU (La Libertado Sand Hills, E. Laredo; Piura Querecotillo); TOBAGO

(Adelphi); TRINIDAD (Aranjuez; Caroni East; Centeno; Curepe, Simla Fields,

Arima Valley, Sta. Margarita Circular Road; Morne Bleu, 2700 ft.; St. Augustine);

VENEZUELA (Sanare). Also occurring on Grenada, Cuba, and Puerto Rico. (AEI,

DPI, CNC, USNM, MCZ, WAHL).

Host reared specimens are from: Montana: Mt. Vernon, 1 male, IX. 1972, B.

Putter, ex. Plathypena scabra; Texas: Brownsville, 1 male and 1 female, IV. 1914, C.

L. Scoll, ex. Alabama argillacea; Trinidad: St. Augustine, 1 female, X. 1937, ex. Hel-

lula larva; (all USNM).

Hosts: Alabama argillacea, Hellula sp., Hippia insularis, Plathypena scabra.

Collection dates: ‘The earliest collection dates on the specimens examined are:

June 1911, April 1914, July 1927, August 1935, and April 1938, all from Texas

(Specimens in U.S.N. M., Washington). There is also a specimen there from Mt.

Vernon, Montana collected in November 1972. It has been collected in almost all

the months in Central and South America.

Distribution: Apparently widely distributed in West Indies and Central and

South America, and also extending to U.S.A.

3. Microcharops anticarsiae, n. sp. (Figs. 5, 6, 27)

Related to Microcharops bimaculata in general coloration and structure, but

differs in having the areola more fully formed, with median longitudinal carinae

continuing as parallel or converging carinae to some distance bounding the basal

portion of petiolar area. The petiolar area is groove-like. The fore coxa black. The

hind tarsus is wholly black.

Female: Body covered with long silvery pubescence. Face, frons and clypeus

rugulose (Fig. 27). Malar space 0.33 the basal width of mandible. Vertex granulose.

Ocellar area rugulose. Interocellar distance 2.4x the ocellocular distance. Pronotum

subpolished, with fine scattered punctures dorsally and irregular striations medially.

Mesoscutum rugoso-punctate, the median area a little finely so. Scutellum shal-

lowly rugulose and more hairy. Mesopleurum largely punctate and shiny, punctures

small and generally separated from each other by about 1.0-1.2x their diameter.

Area below subtegular ridge and in front of speculum with short striations that are

slightly oblique with reference to the horizontal axis (Fig. 5). Speculum shiny.

Mesosternum finely uniformly punctate on a mat and subpolished surface.

Metapleurum and pleural area of propodeum subpolished and shallowly and ir-

regularly punctate. Juxtacoxal carina irregular and often incomplete. Juxtacoxal

area with rugosities. Propodeum rugose and hairy (Fig. 6), somewhat rugoso-

reticulate medially. Area basad of basal transverse carina indistinctly rugose.

Areola small, squarish or pentagonal and open apically. Median longitudinal

carinae a little convergent and continuing to some distance, bounding part of the

groove-like petiolar area. Costulae distinct. Apical transverse carina rather indis-

Gupta: Revision of Microcharops (Ichneumonidae) 13

tinct and visible only in the pleural areas and partly in the lateral areas. Lateral

longitudinal carina distinct only basolaterally. Propodeal spiracle elongate-oval.

Hind coxa shiny and with setiferous punctures. Hind femur about 5.0x as long as

deep. Nervulus distad of basal vein by about 0.3-0.4 its length and slightly arched

and vertical. Second abscissa of cubitus about 0.5-0.7 the length of intercubitus.

Nervellus almost vertical. Petiole polished, a little flattened dorso-ventrally.

Postpetiole polished and very finely granulose. Tergite 2 mat except apically. Other

tergites subpolished.

Black. Palpi, mandibles except teeth, ventral side of scape and pedicel (extent

variable), tegula, wing bases, fore and middle trochanters, and sternites 1-3, yellow.

All coxae black. Fore leg yellowish-brown with blackish marks on femur and

brownish marks on tarsus. Middle leg largely blackish brown with tibia yellow ex-

cept apically. Hind leg black with trochantellus, a broad band on tibia, and base of

basitarsus, yellow. Hind femur wholly black to reddish-brown. Black marks on fore

and middle legs variable. Thyridia and base of tergite 3 yellow to yellowish-brown.

Tergite 2 often with a pale subapical line and its apex with a glistening black line.

Male: Essentially similar to the female with propodeal sculpture reticulate,

with basal transverse carina strong and areola incomplete. Sculpture of head and

thorax a little finer. Fore coxa sometimes partly yellow. Fore and middle femora

usually yellowish-brown. Hind femur reddish to blackish. In specimens from Brazil

the hind femur is partly black and partly brown.

Length: 6-8 mm.; fore wing 4-6 mm.; ovipositor about 1.0 mm.

Holotype: Female, COSTA RICA, ex Anticarsia gemmatalis Hiibner in soybean;

shipped to USA in 1982 and reared at Stoneville, Mississippi (GAINESVILLE).

Paratypes: Many males and females from Costa Rica with similar data as the

holotype. Paratypes also in DPI, Gainesville, from Costa Rica: ICPM Project, Lab.

reared from Anticarsia gemmatalis on soybean. Many other males and females (not

designated paratypes) from: ARGENTINA (Horco Molle, Tucuman; Oran, Abra

Grande; Positos, Salta; San Pedrode, Colalao; Vespucio, Salta); BOLIVIA: Puente

Villa, Yungas); BRAZIL (Conceidaode Macabu, Rio de Janeiro; Montevideo, S. A.

Parasite Lab.; Nova Teutonia; Cab de Veado; Linhares, E. Santo; Santa Catarina;

Sinop, M. Grosso; Repressa, Rio Grande, Guanabara; Conceicaode, Rio de

Janeiro); CHILE (Arica, Sancache, Valle de Azapa); COSTA RICA (Turrialba; Santa

Rosa Park, Guanabara; Sirena, Osa Pen.); ECUADOR (Cumbaratza); GUATAMALA

(San Cristobal); JAMAICA (Try; Good Hope; Hardwar Gap, 4000 ft.); MEXICO

(Alamos, Sonora; Mustee, 400 m., Chiapas; N. E. Huixitia, 3000 ft., Chiapas;

Catemaco, 1100 ft., Veracruz; Chilpancingo, 3700 ft., Guerrero; San Blas, Nayarit;

Chipinque Mesa nr. Monterrey, Neuvo Leon, 5400 ft.; PANAMA (Pte. Armuelles);

PARAGUAY (Canendiya a Katuete nr. Lossau, reared from Anticarsia gemmatalis;

Carumbe); PERU (Avispas, nr. Marcapata; Limatamiza Cusco; Surinam (Para-

maribo, Ma Retraite; Zanderij); TOBAGO (Adelphi); TRINIDAD (Curepe, Sta.

Margarita; Morne Bleu, 2700 ft.; Simla Field Sta, Arima Valley); VENEZUELA

(Tucuco, Zulia; San Estaban nr. Puerto Cabello); U.S.A. (California: Purissima,

Baja California; Texas: Higaldo Co., McAllen; Bentsen, Rio Grande Valley;

Brownsville) (AEI, DPI, USNM, CNC, MCZ).

14 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 2, 1987

Reared specimens are from Costa Rica, ex. Anticarsia gemmatalis; Paraguay:

Canendiya a Katuete, Lossau, ex. Anticarsia gemmatalis by Hasselbath; and Brazil:

Montevideo, S. A. Parasite Lab, March-April, H. L. Parker, ex. Alabama argillacea.

Hosts: Anticarsia gemmatalis, Alabama argillacea.

Collection dates: The earliest collected specimen is from Baja California, Col-

lected there in October 1923 (USNM). In Texas it has been collected in

November-December, 1978 to 1981. In Central and South America it has been col-

lected in almost every moth.

Variations: This species exhibits considerable variation in the coloration of legs,

and to some extent in the sculpture of mesopleurum and propodeum. Only the

reared specimens have, therefore, been designated paratypes. A male and a female

(AE]), and two females (DPI), all from Dominican Republic are much darker in

color and apparently represent a darker race of the species. They have blackish

tegula, almost wholly black abdomen, and black hind leg except for a small yellow

patch on the tibia in the female. Several specimens from Trinidad (CNC) have the

fore coxa more extensively yellow marked. One specimen from Jamaica also ex-

hibits similar condition. Some specimens from Argentina have a wider areola and

coarser mesopleurum.

Distribution: Distributed widely in South and Central America and West Indies.

Also apparently occurring in Southern California and Texas before its importation

for biological control of the velvetbean caterpillar.

4. Microcharops latiannulata (Cameron) (Fig. 11)

Charops latiannulatus Cameron, 1911. Timehri, (3) 1: 184. "M" = F. des. Type: Female, British

Guinea (LONDON). Type examined.

Microcharops latiannulata: Townes & Townes, 1966. Mem. Amer. Ent. Inst., 8: 155. n. comb.

Mesopleurum rugoso-punctate. Flagellum and tegula blackish. Tegula may be

testaceous. Propodeal carinae moderately strong. Areola small, its sides diverging

apically and enclosing an excavated petiolar area. Sculpture of face and thorax

tending to be rugose at places.

Male and female: Face rugose medially, tending to be rugulose in some

specimens. Orbital borders granulose. Clypeus granuloso-rugose. Malar space 0.55x

the basal width of mandible. Frons granuloso-rugose. Vertex granulose. Ocellar

area rugulose. Interocellar distance 1.35-1.4x the ocellocular distance. Pronotum

rugoso-striate centrally, its upper margin smoother. Epomia strong in lower half,

slightly curved medially and erased dorsally. Mesoscutum granuloso-rugose,

notaular areas rugose to somewhat reticulate. Scutellum rugose. Mesopleurum

(Fig. 11) rugoso-punctate. Area below subtegular ridge and in front of speculum

with parallel but oblique striations, the two sets of striations converging. Mesoster-

num granuloso-punctate. Metapleurum smoother and subpolished dorsad of jux-

tacoxal carina, area close to that carina rugose. Propodeum rugoso-reticulate, its

lateral and basal areas smoother and dull. Propodeal carinae strong. Areola small,

squarish (type) or sides diverging posteriorly and open. Median longitudinal

carinae bounding part of excavated petiolar area, then merging with apical portions

Gupta: Revision of Microcharops (Ichneumonidae) 15

of lateral longitudinal carinae. Nervulus slightly distad of basal vein and vertical.

2nd abscissa of cubitus usually less than 0.5 the intercubitus. Nervellus almost ver-

tical or slightly incurved. Hind coxa subpolished. Hind femur about 4.5x as long as

deep. Abdomen subpolished. Postpetiole and tergite 2 weakly mat. Gastrocoeli ir-

regularly oval and touching lateral margins. Ovipositor short and straight.

Black. Flagellum black. Tegula testaceous to blackish. Mandible, scape, pedicel

(except for a lateral black line), and fore leg (except coxa and trochanter), yellow.

All coxae black. Middle femur, tibia and tarsus partly blackish and partly yellowish-

brown; black marks more on femur. Hind leg black with a yellow broad submedian

band on tibia. Sternites 1-2 yellow and granulose. Sternite 3 yellow with wide black

patches. Gastrocoeli yellow. Tergite 3 narrowly yellowish-black basally. Sometimes

middle and hind legs more extensively black and abdomen varying from wholly

black to brownish marks on tergites 2 and 3. Body pubescence white, hairs on face,

scutellum and propodeum longer.

The males tend to have darker coloration and coarser body sculpture.

Length: 7-8 mm.; fore wing 5 mm.; ovipositor about 1 mm.

Specimens examined: BRITISH GUINEA: | female (type), No. 3.b.1343 (LONDON).

ARGENTINA: Horco Molle, Tucuman, 1 female, VI. 1968, C. C. Porter (CAMB-

RIDGE). BRAZIL: Serra da Bocaina, 1600-1650 m., S. J. Barreiros, 2 males and 1

female, XI. 1967, XI. 1968, II. 1971. Nova Teutonia, Santa Catarina, 1 male, 20.

XII. 1952, F. Plaumann. PARAGUAY: Pirapo, 2 females, 29. XII. 1971, L. Pena.

VENEZUELA: San Estaban, near Puerto Cabello, 1 female, 22. I. 1940, P. J. Anduze.

(All GAINESVILLE).

Distribution: South America.

5. Microcharops brasiliensis Szépligeti

Charops brasiliensis Szépligeti, 1906. Ann. Mus. Natl. Hungarici, 4: 129. M, F. des. Lectotype

(hereby selected and labeled): Female, Brazil: Blumenau (BUDAPEST). Examined.

Microcharops brasiliensis: Townes & Townes, 1966. Mem. Amer. Ent. Inst., 8: 155. n. comb. Brazil.

This is a larger sized species (11- 12 mm. long), with black body and slightly

tinged wings. The mesopleurum is polished with minute punctures and the

propodeal areola is small, pentagonal and open apically.

Male and female: Face, frons and ocellar area finely rugose. Clypeus flat and

wider, its apical margin slightly emarginate. Ocellocular area granulose. Malar

space 0.5x the basal width of mandible. Interocellar distance 1.4-1.5x the ocel-

locular distance. Mesoscutum ruguloso-punctate on a granular surface, notaular

areas rugose. Scutellum rugose. Pronotum and mesopleurum largely smooth and

shiny, with a few strans-striations in the middle of pronotum and minute well

separated punctures on mesopleurum. Epomia sharper on the pronotal collar.

Mesosternum granuloso-punctate and subpolished. Metapleurum impunctate and

shiny in the upper half and with shallow rugosities in the lower half; juxtacoxal

carina sharply defined. Pleural area of propodeum subpolished and with minute

punctures. Propodeal spiracle oval, moderate sized. Propodeum dorsally rugoso-

16 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 2, 1987

reticulate. Propodeal carinae sharp except mid apically. Areola pentagonal, open

apically. Costulae strong. Median dorsal carinae indistinct in apical half. Hind coxa

polished and with minute punctures. Hind femur 5.5x as long as deep. Second

abscissa of cubitus about 0.6-0.65 as long as the intercubitus. Nervellus almost ver-

tical. Petiole quadrate in cross-section, flattened dorsally. Postpetiole and tergite 2

finely granulose. Rest of the tergites subpolished. Ovipositor sheaths small and

somewhat clavate apically. Ovipositor short, less than apical depth of abdomen and

with a subapical constriction.

Black. Body pubescence white. Scape, pedicel, mandible, and fore and middle

legs largely, yellowish-brown. Flagellum and tegula blackish-brown. All coxae

black, and trochanters brownish-black to black (hind one). Hind femur, tibia and

tarsus brownish-blackish, with femur and tibia brownish marks. Wings lightly tinged

with yellow; their inner sides lighter in color. Petiole and tergite 2 dorsally largely,

black. Gastrocoeli, apical and lateral borders of tergite 2 and sternites 1-3 yellow.

Tergite 3 onwards black-brown. Ovipositor sheath blackish.

Length: 11-12 mm.; fore wing 8 mm.; ovipositor 2 mm.

Specimens examined: BRAZIL: Blumenau, 3 females and 1 male (syntypes)

(BUDAPEST). One syntype has been labeled as a Lectotype.

Distribution: South America.

6. Microcharops granulosa, n. sp. (Figs. 9, 10)

This species has a largely granulose head and thorax. The interocellar distance

is 1.7-1.8x the ocellocular distance. The hind tibia is reddish-brown, without a band,

but with its apex black.

Male and female: Face granuloso-rugulose, orbital borders and apical margin

of clypeus smoother. Clypeus rugulose. Malar space 0.5-0.6x the basal width of

mandible. Frons granuloso-rugulose. Vertex granulose. Interocellar distance 1.7-

1.8x the ocellocular distance. Pronotum granulose, striate centrally. Epomia short,

inconspicuous, confined to the anterior margin of pronotum. Mesoscutum

granulose, rugose along notaular areas. Scutellum rugose. Mesopleurum (Fig. 9)

granulose and with striations; striations below subtegular ridge less oblique, the

first 2-3 striae parallel to subtegular ridge. Mesosternum dull granulose.

Metapleurum granulose. Juxtacoxal carina usually complete demarcating the jux-

tacoxal area which is generally rugose. Propodeum (Fig. 10) rugose, appearing

reticulate at places, its basal and pleural areas rugulose. Areola small, basally

rounded and closed apically. Petiolar area somewhat excavated and bounded by

diverging carinae. Nervulus almost interstitial with basal vein and slightly inclined.

Second abscissa of cubitus about equal to intercubitus. Nervellus vertical. Coxae

granulose. Hind femur about 4.7x as long as deep. Abdomen subpolished.

Postpetiole and basal half of tergite 2 finely granuloso-mat. Gastrocoeli small, oval.

Ovipositor short and straight.

Black. Body pubescence white, not dense. Tegula brownish-black. Flagellum

brownish to brownish-black. Palpi, mandible, scape and pedicel except for faint

blackish dorsal stripes, fore and middle femora largely, hind femur apically, and all

Gupta: Revision of Microcharops (Ichneumonidae) 7

tibiae and tarsi, yellowish-brown. Coxae black. Trochanters black with those of fore

legs brown. Hind tibia uniformly yellowish-brown with blackish apex, without sub-

basal black or median yellow areas. (In some specimens extreme base of tibia

blackish). Leg color variable with hind femur sometimes wholly black. Sternites 1-2

wholly and 3-4 partly, yellow.

In specimens from Mexico the hind femur is black and the nervulus is slightly

distad of basal vein.

Length: 5-8 mm.; fore wing 4-5.5 mm.; ovipositor 1 mm.

Holotype: Female, BRAZIL: Serra da Bocaina, 1600 m., S. J. Barreiros, 4-7. XI.

1967, M. Alvarenga & Seabra (GAINESVILLE). Paratypes: Same locality and collec-

tors as the holotype, 10 females, XI. 1967, 1968, 1969 (GAINESVILLE); 1 female, 13-

17. I. 69, Porter (CAMBRIDGE). COSTA RICA: Santa Rosa Park, Guanabara, 1

female, 4. XI. 1977, D. H. Janzen (GAINESVILLE); lica Turrialba, VIII. 1963, C. C.

Porter (CAMBRIDGE). VENEZUELA: Tuccuco, Zulia, 1 female, 28. TV. 1981, H. K.

Townes (GAINESVILLE). MEXICO: Dgo., 24 mi. W. La Ciudad, 7000 ft., 3 females,

16-25. VII. 1964, W. R. Mason (OTTAWA); Mexico: Michoacan, Huetamo Highway

15, 1 male, 7. IJ. 1972, Parker & Miller (WASHINGTON).

One male each from Peru and Ecuador are doubtfully placed under this

species.

Distribution: South and Central America.

7. Microcharops nigra, n. sp. (Figs. 7, 8)

Body black. Tegula black. Interocellar distance 1.2x the ocellocular distance.

Malar space 0.7-0.8x as long as basal width of mandible. Mesopleurum leathery,

without punctures. Propodeum rugoso-reticulate.

Female: Face (Fig. 8) finely rugulose. Orbital borders and clypeus smoother,

granulose. Malar space 0.75-0.8x the basal width of mandible. Frons finely rugose,

sculpture coarser than that of face. Vertex and ocellar area granulose. Interocellar

distance 1.2x the ocellocular distance. Pronotum subpolished, irregularly striate, its

posterior corner with fine granulations. Epomia short and weak, confined along the

pronotal margin. Mesoscutum granulosely rugulose, finely rugose in notaular areas.

Scutellum rugose on a shiny surface. Mesopleurum (Fig. 8) leathery in texture,

shiny, surface smooth except for fine granulations at places; area below subtegular

ridge with weak and below speculum with moderately strong striations. Mesoster-

num very finely and minutely granuloso-punctate. Metapleurum shiny and with ir-

regular shallow rugosities. Juxtacoxal carina weak, incomplete. Propodeum largely

rugoso-reticulate, its basal areas shiny, mat or indistinctly rugulose. Propodeal

carinae rather strong. Areola medium sized, nearly as wide as long, open apically.

Nervulus almost interstitial and slightly inclined. Second abscissa of cubitus about

0.6 the length of intercubitus. Nervellus slightly reclivous. Hind coxa shallowly

granulose and subpolished. Hind femur about 4.5x as long as deep. Abdomen

polished. Postpetiole flat dorsally. Postpetiole and tergite 2 shallowly mat.

Gastrocoeli small and oval in shape. Ovipositor short and straight.

18 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 2, 1987

Black. Body pubescence white, not dense. Tegula black. Legs black except for

parts of fore leg. Palpi, mandible, scape and pedicel except for black stripes, and

sternites 1 and 2, yellow. Fore femur and tibia with blackish marks. Fore and

middle tarsi brownish. Sternite 3 wholly brown or with yellow patches.

Male: Essentially similar to the female but propodeum more reticulate and

scape and fore femur and tibia more brownish than black.

Length: 6-7 mm.; fore wing 5-5.5 mm.; ovipositor about 1 mm.

Holotype: Female, BRAZIL: Represa do Rio Grande, Guanabara, VII. 1966, M.

Alvarenga (GAINESVILLE). Paratypes: Brazil: Nova Teutonia, Santa Catarina, 1

female, XI. 1968, and 1 male, XII. 1970, F. Plaumann (GAINESVILLE). Brazil: Nova

Teutonia 300-500 m., 2 males and 6 females, I, II and XII, 1966, F. Plaumann

(OTTAWA). Brazil: Represa do Rio Grande, 1 male (without head), VI. 1967, M.

Alvarenga (GAINESVILLE). ECUADOR: Napo & Coca Rivers, 1 female, 2-10. V.

1965, L. Pena (GAINESVILLE).

In addition a male from Bolivia: Yungasdel Palmer, Chapare, 2800 m. (AEI),

one female from Panama: Canal Zone: Barro Colorado Is. (CNC) and a female

from Colombia: Dept. Vale, nr. Santa Maria (DPI) are also placed here, though

they do not entirely agree with the above description. They appear to be inter-

mediates between nigra and granulosa.

Distribution: South and possibly Central America.

8. Microcharops plaumanni, n. sp.

Male and female: Related to M. latiannulata, granulosa and nigra, but different

from them in the following combination of characters:

Clypeus raised subapically in the middle, seen in profile appears projecting

(distinctive character). Flagellum comparatively stouter and more hairy. Scape and

pedicel shorter in length and subglobose. Malar space 0.8x the basal width of man-

dible. Face and clypeus rugose. Interocellar distance 1.3x the ocellocular distance.

Mesopleurum shallowly ruguloso-striate. Propodeum rugose-reticulate. Propodeal

carinae strong. Median longitudinal carinae widely divergent beyond areola. Areola

moderate sized, pentagonal, open apically. Nervulus slightly distad of basal vein

and a little curved. Second abscissa of cubitus 0.6x the intercubitus. Nervellus verti-

cal or slightly reclivous. Hind coxa subpolished, shallowly granulose. Hind femur

about 4.5x as long as deep. Postpetiole and tergite 2 flat dorsally and wide. Tergite

2 1.6-1.7x as long as wide in female and 1.5-1.6x as long as wide in male. Ab-

dominal tergites smooth and polished.

Black. Wings slightly yellow tinged. Body pubescence white. Tegula brown in .

female and yellowish-brown in male. Scape and pedicel brown. Legs reddish, with

coxae, middle and hind trochanters, hind tibia apically, and hind tarsus black.

Middle tarsus and apical segments of fore tarsus brown. Hind leg in one male

blackish.

Length: 6-7.5 mm.; fore wing 4-5 mm.; ovipositor about 1 mm.

Holotype: Female, BRAZIL: Nova Teutonia, 300-500 m., XII. 1968, Fritz

Plaumann (OTTAWA). Paratypes: 5 males, 1 female, Brazil: Same data as the

Gupta: Revision of Microcharops (Ichneumonidae) 19

holotype, HI. 1947, I. 1966, II. 1966, XI. 1968, and XII. 1968. Brazil: Mato

Grosso, Sinop, 1 male, XI. 1975 (OTTAWA). Brazil: Nova Teutonia, Santa Catarina,

1 male, IV. 1952, F. Plaumann; Nova Teutonia, 350-500 m., 1 female, XII. 1968

(GAINESVILLE).

The female from Brazil: Mato Grosso has a wide white band on tergite 2 and

the tegula is yellow. These colors appear washed out. Another male from Peru:

Avispas, nr. Marcapata, IX. 1962, L. Pena (GAINESVILLE), also has the above men-

tioned characters, but in addition has the hind femur, tibia and tarsus blackish-

brown. It is tentatively placed under this species.

Distribution: South America.

9. Microcharops tibialis (Cresson) (Figs. 18, 28, 29)

Charops tibialis Cresson, 1872. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 4: 173. M. des. Type: M, U.S.A.: Texas:

Bosque Co. (WASHINGTON). Type examined.

Limneria? insolens Cresson, 1874. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1873: 386. M, F. des. Lec-

totype (designated by Cresson, 1916): F, Mexico: Orizaba (PHILADELPHIA). Mexico: Cor-

doba. Syn. by Townes, 1945. Type examined.

Charops tibialis: Riley & Howard, 1890. Insect Life (USDA), 3: 155. Host: Tortricid.

Charops apaturae Riley & Howard, 1890. In: Riley & Howard, Insect Life (USDA), 3: 155. M.

USS.A.: Illinois. Host: Asterocampa clyton. Nomen nudum.

Charops apaturae: Ashmead, 1896. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 23: 193. [M]. des., fig. Type: M, U.S.A.:

Illinois: Fairburg (WASHINGTON). Host: Asterocampa clyton. Syn. by Viereck, 1912.

Limnerium insolvens (!): Dalla Torre, 1901. Catalogus Hymenopterorum, 3: 98. n. comb., lapsus.

Charopsimorpha tibialis apaturae: Viereck, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 42: 635. n. comb.

Charopsimorpha tibialis: Viereck, 1912. Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 42: 635. n. comb.

Limneria? insolens: Cresson, 1916. Mem. Amer. Ent. Soc., 1: 36. Lectotype design.

Charopsimorpha tibialis: Townes, 1945. Mem. Amer. Ent. Soc., 11: 680. syn., cat., distr., hosts.

Hosts: Astrocampa clyton.

Charopsimorpha tibialis: Townes, 1946. Bol. Ent. Venezolana, 5: 38. n. comb.

Charopsimorpha tibialis: Townes & Townes, 1951. U. S. Dept. Agri., Agri. Monogr., 2: 386. Costa

Rica, Cuba, Mexico, Southeastern U.S.A. Additional hosts: Asterocampa celtis, Hemiceras

rava, Hippia insularis, Symmerista albifrons.

Microcharops tibialis: Townes, Townes & Gupta, 1961. Mem. Amer. Ent. Inst., 1: 248. n. comb.

Microcharops tibialis: Costa Lima, 1962. Insetos do Brasil 12. Himendpteros, 2: 53. Brazil? Host:

Alabama argillacea.

Microcharops tibialis: Townes & Townes, 1966. Mem. Amer. Ent. Inst., 8: 156. syn. (in part), cat.

Brazil, Costa Rica, Cuba, Mexico, U.S.A. [Angitia (Inareolata) brasiliensis Costa Lima trans-

ferred under peronota].

Microcharops tibialis: Carlson, 1979. Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico, 1: 681.

syn., distr., hosts. Additional host: Symmerista canicosta

Female: Face and clypeus rugulose, clypeus a little finely so; orbital borders

and apical margin of clypeus smoother. Apical margin of clypeus truncate or very

slightly concave. Malar space 0.5x the basal width of mandible. Frons granuloso-

rugulose. Vertex granulose with ocellar area ruguloso-granulose. Interocellar dis-

tance 1.8-2.0x the ocellocular distance. Pronotum striate medially and shallowly

punctate and subpolished above. Epomia strong along front border and extending

dorsally but not reaching dorsal margin. Mesoscutum granuloso-punctate, punc-

20 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 2, 1987

tures close together and anastomosing. Notaular areas and scutellum (Fig. 18)

rugose. Mesopleurum (Fig. 28) evenly convex, finely punctate on a polished

surface; striations below subtegular ridge and speculum oblique. Sternaulus short

and deep anteriorly, groove-like. Mesosternum granuloso-punctate. Metapleurum

shallowly rugulose and with scattered fine punctures. Juxtacoxal carina often sharp

or represented by striations and area below it often with striations. Propodeum

(Fig. 29) rugose to rugoso-reticulate. Basal area shallowly rugose. Areola

moderately wide, horse-shoe shaped or rectangular, with strong carinae, open api-

cally or closed by a carina. Median longitudinal carinae converging before meeting

the apical transverse carina to form the sides of the median petiolar area. Costulae

and lateral portions of apical transverse carina distinct. Pleural area shallowly

punctate, subpolished. Propodeal spiracle elongate-oval. Nervulus distad of basal

vein by about 0.2-0.25 its length, almost vertical. 2nd abscissa of cubitus about 0.4

the length of intercubitus. Nervellus vertical. Hind coxa subpolished. Hind femur

about 4.2x as long as deep. Abdomen subpolished. Postpetiole comparatively flat.

First and second tergites a little mat. Gastrocoeli comparatively large, oval, touch-

ing base as well as outer margin of tergite 2.

Black. Palpi, mandible, tegula, wing bases, and fore and middle legs largely,

yellow. Scape and pedicel yellow to brown ventrally. All coxae black. Fore femur

and middle femur, tibia and tarsus with brownish marks. Hind trochanter black,

trochantellus brownish, femur blackish-brown (sometimes lighter, especially on the

inner side), tibia yellow medially and black basally and in apical 0.3, tarsus largely

black with bases of segments 2-5 yellowish-brown. Abdomen generally black.

Gastrocoeli yellow. Base of tergite 3 sometimes narrowly to widely yellow, par-

ticularly in Non-American populations. Sternites 2-3 yellow. Sternite 4 yellow to

black or with a black stripe. Body pubescence white, not dense as in bimaculata

and some other species.

Male: Essentially similar to the female in sculpture. Scape and pedicel yellow

ventrally. Middle trochantellus black. Hind femur color variable from yellowish

brown to blackish. Tergite 3 often with a wide yellow basal band.

Length: 7-9 mm.; fore wing 4-6 mm.; ovipositor 1 mm.

Specimens examined: 14 males and 41 females, from ARGENTINA (Punta

Lara); BRAZIL (Floresta da Tijuca, Guanabara; Serdo Araripe Ceara; Nova

Teutonia; Nova Teutonia, Santa Catarina; Cab. do Veado, D. F.; Sinop, Mato

Grosso; Linhares, E. Santo; Teodoro, Sampio; Tucurui, Para; Mangaratiba,

Murique, Rio de Janeiro); CANADA (Ontario: Rondeau Prov. Park, Pt. Pelee,

Marpeth?); COSTA RICA (Santa Rosa Park, Guanacaste; Sixola Valley, Prov. of

Limon); CUBA (Santiago do Vagas, Habana); ECUADOR (San Lorenzo, Esmer;

Coca); MEXICO (El Saltito, Durango, 6000 ft.); PERU (Quincemil, 750 m., nr.

Marcapata); SURINAM (Paramaribo, Ma Retroite);_ VENEZUELA (San Estaban, nr.

Puerto Cabello); U.S.A. (Arizona: S. Portal, Cochise Co., 4800 ft.; Arkansas: Hope;

Connecticut: Sterling; Florida: Gainesville, Pine Hill Estate; Georgia: Atlanta;

Illinois: Decatur; Kansas: Lawrence; Kentucky: Golden Pond; New Jersey:

Moorestown; Texas: Belfrage; West Virginia: Bolivia). (AEI, DPI, CNC, USNM).

Gupta: Revision of Microcharops (Ichneumonidae) Zl

The 5 females from Gainesville, Florida (DPI) have the hind femur black and

the interocellar distance is slightly greater than 2.0x the ocellocular distance. They

have not been subsequently collected there in spite of the fact that several Malaise

traps have been set up in Gainesville and other parts of Florida during the past 5

years.

Collection dates: The earliest collection dates of the specimens examined are

June 1927 at Rondeau Prov. Park, Ontario, Canada and Hope, Arkansas, U.S.A.,

both specimens being in Canadian Insect Collections. In South America this

species has been collected mostly in November-December, in Central America in

May-June, and in North America in August-November.

Reared specimens are from Canada: Ontario: Marpeth?, 1 male, IX. 1946, ex.

Astrocampa clyton (CNC); Cuba: Santiago do Vagas, Habana, 1 female, III. 1932,

A. Otero, ex. Hippia insulans (USNM); Costa Rica: Sixola Valley, Prov. of Limon,

1 female, XII. 1915, ex. Hemiceras larva (USNM); USA: Connecticut: Sterling, 1

male, VII. 1974, M. Fergione, ex. Symmerista canicosta (USNM).

Hosts (from label records): Asterocampa clyton, Symmerista albicosta, S.

canicosta, Hippia insularis, Hemiceras sp.

Distribution: This species appears to have a wide distribution in North

America, but only a few specimens have been caught. Outside North America, it

occurs in the Caribbean, Mexico and northern South America.

10. Microcharops peronota (Cameron) (Fig. 19)

Charops peronotus Cameron, 1911. Timehri, 3 (1): 183. F. des. Type: F, British Guinea: [So.

Dimerara] (LONDON). Type examined.

"Charops" peronatus (!): Morley, 1915. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., (8) 16: 339. des.

Angitia (Inareolata) brasiliensis Costa Lima, 1935. O Campo, June 1935: 20. M, F. des., fig. Type: F,

Brazil: Rio de Janeiro (RIO DE JANEIRO). Host: Papilio anchisiades capys. Name preocc.

in Microcharops by Szépligeti, 1906. New Syn. [Townes & Townes, 1966 syn. it under tibialis.]

Inareolata brasiliensis: Costa Lima, 1936. Terceiro catalogo dos insectos que vivem nas plantas do

Brasil, p. 223. syn. Host: Papilio anchisiades capys.

Angitia? (Inareolata) brasiliensis: Costa Lima, 1962. Insetos do Brasil 12. Himenépteros, 2: 55, 56.,

syn., fig.

Microcharops peronota: Townes & Townes, 1966. Mem. Amer. Ent. Inst., 8: 155. n. comb. British

Guinea.

This species approaches M. tibialis in having moderate-sized areola and inter-

ocellar distance about 1.8x the ocellocular distance. It differs from that species in

having the areola more pentagonal in shape and the mesopleurum being rugoso-

punctate rather than punctate and somewhat dull. It is generally more blackish; the

tegula, trochanters, femora and abdomen are often black.

Female: Face (Fig. 19) medially and clypeus basally rugulose, orbital borders

and apical portion of clypeus subpolished and with scattered punctures. Clypeus

may be with scattered rugulosities in basal half. Malar space 0.45-0.55x the basal

width of mandible. Frons and ocellar area granuloso-rugulose. Vertex granulose.

Interocellar distance 1.7-2.0x the ocellocular distance. Pronotum shiny and shal-

lowly striato-rugose. Epomia strong on pronotal collar, ascending a little obliquely

22 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 2, 1987

and not quite reaching upper margin of pronotum. Mesoscutum granuloso-

punctate, punctures touching each other. Notaular areas rugose. Scutellum rugose.

Mesopleurum rugoso-punctate, striate below subtegular ridge. Sternaulus short and

moderately deep. Mesosternum granuloso-punctate. Metapleurum shiny and shal-

lowly ruguloso-punctate. Juxtacoxal carina distinct, often wavy and area below it

rugose. Propodeum rugoso-reticulate, its pleural and basal areas often with shallow

rugosities and subpolished. Areola moderate-sized, about as long as wide, usually

pentagonal in outline. Median longitudinal carinae weak to indistinct in the

petiolar area. Costulae and lateral sections of apical transverse carina distinct.

Propodeal spiracle small oval. Nervulus vertical and distad of basal vein by about

0.2x its length. Second abscissa of cubitus about 0.5 the length of intercubitus. Ner-

vellus vertical or slightly curved. Hind coxa subpolished and finely mat. Hind femur

4.7-5.0x as long as deep. Abdomen subpolished. Postpetiole finely mat. Gastrocoeli

oval. Ovipositor short and straight.

Black. Body pubescence white, not dense, longer on scutellum and propodeum.

Palpi, mandibles, scape and pedicel ventrally, tegula, wing bases, and fore legs

beyond coxae, yellow. Flagellum black. All coxae black. Middle legs yellow with

blackish marks on trochanter, base of femur, apex of tibia and tarsal segments ex-

cept the first largely yellow. Hind leg largely black with trochantellus brown and

tibia broadly yellow in the middle. Base of basitarsus yellow. Abdomen black with

base of tergite 3, gastrocoeli, membranous portion of sternite 1, and sternites 2 and

3, yellow.

Male: Essentially similar to the female but middle and hind legs less exten-

sively black. Hind femur partly to wholly reddish-brown. In a male from Venezuela

and Brazil each, all femora orange colored and trochanters white.

Length: 6-8.5 mm.; fore wing 4-5 mm; ovipositor 1-1.5 mm.

Specimens examined: 6 males and 75 females from ARGENTINA (Horco Molle,

nr. Tucuman; San Pedrode Colalao, Tucuman); BRAZIL (Floresta de Tijuca,

Guanabara; Ser. do. Araripe, Ceara; Campina Grande, nr. Curitiba; Represa Rio

Grande, Guanabara; Nova Teutonia, 300-500 m.; Nova Teutonia, Santa Catarina;

Jatai, Goilas; Pedra Azul., M. Ger., 800 m.; Mangaratiba, Muriqui, Rio de

Janeiro); COLOMBIA (Cali); COSTA RICA (Santa Rosa Park, Guanabara;

Guanacaste, San Jose, San Antonio de Escazu); ECUADOR (Esmer; Coca & Napo

Rivers; S. Domingo, Pich Pr.; Napo Prov., Limoncocha); PANAMA (Darien);

SURINAM (Para, Paramaribo, Ma Retraite; Zanderij) (AEI, DPI, CNC, MCZ,

WAHL).

The type of peronota from British Guinea: Dimerara has been examined. In

addition, one male and one female of Angitia (Inareolata) brasiliensis Costa Lima,

almost certainly from the original type-series, and reared from Papilio anchisiades

capys, are present in AEI collections, on the basis of which it is synonymized with

peronata.

Host: Papilio anchisiades capys in Brazil.

Distribution: South and Central America.

Gupta: Revision of Microcharops (Ichneumonidae) 23

11. Microcharops townesi, n. sp. (Figs. 13 - 17)

This species is somewhat in between M. tibialis and peronota. It approaches

tibialis in its punctate and subpolished mesopleurum, but in the shape and size of

the areola, it shows resemblance with peronota. Its distinguishing characters are the

sculpture of the face, mesoscutum, mesopleurum and propodeum, and the colora-

tion of legs.

Female: Face and clypeus rugulose (Fig. 13). Malar space 0.4-0.5x the basal

width of mandible; mandibular flange comparatively more prominent. Frons a little

coarsely rugulose than face. Vertex granulose. Interocellar distance 2.0x the ocel-

locular distance. Pronotum striate medially and smoother along upper border.

Mesoscutum rugulose, at places rugoso-punctate. Scutellum rugoso-punctate.

Mesopleurum (Fig. 16) finely punctate with interspaces smooth and shiny. Some-

times punctures closer together. Mesopleurum also with oblique striations along

speculum, more so in the upper 0.5. Mesosternum granuloso-punctate.

Metapleurum rugose along juxtacoxal area, otherwise rugulose at places.

Propodeum (Fig. 17) largely rugoso-reticulate, basolateral areas without reticula-

tions, rugulose. Areola of moderate size, about as long as wide, hexagonal, and

open apically. Median longitudinal carinae convergent and mingling with reticula-

tions in the petiolar area. Other carinae indistinct and merging with reticulations.

Wing venation as in tibialis, but second abscissa of cubitus about 0.4x the inter-

cubitus (Fig. 15). Nervellus slightly reclivous. Hind coxa finely granulose, sub-

polished. Hind femur about 4.5x as long as deep. Abdomen subpolished. Petiole

and postpetiole slender. Postpetiole and tergite 2 finely mat. Ovipositor short and

Straight.

Black. Mandible, pedicel ventrally, tegula, and fore and middle legs largely,

yellow, their femora and tibiae with light reddish-brown infuscations. All coxae

black. Hind trochanter largely black; trochantellus yellow; femur red with black

marks basally and apically; tibia in basal 0.2 and in apical 0.4 black, yellow in the

middle; tarsus blackish with bases of segments faintly yellow. Tergite 2 with a nar-

row subapical stripe. Tergite 3 in basal 0.3-0.4 yellowish-brown. Body pubescence

white, not dense or long.

Length: 8-9 mm; fore wing 5-5.5 mm.; ovipositor 1.0-1.5 mm.

Holotype: Female, U.S.A.: Michigan: Ann Arbor, Malaise trap 1, 28. VII. 1959,

H. & M. Townes (GAINESVILLE). Paratypes: 18 females, same locality as the

holotype, collected from June to October during 1959-63. Michigan: East Lansing,

1 female, 9. VII. 1937. Michigan: Livingston Co.: E. S. George Reserve, 6. VIII.

1960 (GAINESVILLE).

Distribution: U.S.A.: Michigan.

12. Microcharops rufoantennata, n. sp. (Figs. 24, 25, 26)

This species is characterized by having the whole antenna brown, interocellar

distance 2.0x the ocellocular distance, malar space 0.5x the basal width of man-

24 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 2, 1987

dible, mesopleurum largely striato-punctate with the lower 0.4 ruguloso-punctate,

and the areola crescent-shaped, about 2.0x as wide as long (Fig. 26).

Female: Face, frons and clypeus (Fig. 24) coarsely rugulose. Malar space 0.5x

the basal width of mandible. Vertex granulose. Interocellar distance 2.0x the ocel-

locular distance. Pronotum striate medially and shallowly punctate and shiny

above. Epomia not reaching upper margin of pronotum. Mesoscutum closely

granuloso-punctate, its notaular areas and central area and scutellum rugose.

Mesopleurum subpolished, largely striate, its lower part granuloso-punctate (Fig.

25), punctures not very dense. Mesosternum finely granuloso-punctate. Meta-

pleurum subpolished, shallowly rugulose, area below juxtacoxal carina shallowly

rugose. Juxtacoxal carina moderately strong and irregular. Propodeum (Fig.26)

largely semicircularly striate to rugoso-striate, its basal and lateral areas rugulose.

Areola about 2.0 as wide as long, crescent-shaped. Propodeal carinae strong.

Median longitudinal carinae diverging posteriorly enclosing a wider and somewhat

excavated petiolar area. Nervulus slightly distad of basal vein and inclivous. Second

abscissa of cubitus about 0.7-0.8 the length of intercubitus. Nervellus almost verti-

cal with its lower end weakly bent. Hind coxa finely granuloso-mat. Hind femur

4.6-4.8x as long as deep. Abdomen polished, with middle of postpetiole and base of

tergite 2 mat. Postpetiole wider. Gastrocoeli elongately oval, medium sized.

Ovipositor short and straight.

Black. Antenna, mandible, fore leg beyond coxa, middle leg beyond trochan-

ters, tegula, and gastrocoeli, brown. Coxae black. Middle and hind trochanters

blackish. Hind femur and tarsus blackish-brown. Hind tibia brownish with blackish

marks at base and in apical 0.2. Tergite 2 dark brown apically. Tergite 3 sometimes

brownish-black rather than black. Body pubescence white and not very dense or

long.

Male: Essentially similar to the female, but mesopleurum and metapleurum

more shiny and less strongly striate or punctate. Hind femur and tergites 2-3 more

brownish in color.

Length: 5-6 mm.; fore wing 3.5-4.0 mm.; ovipositor about 1 mm.

Holotype: Female, VENEZUELA: Caracas, 11. VII. 1938, C. H. Hallov, ex larva

of Harrisina sp. on grape (GAINESVILLE). Paratypes: 3 males and 6 females, same

data as the holotype (GAINESVILLE). MEXICO: Oax.: Metate, 85.5 km. SW of Tux-

tapec, 900 m., 1 female, 19. X. 1962, H. & M. Townes (GAINESVILLE).

One female from Venezuela: Tucuco: Zulia, 28.1V.1981, H. K. Townes, has the

interocellar distance 2.5x the ocellocular distance; otherwise it agrees with the

present species.

Host: Harrisina sp. (in Venezuela).

Distribution: Venezuela and Mexico.

13. Microcharops flavicoxa, n. sp. (Figs. 30, 31, 32)

Epomia strong, flange-like, almost vertical. Postpectal carina deeply cleft med-

ially. All coxae yellow. Thorax rather short and compact. Propodeal carinae as in

figure 32. Petiole yellow. Sternites 1-2 yellow, mat; others yellowish-brown, smooth.

Gupta: Revision of Microcharops (Ichneumonidae) 25

Male and female: Flagellum comparatively more hairy and tapering, appears

whip-like. Face rugoso-reticulate, rugosities rather deep; inner orbital margins

smoother and with scattered punctures. Clypeus a little raised medially, rugoso-

striate basally and smooth apically, its apical margin broadly arched. Malar space

0.5x the basal width of mandible. Frons finely rugose than face, granuloso-punctate

near eye orbits. Vertex rugose in ocellar area and granulose along eye orbits. In-

terocellar distance almost twice (1.8-1.9x) the ocellocular distance. Pronotum

polished, with a few strong transverse carinae in the median trough and with a few

punctures along its hind corner. Epomia strong, straight, flange-like. Mesoscutum

rugose, its basomedian area and scutellum rugulose. Mesopleurum polished, with

distinct well separated punctures. Mesosternum with contiguous well formed punc-

tures on a mat surface. Prepectal carina strongly arched, meeting hind margin of

pronotum below its middle. Prepectus depressed and smoother. Postpectal carina

strong, flange-like and deeply cleft medially (Fig. 31). Metapleurum shallowly

punctate and polished except for the rugose juxtacoxal area. Propodeum (Fig. 32)

largely rugoso-reticulate dorsally and with a deep trough medially, its basal area

and pleural area close to the pleural carina smoother. Propodeal carinae strong in-

cluding the pleural carina. Costula close to the base of areola. Areola widely

diverging posteriorly. Nervulus slighlty distad of basal vein and slightly inclivous.

Nervellus slightly reclivous to almost vertical. 2nd abscissa of cubitus 0.5x the inter-

cubitus. Abdomen subpolished. Tergites faintly mat and with fine setiferous punc-

tures. Ovipositor about as long as the apical depth of abdomen, stout.

Black and yellow. Body pubescence golden brown. Head and thorax black.

Scape, pedicel, palpi, mandibles, tegula and fore and middle legs wholly yellow.

Hind leg yellowish- brown with tibia basally and apically, and tarsal segments api-

cally, black. Abdomen yellowish brown with black marks on postpetiole and at

middle and apex of tergite 2. Ovipositor sheaths black. Often hind coxa with black

marks at base. In males hind coxae largely black and tarsi wholly black. In one

female apical half of abdomen blackish.

Length: 7-10 mm.; fore wing 5-7 mm.; ovipositor 1-1.5 mm.

Holotype: Female, BRAZIL: Vila Vera, X. 1973, M. Alvarenga (GAINESVILLE).

Allotype: Male, Brazil: Sinop, M. Grosso, X. 1974, M. Alvarenga (GAINESVILLE).

Paratypes: 6 males and 28 females from Brazil: Sinop, M. Grosso, X. 1975, X. 1975,

and II. 1976; Caceres, M. Grosso, XI. 1974; Tucuruf, Para, I. 1979; Jatai, Colas, XI.

1972; all M. Alvarenga Coll. PANAMA: Canal Zone: Margarita, III. 1980, S.

Breeland. PARAGUAY: Pirapo, 1 male, XII. 71; Carumbe, I male, II. 1966.

VENEZUELA: Tucuco, Zulia, 23. IV. 1981, M. Townes (All GAINESVILLE). PERU:

Pucalipa, Dept. Loreto, 1 male, 19. VI. 1950, J. M. Schunke; Huanuco, Yanayacu,

Rio Pachitea, 1 female, 23. VIII. 1961, J. M. Schunke (LONDON). Panama: Barro

Colo Is., 1 female, V. 1939 (WASHINGTON). TRINIDAD: Curepe, 1 female, VIII.

1978, Malaise trap (OTTAWA). BOLIVIA: Santa Cruz, General Saavedra, 2 males,

VI. 1974, C. Porter & L. Stange (DPI).

Distribution: South and Central America.

26 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 2, 1987

14. Microcharops nigricoxa, n. sp.

Male and female: Similar to M. flavicoxa in the nature of the epomia, postpec-

tal carina, propodeum, etc., but coxae black. Fore coxa with yellow marks. Hind

femur blackish basally. Tergites largely black except basally. Sternites 1-2 yellow

and granulose, rest black and mat. (In one male all sternites black). Mesopleural

punctures crowded and with some rugosities in between, tending to be rugoso-

punctate at many places. Nervulus vertical. Postpetiole with shallow rugosities.

Length: 9-10 mm.; fore wing 7-8 mm.; ovipositor 1.0-1.5 mm.

Holotype: Female, BRAZIL: Nova Teutonia: Santa Catarina, XII. 1970, F.

Plaumann (GAINESVILLE). Allotype: Male, Same locality as the holotype, 7. II. 1954

(GAINESVILLE). Paratypes: 2 males and 4 females, Brazil, same locality and collec-

tor as the holotype but collected between October to February 1937 to 1968

(GAINESVILLE) and one male and one female (LONDON). One specimen from Lon-

don has the abdomen broken; the abdomen pasted on the label is not of

Microcharops. Brazil: Nova Teutonia, 300-500 m., 6 males, 4 males, collected in

January, July, August, November and December 1968, F. Plaumann (OTTAWA).

ARGENTINA: Miss. Dos de Mayo, 1 female, Nov. 1964 (OTTAWA).

Distribution: Argentina, Brazil.

15. Microcharops longiterebra, n. sp.

Female: Similar to M. nigricoxa in sculpture and general coloration, but body

pubescence whitish, mesopleurum tending to be aciculo-punctate, and ovipositor

slender, upcurved and about 2.0x as long as the apical depth of abdomen, con-

spicuously projecting upwards beyond the tip of abdomen. Hind leg tending to be

more blackish, with yellow band on hind tibia not clearly defined and tending to be

brownish. The yellow color on the body generally replaced by brown. Femora

reddish-brown with fuscous marks. Palpi, scape, and pedicel brownish. Tegula

black. Petiole black dorsally.

Male: Unknown.

Length: 7-8 mm.; fore wing 6 mm.; ovipositor 3 mm.

Holotype: Female, BRAZIL: Nova Teutonia, 300-500 m. XI. 1968, F. Plaumann

(OTTAWA). Paratypes: 5 females, same data as the holotype, collected in January,

November and December (OTTAWA).

16. Microcharops fulvohirta (Cameron) (Figs. 21, 22, 23)

Anomalon fulvo-hirtum Cameron, 1887. Proc. Manchester Lit. Phil. Soc., 26: 132. [M]. des. Type:

M, Brazil: Amazons (LONDON). Type examined.

Charops pilosus Szépligeti, 1906. Ann. Mus. Natl. Hungarici, 4: 127. F. des. Type: F, Peru: Pachitea

(BUDAPEST). Type examined. New Syn.

"near Charops" fulvohirtum: Morley, 1913. Revision of the Ichneumonidae in the British Museum,

2: 84. syn. notes.

Microcharops fulvohirta: Townes & Townes, 1966. Mem. Amer. Ent. Inst., 8: 155. n. comb. Brazil.

Microcharops pilosa: Townes & Townes, 1966. Mem. Amer. Ent. Inst., 8: 155. n. comb. Peru.

Gupta: Revision of Microcharops (Ichneumonidae) 2a

The types of the two taxa mentioned above have been examined. Except for

the sexual differences in sculpture, which is common in the genus, there are no

other appreciable differences. The two are therefore synonymized. The head of the

type specimen of fulvohirtum is missing. The following redescription is mainly

based on the types and two specimens available with me.

Male and female: Face rugose with inner orbital borders smoother. Clypeus

rugulose. Malar space 0.5x the basal width of mandible. Frons rugose. Vertex finely

granulose with ocellar area rugulose. Interocellar distance 1.8-2.0x the ocellocular

distance. Thoracic sculpture superimposed on a granular surface. Pronotum

rugoso-reticulate medially. Mesoscutum rugose, laterally somewhat rugoso-

punctate and reticulate along notaular areas. Scutellum rugose. Mesopleurum

rugose, tending to be reticulate at places (type). In another female, slightly smaller

in size, mesopleurum tending to be rugoso-punctate (this specimen figured, fig. 21).

Speculum shiny and with a series of almost parallel striations in front of it Mesos-

ternum granuloso-punctate, punctures contiguous. Lower half of metapleurum and

propodeum largely reticulate in addition to rugosities. Median dorsal carinae

stronger basally and bounding a trough-like petiolar area. Areola narrowing api-

cally and open. Costulae strong. Basal area bounded by carinae. Lateral lon-

gitudinal carina strong in basal half and demarcating the dorsal and pleural areas

of propodeum. Pleural carina strong. Hind coxa dull, rugoso-punctate. Hind femur

club-shaped (Figs. 22, 23), its base narrow and cylindrical in basal 0.3, then

widened; maximum width about 2.0x the width at base; length 4.5x the maximum

width. Coxae granulose. Hind coxa granuloso-punctate. Nervulus interstitial or a

little distad of basal vein, a little inclivous. 2nd abscissa of cubitus 0.6x the inter-

cubitus. Nervellus slightly reclining. Tergite 1 polished, postpetiole shiny and mat.

Tergite 2 subpolished and finely granulose. Rest of the tergites mat and sub-

polished. Ovipositor about as long as the apical depth of abdomen and upcurved.

Sculpture of propodeum and side of thorax coarser in the male.

Black. Body pubescence golden brown. Abdomen beyond half of tergite 2

yellowish-brown. Coxae black. Fore coxa partly yellow or brownish. Palpi, man-

dible, scape, pedicel, tegula, fore leg, middle leg except coxa, and hind trochanters,

femur and tibia medially, yellow. Fore coxa brownish-yellow. Fore and middle

femora often with reddish tinge. Hind femur with reddish tinge in apical half. Hind

tibia narrowly at base and in apical 0.4 and hind tarsus black. Tergite 2 in basal

half and along its apical margin black. Flagellum black. Wing veins blackish. Wing

bases yellow. Propodeum more hairy in males.

Length: 9-11 mm.; fore wing 6-7 mm; ovipositor 2-2.5 mm.

Specimens examined: BRAZIL: Amazons, 1 male (type of fulvohirtum), BM type

Hym 3.b.1412, Cameron Coll. 98 (LONDON). PERU: Pachitea, 1 female (type of

pilosus) (BUDAPEST). Brazil: Sao Paulo: Ribeirao Preto, 1 female, 7. I. 1968, G. E.

Bohart (GAINESVILLE). Peru: San Antonio, Loreto, 1 female, VIII. 1965, J. C.

Hitchcock, Malaise trap (WASHINGTON).

Distribution: Brazil, Peru.

28 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 2, 1987

17. Microcharops similis (Szépligeti) (Figs. 20, 44)

Charops similis Szépligeti, 1906. Ann. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, 4: 128. F. des. Type: F, Bolivia: Mapiri

(BUDAPEST).

Microcharops similis: Townes & Townes, 1966. Mem. Amer. Ent. Inst., 8: 155. n. comb. Bolivia.

Male and female: Face rugose (sculpture finer than in the preceding species),

smooth along inner orbits. Clypeus rugulose. Clypeal foveae rather deeply

impressed. Malar space about 0.5x the basal width of mandible. Frons and ocellar

area rugulose. Vertex finely granulose. Interocellar distance 1.8-2.0x the ocellocular

distance. Mesoscutum rugoso-punctate, reticulate along notaular areas. Scutellum

rugose. Mesopleurum (Fig. 20) shiny and punctate in lower half, punctures often

crowded at places, tending to be rugoso-puncatate; upper half of mesopleurum

rugose to somewhat reticulate. Speculum polished. Area in front of speculum with

parallel striations, which are weak just opposite speculum (cf. fulvohirta). Mesos-

ternum punctate, close but with shiny interspaces. Metapleurum punctate above

and rugoso-reticulate in lower half, punctures tending to be shallow at places.

Propodeum rugose, hairy laterally, its basal and pleural areas rugulose. Areola fully

formed, but open apically. Costulae distinct but wavy. Median longitudinal carinae

indistinct in the petiolar area. Lateral longitudinal carina weak and not forming a

basolateral crest. Pleural carina not as strong as in fulvohirta. Mesopleurum,

metapleurum, and basal and pleural areas of propodeum less shiny and a little

strongly sculptured in some specimens. Propodeum in male strongly reticulate

apicad of basal transverse carina. Hind coxa shiny and shallowly punctate. Hind

femur (Fig. 44) with a short neck and slightly club-shaped, less so than in the

preceding species. Tergite 1 slender, smooth. Tergite 2 finely granulose and shiny.

Rest of abdomen mat and subpolished. Ovipositor upcurved, a little longer than

the apical depth of abdomen.

Color similar to that of fulvohirta except that fore and middle legs bright yel-

low and hind femur without, or with only faint reddish tinge. Base of tergite 3 with

a black mark in female and a band in male.

Length: 7-9 mm.; fore wing 5-6 mm.; ovipositor 1.5-2.0 mm.

Specimens examined: PERU: Quincemil, 750 m., near Marcapata, 15 males and

5 females, 10-15. XI. 1952, L. Pena (GAINESVILLE). BOLIVIA: Mapri, 1 female

(type) (BUDAPEST).

Distribution: Bolivia, Peru.

18. Microcharops hipposiderus, n. sp. (Figs. 35, 36, 37)

Propodeal areola large and horse-shoe shaped, hexagonal-like but with sides

rounded, as long as wide, areola depressed and surface granuloso-rugose. Side of

thorax shiny and punctate. Body pubescence white to dirty-white. Wings clear

hyaline. Nervulus usually interstitial and almost vertical. Nervellus reclivous.

Ovipositor slightly curved upwards.

Gupta: Revision of Microcharops (Ichneumonidae) 29

Female: Face rugose. Orbital borders and clypeus subpolished and with scat-

tered punctures. Malar space 0.35-0.4 the basal width of mandible. Frons and ocel-

lar area also rugose, but ocellar area a little finer. Vertex granulose. Interocellar

distance 1.8 the ocellocular distance. Pronotum trans-striate medially and punctate

along its upper margin. Mesoscutum rugose. Scutellum finely rugose. Mesopleurum

punctate and shiny, interspaces usually separated by 1.0-1.5 their diameters. In

some specimens punctures closer. Area in front of polished speculum trans-striate.

Striations at lower end of speculum oblique, not parallel to the striations in front of

speculum. Mesosternum granuloso-punctate, dull as compared to mesopleurum.

Metapleurum shallowly punctate in the upper half and rugose in the lower half.

Propodeum rugose, its pleural area subpolished and irregularly punctate, its

basolateral areas tending to be rugulose and shiny. Propodeal carinae distinct up to

its basal half, then becoming weak to indistinct. Basal area triangular. Areola

horse-shoe shaped, hexagonal with sides usually rounded, narrowing apically, but

not closed, the median longitudinal carinae becoming indistinct in the petiolar

area. Areola about as wide as long, larger as compared to that is usually seen in

the genus, its inner surface granuloso-rugose. Costula emitted from its middle and

distad from the base of propodeum by about 0.3 the length of propodeum. Lateral

longitudinal carina distinct in basal 0.3 forming a weak lateral edge. Propodeal

spiracle roundish-oval. Legs slender. Hind femur about 4.7 as long as deep. Hind

coxa shiny, indistinctly punctate. Nervulus usually almost interstitial or slightly

postfurcal, slightly inclivous. Second abscissa of cubitus less than half the inter-

cubitus (Fig. 36) so that intercubitus and second recurrent vein not far apart from

each other. Nervulus slightly reclivous. Abdomen polished with postpetiole and

second tergite finely mat. Ovipositor short and stout, weakly arched upwards.

Black and yellow. Head, flagellum, thorax, coxae and first and second tergites

largely, black. Abdomen and legs otherwise yellow. Palpi, mandible, scape, pedicel,

tegula and wing bases yellow. Hind femur with brownish tinge. Hind tibia with

basal and apical black bands. Hind tarsus blackish. Postpetiole brown. Tergite 2

with a subapical yellow band. Tergite 3 black at base in the middle, and with a

white mark apically (sometimes faint or absent). Wings clear hyaline. Body pubes-

cence yellowish-brown.

Male: Similar to the female, but thoracic sculpture a little more coarse than in

the female. Mesopleurum tending to be rugoso-punctate and subpolished. Carinae

around areola stronger. White mark at apex of tergite 3 distinct. Sometimes tip of

abdomen blackish.

Length: 7-9 mm.; fore wing 5-6 mm.; ovipositor 1.5 mm.

Holotype: Female, VENEZUELA: Tucuco, Zulia, 26. IV. 1981, H. K. Townes

(GAINESVILLE). Paratypes: 17 males and 33 females from Venezuela: Same data as

the holotype, 5 females. TRINIDAD: Morne Bleu, 2700 ft., 2 males, 4 females, 7-28.

VIII. 1969, H. & A. Howden. BRAZIL: Sinop, M. Grosso, 3 females, X. 1974, 1

female, x. 1975, M. Alvarenga. COSTA RICA: Monteverde, 3 females, 30. XII. 1961,

C. Palmer. PARAGUAY: Carumbe, 3 females, 1. II. 1966, R. Golbach (All

GAINESVILLE). Brazil: Represa, Rio Grande, 1 female, XII. 1967; Nova Teutonia, 1

female, II. 1966. MEXICO: Chiapas, Mustee, 440 m., near Huixitla, 1 male, 1 female,

30 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 2, 1987

21. IX. 1970, Welling (OTTAWA). COSTA RICA: San Jose: San Antonio de Escazu, 1

female, 4 males, March-April 1984, S. A. Cameron, Malaise trap (WAHL). Costa

Rica: Heredia nr. Puerto Viejo (La Salva Biol. Res.), 5. III. 1984, S. A. Cameron,

Malaise trap (WAHL). COLOMBIA: HEE Vale, Anchicaya, 1 male, 20. VII. 1977,

Malaise Trap (DPI).

A series of males and females from Argentina: Horco Molle, Tucuman ap-

parently belong to this species. However, the propodeal areola is not depressed,

and the surrounding carinae are often weak or incomplete. These specimens are

not designated paratypes.

Distribution: Central and South America.

19. Microcharops fulvoalaris, n. sp.

Differs from M. hipposiderus in: Interocellar distance 1.7-1.8x the ocellocular

distance. Propodeal areola small, hexagonal, narrow, with its sides weak beyond

costulae. Frons and ocellar area rugulose on a granular surface. Propodeal spiracle

elongate-oval. Body pubescence golden-brown. Wings tinged with brown. Nervulus

postfurcal and slightly inclivous. Nervellus more strongly reclivous.

Female: Face rugose, a little finely so than in M. hipposiderus. Clypeus

smoother apically. Frons and ocellar area rugulose. Vertex granulose. Interocellar

distance 1.7-1.8x the ocellocular distance. Malar space 0.5x the basal width of man-

dible. Pronotum striate medially, its upper margin and hind corner granulose.

Mesoscutum rugulose on a granular surface, rugose along notaular areas. Scutel-

lum rugose. Mesopleurum with irregular punctures tending to be rugoso-punctate,

its surface subpolished. Area in front of speculum with parallel striations. Sculpture

of mesopleurum variable with the size of specimens, tending to be rugose in larger

specimens and more punctate in smaller specimens. Mesosternum punctato-

granulose. Sternaulus deeply impressed in about half the length of mesopleurum,

more so than in other species. Metapleurum subpolished, indistinctly punctate dor-

sally and rugose in juxtacoxal area. Juxtacoxal carina sharper than in other species.

Propodeum rugose with basal and pleural areas subpolished and with indistinct

rugulosities. Petiolar area depressed. Areola smaller, incomplete beyond costula.

Shape of areola variable, either roundly curved basally or appearing hexagonal.

Basal transverse carina strong forming the basolateral sides of areola and costulae.

Apical transverse carina partly visible laterally. Pleural carina strong. Nervulus

usually slightly distad of basal vein (variable) and inclivous. Second abscissa of

cubitus 0.5-0.6x the intercubitus. Nervellus reclivous. Hind femur slender, about

5.8-5.9x as long as deep. Hind coxa subpolished and with minute setiferous punc-

tures on a mat surface. Abdomen mat and subpolished. Petiole polished.

Ovipositor slender, short, very slightly curved.

Black and yellow. Body pubescence golden brown. Wings tinged with brown.

Palpi, mandible, scape, pedicel, tegula, wing bases, and fore and middle legs except

the coxae, yellow. All coxae black. Hind leg brown with tibia with fuscous marks at

base and apex. Tergite 1 black apex and side of postpetiole brown. Tergite 2 black

in the basal half and along the apical margin, medially and laterally brown. Tergite

Gupta: Revision of Microcharops (Ichneumonidae) 31

3 with a triangular basal black mark. Rest of the abdomen dark yellowish-brown.

Tip of abdomen sometimes blackish-brown.

Male: Essentially similar to the female. Sculpture of mesopleurum and

propodeum as well as propodeal areola variable as in the female. Tip of abdomen

sometimes darker.

Length: 8-11 mm.; fore wing 5-7 mm.; ovipositor 1.5 mm.

Holotype: Female, BRAZIL: Represa Rio Grande, Guanabara, June 1967, M.

Alvarenga (GAINESVILLE). Paratypes: 4 males and 44 females, from Brazil: Represa

Rio Grande, Guanabara; Caruaru; Serra do Caraca, S. Barbara; Encruzilhada,

Bahia; Pedra Azul, M.G.; Floresta da Tijuca, Guanabara; S. Bocaina, S.J.Barreiro;

Teodoro Sampaio; Quatro Barros nr. Curitiba; Campina Grande nr. Curitiba;

Teresopolis; and Nova Teutonia. Some specimens from Nova Teutonia slightly

variable and not designated paratypes.

Distribution: Brazil.

20. Microcharops flavipetiolata, n. sp.

Interocellar distance 1.7-1.8x the ocellocular distance. Areola medium-sized, a

little longer than wide, open apically. Nervulus postfurcal and more strongly in-

clivous than in fulvoalaris. Second abscissa of cubitus 0.4x the first intercubitus.

Nervellus reclivous. Petiole yellow, slender. Ovipositor shorter, not surpassing the

tip of abdomen and straight.

Male and female: Face and clypeus rugose, with clypeal margins and inner or-

bits smoother. Frons granuloso-rugose. Ocellar area rugulose. Vertex granulose.

Interocellar distance 1.7-1.8x the ocellocular distance. Malar space 0.4x the basal

width of mandible. Pronotum subpolished and with strong striations. Epomia

strong and almost vertical in the upper middle part of pronotum (in other species it

is curved and along the front margin). Mesoscutum granuloso-punctate, finely

reticulate along notaular areas. Scutellum rugose. Mesopleurum rugoso-punctate

and shiny, with parallel and semicircular carinae in front of smooth speculum.

Mesosternum granuloso-punctate. Metapleurum shiny, with weak irregular sculp-

ture in the upper part and somewhat rugose in the juxtacoxal area. Juxtacoxal

carina irregular but complete. Propodeum rugose, shallowly so in the pleural area.

Carinae around areola including the costulae strong. Areola of moderate size,

slightly narrowing and open apically. Carinae bordering petiolar area weak and ir-

regular. Lateral longitudinal carina distinct only up to costula. Propodeal spiracles

small but of elongate type. Hind femur 5.2-5.3x as long as deep, moderately

slender. Nervulus postfurcal and more strongly inclined than in other species.

Second abscissa of cubitus 0.4x the first intercubitus. Nervellus reclivous. Abdo-

minal tergites subpolished and shiny. Postpetiole and tergite 2 finely mat. Abdo-

minal sternites appear finely granulose, more so than the tergites. Ovipositor short,

hardly surpassing the tip of abdomen.

Black with legs and abdomen yellow. Body pubescence light yellowish-brown.

Palpi, mandible, scape, pedicel, tegula, wing bases, and fore and middle legs except

coxae, yellow. All coxae black with fore coxa often partly yellow. Hind trochanters

32 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 2, 1987

and femur yellowish-brown. Hind tibia black basally and apically and largely yellow

in between. Hind tarsus blackish. Abdomen yellowish-brown with petiole yellow

and tergite 2 with an apical black line. Basomedial areas of tergites and sternites 4-

6 often black. In males abdominal tergites and sternites largely black, particularly

in apical half of abdomen.

Length: 6-8 mm.; fore wing 4.5-6.0 mm; ovipositor 1 mm.

Holotype: Female, BRAZIL: Nova Teutonia: Santa Catarina, 19.ii.1954, Fritz

Plaumann (GAINESVILLE). Paratypes: 5 males and 6 females, same data as the

holotype but collected during January-February and November-December, 1968-70.

SURINAM: Kwatta, 1 female, 3-6.iii.1964, D. C. Geijskes ( All GAINESVILLE).

One female from Peru: Avispas, Marcapata apparently belongs to this species,

but has certain facies of M. lissopleurum. It is not designated as a paratype.

Distribution: Brazil, Surinam, and possibly Peru.

21. Microcharops rufigaster, n. sp. (Figs. 38, 39, 43)

Head and thorax rugose. Hind coxa granuloso-mat. Petiole and basal ab-

dominal tergites red. Nervulus inclivous. Nervellus strongly reclivous Scape, pedicel

and tegula black. All coxae black. Ovipositor short and straight, not longer than

apical depth of abdomen.

Male and female: Face rugose. Clypeus and frons a little less rugose. Malar

space 0.75-0.8 the basal width of mandible. Interocellar distance 1.5-1.6x the ocel-

locular distance. Pronotum granuloso-rugose. Mesoscutum largely granuloso-

punctate with notaular areas rugose. Scutellum rugose. Mesopleurum (Fig. 38)

coarsely rugose, at places tending to be reticulate. Mesosternum granuloso-

punctate. Metapleurum a little finely rugose than mesopleurum, juxtacoxal carina

incomplete. Propodeum (Fig. 39) rugoso-reticulate. Propodeal spiracle elongate-

oval. Areola moderate-sized, pentagonal, its carinae strong, but open apically and

lateral carinae indistinct beyond areola. costulae distinct but becoming weaker

towards the lateral longitudinal carina. Lateral longitudinal carina distinct only

basolaterally. Other carinae indistinct. Hind femur slender, about 5.7-5.8x as long

as deep. Hind coxa granuloso-mat. Nervulus inclivous and distant from basal vein

by about 0.3 its length (Fig. 43). Nervellus strongly reclivous. Petiole long and

slender. Postpetiole finely granulose. Basal abdominal tergites mat and sub-

polished. Ovipositor short, straight, not longer than apical depth of abdomen.

Black with legs and basal abdominal segments reddish-brown. Body pubes-

cence white. Palpi and mandible basally black and yellowish-brown apically. Scape,

pedicel and tegula black. Wing bases yellow. All coxae and trochanters black.

Trochantelli reddish-brown. Legs reddish-brown with fore and middle tibiae and

tarsi lighter, tending to be yellowish-brown. Tergites 1-4 reddish-brown. Tergite 5

partly reddish and partly black. Rest of the tergites black. Wings tinged with

yellowish-brown.

Length: 9-10 mm.; fore wing 6-7 mm.; ovipositor 1.5 mm.

Holotype: Female, ARGENTINA: Tacanas, Tucuman, 7-17.xii.1968, L. Stange

(GAINESVILLE). Paratypes: 5 males and 13 females, Argentina: Tucuman Province:

Gupta: Revision of Microcharops (Ichneumonidae) 33

Horco Molle, Tafi de Valle, San Javier, San Pedrode Colalao, collected on various

dates during December to February (GAINESVILLE).

Distribution: Argentina.

22. Microcharops lissopleurum, n. sp.

Female: Similar to M. fulvoalaris in general coloration and sculpture, but dif-

fers as follows: Face coarsely rugose to somewhat reticulate. Malar space 0.4x the

basal width of mandible. Interocellar distance 1.5x the ocellocular distance.

Mesopleurum polished and shiny, with scattered minute setiferous punctures.

Metapleurum also largely polished and with indistinct punctures, except in the jux-

tacoxal area. Areola small, squarish or hexagonal, with its carinae strong, but open

apically. Wing venation similar to that of hipposiderus; nervulus only slightly

reclivous. Nervellus almost vertical. Ovipositor slightly upcurved.

Black and yellow. Body pubescence golden brown. Palpi, mandible, scape,

pedicel, tegula, wing bases, and fore and middle legs except coxae, yellow. Coxae

black. Fore coxa partly brown. Hind femur brownish-yellow. Hind tibia banded

with black basally and apically. Hind tarsus blackish. Abdomen light yellowish-

brown with tergite 1 wholly, tergite 2 largely in basal 0.75 and along apical margin,

black. Gastrocoeli yellow. Wings only lightly tinged with yellow.

Length: 9-10 mm.; fore wing 6-7 mm.; ovipositor 1.5 mm.

Holotype: Female, PERU: Avispas near Marcapata, 20-30. X. 1962, Luis Pena

(GAINESVILLE). Paratypes: 6 females. COSTA RICA: Sirena, Osa Pen., 4 females,

VII. 1977, D. H. Janzen. ECUADOR: Coca, 1 female, V. 1965, L. Pena. SURINAM: 45

km. S. Paramaribo, 1 female, 19. X. 1963, D. O. Geijskes (GAINESVILLE).

Distribution: Central America and Northern South America.

23. Microcharops alvarengai, n. sp. (Figs. 40-42)

Characterized by having yellow fore coxa, brownish-black middle coxa, black

hind coxa, uniformly and minutely punctate and shiny mesopleurum, narrow areola,

thicker hind femur, apical half of first tergite reddish, and abdomen yellowish-

brown except for a thin black line at the apex of tergite 2.

Male and female: Face finely rugose. Clypeus and orbital margins smoother.

Malar space 0.35-0.4x the basal width of mandible. Frons rugoso-striate. Ocellar

area rugulose. Interocellar distance 1.6x the ocellocular distance. Vertex granulose.

Pronotum striate medially, somewhat smooth and punctate apically and along its

hind corner. Mesoscutum rugose, coarser along notaular areas. Scutellum rugose.

Mesopleurum (Fig. 41) shiny, with minute, well separated and uniform punctures,

separated by about 1.5-2.0x their diameters. Metapleurum indistinctly punctate and

subpolished, rugulose in juxtacoxal area. Propodeum rugose. Areola narrow, with

its lateral carinae almost parallel-sided and extending some distance in the petiolar

area. Costulae distinct. Propodeal spiracle small, oval. Hind coxa shiny. Hind

femur thicker, about 4.0x as long as its maximum width. Nervulus slightly distad of

basal vein and almost vertical. Second abscissa of cubitus small, about 0.4 the

34 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 2, 1987

length of intercubitus, intercubitus and second recurrent vein closer to each other

(Fig. 40). Nervellus slightly curved and almost vertical. Postpetiole flatter dorsally,

very finely granulose and subpolished. Abdomen mat. Ovipositor short, not longer

than the apical depth of abdomen and straight (Fig. 42).

Black with legs and abdomen yellow to yellowish brown. Body pubescence

white. Wings clear hyaline with apices slightly tinged. Palpi, mandible, scape,

pedicel, tegula, wing bases, fore leg including coxa, and middle leg excluding coxa,

yellow. Middle coxae yellowish-brown with black marks at base. Hind coxa black.

Hind femur yellowish-brown. Hind tibia blackish dorsally and yellowish ventrally,

not distinctly banded except that black mark with an irregular interruption sub-

medially and color fading medially. Hind tarsus blackish. Abdomen yellowish-

brown with apical half of tergite 1 (postpetiole) reddish-brown and tergite 2 with

an apical black line. Apex of postpetiole often with a thin blackish line. Scape and

pedicel dorsally with a blackish line.

Length: 6-8 mm.; fore wing 4-4.5 mm.; ovipositor 1.0 mm.

Holotype: Female, BRAZIL: Vilhera, Rond., XI. 1973, M. Alvarenga

(GAINESVILLE). Paratypes: 3 females and 1 male. Brazil: Same data as the

holotype, 1 male and 1 female; Sinop, M. Grosso, 2 males, X. 1974, M. Alvarenga

(GAINESVILLE).

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. I am thankful to Dr. Henry Townes for his constant

help and advice during the course of this study. I am also thankful to the curators

of the various museums who readily loaned the types and other specimens for the

present study. Thanks are also due to the entomologists at the Division of Plant

Industry, Gainesville, where I was located when this study began.

REFERENCES

Kasparyan, D. R. & Dbar, R. S. 1985. On the taxonomy of ichneumonids of the

subfamily Campopleginae (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) of the Far East of

the USSR. Proc. Zool. Inst. USSR, 132: 40-53.

Kusigemati, Kanetosi, 1981. A new species of Microcharops Roman from Japan

(Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae). Mem. Fac. Agri. Kagoshima Univ., 17: 127-

130.

Persson, Per Inge, 1971. "Eugenies resa". Localities, dates and labels of the insects

collected during the voyage around the world by the Swedish frigate "Eugenie"

in the years 1851-1853. Ent. Tidskr., 92: 164-172.

Roman, A., 1910. Notizen zur Schlupfwespensammlung des Schwedischen

Reichsmuseums. Ent. Tidskr., 31: 109-196.

Townes, Henry and Marjorie, 1966. A catalogue and reclassification of the

Neotropic Ichneumonidae. Mem. Amer. Ent. Inst., 8: 1-367.

Gupta: Revision of Microcharops (Ichneumonidae) 35

Figs. 1-6. Microcharops: 1, mesopleurum of taitica; 2, propodeum of taitica, 3,

mesopleurum of bimaculata; 4, propodeum of bimaculata; 5, mesopleurum of

anticarsiae; 6, propodeum of anticarsiae.

36 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 2, 1987

Figs. 7-12. Microcharops: 7, mesopleurum of nigra; 8, face of nigra; 9,

mesopleurum of granulosa; 10, propodeum of granulosa; 11, mesopleurum of

latiannulata; 12, hind leg of bimaculata.

Gupta: Revision of Microcharops (Ichneumonidae) 37

Figs. 13-17. Microcharops townesi: 13, face, 14, occiput; 15, wings; 16,

mesopleurum; 17, propodeum. Fig. 18, M. tibialis, scutellum.

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 2, 1987

lis

imi

20, mesopleurum of s

d leg of fulvohirta

19, face of peronota

Figs. 19-23. Microcharops

21, mesopleurum of (pilosus)

23, hind leg of

eon

fulvohirta

irta.

fulvoh

(pilosus)

Gupta: Revision of Microcharops (Ichneumonidae) 39

Figs. 24-29. Microcharops: 24, vertex of rufoantennata; 25, mesopleurum of

rufoantennata; 26, propodeum of rufoantennata; 27, face of anticarsiae; 28,

mesopleurum of tibialis; 29, propodeum of tibialis.

40 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 2, 1987

Figs. 30-32. Microcharops flavicoxa: 30, mesopleurum; 31, postpectal carina;

32, propodeum.

Gupta: Revision of Microcharops (Ichneumonidae) 41

Figs. 34-39. Microcharops: 34, face of flavicoxa; 35, mesopleurum of hippo-

siderus, 36, wings of hipposiderus; 37, propodeum of hipposiderus; 38, mesopleurum

of rufigaster; 39, propodeum of rufigaster.

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 2, 1987

ie a

Oo .4

prs

Cee

5 oO

cman

oY 8)

5° 0

iF)

oD ies

— an

oe)

of alvarenga

f ruf

io’ 8)

(oe)

= ©

< =

4 §

5 =

A045) Mi

42, OvIpos

Figs

alvarenga

45, vertex of taitica.

Contributions

of the

American Entomological Institute

Volume 23, Number 3, 1987

A revision of the Chilean Mesostenini

(Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)

Charles C. Porter

Introduction .

Porter: Chilean Mesostenini (Ichneumonidae)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Mesostenine Biosystematics .

Biogeogra

phy and Evolution .

Neantarctic Realm .

Neotropic Realm .

Holarctic Realm .

Australian Realm

Neotropic Chile (Northern Desert Region).

West Andean Puna in north Chile .

Neantarctic Chile .

Intermediate Desert .

Central Region

Valdivian Forest

Magallanes Interoceanic Region.

Patagonian Steppe .

Biogeographic Conclusions .

Historical Perspective

Collections Examined .

Acknowledgments

Key to the Chil

Genus

ean Genera of Mesostenini .

Mesostenus .

Cyclaulus

Dotocryptus

Periplasma .

Xiphonychidion .

Sciocryptus

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 3,

Genus

Trachysphyrus

Aeglocryptus .

Picrocryptoides

Aeliopotes .

Aglaodina

Xylacis

Nothischnus

Caenopelte .

Dochmidium .

Anacis .

Cosmiocryptus

Chilecryptus .

Neocryptopteryx

Araucacis .

Hypsanacis .

Itamuton .

Phycitiplex

Myrmecacis .

Literature Cited .

Explanation of Figures .

Plates .

1987

130

LS?

A REVISION OF THE CHILEAN MESOSTENINI (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE)

By Charles C. Pomecs

Department of Biological Sciences

Fordham University

Bronx, NY 10458 USA

INTRODUCTION

Mesostenine Biosystematics

Mesostenines comprise an immense, cosmopolitan tribe of ectoparasitoid

ichneumonid wasps. Probably more than 4000 species inhabit South America

alone, but less than 15% of these as yet have been described. However, the

geographically isolated and taxonomically distinctive Chilean fauna has

been better studied than that of other regions and may be more than 50%

described (Porter 1967a, b; 1970, 1971, 1985b, c).

These ichneumonids parasitize the immature stages of other

endopterygote insects and mostly attack Lepidoptera. Host selection seems

to depend not upon taxonomic criteria but upon size and microhabitat

criteria. For example, the Chilean Neocryptopteryx metriurus has been

reared from psychid Lepidoptera, while the closely related N. hypodyneri

Oviposits in mud nests of Hypodynerus (Hymenoptera: Eumenidae).

Mesostenini abound in all types of forests from northern coniferous

and temperate deciduous to tropical rainforests and subantarctic Nothofagus

biomes. The tribe also includes xerophilous taxa which occur in arid

habitats from sea level to more than 4000 m, and such species often enter

cultivated fields. Particularly notable in this regard are some high

Andean Trachysphyrus and Aeglocryptus, which can be collected abundantly in

alfalfa and which may parasitize introduced alfalfa cutworms (Lepidoptera:

Noctuidae), as well as native Lepidoptera. Knowledge of mesostenine

biology remains fragmentary, but many of these common ichneumonids surely

will be found of utility in biological control of forest and field pest

insects.

Thanks to the generic revisions and regional catalogs produced over

more than four decades by the intense and perspicacious labor of Drs. Henry

and Marjorie Townes, ichneumonid taxonomy now rests on a more solid

worldwide base than does that of any other major family of parasitic

Hymenoptera. The Neotropic and Neantarctic faunas (Townes 1966, 1969) have

been well elucidated, but Middle and South America are so geographically

vast and sporadically collected that thousands of new species and scores of

new genera await description. In the present contribution, which revises

J Research Associate, Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Florida

Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, P. 0. Box 1269,

Gainesville, FL 32602 USA.

2 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 3, 1987

the Chilean genera and gives keys for the described Chilean species, I

recognize 25 genera, of which 11 are new.

The following diagnosis should allow recognition of the Tribe

Mesostenini as represented in Chile:

Clypeus separated from face by a groove; apex of front tibia without a

small tooth on outer side; tarsal claws apparently simple, pectinate only

on extreme base; areolet pentagonal or quadrangular with intercubiti

separated on radial vein, sometimes open apically; 2nd recurrent with only

a single weak and translucent spot or bulla, vertical, reclivous, or

sometimes inclivous; sternaulus usually (but not always) well defined and

reaching 0.5 or more the length of mesopleuron between lower prepectal

carina and base of mid coxa; dorsal rim of metanotum without a sublateral

tooth or angulation, though often with such a projection on the metanotal

face beneath its rim; propodeum usually with more or less well defined

basal and apical trans-carinae, the basal often (not always) stronger than

the apical, and with faint median longitudinal carinae that often define an

area basalis and areola, as well as with lateral longitudinal carinae which

are usually vague or strong but irregular; lst gastric tergite fused with

its sternite, without a lateral pit or groove before spiracle, spiracle in

most genera behind middle of tergite; gaster (at least in female) elongate

to robust fusiform, only rarely compressed toward apex; ovipositor

surpassing tip of gaster, its sheathed portion 0.2-4.5 as long as fore

wing, its tip with or without a preapical notch, notch when present usually

tiny and on a small elevation or nodus, ventral valve with a series of

ridges on ovipositor tip.

Biogeography and Evolution

Mesostenine taxonomy must be based on assessment of phaenotypic

resemblance. I believe that a subjectively character-weighted and

qualitative approach gives worthwhile results but see no objection to

quantative, computerized, unweighted analysis when applied by those who

possess the requisite mentality and facilities. Cladistic studies remain

impossible or misleading in the case of mesostenines and most other

ichneumonids. It is undeniable that a taxon based on authenticated

synapomorphies will be strictly monophyletic, whereas a group established

on symplesiomorphies remains dubious in status until the presence or

absence of shared derived features can be confirmed or refuted.

Lamentably, most characters employed for ichneumonid taxonomy seem adaptive

in nature and reappear with similar polarity again and again in the most

diverse genera, tribes, and subfamilies. Doubtless this problem will be

rectified some day by an ichneumonologist working in the tradition of

Snodgrass or Crampton (no small task for a group with more than 1000 genera

and 60,000 species) and by palaeoentomologists competent to reclassify the

described Cretaceous and Tertiary ichneumonids and to describe the rich but

unworked Baltic Amber fauna. In the meantime, the most vital task

confronting ichneumonologists continues to be diagnosis of unpublished

species and their accommodation in known genera or in morphologically

plausible new taxa. Such work furnishes needed data for ecologists and

economic entomologists concerned with biological control. More

importantly, it reveals the existence of previously unknown higher taxa and

even of whole faunas (e.g., in the Peruvian and north Chilean Coastal

Porter: Chilean Mesostenini (Ichneumonidae) 3

Desert, as discussed by Porter 1983 and 1985 a, b, c) many of which prove

congruent with unique biotas in other groups of plants or animals. In this

way the ichneumonid taxonomist helps locate natural communities high in

endemisms and especially worthy of protection from disturbance of

"development" by man.

In the matter of biogeography, much remains to be done in identi-

fication of centers of abundance and diversity of various ichneumonid taxa.

Some progress has been attained for the South American Mesostenini, and

this allows comparison of faunas within and without the continent, as well

as permitting identification of dispersal routes. Future work one day will

identify centers of origin and permit development of theories as to

direction and time of dispersal. (Dispersal as used here implies the

movement of populations from one geographically contiguous region to

another through and into other ecologically favorable or acceptable areas.

It does not in these senses include insular saltation, casual and passive

transport across major geologic or environmental barriers, or other

possible but aleatory movement.)

When discussing the Chilean Mesostenini and other biota, members of at

least four major Biogeographic Realms (Megacenters of Abundance and

Diversity) must be considered:

(1). Neantarctic Realm: This zone embraces Chile from Atacama Province

south to Tierra del Fuego and the subantarctic islands, as well as the

Patagonian Steppe of southern Argentina and a few Chilean localities east

of the Andes. Neantarctic elements also are strongly represented

throughout the Andean Puna (mostly between 3-4000 m) in north Chile,

northwest Argentina, Bolivia, Pert, and southern Ecuador. The southeast

Brasilian highlands also have a partly Neantarctic biota, left behind as

the last Pleistocene glaciation receded. The greatest concentration of

Neantarctic biota is in the Chilean Region, dominated by Nothofagus forest

south of 37 South Latitude (with overlap into Argentina south of 40 South

Latitude). Of the 25 mesostenine genera that occur in Chile, 8 are endemic

to the Chilean region and best represented in Nothofagus forest:

Nothischnus, Chilecryptus, and Araucacis. At the specific level, there are

42 mesostenines in the Chilean Neantarctic and only two of these are

reported from outside central and south Chile and adjacent Neantarctic

habitats. One is Oecetiplex borsani, which reaches the southern edge of

the Neotropics in Subandean Desert near Mendoza, Argentina. The other,

Xylacis echthroides, extends north through the Subandean Desert into

similar habitats below La Paz, Bolivia. The Chilean Neantarctic thus shows

notable endemicity. Much of its biota, particularly plants and insects,

occurs nowhere else.

(2). Neotropic Realm: The Neotropic Realm includes most of South

America, Mesoamerica, the Sonoran and Chihuahuan Deserts in México and the

southwestern United States, as well as the Lower Rio Grande Valley of south

Texas, south Florida and the Florida Keys, and all the West Indian islands.

A considerable and apparently relict Neotropic biota occurs throughout the

eastern United States from Massachusetts to eastern Kansas or Nebraska and

from north Florida, along the Gulf Strip in particular, as far west as the

more humid parts of Texas.

4 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 3, 1987

The Neotropic is the major biota of Middle and South America,

containing thousands of genera and scores of thousands of species. This is

primarily a wet forest assemblage adapted to warm but not necessarily

frost-free conditions. However, the Neotropic includes several arid or

semiarid subregions in addition to the North American deserts already

mentioned. Some of these are the Argentine Chaco and Subandean Regions,

the Peruvian and North Chilean Coastal Desert, the Brasilian Cerrado and

Caatinga, as well as the Provincia de la Sabana and the Provincia Guajira

in Venezuela (Cabrera and Willink 1973).

Characteristic permeant Neotropic distributional types include genera

which range from the eastern United States to Northern Argentina (the

mesostenines Baryceros, Mallochia, Chromocryptus (Porter 1985a),

Messatoporus and Agonocryptus, among others). There is also a component

that attains southern Arizona (e.g., Whymperia) and a vast number that

first appears in the Sierras Madre of northern México or Arizona and

extends to Brasil or Argentina on the south (such mesostenines as

—————$—— | ee

Cestrus, along with the ephialtines Zonopimpla, Ganodes, Epirhyssa, and the

aberrant xoridine subgenus Periceros, the pluviselvatic porizontine Nonnus,

and such ichneumonines as Oedicephalus, Dilopharius, Cryptojoppa,

Joppocryptus, Microsage, Joppa, Lichmeres, and Eurydacus). There are also

Neotropic genera apparently confined to restricted parts of Middle or South

America, but these are comparatively exceptional and are as likely to

represent gaps in collecting as true geographic disjunction. The Neotropic

biota shows remarkable continuity between northern México and subtropical

Argentina, Paraguay, and Brasil. This extraordinary uniformity refutes

assertions that South America was an isolated continent until the Pliocene.

It demonstrates that the Middle American land bridge between South and

North America was closed on and off during much of the Tertiary after South

America’s separation from Gondwanaland. It reveals the varied Neotropic

sub-biota of today’s eastern United States, not as post-—Pleistocene

invaders, but as Tertiary relicts. They are relicts, most probably, of a

once flourishing North American Neotropic biota. For all we know, numerous

genera now centered in South American may have originated during the

Tertiary in North American subtropical moist forests. In any event, the

Neotropic biota is restricted to the New World, currently predominant in

Tropical America, and (within these bounds) offers more endemic taxa than

any other Biogeographic Realm, with possible exception of the Oriental

Tropics.

The northern, almost rainless desert and Prepuna (to more than 2000 m)

in Chile’s Tarapaca Province (17-21 South Latitude) pertain to the

Peruvian Coastal Desert Region of the Neotropic Realm (along rivers, in

oases). Their fauna is depauperate and includes only one Neotropic

mesostenine genus, Cyclaulus, represented by C. eremia, which occurs in

lowland fertile river valleys from the Valle de Lluta north of Arica,

Chile, to similar habitats near Lima and Trujillo, Pert. Cyclaulus

otherwise inhabits east Andean Cloud Forests from Colombia to northwest

Argentina. Cyclaulus eremia appears to be a survivor of the west Andean

Cloud Forest and Rain Forest that existed in warmer and wetter early

Tertiary epochs, when the subequatorial Andes were lower than now and thus

created a less effective rain shadow, while Antarctica remained free of

Porter: Chilean Mesostenini (Ichneumonidae) 5

ice, and there was no Humboldt Current to deprive the Peruvian and Chilean

coast of tropical Pacific moisture.

Finally, I point out that there are only a few Neotropic relicts or

invaders within the confines of the Neantarctic Biogeographic Province (far

fewer, despite geographic propinquity, than in far-off eastern North

America). Among ichneumonids, there are no mesostenines but Neotropic

ephialtines (Calliephaltes) and ichneumonines (Diacantharius, Carinodes),

as well as other Hymenoptera (Eumenidae: Pachodynerus; Sphecidae:

Trachypus; and Pompilidae: Pepsis) do occur in Neantarctic Chile. The

Neantarctic Biota is mostly endemic, shared with Australia, or of Holarctic

affinities. The Neantarctic is most remarkable for the Neotropic elements

it lacks: rhyssine ichneumonids, the huge tropical American complexes of

Mesostenini with a small areolet and countless distinctive ichneumonines

(Joppa, Macrojoppa, Lusius, Oedicephalus, the Acanthojoppini, and hundreds

more) not to mention other Hymenoptera, including social Vespidae,

euglossine bees, and stingless bees. Even more spectacular are gaps in the

vertebrate element--no boid, elapid, or crotalid snakes and only two

species of Colubridae, no terrestrial or freshwater turtles. Evidently,

the forces and barriers that have shaped the biota of temperate Chile have

acted more potently and enduringly than those which demark the Neotropic

from the Holarctic.

(3). Holarctic Realm. This region extends through the temperate and

cold latitudes of North America and Eurasia. Its biota is centered in

Temperate Deciduous and Northern Coniferous Forests but has reached deep

into Andean and other parts of South America. Penetration of Holarctic

elements into and across the New World tropics has been facilitated both by

the high corridor of temperate habitats provided in the Sierras Madre and

the Andes and also by periods of generally cooler climate that occurred

from time to time in the last half of the Tertiary and with great severity

during Pleistocene glacial maxima. The Pleistocene most likely brought the

majority of Holarctic invaders to South America, since it is now known that

drastic glacial events over the last two million years substantially

altered climates even in lowland Rain Forests and brought extreme cold to

the middle altitudes now occupied in many places by tropical Cloud Forest.

Many Holarctic plants and animals now common in the Andes as far south as

Ecuador and usually represented also in the highlands of Peru, Bolivia, and

northwest Argentina, but absent from Neantarctic Chile, probably reached

south America in the Pleistocene. These include such plant genera as

Alnus, Quercus (as far as Eduador), Juglans, and Sambucus, as well as

Ichneumonidae in such genera as Itoplectis (Ephialtinae), Cylloceria

(Microleptinae), and the Transfuga species group of Mesostenus

(Mesostenini). Palaeobotanical evidence (Graham 1973) suggests that there

was also an important cold pulse during the Miocene. MHolarctic genera that

often occur in Neantarctic Chile and/or which have reached and usually

diversified in the lowland Neotropics may have been pushed south by the

Miocene cold or during even earlier climatic fluctuations. This category

is likely represented by the plant genera Salix and Celtis, by

lepidopterans in the family Pieridae (Colias and the Tatochila complex,

closely related to the Holarctic Pieris), by the entire ichneumonid

Subfamily Diplazontinae, by ephialtine ichneumonids, such as Coccygomimus

of the Aequalis and Sodalis groups along with numerous species in the

genera Tromatobia, Clistopyga, and Polysphincta, by the mesostenine genus

6 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 3, 1987

Ischnus (avoids Chile but widespread in Neotropical South America), and by

the apid genus Bombus (one endemic species in Neantarctic Chile, another in

the Amazon Basin, and scores in the Puna and P4ramo from Colombia to Pert,

as well as several endemic species of sub-tropical Argentina and Brasil).

The only indubitably Holarctic Chilean mesostenine is Mesostenus

cuzcensis, which reaches the western Puna of Tarapacd Province and belongs

to the Transfuga species group, whose members (e.g., the North American

M. thoracicus) form a conspicuous part of the North American and Eurasian

ichneumonid fauna.

However, many of the endemically Chilean or South American

trachysphyroid genera probably have their closest relatives in the

Holarctic and probably differentiated from old northern ancestors whose

arrival in South America occurred well before the end of the Tertiary.

Such genera may include Cosmiocryptus, Xiphonychidion, Chilecryptus,

Araucacis, Trachysphyrus, Aeglocryptus, Neocryptopteryx, Itamuton,

Oecetiplex, Phycitiplex, Xylacis, and Myrmecacis. Most of these perhaps

derive from the same ancestral stock as the Holarctic Itamoplex, but the

world mesostenine genera remain so poorly understood phylogenetically that

opinions as to their relationships can be no more than conjectural.

(4). The Australian Realm. As emphasized by Miiller (1986:40-1), "The

south Pacific southern beech forests (Nothofagus) of Chile, New Zealand"

and Australia "today contain a fauna which probably already existed during

the Tertiary and dispersed .. . with the forests over the Antarctic."

This temperate forest pathway remained open both to Australia and South

America via land connections with Antarctica that persisted through the

Cretaceous and into the early Tertiary.

Not surprisingly, transantarctic relationships have been documented

for a variety of plants and numerous insects, including the labiine

ichneumonid genera Labium, Certonotus, and Labena (Townes 1969, Porter

1981). More recently, Gauld (1983) has pointed out the existence of a vast

Australian and Tasmanian mesostenine complex most of whose members seem

closely related to or congeneric with Anacis, a mesostenine genus of

Neantarctic Chile and of the Andean cordillera at about 1000-2800 m

altitude on eastern slopes from northwest Argentina to Ecuador. Related to

Anacis are several other Neantarctic genera (Caenopelte and Dochmidium) as

well as some tropical Cloud Forest inhabitants principally of Colombia,

Eduador, Peru, and Bolivia (e.g., Biconus, Cryptopteryx, and possibly

Hypsanacis).

In addition to those genera already mentioned, Chile, and also in some

cases other parts of subequatorial South America, has a number of aberrant

mesostenines whose affinities seem more than commonly obscure: Periplasma,

Sciocryptus, Nothischnus, Dotocryptus, Picrocryptoides, and Aglaodina.

These may represent Neantarctic autochthones, relicts of taxa which

originated in other parts of South America or in Australia and survived

only in Neantarctic confines, or remnants of a biota that once had its

center on pre-glacial Antarctica.

The foregoing discussion has mentioned some of the facts and problems,

intrinsic and extrinsic, which concern relationships between Chilean

Porter: Chilean Mesostenini (Ichneumonidae) 7

Mesostenini and those of other biogeographic areas. I now refer to

distributional patterns of mesostenine genera and species within Chile.

For this purpose, I employ (with some modification and simplification) the

"entomofaunal regions" first proposed by Luis E. Petia (1966). Pefia’s

principal goal was to explain the biogeography of Chilean tenebrionid

beetles, but this remarkable naturalist’s close familiarity with all parts

of Chile and his vast knowledge of the whole Chilean biota make his

conclusions valid for the greater part of his country’s fauna and flora.

My application of Pefia’s scheme to the Chilean Mesostenini is summarized in

the following outline (see also Fig. 19):

I. NEOTROPIC CHILE.

1. Northern Desert Region: biota developed only in fertile river

valleys that traverse the essentially rainless desert below 2000 m. The

zone includes most of Tarapaca and Antofagasta Provinces. Characteristic

a eee | eeneteeeeneeeeeteeeeenetannennene

Atriplex, Schinus, and Equisetum.

The mesostenine fauna has but one species, Cyclaulus eremia, so far

collected only in the Valle de Lluta just south of the Peruvian border near

Arica.

Il. THE WEST ANDEAN PUNA.

1. Northern Andean Cordillera: This region extends over much of

north Chile between 3-4000 m and south to 27° South. I know it only

between Putre, Socoroma, Belén and Tingnamar near Arica. Here the

vegetation consists of steppe and sparse thorn scrub, with numerous cacti

(Trichocereus and others), a varied flora of grasses, diverse composites

with several Baccharis spp, the loasacean vine Cajophora, and one endemic

tree, Polylepis (Rosaceae) that grows in moist quebradas.

The Puna Mesostenini are comparatively diverse with the following 13

species: Hypsanacis socoromae, Cosmiocryptus weyrauchi, C. aricae,

Aglaodina lasia, A. hyperbasa (Antofagasta), Trachysphyrus venustus, T.

carrascoi, T. metallicus, T. aegla, T. escomeli, T. agalma, Aeliopotes

paitensis, and Mesostenus cuzcensis.

Cosmiocryptus aricae and Hypsanacis socoromae have been cited only

from this region. The other species occur to the north and/or west in the

Peruvian, Bolivian, and north Argentine Andes. No species of this group

has been reported from farther south in Chile.

III. NEANTARCTIC CHILE. Covers the entire country from about 27 South

Latitude in Atacama Province to 54 South in Tierra del Fuego and the

subantarctic islands.

1. Intermediate Desert. This is the desert of Atacama, especially

between Vallenar and Copiapo. Climatically and geologically it seems to

form a transition from Northern Desert to the Mediterranean scrub of

central Chile. In the intermediate desert there are ravines with

cacti (Copiapoa, Horridocactus, Opuntia, etc., as mentioned by Pefia)

as well as grasses and a few spiny shrubs. Otherwise, the Atacama

8 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 3, 1987

Desert seems as lifeless as the Northern Desert, but heavy winter rains

every few years bring a burst of ephemeral floration for a few weeks in

September. At these times, such plants as Argylia puberula (Bignoniaceae),

Nolana spp. (Nolanaceae), Calandrinia sp. (Portulacaceae) and Cordia

dodecandra (Boraginaceae) explode with flowers. Many of these plants are

not confined to the Intermediate or Atacama Desert. No less than geologic

and climatic features, they give no hint of the radical disparity between

the Atacama entomofauna and that of extreme north Chile. Many of the genera

and almost all species do not reach farther north. There are bees of

genera such as Liphanthus and Leioproctus, the strange masarid genus

Gayella, the eumenids Ctenocheilus pilipalpus and several Hypodynerus. The

apoids, masarids and Ctenocheilus range only from Atacama south. the

Hypodynerus species are trenchantly distinct from relatives in the West

Puna of Tarapaca.

The Intermediate Desert Mesostenini are not diverse but comprise three

well known species that become more abundant farther south: Xiphonychidion

viduum (reaches Valdivian Forest at around 40°South), Trachysphyrus irinus

(reaches Northern Valdivian Forest at 38° South), and Aglaodina cribricollis

(extends into the wet Valdivian Forest of Aisén Province at about 45°

South).

2. The Central Region. Under this category I subsume Pena’s

Coquimban Desert, Central Coastal Cordillera, Central Valley, and Central

Andean Cordillera Provinces. The Region extends from 29° South to around

37° South. It varies from semidesert in the north to Acacia caven Thorn

Scrub in the Central Valley, but has many well watered valleys, especially

toward the Andean foothills, which support elements of Valdivian Forest,

such as the trees Lithraea caustica, Cryptocarya alba, Quillaja saponari,

Peumus boldus, Beilschmiedia miersii, Schinus latifolius, Maytenus boaria,

Pouteria splendens, and Austrocedrus chilensis. There are also some relict

Nothofagus obliqua in this zone, northeast of Valparaiso in Parque Nacional

"La Campana," a locality which also preserves one of the few remaining

natural preg of Jubaea chilensis, the only endemic palm of continental

Chile (Martinez 1985: 225-6).

Twenty-eight Mesostenini are known from the Central Region, most of

them from foothill, wooded valleys, such as the entomologically famous and

delightful El Canelo east of Santiago. Only four of these species have

been collected exclusively in the Central Region: Anacis hercana (El

Canelo ca. Santiago), Chilecryptus rhopalum (Bosque de los Conservados in

O’Higgins Province), Neocryptopteryx sphaera (Andean foothills north of

Santiago in Aconcagua Province), and Phycitiplex eremnus (Aconcagua

foothills). The rest are distributed southward: Dotocryptus bellicosus

(Coquimbo to Magallanes), D. pedisequus (Coquimbo to northern edge of the

Valdivian Forest), Xiphonychidion cyanipenne (Valparaiso and Santiago to

Magallanes), X. atmetum (Coquimbo to 40° South), X. horsti (Santiago to

Concepcién), X. stibarum (Santiago to Chiloé Island), X. caeruleipenne

(Santiago to Concepcidn), X. viduum (Atacama to 40° South), ramocrybtoides

hesperios (Concepcién), Aeglocryptus nigricornis (Coquimbo to 38° South),

Trachysphyrus agenor (Valparaiso, Santiago and across Andes to Mendoza

Province Argentina as well as southward in Chile to near 39° South),

Trachysphyrus irinus (Atacama to near 38° South), Aglaodina cribricollis

(Atacama to Aisén), Anacis rubripes (Coquimbo to Magallanes), Chilecryptus

Porter: Chilean Mesostenini (Ichneumonidae) 9

rhadinus (Coquimbo to Magallanes), Chilecryptus tetracanthus (Coquimbo to

Magallanes), Neocryptopteryx metriurus (Santiago to Magallanes), N

hypodyneri (Coquimbo to about 37° South), Oecetiplex borsani (Coquimbo to

Magallanes), Araucacis melanthes (Santiago to Northern Valdivian forest in

Nuble Province), A. leptaulax (Santiago to northern edge of Valdivian

Forest), Itamuton “rufitibia (Santiago to Chiloé and below 40 South across

Patagonian Desert to the Atlantic in Argentina), and Myrmecacis metargas

(E1 Canelo near Santiago to Chiloé Island).

3. Valdivian Forest: Here I include Peftia’s Northern Valdivian

Forest, Southern Andean Cordillera, Pehuenar (Araucaria Forest), Valdivian

Forest, Valdivian Cordillera, and Aisén Cordillera). This zone comprises

the Nothofagus Forest in a broad sense. At its northern end, the Valdivian

Forest is warm temperate with a hot semi-Mediterranean dry period in summer

and abundant rainfall with moderately cool temperatures the rest of the

year. This Northern Valdivian Forest ag a good number of endemic floral

species, including Nothofagus glauca, N. leoni, and N. alessandri (Martinez

1985: 227). It also possesses at nei two endemic mesostenines,

Periplasma tanaum and Dochmidium syntomum, and (doubtless an artifact of

collecting) is the only Chilean region from which Xylacis echthroides has

been reported. Further south, the true Valdivian Forest becomes more and

more a cool temperate Rain Forest with increasingly shorter warm and dry

periods in summer and yearly precipitation that may approach 10,000 mm,

although with winters whose minima reach only a few degrees below O° C and

with little snow at low altitudes. Nothofagus, such as N. dombeyi, N.

obliqua and N. alpina also dominate this zone, but there are many other

trees and shrubs, such as Eucryphia (another Chilean-Australian disjunct

genus), Gevuina, Embothrium, Desfontainea, Fuchsia, Berberis,

Myrceugenella, Chusquea, Gunnera and endemic coniferous species in

Podocarpus and Araucaria in addition to endemic genera, such as Fitzroya,

Ssaxegothaea, and Pilgerodendron. The disjunct Pehuenar of Arauco and

Cautin Provinces harbors in its Araucaria forest, and associated Nothofagus

and Chusquea, two possible endemics, Anacis varipes and Nothischnus

riverai. More generally distributed in Valdivian Forest are Xiphonychidion

nerhysum, Sciocryptus lachnaeis (to Magallanes), Caenopelte palinorsa

(broadly endemic), Dochmidium camponotus (broadly endemic), Anacis rufipes

(broadly endemic), A. stangeorum (broadly endemic), and A. festiva

(Northern Valdivian Forest to Magallanes). With 24 Central Zone

mesostenines that reach at least the northern edge of the Valdivian Forest

Region and 12 endemics or near-endemics, this biome harbors 36 species of

Mesostenini, the greatest diversity attained in Chile. If it be recalled

that there are four additional Neantarctic Chilean Mesostenini known

exclusively from the Central Region, it becomes evident that warmer

Neantarctic Chile (Santiago to Chiloé) has 41 of the 43 described

Neantarctic mesostenines. Since most ichneumonid habitats of the Central

Region comprise relict gallery woods with North Valdivian forest

affinities, more thorough collecting probably will show that the Central

Valley putative endemics range into the northern forest. The most diverse

and characteristic Chilean mesostenine fauna thus occupies the northern

part of the two major Valdivian Forest regions and seems concentrated

between 35-40° South (i.e., from Talca to Cautin and parts of Valdivia

Provinces). In this ecotonal gradient there are habitats both for Central

Valley species of mild xerophilic procilivities and for the more hygrophile

strictly Valdivian element. Most of this fauna also extends across the

10 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 3, 1987

colder and drier Valdivian Cordillera Province (the southern Andes with

maximum elevations largely below 3000 m and many passes below 1000 m), and

so reaches the western fringe of Argentina between 39~—41° South (e.g., at

Pucardé and San Martin de los Andes in Neuquén Province and from San Carlos

de Bariloche westward in Rio Negro Province).

4. Magallanes Interoceanic Region. This subantarctic Valdivian woods

forms an ecotone between the little known southern Valdivian Temperate

Rainforest (Pefia’s Southern Pacific Region) and the Patagonian Steppe. It

crosses continental Chile, Tierra del Fuego, and the subantarctic islands

between 50°S and 55°S. Rainfall at its western edge may approach 9000 mm

yearly but rapidly drops off eastward to 1200 mm and as little as 200 mm at

the Patagonian border (Peta 1966: 15-7). The biome is dominated in its

wettest areas by the evergreen Nothofagus dombeyi but is more widely

characterized by deciduous Nothofagus, such as N. pumilio and N. antarctica

(Martinez 1985: 229). The Magallanes zone constitutes a ferociously windy

and almost summerless refugium, with freezes throughout the year but

without the catastrophically gelid temperatures of comparable latitudes in

eastern North America and so analogous to southern Alaska. The mesostenine

fauna of the Magallanes Interoceanic Region includes three semiendemics

(more or less widely shared also with Patagonian Steppe): Trachysphyrus

imperialis (also represented in Patagonian Steppe north to Neuquén Province

of Argentina and across to the Atlantic at Rfo Gallegos), T. pefiai (most of

Chile and Argentina from 51° South and including the Falkland Islands), and

Itamuton magallanes (Magallanes Region in Chile and Argentina from Puerto

Natales south to Tierra del Fuego with considerable overlap into Patagonian

Steppe). The other nine Magallanic trachysphyroids have much wider ranges

in north and central Chile south of the Atacama Region: Dotocryptus

bellicosus (Coquimbo south), Xiphonychidion cyanipenne (Santiago south),

Sciocryptus lachnaeis (Valdivian Forest south), Anacis rubripes (Coquimbo

south), A. festiva (Northern Valdivian Forest south), Chilecryptus rhadinus

(Coquimbo south), C. tetracanthus (Coquimbo south), Neocryptopteryx

metriurus (Santiago south), and Oecetiplex borsani (Coquimbo south, also in

northwest Argentine Subandean Desert).

The data given above demonstrate that the whole Chilean Neantarctic

Region (essentially the Nothofagus zone, dominant or relict) has a

remarkably distinctive and strongly coherent mesostenine component. It has

41 endemic species shared, if at all, only with Patagonian Steppe.

Furthermore, as already mentioned, the two more widely ranging species

reported from the Neantarctic, nonetheless, are restricted to subequatorial

South America in semiarid Andean or Subandean Deserts. Within the Chilean

Neantarctic there seem to be many very widely distributed species,

including six that extend from Coquimbo to Magallanes as well as a number

of endemics in the Central Region, the Pehuenar and Valdivian Forests north

and south, in addition to some unique species in the Magallanes

Interoceanic Province. Future collecting probably will increase the number

of precinctive species but almost certainly will reveal that some apparent

endemics have much wider distributions than now supposed. The Chilean

Neantarctic is a single Biotic Province from 27°South to 55°South and,

considering climatic differences from north to south (rapidly increasing

rainfall, slowly diminishing minimum temperatures but more rapidly

deteriorating maxima), the number of permeants seems remarkable. This is a

Porter: Chilean Mesostenini (Ichneumonidae) 1k

close-knit, geographically, ecologically, and taxonomically distinctive

unit.

5. Patagonian Steppe. The Steppe is a cold (average yearly

temperature 13.4° C in the north to 5° C southward), dry (100-270 mm

rainfall yearly) semidesert whose prevailing flora consists of low grasses

and forbs, among which the Compositae are especially diverse

(Cabrera and Willink 1973). It covers much of Argentina below 40° South but

in Chile appears east of the Andes, extensively in Magallanes and

restrictedly in Aisén and Malleco. I have already mentioned one Chilean

mesostenine, Itamuton rufitibia, that reaches far across Argentine

Patagonia, and several others shared between the Magellanic Region and

parts of the Steppe (e.g., Trachysphyrus imperialis, T. pefiai, and Itamuton

magallanes). There is also Aeglocryptus viridis (see Porter 1967a: 306-9),

which reaches Chile only in Magallanes and in trans—-Andean Aisén at Chile

Chico. Otherwise, this is the most amply distributed South American

trachysphyroid, reported from countless localities between sealevel and

3850 m in Pert, Bolivia, Argentina and Uruguay, with representation in most

habitat types except for tropical and subtropical wet forests.

The Patagonian Biota contains many Andean Puna elements of known or

apparent Neantarctic relationships. I thus tentatively consider the

Patagonian Steppe as a subprovince of the Neantarctic rather than of the

Neotropical Realm. Patagonia is a remote and desolate area, which has been

little explored by zoologists or botanists. More on-site research will be

needed before this region can be decisively placed in either realm or

perhaps recognized as predominantly ecotonal.

Biogeographic Conclusions

Chile is known to have 58 species and 25 genera of Mesostenini. In

the Neotropic coastal valleys of the Northern Desert there is one species

which belongs to a strictly Andean, subequatorial genus, Cyclaulus,

represented also in the Peruvian Coastal Desert and in Cloud Forests from

Colombia to northwest Argentina. Thirteen mesostenines can be cited for

the West Puna of northernmost Chile. All of these species are represented

in other high Andean localities to the north or east. None occurs in

Neantarctic Chile. At the generic level, 6 taxa are represented in the

West Puna. Cosmiocryptus and Aeliopotes range north into PerG and seem

endemic to the West Andean Puna and Prepuna. Hypsanacis is high Andean

between Ecuador and northwest Argentina, with no species in Neantarctic

Chile. Mesostenus (Transfuga group) seems to have about the same

distribution in South America as Hypsanacis but is also in Middle America,

as well as North America and the rest of the Holarctic. Trachysphyrus and

Aglaodina are more or less well developed in the high Andes of Peru,

Bolivia, and northwest Argentina but also have several endemic species in

Neantarctic Chile. The north and Neantarctic Chilean species in these

cases do not seem intimately related and probably have evolved long in

isolation. Neantarctic Chile from Atacama to Magallanes and including the

Patagonian Steppe has 20 genera. As indicated earlier, 8 of these

(Periplasma, Xiphonychidion, Sciocryptus, Dochmidium, Caenopelte,

Nothischnus, Chilecryptus, and Araucacis) occur nowhere else. These

endemics include 17 species. The other 12 genera comprise 27 species, of

which 24 are endemic, while the remaining three range into other areas of

12 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 3, 1987

subequatorial South America: Oecetiplex borsani being shared with the

Subandean Desert of northwest Argentina, Xylacis echthroides with the

Subandino and Prepuna in Argentina and Bolivia, and Trachysphyrus agenor

with Mendoza Province in the southern area of the Subandean Desert. The

remaining genera have extra-Chilean species or species groups. Amnacis is

by far the most remarkable, with more than 80 Australian representatives,

in addition to a series that extends through east Andean Cloud Forests from

northwest Argentina to Ecuador. Picrocryptoides and Phycitiplex have

species in the Argentine Pampa, Chaco, and Subandean Desert Regions.

Trachysphyrus, Aglaodina, and Itamuton occur also (with greater or lesser

penetration) in the montane Chaco, Prepuna, and Puna of Argentina and

thence north into the Chilean West Puna and more or less of the Peruvian

and Bolivian highlands. Aeglocryptus and Neocryptopteryx range through

almost every Argentine habitat, and the latter invades the southeast

Brasilian Selva Paranense, while both genera also have species in the

Peruvian West Andean and Central Andean Puna with an additional aberrant

Neocryptopteryx in fertile valleys of the Peruvian coast. Dotocryptus and

Myrmecacis have a small and distinctive Chilean fauna, as well as rather

distantly related species in the Argentina Prepuna, Subandean Desert,

Chaco, and subtropical Selva Tucumano-Boliviana. Both also extend across

the Chaco and have other species or sets of species in southeast Brasil and

adjoining northeast Argentina, with some extension in gallery south as far

as Buenos Aires. With the partial exception of Anacis, then, those

mesostenine genera shared between Neantarctic Chile and the rest of South

America are limited to the subequatorial part of the continent, often favor

xeric habitats, and show predilection also for mountainous regions, such as

the central Andean Cordillera and the southeast Brasilian highlands. Only

some Neocryptopteryx, Dotocryptus, and Myrmecacis reach genuinely tropical

wet forests at the Brasilian extreme of their distribution. This

mesostenine contingent differs strikingly from the main Neotropical element

in the tribe, whose diversity falls off even in eastern temperate South

America and fails totally in the Neantarctic. These latter abound between

1000-2500 m in high forest diversity centers of the Brasilian Coastal

Range, the east Andean Cloudforests, and the Middle American Montane

Forests. Their extension into temperate (usually not arid) habitats,

though minimal in South America, becomes impressive in the eastern United

States with its Diapetimorpha, Lymeon, Cryptanura, Polycyrtus,

Messatoporus, Agonocryptus and others, many of which have at most 5-6

species in North America but many hundreds in the diversity centers of

South and Middle America.

There is no facile explanation for these biogeographic patterns.

Mesostenine taxonomy remains primitive, so that relationships among genera

are poorly understood. Huge areas of South America, including such

biogeographically significant regions as the Guayana Highlands, never have

been collected. Even in well studied areas, collecting most often has not

been carried on at all seasons, despite the fact that ichneumonids from the

hot to the warm temperate regions are active in every month of the year,

often at times (early spring, fall, even winter) outside traditional

"collecting seasons." Distribution of mesostenines, therefore, is

imperfectly elucidated, so that what now seem to be critical disjunctions

in some cases are only accidents of entomological benign neglect.

Porter: Chilean Mesostenini (Ichneumonidae) 13

Some suggestions in the aetiology of this biogeographic puzzle can be

offered by way of conclusion.

(1). Nothofagus, and perhaps some of its accompanying biota, has been

in existence since the late Cretaceous. During those warmer and wetter

times the genus thrived in southern South America, Antarctica, and

Australia. Break-up of Gondwanaland seems to have occurred latest along

the South American-Antarctica-Australia axis. Dispersal among these

southern continents thus should have been possible as late as the Eocene.

The "Anacis generic group" may have originated and spread at this

time. Perhaps it arose in South America, conceivably in Australia, or some

of its elements may represent biota of the then unglaciated Antarctic

continent. Anacis, Dochmidium, Caenopelte, Hypsanacis, Sciocryptus,

rm HO

Nothischnus, and some north Andean taxa (e.g., Biconus and Cryptopteryx)

should be examined in this context. So should the enigmatic quasi-

Nematopodiine Dotocryptus.

The Tertiary continued uninterruptedly mild and moist at least through

the Eocene, when, moreover, the southern Andes had not yet arisen. At this

time subtropical wet forests, similar to today’s Selva Tucumano-Boliviana

of northwest Argentina, existed in southern Argentina and adjoining Chile

down to 40 South or more. The ichneumonids of this forest should have been

overwhelmingly Neotropical, with Neantarctic elements confined to what is

now Magallanes, Tierra del Fuego, and the Antarctic Peninsula and mainland.

Concurrently, some Neantarctic Anacis relatives adapted to more tropical

forest conditions along what, at the time, must have been a long and gentle

ecotone. Some of these, Biconus and Cryptopteryx, for example, moved well

north in South America toward their present centers in Ecuadorian and

Peruvian Cloud Forests. Uplift of the southern Andes, plus xerothermic

pulses which became frequent in the later and middle Tertiary probably

slowed movement of Neantarctic or "Anacis group" mesostenines northward

both along the Pacific coast and through central Argentina. Anacis and its

relatives in the New World primarily inhabit cool, wet forests either in

the Valdivian part of Chile or in east Andean Cloud Forests of the

Neotropic. Their best chance for northward dispersal probably came early,

in the first half of the Tertiary, when some few apparently invaded and

adapted to the subtropical wet forests existing then immediately north of

their original Antarctic and sub-Antarctic distributional center. Farther

north, around 30 South Latitude, they would have entered a semideciduous

and seasonally dry tropical forest, the prototype of today’s Chaco and

Subandean Desert (Solbrig 1976). Both the wet and seasonally dry forests

almost certainly gave passage to relatively few Anacis group taxa, since

their climate would have opposed an abiotic ecological barrier to these

wet-temperate insects, and their presumably Neotropic mesostenine fauna

would have constituted a biotic obstacle of preempted niche space.

Nonetheless, some Neantarctic mesostenines did cross the wet and

semideciduous subtropics and reached latitudes where the Andes already were

well formed and furnished climatically ideal cool montane forests with

year-round precipitation. As already mentioned, a secondary new World

radiation of Anacis occurred here, as well as the evolution of new genera,

such as Biconus, Cryptopteryx and Hypsanacis. Concurrently, a few

mesostenine genera possibly related to Anacis reached and established

themselves in the highlands of southern Brasil (just as did the trans-

14 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 3, 1987

Antarctic ichneumonid genus Labium and the gymnospem tree Araucaria).

Among these, we may be able to include Dotocryptus (Dotocryptus boreas

Porter 1973 from Eduador now is deemed to belong in an undescribed,

unrelated genus), Neocryptopteryx, and Myrmecacis (both as likely to be of

Holarctic as of Neantarctic origin). In any case, extra-Chilean radiation

of the Anacis group was comparatively minor in contrast to the extensive

speciation that occurred among these mesostenines in the South American

Neantarctic. The reason for this probably can be ascribed again to niche-

space preemption by Neotropic mesostenines, which have had continual access

to the Andean Cloudforests and Brasilian Highlands from the early Tertiary

through the severest Pleistocene glaciations. In constrast, late Tertiary

desertification and Pleistocene cold pulses extirpated from Neantarctic

Chile most of the Neotropic ichneumonids which surely once existed there

(from 40 or 45 South Latitude northward). This left more cold tolerant

Neantarctic and Holarctic mesostenine stocks isolated in Chile by mountain

and desert barriers but ready to expand spatially and evolutionally when

conditions ameliorated during warmer and (southward) wetter interglacials.

(2). Old Holarctic elements seem discernable in such genera as

Xiphonychidion, Trachysphyrus, Aeglocryptus, Aeliopotes, Aglaodina,

Cosmiocryptus, Neocryptopteryx (most likely), Chilecryptus, and in Itamuton

with some of its associated smaller genera. These appear related to such

common Holarctic mesostenines as Itamoplex, Buathra, Meringopus, and

Caenocryptus or to North American Sponoran taxa currently shared with South

America (Compsocryptus, Lanugo, and Joppidium). Most of these genera

include species groups adapted to semiarid habitats and to altitudes of

3000 m or more. Consequently, the same mid to late Tertiary uplift of the

Andes in southern South America and the same contemporaneous development of

rainshadows and onset of worldwide xerothermic climatic outbreaks, which

discouraged northward extension of hygrophile Neantarctic biota, would have

favored expansion of dry and cold-adapted Holarctic elements into South

America. Such movement mostly is blocked during the present interglacial

by gaps in the mountain chain between Panama and Colombia. It probably

remained shut through the whole Pleistocene, except for those genera (such

as Compsocryptus) that could take advantage of some of the lowland thorn

scrub corridors which became extensive in the more extremely xerothermic

interglacials. Before the Pleistocene and back at least to the Miocene,

ancient North American temperate and dry-adapted mesostenines probably

found an unbroken pathway into South America via the Middle American

Sierras and the high Andes of Colombia and Ecuador (north Andean uplift was

well underway in the late Cretaceous and far antedated major orogeny in

Pert, Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina). As documented by Hershkovitz (1972)

and other authors, there is ample reason to believe that Tertiary North and

Middle America were connected to South America by substantial, relatively

perdurable, and mountainous land bridges. Consequently, the Miocene cold

epoch (Graham 1973) probably sent a large assemblage of temperate North

American mesostenines into South America. As the subequatorial Andes rose

higher, these elements followed them farther south into Pert, Bolivia,

north Chile, and northern Argentina. Once in at least marginally temperate

to subtropical latitudes, these ancient, xerophile ichneumonids would have

found both a Pacific and an east Andean foothill, Chaco thorn scrub center

of differentiation. By this time, the southern Andes were high enough to

create a rain shadow on the Pacific Coast from Pert to Chile and allow

development there of a semiarid flora, containing such arbustive xerophytes

Porter: Chilean Mesostenini (Ichneumonidae) 15

SN aaa aa ara am ae a ee 8 IE Te eae eg aah Pa 2 a eee oe ree ra Mie Sal ed ety

across low mountain passes in a dry but comparatively warm climate

(Solbrig 1976). The previous existence of two Chaquefian differentiation

centers in partial contact across the Andes is shown not only by

phytogeographic similarities between the Pacific deserts and the Argentine

Chaco, but also by occurrence of semi-vicariant mesostenine species in

Chile and in the Argentine Chaco as well as in the Chaco-derived Subandean

Desert. These exist in such genera as Aeglocryptus (A. nigricornis and A.

viridis), Picrocryptoides (P. hesperios and P. willinki), Neocryptopteryx

(several species pairs, such as N. hypodyneri and N. ocris), Phycitiplex

(P. eremnus and P. doddi), and Myrmecacis (M. metargas and several as yet

undescribed northwest Argentine Subandean Prepuna species).

I consequently assume that by the late Tertiary Chile possessed a

distinctive mesostenine fauna in which Trachysphyrus group and Anacis group

mesostenines, the first of old Holarctic stock and the second of

Neantarctic lineage, were becoming increasingly prominent as gradually

drier and/or cooler climate initiated the extinction of most endemic

Neotropical elements. By this time, the Holarctic stocks had evolved so

long in South America that their generic affinities in the Northern

Hemisphere had become obscure and the South American Neantarctic lineages

had experienced similar phyletic disjunction, except for Anacis with its

Australian congeners.

The climatically agitated Pleistocene brought more obstacles to gene

flow and encouraged a fervid cycle of speciation. The tropical and

subtropical Pacific coast of Pert and north Chile, already semiarid by

reason of the Andean rainshadow, was converted into an extreme desert

through action of the cold Humboldt Current flowing northward from the

Antarctic ice cap. The West Andean Puna species of Cosmiocryptus (endemic

to this region), of Aeliopotes (also endemic), as well as of Trachysphyrus,

Neocryptopteryx, Hypsanacis, and Itamuton probably originated at this time

in the Andean Pacific foothills at elevations much lower than those which

they occupy today. Ice covered most of South America below 38240° South

latitude and enveloped the more northern Andes in such a way as to cut off

most biotic peregrination between Neantarctic Chile and Argentina. Between

23° and 25° South in Chile’s Antofagasta Province a nearly azoic barrier was

created which determined, and still imposes, an almost total separation

between the ichneumonids (and many other elements) of Chile’s modern

"Nothofagus zone" and those of the northern West Puna and subtropical

Coastal Desert. The genesis of this barrier needs further study but

probably resides in such factors as the following: (1). The Andean

Cordillera is very high, complex, and unusually far from the coast at this

point. During the present warmer episode, most glaciated and snow-covered

peaks lie too far inland to feed more than a few rivers that run through to

the coast or even the Precordillera. (2). The Andean rain shadow is

especially effective at this point well south of the Amazon Basin and

separated by 300 km of semiarid Argentine Subandean cordilleras from the

nearest wet zone (i.e., the narrow strip of Selva Tucumano-Boliviana which

reaches south through Jujuy, Salta, and Tucum4n Provinces along the

easternmost mountains of northwest Argentina). (3). The surfacing

Humboldt Current remains usually stable here and extracts all rain

available in clouds approaching from the subtropical Pacific. Farther

16 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 3, 1987

north in Pert the current may shift every decade or less (the El Nifio

phenomenon) and then allow torrential rain along the coast. At the

latitude of Antofagasta Province this mechanism seems no longer effective.

The biota of Neantarctic Chile, already endowed with many unusual

characteristics in the last half of the Tertiary, assumed its modern and

overwhelmingly distinctive composition during the past two million years of

Pleistocene glaciation. As witnessed by relict pockets of Valdivian forest

plants and animals scattered in humid refugia from 27° South to 35° South

Latitude in north-central Chile, glacial maxima pushed the entire

Neantarctic assemblage north into what is now the Central Region, Coquimban

Desert, and the south end of the Atacama Desert. During each interglacial,

there was a more or less prolonged and extensive return southward, followed

by new retreats to the north. Since these movements took place several

times and with varying intensity, it is hard to decipher their exact effect

on the Neantarctic Biota, particularly in terms of protractedly isolated

refugia and intrinsic speciation. Certainly, the presence of putative

endemics in parts of the Central Valley, in the Northern Valdivian Forest,

in Valdivian Forest proper, and in the Magallanes Interoceanic Region

suggest that allopatric speciation was promoted by Pleistocene events in

Chile. Nonetheless, the fundamental unity of the Neantarctic mesostenine

component, from Atacama to Tierra del Fuego, is strongly confirmed by the

large component of modern species whose distributions extend

uninterruptedly from Coquimbo to Magallanes. The glaciations left this

fauna an almost totally endemic assemblage of Neantarctic and Old Holarctic

genera, with scarcely any of the Neotropic elements, the presence of which

might be inferred from geographic proximity and from knowledge that such

biota can adapt to temperate climates (with far colder winters than those

of south Chile) in other parts of the New World. Sublime geologic

barriers, which concentrated the violence of recent glacial disasters, have

acted in synergy to produce one of the planet’s most wonderful biotas, all

the more intriguing because it populates not an island, but part of a

continent whose other plants and animals remain highly cohesive over

thousands of kilometers as a phyletic unit radically disparate from the

unique Chilean element.

Historical Perspective

Taxonomic studies of Chilean Ichneumonidae mostly have consisted in

stray descriptions of new species or genera. The first comprehensive

review was by Spinola (1851) in Gay’s monumental "Historia Fisica y

Politica de Chile." Spinola gave useful descriptions for the species here

called Dotocryptus bellicosus (macrocercus Spinola), Dotocryptus

Spinola), Aeglocryptus nigricornis (saphyrinus Spinola), Aglaodina

cribricollis, Anacis rubripes, Chilecryptus tetracanthus, Neocryptopteryx

metriurus, and Itamuton rufitibia. Spinola’s diagnoses were excellent for

their time but in many cases not sufficient to identify the species

described. For that reason, three of this author’s species whose types

have not been seen in modern times remain as nomina dubia: Ichneumon

(Cryptus) gayi, Ichneumon (Cryptus) melanoscelis, and Ichneumon (Cryptus)

pilicollis. More than a century passed until the next major, synthetic

treatment of Ichneumonidae in Latin America. In 1966, Townes published A

Catalog and Reclassification of the Neotropic Ichneumonidae. Based on

Porter: Chilean Mesostenini (Ichneumonidae) LZ

personal examination of most extant holotypes and on the author’s own

collection (rich in neotropical material from his fieldtrips and donations

by Latin American colleagues), this catalog assigned most Latin American

ichneumonids to appropriate genera in the contemporary classification

scheme, furnished authoritative generic and specific Synonymies, and gave

the first workable key to the region’s genera. Townes then began to revise

the world ichneumonid genera and in 1969 published the second part of his

Genera of Ichneumonidae with keys, descriptions, and illustrations covering

the whole Tribe Mesostenini. In the Chilean fauna, Townes recognized

Cyclaulus, Mesostenus, Dotocryptus, Trachysphyrus, Chromocryptus,

Picrocryptoides, Caenopelte, and Anacis. He also was the first to point

out trans-Antarctic affinities for Anacis by including in this genus the

Tasmanian Cryptus exul Turner (1919). Concurrently, Porter has been

revising the Neantarctic and other South American mesostenines related to

Trachysphyrus and Anacis in a series of monographs and short articles

(1963, 1965, 1967a, 1967b, 1967c, 1967d, 1969, 1970, L979 1OPS 2975;

1976, 1977, 1980, 1983, 1985a, 1985b, 1985c, 1986a, 1986b, 1986c). The

most critical problems encountered during these studies have been caused by

the multiplicity of species (more than 100 already described and at least

an equal number awaiting study) and the great variability in diagnostic

characters, which complicates establishment of generic limits. Such genera

as Mesostenus, Cyclaulus, Dotocryptus, Caenopelte, Anacis, and

Picrocryptoides have created few difficulties. The remaining species often

have been placed under Trachysphyrus (Townes 1966, Porter 1967a). This

creates a huge group of mesostenines with a large areolet, approximately

straight mediella, well developed notauli, and an elongate propodeal

spiracle. Trachysphyrus in this sense seems unacceptably heterogeneous,

even with regard to the basic features just mentioned. Townes (1969)

improved the classification by splitting the South American Trachysphyrus

into one genus (Trachysphyrus s. str.) with the axillus vein at least a

little divergent from the anal margin of the hind wing and a second genus

(Chromocryptus) in which the axillus is always close to and parallels the

anal margin of its wing. In the present contribution, I consider the

cohesive and largely endemic Chilean mesostenine fauna and propose 11 new

genera (most with related species in other parts of temperate southern

and/or Andean South America). This treatment recognizes that Trachysphyrus

and Chromocryptus as defined by Townes are still heterogeneous and

sometimes difficult to separate, because the axillus vein in South American

"trachysphyroids" shows an almost complete gradation, from anally proximate

to remote, within numerous groups of otherwise apparently related species

(e.g., Xiphonychidion in Chile). The new generic classification proposed

here attempts to split Trachysphyrus and Chromocryptus into a series of

phenotypically compact generic groups. Notwithstanding, the arrangement

now offered seems only a little less tentative and unstable than previous

classifications. It will need constant modification as the Latin American

and world "trachysphyroids" are more thoroughly studied and more completely

described, with comparisons made not merely at a regional but also at a

continental and cosmopolitan level.

COLLECTIONS EXAMINED

Listed below in alphabetic order are some of the major collections

which recently furnished material of value for this study. The

institutional collections are designated by name of the host city and

18 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 3, 1987

personal collections according to surname of the owner. A more complete

listing of collections is given in my Revision of the Genus Trachysphyrus

(Porter 1967a) and in my series of articles on trachysphyroids in the

Peruvian and North Chilean Coastal Desert (1985a, b, c).

ARICA. Instituto de Agronomia, Departamento de Agricultura, Universidad de

Tarapaca (ex Universidad del Norte), Arica, Chile.

CAMBRIDGE. Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge,

MA 02138.

GAINESVILLE. Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Division of

Plant Industry, Florida Department of Agriculture & Consumer

Services, P. 0. Box 1259, Gainesville, FL 32602.

LONDON. Department of Entomology, British Museum (Natural History),

London, SW 7 5 BD, England.

PORTER. Collection of Charles C. Porter. Currently housed with the

Florida State Collection of Arthropods (see GAINESVILLE).

TOWNES. American Entomological Institute, 2935 SW 56th Avenue,

Gainesville, FL 32608.

TUCUMAN. Fundacion e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Facultad de Ciencias

Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Tucumdn, Miguel Lillo 205, 4000

San Miguel de Tucumédn, Argentina.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This research was supported by my NSF Grants BSR-8313444, DEB-75-2246,

and GB-6925. Awards for fieldwork in South America were made in 1973-1975,

in 1979, and in 1981 by the Committee for Research and Exploration of the

National Geographic Society. Fordham University Faculty Fellowships

covering the Spring Semester of 1980 and the Fall Term of 1984 also

facilitated museum visits and field studies.

My first (and exceedingly productive) fieldtrip to central and

southern Chile was planned in conjunction with Sr. Luis Pefia G. and his

assistant, Sr. Manuel Rivera T. Subsequent research in Chile, and most

particularly in the Northern Desert, was greatly facilitated by the

Universidad del Norte (now Universidad de Tarapaca), which provided

laboratory space and field vehicles. For their generosity, patience, and

kindness, I am indebted to Dr. Raul Cortés Os ive’, Héctor Vargas C., Ing.

Alfonso Matta V., Ing. Alfonso Aguilera P., Tec. Agr. Nelson Hichins 0O.,

and to Aux. Gerardo Dfaz P., all of the Departamento de Agricultura of the

Universidad de Tarapaca. Collecting in North Chile was also aided by the

Chilean National Park Service and by the Chilean National Electric Company

(ENDESA) both of which allowed use of guest houses in remote areas of the

Tarapacdé Puna.

As a Research Associate of the Florida Department of Agriculture and

Consumer Services, I have been generously assisted by Dr. Howard V. Weems,

Jr., Dr. Lionel A. Stange, and Mr. James Wiley. Through their help, and

Porter: Chilean Mesostenini (Ichneumonidae) 19

with valued support from Mr. Harold Denmark, Director of the Entomology

Bureau at Gainesville, it was possible for me to house my personal

collection in the Entomology Bureau’s modern and pestproof museum, as well

as to enjoy access to research facilities, collections, and libraries which

are among the best in the country.

I am also indebted to Dr. and Mrs. Henry K. Townes for gracious

hospitality at the American Entomological Institute. The Townes collection

and library constitute the single most valuable ichneumonid research

complex in existence.

Mr. Thomas J. O’Neill, who worked until 1986 at Fordham University,

assisted me during South American fieldtrips in 1982, 1984, and 1986. He

proved an expert and cheerful ichneumonid collector and preparator. Mr.

O’Neill also did the beautiful inked drawings of entire insects which help

illustrate this and several of my other recent publications.

Mr. Jaime Zung and Ms. Stephanie Zabski took the Scanning Electron

Microscope photographs, using an Hitachi S-510 instrument under the

supervision of Dr. E. Ruth Witkus, Professor and recent Chair in the

Department of Biological Sciences at Fordham University.

Finally, I would like to thank Dr. Sandra Davis for preparing the

manuscript and Mr. Scott Yocum for his expert advice concerning the use of

computers and printers.

20 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 3, 1987

KEY TO THE CHILEAN GENERA OF MESOSTENINI

1. Areolet very small, quadrangular, 1.6 or more as wide as high

1. Mesostenus Gravenhorst

1.’ Areolet large, pentagonal, at most 1.3 as wide as high ....--...42

2. First gastric tergite with spiracle slightly distad of middle;

sternaulus reaches about 0.6 the distance from prepectal carina to

mid coxal base and then turns abruptly dorsad toward speculum; apex

of clypeus with a median tooth; female last flagellomere truncate on

ADEM ig ieee RRR re eh SP ice ee aie Qo yeolaulusc Townes

2.’ First gastric tergite with spiracle far behind middle; sternaulus

rarely upturned at apex; apex of clypeus rarely with a median tooth;

female last flagellomere rounded or sub-acute on apex ....... 8

3. Mandible 3.0-3.4 as long as wide across base of teeth, its lower tooth

often longer than the upper; pronotal collar margined anteriorly by a

very high flange that often abuts against postocciput; no tubercles

or other excrescences in groove between metanotum and propodeum;

ventral valve of ovipositor enclosing dorsal valve on tip, its ridges

strongly recurved dorsad; sheathed portion of ovipositor 0.90-4.5 as

long as fore wing; postpetiole at most 1.1 as wide at apex as long

from spiracle to apex and usually much longer than wide ....

3. Dotocryptus Bréthes

U cago Se

3.’ Mandible often less elongate than described above, its teeth usually

subequal (rarely with lower tooth longer than upper); pronotal collar

margined anteriorly by a sharp carina or a low flange; groove between

metanotum and propodeum with at least one pair of tubercles

detectable; ventral valve of ovipositor never encloses dorsal valve

on tip, its ridges never recurved dorsally; sheathed portion of

Ovipositor 0.20=4.0 as lone AS" Tore wing... . bo. eee ak ek

4. Occipital carina progressively more elevated ventrad andbecomes 4 very

high flange below, where it does not join the prominently raised and

scoop-shaped hypostomal carina; anterior margin of pronotum below at

mid-height with a large, deflected, ligulate projection; propodeum in

both sexes elongate with basal and apical faces smoothly confluent

and cristae obsolete or absent; sheathed portion of ovipositor 3.0-

4.0 as long as fore wing -......... +. 4. Periplasma Porter

4.’ Occipital carina narrow to elevated, in which case it joins hypostomal

carina; anterior margin of pronotum without a long projection at mid-

height (sometimes with a stout and horizontal tooth); propodeum (at

least in female) usually short and high with basal and apical faces

discrete and often with conspicuous cristae; sheathed portion of

Ovipositor rarely more than 0.80 length of fore wing ........ 5

5. Lower prepectus with a conspicuous triangular, ligulate, or tubular

Porter: Chilean Mesostenini (Ichneumonidae) pa’

excrescence; occipital carina in many species becoming elevated

ventrad; axillus weakly to strongly divergent from anal margin of

hind ‘wines agosun. - eacnranug. 28 ooh ..ueSy Riphony chidiom: Porter

5.’ Lower prepectus without an excrescence or at most with a weak

carinas other: characters variable, id. Oeees eave Gaede ace 6

6. Axillus far from anal margin of hind wing and often as close to

submediellaas dewanalumarciry =. 4 ooh ai wee eee WER ta eS

6.’ Axallus very:close tosanal; margin cof ihind: wing iiiw isaac .ua eel 2. . 12

7. Mandible long and narrow, 3.0-3.3 as long as wide across base of teeth,

with a broad and deep excavation at its base; pronotum with humeral

groove obsolete and epomia confined to scrobe (where it is at best

weakly differentiated among adjoining wrinkles); areolet with

intercubiti strongly convergent dorsad, 2nd abscissa of radius 0.4-

0.5 as long as lst intercubitus, areolet about 1.1 as wide as high;

groove between metanotum and propodeum with submedian tubercles

strong on both faces of groove; lst gastric tergite long and slender,

postpetiole 1.0-1.1 as wide at apex as long from spiracle to apex;

Ovipositor with sheathed portion 0.20 as long as fore wing, straight,

strongly compressed, tip 0.19-0.22 as high at notch as long from

notch to apex; ground color dull metallic green

Migitznenent oeitoned seen soho Reich poe Oe Seioceyntis iFerter

7.’ Mandible stouter, usually less than 3.0 as long as wide across base of

teeth and without a large basal excavation; pronotum with humeral

groove well developed at least on its basal 0.5 and with epomia

conspicuous; areolet with intercubiti diversely and sometimes

differentially convergent dorsad, 2nd abscissa of radius 0.5-1.2 as

long as lst intercubitus, areolet usually 1.0 or less as wide as

high; groove between metanotum and propodeum with submedian tubercles

usually visible on metanotal face, more rarely well developed on both

faces; postpetiole in female 1.1-2.3 as wide apically as long from

spiracle to apex, in male 0.7-1.7 as wide; ground color variable .. 8

8. Epomia strong in scrobe and continuing a short distance above scrobe

but never turned mesad so as to set off a triangular to ligulate

lamella near front end of humeral groove .......... .2.2.2.2.9

8.’ Epomia strong in and above scrobe, turning mesad above where it

delimits a more or less triangular, ligulate, or even dentiform

lamella near front end of humeral groove ..............410

9. Second gastric tergite uniformly mat and finely granular .

8. Aeglocryptus Porter

9.’ Second gastric tergite at least in part smooth and polished, sometimes

with extensive micro-reticulation, often polished throughout

7. Trachysphyrus Haliday

10. Stemmaticum swollen and raised well above rest of vertex; clypeus

strongly nasute in profile; tyloids of male flagellum begin on

22 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 3, 1987

segment 8 or 9; malar space 1.2-1.8 as long as basal width of

mandible; 2nd recurrent vein strongly reclivous; female 2nd gastric

tergite with large, strong, dense punctures; propodeum elongate and

inflated with smooth contours and its areolation, including cristae,

obsolete or absent; ovipositor stout and lacking a nodus :

. .. . 9. Picrocryptoides Porter

10.’ Stemmaticum not elevated; clypeus in profile weakly to strongly convex

or bluntly and more or less symmetrically sybpyramidal; tyloids of

male flagellum begin on segment 13 or 14; malar space 0.70-1.2 as

long as basal width of mandible; 2nd recurrent vertical to gently

reclivous, sometimes out-bulged on upper 0.5; female 2nd gastric

tergite with sparse, tiny to medium sized punctures; propodeum short

and high with discrete basal and apical faces (at least in female),

with some carinae and cristae always present; nodus present on

OVIPOSUUSE COs BU LR (a a es, ae a eS so Wai 1

11. Mesoscutum with uniformly dense, small, sharp punctures; speculum

mostly smooth and polished; prepectal carina strong, ending on front

mesopleural margin near its mid-height; sternaulus well defined

throughout; groove between metanotum and propodeum with submedian

tubercles tiny but sharp on metanotal face but large and convex on

propodeal face (especially prominent and upcurved in male); disco-

cubitus gently arched; propodeal cristae low cuneate to short

subligulate; base of petiole with a strong, bluntly triangular

lateral projection; ovipositor with sheathed portion 0.60-0.70 as

long as fore wing, stout, somewhat compressed, nodus distinct but

low, notch absent, tip 0.13-0.18 as high at summit of nodus as long

from summit to apex ..... Le ee 10. Aeliopotes Porter

11.’ Mesoscutum grossly reticulo-punctate with many huge, deep, subadjacent

(or sparser) to confluent punctures; prepectal carina sharp to near

upper 0.8 of mesopleuron but not reaching front margin of mesopleuron

or subalarum; specu-lum partly to wholly punctate and wrinkled;

sternaulus broad but weak, barely detectable on its apical 0.5 to-

ward mid-coxal base; groove between metanotum and propodeum with

tubercles tiny but acute on metanotal face submedially and obsolete

on corresponding loci of propodeal face; disco-cubitus abruptly bent

a little basad of middle; cristae rather stoutly to narrowly

ligulate, strongly projecting; petiole without a baso-lateral

expansion; ovipositor with sheathed portion 0.30-0.40 as long as fore

wing, straight, moderately slender, highly compressed, nodus and

notch dis-tinct, tip 0.9-0.23 as high at notch as long from notch to

APC HN ele. donc eee Ra i oele.. gla her laodigaweorter

12. Mandible with ventral margin sharply carinate and the lower tooth

longer and stouter than the upper; clypeus in profile with basal 0.6-

0.7 more or less convex and the apical portion abruptly depressed

through to apex, its apical margin with a broadly triangular median

tooth that is prolonged as a vertical ridge far dorsad along

flattened part of clypeus; female front tibia much inflated; 2nd

gastric tergite almost uniformly with shallow but well defined,

medium sized, adjacent to confluent punctures; ventral valve of

23 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 3, 1987

Ovipositor on tip with ridges weakly inclivous to vertical

ahha Oe Eee ae ee el Dae meyl acis:) Porter

12.’ Mandible with ventral margin more or less blunt and its teeth subequal

or with upper tooth a little longer than lower; clypeal structure not

as described above; punctures of 2nd gastric tergite variable,

usually smaller and/or sparser than described above; female front

tibia slender to inflated; ridges on ventral valve of oOvipositor

normally inclivous, sometimes reclivous, rarely vertical .....13

13. Ventral valve of ovipositor tip with reclivously oblique ridges;

clypeus weakly raised in profile; mediella arched; propodeal spiracle

round or nearly so; area basalis in profile steeply declivous between

median abscissa of basal trans-carina and propodeal base ... 14

13.’ Ventral valve of ovipositor with inclivous to (less often) vertical

ridges; clypeus variable in profile, low to often strongly elevated;

mediella arched to straight; propodeal spiracle round to elongate;

area basalis:. often:horizontal im profiler. 2 si Oe eee SS

14. Clypeus with apical margin slightly convex; most tyloids oblique with

regard to long axis of their segments; humeral groove of propodeum

vestigial; epomia not or not sharply differentiated among other

ridges in scrobe; areolet with intercubiti very strongly convergent

above; discocubitus almost evenly and gently arched; female

postpetiole 0.90-1.1 as wide apically as long from spiracle to apex,

male postpetiole 0.8 as wide; gaster apically deplanate; ovipositor

slender with ridges on ventral valve widely spaced ........

A Re a etic i ak wlll ee ll oe Fe la Chae ee Nominee nates. Perter

14.’ Clypeus with apical margin gently concave to straight and with the

apical face flattened to a little depressed; tyloids aligned with

longitudinal axis of their segments; humeral groove of pronotum broad

and shallow (weak in small males); epomia weakly to strongly

developed in scrobe; areolet with intercubiti moderately convergent

above; discocubitus broadly angled and usually with a ramellus;

female post-periole 1.1-1.3 as wide apically as long from spiracle to

apex, male postpetiole 0.8 as wide; gaster not apically deplanate;

Ovipositor tip stout, ridges crowded on its ventral valve ig

14. Caenopelte Porter

15. Hind coxa without a strong, polished groove descending from its

attachment; front at most weakly concave below toward antennal

sockets; groove between metanotum and propodeum with submedian

tubercles present on both metanotal and propodeal faces; areolet

large and broad, usually wider than high, 2nd abscissa of radius 0.6-

1.1 as long as lst intercubitus; mediella usually arched in both

sexes; propodeal spiracle round to short-oval; basal trans-carina of

propodeum percurrently straight to medially bowed forward but always

far from base of propodeum (no farther basad than proximal 0.3 of

propodeal dorsum); apical trans-carina also varying from straight to

medially thrust forward, but distant from basal carina, so that

areola is square to longer than wide in position ......... 16

Loe"

16;

£6.”

18.

1Si%

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 3, 1987

Hind coxa with at least a short, polished groove that descends from

its attachment; areolet often as high as or higher than wide;

mediella often straight, especially in female; pro-podeal spiracle

often 2.0 or more as long as wide, ovoid to slit-like; other

characters more unstable but frequently not as described above .. 17

Second recurrent strongly inclivous; radial cell 2.2-2.6 as long as

wide; fore wing a little infumate with apex contrastingly paler;

mesopleural disc with long, shaggy, silvery vestiture era ve

15. Dochmidium Porter

Second recurrent at most gently inclivous, often vertical; radial cell

2.7-3.9 as long as wide; wings hyaline or sometimes infumate with

pale submedian and apical areas; mesopleural disc without shaggy and

sil veravestitate 25 aN VI Fae PR Bebe: Anaeis’ Porter

Metanotal-propodeal groove with tubercles submedially only on

metanotal face; 2nd recurrent usually vertical to weakly inclivous,

more rarely a little reclivous and outbulged on upper 0.5; mediella

straight in female, sometimes a little arched in male ....... 18

Groove with well developed tubercles on metanotal face submedially

and strong, sharp to low, blunt metanotal bosses; 2nd recurrent often

reclivous and outbulged above; mediella more or less arched ... 20

Male flagellum with at least 1 enlarged tyloid that is ovoid or

rectangular; mesoscutum shining with abundant, sharp medium sized,

mostly subadjacent to sparser punctures; mesopleural disc most often

with a large smooth and polished callus dorsad along prepectal carina

opposite speculum, its sculpture otherwise grossly wrinkled with

polished inter-stices; central lobe of mesoscutum usually with some

very strong longitudinal wrinkles apicad; surface of postpetiole

unusually smooth and with at most a faint vestige of dorsal carina;

gaster normally solid red ....... .17. Cosmiocryptus Cameron

Male flagellum with all tyloids sharply linear to narrowly

bacilliform; mesoscutum shining to mat, punctate or puncto-

reticulate, the punctures adjacent to reticulately confluent over

wide areas; mesopleural disc without a dorso-anterior smooth callus,

its sculpture finely and granularly to grossly reticulo-rugose (with

gross sculpture only in Chilecryptus tetracanthus); surface of

postpetiole more or less micro-reticulate and punctured, in females

often with strong but blunt dorsal carinae that define a prominent

median area; gaster black, black and white, sometimes also partly red

Front of collar margined by a low to much elevated oblique flange that

is partly overhung by the collar’s proximally skewed median

transverse swelling; mesoscutum dully shining to mat with fine,

granular micro-reticulation and rather small to minute, very dense

punctures; area basalis steeply declivous to propodeum; female

postpetiole 1.0-1.4 as wide apically as long from spiracle to apex,

in male 0.6-0.8 as wide; setae on 2nd gastric tergite always in part

denee sy RPP Oh, RP SO, ee, RR ES. Coie oreptus

Porter: Chilean Mesostenini (Ichneumonidae) 25

19.’ Front of collar margined by a sharp, vertical, sometimes in-

conspicuously lamelliform carina that is not overhung by the collar’s

median transverse swelling; mesoscutum most often shining and with

moderately large to coarse, usually strong, subadjacent to

reticulately confluent punctures or sometimes grossly puncto-

reticulate throughout; area basal-is horizontal in profile; female

postpetiole 1.2-1.9 as wide apically as long from spiracle to apex,

in male 0.6-1.1 as wide; setae on female 2nd gastric tergite in most

species largely shorter than the length of their inter-spaces

19. Neocryptopteryx Blanchard

20. Mesopleural disc (at least in female) with reticulate wrink-ling on

lower 0.5 but on upper 0.5 with more longitudinally biased wrinkling

and with a slightly swollen and smoother, delicately punctate area in

its dorso-anterior quadrant; apical trans-carina of propodeum

percurrent and stronger than the basal trans-carina; (notauli 0.2-0.5

length of mesoscutum and mesoscutal surface smooth and shining with

very dense, small punctures; intercubiti very convergent dorsad; 2nd

recurrent gently reclivous and outbulged above; dorsal carinae often

strong on apex of petiole and base of postpetiole; setae on female

2nd gastric tergite mostly as long as or longer than their

interspaces; female flagellum much shorter than body, a little

swollen apicad; clypeus with basal and apical faces notably but not

sharply discrete, so that clypeus appears bipartite in front view) .

cel 2a) wees”! eet Lectin M7, OMe th @ look et. Oe Aeaeacise Porter

20.’ Mesopleural disc in most cases with uniform reticulate or reticulo-

punctate sculpture; apical trans-carina of propodeum at most as

strong as the basal trans-carina and usually weaker to obsolete ..

21. Occipital carina weakened or effaced near juncture with hypostomal

carina; humeral margin of pronotum gently swollen and without a

groove; mesoscutum with abundant gross punctures which are mostly

separated by rather broad and polished interspaces; mesopleural disc

with coarse reticulate wrinkling; intercubiti of areolet weakly to

moderately convergent above ovipositor robust, weakly compressed, and

slightly: decurved well wrerien. wold ahiae ety ore 24 ae Oecéetipniex: Porter

21.’ Occipital carina sharp throughout and joining hypostomal carina below;

pronotum with humeral groove percurrent (sometimes weak and in males

sometimes partly effaced); mesoscutum mat to shining with small,

subadjacent to reticulately confluent punctures; mesopleural disc mat

to shining with fine to moderately strong reticulate wrinkling;

intercubiti strongly convergent above; ovipositor slender,

compressed, straight or decurved eis ei de Ce BS.

22. Clypeus with apical margin narrow but sharply differentiated and

sometimes reflexed throughout; mesoscutum with strong, reticulate

wrinkling on most of its surface, sometimes with finer sculpture and

some discrete punctures toward mid-line of lateral lobes; areolet

about as wide as high; basal trans-carina well removed from propodeal

base, its median abscissa at about proximal 0.3 on dorsal face of

propodetum swine. Get. 2a Seed ea hod 22 nl nhvpsangete Porter

26 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 3, 1987

22.’ Clypeus with apical margin not percurrently sharp and impressed or

reflexed; mesoscutum with fine and dense punctation and puncto-

reticulation, usually with extensive areas of discrete (if crowded)

punctures; areolet often higher than wide; basal trans-carina on

median abscissa approaching front end of propodeum by less than 0.3

the; lengthvof doausal face: wo laend cas ek SOR Re. eee 23

23. Female 2nd gastric tergite with short, inconspicuous, scattered setae;

front strongly excavated and polished on lower 0.4-0.6 (sometimes

shining but transversely wrinkled throughout); malar space in female

0.80-1.6 basal width of mandible, 0.70-1.3 as long in male;

mesoscutum in many species smooth and shining with small, subadjacent

punctures; sternaulus percurrent but always weaker on its apical 0.4

toward base of mid coxa; (apical trans-carina of propodeum, when

present, comes very close medially to basal trans-carina; areola

often much broader than long; dorsal carinae in female conspicuous

and often sharp toward apex of petiole and on base of post-petiole,

where they enclose a median field) ...... .23. Itamuton Porter

23.’ Female 2nd gastric tergite with setae that generally approach to

exceed the length of their interspaces; front weakly excavated, even

on lower 0.5 toward antennal sockets, shining and with some

transverse wrinkles below and mat to dully shining with dense

sculpture above; malar space in female 0.70-0.90 as long as basal

width of mandible, in male 0.60-0.90 as long; mesoscutum with fine

and dense punctation and/or reticulation without polished punctural

interstices; sternaulus impressed on basal 0.5-0.7 of mesopleuron but

obsolete apicad toward base of mid coxa (often absent on apical 0.3-

OP Sih ar pee ee meek: ae i EE CN eer Li a HAR | eG. SERA A

24. Female flagellum filiform not enlarged or ventrally depressed on

apical 0.5, its lst segment in female 5.1-5.3 as long as deep at

apex, in male 2.7-3.1 as long; mesoscutum with notauli reaching 0.4-

0.8 its length and with surface uniformly covered by medium sized to

small, briefly subadjacent to adjacent or confluent punctures, so

that the surface sometimes is largely granularly puncto-reticulate;

areolet 1.0-1.2 as high as wide; discocubitus broadly angled;

propodeal cristae low crescentic; ovipositor with sheathed portion

0.80 as long as fore wing, straight basally and gently decurved on

apical 0.5, slender, compressed, nodus low and weak with a tiny

notch, dorsal valve taper between notch and apex long and subtly

concave, tip 0.19-0.22 as high at notch as long from notch to apex .

24. Phycitiplex Porter

24.’ Female flagellum a little flattened below and subtly enlarged on

apical 0.5; lst flagellar segment in female 6.1-6.7 as long as deep

at apex, in male 3.5-3.9 as long; mesoscutum with notauli weak and

traceable 0.3-0.5 its length and on surface with almost uniformly

fine and granular puncto-reticulation; areolet 1.4-1.6 as high as

wide; discocubitus abruptly angled; cristae rather strongly

projecting subligulate to short ligulate or cuneate; ovipositor with

sheathed portion 0.40 as long as fore wing, straight, rather stout

and strongly compressed, dorsal valve with an elongate and steep,

direct or slightly convex taper between the rather high nodus and

Porter: Chilean Mesostenini (Ichneumonidae) 21

notch and the apex, tip 0.23-0.27 as high at notch as long from notch

TOS pNP Be ee EL IS Nv rine Cals. irorcer

1. Genus MESOSTENUS

(Fig. cf. 202)

Mesostenus Gravenhorst, 1829. Ichneumonologia europaea 2: 750.

Type: Mesostenus transfuga Gravenhorst. Designated by Westwood,

1840.

Fore wing 2.7-9.3 mm long. Coloration: black and white with gaster

sometimes mainly orange; flagellum often with a white band; wings hyaline

to moderately infumate. Body in both sexes long and slender. Front often

with a median longitudinal carina that may be much elevated. Clypeus in

profile strongly raised, convex to bluntly subpyramidal. Pronotum with

epomia well developed, at least in scrobe. Mesoscutum with notauli sharp

and reaching 0.6 or more its length; surface more or less polished with

strong and quite dense punctures. Wing venation: areolet very small,

quadrangular, a little higher on apex than at base, about 1.6 as wide as

high; 2nd recurrent gently reclivous and a little outcurved dorsad;

discocubitus scarcely arched or angled, ramellus absent; mediella nearly

straight to gently arched; axillus very close to anal margin of hind wing.

Propodeum gently convex in contour, the basal and apical faces often

smoothly merging; basal trans-carina traceable throughout and arched

forward medially so as to closely approach propodeal base; apical trans-

carina percurrent or obsolete medially, where it is thrust forward but

remains distant from basal carina, its cristae often weak and

subcrescentic. First gastric segment: with a baso-lateral tooth on

petiole; slender, even in female with postpetiole little expanded and

usually less than 1.0 as wide apically as long from spiracle to apex;

ventro-lateral carina usually percurrent; dorso-lateral and dorsal carinae

absent. Second gastric tergite more or less polished with sharp, medium

sized punctures which vary from dense to sparse. Ovipositor with sheathed

portion 0.57-3.5 as long as fore wing; moderately slender and compressed.

1. Mesostenus cuzcensis Porter

Mesostenus cuzcensis Porter, 1973. Acta Zoologica Lilloana 26(21):

263-67. Type f: Pert, Cuzco Province, Cuzco (Townes).

I described Mesostenus cuzcensis (Porter 1973) from material collected

in the central Andean Puna at 3800 m altitude on slopes above Cuzco, Perd.

More recently it has also been obtained in the western Andes near Trujillo

in northern Peru (Samne at 1500 m) and far to the south at Chapiquina (3370

m) above Arica, Chile (Porter 1983).

Chilean specimens of M. cuzcensis differ from all others in having the

gaster entirely black, rather than orange. In structural features they

seem identical to the Cuzco populations from which this species first was

described. Further collecting probably will show intergradation in

abdominal color across the Andes of southern Pert, Bolivia, and nearby

Chile.

28 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 3, 1987

NEW SPECIMENS EXAMINED. 3 f and 5 m: PERU, La Libertad Province,

Samne, 40 km NE Trujillo, ca. 1500 m, 12-17-VII-1975, C. Porter, L. Stange;

CHILE, Tarapaca Province, Chapiquifia, 3370 m, VIII-1976, I-1977, Malaise

Trap, Cx Porter): Ga Diaz.

FIELD NOTES. The Malaise Trap operated at Chapiquifia was placed

across a small, permanent stream bordered by high bunch grass and, at some

distance by alfalfa patches and Eucalyptus groves. This is a typical

habitat in the Western Puna Biotic Region.

2. Genus CYCLAULUS

(Pigs? 18 7ywetw Ppa 2). 23225)

Cyclaulus Townes, 1969. Genera of Ichneumonidae, Part 2: Gelinae.

Mem. Amer, Ent. Inst. 12: 171-2. Type: Cyclaulus trispilus

Townes. Monobasic.

Fore wing 6.1-7.5 mm long. Coloration: head and body complexly marked

with black, brownish, red, and white; flagellum without white band; wings

hyaline with slight brown staining apicad. Body in female moderately

elongate fusiform, more slender and cylindric in male. Female flagellum

with last flagellomere apically truncate. Clypeus in profile low and

gently convex, its apex with a median tooth. Mandible stout with its teeth

subequal. Malar space 0.70-0.80 as long as basal width of mandible.

Mesoscutum with notauli faintly to strongly impressed but traceable about

0.6-0.7 the length of mesoscutum; surface finely and densely punctate,

varying from completely mat to partly shining. Mesopleuron with disc

finely and reticulately to more or less longitudinally wrinkled; sternaulus

reaching little more than 0.5 the distance rearward to mid coxa and then

turned up toward speculum. Wing venation: areolet moderately large,

pentagonal, intercubiti convergent dorsad; mediella gently arched;

brachiella often short; axillus close to anal margin of hind wing. Hind

coxa without a groove beneath its attachment. Female fore tibia strongly

inflated. Groove between metanotum and propodeum without submedian

tubercles on metanotal face. Propodeum with spiracle round; rather

elongate, with basal and apical faces smoothly confluent; basal trans-

carina percurrent and far from base of propodeum; apical trans-carina

complete or medially weakened, sublaterally with elongate and weakly

crescentic to broad and low, weakly tuberculate cristae. First gastric

tergite short and stout with spiracle only a little behind middle;

postpetiole 1.0-1.4 as wide apically as long from spiracle to apex; ventro-

lateral carina sharp throughout; dorso-lateral carina varying from clearly

traceable to indistinct; dorsal carinae absent or faint. Second gastric

tergite mat with abundant fine punctures and many short setae that equal

the length of their interspaces. Ovipositor with sheathed portion 0.30 as

long as fore wing; straight, compressed, moderately stout; dorsal valve on

tip with a faint notch and rudimentary nodus; ventral valve on tip with

nearly vertical ridges and sometimes produced into a lobe which partly

covers the dorsal valve.

RELATIONSHIPS. Townes (1969: 171-2) places Cyclaulus with Ischnus,

Trachysphyrus, Anacis, and many similar genera in his Subtribe Ischnina.

In this context, Cyclaulus would appear most closely related to Anacis

Porter: Chilean Mesostenini (Ichneumonidae) 29

because of its ungrooved hind coxa, round propodeal spiracle, basal trans-

carina which runs far from the front margin of the propodeum, comparatively

broad areolet, gently arched mediella, and short brachiella vein.

Cyclaulus differs from Anacis and other ischnines by its apically truncate

distalmost female flagellomere, medially dentate clypeus, upcurved

sternaulus, strongly inflated female front tibia, ungrooved hind coxal

base, lack of a pair of submedian tubercles on the apical face of the

metanotum below its rim, stout lst gastric tergite with spiracle only

slightly behind the middle, and modified ovipositor tip with vertical

ridges on the ventral valve and a tendency for the ventral valve to form a

lobe which partly overlaps the dorsal valve. Many of these features occur

singly in other ischnine genera, but only Cyclaulus has the entire series.

Some of the characters which define Cyclaulus (last female

flagellomere modified, toothed clypeus, inflated female front tibia, and

specializations of the lst gastric tergite and the ovipositor) seem

adaptive for parasitism of coleopterous or other endopterygote larvae which

bore in twigs or stems. The Holarctic ischnine Xylophrurus, which

parasitizes cerambycid and buprestid larvae, as well as the primarily

tropicopolitan mesostenine subtribe Gabuniina (Townes 1969), whose species

attack wood boring Coleoptera and Lepidoptera, closely parallel Cyclaulus

in the previously mentioned features. I thus infer that Cyclaulus

eventually will be reared from xylophagous hosts and that the subtribal

status of this and numerous other mesostenine genera remains dubious.

1. Cyclaulus eremia Porter

Cyclaulus eremia Porter, 1976. Fla. Ent. 59(4): 353-60. Type f:

Peru, La Libertad Department, Samne (Gainesville).

NEW SPECIMENS EXAMINED. 2 f: PERU, Lima, San Gerénimo ca. Chosica,

28-VI-1976, C. Porter, C. Calmbacher.

FIELD NOTES. The only Chilean Cyclaulus is C. eremia, which occurs in

the Valle de Lluta at less than 1000 m near Arica and ranges northward in

fertile valleys of the Coastal Desert at least as far as Trujillo, Peru

(Porter 1976: 353-60). This species may be collected by sweeping

understory vegetation in gallery woods along streams and irrigation canals.

Other Cyclaulus frequent Andean Cloud Forests between Colombia and

northwest Argentina, so that C. eremia may be considered a relict at least

as ancient as the Pleistocene glacial maxima and perhaps even a remnant of

the wet forest biota which inhabited the Pacific coast of subequatorial

South America during much of the earlier Tertiary.

3. Genus DOTOCRYPTUS

Dotocryptus Brethes, (1918) 1919. Revta. Chilena Hist. Natl. 22: 162.

Type: (Dotocryptus barrosi Brethes)=Ichneumon pedisequus Spinola.

Monobasic.

Fore wing 5.4-12.7 mm long. Coloration black, sometimes with

conspicuous red to orange markings on body and legs, and always with a

flagellar annulus, with sparse to profuse white markings on head, mesosoma,

30 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 3, 1987

legs, and gaster, as well as with the wings deeply to weakly infumate or

in some species hyaline. Flagellum long and slender, cylindric

throughout, in female filiform with lst segment 5.3-7.2 as long as deep at

apex but in male more robust, bristle shaped, with dense, regular, erect

setae on venter of segments, with sharp, linear, longitudinally oriented

tyloids on segments 13 (14)-19(18), and with lst segment 3.8-4.7 as long

as deep. Front shallowly excavated with obscure but well defined dorsal

tentorial pits. Face 1.4 as wide between eyes just below antennal sockets

as high from top of anterior tentorial pit to bottom of antennal socket. |

Mandible 3.0-4.0 as long as wide across base of teeth, its lower tooth

often a little longer than the upper but with teeth often subequal or with

the upper tooth longer than the lower. Clypeus: in profile varying from

practically flat to moderately raised with contour a little asymmetrically

convex or bluntly subpyramidal, its apical margin straight to gently

convex and usually provided with a broad preapical median elevation that

narrows below converging on meson of apical margin so that clypeal apex

seems to have a faint median convexity or obsolete tubercle, its apical

margin laterad and its corners weakly to (often) prominently reflexed, its

width 2.1-2.4 its height. Occipital carina sharp, often becoming a little

to very strongly raised laterally, joining the low to very elevated

hypostomal carina below. Malar space 0.40-0.60 as long as basal width of

mandible. Pronotum scarcely swollen on dorsal margin and without a

definite submarginal groove; epomia sharp in scrobe, without a swelling or

lamella above its dorsal end; anterior pronotal margin below bluntly

rounded off or subangulate at mid-height; almost entire front margin of

pronotum surmounted by a sharp flange which is much elevated (sometimes

abutting against postocciput) on dorso-median 0.5 and becomes gradually

lower laterad and below, this anterior flange accentuated behind by a

strong transverse depression or narrow groove which itself is bordered on

prebasal part of pronotum by another transverse elevation that varies from

sharp and carinate to broad and swollen in contour. Mesoscutum with

notauli sharp and narrow, becoming weaker rearward and traceable 0.6-0.8

the length of mesoscutum; surface shining to mat with punctures numerous,

sometimes crowded, and small to medium in size. Mesopleuron: lower

prepectus unarmed or with a high and conspicuous ridge; disc shining and

very coarsely wrinkled with extensive smooth spaces between the wrinkles

or in some species with fine and granular puncto-reticulation and

reticulate wrinkling and dully shining to mat. Hind coxa with a short and

oblique groove arising at its attachment. Female fore tibia not inflated.

All female 4th tarsomeres with apex truncate. Wing venation: areolet

large, 5.7-12.0 as high as width of 2nd abscissa of radius, intercubiti

gently to strongly convergent above, parallel throughout, or sometimes a

little divergent, 2nd abscissa of radius 0.5-1.1 as long as lst inter-

cubitus, entire areolet 0.9-1.1 as high as wide; discocubitus weakly

curved to straight and with ramellus absent; 2nd recurrent nearly

vertical, faintly curved (sometimes more strongly curved on upper 0.5);

mediella varying from straight to moderately arched in some males; axillus

either close to anal margin of hind wing or somewhat divergent (always

closer to anal margin than to submediella). Groove between metanotum and

propodeum deep but broad and open in both sexes (broadest in male) and

with all sub-median and sublateral tubercles vestigial or absent.

Propodeum: spiracle 1.7-3.5 as long as wide; female profile short and

high, basal face gently to strongly sloping rearward, the apical face

steep and strongly to weakly discrete from the basal; basal

Porter: Chilean Mesostenini (Ichneumonidae) 31

trans-carina usually strong throughout, gently curved or angled forward

medially with its central abscissa reaching about proximal 0.3 of propodeal

dorsum; apical trans-carina varying from percurrently strong to medially

irregular and strong laterad or sometimes mostly absent, when developed

medially it is thrust well forward but remains far from basal carina;

cristae low (sometimes salient), wide, and subcrescentic to broadly cuneate

or (rarely) subligulate; area basalis much broader than long, rather

sharply declivous to front margin of propodeum; areola 0.7-1.2 as long as

wide in position (longitudinal carinae of propodeal dorsum mostly

obsolete); apical face of propodeum less than 2.0 as wide as high; in male

the propodeum is scarcely more elongate than in female but has the trans-

carinae higher, with the apical trans-carina sometimes stronger than the

basal. First gastric segment: petiole without a well defined baso-lateral

expansion, very slender and not much flattened dorsally; female postpetiole

0.6-1.1 as wide apically as long from spiracle to apex; with the ventro-

lateral carina percurrent; dorso-lateral carina on petiole vague or absent

except near base but on postpetiole more or less traceable, especially

apicad; dorsal carinae sometimes absent, when present, only detectable (not

strong) toward apex of petiole and on base of postpetiole; in male even

more slender than in female, with postpetiole 0.40-0.50 as wide apically as

long from spiracle to apex and with the longitudinal carinae weak and the

dorsal longitudinal carinae absent. Second gastric tergite weakly mat to

dully shining, its setae varying from numerous but generally shorter than

the length of their interspaces to rather dense and largely equalling or

exceeding their interspaces, its punctures small and inconspicuous. Gaster

in female elongate, fusiform and somewhat compressed toward apex, in male

even longer and more slender than in female. Ovipositor with sheathed

portion 0.9-4.5 as long as fore wing; very slender, cylindric; its tip

attenuate, deplanate, without nodus or notch; dorsal valve sometimes with

transverse ridges on tip; ventral valve on tip largely enclosing dorsal

valve and with sharp, crowded, dorsally recurved (inclivous) ridges.

RELATIONSHIPS. Dotocryptus traditionally has been considered a close

relative of the southern South America ischnine genera (Townes 1969: 184-5)

centered around Trachysphyrus. Certainly, its large areolet, nearly

straight mediella vein, and elongate propodeal spiracle suggest

trachysphyroid afifnities. Conversely, Dotocryptus has many unique or

atypical features, such as the very long and slender mandible; lack of a

submarginal groove or even a swelling along the dorsal pronotal margin

laterally; presence of a medially much elevated transverse flange on front

margin of pronotum followed by a subbasal complementary sharp to blunt

transverse elevation that is set off from the anterior flange by a deep

groove or channel; many details of propodeal areolation and contour; very

slender lst gastric segment of both sexes; and highly modified ovipositor

tip.

The mandibular and terebral specializations found in Dotocryptus seem

to be adaptive features associated with parasitism of aculeate wasps that

make mud nests. Indeed, both Chilean Dotocryptus species have been reared

from mud nests of the eumenid Hypodynerus (Porter 1971: 229-235). Such

phaenotypic and ethological attributes bring Dotocryptus close to Townes’

(1969: 315) subtribe Nematopodiina. Future studies may show that

Dotocryptus should be removed to the nematopodiines or, most likely,

32 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 3, 1987

associated in a new subtribe with some of the genera currently placed in

Townes’ obviously polyphyletic Nematopodiina.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION. Dotocryptus has two species that are limited

to Neantarctic Chile and adjoining Argentina, a northwest Argentine

representative, and a fourth species in southern Brasil and Paraguay. The

genus occupies an unusually wide range of habitats, from Nothofagus forest,

the central Chilean Thorn Scrub, north Argentine deserts, semideserts and

cloudforests, to the humid Chaco and wet forests of the Parana Basin.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF DOTOCRYPTUS

1. Sheathed portion of ovipositor 0.9-1.4 as long as fore wing; occipital

carina much elevated laterally and below; prepectus with a

conspicuous ridge opposite lower hind corner of pronotum .

. 1. D. pedisequus (Spinola), Chile

1.’ Sheathed portion of ovipositor 2.0-4.5 as long as fore wing; occipital

and hypostomal carinae a little to moderately raised; prepectus

without a ridge opposite lower hind corner of pronotum ......2

2. Legs mostly black; gaster with white at most on apices of tergites 3-7;

mesopleuron and propodeum grossly wrinkled; apical trans-carina of

propodeum well defined throughout .

Ares peatigace iloliday bs “Chile

2.’ Legs mostly red or orange; gaster with white on apices of tergites 1 or

2-8; mesopleuron and propodeum with strong to coarse reticulate

wrinkling; apical trans-carina of propodeum rather weak, except often

sharp back of areola SR ae ee Ae Opti BMG cc) ke

3. Mesopleuron with a white area along prepectal carina; apical face of

propodeum with a pair of pale blotches along cristae; hind metatarsus

white with brown to black on its basal 0.2; areolet broad,

intercubiti gently to moderately converging above, 2nd abscissa of

radius 0.9-1.1 as long as 1st intercubitus; nervellus gently

reclivous, its upper abscissa 1.4 as long as the lower; female

postpetiole 0.8-0.9 as wide apically as long from spiracle to apex .

2. D. eoeus Porter, Brasil, Paraguay

3.’ No pale markings along prepectal carina or on propodeum; hind

metatarsus wholly black to reddish brown; areolet comparatively high

and narrow, 2nd abscissa of radius 0.5-0.7 as long as Ist

intercubitus; nervellus slightly inclivous to vertical, its upper

abscissa 2.0-3.3 as long as lower; postpetiole in female 1.0-1.1 as

wide apically as long from spiracle to apex ‘

Gs. Rephyra ei sah Nicehaciave

1. Dotocryptus pedisequus (Spinola)

(Pie. 9,13) 06, 26.) 28:-305: 459.0 diG2)

Ichneumon (Cryptus) pedisequus Spinola, 1851. In Gay: Historia

Porter: Chilean Mesostenini (Ichneumonidae) 33

fisica y politica de Chile. Zoologia 6: 485. Type f: Chile,

Coquimbo (Turin).

Dotocryptus Barrosi Bréthes, (1918) 1919. Revta. Chilena Hist.

Natl. 22: 163. Lectotype (Townes) m: Chile, Rio Blanco (Buenos

Aires).

Dotocryptus pedisequus Porter, 1971. Acta Zoological Lilloana 24:

230-2.

NEW SPECIMENS EXAMINED. 1 f and 1 m: ARGENTINA, Neuquén Province,

Pucard nr. Chilean border on Lago Lacar west of San Martin de los Andes, I[-

1970, S. Schajovskoy; CHILE, Coquimbo Province, 14 km east of Huanta nr.

Puente Balald, 2-3-X-1984, Porter, T. O’Neill (Porter).

FIELD NOTES. Dotocryptus pedisequus has been reared from mud nests of

Hypodynerus (Eumenidae) that are attached to twigs or stems (Porter 1971:

235). It occurs in Chile between 30° and 40°South Latitude and reaches

adjacent Argentina at the southern extreme of its range. This species

appears to extend along the base of the Andes and up to at least 2000 m in

a wide range of semiarid (Coquimban Desert) to temperate wet forest

(Valdivian Cordillera at Pucard, Argentina) habitats. My specimen from

Coquimbo was swept in a clump of Baccharis sp. growing along a small but

permanent stream in otherwise almost vegetationless and very steep Andean

precordillera.

2. Dotocryptus eoeus Porter

(Fig. 157, 160)

Dotocryptus eoeus Porter, 1971. Acta Zoological Lilloana 24: 219-21.

Type f: Brasil, Santa Catarina State, Nova Teutonia (Cambridge).

3. Dotocryptus zephyrus Porter

(Fig. 161)

Dotocryptus zephyrus Porter, 1971. Acta Zoologica Lilloana 24: 222-26.

Type f: Argentina, Tucum4n Province, San Pedro de Colalao, in Malaise Trap

(Tucumén).

NEW SPECIMENS EXAMINED. 2 m: ARGENTINA, Tucumén Province, Las Cejas,

22-II-13-III-1968, in Malaise Trap, C. Porter.

FIELD NOTES. Dotocryptus zephyrus occurs throughout much of northwest

Argentina at altitudes from sealevel to 2000 m, with records for Salta,

Tucumdn, Catamarca, and Mendoza Provinces. Like its Chilean relative,

Dotocryptus bellicosus, this species flourishes in a surprising variety of

biotic communities, including the Chaco Seco (lowland subtropical Thorn

Scrub), Chaco Serrano (highland subtropical Thorn Scrub), Selva Tucumano-

Boliviana (subtropical Andean Cloudforest), and in the Desierto Subandino

(subtropical semidesert at 900-2000 m in west Argentine inter-Andean

valleys). Whatever its habitat, Dotocryptus zephyrus normally flies in

34 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 3, 1987

shady places and is more frequently collected by Malaise Traps than by hand

nets.

4. Dotocryptus bellicosus (Haliday)

(Figs. 2, 10; °14,°.15517=19; 32; 155) 256)

Cryptus bellicosus Haliday, 1836, Trans. Linnean Soc. London 17: 318.

Type f: Chile, Puerto de Hambre (= "Port Famine") (London).

NEW SPECIMENS EXAMINED. 2 f and 2 m: ARGENTINA, Neuquén Province,

Pucard nr. Chilean border on Lago Lacar west of San Martin de los Andes, I[-

1970, S. Schajovskoy; CHILE, San Felipe Province, Jahuel, 16-19-X-1984, C.

Porter, T. O’Neill.

FIELD NOTES. This magnificent ichneumonid, a veritable "signature

species" for the Neantarctic Biotic Province, extends through most of Chile

between Coquimbo Province on the north at about 30° South Latitude and Isla

Navarino at 55° South (Porter 1971: 229). It also occupies "Chilean"

habitats in southwestern Argentina from about 40°0n south. Dotocryptus

bellicosus thus occurs in the shade of dense scrub along permanent streams

traversing semiarid Coquimban Desert and Central Valley biotopes but

likewise penetrates all types of Nothofagus forest, including areas where

annual rainfall approaches 8000 mm. It parasitizes Hypodynerus (Eumenidae)

which nest in dead wood and apparently fourishes wherever it finds suitable

hosts, irrespective of abiotic environmental factors.

4. Genus PERIPLASMA

Periplasma Porter, 1967. Stud. Ent. 10: 404-6. Type: Periplasma

tanaum Porter. Monobasic.

Fore wing 11.7-12.1 mm long. Coloration black with a white flagellar

annulus and numerous white markings on head, mesosoma, legs, and gaster, as

well as with wings moderately infumate. Flagellum long and slender,

scarcely flattened below toward apex, in female with Ist segment 7.8-9.1 as

long as deep at apex; in male with lst segment 5.0 as long as deep and with

tyloids on segments 15-19, tyloids aligned with longitudinal axes of their

segments, that on 15 sharp and linear, that on 16 long-oval, that on 17

rather short-oval, and those on segments 18 and 19 again linear. Front

excavated, coarsely trans-striate on lower 0.5 above the antennal scrobes,

dorsal tentorial pits tiny and evanescent. Mandible robust, strongly and

evenly tapered toward apex, its teeth subequal, entire mandible 2.5 as long

as wide across base of teeth. Clypeus: in profile more or less

symmetrically, rather strongly and steeply convex or bluntly pyramidal;

apical margin broadly truncate; corners quite weakly reflexed. Occipital

carina sharp, a low flange above but becoming much raised below where it

ends well in front of the hypostomal carina and about as far from the

mandible as mandible is broad at base, the hypostomal carina developed into

a huge, exceptionally high, scoop-like concave flange which is 0.3 as high

as basal width of mandible. Malar space 0.60-0.70 as long as basal width

of mandible. Pronotum with dorsal margin a little swollen and provided

with a broad but vague to very weak submarginal groove laterally; epomia

fine in scrobe, not prolonged or modified dorsally; anterior pronotal

Porter: Chilean Mesostenini (Ichneumonidae) 35

margin at about mid-height below with a prominent long and slender,

deflected ligulate projection; anterior margin of pronotum above with a low

and sharp marginal carina, lacking the high flange, transverse groove, and

postjacent transverse elevation noted for Dotocryptus. Mesoscutum with

notauli traceable about 0.7 the length of mesoscutum; surface shining with

some micro-reticulation and with very numerous medium sized to small, well

defined, adjacent to subadjacent punctures which become largest, densest,

and with most distinct intercalated micro-reticulation on central lobe and

which often are smaller, sparser, and with more shining interstices on

lateral lobes, as well as with stronger and longitudinally biased wrinkling

between notauli apicad and for a short distance beyond notaular terminus.

Mesopleuron: subalarum not expanded; speculum swollen, mostly smooth and

shining but with some large punctures and wrinkles; surface otherwise with

fine to quite strong reticulate wrinkling; sternaulus percurrent, gently

Sinuate, broader and more foveolate apicad than basally; prepectus with a

sharp to blunt but low carina opposite hind corner of pronotum. Hind coxa

with a sharp groove descending from its basal attachment. Female front

tibia slender. Fourth tarsomeres gently emarginate on apex. Wing

venation: areolet moderately large, intercubiti strongly convergent above,

2nd abscissa of radius 0.5 as long as lst intercubitus; discocubitus

moderately and evenly curved with ramellus varying from obsolete to rather

long; 2nd recurrent rather strongly curved, especially above, somewhat

straighter and weakly reclivous on lower 0.5; mediella at most weakly

arched; axillus running close to anal margin of hind wing. Propodeum in

female (similar in male) elongate in profile, its dorsal and apical faces

not sharply discrete, forming an almost evenly curved and sloping surface;

spiracle 1.4-1.6 as long as wide; basal trans-carina percurrently

detectable but weak and irregular, especially mesad and sublaterad; apical

trans-carina almost obsolete but weakly traceable laterad, where it forms

vague cristae. First gastric segment: without a baso-lateral expansion on

petiole; petiole comparatively broad and flattened above; postpetiole

elongate and about parallel-sided, 0.9-1.1 as wide apically as long from

Sspiracle to apex; ventro-lateral carina distinct throughout; dorso-lateral

carina developed only toward base; dorsal carinae weakly suggested near

base on post-petiole. Second gastric tergite finely and a little

granularly micro-reticulate but becoming gradually a little smoother and

shinier apicad; with abundant small, very obscure, superficial punctures

that emit moderately short setae which vary from about as long as to longer

than the length of their interspaces (longest and densest in male). Gaster

in female elongate, definitely compressed beyond 2nd tergite, and in male

even more elongate. Ovipositor with sheathed portion 3.0-4.0 as long as

fore wing; very slender, cylindroid, weakly compressed apicad; tip long and

slender with a distinct but low nodus bearing a sharp and tiny notch;

dorsal valve with a slightly convex taper between notch and apex; ventral

valve with fine, inclivously oblique ridges on tip, not at all enclosing

upper valve; tip 0.17-0.19 as high at notch as long from notch to apex.

RELATIONSHIPS. Periplasma constitutes a unique, monotypic Araucanian

lineage biogeographically analogous to Sciocryptus, Nothischnus, and

Caenopelte. Doubtless, it is related to those species included by Townes

(1969: 180) in his broadly drawn concept of Chromocryptus. I maintain its

generic status by reason of the following unusual and even autapomorphic

characters: Very elongate female lst flagellomere; coarsely trans-striate

lower front; disjunct and hypertrophied occipital and hypostomal carina;

36 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 3, 1987

toothed lower pronotal margin; elongate propodeum with obsolescent

areOlation; slender but dorsally flattened lst gastric segment;

semicompressed gaster; and the extraordinarily elongate ovipositor with its

attenuate but otherwise unmodified tip.

1. Periplasma tanaum Porter

(Fig. 170)

Periplasma tanaum Porter, 1967. Stud. Ent. 10: 404-6. Type f: Chile,

Curicd Province, Palos Negros (Ottawa).

Chromocryptus tanaus Townes, 1969. Mem. Amer. Ent. Inst. 12: 180.

FEMALE. See original description in Porter 1967b: 404-6.

MALE. Differs from female as follows: Color: white on flagellomeres

12-18; on apex of propleuron; on percurrent blotch across pronotal collar;

on basal 0.6 of scutellum; on most of subalarum; on a pair of large baso-

lateral propodeal blotches (between area basalis and spiracle); on apical

bands of gastric tergites 3-7 (more broadly than in female); on clasper;

and on all coxae as well as on fore and mid trochanters.

Flagellum: lst segment 5.0 as long as deep at apex; with tyloids

oriented parallel to longitudinal axes of their segments and present on

segments 15-19, with that of 15th segment sharply linear, of 16th long-

oval, of 17 short-oval, and of 18-19 linear. Mesopleuron: lower prepectal

ridge strong but blunt. Gaster: setae of 2nd tergite denser than in

female, mostly overlapping.

NEW SPECIMENS EXAMINED. 1 m: CHILE, Curicé Province, Los Quenes, 4-

18-I-1964, L. E. Pefia (Townes).

FIELD NOTES. This rare but conspicuous ichneumonid has been collected

only in Curicd and Linares provinces between 35° and a little more than 36°

South Latitude on the Andean slopes of south-central Chile. These data

situate the habitat of Periplasma tanaum in the Northern Valdivian Forest

and the occidentally adjacent Southern Andean Cordillera regions as defined

by Pefia (1966: 11-12). Periplasma thus occupies the northernmost part of

Chile’s Nothofagus biome.

Future collecting may extend the range of Periplasma tanaum and

additional specimens should appear among museum material mixed with

Dotocryptus bellicosus, whose females strikingly resemble Periplasma in

their long ovipositor, slender bodily proportions, and general coloration.

Periplasma seems only distantly related to Dotocryptus, from which it

differs radically in ovipositor tip structure, propodeal shape and

areolation, mandibular proportions, and many other features

5. Genus XIPHONYCHIDION

Xiphonychidion Porter, 1963. Psyche 70: 117-9. Type: Cryptus

cyanipennis Brullé. Monobasic.

Porter: Chilean Mesostenini (Ichneumonidae) 37

Fore wing 6.5-17.0 mm long. Coloration black with a white or

yellowish flagellar annulus and with variably developed white markings on

head, body, and legs, as well as with the wings deeply infumate. Flagellum

elongate, in female bristleshaped with median segments faintly swollen,

apical segments at most slightly flattened below, and lst segment 4.7-6.5

as long as deep at apex but in male a little heavier and more

bristleshaped, with ventral setae regularly spaced on all segments, tyloids

ridge-like to ovoid and present on segments 13 (14)-20 (21-22), tyloidal

ridges sometimes on 2 or 3 segments diverging a little from longitudinal

axis of flagellum, and with lst segment 3.3-3.9 as long as deep apically.

Front weakly to rather prominently excavated, dorsal tentorial pits

obsolete. Face 1.3-1.7 as wide between eyes just below antennal sockets as

high from top of anterior tentorial pit to bottom of antennal socket.

Clypeus: in profile low to rather high, asymmetrically subpyramidal,

bluntly pyramidal, or sometimes almost nasute; its corners a little

reflexed; its apical margin truncate to gently convex; its width 3.0-3.3

its height. Occipital carina: sharp, low to conspicuously elevated

laterally and ventral, joining the weakly to strongly elevated hypostomal

carina below. Malar space: 0.45-0.80 as long as basal width of mandible.

Mandible broad and stout, evenly and strongly tapering from base to apex,

2.0-2.6 as long as wide across base of teeth, teeth subequal or upper tooth

slightly longer than lower. Pronotum on dorsal margin a little swollen and

with a conspicuous, foveolate submarginal groove; epomia strong in scrobe

and prolonged more or less strongly dorsad where its terminus often is

surmounted by a swollen area or sometimes by a triangular plate that is

bordered by the mesally directed epomia itself; anterior margin below

angled and with a stout tooth at angulation; anterior margin throughout

emphasized by a low, sharp carina behind which there is no trough or

submarginal transverse ridge or elevation. Mesoscutum with notauli shallow

to sharp and narrow or sometimes present as broad and foveolate but very

shallow bands, traceable 0.5-0.7 the length of the mesoscutum; surface mat

or silky; sometimes with gross wrinkling along notauli and on peripheries

of lateral lobes or sometimes smooth except for some longitudinal wrinkling

rearward between notauli (sometimes practically without wrinkling); with

numerous small to medium sized punctures that may be mostly subadjacent to

a little sparser or adjacent to confluent or, in X. cyanipenne, with very

dense and small punctures on the finely sculptured areas mesad on central

and lateral lobes. Mesopleuron: subalarum horizontal, more or less

crescentic, sometimes expanded; speculum smooth and shining or invaded by

punctures and wrinkles; prepectal carina inclivous to partly vertical,

weaker above upper 0.6 of mesopleuron but often recurved or sloping above

and traceable to subalarum; prepectus below lower corner of pronotum with a

prominent triangular, ligulate, or robustly tubercular excrescence; disc

otherwise strongly to grossly reticulate with more or less conspicuous

silky areas among the vermiculate wrinkles and in some species with a

smoother area above between prepectal carina and speculum; sternaulus

percurrent, broad and sinuate, shallower but wider on apical 0.4. Hind

coxa with a deep groove reaching down from its attachment. Female fore

tibia not or weakly inflated. Wing venation: areolet large, 1.0-1.2 as

high as wide, intercubiti parallel to strongly convergent above, 2nd

abscissa of radius 0.5-1.0 as long as lst intercubitus; discocubitus

vaguely to (more often) conspicuously broadly angled, ramellus often

present and frequently very long, lst recurrent often sinuate and in many

species sharply discrete from 1st abscissa of cubitus, longitudinal outline

38 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 3, 1987

of discocubital cell varying from almost parallel-sided to (often) skewed;

2nd recurrent vertical or (more often) a little curved and inclivous,

sometimes more strongly curved on its upper 0.5, often inserted a little

before middle of areolet; mediella beyond base practically straight;

axillus weakly to strongly divergent from anal margin of hind wing. Groove

between metanotum and propodeum narrow and deep in female, broader and more

open in male; the sublateral excresences carinately suggested but not

conspicuous on metanotal face, absent on propodeal face. Propodeum: in

female with profile short and high to a little elongate, the apical face

discrete and vertical; spiracle 1.7-2.7 as long as wide; both basal and

apical trans-carinae sometimes well defined throughout, more often

traceable but irregular (the apical tending to be weaker), or sometimes

both carinae partially effaced; basal trans-carina curved well forward to a

short, straight median abscissa, reaching about basal 0.3-0.4 of propodeal

dorsum; area basalis with sides oblique to sub-parallel, more or less

quadrate, gently descending to propodeal base; cristae large and strongly

projecting ligulate, moderately to very strongly projecting subligulate, or

broadly subcuneate; longitudinal carinae weak but bordering an obscurely

hexagonal areola that is usually longer than wide (apical trans-carina

thrust forward medially but not coming unusually close to basal trans-—

carina); male propodeum similar to that of female but more elongate and

lower in profile. First gastric segment: petiole with a low and flange-

like to large and subtriangular lateral projection at base, slender but

with dorsum flat; in female with postpetiole 0.90-2.0 as wide apically as

long from spiracle to apex, in male 0.8-1.2 as wide as long; with ventro-

lateral carina strong throughout; dorso-lateral carinae usually well

traceable on at least part of petiole and postpetiole; dorsal carinae in

female often traceable on apex of petiole and about basal 0.6 of

postpetiole, often strongest and enclosing a low median elevation on apex

of petiole and base of postpetiole or often obsolete even here, although

faintly bounding a weak median area. Second gastric tergite: shining with

numerous to abundant tiny punctures which emit setae that sometimes overlap

extensively in both sexes or are, more often, mostly shorter than the

length of their interspaces in female and mostly at least a little

overlapping in male; surface sculpture consisting of obscure or

(occasionally) well defined micro-reticulation. Gaster: in female robustly

fusiform, cylindric, and sometimes weakly compressed toward apex, in male

elongately fusiform. Ovipositor slender to heavy, with sheathed portion

0.30-0.50 as long as fore wing; straight or decurved; nodus and notch

distinct to absent; dorsal valve sometimes with pits or irregularities on

tip; ventral valve with strong inclivously oblique ridges on tip; tip 0.18-

0.38 as high at notch or summit of nodus as long from that point to apex.

RELATIONSHIPS. Xiphonychidion contains medium sized to large

trachysphyroids easily recognizable by the possession of a high flange or

tubercle on the lower prepectus. Its species also display the following

additional singly or conjointly diagnostic features: mandible broad and

short, tapering evenly and steeply toward apex; dorso-lateral margin of

pronotum with a strong and foveolate submarginal groove; epomia strong in

scrobe and prolonged some distance dorsad where it ends in a swollen area

or even a discrete lamella; ventro-anterior margin of pronotum with a stout

tooth at mid-height; mesoscutum on central lobe usually with at least a few

strong wrinkles, sometimes extensively rugose; discocubitus usually angled,

lst recurrent often sinuate, ramellus often long; axillus divergent from

Porter: Chilean Mesostenini (Ichneumonidae) 39

anal margin of hind wing; petiole with a baso-lateral flange or expansion;

dorsal carinae usually traceable on apex of petiole and base of

postpetiole; 2nd gastric tergite silky with numerous to very abundant tiny

punctures and sparse to dense setae.

In such features as its long (if sometimes weak) notauli, broad to

very broad areolet, straight mediella, and elongate propodeal spiracle,

Xiphonychidion may be allied to Trachysphyrus, Aeliopotes, Aglaodina,

and/or to the Violaceipennis and Xanthomerus species groups of

Cosmiocryptus (Porter 1985c, 1967a).

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION. Xiphonychidion has 7 species, all of which

are confined to the Neantarctic region of Chile from 29 degrees southward

and to proximate areas of Argentina in Neuquén and Chubut Provinces between

40° and 45°South Latitude. One species attains Punta Arenas at 53 South,

but the rest occur mostly between Santiago and Chiloé, with a few records

for Coquimbo and Atacama on the north. Like many other Chilean

trachysphyroids, this genus inhabits a vast spectrum of communities from

desert scrub, to gallery formations in Mediterranean scrub, and forest

glades or edges in wet Nothofagus communities.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF XIPHONYCHIDION

1. Axillus only a little closer to anal margin of hind wing than to sub-

mediella; nervulus postfurcal; areolet very large and high, with

intercubiti nearly parallel to moderately convergent above, 2nd

abscissa of radius 0.8-1.0 as long as lst intercubitus; postpetiole

slender, 0.90-1.0 as wide apically as long from spiracle to apex in

female, 0.80 as wide in male; 2nd gastric tergite with long, dense,

much overlapping setae in female; petiole with a rounded or

subtriangular baso-lateral expansion; mesoscutum with gross wrinkling

along notauli and on peripheries of lateral lobes; epomia produced

dorsad into a triangular lamella .....k1. X. cyanipenne (Brullé)

1.’ Axillus only weakly divergent from anal margin of hind wing; nervulus

usually more or less interstitial; areolet with intercubiti weakly to

moderately convergent above, 2nd abscissa of radius 0.5-0.9 as long

as lst intercubitus; postpetiole expanded, in female 1.3-2.0 as wide

apically as long from spiracle to apex, 0.80-1.2 as wide in male;

setae of 2nd gastric tergite mostly shorter than the length of their

interspaces in female; petiole with a low and flange-like lateral

expansion; mesoscutum without gross wrinkling along notauli and on

peripheries of: lateral: lobe sii ice pie ile le i a Ae ak ic wea ie Ws

2. Flagellum with a white band on segments 6 or 7 through 9 or 10;

Ovipositor without nodus or notch, dorsal valve on tip basally

straight in profile and then more or less decurved toward apex, which

may be a little swollen; propodeal cristae variable in shape and

size, often strongly projecting ligulate ......... i dea ely a

2.’ Flagellum with a yellow or orange band usually beginning on segment l,

2, 3, or 4 and terminating on 9, 10, 11, or 12; ovipositor with nodus

usually distinct, notch almost always detectable, profile of dorsal

valve on tip between notch and apex convex, straight, a little

40 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 3, 1987

concave, or sinuate and with a more or less palpable apical swelling,

but not decurved; propodeal cristae short subligulate or bluntly

cuneate (males of the following species not reliably separable) .. 4

3. First flagellomere 5.7-6.0 as long as deep at apex; temple with a

contrastingly more strongly punctate and (usually) wrinkled area on

its lower 0.3; ovipositor tip profile (especially on dorsal valve)

decuLvieds... 20 AREA A ee er a RY ateetum.(Porter)

3.’ First flagellomere 4.7-5.3 as long as deep apically; temple uniformly

smooth; ovipositor tip scarcely decurved, dorsal valve with a very

gradual and slightly convex taper toward apex ...........

eR ORT Ri RU gD 4b HE ein i Oa Go ge RE ery stim (Porter)

4. Sheathed ovipositor 0.4-0.5 as long as fore wing; ovipositor straight,

rather stout, compressed to depressed, dorsal valve tip taper

straight to gently convex between notch and apex, tip 0.22-0.31 as

high at notch as long from notch to apex; without a bluish sheen on

body hase. a, em as Gant oA et See OR wad ». (Spinola)

4.’ Sheathed ovipositor 0.3-0.4 as long as fore wing; tip 0.13-0.38 as high

at notch as long from notch to apex, often more slender than

described above or with an apical swelling; body sometimes with a

POUR U Secu g hoe oP Gord RNAMMBIS SAUL: gins 9 See ECAS URW ts met AM cule) eer a ae ee

5. Ovipositor straight, slender, dorsal valve with a straight to slightly

concave taper between notch and apex, tip 0.18-0.23 as high at notch

as long from notch to apex; temple 0.4-0.5 as long as eye in dorsal

view; mesopleuron with more uniformly reticulate and usually grosser,

more complex wrinkling than in the following species, almost always

without a smoother area above along prepectal carina opposite

speculum; front orbit without a pale stripe he RY RRR AI Sag

RM ek PR. tk eee aL gIeG Sama ereNereN HAC Cae #8) SpA LS 4. X. horsti (Bréthes)

5.’ Ovipositor often decurved, stout to robust, more or less depressed;

dorsal valve profile between notch and apex straight, a little

convex, or sinuate, tip 0.29-0.37 as high at notch as long from notch

to apex; temple 0.5-0.6 as long as eye in dorsal view; wrinkling of

mesopleuron not as sharp and uniformly complex as described above,

its upper anterior quadrant often with a smoother area along

prepectal carina; front orbit often with a white or yellow stripe

6. Dorsal valve of ovipositor slightly to definitely concave in profile on

basal 0.7 of tip and then vaguely to strongly and abruptly convex

near apex so that in most specimens the tip shows an apical knob or

bulb; body shining black, without a blue sheen; 2nd segment of

maxillary’ palpuen blacks oho, solo Sis Ke stibarum \(Perter)

6.’ Dorsal valve of ovipositor with a straight or slightly convex taper

between notch and apex, never with an apical swelling; body shining

black with a faint bluish sheen; 2nd segment of maxillary palpus

usually largely white ......... 6. X. caeruleipenne (Brulle)

Porter: Chilean Mesostenini (Ichneumonidae) 41

CYANIPENNE SPECIES GROUP

Occipital carina a sharp but low flange throughout; epomia prolonged

well above scrobe where it turns mesad to delimit a roughly triangular

area; mesoscutum with notauli shallow, traceable 0.5-0.6 its length;

mesoscutal surface with gross wrinkling along notauli and on peripheries of

lateral lobes as well as with very dense small punctures on the finely

reticulate areas centrad on lobes; mesopleuron with subalarum enlarged and

broadly subtriangular; wing venation with areolet very large and high, with

intercubiti almost parallel to gently convergent above so that 2nd abscissa

of radius is 0.8-1.0 as long as lst intercubitus, with ramellus very long

and lst recurrent sinuate, with nervulus often postfurcal, and with axillus

only a little closer to anal margin of hind wing than to submediella;

propodeum with both trans-carinae often more or less effaced and

inconspicuous on the grossly reticulate surface, cristae aggressively

projecting ligulate; first gastric tergite with a large, roundish to

subtriangular latero-—basal expansion, postpetiole only 0.80-1.0 as wide

apically as long from spiracle to apex; gaster in female relatively

elongate fusiform and on 2nd and following tergites with long and dense

setae that impart a velvety lustre to surface; male gaster more elongate

and more coarsely setose than in female; ovipositor with sheathed portion

0.40 as long as fore wing, straight basad and moderately decurved toward

apex, stout and cylindric basad but becoming depressed apicad, without

nodus or notch, dorsal valve on tip with a strongly convex profile and with

numerous minute tubercles and irregularities, and with ventral valve on tip

strongly cut by weakly inclivous ridges.

1. Xiphonychidion cyanipenne (Brull€)

(Fig. 22, 26-27, 34, 112, 191, 204)

Cryptus cyanipennis Brullé, 1846. In Lepeletier; Histoire naturelle

des insectes. Hyménoptéres 4: 188. Type f: Chile, Concepcion

(lost).

Cryptus capensis Dalla Torre, 1902. Catalogus hymenopterorum, 3: 546

(Lapsus for cyanipennis).

Xiphonychidion cyanipenne Porter, 1963. Psyche 70: 118.

Trachysphyrus cyanipennis Townes, 1966. Mem. Amer. Ent. Inst. 8: 70.

Trachysphyrus cyanipennis Lanfranco, 1974. Anales Inst. Patagonia

8: niZ202%

FIELD NOTES. This very large and conspicuous species ranges from

Santiago and Valparaiso (33° South Latitude) to Punta Arenas (53°South). It

seems most characteristic of stream-side vegetation in semihumid to

semiarid habitats, such as El Canelo in the Cajén de Maipo 20 km east of

Santiago. It has been found in "bosque deciduo" at Punta Arenas. This

community is a region with 400-600 mm annual rainfall, an altitudinal range

of 0-400 m, and dominated floristically by the "lenga," Nothofagus pumilio

with irregularly intermingled coigues, Nothofagus dombeyi. 4

42 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 3, 1987

ATMETUM SPECIES GROUP

Occipital carina weakly to often strongly raised laterad and ventrad;

epomia with a broad and often semidifferentiated swelling above its upper

end; mesoscutum with notauli shallow to rather sharp and narrow, 0.5-0.8

the length of mesoscutum; mesoscutal surface silky with fine and variably

distinct micro-reticulation as well as with abundant, small, medium, or

moderately large punctures that average subadjacent to a little sparser,

which often are longitudinally slurred on central lobe and sometimes also

grade into longitudinal wrinkling rearward between and behind terminus of

notauli; mesopleuron with subalarum crescentic and not enlarged; wing

venation with areolet large, its intercubiti weakly to sometimes strongly

and differentially convergent above, with 2nd abscissa of radius 0.70-0.90

as long as lst intercubitus, ramellus usually present and lst recurrent

sinuate, nervulus often interstitial, and with axillus much closer to anal

margin of wing than to submediella; propodeum with both trans-carinae

traceable throughout, strong to weak and irregularly detectable on the

coarsely wrinkled surface; cristae moderately to aggressively projecting

subligulate to ligulate; first gastric tergite at most with a low and

flange-like baso-lateral expansion, postpetiole strongly expanded, 1.4-1.7

as wide apically as long from spiracle to apex in female, in male 0.9-1.2

as wide as long; gaster in female moderately stout fusiform, on 2nd tergite

with many long but mostly well separated setae, but on 3rd and following

tergites with denser and much overlapping setae; male gaster more elongate

than in female and with setae generally longer and denser, those of 2nd

tergite mostly equal or exceed the length of their interspaces; ovipositor

with sheathed portion 0.30-0.40 as long as fore wing, straight, moderately

stout to rather slender, more or less depressed, without nodus or notch,

dorsal valve variable in profile, gently to rather strongly decurved and

with some fine punctures or tubercular irregularities, ventral valve on tip

depressed, sometimes a little decurved, with fine inclivously oblique

ridges.

2. Xiphonychidion atmetum (Porter), new combination

(Fig. 115)

Trachysphyrus atmetus Porter, 1967. Mem. Amer. Ent. Inst. 10: 234-7.

Type f: Chile, Santiago, El Canelo (Townes).

Trachysphyrus atmetus Townes, 1969. Mem. Amer. Ent. Inst. 12: 183.

FIELD NOTES. Xiphonychidion atmetum spans central Chile from

Valparaiso (33° South Latitude) to Valdivia (40° South) and extends from near

sea level in the Coastal Range to 1500 or 2000 m on the Andean foothills.

Of the entomofaunal regions defined for Chile by Petia (1966), this species

inhabits the (southern) Coquimban Desert, Central Coastal Cordillera,

Central Valley, Central Andean Cordillera, Northern Valdivian Forest,

southern Andean Cordillera, Valdivian Forest, and the Valdivian Cordillera.

It thus occurs in several types of Nothofagus association, as well as in

gallery woods along water courses in Thorn Scrub and Semidesert.

Porter: Chilean Mesostenini (Ichneumonidae) 43

3. Xiphonychidion nerhysum (Porter), new combination

(Fig. 116)

Trachysphyrus nerhysus Porter, 1967. Mem. Amer. Ent. Inst. 10: 237-8.

Type f: Chile, Llanquihue, Los Muermos Forest (San Francisco).

NEW SPECIMENS EXAMINED. 1 f: CHILE, Cautin Province, Pucén

(Peninsula), 25-30-XI-1984, C. Porter, T. O’Neill, (Porter).

FIELD NOTES. Available records suggest that Xiphonychidion nerhysum

is a southern vicariant of X. atmetum. It occurs in various types of

Nothofagus forest (Valdivian Forest and Valdivian Cordillera of Petia 1966)

between 39 and at least 44 South Latitude throughout the pre-coastal,

central and eastern regions of Cautin, Valdivia, Osorno, and Llanquihue

Provinces of Chile and in adjoining ecologically similar parts of southwest

Argentina.

My specimen was taken on a peninsula at Pucén near the east end of

Lago Villarrica on an ecotone between the Valdivian Forest and Valdivian

Cordillera regions. The site has slightly disturbed Nothofagus forest

intermingled with grassy tracts where the large trees remain bereft of

understory shrubs. Austrocedrus chilensis also is conspicuous along the

lake shore on some of the steeper banks at this locality. Some undergrowth

in flower at the time of my visit included Rhodophiala sp., Asteranthera

ovata, and Mutisia spinosa.

CAERULEIPENNE SPECIES GROUP

Occipital carina raised into a high flange; epomia prolonged dorsad of

scrobe and with a well defined but not sharply delimited swelling above its

upper end; mesoscutum with notauli relatively narrow and shallow, extending

0.6-0.7 or more its length; mesoscutal surface silky with variably

perceptible micro-reticulation and with small to rather large, well

defined, generally subadjacent or somewhat sparser punctures as well as

often with longitudinal wrinkling rearward between notauli and behind their

terminus; mesopleuron with subalarum crescentic and not expanded; wing

venation with areolet large and broad, its intercubiti moderately to

strongly convergent above; axillus much closer to anal margin of wing than

to submediella; propodeum with both trans-carina more or less distinct on

the strongly to coarsely wrinkled surface; cristae stout but strongly

projecting short ligulate, bluntly subcuneate, or subligulate; first

gastric tergite with at most a low and flange-like baso-lateral expansion,

postpetiole expanded, 1.3-2.0 as wide apically as long from spiracle to

apex in female, in male 0.8 as wide as long; gaster in female moderately

stout fusiform, on 2nd tergite with rather long setae that may be mostly

much shorter than the length of their interspaces, generally but not

uniformly shorter than interspaces, or sometimes in great part subequal to

length of interspaces; male gaster much more elongate than that of female

and on 2nd and following tergites with longer and mostly overlapping setae;

Ovipositor with sheathed portion 0.30-0.50 as long as fore wing, straight

to a little decurved, very robust to slender, distinctly compressed to

heavy and cylindric or depressed, nodus and notch usually distinct, dorsal

valve with a slightly convex, slightly concave, straight or weakly sinuate

44 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 3, 1987

profile between notch and apex, ventral valve with fine, well spaced,

inclivously oblique ridges on apex, tip 0.18-0.38 as high at notch as long

from notch to apex.

4. Xiphonychidion horsti (Bréthes), new combination

Cryptus Horsti Bréthes, 1916. Rev. Chilena Hist. Nat. 20: 83.

Lectotype f: (labeled by C. Porter): Chile (Buenos Aires).

Trachysphyrus horsti Townes, 1966. Mem. Amer. Ent. Inst. 8: 71.

FIELD NOTES. This species has been recorded from several temperate

Chilean localities between Santiago Province (33° South Latitude) and Cautin

Province (39°South). It seems to be restricted to the central region and

to the adjacent Andean foot hill biotic provinces, with preferred habitats

doubtless in gallery woods and in the relatively warm Northern Valdivian

Forest. It has been reared from several lasicocampid (Macromphalia

dedecora) and cercophanid (Cercophana frauenfeldi, Neocercophana philippi),

lepidopterans, as reported in my revision of Trachysphyrus

(Porter 1967: 226-7).

5. Xiphonychidion stibarum (Porter), new combination

(Fig. 114)

Trachysphyrus stibarus Porter, 1967. Mem. Amer. Ent. Inst. 10:232-4.

Type f: Chile, Santiago, El Canelo (Cambridge).

NEW SPECIMENS EXAMINED. 1 f: Chile, Cautin Province, Pucoén

(Peninsula), 28-30-XI-1984, C. Porter, T. O’Neill, (Porter).

FIELD NOTES. Xiphonychidion stibarum occupies an extensive range in

much of central and south-central Chile from the Pacific coast to the

Andean foothills. It has been taken at many localities from Santiago (33

South Latitude) to the great island of Chiloé (43°South) and in biotic

provinces as diverse as the Central Valley, Northern Valdivian Forest,

Southern Andean Cordillera, Valdivian Forest, and the Valdivian Cordillera.

The species seems to occur most often in open, sunny places along the edge

of gallery woods or in disturbed Nothofagus forest. The circumstances of

its capture at Puc6n are detailed under the foregoing account of X.

nerhysum.

6. Xiphonychidion caeruleipenne (Brullé), new combination

(Fig. 113)

Cryptus caeruleipennis Brulle, 1846. In Lepeletier: Histoire

naturelle des insectes. Hyménoptéres 4: 193. Type m: Chile

(Paris).

Trachysphyrus caeruleipennis Townes, 1966. Mem. Amer. Ent. Inst.

8: 70.

Porter: Chilean Mesostenini (Ichneumonidae) 45

FIELD NOTES. This species remains difficult to distinguish from be

viduum except by structure and proportions of the ovipositor. Records for

putatively authentic specimens cover much of central Chile, between the

coast and the Andean foothills, from Santiago on the north (33° South

Latitude) to Concepcién near 37°on the south. It seems thus primarily an

inhabitant of the Central Valley, of the Northern Valdivian Forest, and of

ecotones rising eastward toward adjacent Andean biomes.

7. Xiphonychidion viduum (Spinola), new combination

(Fig P13 °217'32) 33, 20,197)

Ichneumon (Cryptus) viduus Spinola, 1851. In Gay, Historia fisica y

politica de Chile. Zoologia 6: 491. Type f: Chile, northern

provinces (lost).

Trachysphyrus viduus Townes, 1966. Mem. Amer. Ent. Inst. 8: 74.

NEW SPECIMENS EXAMINED. 2 f: Argentina, Neuquén Province, San Martin

de los Andes, 17-XII-1968, C. Porter; Chile, Aconcagua Province, Termas de

Jahuel nr. San Felipe, 16-19-X-1984, C. Porter, T. O’Neill (Porter).

VARIATION. The specimen from San Martin de los Andes (40° South

Latitude on the Chilean border) differs in several respects from that cited

for Jahuel at 33 degrees in central Chile. It has the flagellar annulus

cream white rather than rich yellow, while the ovipositor tip is more

slender and sagittate (0.22 as high at notch as long from notch to apex

versus about 0.35 as high in the Jahuel material). Further collecting may

show that additional species or subspecies should be recognized in the

Caeruleipenne group.

FIELD NOTES. Xiphonychidion caeruleipenne ranges from Carrizalillo at

29° South in the Intermediate Desert entomofaunal region of Atacama Province

(Pema 1966: 8-9) to near 40° South in Neuquén Province of Argentina and

Valdivia Province in adjacent Chile. It occurs along the coast and up to

the Andean foothills, crossing into Argentina via gaps in the lower

southern Andes. It seems to prefer open glades or the forest edge. My

Argentine specimen was taken on the north shore of Lago Lacar in partially

cleared Nothogafus and Austrocedrus woods.

This species thus seems to be the most ecoplastic of its group and may

be expected or has been encountered in eight of Petia’s entomofaunal

regions: the Intermediate Desert, Central Andean Cordillera, Coquimban

Desert, Central Coastal Cordillera, Central Valley, Northern Valdivian

Forest, Southern Andean Cordillera, and at the northern end of Valdivian

Forest.

6. Genus SCIOCRYPTUS Porter, new genus

Type species: Trachysphyrus lachnaeis Porter.

Fore wing 10.0-11.4 mm long. Coloration dull metallic blue with some

white on flagellum, head, and apical gastric tergites; wings moderately

infumate. Female flagellum about as long as body, subtly thickened

46 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 3, 1987

postmedially, faintly setaceous, not flattened below toward apex, its lst

segment 4.6-5.0 as long as deep at apex. Front broadly and shallowly

excavated with dorsal tentorial pits obsolete. Face unusually broad, 2.0-

2.2 as wide between eyes just below level of antennal sockets as high from

top of anterior tentorial pit to bottom of antennal socket. Mandible long

and narrow, 3.0-3.3 as long as wide across teeth, weakly tapering toward

apex or almost parallel-sided, with a broad and deep basal excavation, its

teeth subequal with the lower slightly longer than the upper. Clypeus in

profile a little asymmetrically convex, weakly elevated, its apical margin

gently convex with the corners flattened and subreflexed, its width 2.5 as

long as its greatest height. Occipital carina fine and sharp throughout,

joining the only slightly higher hypostomal carina below. Malar space 0.8-

0.9 as long as basal width of mandible. Pronotum with humeral groove

little impressed, marked by an apically narrowing band of transverse

foveae; epomia confined to scrobe and there at most weakly differentiated

from adjacent wrinkles; lower front margin broadly angled but without a

tooth at mid-height; upper margin sublaterally and across front of collar

bordered by a sharp and weakly elevated carina; dorso-median transverse

swelling on collar a low band that is set off apically by shinier,

depressed integument as well as by a faint groove and a line of irregularly

developed foveae. Mesoscutum: notauli sharp and shallow, reaching 0.6-0.7

its length; surface mat with transverse wrinkling along notauli, in area

behind notauli, and on peripheries of lateral lobes, but otherwise

granularly micro-reticulate with numerous, irregularly intercalated, mostly

well spaced large and variably well defined punctures that on central lobe

become intermingled with much strong and irregular wrinkling. Mesopleuron

with subalarum horizontal, broadly ellipsoid to stoutly crescentic,

sometimes practically without carinae but punctate and in other specimens

with strong longitudinal wrinkles; speculum throughout with strong

wrinkling, or sometimes becoming narrowly smooth below; prepectal carina

inclivous, more strongly so on lower 0.5-0.6 of mesopleuron and thence

prolonged more or less irregularly to subalarum; no excrescence on lower

prepectus; disc strongly and granularly reticulately wrinkled without

differently sculptured or smooth spaces dorso-anteriorly; sternaulus

reaching about 0.6 the distance to base of mid coxa and upcurved toward

apex; entire pterothoracic venter flattened and abruptly discrete from

pleura, nearly quadrate in cross section. Fore tibia not inflated. Hind

coxa with a deep groove descending from its attachment. Female 4th

tarsomeres at most weakly emarginate on apex, not deeply cut or bilobed.

Wing venation: areolet large, intercubiti very strongly convergent above,

2nd abscissa of radius 0.4-0.5 as long as lst intercubitus, areolet 0.9 as

high as wide; discocubitus only feebly arched so that the 2nd discoidal

cell is parallel-sided longitudinally; ramellus absent; 2nd recurrent

slightly inclivous, nearly straight, inserted a little beyond middle of

areolet; mediella practically straight; axillus far from anal margin of

wing, at most slightly closer to anal margin than to submediella.

Propodeum: spiracle 2.2-2.8 as long as wide; profile short and high with

faces subequal and the apical face vertically declivous; basal trans-carina

percurrent, strongly raised and thickened medially, where its median

abscissa is thrust forward to basal 0.1-0.2 of propodeal dorsum, but

laterally weaker and irregular; apical trans-carina similar to basal and

strong medially (but far from basal carina) but laterally much weaker;

cristae large and broad subligulate or briefly ligulate; area basalis short

and broad, in profile strongly declivous to base of propodeum; areola

Porter: Chilean Mesostenini (Ichneumonidae) 47

large, broader than long to a little longer than broad in position, vaguely

hexagonal and a little raised above surrounding surface but without well

defined lateral carinae. First gastric tergite: faint baso-lateral flange

on petiole; postpetiole elongate, gradually expanded apicad, only 1.0-1.1

as wide apically as long from spiracle to apex; ventro-lateral carina

strong throughout; dorsal carinae traceable (sometimes sharp) toward apex

of petiole and on basal 0.5 of postpetiole, where they enclose a very low

median elevation; surface of postpetiole shining, finely but strongly

micro-reticulate but smoother near apex, and with scattered medium sized to

large, obscure to sharp punctures which are most distinct apicad. Second

gastric tergite shining with very fine but uniformly distinct micro-—

reticulation and widely spaced, obscure to well defined, medium sized

punctures that emit moderately long setae which mostly fall short of the

length of their interspaces. Gaster deplanate, increasingly flattened from

2nd segment to apex. Ovipositor 0.20 as long as fore wing; straight,

strongly compressed; nodus distinct and with a tiny notch; dorsal valve

with taper gently concave between notch and apex; ventral valve with fine

vertical to inclivously oblique ridges on tip; tip 0.19-0.22 as high at

notch as long from notch to apex. Vestiture: head, mesosoma, and coxae

with unusually long, often shaggy and tangled setae.

MALE. Unknown.

GENERIC NAME. From the Greek noun scius, "shadow" and Cryptus, a

generic name employed for many Holarctic species of the Trachysphyrus

complex.

RELATIONSHIPS. Sciocryptus differs from other South American

trachysphyroid genera in such features as its narrow and basally excavated

mandible; obsolete epomia and dorsal groove of pronotum; upcurved

sternaulus; quadrate pterothoracic cross section; dorsally much narrowed

areolet; long and scarcely arched discocubitus with no ramellus or

discontinuity between Ist recurrent and lst abscissa of cubitus; elongate

and longitudinally almost parallel-sided 2nd discoidal cell; practically

straight mediella; axillus far removed from anal margin of hind wing; basal

trans-carina of propodeum abruptly raised medially to buttress hind margin

of area basalis; slender female postpetiole; gaster notably deplanate from

2nd segment to apex; and very short, strongly compressed ovipositor.

This genus seems isolated among the South American trachysphyroids.

Its closest relative may be Nothischnus (Porter 1967b: 396-400), recorded

only from Nuble, Arauco, and Cautin Provinces in central and south-central

Chile. Nothischnus resembles Sciocryptus because of its weak epomia and

obsolete pronotal submarginal groove; at most gently arched discocubitus

and elongate 2nd discoidal cell; anteriorly narrowed areolet; crested

median segment of basal trans-carina on propodeum; slender female

postpetiole; somewhat deplanate gaster; and short, compressed ovipositor.

These similarities, nonetheless, may be the result of convergent evolution,

since Nothischnus differs notably from Sciocryptus in such characters as

its broad and basally unmodified mandible; nearly straight sternaulus;

arched mediella; axillus close to anal margin of hind wing; round propodeal

spiracle; and reclivously oblique ridges on the ventral valve of the

Ovipositor tip.

48 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 3, 1987

1. Sciocryptus lachnaeis (Porter)

(Fig. 35-38, 190, 203)

Trachysphyrus lachnaeis Porter, 1967. Mem. Amer. Ent. Inst. 10: 196-8.

Type f: Chile, Magallanes Province, Natales, Laguna Amarga

(Townes).

This large, slow-flying, dull metallic blue trachysphyroid has no

close relatives among other New World Mesostenini. It constitutes an

aberrant and monotypic genus.

NEW SPECIMENS EXAMINED. 20 f: ARGENTINA, Neuquén Province, Pucara

near San Martin de los Andes, 10-17-XII-1967, C. Porter, XII-1969, S.

Schajovskoi, in Malaise Trap.

FIELD NOTES. My specimens were netted in deep Nothofagus forest,

often on trunks of living trees or around piles of dead wood.

The collecting locality was at Lago Lacar in southwest Argentina

within a few km of the Chilean border. This site occupies an ecotone

between the Valdivian and Deciduous Forest Districts of the Subantarctic

Life Zone (as these communities are defined by Cabrera and Willink

1973: 97-101). Dominant flora around Lago Lacar include the deciduous

Nothofagus pumilio, N. antarctica, N. obliqua, and N. procera, the

evergreen N. dombeyi, the hygrophile myrtacean tree, Myrceugenella

apiculata, bambusaceans of the genus Chusquea, and the gorgeously

beflowered onagracean shrub, Fuchsia magellanica. The climate here is

cool, wet, and almost unrelentingly windy. The annual temperature averages

10 C, and yearly rainfall approaches 2000 mm. Summer is fleeting, with

occasional maxima of 22-25° C registered between November and February, but

winters are mild, with average minima not much below freezing.

Ichneumonidae abound at Lago Lacar, where they fly from September to

May, with a massive and abrupt peak in December. In addition to

Sciocryptus, some prominent ichneumonid genera in this habitat are

Calliephialtes, Eruga, Polysphincta, Coccygomimus, Netelia, Clasis,

Itamuton, Alophophion, Scallama, Thymebatis, and many others.

Prior records show that Sciocryptus lachnaeis ranges from 40° South

Latitude on the cooler Argentine side of the Andes as far as 54° South on

Seno Otway near Punta Arenas, Chile. It thus is restricted to the coldest

part of the Neantarctic Biogeographical Province.

7. Genus TRACHYSPHYRUS

Type species Trachysphyrus imperialis Haliday. Monobasic.

Fore wing 6.0-16.0 mm. Coloration with head, mesosoma, and gaster

refulgent blue, purple, green, golden, or varicolored metallic; head

sometimes with white markings, no white on mesosoma, gaster only in T.

venustus with white areas; flagellum with or without a white band; legs

Porter: Chilean Mesostenini (Ichneumonidae) 49

dark, often with metallic reflections or sometimes mostly orange, male hind

tarsus in some species partly white; wings infumate with metallic

reflections (never with contrasting light and dark bands or blotches).

Female flagellum shorter than body, moderately long and slender, subtly

enlarged for some distance postmedially but then gradually tapered to apex,

weakly setaceous, lst segment 3.5-5.5 as long as deep at apex; in male

usually a bit longer than body, delicate to robust, regularly setaceous,

with tyloids on segments 12(15)-20(22), most tyloids follow longitudinal

axis of their segments, tyloids in shape varying from all sharp and ridge-

like to often in part elliptic, ovoid, or even round, lst segment 2.2-3.5

as long as deep at apex. Front much excavated, shining throughout or

sometimes shining on lower 0.3-0.5 and mat dorsad, often with fine

transbiased wrinkling on part of lower 0.5 and becoming strongly,

irregularly wrinkled above toward stemmaticum. Face 1.6-2.2 as wide as

high from top of anterior tentorial pit to bottom of antennal socket.

Malar space in female 0.90-1.8 as long as basal width of mandible, in male

0.80-1.5 as long. Mandible stout, evenly and gently to strongly tapered

between base and apex, 1.8-2.5 as wide across base of teeth as long; teeth

subequal or the lower a little shorter than the upper. Clypeus large; in

profile varying from almost flat to rather high convex or even

subpyramidal; its apical margin straight to convex, edentate, or sometimes

a little produced and bituberculate on meson, weakly differentiated with

its corners narrow to broad but weakly reflexed. Pronotum with humeral

groove well defined, percurrent, foveolate, variably impressed and

sometimes narrowed apicad; epomia usually sharp in scrobe but never turned

mesad above scrobe; lower pronotal margin bluntly angled but not toothed;

upper front margin sublaterally and across front or collar elevated laterad

into a sharp and translucent carina that may continue as such across collar

or become much less elevated (but still sharp) mesad; dorso-median

transverse swelling of collar well defined but low, set off posteriorly by

a fine groove and/or row of foveae. Mesoscutum with notauli usually

strong, reaching 0.3 to 0.9 its length (often ending near middle); surface

mostly smooth and shining, sparsely to densely but not grossly punctate,

never strongly wrinkled or extensively mat. Mesopleuron with subalarum

horizontal, elongate to robustly elliptic, often subcarinate, but rarely

sharp along entire summit; prepectal carina more or less inclivous, strong

at least to upper 0.6 of mesopleuron and often traceable (sometimes

recurved) up to subalarum; lower prepectus without an excrescence; speculum

usually smooth and polished, occasionally invaded by puncto-reticulation,

lower front corner of speculum with a small pit that is connected by a

fine, horizontal carina to the mesopleural suture; surface wholly or in

part (sometimes with smooth areas) finely to grossly and usually

reticulately wrinkled; sternaulus percurrent, gently sinuate, becoming a

little broader and contrastingly shallower on apical 0.4-0.5. Hind coxa

with a broad and shining but short groove extending obliquely beneath its

attachment. Female front tibia never inflated. Female 4th tarsomeres on

front leg with a moderately deep V-shaped apical emargination, on mid and

hind legs with progressively weaker emargination. Metanotum at most gently

convex in profile, with strong baso-lateral fossae which are round to

transverse, usually separated on meson by less than the width of 1 fossa.

Groove between metanotum and propodeum deep and narrow in female, only a

little wider in male, a little overhung by metanotal rim mesad, with the

submedial tubercles visible as subconic tubercles or broad bosses on both

metanotal and propodeal face, those of metanotal face usually strongest in

50 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 3, 1987

female and those on propodeum often best developed in male; sublateral

excrescences not clearly differentiated among other carinae on metanotal

face and absent on propodeal face. Wing venation: areolet large to very

large, intercubiti almost parallel to moderately convergent above, 2nd

abscissa of radius 0.7-1.2 as long as lst intercubitus, areolet usually a

little higher than wide; 2nd recurrent gently reclivous, practically

straight or arched in course; discocubitus gently and evenly arched, weakly

sinuate, or sometimes broadly angled, ramellus varying from absent to

strongly developed; brachiella strong, sclerotized to or almost to margin

of hind wing; axillus far from anal margin of hind wing, about intermediate

between anal margin and submediella. Propodeum with spiracle very

elongate, 2.0-3.0 as long as wide; profile varying from short and high with

apical face almost vertically declivous and sharply discreet to moderately

elongate and sloping rearward; basal trans-carina varying from sharp

throughout to sharp medially and irregular laterally, or vague throughout,

or absent, gently to strongly curved or angled forward on its lateral

abscissae and with the median abscissa straight and comparatively long;

apical trans-carina vague to well developed, its lateral abscissae curved

or angled forward weakly to strongly and ending in a long, straight median

abscissa, so that the areola may be definitely broader than long (sometimes

much broader in species where the trans-carinae are relatively proximate

mesad); cristae varying from low and broad subcuneate or subligulate to

much projecting ligulate; area basalis broader than long, its apex broad

(not pointed or narrowly truncate). First gastric segment: without a baso-

lateral expansion on petiole; postpetiole in female 1.1-2.3 as wide

apically as long from spiracle to apex, in male 0.7-1.7 as broad; ventro-

lateral and dorso-lateral carinae usually strong throughout; dorsal carinae

varying from obsolete to at least partly sharp on apex of petiole and basal

part of postpetiole; sides of petiole between the longitudinal carinae

usually with vertical wrinkles. Second gastric tergite smooth and

polished, with vague to well defined micro-reticulation which only in

restricted areas may become dense and conspicuous enough to render part of

the surface shagreened or faintly mat (entire surface mirror-like in many

species); female with widely scattered and short setae emitted by mostly

tiny, obscure punctures or sometimes with denser (only rarely and

sporadically as large as medium sized) punctures which sometimes in part

average only a little shorter than the interspaces; male either with

uniformly short setae or sometimes with setae long and uniformly

overlapping. Ovipositor with sheathed portion 0.50-0.90 as long as fore

wing; moderately stout, palpably compressed; nodus more or less distinct;

notch weak to large and deep; tip 0.16-0.24 as high at notch as long from

notch to apex; ventral valve on tip with fine, sharp, well spaced,

inclivously oblique ridges.

SPECIES INCLUDED. In its present restricted sense Trachysphyrus

comprises the following species from Andean and temperate South America:

Trachysphyrus aegla Porter (1985a), T. agalma Porter (1985a), T. agenor

(Porter 1967a), T. aglaus Porter (1967a), T. carrascoi Porter (1967a), T.

chalybaeus (Taschenberg 1876), T. escomeli (Bréthes (1918) 1919), T.

florezi Porter (1967a), T. imperator Porter (1967a), T. imperialis Haliday

(1836), T. irinus Townes (1966), T. metallicus (Cameron 1903), T.

praeclarus Porter (1969a), T. pefiai Porter (1967a), and T. venustus Myers.

Porter: Chilean Mesostenini (Ichneumonidae) 51

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION. Of the 15 species in Trachysphyrus, 9 occur

between 2800 and 4000 m in the Andes of Perf, Bolivia, north Chile and

northwest Argentina. The rest are confined to central and/or south Chile,

except that T. agenor enters and T. chalybaeus is limited to semiarid

habitats in neighboring Argentina. These inhabit mainly areas between

sealevel and 2000 m, but T. agenor reaches 3000 m and is reported on both

sides of the Andes between Santiago, Chile and Mendoza, Argentina.

Trachysphyrus imperialis reaches Tierra del Fuego and the closely related

T. pefiai is restricted to the tip of South America between 51° and 55°

degrees South Latitude, with an isolated population on the Falkland

Islands.

RELATIONSHIPS. Trachysphyrus appears closely related to the South

American genera Aeglocryptus and Aeliopotes. It also shows affinity to

Compsocryptus, a large genus of xerophile trachysphyroids best represented

in Sonoran North America but with disjunct species in the Argentine Chaco,

the Peruvian Coastal Desert, the Greater Antilles, and southern Florida.

Compsocryptus may be the oldest of this assemblage and possibly dates from

xerothermic periods as long ago as the Oligocene. Aeliopotes,

Aeglocryptus, and Trachysphyrus may be more recent offshoots of the

Compsocryptus stock, which originated in response to the increased

desertification and, finally, the climatic cooling and glaciations of the

late Tertiary and Pleistocene.

KEY TO THE CHILEAN SPECIES OF TRACHYSPHYRUS

FEMALES

(Female of T. aegla unknown)

1. Head and apex of gaster mostly white; apical margin of clypeus gently

produced and bilobed medially ......... 1.7. venustus Myers

1.’ Head at most with narrow white marks; no white on gaster; apical margin

of clypeus entire, at most slightly produced medially ...... 2

2. Nodus of ovipositor tip with a large and deep notch that is prolonged

anteriad by a deep groove; propodeal cristae not broadly projecting,

rather inconspicuously subligulate or subcuneate; notaulus reaching

about’ 0°5 ‘the’ Tenoth of mesoscutum (35008. PS aa ee ee

2.’ Nodus of ovipositor tip with a weak and shallow or sharp and tiny to

large notch which does not emit an anteriorly prolonged groove;

propodeal cristae often larger and notauli often longer than

described (above 1601 Ge 2a ayer CE RY ay ee Oy a a ee a ah

3. Dorsal valve of ovipositor rippled on tip, profile of dorsal valve

between notch and apex slightly concave basad but apicad a

little convex, sheathed portion of ovipositor 0.80-0.90 as long

as) fore Wane Yai ie is wre Aan. beh Eimer Tilearra seal Porter

3.’ Dorsal valve smooth or slightly wrinkled on tip, its profile directly

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 3, 1987

declivous between notch and apex, sheathed portion of ovipositor 0.70-

0.80 as long as fore wing ....... . 3. T. metallicus (Cameron)

Flagellum uniformly dark; malar space 1.2-1.8 as long as basal width of

mandible; both trans-carinae of propodeum often sharp throughout,

greota’ often: mien: wider than’ long’ . eA ee eee er ars

Flagellum with a white annulus; malar space usually 0.90-1.3 as long as

basal width of mandible; trans-carinae of propodeum weaker, often

broken up, especially laterad, areola often only slightly wider than

long . Gr Soe Ihe. I. sere ITN, SOONG

First flagellomere 3.8-4.0 as long as deep apically; malar space 1.2-

1.5 as long as basal width of mandible; nervellus usually broken near

or moderately below middle, upper part 1.1-1.3 as long as lower; hind

tibia largely orange, its exterior surface slightly convex or

moderately flattened toward apex ..... 4. T. imperialis Haliday

First flagellomere 4.5-5.5 as long as deep at apex; malar space 1.5-1.8

as long as basal width of mandible; nervellus usually broken well

below middle, upper part 1.3-1.9 as long as lower; hind tibia mostly

dark, its exterior surface usually strongly flattened or even a

Pie “nembarerts “Ad Saeed ATS BA WooSe “Pp opetial Porter

Flagellum with a white annulus on segments 4-8; notaulus 0.8 the length

of mesoscutum; mesopleuron and propodeum with moderately strong

reticulate wrinkling; dorsal valve of ovipositor with a slightly

convex profile between notch and apex ... 6. T. escomeli (Bréthes)

Flagellum with a white or yellow annulus developed at least in part on

segments 1-8 or much more; notaulus 0.3-0.7 length of mesoscutum;

mesopleuron and propodeum coarsely to grossly reticulate; dorsal

valve of ovipositor with a straight or slightly concave profile

berween, eoten and apex oo. 2. eta eae, Gea ee earns 7

Areolet asymmetric, apical abscissa of cubitus inserted unusually far

dorsad; 1st flagellomere 3.2 as long as deep at apex; notauli

unusually short, reaching 0.3 the length of mesoscutum; dorsal

carinae only faintly suggested in supraspiracular region and scarcely

delimiting a median elevation; head and mesosoma cupreous purple with

some dark blue reflections ........... 7. T. agalma Porter |

Areolet normal; 1st flagellomere 3.5-5.5 as long as deep at apex;

notauli traceable 0.5-0.7 the length of mesoscutum; dorsal carinae

distinct (weak and blunt to fine and sharp) on apex of petiole and

base of postpetiole, where they enclose a median area; head and

mesosoma metallic blue, blue-green or violet, sometimes with cupreous

TL POT Cree aa skeet eR ee ee

Fore tibia extensively pale brown; segments 3-5 of hind tarsus dull

yellow or pale brown; apical darkening of flagellum begins abruptly

on 9th or 10th segment; lst flagellomere averages 4.9 as long as deep

at apex; dorsum of hind coxa confluently punctured and weakly to

moderately wrinkled?) 9c TA eee a ee 8. T. irinus Townes

Porter: Chilean Mesostenini (Ichneumonidae) ale

8.’ Fore tibia at most dull brown below; hind tarsus uniformly dark; apical

darkening of flagellum begins gradually between 13th and 20th

segments; lst flagellomere averages 3.6 as long as deep at apex;

dorsum of hind coxa grossly reticulately wrinkled ........

eee 1. GRRL RHE LOR REO IS Pee Re. Os EE Stagenor Porter

MALES

Head and gaster conspicuously white marked; apical margin of clypeus a

little produced and feebly bisinuate ..... 1. T. venustus Myers

Head not or narrowly white marked, no white on gaster; apical margin of

elvpems’ ehtire 22) GRO e GAY OER SIRES KAO Sotto. BP oe oe

Setae of 2nd gastric tergite mostly shorter or much shorter than their

iMiersnaces th cawhicn Vette ote Bee SY OUR Praia po ERE ee SB

Setae of 2nd gastric tergite mostly (not always uniformly) equalling or

exceeding the length of their interspaces ............. 5

Flagellum with a white band; notaulus reaching 0.3-0.5 the length of

mesoscutum; malar space 0.70-0.80 as long as basal width of mandible

7. T. agalma Porter

Flagellum entirely dark; notaulus reaching 0.7-0.9 the length of

mesoscutum; malar space 1.0-1.5 as long as basal width of mandible

Malar space 1.0-1.2 as long as basal width of mandible; post-petiole

0.9-1.2 as wide apically as long from spiracle to apex; hind tibia

pale orange, more or less blackish apicad, its exterior surface only

weakly flattened to slightly concave .... 4. T. imperialis Haliday

Malar space 1.3-1.5 as long as basal width of mandible; post-petiole

1.3-1.4 as wide apically as long from spiracle to apex; hind tibia

dark or at least extensively dark stained throughout, its external

surface strongly flattened and often a little concave ......

.5. T. pefiai Porte

Mesoscutum highly polished with numerous small to large punctures

separated mostly by much more than their diameters; ground color

eupreocus/ purple: ..\ yagi eae.) a ee Ve Bi OaeeialParter

Mesoscutum shining and with abundant small to large punctures which in

large part are separated by little more than their diameters ... 6

Head and body uniformly metallic blue with at most the mesoscutum

purple; flagellum with a broad, deep yellow annulus beginning between

lst and 6th segments and extending over at least 10 segments; dorsal

carinae of lst gastric tergite usually traceable, sometimes sharp, on

apex of petiole and base of postpetiole ..............7

6.’ Blue, blue-green, cupreous purple, or purple with gaster blue or blue-

green; if blue, with a short white flagellar annulus starting on

54 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 3, 1987

segments 10, 11, or 12 and extending over 7 or fewer segments; dorsal

carinae of postpetiole very often absent or weak ......... 8

7. Fore tibia extensively pale brown; hind femur often largely orange;

notaulus usually rather broad and shallow and not reaching much more

than 0.5 the length of mesoscutum; hind coxa punctate and more or

less weakly wrinkled above; subgenital plate without discrete lateral

margins, hind margin curving around to meet front edge in an almost

UNINCELCUPLed (ATG je wie durseis cad colar ink he 8. T. irinus Townes

7.’ Fore tibia at most dull brown below; hind femur always dark; notaulus

often sharp and narrow and reaching 0.6-0.8 the length of mesoscutum;

hind coxa grossly reticulate above; subgenital plate with distinct,

parallel lateral maroins. ooo ok oo. yoke we ee a 9. T. agenor Porter

8. White flagellar annulus on segments 11 or 12-16, 17, or 18; hind

tarsomeres 3-4 white; malar space 0.60-0.80 as long as basal width of

mandible; propodeal cristae low and weakly projecting, broadly

subcuneate and prolonged a short distance anterio-mesad by a trace of

the, apical (Pans — Carma. a) ee eal sis lt carrascoi Porter

8.’ White flagellar annulus beginning on any segment from 2-11 and

extending as far as 17 or 18; no white on hind tarsus; malar space

0.80-1.0 as long as basal width of mandible; propodeal cristae

moderately projecting, subligulate or subcuneate, not prolonged

anterio-mesad:«. 3). cp0).c5 .o 2) oo. t. wee) 3. I. ometallicus «(Cameron)

(

4. Trachysphyrus imperialis Haliday

(Fig. 150)

Trachysphyrus imperialis Haliday, 1836. Trans. Linnean Soc. London 17:

317. Type f: Chile, Puerto del Hambre (= "Port Famine"). (London).

FIELD NOTES. This species and its more austral relative, T. pefiai,

range through the Patagonian Steppe of southern Argentina and subantarctic

Chile. They also inhabit the ecotone between Patagonian Steppe and

Nothofagus forest, recognized by Peta (1966: 15-6) as a distinct biotic

province, the Magallanes Interoceanic Region. I have not observed T.

imperialis personally but did visit Punta Arenas, Chile, in February 1986

and collected other trachysphyroids (Neocryptopteryx metriurus, Itamuton

magallanes, and Chilecryptus rhadinus) at sites where T. imperialis also

has been taken. In such localities (e.g., Parque Chabunco at Punta Arenas)

woods of Nothofagus betuloides interdigitate with the gramineous and

composite Patagonian flora. Here, ichneumonids may be taken in some

abundance on Baccharis and in the tall grass, wherever the Nothofagus

provides a windbreak facing the sun. High wind constitutes a major

limiting factor for flying insects throughout Patagonia and Tierra del

Fuego, where anemometer readings of 50-100 km/hr may persist for days on

end. On the other hand, with summer temperatures rarely above 15° C and

often at less than 10% C, cold is a powerful abiotic determinant, so that

few Hymenoptera frequent the denser Nothofagus woods.

Porter: Chilean Mesostenini (Ichneumonidae) 55

8. Trachysphyrus irinus Townes

(Fig. 3, 39-43, 45, 118, 169, 177)

Ichneumon (Cryptus) splendidus Spinola, 1851. In Gay: Historia fisica

y politica de Chile. Zoologfa 6: 490. Type f: Chile, Coquimbo,

Santa Rosa (Turin). Name preocc. by Fabricius, 1794.

Trachysphyrus irinus Townes, 1966. Mem. Amer. Ent. Inst. 8: 71. New

name.

Trachysphyrus irinus Porter, 1967. Mem. Amer. Ent. Inst. 10: 288-92.

NEW SPECIMENS EXAMINED. 6 f and 32 m: CHILE, Atacama Province, ca.

Carrizal Bajo, 4-6-X-1984, C. Porter, T. O’Neill; Coquimbo Province, 14 km

east of Huanta ca. Puente Balald, 2-3-X-1984, C. Porter, T. O’Neill1.

FIELD NOTES. This magnificent ichneumonid is limited to central and

north-central Chile from about 27°South Latitude in Atacama Province to

nearly 38° South in the Cerros de Nahuelbuta of Malleco. It shows an

altitudinal span from sealevel to 2300 m and thus occurs in almost every

northern Neantarctic biome (Intermediate Desert, Coquimban Desert, Central

Valley, Central Coastal Cordillera, Northern Valdivian Forest, and perhaps

also the Pehuenar). My own specimens have been swept from grass beneath

Acacia and other xerophilous shrubs or in open weedy spots some distance

from the woods edge in forested river valleys. The species proved abundant

in tall grass partly shaded by Thorn Scrub at Jahuel on the eastern edge of

the Central Valley in dry Andean foothills during October 1984. Most

individuals began to fly between 8 and 9:00 AM, became abundant for the

rest of the morning, but dropped off markedly in the early afternoon, as

temperatures approached 30° C.

Like most Chilean ichneumonids, Trachysphyrus irinus is highly

seasonal, with most records between October and November, but practically

disappears after December.

8. Genus AEGLOCRYPTUS Porter, new genus

Type species: Cryptus nigricornis Brullé

Fore wing 5.9-13.0 mm long. Coloration with head, mesosoma, and

gaster metallic blue, cupreous, or purple and often with gold, gold-green,

or bronzy reflections; head sometimes with white on orbits, mesosoma and

gaster without pale markings; flagellum with or without a white band; legs

dark (partly with metallic reflections) or sometimes extensively orange,

male hind tarsus in some species partly white; wings dark with metallic

reflections. Female flagellum with lst segment 3.6-5.2 as long as deep at

apex; male flagellum with tyloids sharply linear to elongately elliptic,

lst segment 2.5-3.7 as long as deep at apex. Clypeus moderately low to

rather high symmetrically convex or sometimes subpyramidal in profile; its

apical margin intact and straight to gently convex. Mesoscutum with

notauli sharp, narrow, and reaching 0.8-0.9 its length. Mesopleuron with

speculum mostly smooth and polished. Wing venation: areolet with

intercubiti slightly to definitely (often a little differentially)

56 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 3, 1987

convergent above, 2nd abscissa of radius 0.7-0.9 as long as Ist

intercubitus. Propodeum in female short and high, faces subequal in

length, the basal weakly to moderately sloping behind, the apical

vertically declivous; area basalis pointed or narrowly truncate behind;

both basal and apical trans-carinae varying from moderately strong

throughout to almost absent, the apical carina sometimes stronger than the

basal, when distinct swept strongly forward to a transverse median abscissa

that is comparatively short and rather close to the basal trans-carina, so

that the areola is only a little wider than long or somewhat longer than

wide in position; cristae definitely projecting, rather small to large,

subcuneate, subligulate or ligulate; in male with profile often lower and

longer than in female and with the cristae sometimes larger. First gastric

segment with dorsal carinae distinct, often sharp, and enclosing an

elevated median field toward apex of petiole and on base of postpetiole.

second gastric tergite mat, finely granulate, in female with numerous

small, very superficial punctures emitting short and scattered setae, in

male with setae sometimes almost as widely spaced as in female but in many

cases much longer and generally equalling or exceeding the length of their

interspaces.

GENERIC NAME. From the Greek noun aegla, "lustre, splendor, glory"

and the generic name Cryptus, which often has been used for species in

Aeglocryptus and related taxa.

SPECIES INCLUDED. ‘Trachysphyrus achrysus Porter (1967a),

Trachysphyrus cleonis Viereck (1913), Cryptus nigricornis Brullé (1846),

Cryptus viridis (Brullé 1846=Cryptus kinbergi Holmgren, 1868). All are NEW

COMBINATIONS in Aeglocryptus.

RELATIONSHIPS. Aeglocryptus contains large, brilliantly metallic

ischnines which resemble and probably are related to the sympatric genus

Trachysphyrus. It differs from Trachysphyrus especially in the uniformly

granular micro-reticulation of its 2nd gastric tergite. Other helpful but

often polythetic diagnostic features of this genus include the uniformly

very narrow tyloids on the male flagellum; the sharp and nearly percurrent

notauli; the averagely shorter 2nd abscissa of the radial vein; and the

short and high female propodeum with often small but well projecting

cristae, with the area basalis pointed or narrowly truncate at its apex,

and with the median abscissa of the apical trans-carina short and

relatively close to the basal trans-carina.

Some Trachysphyrus, especially T. chalybaeus, have micro-reticulation

on the female second tergite and centro-basally may show some faintly mat

areas. Even in these cases the greater part of the 2nd tergite is

brilliantly polished; whereas, all species of Aeglocryptus have the entire

tergal surface in both sexes uniformly micro-granulate.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION. This genus is confined to subequatorial

South America from the Puna of central Pert to Neantarctic Chile on the

west and through Bolivia, Uruguay, and Argentina to the Strait of Magellan

on the east. It avoids Tropical Wet Forest and Tropical Deciduous Forest

but otherwise has some representation in almost every habitat type from

sealevel to 4000 m.

Porter: Chilean Mesostenini (Ichneumonidae) 57

KEY TO THE CHILEAN SPECIES OF AEGLOCRYPTUS

1. Head and body metallic blue, legs mostly black; no white on flagellum;

mesoscutum with abundant, sharp, medium sized punctures which are

adjacent to subadjacent on central lobe, especially anteriad, but

which become more or less sparser laterally and behind; temple in

dorsal view a little to moderately receding behind eye, gently

rounded Ofte wwok-e wheat span 4) alte it A. nigricornis (Brullé)

1.’ Head and body purplish cupreous with subdued blue reflections; legs

with femora and tibiae mostly pale orange; flagellum usually with a

white band; mesoscutum with abundant, sharp, medium sized punctures

almost uniformly distributed (only rarely averaging a little sparser

laterad and behind); temple in dorsal view often strongly receding

and scarcely, rounded)...c.huW Ghee «(oe Dah ipigides (Brullé)

1. Aeglocryptus nigricornis (Brullé), new combination

(Fig. 152)

Cryptus nigricornis Brulle, 1846. In Lepeletier: Histoire

naturelle des insectes. Hyménoptéres 4: 193. Type: m, Chile

(Paris).

Trachysphyrus nigricornis Porter, 1967. Mem. Amer. Ent. Inst.

£0: 310,

FIELD NOTES. Aeglocryptus nigricornis occurs from about 31° South

Latitude in Chile’s Coquimbo Province south to near 39 degrees in Malleco

Province of Chile and Neuquén Province in adjacent Argentina. It thus

occupies the Coquimban Desert, Central Coastal Cordillera, Central Valley,

Northern Valdivian Forest, and possibly the Pehuenar faunal regions (as

defined by Petia 1966). Specific locality data and my own experience

(Porter 1967: 312) show that A. nigricornis ranges through semiarid scrub

to humid Nothofagus forest, but occurs mostly in exposed grassy micro-

habitats and thus in the southern part of its distribution becomes

increasingly limited to fields, clearings, and the forest edge. It is a

low altitude species with many records between sealevel and 1500 m but none

from above 2000 m.

2. Aeglocryptus viridis (Brullé); new combination

(Fig. 4, 48, 50, 52, 55, 121, 153, cf. 187-205)

Joppa viridis Brulle, 1846. In Lepeletier: Histoire naturelle des

insectes. Hyménopteres 4: 286. Type m: Argentina, Buenos

Aires (Turin).

58 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 3, 1987

Cryptus kinbergi Holmgren, 1868. Kongigla svenska fregatten

Eugenies resa .. 2(1): 397. Type f: Argentina, Buenos Aires

(Stockholm).

Trachysphyrus nigricornis Porter, 1967. Mem. Amer. Ent. Inst. 10:

306-9.

FIELD NOTES. This conspicuous and often collected species ranges from

the highlands of southern Pert and Bolivia to the Strait of Magellan. Its

micro-habitat preferences are predominantly xerophile and its altitudinal

span is from sealevel to 3000 m. There are only a few records for Chile

and these pertain to the southern Provinces of Aisén and Magallanes at

several localities where the Patagonian Steppe intrudes into Chile from

Argentina.

9. Genus PICROCRYPTOIDES

Picrocryptoides Porter, 1965. Psyche 72: 167-74.

Type: Picrocryptoides willinki Porter. Original designation.

Fore wing 7.3-9.0 mm long. Coloration with head, mesosoma, and gaster

dull metallic green; flagellum uniformly dark; legs orange variegated with

brown to black; wings dark with metallic reflections. Body stout in

female, rather slender in male. Flagellum in female definitely shorter

than body, subtly enlarged and slightly flattened below toward apex, Ist

segment 3.2-3.8 as long as deep at apex; in male robustly setaceous, with

sharp and mostly percurrent linear and longitudinally oriented tyloids on

segments 8(9)-17, first segment 2.4-2.6 as long as deep at apex. Front

shallowly excavated with lower 0.5 polished and smooth; area around dorsal

tentorial pit broadly but not deeply impressed. Face 1.4 as wide between

eyes just below antennal sockets as high from top of anterior tentorial

pits to bottom of antennal sockets. Mandible short and broad, tapering

apicad, 2.6 as long as wide across base of teeth, teeth subequal.

Stemmaticum raised well above rest of vertex. Clypeus; in profile much

raised, strongly and asymmetrically blunt-pyramidal to nasute; its apical

margin edentate, truncate to gently convex, rather sharp but only faintly

reflexed on corners. Malar space in female 1.5-1.8 as long as basal width

of mandible and in male 1.2-1.5 as long. Occipital carina rather high and

flange-like above but narrowing below toward its junction with the narrowly

raised hypostomal carina. Pronotum with humeral margin broadly but rather

shallowly grooved on anterior 0.5 but more evanescently grooved rearward;

epomia strong in scrobe and above produced into a well differentiated,

large, bluntly triangular lamella; lower front margin gently rounded;

dorsal anterior margin across collar with a rather high carina behind which

there is an extensive swollen area bounded along its apex by a fine and

sharp transverse groove. Mesoscutum with notauli reaching 0.6-0.8 its

length, sometimes strong and sharply impressed throughout but sometimes

reduced to a line of large punctures over much of their extent; smooth and

polished with numerous but mostly well separated large and strong

punctures. Mesopleuron with subalarum horizontal, stoutly subcrescentic,

subcarinate along summit and continued rearward by a low but sharp carina;

speculum swollen, smooth and shining with some large and deep punctures,

set off below by a depression and pit but without a distinct subcurrent

groove; prepectal carina sharp but extending less than 0.5 the distance

Porter: Chilean Mesostenini (Ichneumonidae) 59

dorsad on mesopleuron, inclivously curved but ending far from anterior

margin of mesopleuron; lower prepectus with a tiny, sharp carina; disc

almost uniformly, rather finely and granularly reticulo-punctate, ridges

which separate the punctures tend to be sharp-crested on dorsal 0.5 but

broader crested and more shining on lower 0.5 (surface more shining and

punctures a little sparser in male); sternaulus straight and percurrent,

deeply impressed on anterior 0.5, much more faintly defined toward apex.

Hind coxa with a short but deep and polished groove descending from its

articulation. Female fore tibia not inflated. Metanotum with its baso-

lateral fossae sharp, small to large and occupying most of basal 0.7 of

sclerite, on which they are separated broadly or by a strong median

longitudinal carina; its surface weakly convex, polished, and almost

glabrous; its hind rim forming a low ridge that curves around and down

laterally to traverse summit of upper metapleuron. Groove between

metanotum and propodeum narrow and shallow, with a pair of tiny submedian

tubercles on hind rim of metanotum but only a vague pair of complementary

excrescences On corresponding loci of anterior propodeum (end of obsolete

median longitudinal carinae); no trace of a pair of excrescences

corresponding to tangent of the equally vague lateral longitudinal carinae

of propodeum. Wing venation: areolet very large and broad with intercubiti

parallel, slightly convergent above, or a little differentially inclivous

2nd abscissa of radius 0.8-1.0 as long as lst intercubitus; 2nd recurrent

quite strongly reclivous on lower 0.5, straightened, curved, or angled

above; discocubitus gently and evenly curved to slightly angled near

middle, ramellus sometimes rather long but often completely absent;

mediella practically straight; nervulus interstitial to a little

antefurcal; axillus long and closer to submediella than to anal margin of

hind wing. Propodeum with spiracle 2.2-2.5 as long as wide; in female

elongate and gently curved in profile, without clear discontinuity between

basal and apical faces, a little bulging and spheroid in aspect; often with

a weak area basalis and with fine but detectable basal and apical trans-

carinae, Of which the apical carina may be broadened into low and elongate

sublateral cristae but often also with all carinae weak or absent; in male

even longer and lower in profile than in female and with most carinae at

best weakly suggested. First gastric segment: in female with a stout

subtriangular expansion baso-laterally on petiole and with postpetiole

broadly expanded, 1.4 as wide apically as long from spiracle to apex; as

well as with ventro-lateral carina sharp throughout; dorso-lateral carina

well defined but sometimes becoming weaker basad on petiole; dorsal carinae

variably developed, usually traceable but not sharp toward apex of petiole

and on base of postpetiole; male with weaker expansion at base of petiole;

with postpetiole 1.2 as wide apically as long from spiracle to apex; and

longitudinal carinae averaging weaker than in female. Second gastric

tergite: in female shining with large and strong, adjacent to subadjacent

punctures that emit short setae that are generally about the length of

their interspaces; in male mostly smooth and polished with mostly well

separated tiny to moderately large punctures which emit long but not

extensively overlapping setae. Gaster in female rather stout fusiform, in

male more slender and approximately parallel-sided or weakly fusiform.

Ovipositor: sheathed portion 0.30 as long as fore wing; straight, stout;

scarcely compressed; without nodus or notch; profile of dorsal valve gently

decurved on tip; ventral valve on tip with strong and approximately

vertical ridges.

60 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 3, 1987

RELATIONSHIPS. Picrocryptoides contains dull metallic green

trachysphyroids with dark wings, very large areolet, straight mediella,

axillus closer to submediella than to anal margin of hind wing, well

developed notauli, long propodeal spiracle, and strongly expanded female

postpetiole. Most of these features are shared with several other South

American members of the same complex, such as Aglaodina, Trachysphyrus,

Aeliopotes, a few Xiphonychidion, and Compsocryptus. Some of the unusual

or unique characters displayed by Picrocryptoides include location and

shape of the tyloids; more or less nasute clypeus; inflated stemmaticum;

very long malar space; dorsally and dorso-laterally raised but ventrally

lower occipital carina; the lamellate dorsal projection of the epomia;

coarsely punctate mesoscutum; often huge baso-lateral fossae on metanotum;

other metathoracic details; reclivous 2nd recurrent vein; vague or absent

carination and elongate contour of propodeum; strong subtriangular baso-

lateral projection on female petiole; grossly punctate and densely setose

female 2nd gastric tergite; and the short, stout ovipositor which lacks

both the notch and the nodus of the dorsal valve tip and has mostly

vertical ridges on the ventral valve tip.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION. This is a genus of semiarid subtropical

South America, with one species from Concepcidén in central Chile and

another that extends in Argentina from Catamarca and Cérdoba Provinces

south to San Luis, La Pampa, and Buenos Aires.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF PICROCRYPTOIDES

(Female of P. hesperios unknown)

1. Temple strongly receding, 0.50-0.60 as long as eye in dorsal view;

propodeum elongate but with apical face steep and clearly but not

sharply differentiated from basal face, smooth and shining on basal

0.3-0.5 but otherwise with strong and dense punctures, toward apex of

basal face and on apical face with long, bushy, much overlapping

SSC SK ee ewe Re Pe wallinki Porter; ‘Argentina

1.’ Temple rounded-off and scarcely receding, 0.76-0.78 as long as eye in

dorsal view; propodeum low and rather flat in profile with apical

face prolonging almost the same steep contour as basal face, surface

mostly smooth and shining with some large punctures only laterally

and on apical 0.3 or less, toward apex of basal face and on apical

face with numerous but not much overlapping long setae ....

2. P. hesperios Porter, Chile

1. Picrocryptoides willinki Porter

(Fig. 180, 188, 198, 199)

Picrocryptoides willinki Porter, 1965. Psyche 72: 167-74. Type f:

ARGENTINA, Cérdoba, Davis (Cambridge).

Picrocryptoides willinki Porter, 1975. Stud. Ent. 10: 418.

Porter: Chilean Mesostenini (Ichneumonidae) 61

NEW SPECIES EXAMINED. 1 m: ARGENTINA, Buenos Aires Province, La

Plata, Facultad de Agronomia, 1968-69, Malaise Trap, C. Porter (Cambridge).

FIELD NOTES. This species seems restricted to the Pampa and southern

Chaco Biotic Provinces in central Argentina. It flies from December to

March and most often appears close to the ground in sunny places.

2. Picrocryptoides hesperios Porter

Picrocryptoides hesperios Porter, 1965. Psyche 72: 173-4. Type m:

CHILE, Concepcién (Cambridge).

FIELD NOTES. Picrocryptoides hesperios has not been collected since

P. Herbst obtained the three type males at Concepci6n, Chile in November

and December of 1908. Extensive habitat destruction around Concepcion and

replacement of the native trees with Scotch Pines or Eucalyptus might have

eliminated this species. On the other hand, Picrocryptoides in Argentina

occurs commonly in scrubby and disturbed biotopes, so that P. hesperios

appears likely to have survived the agricultural and silvicultural chaos in

central Chile.

10. Genus AELIOPOTES

Aeliopotes Porter, 1985. Psyche 92: 517-21. Type: Amblyteles

paitensis Cockerell. Monobasic.

Fore wing 6.9-12.5 mm long. Coloration: head and mesosoma black;

gaster red (occasionally with much black staining); legs red and black with

a white band on male hind tarsus; flagellum black and in female with a

white band; wings deeply infumate with metallic reflections. Body robustly

elongate in female, more slender and cylindroid in male. Flagellum in

female about 0.5 as long as body, filiform, slightly more robust on apical

0.5 but not flattened below toward apex, and with lst segment 4.6-4.9 as

long as deep at apex; in male a little longer than in female, setaceous

with tyloids on segments 13(14)-18(19), of which the distalmost tyloid is

rounded while the others are sharply linear and longitudinally oriented

with the axes of their segments, segments 16-18 with a dorso-basal

excavation above tyloid; lst segment 3.0-3.7 as long as deep at apex.

Front moderately excavated on lower 0.5 where it is shining with more or

less strong and regular transverse wrinkles (weaker and less regular in

male), but becoming gently convex on upper 0.5 where the surface is duller,

more granularly puncto-reticulate and with more irregular larger wrinkles.

Face 1.9 as wide between eyes as high from top of anterior tentorial pit to

bottom of antennal sockets. Clypeus large and broad; in profile weakly or

very weakly, about symmetrically convex; apical margin slightly convex and

with corners well impressed but at most weakly reflexed (males). Malar

space in female 0.80-1.0 as long as basal width of mandible, in male 0.80-

0.90. Occipital carina sharp and narrow, joining the moderately elevated

hypostomal carina below. Pronotum with humeral margin shallowly but

percurrently and foveolately grooved; epomia strong in scrobe and developed

above into a broad and sharply differentiated triangular or obtuse plate-

like area; lower front pronotal margin rounded to broadly angled, without a

tooth; upper front margin sublaterally with a sharp and low flange that

62 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 3, 1987

becomes a very low carina dorsally across anterior end of collar; dorso-

median transverse area of collar weakly swollen, set off behind by coarse

foveae (foveae weaker in male). Mesoscutum with notauli fine and narrow,

reaching 0.7-0.8 its length; surface shining with uniformly dense

moderately small, sharp, adjacent to subadjacent punctures. Mesopleuron

with subalarum narrow, subcristate to subcarinate along summit and

carinately prolonged behind, horizontally oriented; speculum swollen,

mostly smooth and shining, at its anterio-ventral corner with a large,

irregularly shaped, partly shining depression which is vaguely continued

rearward to mesopleural suture by an impressed and coarsely foveolate area

beneath speculum; prepectal carina strong, sharply inclivous, reaching

about 0.5 the distance dorsad toward subalarum and at its terminus more or

less contacting the anterior mesopleural margin; lower prepectus without an

excrescence; disc opposite speculum above along front margin of mesopleuron

with a shining callus that may be finely and densely punctate or which in

some specimens is punctured and longitudinally striate throughout or only

peripherally invaded by longitudinal wrinkles and whose surface on upper

0.5 beyond callus is radiately wrinkled while on lower 0.5 the mesopleural

disc is uniformly and coarsely puncto-reticulate and wrinkled; sternaulus

percurrent, broad, strong, foveolate, shallower and broader on apical 0.4

and narrower and deeper on basal 0.6. Female fore tibia stout but not

inflated. Hind coxa with a sharp and strong, polished, vertical groove

extending some distance below its attachment. Female 4th tarsomeres with a

deep, V-shaped emargination on apex on fore and mid leg, practically

truncate on hind leg. Metanotum gently convex in profile, moderately

setose, its dorso-basal fossae large, deep, and triangular, separated on

meson by about 0.5 the width of 1 fossa. Groove between metanotum and

propodeum deep and very narrow in female, broader but also deep in male;

submedian tubercles tiny but sharp on metanotal face of groove, large and

convex (in male a little upturned and unusually large) on the propodeal

face (both tubercles larger and easier to discern in male); sublateral

tubercles obsolete on metanotal face and tiny but sharp on propodeal face

(both obsolete in male). Wing venation: areolet large, intercubiti rather

weakly to strongly and sometimes differentially convergent dorsad, 2nd

abscissa of radius 0.6-0.8 as long as lst intercubitus, areolet rather

high, 1.0-1.1 as high as wide; 2nd recurrent a little reclivous, weakly and

evenly curved or sometimes most strongly curved on upper 0.5, inserted near

middle of areolet; discocubitus gently arched and without a ramellus;

mediella straight beyond base; axillus far from anal margin of hind wing,

as close to submediella as to anal margin. Propodeum with spiracle 2.0-2.5

as long as wide; its profile moderately short and high in female with

apical face vertically declivous but in male lower and more elongate with

the faces less sharply differentiated; basal trans-carina finely traceable

throughout or often weak and irregular toward middle, straight laterally

and swept forward submedially to its transverse median abscissa which

remains moderately distant from propodeal base; apical trans-carina

occasionally fine and sharp throughout but more often faint and irregular

to almost absent, curved forward to its approximately transverse median

abscissa but not closely approaching the basal trans-carina; cristae

broadly low cuneate to short subligulate; area basalis tetragonal with

sides converging rearward, wider than long in position; areola more or less

regularly hexagonal, wider than long in position in female; in male a

little longer than broad. First gastric segment with a strong and bluntly

triangular lateral expansion at base of petiole (weak only in dwarf males);

Porter: Chilean Mesostenini (Ichneumonidae) 63

postpetiole in female 1.4-1.7 as wide apically as long from spiracle to

apex, in male 0.8-1.4 as wide: ventro-lateral carina strong on postpetiole,

variably developed on petiole; dorso-lateral carina weak, most distinct

toward apex of petiole and on base of postpetiole; dorsal carinae in female

visible, but not sharp, toward apex of petiole and on about basal 0.5 of

postpetiole, where they define a weak median area, dorsal carinae absent in

male; sides of petiole in female with numerous, regularly spaced, strong

vertical carinae between the ventro-lateral and the dorso-lateral Carina,

these carinae present also in large males but absent or obsolete in small

males. Second gastric tergite in female smooth and shining to a little

dull, with vague to fine but strong micro-reticulation and sparse, medium

sized, shallow punctures that emit short and well separated setae; in male

similar to female but with abundant although well spaced, rather small and

superficial punctures that emit long, considerably Overlapping setae.

Ovipositor with sheathed portion 0.60-0.70 as long as fore wing; moderately

stout, somewhat compressed; nodus low but distinct and without a notch;

dorsal valve on tip with a gradual, slightly concave taper between nodus

and apex; ventral valve on tip with fine, well spaced ridges, of which most

are inclivously oblique, except that the basalmost ridge is reclivous and

the next apicad nearly vertical; tip 0.13-0.18 as high at nodus as long

from nodus to apex.

RELATIONSHIPS. This genus resembles Trachysphyrus in most characters

except for its red and black coloration, dorsally lamelliform epomia, and

baso-laterally toothed lst gastric tergite. It also seems related to

Compsocryptus but has unicolor instead of light and dark banded wings, long

notauli, a sparsely punctate and setose female 2nd gastric tergite, and a

straight ovipositor.

1. Aeliopotes paitensis (Cockerel1)

(Fig. 46, 51, 53, 181)

Amblyteles paitensis Cockerell, 1927. Emtomologist 60: 158. Type m: Pert,

Paita (Washington).

Aeliopotes paitensis Porter, 1985. Psyche 92: 517-21.

Field Notes. This species is confined to the Coastal Desert biome

between Piura and Arequipa, Peri’ at altitudes from sealevel to 2800 m. It

may reach similar habitats in nearby north Chile.

11. Genus AGLAODINA, new genus

Type species: Ichneumon (Cryptus) cribricollis Spinola

Fore wing 9.8-13.4 mm long. Coloration metallic bluish green or

shining black; flagellum mostly yellow to orange; hind orbit usually with a

yellow line; wings deeply infumate with metallic reflections. Flagellum in

female long and slender, filiform, scarcely flattened below toward apex

with its lst segment 5.4-6.4 as long as deep at apex, and with the short

ventral setae uninterrupted on all segments but in male a little heavier

than in female and bristleshaped, with sharp tyloidal ridges on segments

13-17, the basal tyloids following longitudinal axes of their segments but

with the apical 3-4 ridges a little obliquely oriented, segments 15-18 with

64 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 3, 1987

a conspicuous, polished basal area above each tyloid, and with lst segment

2.8-3.3 as long as deep at apex. Front in female deeply excavated almost

throughout, becoming smooth and polished below around antennal sockets,

otherwise shining but with transverse wrinkling on most of upper 0.6 except

with more irregular wrinkles toward stemmaticum;: front in male similar but

less deeply excavated and with a more extensive polished area below. Face

1.8 as wide as high. Mandible short and broad, 2.1-2.6 as long as wide

across base of teeth, evenly tapering to mid-length and then almost

parallel-sided to apex or evenly tapering throughout, its teeth subequal or

with lower tooth a little shorter than the upper. Clypeus in profile

moderately to strongly raised and bluntly subpyramidal or convex, its

apical margin straight to a little convex, broadly and sharply defined

throughout and narrowly but conspicuously reflexed on corners, its width

1.7 its height. Occipital carina uniformly sharp and low or sometimes

becoming a little raised laterad and ventrad, joining the low to moderately

raised hypostomal carina below. Malar space in female 0.7-1.2 as long as

basal width of mandible, in male 0.7-1.0 as long. Pronotum with

submarginal groove broad, grossly foveolate, often strong basally but

weaker apicad; epomia strong in scrobe, above produced into a conspicuously

ligulate or dentiformly triangular plate; lower front margin broadly angled

and with a large and blunt to sharp tooth near mid-height; front margin

sublaterally and across collar with a low but sharp, vertical carina;

transverse swelling on collar gently swollen, well set off behind by a fine

but sharp groove and a transverse row of foveae. Mesoscutum with notauli

well defined to weak, usually detectable 0.3-0.6 its length; surface

shining, grossly reticulo-punctate with huge, deep, subadjacent or a little

sparser to confluent punctures. Mesopleuron: subalarum horizontal and

bluntly cariniform or crescentic, its summit sharply carinate only apicad;

speculum partly to uniformly punctate and wrinkled; prepectal carina nearly

vertical, sharp to about dorsal 0.8 of mesopleuron but not reaching

subalarum; surface strongly to grossly wrinkled or reticulo-punctate;

sternaulus very weak but broad, barely traceable from prepectus rearward

about 0.5 the distance to mid coxa. Female fore tibia not inflated or

swollen. Hind coxa with strong groove extending vertically beneath its

attachment. Wing venation: areolet large, broad or (often) high and

narrow, intercubiti moderately to rather strongly convergent above, 2nd

abscissa of radius 0.5-1.0 as long as lst intercubitus, areolet 1.0-1.3 as

high as broad; discocubitus very strongly bent a little basad of middle and

often with a short ramellus, so that lst recurrent is trenchantly

differentiated from lst abscissa of cubitus and the 2nd discoidal cell is

skewed longitudinally; 2nd recurrent vertical or gently reclivous, straight

or a little outbulged on upper 0.5, inserted distad of middle of areolet;

mediella straight except near base; axillus far from anal margin of hind

wing, as close to submediella as to anal margin; brachiella strong almost

to edge of wing; setae of wing membrane usually sparse, short, and often

hardly protruding beyond their sockets, the membrane crenulate (especially)

apicad. Metanotum weakly convex, almost flat in profile; its baso-lateral

fossae broad and deep, often separated on meson by more than the width of 1

fossa. Groove between metanotum and propodeum deep and moderately narrow

in female, with the submedian tubercles tiny but acute on metanotal face

and obsolete on propodeal face, and with the sublateral excrescences large

and bluntly carinate on metanotal face but scarcely detectably on

propodeum, in male with the groove similar to female’s but broader and more

open laterad with both sets of tubercles sometimes stronger than in female.

Porter: Chilean Mesostenini (Ichneumonidae) 65

Propodeum with spiracle 1.2-2.3 as long as wide: area basalis horizontal,

not strongly rising to meet median abscissa; entire propodeal contour in

both sexes quite short and high with basal face a little longer than the

vertically declivous apical face; basal trans-—carina variably developed,

conspicuous to obsolete, sometimes much elevated on the median abscissa

which is thrust far forward to about basal 0.2 of propodeal dorsum; apical

trans-carina far from basal, irregularly detectable (at least in part);

cristae stout to narrow ligulate or even spike-shaped, strongly to very

strongly projecting; areola often defined but also frequently obsolete,

usually longer than wide. First gastric tergite: petiole without a baso-

lateral expansion, slender but dorsally flattened: postpetiole in female

1.1-1.6 as wide at apex as long from spiracle to apex and in male 1.1-1.4

as wide; ventro-lateral and dorso-lateral carinae more or less well

defined; dorsal carinae absent or obsolete. Second gastric tergite highly

polished and shining with at most faint microreticulation, in females and

most males with only scattered tiny punctures that emit short, Sparse setae

(some males with larger and denser punctures that give rise to longer but

hardly overlapping setae). Gaster elongately fusiform, usually compressed

toward apex (especially in female). Ovipositor with sheathed portion 0.30-

0.40 as long as fore wing; straight, moderately slender, extremely

compressed; nodus distinct, with a small and often superficial notch; tip

0.19-0.23 as high at notch as long from notch to apex; ventral valve on tip

with fine and well spaced inclivously oblique ridges; tip profile long-

sagittate.

GENERIC NAME. From the Greek adjective aglaus, "noble," "slorious,"

and the Greek noun dina, "whirl, eddy, ripple."

RELATIONSHIPS. Aglaodina belongs to the group of "trachysphyroid"

genera that includes also Trachysphyrus, Aeliopotes (Porter 1985c),

Picrocryptoides, some Xiphonychidion, Compsocryptus, Joppidium, and

Sciocryptus. All of these have the axillus far removed from the anal

margin of the hind wing. Forward displacement of the axillus has occurred

independently along numerous lineages within the Tribe Mesostenini. For

this reason, I prefer to delay conjectures as to the phyletic affinities of

Aglaodina until the world mesostenines have been thoroughly studied.

Aglaodina differs phaenetically from its relatives or homoeoplasts by

virtue of the following combination of unique or unusual features: Epomia

produced dorsad into a broadly triangular tooth or lamella; mesoscutum

grossly punctate; sternaulus very weak and broad, reaching scarcely 0.5 the

length of mesopleuron; wing membrane oddly crenulate and with many

unusually short setae that scarcely exceed their sockets; discocubitus

strongly bent premedially, so that lst recurrent and lst abscissa of

cubitus are nearly at right angles to each other; axillus as close to

submediella as to anal margin of hind wing; petiole slender and without a

baso-lateral tooth or flange; postpetiole without or with only faint dorsal

carinae; 2nd gastric tergite highly polished with sparse tiny punctures

that emit short and well separated setae (punctures and setae better

developed in some males); ovipositor at most 0.40 as long as fore wing,

Sagittate on tip with a definite nodus bearing a superficial notch and with

inclivously oblique ridges on the ventral valve, extremely compressed

throughout.

66 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 3, 1987

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION. Aglaodina occurs in the Andean and temperate

regions of southwestern South America. In Chile, it has species from

Tarapaca south to Aisén Province. In adjoining Argentina, there are

records from the northwestern provinces of Jujuy, Salta, and Tucumén, from

Mendoza at the base of the Andes near 33° South Latitude, and from Neuquén

Province on the Chilean border at 40° South.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF AGLAODINA

1. Head and body dull metallic bluish green; malar space 0.7-0.8 as long as

basal width of mandible; 2nd recurrent vein usually outbulged on

upper 0.5; areola without a median longitudinal ridge . ‘

1. A. cribricollis éspaista)

1.’ Head and body shining black; malar space 1.0-1.2 as long as basal width

of mandible; 2nd recurrent not outbulged on upper 0.5; areola with a

strong median longitudinal ridge on apical 0.3-0.4 ........ 2

2. Legs orange; malar space 1.2 as long as basal width of mandible;

areolet broad, with 2nd abscissa of radius 1.0 as long as lst

PLETeCUbITAS Ae wore Ss A a A AS hyvperbasa

(Porter)

2.’ Legs black; malar space 1.0 as long as basal width of mandible; areolet

rather high and narrow, 2nd abscissa of radius 0.7 as long as list

pydRe er gol os Cue UM a ASP ARRON ecb GL Samm al Mel We BAe i Re

3. Female with white apical bands on most gastric tergites; notauli

traceable 0.5 the length of mesoscutum; gross punctures on mesoscutum

mostly reticulo-confluent and their interspaces uniformly with small,

sharp ,))idense(punctares iit STN Wn a PR STAY lasia’ (Porter)

3.’ Gaster without white markings; notauli traceable 0.7 length of

mesoscutum; interspaces between gross mesoscutal punctures polished

and impunctate, comparatively large ..... . 4. A. daseia (Porter)

1. Aglaodina cribricollis (Spinola), new combination

(Fig. 54, 56-60, 123, 201)

Ichmeumon (Cryptus) cribricollis Spinola, 1851. In Gay: Historia fisica y

politica de Chile. Zoologia 6: 490. Type m: Chile, central provinces

(lost).

Trachysphyrus cribricollis Porter, 1967. Mem. Amer. Ent. Inst. 10: 267-9.

NEW SPECIES EXAMINED. 1 f and 6 m: CHILE, Atacama Province, nr.

Carrizal Bajo, 4-6-X-1984, C. Porter, T. O’Neill; Coquimbo Province, Valle

de Elqui, nr. Rivadavia, 28-30-IX-1986, C. Porter, T. O’Neill; San Felipe

Province, Jahuel, 16-19-X-1984, C. Porter, T. O’Neill.

FIELD NOTES. This conspicuous species ranges over most of Neantarctic

Chile from 27 (Atacama Province) to 47 South Latitude (Aisén Province). It

Porter: Chilean Mesostenini (Ichneumonidae) 67

seems to prefer arid to semihumid habitats but has been collected in

Nothofagus Forest (Valdivian Cordillera) at Pucard in Neuquén Province of

Argentina on Lago Lacar near the Chilean border (Porter 1967: 268).

Aglaodina cribricolls flies swiftly and erratically in bright sun

around arbustive vegetation and among understory herbs. The specimens

collected in Atacama Province were swept from shrubs along an arroyo at a

flower-covered site which had received copious late winter rain. Some

prominent elements in this ephemeral flora were Hippeastrum phylloides,

Argylia puberula, Calandrinia sp., Cordia decandra, and a varied panorama

of Cactaceae. The consistent presence of this species in the southern

Atacama Desert (more records in Porter 1967: 268) evokes speculation as to

how it may survive the many rainless years during which the larger plants

remain leafless and flowerless and the herbaceous flora survives as

drought-resistent seeds or succulent underground bulbs.

2. Aglaodina hyperbasa (Porter), new combination

(Fig. 151)

Trachysphyrus hyperbasa Porter, 1967. Mem. Amer. Ent. Inst. 10: 269.

Type f: Chile, Antofagasta Province, Catarape (Cambridge).

3. Aglaodina lasia (Porter), new combination

Trachysphyrus lasius Porter, 1967. Mem. Amer. Ent. Inst. 10: 271-2.

Type m: Argentina, Catamarca Province, El Manchado at 4000 m

(Tucuman).

NEW SPECIMENS EXAMINED. 1 f: CHILE, Tarapacd Province, Putre, 3400 m

no date or collector (Arica).

VARIATION. The north Chilean specimen agrees well with my description

of the Argentine holotype, except for the usual sexual discrepancies

(sheathed portion of ovipositor 0.30 as long as fore wing) and for the

presence of white apical bands on most gastric tergites beyond the 2nd.

FIELD NOTES. This rarely collected species ranges through the high

Andes of northern Chile, northwest Argentina, and (presumably) of

intermediate Bolivia. It occurs between 2-4000 m. In addition to the

holotype and the Chilean specimen reported above, I have seen Aglaodina

lasia from several new Argentine localities, including Tafi del Valle at

2000 m in Tucuman Province, Cachipampa at 3000 m in Salta Province, and

from Mina Aguilar at 4000 m in Jujuy Province.

Aglaodina lasia thus inhabits the Altiplano (High Andean Steppe), Puna

(High Andean Desert), and Alder Woods Biomes. It rarely flies but spends

much time crawling deep within low and tangled vegetation, from which it

sometimes can be extracted with the sweeping net or by hand.

4. Aglaodina daseia (Porter), new combination

(Fig. 165)

68 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 3, 1987

Trachysphyrus dasys Porter, 1967. Mem. Amer. Ent. Inst. 10: 270-1.

Type f: Argentina, Mendoza (Ithaca).

12. Genus XYLACIS Porter, new genus

Type species: Trachysphyrus echthroides Porter

Fore wing 6.5-7.0 mm long. Coloration with head and mesosoma black

with sparse white markings and gaster black with white apical bands on

tergites 4 or 5-7, flagellum with a white band, legs orange and black with

some white markings in male, wings moderately infumate in female, hyaline

in male. Body elongate in female and slender in male. Flagellum in female

long, slender, not depressed below toward apex, and with lst segment 6.3 as

long as deep apically; in male very slender setaceous with tyloids on

segments 11 (apex)-17(18), tyloids sharp and linear in form and

longitudinal to slightly oblique in orientation, tyloidiferous segments 13-

15 dorso-basally excavated, lst segment 2.9-3.6 as long as deep at apex.

Front shallowly excavated, its surface dorsad mat with granular puncto-

reticulation and toward ventral 0.5 more shining with transversely biased

wrinkling. Face 1.6 as wide between eyes as high from top of anterior

tentorial pits to bottom of antennal sockets. Mandible broad, strongly

tapered toward apex; its ventral margin sharp and subcarinate; its width

across base of teeth 2.4 its length; its lower tooth longer and more robust

than the upper tooth. Clypeus rather small, in profile with basal 0.6-0.7

weakly to moderately convex and then with surface abruptly depressed

through to apex; apical margin semiconvex but with a broadly triangular

tooth medially and with the tooth prolonged dorsad from its mid-point as a

vertical ridge that extends far upward along meson of the flattened clypeal

surface, the apical margin becoming progressively more reflexed laterad of

tooth and with its corners strongly reflexed. Malar space 0.80-0.90 as

long as basal width of mandible. Occipital carina fine and sharp, joining

the only weakly raised hypostomal carina below. Pronotum with humeral

margin not swollen and humeral groove at most shallowly and obsolescently

developed (best defined anteriad); epomia strong in scrobe but not much

prolonged dorsad, with at most a faint swelling above its upper end; lower

front margin weakly and bluntly subangulate; front margin dorsolaterally

and medially across collar accentuated by a low but sharp carina, swollen

anterio-median area of collar unusually elongate, not set off behind by a

conspicuous groove. Mesoscutum with notauli in female narrow and

superficial but reaching more than 0.5 the length of mesoscutum and in male

even more tenuous but sometimes detectable for as much as 0.7 the length of

mesoscutum; surface dully shining, finely but strongly reticulo-punctate

with uniformly distributed, sharp, medium-sized, adjacent to confluent

punctures (punctures averaging adjacent to confluent and surface more

coarsely puncto-reticulate and more shining in male). Mesopleuron with

subalarum horizontal, a little swollen, and ecarinate except for its apical

prolongation; speculum swollen and shining but extensively invaded by

strong punctures and wrinkles, its lower margin set off by an irregular pit

that grades apicad into a short and fine groove; disc almost uniformly with

fine reticulate wrinkling; lower prepectus without a ridge or carina;

prepectal carina itself gently inclivous, far from anterior margin of

mesopleuron, sharp or at least finely detectable 0.6 the distance dorsad to

Porter: Chilean Mesostenini (Ichneumonidae) 69

subalarum; sternaulus broad but weak, gently upcurved, traceable 0.6 the

distance from prepectal carina to hind corner of mesopleuron. Hind coxa

with a strong but short polished groove descending vertically from its

attachment. Female front tibia conspicuously inflated. Metanotum gently

convex in profile, almost glabrous, its lateral fossae large and deep but

distant from one another across meson. Groove between metnotum and

propodeum sharp, deep, moderately narrow; both propodeal and metanotal

surfaces with a small tooth or tubercle submedially and aligned with the

(obsolescent) median longitudinal propodeal carinae; the sublateral

excrescences (corresponding to the lateral longitudinal carinae) obscure

but represented by a little swelling on metapleural face; hind rim of

metanotum sharp medially and prolonged laterally (somewhat weaker and more

irregular) across summit of the dorsal metapleuron. Wing venation: areolet

large and rather broad, intercubiti strongly convergent above, 2nd abscissa

of radius 0.5-0.8 as long as lst intercubitus; 2nd recurrent a little

reclivous, gently to strongly outbulged on upper 0.5; discocubitus long,

gently arched or broadly angled, without ramellus; mediella practically

straight beyond base in female to gently arched in male; axillus short,

weakly pigmented, and very close to anal margin of hind wing. Propodeum

with spiracle 1.2-1.7 as long as wide; moderately short and high in

profile, faces subequal, the basal arched and moderately sloping behind,

the apical discrete and steeply declivous (a little lower and longer in

male); basal trans-carina traceable throughout (delicate in female, often

strong and high in male), very gently to moderately strongly thrust forward

medially and throughout its length comparatively close to base of

propodeum; apical trans-carina absent in female and some males, in other

males irregularly detectable throughout but always very distant from the

basal carina even though arched forward medially; area basalis more or less

defined, small, strongly tapering to apex; areola at best faintly defined,

broader than long in female but much longer than broad in male; cristae low

and rather small but definitely projecting cuneate. First gastric tergite:

without a baso-lateral expansion on petiole; postpetiole in female

moderately expanded, 1.3 as wide apically as long from spiracle to apex, in

male parallel-sided and 0.70-0.80 as wide at apex as long; ventro-lateral

carina well developed throughout; dorso-lateral carina sharp on postpetiole

and on apex of petiole but fading out basad on petiole; dorsal carinae in

female distinct but not sharp from apex of petiole almost to apex of

postpetiole and defining a low median elevation, but in male only vaguely

suggested. Second gastric tergite: dully shining with almost uniformly

distributed, shallow but sharply defined, medium sized, adjacent to

confluent punctures emitting abundant short setae which about equal the

length of their interspaces (male second tergite a little duller, with

slightly longer setae, and with punctures less distinct among intercalated

micro-reticulation than described for female). Gaster fusiform in female,

more slender and almost parallel-sided in male. Ovipositor: sheathed

‘portion 0.50 as long as fore wing; relatively slender, strongly compressed;

nodus rudimentary, with a vague notch; dorsal valve with a very gradually

decurved taper between notch and apex; ventral valve with fine, well-

spaced, weakly oblique to vertical ridges; tip 0.24 as high at notch as

long from notch to apex.

GENERIC NAME. From the Greek noun xylon, "wood," and the Greek noun

acis, "pointed object." The combination is regarded as feminine.

70 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 3, 1987

SPECIES INCLUDED. Xylacis includes only Trachysphyrus echthroides

Porter (1967a: 87-8).

RELATIONSHIPS. This genus differs from all other South American

trachysphyroids in the shape and dentation of its clypeus. Other notable

features are the ventrally ridged mandible with the lower tooth larger and

stouter than the upper, the weak sternaulus, the inflated female front

tibia, the densely but discretely punctate 2nd gastric tergite, and the

Ovipositor with its obsolescent notch and nodus and nearly vertical ridges

on the tip of the ventral valve.

Many of these features ally Xylacis with the Holarctic Xylophrurus,

and the two genera agree in so many aspects that their resemblance possibly

may reflect relationship rather than convergent evolution, although the

clypeal, mandibular, tibial, and terebral specializations shared are of a

type that has evolved independently among diverse ichneumonid lineages

whose hosts are larvae that bore in twigs or stems.

Xylophrurus differs from the South American genus in lacking a strong

groove descending from the hind coxal articulation, in its stronger

propodeal trans-carinae, and by having the ventral ovipositor valve arched

upward apically so as to cover a large part of the dorsal valve between the

nodus and terebral apex.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION. Xylacis has been collected sporadically at

diverse localities in the high Andes of Bolivia and Argentina as well as in

the Northern Valdivian Forest of south-central Chile.

1. Xylacis echthroides Porter

(Fig: 224,179)

Trachysphyrus echthroides Porter, 1967. Mem. Amer. Ent. Inst. 10: 87-8.

Type f: ARGENTINA, Catamarca Province, El Suncho (Tucum4n).

Chromocryptus echthroides Townes, 1969. Mem. Amer. Ent. Inst. 12: 180.

NEW SPECIMENS EXAMINED. 2 m: ARGENTINA, Salta Province, Tacuil, 2700

m, 23-27-I-1968, R. Golbach, A. Terdn, A. Willink (Tucumén); BOLIVIA, near

La Paz, Micapaca, 5-III-1968, C. Porter, A. Garcfa (Porter).

FIELD NOTES. Both specimens were found in semiarid Subandean Desert

habitats, with lush herbaceous growth and an overstory of Prosopis, Acacia,

Schinus, and Salix in wetter spots. The Bolivian male was swept from

natural undergrowth in an Apple Orchard.

13. Genus NOTHISCHNUS

Nothischnus Porter, 1967b. Stud. Ent. 10: 396. Type: Nothischnus

riverai Porter. Monobasic.

Fore wing 5.3-7.0 mm long. Coloration black wtih a white flagellar

annulus and with abundant white markings on head, mesosoma, gaster, and

legs; wings hyaline. Flagellum in female long and slender, subtly swollen

Porter: Chilean Mesostenini (Ichneumonidae) 71

on preapical 0.4 and then weakly tapered apicad, not flattened below,

faintly setaceous, lst segment 5.3-5.9 as long as deep at apex; male

flagellum much stouter than in female, strongly setaceous, with tyloids

mostly situated obliquely to the longitudinal axis of their segments, 1st

segment 3.5-3.8 as long as deep at apex. Front broadly and shallowly

excavated, shining, most prominently polished on the gently concave ventral

0.5 which also shows fine and trans-—biased wrinkling, on upper 0.5 a little

more mat with fine micro-reticulation and some irregular and stronger

wrinkles. Face 2.2 as wide between eyes just below level of antennal

sockets as high from top of anterior tentorial pit to bottom of antennal

socket. Mandible broad and strongly tapered apicad, 2.5-2.7 as long as

wide across base of teeth; teeth subequal or with the upper a little longer

than the lower. Clypeus in profile low, gently and almost symmetrically

convex to weakly subpyramidal; its apical margin slightly convex, obscurely

bituberculate preapically on meson, its corners not reflexed, its width 2.2

its greatest height. Occipital carina fine and narrow throughout, joining

the moderately raised hypostomal carina below. Malar space 0.60-0.70 as

long as basal width of mandible. Pronotum with dorsal margin a little

swollen, its submarginal groove represented only by some weak wrinkles

along inner margin of humeral swelling; epomia not or not sharply

differentiated among the many fine vertical wrinkles in scrobe; lower front

margin broadly angled and often with a broad and blunt tooth or

excrescence; upper margin sublaterally and across collar elevated into a

sharp and translucent but low flange; dorso-median transverse area of

collar well swollen and demarked rearward by a row of foveae. Mesoscutum

with notauli both fine and sharp basally, where they set off a rather high

central lobe, and becoming shallower but traceable behind where they reach

the apical 0.6-0.7 of the mesoscutum; surface more or less mat and dully to

in part strongly shining, with minutely granular micro-reticulation, and

with abundant, well defined, medium sized, largely adjacent to subadjacent

punctures as well as with some irregular wrinkling toward and behind

terminus of notauli. Mesopleuron: subalarum horizontal, strongly swollen

and obtusely ellipsoid, carinate only apicad; prepectal carina gently

inclivous, traceable dorsad to subalarum but becoming finer and weaker

above; speculum largely polished and shining; surface otherwise finely

granular to delicately reticulate; with sternaulus nearly straight and

percurrent but faint on apical 0.4; venter not abruptly flattened, so that

pterothacic cross section is more ovoid than quadrate; lower prepectus

without an excresence. Fore tibia of female not inflated. Hind coxa

strongly grooved at base. Wing venation: areolet high, 1.1 as high as

wide, moderately large, intercubiti very much converging above, 2nd

abscissa of radius 0.3-0.6 (in some males) as long as 1st intercubitus;

discocubitus almost evenly and very gently arched and ramellus absent or

short, so that there is often little discontinuity between the lst

recurrent and lst abscissa of the cubitus and the 2nd discoidal cell may be

almost parallel-sided longitudinally; 2nd recurrent moderately inclivous,

sometimes gently curved on upper 0.5; mediella arched throughout;

brachiella almost reaching wing margin; axillus very close to anal margin

of hind wing. Metanotum prominently convex in profile, its latero-basal

fossa deep and prominent, separated on meson by a little more than the

width of 1 fossa. Groove between metanotum and propodeum strong and deep

but broad (especially laterad) even in female; the submedial excresences

obsolete, low and callous-like, on both metanotal and propodeal faces

(definitely visible), sublateral excrescences not differentiated.

72 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 3, 1987

Propodeum with spiracle round; basal trans-carina strong, especially

medially and sublaterally, gently curved forward mesad and reaching basal

0.15 of propodeal dorsum; apical trans-carina obsolete or weak on its

median 0.6 but more distinct laterad, very far from basal trans-—carina;

cristae broad and low, obtusely subcuneate or crescentic, externally often

prolonged ventrad as an irregular ridge; areola in position square or a

little wider than long, with its lateral carinae weak to absent; area

basalis very broad, in lateral view sharply declivous to propodeal base;

profile of entire propodeum in female short and high with basal face

somewhat steeply sloping behind but with the apical face nearly vertical

and subequal to basal; male propodeum longer and lower in profile than

described for female with apical face discrete but not as steeply declivous

nor as long as in female; areolation as in female or sometimes sharper,

areola often longer than wide. First gastric tergite: petiole without a

baso-lateral expansion; post-petiole moderately (female) to scarcely (male)

expanded, 0.90-1.1 as wide apically as long from spiracle to apex in female

and 0.6 in male; ventro-lateral carina percurrent (sharpest in female);

dorsal carinae in female vaguely delimiting a weak median elevation toward

apex of petiole and on postpetiole, in male not or weakly present. Second

gastric tergite mat, finely and granularly micro-reticulate with abundant,

adjacent to subadjacent, weak to obsolete, moderately large superficial

punctures emitting quite long setae that generally equal or a little exceed

the length of their interspaces (setae longest and densest in male).

Gaster elongate fusiform and apically deplanate in female, more slender and

nearly cylindric in male. Ovipositor with sheathed portion 0.20-0.30 as

long as fore wing; straight, compressed; nodus rather high and with a tiny,

sharp notch; dorsal valve taper rather steep, slightly concave toward the

comparatively attenuate apex on which the dorsal valve becomes depressed

when viewed from above; ventral valve on tip with fine, well spaced,

reclivously oblique ridges; tip 0.24-0.32 as high at notch as long from

notch to apex. Vestiture: without areas of long, outstanding, tangled,

shaggy setae.

RELATIONSHIPS. Nothischnus represents another unique, monotypic

lineage of Araucanian South America. Its closest relatives may be

Caenopelte and Sciocryptus, as discussed under those genera.

Townes (1969: 179) synonymizes Nothischnus with Chromocryptus.

Townes’ definition of Chromocryptus embraces all those species of the old

genus Trachysphyrus (Porter 1967a) that have the axillus vein close to the

anal margin of the hind wing. Townes’ synonymy is unwarranted because

Nothischnus differs from all other New World trachysphyroids by the

following combination of characters: most tyloids oblique to longitudinal

axis of flagellum; epomia obsolete or undifferentiated even in scrobe;

intercubiti very strongly convergent above; mediella arched throughout;

propodeum with spiracle round and area basalis rising steeply from base to

a peak at the reinforced median segment of the basal trans-carina;

postpetiole slender, at most 1.1 as wide apically as long from spiracle to

apex; gaster apically deplanate; ovipositor no more than 0.30 as long as

fore wing, compressed, apically attenuate, and with well spaced reclivously

oblique ridges on tip of ventral valve. Most Chromocryptus (sensu Townes)

have the epomia strong at least in scrobe; the intercubiti less strongly

convergent above than in Nothischnus; the mediella weakly arched to

straight; the propodeal spiracle ovoid to elongate; the area basalis gently

Porter: Chilean Mesostenini (Ichneumonidae) 73

arched or nearly horizontal in profile; the female postpetiole strongly

expanded; the gaster more nearly cylindric; and the ridges on the ventral

Ovipositor valve inclivously oblique to vertical.

1. Nothischnus riverai Porter

(Figs. 125)

Nothischnus riverai Porter, 1967. Stud. Ent. 10: 396-400. Type f:

Chile, Arauco Province, Pichinahuel, Cord. Nahuelbuta, 1100-1400 m

(Ottawa).

Chromocryptus riverai Townes, 1969. Mem. Amer. Ent. Inst. 12: 180.

NEW SPECIMENS EXAMINED. 1 f: CHILE, Cautin Province, Comuna de Pucén,

Termas de Palguin, 27-XI-1984, C. Porter, T. O’Neill.

FIELD NOTES. The specimen here recorded was obtained along a degraded

logging road paralleling a stream in lush Nothofagus forest, with Araucaria

a few hundred meters above on the slopes of Volc4n Villarrica.

Otherwise (Porter 1967b: 398), Nothischnus riverai has been collected

at localities both in Nuble and Arauco Provinces, where Araucaria araucana

also covers the heights and is ecotonally replaced by Nothofagus in the

1500 to 1000 m belt below. Much of this area receives 1500 to 5000 mm

yearly rainfall. Nothischnus may thus be limited ecologically to those few

parts of south-central Chile (and adjoining Argentina) in which Araucaria

araucana survives undisturbed and where a cold temperate rainforest climate

prevails (i.e., to the Pehuenar zone of Pena 1966: 12-3).

14. Genus CAENOPELTE

Caenopelte Porter, 1967. Stud. Ent. 10: 400-3. Type: Caenopelte

palinorsa Porter. Monobasic.

Fore wing 4.2-8.8 mm long. Coloration black with white on flagellum

and sparsely on head, mesosoma, gaster, and legs; wings weakly to

moderately infumate. Flagellum in female long and slender, as long as

body, practically filiform with only a faint taper apicad, not flattened

below, lst segment 6.3-7.7 as long as deep apically, but in male moderately

stout, strongly setaceous, and with tyloids on segments 13-15 which are

elongately elliptic in shape and are aligned with the longitudinal axes of

their segments, lst segment 4.2 as long as deep at apex. Front broadly and

shallowly excavated, smooth and polished on lower 0.5, where it is also

most concave, and rising on upper 0.5 to silky-shining integument with fine

micro-reticulation or micro-aciculation as well as with some faint and

irregular wrinkling. Face 1.7 as wide between eyes just below level of

antennal societs as high from top of anterior tentorial pit to bottom of

antennal socket. Mandible broad and strongly tapered apicad, 2.4-2.8 as

long as wide across base of teeth; teeth subequal or upper a little longer

than lower. Clypeus low and symmetrically subconvex in profile; its basal

face a little convex, its apical face more steeply declivous than the basal

and flattened to slightly concave, its apical margin broad and a little

concave to almost straight, its width 2.4 its greatest height. Occipital

74 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 3, 1987

carina fine and sharp, joining the only weakly higher hypostomal carina

below. Malar space 0.80-0.90 as long as basal width of mandible in female,

0.70 as long in male. Pronotum with submarginal groove broadly and a

little shallowly defined, especially anteriad (weak in small males); epomia

weak (sometimes poorly differentiated) to strong in scrobe; with lower

front margin bluntly but definitely angled or sharply curved, without a

- tooth; upper margin sublaterally and across front of collar developed into

a stronger, subtranslucent, horizontally projecting low flange-like carina;

median transverse swelling of collar gently swollen, anteriorly a little

thrust forward, set off behind by a row of strong foveae or short

longitudinal wrinkles. Mesoscutum: notauli well impressed, strongest

toward the base, traceable 0.6-0.7 the length of mesoscutum; surface silky,

shining, with only faint micro-reticulation and with almost uniformly

distributed, moderately small, sharp, adjacent to subadjacent punctures

which become reticulately confluent between notauli apicad (sometimes more

brightly shining and with even sharper and larger punctures in male).

Mesopleuron: subalarum horizontal, broadly and stoutly but bluntly

crescentic, becoming carinate only at apex; prepectal carina gently

inclivous, remaining strong, even above 0.6 of mesopleuron and irregularly

traceable to subalarum; speculum mostly smooth and shining; disc

otherwise with fine, longitudinal wrinkles and variable intercalated

punctures on upper 0.5, more strongly and irregularly wrinkled below;

sternaulus percurrent but faint on apical 0.4, weakly sinuate or a little

upcurved rearward (almost straight in some males): pterothoracic cross

section subquadrate. Hind coxa not grooved at base below attachment. Fore

tibia of female not inflated. Wing venation: areolet large and broad with

intercubiti moderately convergent above, 2nd abscissa of radius 0.7-0.8 as

long as lst intercubitus in female and: as short as 0.6 in male, areolet 0.9

as high as wide; discocubitus broadly angled and usually with a prominent

ramellus; 2nd recurrent moderately inclivous, almost straight; mediella

moderately arched; axillus close to anal margin of hind wing. Metanotum

weakly convex in profile, its latero-basal fossae deep, rounded, large,

separated on meson by a little more than the width of 1 fossa. Groove

between metanotum and propodeum deep but rather broad and open laterally,

even in female; its submedian excrescenses in female rather acutely

tuberculate on metanotal face, more rounded, tubercular, and lower on

propodeal face and the sublateral excrescenses weakly cariniform on

metanotal face but absent on propodeal face; submedial excrescenses even

stronger in male, those on propodeal face very large and somewhat upswept

(male sublateral excrescenses as in female). Propodeum with spiracle 1.1-

1.4 as long as wide; in female with profile very short and high with dorsal

face peaked at area basalis, which is very broad in position, and steeply

sloping both basad and apicad as well as with the apical face vertically

declivous and longer than the basal face; basal trans-carina sharp

throughout or sometimes weakened laterally, its lateral abscissae broadly

thrust forward to the long and straight median abscissa, which remains near

basal 0.2 of dorsal face of propodeum; apical transcarina thrust forward

medially very close to basal trans-carina, percurrent, sometimes irregular

laterad; cristae broad, strongly low crescentic and prolonged exteriorly

below as an irregular ridge; median longitudinal carinae detectable and

bordering a broad (2.0 as wide as long), hexagonal areola but in male with

profile longer and lower with faces subequal and with the apical face

sharply discrete, cristae broad, strongly low crescentic and prolonged

exteriorly below as an irregular ridge; median longitudinal carinae more or

Porter: Chilean Mesostenini (Ichneumonidae) 75

less distinct and bordering a broad (2.0 as wide as long), hexagonal

areola; in male with profile longer and lower with faces subequal, the

apical face sharply discrete but more oblique than in female, both trans-

carinae strong and sharp throughout, areola only a little wider than long

and with its bordering median longitudinal carinae irregular but strong.

First gastric tergite: petiole without a baso-lateral expansion, broad and

flattened above; postpetiole moderately expanded in female (1.1-1.3 as wide

apically as long from spiracle to apex) and slender in male (0.8 as wide

apically as long); ventro-lateral carina strong and sharp throughout;

dorso-lateral carinae more or less detectable throughout and becoming sharp

basad on petiole; dorsal carina traceable throughout on petiole and onto

basal 0.6 of postpetiole, enclosing a well defined median elevation toward

apex of petiole and on base of postpetiole (longitudinal carinae and median

elevation comparatively weaker but traceable in male). Second gastric

tergite in female with numerous, moderately large but obscure punctures

whose setae mostly approach or exceed the length of their interspaces and

with surface shining and finely micro-reticulate but in male with setae

longer and uniformly overlapping, punctures a little larger, and surface

more dully and coarsely micro-reticulate than in female. Gaster in female

stout fusiform and robustly cylindric but in male elongately cylindric and

parallel-sided. Ovipositor with sheathed portion 0.30 as long as fore

wing; straight, stout, compressed; nodus high, with a small and sharp

notch; dorsal valve with a rather short and feebly convex profile from

notch to apex; ventral valve on tip with fine, sharp, unusually crowded and

reclivously oblique ridges; tip 0.32-0.41 as high at notch as long from

notch to apex.

RELATIONSHIPS. This monotypic Araucanian genus easily may be

recognized by such unique or unusual features as its peculiarly shaped

clypeus, dense brush of setae on apex of ventral hind pretarsal plate,

unusually short and high female propodeum with the trans-carinae very close

to each other medially, and by the dense and reclivously oblique ridges on

the ventral valve of its ovipositor tip.

Caenopelte shares some features with Sciocryptus and Nothischnus in

which the mediella also is arched, the axillus close to the anal margin of

the hind wing, the propodeum short and high with a nearly round spiracle,

and the ovipositor tip has reclivous, albeit widely spaced, ridges on the

ventral valve. Notwithstanding, Caenopelte may be nearest related to

Anacis, since both have the petiole flattened and lack a sharply defined

groove extending ventrad from the hind coxal attachment.

1. Caenopelte palinorsa Porter

(Figs. 68-71, 126, 193, 207)

Caenopelte palinorsa Porter, 1967. Stud. Ent. 10:402-3. Type f:

Chile, Chiloé Province, Dalcahue (Townes).

NEW SPECIMENS EXAMINED. 1 f and 8 m: CHILE, Cautin Province, Termas

de Palguin, 27-XI-1984, 8-9-XII, 1984, C. Porter, T. O’Neill; Osorno

Province, Parque Nacional Puyehue, entre Termas de Puyehue y Antillanca,

14-II-1986, C. Porter, T. O’Neill (Porter).

76 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 3, 1987

FIELD NOTES. Caenopelte inhabits temperate southern Chile between 39°

and 43°South Latitude. It has been recorded at elevations from 600 to 1400

m and thus doubtless occurs in the Valdivian Forest, Valdivian Cordillera,

and Pehuenar regions (as defined by Pena 1966: 12-5).

My specimens were swept from small trees or understory shrubs along

abandoned logging roads or in disturbed forest. Conspicuous elements in

the flora at these localities were Nothofagus dombeyi, N. procera,

Embothrium coccineum, Gevuina avellana, Eucryphia cordifolia, Berberis

spp., Escallonia rosea, Desfontainea spinosa, Fuchsia magellanica, Chusquea

spp., Mutisia spinosa, and Philesia magellanica.

15. Genus DOCHMIDIUM

Dochmidium Porter, 1967. Stud. Ent. 10: 389-95. Type: Dochmidium

camponotus Porter. Original designation.

Fore wing 3.5-4.8 mm long. Coloration: head and mesosoma opaque black

in both sexes; gaster shining black in female and more opaque in male;

females sometimes with sparse pale tan marks on head and mesosoma as well

as with similarly colored apical bands often developed on gastric tergites

3 and following (gaster varying to uniformly black); males with moderately

conspicuous and profuse white markings on head, mesosoma, and gastric

tergites; legs black with obscure white markings in male; flagellum black,

in female with a white band; wings in female moderately infumate with

apices contrastingly pale, in male slightly and uniformly infumate. Body

short and stout fusiform in female, slender and cylindric in male.

Flagellum in female long, moderately ‘slender, filiform, scarcely flattened

below toward apex but slightly stouter on apical 0.5 than toward base, lst

segment 5.2-5.6 as long as deep at apex; in male setaceous and rather

stout, with sharp, linear, longitudinally oriented tyloids on segments 11

(near apex) and 12-14 (percurrent); lst segment 3.3-4.0 as long as deep.

Front on lower 0.3-0.4 slightly concave, a little convex on upper 0.6-0.7,

matly and minutely reticulo-punctate throughout. Face 1.7 as wide between

eyes as high from top of anterior tentorial pit to bottom of antennal

socket. Clypeus rather small; in profile comparatively low to quite high

and usually a little asymmetrically to symmetrically convex or bluntly

pyramidal; apical margin truncate to weakly convex; corners scarcely

reflexed. Malar space in female 0.90-1.0 as long as basal width of

mandible, in male 0.80-0.90 as long. Mandible broad at base and strongly,

evenly tapered toward apex, about 2.9 as wide across base of teeth as long,

its teeth subequal. Occipital carina fine and sharp, joining the only

slightly higher hypostomal carina far below. Pronotum with humeral margin

scarcely swollen but with a weak and shallow longitudinal groove that is

broad anteriorly but which narrows and fades out apicad; epomia sharp at

least in trough of scrobe, weakly traceable dorsad and mesad where it makes

a slight discontinuity on dorsal margin of pronotum; upper front margin

sublaterally and across collar with a strong but low carina; dorso-median

transverse area of collar swollen and sharply delimited across its apex.

Mesoscutum with notauli narrow and delicate, traceable about 0.5 its length

in female but in male a little stronger and reaching up to 0.7 its length;

surface in female opaque and minutely but coarsely granular, in male more

finely granular with small, mostly subadjacent, more or less weak and

superficial punctures. Mesopleuron with subalarum swollen, not

Porter: Chilean Mesostenini (Ichneumonidae) 77

conspicuously crested except rearward near the apical carina, horizontal;

speculum not swollen and only feebly differentiated, opaque and finely

granular as is rest of surface, at its anterio-ventral angle with a sharp

pit that is connected by a delicate, gently descending groove to the

mesopleural suture; prepectal carina fine, inclivous but not reaching

anterior margin of mesopleuron, recurved or slightly sinuate on upper 0.5

where it approaches subalarum; no excrescence on lower prepectus; disc

Opaque and with fine but granular micro-sculpture as well as with unusually

long, extensively overlapping, and somewhat shaggy silvery setae, which are

denser and more conspicuous than setae of the rest of the mesosoma;

sternaulus weakly impressed and upcurved on its basal 0.6, absent on apical

0.4. Hind coxa without a strong and polished groove arising at its

attachment. Female fore tibia stout and moderately swollen. Metanotum

almost flat in profile; dorso-basal fossae well developed but distant on

meson and separated basally by about 2X the width of 1 fossa. Groove

between metanotum and propodeum much as in Anacis with the submedian

tubercles well developed on both faces (strongest on metanotal apex) and

with lateral tubercles detectable on metanotum (all tubercles strongest in

male). Wing venation: areolet large and broad, 2nd abscissa of radius 0.6-

1.0 as long as lst intercubitus, width of areolet 0.7 to (more frequently)

1.1-1.2 its height; radial cell unusually short, 2.2-2.6 as long as wide in

female, 2.8-3.0 as long in male; 2nd recurrent strongly inclivous (cf.

Tribe Gelini) and approximately straight; discocubitus evenly arched

throughout; axillus very close to anal margin of hind wing; brachiella

often very short. Propodeum: spiracle round; female profile short and high

to distinctly elongate with basal and apical faces subequal, the apical

discrete and steeply declivous; basal trans-carina fine and sharp

throughout to delicate and irregular, often somewhat broken up medially and

sublaterally, strongly curved or arched forward on median abscissa but even

there well removed from propodeal base (most proximal point at about

anterior 0.3 of basal face); apical trans-carina strong and sharp

throughout, also curved forward on its median segment but distant at all

points from the basal carina; cristae low but prominent, broadly crescentic

to subcuneate; area basalis not well defined because median longitudinal

Carinae are absent or vague, longer than wide and much narrowed apicad in

position; areola vaguely defined, sometimes wider than long but usually up

to 1.6 as long as wide, subhexagonal and weakly raised; male propodeum

longer and lower than in female with the faces often smoothly merging and

the cristae very low subcrescentic. First gastric segment without a baso-

lateral expansion on petiole; female petiole stout, broad and flat above,

and the postpetiole 1.0-1.6 as wide apically as long from spiracle to apex;

male also with petiolar dorsum flattened but with postpetiole only 0.6-0.7

as wide as long; ventro-lateral carina strong throughout in female, but

often weak on petiole in male; dorso-lateral carinae more or less

completely traceable, often fine and sharp, in both sexes; dorsal carinae

more or less well defined (not sharp) on petiole and about basal 0.7 of

postpetiole in female, more vaguely traceable in male. Second gastric

tergite in female quite shining with granular micro-reticulation and

scattered obscure punctures which emit short and mostly well separated

setae that become longer and denser laterad but are never extensively

overlapping; in male a little more dully shining and more coarsely micro-

reticulate than in female and with abundant but very faint punctures that

emit long and mostly well overlapping setae. Gaster short and stout

fusiform in female, long and slender in male. Ovipositor: sheathed portion

78 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 3, 1987

0.30-0.40 as long as fore wing; straight, moderately stout, compressed;

nodus well developed and with a tiny but sharp notch; dorsal valve on tip

with profile strongly tapering and straight or slightly convex; ventral

valve on tip with fine and inclivously oblique ridges.

RELATIONSHIPS. Dochmidium seems closely related to Anacis because of

its relatively few tyloids (developed in part on 11th and throughout on 12-

14th flagellomeres), weak humeral groove on pronotum, apically faint

sternaulus, ungrooved hind coxal base, arched mediella, broad areolet,

round propodeal spiracle, well separated basal and apical trans-carinae of

propodeum with basal carina medially at no more than anterior 0.3 of dorsal

propodeal face, and well developed submedian excrescences in groove between

metanotum and propodeum.

The inclivous 2nd recurrent vein furnishes the best diagnostic feature

for this genus. Other useful characters are the exceptionally short and

broad radial cell, the dense and silvery long setae of the mesopleuron, and

the moderately darkened female wings which become contrastingly paler

apicad.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION. This genus is confined to Neantarctic South

America between about 35° and 42°South Latitude. It occurs principally in

the Nothofagus region of Chile but reaches similar habitats along the

Chilean border in Argentina south of 40° Latitude.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF DOCHMIDIUM

(Male of D. syntomum unknown)

1. Areola wider than long in position; postpetiole 1.6 as wide apically as

long from spiracle to apex; gaster without pale markings :

.2. D. syntomum Porter

1.’ Areola longer than wide in position; postpetiole in female 1.0-1.4 as

wide apically as long from spiracle to apex; gaster sometimes with

tan on 3rd and succeeding segments .... 1. D. camponotus Porter

1. Dochmidium camponotus Porter

(Fig. 61-66, 185)

Dochmidium camponotus Porter, 1967b. Stud. Ent. 10: 392-5. Type f:

Chile, Talca Province, Altos de Vilches (Cambridge).

NEW SPECIMENS EXAMINED. 6 m: ARGENTINA, Neuquén Province, Pucard ca.

Chilean border on Lago Lacar west of San Martin de los Andes, I-1970, S.

Schajovskoy; CHILE, Osorno Province, Parque Nacional Puyehue, entre Termas

de Puyehue y Antillanca, 14-II-1986, C. Porter, T. O’Neill; Cautin, Pucdn

(Peninsula en Lago Villarrica), 30-XI-1984, C. Porter, T. O’Neill (Porter).

FIELD NOTES. Females of D. camponotus most often are swept from

branches of trees or large shrubs in forests dominated by Nothofagus.

Porter: Chilean Mesostenini (Ichneumonidae) 79

Males occur in similar habitats but usually are swept from grassy

undergrowth in clearings or at the forest edge.

This is a species of Northern Valdivian Forest, the Pehuenar, and of

Valdivian Forest (Petia 1966).

2. Dochmidium syntomum Porter

Dochmidium syntomum Porter, 1967b. Stud. Ent. 10:395. Type f: Chile,

Malleco Province, T. Rio Blanco (Cambridge).

This species has not been collected in recent years. The unique

holotype was obtained in Northern Valdivian Forest.

16. Genus ANACIS

Anacis Porter, 1967. Stud. Ent. 10: 376-80. Type: Anacis festiva

Porter. Monobasic.

Baeocryptus Porter, 1967. Stud. Ent. 10:380-88. Type: Ichneumon

(Cryptus) rubripes Spinola. Original designation.

Fore wing 3.5-6.0 mm long. Coloration variable: head and body black

or sometimes largely brown, with sparse to sometimes profuse pale markings;

flagellum with or without a white band; wings hyaline to blackish with

metallic reflections. Body moderately robust fusiform in female, slender

and cylindrically fusiform in male. Flagellum in female long (often about

as long as body), delicately filiform, sometimes weakly enlarged on apical

0.5, not flattened below toward apex, and with Ist segment 5.9-10.0 as long

as deep at apex; in male weakly setaceous and a little shorter and stouter

than in female, with tyloids on segments 13 (a short ridge near apex), 14

(a nearly percurrent ridge), and 15 (a short ridge at base), all tyloids

sharply linear and aligned with longitudinal axes of their segments; lst

segment 4.1-5.4 as long as deep. Front on lower 0.4-0.5 weakly concave,

shining, smooth or a little wrinkled, rising gently onto its slightly

convex dully or nitidulously reticulo-punctate upper 0.5-0.6. Face 1.3-1.7

as wide between eyes as high from top of anterior tentorial pit to bottom

of antennal socket. Clypeus moderately large; in profile low to very high,

symmetrically to asymmetrically convex or bluntly subpyramidal to nasute;

apical margin truncate to moderately convex and sometimes with a small

median tubercle, sharply defined throughout and with the corners narrow and

discrete but at most slightly reflexed. Malar space in female 0.75-1.1 and

in male 0.80-0.90 as long as basal width of mandible. Mandible broad at

base, strongly and evenly tapered apicad, 2.6-3.3 as long as wide across

base of teeth, the teeth subequal or with lower tooth often a little

shorter than upper. Occipital carina a sharp and narrow flange which joins

the at most moderately elevated hypostomal carina below. Pronotum with

humeral margin gently swollen, with or without a longitudinal groove;

epomia more or less well developed in scrobe and in some species delicately

prolonged dorsad and with a slight swelling above its upper end; lower

front pronotal margin rounded-off or bluntly angled at mid-—-height; upper

front margin sublaterally and across collar with a weakly elevated, sharp,

translucent carina; dorso-median transverse area of collar swollen and

sharply (sometimes foveolately) set off along its apical margin.

80 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 3, 1987

Mesoscutum with notauli fine and sharp, at least basad, and traceable 0.3-

0.7 its length; surface in some species mat and finely granular but in

others shining with more or less fine punctation. Mesopleuron with

subalarum horizontal, swollen, ellipsoid, its summit often sharply crested

only rearward toward post-specular carina but sometimes palpably crested

throughout and becoming sharply carinate before apex; speculum swollen,

mostly or partly smooth and shining but in some species variably invaded by

punctures and wrinkles, at its anterio-ventral angle with a small pit that

is connected with mesopleural suture by a fine, sometimes oblique, groove;

prepectal carina fine, inclivous (but mostly well removed from front margin

of mesopleuron), becoming weaker and a little recurved or sinuate on upper

0.5 where it approaches or reaches subalarum; no excrescence on lower

prepectus; disc shining to mat, puncto-reticulate and wrinkled, in many

species more finely sculptured and more shining on upper 0.5 but more

coarsely and/or irregularly sculptured on lower 0.5, sometimes uniformly

with coarse, granulate reticulate wrinkling; sternaulus sinuate, deeply

impressed on basal 0.6 but faintly developed on apical 0.4. Hind coxa

without a strong and polished groove beneath its attachment. Female front

tibia slender to stout, sometimes inflated. Female 4th tarsomere usually

with a broad, V-shaped apical emargination on fore leg, a shallower

emargination on mid leg, and nearly truncate on hind leg (but weakly

emarginate on all legs in A. tucumana). Metanotum convex in profile,

moderately setose, its baso-lateral fossae more or less rounded and

variably impressed (often deep), separated on meson by 0.7-1.0 the width of

1 fossa. Groove between metanotum and propodeum deep and rather broad in

female, broader in male; its submedian tubercles detectable on both

metanotal and propodeal face, weak to (more often) well defined or even

strong, usually most conspicuous in male; sublateral tubercles usually

detectable as a ventrally thickened carina on metanotal face but vague on

propodeal face. Wing venation: areolet large and broad, intercubiti

moderately to strongly convergent dorsad, 2nd abscissa of radius 0.6-1.1 as

long as lst intercubitus, width of areolet 1.0-1.3 its height; 2nd

recurrent nearly vertical to gently inclivous or (in A. rufipes) sometimes

slightly reclivous as well as with the upper 0.5 in many species often a

little outbulged or outangled; discocubitus simply arched to broadly

angled, with or without a short ramellus; mediella slightly to (more often)

moderately or even strongly arched; axillus very close to anal margin of

hind wing; brachiella often short and evanescing about 0.5 the distance

between its origin on the submediella and the hind wing margin. Propodeum:

spiracle 1.0-1.6 as long as wide; female profile rather elongate, the faces

subequal or often with the basal surface definitely longer than the apical,

which may be discrete and steeply declivous or (in A. tucumana) practically

confluent with the rearward-sloping basal face; basal trans-carina

traceable, often fine and sharp, throughout and extending straight across

propodeal dorsum or bowed forward medially, well removed from base of

propodeum (at about proximal 0.3-0.4 of basal face); apical trans-carina

traceable throughout or sometimes indistinct, often sharp at least laterad,

straight or medially with a gently curved or broadly triangular forward

extension but always far from basal trans-carina; cristae low subcrescentic

or subcuneate to strongly subligulate (A. rufipes); area basalis weakly

defined, tetragonal, considerably narrowed rearward, longer than wide in

position; areola often weakly defined laterally although frequently a

little raised above surrounding surface, about square to elongately

rectangular in position; male propodeum usually longer and lower than in

Porter: Chilean Mesostenini (Ichneumonidae) 81

female with the trans-carinae often stronger but the cristae averaging a

little less prominent. First gastric segment without or with at most a

weakly subcrescentic baso-lateral expansion on petiole; female petiole

somewhat broad and flat and its postpetiole 0.8-1.7 as wide apically as

long from spiracle to apex, male petiole also flattened on dorsum and its

postpetiole only 0.60-0.70 as long as wide; ventro-lateral carina ©

traceable, sometimes sharp throughout, but often at least partly weakened

on petiole; dorso-lateral carinae sometimes percurrent and mostly sharp but

often partly effaced on petiole; dorsal carinae sometimes (A. tucumana)

almost absent and at most faintly suggested above spiracle but more often

traceable (not sharp) on apex of petiole and basal 0.5-0.7 of petiole,

where they enclose a low median area. Second gastric tergite in female

shining to mat with fine to strong, sometimes granular micro-reticulation

and with numerous, small to rather large, usually obscure but sometimes in

part well defined punctures which emit setae that are often mostly shorter

than the length of their interspaces but which in some species (A. festiva,

A. tucumana) mostly equal or exceed the interspaces; in male with setae

mostly equalling or exceeding the length of their interspaces and with

micro-reticulation averaging coarser than in female. Gaster stout to

rather elongate fusiform in female, long and slenderly cylindric or

somewhat compressed in male. Ovipositor: sheathed portion 0.20-0.40 as

long as fore wing; straight or slightly downcurved; slender to moderately

stout, compressed; nodus low to rather high; notch well defined, strong to

shallow, or sometimes (A. rufipes) weak or indistinct; dorsal valve on tip

with profile gently convex, straight, slightly concave, or weakly sinuate;

ventral valve on tip with fine, inclivously oblique to almost vertical (A.

rufipes) ridges; tip 0.14-0.40 as high at notch as long from notch to apex.

RELATIONSHIPS. Anacis includes small to medium sized ischnines from

Neantarctic, high Andean, and peripherally Neotropic South America, some

70-80 Australian and Tasmanian species also may belong in this genus. Only

one member of the Australian complex, Cryptus exul Turner, has been

described and Townes assigned it to Anacis in his recent overview of the

world genera of Gelinae (1969).

As represented in South America, Anacis has the following unique or

unusually characters which in concert distinguish it from other sympatric

trachysphyroids:

(1). Female flagellum long to very long, delicately filiform, often

as long as body, sometimes weakly enlarged on apical 0.5 but still

basically filiform; its lst segment unusually long, 5.9-10.0 as long as

deep at apex.

(2). Male flagellum with tyloids on only 3 segments (often on 5, 6, 7

Or more segments in other genera).

(3). Front weakly concave (deeply excavated in many other genera).

(4). Prepectal carina often (weakly) approaching subalarum, inclivous

but well removed from front margin of mesopleuron.

(5). No projection or carina on lower prepectus.

82 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 3, 1987

(6). Sternaulus sinuate, deeply impressed on basal 0.5-0.6, faint to

absent rearward.

(7). Hind coxa without a groove descending from its attachment.

(8). Groove between metanotum and propodeum deep and rather broad in

female, even broader in male, its submedian tubercles defined on both faces

and sometimes strong; sublateral tubercles usually detectable on metanotal

face but obsolete on propodeal face.

(9). Areolet at least as broad as high, often 1.1-1.3 as broad as

high.

(10). Mediella gently to strongly arched.

(11). Brachiella in some species short and fading out at 0.5 the

distance from base to wing margin.

(12). Axillus close to anal margin of hind wing.

(13). Propodeal spiracle round or short-oval, 1.0-1.6 as long as wide.

(14). Basal trans-carina traceable throughout, straight or slightly to

strongly bowed or angled forward mesad, always well removed from base of

propodeum (ending at proximal 0.4-0.3 of dorsal face).

(15). Apical carina often traceable throughout, sometimes strong,

usually remaining far from basal trans-carina.

(16). Cristae low subcuneate or subcrescentic to more rarely strongly

projecting ligulate.

(17). First gastric tergite without a baso-lateral expansion.

(18). Petiole often more or less broad and flat.

(19). Ovipositor with sheathed portion 0.20-0.40 as long as fore wing;

compressed; nodus and notch well defined to sometimes weak; tip ratio 0.14-

0.40.

The long female lst flagellomere, reduced number of tyloids on male

flagellum, lack of a groove on hind coxa beneath its attachment, broad

areolet, arched mediella, usually round propodeal spiracle, arrangement and

contour of trans-carinae on propodeum, and lack of a baso-lateral expansion

on the first gastric tergite are features especially useful in separation

of Anacis from other South American genera of the Subtribe Ischnina.

Within this assemblage, the sympatric Caenopelte and Dochmidium and the

Andean-tropical Biconus appear especially close to Anacis. Ischnus also

superficially resembles these genera, but remains trenchantly distinct from

most other South American relatives in its complete lack of tubercles in

the groove between metanotum and propodeum.

With regard to the Tasmanian Anacis exul, I have appended the

description of a pair kindly sent in exchange by Dr. Michael Fitton of the

Porter: Chilean Mesostenini (Ichneumonidae) 83

British Museum (Natural History). This species seems related to Anacis but

obviously belongs in a phyletic line distinct from those extant in South

America, as confirmed by its narrowly but nitiduously grooved hind coxa,

almost zig-zag contour of the 2nd recurrent vein, and unusually proximate

basal and lateral trans-carinae of the propodeum. Further study of the

South American fauna (which includes several score undescribed species from

tropical regions) and analysis of the large Australian complex of species

will be necessary before generic lines can be drawn within this diverse and

intriguing group. In any event, the Australian and South American Anacis

and Anacis relatives apparently form a trans-Antarctic taxon roughly

analogous to Nothofagus and Eucryphia among higher plants, to Certonotus

and Labena among the more primitive ichneumonids, and to the Hypodynerus-

-Pseudepipona complex in eumenid wasps (Porter 1981).

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION. Anacis in South America has numerous

undescribed species in tropical Brasil, Colombia, Ecuador, and other

adjoining countries. Its described species are mainly Neantarctic and

Andean. Anacis tucumana inhabits cloud forest, puna, and p4ramo ecotones

between Ecuador and northwest Argentina. Anacis festiva is in Chile from

Northern Valdivian Forest south to Punta Arenas. Anacis rubripes extends

from southern Coquimban Desert down through the Valdivian or Nothofagus

zones south to more than 50° Latitude in Magallanes Province. Both species

reach Argentina south of 40° Latitude. Anacis stangeorum and Anacis

rufipes appear limited to Valdivian and Northern Valdivian Forest of Chile

and bordering southwest Argentina. Amnacis hercana has been collected only

in relict Northern Valdivian forest in Andean foothills of Chile’s Central

Valley. Finally, the poorly known Anacis varipes may be restricted to the

Pehuenar or Araucaria forests of Valdivian Chile.

KEY TO THE CHILEAN SPECIES OF ANACIS

(Based on females)

LL.) Mesoscutumimat andveranitar Lewellen) (oc Go Li Ae es eet. Bop!

1.’ Mesoscutum shining, silky, with more or less well developed fine

PUESTATRRO EOE VRE Re Hh Pe carn RE ORI I aR CA hae

2. Fore wing moderately infumate with apex gradually a little paler and

with a large postmedian hyaline band; lst flagellomere 4.7 as long as

deep apically; notauli traceable about 0.3 the length of mesoscutum;

apical trans-carina of propodeum sharp throughout, higher than basal

trans-carina, strongly bowed forward medially; ovipositor with

sheathed portion 0.40 as long as fore wing, tip 0.32 as high at notch

as long ‘from notch: tovapex wo 20.0.8.) G6. AY hercana (Porter)

2.’ Fore wing dark to hyaline, without contrasting pale and light areas;

lst flagellomere 5.9-10.0 as long as deep at apex; notauli 0.5-0.7 as

long as mesoscutum; apical trans-carina of propodeum often vague or

indistinct, especially toward meson where it is at most gently bowed

forward, usually weaker than the basal carina; ovipositor with

sheathed portion 0.30 as long as fore wing and its tip 0.14-0.23 as

high at notch as long from notch to apex .............3

84 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 3, 1987

3. Mesosoma pale red with black and white markings; gaster with ground

color largely black and with conspicuous white bands on tergal

apices; lst flagellomere 8.5-10.0 as long as deep at apex; clypeus

bluntly and asymmetrically subpyramidal in profile; humeral margin of

pronotum swollen and without a groove; mesoscutal disc with uniformly

delicate micro-reticulation; propodeal cristae low and crescentic;

postpetiole 0.80-0.90 as wide at apex as long from spiracle to apex;

setae on 2nd gastric tergite largely equal or surpass the length of

their interspaces; ovipositor on tip with dorsal and ventral valves

not depressed, ridges on ventral valve inclivously oblique

Pet ee ek alee! eee fe ieee er ee or Aofestiva ‘Porter

3.’ Mesosoma and gaster black with sparse white markings; lst flagellomere

5.9-6.6 as long as deep at apex; clypeus strongly asymmetric-—

pyramidal, nasute in profile; humeral margin of propodeum with a

broad and shallow groove; mesoscutal disc with contrastingly coarser

wrinkling apicad between notauli and more broadly behind terminus of

notauli; postpetiole 1.1-1.3 as wide apically as long from spiracle

to apex; setae on 2nd gastric tergite long but mostly well separated;

Ovipositor with dorsal and ventral valves depressed on tip, ridges on

Ventral valve) almost vertical ssi). ore es Be ee OY ea Oe

5. A. rufipes (Havrylenko & Winterhalter)

4. Thorax and propodeum with profuse white markings; all gastric tergites

with a complete white apical band; apical margin of clypeus with a

small, subdentate median projection; humeral margin of pronotum

without; ai greeveri: ie. ae oN. We, CICK. Setangeorum Porter

4.’ Mesosoma with white at most on anterior margin of pronotum, tegula, and

subalarum; not all gastric tergites with a complete white apical

band; no median projection on apical margin of clypeus; dorsal margin

of pronotum with a conspicuous humeral groove ........... 5

5. Legs mostly black with white markings; gaster with white on apex of lst

tergite, sometimes restrictedly on 2nd and 3rd tergite, and on broad

apical bands on tergites 4-7; sheathed portion of ovipositor 0.50-

0.60 as long as fore wing; nodus of ovipositor tip with an unusually

1athe Ane UeEeP NOlLOM LS ec ke ee ee te ees 4. A. varipes Porter

5.’ Legs mostly orange; gaster with white at most on tergites 6-8 and only

on 7 sometimes with a white apical band that is complete; sheathed

portion of ovipositor 0.30-0.40 as long as fore wing; nodus with a

small but distinct notch ......... 3. A. rubripes (Spinola)

1. Amnacis festiva Porter

(Pig 673. F220 73127 (O09, 2065 / 250)

Anacis festiva Porter, 1967b. Stud. Ent. 10: 376-80. Type f: Chile,

Talca Province, Altos de Vilches (Cambridge).

NEW SPECIMENS EXAMINED. 35 m: CHILE, Osorno Province, Parque Nacional

Puyehue, camino a Antillanca, 14-II-1986, C. Porter, T. O’Neill; Llanquihue

Porter: Chilean Mesostenini (Ichneumonidae) 85

Province, Ensenada, camino a Raltin, 26-27 -II-1986, C. Porter, T. O’Neill,

Rio Petrohue Camping, Vincente Pérez Rosales Nacional Park, 2-III-1986.

2. Anacis stangeorum Porter

(Fig. 147, 189)

Anacis stangeorum, 1970. Acta Zool. Lilloana 26(2): 14-8; Type f:

Argentina, Neuquén Province, Pucara, Lago Lacar (Tucumén),

3. Anacis rubripes (Spinola)

(Fig. 75-80, 130, 184)

Ichneumon (Cryptus) rubripes Spinola, 1851. In Gay: Historia fisica y

politica de Chile. Zoologia 6: 492. Type f: Chile, Santa Rosa

(Turin).

Baeocryptus rubripes Porter, 1967a, Stud. Ent. 10: 383-6.

Anacis rubripes Porter, 1970. Acta Zool. Lilloana 26(2): 18.

4. Amacis varipes (Porter)

(Fig. 128)

Baeocryptus varipes Porter, 1967b. Stud. Ent. 10: 386-88. Type f:

Chile, Arauco, Butamalal, Nahuelbuta (Cambridge).

Anacis varipes Porter, 1970. Acta Zool. Lilloana 26(2): 18.

FIELD NOTES. This species has been collected only in the Pehuenar or

Araucaria Region of Neantarctic Chile.

5. Anacis rufipes (Havrylenko & Wuveshalien): 1949

(Fig. 129, 208)

Cryptopteryx rufipes Havrylenko & Winterhalter, 1949. Insectos del

parque nacional Nahuel Huapi, Buenos Aires, p. 49. Type f:

Argentina, Rio Negro, Parque Nacional Nahuel Huapi (Castelar).

Trachysphyrus rufipes Porter, 1967. Mem. Amer. Ent. Inst. 10: 192-4.

Chromocryptus rufipes Townes, 1969. Mem. Amer. Ent. Inst. 12: 179-81.

TAXONOMY. Anacis rufipes previously has been placed in Trachysphyrus

or in the presumably related genus Chromocryptus (sensu Townes 1969).

Reexamination of this species has shown that it lacks a groove descending

from the hind coxal attachment, has submedian tubercles on both the

metanotal and propodeal face of the groove between the metanotum and

propodeum, has a low and broad areolet (1.0-1.3 as wide as high), a more or

less arched mediella, a short and apically obsolete brachiella, the

propodeal spiracle less than 2.0 as long as wide, the propodeal trans-

86 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 3, 1987

carinae far from each other and from the propodeal base, and the petiole

unusually broad and flat. Most of these characters suggest that it should

be placed in Anacis.

FIELD NOTES. Available records suggest that the present species

inhabits the Northern Valdivian Forest and the Valdivian Forest biomes in

Chile and adjacent parts of southwest Argentina.

HOSTS. Havrylenko and Winterhalter reared Anacis rufipes from the

lasiocampid moth, Macromphalia dedecora. This is the only host record for

any species of Anacis.

6. Amnacis hercana (Porter)

(Fig. 178)

Trachysphyrus hercana Porter, 1967b. Stud. Ent. 10: 411-13. Type f:

Chile, Santiago, El Canelo (Ottawa).

TAXONOMY. This species remains known only from the unique type. I

have not reexamined that specimen but believe that T. hercana should be

transferred to Anacis on the evidence of its very broad areolet, strong but

well separated basal and apical trans-carinae of the propodeum, and round

propodeal spiracle.

7. Anacis exsul (Turner)

Cryptus exsul Turner, 1919. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (9)3: 299.

Type f: Tasmania, Mt. Wellington, 2300 ft (London).

Anacis exsul Porter, 1973. Psyche 79: 83.

Fore wing 5.5-6.6 mm long. Coloration: head and mesosoma black with

extensive orange to orange-brown areas on head (clypeus and mandibles yellow

in male); gaster black with orange-brown staining on tergites 5 (apically)-

8 in female and 3 (apically)-7 in male; legs pallid, dull orange with

coxae, trochanters, and more or less of trochantelli black or dusky, as

well as with pale yellow to cream on some of the hind tarsomeres; flagellum

in female pale orange-brown basally, followed medially by a broad white to

cream colored annulus, and by darker brownish and dusky apical segments, in

male dark brown to black except for a little red-brown suffusion basad on

lst segment; wings faintly brownish to hyaline. Flagellum in female long,

as long as or a little longer than body, with median segments (in area of

pale annulus) subtly enlarged, not at all flattened below toward apex and

almost perfectly filiform; lst segment 7.0 as long as deep at apex; in male

weakly setaceous and a little longer than body, slightly more robust than

in female, with linear, elongately bacilliform tyloids on segments 12-14,

that on 12 nearly percurrent, those of 13-14 progressively somewhat

shorter; lst segment 4.0 as long as deep at apex. Front weakly concave

well below (lower 0.3-0.4) above antennal sockets and here with fine

transverse wrinkling (best developed in male), dorsad in female surface

dully shining, silky, with extremely delicate reticulo-punctation but in

male mat and more strongly micro-sculptured. Face 1.6 as high from top of

anterior tentorial pit to bottom of antennal socket. Clypeus rather large;

Porter: Chilean Mesostenini (Ichneumonidae) 87

in profile low and weakly convex; apical margin practically truncate to

gently convex in female, more strongly convex and medially somewhat

produced in male with the apical rim finely but sharply differentiated and

broader on the scarcely to slightly reflexed corners; in both sexes with a

preapical median irregularity that is slightly tuberculiform or

bituberculiform. Malar space in female 1.1 as long as basal width of

mandible and in male 0.80 as long. Mandible robust and strongly tapering

from base to apex, 2.3 as long as wide across base of teeth, the teeth

subequal with lower tooth often (especially in male) a little shorter than

upper. Occipital carina fine and sharp, joining the only weakly elevated

hypostomal carina far below and at a rather broad angle. Pronotum with

humeral margin scarcely swollen, weakly grooved by the presence of a row of

shallow foveae that may be broad on anterior 0.3 but which narrows and

weakens progressively apicad (best developed in female); epomia short,

sharp in scrobe, but scarcely prolonged above or below, without a swollen

or otherwise modified area above its upper end; lower front pronotal margin

gently rounded, not toothed or angulate; upper front margin sublaterally

and across collar with a narrowly flange-like carina that is lowest and

nearly horizontal on dorsum; the transverse-median cervical swelling narrow

but well defined, set off apically by its own steeply declivous hind margin

(which is subcarinate on summit). Mesoscutum with notauli fine and in

female weakly impressed, more strongly impressed in male, traceable 0.4-0.6

length of mesoscutum; surface dully shining and silky with extremely

delicate puncto-reticulation in female, in male more mat with slightly

coarser micro-sculpture. Mesopleuron with subalarum narrowly subcrescentic

to weakly crescentic, its summit subcarinate to carinate (at least on

apical 0.5); speculum large and swollen, extensively smooth and shining, at

its lower anterior corner with a tiny pit which emits a delicate, nearly

horizontal groove that extends rearward to mesopleural suture; prepectal

carina gently inclivous and sharp to about upper 0.8 of mesopleuron and

often irregularly traceable to subalarum; no excrescence on lower

prepectus; disc with almost uniform fine micro-reticulation, in male with

some delicate transversely biased wrinkling on upper 0.5; sternaulus broad

and well but not sharply impressed on basal 0.5-0.6 of mesopleuron, gently

upcurved and totally absent on apical 0.4-0.5 toward base of mid coxa.

Hind coxa with a shallow but well defined and polished groove extending

obliquely from its attachment (long in female, short in male). Female

front tibia long and slender, but slightly inflated. Female 4th tarsomeres

rather deeply emarginate apically on fore leg, moderately emarginate on mid

leg, and only weakly emarginate on hind leg. Metanotum convex in profile

with the apical face rather strongly declivous, its lateral fossae rounded,

separated by as much or by somewhat more than the width of 1 fossa. Groove

between metanotum and propodeum in female deep and narrow with the

submedian tubercles acutely defined on both metanotal and propodeal faces,

a little sharper and smaller on metanotum and a little larger and blunter

on propodeum, as well as with the sublateral tubercles broadly and

subacutely but very superficially detectable on metanotal face but absent

on propodeal face; in male with groove broader and more open laterad and

mesad than in female but with its tubercles similarly developed. Wing

venation: areolet large and broad with intercubiti weakly to strongly and

often differentially convergent above, 2nd abscissa of radius 0.8-1.2 as

long as lst intercubitus, areolet 1.0-1.2 as wide as high; 2nd recurrent

inclivous on lower 0.5 and then rather abruptly outbulged and more or less

straightened toward juncture with areolet; discocubitus broadly angled,

88 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 3, 1987

with ramellus vestigial or short; mediella very strongly arched in both

sexes; axillus close to anal margin of hind wing; brachiella often short,

reaching 0.6 to much less the distance between its origin on submediella

and hind wing margin. Propodeum with spiracle round; in female short and

high, the basal face falling off rather steeply rearward, the apical face

subequal to the basal, sharply discrete, and vertically declivous; basal

trans-carina sharp throughout, swept forward to a very short but straight

median abscissa which lies far from propodeal base at about proximal 0.3-

0.4 of the basal face; apical trans-carina sharp throughout, thrust far

forward onto the straight median abscissa and coming moderately close to

the basal trans-carina; cristae large and well projecting ligulo—cuneate;

area basalis practically horizontal, its lateral abscissa faint but clearly

much tapering apicad, about 0.8 as long as wide at base but nearly 4.0 as

long as wide at apex; areola irregularly hexagonal, about as wide as long;

in male with profile longer and lower than in female so that the faces are

almost smoothly confluent and descend strongly and regularly from propodeal

base; basal trans-carina and area basalis about as in female; apical trans-—

carina much weaker than in female, fine, irreguar, and almost straight

across meson, its cristae broad but low and delicately subcrescentic;

areola not clearly defined laterally, but longer than wide in position.

First gastric segment without a baso-lateral expansion on petiole; female

petiole broad and nearly flat and its postpetiole 1.4 as wide apically as

long from spiracle to apex; male petiole markedly more slender than female

and only a little flattened above, the male petiole markedly more slender

than female and only a little flattened above, the male postpetiole 0.70 as

long as wide apically; ventro-lateral carina sharp throughout in female,

sharp on postpetiole but obsolete on petiole in male; dorso-lateral carina

more or less fine and sharp on postpetiole and traceable but weak and

beveled on petiole in both sexes; without vertical wrinkles on space

between the lateral carinae; and with dorsal carinae finely and bluntly

traceable toward apex of petiole and on much of postpetiole in female

(defining a weak median elevation), but only faintly suggested in male.

Second gastric tergite in female highly polished, with faint and delicate

micro-reticulation throughout (a little stronger basad) as well as with

very tiny and obscure, widely scattered punctures that emit short and much

separated setae; in male shining but with much stronger micro-reticulation

than in female and with more abundant tiny punctures that emit long and

almost uniformly much overlapping setae. Ovipositor with sheathed portion

0.48 as long as fore wing; straight, rather stout, compressed; nodus high

and with a tiny notch; dorsal valve on tip with a direct but rather

strongly declivous profile, so that tip is robustly sagittate; ventral

valve on tip with fine, well spaced, inclivously oblique ridges; tip 0.35

as high at notch as long from notch to apex.

17. Genus COSMIOCRYPTUS

Cosmiocryptus Cameron, 1902. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 28: 371.

Type: Cosmiocryptus violaceipennis Cameron. Monobasic

Fore wing 4.8-12.8 mm long. Coloration with head and mesosoma shining

black except for some white markings on head, gaster red (occasionally

stained almost throughout with black), flagellum black with a white band,

legs black with some red (especially on hind coxa, trochanter, and femur),

wings black with metallic reflections. Body robustly elongate in female,

Porter: Chilean Mesostenini (Ichneumonidae) 89

more slender and elongate in male. Flagellum long (more than 0.5 length of

body), in female slender, cylindric, filiform but becoming subtly swollen

on apical 0.4 and with lst segment 5.0-7.8 as long as deep at apex; in male

setaceous with tyloids on segments 13-17(20), longitudinally oriented, and

linear to ovoid in shape (in all species with at least 1 enlarged tyloid

that is ovoid or rectangular), and with lst segment 2.6-5.0 as long as deep

at apex. Front moderately to strongly excavated, its surface on lower 0.5

smooth and polished with some weak wrinkles but on upper 0.5 with

transverse wrinkling that occupies its central half or more and laterad of

wrinkling with dull and granular puncto-reticulation (or sometimes more

weakly mat above and with only a few transverse wrinkles medially). Face

about 1.7 as wide between eyes as high from top of anterior tentorial pits

to bottom of antennal sockets. Mandible broad and stout, strongly and

evenly tapering from base to apex, 2.2 as long as wide across base of

teeth, the teeth subequal in length. Clypeus large; in profile low to only

moderately elevated, quite symmetrically to asymmetrically convex but

without abrupt contours; its apical margin gently convex and a little more

strongly produced on the median 0.5, which sometimes also is weakly

bituberculate, its rim blunt on meson, sharper laterad, and slightly to

strongly reflexed on corners. Malar space 0.67-0.90 as long as basal width

of mandible. Occipital carina sharp and narrow, joining the scarcely to

moderately raised hypostomal carina below. Pronotum with humeral margin

broadly, deeply, and foveolately grooved (most strongly so anteriad);

epomia strong in scrobe but at most weakly traceable meso-dorsad; lower

front margin gently curved, without a tooth or angle; upper anterior margin

sublaterally and across collar with a low and inconspicuous carina; the

dorso-median swelling of collar set off apically by a superficial groove or

sometimes by a row of strong foveae. Mesoscutum with notauli well marked

but shallow and reaching 0.70-0.90 its length; surface shining, vaguely to

definitely micro-reticulate, with abundant sharp, medium sized adjacent to

subadjacent punctures that become densest on the central lobe as well as

usually with extensive strong longitudinal wrinkles on central lobe toward

its apex (in some males without such wrinkles and with the punctures much

sparser and less conspicuous than previously described) but in C. aricae

with extensive reticulate wrinkling toward and behind end of notauli and

with less shining surface than in other species. Mesopleuron with

subalarum horizontal and sharply crescentic but not actually carinate

(except sometimes on its apical 0.5); speculum smooth, polished, and little

invaded by punctures or wrinkles, its lower margin sharply inflexed and set

off immediately below by a broad and irregular depression; prepectal carina

sharp, more or less sinuately inclivous and usually traceable dorsad to

subalarum; prepectus unarmed or with an at most feeble and inconspicuous

ventral ridge; disc strongly to grossly reticulate or irregularly wrinkled

with polished interstices and most often also with a large, smooth and

shining swollen area along prepectal carina above opposite speculum (in

some males and occasional females with almost entire disc smooth and

polished); sternaulus broad, foveolate, and sinuate in course, traceable

throughout but very shallow on apical 0.4. Hind coxa with a broad and

polished but short vertical groove descending from its articulation. Fore

tibia in female slender to stout and sometimes inflated. Female hind

metatarsus with many, irregularly scattered outstanding strong bristles

among its long and dense setae. Female 4th tarsomeres with a moderately

strong to deep, weakly asymmetric V-shaped emargination on apex. Metanotum

convex to almost flat in profile, with a few setae toward apex, its baso-

90 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 3, 1987

lateral fossae large, triangular, and at base separated by about 0.5 the

width of one fossa (but in C. weyrauchi with the fossae round and well

separated even on meson). Groove between metanotum and propodeum strong,

deep and narrow; the submedian tubercles conspicuous to tiny and sharp on

hind face of metanotum but obsolete on propodeum at anterior terminus of

median longitudinal carinae; sublateral tubercles strong (bluntly conical

or flange-like) on hind face of metanotum but scarcely developed at

anterior end of lateral longitudinal carinae on front face of propodeum;

hind rim of metanotum prolonged laterally as a high and sharp carina across

summit of the upper metapleuron. Wing venation: areolet large and often

rather high, intercubiti quite strongly convergent above, 2nd abscissa of

radius 0.6-0.7 as long as lst intercubitus; 2nd recurrent a little

inclivous and more or less markedly curved; discocubitus weakly angled with

rameltus short or often absent, its basal abscissa a little sinuate;

mediella straight beyond base; axillus long, close to or only a little

diverging from anal margin of hind wing. Propodeum with spiracle 1.4-2.2

as long as wide; short and high in female, a little longer and lower in

male, with basal face in profile arched and then falling off behind to

meet the well differentiated and nearly vertical (female) to more or less

oblique (male) apical face; basal trans-carina sharp throughout, thrust far

forward medially with a short and straight central segment that reaches

close to propodeal base, but with the long lateral segments recurving far

from propodeal base; apical trans-carina more or less traceable throughout

but often irregular or obsolete on lateral segments although sharp on the

straight median segment which forms the hind margin of areola, thrust

forward but far from basal trans-carina; cristae subcuneate or bluntly

cuneate to rather large and more or less strongly projecting subligulate;

area basalis well defined, broad basally but strongly narrowed apicad;

areola well outlined, irregularly hexagonal and 0.90-1.0 as wide as long

(longer in some males, in which all carinae may be either weaker or

stronger than described for females). First gastric tergite at most with a

low baso-lateral flange on petiole; post-petiole in female strongly

expanded and 1.5-2.3 as wide apically as long from spiracle to apex and in

male parallel-sided to expanded and 1.0-1.8 as wide apically as long;

ventro-lateral carina distinct throughout but sometimes weaker on

postpetiole; dorso-lateral carinae varying from obsolescent to more or less

detectable throughout; dorsal carinae absent or vague, when present best

developed but blunt on apex of petiole and base of postpetiole. Second

gastric tergite: smooth, a little dully to brightly shining; with fine and

obscure to conspicuous and even a little granular micro-reticulation;

punctures small, obscure, and widely scattered; setae vary from mostly

sparse to largely approaching or sometimes exceeding the length of their

interspaces. Gaster robustly fusiform in female, longer and more weakly

fusiform in male. Ovipositor with sheathed portion 0.40-0.64 as long as

fore wing; straight, stout to moderately slender, moderately to strongly

compressed; nodus conspicuous, low but distinct, or obsolete but always

with a sharp to shallow notch; dorsal valve on tip with a concave or

slightly sinuate to direct or convex profile between notch and apex;

ventral valve on tip with inclivously oblique ridges which become more

crowded and are sometimes comparatively stronger toward oOvipositor apex;

tip 0.16-0.28 as high at notch as long from notch to apex.

RELATIONSHIPS. Cosmiocryptus seems to have evolved on the west Andean

slopes and in the Coastal Desert of Peri and northern Chile. It probably

Porter: Chilean Mesostenini (Ichneumonidae) 91

represents a conservative lineage vicariant with regard to the central and

south Chilean genus Xiphonychidion.

Some of the more prominent diagnostic features of Cosmiocryptus

include: the presence on at least 1 male flagellomere of an oval or

at least elongately rectangular (not sharply linear) tyloid; the large

and at most moderately elevated clypeus with its somewhat convexly

produced median apical margin; unelevated occipital carina and at most

moderately raised hypostomal carina; humeral margin of pronotum with a

strong and foveolate groove; scrobally sharp but dorsally evanescent

epomia; lack of a tooth or angulation on the lower front pronotal

margin; anterior pronotum dorsally across collar with only a low and

inconspicuous carina; notauli well traceable 0.70-0.90 the length of

mesoscutum; mesoscutal surface shining with abundant but discrete to

well separated medium sized punctures and usually with some very

strong longitudinal wrinkles on central lobe toward terminus of

notauli, but sometimes with more wide-spread and reticulate wrinkling;

speculum polished and mostly smooth; mesopleural disc strongly to

grossly wrinkled with polished reticular interstices and most often

(not always) with a large smooth and shining area dorsad along

prepectal carina opposite speculum; prepectus unarmed below; hind

margin of metanotum with both submedian and sublateral tubercles;

areolet large and often high, 2nd abscissa of radius 0.6-0.7 as long

as lst intercubitus; inclivous 2nd recurrent; discocubitus weakly

angled, ramellus short or absent, 2nd abscissa weakly sinuate; axillus

close to or only weakly diverging from anal margin of hind wing;

propodeal spiracle 1.5-2.2 as long as wide; basal and apical trans-

carinae of propodeum more or less traceable, basal sharp throughout

but the apical usually only sharp back of areola; cristae stout;

comparatively short but prominent; petiole with at most a low baso-

lateral flange; surface of postpetiole unusually smooth, the dorsal

Carinae at most vaguely suggested on apex of petiole and base of

postpetiole; second gastric tergite shining with small and scattered

punctures and setae which vary from sparse to dense; oOvipositor always

with a notch and nodus on dorsal valve tip (nodus sometimes obsolete

but its position indicated by the notch); tip 0.16-0.28 as high at

notch as long from notch to apex.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION Cosmiocryptus is restricted to the west

Andean slopes and fertile lowland river valleys of the Pacific coastal

region in Pert and northernmost Chile. Most of the species occur between

2000-3000 m altitude, but C. violaceipennis has been collected from 2400 m

down to sea-level.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF COSMIOCRYPTUS

(Male of C. aricae and of C. leptaechma unknown)

1. Apical margin of clypeus with a pair of tubercles on median 0.3; male

lst flagellomere 2.6-3.0 as long as deep at apex; female malar space

0.90 as long as basal width of mandible; 2nd gastric tergite smooth

and shining, slightly micro-reticulate, with very sparse setae in

female and in male with setae more numerous but averaging shorter

92 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 3, 1987

than the length of their interspaces

4. C. weyrauchi (Porter)

(Pig.c81 82, :849c85).131)

1.’ Apical margin of clypeus not tuberculate; male lst flagellomere 3.7-5.0

as long as deep at apex; female malar space often less than 0.90

basal width of mandible; 2nd gastric tergite often (in females) with

micro-reticulation stronger and setae denser (in males consistently

longer than their interspaces) than described above ........2

Pemate Secor ae ik ce RA ete re My lee les Lom erg

Males 6

First flagellomere 6.2-7.8 as long as deep at apex; temple 0.6-0.8 as

long as eye in dorsal view; sheathed portion of ovipositor 0.60 as

long as fore wing; both dorsal and ventral valves of ovipositor

strongly flattened on tip, dorsal valve gently concave in profile

between ‘noteh and apex joc weit (eas Cade, 25 Ce diplatys (Porter)

(Fig. 83, 86)

First flagellomere 5.5-6.0 as long as deep at apex; temple 0.4-0.5 as

long as eye in dorsal view; sheathed portion of ovipositor 0.40-0.50

as long as fore wing; oOvipositor valves not strongly depressed on

tip, dorsal valve straight or slightly convex in profile between

LOCC i AG Ve Pe re ede eae Moeeitin ee Weut tala owe ec. cab ee

Fore tibia stout but not inflated; postpetiole 1.5 as wide apically as

long from spiracle to apex; ovipositor slender with nodus very weak,

tip 0.16 as high at notch as long from notch to apex; dorsal valve

minutely stuberctlateé:.on tipi. we vale. woe Se C. Leptaechma Porter

(Fig. 133, 175)

Fore tibia palpably inflated; postpetiole 1.5-2.0 as wide apically as

long from spiracle to apex; Ovipositor more robust with a distinct

nodus, its tip 0.22-0.28 as high at notch as long from notch to apex

First flagellomere 5.5-6.0 as long as deep at apex; mesopleuron grossly

reticulate but always with a swollen and shining area above along

prepectus facing speculum; 2nd gastric tergite with short setae that

mostly approach the length of their interspaces; Ovipositor stout,

moderately compressed, profile between nodus and tip faintly sinuate

1. C. violaceipennis (Cameron)

(Fig. 87, 134)

First flagellomere 5.0 as long as deep at apex; mesopleuron strongly

but not grossly reticulately wrinkled, without a shining swollen area

dorso-anteriorly; 2nd gastric tergite with setae much shorter than

their interspaces; Ovipositor strongly compressed, nodus high and

with a straight taper between notch and apex ...... :

fs Sanaa e Wkser wihtder eed Rd tes Re es GP ENS. omteae» Poster

(Pigotyh3 250.174)

Porter: Chilean Mesostenini (Ichneumonidae) 93

6. Median 0.3 of clypeus produced and with a pair of blunt tubercles; lst

flagellomere 2.6-3.0 as long as deep at apex; setae on 2nd gastric

tergite average shorter than their interspaces miles! on hy. sitemap

+e ebetts (pent Ed wevrauehs., (Porter)

6.’ Clypeal apex etuberculate; lst flagellomere 3.7-5.0 as long as deep at

apex; setae on 2nd gastric tergite consistently exceed their

tNCETSPACESS «hich mde BP otradicky wheres ie ee ae eee eae yo) eee

7. Mesoscutum strongly shining with extensive but delicate punctation and

wrinkling; flagellum with only the 3rd tyloid (counting from base)

unusually broad, the rest ovoid to linear . . 2. C. diplatys (Porter)

7.’ Mesoscutum rather dully shining, with abundant dense punctures and

wrinkles; flagellum with at least 2nd and usually also the Ist and

3rd tyloids broadly oval ....... 1. C. violaceipennis Cameron

DISCUSSION. My recent article on Cosmiocryptus in the Peruvian and

Chilean coastal desert (Porter 1985b) contains descriptions of the species

keyed above.

Cosmiocryptus in Chile is confined to the Puna of Tarapacd Province at

altitudes between 3000 and 3500 m. Only Cosmiocryptus weyrauchi and C.

aricae as yet have been found in Chile. The other species are known from

the Puna, Prepuna, and coastal river valleys of Peri between Lima and

Trujillo. Since the Puna offers a continuous belt of desertic and

semidesertic vegetation between south Ecuador and north Chile, it is

probable that all 5 species of Cosmiocryptus range throughout this rather

homogeneous floristic province. More collecting at all seasons of the year

will be necessary to elucidate the geographic limits of these and other

north Chilean and Peruvian ichneumonids.

Cosmiocryptus aricae, with its comparatively strongly rugose mesoscutum

and mesopleuron, has been placed tentatively in this genus. Additional

specimens of both sexes are needed to establish its full range of variation

and proper generic affinities.

18. Genus CHILECRYPTUS Porter, new genus

Type species: Trachysphyrus rhadinus Porter, 1967a. Mem. Amer. Ent.

InstewlRils/ :

Fore wing 6.2-15.0 mm long. Coloration with head, mesosoma, and

gaster black and in female with few white markings, often confined to

ocular orbits, but in male with white more widely scattered on mesosoma and

on gastric tergites 3 or 4-7; flagellum black with a white band; legs

black, in female with white confined to part of hind tarsus and in male

with white markings more widespread but not profuse; wings moderately to

deeply infumate in all females and most males but nearly hyaline in some

males. Flagellum in female long and slender, sometimes a little stouter on

preapical 0.5 than on basal and slightly flattened below toward apex,

weakly setaceous or practically filiform, its lst segment 5.9-7.0 as long

94 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 3, 1987

as deep at apex; in male also very long, slightly heavier than in female

and gently setaceous; with tyloids on segments 14-20, tyloidal shape linear

and sharp to narrow bacilliform or very long elliptic, tyloids almost

longitudinal to a little oblique on their segments, those on segments 14-17

subpercurrent, usually beginning at apex and ending a little before base of

their segments, shorter apicad, Ist segment 2.5-4.0 as long as deep. Front

concave, on lower 0.5-0.3 toward antennal sockets smooth and highly

polished with vague and sparse trans-biased wrinkling, but on upper 0.5-0.7

dully shining to mat and delicately to strongly puncto-reticulate,

reticulately wrinkled, or transversely wrinkled. Face 1.8-2.0 as wide as

high from top of anterior tentorial pit to bottom of antennal socket.

Clypeus large; low to strongly elevated and with its profile bluntly convex

to obtusely and symmetrically to asymmetrically subpyramidal to pyramidal;

apical margin practically truncate to gently convex, on median 0.6 weakly

differentiated or blunt, becoming wider and sharper laterad as it expands

onto the broad and definitely reflexed corners. Mandible broad and

strongly, evenly tapered from base to apex, 2.1-2.6 as wide across base of

teeth as long; teeth subequal. Malar space in female 0.60-0.80, in male

0.60-0.70 as long as basal width of mandible. Occipital carina sharp and

narrow, sometimes slightly raised latero-ventrally, joining the moderately

raised hypostomal carina below at a sharp to quite broad angle (C.

rhadinus). Pronotum with humeral margin little swollen and bearing a broad

and deep to narrow and often apically weaker, foveolate and percurrent

groove; epomia strong and sharp (more rarely weak) in scrobe and usually

prolonged some distance below and above, usually with a broad but low and

undifferentiated swelling above its dorsal end; its lower front margin

broadly angled and with a small but stout to well projecting and large

tooth at mid-height; upper margin sublaterally and across front of collar

with a moderately high (sometimes very low) flange that becomes oblique on

collar and partly overhung by the collar’s dorso-median swelling which is

well developed and set off apically by a more or less foveolate transverse

depression. Mesoscutum with notauli well defined, at least basad, and

reaching 0.5-0.8 its length; surface dully shining to mat with variably

developed fine, granular micro-reticulation and medium-small to minute,

well defined to somewhat obscure, mostly subadjacent to adjacent or

reticulately confluent punctures, as well as often with trans-biased

wrinkling along notauli and on peripheries of lateral lobes and often with

stronger, longitudinal or reticulate wrinkling between notauli apicad and

over an extensive area behind their terminus. Mesopleuron: subalarum

horizontal, long ellipsoid to thickly subcrescentic and with its summit

vaguely crested but only carinate at apex (in some males carinate on

summit); speculum swollen and with its disc almost perfectly smooth and

polished, at its anterio-ventral corner with a small pit that connects with

the mesopleural suture by a horizontal to strongly oblique groove that is

much invaded by reticulate wrinkles; prepectal carina sharp and nearly

vertical to inclivous on lower 0.6-0.8 of mesopleuron, weaker and recurved

Or sinuate dorsad but usually traceable to subalarum; lower prepectus

without an excrescence; disc almost uniformly finely and granularly to

strongly or coarsely and vermiculately reticulo-rugose, the wrinkles

sometimes with a transverse bias dorsally toward subalarum; sternaulus

Sinuate and percurrent, notably upcurved and deepest on basal 0.6-0.8 and

the becoming shallower and straightened or decurved in its course to base

of mid coxa. Hind coxa with a strong and polished narrow to broad groove

reaching a short distance vertically beneath its attachment. Female fore

Porter: Chilean Mesostenini (Ichneumonidae) 95

tibia slender, not or weakly inflated. Female 4th tarsomeres on apex with

a strong, V-shaped emargination on fore leg and a weaker or almost equally

strong emargination on mid and hind leg. Metanotum in profile weakly

convex to strongly raised, its baso-lateral fossae medium sized to large

and deep, separated on meson at base by a little to considerably less than

the width of 1 fossa. Groove between metanotum and propodeum in female

deep and narrow (at least across dorsum) and with the submedian tubercles

represented on metanotal face by a small, rounded or conical excrescence

but absent on propodeal face, as well as with the sublateral process

carinately defined and sometimes rather large on metanotal face but also

absent in propodeal face; in male similar to female but broader and more

open and with a faint trace of median tubercles on propodeal surface. Wing

venation: areolet large and sometimes unusually high, intercubiti weakly to

strongly convergent above, 2nd abscissa of radius 0.6-0.8 as long as 1st

intercubitus, areolet 0.1-1.2 as high as wide; 2nd recurrent vertical to a

little inclivous, gently curved or sometimes more strongly curved on upper

0.5; discocubitus broadly angled, usually with a ramellus; mediella

straight to at most weakly arched; axillus close to anal margin of hind

wing. Propodeum with spiracle 1.7-2.4 as long as wide; in female more or

less short and high with apical face well differentiated and steeply to

vertically declivous; basal trans-carina usually distinct throughout,

broadly thrust or curved forward medially, so that the central abscissa is

long and transverse to narrowly curved or angulate, reaching basal 0.2 or

dorsal surface of propodeum; apical trans-carina strong medially and weaker

laterad, vague throughout, or absent, prolonged medially where it forms a

transverse central abscissa but well removed from the basal trans-carina:

areola large, broad, hexagonal to pentagonal, 1.1-2.0 as high as wide; area

basalis about 2.0-3.0 as wide as long, steeply declivous to front of

propodeum, and with its sides moderately to strongly convergent apicad;

cristae bluntly cuneate to ligulate, often strongly to very strongly

projecting; in male longer and lower than in female, its carinae and

cristae often (not always) stronger, the areola often longer than wide.

First gastric segment: without a baso-lateral excrescence on petiole (at

most with a tiny flange); petiole long and slender; postpetiole in female

only 1.0-1.4 as wide apically as long from spiracle to apex, in male 0.6-

0.8 as wide; ventro-lateral carina more or less sharp throughout, best

developed on postpetiole; dorso-lateral carina traceable throughout but

sharp on postpetiole and weaker on petiole, or often only developed on

postpetiole; dorsal carinae in female well defined apically on petiole and

on base of postpetiole, sometimes almost sharp, enclosing a low to often

palpably elevated median area, absent or faint in male; surface of petiole

between the longitudinal carinae laterally with at least a few weak

vertical wrinkles basad and sometimes with more or less fine and irregular

vertical wrinkling throughout. Second gastric tergite in female smooth and

brightly or a little dully shining with fine but distinct to very fine and

almost evanescent micro-reticulation or minute aciculation and with

abundant tiny and superficial punctures which emit moderately long and

irregularly well separated to uniformly somewhat overlapping setae (setae

always at least in good measure approaching or exceeding the length of

their interspaces); in male with setae longer than in female and mostly as

long as or longer than their interspaces. Ovipositor with sheathed portion

0.40-0.50 as long as fore wing; straight or a little decurved, somewhat

compressed; nodus low to vague but with a tiny and sharp notch; dorsal

valve with a more or less concave or direct profile between notch and apex;

96 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 3, 1987

ventral valve on tip with well developed, inclivously oblique to almost

vertical ridges; tip 0.25-0.35 as high at notch as long from notch to apex.

GENERIC NAME. A Neolatin conflation from the country, Chile, and

Cryptus, a generic name often used for trachysphyroid mesostenines. The

combination is regarded as masculine.

SPECIES INCLUDED. Ichneumon (Cryptus) tetracanthus (Spinola 1851),

Trachysphyrus ithyption, T. rhadinus, and T. rhopalum (all Porter 1967a).

RELATIONSHIPS. Along with Cosmiocryptus and Neocryptopteryx, this

genus belongs to an assemblage of large subequatorial South American

trachysphyroids in which the groove between the propodeum and metanotum has

tubercles clearly developed only on the metanotal face, in which the 2nd

recurrent vein is usually vertical to slightly inclivous, and which has the

mediella vein straight in females and at most weakly arched in males. It

differs from Cosmiocryptus by its more densely and regularly punctate

and/or wrinkled mesoscutum and mesopleuron, by having prominent dorsal

Carinae on the apex of the petiole and basal part of the postpetiole (at

least in females), by its uniformly narrow tyloids, and by lacking any red

coloration on the gaster. It may be distinguished from Neocryptopteryx by

its more finely punctate and wrinkled mesoscutum, steeply declivous area

basalis, more slender postpetiole and more densely setose 2nd gastric

tergite. Chilecryptus also differs from its close relatives, and from many

other Trachysphyrus Group genera, by having the front carina of its

propodeal collar oblique (instead of vertical) with the postjacent

transverse swelling unusually prominent and slanted forward so as to

overlap the anterior flange.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION. Chilecryptus is confined to Neantarctic

Chile and, south of about 40°Latitude, to adjacent Argentina. It seems

concentrated in the Valdivian Forest biome, but has some representation in

every natural community from Coquimban Desert to ecotones between

Patagonian Steppe and Nothofagus forest on both sides of the Strait of

Magellan.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CHILECRYPTUS

FEMALES

1. Setae of 2nd gastric tergite mostly exceed the length of their

interspaces; setae of following tergites very dense so that the

surface has a velvety lustre; mesoscutal sculpture consisting mostly

of delicate micro-reticulation so that the surface is opaque;

mesopleural disc with unusually gross reticulate wrinkling; basal

trans-carina of propodeum often with crescentic or tubercular

sublateral cristae; gaster always wholly black ...........

we ee ee we ew ew we) )6h6U4 «(Chilecryptus tetracanthus (Spinola)

1.’ Setae of 2nd gastric tergite usually in part equalling the length of

their interspaces but not uniformly so; setae of following tergites

denser than on 2nd but not so crowded as to impart a uniformly

Porter: Chilean Mesostenini (Ichneumonidae) 97

velvety lustre to the surface they cover; mesoscutal sculpture mat to

somewhat shining with small but well defined largely adjacent to

confluent punctures and often with fine, trans-biased wrinkling along.

the notauli; mesopleural disc with moderately coarse to delicately

granular sculpture; basal trans-carina without or with weaker

sublateral cristae; gaster often with white markings on some of the

apical terete sein: <div ee Re , Te Rey Co AR ae

2. First flagellomere 6.5-6.9 as long as deep apically; propodeal cristae

large and strongly projecting ligulate; ovipositor tip with nodus

vague, dorsal valve with a gradual and almost direct taper between

notch and apex ........... 3. Chilecryptus ithyption (Porter)

2.’ First flagellomere 5.8-6.5 as long as deep apically; propodeal cristae

short-ligulate, subligulate, or bluntly cuneate; nodus low but

distinct, dorsal valve with a convex taper between notch and apex .

3. Petiole long and slender; postpetiole 1.0-1.2 as wide apically as long

from spiracle to apex ........ 1. Chilecryptus rhadinus (Porter)

3.’ Petiole very broad and flattened above; postpetiole 1.3 as wide

apically as long from spiracle to apex... : Z :

gah tye OU ng re Ae a ia cei Aalee aN Chideeantus enn iPower

MALES

(Male of C. rhopalum unknown)

1. Wings dark, tegulae black, mid coxae with at least some white below;

mesoscutum with scarcely a trace of wrinkling along notaulli;

mesopleuron strongly to grossly reticulately wrinkled with large

shining enclosures, at least on lower 0.5; propodeal cristae long and

strongly projecting ligulate to cuneate :

& wihas idee batted ay at eel Ga? ae de a he erties PLOT OAS (Spinola)

1.’ Wings vaguely darkened or practically hyaline, tegula with some white,

mid coxa more or less white below; mesoscutum usually with trans-

biased wrinkling along notauli and on peripheries of lateral lobes;

mesopleuron usually with comparatively fine, more complex wrinkling

without shining enclosures; cristae long or short .......2

2. Clypeus prominently raised, bluntly subpyramidal in profile; mesoscutum

finely but rather strongly micro-reticulate; propodeal cristae broad

and strongly projecting subligulate;. humeral margin of pronotum with

a broad and nearly percurrent white band; pair of white spots at base

of scutellum; white spot beneath ig wing base. .

wie eee ah Nig Mails BOR on ab eae vb allan ry can Nea ART ca paar ti erie ee “Apa rians

2.’ Clypeus in profile very weakly raised; mesoscutum with a silky lustre

and not as strongly micro-reticulate; cristae very large and strongly

projecting ligulate; only pronotal collar white; no white spot

beneath origin of hind wing ... 3. Chilecryptus ithyption (Porter)

98 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 3, 1987

1. Chilecryptus rhadinus (Porter), new combination

(Fig. 6, 88-91)

Trachysphyrus rhadinus Porter, 1967a. Mem. Amer. Ent. Inst. 10:

187-90. Type f: Chile, Santiago Province (Cambridge).

NEW SPECIMENS EXAMINED. 12 f and 21 m: ARGENTINA, Nequén Province,

Pucara ca. Chilean border on Lago Lacar west of San Martin de los Andes,

11-15-XII-1969, C. Porter, I-1970, S. Schajovskoi; CHILE, Magallanes

Province, Parque Chabunco ca. Punta Arenas, 22-II-1986, C. Porter, T.

O’Neill (Porter).

FIELD NOTES. My specimen from Punta Arenas was swept from Baccharis

in a large clearing among forest dominated by Nothofagus betuloides.

This widely distributed species occupies every Neantarctic Chilean

biome from sealevel to at least 1400 m, having been cited from southern

Coquimban Desert, the Central Coastal Cordillera, Central Valley, the

foothills of the Central Andean Cordillera, Northern Valdivian Forest, at

low altitudes in the Southern Andean Cordillera, in the Pehuenar, Valdivian

Forest, Valdivian Cordillera, the Aisén Cordillera, and the Magallanes

Interoceanic Region.

2. Chilecryptus rhopalum (Porter), new combination

Trachysphyrus rhopalum Porter, 1967a. Mem. Amer. Ent. Inst. 10: 190-1.

Type f: Chile, O’Higgins Province, Bosques de los Conservados (Townes).

FIELD NOTES. This species remains known from the type series, taken

at Bosque de los Conservados in O’Higgins Province of Chile in the

transition zone between the Central Valley and Central Andean Cordillera.

3. Chilecryptus ithyption (Porter), new combination

(Fig. 136)

Trachysphyrus ithyption Porter, 1967a. Mem. Amer. Ent. Inst. 10: 185-7.

Type f: Chile, Chilo€ Island, Dalcahue (Townes).

NEW SPECIMENS EXAMINED. 1 f: CHILE, Gantic Province, Pucén (Peninsula

en Lago Villarrica), 25-30-XI-1984, C. Porter, T. O’Neill (Porter).

FIELD NOTES. Most records for C. ithyption are from Valdivian Forest

and Northern Valdivian Forest. The northernmost specimen was taken at 1100

m at Estero de Leiva in Linares Province. The most austral records are

from Chiloe Island.

4. Chilecryptus tetracanthus Spinola, new combination

(Figs 7) "92496 / 1355" 195)

Porter: Chilean Mesostenini (Ichneumonidae) 99

Ichneumon (Cryptus) tetracanthus Spinola, 1851. In Gay: Historia

fisica y politica de Chile. Zoologia 6: 482. Type: f, Chile,

northern part (Turin).

Trachysphyrus tetracanthus Porter, 1967a. Mem. Amer. Ent. Inst.

10: 182-4.

NEW SPECIMENS EXAMINED. 37 f and 20 m: ARGENTINA, Neuquén Province,

Pucara ca. Chilean border on Lago Lacar west of San Martin de los Andes,

11-15-XII-1969, S. Schajovskoi; CHILE, Llanquihue Province, Rio Petrohue

Camping, Parque Nacional Vincente Pérez Rosales, 2-III-1986, C. Porter, T.

O’Neill (Porter).

FIELD NOTES. Chilecryptus tetracanthus often abounds in shaded

localities near water (e.g., at El Canelo in the Andean Precordillera near

Santiago, Chile). It is cited in Chile from Coquimbo to Tierra del Fuego

and spills over into Argentina from Neuquén Province southward.

This species occurs in almost every Chilean biome from the Coquimban

Desert to the Megallanes Interoceanic Region. Apparently, it is restricted

to altitudes from less than 1000 m down to sealevel.

19. Genus NEOCRYPTOPTERYX

Neocryptopteryx Blanchard, 1947. Commun. Zool. Mus. Hist. Nat.

Montevideo 2 (42): 1. Type: (Neocryptopteryx orientalis

Blanchard) = blanchardi Townes 1969. Monobasic.

Fore wing 4.1-12.9 mm long. Coloration: head and body black,

occasionally with dark red or reddish brown sparsely on head and mesosoma

and on some of the basal gastric tergites in part, as well as with white

marks (sparse except on gaster) which often include complete (sometimes

extensive) or interrupted bands on some of the more apical gastric

tergites; flagellum black to reddish brown, in many species with a white

band; legs mostly black, orange, or dull red, often with some white

markings; wings dark to almost hyaline in some males. Body in female

robust to moderately elongate fusiform, in male slender fusiform and

cylindroid. Flagellum in female long (0.6-1.0 the length of body), usually

filiform and in most species vaguely, if at all, flattened below (in N.

zaceras strongly flattened ventrally toward apex), and with lst segment

4.1-7.2 as long as deep at apex; in male even longer and a little more

robust than in female, setaceous, with sharp and linear tyloids on segments

12-17, of which that on 12 is sharp and linear, longitudinal, and confined

to apical 0.5 of segment, those of 13-14 are similar to the foregoing but

nearly percurrent, that on 15 is similar to preceeding but a little

ascendantly oblique, while those of 16-17 are short, ascendantly oblique,

and located progressively farther dorsad on their segments; the lst 3.2-3.9

as long as deep at apex. Front gently concave with surface often uniformly

shining with irregular but usually trans-biased to regular transverse

wrinkling, sometimes more or less mat, especially on upper 0.5 (more rarely

becoming more matly sculptured above than below), the frontal orbits often

swollen but upper and lower halves of front not sharply discrete. Malar

space 0.70-1.0 as long as basal width of mandible in female, 0.60-1.0 as

100 Conttib: shiner, Bot. Mnst.ovioh23,4¥0n: Bi 1987

long in male. Face 1.6-2.0 as wide as high from top of anterior tentorial

pit to bottom of antennal socket. Clypeus large; in profile often high

convex or bluntly, strongly and more or less asymmetrically pyramidal, more

rarely low and/or very asymmetrically or irregularly convex; apical margin

truncate to gently convex, without a tooth or tubercle; corners slightly to

sometimes broadly reflexed. Mandible broad and stout, evenly and strongly

tapering from base to apex, about 2.1-2.5 as long as wide across base of

teeth, teeth subequal. Occipital carina sharp and narrow or in a few

species considerably elevated ventrad, joining the weakly to moderately

raised or occasionally scoop-shaped hypostomal carina below. Pronotum with

humeral margin broadly, percurrently and foveolately grooved; epomia

usually but not always strong in scrobe, usually prolonged some distance

dorsad and with a distinct but undifferentiated swelling or even a

sublaminate area above its dorsal end; lower front margin broadly angled

and sometimes with a small, stout tooth at mid-height; upper front margin

sublaterally and across collar with a sharp, sometimes inconspicuously

flange-like carina; dorso-median area of collar swollen and sharply, more

or less foveolately set off along its posterior margin. Mesoscutum with

notauli rather shallow but traceable 0.4-0.7 its length; surface usually

shining and with moderately large to coarse, usually strong, subadjacent to

reticulately confluent punctures and with wrinkling usually well developed

along notauli, between notauli rearward, and behind end of notauli or, in

some species, with mesoscutal surface uniformly and strongly puncto-

reticulate or very grossly rugoso-punctate. Mesopleuron with subalarum

horizontal, narrow, weakly swollen ellipsoid or crescentic, its summit

often bluntly crested or even carinate; speculum smooth and shining or

(less often) much invaded by punctures and wrinkles, in lower front corner

with a tiny pit that is connected by a delicate groove to the mesopleural

suture (in more grossly sculptured species these details may be effaced);

prepectal carina usually gently to strongly inclivous and approaching front

margin of mesopleuron at its upper 0.5-0.8 and then more or less developed

over a recurved course that sometimes takes it as far as subalarum (more

nearly vertical in N. ocris); lower prepectus without an excrescence; disc.

throughout with strong to coarse reticulate wrinkling; sternaulus well

developed and upcurved to almost straight on its basal 0.6-0.7, becoming

much weaker and straightened or decurved on apical 0.4. Hind coxa with a

sharp and shining, slightly oblique groove that descends from its

attachment. Female fore tibia weakly to conspicuously inflated. Female

4th tarsomeres with a prominent V-shaped groove on front leg, much less

emarginate to truncate on mid and hind leg. Groove between propodeum and

metanotum sharp and narrow (broader in males); its submedian tubercles tiny

but sharp on metanotal face but obsolete on propodeal face; the sublateral

tubercles usually obsolete but occasionally detectable on metanotal face of

groove. Wing venation: areolet large and high, intercubiti weakly to

strongly convergent above, 2nd abscissa of radius 0.5-0.8 as long as list

intercubitus, areolet 1.0-1.4 as high as wide; 2nd recurrent straight and

vertical to weakly reclivous and sometimes a little outcurved on upper 0.5;

discocubitus slightly to rather strongly but broadly angulate, ramellus

sometimes absent but more often present and short (more rarely long);

mediella more or less straight in females to gently arched in males;

axillus very close to anal margin of hind wing. Propodeum: spiracle 1.3-

3.0 as long as wide; in female more or less short and high with the basal

and apical faces discrete, in male longer and lower than in female with the

faces more nearly confluent; basal trans-carina traceable throughout in

Porter: Chilean Mesostenini (Ichneumonidae) 101

most species (occasionally almost absent), weak and irregular to sharp

throughout, gently or (more often) strongly swept forward to its narrow to

broad, usually straight median abscissa which runs close to basal margin of

propodeum; apical trans-carina sometimes almost as strong as basal but

usually much weaker or absent, thrust well forward on median abscissa but

remaining far from basal trans-carina (closer in some males); cristae low

subcuneate to strongly projecting ligulate; area basalis usually small,

tetragonal, with sides strongly convergent rearward and about as long as

wide or in some species broader than long with the sides weakly oblique;

areola vaguely hexagonal, usually about as long as wide but sometimes

longer or shorter. First gastric segment without a baso-lateral

excrescence or at most with a weak flange; female postpetiole 1.2-1.9 as

wide at apex as long from spiracle to apex and male postpetiole 0.6-1.1 as

wide as long; ventro-lateral and dorso-lateral carinae usually traceable

throughout and often sharp, vertical wrinkles on sides of petiole between

carinae; dorsal carinae variably distinct on apex of petiole and on basal

0.5 of postpetiole, where they define a slightly to definitely raised

median area. Second gastric tergite in female more or less smooth and

shining (usually conspicuously relucent) and with delicate to well

developed micro-reticulation, its punctures abundant, small to minute, and

emitting short to moderately long setae which are usually shorter than the

length of their interspaces (rarely at least in part a little overlapping);

in male with generally stronger micro-reticulation and with longer setae

which often (by no means always) consistently equal or exceed their

interspaces. Gaster in female stout to moderately elongate fusiform, in

male slender fusiform and cylindroid, sometimes a little compressed apicad.

Ovipositor with sheathed portion 0.30-0.80 as long as fore wing; straight

or slightly decurved, moderately stout to unusually robust, more or less

compressed; nodus distinct but often low, notch defined or sometimes

absent; dorsal valve between notch and apex with taper slightly concave or

sinuate, straight or convex; ventral valve on tip with fine to very strong

oblique to almost vertical ridges; tip 0.18-0.38 as high at notch or nodal

summit as long from this point to apex.

SPECIES INCLUDED. In addition to the type species, Neocryptopteryx

includes the following described species, all of which are NEW COMBINATIONS

under this name: Cryptopteryx oeceticola Blanchard (1941), Trachysphyrus

hypodyneri Porter (1967a), Trachysphyrus sphaera Porter (1967a),

Trachysphyrus oedipous Porter (1967a), Cryptus albomarginatus Taschenberg

(1876), Trachysphyrus zaceras Porter (1967a), Trachysphyrus uspallatae

Porter (1967a), Trachysphyrus ocris Porter (1967a), Trachysphyrus brasson

Porter (1967a), Trachysphyrus incarum Porter (1967a), and Cosmiocryptus

leucetrum Porter (1985b).

RELATIONSHIPS. Neocryptopteryx closely resembles Chilecryptus but, as

detailed in the account of that genus, differs in structure of the pronotal

collar, in its more coarsely sculptured mesoscutum, stouter postpetiole,

and in its less densely setose 2nd gastric tergite.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION. Neocryptopteryx is known from the Peruvian

Coastal Desert (N. leucetrum) and Puna (N. incarum); from subtropical wet

forests in southern Brasil, northeast and northwest Argentina (N.

blanchardi, N. brasson); from subtropical forests, Chaco, Subandino, and

Prepuna localities in northern and northwest Argentina (N. albomarginatus,

102 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 3, 1987

N. ocris); in the Southern Argentine Subandino (N. uspallatae, N. zaceras);

and from Neantarctic Chile (N. hypodyneri, N. metriurus, N. oedipous, and

N. sphaera).

KEY TO THE CHILEAN SPECIES OF NEOCRYPTOPTERYX

FEMALES

1. Front tibia scarcely inflated; propodeal carinae notably high and

sharp, including irregular but usually strong lateral longitudinal

carinae; propodeal surface distad of basal trans-carina coarsely

reticulately wrinkled; ovipositor tip a little slender, 0.20-0.28 as

high at notch as long from notch to apex, nodus usually comparatively

high, profile of dorsal valve on tip direct to faintly concave; fore

and mid tarsi often white marked . AAR SEF EOS. gee Sea

1. Neocryptopteryx metriurus (Spinola)

1.’ Front tibia moderately to strongly inflated; propodeal carinae finer

and lower, lateral longitudinal carinae weaker and blunter, surface

of propodeum more finely wrinkled; ovipositor tip stouter, 0.26-0.35

as high at notch as long from notch to apex, nodus usually lower than

described above, dorsal valve on tip with a direct to convex taper;

fore and mid tarsi never marked with white ..........2.2. 2

2. Occipital carina almost uniformly low throughout; lst flagellomere 7.0-

7.2 as long as deep at apex; malar space 0.80-0.90 as long as. basal

width of mandible; sheathed portion of ovipositor 0.30-0.50 as long

AS PORCINE re RO NS SIR) Chane ER Ca Rte SERCO A os

2.’ Occipital carina gradually raised ventrad until it becomes a

conspicuous flange toward junction with hypostomal carina; lst

flagellomere 6.0-6.6 as long as deep at apex; malar space 0.70-0.80

as long as basal width of mandible; sheathed portion of ovipositor

0.50-0.60 as long as fore wing . Een ae a) MSI RRNA See Be

. 2. Neocryptopteryx hypodyneri (Porter)

3. Sheathed portion of ovipositor 0.30-0.40 as long as fore wing; temple

0.3-0.4 as long as eye in dorsal view, definitely receding and a

little rounded-off; epomia strong and sharp in scrobe; speculum

swollen, smooth and shining . SARS RNG GO SLRS ICAU OSH Te CURR SEO SOMA Ne

.3. Neocryptopteryx oedipus (Porter)

3.’ Sheathed portion of ovipositor 0.50 as long as fore wing; temple 0.5 as

long as eye in dorsal view, moderately receding and more strongly

rounded-off; epomia delicate, not sharply distinguishable from other

wrinkles in scrobe; speculum weakly swollen and largely invaded by

strong punctures and wrinkles SG AE CERES NST SH iS a

. 4. Neocryptopteryx sphaera (Porter)

Porter: Chilean Mesostenini (Ichneumonidae) 103

MALES

(Male of N. sphaera unknown)

1. Occipital carina a prominently raised flange, especially toward

junction with the high and somewhat scoop-like hypostomal carina .

2. Neocryptopteryx hypodyneri (Porter)

1.’ Occipital carina throughout sharp and low or at most a weakly raised

flange. i a Ee) A Oe Pa age ogc. ey

2. Fore and mid legs with white markings on coxae, trochanters, and tarsi;

malar space 0.60-0.70 as long as basal width of mandible; temple

0.70-0.80 as long as eye in dorsal view, moderately receding;

postpetiole 0.70 as wide apically as long from spiracle to apex; 2nd

gastric tergite’s setae mostly equal or surpass the length of their

interspaces .......... 1. Neocryptopteryx metriurus (Spinola)

2.’ No white on fore and mid legs; malar space 0.80 as long as basal width

of mandible; temple 0.50 as long as eye in dorsal view and rather

strongly receding; postpetiole 0.90 as wide apically as long from .

spiracle to apex; 2nd gastric tergite with setae largely shorter than

the length of their interspaces, only sporadically equalling

interspaces ........ .. .. 3. Neocryptopteryx oedipus (Porter)

1. Neocryptopteryx metriurus (Spinola), new combination

(Fig. 141, 194)

Ichneumon (Cryptus) metriurus Spinola, 1851. In Gay: Historia fisica

y politica de Chile. Zoologia 6: 486. Type f: Chile, Coquimbo

(Turin).

Cryptopteryx oeceticola Blanchard, 1941. Rev. Soc. Ent. Argentina

11: 6. Type f: Argentina, Estacidn Forestal de Anchorena en Rio

Negro (Castelar).

Trachysphyrus oeceticola Porter, 1967a. Mem. Amer. Ent. Inst.

10: 153-6.

Trachysphyrus metriurus Porter, 1975. Revta. Chilena de Ent. 9: 169.

NEW SPECIMENS EXAMINED. 1 f and 1m: CHILE, Cautin Province, Pucon

(Peninsula en Lago Villarrica), 25-30-XI-1984, C. Porter, T. O’Neill;

Magallanes Province, Parque Chabunco ca. Punta Arenas, 22-II-1986, C.

Porter, T. O’Neill (Porter).

FIELD NOTES. The specimen from Punta Arenas was collected from

Baccharis in a clearing sheltered from the wind by stands of Nothofagus

pumilio.

This species is recorded from near Santiago in the Central Valley of

Chile south through the Valdivian Forests and into the Magallanes

104 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 3, 1987

Interoceanic Region. It has also been collected from Neantarctic Argentina

at San Carlos de Bariloche in Rio Negro Province. Neocryptopteryx

metriurus occupies an altitudinal span of sealevel to 1000 m, which

probably explains its absence in Argentina north of 40° South Latitude,

where the Andes begin to form a continuous barrier for east-west dispersal,

with an average altitude of 3000-5000 m.

HOSTS. The common psychid moth (bicho del cesto), Oeceticus kirbyi,

is the only known host for N. metriurus (Blanchard 1941).

2. Neocryptopteryx hypodyneri (Porter), new combination.

(Fig. 139)

Trachysphyrus hypodyneri Porter, 1967a. Mem. Amer. Ent. Inst.

10: 156-60. Type f: Chile, Santiago Province, El Canelo (Cambridge).

FIELD NOTES. Neocryptopteryx hypodyneri extends from sealevel to 2400

m and in Chile ranges from Valparaiso and Santiago to Cautin Province.

There is 1 record from Neuquén Province near the Chilean border in

Neantarctic Argentina. This species appears in most Chilean habitats from

river valleys and ravines in the Central Valley and south Coquimban Desert

to the Valdivian Forests and the Valdivian Cordillera.

HOSTS. This species has been reared from the mud nest of Hypodynerus

porteri, a eumenid wasp (Porter 1967: 159).

3. Neocryptopteryx oedipus (Porter), new combination

(Fig. 140)

Trachysphyrus oedipus Porter, 1967a. Mem. Amer. Ent. Inst. 10: 161-3.

Type f: Chile, Santiago Province, El Canelo (Townes).

FIELD NOTES. This rare species has been taken in central Neantarctic

Chile from Santiago south to Concepcion. Toward the north it seems to be

limited to well watered and wooded ravines, and on the south it enters

Northern Valdivian Forest.

4. Neocryptopteryx sphaera (Porter), new combination

Trachysphyrus sphaera Porter, 1967a. Mem. Amer. Ent. Inst. 10: 160-1.

Type f: Aconcagua, Hda. Saladillo, Piscicultura (Ottawa).

FIELD NOTES. Neocryptopteryx sphaera remains known only from a single

locality in Andean foothills of Aconcagua Province between Portillo and Los

Andes.

20. Genus ARAUCACIS Porter, new genus

Type species: Trachysphyrus leptaulas Porter, 1967a.

Fore wing 6.0-8.0 mm long. Coloration with head, mesosoma, and gaster

black with sparse (female) to extensive (male) white markings; legs black

Porter: Chilean Mesostenini (Ichneumonidae) 105

with brown or reddish staining and in male also with prominent white

markings; flagellum black with a white band; wings in female infumate to

weakly darkened, in male weakly infumate to hyaline. Flagellum in female

short and becoming subtly but definitely swollen in apical 0.3, although

basically filiform, its lst segment 3.7-5.1 as long as deep at apex; in

male very long and setaceous with sharp and linear tyloids on segments 12

(13)-17, the more proximal tyloids often nearly percurrent and following

the longitudinal axes of their segments, the tyloids on segments 15-17

short, a little obliquely oriented and set off by a dorso-basal excavation

on each segment, the 1st flagellar segment 3.2-3.9 as long as deep at apex.

Front deeply concave and polished on lower 0.5, practically flat and mat

with finely granular puncto-reticulation on upper 0.5. Face about 1.6 as

wide between eyes as high from top of anterior tentorial pit to bottom of

antennal sockets. Clypeus rather large; that of female in profile weakly

to moderately raised symmetric to asymmetric sybpyramidal or simply convex

with the faces unusually well differentiated so that the clypeal disc

appears bipartite in front view, that of male much less elevated and not

clearly bipartite when viewed anteriorly; apical margin in both sexes

narrowly sharp, straight to strongly convex, and with corners slightly

reflexed. Malar space 0.60-0.90 as long as basal width of mandible.

Mandible broad and tapered toward apex, its teeth subequal, about 2.2 as

long as wide across base of teeth. Occipital carina sharp and narrow

throughout or considerably raised ventrad, joining the low or high and

scoop-shaped hypostomal carina well above base of mandible. Pronotum on

humeral margin with a percurrent, broad, shallow, weakly foveolate groove;

epomia strong in scrobe, sometimes with a swelling above its upper end;

lower front margin of pronotum rounded, its tooth obsolete or absent; upper

front margin and collar as described for Itamuton. Mesoscutum with notauli

reaching 0.2-0.5 its length, fine, weakly to sharply impressed; surface

smooth and shining with very dense, small, sharp, subadjacent to adjacent

punctures and sometimes also with faint micro-reticulation. Mesopleuron

with subalarum horizontal and narrowly crescentic but only carinate apicad;

speculum mostly smooth and polished with subajacent pit and groove as in

Itamuton; prepectal carina sharp, inclivous, becoming gently sinuate above

and reaching or approaching subalarum; no excrescence on prepectus below;

disc (at least in female) with fine to somewhat coarse reticulate wrinkling

on lower 0.5 and on upper 0.5 with more regular and longitudinally to

obliquely biased wrinkling, upper front quadrant (at least in female) with

a slightly swollen and smoother area that is minutely and densely punctate;

sternaulus practically straight, strong on basal 0.6 but obsolete apicad.

Hind coxa with a broad and polished but shallow groove extending ventrad

from its attachment. Female fore tibia stout and sometimes a little

inflated. Female hind metatarsus with strong outstanding bristles arranged

somewhat irregularly in 4 rows among long and dense recumbant setae.

Female 4th tarsomeres with a moderately deep and V-shaped apical

emargination. Metanotum nearly flat, sparsely setose, its apical face

abruptly declivous, its baso-lateral fossae broad, deep and narrowly

separated on meson (more widely separated in male). Groove between

metanotum and propodeum with submedian tubercles of metanotal face sharp

but tiny and of propodeal face very broad but obsolete (stronger and sharp

in male); sublateral tubercles strong on metanotal face but obsolete on

propodeal face. Wing venation: areolet large, intercubiti very convergent

dorsad, 2nd abscissa of radius 0.3-0.6 as long as lst intercubitus; 2nd

recurrent outbulged above, gently reclivous below; discocubitus weakly

106 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 3, 1987

angled, sometimes with a short ramellus; mediella in female weakly arched

and in male rather strongly arched; axillus very close to anal margin of

hind wing, from which it is removed by no more and often less than its own

width. Propodeum with spiracle 1.5-1.8 as long as wide: in female a little

elongate but high with basal face sloping rearward and the subequal apical

face sharply discrete and nearly vertical, in male with profile much longer

and lower with little differentiation of the faces; basal trans-carina

percurrent, sharp or often irregular (especially medially where it is

curved far forward to end in a rather short, straight to gently curved

mesal abscissa); apical trans-carina stronger than the basal carina,

straight or curved on its mesal abscissa (which extends well anteriad but

remains distant from the basal trans-—carina); female cristae robustly and

broadly low subcuneate and distinctly projecting, male cristae less

prominent; area basalis short and much broader than long; areola hexagonal,

in female 1.3-1.5 as long as broad and in male even longer (areola weakly

defined laterally because median longitudinal carinae often are weak or

obsolete). First gastric segment without a baso-lateral expansion on

petiole; postpetiole in female expanded, 1.3-1.6 as wide apically as long

from spiracle to apex and in male nearly parallel-sided and 0.6-0.8 as long

as wide; ventro-lateral carina in female traceable throughout and sometimes

strong on postpetiole; dorso-lateral carina in female becoming sharp on

apex of petiole and on postpetiole; dorsal carinae of female often well

developed and even sharp on apex of petiole and base of postpetiole, where

they enclose a slightly elevated median field; longitudinal carinae

considerably weaker but more or less traceable in male. Second gastric

tergite in female dull silky-shining with fine but distinct micro-

reticulation and abundant, tiny, very superficial punctures which emit

short setae that mostly approach, equal, or briefly surpass the length of

their interspaces; in male more granularly mat than in female and with

longer and more extensively overlapping setae. Gaster in female moderately

elongate fusiform, in male weakly fusiform to parallel-sided. Ovipositor

with sheathed portion 0.36-0.40 as long as fore wing; straight, rather

slender, strongly compressed; nodus distinct and with a small notch; dorsal

valve on tip with a gently convex taper between notch and apex; tip 0.22-

0.28 as high at notch as long from notch to apex.

GENERIC NAME. From the Neo-Latin root arauc-, "pertaining to the

Nothofagus biome in temperate South Ameica," and the Greek acis, "point," a

term frequently used in composition of generic names for small species of

Neantarctic and Neotropic Ischnina.

SPECIES INCLUDED. Trachysphyrus melanthes Porter and T. leptaulax

Porter (1967a).

RELATIONSHIPS. In such features as its dorsally much narrowed

areolet, reclivous and dorsally outbulged 2nd recurrent vein, and well

developed dorsal carinae on at least the female postpetiole and apical

petiole, this genus seems related to Itamuton, of which it may be an

endemically Chilean offshoot. The following characters separate Araucacis

from Itamuton and other close relatives: female flagellum short and a

little swollen toward apex; female clypeus bipartite in front view, with

its basal and apical faces unusually (but not carinately) discrete; malar

space 0.60-0.90 as long as basal width of mandible; humeral margin of

pronotum percurrently grooved; notauli reaching only 0.20-0.50 the length

Porter: Chilean Mesostenini (Ichneumonidae) 107

of mesoscutum; complex mesopleural sculpture that differs from upper to

lower 0.5 of sclerite; nearly straight sternaulus; many details of

propodeal areolation (e.g., apical trans-—carina much stronger than and far

from basal, areola thus longer than wide in position); much more densely

setose female 2nd gastric tergite; and shorter, more strongly compressed

Ovipositor.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION This small genus seems restricted to central

and south-central Chile from Santiago to Cautin Province. Doubtless it

enters southwest Argentina toward the southern extreme of its range.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ARAUCACIS

1. Occipital carina becoming high and flange-like ventrad, hypostomal

carina high and scoop-shaped; female lst flagellomere 4.6-5.1 as long

as deep at apex; notaulus reaching about 0.5 the length of

mesoscutum; male propodeal cristae medium sized to large, bluntish

cuneate; male wings somewhat infumate ............

1. Araucacis melanthes (Porter)

1.’ Occipital carina low throughout or, at most, slightly raised below,

hypostomal carina less strongly raised than described above; female

lst flagellomere 3.7 as long as deep at apex; notaulus reaching 0.3

or a little more the length of mesoscutum; male propodeal cristae

usually rather small and low tubercular or crescentic; male wings

practically hyaline ....... ... 2. Araucacis leptaulax (Porter)

1. Araucacis melanthes (Porter), new combination

(Fig. 137, 171)

Trachysphyrus melanthes Porter, 1967a. Mem. Amer. Ent. Inst. 10: 142-5.

Type f: Chile, Santiago Province, El Canelo (Townes).

FIELD NOTES. This species has been collected in Chile between

Santiago and Nuble Provinces in Central Valley and Northern Valdivian

Forest habitats.

2. Araucacis leptaulax (Porter), new combination

(Fig. 138)

Trachysphyrus leptaulax Porter, 1967a. Mem. Amer. Ent. Inst. 10:

145-7. Type f. Chile, Santiago Province, El Canelo (Ottawa).

NEW SPECIMENS EXAMINED. 1 f and 3 m: CHILE, Cautin Province, Comuna

de Pucén, ca. Termas de Palguin, 27-XI-1984, 5-9-XII-1984, C. Porter, T.

O’Neill (Porter).

FIELD NOTES. Araucacis leptaulax inhabits relict sclerophyll woods in

well—watered precordilleran valleys of the Santiago area and southward

enters the Valdivian Cordillera Biome and probably attains the Valdivian

Forest. At Termas de Palguin, the species was taken only a few km from the

108 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 3, 1987

Argentine border and almost certainly reaches Neantarctic forest habitats

in Neuquén and Rio Negro Provinces of Argentina.

21. Genus OECETIPLEX Porter, new genus

Type species: Cryptus borsani Blanchard, 1941.

Oecetiplex seems closely related to Itamuton but shows the following

distinctive features: Coloration with flagellum entirely dark, head,

mesosoma and gaster profusely marked with white, legs mostly orange and

wings hyaline. Clypeus in profile high and with contour convex or bluntly

pyramidal, its apical margin gently to strongly convex and often obscurely

bilobed. Malar space in female 0.80-1.0 as long as basal width of

mandible. Occipital carina a sharp and narrow flange that becomes weaker

or almost effaced near hypostomal carina. Pronotum with humeral margin

somewhat swollen and without a distinct groove; epomia strong in scrobe and

continued dorsad where it ends in a rather strong swelling and is often

faintly traceable mesad so as to set off a weakly differentiated swollen

area; lower front margin with a small, sharp tooth near mid height.

Mesoscutum with notauli weak and shallow to moderately sharp, traceable a

little more than 0.5 the length of mesoscutum; surface shining with gross

and deep subadjacent (or sometimes more widely separated on lateral lobes)

to confluent punctures. Mesopleuron with disc coarsely reticulately

wrinkled. Wing venation: areolet large and often rather broad, intercubiti

weakly to moderately convergent above, 2nd abscissa of radius 0.8-1.0 as

long as lst intercubitus; discocubitus rather strongly angled; setae of

wing membrane often unusually sparse. Propodeum with cristae rather small

and narrow but strongly projecting ligulate and with its surface coarsely

wrinkled so that both basal and apical trans-carinae may be partially

effaced. Ovipositor with sheathed portion 0.40-0.50 as long as fore wing;

stout, weakly compressed, slightly decurved; nodus rather low and with a

small notch.

GENERIC NAME. From Oeceticus, the genus of psychid moths parasitized

by this ichneumonid, and plex-, a Greek root suggesting "to strike or to

nit.

SPECIES INCLUDED. Cryptus borsani Blanchard.

RELATIONSHIPS. Oecetiplex appears related to Itamuton, in view of

such characters as its filiform and slender female flagellum, partly smooth

and shining mesoscutal surface, uniformly sculptured mesopleural disc,

reclivous and dorsally outbulged 2nd recurrent vein, axillus close to anal

margin of hind wing, both trans-carinae of propodeum (to the extent

visible) thrust far forward medially, so that the basal carina comes close

to the front margin of propodeum and the apical trans-carina is close

enough to the basal that the areola is as broad as long or (usually) much

broader, dorsal carinae distinct and sometimes sharp toward apex of petiole

and on base of postpetiole, and 2nd gastric tergite with widely scattered

setae.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION. Oecetiplex has been collected at scattered

points in the Chilean Coquimban Desert and Magallanes Interoceanic Region,

109 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 3, 1987

as well as in the Patagonian Steppe and Southern Subandean Desert of

Argentina.

1. Oecetiplex borsani (Blanchard), new combination

(Fig. 142, 167, 200)

Cryptus borsani Blanchard, 1941. Rev. Soc. Ent. Argentina 11: 8.

Type f: Argentina, Mendoza (Castelar).

Trachysphyrus borsani Porter, 1967a. Mem. Amer. Ent. Inst. 10: 126-9.

DISCUSSION. Although a parasite of the abundant psychid moth genus

Oeceticus, this species has been collected only rarely. Its anomalously

far-flung geographic range, along with prominent chromatic and structural

differences from one population to another, make it likely that O. borsani

will be divided into several species when more specimens come to hand,

permitting analysis of individual and geographic variation.

22. Genus HYPSANACIS Porter, new genus

Type species: Trachysphyrus paradeisus Porter, 1967a.

Fore wing 5.2-7.4 mm long. Coloration: head and mesosoma black with

some white markings that include a spot in each front corner of scutellum;

gaster orange (with or without black areas) or entirely black in some

males; flagellum black, with a white band in some females but never in

males; legs black or orange and black and often with white markings; wings

moderately infuscate (in some females) to only slightly darkened or

hyaline. Flagellum in female moderately long to very long, often longer

than body, on apical half a little more robust than basad and gently

flattened below toward apex, but essentially filiform, its lst segment 5.0-

5.7 as long as deep at apex; in male setaceous, rather robust, varying from

somewhat shorter to a little longer than body, with linear, sharp, and

longitudinally oriented tyloids on as many as segments 12-18 or as few as

13-15, its lst segment 3.5-4.2 as long as deep at apex. Front weakly

concave, shining with transverse wrinkles on lower 0.3-0.5, duller or mat

and more or less granularly puncto-reticulate or reticulately wrinkled with

some transverse bias on its upper 0.5-0.7. Face 1.4-1.7 as wide as high

from top of anterior tentorial pit to bottom of antennal socket. Clypeus

moderately large; in profile moderately elevated to high, varying from

strongly and symmetrically convex to bluntly and often asymmetrically

subpyramidal; its apical margin nearly truncate to gently convex and

without a median tubercle, the whole marginal strip unusually sharp,

impressed to reflexed and with the corners a little reflexed. Mandible

stout, evenly and strongly tapered from base to apex, 2.5-2.6 as long as

wide across base of teeth; the teeth subequal in size. Malar space in

female 1.0-1.3 as long as basal width of mandible, in male 0.8-1.0 as long.

Occipital carina fine and sharp, joining the somewhat more elevated

hypostomal carina below. Pronotum with humeral margin weakly to moderately

swollen and with a narrow, shallow, delicately foveolate, percurrent

groove; epomia often almost straight, sharp, long (prolonged well below

scrobe), and sometimes gently traceable mesad above scrobe but without a

swelling above its dorsal end; lower front pronotal margin broadly angled

Porter: Chilean Mesostenini (Ichneumonidae) 110

and often with a strong but inconspicuous tooth near mid-height; upper

margin sublaterally and across front of collar with a weakly elevated,

translucent carina, behind which the cervical dorsum is transversely and

rather briefly swollen with the swelling set off by a fine groove and row

of foveae apicad. Mesoscutum with notauli fine and narrow, sometimes

faint, traceable 0.5-0.7 its length; surface with dense, fine to rather

coarse, mat to dully shining, reticulate wrinkling and sometimes with areas

of finer and more opaque micro-sculpture mesad on central lobe and less

conspicuously toward mid-line of lateral lobes. Mesopleuron: subalarum

horizontal, sometimes swollen or sometimes modified as a long and sharp

crescentic lamella; speculum shining but usually much invaded by punctures

and wrinkles, with a tiny pit at its anterio-ventral corner that connects

with mesopleural suture by a fine declivous groove (these characters often

hard to see among other surface sculpture); prepectal carina nearly

vertical to moderately inclivous, reaching about upper 0.5-0.6 of

mesopleuron, not closely approaching front margin of its sclerite; no

excrescence on lower prepectus; disc almost uniformly with complex and

quite strong reticulate wrinkling; sternaulus impressed on basal 0.6 of

mesopleuron, upcurved, abruptly obsolete on apical 0.4 and not approaching

base of mid coxa. Wing venation: areolet large and moderately high, the

intercubiti strongly convergent above, 2nd abscissa of radius 0.5-1.0 as

long as lst intercubitus, areolet 1.0 as high as wide; 2nd recurrent either

a little reclivous and outbulged on upper 0.5 or vertical to weakly

inclivous and variably curved on upper 0.5; discocubitus broadly angled

with ramellus absent, vestigial, or rather long; mediella gently to

strongly arched; axillus close to anal margin of hind wing. Hind coxa

beneath its attachment with a sharp but short groove, that is hard to see

without breaking leg. Female fore tibia not inflated. Metanotum nearly

flat to strongly convex and projecting, with sparse to dense setae, its

basal fossae large to small and separated by more to much less than the

width of 1 fossa. Groove between metanotum and propodeum deep and narrow

in female, deep but broader and more open laterad in male, its submedian

prominences tubercular to conical and well developed on both metanotal and

propodeal face of groove, the sublateral excrescence small but distinct on

metanotal face but obsolete on propodeum. Propodeum: spiracle 1.2-1.6 as

long as wide; in female short and high with basal and apical faces subequal

and sharply discrete, the basal face moderately to strongly sloping

rearward, the apical face very steep to vertical; basal trans-carina

percurrent and mostly sharp but in places weak and irregular, sometimes

forming low sublateral crests, very weakly to rather strongly thrust

forward to its median abscissa, which may be gently to strongly curved or

nearly transverse but which remains distant from base of propodeum by about

0.3-0.4 the length of the basal face; apical trans-carina traceable but

weaker and more irregular than basal carina, conspicuously thrust forward

on its broad median segment; cristae prominent and projecting, varying from

bluntly subcuneate to sharply spiniform and hypertrophied; areola in

position about 0.9-2.0 as wide as long and hexagonal in shape, the median

longitudinal carinae faint or absent; lateral longitudinal carinae

irregularly traceable, sometimes becoming strong between transverse carinae

and onto base of cristae; in male varying from short and high to rather

long and sloping, with basal trans-carina often higher and more regular

than in female and with the apical transcarina often correspondingly higher

but still irregular; cristae usually as prominent in male as in female.

First gastric segment: without a baso-lateral excrescence on petiole;

le Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 3, 1987

female postpetiole 1.1-1.3 as wide apically as long from spiracle to apex,

male postpetiole 0.5-0.8 as wide as long; the longitudinal carinae variably

detectable in both sexes; ventro-lateral carina usually detectable

throughout, sharp apicad on petiole and on postpetiole; dorso-lateral

carina traceable to sharp on postpetiole but progressively weaker basad on

petiole; dorsal carinae usually weak and often absent but sometimes well

defined or even sharp toward apex of petiole and on postpetiole; sides of

petiole between ventro-lateral and dorso-lateral carinae nearly smooth,

shining, and with faint and irregular or sometimes oblique rugulosities but

without vertical wrinkles. Second gastric tergite shining to mat with

somewhat granular micro-reticulation and with numerous but sometimes widely

scattered, tiny to medium sized, very superficial and inconspicuous

punctures that emit setae which vary from short and widely spaced in

females to long and well spaced but usually more or less equalling or

exceeding the length of their interspaces in males. Gaster in female

moderately stout fusiform, in male more nearly parallel sided and more

elongate. Ovipositor with sheathed portion 0.30 as long as fore wing;

straight, quite slender, strongly compressed; nodus distinct but low, with

or without a notch; dorsal valve between nodus and apex with a long,

faintly sinuate, slightly concave, or straight taper; ventral valve on tip

with fine, well spaced, inclivously oblique ridges; tip 0.16-0.21 as high

at summit of nodus or notch as long from these to apex.

GENERIC NAME. From the Greek noun hypsus, "height," "summit," and the

generic name Anacis, used for a large South American and Australian genus

to which Hypsanacis may be distantly related.

SPECIES INCLUDED. Trachysphyrus paradeisus Porter (1967a), T.

hoplites Porter (1967c), and Hypsanacis socoromae Porter, new species.

RELATIONSHIPS. The dorsally narrowed areolet and often reclivous as

well as dorsally outbulged 2nd recurrent vein render Hypsanacis

superficially similar to the largely sympatric Itamuton. This resemblance

becomes especially pronounced in males of the Argentine type species, H.

paradeisus (Porter 1967). On the other hand, this genus has many features

in common with Anacis and Cryptopteryx (in east Andean cloud forests from

Colombia to Bolivia). Moreover, many of its diagnostic characters (sharp

and reflexed clypeal margin, hypertrophy of the propodean apophyses,

arching of submediella) are subtly developed in the presumably more

conservative northwest Argentine and north Chilean species, but veritably

exaggerated in species from the northern Andes (e.g., the Ecuadorian H.

hoplites). For the present, I leave Hypsanacis in proximity of Itamuton,

but suggest that future studies of the extra—-Chilean Mesostenini in South

America and of the Australian mesostenines now placed in Anacis may oblige

reassessment of this opinion.

Hypsanacis differs from other South American ischnine genera by reason

of the following characters and character trends: gaster in female solid

orange; female flagellum often longer than body, basically filiform but a

little robust on apical 0.5; male flagellum with tyloids on as many as 8 to

as few as 3 segments; front weakly concave; clypeal margin sharply discrete

and impressed or slightly reflexed across entire apex; humeral margin of

pronotum faintly and narrowly grooved; subalarum often sharp and

crescentically cariniform; absence of an excrescence on lower prepectus;

Porter: Chilean Mesostenini (Ichneumonidae) EE2

uniformly reticulo-rugose mesopleural disc; sharp but very short groove

beneath coxal attachment; submedian tubercles well developed on both faces

of metanotal-propodeal groove; intercubiti strongly and evenly convergent

above; mediella gently to strongly arched; short propodeal spiracle and

large to gigantic propodeal cristae; weakly expanded to parallel-sided

female postpetiole; sparse setae on female 2nd gastric tergite; and short,

much compressed ovipositor.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION. Hypsanacis ranges from Ecuador to northwest

Argentina and northernmost Chile along the eastern and western Andean

slopes between 2000 and 3200 m elevation.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF HYPSANACIS

(Female of H. socoromae unknown)

ty Propodeal cristae in both sexes conspicuously projecting sharp ligulate

or thorn-like, more than 0.5 as long as basal face of propodeum;

Ovipositor tip with a notch at summit of nodus; mesoscutum with

distinct notauli, mat and rather finely puncto-reticulate; subalarum

a sharply carinate, crescentic lamella; malar space 0.8-1.2 as long

as basal width of mandible; gaster wholly or extensively orange

2. H. hoplites (Porter)

1.’ Propodeal cristae well defined but only a little projecting short

ligulate or subcuneate, much less than 0.5 the length of basal face

of propodeum; ovipositor (female of H. socoromae unknown) without a

notch at summit of nodus; mesoscutum, subalarum, and malar space

variable; male gaster sometimes wholly black cA ce hy Saks A Nea ea

2. Gaster wholly orange; hind tarsus black, without white markings; temple

0.5 as long as eye in dorsal view; mesoscutum with notauli unusually

faint and traceable scarcely 0.4 its length, its surface shining with

strong but fine reticulate wrinkling as well as with areas of duller

integument and finer sculpture mesad on lobes; subalarum a thin and

sharply carinate lamella; second gastric tergite with long setae some

of which exceed but many of which fall short of the length of their

in‘tterse paces tis woe eh Rh a a US Bi Be seeoromacd miu'sp:.

2.’ Gaster of male wholly black; white on male hind tibia; male temple 0.7

as long as eye; the mesoscutum with fine but conspicuous notauli

extending 0.5-0.7 its length, its surface duller and with more

granular wrinkling and intercalated delicate aciculo-punctation than

described above; subalarum rather thick and swollen; second gastric

tergite with long and mostly overlapping setae

1. H. paradeisus (Porter)

1. Hypsanacis paradeisus (Porter), new combination

(Fig. 144)

113 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 3, 1987

Trachysphyrus paradeisus Porter, 1967. Mem. Amer. Ent. Inst.

10: 137-40. Type f: ARGENTINA, Tucumén Province, Taff del Valle,

4-I-1966, H. and M. Townes (Townes).

Chromocryptus paradeisus Townes, 1969. Mem. Amer. Ent. Inst. 12: 180.

FIELD NOTES. This species is known only from 2000 m in the pre-Andean

Cordillera of northwest Argentina. Its habitat includes alder woods (Alnus

jorullensis) and grasslands transitional to the higher and more xeric Puna

Biome. These regions have a rather long (September to May), moist warm

season (18722° C) and a dry season with nightly frosts but much sun and

temperatures up to 16218° C on cloudless days.

2. Hypsanacis hoplites (Porter), new combination

(Fig. 143,173)

Trachysphyrus hoplites Porter, 1967c. Psyche 74: 27-33. Type f: ECUADOR,

Cerro Tinajillas, 3200 m, 18-21-III-1965, L. E. Pefia (Townes).

NEW SPECIMENS EXAMINED. 1 f: ECUADOR, Pichincha, San Rafael ca. Quito,

2500 m, 6-10-IX-1975, L. Stange (Porter).

FIELD NOTES. Hypsanacis hoplites seems characteristic of the Paramo

(Wet High Andean Grassland) and of areas transitional between the Pdramo

and tropical Cloud Forest.

3. Hypsanacis socoromae Porter, new species

FEMALE. Unknown.

MALE. Color: antenna black; head and mesosoma black with white on

most of maxillary palpus (best developed on 2nd segment); on most of

clypeus; on front orbit, broadest below; on hind orbit narrowly but with a

broad extension across much of malar space behind; dully on apex of

propleuron; broadly on short bar crossing meson of pronotal collar;

narrowly (with a short median break) on dorsal margin of pronotum; minutely

on stubalarum medially; on tiny dot in each anterior angle of scutellum near

end of prescutellar carina; gaster orange, paler on claspers which have

some whitish staining; fore and mid coxae and trochanters black with white

areas ventrally and ventro-anteriorly (white less extensive on mid leg); :

fore and mid trochantelli orange-brown; fore and mid femora as well as hind

coxa, trochanters, and most of hind femur orange; hind femur blackish on

apical 0.1-0.2; fore and mid tibiae and tarsi pallid orangish and whitish

with apical 3 (fore leg) to 4 tarsomeres dusky; hind tibia and tarsus dull

black; wings hyaline.

Length of fore wing: 5.6 mm. Flagellum: long (but shorter than

body), a little heavy, weakly setaceous; with linear, longitudinal tyloids

on segments 12-15 (those of 13 and 14 conspicuously the longest); and with

lst segment 3.9 as long as deep at apex. Clypeus: in profile moderately

raised and bluntly asymmetric with apical face a little shorter and steeper

than the basal face; apical margin broad, gently convex, impressed and

Porter: Chilean Mesostenini (Ichneumonidae) 114

sharp and with the corners reflexed. Malar space: 0.80 as long as basal

width of mandible. Temple: 0.50 as long as eye in dorsal view; strongly

receding. Mesoscutum: notauli vague, delicately traceable for about 0.4

the length of mesoscutum; surface shining to (centrad on lobes) dull,

strongly but finely reticulately wrinkled with zones of minute punctation

and aciculae mesad on lobes. Mesopleuron: subalarum modified to form a

thin and sharp carinate lamella; speculum shining but much invaded by

punctures and wrinkles; surface otherwise with almost uniform strong,

moderately fine reticulate wrinkling. Metanotum: flat, without dense

setation. Wing venation: areolet large, the intercubiti strongly

convergent above, 2nd abscissa of radius 0.7 as long as lst intercubitus;

ramellus conspicuous; mediella gently arched. Propodeum: short and high

with basal face steeply sloping and convex in profile; apical face 0.9 as

long as basal, discrete, steeply declivous; spiracle 1.4 as long as wide;

basal trans-carina sharp throughout, a little cristate sublaterally, very

gently and gradually swept forward to its transverse and sharp median

segment, throughout far removed from base of propodeum; apical trans-carina

sharp but irregular, strongest on its transverse median segment, its

lateral abscissae swept strongly forward, its cristae strong and

conspicuously projecting short ligulate; median and lateral longitudinal

carinae sharp but irregular; areola well defined, irregularly hexagonal,

1.3 as wide as long in position. First gastric segment: postpetiole 0.8 as

wide apically as long from spiracle to apex; ventro-lateral carina

traceable throughout, strongest on postpetiole; dorso-lateral carina vague

on petiole but sharp on postpetiole; dorsal carinae undefined. Second

gastric tergite: dully shining with delicate micro-reticulation and with

numerous, smallish, very superficial punctures that emit long setae most of

which barely equal or fall short of the length of their interspces and with

little overlap.

TYPE MATERIAL. Holotype m: CHILE, Tarapacd Province, Socoromé, 3000

m, 24-VII-1977, C. Porter (Arica).

SPECIFIC NAME. Socoromae is a latinized genitive singular derived

from the name of the type locality village.

RELATIONSHIPS. Hypsanacis socoromae shows close affinity to the

Ecuadorian H. hoplites because of its narrowed, crescentic, and sharply

carinate subalarum. It differs from H. hoplites in such features as its

shorter temple, slightly shorter malar space, more strongly sculptured

mesoscutum with obsolete notauli, only gently arched male mediella, much

shorter and smaller propodeal cristae, in other propodeal details, and by

the less setose male 2nd tergite.

FIELD NOTES. The unique type was swept from herbaceous growth along

an irrigation ditch in the West Andean Puna of north Chile. Hillsides

above the type locality are covered by xeric vegetation, including

Trichocereus and other cacti, caesalpinoid leguminous shrubs, Baccharis

(Compositae) and other high Andean flora. Below the canal appear terraced

plots with alfalfa, oregano, potatoes, carnations, and similar crops.

115 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 3, 1987

23. Genus ITAMUTON Porter, new genus

Type species: Ichneumon (Cryptus) rufitibia Spinola, 1851.

Fore wing 3.0-8.8 mm long. Coloration with head and mesosoma black

with sparse to profuse white markings; gaster black or black and red as

well as often with white apical bands on some tergites; flagellum black,

with or without a white band; legs black or sometimes mostly red to orange,

often with some white marks (especially in males); wings blackish to

hyaline. Body elongate to moderately robust in females, slender in males.

Flagellum in female very long and uniformly slender, filiform, not

flattened or enlarged toward apex and with lst segment 4.8-7.7 as long as

deep at apex; in male very long and setaceous with tyloids on segments 12-

17, of which those on 12-15 are linear or bacilliform and oriented with the

longitudinal axis of their segments, while those on 16 and 17 are sharp and

somewhat oblique short ridges set off by dorso-basal excavations, and with

lst segment 3.2-4.5 as long as deep at apex. Front strongly excavated,

smooth and polished on lower 0.4-0.6 but dorsad with fine transverse

wrinkling that grades into puncto-reticulation near level of front ocellus,

or sometimes shining but transversely wrinkled throughout. Face about 1.8

as wide between eyes as high from top of anterior tentorial pit to bottom

of antennal sockets. Clypeus large; in profile moderately to strongly

raised, about symmetrically convex or bluntly pyramidal; apical margin

straight, gently to strongly convex or occasionally a little bilobed, its

surface narrowly sharp with corners a little reflexed. Malar space 0.80-

1.6 as long as basal width of mandible in females, in males 0.70-1.3 as

long. Mandible broad and stout, evenly and strongly tapering to apex, its

teeth subequal, 2.3 as long as wide across base of teeth. Occipital carina

a sharp and low flange which joins the weakly to moderately raised

hypostomal carina below. Pronotum with humeral margin moderately strongly

and foveolately grooved throughout or sometimes with groove very weak.

Epomia sharp (rarely weak) in scrobe and sometimes not prolonged dorsad but

sometimes extending above scrobe and with a swelling above its dorsal end;

and with its lower front margin weakly and bluntly subangulate; upper front

margin sublaterally and across collar with a sharp and weakly to moderately

raised carina that becomes lowest toward meson; dorso-median transverse

swelling of collar quite inflated and set off behind by a depressed and

foveolate transverse band. Mesoscutum with notauli weak and shallow to

fine and sharp and reaching 0.60-0.80 the length of mesoscutum; surface

shining to (more rarely) almost mat, with abundant subadjacent to confluent

punctures of small to medium size as well as with an area of denser

punctation and fine wrinkling apicad between notauli. Mesopleuron:

subalarum horizontal and narrowly crescentic but only carinate toward the

apex, speculum weakly to strongly polished, sometimes smooth throughout

but often largely invaded by punctures and wrinkles, its lower margin with

a pit that is connected to the mesopleural suture by a fine groove;

prepectal carina sharp, gently inclivous, becoming obsolete on upper 0.4

and not reaching subalarum; no excrescence on lower prepectus; disc

throughout finely reticulately wrinkled or reticulo-punctate; sternaulus

broad, foveolate, gently sinuous, percurrent but becoming shallower

(sometimes obsolete) on apical 0.4. Hind coxa with a prominent and

polished groove descending from its attachment. Fore tibia in female

moderately slender to (more often) stout but at most weakly inflated.

Female 4th hind tarsomeres usually with a wide but shallow emargination on

Porter: Chilean Mesostenini (Ichneumonidae) 116

apex. Metanotum in profile convex, sparsely setose except apicad, its

basolateral fossae large, strong, separated by about 0.5 the width of 1

fossa. Groove between metanotum and propodeum deep and narrow; submedian

tubercles detectable both on propodeum at anterior end of median

longitudinal carina and (more strongly so) on corresponding point of

opposing metanotal face; sublateral tubercles very weak but detectable on

propodeum but strong on corresponding part. of metanotum (groove shallower

and submedian and sublateral tubercles weaker in males); hind rim of

metanotum prolonged laterally as a high ridge across summit of upper

metapleuron. Wing venation: areolet large, intercubiti strongly to very

strongly convergent above, 2nd abscissa of radius 0.4-0.8 as long as lst

intercubitus, areolet higher than wide; 2nd recurrent definitely reclivous,

more or less outbulged or outangled above; discocubitus broadly and weakly

to rather strongly angled, sometimes with a short and more rarely with a

long ramellus; mediella of females straight to gently arched, of males

gently to strongly arched; axillus very close to anal margin of hind wing.

Propodeum with spiracle 1.4-2.8 as long as wide; in female short and high

with the basal face more or less sloping apicad but sharply discrete from

the subequal and vertically declivous apical face, in male with profile

longer and lower so that the faces often form a single and almost

uninterrupted slope; basal trans-carina usually traceable throughout,

strong and sharp to largely weak and irregular, thrust far forward medially

with the short and straight median segment often outstandingly sharp and

high; apical trans-carina traceable throughout often weaker and more

irregular than the basal carina, strongly thrust or curved forward medially

so as to reach unusually close to the basal carina over its broad median

segment; cristae distinct, subcuneate or subligulate; area basalis short

and broad; areola usually at least as broad as to often much broader than

long; without a baso-lateral excrescence on petiole; female postpetiole

moderately to strongly expanded and 1.1-2.0 as wide apically as long from

spiracle to apex and in male parallel sided to weakly expanded and 0.5-0.9

as wide apically as long; ventro-lateral carina in female fine and sharp

throughout or sometimes weakening basad on petiole and in male usually weak

on petiole; dorso-lateral carina in female fine and sharp on postpetiole

but weaker (especially basad) on petiole, in male similar to female but

generally less prominent; dorsal carina in female conspicuous, often sharp,

on apex of petiole and base of postpetiole, where they enclose a slightly

elevated median field, but otherwise obsolete or absent, very weak or

wanting in male. Second gastric tergite: in female dully or silky-shining

with fine but distinct or often well developed micro-reticulation as well

as with small and superficial punctures that emit short, inconspicuous,

scattered setae; in male dully shining to mat with micro-reticulation

stronger than in female and the setae averaging longer, but still widely

separated, or in many species, with the setae generally long and much

overlapping. Gaster stout to elongate fusiform in female, weakly fusiform

or parallel sided in male. Ovipositor with sheathed portion 0.40-0.80 as

long as fore wing; straight or often a little upcurved, slender,

compressed; nodus distinct, low to rather high, with a tiny notch; dorsal

valve on tip with a straight, gently convex, or slightly concave taper

between notch and apex; ventral valve with fine, inclivous ridges on tip;

tip 0.20-0.28 as high at notch as long from notch to apex.

117 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 3, 1987

GENERIC NAME. From the Greek adjective itamos, "headlong, hasty," ite

the Greek participle uton, "wounding." This conflation is regarded as a

masculine noun.

SPECIES INCLUDED. Trachysphyrus magallanes (Porter 1967a), Ichneumon

(Cryptus) rufitibia (Spinola 1852), Trachysphyrus townesorum

(Porter 1967a), Trachysphyrus leptus (Porter 1967a), and Cosmiocryptus

occidens (Porter 1985b). All form NEW COMBINATIONS under Itamuton.

RELATIONSHIPS. Features of special significance for distinguishing

Itamuton from other South American "trachysphyroids" include: the nearly

filiform and very slender female flagellum; some details of tyloids and

tyloidiferous segments on the male flagellum; the moderately to strongly

raised, symmetrically convex or bluntly subpyramidal clypeus; the very long

malar space of most species; the sharp but low occipital carina; the

bluntly subangulate or minutely toothed lower front pronotum; and the sharp

but only a little elevated carina on upper front margin of pronotum

sublaterally and across collar; notauli traceable 0.6 or more the length of

mesoscutum; often at least partially smooth and polished mesoscutal

surface; speculum often largely invaded by punctures and wrinkles, its

lower margin proximally with a pit that is connected by a fine groove to

the mesopleural suture; uniformly reticulo-punctate mesopleural disc;

prepectal carina fading out well below subalarum; unarmed lower prepectus;

at most weakly inflated female fore tibia; areolet with intercubiti

unusually steeply convergent dorsad; reclivous and dorsally outbulged 2nd

recurrent; mediella in females straight to gently arched, sometimes

strongly arched in males; axillus very close to anal margin of hind wing;

propodeal spiracle 1.4-2.8 as long as wide; basal and apical trans-carinae

of propodeum traceable throughout, often strong, the basal carina most

often stronger than the apical, both carinae thrust far forward medially,

the basal coming very close to propodeal base and the apical quite near to

median segment of the basal trans-carina, so that the area-basalis is short

and broad and the areola is at least as broad as long (usually much

broader); cristae always distinct and sometimes strongly projecting;

petiole without a baso-lateral expansion; female postpetiole 1.0-2.0 as

wide apically as long from spiracle to apex; female with dorsal

longitudinal carinae unusually conspicuous on apex of petiole and base of

postpetiole; 2nd gastric tergite dully shining to mat with inconspicuous,

tiny punctures that emit, short and well separated setae in females and

longer (sometimes much overlapping) setae in males; and usually compressed

Ovipositor with nodus and notch distinct on tip.

Most species of Itamuton closely resemble the Holarctic, Oriental, and

Ethiopian genus Itamoplex. However, in Itamoplex the hind coxal base is

not vertically grooved beneath its articulation, whereas species of

Itamuton have a conspicuous, shining groove that reaches ventrad from the

hind coxal attachment. This feature, first detected by Townes (1969),

allows definitive separation of the two taxa but may not easily be visible

in preserved material. Some additional features of apparent diagnostic

value are summarized below.

(1). Itamoplex has the female flagellum percurrently filiform,

whereas Itamuton has flagellomeres 3-6 subtly enlarged.

Porter: Chilean Mesostenini (Ichneumonidae) 118

(2). In Itamoplex the most distal 2 tyloids follow the longitudinal

axes of their segments and are not set off by discontinuities on the

flagellar surface, whereas Itamuton has these tyloids oblique and

emphasized by the presence of excavations on the surface of their

flagellomeres.

(3). In Itamoplex both the hind face of the metanotum and the front

face of the propodeum have a small but strong tubercle submedially in

alignment with the median longitudinal carinae of the propodeum. In

Itamuton the metanotum has a strong submedian tubercle but the

corresponding propodeal tubercle is weaker.

(4). In Itamoplex the axillus, although much closer to the anal

margin of the hind wing than to the submediella, is about 2 times its width

removed from the anal margin. In Itamuton the axillus is scarcely 1X its

width distant from the anal margin of the hind wing.

(5). In Itamoplex the propodeum has the apical trans-carina usually

stronger than the basal carina, and the lateral abscissae of the basal

carina swept strongly and convergently anteriad to the short median

abscissa which is always far removed from the propodeal base, so that the

areOla and the area-basalis both are as long as wide or longer than wide in

position. In Itamuton the basal trans-carina is usually stronger than the

apical carina, the basal carina is arched forward so that it approaches the

propodeal base medially and the apical carina similarly approaches the

basal trans-carina in such a way that the area-basalis is much wider than

long in position and the areola is at least as wide as long and often

considerably wider.

Itamoplex and Itamuton, consequently, could be interpreted as northern

(Laurasian) and southern (Gondwanian) vicariants of a single ancient

lineage, being in this way analogous to the northern and southern .

components of such primitive plant taxa as the Fagaceae (Nothofagus in

parts of Gondwanaland and the Fagus-Castanea-Quercus Complex in Laurasia).

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION. Itamuton occurs through much of high Andean

and Neantarctic South America. Pert has I. townesorum in the central Andes

and the related I. occidens on its semi-desertic west Andean slopes.

Itamuton rufitibia abounds in Neantarctic Chile from Aconcagua Province

south to Chiloé Island, and extends across Patagonian Argentina to the

Atlantic coast at Comodoro Rivadavia in Chubut Province. Farther south in

Patagonia, the closely related I. magallanes replaces I. rufitibia in

Tierra del Fuego and adjoining mainland areas of Chile and Argentina north

to Puerto Natales, Chile. Itamuton leptus (whose generic placement will

remain dubious until females are collected) has been cited from Chaco

Serrano localities in Tucum4n and Cérdoba Provinces of central Argentina.

KEY TO THE CHILEAN SPECIES OF ITAMUTON

1. Flagellum without a white band; gaster with ground color usually red

and with white apical bands on all tergites; malar space in female

1.4-1.6 and in male 1.1-1.3 as long as basal width of mandible; male

2nd gastric tergite with setae well separated; ovipositor gently

upcurved ... 1. Itamuton magallanes (Porter)

119 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 3, 1987

1.’ Flagellum with a white band; gaster black with complete or nearly

complete apical bands on tergites 3 or 4-7; malar space in female

0.80-0.90 and in male 0.70-0.80 as long as basal width of mandible;

male 2nd gastric tergite with long and extensively overlapping setae

. 2. Itamuton rufitibia (Spinola)

1. Itamuton magallanes (Porter), new combination

(Fig. 145)

Trachysphyrus magallanes Porter, 1967a. Mem. Amer. Ent. Inst. 1024229331.

Type f: Chile, Magallanes Province, Punta Arenas (Townes).

NEW SPECIMENS EXAMINED. 1 f: CHILE, Magallanes Province, Parque

Chabunco ca. Punta Arenas, 22-II-1986, C. Porter, T. O’Neill (Porter).

FIELD NOTES. My specimen was collected on Baccharis in a large

clearing surrounded and partially shielded from the wind by woods of

Nothofagus pumilio.

Itamuton magallanes is a subantarctic endemic known only from

Magallanes Province of Chile and adjoining regions of Argentina. It

inhabits the Magallanes Interoceanic Region from 51°53°South Latitude and

occurs both on the mainland and on Tierra del Fuego.

2. Itamuton rufitibia (Spinola), new combination

(Fie. 55401103; 6 105p146, 166;)183)

Ichmeumon (Cryptus) rufitibia Spinola, 1851. In Gay: Historia fisica y

politica de Chile. Zoologia 6: 487. Type f: Chile, Coquimbo (Turin).

Trachysphyrus rufitibia Porter, 1967a. Mem. Amer. Ent. Inst. 10: 131-5.

NEW SPECIMENS EXAMINED. 5 f and 18 m: CHILE, Cautin Province, Pucén,

Peninsula en Lago Villarrica, 25-30-XI-1984, C. Porter, T. O’Neill,

Llanquihue Province, Rio Petrohue Camping, Parque Nacional Vincente Pérez

Rosales, 2-IIJ-1986, C. Porter, T. O’Neill (Porter).

FIELD NOTES. This abundant species most often may be collected in

grassy or weedy areas at the wood’s edge, along trails, or in forest

clearings.

Itamuton rufitibia occurs from sealevel to about 1500 m altitude in

all Chilean biomes from Aconcagua and Valparaiso Provinces at approximately

32° South Latitude to the Valdivian Forest of Chiloé Island at 43°South. It

also reaches the Argentine Provinces of Neuquén and Rio Negro, not only in

Nothofagus forest close to the Chilean border but also in Patagonian Steppe

across to the Atlantic coast.

24. Genus PHYCITIPLEX Porter, new genus

Type species: Ischnus doddi Cushman, 1927. Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus.

72(13): 5. Type f: Uruguay, Piridpolis (Washington).

Porter: Chilean Mesostenini (Ichneumonidae) 120

Fore wing 3.8-6.4 mm long. Coloration: head and mesosoma black

sometimes with more or less extensive red staining and with white markings

that average sparse in female but more prominent in male and which always

include a large part of the scutellum; gaster entirely black to extensively

red (when present, red is best developed on tergites 1-3) and in female

usually with a very broad white band on 4th tergite and sometimes with

smaller white marks on tergites 5-6 but in known males with white apical

bands on tergites 4-7 (that on 4th tergite the broadest); flagellum black

or black and reddish brown, always with a white band; legs varying from

mostly black with brownish staining to largely pale red or reddish brown

with dusky suffusion and with some areas contrastingly black and others

white; wings hyaline with slight brownish staining apicad or moderately

infumate with some paler zones. Body in female elongate fusiform, in male

slender and cylindroid. Flagellum in female about 0.8 as long as body,

filiform, not flattened below toward apex, and with lst segment 5.1-5.3 as

long as deep at apex; in male approximately as long as body, setaceous and

a little more robust than in female, with linear, sharp, and longitudinally

oriented tyloids on segments 11 (faint), 12-14 (strong and nearly

percurrent), and on 15 (strong but little more than 0.5 the length of its

segment), as well as with the lst segment 2.7-3.1 as long as deep at apex.

Front weakly concave with fine transverse wrinkling on the shining lower

0.5 and dense punctures and puncto-reticulation on the more dully shining

to mat upper 0.5 (shallower, duller, and more irregularly sculptured in

male). Face 2.0-2.1 as wide as high from top of anterior tentorial pit to

bottom of antennal socket. Clypeus moderately large; in profile rather

weakly (some males) to strongly elevated and more or less symmetrically

subpyramidal to pyramidal in profile, the apical face often a little

concave; apical margin truncate to gently convex, without a tooth or

tubercle, with corners a little broadly but weakly reflexed. Mandible

stout, broad at base and strongly, evenly tapered toward apex, 2.5-3.0 as

long as wide across base of teeth; the teeth subequal in size. Malar space

in female 0.70-0.80 as long. Occipital carina fine and sharp, joining the

somewhat elevated hypostomal carina below. Pronotum with humeral margin in

female weakly swollen and with a shallow, apically narrowed, finely

foveolate humeral groove but in male with humeral margin more strongly

swollen and its groove indicated irregularly by weak transverse foveae

along inner margin of swelling; epomia in some species sharply developed

only for a short distance in deepest part of scrobe but often sharp

throughout scrobe and weakly extending a short distance dorsad and with a

vague, broad swelling above the upper end; lower front pronotal margin

broadly angled, forming a weak and blunt tooth or subdentiform projection

at mid-height; upper margin sublaterally and across front of collar with a

weakly elevated, sublaminate, translucent carina, behind which the cervical

dorsum forms a broad and low swelling that is sharply (often more or less

foveolately) set off along its apical margin. Mesoscutum with notauli

narrow and often weak, traceable about 0.4-0.8 its length; surface more or

less shining with abundant medium sized to small punctures which may be

sharp and almost uniformly adjacent to briefly subadjacent or else small

and adjacent to confluent so that surface is extensively and granularly

puncto-reticulate. Mesopleuron with subalarum horizontal and in female

very long ellipsoid with its summit carinate or subcarinate throughout

(sharpest apicad) but in male a little more swollen and often with summit

less clearly cristate; speculum shining but mostly invaded by strong

punctures and wrinkles; ventral and anterio-ventral margins of speculum

121 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 3, 1987

much foveolate, without a discrete pit at lower front corner of speculum or

a groove linking it to mesopleural suture; prepectal carina gently

inclivous and distinct on lower 0.6-0.7 of mesopleuron, but not closely

approaching front margin of its sclerite, more irregularly traceable

(sometimes absent) and nearly vertical on upper 0.4-0.3, where it may

attain subalarum; no excrescence on lower prepectus; disc uniformly with

fine and granular reticulo-punctation; sternaulus sinuate, vaguely to

rather strongly (especially in males) impressed on basal 0.4-0.5 but

obsolete to absent on apical 0.5-0.6. Wing venation: areolet large and

high, intercubiti strongly convergent above, 2nd abscissa of radius 0.4-0.6

as long as lst intercubitus, areolet 1.0-1.2 as high as wide; 2nd recurrent

definitely reclivous on lower 0.7 and outcurved or outangled above;

discocubitus broadly but quite strongly angled and with ramellus usually

well developed; mediella practically straight to weakly arched; axillus

very close to anal margin of hind wing. Hind coxa with a rather long,

sharp, polished groove descending almost vertically from its attachment.

Female fore tibia moderately stout but scarcely inflated. Female 4th

tarsomeres all only weakly, subcrescentically emarginate across apex, when

viewed from below. Metanotum small but convex in profile sparsely setose

and in dorsal view with a pair of extremely large and deep baso-lateral

pits that are separated on mid-line by less (sometimes by only 0.5) the

width of 1 pit. Groove between metanotum and propodeum in female deep and

narrow with submedian tubercles prominent on metanotal face and low but

distinct on propodeal face, the sublateral tubercles broadly,

subtriangularly produced on metanotal face, absent on propodeal face.

Propodeum: spiracle 1.6-1.8 as long as wide; in female short and high,

sometimes evenly sloping rearward and without a sharp discontinuity between

the basal and apical faces or sometimes with the basal face long and

moderately sloping and with the apical face discrete, steep, and only 0.6

as long as the basal; basal trans-carina traceable throughout, mostly sharp

or in part weak and irregular, its lateral abscissae swept far forward to

the short and straight or weakly curved median segment that remains

moderately far from base of propodeum; apical trans-carina absent to

vaguely percurrent and well thrust forward medially but remaining far from

basal carina; cristae weak, low and broadly crescentic or a little

subcuneate; area basalis short and broader than long, quadrate with sides

convergent apicad; areola broader than long in position; in male longer and

lower than in female with basal and apical faces always more or less

smoothly confluent; basal trans-carina strong and sharp throughout or

sometimes interrupted laterally; apical trans-carina absent or irregularly

traceable, strongly looped forward medially; cristae low crescentic; areola

slightly to definitely wider than long in position. First gastric segment:

without a baso-lateral expansion on petiole; postpetiole in female 1.2-1.4

as wide apically as long from spiracle to apex, in male 0.8-1.1 as wide;

ventro-lateral carina strong and sharp throughout; dorso-lateral carina

usually traceable throughout, strongest in female; dorsal carinae in female

traceable but not sharp on apex of petiole and basal 0.5-0.6 of

postpetiole, where they enclose a low median elevation, but weak to absent

in male; sides of petiole between ventral and dorso-lateral carinae

vertically wrinkled. Second gastric tergite in female mat, finely and

granularly micro-reticulate with abundant, shallow and obscure, rather

small to moderately large, subadjacent to rather well separated punctures

which emit short setae which generally approach or nearly equal the length

of their interspaces; in male more coarsely micro-reticulate than described

Porter: Chilean Mesostenini (Ichneumonidae) 122

for female and with rather long setae that generally equal or a little

exceed the length of their interspaces. Gaster in female more or less

elongate fusiform; in male slender and cylindric. Ovipositor with sheathed

portion 0.80 as long as fore wing; straight basally and a little decurved

over apical 0.5, slender, compressed; nodus low and weak, with a tiny

notch; dorsal valve with a long and gently convex taper between notch and

apex; ventral valve on tip with fine and well spaced inclivously oblique

ridges; tip 0.19-0.22 as high at notch as long from notch to apex.

GENERIC NAME. From the lepidopterous Family Phycitidae, parasitized

by this genus, and from the Greek root, plex-, "smite" or "hit." The

combination is regarded as masculine.

SPECIES INCLUDED. Ischnus doddi (Cushman 1927) and Trachysphyrus

eremnus (Porter 1967a), as well as perhaps more than 10 undescribed

northwest Argentine species. Both names are NEW COMBINATIONS in

Phycitiplex.

RELATIONSHIPS. Phycitiplex may be a desertic offshoot of the Itamuton

lineage. Some of its distinctive features include the perfectly filiform

female flagellum; its relatively short and stout lst flagellomere (in both

sexes); the weakly concave front; comparatively short malar space; somewhat

shining mesoscutal disc with almost uniformly adjacent or reticulately

confluent sharp punctures; mesopleural disc with uniform fine, granular

puncto-reticulation; sternaulus obsolete on apical 0.5 and sometimes vague

even anteriad; areolet high with intercubiti strongly convergent above; 2nd

recurrent reclivous and outbulged on upper 0.5; mediella straight to only

weakly arched; metanotal-propodeal groove with submedian tubercles strong

on metanotal face and weaker but distinct on propodeal face; basal trans-

carina located comparatively far from front end of propodeum; apical trans-

carina sometimes absent, when present and percurrent thrust far forward

medially; female cristae weakly crescentic or subcuneate; 2nd gastric

tergite with numerous but very obscure punctures, its setae in female short

but mostly approaching or equalling length of their interspaces, in male a

little longer and denser; ovipositor with sheathed portion 0.80 as long as

fore wing, slender, compressed, decurved on apical 0.5, with a low nodus

and a weak notch.

Most of these features suggest or do not contradict an affinity to

Itamuton. On the other hand, Phycitiplex has some characters reminiscent

of the Anacis complex. These include the presence of tyloids only on male

flagellar segments 11-15, with full development confined to 12-14, as well

as the comparative remoteness of the basal trans-carina from the anterior

margin of the propodeum. Nonetheless, the preponderant evidence links

Phycitiplex with the Itamuton complex and all resemblance to Anacis would

seem casual or parallel.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION. Phycitiplex ranges from Uruguay and the

Buenos Aires region of Argentina west and north throughout most semihumid

to arid habitats in the subtropical part of Argentina. There is also a

Chilean species known from xeric Andean foothills in Aconcagua Province.

123 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 3, 1987

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF PHYCITIPLEX

(Male of P. eremnus unknown)

1. Gaster black with white on Ath tergite only; epomia weak in dorsal 0.5

of scrobe; scutellum wider than long; mesoscutal disc dully shining,

rather strongly but finely and granularly puncto-reticulate; large

area beneath base of stigma without setae . RM ee ote ere

1. Phycitiplex eremnus (Porter)

1.’ Gaster extensively red on tergites 1-3, following tergites blackish

with white extensively on 4th and less broadly on 5th and sometimes

6th tergite; epomia strong throughout scrobe; mesoscutal disc

shining, with uniformly distributed, sharp, mostly adjacent

punctures; wing membrane beneath base of stigma normally setose

. 2. Phycitiplex doddi (Cushman)

1. Phycitiplex eremnus (Porter), new combination

Trachysphyrus eremnus Porter, 1967a. Mem. Amer. Ent. Inst. 10: 109-10.

Type f: Chile, Aconcagua Province, Guardia Vieja, Rio Blanco (Ottawa).

FIELD NOTES. This species is known from arid to semiarid Andean

foothills on the western edge of the Andes facing the Central Valley of

Aconcagua Province north of Santiago, Chile. The vegetation here includes

cacti of such genera as Opuntia and Cereus, spiny shrubs like Acacia caven,

and a more diverse and luxuriant relict North Valdivian flora along

watercourses in shaded ravines.

2. Phycitiplex doddi (Cushman), new combination

(Fig. 104, 172)

Ischnus doddi. Cushman, 1927. Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus. 72(13): 5.

Type f: Uruguay, Piriapolis (Washington).

Trachysphyrus doddi Porter, 1967a. Mem. Amer. Ent. Inst. 10: 106-9.

FIELD NOTES. Phycitiplex doddi has been collected repeatedly in the

Pampa, Chaco, and Subandean Desert biomes of north-central and northwest

Argentina. There are records for the provinces of Buenos Aires, Santiago

del Estero, Tucum4n, Salta, and La Rioja. This species is among the most

xerophilous of South American ichneumonids. Many specimens were collected

in Malaise Traps during an entomological survey of the northwest Argentine

Subandean Desert (Monte or Subandino) conducted by the Instituto Miguel

Lillo (Universidad Nacional de Tucum4n) between 1969 and 1971. It was 1 of

only 3 ichneumonids (the others were unidentified species of Anomalon and

Eiphosoma) collected by traps left in Prosopis scrub on a vast and arid

plain at 900 m altitude near Chilecito in La Rioja Province. Rainfall at

this site averages less than 200 mm yearly and the area is exposed to

summer maximum temperatures of more than 40° C and winter minima below

freezing (with sunny days that often reach 15°225° C). The broad climatic

tolerance of Phycitiplex doddi as well as its altitudinal range from

Porter: Chilean Mesostenini (Ichneumonidae) 124

sealevel to 2000 m perhaps explain why it is represented by a close

relative on west Andean slopes in Chilean thorn scrub.

HOSTS. Phycitiplex doddi parasitizes the phycitid moth, Cactoblastis

cactorum. The larvae of this moth live as gregarious borers in joints of

prickly-pear cacti in the genus Opuntia (Platypuntia).

25. Genus MYRMECACIS Porter, new genus

Type species: Trachysphyrus metargas Porter, 1967a.

Fore wing 4.8-7.3 mm. Coloration: head and mesosoma black with very

sparse and inconspicuous to rather profuse white markings; gaster black,

red, or orange (when pale often extensively and irregularly stained with

black) and in some species with white apical markings on any or all of

tergites 4-8; flagellum black with a white band; legs predominantly black,

orange, or red (when pale often more or less prominently marked or stained

with black) and with variably developed white areas, particularly on hind

tarsus. Flagellum in female approaching or exceeding length of body,

slender, often slightly thickened and flattened below on apical 0.5 but

always essentially filiform, its lst segment 5.8-6.7 as long as deep at

apex; in male about as long as in female but slightly heavier and

setaceous, with tyloids on as few as segments 14-16 and on as many as 12-

17, with all except occasionally the distalmost tyloid longitudinally

oriented on their segments, and with tyloid shape carinately linear,

straight and bacilliform, or in either case on certain segments a little

decurved both at base and apex, its lst segment 3.4-4.3 as long as deep at

apex. Front gently concave with lower 0.5 or less shining and partly

smooth with some transverse wrinkles and upper 0.5-0.7 mat or dully shining

with granulate reticulation and micro-sculpture, as well as with some

stronger wrinkles that are in part very irregular and in part transversely

biased. Face 1.8-2.2 as wide as high from top of anterior tentorial pit to

bottom of antennal socket. Clypeus moderately large; in profile varying

from almost flat (in some males) to moderately or strongly elevated and

basal face sometimes a little convex and the apical face gently concave;

apical margin slightly to rather strongly convex, sometimes with a broad

but weak median convexity or medially bisinuate or vaguely tuberculate,

sharply defined and very narrow in female but sometimes broad in male, the

corners more or less narrowly reflexed. Mandible stout, gently to strongly

and evenly tapered from base to apex, 2.3-3.0 as wide across teeth as long

from base to apex; the teeth subequal with lower tooth often a little

shorter than upper. Malar space in female 0.70-0.90 as long as basal width

of mandible, in male 0.60-0.90 as long. Occipital carina fine and sharp,

joining the moderately raised hypostomal carina below at a rather broad

angle. Pronotum with humeral margin in female at most weakly swollen and

with a percurrent, narrow to moderately broad, sometimes apically

attenuate, finely to coarsely foveolate humeral groove but in males with

humeral margin more swollen and the groove less strongly developed; epomia

sharp in scrobe, sometimes much prolonged ventrad and dorsad but at most

with a vague swelling above its upper end; lower front pronotal margin

curved to broadly angled and usually with a wide but inconspicuous tooth at

mid-height; upper margin sublaterally and across front of collar with a

weakly raised and often translucent carina, the postjacent cervical dorsum

125 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 3, 1987

transversely swollen and the well defined swelling set off apicad by a

delicate groove and more or less well developed row of foveae. Mesoscutum —

with notauli fine and sharp (at least near base) or mostly delicate to

faint and traceable 0.3-0.7 the length of mesoscutum; surface mat to

moderately shining (especially in some males) with dense and fine to rather

strong puncto-reticulation and/or with adjacent to confluent punctures or

(in some males) partly with subadjacent punctures that expose smooth

interstices, sometimes almost uniformly reticulo-rugose or in some species

with contrastingly stronger wrinkling along notauli externally as well as

between and behind their apices. Mesopleuron: subalarum horizontal, in

females more or less narrow and crescentic with summit subcarinate or even

weakly carinate, but in some males ovoidly swollen with only the apex

becoming carinate; speculum most often extensively invaded by punctures and

wrinkles and weakly shining to mat but in some species extensively smooth

and polished, its lower anterior corner with a small impression that is

joined by an oblique groove to the mesopleural suture (these features

difficult to see in coarsely sculptured specimens); prepectal carina gently

inclivous to almost vertical, usually traceable to dorsal 0.6-0.8 of

mesopleuron and often continuing (vertically or recurved) traceable to

subalarum; no excrescence on lower prepectus; surface throughout finely to

moderately strongly and usually granularly reticulately wrinkled or puncto-

reticulate, in a few species with contrastingly more longitudinally biased

wrinkles on much of upper 0.5; sternaulus weakly to strongly impressed,

usually at least gently upcurved and clearly traceable on basal 0.5-0.7 of

mesopleuron but becoming obsolete or absent apicad toward mid coxal base.

Wing venation: areolet large and moderately high to very high, intercubiti

usually strongly convergent above, 2nd abscissa of radius 0.4-0.8 as long

as lst intercubitus, areolet 1.0-1.6 as high as wide; discocubitus broadly

to rather strongly angled; 2nd recurrent gently reclivous, outbulged

somewhat above; mediella gently to moderately arched; axillus near anal

margin of wing. Hind coxa below attachment with a sharp and polished

vertical groove that may be long and conspicuous or short and difficult to

detect without removing the leg. Female fore tibia stout and moderately

inflated. Female 4th tarsomeres weakly emarginate on apex. Metanotum flat

to moderately convex in profile, its basal fossae deep and separated on

meson by a little more to much less than the width of 1 fossa. Groove

between metanotum and propodeum in female deep and comparatively broad with

the submedian tubercles detectable and often prominent on both metanotal

and propodeal faces and with the sublateral tubercles weakly to prominently

developed on metanotal face but obsolete on propodeal face; in male with

groove deep but broader than in female and more open laterad with both

submedian and sublateral tubercles usually detectable on propodeal and

metanotal faces, the sublateral pair often weak but the submedian tubercles

frequently very strong. Propodeum with spiracle 1.4-1.7 as long as wide;

in females short and high to a little elongate and with basal and apical

faces sharply discrete, the apical face falling off vertically or somewhat

obliquely; basal trans-carina traceable throughout, fine and a little

irregular to uniformly strong, and thrust far forward in a gently to rather

narrowly V-like configuration and with its median segment (front abscissa

of areola) short and sometimes briefly transverse or in other cases

rounded-off to subacute, usually attaining basal 0.1-0.2 of dorsal face of

propodeum and always reaching basal 0.3; apical trans-carina usually

traceable throughout, sometimes as strong as basal carina but more often

weaker and irregular and occasionally obsolete, moderately thrust or arched

Porter: Chilean Mesostenini (Ichneumonidae) 126

forward medially with the median abscissa gently arched to practically

straight and always far removed from basal trans-carina; cristae moderately

large and prominently projecting subcuneate, obtusely cuneate, short

ligulate or even conico-ligulate; area basalis short but wider than long

with its vaguely defined lateral carinae strongly convergent upon the short

median segment of the basal trans-carina; areola weakly defined, its

lateral carinae as a rule obsolete, pentagonal to narrowly hexagonal in

position and usually at least as long as wide and often definitely longer;

in male propodeum is slightly to considerably longer and lower than in

female with its carinae and cristae often stronger than in female

(sometimes weaker) but disposed in essentially the same pattern. First

gastric segment: with at most a low and flange-like baso-lateral expansion

on petiole; postpetiole in female 1.0-1.4 as wide apically as long from

spiracle to apex, in male 0.6-1.2 as wide as long; ventro-lateral carina

strong and sharp on postpetiole but weaker or absent basad on petiole;

dorso-lateral carina fine and sharp on postpetiole, variably developed

basad on petiole; dorsal carinae at least vaguely traceable and demarking a

slightly raised median area on apex of petiole and base or postpetiole

(poorly developed or absent in male). Second gastric tergite in female mat

to dully shining with very fine and granular micro-reticulation as well as

abundant, small to tiny, very faint punctures that emit short setae which

generally equal or exceed their interspaces, in male a little more coarsely

micro-reticulate than in female and with setae even longer and uniformly

overlapping. Ovipositor with sheathed portion 0.30-0.40 as long as fore

wing; straight, moderately stout, definitely compressed; nodus high and

with a small, sharp notch; dorsal valve with a straight to slightly convex

taper between notch and apex; ventral valve with fine, inclivously oblique

ridges on tip; tip 0.23-0.30 as high at notch as long from notch to apex.

GENERIC NAME. From the Greek myrmex (myrmecos), "ant" and the Greek

noun acis, "pointed object." The combination is feminine.

SPECIES INCLUDED. Trachysphyrus metargas (Porter 1967a), T. probles

(Porter 1967a), T. eremnops (Porter 1967a), and T. lipothrix

(Porter 1967a). All these names are NEW COMBINATIONS in Myrmecacis.

RELATIONSHIPS. Myrmecacis belongs to the Itamuton generic group and

shares with other members of its series a high areolet with dorsally

convergent intercubiti and a reclivous 2nd recurrent vein that is a little

outbulged above. Some of its precinctive or partially diagnostic

characters include the very long and apically a little swollen female

flagellum; the presence of sometimes as few as 3 (up to a maximum of 6)

tyloids on the male flagellum; the gently concave front; short malar space;

often well developed submedian and sublateral tubercles on both faces of

the metanotal-propodeal groove; basal trans-carina thrust far forward in a

V-shaped configuration and reaching proximal 0.3-0.1 of propodeal dorsum;

moderately large and prominently projecting propodeal cristae; somewhat

inflated female fore tibia; 2nd gastric tergite in both sexes with setae

that mostly equal or exceed the length of their interspaces; and short

(0.30-0.40 as long as fore wing), straight ovipositor with a high nodus and

sharp notch (tip 0.23-0.30 as high at notch as long from notch to apex).

The Chilean type species, M. metargas, is unique within its genus and

among most associated genera by reason of its apically truncate last

Porter: Chilean Mesostenini (Ichneumonidae) 127

flagellomere, unusually discrete clypeal faces, generally mat and finely

granular mesosomatic sculpture, strongly angled discocubitus, and

comparatively slender female postpetiole. Otherwise, the Argentine

Myrmecacis much resemble their putative Chilean congener. The occurrence

of at least 1 undescribed Myrmecacis at altitudes of up to 2000 m in the

Subandean Desert of northwest Argentina lends ecological plausibility to

the inclusion of east and west Andean species in this genus. Even slight

climatic warming (during Pleistocene interglacials or in the late Tertiary)

would have allowed dispersal of Myrmecacis between Chile and Argentina in

subtropical latitudes.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION. Myrmecacis metargas occurs in Chile from

Santiago to Chiloé Island. In Neotropical South America, the genus has pia

probles of the Selva Paranense in southern Brasil and northeast Argentina

with an austral extension in subtropical gallery forest as far as Buenos

Aires, T. eremnops and T. lipothrix from interdigitating Selva Tucumano-

Boliviana and Chaco Serrano in northwest Argentina, and an undescribed

species (or subspecies of T. probles) that ranges widely in the Subandean

Desert of Salta, Tucuman, Catamarca, and La Rioja Provinces).

1. Myrmecacis metargas (Porter), new combination

(Fig. 148, 182, cf. 106-111)

Trachysphyrus metargas Porter, 1967a. Mem. Amer. Ent. Inst. 10: 148-50.

Type f: Chile, Santiago Province, El Canelo (Cambridge).

FIELD NOTES. I have not collected this species since 1964, when I

found it "moderately common on the leaves of trees and shrubs in bright

sun" at El Canelo near Santiago, Chile in a north-south oriented mountain

valley with lush relict Northern Valdivian forest in shaded areas along the

watercourse. Its size, coloration, and movements all suggest the common

and obnoxious ant, Camponotus chilensis, of which it probably is a Batesian

mimic.

This is a species of sheltered quebradas in the Central Valley south

through Northern Valdivian Forest and Valdivian Forest as far as Chiloe’

Island.

LITERATURE CITED

Cabrera, A. L. & A. Willink. 9

1973. Biogeografia de América Latina. Organizacion de Estados

Americanos, Serie de Biologia, Monografia 13: 1-120.

Graham, A.

1973. History of the arborescent element in the northern Latin

American Biota. In A. Graham (ed.), Vegetation and

vegetational history of northern Latin America, pp. 301-12.

Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam.

128 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 3, 1987

Hershkovitz, P.

1972. Neotropical recent mammals. In Keast, A.; Erk, F. C.; & Glass,

B. (eds.), Evolution, mammals, and southern continents.

Martinez, J. A. (ed.).

1985. Educaci6n ambiental. Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de

la Educacién. Editorial Universitaria, S. A., Santiago de

Chile.

Miller, P.

1986. Biogeography. Harper & Row Publishers, New York.

Pena G., L.

1966. A preliminary attempt to divide Chile into entomofaunal

regions, based on the Tenebrionidae. Postilla 97: 1-17.

Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University.

Porter, C.

1963. A new genus of the tribe Mesostenini from Chile. Psyche

702 cL1L7-19:

1965. Picrocryptoides: a new genus of the tribe Mesostenini from

Argentina and Chile. Psyche 72: 167-74.

1967a. A revision of the South American species of Trachysphyrus.

Mem. Amer. Ent. Inst. 10: 1-368.

1967b. A review of the Chilean genera of Mesostenini. Stud. Ent.

10: 469-416.

1967c. A new species of Trachysphyrus from the Andes of Ecuador.

Psyche 74: 218-23.

1969. A new Bolivian Trachysphyrus of the Imperialis group. Psyche

76: 362-66.

1970. The genus Anacis in Argentina. Acta. Zool. Lilloana 26: 9-22.

1971. A revision of the genus Dotocryptus. Acta Zool. Lilloana

26: 211-35.

1973a. A new species of Anacis from northwest Argentina. Psyche

80: 83-9.

1973b. A revision of the South American species of Mesostenus. Acta

Zool. Lilloana 31: 27-46.

1975a. Relaciones Dueenewhieak y origen de la fauna de Ichneumonidae

en la provincia biogeogréfica del monte del Noroeste Argentino.

Acta Zool. Lilloana 31: 175-252.

1975b. Notas sobre sinonimin y ecologia de dos Trachysphyrus

sudamericanos. Revta. Chilena de Ent. 9: 169-70.

Porter: Chilean Mesostenini (Ichneumonidae) 129

1976. Cyclaulus in the Peruvian Coastal Desert. Fla. Ent. 59: 353-

60.

1977. Ecology, zoogeography, and taxonomy of the lower Rio Grande

Valley Mesostenini. Psyche 84: 28-91.

1980. Zoogeografia de la fauna latinoamericana de Ichneumonidae.

Acta Zool. Lilloana 36: 5-46.

1981. Certonotus Kriechbaumer (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), an

Australian genus newly recorded in South America. Fla. Ent.

64: 235-44.

1983. A new cloudforest Trachysphyrus from Ecuador and Colombia.

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst. 20: 205-12. |

1985a. A revision of the New World genus Chromocryptus. Psyche

92: 406-45. (with T. O’Neil1).

1985b. A revision of Cosmiocryptus in the Coastal Desert of Peru and

north Chile. Psyche 92: 463-92.

1985c. Trachysphyrus and the new genus Aeliopotes in the Coastal

Desert of Peri and north Chile. Psyche 92: 513-45.

1986a. South American and Floridian disjuncts in the Sonoran genus

Compsocryptus. Psyche 93: 13-33.

1986b. Biconus in Perti, with notice of an endemic species from the

Coastal Desert. Psyche 93: 51-60.

Solbrig, O.

1976. The origin and floristic affinities of the South American

temperate deciduous and semidesert regions. Pp. 7-49 in

"Evolution of Desert Biota." D. Goodall, ed. Univ. of Texas

Press, Austin.

Spinola, M. de a e

1851. Zoologia. Vol. 6. In Gay: Historia fisica y politica de

Chile.

Townes, H. K.

1966. A catalog and reclassification of Neotropic Ichneumonidae.

Mem. Amer. Ent. Inst. 8: 1-367.

1969. Genera of Ichneumonidae, Part 2: Gelinae. Mem. Amer. Ent.

Inmet. 227 ol-537.

Fig.

ONANMNFWNE

Zo:

20.

31.

130 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 3, 1987

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES

PLATE I

Cyclaulus sp. Ovipositor tip, lateral view.

Dotocryptus bellicosus. Ovipositor tip, lateral view.

Trachysphyrus irinus. Ovipositor tip, lateral view.

Aeglocryptus viridis. Ovipositor tip, lateral view.

Itamuton rufitibia. Ovipositor tip, lateral view.

Chilecryptus rhadinus. Ovipositor tip, lateral view.

Chilecryptus tetracanthus. Ovipositor tip, lateral view.

Neocryptopteryx ocris. Ovipositor tip, lateral view.

PLATE II

Dotocryptus pedisequus, (f). Head, front view.

Dotocryptus bellicosus, (f). Head, front view.

Xiphonychidium viduum, (m). Head, front view.

Cyclaulus sp., (f). Head, front view.

Dotocryptus pedisequus, (f). First tergite, dorsal view.

Dotocryptus bellicosus, (f). First tergite, dorsal view.

Dotocryptus bellicosus, (f). Rear mesosoma, first tergite,

dorsal view.

Dotocryptus pedisequus, (f). Rear mesosoma, dorsal view.

PLATE III

Dotocryptus bellicosus, (f). Mesoscutum, dorsal view.

Dotocryptus bellicosus, (f). Head and mesosoma, side view.

Dotocryptus bellicosus, (f). Rear mesosoma, dorsal view.

Dotocryptus pedisequus, (f). Mesoscutum, dorsal view.

Xiphonychidion viduum, (m). Mesoscutum, dorsal view.

Xiphonychidion cyanipenne, (m). Mesoscutum, dorsal view.

PLATE IV

Cyclaulus sp., (f). Pro and mesothorax, dorsal view.

Cyclaulus sp., (f). Pro and mesothorax, lateral view.

Cyclaulus sp., (f). Propodeal region, lateral view.

Xiphonychidion cyanipenne, (m). Head, front view.

Xiphonychidion cyanipenne, (m). Head, pro and mesothorax,

lateral view.

PLATE V

Dotocryptus pedisequus, (f). Head, mesosoma, and base of

gaster, lateral view.

Dotocryptus pedisequus, (f). Head, pro and mesothorax,

base of metathorax and of propodeum, lateral view.

Dotocryptus pedisequus, (f). Propodeum and first gastric

segment, lateral view.

Dotocryptus bellicosus, (f). Propodeum and first gastric

segment, lateral view.

Porter: Chilean Mesostenini (Ichneumonidae) Pol

Fig. 32. Xiphonychidion viduum, (m). First gastric tergite, dorsal

view.

Fig. 33. Xiphonychidion viduum, (m). Head and mesosoma, lateral view.

Fig. 34. Xiphonychidion cyanipenne, (m). Mesosoma, posterio-lateral

view.

Fig. 35. Sciocryptus lachnaeis, (f). Head, front view.

Fig. 36. Sciocryptus lachnaeis, (f). Head and thorax, lateral view.

PLATE VII

Fig. 37. Sciocryptus lachnaeis, (f). Gaster, posterio-lateral view.

Fig. 38. Sciocryptus lachnaeis, (f). Part of mesoscutum, showing

sculpture along and between notauli.

Fig. 39. Trachysphyrus irinus, (f). Head, front view.

Fig. 40. Trachysphyrus irinus, (f). Mesoscutum, dorsal view.

Fig. 41. Trachysphyrus irinus, (f). Head and thorax, lateral view.

Fig. 42. Trachysphyrus irinus, (f). Propodeal region, lateral view.

PLATE VIII

Fig. 43. Trachysphyrus irinus, (f). Propodeum and base of gaster,

lateral view.

Fig. 44. Trachysphyrus metallicus, (f). Second gastric tergite,

dorsal view.

Fig. 45. Trachysphyrus irinus, (f). Gaster, lateral view.

Fig. 46. Aeliopotes paitensis, (f). Base of first gastric tergite,

dorsal view.

Fig. 47. Trachysphyrus metallicus, (f). Ovipositor, lateral view.

Fig. 48. Aeglocryptus viridis, (f).Propodeal area, lateral view.

Fig. 49. Trachysphyrus aegla, (m). Second and adjoining gastric

tergites, dorsal view.

PLATE IX

Fig. 50. Aeglocryptus viridis, (f). Head and thorax, lateral view.

Fig. 51. Aeliopotes paitensis, (f). Mesoscutum, dorsal view.

Fig. 52. Aeglocryptus viridis, (f). Mesoscutum, dorsal view.

Fig. 53. Aeliopotes paitensis, (f). Head and thorax, lateral view.

Fig. 54. Aglaodina cribricollis, (f). Subapical 0.6 of fore wing.

Fig. 55. Aeglocryptus viridis, (f). Base of gaster, lateral view.

PLATE X

Fig. 56. Aglaodina cribricollis, (f). Head, front view.

Fig. 57. Aglaodina cribricollis, (f). Propodeal region, dorsal

view.

Fig. 58. Aglaodina cribricollis, (f). Head and thorax, lateral view.

Fig. 59. Aglaodina cribricollis, (f). Propodeal region, lateral

view.

Fig. 60. Aglaodina cribricollis, (f). Mesoscutum, dorsal view.

Fig. 61. Dochmidium sp., (m). Head and mesosoma, dorsal view.

Fig. 62. Dochmidium sp., (m). Head, front view.

Fig. 63. Dochmidium sp., (m). Second gastric tergite, dorsal view.

Fig. 64. Dochmidium sp., (m). Head and thorax, lateral view.

Fig. 65. Dochmidium sp., (m). Propodeal region, lateral view.

132 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 3, 1987

Fig. 66. Dochmidium sp., (m). Mesoscutum, dorsal view.

Fig. 67. Amnacis festiva, (f). Head, front view.

PLATE XII

Fig. 68. Caenopelte palinorsa, (m). Head, front view.

Fig. 69. Caenopelte palinorsa, (m). Lateral view of whole insect.

Fig. 70. Caenopelte palinorsa, (m). Mesoscutum, dorsal view.

Fig. 71. Caenopelte palinorsa, (m). Propodeal region, dorsal view.

Fig. 72. Anmacis festiva, (m). Whole insect, lateral view.

Fig. 73. Amnacis festiva, (m). Propodeal region, dorsal view.

PLATE XIII

Fig. 74. Anacis festiva, (m). Mesoscutum, dorsal view.

Fig. 75. Anacis rubripes, (f). Head, front view.

Fig. 76. Anacis rubripes, (f). Mesoscutum, dorsal view.

Fig. 77. Anacis rubripes, (f). Head and mesosoma, lateral view.

Fig. 78. Anacis rubripes, (f). Propodeum and gastric base, lateral

view.

Fig. 79. Anacis rubripes, (f). Propodeal region, dorsal view.

PLATE XIV

Fig. 80. Anacis rubripes, (f). Second gastric tergite, dorsal view.

Fig. 81. Cosmiocryptus weyrauchi, (f). Head and thorax, lateral

view.

Fig. 82. Cosmiocryptus weyrauchi, (f). Propodeal region, lateral

view.

Fig. 83. Cosmiocryptus diplatys, (f). Ovipositor, lateral view.

Fig. 84. Cosmiocryptus weyrauchi, (f). Second tergal region, dorsal

view.

Fig. 85. Cosmiocryptus weyrauchi, (f). Clypeal region, front view.

Fig. 86. Cosmiocryptus diplatys, (f). Clypeal region, front view.

Fig. 87. Cosmiocryptus violaceipennis, (f). Mesoscutum, dorsal view.

PLATE XV

Fig. 88. Chilecryptus rhadinus, (f). Head and part of thorax,

lateral view.

Fig. 89. Chilecryptus rhadinus, (f). Part of mesoscutum, dorsal

view.

Fig. 90. Chilecryptus rhadinus, (f). Propodeal region, lateral view.

Fig. 91. Chilecryptus rhadinus, (f). Gastric base, lateral view.

PLATE XVI

Fig. 92. Chilecryptus tetracanthus, (f). Head, front view.

Fig. 93. Chilecryptus tetracanthus, (f). Rear of mesonotum and

propodeum, dorsal view.

Fig. 94. Chilecryptus tetracanthus, (f). Mesosoma, lateral view.

Porter: Chilean Mesostenini (Ichneumonidae) £33

Fig. 95. Chilecryptus tetracanthus, (f). Propodeum and gastric

base, lateral view.

Fig. 96. Chilecryptus tetracanthus, (f). Second gastric tergite,

dorsal view.

PLATE XVII

Fig. 97. Neocryptopteryx ocris, (f). Head, front view.

Fig. 98. Neocryptopteryx ocris, (f). Second gastric tergite, dorsal

view.

Fig. 99. Neocryptopteryx ocris, (f). Mesoscutum, dorsal view.

Fig. 100. Neocryptopteryx ocris, (f). Head and thorax, lateral view.

Fig. 101. Itamuton rufitibia, (f). Head, front view.

Fig. 102. Itamuton rufitibia, (f). Mesoscutum, dorsal view.

PLATE XVIII

Fig. 103. Itamuton rufitibia, (f). Head and thorax, lateral view.

Fig. 104. Phycitiplex doddi, (f). Head and thorax, lateral view.

Fig. 105. Itamuton rufitibia, (f). Propodeum and gastric base,

lateral view.

Fig. 106. Myrmecacis probles, (m). Head, front view.

Fig. 107. Myrmecacis probles, (m). Head and much of mesosoma,

lateral view.

Fig. 108. Myrmecacis probles, (m). Mesoscutum, dorsal view.

Fig. 109. Myrmecacis probles, (m). Second gastric tergite, dorsal

view.

Fig. 110. Myrmecacis probles, (m). Propodeal region, dorsal view.

Fig. 111. Myrmecacis probles, (m). Propodeum and gastric base,

lateral view.

PLATE XIX

Map 1. CHILEAN FAUNAL ZONES (From Peta 1966)

PLATE XX

Fig. 112. Xiphonychidion cyanipenne. Ovipositor tip, lateral view.

Fig. 113. Xiphonychidion caeruleipenne. Ovipositor tip, lateral

view.

Fig. 114. Xiphonychidion stibarum. Ovipositor tip, lateral view.

Fig. 115. Xiphonychidion atmetum. Ovipositor tip, lateral view.

Fig. 116. Xiphonychidion nerhysum. Ovipositor tip, lateral view.

Fig. 117. Trachysphyrus metallicus. Ovipositor tip, lateral view.

Fig. 118. Trachysphyrus irinus. Ovipositor tip, lateral view.

Fig. 119. Trachysphyrus venustus. Ovipositor tip, lateral view.

Fig. 120. Xiphonychidion viduum. Ovipositor tip, lateral view.

Fig. 121. Aeglocryptus viridis. Ovipositor tip, lateral view.

Fig. 122. Trachysphyrus venustus, (f). Dorsal view of head.

Fig. 123. Aglaodina cribricollis. Ovipositor, lateral view.

Fig. 124. Xylacis echthroides. Ovipositor, lateral view.

Fig. 125. Nothischnus riverai. Ovipositor tip, lateral view.

Fig. 126. Caenopelte palinorsa. Ovipositor tip, lateral view.

Fig. 127. Anacis festiva. Ovipositor tip, lateral view.

134 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 3, 1987

Fig. 128. Anacis varipes. Ovipositor tip, lateral view.

Fig. 129. Anacis rufipes. Ovipositor tip, lateral view.

Fig. 130. Anacis rubripes. Ovipositor tip, lateral view.

Fig. 131. Cosmiocryptus weyrauchi. Ovipositor tip, lateral view.

Fig. 132. Cosmiocryptus aricae. Ovipositor tip, lateral view.

Fig. 133. Cosmiocryptus leptaechma. Ovipositor tip, lateral view.

Fig. 134. Cosmiocryptus violaceipennis. Ovipositor tip, lateral

view.

Fig. 135. Chilecryptus tetracanthus. Ovipositor tip, lateral view.

Fig. 136. Chilecryptus ithyption. Ovipositor tip, lateral view.

Fig. 137. Araucacis melanthes. Ovipositor tip, lateral view.

Fig. 138. Araucacis leptaulax. Ovipositor, lateral view.

Fig. 139. Neocryptopteryx hypodyneri. Ovipositor, lateral view.

Fig. 140. Neocryptopteryx oedipus. Ovipositor tip, lateral view.

Fig. 141. Neocryptopteryx metriurus. Ovipositor tip, lateral view.

Fig. 142. Oecetiplex borsani. Ovipositor tip, lateral view.

Fig. 143. Hypsanacis hoplites. Ovipositor tip, lateral view.

Fig. 144. Hypsanacis paradeisus. Ovipositor tip, lateral view.

Fig. 145. Itamuton magallanes. Ovipositor tip, lateral view.

Fig. 146. Itamuton rufitibia. Ovipositor tip, lateral view.

Fig. 146. Anacis stangeorum. Ovipositor tip, lateral view.

Fig. 147. Myrmecacis metargas. Ovipositor tip, lateral view.

Fig. 148. Myrmecacis metargas. Ovipositor tip, lateral view.

Fig. 149. Trachysphyrus venustus, (f). Head, front view.

Fig. 150. Trachysphyrus imperialis, (f). Head, front view.

Fig. 151. Aglaodina hyperbasa, (f). Head, front view.

Fig. 152. Aeglocryptus nigricornis, (f). Head, front view.

Fig. 153. Aeglocryptus viridis, (f). Head, front view.

Fig. 154. Trachysphyrus penai, (f). Head, front view.

PLATE XXII

Fig. 155. Dotocryptus bellicosus, (f). Whole insect, lateral view

(Townes 1969)

Fig. 156. Dotocryptus bellicosus, (f). Ovipositor tip, lateral view

(Townes 1969).

Fig. 157. Dotocryptus eoeus, (f). First tergite, lateral view.

Fig. 158. Dotocryptus boreas, (f). First tergite, lateral view.

Fig. 159. Dotocryptus pedisequus, (f). Head, lateral view.

Fig. 160. Dotocryptus eoeus, (f). Areolet.

Fig. 161. Dotocryptus zephyrus, (f). Areolet

Fig. 162. Dotocryptus pedisequus, (f). Prepectal region, lateral

view.

PLATE XXIII

Fig. 163. Trachysphyrus agenor, (f). Propodeum, dorsal view.

Fig. 164. Trachysphyrus penai, (f). Propodeum, dorsal view.

Fig. 165. Aglaodina daseia, (f). Propodeum, dorsal view.

Fig. 166. Itamuton rufitibia, (m). Propodeum, dorsal view.

Fig. 167. Oecetiplex borsani, (f). Propodeum, dorsal view.

Fig. 168. Trachysphyrus agenor, (m). Subgenital plate.

Fig. 169. Trachysphyrus irinus, (m). Subgenital plate.

Fig. 170. Periplasma tanaum, (f). Head and prothorax, lateral view.

Fig.

rig.

Fig.

LT.

LA2 i

173.

174.

175.

176.

177.

178.

179.

180.

181.

182.

183.

184.

les:

186.

187.

188.

189.

190.

191.

192.

193%

194.

1958.

196.

197,

198.

192:

200.

201.

202.

A033;

Porter: Chilean Mesostenini (Ichneumonidae) 135

Araucacis melanthes, (f). Head, lateral view.

Phycitiplex doddi, (f). Propodeum, lateral view.

Hypsanacis hoplites, (f). Propodeum, lateral view.

Cosmiocryptus aricae, (f). . Front tibia.

Cosmiocryptus leptaechma, (f). Front tibia.

Trachysphyrus agenor, (f). First = flagellomeres.

Trachysphyrus irinus, (f). First 3 flagellomeres.

Anacis hercana, (f). Areolet.

Xylacis echthroides, (f). Head, front view.

PLATE XXIV

Picrocryptoides willinki, (f). Fore wing.

Aeliocryptus paitensis, (f). Fore wing.

Myrmecacis metargas, (f). Wings.

Itamuton rufitibia, (f). Wings.

Anacis rubripes, (f). Wings.

Dochmidium sp., (f). Fore wing.

Cyclaulus eremia, (f). Lateral view of body, showing

habitus and color pattern.

Aeglocryptus cleonis, (f). Propodeum and first 2 gastric

tergites, dorsal view. (Townes 1969)

Picrocryptoides willinki, (f). Propodeum and first 2

gastric tergites, dorsal view. (Townes 1969)

Anacis stangeorum, (f). Head, front view.

Sciocryptus lachnaeis, (f). Propodeum and first 2 gastric

tergites, dorsal view. (Townes 1969)

Xiphonychidion cyanipennis, (f). Propodeum and first 2

gastric tergites, dorsal view. (Townes 1969)

Anacis festiva, (f). Propodeum and first 2 gastric

tergites, dorsal view. (Townes 1969)

Caenopelte palinorsa, (f). Propodeum and first 2 gastric

tergites, dorsal view. (Townes 1969)

PLATE XXV

Neocryptopteryx metriurus, (f). Wings. (Blanchard 1949)

Chilecryptus tetracanthus, (f). Wings.

Neocryptopteryx blanchardi, (f). Wings. (Blanchard 1947)

Xiphonychidion viduum, (f). Wings.

Picrocryptoides willinki, (f). Whole insect, lateral view.

(Townes 1969)

Picrocryptoides willinki, (f). Ovipositor tip, lateral

view. (Townes 1969)

Oecetiplex borsani, (f). Wings. (Blanchard 1941)

PLATE XXVI

Aglaodina cribricollis, (f). Wings.

Mesostenus transfuga, (f). Whole insect, lateral view.

(Townes 1969)

Sciocryptus lachnaeis, (f). Whole insect, lateral view.

(Townes 1969)

136 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 3, 1987

Fig. 204. Xiphonychidion cyanipenne, (f). Whole insect, lateral

view. (Townes 1969)

Fig. 205. Aeglocryptus cleonis, (f). Whole insect, lateral view.

(Townes 1969)

PLATE XXVII

Fig. 206. Anacis festiva, (f). Whole insect, lateral view. (Townes

1969)

Fig. 207. Caenopelte palinorsa, (f). Whole insect, lateral view.

(Townes 1969)

Fig. 208. Anacis rufipes, (f). Dorsal view, showing habitus and

color pattern. (Havrylenko and Winterhalter 1949)

PLATE XXVIII

Fig. 209. Itamuton occidens, (m). Habitus sketch of whole insect,

lateral view.

Fig. 210. Anacis festiva, (f). Habitus sketch of whole insect,

lateral view.

Porter: Chilean Mesostenini (Ichneumonidae)

PLATE I. 1. Cyclaulus sp. 2. Dotocryptus bellicosus. 3. Trachysphyrus irinus.

4. Aeglocryptus viridis. 5. Itamuton rufitibia. 6. Chilecryptus rhadinus.

7. C. tetracanthus. 8. Neocryptopteryx ocris.

PLATE II. 9. D. pedisequus. 10. D. bellicosus. 11. Xiphonychidion viduum. 12.

Cyclaulus sp. 13. Dotocryptus pedisequus. 14-15. D. bellicosus. 16. D. pedisequus.

Porter: Chilean Mesostenini (Ichneumonidae ) 139

PLATE III. 17-19. Dotocryptus bellicosus. 20. D. pedisequus. 21. Xiphonychidion

viduum. 22. Xiphonychidion cyanipenne.

140 | ie st Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 3, 1987

PLATE IV. 23-25. Cyclaulus sp. 26-27. Xiphonychidion cyanipenne.

Porter: Chilean Mesostenini (Ichneumonidae ) 141

a PLATE V. 28-30. Dotocryptus pedisequus. 31. D. bellicosus. 32. Xiphonychidion

viduum.

142 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 3, 1987

PLATE VI. 33. Xiphonychidion viduum. 34. X. cyanipenne. 35-36. Sciocryptus

lachnaeis.

Porter: Chilean Mesostenini (Ichneumonidae ) 143

ANS

SSS

—

PLATE VII. 37-38. Sciocryptus lachnaeis. 39-42. Trachysphyrus irinus.

vol.

PLATE VIII. 43. Trachysphyrus irinus. 44. T. metallicus. 45. T. irinus.

46. Aeliopotes paitensis. 47. Trachysphyrus metallicus. 48. Aeglocryptus viridis.

49. Trachysphyrus aegla.

Porter: Chilean Mesostenini (Ichneumonidae) 145

x SK

eet

PLATE IX. 50. Aeglocryptus viridis. 51. Aeliopotes paitensis.

viridis. 53. Aeliopotes paitensis 54. Aglaodina cribricollis. 55. Aeglocryptus viridis.

52. Aeglocryptus

146 Contrib. Amer. Ent) Tnst).)'vol. 23, no: 3,.1987

PLATE X. 56-60. Aglaodina cribricollis. 61. Dochmidium sp.

147

Chilean Mesostenini (Ichneumonidae)

Porter

is festiva.

Anac

idium sp

62-66. Dochm

PLA LE. XI,

148 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 3, 1987

PLATE XII. 68-71. Caenopelte palinorsa. 72-73. Anacis festiva.

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 3, 1987 149

PLATE XIll. 74. Anacis festiva. 75-79. A. rubripes.

150 Porter: Chilean Mesostenini (Ichneumonidae)

PLATE XIV. 80. Anacis rubripes. 81. Cosmiocryptus weyrauchi. 82. C. weyrauchi.

83. C. diplatys. 84-85. C. weyrauchi 86. C. diplatys. 87. C. violaceipennis.

151

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 3, 1987

nus.

lecryptus rhad

88-91. Chi

PUAT HRY

152 Porter: Chilean Mesostenini (Ichneumonidae)

PLATE XVI. 92-96. Chilecryptus tetracanthus.

153

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 3, 1987

iti

ltamuton ruf

~102.

101

1S.

Neocryptopteryx ocr

97-100.

PLATE AVI

PLATE XVIII. 103. Itamuton rufitibia. 104. Phycitiplex doddi. 105. Itamuton

rufitibia. 106-111. Myrmecacis probles.

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 3, 1987 155

at er

see ° ;

o q 6

‘ 0

a =as

VII WO eine Andean XII

ordillera

VIL Central Valley xiv WZ vaidivian Cordillera

A Central Coastal by ‘

IX V4 pp, Gavaiiena XVI eo Patagonian Steppe

4 pe Northern Valdivian | yy WS Aysén Cordillera

Forest

Seti] Valdivian Forest

I High Plateau

Northern Andean

Cordillera

Ill Northern Desert

IV — Northern Coast

y WEA totcrricatints Present yoOy Southern Andean Magallanes Interoceanic

y ae aed Cordillera said CM Region

VI BRS884 Coquimban Desert | XI ERRSFY Pehuenar XVI Southern Pacific

Region

Porter: Chilean Mesostenini (Ichneumonidae)

MS ee

ee ee

4380

aire

—==ig “=

—

PLATE XX. 112. Xiphonychidion cyanipenne. 113. X. caeruleipenne. 114. X. stibarum.

115. X. admetum. 116. X. nerhysum. 117. Trachysphyrus metallicus 118. T. irinus.

119. T. venustus. 120. Xiphonychidion viduum. 121. Aeglocryptus nigricornis.

122. Trachysphyrus venustus. 123. Aglaodina cribricollis 124. Xylacis echthroides

125. Nothischnus riverai 126. Caenopelte palinorsa. 127. Anacis festiva. 128. A.

varipes. 129. A. rufipes. 130. A. rubripes 131. Cosmiocryptus weyrauchi. 132. C.

aricae. 133. C. leptaechma. 134. C. violaceipennis. 135. Chilecryptus tetracanthus.

136. C. ithyption. 137. Araucacis melanthes. 138. A. leptaulax.

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 3, 1987 157

on at a A

Se ee ee

Nii ec or race Mh

PLATE. XXI, . 140. Neocryptopteryx hypodyneri. 140. N. oedipus. 141. N. metriurus.

142. Oecetiplex borsani. 143. Hypsanacis hoplites. 144. H. paradeisus, 145. Itamuton

magallanes. 146. I. rufitibia. 147. Anacis Stangeorum. 148. Myrmecacis metargas.

149. Trachysphyrus venustus, 150. T. imperialis. 151.

Aglaodina hyperbasa.

152. Aeglocryptus nigricornis. 153. A. viridis. 154. Trachysphyrus pefiai.

158 Porter: Chilean Mesostenini (Ichneumonidae)

160

PLATE XXII. 155-156. Dotocryptus bellicosus.

157. D. eoeus. 158. D. boreas. 159. D. pedisequus.

160. D. eoeus. 161. D. zephyrus. 162. D. pedisequus.

Contrib. AmeroEnt., Insts; vol} 23;-no.'3, 1987 159

PLATE XXIII. 163. Trachysphyrus agenor. 164. T. pefiai. 165. A

166. Itamuton rufitibia 167. Oecetiplex borsani. 168. Praulven oie cane ee aes

irinus. 170. Periplasma tanaum. 171. Araucacis melanthes. 172. Phycitiplex doddi.

173. Hypsanacis hoplites. 174. Cosmiocryptus aricae. 175. C. leptaechma.

HOI ai agenor. 177. T. irinus. 178. Anacis hercana. 179. Xylacis

echthroides.

160 Porter: Chilean Mesostenini (Ichneumonidae)

PLATE XXIV. 180. Picrocryptoides willinki. 181. Aeliopotes paitensis.

182. Myrmecacis metargas. 183. Itamuton rufitibia. 184. Anacis rubripes.

185. Dochmidium sp. 186. Cyclaulus eremia. 187. Aeglocryptus cleonis.

188. Picrocryptoides willinki. 189. Anacis stangeorum. 190. Sciocryptus lachnaeis.

191. Xiphonychidion cyanipenne. 192. Anacis festiva. 193. Caenopelte palinorsa.

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 3, 1987 161

PLATE XXV. 194. Neocryptopteryx metriurus. 195. Chilecryptus tetracanthus.

196. Neocryptopteryx blanchardi. 197. Xiphonychidion viduum. 198-199. Picrocryptoides

willinki. 200. Oecetiplex borsani.

162 Porter: Chilean Mesostenini (Ichneumonidae )

PLATE XXVI. 201. Aglaodina cribricollis. 202. Mesostenus transfuga.

203. Sciocryptus lachnaeis. 204. Xiphonychidion cyanipenne. 205. Aeglocryptus cleonis.

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 3, 1987 163

PLATE XXVII. 206. Anacis festiva. 207. Caenopelte palinorsa. 208. Anacis rufipes.

164 Porter: Chilean Mesostenini (Ichneumonidae)

PLATE XXVIII. 209. Itamuton occidens. 210. Anacis festiva.

itty

‘Vi

i”

\ J iy

Contributions

of the

American Entomological Institute

Volume 23, Number 4, 1988

ae ind

Ceraclea OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

(TRICHOPTERA: LEPTOCERIDAE)

By Yang Lian-fang and John C. Morse

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT . ‘

INTRODUCTION ane

CHECKLIST OF SPECIES

SPECIMENS EXAMINED

SYSTEMATIC TREATMENT

Ceraclea Stephens, 1829 ........

Ceraclea (Ceraclea) Stephens, 1829

Fulva Group 0 eae

Nigronervosa Group . rae

Ceraclea (Athripsodina) Kimmins, 1963 :

Tarsipunctata Group Oars

Dissimilis Group

Annulicornis Group .

Riparia Group

Marinate GPOt eg es oe a

Kolthoffi Group, C. (A.) Incertae Sedis

Dingwuschanella Group, C. (A.) Incertae Sedis

Ungulifera Group, C. (A.) Incertae Sedis .

Ceraclea (Athripsodina) Incertae Sedis

BIOGEOGRAPHY . . CS Nia a

KEY TO SPECIES OF CHINESE CERACLEA

REFERENCES CITED oe :

FIGURES .. a

INDEX OF SPECIES

Ceraclea of The People's Republic of China

(Trichoptera: Leptoceridae) |

Yang Lian-fang2 and John C. Morse?

ABSTRACT

The species of the long-horned caddisfly genus Ceraclea for The People's

Republic of China are reviewed for the first time since 1975. Twenty-nine species

of Ceraclea are known from China and are described or redescribed in the

subgenera Ceraclea and Athripsodina, with 4 of them new to science. Ceraclea (C.)

alboguttata (Hagen, of which Leptocerus biwaensis Tsuda & Kuwayama is a new

synonym), previously known from Europe, Japan, and Korea, is reported for the

Chinese fauna. Ceraclea (Athripsodina) riparia (Albarda), previously known only

from central Europe, C. (A.) excisa (Morton), previously known from the northern

Palearctic Region and northwestern North America, and C. (A.) lobulata (Martynov),

previously known only from the Amur Region of Siberia, are reported for the

Chinese fauna. Leptocerus kashingensis Tsuda is a new synonym of Re a

ensifera (Martynov) and Athripsodes bicalcarata Schmid is a new synonym of C.

(A.) shuotsuensis (Tsuda). Ceraclea (C.) sinensis (Forsslund) andC. (A.) huangi

(Tian) are new combinations, both of which were originally described in the genus

Leptocerus. A key is provided to distinguish the males of all 29 species and the

females of 16 species. Diagnoses are given for males and females and (where

available) larvae and pupae for each of ten species groups. The phylogenetic

associations and biogeography of these species suggest ancient and modern

relationships of the Chinese fauna with those of the Palearctic, Nearctic, and

Oriental Biogeographic Regions.

KEY WORDS: Leptoceridae, Ceraclea, The People's Republic of China, historical

biogeography, water quality indicator organisms.

INTRODUCTION

During the past seven years, interest in the aquatic insect fauna of The

People's Republic of China has increased because of the necessity for equipping the

people to monitor the quality of their surface fresh waters. Since water pollution

is essentially a biological phenomenon (Hynes, 1966), providing more direct evidence

of its effects biologically than chemically, it is appropriate that this emphasis has

developed. Aquatic insects live sufficiently long in aquatic ecosystems that the

populations of sensitive species may reflect reasonably accurately whether streams

and lakes have experienced biologically significant pollution.

Identification of species is the essential beginning of any accurate assessment

of water quality (Resh and Unzicker, 1975). However, knowledge of the aquatic

' This is Technical Contribution No. 2807 of the South Carolina Agricultural

Experiment Station, Clemson University.

2 Department of Plant Protection, Nan-jing Agricultural University, Nan-jing,

Jiang-su Province, The People's Republic of China.

3 Department of Entomology, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina

29634-0365, United States of America.

2 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 4, 1988

insect fauna of China is lagging far behind that of much of the rest of the world.

Most of the species of China are still unknown even in the adult stages. Even for

the few species identifiable in the adult stages, larvae and pupae of most of them

still have not been described, such that the possibility to identify the aquatic

stages (mostly immature forms) of these species is even less than for the mature

terrestrial adult forms. Eggs of most aquatic insects, including caddisflies, have

not been studied in sufficient detail to permit diagnoses even to family.

Caddisflies, especially of the families Leptoceridae and Hydropsychidae, are

found very commonly in Chinese lakes and streams. The different species of

Leptoceridae, or long-horned caddisflies, occur in a wide variety of habitats and,

at least in other parts of the world, many of them are particularly sensitive to

pollution (Hilsenhoff, 1982). It is evident from the revision that follows that most

of the Chinese species of Ceraclea, and probably most other groups of aquatic

insects, are not yet known to science: eleven of the 29 species described here

were not known before this year. Furthermore, at least for Ceraclea and probably

for many other aquatic insect groups, the fauna apparently is very rich: the 29

species were captured at only 27 collection localities (Fig. 1) in a country as large

as all of Europe (in which there are 14 spp. of Ceraclea according to Malicky,

1983) or of the continental United States (34 spp. according to Morse, 1975),

regions which have been much more thoroughly collected.

The revision by Morse (1974, 1975) provided the first summary of Chinese

species of Ceraclea. Previous publications concerned only descriptions of

individual species. Twelve species of Ceraclea have been known previously from

China, one now considered to belong in the subgenus Ceraclea, the others in the

subgenus Athripsodina:

sinensis (Forsslund, 1935), NEW COMBINATION

.) dingwuschanella (Ulmer, 1932)

.) fooensis (Mosely, 1942)

.) forcipata (Forsslund, 1935)

.) huangi (Tian, 1981), NEW COMBINATION

.) indistincta (Forsslund, 1935)

.) kashingensis (Tsuda, 1943) (N. SYN. of C. (A.) ensifera)

.) kolthoffi (Ulmer, 1932)

.) major (Hwang, 1957)

.) nankingensis (Hwang, 1957)

.) signaticornis (Ulmer, 1926)

.) yangi (Mosely, 1942)

Felionelieleleleleleneiele

SSS tsssessisic

We have seen types or recent specimens of all of these species except C. (A.)

signaticornis.

The nominotypical subgenus is reported here for the first time as occurring in

China. Three previously described species of this subgenus in China are as

follows: C. (C.) alboguttata (Hagen, 1860), formerly Known only from Europe and

(as Leptocerus biwaensis Tsuda and Kuwayama, 1950, NEW SYNONYM) from Japan

and Korea; superba (Tsuda, 1942b), previously known only from Japan; and sinensis

(Forsslund, 1935, as Leptocerus), NEW COMBINATION.

We are convinced that Leptocerus kashingensis Tsuda, 1943, is a NEW

SYNONYM of C. (A.) ensifera (Martynov, 1935), previously known only from the

Amur region of Siberia. In addition, C. (A.) shuotsuensis (Tsuda, 1942a) was

reported from northern China by Yang and Tian (1988) (as C. [A.] bicalcarata

[Schmid, 1970], NEW SYNONYM), which was previously known only from Mongolia

and Korea. In this work, we have discovered specimens of C.(A.) riparia (Albarda,

1874; previously Known only from Europe), excisa (Morton, 1904; previously known

from the northern Palearctic Region and northwestern North America), and lobulata

(Martynov, 1935; previously known only from the Amur Region of Siberia).

Ceraclea (A.) huangi (Tian, 1981, as Leptocerus), NEW COMBINATION, is added to

this genus in China.

Yang and Morse: Chinese Ceraclea 3

Four newly discovered species of the subgenus Athripsodina are being

described elsewhere by Yang and Tian (1988). For the sake of completeness, the

names of these species are provided herein. However, they are provided here only

“conditionally” in the sense of Article 15 of the International Code of Zoological

Nomenclature (Anonymous, 1985). The names will become "available" upon

publication of the paper in press by Yang and Tian (1988) with their appropriate

authorship and date of publication.

Four species are described herein as new to science, one in the nominotypical

subgenus and three in subgenus Athripsodina, bringing the total of known Chinese

Ceraclea species to 29. Eight species of Ceraclea are known from other parts of

eastern Asia and six from the Oriental Region which have not been collected in

China, but which may be discovered there in the future.

CHECKLIST. OF ‘SPECIES

The 29 Chinese species of Ceraclea presently known are as follows:

Ceraclea (Ceraclea) species

Fulva Group

C. (C.) spinulicolis, n. sp., Figs..2, 31.

C. (C.) alboguttata (Hagen, 1860), Figs. 3, 32, 47.

Nigronervosa Group

C. (C.) superba (Tsuda, 1942b), Fig. 4.

C. (C.) sinensis (Forsslund, 1935), N. COMB., Figs. 5, 33.

Ceraclea (Athripsodina) species

Tarsipunctata Group

C. (A.) major (Hwang, 1957), Fig. 6.

Dissimilis Group

C. (A.) indistincta (Forsslund, 1935), Fig. 7.

C. (A.) lobulata (Martynov, 1935), Figs. 8, 34.

Annulicornis Group

C. (A.) excisa (Morton, 1904), Figs. 9, 35, 48.

C. (A.) shuotsuensis (Tsuda, 1942a), Figs. 10, 36.

C. (A.) globosa, n. sp., Fig. 11.

Riparia Group

C. (A.) polyacantha Yang & Tian, 1987, Fig. 12.

C. (A.) interispina Yang & Tian, 1987, Figs. 13, 37.

C. (A.) riparia (Albarda, 1874), Figs. 14, 38.

C. (A.) yangi (Mosely, 1942), Figs. 15, 39.

C. (A.) nankingensis (Hwang, 1957), Figs. 16, 40.

C. (A.) brachyacantha Yang & Tian, 1987, Fig. 17.

C. CA.) trifureay no se) pFigi ors,

C. (A.) huangi (Tian, 1981), N. COMB., Figs. 19, 41.

C. (A.) forcipata (Forsslund, 1935), Figs. 20, 42.

Marginata Group

(Av) lirata; nevspy,) Fig. 21s

C. (A.) fooensis (Mosely, 1942), Figs. 22, 43.

Kolthoffi Group, C. (A.) Incertae Sedis

(A.) ensifera (Martynov, 1935), Figs. 23, 44.

C. (A.) kolthoffi (Ulmer, 1932), Figs. 24, 45.

Dingwuschanella Group, C. (A.) Incertae Sedis

Ole

C. (A.) brachycera Yang & Tian, 1988, Fig. 25.

C. (A.) curva Yang & Tian, 1988, Fig. 26.

C. (A.) dingwuschanella (Ulmer, 1932), Figs. 27, 46.

C. (A.) acutipennis Yang & Tian, 1988, Fig. 28.

Ungulifera Group, C. (A.) Incertae Sedis }

C. (A.) omeiensis Yang & Tian, 1988, Fig. 29.

Ceraclea (Athripsodina) Incertae Sedis

(A.) signaticornis (Ulmer, 1926), Fig. 30.

4 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 4, 1988

SPECIMENS EXAMINED

Specimens used in this research were collected by the senior author with

the help of Mr. Li Yu-wen, Mr. Xue Ying-gen and Mr. Sun Chang-hai or were

obtained from the following institutions:

Bei-jing Agricultural University (BAU)

Northwest Agricultural University (NWAU)

Nan-kai University (NU) ,

Shang-hai Academy of Entomological Science (Academy of Science of China;

SAES)

An-hui Agricultural College (AGC)

Localities of specimens studied are indicated with arabic numbers beside them

in Figure 1. The localities are as follows:

An-kang, Shaan-xi Province

Zi-yang, Shaan-xi Province

Emei, Si-chuan Province

Hua-xi, Gui-zhou Province

Meng-xing, Yun-nan Province

Wu-da-lian-chi, Hei-long-jiang Province

Lang-xiang, Hei-long-jiang Province

Tian-jing

Xing-hua, Jiang-su Province

10. Nan-jing, Jiang-su Province

11. Wu-hu, An-hui Province

12. Tian-mu-shan, Zhe-jiang Province

13. Wang-jiang, An-hui Province

14. Guang-zhou, Guang-dong Province

15. Wu-yuan, Jiang-xi Province

16. Shao-wu, Fu-jian Province

17. Wu-yi, Fu-jian Province

18. Pu-tian, Fu-jian Province

19. Shang-hai

20. Fu-zhou, Fu-jian Province

21. Wen-zhou, Zhe-jiang Province

22. Big-yiao-shan, Guang-xi Province

23. Jia-xing, Zhe-jiang Province

24. Jin-hu, Jiang-su Province

25. Hong-ze, Jiang-su Province

26. I-chi-chang, Si-chuan Province

27. Chin-chin-kai, Si-chuan Province

OONDUBWN —

Types of new species described herein are deposited in the collections of The

Department of Plant Protection, Nan-jing Agricultural University (NAU) unless

indicated otherwise.

SYSTEMATIC TREATMENT

Complete bibliographies, including synonyms, of each species described before

1961 can be found in Fischer's Trichopterorum Catalogus (1965, 1972). No attempt

will be made here to complete these bibliographies to the present. However, all

species described since 1960, as well as new synonyms and _ significant

redescriptions, are included. Synonyms listed by Fischer are not repeated here

unless a new opinion has been reported. The sex, repository collection, and type

locality of each holotype is indicated, respectively, following the original

description citation for each species.

Yang and Morse: Chinese Ceraclea 3

In the descriptions, the terminology for wing venation follows that of

Hamilton (1972) and the terminology for genitalic structures generally follows that

of Morse (1975) and Nielsen (1957) for males and of Nielsen (1980) for females.

Abbreviations are indicated with the text and illustrations to designate the

following structures:

Males - ba.pl = basal plate of the inferior appendages

bv = baso-ventral lobe of an inferior appendage

do.par = dorsal paramere

har = harpago of an inferior appendage

inf.app = inferior appendage

IX = abdominal segment IX

lat.par = lateral paramere

me.rdg = mesal ridge of an inferior appendage

m.b.inf.app= main body of an inferior appendage

phb = phallobase

phe = phalicata

ph.gd = phallic guide of an inferior appendage

ph.sc = phallotremal sclerite

ph.sh = phallic shield

sap.do = subapico-dorsal lobe of an inferior appendage

sub. pl = subanal plate

sup.app = superior appendage

x = abdominal segment X

Females - go.pl gonopod plate of sterna VIII and IX

lam = lamella (= "IXd" of Nielsen, 1980)

pr.sp.sc = process of the spermathecal sclerite

Ssp.Sc = spermathecal sclerite

sup.app = superior appendage (= "IXc" of Nielsen, 1980)

The basic phylogenetic relationships discussed herein were first inferred by

Morse (1974, 1975). We have modified them somewhat to accomodate new

characters and new species. Our phylogenetic philosophy and method were

summarized by Morse and Holzenthal (1987). Our objective in this work is to

infer monophyletic groups by their possession of one or more homologues

(synapomorphies or uniquely shared characters) and to give formal names only to

groups which evidently are monophyletic. Our phylogeny of Chinese Ceraclea

species and their closest relatives is depicted in Fig. 49 along with their

classification and distribution.

We sincerely appreciate the encouragement of Dr. Tian Li-xin for undertaking

this research. The work was accomplished while the senior author was a Visiting

Scholar at Clemson University.

Ceraclea Stephens, 1829

Type species: Phryganea nervosa Fourcroy, 1785, monobasic (a synonym of

Ceraclea nigronervosa [Retzius, 1783]).

Morse and Wallace (1976) separated Ceraclea from Athripsodes; providing a

brief history of the use of these generic names; supplying characters for

distinguishing known larvae, pupae, and adults of their species; and establishing

the tribe Athripsodini to indicate their close phylogenetic relationship. Morse

(1974, 1975) revised the world fauna of Ceraclea subgenera Ceraclea and

Athripsodina based on his study of adults. (Species of the only other known

subgenus of Ceraclea, the subgenus Pseudoleptocerus, are recorded only from the

Ethiopian Biogeographic Region [Morse, 1978]). Ross (1944, as "Athripsodes") and

Resh (1976) published keys and descriptions for larvae of North American Ceraclea

species, Lepneva (1966, as "Athripsodes" in part) presented keys and descriptions

for larvae and pupae of Ceraclea species in the U.S.S.R., and Hickin (1967, as

6 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 4, 1988

Athripsodes" in part) and Wallace (1981) provided keys to larvae of species in

Great Britain and Ireland. Species groups recognized below are those proposed by

Morse (1974, 1975) based on his inferences of monophyly within the genus.

Diagnosis: Adults of Athripsodini may be distinguished from those of other

tribes of Leptocerinae by the following combination of characters (Mosely, 1939,

as "Leptocerus"; Morse and Wallace, 1976): (1) Tibial spurs arranged 1, 2, 2 or 2,

2, 2 on the three legs of one side from anterior leg to posterior leg, respectively;

(2) median vein of forewings branched beyond sectoro-medial and medio-cubital

crossveins; (3) females usually with three branches of apparent median vein, males

with 2 branches; and (4) anal region of hindwing usually broader than in other

tribes. Adults of Ceraclea may be distinguished from those of other genera of

Athripsodini by the following combination of characters (Mosely, 1939, first

division of "Leptocerus"; Morse and Wallace, 1976): (1) Midcranial sulcus absent;

(2) fourth segment of maxillary palps flexible due to mottled loss of sclerotization;

and (3) male tergum X with an odd number of projections (due to fusion of the

two median or main portions, Fig. 6B, X).

Larvae of Athripsodini may be distinguished from those of other tribes of

Leptocerinae by the following combination of characters (Morse and Wallace,

1976): (1) Longitudinal or oblique mesonotal bars present on weakly sclerotized

plates; (2) abdomen unusually thick anteriorly, tapering posteriorly; and (3) gills

usually in clusters. Larvae of Ceraclea may be distinguished from other genera of

Athripsodini by the following combination of characters (Lepneva, 1966, first

division of "Athripsodes"; Morse and Wallace, 1976): (1) Mesonotal bars long and

curved or angled about midlength, not straight as in Athripsodes; (2) head rather

broad relative to its length and usually with parafrontal regions; (3) submental

apotome of last instar short and broad, trapezoid or barrel-shaped; (4) lateral

reinforcing sclerites of abdominal segment | straight or slightly curved near the

anterior end; (5) gills present at least on abdominal segments II-VI, sometimes

also | and VII and VIII; (6) pair of gill-like, filamentous, posterolateral

projections present on tergum IX and this tergum without a distinct tergite,

although sometimes weakly pigmented; (7) either one or two small accessory claws

above each anal claw; (8) second instars with fringe of long swimming setae on

hind legs; and (9) case with dorsal margin definitely overhanging ventral margin.

Pupae of Athripsodini may be distinguished from those of other tribes of

Leptocerinae by the usually multifilamented condition of the gills (Lepneva, 1966,

as “Athripsodes"). Pupae of Ceraclea differ from those of other genera of

Athripsodini by the following combination of characters (Lepneva, 1966, first

division of "Athripsodes"”; Morse and Wallace, 1976): (1) Triangular process or

bulge absent from anterior edge of labrum; (2) gills arranged generally as for

larvae on abdominal segments II - VI and sometimes | and VI! and VIII; (3) apex

of each anal rod tapered, usually from about middle; and (4) closing membranes of

case each with horizontal opening.

Distribution: Species of the genus Ceraclea are known from the Nearctic,

Oriental, and Palearctic Biogeographic Regions.

Phylogenetic relationships (Fig. 49): According to Morse (1974, 1975, 1978,

1984), Morse and Wallace (1976), and Resh et al (1976), Ceraclea and Athripsodes

probably are monophyletic sister lineages within the tribe Athripsodini.

Homologues by which the monophyly of Ceraclea was inferred include the

following: (1) the absence of a midcranial sulcus in the adults of both sexes; (2)

mottled absence of sclerotization (resulting in flexibility) on the fourth segment of

each maxillary palp of adults of both sexes; (3) the fusion of the two halves of

tergum X of the adult male; (4) the relatively broad head of the larva; (5) the

presence of parafrontal lines on the larval head; (6) the trapezoidal submental

apotome of the larval head; (7) capacity of the larva to ingest whole particles of

freshwater sponge. Homologues by which the monophyly of Athripsodes was

inferred include the following: (1) the subapico-dorsal lobe of each inferior

appendage of the male is smaller and more heavily sclerotized and (2) larvae and

pupae lack filamentous gills on abdominal segments IV - VIII.

Yang and Morse: Chinese Ceraclea 7

Ceraclea (Ceraclea) Stephens, 1829

Type species: Phryganea nervosa Fourcroy, 1785, as for the genus.

Diagnosis: Adults of the nominate subgenus may be differentiated from those

of the rest of the genus by the following combination of characters (Morse, 1975):

(1) Phallobase of male entire apico-ventrally and usually very long (Fig. 5D); (2)

male with only one pair of lateral phallic parameres (Fig. 2D, lat.par); (3) male

subanal plate usually present (Fig. 4A, sub.pl); and (4) species generally darker

than those of subgenus Athripsodina and generally larger than those of both

subgenera Athripsodina and Pseudoleptocerus. Reared larvae and pupae of Ceraclea

species from around the world have been studied insufficiently to permit diagnosis

of those life history stages for the subgenera of this genus.

Distribution: Species of this subgenus occur in the Nearctic, Palearctic, and

Oriental Biogeographic Regions, but none have been reported previously from

China.

Phylogenetic relationships (Fig. 49): Morse (1975) considered this subgenus to

be the sister group of the subgenus Pseudoleptocerus based on the following

shared homologues (synapomorphies): (1) the ventral apex of the phallobase is

very long, serving as an accessory phallic guide for the cylindrical phalicata and

(2) a subanal plate is present in the external membranes beneath the anus under

tergum X. The evidence for the monophyly of Pseudoleptocerus species includes

the following homologues (Morse, 1978): (1) the harpago is absent or fused with

the main body of the male inferior appendage and (2) forewings of both sexes

have yellowish-brown scales and clear patches on various portions of the wing

membrane and large, white scales regularly spaced along the longitudinal veins.

Fulva Group

Diagnosis: According to Morse (1975), "The forewings of species in this

group are various shades of brown, usually with a light patch at the arculus."

Males of members of this species group may be distinguished by the following

combination of characters (Morse, 1975): (1) Ventral apex of phallobase short

(Fig. 2D, phb; except C. [C.] cama [Flint, 1965]); (2) phalicata (Fig. 2D, phc) with

lateral grooves where parameres lie when phalicata and parameres retracted; (3)

subapico-dorsal lobe of each inferior appendage (Fig. 2A, sap.do) usually bent

caudad near its base (Fig. 3A); (4) harpago (Fig. 2C, har) with subapical triangular

projection; and (5) tergite X divided apically into pair of large lateral lobes and

smaller median finger-like lobe (which is itself divided in some specimens).

The genitalia of the females of C. (C.) resurgens (Walker, 1852; Ross, 1944),

transversa (Hagen, 1861; Ross, 1944, as "Athripsodes angustus"), fulva (Rambur,

1842; Kimmins, 1964), albimacula (Rambur, 1842; Kimmins, 1964, as "Athripsodes

alboguttatus"), and alboguttata (Hagen, 1860; Malicky, 1983, illustrations only)

have been described for this group. They share the following distinctive

characteristics: (1) Pair of gonopod plates ventrally on sternum IX (Fig. 30C,

go.pl) with apico-lateral corners marked by parallel longitudinal grooves and

ridges or striae; (2) spermathecal sclerite (Fig. 30D, sp.sc) with wide lateral

expansions.

The larva of C. (C.) fulva has been described by Lepneva (1966) and Wallace

(1981); that of albimacula by Lepneva (1966, as "Athripsodes alboguttatus") and

Wallace (1981); that of alboguttata by Tsuda (1954, as "Leptocerus biwaensis", Fig.

47); that of transversa (Hagen, 1861) by Ross (1944, as "Athripsodes species a") and

Resh (1976), and those of alces (Ross, 1941) and resurgens (Walker, 1852) by Resh

(1976). All the Known larvae of species in this group feed on freshwater sponge,

apparently as a necessary part of their life cycle (Resh et al, 1976). Other

characters for distinguishing larvae of the Fulva Group include the following: (1)

Lines demarking parafrontal regions obscure posteriorly; (2) antennae only two

times as long as broad in last instar; and (3) case made up almost entirely of

salivary secretions (Lepneva, 1966), often with pieces of living sponge or sponge

spicules or sand attached or incorporated (Resh et al, 1975; Resh, 1976).

8 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 4, 1988

Lepneva (1966) described the pupae of C. (C.) fulva and albimacula (the latter

as "Athripsodes alboguttatus"); Resh (1976), those of alces, resurgens, and

transversa. The anterior projection of the labrum, otherwise characteristic for

the genus, is small or absent in these species. Each of the posterior hookplates

of abdominal tergum V has 8-18 anteriorly directed hooks. Anal rods are

variously shaped, with one or two mesal processes more or less strongly developed

at the abrupt transition between the basal and apical portions.

Distribution: Species of the Fulva Group are known from the Nearctic and

Palearctic Biogeographic Regions.

Phylogenetic Relationships (Fig. 49): Monophyly for the Fulva Group was

inferred from the following homologues (Morse, 1975; Resh et al, 1976): (1) the

apex of male tergum X is three-pronged, with a pair of large lobes with lateral

sensillae and between them a smaller, finger-like lobe; (2) the mesal ridge of each

male inferior appendage is particularly wide; and (3) the apex of the male harpago

is expanded with a subapical triangular projection; (4) the female spermathecal

sclerite has semimembranous lateral expansions; (5) larval parafrontal lines are

absent; (6) larval mesonotal bars are dichromatic; (7) tergum IX has only two long

setae; (8) larval case constructed almost entirely with silk; and (9) antennae of last

larval instar are short. According to Morse (1975), the remaining species of this

nominotypical subgenus are the monophyletic sister group of the Fulva Group.

Monophyly for the remaining species of the subgenus Ceraclea was evidenced by

the following homologues (Morse, 1975): (1) scattered white scales are present on

the forewings of both sexes (not present in some species) and (2) the female

genitalia have a pair of longitudinal grooves dorsad of the lateral margins of the

gonopod plates.

Ceraclea (C.) spinulicolis sp. n.

Description: Head and body of male reddish fuscous with brown and white

hairs intermixed; forewings golden brown, covered densely with dark brown setae

from anastomosis to apex.

Male genitalia (Fig. 2): Superior appendages (sup.app) broad and truncate in

dorsal view. Tergum X (X) divided into two broad lobes apically with pair of

short, broad median protuberances between lobes in ventral view (Fig. 2E).

Dorsal and ventral edges of tergum X in lateral view subparallel, upturned from

middle, rounded apically, not constricted subapically. Inferior appendages (inf.app)

without ventral lobes; mesal ridge (me.rdg) broad basally to about midlength, with

numerous short spines; subapico-dorsal lobe (sap.do) moderately developed, bent

slightly caudad from near base, with long hairs; harpago (har) with acute subapico-

mesal process. Phallobase (phb) with short ventral apex; parameres (lat.par) short,

bent ventrad in even curve; phallotremal sclerite (ph.sc) with slender tube or spine

protruding from beneath it, often with additional seta-like spines apparently in

membranes around phallotremal sclerite, especially dorsally.

Female genitalia (Fig. 31): Superior appendages (sup.app) very short, each

visible only as ridge in lateral view. Apical margin of lamella (lam) semicircular,

with distinct membranous center in lateral view. Gonopod plates (go.pl) with

evident longitudinal striae laterally. Spermathecal sclerite (sp.sc) about 1.25 times

as long as broad.

Length of forewing: male - 10 mm, female - 9 mm.

Immature stages unknown.

Type material: Holotype MALE, Wu-hu, An-hui Province (N31.23, E118.25; Fig.

1, site #11), 9 Aug 1987, Li You-wen. Paratypes 4 males, 1 female, collected with

holotype.

Etymology: Latin, "little spine penis", with reference to the slender structure

beneath the male phallotremal sclerite.

Diagnosis: The apico-lateral lobes of male tergum X, like those of C. (C.)

cama (Morse, 1975, fig. 33), are not constricted subapically; also, the mesal ridge

of each inferior appendage is broad only basally and does not have a single

conspicuous spine; but unlike that species the ventral apex of the phallobase is

short. Unlike most species of the group, the male inferior appendages of this

Yang and Morse: Chinese Ceraclea 9

species each lack a ventral lobe and the mesal lobe of male tergum X is very

short, to be seen only as a pair of small protuberances in caudal view. Insofar as

is known, the slender tube or spine in the membranes beneath the male

phallotremal sclerite of this species is unique for the Fulva Group. Among known

females of species of the Fulva Group, the spermathecal sclerite is narrower for

this species than for the others.

Distribution: Known only from the type series from eastern China.

Phylogenetic relationships (Fig. 49): Ceraclea (C.) cama is the sister lineage

for all remaining species of the Fulva Group. Those remaining ten species

constitute a monophyletic group based on the following homologue (Morse, 1974):

(1) apico-ventral lobe of phallobase short. Ceraclea (C.) spinulicolis is the sister

lineage for the remaining nine species of the Fulva Group. Those species are a

monophyletic group as evidenced by the following homologue (Morse, 1974): (1)

lateral apical lobes of male tergum X constricted subapically, such that each lobe

appears rather hatchet-shaped in lateral view.

Ceraclea (C.) alboguttata (Hagen)

Leptocerus alboguttatus Hagen, 1860, p. /0; lectotype = male; type repository =

Harvard University Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge,

Massachusetts, United States of America; type locality = London.

Leptocerus spinosus Tsuda, 1942b, pp. 293-294, figs. 44-45; holotype not selected,

syntype repository presumably = Nara Women's University, Japan; syntype

localities = Keage, Kyoto, and Otsu, Shiga, Japan; name preoccupied by Navas,

1930; NEW SYNONYM.

Leptocerus biwaensis Tsuda and Kuwayama, 1950, p. 420, new name for L.

spinosus; Tsuda, 1954, pp. 12-13, illustrations of larva and discussion of its

association with freshwater sponge; NEW SYNONYM.

Athripsodes biwaensis (Tsuda and Kuwayama); Botosaneanu, 19/70, p. 308, reported

from Korea.

Ceraclea (C.) alboguttata (Hagen); Morse, 1975, pp. 27-28, fig. 38, lectotype

designation and description of male; Malicky, 1983, pp. 2/75 and 279,

illustrations of male and female.

Description: Body dark brown. Center of face with white setae. Sides of

vertex with white and brown intermixed. Forewings concolorous brown with dark

brown setae.

Male genitalia (Fig. 3): Superior appendages short, truncate to triangular in

dorsal view. Tergum X divided into two long caudal lobes constricted subapically

and truncate apically in lateral view; setose median lobe situated between them

rounded in lateral view and triangular in dorsal and caudal views, sometimes with

mesal notch; pair of high ear-like ridges laterally about midlength. Inferior

appendages each with baso-ventral lobe varying from about 1/5 to 1/4 length of

remainder of appendage, tapered or blunt apically, with one to five golden apical

or subapical spines; mesal ridge with moderately strong spine on caudal face;

harpago shape typical for Fulva Group, with eight to twelve stout spines apically.

Phallic apparatus having phallobase with short ventral apex; parameres gradually

curved, 1/2 to 3/4 as long as phalicata; phalicata with pair of ear-like projections

basally below paramere grooves and with two pairs of semi-membranous lobes above

these grooves apically.

Variation: Chinese specimens examined for this study lie well within the

range of variations seen in European material. In European males, even in

specimens at the same locality, we have seen variations especially in the following

characters: (1) The shape of the apex of the superior appendages, ranges from

subtruncate (lectotype [Morse, 1975, fig. 38B]) to subtriangular (similar to Fig. 3B),

depending on the extent of development of the bump or protrusion in the middle

10 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 4, 1988

of the distal edge of each. (2) The shapes of the processes at the apex of tergum

X are variable, especially the mesal process, which ranges from being poorly

differentiated from the apico-lateral lobes and with a relatively wide mesal excision

in dorsal view (as in the lectotype [Morse, 1975, fig. 38B]) to being well

differentiated from those lobes, triangular in profile, and with or without a narrow

mesal notch (Figs. 3B, 3'B, 3'B inset). (3) The length and shape of the ventral

lobe of each inferior appendage and the number of apical and subapical spines vary

as described above. (4) The mesal ridge of the inferior appendage may or may not

project caudad, such that it may or may not be visible in lateral view (visible in

C. [C.] "biwaensis" [Tsuda, 1942b, fig. 45a, and Morse, 1975, fig. 35A]; not visible

in alboguttata lectotype [Morse, 1975, fig. 38A] or some Chinese specimens, Fig.

3A). (5) The phallic parameres range in length as described above from 1/2 the

length of the phalicata (as in the lectotype [Morse, 1975, fig. 38D]) to 3/4 its

length (as in Fig. 3D). |

Female genitalia (Fig. 32): Superior appendages conspicuous, semicircular from

above, triangular in lateral view. Apical margin of each lamella semicircular,

striated ventrally. Gonopod plates with deep longitudinal striae laterally.

Spermathecal sclerite about as broad as long.

Length of forewing: male - 13 mm (10-12 mm according to Malicky, 1983, for

European specimens), female - 11 mm (10-11 mm, Malicky, 1983).

Larva (Fig. 47): Description and illustration provided by Tsuda (1954, as

"Leptocerus biwaensis'"). Structure typical for species group. Parafrontal sutures

not apparent, but regions usually defined by such sutures and frons brown, genae

brown, two pairs of dark spots posteriorly on either side of frons and epicranial

sulcus, otherwise pair of yellow bands from eye regions to occipital foramen.

Pronotum yellow with transverse row of dark spots near anterior margin, four

spots on each side, each with seta from middle of spot. Case primarily of silk.

Other immature stages unknown.

Diagnosis: Among males of species of the Fulva Group, C. (C.) alboguttata

resembles fulva and albimacula in possessing a short stout spine on the caudal

face of the mesal ridge of each inferior appendage (transversa and latahensis

[Smith, 1962] also have stout spines in this position, but the spines are much

longer in these species). Ceraclea (C.) alboguttata differs from these species in

the long baso-ventral lobe of each inferior appendage, at least twice as long as

broad basally, with two or three long stout spines apically. Among females of

known Chinese species of the Fulva Group, the spermathecal sclerite is broader

for this species than for C. (C.) spinulicolis. Among larvae of this species group,

C. (C.) alboguttata is distinctive in the brown frontal and "parafrontal" area and

pair of dark spots posteriorly on the head and in the transverse row of dark spots

near the anterior margin of the pronotum.

Distribution: Known previously from Europe and (as C. [C.] biwaensis) Japan

and Korea, this species has now been collected in northern China: Wu-da-lian-chi,

Hei-long-jiang Province (N48.45, E125.55; Fig. 1, #6), 8 August 1987. It is possible

that the species will be found also in northcentral Asia, between these eastern and

western ends of the Palearctic Region.

Phylogenetic relationships (Fig. 49): Within the Fulva Group, C. (C.)

alboguttata is most closely related to four other species with the following

homologue (Morse, 1974): (1) a stout spine is present on the caudal face of the

median ridge of each male inferior appendage. Among these, C. (C.) transversa

and latahensis share the homologously very long and sinuous shape of this spine.

Evidence from other life history stages may reveal whether C. (C.) alboguttata,

fulva, and albimacula are a monophyletic group within this complex.

Nigronervosa Group

Diagnosis: According to Morse (1975), members of this group are "generally

large, dark species with wing veins particularly conspicuous (except mentiea,

slossonae, and ophioderus). Species with white scales (erulla, erratica, and

albosticta) have them scattered generally over the forewing except clusters at

arculus and before stigma." Males of members of this group may be distinguished

Yang and Morse: Chinese Ceraclea 11

from those of other groups by the following characters (Morse, 1975): (1) A pair

of large, lateral, sclerotized, ear-like lobes are differentiated from the main body

of tergum X, in many non-Chinese species each of these lobes has an additional

process (e.g., Morse, 1975, fig. 53A); and (2) phallic paramere spines of all species

except erulla have fine silky setae subapically.

The genitalia of the female of C. (C.) nigronervosa were described and

illustrated by Kimmins (1964) and Malicky (1983) and those of the females of

albosticta (Hagen, 1861; as "Athripsodes saccus"”), erratica (Milne, 1936), erulla

(Ross, 1938b), and mentiea (Walker, 1852) were described and illustrated by Ross

(1944). In most of these species, a mesal sclerite is positioned between the

gonopod plates ventrally as in the Senilis Group, but this sclerite is larger in the

Nigronervosa Group. |

The larva of C. (C.) nigronervosa was described by Resh (1976) and Wallace

(1981) and those of mentiea and slossonae (Banks, 1938) by Resh (1976). Ail

three species have broad, light-colored bands extending from around the eyes to

the occipital foramen.

Distribution: Species of the Nigronervosa Group are known from the

Palearctic and Nearctic Biogeographic Regions.

Phylogenetic relationships (Fig. 49): According to Morse (1975) the

Nigronervosa Group is a monophyletic group whose monophyletic sister group is

the Senilis Group based on the following homologue: (1) a mesal sclerite is

present between the gonopod plates of the female. A homologue for the

Nigronervosa Group is (1) the pair of ear-like lobes present on the lateral

surfaces of male tergum X. A homologue for the Senilis Group is (1) the elongate

baso-ventral lobe of each male inferior appendage.

| Ceraclea (C.) superba (Tsuda)

Leptocerus superbus Tsuda, 1942b, pp. 292-293, fig. 43, holotype not selected;

syntype repository presumably = Nara Women's University, Japan; syntype

localities = Keage and Kitadji-bashi, Kamogawa, Kyoto, Japan.

Ceraclea (C.) superba (Tsuda); Morse, 1975, p. 34, fig. 59, review of male

genitalia.

Description: Head and body of male dark brown, forewings golden brown,

darkened in apical quarter, with white streak along posterior vein of discal cell

(S3+4).

: Male genitalia (Fig. 4): Superior appendages short, each with two to seven

long apical setae about two-thirds as long as superior appendage. Tergum X

shorter than superior appendages, with pair of well-defined ear-like lobes

laterally, otherwise subquadrate in lateral view with blunt protrusion apically.

Subanal sclerite projecting caudally well beyond tergum X. Inferior appendages

each with subrectangular main body in lateral view, its baso-ventral region

broadly rounded, and its ventro-caudal margin concave; large subapico-dorsal lobe

as long as main body of appendage; mesal ridge broad, truncate, setose; each

harpago huge, one and one-third as long as main body of inferior appendage, bent

mesad in right angle arch about midway. Phallobase with ventral apex vestigial or

not projecting; single pair of parameres asymmetrically sinuous, long, with fine

setae clustered around darkened apex.

Female and immature stages unknown.

Length of forewing: male - 8.5 mm.

Diagnosis: Within the Nigronervosa Group, this species most closely resembles

C. (C.) ramburi Morse, 1975, nigronervosa, and erratica in the broadly rounded

baso-ventral lobe of each inferior appendage; like nigronervosa and erratica,

tergum X is short, even shorter than in those two species; also like those two

species, the apex of each phallic paramere is noticeably darkened; like

nigronervosa, there is no pair of additional lateral projections on tergum X; like

ramburi, the harpagones and the subanal plate are long, considerably longer even

than in that species; and like erratica, the mesal ridge of the inferior appendage

is large and _ spinose. This species differs from all other members of the

12 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 4, 1988

Nigronervosa Group, including these three species, by the very short tergum X, by

the very long and curved harpagones, by the absence of a long ventral apex of the

phallobase, and by the distinctively sinuous and dark-tipped phallic parameres.

Distribution: Kyoto, Japan, and now China: Wu-da-lian-chi,

Hei-long-jiang Province (N48.45, E125.55; Fig. 1, #6), 8 August 1987.

Phylogenetic relationships (Fig. 49): This and the following species apparently

are members of the Nigronervosa Group as evidenced by their possession of a few

silky setae subapically on the male paramere spines, a character seen uniquely in

most members of the group. These two are probably sister species according to

the following homologues: (1) the mesal ridge of each inferior appendage is

confined to the base of the appendage and bears many short, stout setae and (2)

the ventral apex of the phallobase is short. Study of characters from other life

history stages may reveal the relationships of these two species to others in the

Nigronervosa Group.

Ceraclea (C.) sinensis (Forsslund, 1935)

NEW COMBINATION

Leptocerus sinensis Forsslund, 1935, pp. 8-9, fig. 8; holotype = male, abdomen

missing; type deposition = National Museum of Natural History, Stockholm; type

locality = I-chi-chang, Si-chuan Province (N30.50, E106.60; Fig. 1, #26).

Description: Head and body reddish-brown, vertex and frons mostly with

white setae, sides with white and brown setae intermixed. Forewings light

reddish-brown.

Male genitalia (Fig. 5): Superior appendages short, separate basally, obliquely

truncate apically. Tergum X 2.2 times as long as superior appendages, broad,

lightly sclerotized, pair of reinforcing carina internally at base near meson; its

apical quarter with U-shaped cleft; lateral processes nearly as broad as central

portion of tergum in lateral view, arising from surface of tergum and closely

appressed to tergum, each with one apical and one subapical very stout spines.

Inferior appendages broad, bent mesad in pair of semicircular arches in caudal

view; each with thick subapico-dorsal lobe arising on dorsal edge of basal segment

about middle, initially directed dorsad then abruptly angled caudad; mesal ridge

confined to base of appendage, transverse to appendage, with small baso-ventral

lobe at caudal end; harpago nearly half as long as rest of appendage, sinuous,

blunt apically. Phallobase without long apico-ventral projection; phalicata tube-

like, with wide dorsal longitudinal groove for reception of parameres; paramere

spines fused basally, divergent apically, with few fine subapical setae.

Female genitalia (Fig. 33): Pleura of segment IX narrowed and concave

anteriorly in pair of grooves, vertical along middle of anterior edge and

longitudinal along ventral edge in lateral view. Superior appendage very short

and broad, pair of setose transverse ridges in dorsal view, triangular in lateral

view. Lamellae pentagonal in lateral view, parallel-sided basally with dorsal and

ventral edges oblique from middle to blunt apex. Gonopod plates closely

approximate on meson anteriorly, abruptly divergent posteriorly beyond middle,

each plate with triangular transverse ridge near middle; broad membranous region

posterior to plates. Spermathecal sclerite ovoid to pear-shaped in ventral view;

anterior portion solid plate concave ventrally (except for mesal spermathecal

process), posterior supporting band V-shaped; two pairs of dark, sclerotized spots

in membranes dorsad of sclerite.

Length of forewing: male - 7 mm, female - 5.8 mm.

Immature stages unknown.

Diagnosis: The male of this species resembles C. (C.) superba in the shapes

of its inferior appendages and phallus, but differs from it in the much longer

tergum X with spinose lateral processes and from all other species of Ceraclea by

the position of the subapico-dorsal lobe of each inferior appendage in the middle

of the dorsal edge of the appendage. The female of this species differs from those

known for other Nigronervosa Group species in the absence of a mesal sclerite

between the gonopod plates and from those of other Ceraclea species in the

Yang and Morse: Chinese Ceraclea 13

presence of deep vertical and longitudinal grooves on the pleura of segment IX,

the presence of triangular transverse ridges on the gonopod plates, and the ovoid

to pear-shaped spermathecal sclerite.

Distribution: Besides the type locality in southcentral China, this species now

is known from southeastern China: Wu-yuan, Jiang-xi Province (N29.15, E117.53;

Fig. 1, #15), 18 August 1985, and Shao-wu, Fu-jian Province (N27.21, E117.27; Fig.

1, #16), 2 August 1983.

Phylogenetic relationships (Fig. 49): As discussed above, this species is the

sister species of C. (C.) superba. The absence of a sclerotized plate between the

gonopod plates of the female of this species introduces an element of doubt about

their relationships with the Nigronervosa Group or about the value of this

character for indicating monophyly of the Senilis + Nigronervosa Groups.

Ceraclea (Athripsodina) Kimmins, 1963

Type species: Leptocerus marginatus Banks, 1911, original designation.

Diagnosis: Adults of this subgenus may be differentiated from those of the

rest of the genus by the following combination of characters (Morse, 1975): (1)

Male phallobase almost always cleft apico-ventrally. (2) Male tergum X in’ many

species with a pair of rod-like lateral processes on the ventro-lateral edge of the

tergite (not from the surface of the tergite as in many species of the Ceraclea (C.)

Nigronervosa Group). (3) The semimembranous subapico-dorsal lobe and the

harpago of each male inferior appendage is generally smaller than in the subgenus

Ceraclea. (4) The male phalicata is never a conspicuous tubular structure as is

usual in the rest of the genus. (5) Specimens are generally smaller than those in

the subgenus Ceraclea and lighter colored than those in the rest of the genus.

Distribution: Ceraclea (Athripsodina) species are known from the Nearctic,

Oriental, and Palearctic Biogeographic Regions.

Phylogenetic relationships (Fig. 49): The sister group of this subgenus is the

pair of subgenera Ceraclea (C.) + C. (Pseudoleptocerus) according to Morse (1975).

Evidence for the monophyly of the three subgenera of Ceraclea was cited in the

discussion of the genus above. Evidence for the monophyly of Ceraclea (C.) + C.

(Pseudoleptocerus) was cited in the discussion of the subgenus Ceraclea (C.) above.

Tarsipunctata Group

Diagnosis: According to Morse (1975), species of the Tarsipunctata Group are

similar in general appearance to members of the Ceraclea (C.) Fulva Group in that

the forewings are various shades of brown with light brown hairs in small patches,

especially at the arculus. Distinguishing characters for the males include the

following (Morse, 1975): (1) Lateral processes of tergum X usually very long,

upturned, and always nearly or completely separate from main body of tergite;

inferior appendages each with (2) acute baso-ventral lobe (except C. [A.] brevis

[Etnier, 1968]), (3) rounded and setose mesal ridge, and (4) large harpago; (5)

phallobase narrow near base and with pair of deep, rounded, longitudinal-oblique

grooves; (6) sternum IX sclerotized strips and phallic shield sclerotized strips

present but not touching; (7) phallic shield strips short, each with large, rounded,

extrinsic posterior projection especially evident in C. (A.) nepha (Ross, 1944) and

protonepha (Morse and Ross, in paper by Morse, 1975, fig. 70D); (8) both pairs of

phallic parameres present, although dorsal pair usually reduced and easily confused

with pair of reticulate, semimembranous dorsal lobes of phalicata; and (9) phalicata

membranous dorsally, sclerotized ventrally, supporting endophallic membranes in

manner of Mexican taco.

Females of C. (A.) tarsipunctata (Vorhies, 1909) and alagma (Ross, 1938a) were

described by Ross (1944). Known females of species in the Tarsipunctata Group

may be diagnosed by the following combination of characters: (1) Gonopod plates

generally flat or convex; (2) pair of mesally curved processes projecting caudally

from apices of the gonopod plates between lamellae; and (3) posterior ends of arms

of spermathecal sclerite curve ventrad, conspicuous as semicircles in ventral view.

Larvae of C. (A.) tarsipunctata, alagma, and nepha were described by Resh

14 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 4, 1988

(1976). These species are recognizable by the following combination of

characters: (1) Parafrontal areas present, each 1/2 as wide as frontoclypeal

apotome; (2) antennae long, three to five times as long as thick; (3) mesonotal

bars without contrasting colors; (4) mesonotum with only few setae along mid-

dorsal sulcus; (5) head without longitudinal stripes; (6) only one dorsal seta on

each trochantin; (7) tergite IX with two pairs of long setae; (8) anal legs with

either plate-like support (tarsipunctata and nepha) or no sclerotization (alagma),

but clearly no long and rod-like dorsolateral sclerite.

Distribution: Species of the Tarsipunctata Group were known previously only

from central and eastern North America.

Phylogenetic relationships (Fig. 49): The sister group of the Tarsipunctata

Group is the Spinosa Group, known only from central Africa (Morse 1975, 1978).

Monophyly for the Tarsipunctata Group is evidenced by the following homologues:

(1) an oblique constriction is present in the basal half of the male phallobase and

(2) the phallic shield is produced laterally at the base of each sclerotized strip

into a broadly rounded periphallic projection. A third homologue mentioned by

Morse (1975) applies only to the Nearctic species of this group. Homologues

implying monophyly for the Spinosa Group include the following: (1) the superior

appendages are very long, (2) the ventral portion of the phallic shield is long and

fused with the basal plate of the inferior appendages, (3) paramere spines are

absent, and (4) phalicata sclerotization is greatly reduced. Evidence for the sister

group relationship of these two species groups includes the following homologue:

(1) the lateral processes of tergum X are very long and distinct from the tergite

nearly to the base of the tergum.

Ceraclea (Athripsodina) major (Hwang)

Leptocerus major Hwang, 1957, pp. 390-391; holotype = male; type repository =

Chinese Academy of Science, Bei-jing; type locality = Big-yiao-shan, Guang-xi

Province, China (N24.00, E110.20; Fig. 1, #22), 19 April 1938.

Ceraclea (Athripsodina) major (Hwang); Morse, 1975, pp. 48-49, fig. 104,

redescription of the male. .

Description: Head and body of male dark reddish brown. Center of face and

vertex with white and brown setae intermixed. Forewings concolorous, fulvous,

covered with intermixed white and brown setae.

Male genitalia (Fig. 6): Superior appendages fused basally for nearly 1/2

their length. Tergum X broad, truncate from above, slightly clavate and upturned

in lateral view; lateral processes finger-like, very short, arising from the lateral

base of tergum X. Each inferior appendage broad in ventral view; ventral lobe

short, triangular, with 5-6 thick spines in row along its dorso-lateral edge;

subapico-dorsal lobe bent caudad at right angle; harpago broad basally, narrowing

to ventral subapical setose lobe, apex hooked mesad; phallic guide long, sharp,

sinuate in ventral view, broad in lateral view with expanded ridge from basal plate

to tip. Phallic shield with pair of rounded, posterior extrinsic projections laterally;

phallobase with long lower lip longitudinally divided and with short fine setae

dorsally near apex; phalicata without sclerotization; pair of dorsal parameres

flattened and semimembranous; lateral parameres asymmetrical with left one

sinuous, right one curved ventrad; phallotremal sclerite small and inconspicuous.

Female and immature stages unknown.

Length of forewing: male - 14 mm.

Diagnosis: Morse (1975) did not see the holotype and so was not able to

place this species in a species group. The cleared genitalia of this specimen

reveal that it exhibits the homologues of males of the Tarsipunctata Group. The

male of this species differs from those of the others by lacking the rounded,

setose mesal ridge of each inferior appendage and by lacking the ventral

sclerotization of the phalicata.

Distribution: Known only from the holotype collected in southern China.

Phylogenetic relationships (Fig. 49): Males of the other species of the

Tarsipunctata Group have a subapical annulation on each paramere spine, absent

Yang and Morse: Chinese Ceraclea 15

in this species. This suggests that C. (A.) major is the oldest known lineage in

this species group; it is the sister lineage to the other species which themselves

constitute a monophyletic group evidenced by that homologue.

) Dissimilis Group

Diagnosis: The head and thoracic sclerites of adults in this group are reddish

brown with predominately white setae. The forewings are brown, darker apically,

each with a small white mark at the arculus. The males of this species group may

be distinguished from those of other groups in this subgenus by the fact that in

these species the superior appendages are broad basally and fused for at least half

their length. Tergum X is short and generally without lateral processes. The

baso-ventral lobe of each inferior appendage is obliquely truncate apically except

in C. (A.) wetzeli (Ross, 1941). The phallobase is asymmetrical apically with the

left lateral lobe narrower and curved ventrad, a thin sclerotized strip often

extending into the endothecal membranes dorsally; the phalicata is not sclerotized;

and the parameres are retracted to approximately the same depth within the

phallobase when at rest (Morse, 1975).

The female of Ceraclea (Athripsodina) dissimilis (Stephens, 1836) was

described by Kimmins (1964). In this species, the superior appendages are very

short and triangular in dorsal view and the lamellae are small and elliptical. The

apex of each of the gonopod plates is divided longitudinally, with the lateral

processes curved to lie dorsad of the mesal lobes.

The larva of Ceraclea (Athripsodina) dissimilis was described by Wallace

(1981). In this species, mature larvae lack mesosternal setae but have two or

more pairs of metasternal setae. Setae of tergum IX are all smaller than the

smallest anal proleg setae. The case is composed of closely abutted sand grains,

occasionally incorporating roots at the anterior end.

Distribution: Five of the species known for this group occur in the Nearctic

and Palearctic Biogeographic Regions outside of China. The sixth species, C. (A.)

indistincta, is known from the Oriental and Palearctic Regions of China.

Phylogenetic relationships (Fig. 49): Evidence for the monophyly of the

Dissimilis Group is the following homologue (Morse, 1975): (1) the left apex of

the phallobase is narrow and downcurved. The Dissimilis Group, according to

Morse (1975), is one lineage of an unresolved trichotomy. The other two lineages

are, on the one hand, the Arielles Group and, on the other hand, the complex of

the Diluta + Annulicornis + Riparia + Marginata Groups. The Arielles Group

includes only the single northcentral Nearctic species C. (A.) arielles (Denning,

1942). Evidence for the monophyly of the four-group complex includes the

following homologue (Morse, 1975): (1) the left paramere spine is positioned

anteriorly inside an inverted membranous paramere lobe when the phallus is fully

retracted.

Ceraclea (Athripsodina) indistincta (Forsslund, 1935)

Leptocerus indistinctus Forsslund, 1935, p. 8; holotype = male, abdomen probably

lost (P.1|. Persson, curator, pers. comm.); type repository = National Museum

of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden; type locality = |I-chi-chang, Si-chuan

Province, China (N30.50, E106.60; Fig. 1, #26), 250-400 m above sea level, 2

May 1930.

Ceraclea (Athripsodina) indistincta (Forsslund); Morse, 1975, p. 39, fig. 76, review

of male genitalia.

Description: Head and thorax reddish brown, vertex and center of face with

white setae, sides with brown setae. Forewings brown, darker apically, each with

white mark at arculus.

Male genitalia (Fig. 7): Superior appendages broad basally, rounded apically

in dorsal view. Tergum X short, with shallow median cleft in dorsal view. Baso-

ventral lobe of each inferior appendage slender, as long as width of inferior

appendage, projecting caudad, its apex fist-like; mesal ridge projecting as

triangular lobe just below harpago; harpago short, bent mesad in middle.

16 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 4, 1988

Phallobase asymmetrical with left anterior part swollen (Fig. 7D'), with left apical

lobe acute and narrower than right, and with dorsal apex convoluted

longitudinally; parameres 2/3 as long as phallobase, curved gradually about 90° in

lateral view.

Length of forewing: male - 7 mm.

Female and immature stages unknown.

Diagnosis: Ceraclea (A.) indistincta male genitalia are very similar to those

of lobulata. They differ primarily in the more rounded apexes of the superior

appendages in C (A.) indistincta in dorsal view, in the more nearly triangular

mesal ridge of each inferior appendage, and in the more strongly curved paramere

spines.

Distribution: Eastern and central China: the type locality and Wu-hu, An-hui

Province (N31.23, E118.25; Fig. 1, #11), 9 August 1987.

Phylogenetic relationships (Fig. 49): The sister species for C. (A.) indistincta

probably is lobulata as evidenced by the following homologue (Morse, 1974): (1)

the base of the main body of each inferior appendage is slender. The sister

lineage for these two species probably is C. (A.) dissimilis as is suggested by the

following homologue (Morse, 1974): (1) tergum X is short and strongly upturned

apically.

Ceraclea (Athripsodina) lobulata (Martynov, 1935)

Leptocerus lobulatus Martynov, 1935, pp. 223-225, figs. 16-18; holotype gender

unknown, but probably = male; type series repository = Zoological Institute,

U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Leningrad; syntype localities = Amur, Zeja, and

Bikin Rivers near Blagovestshensk, Siberia.

Ceraclea (Athripsodina) lobulata (Martynov); Morse, 1975, p. 40, fig. 77, described

and illustrated syntype male.

Description: Head and thoracic sclerites reddish brown with predominately

white setae. Forewings brown, darker apically, each with small white mark at

arculus.

Male genitalia (Fig. 8): Superior appendages broad basally, narrower apically,

fused for at least half their length. Tergum X short, without lateral processes,

deeply incised laterally. Baso-ventral lobe of each inferior appendage small,

upturned and obliquely truncate apically; mesal ridge with acute dorsal apex.

Phallobase asymmetrical apically with left lobe narrower and sharper than right and

downcurved; lateral parameres retracted to approximately same depth within

phallobase.

Female genitalia (Fig. 34): Superior appendages broad basally, fused mesally.

Lamellae obliquely subtruncate in dorsal and ventral views, elliptical in lateral

view. Gonopod plates each with two sclerotized projections apically, mesal one

lightly sclerotized and triangular, lateral one dark (conspicuous in uncleared

specimens) and rectangular and positioned dorsally behind mesal lobe and lateral

arm of spermathecal sclerite; gonopod plates also projecting antero-mesally into

segment VIII. Spermathecal sclerite broad, with large mesal process (pr.sp.sc).

Length of forewing: male - 8.5 mm, female - 7 mm.

Immature stages unknown.

Diagnosis: Both the males and the females of this species exhibit all of the

Dissimilis Group characters mentioned above. Within this group, the male of this

species resembles those of C. (A.) dissimilis, indistincta, and miyakonis (Tsuda,

1942b) in the upturned tergum X, but differs from dissimilis in the relatively

smaller inferior appendages, from indistincta in the narrower apex of each

superior appendage and the upturned apex of the mesal ridge of each inferior

appendage, and from miyakonis in the more strongly upturned tergum X and

shorter baso-ventral lobe of each inferior appendage.

Distribution: Amur Region of Siberia and now China: Wu-da-lian-chi,

Hei-long-jang Province (N48.45, E125.55; Fig. 1, #6), 8 August 1987.

Phylogenetic relationships (Fig. 49): The sister species of C. (A.) lobulata

probably is indistincta and the sister species of the two of them probably is

Yang and Morse: Chinese Ceraclea t#

dissimilis as discussed above for indistincta.

Annulicornis Group

Diagnosis: In adults of this species group, according to Morse (1975), head

and thoracic sclerites are various shades of brown with light setae. In most

species (except C. [A.] aurea [Pictet, 1834], sibirica [Ulmer, 1906], and hastata

[Botosaneanu, 1970]), the vertex and the middle portion of the mesonotum form a

dark mesal stripe with temporal regions and lateral portions of the notum lighter.

The proximal antennal segments are annulated with white basally. In males, the

superior appendages generally are short and tergum X is long, upturned, and

usually rounded apically; a pair of processes usually is present near the base or

near the middle on the lower lateral margins. Inferior appendages are either

slender (most species) or broad basally (C. [A.] aurea, sibirica, and hastata), each

with the baso-ventral lobe at least 1/4 as long as the main body of the appendage

(up to as long as the main body, excluding the subapico-dorsal lobe); the phallic

guide is usually broad basally and often rather long. In the phallus, the left

paramere spine is reduced in all species and seta-like in all but the above three

species; the inverted, left, membranous, paramere lobe containing this spine mostly

fills the anterior portion of the phallobase which is greatly enlarged in all but the

above three species; the phalicata is not sclerotized, its position suggested only by

the phallotremal sclerite offset to the right of the protracted membranes.

The female of C. (A.) annulicornis (Stephens, 1836) was described by Ross

(1944) and Kimmins (1964). In that species the lamellae are short and semi-

circular in lateral view and the pleural regions of segment IX are concave, the

concavities conspicuous in ventral view behind the lateral margins of the gonopod

plates. Each of the gonopod plates extends caudally as a broad triangular

projection, the two projections separated by a U- or V-shaped excision. The basal

supporting bands of the spermathecal sclerite extend anteriorly beyond the sclerite

into segment VII.

The mature larva of C. (A.) annulicornis was described by Lepneva (1966),

Resh (1976), and Wallace (1981, also instar II), that of excisa (Fig. 48) by Lepneva

(1966) and Resh (1976), and that of misca (Ross, 1941; a synonym of excisa

according to Morse, 1975) by Resh (1976; considered by him as distinct from

excisa). Parafrontal areas are present in these species and the antennae are long.

Membranous tergum |X has one pair of long setae, three or four other pairs are

short. At least in C. (A.) annulicornis, the mesosternum lacks setae and the

metasternum has only one pair. The sand case of these species is cornucopia-

shaped, without lateral expansions.

Lepneva (1966) and Resh (1976) described the pupae of C. (A.) annulicornis

and excisa (Fig. 48) and Resh (1976) that of "misca". The mandibles each have a

concave or lightly undulating mesal margin with tiny serrations. The posterior

hookplates of abdominal tergum V each have 10-20 anteriorly directed hooks. The

anal rods are each thick, straight and parallel-sided for the basal 1/2 or 2/3, then

abruptly tapered to an acute up-turned apex, with two short projections on the

mesal surface where the rod begins to taper.

Distribution: The seven species known previously for this group occur in the

Nearctic and Palearctic Biogeographic Regions.

Phylogenetic relationships (Fig. 49): Evidence for the monophyly of the

Annulicornis Group includes the following homologue (Morse, 1975): (1) the left

(anterior) paramere spine of the male is shorter than the right (posterior) one.

According to Morse (1975), the Annulicornis Group is one lineage of an unresolved

trichotomy involving also, on the one hand, the Diluta Group and, on the other

hand, the Riparia + Marginata Groups. Two homologues implying monophyly for

the Diluta Group include the following male characters (Morse, 1975): (1) the

lateral processes of tergum X are absent and (2) the phallus is especially short. A

homologue implying monophyly for the Riparia * Marginata Groups includes the

following (Morse, 1975): (1) the baso-ventral lobe of each inferior appendage is

large. In evolutionary terms, the lobe initially became as large as the main body

of the inferior appendage; the transformation series of progressively increasing size

18 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 4, 1988

of the baso-ventral lobe with reduction of the main body continued to the

condition in which the main body was lost altogether in C. (A.) fooensis in the

Marginata Group.

Ceraclea (Athripsodina) excisa (Morton, 1904)

Leptocerus excisus Morton, 1904, pp. 6/-69; holotype not selected; type repository

unknown; type locality = brook near Ekends, Finland.

Athripsodes excisus (Morton); Lepneva, 1966, larva and pupa.

Ceraclea (Athripsodina) excisa (Morton); Morse, 1975, redescription of male, also

Athripsodes perplexus nordus Milne, 1934, A. miscus Ross, 1941, and A.

scopulosus Leonard and Leonard, 1949, are synonyms; Resh, 1976, larva and

pupa, A. miscus is not a synonym; Malicky, 1983, illustration of male.

Description: Head and thorax concolorous dark brown with relatively long

white and dark brown setae intermixed. Forewing brown except small testaceous

spot at arculus, with short dark brown setae.

Male genitalia (Fig. 9): Tergum X long, upturned and acute apically both in

lateral and dorsal views, margined dorsally; lateral processes short. Inferior

appendages slender, each with slender baso-ventral lobe 1/2 to 3/4 as long as

main body of appendage and rounded apically; harpago tiny; setose median ridge

about as long as broad and positioned next to harpago; phallic guide more or less

triangular in caudal view, with rounded apex. Phallus strongly curved ventrad;

base slightly enlarged; left paramere spine seta-like; pair of membranous dorsal

parameres present.

Female genitalia (Fig. 35): Tergum IX rounded apically, with pair of small

subdorsal processes; lower pleural region with shallow concavity terminating at

anterior edge of segment. Superior appendages relatively long, 1/3 as long as

broad, covered with long setae. Gonopod plates closely approximate on midline,

each with large triangular apical projection and conspicuous dark pit at base of

projection, projections separated apically by deep sinuous excision. Supporting

bands of spermathecal sclerite situated internally on apical projections of gonopod

plates, extending anteriorly to middle of segment VIII; spermathecal sclerite U-

shaped with subparallel sides.

Length of forewing: male - 10 mm, female - 8 mm.

Larva (Fig. 48): According to Lepneva (1966) and Resh (1976), head with

contrasting color pattern of spots.

Pupa Fig. 48): According to Lepneva (1966) and Resh (1976), mandibles each

with middle of mesal edge nearly straight. Posterior hookplates of tergum V each

with 10-14 hooks.

Habits and habitat of larva: "Solid bottom in brooks and rivulets; open littoral

of lakes and rivers; phytophagous" (Lepneva, 1966).

Diagnosis: The male of this species differs from those of C. (A.) hastata and

sibirica by the presence of a pair of lateral processes on tergum X and from aurea

by the smaller size of those processes. From all three species it differs by the

seta-like left paramere spine deeply retracted into the enlarged anterior base of

the phallus. The left paramere spine is absent in annulicornis. It is present in

ruthae (Flint, 1965) and shuotsuensis and the new species of this group described

below, but the anterior base of the phallus is greatly enlarged in the latter four

species and, in the latter three species, the baso-ventral lobe of the inferior

appendage is longer, as long as the main body of the appendage.

The female of this species differs from those known for others in this group

by the sinuous excision between the apical projections of the gonopod plates, the

termination of the pleural concavities of segment IX at the anterior base of that

segment, and the shorter supporting bands of the spermathecal sclerite.

The larva differs from that of C. (A.) annulicornis by the pattern of

constrasting spots on the head, which are absent in the latter species.

Distribution: Northern Palearctic Region and northwestern Nearctic Region

and now in northern China: Wu-da-lian-chi, Hei-long-jang Province (N48.45,

E125.55; Fig. 1, #6), 8 August 1987.

Yang and Morse: Chinese Ceraclea 19

Phylogenetic relationships (Fig. 49): The sister group of C. (A.) excisa is a

monophyletic group including annulicornis, ruthae, shuotsuensis, and the new

species described below. This sister group relationship is evidenced by the

following homologue (Morse, 1974): (1) the left (anterior) paramere spine is seta-

like. A homologue implying monophyly of the related four species is the

following (Morse, 1974): (1) the anterior, basal end of the male phallobase is

enlarged and subspherical. The sister group of these five species probably is the

monophyletic group consisting of C. (A.) aurea, sibirica, and hastata whose

monophyly is implied by the following homologues (Morse, 1974): (1) the base of

each male inferior appendage is unusually large and (2) its phallic guide is

strongly produced.

Ceraclea (Athripsodina) shuotsuensis (Tsuda, 1942a)

Leptocerus shuotsuensis Tsuda, 1942a, pp. 233-234, fig. 8; holotype = male; type

repository presumably = presumably Nara Women's University, Nara, Japan; type

locality = Shuotsu, northern Korea.

Athripsodes bicalcarata Schmid, 1970, p. 121; holotype = male; type repository =

Canadian National Collection, Ottawa; type locality = River Delger Morén, 8 km

north of Somon Burenchaan, Hdvsgol Province, Mongolia. NEW SYNONYM.

Athripsodes sibiricus Botosaneanu (nec Ulmer, 1906) 1970, p. 308; "A. shuotsuensis

Tsuda is probably in synonymy . . ." (referring to a male from "Mts. Mjohjang-

san, district Hjangsan: Hjangam-ri" in Korea).

Ceraclea (Athripsodina) shuotsuensis (Tsuda); Morse, 1975, p. 43, fig. 87, diagnosis

of male.

Description: Dorsal stripe reddish-brown, lateral areas fulvous. Forewings

reddish brown, with opaque testaceous stigma.

Male genitalia (Fig. 10): Superior appendages short, fused 1/2 of their length,

acute apically. Tergum X upturned from middle, apex acute from dorsal view,

rounded from lateral view, laterally with short processes. Baso-ventral lobe of

each inferior appendage broad basally, as long as main body of appendage

(excluding subapico-dorsal lobe), and acute apically; setose mesal ridge adjacent to

small harpago and about as long as broad; phallic guide long, triangular. Phallus

moderately enlarged basally, base about twice as broad as apical portion in lateral

view; ventral margin strongly curved ventrad in lateral view; left paramere spine

seta-like and withdrawn to anterior end; pair of membranous dorsal parameres

present.

Female genitalia (Fig. 36): Tergum |X acute apically in both lateral and dorsal

views; lower pleural regions deeply concave, the concavities extending anteriorly

beyond the bases of the gonopod plates. Superior appendages short, 2/3 as long as

broad. Lamellae short, semicircular in lateral view, setose. Gonopod plates each

with long triangular caudal projection, plates approximate for most of their length,

with subtriangular excision between their projections. Spermathecal sclerite U-

shaped, with lateral arms curved mesad near the caudal end; supporting bands

situated caudally above the projections of the gonopod plates and extending

anteriorly to the anterior margin of segment VIII.

Length of forewing: male - 10 mm, female - 9 mm.

Immature stages unknown.

Diagnosis: The male of this species differs from those of all other species in

the Annulicornis Group by the shape of the baso-ventral lobe of each inferior

appendage which is broad basally, as long as the main body of the appendage, and

acute apically. Also, the phallic guide of each inferior appendage is longer than

for any other species in the group.

The female of this species has pleural concavities of segment IX deeper and

projecting more anteriad than in known females of other species and the

spermathecal supporting bands extend to the anterior margin of segment VIII, not

as far as in C. (A.) annulicornis but farther than in excisa.

Distribution: North-central Mongolia, North Korea, and now China:

Lang-xiang (N46.90, E128.80; Fig. 1, #7), 22 July 1986, and Wu-da-lian-chi (N48.45,

20 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 4, 1988

E125.55; Fig. 1, #6), 8 August 1987, Hei-long-jiang Province.

Phylogenetic relationships (Fig. 49): As discussed above for C. (A.) excisa,

shuotsuensis is a member of the monophyletic group that also includes annulicornis,

ruthae, and the new species described below.

Ceraclea (Athripsodina) globosa, n. sp.

Description: Body and wings light yellowish brown, covered with brown setae.

Male genitalia (Fig. 11): Superior appendages short, obtuse apically in dorsal

view. Tergum X upturned from middle; apex acute in dorsal view, rounded in

lateral view, margined dorsally; pair of slender processes laterally. Baso-ventral

lobe of each inferior appendage directed ventrad at base, bent caudad about 1/3

distance from base, then more or less straight to dark, oblique apex, overall lobe

about 2/3 as long as main body of appendage; setose mesal ridge triangular, about

as long as broad basally, adjacent to small harpago; phallic guide visible in lateral

view, with ridge from apex to base of baso-ventral lobe sinuous in lateral view,

concave mesally in caudal view. Phallus with anterior portion globose, nearly four

times as broad in lateral view as posterior, apical portion; ventral margin strongly

curved ventrad about 2/3 distance from base; left paramere spine retracted to near

phallic foramen.

Female and immature stages unknown.

Length of forewing: male - 17 mm.

Type material: Holotype MALE, Lang-xiang, Hei-long-jiang Province (N46.90,

E128.80, Fig. 1, #7), 21 July 1986, J.A. McLean.

Etymology: Latin, "spherical," with reference to the globose anterior portion

of the phallus.

Diagnosis: This is the only species whose male has both a seta-like left

paramere spine and the baso-ventral lobe of each inferior appendage conspicuously

bent along its length. It is the only species of the Annulicornis Group in which

the male inferior appendage phallic guide is visible in lateral view and has a

longitudinal, sinuous ridge.

Distribution: Known only from the type locality in northeastern China.

Phylogenetic relationships (Fig. 49): As discussed above for C. (A.) excisa,

globosa is a member of the monophyletic group that also includes annulicornis,

ruthae, and shuotsuensis.

Riparia Group

Diagnosis: According to Morse (1975), the color pattern of adults in this

group is a light reddish-brown head and thorax and concolorous light brown

forewings, except forewings of C. (A.) isurumuniya (Schmid, 1958) are uniformly

fuscous and those of modesta (Banks, 1920) are concolorous golden brown except

for white setae in a band from vein 1A to the hind margin and from the wing

base to the arculus. In males, the superior appendages are relatively short and

usually fused basally; tergum X usually bears a pair of slender lateral processes;

the inferior appendages each have a very strong baso-ventral lobe positioned at

an acute angle with respect to the main body of the appendage, this lobe having

at least one and as many as three strong apical or subapical spines; paramere

spines are absent in isurumuniya but in all other species of the group are lined

up with the apex of the left (anterior) spine usually inserted in an elliptical

opening at the base of the right (posterior) spine, the left spine bent near its

base.

Females of C. (A.) ancylus (Vorhies, 1909) and flava (Banks, 1904) were

described by Ross (1944), that of riparia by Kumanski and Malicky (1976; Fig. 38),

and that of forcipata by Forsslund (1935). The females of C. (A.) ancylus and

flava have gonopod plates that are each conspicuously concave, with the mesal and

lateral edges forming ventral ridges; apparently these plates are only slightly

concave in riparia and may or may not be concave at all in forcipata. Each

gonopod plate has two conspicuous caudal projections in C. (A.) riparia, similar to

those in the Dissimilis Group; the lateral projections of these plates are slender

and appressed against the mesal projections in ancylus and flava; only one caudal

Yang and Morse: Chinese Ceraclea 2

projection was mentioned by Forsslund (1935) on each gonopod plate of forcipata.

In all three species the superior appendages are short and broad, forming a pair of

narrow setose ridges across the posterior dorsal margin of tergum IX.

The mature larva of C. (A.) ancylus was described by Resh (1976) and that of

flava by Ross (1944, as "Athripsodes species b") and Resh (1976). Larvae of these

species have parafrontal regions and long antennae, no long setae on tergum |X,

and the pronotum has a pair of lateral spots, each surrounded by a light corona.

The larval case is made entirely of sand grains and has lateral expansions, causing

it to resemble the case of Molannidae species.

Pupae of C. (A.) ancylus and flava were described by Resh (1976). Posterior

hookplates of abdominal segment V each have 18 hooks. Anal rods are conical

basally, slender for the remaining 3/4 of their length, each with a small mesal

process.

Distribution: Species of the Riparia Group occur in the Nearctic, Oriental,

and Palearctic Biogeographic Regions.

Phylogenetic relationships (Fig. 49): The Riparia Group is monophyletic as is

evidenced by the following homologues: (1) multiple stout spines are present

apically and subapically on the baso-ventral lobe of each inferior appendage and

(2) the paramere spines are arranged end-to-end with the left (anterior) spine's tip

inserted on or in a transparent "window" at the base of the right (posterior) spine.

The sister group of the Riparia Group is the Marginata Group, as was discussed

with the Annulicornis Group above.

Ceraclea (Athripsodina) polyacantha Yang & Tian, 1987

Ceraclea (Athripsodina) polyacantha Yang & Tian, 1987, pp. 214-216; holotype =

male; type deposition = Nan-jing Agricultural University; type locality =

Zi-yang, Shaan-xi Province (N32.50, E108.60; Fig. 1, #2), 6 June 1973.

Description: Head and body reddish brown, center of face with white setae,

sides and vertex with white and brown intermixed. Forewings golden brown with

light brown setae.

Male genitalia (Fig. 12): Superior appendages short, fused basally for about

1/3 their length. Tergum X_ slender, slightly clavate in both dorsal and lateral

views, directed caudad (not upturned), about twice as long as superior appendages,

with slender lateral processes arising near base and extending nearly to apex.

Baso-ventral lobe of each inferior appendage forming angle of approximately 30°

with main body of appendage, longer than main body of appendage including its

subapico-dorsal lobe, bent mesad in rounded arch, oblique apex with 4-5 spines

usually present asymmetrically on lobes of opposing inferior appendages; main body

of appendage slender; harpago nearly as long as subapico-dorsal lobe. Phallobase

very large, bean-shaped anteriorly; apico-ventral cleft situated on midline; paramere

spines arranged in manner characteristic for this group.

Female and immature stages unknown.

Length of forewing: male - 8 mm.

Diagnosis: This species resembles C. (A.) trifurca, interispina, riparia, yangi,

nankingensis, huangi, and modesta in the slender apex of tergum X, but differs

from these and all other species of the Riparia Group in the small angle of the

main body and baso-ventral lobe of each inferior appendage and in the row of

stout spines at the apex of that lobe.

Distribution: Known only from the type locality in northcentral China.

Phylogenetic relationships (Fig. 49): Ceraclea (A.) polyacantha is the sister

species of interispina Yang & Tian as is evidenced by the following homologue:

(1) tergum X is clavate in dorsal view. Together these species are a monophyletic

sister group to the remainder of the Riparia Group species. These remaining 12

species are a monophyletic group as is implied by the following homologue: (1) the

baso-ventral lobe of each inferior appendage has only three stout apical and

subapical spines.

22 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 4, 1988

Ceraclea (Athripsodina) interispina Yang & Tian, 1987

Ceraclea (Athripsodina) interispina Yang & Tian, 1987, pp. 213-214, 216; holotype =

male; type deposition = Nan-jing Agricultural University; type locality =

Shao-wu, Fu-jian Province (N27.21, E117.27; Fig. 1, #16), 31 July 1983.

Description: Head and body reddish brown. Forewing yellowish brown with

brown setae.

Male genitalia (Fig. 13): Superior appendages short, broadly triangular, fused

basally for 1/3 length. Tergum X about twice as long as superior appendages, in

dorsal view triangular basally, apical portion slender and parallel-sided; lateral

processes slender, slightly clavate, arising subbasally, nearly as long as tergum.

Baso-ventral lobe of each inferior appendage forming angle of about 60° with main

body of appendage, about as long as main body of appendage excluding subapico-

dorsal lobe, slightly curved mesad in ventral view, with single stout spine apically

and 1-3 spines on short median process about midlength, number of spines on

median process asymmetrical on opposing appendages; main body of appendage with

few normal setae but mesal ridge not conspicuous; harpago about 2/3 as long as

subapico-dorsal lobe. Phallus with anterior portion 1.5 times as broad as apical

portion, bent about 90° in middle; paramere spines with usual arrangement for this

group.

Female genitalia (Fig. 37): Superior appendages very short, in lateral view

each visible only as ridge. Longitudinal pocket near posterior end of pleural

region of segment IX. Lamellae setose ventrally, elliptical in lateral view.

Gonopod plates elliptical, broadest at mid-length, each bearing pair of lobes

caudally with upper lateral lobe 2.5 times length of lower mesal lobe; basal half of

each plate slightly concave, distal half slightly convex. Spermathecal sclerite

rhomboidal.

Length of forewing: male - 6 mm, female - 5 mm.

Immature stages unknown.

Diagnosis: The short mesal projection with 1-3 stout setae on the baso-ventral

lobe of each male inferior appendage and the lateral pockets of female segment IX

and rhomboidal-shaped spermathecal sclerite distinguish this species from all others

in the Riparia Group.

Distribution: Southeastern China: Wu-yan County, Jiang-xi Province (N29.15,

E117.53; Fig. 1, #15), 6 August 1985, and the type locality, 4 August 1984.

Phylogenetic relationships (Fig. 49): Ceraclea (A.) interispina is the sister

species of polyacantha as was discussed with that species above.

Ceraclea (Athripsodina) riparia (Albarda, 1874)

Leptocerus riparius Albarda, 1874, pp. 231-234, pl. IV, figs. 8-17; holotype

apparently not selected; two male syntypes repository = British Museum

(Natural History), London; syntype localities = Batavia and Germania.

Ceraclea (Athripsodina) riparia (Albarda); Morse, 1975, p. 43, fig. 88,

redescription of male; Kumanski and Malicky, 1976, p. 115, fig. 8, illustrations

of male and female genitalia; Malicky, 1983, pp. 276 and 279, illustrations of

male and female genitalia.

Description: Head and thorax consistently light reddish-brown; vertex and

frons with mostly white setae, sides with brown and white setae intermixed.

Forewing light brown with concolorous light reddish-brown setae.

Male genitalia (Fig. 14): Tergum IX with pair of tiny dimples. Superior

appendages short, narrowed subapically, fused for about half their length. Tergum

X nearly parallel-sided with rounded apex in dorsal view, slightly clavate in lateral

view; lateral processes moderately thick, not reaching apex of tergum. Baso-

ventral lobe of each inferior appendage forming angle of about 70° with main body

of appendage, about as long as main body of appendage including subapico-dorsal

lobe, curved somewhat mesad, with two stout apical spines; main body of appendage

curved slightly caudad; mesal ridge evident, with several normal setae; harpago

about as long as subapico-dorsal lobe. Anterior portion of phallobase nearly twice

Yang and Morse: Chinese Ceraclea pe

as broad as posterior portion in lateral view, with deep semicircular constriction on

ventral surface in middle; paramere spines arranged normally for this group.

Female genitalia (Fig. 38): Superior appendages very short and broad.

Lamellae triangular in lateral view, each with rounded apex. Gonopod plates

apparently slightly concave in posterior apical half, each plate with pair of

conspicuous caudal projections, lateral ones visible as oval structures through

lamellae in cleared specimens. Spermathecal sclerite long, triangular, with

concave lateral margins.

Length of forewing: male - 8-9 mm, female - 6-7 mm (Malicky, 1983).

Immature stages unknown.

Diagnosis: Of all known species in the Riparia Group, only C. (A.) yangi and

huangi and this species have two short stout spines at or near the apex of the

baso-ventral lobe of each inferior appendage. In C. (A.) huangi one of these

spines is subapical on this lobe rather than apical as in this species and huangi has

a stout spine at the apex of each lateral process of tergum X which is not present

in this species. The anterior end of the phallobase of C. (A.) yangi is about the

same size as its posterior end whereas in this species the anterior end is about

twice the size of its posterior end.

We have not seen females of this species. However, the long triangular

spermathecal sclerite with concave sides appears to be distinctive among the

females known to us.

Distribution: Central Europe and now southeastern China: Wu-hu, An-hui

Province (N31.23, £118.25; Fig. 1, #11),..9 August 1967.

Phylogenetic relationships (Fig. 49): Among the monophyletic 12 species of

the Riparia Group whose baso-ventral lobe of each inferior appendage has only

three stout apical and subapical spines (discussed with C. [A.] polyacantha above),

C. (A.) riparia is a member of a monophyletic group which also includes yangi,

brachyacantha, and nankingensis. The monophyly of these four species is

evidenced by the following homologue: (1) male tergum IX has a pair of dimples

antero-dorsad of the superior appendages. The four species are related in an

unresolved trichotomy consisting of C. (A.) riparia as one branch, yangi as a

second, and brachyacantha + nankingensis as the third. Evidence for the

monophyly of the remaining eight species includes the following homologue: (1)

there is only one apical stout spine on the baso-ventral lobe of each male inferior

appendage.

Ceraclea (Athripsodina) yangi (Mosely, 1942)

Leptocerus yangi Mosely, 1942, p. 348, figs. 14-17; holotype = male; type

deposition = British Museum (Natural History), London; type locality = Fu-zhou,

Fu-jian Province, China (N26.10, E119.30; Fig. 1, #20).

Ceraclea (Athripsodina) yangi (Mosely); Morse, 1975, p. 43, fig. 89, redescription

of male.

Description: Head and body light reddish-brown, mainly covered with white

setae mixed sparsely with brown setae. Forewing yellowish-brown with dark

brown setae.

Male genitalia (Fig. 15): Superior appendages fused only at extreme base,

each with apical margin obliquely truncate. Tergum X 1.5 times as long as

superior appendages, nearly parallel sided in dorsal and lateral views; lateral

processes moderately thick, not quite reaching apex of tergum. Baso-ventral lobe

of each inferior appendage forming angle of about 60° with main body of

appendage, this lobe and main body of appendage subequal in length, lobe

triangular with nearly straight sides except curved mesad at apex, two small apical

spines and one small subapical spine each only slightly stouter than normal setae;

main body of appendage curved somewhat caudad; mesal ridge with several thick

setae; harpago slightly shorter than subapico-dorsal lobe. Phallobase with anterior

and posterior portions about equal in size, moderately constricted in middle

ventrally, paramere spines aligned as typical for group.

Female genitalia (Fig. 39): Superior appendages very short and broad as

24 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 4, 1988

typical for group, appearing triangular in lateral view. Lamellae parallel-sided and

apex broadly rounded in dorsal and ventral views, triangular with rounded apex in

lateral view. Gonopod plates rectangular, slightly concave , with conspicuous

ridges along outer edges; each plate with two large rounded projections caudally,

mesal projection nearly as broad as lateral one, lateral projection oval in vertical

and lateral views and positioned dorsad of apexes of plate and supporting arms of

spermathecal sclerite. Spermathecal sclerite twice as long as broad, broadest in

middie, sides generally convex, process (pr.sp.sc) broad in lateral view.

Length of forewing: male - 8 mm, female - 6.7 mm.

Immature stages unknown.

Diagnosis: The male of this species resembles C. (A.) riparia and huangi in

having few small stout spines at or near the apex of the baso-ventral lobe of

each inferior appendage, but these spines are smaller in yangi and there is one

more of them (three) than in the other two species (two). Among Riparia Group

species with the characteristic end-to-end arrangement of paramere spines, this is

the only species with a small anterior portion of the phallobase. Among females of

this species group C. (A.) yangi is the only one with lamellae broadly triangular in

lateral view.

Distribution: Southeastern China: the type locality; Wu-hu, An-hui Province

(N31.23, E118.25; Fig. 1, #11), 9 August 1987; Tian-mu-shan, Zhe-jiang Province

(N30.40, £119.50; Fig. 1, #12), 18 July 1965;

Guang-zhou, Guang-dong Province (N23.08, E113.20; Fig. 1, #14), 26 June 1982; and

Pu-tian, Fu-jian Province (N25.32, E119.02; Fig. 1, #18).

Phylogenetic relationships (Fig. 49): Ceraclea (A.) yangi is most closely

related to riparia, nankingensis, and brachyacantha as was discussed with riparia

above.

Ceraclea (Athripsodina) nankingensis (Hwang, 1957)

Leptocerus nankingensis Hwang, 1957, pp. 389-390, figs. 75-78; holotype = male;

type deposition = reportedly "Nanking Agricultural College Insect Museum," but

no such specimen can be found now in this collection; type locality = Nan-jing,

Jiang-su Province (N32.05, E118.7, Fig. 1, #10), 11 August 1948.

Ceraclea (Athripsodina) nankingensis (Hwang); Morse, 1975, p. 45, fig. 96,

redescription of male.

Description: Vertex and mesonotum yellowish-brown; face and abdomen

yellowish-white; hairs mostly white, intermixed brown setae only on vertex and

sides of face. Forewing straw yellow with yellow-brown setae.

Male genitalia (Fig. 16): Superior appendages long, fused basally for nearly

half their length. Tergum X broad, 1.3 times as long as superior appendages,

parallel-sided to rounded apex in dorsal view; lateral processes slender, arising

near base, extending nearly to apex of tergum. Baso-ventral lobe of each inferior

appendage forming angle of about 35° with main body of appendage, about as long

as main body of appendage including subapico-dorsal lobe, strongly bent obliquely

ventrad and mesad about 2/3 distance from base, single stout spin apically; main

body of appendage slender, sinuous, curved caudad; mesal ridge inconspicuous

except for patch of stiff hairs; harpago nearly as long as subapico-dorsal lobe.

Phallobase swollen anteriorly, about 2.5 times as broad as posterior apex, but

expanded anteriorly only short distance; ventral surface constricted about 2/3

distance from phallic foramen.

Female genitalia (Fig. 40): Superior appendages broad but very short.

Lamellae setose ventrally, somewhat bean-shaped in lateral view, with dorsal edge

nearly straight to rounded apex. Gonopod plates each slightly concave with mesal

and lateral edges raised; lateral edges with few longitudinal striations; each plate

with two apical projections, mesal one small and triangular, lateral one longer and

with rounded apex and straight mesal surface. Spermathecal sclerite about 1.6

times as long as broad, broadest in middle, convex laterally.

Length of forewing: male - 8 mm, female - 6 mm.

Immature stages unknown.

Yang and Morse: Chinese Ceraclea ZO

Diagnosis: The male of this species, like those of C. (A.) modesta,

isurumuniya, kamonis, and ancylus, has only a single apical spine on the baso-

ventral lobe of each inferior appendage; of these, only this species and kamonis

have this spine strongly curved ventrad, the spine is much smaller in nankingensis

than in kamonis. The female of this species most closely resembles that of C. (A.)

yangi in the shapes of the caudal projections of the gonopod plates and of the

spermathecal sclerite, but the lateral view of the lamellae is triangular in yangi

and bean-shaped in nankingensis.

Distribution: Southeastern China: the type locality and Hong-ze Lake,

Jiang-su Province (N33.30, E118.90; Fig. 1, #25), 19 July 1987.

Phylogenetic relationships (Fig. 49): Ceraclea (A.) nankingensis is closely

related to riparia, yangi, and brachyacantha as was discussed with riparia above.

Of these, the sister species of C. (A.) nankingensis apparently is brachyacantha as

is implied by the following homologue: (1) the baso-ventral lobe of each inferior

appendage has only one apical stout spine and no subapical stout spine.

Ceraclea (Athripsodina) brachyacantha Yang & Tian, 1987

Ceraclea (Athripsodina) brachyacantha Yang & Tian, 1987, pp. 213, 216; holotype =

male; type deposition = Nan-jing Agricultural University; type locality =

San-gang, Wu-yi Mountain, Fu-jian Province (N27.70, E117.70; Fig. 1, #17), 6

May 1986.

Description: Head and body fusco-testaceous. Forewings dark yellowish brown

with brown setae.

Male genitalia (Fig. 17): Superior appendages short, separate basally. Tergum

X broad, triangular with blunt apex in dorsal view, slightly clavate and upturned at

middle in lateral view, about twice as long as superior appendages; lateral

processes slender, not extending to apex of tergum. Baso-ventral lobe of each

inferior appendage forming angle of about 45° with main body of appendage, about

as long as main body including its subapico-dorsal lobe, somewhat vase-like in

ventral view, broad at base, narrowed apically to neck-like constriction recurved

mesad just before apex, stout spine apically; main body of appendage slender,

curved caudad; mesal ridge not prominent, with row of stout setae; harpago about

as long as subapico-dorsal lobe. Phallobase strongly recurved basally, anterior end

about as broad as posterior end; only one paramere spine evident in retracted

phallus, nearly as long as phallus; second paramere spine weakly sclerotized sheath

of first spine and evident only in protracted phallus; sclerotized strip supporting

endothecal membranes ventrally, evident in protracted phallus.

Length of forewing: male - 7 mm.

Female and immature stages unknown.

Diagnosis: The general shape of male tergum X and the inferior appendages

clearly places this species in the Riparia Group, but in no other species in this

group or elsewhere in Ceraclea is such a peculiar phallus Known.

Distribution: Known only from the type locality in southeastern China.

Phylogenetic relationships (Fig. 49): Ceraclea (A.) nankingensis apparently is

the sister species of brachyacantha as was discussed with nankingensis above.

Ceraclea (Athripsodina) trifurca, n. sp.

Description: Head and body uniformly brown. Forewings light brown.

Male genitalia (Fig. 18): Superior appendages each broad, triangular, with

rounded apexes in dorsal view. Tergum X about 2 1/2 times as long as superior

appendages, in dorsal view with subtriangular base tapering to slender, slightly

clavate apex; lateral processes slender, upcurved, each nearly reaching tip of

tergum X, together with tergum X forming three slender processes in dorsal view.

Baso-ventral lobe of each inferior appendage forming angle of about 45° with

remainder of appendage, as long as remainder of appendage including its subapico-

dorsal lobe, nearly straight, tapering from broad base to retrocurved apex with

single large spine; main body of appendage curved somewhat caudad in lateral view;

mesal ridge straight, extending from base nearly to harpago, with paired short

26 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst.; vol. 23, no. 4, 1988

spines; harpago nearly as long as subapico-dorsal lobe. Phallus enlarged and

projecting anteriorly such that phallic foramen positioned ventrally about 1/3

distance from anterior end; apico-ventral cleft asymmetrically arising on left side

about 2/3 distance from anterior end; phallic paramere spines aligned in manner

typical for group.

Length of forewing: male - 7 mm.

Female and immature stages unknown.

Type material: Holotype MALE, Nan-jing, Jiang-su Province (N32.05, E118. 70,

Fig. 1, #10), 15 July 1981, Tian Li-xin.

Etymology: Latin, "three-forked," with reference to the appearance of tergum

X in dorsal view.

Diagnosis: The male of this species resembles those of C. (A.) riparia, yangi,

modesta, nankingensis, huangi, polyacantha, and interispina in the narrow apex of

tergum X in dorsal view, but the apex is even narrower in this species than in any

of these others. The baso-ventral lobe of each inferior appendage is relatively

straight until a sharp bend just before the apex in this species and in yangi,

modesta, brachyacantha, huangi, and nankingensis, but tergum X is much longer in

this species than in yangi, brachyacantha, huangi, and nankingensis, and this

species lacks the large subapical spine of each lateral process of tergum X found

in modesta.

Distribution: Known only from the type locality in southeastern China.

Phylogenetic relationships (Fig. 49): Ceraclea (A.) trifurca is a member of a

monophyletic group of eight species within the Riparia Group as was discussed

with riparia above. Among these eight species, C. (A.) trifurca is one lineage of

an unresolved trichotomy; the other two lineages including modesta, isurumuniya,

and huangi on the one hand and forcipata, flava, kamonis (Tsuda, 1942b), and

ancylus on the other. A homologue implying the monophyly of C. (A.) modesta,

isurumuniya, and huangi is the following: (1) the lateral processes of tergum X

each have a stout apical spine. A homologue implying the monophyly of forcipata,

flava, kamonis, and ancylus is the following: (1) the baso-ventral lobe of each

inferior appendage is situated laterally on the base of the main body of the

appendage and then curved posteriorly and mesally.

Ceraclea (Athripsodina) huangi (Tian, 1981),

NEW COMBINATION

Leptocerus huangi Tian, 1981, pp. 1-2, figs. 1-4; holotype = male; type deposition

= Nan-jing Agricultural University; type locality = Nan-jing, Jiang-su Province

(N32.05, E118.70; Fig. 1, #10), 6 July 1981.

Description: Head and thorax moderate brown. Forewings light yellowish

brown, with brown setae dense from anastomosis to apex.

Male genitalia (Fig. 19): Superior appendages short, separated basally,

rounded apically. Tergum X more than twice as long as superior appendages,

narrowly triangular in dorsal view with slender distal 1/3 nearly parallel-sided to

blunt apex, bent upward about 30° in middle in lateral view; lateral processes

arising from extreme base of tergum X, nearly as long as tergum, curved dorsad

about 90° in middle such that apexes above lateral profile of tergum, apex of

each process with stout spine. Baso-ventral lobe of each inferior appendage

forming angle of about 50° with main body of appendage, as long as main body of

appendage including subapico-dorsal lobe, vase-like in ventral view with broad

base and narrow apex curved mesad, one stout spine apically and one stout spine

subapically on mesal surface; main body of appendage slender, curved caudad;

mesal ridge inconspicuous broad bump; harpago about as long as subapico-dorsal

lobe. Posterior sclerotized lobes of phallobase relatively long and asymmetrical

with right lobe about 1.5 times as wide in lateral view as left lobe; anterior

portion of phallobase about twice as broad as right apical lobe of posterior

portion, anterior portion only slightly projecting anteriorly; deep V-shaped

constriction of ventral surface evident in lateral view; left (anterior) paramere

spine much more slender and shorter than right spine.

Yang and Morse: Chinese Ceraclea 27

Female genitalia (Fig. 41): Superior appendages short and broad, triangular in

lateral view. Lamellae long, apically blunt in dorsal and ventral views, trapezoidal

in lateral view with dorsal apex obliquely truncate, ventral margin straight and

setose. Gonopod plates each subrectangular;, slightly concave in middle with

prominent mesal and lateral edges; two caudal projections near meson with mesal

projection triangular and half as long as elliptical lateral projection. Spermathecal

sclerite nearly twice as long as broad, broadest in posterior 1/3, sides convex.

Length of forewing: male - 6.5 mm, female - 6 mm.

Immature stages unknown.

Diagnosis: The male of this species resembles C. (A.) modesta and

isurumuniya in bearing a stout spine at the apex of each lateral process of tergum

X and, like isurumuniya, tergum X and its lateral processes are very long; however,

the lateral processes are strongly curved dorsad in this species, not straight

(modesta) or curved ventrad (isurumuniya) as in those species, the anterior end of

the phallobase is only slightly enlarged and projecting anteriorly (vs. greatly

enlarged and projecting in modesta) and both paramere spines are present (vs.

absent in isurumuniya).

The female of this species differs from all known females of the Riparia

Group by the trapezoidal appearance of the lamellae in lateral view and in the

egg-shaped spermathecal sclerite in ventral view.

Distribution: This species has long been collected in and near the type

locality in Nan-jing, Jiang-su Province, in southeastern China, with flight dates as

early as 6 July and as late as 15 August.

Phylogenetic relationships (Fig. 49): This species is a member of the

monophyletic group that also includes C. (A.) modesta and isurumuniya as was

discussed with trifurca above. Ceraclea (A.) isurumuniya is the sister species of

huangi as is implied by the following homologue: (1) male tergum X and its

lateral processes are very long.

Ceraclea (Athripsodina) forcipata (Forsslund, 1935)

Leptocerus forcipatus Forsslund, 1935, pp. 9-11, fig. 9; holotype = male (abdomen

missing); type deposition = National Museum of Natural History, Stockholm;

type locality = Pe-lin-kou [unable to locate on available maps], southeastern

Si-chuan Province, 25 May 1930.

Ceraclea (Athripsodina) forcipata (Forsslund); Morse, 1975, p. 44, fig. 92,

redescription of male.

Description: Head and thorax brownish-yellow with white-gray setae, middle

part of mesonotum darkened.

Male genitalia (Fig. 20): Superior appendages 2/3 as long as tergum X, fused

for half their length, rounded apically. Tergum X upturned at extreme apex,

broadly rounded apically in dorsal view; lateral processes very slender, especially

apically, not quite as long as tergum. Baso-ventral lobe of each inferior appendage

forming angle of about 90° with base of main body of appendage in lateral view,

arising on caudo-lateral base of main body of appendage, excluding its apical spine

about as long as main body of appendage, bent somewhat mesad about 2/3 distance

from base, subapical spine positioned at bend and about half as long as lobe, huge

apical spine nearly as long as lobe; main body of appendage arched about 45°

caudad; mesal ridge small triangular projection near base of main body of

appendage; harpago about as long as subapico-dorsal lobe. Phallobase conspicuously

enlarged anteriorly such that phallic foramen positioned on ventral surface nearly

half distance from anterior end; phallobase broadest at level of phallic foramen,

about twice as broad as posterior portion, about 1.5 times as broad as anterior

portion; posterior portion conspicuously asymmetrical, with apical cleft offset to

left and with left side of apex narrower than right; paramere spines aligned as

typical for group.

Female genitalia (Forsslund, 1935, from German; Fig. 42):

"Female. Segment |X very broad laterally, continuous on posterior edge;

dorsally proximal edge broadly excised; distal edge in the middle with

28 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 4, 1988

slender pointed tooth (from lateral view appearing broader with sharp

point), above and on the side of this are two small protuberances and

even further laterally a triangular hump on either side; ventrally the

segment is divided by a proximal broad cleft; inner hind edge continuous

as a rounded projection. Segment X with two vertical, short lanceolate

lobes, whose tips and dorsal edges are sewn to each other."

Length of forewing: Wingspread male - 17-19 mm, female - 14.5 mm

(Forsslund, 1935).

Immature stages unknown.

Diagnosis: The male of this species most closely resembles C. (A.) flava and

ancylus in the shape of tergum X; it most closely resembles flava in the

arrangement of spines at and near the apex of the baso-ventral lobe of each

inferior appendage. However, these spines are relatively much larger in C. (A.)

forcipata than in either of these species. The apical spine of this lobe in C. (A.)

kamonis is about the same size as that in forcipata, but the lobe is longer and

more slender in forcipata and bears a large subapical spine apparently not present

in kamonis.

We have not seen a female of this species. However, it appears distinctive

from other females of this group known to us in its lanceolate lamellae and the

single caudal projection of each gonopod plate.

Distribution: Southcentral China: the type locality; "Pao-ning-fu" (Forsslund,

1935; unable to locate on available maps), 17 May 1930; and Chin-chin-kai,

southeastern Si-chuan Province (N29.00, E106.60, Fig. 1, #27), 8 May 1930.

Phylogenetic relationships (Fig. 49): Ceraclea (A.) forcipata is a member of a

monophyletic group which also includes flava, kamonis, and ancylus as was

discussed with trifurca above. Within this group, C. (A.) forcipata is one lineage

of an unresolved trichotomy which also includes flava, on the one hand, and

kamonis + ancylus, on the other. Evidence for the sister group relationship of C.

(A.) kamonis and ancylus includes the following homologue: (1) the subapical spine

of the baso-ventral lobe of each inferior appendage is absent.

Marginata Group

Diagnosis: According to Morse (1975), the head and thorax of adults is light

reddish-brown except in C. (A.) martynovi (Forsslund, 1940) they are dark

reddish fuscous. Forewings have light and medium brown setae in patches,

especially along veins, forming an irrorate pattern. Ceraclea (Athripsodina)

marginata (Banks, 1911) and martynovi have white setae in the anal region of the

forewings and dark apical fringes similar to the pattern in modesta. The main

body of each inferior appendage is very reduced, semimembranous and

inconspicuous in most species, absent in C. (A.) fooensis. Superior appendages are

long and tapered. Tergum X is short and without lateral processes. Paramere

spines are about the same size and are retracted to about the same depth, except

they are fused in C. (A.) fooensis.

The female or immature stages of none of the species of this species group

have been described.

Distribution: Southeastern China, northeastern India, and Sri Lanka.

Phylogenetic relationships (Fig. 49): The Marginata Group is monophyletic as

is implied by the following male homologues (Morse, 1975): (1) the main body of

each inferior appendage is reduced to an inconspicuous, semimembranous finger-like

process; (2) the paramere spines are retracted to approximately the same level

within the phallobase; and (3) tergum X has no lateral processes. The sister group

of the Marginata Group is the Riparia Group according to Morse (1975), as was

discussed with the Annulicornis Group above.

Ceraclea (Athripsodina) lirata, n. sp.

Ceraclea (Athripsodina) marginata Yang & Tian (nec Banks), 1988, in press.

Description: Head and thorax reddish-brown. Forewings straw yellow colored,

Yang and Morse: Chinese Ceraclea 29

cell Cuy darker beyond arculus; hairs rubbed away in alcohol.

Male genitalia (Fig. 21): Superior appendages slightly longer than tergum X

and acute apically; fused only at extreme base. Tergum X with pair of prominent

longitudinal ridges dorsally, fused apically in small, acute apical process in caudo-

ventral view (Fig. 21E'); lateral edges of tergum each with rounded excision in

lateral view. Baso-ventral lobe of each inferior appendage huge, sinuous in lateral

view; somewhat enlarged in middle in caudal view, with broad subrectangular setose

base having angled ridge mesally, and with 5-6 seta-bearing protuberances apically;

main body of appendage slender, semimembranous and nearly obscured by baso-

ventral lobe, 2/3 as long as baso-ventral lobe. Phallobase tubular, with pair of

tapered apico-ventral lobes about as long as remainder of phallobase; paramere

spines subequal in length and depth of retraction; pair of dorsal membranous lobes

exposed dorsally.

Female and immature stages unknown.

Length of forewing: male - 7.8 mm.

Type material: Holotype MALE, Meng-xing, Yun-nan Province (N21.90,

E101.40; Fig. 1, #5), 20 April 1982, Jing Geng-tao.

Etymology: Latin, "with a ridge," referring to the pair of ridges on male

tergum X.

Diagnosis: This species most closely resembles C. (A.) marginata in the

structures of their inferior appendages and the general shape of their phalluses.

However, in C. (A.) lirata the longitudinal pair of ridges on tergum X are

distinctive, the baso-ventral lobe of each inferior appendage is longer and lacks

the bare subapico-ventral projection seen in marginata, and the apico-ventral

lobes of the phallobase are longer.

Distribution: Known only from the type specimen captured in extreme

southcentral China. Contrary to the reference by Yang & Tian (1988), C. (A.)

marginata (Banks) is not known from China.

Phylogenetic relationships (Fig. 49): Ceraclea (A.) marginata is the sister

species of lirata as is evidenced by the following homologue: (1) the base of the

baso-ventral lobe of each inferior appendage has an angled setose ridge, such that

in caudal view this region appears subrectangular. The sister lineage of these two

species is C. (A.) fooensis, as is indicated by the following homologue: (1) the

apex of the baso-ventral lobe of each inferior appendage bears numerous

protuberances, most of which have an apical seta.

Ceraclea (Athripsodina) fooensis (Mosely, 1942)

Leptocerus fooensis Mosely, 1942, p. 348, figs. 18-21; holotype = male; type

repository = British Museum (Natural History), London; type locality = Fu-zhou,

Fu-jian Province, China (N26.10, E119.30; Fig. 1, #20).

Ceraclea (Athripsodina) fooensis (Mosely); Morse, 1975, p. 46, fig. 97, redescription

of male.

Description: Forewing reddish-brown, with small dark patch at distal hind

edge (Mosely, 1942; apparently similar in this respect to preceding species).

Male genitalia (Fig. 22): Tergum X abruptly narrowed and nearly acute in

dorsal view, with pair of transverse, subapico-dorsal, sensilla-bearing ridges.

Baso-ventral lobe of each inferior appendage enlarged and recurved apically; apex

with crown of small protuberances, most of them bearing apical seta; mesal margin

with four ridges, including (a) ventral ridge with long setae, (b) longitudinal ridge

with short stout setae, (c) narrow projecting inconspicuous transverse ridge

without setae, and (d) dorsal longitudinal ridge without setae; main body of

appendage and its harpago absent. Phallobase long, without anterior enlargement;

paramere spines fused for entire length.

Female genitalia (Fig. 43): Pleural regions of segment IX broad, each

semimembranous except for sclerotized anterior bridge, anterior portion of

semimembranous area concave. Lamellae semi-elliptical in lateral view, setose

ventrally, with longitudinal-oblique ridge laterally. Gonopod plates very long and

approximate on midline, each plate more than 3 times as long as broad; apex

30 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 4, 1988

tapered to meson, subacute. Spermathecal sclerite in ventral view nearly as broad

as long, anterior apex truncate, anterior half concave laterally, posterior half

broadest with round margins; large membranous mass ventrally over posterior half.

Length of forewing: male - 9 mm, female - 7 mm.

Immature stages unknown.

Diagnosis: The male of C. (A.) fooensis resembles lirata and marginata in the

protuberances of the apex of the baso-ventral lobe of each inferior appendage and

lirata in the possession of a pair of subapico-dorsal ridges on tergum X._ It

resembles C. (A.) martynovi in the lack of an angled ridge at the mesal base of

this baso-ventral lobe. It differs from all of these in the lack of a main body of

each inferior appendage, in the broad and recurved apex and the presence of a

bare transverse ridge on the baso-ventral lobe of this appendage, and in the fused

condition of the paramere spines.

The females of no other species of the Marginata Group have been described

before now. Superficially the female of C. (A.) fooensis resembles that of

dingwuschanella below (Fig. 46) in the concave pleural regions of segment IX and

the long gonopod plates, but this species lacks longitudinal ridges on the gonopod

plates and the spermathecal sclerite is relatively shorter and broader.

Distribution: Known only from the type series in southeastern China.

Phylogenetic relationships (Fig. 49): The sister group relationship of C. (A.)

fooensis with marginata + lirata was discussed with lirata above. Together these

three species are the sister lineage of C. (A.) martynovi, their monophyly as the

Marginata Group having been discussed with the Group above.

Kolthoffi Group, C. (A.) Incertae Sedis

Diagnosis: Male tergum X is slender and slightly clavate in dorsal view,

similar to that in some species of the Riparia Group. There is no evidence of a

baso-ventral lobe of each male inferior appendage, similar in this respect to the

Spinosa Group. The left (anterior) paramere spine is small and seta-like, as in

males of the Annulicornis Group, but unlike species with that character, the

anterior end of the phallobase is not spherically enlarged nor is the phallobase

constricted ventrally in its midregion. In females, these species have very small

lamellae, a pair of longitudinal ridges are present on the gonopod plates, the

gonopod plates extend as concave pockets deeply within segment VIII, and the

spermathecal sclerite is unusually long and with a pair of curved bands mesally at

the posterior end.

Distribution: The two species of this group occur at least from the Amur

Region of Siberia to southeastern China.

Phylogenetic relationships (Fig. 49): The two species of this group probably

are sister species based on the following homologues: (1) male tergum X is long

and slender in lateral view; (2) the lateral processes of male tergum X are short

and thick, oblique apically; (3) the mesal ridge of each male inferior appendage

has a prominent acute projection; (4) the female lamellae are small, only slightly

larger than the superior appendages; (5) the female gonopod plates each have a

longitudinal ridge near the posterior apex; (6) the female gonopod plates are

invaginated anteriorly as concave sclerotized pockets with the posterior margin of

segment VIII; and (7) the spermathecal sclerite is long and (8) with a pair of

curved, postero-mesal bands. Character information is insufficient presently to

determine the sister group of the Kolthoffi Group within Ceraclea (Athripsodina)

subgenus.

Ceraclea (Athripsodina) ensifera (Martynov, 1935)

Leptocerus ensifer Martynov, 1935, pp. 228-230; holotype gender unknown, but

probably = male; type series repository = Zoological Institute, U.S.S.R. Academy

of Sciences, Leningrad; type locality = River Lefu, near Lake Chanka, Amur,

Siberia.

Leptocerus kashingensis Tsuda, 1943, pp. 105-106; holotype gender unknown, but

probably = male; type series repository presumably = Nara Women's University,

Nara, Japan; type locality = Jia-xing ("Kashing"), Zhe-jiang Province, China

Yang and Morse: Chinese Ceraclea 31

(N30.51, £120.52; Fig. 1, #23), 25-26 September 1942. NEW SYNONYM.

Ceraclea (Athripsodina) ensifera (Martynov); Morse, 1975, p. 47, fig. 101,

redescription of male.

Ceraclea (Athripsodina) kashingensis (Tsuda); Morse, 1975, p. 47, fig. 102, review

of male description.

Description: Head and thorax mostly light reddish-brown with white and

brown setae. Forewings light brown with white and reddish-brown setae

thoroughly intermixed.

Male genitalia (Fig. 23): Sclerotization of sternum IX discontinuous with

narrow membranous strip dividing it entirely, posterior ventral corners greatly

elongate. Superior appendages long, fused basally about 1/3 their length, tapering

to blunt apexes. Tergum X narrow, slightly clavate in dorsal view; lateral

processes thick, compressed, oblique apically, with tiny subapico-dorsal triangular

projection. Inferior appendages narrow in lateral view, broad in caudal view; baso-

ventral lobe absent from each appendage; mesal ridge with small triangular

projection; phallic guide long and saber-like; harpago as long as subapico-dorsal

lobe of appendage. Phallobase broad, tubular anteriorly, posterior lobes

asymmetrical with left lobe half as broad as right lobe and slightly shorter; left

(anterior) paramere spine seta-like, 2/3 as long as thick right (posterior) spine.

Female genitalia (Fig. 44): Slightly depressed. Tergum |X short, broad, with

conspicuous superior appendages. Lamellae only slightly larger than superior

appendages, each subtriangular with rounded apex in lateral view. Gonopod plates

nearly twice as long as tergum IX; each plate with diagonal, sinuous ridge from

base of lamella nearly to middle of anterior margin, plates concave mesally between

ridges; anterior mesal margin of each plate projecting anteriorly into segment VIII;

sternum VIII broad and projecting caudally under gonopod plates. Spermathecal

sclerite twice as long as broad, with posterior portion 2.5 times as broad as

anterior portion; spermathecal process greater than half as long as sclerite; pair of

postero-mesal bands curved ventrad.

Length of forewing: male - 10 mm, female - 9 mm.

Immature stages unknown.

Diagnosis: Among males of Ceraclea species, the divided sternum IX with its

long projecting processes is unique and conspicuous. Among females of Ceraclea

species, only C. (A.) kolthoffi and this species such small lamellae, longitudinal

ridges on the gonopod plates, gonopod plates invaginated into segment VIII,

sternum VIII projecting caudally, or spermathecal sclerite at least twice as long as

broad. From C. (A.) kolthoffi, the female of ensifera differs in its longer, sinuous

ridges of the gonopod plates; mesal (rather than lateral) projections of the gonopod

plates into segment VIII; and broader posterior region of the spermathecal sclerite.

Distribution: Siberia (Amur Region) and eastern China: Tian-jing (N39.08,

EF117.20; Fig. 1, #8), 14 May 1965; Xing-hua, Jiang-su Province (N32.90, E119.80;

Fig. 1, #9), 13 June 1987; Wu-hu, An-hui Province CN2 L235 20s Fagan et hee

August 1987; and C. (A.) kashingensis type locality.

Phylogenetic relationships (Fig. 49): The sister lineage of C. (A.) ensifera is

kolthoffi, as was discussed above for the Kolthoffi Group.

Ceraclea (Athripsodina) kolthoffi (Ulmer, 1932)

Leptocerus kolthoffi Ulmer, 1932, pp. 55-57; holotype = male; type deposition =

National Museum of Natural History, Stockholm; Jiang-su Province, China.

Leptocerus inchinus Mosely, 1942, pp. 347-348, figs. 9-13; holotype = male; type

deposition = British Museum (Natural History), London; type locality = Fu-zhou,

Fu-jian Province, China (N26.10, E119.30; Fig. 1, #20); Morse, 1975, p.47,

synonym of C. (A.) kolthoffi.

Ceraclea (Athripsodina) kolthoffi (Ulmer); Morse, 1975, pp. 47-48, fig. 103,

redescription of male.

Description: Head and thorax brown with white and brown setae intermixed.

Forewings yellowish-brown with white and brown setae thoroughly intermixed.

32 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 4, 1988

Male genitalia (Fig. 24): Superior appendages long, fused for short distance

basally but widely divergent and acute apically. Tergum X extending just beyond

superior appendages, narrowed conspicuously subapically in dorsal view; lateral

processes arising from base, short and thick, nearly 1/2 as long as tergum, with

depressed slightly upturned apexes. Subapico-dorsal lobe of each inferior

appendage about as long as main body of appendage; mesal ridge with protracted,

dagger-like process; harpago 2/3 as long as subapico-dorsal lobe; baso-ventral lobe

entirely absent. Phallobase relatively large, somewhat swollen anteriorly,

narrowing to pair of heavily sclerotized, asymmetrical postero-ventral lobes with

left lobe narrower, subacute and more dorsal than right lobe; left paramere spine

retracted anteriorly and seta-like, right spine thick, 2/3 as long as phallobase,

and with convoluted plate anteriorly.

Female genitalia (Fig. 45): Anterior pleural regions of segment IX

conspicuously narrower than gonopod plates, concave. Superior appendages

broadly triangular, conspicuous. Lamellae about same size as superior appendages.

Gonopod plates projecting antero-laterally into segment VIII and sternum VIII

extended ventrally below anterior half of plates; plates converging posteriorly to

blunt apexes; each plate with short ridge from ventral edge of lamella concave

mesally, space between ridges concave. Spermathecal sclerite 2.5 times as long as

wide in ventral view, sides straight and almost parallel, tapering slightly from

posterior to anterior; posterior bands short and convex mesally; spermathecal

process 1/4 as long as sclerite.

Length of forewing: male - 10.5 mm, female - 9.5 mm.

Immature stages unknown.

Diagnosis: Ceraclea (A.) kolthoffi males most closely resemble those of

ensifera in the general shape of the superior appendages, tergum X and its lateral

processes, and phallus. It differs from that species, however, in its solid sternum

IX without posterior projections and its dagger-like process on the mesal ridge of

each inferior appendage. The similarities and differences between the females of

these two species were discussed with C. (A.) ensifera above.

Distribution: Southeastern China: Hong-ze, Jiang-su Province (N33.30,

E118.90; Fig. 1, #25), 19 July 1987; Shang-hai (N31.13, E121.50, Fig. 1, #19), 16

May 1972; and the type localities of C. (A.) kolthoffi and inchinus.

Phylogenetic relationships (Fig. 49): The sister lineage of C. (A.) kolthoffi is

ensifera, as was discussed for the Kolthoffi Group above.

Dingwuschanella Group, C. (A.) Incertae Sedis

Diagnosis: This group of four species resembles the Kolthoffi Group in that

the males lack baso-ventral lobes on their inferior appendages and the females

have longitudinal ridges on their gonopod plates. However, males of this group

have no lateral processes on tergum X, have a relatively short and slender

subapico-dorsal lobe on each inferior appendage, and the harpago is oriented

longitudinally with the appendage. Females have lamellae twice as large as

superior appendages, pleural regions of segment IX are concave, and the region of

the gonopod plates between the longitudinal ridges is more or less flat.

Distribution: Central and southeastern China.

Phylogenetic relationships (Fig. 49): Monophyly for the four species of the

Dingwuschanella Group is evidenced by the following male homologues: (1)

subapico-dorsal lobe of each inferior appendage slender and curved caudad and (2)

harpago aligned longitudinally with main body of appendage and curved dorsad,

crossing the subapico-dorsal lobe. Evidence presently is not sufficient to infer the

sister lineage of this species group.

Ceraclea (Athripsodina) brachycera Yang & Tian, 1988

Ceraclea (Athripsodina) brachycera Yang & Tian, 1988, in press; holotype = male;

type deposition = Nan-jing Agricultural University, Nan-jing; type locality =

Hua-xi, Gui-zhou Province, China (N26.25, E106.40; Fig. 1, #4), 27 April 1980.

Description: Head and thorax dark brown with white and dark brown setae

Yang and Morse: Chinese Ceraclea 33

intermixed. Forewings dark brown with brown setae.

Male genitalia (Fig. 25): Superior appendages short, widely diverging in

dorsal view, blunt apically. Tergum X twice as long as superior appendages, with

short cleft on meson of otherwise rounded apex in dorsal view; pair of finger-like

processes on dorsal surface about middle of length of tergum; latero-ventral

margins convex basally in lateral view, concave in apical 1/3 of length of tergum.

Inferior appendages dark brown; main body broad, especially basally; mesal ridge

wide basally with numerous stout setae on edge and surface; subapico-dorsal lobe

slender, curved caudad, with sensory setae apically; harpago about as long as

subapico-dorsal lobe, aligned with main body and curved dorsad in lateral view,

rounded apically. Phallobase long, with small bulbous anterior enlargement; apico-

ventral lobes long and narrow; paramere spines nearly identical and retracted to

approximately same depth within phallobase.

Female and immature stages unknown.

Length of forewing: male - 7.6 mm.

Diagnosis: Among males of the Dingwuschanella Group, that of C. (A.)

brachycera has shorter and more widely diverging superior appendages, broader

inferior appendages whose mesal ridges lack any triangular projections, and more

nearly equal paramere spines. The pair of vertical finger-like projections on the

dorsal surface of tergum X is unique for this species.

Distribution: Known only from the type locality in southcentral China.

Phylogenetic relationships (Fig. 49): Within the monophyletic Dingwuschanella

Group, C. (A.) brachycera is the sister lineage to the other three species, curva,

dingwuschanella, and acutipennis. Monophyly for those three species is indicated

by the following male homologues: (1) superior appendages are unusually long,

overarching tergum X and (2) the mesal ridge of each inferior appendage has an

apical triangular projection near the harpago.

Ceraclea (Athripsodina) curva Yang & Tian, 1988

Ceraclea (Athripsodina) curva Yang & Tian, 1988, in press; holotype = male; type

deposition = Nan-jing Agricultural University, Nan-jing; type locality =

Wu-yuan, Jiang-xi Province, China (N29.15, E117.53; Fig. 1, #15), 6 August

1985.

Description: Head and thorax brown with white and dark brown setae.

Forewings light golden brown with dark brown setae.

Male genitalia (Fig. 26): Superior appendages long, parallel-sided, overarching

tergum X, fused at extreme base for short distance then gradually diverging to

rounded outcurved apices. Tergum X nearly as long as superior appendages; with

conspicuous mid-dorsal ridge; apical 1/2 somewhat sinuous and directed dorsad

about 45°. Inferior appendages narrow in lateral view, with subapico-dorsal lobe

nearly as broad as main body of appendage; mesal ridge with slender, blunt

triangular projection apically just proximad of harpago; harpago narrow basally,

broad and flat and curved mesad apically, not quite as long as subapico-dorsal lobe.

Phallobase swollen dorsally; apico-ventral lobes short and slender, 1/7 as broad as

anterior portion in lateral view; paramere spines stout, one spine 1.3 times as long

as other and retracted somewhat more anteriorly.

Female and immature stages unknown.

Length of forewing: male - 7 mm.

Diagnosis: Among males of the Dingwuschanella Group, the long overarching

superior appendages, the slender inferior appendages each with a narrow mesal

ridge and its blunt triangular projection, and the dorsally swollen phallobase are

distinctive characters.

Distribution: Known only from the type locality in southeastern China.

Phylogenetic relationships (Fig. 49): The monophyly of C. (A.) curva,

dingwuschanella, and acutipennis was discussed with brachycera above. The sister

lineage of C. (A.) curva is dingwuschanella * acutipennis whose monophyly is

implied by the following homologues: (1) tergum X short and (2) with divided,

recurved, sensilla-bearing pads apically.

34 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 4, 1988

i Ceraclea (Athripsodina) dingwuschanella (Ulmer, 1932)

Leptocerus dingwuschanellus Ulmer, 1932, pp. 57-59, figs. 26-28; holotype = male;

type deposition presumably = Hamburg Museum, Hamburg, Federal Republic of

Germany; type locality = "Dingwuschan," China (locality not recognizable on

available maps); Schmid, 1965, p. 147, figs. 4-6, description of variation in

males.

Ceraclea (Athripsodina ) dingwuschanella (Ulmer); Morse, 1975, pp. 46-47, fig. 100,

redescription of male.

Description: Head and thorax reddish-fuscous with white and brown setae.

Forewings dark brown with gold-red to gold-yellow setae along posterior basal

quarter, gold-yellow at arculus and a large patch of gold-yellow at apex.

Male genitalia (Fig. 27): Superior appendages broad and separate basally,

apical half slender, blunt apically. Tergum X short, broad, subtriangular, 2/3 as

long as superior appendages; without lateral processes; in dorsal view, apex broad

with shallow, narrow excision on meson; pair of transverse, subapical carina on

either side of excision defining pair of thick pads bearing 3-13 sensilla. Inferior

appendages without baso-ventral lobes; mesal ridge broad and setose, with short

triangular projection just proximad of harpago; subapico-dorsal lobe slender, curved

caudad, 2/3 as long as harpago; harpago about as broad as subapico-dorsal lobe,

aligned longitudinally with main body of appendage in lateral view and curved

dorsad, rounded apically. Phallobase tubular, with apico-ventral lobe 2/3 as broad

as anterior portion in lateral view; paramere spines bent and arranged as in Riparia

Group; dorsal parameres present with left membranous lobe apparently much longer

than right one, each paramere lobe with short sclerotized hook apically.

Variation: Ulmer's (1932) illustrations and discussion depict tergum X apex

"somewhat broadened and rounded" and the harpago of each inferior appendage is

"set in the middle of the main body of the appendage, just as broad as the

subapico-dorsal lobe, somewhat shorter, rising in an S-shape, directed dorso-

mesad and more pointed" (freely translated from German). Schmid (1965) noted in

his specimens that "the apical lobes of tergum X are thin and separated by a

broad circular space" and that "the harpago of each inferior appendage is shorter

than seen in Ulmer's figure and rounded apically" (freely translated from French);

his illustration shows the harpago much farther from the base of the appendage

than Ulmer did. Our specimens seem to be rather intermediate between these two

extremes in these characters: the apex of tergum X is divided, but not as broadly

as seen by Schmid, and the apical lobes do not project so far above the tergum;

the harpago arises farther from the base of the main body of the inferior

appendage than shown by Ulmer, is shorter, not S-shaped, and somewhat rounded

apically, but not so far from the base as shown by Schmid and longer.

Female genitalia (Fig. 46): Genital capsule somewhat compressed. Segment IX

lower pleural regions concave, defined especially well ventrally by subventral

carinae which parallel lateral margins of gonopod plates; tergum IX projecting

caudally between conspicuous superior appendages nearly to their apexes. Gonopod

plates together about twice as long as broad; postero-mesal apex of each plate

prolonged in slender process; each plate with longitudinal ridge from near ventral

edge of lamella to about middle of plate, otherwise plate flat to convex.

Spermathecal sclerite relatively small, shape and structure superficially similar to

those in Riparia Group except dorsal bridge triangular.

Length of forewing: male - 8.0 mm, female - 7.5 mm. Wingspread of male is

17 - 24 mm (Schmid, 1965).

Immature stages unknown.

Diagnosis: Among males of the Dingwuschanella Group, that of C. (A.)

dingwuschanella differs from that of brachycera by the former's superior

appendages much longer than tergum X, the triangular process present on the

mesal ridge of each of its inferior appendages, and the end-to-end alignment of

its paramere spines; from that of curva by its shorter and apically cleft tergum X

and its harpago larger than the subapico-dorsal lobe of each inferior appendage;

and from acutipennis by the larger harpago and much shorter projection of the

Yang and Morse: Chinese Ceraclea 35

mesal ridge of each of its inferior appendages. No females of the Dingwuschanella

Group have been described previously. The genitalia of the female of C. (A.)

dingwuschanella superficially resembles that of fooensis, but the gonopod plates of

the latter species lack longitudinal ridges and its spermathecal sclerite is much

broader.

Distribution: Although we cannot locate the type locality on available maps

and Schmid (1965) did not mention his Chinese collection locality(ies?), our

records indicate a distribution at least in northcentral and southeastern China:

An-kang, Shaan-xi Province (N32.50, E109.00; Fig. 1, #1), 22 April 1980;

Wen-zhou, Zhe-jiang Province (N28.02, E120.40; Fig. 1, #21), 17 April 1939.

dingwuschanella, and acutipennis was discussed with brachycera above. C. (A.)

dingwuschanella and acutipennis are sister species as evidenced by the following

male homologue: (1) tergum X has a pair of setose, apico-dorsal pads set off by

a pair of transverse carinae.

Ceraclea (Athripsodina) acutipennis Yang & Tian, 1988

Ceraclea (Athripsodina) acutipennis Yang & Tian, 1988, in press; holotype = male;

type deposition = Nan-jing Agricultural University, Nan-jing; type locality =

Wang-jiang, An-hui Province (N30.10, E116.44; Fig. 1, #13), 7 May 1982.

Description: Head and thorax dark brown, vertex and frons mostly with white

setae. Forewings light yellow-brown, golden at stigma, anal region slightly

expanded with relatively long, dark brown fringe, giving triangular appearance.

Male genitalia (Fig. 28): Superior appendages long, triangular, fused basally

for about half their length, blunt apically. Tergum X broad basally, compressed in

dorsal view and somewhat attenuated in lateral view about 1/3 its length; divided

apically by narrow, shallow cleft on meson; pair of large lateral, sensilla-~-bearing

lobes on either side of cleft defined anteriorly by pair of transverse carinae.

Inferior appendages sub-rectangular in lateral view; mesal ridge of each appendage

broad and with surface setae in middle, apically with slender, outcurved, acute

process 2/3 as long as harpago; harpago slender, longer than subapico-dorsal lobe,

and with acute apical hook recurved mesad. Phallobase tubular, curved ventrad

about 80°, with relatively narrow apico-ventral lobes; one paramere spine 1.5 times

longer than other and retracted much further into phallobase.

Length of forewing: male - 10 mm.

Female and immature stages unknown.

Diagnosis: The slender acute process of the mesal ridge of each inferior

appendage distinguishes this species from all others of the Dingwuschanella Group.

A superficially similar process occurs in C. (A.) kolthoffi, but acutipennis lacks

lateral processes of tergum X, its superior appendages are longer than tergum X,

the shape of the apical region of its tergum X is much more complex, and the

harpago of each inferior appendage is much more slender.

Distribution: Known only from the type locality in southeastern China.

Phylogenetic relationships (Fig. 49): The sister group relationship of this

species with C. (A.) dingwuschanella was discussed with that species above.

Ungulifera Group, C. (A.) Incertae Sedis

Diagnosis: The similarities between males of the two species in this group

are remarkable. Both C. (A.) ungulifera (Kimmins, 1963) and omeiensis have short,

rounded superior appendages, long tergum X with slender arching apex and long

lateral processes arising from the base, relatively simple inferior appendages each

with setose mesal ridge in the middle, and a tubular phallobase with broad apico-

ventral lobes. In the general shape of tergum X and its lateral processes, these

species resemble those of the Tarsipunctata Group, but the absence of a sclerotized

phalicata and the deeply retracted paramere spines are very different from

characters in that group.

Distribution: Northeastern Burma and southcentral China.

Phylogenetic relationships (Fig. 49): The sister-group relationship of C. (A.)

26 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 4, 1988

ungulifera and omeiensis is implied by the following homologues: (1) tergum X is

long and with a slender arching apex and (2) lateral processes of tergum X are

long, slightly capitate and originating at the base of the tergum.

Ceraclea (Athripsodina) omeiensis Yang & Tian, 1988

Ceraclea (Athripsodina) omeiensis Yang & Tian, 1988, in press; holotype = male;

type deposition = Nan-jing Agricultural University, Nan-jing; type locality =

E-mei Mountain, Si-chan Province (N29.36, E103.29; Fig. 1, #3), 29 April 1957.

Description: Head and thorax brownish-black with dark brown setae.

Forewings dark brown with brown setae.

Male genitalia (Fig. 29): Tergum IX forming narrow band projecting caudad in

round arch in dorsal view. Superior appendages separated basally. Tergum X 1.5

times as long as superior appendages; in lateral view parallel-sided basally,

abruptly narrowed near apexes of superior appendages, apex arching caudad and

ventrad, sub-deltoid in dorsal view; lateral processes originating basally, about 4/5

as long as tergum, widely separated from tergum, apex of each slightly enlarged,

setose and upturned. Subapico-dorsal lobe of each inferior appendage as long as

main body of appendage, curved caudad; mesal ridge broad in middle, surface

setose; phallic guide short and acute in ventral view; harpago shorter than

subapico-dorsal lobe, its apex acute and recurved. Phallobase with anterior

portion nearly twice as broad as posterior apical lobes in lateral view and about

1.5 times as long; one paramere spine present, about 3/4 as long as phallobase.

retracted.

Length of forewing: male - 8 mm.

Female and immature stages unknown.

Diagnosis: Ceraclea (A.) omeiensis is very similar to ungulifera in the

characters discussed for the species group. The former species, however, has

tergum X more abruptly narrowed from about 2/3 length and there is only one

paramere spine evident in the phallus.

Distribution: Known only from the type locality in southcentral China.

Phylogenetic relationships (Fig. 49): The sister-group relationship of this

species with C. (A.) ungulifera was discussed with the species group above.

Ceraclea (Athripsodina) Incertae Sedis

Ceraclea (Athripsodina) signaticornis (Ulmer, 1926)

Leptocerus signaticornis Ulmer, 1926, pp. 64-66, figs. 46-48; holotype = male; type

deposition presumably = Zoological Museum, Berlin; type locality =

"Lotosteiche," Guang-zhou, Guang-dong Province (N23.08, E113.20; Fig. 1, #14),

12 April 1920.

Description (Ulmer, 1926, from German):

"In the structure of the inferior appendage standing near Leptocerus

annulicornis [= Ceraclea (Athripsodina) annulicornis]. Head and thorax light

yellowish brown, nearly cream-color, with grayish white hairs. Abdomen

darker yellowish brown, dark brown on the side line. Antenna dark

brown, except that the uniformly dark apical part distinctly, but narrowly,

ringed snow-white; the first 3 or 4 segments colored as the head.

Maxillary palp grayish brown (somewhat darker than the head), with

whitish gray or brownish white hairs. Legs light ocher (yellowish

white), the tarsi, especially on the fore and middle legs, darker (grayish

brown), ringed white; also the coxae darker. Forewing fairly broad;

membrane light gray, with thick brownish gold (dull rust color or light

cinnamon brown) hairs, just as the fringe; veins somewhat darker golden

brown, conspicuous. Hindwing broad (male), light gray, with gray bronze-

like shining hairs (scattered) and fringe; veins gold-brownish, scarcely as

visible as in the forewing. In the latter the first crossvein of the

anastomosis is positioned approximately its length further apical than

Yang and Morse: Chinese Ceraclea 37

either of the following, which are formed in a straight line. In the male

(Fig. 30A, 30B, 30C) tergum IX bluntly projecting in the middle, not cleft;

the preanal appendages originating from the common area under tergum

IX situated on a broad short plate and being narrow and long; in dorsal

view (Fig. 30B) reaching the apex of the inferior appendages, being slender

ribbon-like, straight and extending to a postero-mesal bend, abruptly

narrowing apically; in lateral view (Fig. 30A) appearing somewhat broader,

with curved edges and truncated apex; the posterior sclerite of tergum X

(Figs. 30A, 30B) is long and narrow and ending in a thick knob shape; the

phallus is visible beneath it (Fig. 30A), narrow, provided with a spine; the

inferior appendage persists as a basal, strongly bent main body (Fig. 30A)

and a long subapico-dorsal lobe, with its rounded end lying over tergum X;

the baso-ventral lobe is elongated in a bluntly pointed process (e.g., Fig.

30C, ventral), the harpago ending almost truncated and bearing an

undivided short tooth on the ventral edge of the apex (Fig. 30A, lateral,

Fig. 30B, dorsal). Superior appendages and inferior appendages with long

hairs, the apex of tergum X bearing isolated shorter sensillae.

"Body length: 10 mm, length of the forewings: 11 mm; wingspan thus

about 23 mm."

Female and immature stages unknown.

Diagnosis: Resembling members of the Annulicornis Group, especially in the

shape of the inferior appendages and tergum X. A pair of lateral processes for

tergum X were even illustrated by Ulmer (Fig. 30B), although not mentioned in

the text. However, the superior appendages are much longer than those of any

other species Known for this group, much more divergent from the base, and bent

mesad apically. The general structure of the phallus is unknown.

Distribution: Known only from the type locality in southeastern China.

Phylogenetic relationships (Fig. 49): Until specimens of this species are seen,

it will not be possible to confirm its affinity with the Annulicornis Group and its

relationship with the species included in that group.

BIOGEOGRAPHY

Procedures for discovering patterns of historical relationships among the

regions that organisms inhabit were reviewed by Nelson and Platnick (1981) and

Wiley (1981). In essence, the procedure is to (1) note the distributions of

organisms to discover “areas of endemism" or replicated regions where endemism

is common (Candolle, 1820), (2) infer the phylogenetic relationships of those

organisms and refer the resulting inferences to an "area cladogram" or phylogeny

of the areas of endemism (Rosen, 1978, 1979), (3) identify "tracks" of modern or

historical relationships of the organisms between areas of endemism across

uninhabited regions or area boundaries (Croizat, 1964), and (4) relate "generalized

tracks" or frequently replicated tracks with modern and historical geological and

ecological information.

Areas of endemism: The Ceraclea species of the world generally inhabit the

traditional Ethiopian, Nearctic, Oriental, and Palearctic continental or

subcontinental areas of endemism identified by Wallace (1876), with the further

refinement that these species usually are confined to either eastern or western

portions of those regions. For purposes of this discussion, we use the traditional

interpretation that the division between the Oriental and Palearctic regions in

eastern China occurs along the Chang-jiang (Yang-tze) River. (Coincidentally, this

division is consistent with the observation that only one rice crop is usually

possible each year north of that river and two rice crops south of it).

Of the 29 species of Ceraclea presently known from China, 22 are apparently

endemic to it. As can be seen in Figs. 1 and 49, 13 species of Ceraclea are

endemic to Oriental China, four to Palearctic China, five to both Oriental and

Palearctic China, and three to Palearctic China and non-Chinese parts of the

38 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 4, 1988

eastern Palearctic Region. One species each has an Oriental China - western

Palearctic (riparia), Oriental & Palearctic China - eastern Palearctic (ensifera),

eastern & western Palearctic (including Palearctic China, alboguttata), and eastern

& western Palearctic (including Palearctic China) - western Nearctic (excisa)

distribution. Considering the distributions presently known for the 29 Ceraclea

species, only six species (21%) occur in both Oriental and Palearctic areas of

endemism.

Tracks: In addition to the tracks recognizable from contemporary species

distributions, the phylogeny of Fig. 49 permits identification of three to four

historical tracks between Oriental China and the eastern Nearctic Region: one in

the Fulva Group (cama and the remainder of the Group), one in the Tarsipunctata

Group (major and the remainder of the Group), and one or two in the Riparia

Group (forcipata and flava and possibly ancylus). One or two historical track

occurs between Palearctic China and the Nearctic Region in the Fulva Group

(alboguttata and transversa-latahensis, possibly also alboguttata and alces-

resurgens-vertreesi). Three historical tracks occur between the Chinese and non-

Chinese portions of the Oriental Region, one in the Riparia Group (huangi and

isurumuniya) and two in the Marginata Group (lirata and marginata, fooensis and

martynovi). One historical track occurs between Palearctic China and the non-

Chinese Oriental Region in the Ungulifera Group (omeiensis and ungulifera).

Additionally, two historical tracks between the Oriental and Palearctic portions of

China are identifiable besides those seen in contemporaneous distributions, one in

the Fulva Group (spinulicolis and alboguttata) and one in the Riparia Group

(polyacantha and interispina).

Generalized Tracks: From this analysis, it can be concluded that generalized

tracks occur between China and the non-Chinese Oriental Region (four tracks), the

non-Chinese Palearctic Region (six tracks), and the Nearctic Region (six or seven

tracks). There are no tracks inferred for Ceraclea species between China and the

Australian, Ethiopian, or Neotropical Biogeographic Regions. Conclusions regarding

the causes of these biogeographic relationships are not possible without research

into the contemporary and historical geology and ecology of these regions, research

outside the scope of this work.

KEY TO SPECIES OF CHINESE CERACLEA

1. Genitalia with inferior appendages and phallus (Figs. 2A, ale :

(males) 2

Genitalia with lamellae and internal spermathecal sclerite

CPiae SIAN og a ee Re ey ee. ee PS Pe fémales) 30

2. Phallobase entire apico-ventrally, with well-sclerotized

phalicata (Fig. 2D) . . . . .(Subgenus Ceraclea) 3

Phallobase with a longitudinal cleft apico- ventrally;

without separate, well-sclerotized phalicata (Fig. 8D). .

OES ee ORIN RRM 10 2) PSN ON yn. We. ee wy (Subgenus Athripsodina) 6

3. Superior appendages broad, fused basally for a short distance

(Fig. 2B); tergum X upturned in middle (Fig. 2A);

harpago with triangular, subapical projection (Fig. 2C) .......4

Superior appendages small, separated basally (Fig. 4B);

tergum X straight (Fig. ini harpago without subapical

projection (Fig. 4C). ... ITE RR at eT RO ES This ig Ae Fe

4. Tergum X truncate apically, with pair of ear-like ridges

laterally in middle (Fig. 3A); each inferior appendage

with spine- bearing baso-ventral lobe (Fig. 3A) and

strong spine on caudal face of mesal ridge (Fig. oe

alboguttata (Hagen)

10.

12.

13,

Yang and Morse: Chinese Ceraclea 39

Tergum X rounded apically, without lateral ridges (Fig. 2A);

each inferior appendage without baso-ventral lobe (Fig.

2A) or strong spine on mesal ridge (Fig. 2C). . . . spinulicolis, n. sp.

Tergum X no longer than superior appendages, without spine-

bearing lateral processes (Fig. 4A); each harpago longer

than main body of its inferior appendage (not including

subapico-dorsal lobe, Figs. 4A, 4C); paramere spines

longer than phalicata (Fig. AD) . ie Se . . superba (Tsuda)

Tergum X twice as long as superior appendages, with spine-

bearing lateral processes (Fig. 5A’, 5B); each harpago

about 1/2 as long as main body of its inferior appendage

(Fig. 5C); paramere spines shorter than phalicata (Fig.

SLD eg Ie a ee Pe era cig eee eae ery tmp s's ured)

Lateral processes of tergum X small, finger-like (Fig. 6A);

baso-ventral lobe of inferior appendage with row of 5-6

stout spines (Fig. 6A); dorsal parameres present (Fig.

6D)", SPs SERIE ORE ee ROS | ajor’ Grbwang)

Genitalia without such structures. eee et A ah ae |

Main body of each inferior appendage inconspicuous pina 210}

or absent (22C), harpago absent . . Ae eae

Main body of inferior appendage at least 1/2 has large” as its

baso-ventral lobe (Figs. 12A, 20A), harpago present ........ .9

Main body of inferior appendage slender, semi-membranous and

baso-ventral lobe with tapered apex in ventral view

(Fig. 21C); phallus with two separate paramere spines

(Fig. 21D)) wie me 2°) Tpata, n. sp.

Main body of inferior appendage absent and baso- ventral lobe

with broad apex in ventral view (Fig. 22C); phallus with

single fused paramere spine (Fig. 22D). .... . . .fooensis (Mosely)

Each inferior appendage with distinct baso-ventral lobe ich

TPZ BYE ne Op Ab ag ks Vek pee tia es ha) ot

Each inferior appendage ‘without ‘baso- ventral lobe (Figs. 23A,

DAA Ji red rege, Re RO LI ily Bes A Rol AIR A aR ORE

Tergum X without slender lateral processes (Fig. 8A) ...........11

Tergum X with slender lateral processes (Figs. 10A, 19A) ........ ma

. Superior appendages rounded apically in dorsal view (Fig.

7B); mesal ridge of each inferior appendage

subtriangular (Fig. 7C); paramere i i 2/3 as long as

phallobase (Fig. 7D). .... . . indistincta (Forsslund)

Superior appendages nearly acute in , dorsal view 1 (Fig. 8B);

mesal ridge hooked dorsad (Fig. 8C); paramere spines

1/2 as long as phallobase (Fig. 8D) ..... . . . lobulata (Martynov)

Superior appendages at least as long as Mek aie xX (Figs. 30A,

BOB) Laie Ane . . . Signaticornis (Ulmer)

Superior appendages nr no more than 2/3 as long as tergum X

CPs DAD iat a) a RR IRR kr Ri a Rs ME Mae gnee) Sak Raker i gS

Baso-ventral lobe of each inferior appendage without stout

apical spines, although normal hairs often present (Fig.

9A); one paramere spine far anterior of other one and

much emeuer, seta-live (Fids 9D) 6 ak 4 a yw ew We bane 4 ale Ge

14.

15.

16.

Hi.

18.

WW,

20.

22s

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 4, 1988

Baso-ventral lobe of each inferior appendage with stout

apical spine (Fig. 16A, 16C') or spines (Figs. 12A,

12C'); paramere spines subequal and arranged end-to-end

gre Oe Fe 1 2) RRM Rae Ta PRC HIONDES «No URE ents Newry 1 a AL re ertaess SARC Dia CUNO Ae Pr Oi BUNTY Y

Baso-ventral lobe of each inferior appendage broad basally,

tapering to acute apex (Figs. 10A, 10C) . .. . . shuotsuensis (Tsuda)

Baso-ventral lobe of each inferior appendage more slender

basally, with blunt apex in lateral view (Figs. 9A, 11A). ..... .15

Baso-ventral lobe of each inferior appendage straight (Fig.

9A); phallic guide of inferior appendage without

sinuous caudal ridge and not visible in lateral view

LF igs DA euen es . . .@e@xcisa (Morton)

Baso-ventral lobe of each inferior appendage bent: caudad

(Fig. 11A); phallic guide with sinuous caudal ridge

visible in lateral view (Figs. 11A, 11C). .... .. . globosa, n. sp.

Baso-ventral lobe of each inferior appendage with huge apical

spine at least 2/3 as long as lobe, with slender spine

subapically (Figs. 20A, 20C). .... . . forcipata (Forsslund)

Baso-ventral lobe of each inferior appendage with ‘only short

apical spine or spines no more than 1/4 as long as lobe

(Figs. 14C, 16C); with or without subapical spine or spines... . .17

Baso-ventral lobe of each inferior appendage with 1-3 stout

spines on short median process (Fig. 13C').

: interispina Yang & Tian

Baso- ventes! iabe. of each: inferior. appendage without spine-

Dear RGA POces Ss WCF igi 2G Pia id ec MeO P RU eI De Wie oa nc AB

Baso-ventral lobe of each inferior appendage with 4-5 stout

apical and subapical spines (Fig. 12C') . . . .polyacantha Yang & Tian

Baso-ventral lobe of each inferior appendage with no more

than 2 apicalhiepines Ghios a i4 Ay G4), Gain we cdiouiwiia airdsakad ceed . 19

Baso-ventral lobe of each inferior appendage with one or two

apical spines, one subapical spine (Figs. 15C, 19C'). ....... .20

Baso-ventral lobe of each inferior appendage with one apical

shine, no subseical epineu( hig: IO ils selene ys Gait & Slee OQ

Lateral processes of tergum X upturned about 90°, each with

stout apical spine (Fig. 19A).... . . . huangi (Tian)

Lateral processes of tergum X straight, without stout apical

SPineR KCRG niTOA I vied We hinniGana ala oN Rho ae Mangh (Mosely)

Baso-ventral lobe of each inferior appendage with two apical

spines (Figs. 14A, 14C) .... . . . riparia (Albarda)

Baso-ventral lobe of each inferior appendage with only one

BCR SOME Pie POC a udu tiniic aul BeiiR lial ony greek ky Oe alg eke we QD

Tergum X slender in apical 1/3 in dorsal view (Fig. 18B); its

lateral processes upturned about 60°, reaching dorsal

profile of tergum in lateral view (Fig. 18A). ... . . trifurca, n. sp.

Tergum X broad apically in dorsal view (Fig. 17B); its

lateral processes nearly straight, parallel with lateral

COMO6 OF Bla EGA Big ok: Nuiinaiaiiii teas he we aware Rae iis av 02

yee

24.

zo.

26.

27.

28.

29.

20.

Yang and Morse: Chinese Ceraclea 4]

Baso-ventral lobe of each inferior appendage with apical

spine about 1/8 as long as lobe (Fig. 17C'); paramere

spine apparently single in normal retracted position

Figs VHD) eosin» . . . . brachyacantha Yang & Tian

Baso-ventral lobe of each inferior ‘appendage with apical

spine about 1/3 as long as lobe (Fig. 16C'); two

paramere spines aligned end-to-end (Fig. 16D) . .nankingensis (Hwang)

Tergum. X with lateral processes (Fig))(23A) ee oe ee ee... 25

Tergum X without lateral processes (Fig. 27A') ..........2.2.. .27

Lateral processes of tergum X 1.5 times as long as superior

appendages, widely separated from tergum basally,

upturned about 45° apically (Fig. 29A); tergum X

abruptly narrower beyond superior appendages (Fig. 29A),

with apex deltoid in dorsal view (Fig. 29B) . . .omeiensis Yang & Tian

Lateral processes of tergum X no longer than superior

appendages, closely applied to tergum basally, thick and

blunt and little if any upturned apically (Fig. 23A);

tergum X narrowed only slightly apically in lateral view

(Fig. 23A), with apex blunt and subparallel-sided in

dorsal View, (Gigs 2aB ins et es a ee ie. 6 TAR el oy (28

Sternum IX completely divided longitudinally, its posterior

ventral corners elongated, twice as long as rest of

sternum (Fig. 23A); phallic guide of each inferior

appendage long, saber-like (Fig. 23C), mesal ridge with

small truncate projection... .. . ensifera (Martynov)

Sternum IX not divided and without long apical processes

(Fig. 24A); phallic guide not saber-like, mesal ridge

with dagger-like process (Fig. 24C) ........... kolthoffi (Ulmer)

Superior appendages finger-like, divergent (Fig. 26B); tergum

X apex not cleft on meson (Fig. 26B). .... . . .curva Yang & Tian

Superior appendages triangular and straight or convergent

Pigs. ZEB RBs ta rtrees | R RG eam | heel i aumeth as bUia tie ani i ae

Superior appendages shorter than tergum X (Fig. 25A); tergum

xX with pair of dorso-lateral finger-like processes

Chie ees ae . . .brachycera Yang & Tian

Superior appendages longer ‘than tergum x (Fig. 28A); tergum X

without pair of finger-like processes but with pair of

thick, recurved, apical sensilla-bearing pads (Fig. 27B') ..... .29

Mesal ridge of each inferior appendage with apical process

falcate (Fig. 26C ji fee, 4 . . .acutipennis Yang & Tian

Mesal ridge of each inferior appendage with apical process

blunt and subtriangular (Fig. 27C). . . . . . dingwuschanella (Ulmer)

Lamellae semicircular in lateral view (Fig. 31A); gonopod

plates with evident longitudinal striae laterally and

each plate convex with single caudal projection (Fig. 31C). .... .31

Lamellae semicircular (Fig. 35A) or elliptical (Fig. 40A) in

lateral view, but if semicircular then gonopod plates

without lateral striae (Fig. 35C); gonopod plates with

or without lateral striae, but if with striae then each

plate concave and with two caudal projections (Fig. 40C). .... . .32

31.

32.

33.

34.

35.

36.

37.

38.

39.

40.

Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 4, 1988

Lamellae without ventral striae (Figs. 31A, 31C); superior

appendages very short transverse ridges (Fig. 31B). EA

ge ED ie tS Be ae er, A eee spinulicolis, n. sp.

Lamellae with ventral striae (Figs. 32A, 32C); superior

appendages longer than tergum IX and semicircular in

dorsal view (Fig. 32B). ........... ... .alboguttata (Hagen)

Tergum |X dorsal process truncate apically in dorsal view,

with pair of small lateral protuberances —o A2B) :

iz. forcipata (Forsslund)

Tergum Ix dorsal process rounded (Fig. 338) « or cleft pai

44B) apically in dorsal view. . . : Orrehinherey .-S3

Spermathecal sclerite with long, sclerotized supporting

ribbons extending anteriorly beyond sclerite (Figs.

SDA,,0 25D)! a. Ae BO, |... .34

Spermatheca sclerite witoitt pibbene pnberion of saierite

(Figs Sp Areas eee eee COVE Gt BADER ei: deo, . . 35

Anterior supporting ribbons of spermathecal sclerite

extending only to middle of abdominal segment VIII (Fig.

35A); gonopod plates each with dark pit apico-mesally

(Fig. SSGF. 7. BPP . . . .@xcisa (Morton)

Anterior supporting ribbons. of speraacheosr sclerite

extending to anterior end of segment VIII (Fig. 36A);

gonopod plates without pits (Fig. 36C). .. . . . shuotsuensis (Tsuda)

Each gonopod plate with two posterior processes, with lateral

process sometimes partly hidden above mesal one (Fig.

34C) or with mesal process sometimes much smaller than

lateral one (Fig. 37C). .... Pee Fw, 38

Each gonopod plate with one posterior erotess (Figs. 48C,

A5C }errnane t6hig.. BBCi e ar week OR eerie i Rave Ceite ae 247

Gonopod plate lateral posterior processes square, partly

hidden above larger triangular mesal processes (Fig.

S40)! 427%. 4 . . . .lobulata (Martynov)

Gonopod plate lateral posterior processes elliptical and

larger than mesal processes (Fig. 3/C). ...........2.2.. .37

Abdominal segment IX pleural regions concave, with

conspicuous lateral pockets above gonopod plates (Figs.

37A, 37C); spermathecal sclerite ee ar (Fig.

37D). nae, . . .interispina Yang & Tian

Abdominal segment IX pleural ‘regions convex (Figs. 38A, 38C);

spermathecal sclerite triangular (Fig. 38C) or

BUS tiCar erige SO DeAne Var Brae Ue eee) A hes «638

Gonopod plate mesal caudal projections rounded (Fig. 39C). . .yangi (Mosely)

Gonopod plate mesal caudal projections acute (Figs. 38C, 40C). ..... .39

Gonopod plates broadest in middle (Fig. 40C); spermathecal

sclerite broadest in middle (Fig. 40D). . .. . . nankingensis (Hwang)

Gonopod plates broadest anteriorly (Fig. 41C); spermathecal

sclerites broadest posteriorly (Figs. 38C, 39D) .......... .40

Lamellae triangular in lateral view, each with dorsal edge

straight to rounded apex (Fig. 38A) ....... . .riparia (Albarda)

Yang and Morse: Chinese Ceraclea 43

Lamellae quadrilateral in lateral view, each parallel-sided

basally with dorsal apex oblique (Fig. 41A) .... . . . huangi (Tian)

41. Gonopod plates each with transverse ridge near middle (Fig.

33C); spermathecal sclerite ovoid to pear-shaped,

broadest near middle, rounded ir aiilae in ventral

view (Fig. 33D)... . . sinensis (Forsslund)

Gonopod plates without ridges (Fig. “43C) or each with

longitudinal ridge (Fig. 46C); spermathecal sclerite

broadest posteriorly, blunt (Fig. 44D) truncate (Fig.

43D) or with small projection (Fig. 46D) anteriorly ........ . 42

42. Gonopod plates without ridges (Fig. 46C); spermathecal

sclerite rounded laterally and truncate anteriorly (Fig.

ASTD) b. tcle ts \ esis . . . fooensis (Mosely)

Gonopod plates each with longitudinal ridge from base of

lamella to middle of sclerite (Fig. 46C); spermathecal

sclerite nearly straight-sided, blunt ieubiaia salt

AIDA. no Bbeastcat’s OMlaerii eee EN Oe Sd sae ee

43. Abdominal segment IX pleural regions concave (Fig. 46A);

gonopod plates convex between longitudinal ridges, with

long and slender apico-mesal arsisetians LRig. 4600"... .

whe _ dingwuschanella (Ulmer)

Abdominal segment Ix pleural. regions convex (Fig. AAA);

gonopod plates concave between longitudinal ridges, with

triangular (Fig. 45C) or inconspicuous vosties “hie

apico-mesal projections .. . ‘ en ae ee ee es ee

44. Gonopod plate anterior margins projecting antero-mesally into

abdominal segment VIII and anterior ends of longitudinal

ridges divergent (Fig. 44C) .... . . .ensifera (Martynov)

Gonopod plate anterior margins projecting ‘antero- laterally

into abdominal segment VIII and anterior ends of

longitudinal ridges convergent (Fig. 45D) ... . . .. kolthoffi (Ulmer)

REFERENCES CITED

Anonymous. 1985. International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, adopted by the

XX General Assembly of the International Union of Biological Sciences.

International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London.

Albarda, M.H. 1874. Sur deux nouvelles espéces de Trichoptéres d'Europe.

Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 17: 229-234, pl. 14.

Banks, N. 1904. A list of neuropteroid insects, exclusive of Odonata, from the

vicinity of Washington, D.C. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of

Washington, 6: 201-217.

Banks, N. 1911. Notes on Indian neuropteroid insects. Proceedings of the

Entomological Society of Washington, 13: 99-106, pl. 6.

Banks, N. 1920. New neuropteroid insects. Bulletin of the Museum of

Comparative Zoology, Harvard, 64: 297-362, pls. 1-7.

Banks, N. 1938. New native neuropteroid insects. Psyche, 45: 72-78.

44 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 4, 1988

Botosaneanu, L. 1970. Trichoptéres de la République Démocratique-Populaire de

la Corée. Annales Zoologici, Instytut Zoologiczny, Polska Akademis Nauk, 37:

275-359.

Candolle, A.P. de. 1820. Geographie botanique. Pp. 359-422 in Dictionnaire des

sciences naturelles, vol. 18, Strasbourg and Paris.

Croizat, L. 1964. Space, Time, Form: The Biological Synthesis. Published by the

author, Caracas, Venezuela.

Denning, D.G. 1942. Descriptions of new Trichoptera from the United States.

Canadian Entomologist, 74: 46-51.

Etnier, D.A. 1968. Range extensions of Trichoptera into Minnesota, with

descriptions of two new species. Entomological News, 79: 188-192.

Fischer, F.C.J. 1965. Trichopterorum Catalogus, vol. VI. Nederlandsche

Entomologische Vereeniging, Amsterdam.

Fischer, F.C.J. 1972. Trichopterorum Catalogus, vol. XIV (supplement to vol. V,

VI and VII). Nederlandsche Entomologische Vereeniging, Amsterdam.

Flint, O.S., Jr. 1965. New species of Trichoptera from the United States.

Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 67: 168-1/6.

Forsslund, K.-H. 1935. Schwedisch-chinesische wissenshaftliche Expedition nach

den nordwestlichen Provinzen Chinas, unter Leitung von Dr. Sven Hedin und

Prof. Sii Ping-chang. Insekten gesammelt vom swedischen Arzt der Expedition

Dr. David Hummel 1927-1930. 50. Trichoptera. Arkiv for Zoologi, 27A(31): 1-

21;

Forsslund, K.-H. 1940. The synonymy of some Trichoptera. The Entomologist,

73: 48.

Fourcroy, A.F. 1785. Entomologia Parisiensis, sive Catalogus Insectorum, quae in

Agro Parisiensi reperiuntur, 12. 2: 234-544.

Hagen, H.A. 1860. Synopsis of the British Phryganeidae. Entomologist's Annual,

pp. 66-85.

Hagen, H.A. 1861. Synopsis of the Neuroptera of North America with a list of

the South American species. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections,

Washington, 347 pp.

Hamilton, K.G.A. 1972. The insect wing, part III. Venation of the orders.

Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 45: 145-162.

Hickin, N.E. 1967. Caddis Larvae, Larvae of the British Trichoptera. Fairleigh

Dickinson University Press, Rutherford, New Jersey.

Hilsenhoff, W.L. 1982. Using a biotic index to evaluate water quality in streams.

Technical Bulletin of the Department of Natural Resources, Madison, Wisconsin,

1322 "Peg.

Hwang, C.-l. 1957. Descriptions of Chinese caddis flies (Trichoptera). Acta

Entomologica Sinica, 7: 373-404.

Hynes, H.B.N. 1966. The Biology of Polluted Waters. Liverpool University Press,

Liverpool.

Yang and Morse: Chinese Ceraclea 45

Kimmins, D.E. 1964. The British species of the genus Athripsodes, with

comments on the species described by Stephens (Trichoptera, Leptoceridae).

Entomologist's Gazette, 15: 153-180.

Kumanski, K., and H. Malicky. 1976. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der bulgarischen

Kocherfliegen (Trichoptera). Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne (Bulletin

Entomologique de Pologne), 46: 95-126.

Leonard, J.W., and F.A. Leonard. 1949. Noteworthy records of caddis flies from

Michigan with descriptions of new species. Occasional Papers of the Museum

of Zoology, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, 520: 1-8, pls. 1-5.

Lepneva, S.G. 1966. Larvae and pupae of Integripalpia, Trichoptera. Fauna of

the U.S.S.R., vol. 2, no. 2 (translated by the Israel Program for Scientific

Translations, Inc., 1971). Zoologicheskii Institut Akademii Nauk SSSR, New

Series no. 95: 1-560.

Malicky, H. 1983. Atlas of European Trichoptera. Dr. W. Junk Publishers, The

Hague-Boston-London, Series Entomologica 24.

Martynov, A.V. 1935. Trichoptera of the Amur Region. Part |. Travaux de

l'Institut Zoologique de |'Académie des Sciences de |I'URSS, 2: 205-395.

Milne, L.J. 1934. Studies in North American Trichoptera. Part 1: 1-19. Published

by the author, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Milne, L.J. 1936. Studies in North American Trichoptera. Part 3: 56-129, 2 pls.

Published by the author, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Morse, J.C. 1974. The Classification, Evolution, and Past Dispersals of the

Caddisfly Genus Ceraclea (Trichoptera, Leptoceridae). Ph.D. Dissertation,

University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia.

Morse, J.C. 1975. A phylogeny and revision of the caddisfly genus Ceraclea

(Trichoptera, Leptoceridae). Contributions of the American Entomological

Institute, 11(2): 1-97.

Morse, J.C. 1978. Evolution of the caddisfly genus Ceraclea in Africa;

implications for the age of Leptoceridae (Trichoptera). Pp. 199-206 in M.1I.

Crichton, editor, Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on

Trichoptera. Dr. W. Junk Publishers, The Hague-Boston-London.

Morse, J.C. 1984. Evolution and historical biogeography of Leptocerina and

Axiocerina (Leptoceridae, Leptocerinae, Athripsodini). Pp. 261-266 in J.C.

Morse, editor, Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Trichoptera.

Dr. W. Junk Publishers, The Hague, Series Entomologica 30.

Morse, J.C., and R.W. Holzenthal. 1987. Higher classification of Triplectidinae

(Trichoptera: Leptoceridae). Pp. 139-144 in M. Bournaud and H. Tachet,

editors, Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Trichoptera. Dr.

W. Junk Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, Series Entomologica 39.

Morse, J.C., and 1.D. Wallace. 1976. Athripsodes Billberg and Ceraclea Stephens,

distinct genera of long-horned caddis-flies (Trichoptera, Leptoceridae). Pp. 33-

40 in H. Malicky, editor, Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on

Trichoptera. Dr. W. Junk Publishers, The Hague.

Morton, K.J. 1904. A new species of Trichoptera from western Finland,

Leptocerus excisus. Meddelanden af Societas pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 30:

67-69.

46 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 4, 1988

Mosely, M.E. 1939. The British caddis flies (Trichoptera); a collector's handbook.

George Routledge & Sons, Ltd., London.

Mosely, M.E. 1942. Chinese Trichoptera: A collection made by Mr. M.S. Yang in

Foochow. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 92: 343-

362.

Nelson, G., and N. Platnick. 1981. Systematics and Biogeography, Cladistics and

Vicariance. Columbia University Press, New York.

Nielsen, A. 1957. A comparative study of the genital segments and their

appendages in male Trichoptera. Biologiske Skrifter udgivet af Det Kongelige

Danske. Videnskabernes Selskab, 8(5): 1-159.

Nielsen, A. 1980. A comparative study of the genital segments and the genital

chamber in female Trichoptera. Biologiske Skrifter udgivet af Det Kongelige

Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, 23(1): 1-200.

Pictet, F.-J. 1834. Recherches pour Servir a I'Histoire et a I'Anatomie des

Phryganides. Geneva.

Rambur, J.P. 1842. Histoire naturelle des Insectes. Néuroptéres. Paris.

Resh, V.H. 1976. The biology and immature stages of the caddisfly genus Ceraclea

in eastern North America (Trichoptera: Leptoceridae). Annals of the

Entomological Society of America, 69: 1039-1061.

Resh, V.H., J.C. Morse, and 1.D. Wallace. 1976. The evolution of the sponge

feeding habit in the caddisfly genus Ceraclea (Trichoptera: Leptoceridae) .

Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 69: 937-941.

Resh, V.H., and J.D. Unzicker. 1975. Water quality monitoring and aquatic

organisms: The importance of species identification. Journal of the Water

Pollution Control Federation, Washington, D.C., 47: 9-19.

Retzius, A.|. 1/783. Caroli Lib. Bar. De Geer. Apud Siegfried Lebrecht Crusium,

Lipsiae.

Rosen, D.E. 1978. Vicariant patterns and historical explanation in biogeography.

Systematic Zoology, 27: 159-188.

Rosen, D.E. 1979. Fishes from the uplands and intermontane basins of

Guatamala: revisionary studies and comparative biogeography. Bulletin of the

American Museum on Natural History, 162: 267-376.

Ross, H.H. 1938a. Descriptions of Nearctic caddisflies. Bulletin of the Illinois

Natural History Survey, 21: 101-183.

Ross, H.H. 1938b. Descriptions of new leptocerid Trichoptera. Annals of the

Entomological Society of America, 31: 88-91.

Ross, H.H. 1941. Descriptions and records of North American Trichoptera.

Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 67: 35-126.

Ross, H.H. 1944. The caddis flies, or Trichoptera, of Illinois. Bulletin of the

IHinois Natural History Survey, 23: 1-326. .

Schmid, F. 1958. Trichoptéres de Ceylan. Archiv fiir Hydrobiologie, 54: 1- 173.

Yang and Morse: Chinese Ceraclea 47

154.

Schmid, F. 1970. 210. Trichoptera III. Ergebnisse der Zoologischen

Forschung von Dr. Z. Kaszab in der Mongolei. Reichenbachia, 13: 113-124.

Smith, S.D. 1962. Two new Idaho Trichoptera. Wasmann Journal of Biology, 20:

293-296.

Stephens, J.F. 1829. The Nomenclature of British Insects. Baldwin and

Cradock, London.

Stephens, J.F. 1836. Illustrations of British Entomology, Vol. 6. Baldwin and

Cradock, London.

Tian, L.-x. 1981. A new species of the genus Leptocerus Leach (Trichoptera:

Leptoceridae). Journal of Nanjing Agricultural College, 4:1-2.

Tsuda, M. 1942a. Zur Kenntniss der Koreanischen Trichopteren. Memoirs of the

College of Science, Kyoto Imperial University, Series B, 17: 227-237.

Tsuda, M. 1942b. Japanische Trichopteren, |. Systematik. Memoirs of the

College of Science, Kyoto Imperial University, Series B, 17: 239-339.

Tsuda, M. 1943. Eine neue Chinesische Kécherfliege, Leptocerus kashingensis.

The Journal of the Shanghai Science Institute, New Series, 2: 105-106.

Tsuda, M. 1954. Leptocerus biwaensis in freshwater sponge [in Chinese and

Japanese]. Shin-konchu, 7(3): 12-13.

Tsuda, M., and S. Kuwayama. 1950. Icon. Ins. Japon., p. 420.

Ulmer, G. 1906. Neuer Beitrag zur Kenntnis aussereuropaeisher Trichopteren.

Notes from the Leyden Museum, 28(1): 1-112.

Ulmer, G. 1926. Beitrage zur Fauna sinica Bewirkt von Dr. R. Mell: Ill.

Trichopteren und Ephemeropteren. Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte, 91 (1925) A 5:

19-110.

Ulmer, G. 1932. Aquatic insects of China, Article Ill: Neue Ubersicht tiber die

bisher aus China bekannten Arten. Peking Natural History Bulletin 7 (1932-33):

39-70.

Vorhies, C.T. 1909. Studies on the Trichoptera of Wisconsin. Transactions of the

Wisconsin Academy of Science, Arts, and Letters, 16 (1): 647-738, pls. 52-61.

Walker, F. 1852. Catalogue of Neuropterous Insects in the Collection of the

British Museum. Part 1. London.

Wallace, A.R. 1876. The Geographical Distribution of Animals. 2 volumes.

MacMillan and Co., London.

Wallace, |.D. 1981. A key to larvae of the family Leptoceridae (Trichoptera) in

Great Britain and Ireland. Freshwater Biology, 11: 273-297.

Wiley, E.O. 1981. Phylogenetics: The Theory and Practice of Phylogenetic

Systematics. John Wiley and Sons, New York. :

Yang L.-f. and Tian L.-x. 1987. Descriptions of three new species of Ceraclea

(Trichoptera: Leptoceridae). Entomotaxonomia, 9(3): 213-216.

Yang L.-f. and Tian L.-x. 1988. Four new species and two new records of genus

Ceraclea Stephens (Trichoptera: Leptoceridae). Entomotaxonomia, 11: in press.

48 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 4, 1988

FIGURES

Fig. 1. Map of collection sites in China, with Chang-jiang (Yang-tze) River

indicated. The sites are named in the text on page 4.

Figs. 2-4. Male genitalia of Ceraclea spp. (abbreviations explained on p. 5):

2, C. (C.) spinulicolis, n. sp., holotype;

3, C. (C.) alboguttata (Hagen), specimen from Wu-da-lian-chi, Hei-long-jiang

Province;

4, C. (C.) superba (Tsuda), specimen he Wu- da-lian-chi, Hei-long- jiang Province;

A = left lateral view (phalius omitted), = dorsal view, C = caudal view of left

inferior appendage (baso-ventral ee omitted from alboguttata), D = left

lateral view of phallus, E = caudal view of tergum X.

Figs. 5-7. Male genitalia of Ceraclea spp. (abbreviations explained on p. 5):

9, C. (C.) sinensis (Forsslund), specimen from Shao-wu, Fu-jian Province;

6, C. (Athripsodina) major (Hwang), holotype;

7, C. (A.) indistincta (Forsslund), specimen from Wu-hu, An-hui Province;

= left lateral view (phallus omitted), A’ = detail of left lateral view of tergum

X, B = dorsal view, C = caudal view of left inferior appendage (baso-ventral

lobe omitted from indistincta), C' = detail of caudo-ventral view of baso-

ventral lobe of left inferior appendage, D = left lateral view of phallus, D' =

dorsal view of phallus.

Figs. 8-10. Male genitalia of Ceraclea spp. (abbreviations explained on p. 5):

8, C. (Athripsodina) lobulata (Martynov), paratype (from paper by Morse, 1975);

9, = (A.) excisa (Morton), specimen from Wu-da-lian-chi, Hei-long-jiang Province;

10, (A.) shuotsuensis (Tsuda), paratype of bicalcarata (from paper by Morse,

A = left lateral view (phallus omitted), B = dorsal view, C = caudal view of left

inferior appendage (baso-ventral lobe omitted from excisa), C' = detail of

ventral view of baso-ventral lobe of left inferior appendage, D = left lateral

view of phallus.

Figs. 11-13. Male genitalia of Ceraclea spp. (abbreviations explained on p. 5):

11, C. (Athripsodina) globosa, n. sp., holotype;

Foy Goes eed polyacantha Yang & Tian, holotype;

Wye Sw (AY interispina Yang & Tian, paratype from Wu-yuan, Jiang-xi Province;

A = left lateral view (phallus enitted)) B = dorsal view, C = caudal view of left

inferior appendage (baso-ventral lobe omitted), C' = ventral view of baso-

ventral lobe of left inferior appendage, D = left lateral view of phallus.

Figs. 14-16. Male genitalia of Ceraclea spp.:

14, C. (Athripsodina) riparia (Albarda), specimen from France (from paper by

Morse, 1975);

1) Ga (A. ) yangi (Mosely), paratype (from paper by Morse, 1975);

16, C. (A.) nankingensis (Hwang), specimen from Hong-ze, Jiang-su Province;

A = left lateral view (phallus omitted), B = dorsal view, C = caudal view of

inferior appendages (both appendages in 14C and 15C and right appendage of

these with baso-ventral lobe omitted, left appendage of 16C and baso-ventral

lobe omitted), C' = ventral view of baso-ventral lobe of left inferior

appendage, D = left lateral view of phallus.

Figs. 17-19. Male genitalia of Ceraclea spp.:

17, C. (Athripsodina) brachyacantha Yang & Tian, holotype;

18, C. (A.) trifurca, n. sp., holotype;

19) Gu fA huangi (Tian), specimen from Nan-jing, Jiang-su Province;

A = left lateral view (phallus omitted), B = dorsal view, C = caudal view of left

Yang and Morse: Chinese Ceraclea 49

inferior appendage (baso-ventral lobe omitted), C' = ventral view of baso-

ventral lobe of left inferior appendage, D = left lateral view of phallus, D' =

protracted phallus.

Figs. 20-22. Male genitalia of Ceraclea spp. (abbreviation explained on p. 5):

20, C. (Athripsodina) forcipata (Forsslund), holotype (from paper by Morse, 1975);

21, C. (A.) lirata, n. sp., holotype;

22, C. (A.) fooensis (Mosely), holotype (from paper by Morse, 1975);

A = left lateral view (phallus omitted), B = dorsal view, C = caudal view of left

inferior appendage, D = left lateral view of phallus, E = left dorsal oblique

view of tergum X, E' = caudoventral view of tergum X.

Figs. 23-25. Male genitalia of Ceraclea spp. (abbreviations explained on p. 5):

23, C. (Athripsodina) ensifera (Martynov), paratype (from paper by Morse, 1975);

24, C. (A.) kolthoffi (Ulmer), holotype (from paper by Morse, 1975);

29, Ga a3 brachycera Yang & Tian, holotype;

A = left lateral view (phallus omitted), A’ = left dorsal oblique view of tergum X,

B = dorsal view, C = caudal view of left inferior appendage, D = left lateral

view of phallus.

Figs. 26-28. Male genitalia of Ceraclea spp.

26, C. (Athripsodina) curva Yang & Tian, lead

27, C. (A.) dingwuschanella (Ulmer); 27A, 27B, 27C, 27D, specimen from Zhe-jiang,

‘China (from paper by Morse, 1975); 7A", 27B', specimen from An-kang, Shaan-

xi Province, China;

28, C. (A.) acutipennis Yang & Tian, holotype;

A = left lateral view (phallus omitted), A' = left lateral view of tergum X

illustrating variation, B = dorsal view, B' = dorsal view of tergum X illustrating

variation, C = caudal view of left inferior appendage, D = left lateral view of

phallus.

Figs. 29-31. Male (29-20) and female (31) genitalia of Ceraclea spp. (abbreviations

explained on p. 5):

29, C. (Athripsodina) omeiensis Yang & Tian, holotype;

30, C. (A.) signaticornis (Ulmer), holotype (from paper by Ulmer, 1926);

31, C. (C.) spinulicolis, n. sp., paratype;

A = left lateral view (phallus omitted from 29A); B = dorsal view; C = caudal view

of left lateral inferior appendage (29C) or both inferior appendages (30C) or

ventral view (31C); D = left lateral view of phallus (29D) or ventral view of

spermathecal sclerite (31D).

Figs. 32-34. Female genitalia of Ceraclea spp. (abbreviations explained on p. 5):

32, C. (C.) alboguttata (Hagen), specimen from Wu-da-lian-chi, Hei-long-jiang

Province;

33, C. (C.) sinensis (Forsslund), specimen from Shao-wu, Fu-jian Province;

34, C. (Athripsodina ) lobulata (Martynov), specimen from Wu-da-lian-chi,

Hei-long-jiang Province;

A = left lateral view; B = dorsal view; C = ventral view; D = ventral view of

spermathecal sclerite.

Figs. 35-37. Female genitalia of Ceraclea spp.:

35, C. (Athripsodina) excisa (Morton), specimen from Gogebi County, Michigan,

United States of America;

36, C. (A.) shuotsuensis (Tsuda), specimen from Lang-xiang, Hei-long-jiang

Province;

Oi, Toy te I interispina ang & Tian, paratype from Shao-wu, Fu-jian Province;

A = left lateral view, B dorsal view; C = ventral view; D = ventral view of

spermathecal sclerite.

50 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 4, 1988

Figs. 38-40. Female genitalia of Ceraclea spp.:

38, ae rep ipseding ) riparia (Albarda), from paper by Kumanski and Malicky

(19

39, C. ‘is 4 yangi (Mosely), specimen from Tian-mu-shan, Zhe-jiang Province;

40, C. CA.) nankingensis weshalnell ie specimen from Hong- ze, Jiang-su Province;

A = left lateral view, B dorsal view, C = ventral view, D = ventral view of

spermathecal sclerite.

Figs. 41-43. Female genitalia of Ceraclea spp.:

41, C. (Athripsodina) huangi (Tian), specimen from Nan-jing, Jiang-su Province;

42, C. (A.) forcipata (Forsslund), paratype (from paper by Forsslund, 1935);

43, C. (A.) fooensis (Mosely), paratype;

A = left lateral view, B = dorsal view, C = ventral view, D = ventral view of

spermathecal sclerite.

Figs. 44-46. Female genitalia of Ceraclea spp.:

44, C. (Athripsodina) ensifera gp ued specimen from Xing-hua, Jiang-su

Province;

45, £. (A.) kolthoffi (Ulmer), specimen from Hong-ze, Jiang-su Province;

46, (A.) dingwuschanella (Ulmer), specimen from An-kang, Shaan-xi Province;

A = he lateral view, B = dorsal view, C = ventral view, D = ventral view of

spermathecal sclerite, D' = caudodorsal view of spermathecal sclerite.

hee 47-48. Larval and pupal structures of Ceraclea spp.

47, C. (C.) alboguttata (Hagen), larva and its case (from paper by Tsuda, 1954);

48, a (Athripsodina) excisa (Morton), larva, larval case, and pupa (from paper by

‘Lepneva, 1966);

A and A-1 = dorsal view of larval head, A-2 = ventral view of larval head, A-3 =

left lateral view of larval head, A-4 = dorsal view of larval labrum, B = dorsal

view of pro- and mesonota, B-1 = dorsal view of pronotum, B-2 = dorsal view

of mesonotum, C = dorsal view of larval habitus, C-1 = posterior view of tibia

and tarsus and claw of [right] mesothoracic leg, C-2 = left lateral view of

claw of left anal leg, D and D-1 = ventral view of larval case (47D with

larva), D-2 = right lateral view of larval case, E-1 = ventral view of left pupal

mandible, E-2 = [right] lateral view of [right] process of pupal abdominal

segment |, E-3 = dorsal view of anal rods of male pupa.

Fig. 49. Phylogeny and distribution of Chinese Ceraclea species and their relatives.

Species groups and subgenera are indicated on the right. Homologues

providing evidence for these phylogenetic relationships are discussed in the

text. Areas of endemism are as follows:

CHINA-O Oriental portion of China

CHINA-P Palearctic portion of China

E Ethiopian Biogeographic Region

Nearctic Biogeographic Region

Oriental Biogeographic Region

Palearctic Biogeographic Region

central

eastern

western

=07o VO)Z

Yang and Morse:

Chinese Ceraclea

32 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 4, 1988

sup.app

f 1a

Cie

: 2E

| a SPINULICOLIS

SUPERBA

Yang and Morse:

Sea. Beye

Chinese Ceraclea

54 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 4, 1988

IY ——

UE bllay,

YY ;

yy, \

EXCISA 9B

SHUOTSUENSIS

Yang and Morse: Chinese Ceraclea 35

GLOBOSA

POLYACANTHA

INTERISPINA

56 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 4, 1988

Oe ere

we N

~ 4

16C 16C’

NANKINGENSIS

16D

Yang and Morse:

Chinese Ceraclea

58 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 4, 1988

ee SS Se en ae

-——

iment y

V ows RAY

FORCIPATA

UG; Y, s

Comyypfl aes

21E

LIRATA

Yang and Morse:

ENSIFERA

Chinese Ceraclea

60 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 4, 1988

Léa AQ,

28A

ACUTIPENNIS

28C

Yang and Morse: Chinese Ceraclea

OMEIENSIS

SPINULICOLIS

31B

Contrib.

Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 4, 1988

LOBULATA

Yang and Morse: Chinese Ceraclea 63

EXCISA 35C

35A

SHUOTSUENSIS 36C

23, no. 4, 1988

Inst., vol.

Ent.

Contrib. Amer.

39D

39C

40B

Yang and Morse: Chinese Ceraclea 65

HUANGI

A2A 41c

FORCIPATA

42C

FOOENSIS

66 Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst., vol. 23, no. 4, 1988

44 44D

ENSIFERA

r n ee

45C

DINGWUSCHANELLA

46C

Yang and Morse: Chinese Ceraclea

ALBOGUTTATA

48C-1 48C-2

EXCISA

48E-1 48E-2

48A-4

48E-3

68 Contrib. Amer. Ent.

ihe

Inst., vol.

Athripsodes spp.

Camas Sy...

spinulicolis.

alces, resurgens, vertreesi

alboguttata .

fulva .

albimacula.

transversa, labshensis.

Submacula Group .

Senilis Group .

erulla.

Superba .

Sinensis.

9Spp. .

Spinosa Group ;

major .

5 Spp.

Arielles Group.

wetzeli

miyakonis .

sobradielli

dissimilis.

indistincta .

lobulata.

Diluta Group.

aurea, Sibirica, fae cate

excisa. ‘

annulicornis.

ruthae.

Shuotsuensis.

globosa

polyacantha

interispina

riparia

yangi

nankingensis .

brachyacantha

trifurea .

modesta

isurumuniya

huangi.

forcipata

flava ,

kamonis, ancy lus -

lirata. ;

marginata

fooensis .

martynovi

ensifera .

kolthoffi

brachycera .

curva é

dingwuschanella

acutipennis

ungulifera .

omeiensis

Signaticornis

Ceraclea (Pseudoleptocerus) spp.

. eN

. CHINA-O

N oo

. CHINA-P, P =>

wP hom)

. CHINA-O&P

. CHINA-P, eP

. ceN, wP

. ewP

. CHINA-P, P, wN

. NSP

. eN

. CHINA-P, eP

. CHINA-P

. CHINA-O&P, eP }e

. CHINA-O&P

. CHINA-O ‘2

. CHINA-O 3

. CHINA-O&P s

. CHINA-P

1988

. wP

. N

. ceN

. ceN, wP

«SGN

. CHINA-P, eP

. CHINA-O&P

. ceN, wP

SLLLWLSSLG “LSUe] *UaUOUBLN

SLUUAODL | NuUYy

. CHINA-O

. CHINA-O, wP

. CHINA-O

. CHINA-O&P

. CHINA-O

. e0

. wO

. CHINA-0O

. CHINA-O

. ceN

. ceN, eP

. CHINA-O

. wO

. CHINA-O

. wO

‘dds (ealdeuaj) ealoeuag

(eULpOSdLuyiy) ealdeuag

‘dds

Yang and Morse:

Chinese Ceraclea 69

INDEX OF SPECIES

Each synonym is marked with an asterisk. The underlined pages are those

which concern the primary treatment of the species. Numbers in parentheses refer

to the figures illustrating the species.

acutipennis 3, 33-34, 35-36, 41,

(28)

alagma_ 13-14

albimacula 7-10

alboguttata 1-3, 7, 9-10, 38, 42,

(3, 32, 47)

*alboguttatus 7-9

albosticta 10-11

alces 7-8, 38

ancylus 20-21, 25-26, 28, 38

*angustus 7

annulicornis 17-20, 36

arielles 15

aurea 17-19

*bicalcarata 1-2, 19

*biwaensis 1-2, 7, 9-10, 47

brachyacantha 3, 23-24, 25, 26,

Al, (17)

brachycera 3, 32-33, 34-35, 41,

(25)

brevis 13

cama 7-9, 38

curva 3, 33, 34-35, 41, (26)

dingwuschanella 2-3, 30, 33, 34-

30, 41,42, (27,°48)

dissimilis 15-17

*ensifer 30

ensifera 1, 3, 30-31, 32, 38, 41,

43, (23, 44)

erratica 10-11

erulla 10-11

excisa 1-3, 17, 18-19, 20, 38, 40,

427, (9, 35, 48)

*excisus 18, 45

flava 20-21, 26, 28, 38

fooensis 2-3, 18, 28, 29-30, 35,

38, 39, 43, (22, 43)

forcipata 2-3, 20-21, 26, 27-28,

38, 40, 42, (20, 42)

fulva 7-8, 10

globosa 3, 20, 40, (11)

hastata 17-19

huangi 1-3, 21, 23-24, 26-27, 38,

40, 43, (19, 41)

*inchinus 31-32

indistincta 2-3, 15-16, 17, 39, (7)

*indistinctus 15

interispina 3, 21, 22, 26, 38, 40,

AD, (138.37)

isurumuniya 20, 25-27, 38

kamonis 25-26, 28

*kashingensis 1-2, 30-31, 47

kolthoffi 2-3, 31-32, 35, 41, 43,

(24, 45)

latahensis 10, 38

lirata 3, 28-29, 30, 38-39, (21)

lobulata 1-3, 16-17, 39, 42, (8, 34)

*lobulatus 16

major 2-3, 14-15, 38-39, (6)

marginata 28-30, 38

*marginatus 13

martynovi 28, 30, 38

mentiea 10-11

*misca 1/7

*miscus 18

miyakonis 16

modesta 20-21, 25-28

nankingensis 2-3, 21, 23, 24-25, 26,

41-42, (16, 40)

nepha 13-14

*nervosa 5, 7

nigronervosa 95, 11

omeiensis 3, 35, 36, 38, 41, (29)

ophioderus . 10

*perplexus nordus’ 18

polyacantha 3, 21, 22-23, 26, 38,

40, (12)

protonepha 13

ramburi 11

resurgens /-8, 38

riparia 1-3, 20-21, 22-23, 24-26, 38,

40, 42, (14, 38)

*riparius 22

ruthae 18-20

¥*saccus 11

*scopulosus 18

shuotsuensis 1-3, 18, 19-20, 40, 42,

(10, 36)

sibirica 17-19

*sibiricus 19

signaticornis 2-3, 36-37, 39, (30)

sinensis 1-3, 12-13, 39, 43, (5, 33)

-slossonae_ 10-11

¥spinosus 9

spinulicolis 3, 8-9, 10, 38-39, 42,

(> 213

superba 2-3, 11-12, 13, 39, (4)

tarsipunctata 13-14

transversa 7-8, 10, 38

trifurca 3, 21, 25-26, 27-28, 40,

(18)

ungulifera 35-36, 38

vertreesi 38

wetzeli 15

yangi 2-3, 21, 23-24, 25-26, 40, 42,

(15, 39)

oe aie

ay! spicy of

_ralyons .

eC a sa

Bicngatly ari

) ter

S. rer;

ea oe |

i due 2

roy

Lane n

eg ait a

i; sea

eens ra “ we

eat ah EEE

atid

ee ee oe ae eet ee

Aen we

= - =e

te ee et eet

eee es

el es

Bent,

Wp =

Ss See an

= fen en

& peat betes " ; Fists : 2 So

: ‘3 Ps é . : : Gee fru Gu Sos = = 2,

* mat : : : 7% FI tl ol opPMe Pvt ; ie a

om ec Be ; e ee , ae ; :

ii Se ope

ete er : ans

ter fene ‘ fe:

a Mesh

Es Sg GER ms Be

Ske epee a ae — Se

ss 3 PEG BOVE Mee ; 2

Sept os = a : Khe eee O23 Lea : = pare ence caeeecaed =

ier She GR Be SEs oe es A Be 2 GORE Se ~ eRe a Seas Ge “ is ? ee ; =e >

; feline for Sart = Acres =e - - 2 en a at

i“

Bye, ~~

= Mi

i ete

neers eo

fet ares i rar: ; Parts

Sa ee me Me F Pore : . = why be wa

Bal hat es Pampas eS

ea Maes Gee

nie “Srl ~~ : - :

AS A tol a el fhe eet et Sie yes

Pi Lag Piss aa i 2 y i ies

‘. *

LIL Pe bean Se SIP 9a =f

oe re < c - sec ali sa Mle ; Meats

3 : z (i psreflly ndy “thynae fie esha 4

a et

: Aa She

of es ns Be G5

i ice Gym 8 ye 2 es yore Mes ris

aa < Ha Fir iasf ra ne Be 4 bes : a SIL ‘ are r

Se ¥ = GMs Fo - EL LL ELE e me oe gh of ome

pies

aatee ree ee

era» $+ . 2

Ie ay Op a

aes) ane

alts a

25 Ws 6 Spry Se

yb 5s Boe

parotat

SHB

Sates

‘e

iA eue,

hed

ELS

eles

bi Ae

Cees eae

Se eal,

Las